iililiiiiliiiiili;»l Class . Book COPYRIG!ST DEPOSIT OLD LANDMARKS AND HISTORIC PERSONAGES OF BOSTON Bg tijc Snmr 'Suttjor. Viiifornt xvith this Volume: HISTORIC MANSIONS AND HIGH- WAYS AROUND BOSTON. Illustrated. Price, #2.50. A BOOK OF NEW-ENGLAND LEGENDS AND FOLK-LORE. Ell yroBf anti ^ortrn. Illustrated. Price, ;jt2.oo. LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers. OLD LANDMARKS AND HISTORIC PERSONAGES BOSTON By SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE " I love everything that 's old : old friends, old times, old manners, old books, old wines." — Goldsmith NEW AND REVISED EDITION Illugtrateb BOSTON LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY 1900 81485 » OCT 15 1900 Ce^jf'gW •"try SiC'^NO COPY. OftOt:<< OIVSION, OCT 29 IKOU F75 ..'f J 'Ij / Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, P.Y JAMES R. OSGOOD & CO., in tlie Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wasliingtou, Copyright, 1900, Bt Samuel Adams Drake. .Tt>iiN Wilson and Son, CAMBRrDGE, U.S.A. BETWEEN OURSELVES. " Boast, Harry, that you are a true-born child, and that you are a true Bostonian." — Colonel Jackson to General Knox in 1777. MORE perhaps than the natives of any American city Bostoniaus have the feeling of "inhabitiveness and adhesiveness " abiionnally developed. In whatever part of the world you may meet with him you can tell a Bostonian a mile off. But aside from the peculiar charm surrounding one's birthplace, common to all men, tlie Bostonian knows that his own is pre-eminently the liis- toric city of America, and he feels tliat no small part of its world-wide renown has descended to him as his peculiar inheritance. That is all very well. But it is one thing to be proud of our history and to boast of it on all occasions, and quite another to remain indifferent to the threatened spoliation of wliat we lay claim to as our inalienable inheritance, our birthriglit. I mean tlie really historic buildings of Boston and what they stand for. Tliis book is my appeal to the historical conscience. It is only at the price of perpetual vigilance that a few of these old edifices, known throughout the whole world, remain on their foundations at this hour. Boston would be a l)arren place indeed without its Faneuil Hall, its Old State House, Old South and Old VI BETWEEN OURSELVES. North. It is to be hoped that we shall not soon repeat the inexcusable folly of the Hancock House. The frequent and capricious changing of street names is another rock of danger, besides being a source of end- less confusion and annoyance to historians and property- owners alike. Mr. Lowell said truly that " we change our names as often as we can, to the great detriment of all historical association." Boston to-day is liardly more like the Boston of fifty years ago than a new growth resembles that which has replaced the original forest, after fire has swept over it. It then had a good deal of the " Indian-summer at- mosphere of the past." What it will be like fifty years hence no man can say. In a hundred, of tlie old city perhaps not one stone will I'emain upon anotlier. In truth, such surprising physical transformation as has been brought about, even within the last thirty years, by the Great Fire, the levelling of Fort Hill, the filling up of the Back Bay, the extension of Washington Street, and the improvements incident to the building of the great railway stations and Subway, strongly emphasizes the fact tliat in the very nature of things, nothing is, nothing can be permanent save the written record. Like every great city Boston is forever out-growing its old garments, and must be patched and pieced accordingly. But it is in the lieart of the old city that we remark the greatest havoc. Scores of old buildings, rich in his- torical association, have given place to modern structures. Of a dozen ancient cluirches, not one now remains on its original site. Tlie last remnants too of their congrega- tions have silently emigrated to that newer region, where boys were wont to sail their boats in summer, and fisher- men to catch smelts in winter. Moreover, a new genera- BETWEEN OURSELVES. Vll tion has come upon the stage to whom the old conditions are unknown and hard to realize. To re-establish these conditions by present landmarks, so that it may continue to be a faithful guide to what is best worth seeing, as well as what is most worth remembering, in older Boston, a careful and thorough re- vision of Old Landmarks has been made and many new features introduced. No pains have been spared to make it a work of permanent value and interest. And as it was originally undertaken as a labor of love, so now, in its revised form, the book again is sent forth, in the spirit of the motto with which this Preface begins, with a hearty greeting to all true Bostoniaus and to all others, wherever born, who shall derive from the story of a great Past hope and inspiration for a still greater Future. August, 1900. conte:n^ts. INTRODUCTION. Myles Standisli. —William Blackstone. — Shawmiit. — Settlement by Wiiithrop's Company. — Trimountain. — Boston. — Physical Features. — Area. — Settlement liy Indians. — Cliaracter of first Buildiiij^.s. — First Location of the Settlers. — Geographical Divisions. —Wood and Water. — Dress. — Manners and Customs. — Slavery. — Curious old Laws. — Government of the Town. — Allotment of Lands. — Intoler- ance of the Times. — The Pulpit a Means of Intelligence. — Accounts Ijy various Writers. — Town Records. — General Growth and Progress. — Population. — Wai-ds. — Paving the Streets. — Lighting the Streets. — Supply of Water. — Enlargement of Boston. — Communication with Mainland. — Ferries. — Bridges. — Coaches, Public and Private. — Railways CHAPTER I. king's chapel and the neighborhood. History of the Chapel. — Establishment of the Church of England. — Chapel Burial-Gromid. — Boston Athemeum. — Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Historical Society. — The Museum. — The Old Corner. — Royal Custom House. — Washington. — H. G. Otis. — Daniel Webster. — Tremont Street. — Howard Street. — Pemberton Hill. — Endicott. — Captain Southack. — Theodore Lyman, Senior. — John Cotton. — Sir Henry Vane. — Samuel Sewall. — Gai'diner Greene. — Earl Percy. — Bellingham. — Faneuil. — Phillips. — Davenport. — O.xenbridge. — Beacon Street. — School Street. — Latin School. — Franklin Statue. — City Hall. — Otis. — Warren. — Mascarene. — Cromwell's Head. — The Old Corner Bookstoi-e. — Anne Hutchinson. — The French Church. --Catholic Church. — Second Universalist. — Province Street. — Chap- man Place. — James Lovell. — Tlie Wendells 28 CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. FROM THE ORANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. Hanover Street. — General Warren. — The Orange-Tree. — Concert Hall. — Brattle Street. — Samuel Gore. — John Sniibert. — Nathaniel Smi- lit^rt. — Colonel Trumbull. — The Adelphi. — Scollay's Buildings and Square. — Queen Street Writing School. — Master James Carter. — Cornhill. — Brattle Street Parsonage. — Old Prison. — Captain Kidd. — Court Houses. — Franklin Avenue. — Kneelaud. — Franklin. — Edes and Gill. — Green and Russell. — Fir.st Book and Nevv.^paper printed in Boston. — Rufus Choate. — Governor Leverett. — John A. Andrew. — Henry Dunster. — Town Pump. — Old Brick. — General Knox. — Count Rumford. — John Winslow 08 CHAPTER III. FROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. Ca]itain Keayne. — Coggan, first Shopkeeper. — Old Cornhill. — Old State House. — First Church. — Stocks and Whipjiiug-Post. — John Wilson. — Wilson's Lane. — United States Bank. — Royal Exchange Tavern. — William Sheafte. — Royal Custom House. — E.xchange Cof- fee House. — " Columliian Centinel." — Benjamin Russell. — Louis Philiiipe. — Louis Napoleon. — Congress Street. — Governors Dummer and Belcher. — First United States Custom House. — Post-Otfice. — Bunch of Grapes. — General Lincoln. — General Dearborn. — First Circulating Library. — British Coffee House. — Merchants' Row. — First Inn. — Lord Ley. - Miantonimoh. — Kilby Street. — Oliver's Dock. — Liberty Scpiare. — The Stam^j Office. — Broad Street. — C'om- modore Downes. — Broad Street Riot. — India Street and Wharf. — Admiral Vernon. — Crown Coffee House. — Butler's Row. — The Custom House. — Retrospective View of State Street. — Long Wharf. — The Barricado. — T Wharf. — Embarkation for Bunker Hiil . . 88 CHAPTER IV. BRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. Old Cornhill. — Paul Revere. — Amos and Abliott Lawrence. — Boyls- f(in's Alley. — Barracks of the 29th. —Blue Anchor. —Brattle Street Church. — General Gage. — Howe, Clinton, and Burgojaie. — John Adams. — Headquarters of Stage-Coaches. — Dock Square. — Tlie Conduit. — Town Dock described. — Quincy Market. — Origin of Mar- kets in Boston. — The Triangular Warehouse. — Roebuck Passage. — Clinton Street. - The Old Market Museum. — Old Cocked Hat. — Faneuil Hall. — D'Estaing. — Lafayette. — Jackson. — Prince dc Join- ville. -Jerome Bonajiarte. — Lord Ashburton. — The Poitraits. - Corn Court. — Hancock House. — Talleyrand. — State Cu.stom House. — The Con.script ion Riot IIS CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER V. FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. The North End. — Bo.ston Stone. — Painters' Anns. — Louis P}iilippe.- — Union, Elm, and Portland Streets. — Benjamin Franklin's Residence. — The Blue Ball. — Lyman Beecher's Church. — Benjamin Hallowell. — Green Dragon. — Pope Day. — St. Andrew's Lodge. — Mill Pond. — Causeway. — Mill Creek. — North Street. — Sir D. Ochterlony. — East- ern Stage House. — Cros.s Street. — The Old Stone House. — New Brick Church. — The Red Lyon. — Nicholas Up.sliall. — Edward Randolph. — North Square. — Sir H. Frankland. — Major Shaw. — Pitcairn. — Olil North Churcli. — Cottoi\ Samuel, and Increase Mather. — Governor Hutchinson. — General Boyd. — Fleet Street. — King's Head Tavern. — Bethel Church. — Father Taylor. — Hancock's Wharf. — Swinging Signs. — First Universalist Church. — First Methodist. — New North. — Ship Tavern. — Noah's Ark. — Salutation Tavern. — The Boston Caucus. — The North Battery. — Trucks and Truckmen . . . 143 CHAPTER VI. A VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. Early Ship-Building. — Boston Shipyards. —Massachusetts Frigate. — New England Naval Flag. — First Seventy-Four. — Hartt's Naval Yard. — The Constitution. — Her Launch, History, and E.xjiloits. — Anecdotes of Hull, Bainltridge, and Decatur. — Old Ironsides Rehuilt. — Josiah Barker. — Nicholson. — Prehle. — Stewart. — Other Distin- guished Officers. — Escape from tlie British Fleet. — Anecdote of Dr. Bentley. — Action with the Guerriere. — The Java. — Cyane and Le- vant. — Relics of Old Ironsides. — Affair of the Figure-Head. — Cap- tain Dewey. — The Frigate Boston. — Capture of Le Bercean. — The Argus 178 CHAPTER VII. COPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. Copp's Hill. — British Works. — Ancient Arch. — Wiu. Gray. — Old Ferry. — Reminiscences of Bunker Hill. — The Cemetery. — Curious Stones, Epitaphs, etc. — Old Funeral Customs. — Cliarter Street. — Sir William Phips. — John Foster Williams. — John Hull. — Colonial Mint. — Christ Church. — Revere's Night Ride. —The Chimes. —The Vaults, — Legends of. — Major Pitcairn. — Love Lane. — North Latin School. — Prince Street. — Salem Church. — North End Heroes. — Captain Manly. — Massachusetts Spy. — First Baptist Church. — Sec- ond Baptist Church. — Draft Riot, 1863 198 Xll CONTENTS. CHAPTER Vlll. THE OLD SOUTH AND r'KOVJNCE HOUSE. Mar]l:)i)r(iui;li Street. — Governor Wiiithroi). — Old Soutli. — Warren's Orations. — Tea-Party Meeting. — British Occu])ation. — Phillis Wlieatley. — Si)ring Lane. — Heart and Crown. — Boston Evening Post. —Province House. — Samuel Sliute. — William Burnet. — Wil- liam Shirley. - Tlidiiias Pownall. — Francis Bernard. — General Gage. — Lexington Exju'dition. — Sir William Howe. — Council of War. — Court Dress and Manners. — Governor Strong. — Blue Bell and In- dian Queen. - Lieutenant-Governor Gushing. — Jusiah Quiucy, Jr. — Mayor Quincy ........... 225 CHAPTER IX. FRO.M THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HIEL. Birthplace of Franklin. — James Boutineau. — Bowdoin Block. — Hawley Street. — Devonsliire and Franklin Streets. — Josei)h Barrell. — The Tontine. — Boston Library. — Cathedral of the Holy Cross. — Bishop Cheverus. — Federal Street Theatre. — Some Account of Early Theatricals in Boston. — Kean, Finn, Macready, etc. — John How- ard Payne. — Federal Street C^hurch. — The Federal Convention. — Madam Scott. — Ilohert Treat Paine. — Thomas Paine. — Congress Street. — Quaker Church and Burying-Ground. — Sketch of the So- ciety of Friends ui Boston. — Merchants' Hall. — Governor Shirley's Funeral. — Fire of 1760. — Pearl Street. — The Ropewalks. — The Grays. — Conflicts between the Rope-Makers and the Regulars. — Pearl Street House. — Spurzheim. — Washington Allston. -Tlieophi- lus Parsons. — T. H. Perkins. — Governor Oliver. — Quincy Mansion. — Governor Gore. — Liverpool W'harf. — Tea Party and Incidents of. — The Sconce. — Governor Andros Deposed. — Sun Tavern. — Foi't Hill 251 CHAPTER X. A TOUR ROUND THE CO.MMON. Long Acre. — Tremont House. — Mr. Clay. — President Jackson. — Charies Dickens. — Little House-Lot. —Tremont Theatre. — The Ca- dets. — Adino Paddock. — Paddock's Mall. — Granary Burying- Ground. — The Granary. — Almshouse. — Workhouse. — Bridewell. — Park Street Church. — Manufactory House. — Linen-Spinning In- troduced. — Elislia Brown. — Massachusetts Bank. — Incident of the Lexington Expedition. — The Common. — Its Origin. — The Great Mall. — Fences. — Winter Street. — Governor Bernard. — John Mc- Lean. — Samuel Adams. —St. Paul's. — Masonic Temple. —Margaret Fuller. — Washington XJardens. — The Haymarket. — West Street. — CONTENTS. xiii The Gun-House. — Colonnade Row. — Massachusetts Medical College. — Haymarket Theatre. — Boylston Street. — John Quincy Adams. — General Moreau. — Charles Francis Adams ..... 2iy[) CHAPTER XI. A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON CONTINUED. Common Burying-Ground. — Joshua Bates. — Public Garden. — Rope- walks. — Topography of the Common. — British Troops on. — Descrip- tion of their Camps. — The Light Horse. — Powder House. — Old Elm. — Witchcraft and Quaker Executions. — The Duel in 1728. — Mill-Dam. — Mexican Volunteers. — Beacon Street. — Prescott. — CojJey. — John Phillips. — Wendell PhilliiJs. — Robert C. Winthroii. — Hancock Mansion. — Governor Hancock. — General Clinton. — State House. — Public Statiies, etc. — The Beacon. — The Monument. — Lafayette's Residence. — George Ticknor. — Malbone. — Samuel Dexter. — Incidents of Lafayette's Visit in 1824. — Josiah Quincy, Jr. — Historical Resume. — Rejieal of the Stamp Act .... 323 CHAPTER Xir. VALLEY ACRE, THE BOWLING GREEN, AND WEST BOSTON. Governor Bowdoin. — General Burgoyne. — Boston Society in 1782. — David Hinckley's Stone Houses. — James Lloyd. — Lafayette. — Dan- iel Davis. — Admiral Davis. — Historic Genealogical Society. — Valley Acre. — Uriah Cotting. — Governor Eustis. — Anecdote of Governor Brooks. — Millerite Tabernacle. — Howard Athenoeum. — Bowling Green. —Old Boston Physicians. —Cliarles Bulfinch. — New Fields. — Peter Chardon. — Mrs. Pelham. — Peter Pelliam. — Tliomas Melvill. — Dr. William Jenks. — Captain Gooch. — West Church. — Leverett Street Jail. — Poor Debtors. — Alm.shouse. — Massachusetts General Hospital. — Medical College. — National and Eagle Theatres . . 361 CHAPTER XIII. FROM CHURCH GREEN TO LIBERTY TREE. Church Green. — New Soutli Church. — Dr. Kirkland. — American Head- quarters. — General Heath. — Anecdote of General Gates. — Jerome Bonaparte. — Sir William Pepperell. — Nathaniel Bowditch. — George Bancroft. — Trinity Church. — Seven Star Inn and Lane. — Peter Faneuil. — Governor Sullivan. —Small- Pox Parties. —Duke of Kent. — Sir Edmund Andros. — Lamb Tavern. — White Horse Tavern. — Colonel Daniel Messinger. — Lion Tavern. — Handel and Haytbi So- ciety. — Lion Theatre. — Curious Statement about Rats . . . 380 XIV CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIV. LIBERTY TREE AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. Lilierty Tree. — Its History. — Hanover Square. — Liberty Hall. — Hanging in Eliigy. — Auclimuty's Lane. — The Old Suttblk Bench and Bar. — Boylston Market. — Charles Matthews. — James E. Murdoch. — Peggy Moore's. — Washington Bank. — Beach Street Museum. — Essex Street. — Rainsford's Lane. — Harrison Avenue. — Admiral Sir Isaac Cothn. — General John Coffin. — Anecdote of Admiral Coffin. — Sir Thomas Aston Coffin. — Henry Bass. — Old Distill-Houses. — Manul'actnre of Rum. — Gilbert Stuart, — Anecdotes of. — First Cllass Works. — Disappearance of Trees. — Early planting of Trees. — Sir Roger Hale Sheatfe. — South Cove. — Hollis Street. — Colonel John ( 'ranc. - General Ebenezer Stevens. — Mather Byles, — Anecdotes of. — Hollis Street Church. — Fire of 1787 39(3 CHAPTER XV. THE NECK AND THE FORTIFICATIONS. The Neck described. — Measures to protect the Road. — Paving the Neck. — Henry T. Tuckernian. — Old Houses vs. Modern. — Massa- chusetts Mint. — Tlie Gallows. — Anecdote of Warren. — E.xecutions. — Early Fortifications. — The British Works and Armament. — Amer- ican Works. — Geoi'ge Tavern. — Washington's Staff. — His Personal Traits. — Washington House. — Washington Hotel. — Anecdotes of George Tavern. — Scarcity of Powder. — Continental Flags. — Entry of Washington's Army. — Entry of Rochambeau's Army. — Paul Jones 418 INDEX 439 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Boston in 1830, from City Point, Windmill Point in Foreground F n ml i apiece Daniel Webster's Residence, Somerset Street 46 Concert Hall, Court and Hanover Streets, from a Water-color .... TO Southwest View of the Old State House, in 1791 88 State Street in 1825, looking West 112 North Square, with Paul Revere's Birthplace, in 1872 158 Daring Feat of Isaac Harris : the Old South in Flames 232 Washington Street, Day after the Great Fire: Guarding tiie Ruins . . 248 The Great Mall, Haymarket, and Theatre 312 Boston Common as a Cow Pasture, with the Great Kim 328 Residence of Hon. John Phillips, First Mayor of Boston, Beacon Street . 336 Hancock House, Beacon Street 342 Lamb Tavern, Newbury (now Washington) Street 392 Passenger Train and Station, Boston and Worcester Railroad, with Trinity Church in the Distance 410 Winter Scene on Boston Neck, Fifty Years Ago 418 Boston in 1775, from Roxbury, near Shirley House 432 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Page America in Distress ....,,.,... 359 Ancient Hduse, Dock Square ................ 133 Ancient Ship 178 Ancient Windmill 199 Beacon, The 34!) Blue Ball, The, Sign of Josias Franklin 146 Boston Stone 143 Boston Theatre, and Franklin Street 257 Brattle Street Church = , 123 Brazen Head, The, Old Cornhill 117 British Lines, Boston Neck, in 1775 425 Bunch of Grapes, The 105 Cavalier 11 Christ Church 213 Colonial Currency, One Penny 237 Colonial Currenc}', Two Pence . . .• 237 Colonial Currency, Three Pence 238 Colonial Stamp, Half-Penn}' 239 Colonial Stamp, Two Pence 240 Colonial Stamp, Three Pence 240 Colonial Stamp, Four Pence 240 Colony Seal 242 Constitution's Figure-IIead, War of 1812 182 Constitution on the Ways 192 Day after the Great Fire 27 Endicott Cutting out the Cross ... 48 Exchange Coffee-House 98 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. XVll Faneuil Hall before its Enlargement 134 Faiieuil Hall witli Quincy Market 136 Faneuil Hall Lottery-Ticltet 343 Faueuil, Peter, Autograph 387 Faust's Statue, Newbury Street 391 First Baptist Church, 1853 151 Franklin's Birthplace 252 Frankland Mansion l'>4 Gage, General, Autograph 243 Glasgow Frigate 208 Granary Burying-Grounel 2!»7 Hancock House 339 Hollis Street Church 415 Indian Wigwam 8 Julien House 270 King's Chapel in 1872 29 Lafayette's Lodgings 353 Liberty Tree 397 Linen Spinning-Wheel 302 Massachusetts Cent of 1787 422 Massachusetts General Hospital 377 INIatherTomb 204 Monument (Beacon Hill) 350 National Theatre 379 Now Brick Church 1'''' New England Flag ^''-^ New North Church 1'"' New South Church 380 Old Brick Church 84 Old Corner Bookstore '^^ Old Court-House '^^ Old Elm, The 330 Old Federal Street Church 203 Old King's Chapel 31 Old Loom 322 XVlll ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Old Printing-Press 79 Old South Church 227 Old State House 89 Old 'JVinity Church , 386 Park Street Church ■,,,.. 301 Parliamentary Stamp, Half-Penny 81 Parliamentary Stamp, One Shilling 81 Pillory, The 93 Tine-Tree Shilling, 1652 211 Province House 235 Repeal Obelisk ^ . . . 358 Revere's Picture of Boston in 1768 119 Saint Paul's Church 310 Sears Estate (Beacon Street) 335 Ship of the Time of the Pilgrims 180 Shirley Arms 36 Shirley, Governor, Portrait 28 Sign of Cromwell's Head 67 Sign of the Three Doves 147 Six-Penny Piece ... 212 Speaker's Desk and Winslow's Chair 347 St. Botolph's Church 6 Stocks, The 92 Tea-Chest 282 Three-Penny Piece 212 Tremont Theatre 292 Triangular Warehouse 131 Trimountain 3 Trinity Church in 1872 387 Tro|>hy of Indian Weapons 1 United States Hank 95 Warren, William, Portrait 41 Washington's Lodgings 12 West Church ''74 Window of Brattle Street Churcii, with Cannon-Bail 124 Winthrop Fording the River 25 Woolen Spinning-Wheel 302 INTPtODUCTION. Myles Stiiiidisli. — William Blackstone. — Shawinut. — Settlement by Win- throp's Company. — Trimountain. — Boston. — Phy.sical Features. — Area. — Settlement by Indians. — Character of first Buildings. — First Location of the Settlers. — Geographical Divisions. — Wood and Water. — Dress. — Manners and Customs. — Slavery. — Curious old Laws. — Government of tlie Town. — Allotment of Lands. — Intolerance of the Times. — The Pulpit a Means of Intelligence. — Accounts by various Writers. — To\vu Records. — General Growth and Progress. — Population. — Wards. — Paving the Streets. — Lighting tlie Streets. — Su]»ply of Water. — En- largement of Boston. — Communication with Mainland. — Ferries. — Bridges. — Coaches, public and private. — Railways. AJST okl Boston divine say.s, " It would be no unprofitable thing for you to pass over the several streets and call to mind who lived here so many years ago." We learn from the poet Gay how to [)re[)are for our rand)les through the town : — " How to walk clean liy day, and safe by night ; How jostling crowds with prudetice to decline, Wlien to assert the wall and when resign." To see or not to see is the lu'oblcni presented to him who walks the streets of town or village. What to one is a heap of ruins or a blank wall may to another become the abode of the greatest of our ancestors or the key to a remote period. A mound of earth becomes a battlement ; a graveyard, a collection of scattered pages whereon we read the history of the times. Facts are proverbially dry, and we shall trouble the reader as little as possible with musty records or tedious chronology; 1 A 2 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. but before we set out to explore and reconstruct, a brief glance at the material progress of Boston seems desirable. For a hundred years Boston must bo considered as little more than a sea-shore village, straggling u}) its thicket-grown hillsides. The Indian camp-fire, the axe of Blackstone, the mattock and spade of Winthrop's band, — each liave their story and their lesson. We shall pass each period in rapid review. Whether INIyles Standisli, " l)r(iad in the slioulders, deep- ehested, witli muscles and sinews of iron," was the first white man who stood on the beach of the peninsula is a matter merely of conjecture. Certain it is that in 1621 this redoulitable Puritan soldier, with ten companions, sailed from Plymouth and landed somewhere in what is now Ik)ston Bay. Tliey crossed the bay, "which is very large, and hath at least fifty islands in it"; and, after exploring the shores, decided "that better har- bors for shijiping there cannot be than here." They landi'y the colony in the capture of Thomas Morton at Mount WoUaston. INTUOUUCTION. The place Avhere Blackstnni'. located his dwelling has given rise to inueh controversy, but can be tixed with some degree of certainty. Like a sen- sible man, Blackstone chose the snnny southwest slope of I>eacon Hill fur his res- idence. The records show that in April, lG-3.3, "it is agreed that William I Slack- stone shall have fifty acres set out for him near his house in Boston to enjoy forevi'r." In the folhnving year Blackstone sold the town all of his allotment except six acres, on part ( if tkim..i ntmn. whicli his house then stood ; the sale also including all iiis right in and to the peninsula, — a right thus, in some i'oim, icctog- nized ])y Winthrop and his associates. Tiie jnice paid for the whole peninsula of Boston was .£ 30, assessed, upon the inhabi- tants of the town, some })aying six shillings, and some more, according to their circumstances and condition. The CharlestoAvn records locate IHackstone as "dwelHiig on the other side of Charles Biver, alone, to a place by tlie Indians called Hhawmut,* where he only had a cottage at a [ilace not I'ar olf tlu! place called Blackstone's Point"; this is also con- hrmed by Johnson, in his " Wonder Working Providence " [irinted in 1G54. After tlie [jurchase by tlie town of Black- stone's forty-four acres, they laid out the "■ training tield, whicli was ever since used for that purpose and the feeding of cattle." This was the origin of Boston Common. Two landmarks ex- isted to lix the site of Blackstone's house, namely, the orchard planted by him, ^ — the first in New England, — and his sjiring. The orchard is represented on the early maps ; is mentioned in 1765 as still bearing fruit ; and is named in the deeds of sub~ * Perhaps an abbreviation of " Musliauwoniuk," as given in Grinilal Ravi^son's " Confessions of Faith," printed in 1699. Probably meaning unclaimed land. 4 LANDMAUKS OF BOSTON. sequent possessors. The spring, whicli must have rh'termined to some extent tlio location of tlie house, was prol)ahly near tlie junction of I5eacon Street wiili ( 'harles, altliough otlicrs existetl in tlie neighhorhood. Tlie six acres which Mr. Ijlackstone re- served have heen traced through IJichard IV'pys, an original pos- sessor l)y a sulticiently clear connection, — su])plied Avliere lodkeii hy depdsitions, — to the Mount Vernon i)roprietois. <-'oj>lcy, the celelirated }»ainter, was once an owner of Blackstone's six acres, whif'li were bounded hy the Common on the south and tlie river on the west. Warkslone was as singuLir a clKiracter as can Ite found in the annals of JJoston. He is sui)posed to liave come over witli Eobert Gorges in 1623. ]>ut wliat induced him to witlulraw to such a distance from the settlements remains a mystery. By a coincidence, his namesake, 8ir AVilliam Blackstone, the great commentator of the laws of England, wrote at a later period the following lines : — " As by .some tyrant's stern coniiuand, A wretch forsakes liis native land, 111 liircitin climes condenined to roam, An endless exile from liis home." The nature of Blackstom/s claim to the peninsida is doubt- ful, though we have seen it recognized by AVinthrop's com- pany. Mather grumblingly alludes to it thus in his Magnalia : " Tht're were also some godly Episcopalians; among whom has Im'cii iT'ckoned Mr. BlaiOvstone ; wlio, by happening to sleep liist in an old liovel upon a point of land tlii're, laid claim to all the ground uliereupoii there now stands tlie JMetropolis of the. wliole iMiglisli America, until the inha])itants gave liini satisfietion." This eon(;edes only a s(piatter's title to Black- stone, lie seems to have had a. kind heart, capable of feeling i'or tlie sulferings of liis fellow-men, for, hearing of the vicissi- tniles of Winthrop's infant settlement at Charlestown liy disease and death, he invited them over to Shawmut in 1(1.30. AVater, tht! great desidei'atuni of a settlement, was very scarce at* Charlestown, and Ulackstone "came and acipiainted the Cov- ernur of an excellent spring there, Avithal inviting hiui and INTRODUCTION. 5 soliciting him tliither." If seclusion was Blackstone's ohject, it gave way to his interest in the welfare of his fellow-colonists. Upon Blackstone's advice the (Jharlestown settlers acted, and many removed to Shawmut by the enil of August, 1G30. In the lirst boat-load that went over was Anne Pollard, who lived to be nearly, if not quite, one hundred and live yeais old. She herself related, when more than one hundred years of age, that she " came over in one of tlie hrst ships that arrived in Charlestown ; that in a day or two niiw her arrival, on accoimt of tlie water there being liad, a nunilier of tlic young people, including herself, took the ship's boat to cross over to Boston ; that as the boat drew up towards tlu^ shore, she (being then a rom^jing girl) declared she would l)e the lirst to land, and accordingly, before any one, jumptnl from the bow of tlie boat on to the beach." According to this statement, wliich is based iipon good authority, Anne Bollard was the lirst white female that trod upon the soil of Boston, lluilson's Point, now the head of Charlestown Itridge, but formerly tlie site of tlu^ old ferry, was probably the place where Anuv. first left the impress of her foot. Iler portrait, at the age of one hundred and three years, is in the possession of the Massacliusctfs His- torical Society, and her deposition, at the age of ciglity nine years, was used to substantiate the location of IMackstone's house. In it she says that Mr. Blackstone, after his remo\'al from Boston, fretpiently resorted to her husbanost(inin Lincolnshire, Faigland, whence a num- lier of meudters of the com- pany had emigrate(l. 'Die name itself owes its origin to J'xitolph, a )iious old Saxon of the se\enth cen- tury, afterwards canonized ST. liOTOLiMi's, iJUMToN, i^NuLAND. as tlic tut(tlar saiut of mar- iners, and shows an ingenuity of c(U'ruption for which England is famed. h'ecipiiical couitesies have heen exchanged hetween I'aiglisli r.nstoii and hei' namesake. The ioruHir pieseiited her INTRODUCTION. 7 charter in a frame of the wood of okl Saint Botolpli's church, which hangs in our City Hall, wliile Edward Everett, in the name of the descendants and admirers of John Cotton, gave $ 2,000 for the restoration of a chapel in St. Botolpli's, and the erection therein of a monument to the memory of that much venerated divine, who had been vicar of St. Botolpli's and afterwards minister of the First Church of Christ in Boston, New England. Boston had three striking topographical features. First, its peninsular character, united by a narrow isthmus to the main land ; next, its three hills, of which the most westerly (Beacon) was the highest, all washed at their base by the sea ; and lastly, corresponding to her hills, were three coves, of which the most easterly, enclosed by the headlands of Copp's and Fort Hill, became the Town Cove and Dock. Of the other coves, the one lying to the south of the Town Cove was embraced between the point of land near the foot of South Street, formerly known as Windmill Point, and the head of the bridge to South Boston ; this bight of water was the South Cove. A third inlet on the northwest of the peninsula, lying between the two points of land from Avhicli now extend bridges to Charlestown and East Cambridge, became subsequently the Mill Pond, by the build- ing of a causeway on substantially the present line of Causeway Street. Only the most salient features are here given ; other interesting peculiarities will be alluded to in their places. At high tides the sea swept across the narrow neck, and there is every reason to believe also covered the low ground now traversed by Blackstone Street. This would make, for the time being, two islands of Boston. The early names given to the streets on the water front described the sea-margin, as Fore (North) Beach, and Back (now Salem) Streets. In process of time these distinctive characteristics have aU changed. Boston can no longer l)e called a peninsula ; one of its summits, Fort Hill, has to-day no existence, while the others have been so shorn of their proportions and altitude as to pre- sent a very different view from any quarter of approach ; as for the three coves, they have been converted into terra Jirma. LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Tlie area of original Boston lias l)cen variously estimated. By Shaw, at 700 acres ; Dr. Morse, the geographer, placed it in 1800 at 700 acres, admitting that some accounts tix it as high as 1,000 acres, while Dr. Shurtleii says less than 1,000 acres. There is good autliority, however, for computing tlie original peninsula at not more than G25 acres of lirni ground. To this has been added, by the lilling of the Mill Pond, .00 acres ; the South Cove, 75 acres (up to 1837) ; and liy tlie tilling of tlie Town Cove or Dock, ami the building of m-w streets (Ui the water front, enough had been reclaimed by 1852 to amount to GOO acres, — nearly the original area. Since that time the Back Bay improvement, which covers G80 acres, and Atlantic Avenue, wliich follows the oM Hanii'ado liin', have added as much more to the ancient territory, so that we may safely consider her original limits trel)led, without reference to what has been ac(iuired by annexation. At the lime of the English settlement hostilities existed be- tween the Massa(llusett^ ind tin < ist( in Indi ms ; the natives, _ mIio seldom neg- "^li= 1( cted to provide for retr(^at in case ^ of defeat, chose 1 dlier to locate their A'illages fai'- llier inland, at Mvstie and else- W lielV. There is evi- di nee, liowe\'ei', ■""■ til it Shawmiit was either iidiabitcil by the Indians at a veiy early jieiiod, or used as a i)lace of sepul- ture by them. ])r. Mather related that three bundled skull- bones had been dug u]) on Cotton (Peiiiberton) Hill mIkmi Ih^ was a youth, and tradition long ascribed to this locality a, sort of G(»lgotha. 'I'o suppoii this view there was found in Ajuil 1733, says the Xew faiglaiid dournal, a number of skulls and INDIAN WKIUAM INTRODUCTION. 9 larger human bones by workmen digging in a garden near Dr. Cooper's liouse on Cotton Hill. These remains were considered, at the time, to be those of the natives. Bost(m lias been thoroughly excavated without linding any further material to confirm this belief. The chai'acter of the lirst buildings was extremely rude. They were of wood, with thatched roofs, and chimneys l)uilt of pieces of wood placed crosswise, the intei'stices and outside covered vriih clay. Such was the economy of the times, that (Jovernor Winthrop reproved his deputy, in 1632, "that he did not well to l)estow so much cost about wainscotting and adorning his house in the beginning of a jilantation, lioth in regard of the public charges, and i'nr <'\ample." The answer Avas, that it was for the warmth i<\' his house, and the chaige was little, being Itut clapl)oaiii's Journal, p. 88. 1 * 10 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Wintlirop's company located chicily witliin tlie space com- prised hetween what arc now Milk, Bromfield, Tremont, and ITaiiover Streets and the water. Pemberton Hill was also a favorite locality, as we shall have occasion to note. The North J^id, T)y removals and accessions, soon became also settled ; that portion (if the town lying north of Union Street being thus designated, while all south of that boundary was called the South End. A third geographical division, emljracing the district lying to the west and north of Beacon Hill, and west and south of tlie Mill r<)nd, ^vas known as New Boston, and also as West Boston, and iinally as the "West End. These names have been retained, but the boundaries of all but the North End have been considered movable, and would l)c diffi- cult to follow. The first settlers found Boston thinly wooded, whatever its original condition may have been. The timber lay mainly along the Neck, with clumps of trees here and there. The great elm on the Common was doubtless one of native growth, and before the Revolution of 177G there was another almost equally large near the corner of what is now West and Tremont Streets. Traditions exist of the Indians having planted on the ^lenin- sula, clearing away the wood, as is their custom, by burning. There are old houses now standing at the Nortli End, the tim- bers of which, some of them a foot square, are said to have been cut near Copp's Hill. Water was abundant and good. Besides the spring or springs near Blackstone's house, mention is made in the early records of the "great spring" in what is now Spring Lane. The latter was filled up, but people now li^ng have seen it l)ul)l)liiig out of the ground after heavy spring rains. Opinions are divided as to which spring Blackstone had reference, when he invited the thirsty Charlestown company to Shawmut, but the fact of so many people having located by the site of the "great spring," and Isaac Johnson in tiie immediate vicinity, is convincing. Other springs existed, or were found in course of time on the Neck and elsewher(\ The settlement of Boston ojjcns in the reigu of Charles the INTRODUCTION. 11 First, and the dress, as well as the manners and customs of the people liear the impress of that time, with the distinction, that the religious sentiments of the settlers entered largely into hoth (][uestions. The sliort cloak, douhlet, and silk stockings were worn by people of condition, hut the colors were subdued and sober, and the rapier, which King Charles's gallants were so ready to draw, Wiis not much worn abroad, except on .state oc(;asions. Some, like Winthrop, wore the stilf, plait(>d rutf, containing a furlong of linen, and making the modern beluildcr sympathize witli the pillory the unfor- tunate head is placed in, while others wore the broad falling collar in which we always see the great Protector. High- crowned felt hats were worn out of doors, while the velvet skull-cap was the favor- ite headdress witliin. Myles Standish, whom we singh; out as a type of the Puritan soldier of those days, is described by Longfellow as " clad in doublet and hose, with boots of Cor- dovan leather " ; glancing complacently at his arms on the wall, " cutlass and corslet of steel, and his trusty sword of Damascus," with its curved point and Arabic inscripti(Mi. The manner of wearing the hair l)ecame very early an apple of discord. Those of the straitest sect, antl it may be of the straightest hair, cut their locks in the short fashion of the roundheads ; while others, to whom nature had, perhaps, been more lavish in this respect, wore their hair long. The wearing of veils by ladies when abroad was the subject of a crusade by Kev. John Cotton, though championed by Endicott. In 1750 cocked-hats, wigs, and red cloaks were usually worn by gentlemen. Except among military men, boots were rarely seen. In Avinter, round coats were worn, made stiff with bucki'am, and coming down to the knees in front. Boys wore Avigs and cocked-hats until about 1700. Powder was worn by gentlemen until after 1800. LAVALIEH. 12 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Tlie toilets of ladies were elahovate, especially the hair, whieh was arraii^eil c)n cra})e cushions so as to stand u]) high. Hmue- times ladies were dressed the day before a party, aud slejit in easy-chairs to keep their hair in conditidu. Hoops were indis- pen.sable in full dress until after 1790. The usual dinner hour was two o'clock. l)rinking 2)unch in the forenoon, in public hduses, Avas the common }iractice. Wine was little used, con- vivial parties drinking punch or toddy. The bearing of the t<»wnspeople in i)ublic was grave and austere. How could it be otherwise under the operation of such ordinances as the following. " No strangers were permitted to live within the town without giving bonds to save the town hannless from all damage and charge for entertaining them." "For galloiiing througli the streets, except up(»n days (»f njili- tary exercise or any extraordinaiy case re(juire," was two .shillings tine. Football was prohiliiteil in the streets. "No person shall take any tobacco publicly, under ])enalty of one shilling." "For entertaining foreigners," or receiving "in- mates, servants, or journeymen connng for helj) in jihysic or surgery, without leave of the selectmen," Avas twenty shillings tine a week. The selectmen had authority, nmler the colony, to order parents to bind their children as apprentices, or ])ut them out to service, and, if they lefused, the town took the children from the charge of the jiarents. Sobriety was strictly inculcated, though the sale of liquors was licensed. It is on record that, Septemlier IT), 1G41, there was a training of twelve hundred men at lioston for two days, but no one was drunk, and no one swore. (Jtlicers were appointed, witli long wands, to correct the inattentive or shunbering at church. To be absent from meeting was unlawful, while to speak ill of the minister was to incur severe punishment. An instance is mentioned of a man Ix'ing fined for kissing his wife in his own grounds ; and do not the following instructions to the watch smack strongly of Dogberry's famous charge'? The number being eight, they are "to walk two by two together; a youth joined with an older and more .sober person." " If after ten o'clock they see lights, to inquire if there be warrant- INTRODUCTION. 13 able cause ; and if tlioy licar any noise or disoriler, wisely to demand the reason ; if they are dancing and singing vainly, to admonish them to cease ; if they do not discontinue, after moderate admonition, then the constaldc to take their names and acquaint the authorities therewith." " If they find young men and maidens, not of known hdelity, walking after ten o'clock, modestly to demand the caiise ; and if they appear ill-minded, to watch them narrowly, command them to go to their lodgings, and if they refuse, then to secure them till morning." Negro slavery appears in Boston as early as 1G38, when at least three slaves were held by Maverick on Noddle's Island. In this year the ship Desire l)rought negroes here from the West Indies. In 1680, according to Judge Sewall, there were not above two hundred African slaves in the colony. An effort is on record in 1702 to put a sto[) to holding blacks as slaves, and to encourage the use of white servants, the representa- tives of the town being instructed to this purpose. Slavery seems, however, to have stc^adily in(;reased in the colony, the trallic proving profitable, until at length it was as common to see negroes offered for sale in the public prints, as it ever was in the Southern colonies. In 1767 the town again moved, through its representatives for the abolition of slavery, to no effect. A Tory writer asserts that there were at this time two thousand slaves in Boston. During the troubles of 1768 the British officers were (charged with inciting the slaves to insurrection, and blacks were held in servitude until after the Iievolution. But this was not all. It is but little known that Avhite slavery was tolerated in the colony, and that tlie miserable dependents of feudal power were sold into servitude in England and transported to this country. Prisoners of war were thus disposed of under the great Cromwell, some of the captives of Dunbar having l)een shipped over seas to America. A ship- load of Scotch prisoners was consigned 1651 to Thomas Kem- ble of Charlestown, the same who was afterwards a resident of Boston. Tliey were generally sold for a specific term of ser- 14 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. vice, iind useil o])i('ily as I'ani) lalxn-crs. ]\Iaiiy were sei)t to North Carolina, and indeed but lew ol' the eolonies were with- out them. Among the early customs was that of tlie watchmen crying the time of niglit and giving an accuunt of the weather as they went their rounds, a i)ractice which prevailed iVir a hundred years. The British sentinels later gave the cry of " ^Vll 's well ! " as they paced their beats. The ringing of tlie nine-o'clock bell Avas first ordered in 1649. The wat(diman's rattle was intro- duced about the time Boston became a city. The government of the town was vested in nine selectmen, and is first i'ound on the records, November, 1G43 ; but not nntil November 29, 1G45, is the oliicial statement ri'corded that J dim Winthrop and nine others were chosen selectmen. This con- tinued to be the form of government until the city was incor- porated, Feburary 23, 1822. The first city government was organized on the first of INIay following, and John Phillips was the first, Josiah Quincy the second, and Harrison Gray Otis the third mayor. Ste})S were taken as early as 1 708 to })etition the General Court to have the town incorporated into a city or borough, and again in 1784, l)ut without success. In 1632 the Colonial legislature declared it to be " the fittest place for |)ublic meetings of any place in the Bay," since Avhicli time it has remained the capital of Massachusetts. lioston at first included within its government the islands of the harbor, — Muddy Ttiver (Brookline), Winnisimet (Chelsea), INIount AVol- laston (Braintree), Randolph, and Quincy. She is now striving to recover i)ortions of her ancient territory. For a long time the allotment of lands was the i)nncipal business of the town officers. In the limits of the peninsula the rule was, " two acres to plant on, and for every able youth one acre within the neck and Noddle's Island " (lilast Boston). In 1635 it was agreed, "no new allotments should be granted unto any new-comer, Init such as may be likely to be received members of the congregation." The town regulated the price of cattle, commodities, victuals, and the wages of laborers, and none other were to be given or taken. INTRODUCTION. 15 The spirit of intolerance which the fathers of Boston exhih- ited towards the Quakers, Anabaptists, Episcopalians, and other sects illustrates their view of religious liberty. Well did Dryden say : — " Of all the tyrannies on human kind, The worst is that which persecutes the mind ; Let us but weigh at what offence we strike, 'T is but because we cannot tliink alike ; In punishing of this we overthrow The laws of nations, and of nature too. " It was an offence to harbor a Quaker ; to attend a (Quaker meeting was a hue of ten shillings, to itreach, £ 5. Wlien tlie Baptists first attempted to enter tlieir meeting-house in Still- man Street, tliey found the doors nailed up, and when they proceeded to worship in the open air, they were arrested and imprisoned. No one could be found to sell land for an E})isco- pal church, nor couhl a place be had to hold services in until Andros obtained the Old South by forcible entry. The crimi- nal law decreed banishment to such as broached or maintained "damnable heresies," by which was meant such as did not agree with the views of the congregation. The excessive .sev(!rity of the following deserves notice. " Any one denying the Scripture to be the word of Clod should pay not exceeding £ 50, and be severely whii)ped, not exceed- ing forty strokes, unless he publicly recants, in which case he shall not pay above £ 10, or be whipped in case he pay not the fine." The repetition of this offence was to be punished by banishment or deatli, as the court might determine. " 'T is death for any child of sound understanding to curse or strike his parents, unless in his own defence." There is a grim humor in the folio-wing decisions. In 1G40 one Edward Palmer, for asking an excessive price for a pair of stocks, which he was hired to frame, had the privilege of sit- ting an hour in them himself. " Captain Stone is sentenced to pay <£ 100, and prohibited coming within the patent with- out the governor's leave, upon pain of death, for calling i\Ir. Ludlow (a magistrate) a " Jus f ass." We infer the punisliment must have been inflicted more for the joke than the offence. 16 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. " C'atheriue, wife oi William (.'uniisli, was iuuinl suspiciuiis n{ iu- coiitinency, and seriously admuiiished to take heed." " Sei'^ciaiit Perkins ordered to carry forty turfs to the fort for Ijeing drunk." According to Neal, the principal festival days were that of the annual election of magistrates at Loston, and ( 'onnnence- ment at Cambridge. Business was then laid aside, ant volume called tlu; " IJook of Possessions," is in tlie City Clerk's office, compiled, it is thougiit, as early as Ki.'U, by order of the General Court. There are two hundred and forty- live names in this "Doomsday Book," as it has been termed, but all of them were not original setthsrs. The general gi'owth and progress of the New ]*>ngland metropolis has becai steady and remarkable. The early settlers having built wholly of wood, were not long exempt from de- structive fires. In 1G54 occurred what was known as " the great fire," but its locality is not given. This was succeeded by another in 167G, at the North End, which consumed forty- five dwellings, the North Church, and several warehouses, witliin the space enclosed by Richmond, Hanover, and Clark Streets. After this fire a fire-engine was imported from Eng- land, but another great fire in 1678, near the Town Dock, 20 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. tl«\<^troyed eighty dwclliiig-litiuses and seventy wardiouses, en- taHiii-u lu.s.s ufj;-!()(),()()0. Witli extraordinary energy these k)sses were repaired, and tlie tiiwnspeopk', athnonished l)y their disasters, built their hiHises witli more regard to safety, — many building of stone and liriek, — while more eiiieient means were obtaiiied for con- trolling tlie devouring element. The tdwii was divided into i'dur (piarters, patroled l)y a watch detaileil from the fodt-com- jianics. Six hand-engines, four barrels of powder, and two crooks were assigned each (piarter. This appears to have been the. lieginning of a lire di'iiartment. 'flic lirst lire-engine made in Boston was built by David Wheeler, a blacksmith in Newbury, now Wasliington Street. It was tried at a, lire August '2\, 17G5, and found to perform extremely well. The data from wln(di to estimate the po])ulation of the town in the lirst decade of its settlement is very meagie. In IGai) the Bay mustered a thousand soldiers in Boston, but they were of course drawn from all the towns. For the lirst seventy years after its settlement Boston did not probaldy contain over seven tliousand people. In 1717 it Avas reckoned at only twelve thousand. A hundreil years after tlie settlement it con- tainid tifteeii thousand, with seventeen hundreil dwellings ; in 17ri2 there were seventeen thou.sand live hnndri'd, — a decrease of five hundred in the previous ten years, aci'ounted for by the wars with the Indians and I'rench, in which Boston sus- tained severe lo.s.ses. in 17()r) the numlier of people had fallen below sixteen thousand, with si.xteen hundred and sevi!nty-six houses. During the siege in 177r)-7ply of ])nre Avater for the whole town. * Quiucy Memoir. INTRODUCTION. 23 Wells had to be sunk a depth varying from fifteen feet on tlie low ground to one hundred and twenty feet on tlie elevated portions, and the water was usually lirackish anoston has rendered this source insuificient in less than forty years, and the waters of Nashua River are to be made tributary. Boston has enlarged her territory by annexation of South Boston, in 1804; Washington Village, in 1855; Koxbury, in 1868; Dorchester, in 1870; Charlestown, Ih'igliton, and W. Roxbury, in 1874. Hast Boston, though forming a i)art of Bos- ton since 1637, had neither streets nor local regulations until the incorporation of the East Boston Company ; pul)lic officers first set foot upon the island in 1833. Then; was Hum but one house in tlie whole of that now populous ward, comprising six hundred anostoii, when annexed, had only ten families on an area of five humlreil and seventy acres, and but nineteen voters. There being at this time no bridge, the inhabitants were obliged to come to Boston via the Neck. The building of a bridge was the condition of annexation. South Boston was taken from the territory of Dorchester. Roxbury, itself a city, brought a large accession to Boston, to which it had long been joined in fact. Dorchester, settled a few months earlier than Boston, has become a ward of the 24 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. metropolis. Tliese two towns brouglit an increase to the popu- lation of about forty thousand, and a territory of nearly seven thousand acres. Communication between Boston and the surrounding towns was at first wholly by the Neck. The people of Chelsea thus had a circuit of at least a dozen miles, and a day's journey before them, to go to t(.iwn and return. There was a ferry es- tablished at (Jharlestown and Winnisimmet (Chelsea) as early as 1635, — live years after the settlement of Boston. We find by the records that Thomas Marshall " was chosen by generall consent for y" keeping of a Ferry from y* IVIylne Point vnto Charlestown and Wynneseemitt, for a single jt'son sixpence, and for two, sixpence; and for every one aT»ove y*" number of two, two pence apiece." Sliips' boats were first used, then scows, and this contiiiued to be the only means of transit until 17SG. Four years ])revious to this the Marijuis Chastellux states that he was one hour making the voyage from AVinnisimmet in a scow filled with cattle, sheep, etc. .Seven tacks were reijuired to bring them safely to land. A bridge to Cambridge was agitated as long ago as 1739. The obstruction to the passage of ferry-boats by itte was a serious inconvenience. Charles Rivau' Bridge, from the Old Ferry landing to Charlestown, A\'as the. first constructed. 'ITie first pier was laid on the 14th June, 178r», and the lu'idge thrown open for travel in little more tiiaii a year. This was considered at the time the greatest enier[)ris(^ ever undeiiaken in America, and its successful coui])li'tion Avas cekd>rated by a public procession, ciuisisting of botli lirauchi's of the Legislature, the proprietors and artisans of the lu'idgt^ military ami civic so- cieties. Salutes were fired from the ('astle, Coj)p's and Breed's Hill. This was only eleven years after the battle tif Bunker Hill. Thomas Bussell was hrst jn-esident of the corporation. West Boston Bridge, to Cambridge, was opened in November, 1793. Dover Street, or Boston Soutli Bridgi', was next opened in the summer of 1805. Cragie's, or, as it usml to be called. Canal Bridge, from the Middlesex ('anal, Avas next comiileted in August, 1S09, iVoui what was tlicu known as I'.arfon's IViint, INTRODUCTION. 25 on the Boston side, to Lechmere's Point in Cambridge. By a bridge thrown across from Lechmere's Point to Charlestown, the long detour around Charlestown Neck Avas avoided. The Western Avenue, or Mill Dam, as it was long called, was opened with great ceremony July, 1821. The South Boston Bridge, from what Was respectively Windmill and Wheeler's Point, at the foot of Federal Street, to South Boston, was com- pleted in 1828, and shortened the journey into Boston, l)y way of the Neck, about a mile. Warren Bridge met with great opposition from the proprietors of ( 'liai'lcs River Bridge, but was opened as a public liighway December, 1828. This completes the list of the older avenues of tra- vel to the mainland ; l)ut we have Tiiiw a magnificent U'on structure to South Boston, recently erected, while the numerous railway l^ridges spanning the river enable the city to stretch its Ih-iareus-like arms in every direction for traffic. Coaches are first mentioned as being in use in Boston in 1G68-G9. Captain Anthony Howard appears to have owned one in 1687, for he was fined tw(^nty shillings that year " for setting a coach-hous(i two feet into y^ streete at y' N. End of y^ Towne." * In 1798 there were 98 chaises and 47 coaches, chariots, phaetons, &c. in all Boston. In October, 1631, Governor Winthrop went on foot to Lynn aupr()priate to the occasion was held l)y liev. Mr. (Janer, the rector. Mr. Harrison had been retpiestcd to ]iresent drawings Avith botli a double and single tier of windows.' Two rows were adopted, the lower ones giving that prince of punsters, INIather Byles, an opportunity of saying that he had heard of the canons of the church, Imt had never seen the port-holes before. The stone for the chapel came from ]>raintree, and was taken 30 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. fmm the surface of the "ground, no (juurries lieiii_i; tlien openecL The rough appearance of the stone i,s due to the limited knowl- edge of the art of dressing it which then ])revailed. Greenwood's little work on King's (Jha})el gives tlie follow- ing facts. Jt was hrst erected of wood in tlie year 1G88, en- larged in 1710, and, being found in the year 1741 in a state of considerable decay, it was proposed to rebuild it of stone. A sul)scri}»tion for this 2)urpose was set on foot, and Peter Faneuil (of Faneuil Hall memory) was chosen treasurer of the building- fund. The building was to be of stone, a.nd was to cost £ l'.*!, ()()() (old tenor). It was not to Ije commenced until £10,000 were subscri])ed. Among the lirst sul;)scribers were (iovernor AVilliam Shirley, Sir ("harles Henry Frankland, and Peter Faneuil. The (iov- ernor gave £100; Sir H. Frankland, £50; Faneuil, £200 sterling. Faneuil died in 1742, and the matter was for some time laid asitor. These add interest to the church, and reflect in a modest way the glories of old St. Paul's and of Westminster Abbey. Tlie lirst, lieil was cnicked, wliilc tolling for eveniiiL; service, JVlay S, IS I I. '{"lie wits seized upon tlie accident with avidity, and coiimieiiioralcd it in the I'oHciwing elliision (Paul Eevere re- cast the bell, and some churchman answereil the innuendo) : — " The Cliapel cliurcli, '• TIk' rlimvli still lives, Left in the lurch, 'I'lie iniest s\irvives, Must surely fall ; Willi laiiid the same. For church and peojile lievere refuunds, And liell and steeple The liell resounds, Are crazy all. And all is well ai^'ain." The present organ of King's Chapel was procured from Eng- land in 1756, and ]iaid for l>y private subscription. It cost £ r)0(» sterling, and was said to have l>een selecte(l by tlie im- mortal Handel liimself, tliou^li ilie givat vtmsfro was then blind. ( )ver this organ a ci'own ami a cou[ile of gilt niili'es are placetl which have a histoiy i,[' their own. Tn the yeai' 177"), when I'.oston was in a state of siege, tiie British military and naval oflicers woishippe(| in KiiiL^'s ( 'liapel, as they had in fact done during the jirevious years thi' town was in occupation of the J>ritish soldiers. The Imrial of three soldiers of the Sixty-fifth b'eginient are the last-reconU'(l inter- ments in the Chapel cemetery previous to the evacuation of the town in March. Thc^ re('tor, Dr. ( 'aner, went to Halifa.K with tlie king's troops, taking with him the church registers, jilate, and vestments. The service, which had in ymvi been presented king's chapel and I'lIK NEKillBOItHOOD. 33 hy the Iviug, auiouuttMl in twn thuu.saii>[' tlie olil school iiouse was viewed with no favorable eye by the townspeople, and Joseph (Jreen, a Harvard graduate of 17l!(), anil a mitt'd wit, expressed the popidar feeling thus:-' "A fig for your leiiniiiiL; ! I tell you the town, To nialve the chiu'cli larger, imisl, pull tlu^ siliool down. ' Unluipiiily spoken ! ' exclaims Muster Hireli ; 'Then Ie;irning, it seems, stops the growth of the ehiuxh.' " After the departure of tlie royal troops, the po|inlar yV//';/- against (everything savoring of their lute, allegiance to the throne tound I'Xjtression in the removal of the royal end)Iems from [lublic buihlings, changing tlie names of streets and every- thing that bore any allusion to the, obnoxious idea of kingly authority. King's Chapel was then^fore jiewly baptized Stone Chapel, a, name that has in turn been discarded for the old, high-souiiiling title of yore. In thi' reign of (^ueen Anne the church was called " (^^lueens ( 'happell." The establishnujnt of tlie ("hurch of England in Doston was attended witli great opposition. The Puritans, who had Hed from the persecutions of that church in tlie old country, had no idea of admitting it among them in the new. In 1G4(j a petition praying for the privilege of Episcopal worship, addressed to the General Court at Boston, caused the petitioners to be fined for seditious expressions, and the seizure of their papers. Charles II., after his accession, wrote to the colony requiring, among other things, that the laws should be " reviewed " so as to permit the Episcopal form of worsliip, the use of the Book of Common Prayer, et(^ The chief jieople and ehlers of the 34 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. colony luuki'd upmi tlic eifoiis ol' the prolligatc Cluules 11. in belialt' of ivliguius lilx'ity as thi-y Avoiild upou the quotiug of Scripture by his Sutaiiiu Majesty, and paid little heed to the mandate of the merry monarch of whom his favorite liochester ■wrote, — " Here lies our sovereii;'!! Lord the King, Wliose word no man relied on ; Who never said a foolish thing, And ne\er diil a wise one." Tlic Kui,!.;', 'when over liis linttlc, ciiiiiiiiandeil IJocliester to wriii/ him a siiiral)lc epitaph, " soiiictliiii,L; a[i[irnpriate and witty." The I'.arl, sei/inn liis pen, wrote as above, and ibr his keen eirusinii roiiiaincd some time in disgrace. Jn KiSCi, ill the rci^ii uf, lames II., the first Kpisenpal servdces were held in (lie ( )ld 'I'uwn llnnse, whirli then st I mi the site of the (.)ld Stab' Ibmsc. b'ov. b'obort b'ab-blf was the lirst Epise.dpal elei;i;ymaii, and caiiir over in the lln.sc, frii^ate in ]\lay, KiSC). The tuwn, hnwexci-, eunlinucd tn ri'liiso the nse of any of tlie ineetin,L;diiiiises, and the sncicty were unable to buy land on ( 'ottdii (now rmilicrton) Hill to build on. Ivlward Ivandeiljili — the iii'st ollircr of cust-onis that lloston had, a man specially hat.e(l for his sur.cvssful elfoi'ts to have the kin.L;' I'cvoke the colonial cliartcr — maybe considered as chiclly instmmcntal in settin.L;' up the episcopalians in l>osto]i. liandolph was also at this lime (Uk.i of his Majesty's council for New lMi,L;land. Sir Edmund Andros, wlio aii'ived in lloston in l)eccndier, IGiSG, after havin,g' several conferences with tlie miinsters on the subject of using- one id' the meetingdiouses tVir Episcopal services, sent liandolph, on Wednesday, the '22d of March, 1G87, to demand the keys of the South Meetingdiouse, now Old South. ( )n ( !ood Friday, whi('h was the ibllowing Friday, the sexton o}iened the iloors ])y command ui' Andros "to open and ring the bell for those of the ( 'hurch of Fnglaud." But time, which makes all things even, gave the ( )ld Semth Society a signal revenge for wdiat they considered little less than sacrilege. King's Chapel, abandoueil ]iy its rector and con- gregation when the town was evacuateil, remained closed until the autumn of 1777, when it was occupied by the Uld South king's chapel and the neighborhood. 35 Society, wlmse lunisi' hail Ihtii (■(inverted iiit(j a liiitish ridiug- sclioul. Tliis S(»rk'ty used the ('hajiel alxiut tive years. King's Cha])el stands as a iiKuninit'iit to mark the, resting- place of Isaac Jolmson, tlie second Wliite inhaliitant nl' liostdn. The liicaHty oi' the grave is uidridge, pastors of the First Church, and of other l\iritans of the stern- 36 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. est tvi>c, lif uiulcr llic sIkmIuw (if a dctrsird Kiiisc<>]ial editice, Bcsiilfs thivsc, the iviuaiiis (it ( iovcriKir Sliiil(-y and dt Lady Aiidi'd.s r('|»isi' licic. JIcic Ilia}' lie seen (III till' t( mil ist( UK'S the arms and cscutclicdiis (it tli(^ deceased, earry- iiii; us hack to the days oi' lierahhy. Under tlie ("hajiel are vaults fur the 1, Y ^' reeejitidn of the dead. =^^ As we look throuu SHIRLDY AllMH the ii'on ;j;ate into tlie enclosure, the curious ar- ran,i;eiiient of the gravestones strikes us. Jn the centre the headstones form a sort of hollow scjnare, as if to re]iel further aggression njioii the territory of the dead, whik', at the sides and walls tlie same })lan is ol)served. This peculiar arrangement was the rhi'/ d'ceuvre of a former 8u})eriutcn(leiit of llurials ; many stones were removed from their original posi- tions, and now give eU'ect to the iiroverli, " to lie like a tomlt- stoiie." What wonld the future or even jiresent seeker after the grave of an ancestdr do in such a case of perplexity'? l)(iubtful, in a certain sense, of the legend " Here lies," lie would restrain his emotion, fearing that the tear of all'ectitui might fall on the aslies of a stranger. King's ( 'hapel Ilurying-dround is hy no means exemjit from tlie ghostly legends that usually attach to cemeteiies. (_)ne is recoideil of a negro-woman, whose collin the careless carpenter ha\iiig made too short, severed the head fidiii the hody, and, clapping it Ix^tween the feet, nailed down the lid to conceal his liluiKh'r. Another is related of a person who was asserted to have lieen Imiied alive. A hue-and-cry was raised, the corpse was exhumed in the presence of a moh which had gathered, and it- nei^dcd the assurance of the doctors who exaiiiined the remains to set the atl'air at rest. The mob,- disaii])ointed of its expected sensation, proposed to bury the old woman Avho liad raised the uproar, Imt did not execute the threat.'" Interments ceased here in 17'JG. I)(.';i]iii"s witli tlic Dead. king's chapel and the NEIGHBOKHOOD. o7 Next northerly from tlie burying-ground once stood an old wooden building covered with rough cast. It was the resi- dence of some of the rectors of King's Chapel, and of Dr. Caner, the last one. This building was occupied by the IJoston Athenaeum in 1810, and was taken down over sixty years ago, to give place to the stone biulding occupied later as a Savings Bank and by the Historical Society. The Athe- na'um, n ]iapers ; also one of the best sets of Hnileil Stutes documents in the country ; besides a large part of Washington's private library, acfjuired l)y purchase, with many other works relating to that great man. king's chapel and the NEIGIIBOrJIOOD. o*J The Academy of Arts and Sciences is tlic oldest institution witli literary objects in Boston, and the second in America. It was instituted in 1771), and received a charter the next year, in which the design of the Academy is stated to be, " the \m)- ] notion of the knowledge of the antiquities of America and of tli(! natural history of the country." The nun:l)er of mend)ers is limited to two hundred. Governor Bowdoin was the first president, followed l)y .lohn Adams, Edward A. Holyoke, J. Q. Adams, Nathaniel l>owditch, John Pickering, and other distinguished persons. Count Ifuni- ford left a legacy within the control of the Academy to ad- vance the cause of science. The society occupied a room in the AtheuKum building until recently. The Historical Society originated as early as 1791. On tlie 24th of January, Hon. Judge Tudor, Rev. Drs. Belknap, Thacher, and Eliot, Judge Winthrop of Cambridge, Eev. Dr. Freeman, Judge Minot, Hon. W. Baylies of Dighton, Judge Sullivan, afterwards governor of Massachusetts, and Thomas Wallcutt, met and organized. The meetings were first held in Judge Minot's office in Spring Lane, but tlu» use of a corner room in the attic of Eaneuil Hall was soon obtained, "a place as retired and recondite as ex[)lorers into the recesses of aiiticp uity would think of visiting." In 1791 the society occupied the Manufactory House in Hamilton I'lace. In 1793 the .society was offered a I'oom in the Tontine Crescent, on the south side of Franklin Slicct, over the arch, tlic entrance into Arch Str(H't. Cliarles Buliinch, William Scollay, and Charles Vauglian, wlio reclaimed Franklin Street from a (piagmire, made this oifer, and here the society remained until 18.3.3, when it removed to its late quarters in Tremont Street, from which it has lately moved to new quarters on tlie Back Bay. The situation in Franklin Street presented the singular [)hase of a building without land, as it rested iq)on an arclied passage- way. Governor Gore was president in 180G. In 1838 the society's collections amounted to six thousand volumes and manuscripts. The society posses.ses many relics of historic interest. It has 40 LANDMARKS OF JUJSTUN. portraits of Governors Endicott, Winslow, Powiiall, Duiumer, JJclclicr, AViutlirop, Hiitcliinsou, StronLjj, (lore, etc. That of Winslow is siipjiosed to he a VaiKlvkc The swords of (iover- n(ir Carver, Myles Standish, ('oloncl ('Inirch, (4overnor IJrooks, Sir William l\'p])erell, and tliose of Captain Linzee and (jolo- nel Prescott, worn at Jjunkcr's Hill, arc tlu' ])roiM-ity of tlic society. Not the least curidus aiiKUii; tlicsc iclics is a silk ila^' prescntcil hy ( Jdvcnini' IJaiicuck U> a cdldnMl cuinpany calliMl the " liucks of Anit'i'ica," licariii;4 ilic di'\ici' df a piiic-trt'c and a hnck, al)ovr whicli arc llic iintials ".I. 11." and "(1. \\'." There is also a ^nn nscd at the raptiuv of Covcrnor Andros liy the llostonians in l(iS'.) ; the samp liowl ol' Ivin.n' Thilip, and the lork of the ,L;nn with wlnrli he was killcil. Th(^ liln'ary of the soi;icty lias a value not to lie estimated in dollars a,nd rents. It was tlie foiindation of materials toi llie histoiy of New EnL^land, many ot wliieh lia\'e heeii jmhlislied in the .society's valuahle collections. Anion,n- other valuahle donations In tlie society may lie men- tionci! tlie papers and doiaiments of ( Icneral William lleatli of Kevolulhiuary fame, besides the nia,nnili<'enl library of 'fliomas l)uw.se of ( 'arnhrid.ne, containing' about live thousand volumes, many being of the greatest histoiical inb'rest. 'J'he Museum liuiMing, which covers twenty thousand feet of lancf and cost a (piarter of a luillion, is one of the attractive objects of the street and of tlie I'ity. I^'or many years its rows of exterior lights have lieen a lam|i in the path of tlie pedes- trian and a, lure hi its votaries. ( )n its boards have sbiod in times past, the elder I'.ooth and Mrs. ( M'orge I'-aiTelt. I'.ooth, of whom a capital likeness in ci'ayon, liy b'owse, bangs in the main hall, deserves to be (dassed with Kean. Kemble. and tlie giants of the stage. His unfortunate iniirJniiif foi- convix iai in- dulgence has given rise to many anecddtes. ( )n one occasion, wlnle playing at the Howard, 'i'oiii l'"ord, the manager, stipu- lated that llooth slionld snbmit to )"■ locked in bis loiuii by a certain hour, in oi'dei- that the actor might not lie in a comlilion to disap|ioint the audience, as was sometimes tlie case. 'I'lie chagrin of the manager may be imaginetl at- linding the tragedian KIN(;,S CIIAPKL AND THE NEIGHBOKHOOI). 41 intoxicated when lie came to fetch liiiu to the theatre. Booth had bribed a waiter to bring liquor to his door, where suc- cessive glasses were emptied liy means of a straw through the key-lioU'. As Richard 111. iiooth was incom[)arable. He often became greatly excited in the coml)at scene, and on one occasion it is stated that he attacked W. H. Smith, the veteran actor, since deceased, in dead earnest, ilriving him from the stage, and [niisuing him into the street. William Warren, tlie come(lian, made his fii'st api)earanc(; at tlit^ Museum in IS 17. Adelaide. Phil- lips was a iliinseusc at this house in the same year. The present .MuscMim covers the site of tlie Cohunbiau Museum, wliich was ilestroyed by fire in January, 1S()7. TIh! Columbian Museum oiiginated in the exhil)i- tion of wax-works at the Ameri- can Coffee House in State Street, op|)osite Kill)y, as early as 1791. Mr. I'xiwen, the pro]>rietor, removed to what was called "the liead iif the Mall," at tiu^ corner of Ihdiulield's T^ane (now Street) in I7'.tr). This building was buint in January, 1803; but Mr. 15owen was enabled to reopen his Museum in Milk Street, at th(^ corner of Oliver, in May of tliat year. In LSOG, a brick building five stuiacs Iiigh was erected by Doyle in rear of, and reached by a passage from, Tremont Street. The destructive element soon swept away tliis edifice. It took tire alxmt midnight, and was consume(l with all its con- tents ; not an article was saved. The event was signalized by a painful disaster. A large, crowd of spectators had collected in the burying-ground adjoining, when the Avails fell, killing nine or ten boys, from twelve to fift(>en years old. 1 )r. William Eustis, afterwards ( lovernor of Massachusetts, resided then in Sudbury Street, and with other pliysicians lent his aid on the WILLIAM WARFiKN. 42 Landmarks of bostox. occasion. The unilisinaycil jiroprietors liad a noAv two-story l)uil(lin,ii; civctcil l)y Juut', 1807, whicli cdiitiiiued until 1825, when the collection was sold to the New England Museum. The New England Museum — Ibrmeil iVom the New York JNluseum, which was opened in 1812, in I'xiylston Hall; ii'Dm Mix's New Haven iMuscum, added in 1S21 ; and from the ("nhnnhian — was dpened by ]\Ir. E. A. (Ireenwnod, July 4, ]S],S. It was situated on ( 'ourt Street, and extendeil IVtuii (Jornhill to Ih'attle Street, occupying the upper stories. In 1839 Moses Kimball Ix'came the proprietor, and these several establishments, merged in tlu' New England, constituted the jiresent JNluseum, lirst located on the jiresent site of Horticul- tural Hall in 18-11, and in 1840 where it now stands. At the corner of Court and Tremont Streets was the resi- dence of John Wendell, an old lioston merchant of the time of (iovernor Shirley. He married a daughter of Jmlge Edmund (^)uincy, and was the nephew of Hon. Jacob "Wendell, a leading l>ostonian in the troublous IJevolutionary times. The IJoyal Custom House was located in Wendell's house in 17;')'.), at which time (ieorge ( "radock, Es(|., a near neighbor of Wendell's, was collector. The old building long standing here, shown in the engrav- ing, is the one in which Washington lodged during his visit _ — -" --__ . in 1789, as was set forth -—- " on the small tablet ]ilace(l in th<' ( 'oui't Street front. At the time AVashingtini occupied it. it was kept liy Jose|iIi I ngersoll as a lioard- ingdiouse. 'idle coming of Washington to the town hi.' had debvereil in 1 77<) was marreil by an acl of oflicial ]iunc1 ilio on the ]iart of ( iov- ernor I lancuck, \vhi(dicaused the greatest nioi'tiljcation alike to the pi'ople and the iljust lions visitor WAsMINirinN's l.iilKaNUd. king's chapel and the neighborhood. 43 On tlio arrival of tlie general on the Neck, he was met by the suite of tlu^ governor, Init not l)y the gov(n-nor, whose views of State sovereignty would not admit of his acknowledging a superior personage within his official jurisdiction. The day was C(dd and raw, aiid Washington, chagrined at the absence of the governor, was about to turn his horse's head to th^iart, when he was prevailed upon by the authorities of the town to enter it. A long delay had occurred at the Neck, and many peoph? caught what was called the " Washington cold." The general wore his old continental uniform, and rode on horseluick witli his head uncoverecl, but did not salute the throngs that lined his way. On arriving at the Old State House, Washington would not asc(Mid to the balcony prepar(;i' all mads, (■.\(,M'|)t, except — " Here, he stuck, at limit I'm' a wm-il, until Jhii'i'isun (iray (Jtis, wliu sat near hiiu nil tlie platt'iirin, said in a Idw Vdice, "Say except the mad ti* iiiin." Mr. W'elister adnpled the siiggestimi, and iise(l it as it he had merely ]iaused [o make his remark mure eli'ective. In lleiKdi and liar, it is relate(l that, while AVehster was Secretary ut' State, the Fi-eiich Minister asked him whether the TTiiited States wmild recdgni/.e the new gdvernmeiit nf France. The Secretary assumed a verysdleiiin tone and attitude, saying, "\\'liy not? The lTiiite(l States has recogni/AMl the Jioiirhons, the French Kepuhlic, the IMrectory, the Council of Five Hun- dred, the First Consul, the Fmperor, Louis XVlll., Charles X,, Louis l'liilip|ie, the — " " Fnmigh ! iMiough ! " cried the Minister, perfectly satislied l>y such a formidaljle citation of consistent pi'ecedeiits. Mr. AVehsler lived in Somerset Street, and also at the corner of High and Summer Streets, during the diil'erent ])eriods of his residence in Boston. The site of the house in Somerset Street is now covered by the niauniioth new Court House. It was occupied sucei'ssively hy Uriah Cotting, ])aniel AVeh- ster, Ahholt Lawrence, and Lev. L'jihraim Peahody of King's ( 'hapel. A\'elister's I'esideiice in High Street is markeil hy a splendid hlock of stores, aptly styled "Wel>ster Liiildings." Here he resided at the time of Lafayette's visit in ISiT), and received the distinguished Frenchman on the evening of the 1 7th of rlune. -Mr. Webster was a genuine lover of nature and of Held sports, and was a good shot. He delighted in his farm at Marshlield, and in his well ted cattle. (! ray's F>legy was his la\orite poi'in, and he was accustomed to repeat it with great leeling and emphasis. Of his two sons, Fdward died in Mexico, a Major of the IMassaehusetts Volunteers; Ldetcher, ('olonel of tlu^ Twelfth ]\Lissachusetts Volunteers in the AVar of the Leliellion, was killed near Lull Ivun in 1SG2. king's chapel and the NElGHBOiaiOOD. 47 AVith two such di.stiiiL;uisli(jd lights of the [»roh'ssi(iii as Otis ami Wehster heturu tlicin, it is no wonder the okl cdi'iier retains its magnetism for the disciples of tSir William Jjlack- stone. Having now [)assed dnwn one side of ancient " Treamount " street, we will repair U> the corner of Howard Street, and go up the other side, lollowing tlie practice of tin; lathers of the town, who inimhered the streets (;onsecutively down on one siile and up the other. This is still the custom in London, and was doulitless ini[Hirte(l with many other old- country usages. Old "Treamount Street" liegan in ITOS, at the extreme cor- ner of ("ourt Street and Tremont Jiow, as they now are, and extended around the hasc of what was lirst called Cotttui Hill (so called as late as 17.!.)), iVum tiie residence dl' Key. -Iulm Cotton; suhseipiently Pendiertdu Hill, linni , lames i'l'iuheitoii, a later resident at the ndrth end cf what is miw remliertun S([uare. It was at hrst iiieivly i ailed a liigliway, like the other principal avenues, received vei'y early the name of street, and was at the imrtherly part called Sudhuiy Lane, I TOl'. It ter- minated at Ueacon Street. I'endierton Hill, a spur of Jieacon, now marks a level of ahout eighty feet helow the summit of the original hill, it having heen cut down in I8.">r). ( )n the 1)row^ of the hill, later the residence of (Jardiiier (Ji'eene, was the mansion of (ioveiimr Endicott, that uiicom promising Puritan who, in KiL'K, sent the ol)noxious Kpiscopa lians home to England, and afterwards cut out the cross from the King's standard because it "savored of popery." Join; Endicott Avas sent to America hy the Alassachusetts Company, in England, of wdiich Matliew Crackick was governor, as their agent, and was governor of the colony wliich settled at Salem m 1G28. He was the successor of Winthrop, as governor, in 104:4:, and again in l()4l), and icjuoved to I'ostou in the f(n'mer year. Endicott tilled a nund)er of important olhces ; was ap- pointed Sergeant Major-Oeni'ral in 1045, and in 1652 estah- lished a mint, Avhich, though without legal authority, continued to supjjly a currency for more than tliii-ty years. Governor 48 lani»mai.:ks of ijoston. l'.Nl>l( I I 1 ( 1 1 I IN III I III Kiidiciitt iipjiii.sed the iTiisadr ni' \lr\. Jdliii ("iittiiii a.L;aiii.st tlii^ wearing ul' veils l>y ladies, and iiad a warm peisdual disciissiiui willi that, eiii'.aeiit diviiie. His I jHirlrail- is iiKH-e like a canlinal of liielii'licirs (iiiie tliaii a l*iiritaii Mildi''!'. His head is covered liy a ( lose-littillg vel\'et skulkcap, IVom \\liie|i the curling iroii-gi'ay hair 'lJ^£^K^ 1^ esea|Miig down his shoulders ; a ^ t Wii"^^ ■''^i^ *~ffl^ hioad linen cnljar, I'astened at the ^■, Wi^MMm^\^ throat with cord and tassel, falls \ > upon his hrcast, while his small r^ white right hand is grasping a, ^ luntlet I'ichly endu'oideivd. l"ai- dicott's Ir.rehead is niassix'e, his 111 se large and prominent ; hut a gray mustache -which decorates his up|icr lip eltectually con- ceals the eX[iression of his mouth, while a long imperial of the French fashion hides a portion of the (diin. His whole (•(uin- tenancc, howc\'er, indicates strength, resolution, and courage. The mutilation of the Hag Mas not an act of hravado at a safe distance from punishment, hut of conscience ; and his jiortrait sliows us that, having once formed a, con\iction, he would pur- sue it regardless of conseipiences. Captain ("yjirian Southack had a coml'ortahle estate ol' two acres, in 170:^, lying on the noiilierly and easterly slope of the hill. llowai'd Street, which was lirst named Southack's ('ourt for him, suhse(pu'ntly HoAvai'd Street, lioni John Howard (he philanthropist, ran through his lands. ("a|itaiii Southack sei'Vcd under the fiiiHUis ( 'oloiiel lien jamin ( 'liundi in an expedition against the French and Indians in 17l>4, in whiidi he com- manded a small ^•essel, called the Frovince Snow, of fourteen guns. When Admiral Sir H. Walker ai'rived in lioston in 1711, Avith a fleet and tive thousand men destined to act against the French in Canada, he took up his residence -with Southack in Fremont Street. The cuptain was to lead the van of the expedition. king's chapel and the NEIGHBOfiHOOD. 49 ill 1717 tliu pinittj .sliiii Wliidali, cnmiiKiiided by the iioto- riitus Saiiiut'l Bcllaniy, was wrcckrd dii tlie, rocks of that part of Easthaiii, now AVcllllcct. The council despatched Captain Southack to tlir scene nf the disaster. His j)0\vers are inili- cated liy the following orij^inal ddcunicnt : — "By virtue nl' piiwcr to nie, given by his Excellency Sanil. Sliute, Esq., (Jovt., and the Aiiniiral, hearing date A])ril liotli, 1717, to seize what goods, merchandise, or eti'ects have or may he found or taken from the Pirate ship wreck at C'ajie ('odd, aiul those taken up hy Joseph Done, Esq., in carting and l>riiiging in to me the sub- scriber for his Majesty's service at Mr. Wni. Brown's at Easthani. " Cyi'kian Southack. "Eastham, May i), 1717." Bellamy's shi[i was purposely run on shore hy the captain of a small vess(d he had captured the day ludore. Tlie captain was to have received his vessel IVoni the pirate in return for piloting him into Cape ("od harhor, hut, ilistrusting the good faith of his captor, run Ins own vess(d so near the rocks that the large ship (d" the j)irafe was. wrecked in atteni|)ting to follow her. A storm aro.si', and the rest of the pirate licet, thrown into confusion, shared the fate of tlieir coinmandia'. Captain iSoutliack buried one hundred and two bodies. A few that cscapetl the wri'ck were brought to Jioston and executetl. For a long time — as kite as 17U4 — co[»[)er (;oins of William and INlary, and pieces of silver, called cob money, were picked up near the scene of tlie wreck. The violence of the sea moved the sands upon the outer liar, so that the irou caboose of tlie vessel was visible at low ebb.* Theodore Lyman, senior, father of the mayor of that name, owned and occupied a mansion on the corner of Howard and Treniont Streets in l/SI"). iV beautiful green lawu extended in front of his residence. These cliariniiig oases in the midst of the desert of brick walls have long ceased to exist except in the public squares. This lot was also intended to have been used by the Brattle Street Church Society when they rebuilt in 1772 - 73 ; but Governor Hancock, by the present of a bell, * IMassacluisetts Historical Collections. 3 D 50 LAN DM AUKS OF BOSTON. induced tlicin to ivLuild on tlic old site. Tliis location was ulso occupied l)y Holland's CoH'cc House, afterwards the Pern- Itertiin Hnuse, desti'nyeil l»y lire in isr)4. i'assing tlie t'state of Jolm Jekyll, Es(]., cine of the earliest collectors ot the port of J^iston, 17(>7, and a ureat friend of his neii^hhors the Faiieiiils, we cdiiie in that of llev. dnhn ( 'otton, the spiritual father of IJoston. -luhn ( "ntton, as state([ in our introductory chapter, was vicar of St. l!otol}>h's ('liurch in Bos- ton, Kn^laiid, liitt iiielined to the I'ui'itan form of worsliip. ("ited to appear liefnre the nuturious ^\rchl)isho|) Laud for omitting to kneel at the sacrament, he lied to America, and arrived in l>oston in IG.")."), three years after the settlement. Here he l)ecanie a colleague ol the Jicv. John Wilson in the. jiastorate of the First ( 'hureh. He was a man of great learning, well accpiainted with Latin, (!reek, and Helirew, and jiuMished many sermons and controversial works. He died from the eifects of exposure in crossing the ( and)ridge ferry, and has a memorial elected to his luemoiy in Ids old church of 81. Lotolpli's, fjigland, through the lilierality of Edward Everett and other Lostonians. The house of Mr. Cotton stood a little south of the entrance to l'end)ertun fSc^uare, near the sti'eet, as nearly as it can be located. It was then considered the oldest in Boston, and tlie back part, which remained unaltered, had the small diamond panes of glass set in lead. His ample estate extended back over the hill as far as L)r. Kirk's Church in Ashburton Place, and embraced all the central jiortion of what is now Pemberton .Siritiuil jiower and civil, what eaili means, What severs each, — thou hast learneil what few have ilone, The bounds of either sword to thee we owe ; Therefore on thy firm hand Keligion lean.s In peace, and reckons thee her eldest son." Judge Samuel Sewall, Chief Ju.stice of the colony, in whose family the estates of Cotton and Bellingham became united, liveil here in 1G89. He was repeatedly ai)plied to to sell ;i piece of his land to the Episcopalians to Iniild a church upon, but refused. He married a daughter of John Hull, the cele- brated mint-master, with whom he got, at different times, a 52 ~ LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. siiii^ |ini'tiiiii of Master Hull's cstati'. Ho was one of the judges during the witclirrai't trials (if Ki'jL*, ])ut afterwards expressed contriti()n for his share in that wretched Ijusincss. Stoughton, on the ciintiary, seems to have changed his quarters quite ol'teii, for, alioiit, ilie time of tlu! affair at Lexington, he was ordennl l)y (Jeneral (Jage to take possession of the Hancock house on Px'acon Street. lie also resided some time with Mrs. SheaH'c, widow of the collector, in Essex Street. We shall call on him at his several habitations. Pichard P>ellingham, Esq., Governor of Massachusetts in 163.1, in Kif 1, and again in Ifi.lf , and from IGGG, after the death of Endicott, until his own decea.se in KiT'J, was tlie next neighbor of Cotton. Anne Ilibbins, who married A\'illiain Ilib- bins, an early settler of Postou, for many years in the service of the (Jolony, was a relative of Governor Pellingham. I'his unfortunate woman, denounced f )r witchcraft, was execut('(l in 1656, when an accu.sation was ('(piivaleut to condemnation,. and forfeited her life to the supt'rstitious bigotry of tlu* jieriod. Governor Pellingham served the colony as governor and dep- uty for twenty-tliree years; was ordered by Gliarles II. to England with other obnoxious persons, but prud(Mitly declined going, by advice of the (Jeneral (Jourt. Jiellingliam, whose intellect was said to have been inq)aired, was an unrelenting persecutor of the Quakers. His house* stood on tlie spot aft(*r- wards occupied by the rc^sidence of Lieutenaut-(i(ivern(ir Pliil- lips, oppo.site the north end of tlie Chapel Purying-( Jrouud, 54 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. aud about midway from the entrance to Peml)erton Square to Beacon Street. Tlie Uellingham estate was also tlie property (if Peter Faneiiil, wlui received it from Andrew, liis uncle, in 1737. The house, a fine old stone mansion, st 1 on the hillside some distance hack from the street. ( >penin,n into the cellar was a curious cylindri(;al brick vault, resembling in sliape a wine- cask, and used as a wine-cellar l)y the more modern occnpants. It was about hfteen feet in diameter by twenty live feet loni;- ; and as it ibrmed no i)art of the orii.;inal cellar, which was am})ly suHicient for ordinary jiurposes, was considered to have been a }>lace of concealment fnv suHi^'^led ^dods. The following description of the Faiieuil house is from Miss Quincy's jNIenioir : " The deep court-yard, oinamented by flowers and shrul)S, was divide(l into an upper and lower plat- firm by a. high glacis, surmounted liy a richly wionght iron railing decorated with gilt balls. The editice was of lirick, jiainted white ; and over the entrance door was a semicircular balcony. The terraces which rose from the jiaved coston. lie was born at New Uochelle, near New York, in 1700; was the wealthiest Bos- tonian fif bis day, and after having lived only forty-two year.s, died suddenly of dropsy in 1742. Like many of his king's chapel and the neighborhood". 55 contemporaries, lie was a slaveholder, and there is a sort of poetic justice in the fact that the first steps for the emancipa- tion of slaves in Boston were taken in Faneuil Hall. Peter Faneuil lived in a style worthy his position as a prince among merchants. Ho owned a chariot and coach, with English horses, for state occasions, and a two and four wheeled chaise for ordinary purposes. He had five negroes, and four- teen hundred ounces of plate, among which is enumerated "a large handsome chamber-pot." His cellar was bursting with good wine, arrack, beer, Cheshire and Gloucester cheeses, — what wonder his decease was sudden ! — and he died owner of eight ])uildings in Cornhill and King Street, with many vessels and parts of vessels. To retrogratle a little, next north of Peter Fancuil's on(;e dwelt Eev. John Davenport, who came over to Boston in 1637. He was one of the founders of New Haven, Connecti- cut. When the Regicides, as Charles I.'s judges Goffe and Whalley were styled, were forced to live in cnucealment, Davenport took them into his own house. Peturning to Bos- ton he became, in 1668, pastor of the First Church, but died in 1670, after holding his charge but a short time, and lies in the " Old Burial-Place," oi)posite where he once lived. The estate of Pev. John Davenport remained for nearly a century the property of the First Church, and was occu[)i(Ml by Fox- croft, (Jlarke, and others. Lieutenant-Governor William Phillips, ])y Inrth a Bostonian, became the proprietor of the Faneuil mansion and estates in 1791, which was confiscated in 1783 by the Commonwealth. Governor Phillips also acquired the Davenport estate in 1805, Miiich gave him a magnificent homestead, well worthy one of the solid men of Boston. He was in office from 1812 to 1823. Mr. Phillips made a most lilieral use of the fortune he inlierited, was a great Ijenefactor of the Massachusetts General Hos- pital during his life, and made valuable l)e(iuests to Phillips Academy, Andover Theological Seminary, and other institu- tions. Pev. John Oxenliridge, another pastor of the First Church, 5G ' LANDMAKKS OF ]!()STON. livc(l on the site of the I'avilion in Kill. A i'urnicr occu- jKint was Colonel Samuel Shrim}»toii, wIkj at one time owned Noddle's Island (East Boston), and gave his name to what is now Exchange Street, once Shrimpton's Lane. liev. John (Jxenbridge was educated at Oxl'ord and also at Candiridgc, was a popular preacher and a thiciit writer. ])ying in 1(17 1, he was interred, like his prfdcccssor Davcnjiort, in Uh' < Md Burying-Place oppnsite. (icorge (Jradock, ('ollectnr oi' I'xistnn, lived here in \7'2S. AVc have now reacln'i] the curncr <>{' jicacdu Stivcl, whirli was tirst styled the lane leading to the Ahnshouse, a rather humlile designation lor tlic nio.st aristocratii' street oi" Bnston. The All)ion corner was once oc(npie(l Iiy James I'eiin, inling elder of the Eirst (Jhuirh, and a citi/eii of note. It liecanie later the estate of Sanniel i''Jiot, I'atlier of Mayor f'liot, noieil for liis reforms in the Eire l)ei)artment. P.oth tlie Alhion site and that of the block of houses west of it were oceuj)ied liy J\lr. Eliot's mansiondiouse and gardens. He was a true gentleman of the old school, wedded to the cnstoms of a jiast generation. In the coldest weather he appeared in his customary cocl^ed liat, small clothes, and rntlled slnrt Itosoni, witliout cloak or overcoat. All the estates, from the Albion to the I'avilion, inclnsive, are now covered by Houghton S: Dniton's l)oj»artment Store. Erom tlie array of honorable names presented, Tivmont l«'ow was once entitli'd to be called tJie b'otteii b'ow of lioston. k'n- dicott. Vane, Bellingham, govei'nors of tlie Colony ; I'liillips, lieutenant-governor of the State ; and the eminent divines ( 'ot- ton, Jtavenport, and Oxenbridge, all found a resi(l(^nce here. AVe continue our peianilmlat ions through School Street, which, receiving its name liom the old Latin Sclio the osti)ii takes so just a pride. The grounds extended down the streist nearly to tlie Franklin statue. The huilding itself was of one stoiy, large enough to acconnnodate a hundred scholars. Fraid, Latin School one year, entering in 1714, at the age of eight years; his still ue is, Ihei'efoiv, heeoiiiiugly placed Ileal' his (lima viitlcr. .lollll Hancock also attended llie school, eiileriug in 174') ; his much a(hiiired and stiikiiig autograph was doulttiess ac(iuired on its hard lienc-hes. I Robert Treat Paine, the, elder, Lieuteiiant- (xovernor ('uslnug, dailies liowdoiu, ( "ottoii Mather, Samuel Adams, Sir Wilhani l'e]ipt'ivll, and a host of names famous in our history, prepartul here foi' future high stations. The early masters were men of erudition and high consider- ation in the town. Iv.ekiel ( "lieever ranks at the head of the old pedagogues, lie was one of the founders of New Haven, and a teacher for .seventy years at New Haven, li)s\\i(di, ( 'harles- town, and liostdii. John Lovi'll preside(l over the school, as usher and ]irincipal, from 1717 until 177'), when the siege ]iut an eiiil to if- for a tiniti. He decamped wit li the l«oyalists in 177'). I le delivered the lirst pnlilic address in l"'aiieiiil Hall on the de;it,li of its founder. Lovell's house adjoined tlie new school, and after the evacuation (ieiieral ( lage's coach and phaeton, with harness entire, were found then^ Of the school on tlu; opposite side of the street, which, till 1844, stood on the site of the Parker House, many distinguished Bostoiiiaus have lieeii pupils, among whom Harrison (Iray ()tis. Rev. Dr. Jeiiks, P. (". Winthro]), Charles Sumner, and the sculptor (li'eenough are consjiicuous. The Centre AVriting Sidiool was built in 17i)(), on the north side of School Street. It. was a two-sfory wooden huilding, and was pulled down in iSli'. as it then ohstructed the front of the new Court Hous(\ This was the school of IVIaster James Car- ter. The pupils were accommodated hy an enlargement of the Latin School. The statue in liroii/.e of P.eiij'amin Franklin, in the grounds 3* 58 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. of the City Hall, is by Richard S. Greenough, and was cast by the Ames Manufacturing Company at Chicopee, Mass. It is eight feet high, and stands lui a ixMh'stal of granite, ca})ped with a block of veixl antique marble. Four bas-reliefs represent different periods of Franklin's career. It was publicly inaugu- rated 8eptendier 17, ISfiTi. When Franklin woi'kcMl in tlie printing-office of Mr. Watts, Little AVild Street, London, he was called by his fellow-work- men the " Water American," because he refused to drink any- thing else, while they drank their five pints of beer ajnece daily. When he went to Fngland afterwards, as ag(^nt for Massachu- setts, he Avent into this office, and going u}) to a i)articular press (now in this country), said to the two workmen, " C-ome, my friends, we will drink together. It is now forty years since I worked like you at this press, a journeyman printer." Franklin's celebrated toast at Versailles will not lose by repe- tition. At the conclusion of the war he, with the English Ambassador, was dining with the French Minister Vergennes ; a toast from each Avas called for. The Lritish minister began with, "(leorge III., who, like tlie sun in its meridian, spreads a lustre throughout and enlightens the world." The French ambassador followed with, " Louis XVI., who, like the moon, sheds its mild and benignant rays on and illumines the worlil." (^ur American Franklin then gave, "George Wash- ington, connnander of the American armies, who, like Joshua of old, commanded tiie sun and moon to stand still, and they obeyed him." The City Hall stands on ground sold to the town by Thomas Scotto in KifT), The foundation of the i)resent building was laid in 1802 with appropriate ceremonies. It is built of Con- cord granite, and was designed by Messrs. liryaiit and (iilnian. The fh'sti 'fowii House was erected between IT);")" - r>!), at the head t>f State Street, of wood, Avhere the Old State House now stands. A legacy had been left by Cajitain Robert Keayne, in 1(5.50, for this purjiose, wliich was supplemented l)y sub- scriptions tVom Governoi's Fndicott, Rellingliam, and otliers. This l)\iildiiig was consumed in the fire of 1711 ; anotlier, liuilt king's chapel and the NEIOIIBORIIOOD. 59 of Ijrick in 1712, was hiirnt in 1747, Avith tlio early hooks, records, and valuable papers. In 1748 the Town House was rehuilt. Faneuil Hall was also used as a Town House for nearly eighty ye^ars, and the first city government was organized there. In 1830 the city government removed to the Old State THE OLD COURT 11(11 House, which was, on September 17, dedicated as the City Hall. In 1840 the old County (Jourt IIous(!, on the ])resent site, was remodelled for a City Hall, and continued to he so used until the erection of the present building and its dedica- tion in 18G5. Our view of the Old Court House is taken from School Street, and shoAvs how the building and surroundings ajipeared in 1812. In the left foreground is Barristers' Hall, and to the right the wall and enclosure of Dr. Samuel (Jlarke's house is seen. The County Court House, referred to as occupying this site, was built in 1810, of granite. The main building was octago- nal, with wings at ea(;h side. It was one hundred and forty feet long, and Avas occujiied by the offices of Pixjliate, Tiegistry of Deeds, and the County ('ouiis. Tliis building was called Johnson Hall, in honor of Isaac Johnson, tradition having 60 LANDMAltKS f»F P.OSTON. a.senlu'(l to this spot tlic location nf liis liouso, — a name wliicli ilocs not sucm to liavc Ix-cn .generally a(lo}>te(l. iVcxt the county pvo]i(',rty, in 17 GO, once lived one of the greatest of the ante-lievolntionary patriots, James Otis, " wliose electric eloquence was like the ethereal Hash that quenched its lire." Otis came to Boston when he was tAventy-hve, in 1750, and in 17()1 made the laiiious speech against the "Writs of Assistance." Home severe strictures which he made upon the olHcers of customs resulted in an attack on him at the Uritish ('olfee House in King Street, hy Jnhii IJoliinson, a couniiis- sioner of customs, and others. < )tis was s(nM'rely injured, and received a deep cut on the liead, which ultimately contrihuted to cause his in.sanity. As an instance of the magnanimity of ( >tis, he refused the damages awarded him hy the coiut, ujion receiving an apulogy from his assailant. In 17G9 Otis was causing the greatest concern to his friends for the increasing symptoms he gave of coming mental aherration. Jri(-k, and i)ainted white. The INIascarene family were loyal- ists, and retired to Nova Scotia when the devolution hegan. Dr. John ^Varren, the youngest hrother of Jose])!! Warren, killed at l>unker Hill, next occupied the premises. The old house and gardens aiv still icniemhered hy many. Dr. AVarren served in the American army as hospital .surgeon, and was long the most eminent surgeon in New England. On the day of T.imker Hill, the anxiety of the di»ct(ir for his hrother le(l him king's CIIAl'EL AND THE NEIGIlBOrtlTOOD. (il to attriupt til pass a guard, wlin yaVL' him a iKi^'oiR't wuuiul, the }nark of wliicli lie camcd to liis grave. I)r. AVarreu was the iathi'i- (if I)i'. Joliii C. Warren, searccly kss eminent in liis ])ro- li'ssicin tlian his i'atlier. The ulil (hictor died in 1815, and was buried fnim King's ( 'liapcl, I)r. James dackscm di'livcring tht; eulogy. JJdth Joseph and Jdhn \Varrcn wcii' Imni in tiic old wooden house on Warren Street, in wliat was formerly liox- liury. The original mansion, heing ruinous, was relniilt on tlie site of the old in 1840, ])artly of the old materials, hy l)\: rlohn ( '. \Varren. Many a pilgrimage is paid to the liirtliplaee of th(! liero wlio placed liimsc^lf, against tin; adviei; of friends, in the post of honor and of danger. Tlie Cromwell's Head, a famous tavern, was on the spot where the huilding nund)ered I'J now stands, whiidi is to-day, as of yore, devoted to the replenishing of th(; inner man. It was ke])t by Antliony IJrackett in 17G0, by liis widow from 17G4 to 1768; and later l)y Josliua I5raekett. Its repute was good, for wc find tlit; jMar([uis Cliastelhix alighting theri; in 1782, before paying his resju'ets to M. de Vaudreuil, com- mander of the French tleet that was to convey away Itocham- beau's army. The sign of this hostelry was tlie effigy of tlie Lord Protector Cromwell, and it is said hung so low that all wdio passed were compelled to make an involuntary reverence. The royal officers would not allow it to remain; it was too suggt^stive of the overthrow of kingly authority ; but l>rackett, in whosi^ eyes this circumstance gave it additional value, replace(l it nWrv tlie evacuation. Mine host Urackett's carte is surinountcd by a fac-siviUt of the sign, from a plate by Paul lleverc, and sIkjws that besides Ijoard, lodging and eating, one miglit liave wine, punch, jiorter, and li(puir, with due care for his beast, for certain jjounds, shillings, and pence. Brackett's, no doulit, commanded the patronage of his neighbors we have been noting. Pare Ben Jonson's lines miglit have been a truniitet- call to his votaries, — " Wine is the word tliat glads the lieart of man, And mine 's the house of wine. Hack says my bush, Be merry and drink slierry, that 's my posie." 62 t,andmai;ks of bostox. Ilul mine liu.st oi' ( 'rDiiiwcH's Head liad in IT^G a more tli.s- tiiiguislied guest, I'lir in iliat yi'ar Liculciiaiit-( 'dlnuel Wasliing- tdii visited lldstou aec(iiii|iaiiic(| liy ( 'aplaiii < Icdrge Meircr ol' X'irgiiiia- and ( 'aptaiii Sti'wart. Jlc caiiic In ivl'i'i' a, (jucstinn t,[' cuiiniiaiid in (Jciieral Sliirlcy who had siiccei'di'd lliaddock in tlie military ('(Uiirnl of tlii' coluiiics. This was after the disas- tniiis caiiiiiaign that ended in llradduelv's defeat. AVashingtuii's next visit was witli the cdinniissiun nt the ( 'untinental ( '(ingi'ess as ('(inimanih'r-in-rliiel'. The. ciirner I'amiliarly kmiwn as the " ( )ld (/nrijer |l(Mik- tSture," where liave gatlierecl the disciples ut lihedvdetter and TIIK (11,1) ((iHNIsU liollKSToUK. reddine for so many years, is ]ir(ilialily tlie oldest hiick 1»uild- ing standing in IJoston. It heai-s tlie date df 1712, and its erectiiiii is sup])nse(l to have oeeiinvd soon after the great lii'e of 1711. It is one of the few old landmarks remaining, hut aside from its literary associations tlie corner has only a single liistorical incident worth noting. Anne Ilutehinson, who fills a chapter in the history of Boston commemorative of the ecclesiastical tyranny of its king's chapel and the NEIGHBOTtHOOD. 63 founders, lived here abuut 1034. She was the leader of the sect of Antiiiomians, and daughter of Rev. Francis Marbury of London, — an ancestor i if Governor Thonras Hutchinson, and rector of several London parishes. Her mother was great aunt of Jolin Dryden the poet. .She was a woman of cnn- summate ability and adilress, for we learn that licv. dohii Cotton was ensnared l»y her, while AVinthrop wavcivd. Tlie latter, however, became her bitter enemy, and pursued her with great vindictiveness. For a time she had all Loston by the ears, and even public business halted. Islebius, a German, appears to have founded tlit; sect of Antinomians about 1000. It held the " Lnv of Moses to be unprofitable, and that there is no sin in children." " Mistris Hutchison," as Governor Winthrop calls her, alter a two days' trial was banished in 10.'3resented a large I'ulio I'.ihle to this cliuviii, wliich afterwanls fell into the possession of JNlatlier liylcs ; and ^Vndrew Faneuil gave in his will tliiee pieces of plale for communion and baptism, besides liis warehouse in King Street. Pierre J)aille was the hrst minister, deceased in ITIT), and was succee(l('(l by Lc Mercier. A singulai' incident led to the discovery of l>aill('''s gravestone. While laborers were excavating a. cellar on the Emmons estate on Pleasant iStreet tliey suddenly uncovered the stone which bore the following inscription : — Here lyes y" liody cil' y' Revereiiil Mr. Peter Daille iniiiister of y» French eliiircli iii Boston (lied the 21 of May 1715 In tlie (>7 year Of his a-e. After the dissolution of the society, the house of the French Church fell into the hands of the Eleventh (Congregational So- ciety, which arose during the excitement caused liy the coming of Whitelield. Mr. Crosswell was the pastoi', dying in 1785, wlien till' house passed to the Iioniaii ( 'atholics. ]\b\ss was iirst celebrated in the church in November, 1788. It was removed in 1802. Tlie Second Universalist Church stood next below the corner estate, now 6ccui)ied by the Five Cents Savings Bank, opposite to the Niles ]!uilding. It was erected in 1817, after preliminary action in the preceding year by a meeting held at the (Ireeii Dragon Tavern. It was much enlarged and improved in 1837, and entirely i'(uiiod('lled in 1851. Kev. Hosea Ballon was the tirst jiastor. Kev. E. H. Cliapin preached here from 1840 to 1848, when he removed to New York, and Rev. A. A. Miner until the removal to Columbus Avenue. Province Street received its name in 183.3, from its vicinity to the Province House. Before that time it was Governor's Al- king's chapel and the neighborhood. 65 ley. Chapiiiaii I'lacc. was ('ookc'.s Court, finni Elislia Cooke, a ifsiiU'iit of colonial tiiiics, who was a.qent with Increase Mather ill England to obtain a new charter for the colony. The house of Elisha (yooke becomes distinguished as the residence of Gov- ernor lUirnct until the Province House could be made ready. The house was a two-story brick, with dormer windows, and faced the east. In front was a small court-yard. Loring, in the "Hundred IJoston Orators," says: " The res- idence; of James Lovell during tlie IJevolution was on the estate whert^ Cha]»man Hall is now located, and liis i'amily wit- nessed, on the house-toji, the burning of Charh'stown during I lie battle of lUmker Hill. W'liih; Mr. Lovell was impris- oned in the Boston jail, in Quiien Street, in conseipience of (leneral Howe having discovered a prohibited corres[)ondence, proving his adliereiici; to the K'evolutionary cause, his d(fVoted vvift^ was daily accustoiiietl to convey his food to the prison door." Chajiman Hall was in ("hajuiian Place, and is now suc- ceeded l)y the Parker House. -lames was a son of that Master Lovell of wlioni mention has been made. He had been uslierof that school, and master of what is now the Eliot School. He, was among the prominent Kevolutionary patriots, ami had lirst been imprisoned and linally carried in Halifax on the evacuation. ^Uler being exchanged in 177(), Master Lovell became a nu-mber of the Continental C'ongress ; was receiver of taxes in I7S4, and after being Col- lector of the port, was for a. long lime Naval Officer. His son married Helen, one of Mr. Slicalle's handsome daughters. Besides having rei)laced the Latin School, the Parker House also occupies the ground whei'e there long remained au old brick mansion, erected early in the last century by Jacob Wendell. He was a wealthy merchant, and colonel of the I»oston Regi- ment in 174r) ; afterwards a councillor, and a director in the first banking institution in the province. His son Oliver, also a leading Bostonian, was the grandfather of Oliver AVendell Holmes, the only " autocrat " who has ever flourished in Boston. Wendell's garden reached to Tremont Street. Oliver Wendell was, like his father, a leading merchant of E 66 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. ]!iistoii. Ilf was a sclcctiiiaii iluriiiL; the nic^r, and joined in the cnii^ratulatiiry address id Wasliin^duu wlien it was termi- nated by tlie evacuation. The following original document shows us that Wendell was trusted hj the commander-in-chief: — The United States of America to tlie Subscribers Dr. To one month's services by Land and Sea, from March, 2r)th 1776, to April 25th, Strictly watching the comnnnucation from the Town of ]]oston to the British fleet Laying in Nantasket Road in Order to ajuirt'heiid and seize any British Spies who might have Concealed themsehes in the Town in order to Carry Intelligence to our Enemies ot the Proceedings of the American Troops then in the Town of Ixistou, by Order of Major Generall (Jreeiic. Thirty Days Each man at 12/ p Day is £ los. — Ben J Wheeler Benj* Barnard Andrew Symmes Jr Joshua 15ent1jEY John Champney Thomas Tileston Kcc the within Contents in fidl The folloAvimj is indorsed on the back Oliver Wendell Pay unto Oliver Wendal l^sipiire one huiiilred einlit jmunds Lawful money for the use of the signuiip of tlie witiiiii account, he being em](loyed by Major (leueral (heeJie by my order tn engage a numbei' when the iMiemy evacuated Boston. (_ii\en under my luuid at Camp fredericksliurg Novem 12 1778 Don I\Iajnr } (!. Washington Oenl. Ciates ( To Eliene/.er Hancock Esij Paymaster Cent Eastern Dejiartnient Sir, — Pay the above sum n[ (me hundred and eight jiouuds Law- ful money to Oliver Wendell i']si| in consequence of the above order Ibr which this with his receipt shall be your sufficient Warrant By the (Jenerals connnand HuRATiu Gates John Ai'insti-oni;- Jr Aid de Camp Head (,»narters 2.^)th November 1778 Joseph (Ireen, beyond compaiison the keenest Avit of his king's chapel and the NEIGIIBOKIIOOr). 67 tiuif, lived in 8cli(i(il Street. He Avas a iiiercliant, — Dr. Bylcs tonus liiiu a distiller, — and aeciiiuulated a liaudsoiue property. He was the general satirist, epic, and epitaph writer of his day, and wielded a treneliant pen, of whieli none stood more in awe than Governor Belcher. His epitaph on the countryman whose forte was raking hay, in wliich lie excelled all but his employer, is as follows : — " lie could rake hay ; none could rake faster, Exceiit that raking dog his master." Green, who was well advanced in lifewhcn the Kevoliitionary struggle begun, removed to England, when; he engaged in busi- ness, residing in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, London. He died in London in 1780. There is a portrait of dosepli (Jreen, l»y Copley, in the pos.session of the heirs of Rev. W. T. Snow. Green often ran a tilt with Mather Byles, unhorsing his clerical opponent with his goose-(piill lance. His residence was between the house of Dr. Warren and the CromweU's Head. FROM A PLATE BY PAUL KEVERE. 08 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. CHAPTER II. FROM THE ORANGE-TRKE T(» J'ilE (tLl) BRICK. Haiiowr Stirct. — Gcuri-al WaiTfii. Tlic Oraiip;e-Tivt'. — ('oiicert Hall. — Brattle St ivrt. Saiiiui'l (!(irc. - .loliu SiiiilnTt. — Natliuiiiel Sniihert. — Colonel 'rruiuljuii. Tlie Adeli'lii. — Seollay's Buildings and Square, ^yueeii Street Writing School. -Waster .lames t'ai'ter. -C'ornliill. — Brattle Street Parsonage. — Old Prison, --('ai)tain Kiild. - Court Houses. - F^rankliu A\enue. — Kueelanil. — Franklin. — Edes and (Jill. — Civeu and Kussell. - First ISook and Ne\vs])ai)er printed in Boston. — Ptufus Choate. — (l(ivernor Leveivtt. — John A. Andrew. — Henry Dun- ster. Town Pump. — Old Brick. — General Kno.x. — Count Ruiuford. — John Winslow. C^T.\NI)lN(i at tlir lic;i(l nf llaiKivcr Street, avc are sensil)le ^3 tliat iiiijiroveiiic'iit has pldii^la'd a In'oad furrow tliroti,!j;h tliL' Nditli Eiiil. Away liclnrc ti.s .sirciclu's a lirciad avciim', wlicro Diicc voliiclcs passcil cadi otlicr wiili (liiliciiliy. As tlic dill street was, tlieiv were places where, it was no ,er,.,it |'iM,t ti» Juiiip aciiiss. This was the eld highway IVmii Wiiiiiisiiii- luet Kerry t(.i 'I'reaiiiiniiit Street, lirst calhnl ( )raiiL;c-Tr(.'c Lane, tViiiii the ta\'crii at its head. llaiKivcr Street extended at Hrst only IVdiii (\iiirt U> Klackstoiie Streets. AVhy tins name, a per- ]ietiial reminder (if a detested House, sliould liave Iteen re- taiinil, when (^liieeii retireil liel'ore Couri, and KiuL,^ succumlied to State, we eaiiiiot otherwise answer than hy siipposin.u' the changes dnrino the Kevoliition spasmodic, rather than syste- matic ejl'orls of repnhlieanism. As we look down this street, a little way on our lett stands the American llonse. ()n the efoiind it covers lived that early martyr to American freedom, Ueueral .Jose[)]i AVarreii, who in I7<>|, alter his uiarriaoe, took up his residence and tlic practice of medicine on this sjiot. He went, to Urattle Street Church, neaf hy. in 177 t, while the " llostoii J'ort Hill" was in ojier- ation, there was a ;j,ood (h'al of suil'ering in coiiseipicnce of the FROM THE ORxYNGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. G9 closing of the port, and at tliis time Colonel Putnam, better known as " Old Put," came to IJoston with a drove of sheep for the inhabitants, and was Warren's guest. It was Warren who caused the alarm to be given of the British expedition to Concord, ])y scuiding Paul lievere on liis famous night ride, and gave tinudy warning to Hancock and Adams. There are many stories of the manner of Warren's death at Bunker Hill, some of them liighly colored. He was killed after the retreat began, a little way in the rear of the famous redoid)t. (Jcneral Howe, wIkj knew Warren well, said his death was C([ual to the loss of five hundred men. Colonel John Trumbull, who, wdien in England in 1786, painted his picture of the Battle of Bunker Hill, gives the following rela- tion of the fall of Warren by Colonel Small, who was on the field, and is represented l^y Trumbull endeavoring to save the lifii of Warren : — " At the moment when tlie troops siiccoeded in carrying the rcdoTibt, and the Americans wcic in lull retreat, (leneral Howe, who had Ijeeu wounded l)y a s])ent l)all, was leaning on my arm. He called su oil' the froops, — siive liini if possible!' I flew to the sjiot. ' My deiir blend,'! said to him, ' I hope you are not badly huit.' He looked up, scenici] to recob lect, smiled, and died. A nuisket-l>all had passed tliroui^h the upper part of his head." The body lay on the field until the next day, when it was iccogiuzxMl by Dr. Jefiries and John Winslow at lioston, and interred on the spot where he fell, (leneral Howe's solicitude does not seem to have extended to Warren's remains, wdiicb, however, received a sohlier's burial. After the evacuation the l)ody was disinterred and deposited in King's Chapel, and sub- sequently in St. Paul's, Tremont Street. Tlie ball wluch killed Warren is now in possession of tlie (ienealogical Society. It is a common ounce musket-ball, and d. Brigham was for about forty years mine host of ( 'oncert Hall. A littleeast of CoiK'crt Hall on Ilanovei- Street lived William Cooper, Town Clerk of lioston I'oi' ne.nly half a ceiituiT. His term embraced tlie b'ex'olulion.ii'v iicrind. during which he was an ardent friend of tli(^ ^Vhig cause. He w;is a brother of the patriotic pastor of Old Brattle Street Chnich. Brattle Stivet was opened ill ISI'.I, fniiii ( 'mirt St,reet b. the Church. Before this it was a naiiow way, known hrst as Hil- lier's Lane, and sometimes as Belknap's, .iml as (lay Alley. Looking towards the site of tlu; old cliiircli we notice, on the north side of the street, a continuous row of granite buildings, uniform in their general a[i[ieaiance. Tliis was the first block of stone buildiiioston and Koxbury, which he liought from time to time, and at his decease lelt in liis studio thirty- five portraits, valued l)y the appraisers at £ (K) ^^s. Hd. Tliirteen "landskips" were estimated at tlie iiioilerate sum of .£ 2 13.s'., ■while four historical pieces, "ami ] pictures in tliat taste," were considered wortli X IG. Two coiivei'sation jiictiires, whatever they may have been, wc^-e tliouglil wortli £ L*:; (ix. Si/. His negro girl, l^hillis, went for £ 'J,i\ ]:\s. {land as manager, Avitli INIrs. Jirougliani and Mr. Whiting in tlui corps may apjiropriately apply to him llie epitajih of Sir ( 'lirisfo^ijicr Wren : — " Ui'.Milcr, if lliou sci'kfst his iiioiniincnt, looli miiuumI." <)|)posite to us, on i}\v premises of the Adams I'Apress Com- ])any, was tlie old Parsonage House ot' I'.rattlc Sipiare ( 'liiucli, given to it by INlrs. Lydia, Hancock in 1 7i'>^>. She was the wife of Thomas Hancock (uncle of Ilic jiatriot), and resided in the old house, as also did her father, ( 'olonel Daniel Henchman, grandson of the old Indian li.nlitcr. licnclimaii was a book- seller and bookbiiiilci', and Tlioinas Hancock served his time with him. ("olonel ileiicliman estalilisheil the iirst paperniill in the colony, at, Milloii. Since tlieir day it' was the residence of the ]iast()rs of the chuivh, — last, that, of 1 )r. Lolhrop. This house has lieeii iioiimI as one of the dwelling-jilaci's of James Otis. The (Jill Prison stood on the .s]Mjt where now the massive FROM THE ORANGE-TIiEE TO THE OLD BRICK. 77 granite Court House is placed. From it the street was very early naineil Prison Lane, changed to Queen Street in 1708, and to Court in 1784. Wliat the (Jld Prison was like is left to conjecture, but we will let an old master of the imaginative art descril)e it : " The rust on the j)ond(a"ous iron-work of its oaken door looked more anticpu; than anything else in the New World. Like all thai pertains to crime, it seemed never to have known a youthful era." l"he fancy of Hawthorne in Ideating a blooming rosed)Ush on the grass-plot lieside the |iris(>n dipor is striking. Here were coidiued the victims of the terrible witchcraft delusion. "Who is lie 't one thai for l:ick of lainl Shall ll.^ht 111" HI llio WMti'i'. " This licavy ellomont and other of the lords in Kidd's transactions. The ])irate, nftei' a, long cnnlinement, was linally hung at ILxeeiitinn Dock. lie died hard. The mpe liroke the iii'st time he was tied ii|i, and he i'ell to the gnmnd ; a secdiid trial proveil mure successi'id. It has been claimed that Kiild was not a pirab\ lie was an odicer in the llritish navy prinr to l()i)b niarrieil in this coun- try, and Jiad commanded a, merchant ship owned liy iJubert Livingstone, a wealthy New York merchant. 'When, in 1G95, the coast of New England was infestecl with jiirates, Living- stone propositi to the Karl of rK'llomont bi eiiqiloy Kidd to go in pursuit of them, and otfered bi share the ex[iense of litting out a vessel. Api»lication was made to the home gov- ernment for a thirty-gun ship, and a conuiiission foi' Kidd for 78 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. this ]>urpose; Ijut, tlie goveriiinont Ix'ing tlieii luialjlr to iuriiish a vessel, the Earl of Eellomont, Lords Halifax, 8omers, Ivoin- noy, Oxford, and others contributed, with Livingstone, to lit Kidd out in the Adventure Galley. He received a crietor of it. He took the printing of it from Franklin, ami gave it to Kneeland. Kneeland also puldished here, in 1727, ' The New England Jour- nal.' He occupied the otfice for about forty years." This is also the location assigned James Franklin, the brother of Benjamin, wdio, as we have mentioned, jjrinted "The Boston Gazette," on JNlonday, Deiiember 21, 1719. He l)egan, August 6, 1721, the publication of "The New p:ngland Courant," the third newspaper in the town. It was, like the other ])a])ers, 80 LANKIMAKKS OF BOSTON. lU'iiitiMl (111 ;i liali'-slicct (if inolseai), and, liciiiL; df a iihuv pin- ^rt'ssivc cast than the dtluTs, sixm I'cll under tlic l>an dl' ri^id I'liiitaiis lik(,' Kev. IncrcaHC Mather. The lirst niiiiil)er of this paiier, made famous l)y lU'iijamin Franklin's connection with it, has Ijeen re})rinted, and the whole contents mi-ht easily he c(iiitaiiie(l in a simple culuuin df mie of our present jnurnals. Two very primitive wooih'uls, (Uie re]iresentiii,i;- a war ship under full sail, the other a ipostinaii galloping (iver a village, adorn the itages. Jieiijamin T)ecanie his luother's apprentice at tlie age of twelve, in 1718. He soon hegan to write clandestinely for the pajier, and thrust his productions I'urtively under the ollice door, liut his essays were approved and j)riiite(l. In 17:i-"j, James Trank- liii lieiiig lorl)idden to jJuLlish the ( 'ourant, it was issueil under I he iiauie of his younger brother, and hoiv the imiiriut, " liostoii, priuted and sold hy lleiijaiiiiii Kraiikiiu, in (jtueen-iStreet, where advertisements are taken in." rK'njaniin Franklin remained hut a .short time with his brother after this. The old ]iress on which he worked fell into the possession of iNlajor I'ooie, of West Newlniry, ]\Iass., who obtained it of Isaiah Thomas's heirs. It liears no date, and is old enough to be located at any time since printing began, without danger of dispute. jMajoi' Fooro was conlideiit of the authenticity of this press, tracing it by Thomas to the ollice of .lames Franklin. Tin' liuildiug, interesting liy its association with the early history of printing in llostoii, bec;ime a book- store, ornamented with a head of Kianklin, and disapjie treil a ;j,reat- many years ago. The amusing re/icoutre of Franklin with his future wife, ]\liss lluvA, of riiiladelphia, will always excite ;i smile. The house was occiiiiied for eighty years as a priiitingdiouse, by Kneeland and others. In ITtilJ it became the oliice of Ivies and (dll, who coiitinueil there until hostilities commenced, in I77(i. Ivies and (!ill printed a. copy of the " Stamii Act-," in a pain plil(_'-t of twenty-four pages. They also pul)lished "The Boston ( !a-zette and Country dourual," a successor of the (la- zette of franklin, Kneelaiid, etc, which had been discontiinie(l. FROM THE ORxVNGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. 81 Ivies and (.iiU, wlieu they printed the Stamp Act, oecupied promises on the south side of Court Street, about on the [)res- ent site of the Scollay Buikling. In their back otiice, on the old corner, the council for tlie destruction of the tea was held, of which Samuel Adams was the master spirit. The (Jazette, under tlie control of Edcs and (till, was tlie paper in which Adams, Otis, Warren, (jtuini'Y, and other leaders of popular feel- iiijj;, wrote, and lu'canie conspicuous for its able political articles. We [)resent two spetd- mens of the renowned British Stamps. Over the [(rinting-office was a long room in whicli were wont to meet the active pa- triots. Tliey took the name of the Long Jioom Club. Samutd Adams was the leaih-r. Hancock, Otis, Sanuiel Dexter, William ('ooper, town clerk, Dr. Coo[)er, War- ren, ('hurch, dusiali (j)uincy, -Ir., Thomas l)a\ves, Samuel IMiil- lips, Ivoyal Tyler, Taul lievere, 'I'hornas Fleet, John Winslow, Thomas INIelvill, and some others, were mend)ers. In this room were maturi'd most of the [)kins for resistance to I5ritish usuri)ation, from the Stamp Ad to the formation of the Provincial Congress at Water- town. After the avenues from the town were closed by General (Jage, Edes made his escape by night, in a boat, with a press and a few tyjX'S, with which he oi)ened an office in Water- town, and jirinteil for the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts. John (Jill, his ])artner, remained in Boston and was imprisoned for ])rinting treason, sedition, and reltelliou. Green and Kussell, in 1758, became occupants of the corner, and printed the " Weekly Advertiser " tlierein, wliich may bo considered the progenitor of the present journal of that name. Court Street was long the headquarters of the newspaper 4* F f^^HM^iym^ 8-J LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. jircss. J)urinL;' cxcitiiiL; imlilii-al routrovcrsifs almsc sometimes wa.xt'cl warm, hi (lie language of a writer at the iM-ginning of tlie ])rese]it eeJitiiry, — " I'ri'ss answiTs ]nvss ; rftdiiiiiL; sIuiicKt HifS, Ami Court Street rivals l>illiiigs,i;a,te in lies." The lirst liook jiriiited in IJostou was an election sermon jucached to (lovernor Jolin Leverett, tlie Council, and Deputies of the Colony, May 3, 1G7G. It was a small qnarto jiainphlet of sixty-three jjages. John Foster was the ])rintcr. 'i'he Ih'st regmlar newspajn'r was the " News Letter," issued A])nl 24, 17U4, hy John Ca]n})bell, I'ostmaster of Boston at that time. Bartholomew (Ireen Avas the ])rinter. Green con- tinued to }irint it until the clo.se of 1707. The huilding in wliich the Kews Letter was printed stood very near the east corner of Avon Street, on Washington. Tudor's Buildings wore so named for Colonel AVilliam Tudor, wlio lived on the site, lie was a member of the old Boston Bar, haviug studied with JiJiu Adaius. He was colonel and judge- advocate-general in the Revolutionary aruiy, on the staif of AVashington. Colonel Tudor was also a member of tlie Mas.sa- chusetts House and Senate, Secretary of State 1809-10, and one of the founders of the Historical Society. Fisher Ames, Judge Parker, afterwards Chief Justice, anil J(»sia]i (j>uincy, studied law with him. Young's Hotel now occupies the site. It is related that Colonel Tudor was once jn-esented at the court of (Jeorge III. l)y our ambassador, IJufus King. His Majesty catching the name, ejaculated in his disjointed way : " Eh ! Avhat, Avhat, Tudor, Tudor, — one of ns, eh '/ " Iiufus Choate, who as an advocate left no successor at the lioston l)ar, had an ollice in the gloomy granite block that for- merly stood below the Court House, on the site of the Sears Building. He had also, for a time, an office on Tremont Bow. Choate came to Boston in 1834-, after having studied law in (he ollice of William Wirt at Washington. He was not long in taking the i)lace left vacant l)y ]\lr. Wel)ster. Besides jiatlios, which he could firing to bear Avitli over- whelming etl'cct, Choate jiossessed a line humor. It is said iito.M THE oi:axge-tkee to the old brick. So that, coming into court one day to liear a decision against him from Chief Justice Sliaw, wlio was by no means a handsome man, Clioate addressed his Honor iu tliese words : " In coming into the presence of your Honor I exjierieuce tlie same feelings that the Hindoo does wlien lie hows In-inre his i(h»I, — 1 know that you are ugly, but I feel that you are great." * ]\lr. Clioate's face possessed great molnlity, and his voice was cai)able of the most varied modulatiim. AVhen pleading a crim- inal cause he held court, jury, and auditory alike iu a spell, and seldom failed to sway the juiy by his eloquence. He had the magnetism of a natural orator, and could make his audiUu's weep or laugh at will. Mr. Choate held the t)ffices of State representative and senator ; was elected to Congress from the Essex district; and succeeded Webster in the Senate in 1841. In 1853 he was attorney-general of Massachusetts and a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention. He retired from prac- tice in 1858, on account of failing health, and died in Halifax in 1859, Avhile eii route to Europe. He was sixty years old wlieu this event occurred. ^\niere now stands the stately Sears Huilding was (incc the habitation of Governor John Leverett, during whose adminis- tration occiu^red King Pliilip's war. Leverett went to England iu 164:4, and served under Cromwell, " From Eilgellill Figlit to Mar.ston Moor." Charles TI. made Leverett a knight, — a title which he never assumed. Few nanii's connected with the cohniy arc more liDniiralilc liuiu Ciovernor Leverett's. He (■ommanded the An- cient and IldUin-able Artillery ; was agent of the colony iu England ; on terms of intimacy with the I'rotector, major-gen- eral, autl deputy-governor. He died in 1G79. Governor Lev- erett's house was afterwards in State Street, next east of the old Exchange. Before the adoption of the Federal Constitu- tion the post-office was located on this corner. In the building since taken down was once the law othce of John A. Andrew, a man whose memory is warudy cherished by the soldiers of Massachusetts in the Kebellion, wlio gave him the name of the war governor. * Beucli aud Bar. 84 LAND.MAUKS OF BOSTON. Oil the luji'tlieiust coriuT of Court ami AVasliiiii^toii Streets was the estate of Henry Duiister, hrst president ol" ]larvard C'tillege. Here also stood the Town I'uni]), yiekling its cooling Huid to our thirsty ancestors, or drenching some njaudlin va- grant of the kennel. Here is Hawthorne's invocation from the Town l'um[) to the passers-hy : — "Like a dramseller on the Mall at muster-day, 1 ciy aloud to all and sundry, in my j)laiuest accents, and at the very tiptop of my voice: lleie it is, gentlemen! Heie is the good li(piur ! Walk up, \vall< U]i, i.;entlemen, walk up, walk up ! Here is the sujx-rior stuli ! lleie is tiie uuadidlerated ale of Father Adam, — hettt-r ilian Cognac, Hollands, Jamaica, strong beer, or wine of any price ; here it is liy the hogshead or single glass, and nroclamations were allixed to tlie Town I'ump. A little south of tlie Sears estate is the Uogcrs Ihiilding, around whicdi is a vacant space now known as Cornhill Court and (_'ourt Avenue, once ('ornhill S((uare. This is the site of the second location of the First Cliuich of lioston, icmoved from State. Street in KilU. In 1808 the society sold this site to I>en]'ainin doy, on wdiich he erected a hiiek structure, and the cliurch was removed to Ciiauncy Street. From the chureli the space around it tonk the name of ( liureh S(piare. The old meetingdiouse was of wood, hut after standing seventy-one years, was de- stroyed by the great fire of OLD lUiicK ciiui:c.i. 1711^ jjj^j -^y.^^ ii^^^^ rebuilt of brick. After the building of the Second Cliurch in Hano- ver (Street this house took tlio name of the " Old Brick," It FROM THE OEANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BKICK. 85 was of three stories and decorated with a bell-tower and clock. This clock was, without doubt, tlie first placed in any public position in the town. The records show that in 1716-17 the town voted to obtain a town clock to be set up in some conven- ient place in Coruhill. Before this the bells were called clocks. The bell of the Old Brick sounded the alarm on the eveninji; of the Massacre of March .''), 1770. On the corner of State Street, nearly oppo.site the Old l>rick, was the bookstore of Daniel Ilencliman, and later that of Whar- ton and Bowes. In this shop Henry Knox, afterwards one of the most famous generals of the lievolutionary army, was an apprentice. Here he ac([uired, by reading, the rudiments of the military art. The store was the resort of the British officers, who were very friendly with the future general. At eightei>.n Knox was lieutenant of the grenadier comjiany oi' the Uoston Eegdment, — a company distinguished for its martial appearance and the precision of its (^volutions. lie was one of tlu^ watch on board the tea ship before the tea was destroyed, and h-^ also was early at the scene of the Massacre in King Street. In Knox's account of this ati'air he said, " ('aptain I'reston seemed much agitated. Knox took him 1)y the coat and told him, 'for God's sake to take his men back again, for if they fired, liis life must answ(>r for the consequences.' Whih^ 1 was talking with Captain Preston the soldiers of his detachuient had attacked the people with their bayonets. There was not the lea.st provocation given to Captain I'reston or his party." Knox, after serving his time, published for himself. " A Dis- sertation on the Gout," etc., bears his imprint in 1772. After Lexington Knox escapc^l with his wite from I5oston ; Mrs. Knox concealing within the lining of her cloak the sword he subsequently wore through the war. She accouqianiiMl her husband through all his campaigns. The ISIarfpiis Chastellux, who visited the headquarters of the American army in 1782, says : " We found Mrs. Knox settled in a little firm Avhere she had passed part of the campaign ; for she never quits her hus- band. A child of six months and little girl of three years old formed a real family for the general. As for huuself, he is be- 86 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. tween tliirty and forty, very fat, but very active, and of a gay and amiable character. From the very first campaign he was intrusted with the connnand of tlie artillery, and it has turned out it Cduld not have been placed in better hands. It was he whom i\r. du Cmidray endeavored to supplant, and who had no difficulty in removing him. It was fortunate fin- M. du Cou- dray, perhaps, that he Avas drowned in the Schuylkill, rather tlian l)e swallowed up in the intrigues he was engage(l in." Knox's corpulency was the subject of an ill-timed pun fmrn l)r. Byles. An intimacy existed before the war, and wluai, on the r. IJyles he was a " fool." The graduate oC ilic little shop in Cornhill was volunteer aid at r.unker Hill, (■(muiianded tlie artillery during the siege of r.osioii, and ])ecame ►Secretary of War. His greatest service, ]>erlia|is, was the bringing of more than fifty cannon, luortars, and ho\vitz(^rs from Ticonderoga, ('rown Point, etc., to the lines befove r.oston. Tiiis feat Was accomplish(Ml early in 1770, the onlnaiu-t^ being dragged on sledges in midwinter almost through a wildt^rness. Knox was a generous, high-minded man. Ilis portrait, by Gilbert Stuart, hangs in Faiieuil Hall. A gunning accident liaving iiijure(l one of his hands, it is concealed in the picture. The ce]el)rated Benjamin Thompson, a native of Woburn, afterwards a count of the German Kuipire, was, like Knox, an apprentice to a shopkeeper in Union Street at the time ni the Massacr(\ He was at the American lines in Cambridge at the time of Bunker Hill, and accompanied Major, afterwards (iov- ernor Brooks until they met the retreating Americans. After (Mideavoriiig unsuccessfully to obtain a commission in the Con- tinental army, he turned legalist. He was sent to England by General Howe after the fdl of r)Ost(m, but retuined to America and raised a regiment of horse, called tlie " King's Dragoons." After the war he was knighted, and became Sir Benjamin Thon)])son. The Elector of Bavaria, whose service he entered FROM THE ORANGE-TREE TO THE OLD F.RICK. 87 in 1784, made him a count, with the title of (^mnt livmiford, that being the ancient name of Concord, X. II., where Thomp- son had formerly resided. Rinnford went afterwards to Paris, and married the widow of the cehd)rated Lavoisier, from whom, however, he afterwards sejjarated. Tlie Iiiimfor, as it was then called. The news of the death of (Jeorge II., and accession of George III., was read from the balcony ; the latter was the last crowned head pro- claimed in the Colonies. Tli(^ ])()puLir indignation against the Stamp Act found vent, in 17GG, in 1)urning stani[)ed clearances in front of the Town House. A ('ouncil of war was held by Gage, Howe, and Clin- FROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON TIER. 91 ton, here before Bunker Hill. On tlie 18th July, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read from the east balcony l)y William Greeideaf, Sherilf. All the Continental troops in the vicinity of Boston were paraded in State Street, and at its conclusion fired thirteen volleys commemorative of the thirteen ( 'olonies. Here the Constitution of Massachusetts was 2>hinned. In 1778 Count D'P'.stain a s[)lendid entry into Boston witli ]\\A lli'ct, and was received by (iovernor Hancock in tlie Council Chand)er. After the Bevolution it became the place of meeting of the Legislature, and has been ever since called the Ohl State House, . — except during tlie intia'val when it was the (Jity Hall, — and tliis name is its customary appellation. In OctolK-r, 1789, Washington received the homage of the people, from a tempo- rary balcony at the west end. A trium})hal arch was thrown across the street there, and a long prot^ession passed before him, whose salutations he occasionally returned. In January, 1798, the Legislature took poss(!ssion of the new State House. The building has undergone material alterations, especially in the roof, which gives it a more modern appearance, and the stee- [)le or tower was once considcralily higher than at present. The sun-dial, which formerly adorni'd the eastern gable, has ])een superseded l)y a clock ; the rampant Lion and Unicorn liavo been riMiewed at the east end, Theri^ liav(^ been a lottery oflice, engine-house, and even a newspa[)cr published in th(; old building, — the lattiu' printed in 1805, in the Senate Chamhcr, and called tlie " liepertory." After the Grand Lodge of Masons was burnt out of tlie Exchange Coftee House it occupied quar- ters in the (.)ld State House. At the great fire of 1711, l»y wiiich it was destroyed, several gentlemen, at imminent risk of their lives, succeeded in saving the (.^hieen's portrait. The building is now in the custody of the Bostonian Society. The old First Church of Boston was situated on tlie ground now covered by Brazer's buiUliiig, until its removal to another location. Here preached John Wilson and John Cotton, and here came Wiuthrop and Bcllingham, with their zealous Puri- tan followers. An inscription, cut above the State Street 92 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. entrance, records tliese leading facts in the history of this hallowed spot. In an old two-story wooden liousc which stood upon the site of Brazer's Building were located the first United States Bank, and also the first government Post-Office. The former remained here until the erection of the Ijuilding on the sit(^ of the Ex- change ; the Post-Oflice was reiiiove(l here from (Jornhill. -loiiatliaii Armstrong Avas postmaster, and easil}' jicrfovmed, from his perch on a high stool, all the duties })ertaining to his office. The figure of a winged Mercury, well executed in wood l»y Simeon Skillin, a North End carver, was ]iLiccd over the door of the Post-OfHce in State Street. The tutelar deity was rep- resented in the act of springing from a glohe. In one hand he held his end)lematic rout how shall 1 get there? "Straiglit down the Crooked Lane, and all round the S(iuare. '" The ]\Ierchants' Ixink succeeded to the location uf the Thiited States llranch Jiaidv, whiclr was in its day a ImildinL; of consid- crahle urchitectviral juvtension. The two cohuinis which now supjxirt the front of the Merchants' Bank })erf(irmed u like ser- vice fur its pr('(h'c('ss(ir, and Avheii taken down were ihitrd to correspond more nearly witli the }ilan of the new Iniilding. (Jliservation will show that the granite is of a different color from that used in the rest of the faCj-ade. Tlie United States Hank Ijuilding was Ituilt of (Jhelmsf ird granite, in imitation of a (Irecian temi)le. It w;is at iirst proposed tit take the site of the < Jld State House, hut the jtroject — hapjiily fir the existence oi' tliis old monument — was altandoiiiHl. The struc- ture was erected in ISl'I; Solomon Wiliard was tlie architect; ( iridley flryaiit, master-mason. Tlie eoliiiuns rel'eri'e(l to were hrought frhia,and the div- idends which the bank de- clared were made u\) from tlie bnsiness of all the branches. Under the char- ter of 1816 the capital was thirty-live millions, of which the government owned seven. The at- tempt to permanently es- tal:)lish a bank under gov- crnnient control, like the Bank of England, pritved a fiiilure, as is well known. The removal of the deposits by CJen- cral Jackson affected the Boston branch but little, but it brought to light a defaulting official. The receiving teller, whose name was John Fuller, finding discovery inevital)le, ])ut forty thousand dollars into his pocket one afternoon and absconded. In 1830 Congress revived the charter, but Jackson vetoed it. A l)aidi under the old title, estal Wished by the State of Pennsylvania,, went into operation in the latter year, and continued until 1841. The old United States Bank was erected on the site of the Exchange, in 1798, and bore on its front an American eagle, with its wings outstretched, as if in the act of swooping upon the bulls and bears of the street. On the expiration of the charter the State Bank purchased the Ijuilding, and the eagle was afterwards removed to Faneuil Hall, where it is one of the curiosities to be seen there. It is made of clay baked in an oven at the South End ; and the fractured edges chipped away by relic-hunters have the ajjpearance of broken pottery or tile. UNITED STATES BANK. 96 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Formerly the proml Itird dl' Juvc, ami cinlilem of our rcpiildic, was in the centre of the liall, guardiMl liy an iron railing. The iron gates of tlie ohl Ijank nuw guard the entrance to the Cem- etery on Wasliington Street, near tlie 8t. James Hotel; a ratlier singular transitinn from the shrine of JMaiuuHm tn the abode of death. Thomas liussell was the first I'resiilent in 1792, and Peter IJoe Dalton, ('asliier. The next location of the United States liank was in ( 'ongress Street, on the west side, and not far from State Stieet. " — WIktu 's tlie Jolly luist You told IMC (if >, 'T has Ijfcii my (.•iistom ever To parley with mine host." The Jioyal Excliaiige Tavern was on the southwest corner of Exchange and State Streets, and gave the name of Jioyal Ex- change Lane to that tlioroughf ire. Shrimpton's Lane was an earlier name. This tavern certaiidy dates l)ark to 1727, and was then kept by Luke \'ardy. \i iJie time of the Massacre one Stone was the landlord. Jt was a resort for the othcers of the ]5ritish army before the lievolution. At the lieginning of the present century it was k(ipt by Israel Hatcli, and was a reg- ular stop] ling-place Ibr the I'rovidence stages. The rencontre lietween Ileiuy Lhillips and lienjamin Wood- bridge, wliich ended in a duel on the ( 'ommon, hail its begin- ning in this house. iMter the iiic of Decciuber, 1717, which destroyed the Town House, the ( Jeneral Court was held at Vardy's for the few remaining days of the session. 'I'lie Loyal Exchange was also a favorite hostelry of the Masons, A'ardy being of the fraternity. At a Masonic procession on St. dohn's day Joseph Green notices the jolly landloid thus : — " Where's honest Luke '^ that eook tVom Loudon ; For without Luke, the Lodge is Tindone. 'T was lie who oft disjiellM their sadness, And tilled the Brethren's hearts with gladness. Luke in return is mailr a lirother, As good and true as any other, And still, though hroke with age and wine. Preserves the token and the sign." The Loyal Custom House, at the time of the Massacre, was FROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 97 on the .southeast corner of Exchange and State Streets. Joseph Harrison was Collector, and William Sheatl'e Deputy. With the sentinel on duty at this point Ijegan tlie affray in State Street. The sentinel, abused, beaten, and likely to be overpowered, loaded his j^iece and shouteil for assistance to the post of the main-guard, Avhich was opjjosite the south door of the Town House. Tile deplorable results which followed are fanuliar. 'J"he ohl Custom Ilcjuse had a balcony, from which shots were tired at tlu; pojadacc during the. Massacre. This circumstance, elicit(Hl during the investigatit)U into the aftair l)y the town authorities, did not tend to improve the re- lations biitween the j)eopIe and the obnoxious oiiicers of the customs. The town desired these ollicials to be })r(\sent during the investigation and use the privilege of (piestioning the wit- nesses. Sheaffe, however, was the only one who attended, lie had 1)een a long time connected with the ( 'ustom Houses; as de[)uty under Sir Henry Frankland, and as his su(-cess(n- when Sir Henry was removed for inattention tt) his duties. Sliealle issued the famous AVrits (jf Assistance. lit; Avas the iidlier of the celel)rated Sir Koger Hale Shcalfe, and a ilevoted loyal- ist. Sliealle lived in the vii-inity of Scollay S<[uare in ( 'ourt Street. He had some pretty daughters, of wdiom Sabine, in his " Loyalists," says : — "Susanna, Mr. Slieaffe's oldest daughter, married Captain Poiison- hy Mok'swortli, a nephew of Lord Pdiisouliy. "The family account is, that on the day ol' the landing of a regi- ment of British troo])s in Boston, a halt was made in C^)ueeii (Court) Street opposite Mr. Sheaffe's house ; that Susanna, atliacted by the music and the redcoats, went upon the balcony ; that Molesworth soon saw her, was struck by her great beauty, gazed intently upon her, and at last said to a brother olHcer, who, like himself, was lean- hig against a fence, ' That girl seals my late.' " Margaret, another daughter of Mr. Sheaffe, was remarkable for her beauty ; so handsome, according to tradition, " no one could take her picture." Previous to her marriage, Lafayette, who admired her, said to her lover, " Were I not a married man, I M try to cut you out." 5 G 98 LAND]\rAUK!-i OF BOSTON. At tlic time of the Massacre the Custom House was in a builtliug used as a dwelling hy Larthdlomew (Jreen and I'aujily. King Street was then full of dwellings, the occu}>ants using the lower floor for their hiisiness. This Green, a printer by })r(ii'essiun, had, according to Thomas, the })eculiar faculty of recognizing at sight any vessel belonging to the port of Boston. l*er[)etually on tlie watch, as soon as a vessel could be discovered with a spy-glass he knew its name, and gave information to the owner. He had some small ollice in the Custom House at one time. He who sto(i(l on tlie balcony of the Old State House in 1770 might count hvc taverns of re})ut»> in King" Street. The iJuiich of C!ivi])i's was the best iiuni'lidmuse, Imt A^ai'dy's, the nearest, was ]irobably most fnMpicntcd l)y the barristers and otticers of the court. :n>fi]¥\\(f\ liM'ii f- u 'i" fi 1 \i 's B B r f T 1 ; ^ [?i . 1.- ? f IL f r 1 L ■,a>. f; [ Jj f n h lie: fif f^ ' w u I -' ^ >n '^ ■' ? 1? <4 EXi ham;e i(iffi:e iiorsi:. From our stand-point, at the lower end of tlu' Old State House, I)i'Vonshin' Street opens at our right hand. The Pud- ding Lane oi' yore is suggestive of good living. Accordingly Ave lind the well-remend)ered Kx(-hange ( 'olfee-] louse was .situ- ated in ('(ingress S(piare, once knowji by the singular title of Hafl'-S(juare (,"ourt. The name of this house owes its origin to the fact that the jirincipal lloor Avas intended to be used by the FROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 99 merchants as an Exchange. It was a mammoth allaii- of seven stories, far in advance of the wants of its day, and was com- pleted in 1808, having occupied two years and a half in build- ing ; it cost half a million. An unsuccessful speculation, it was the means of ruining many of the mechanics who were em- l)loycd in huilding it. Destroyed by hre Xovember 3, 1818, it was rel)uilt in a less ex})ensive manner, and occu])ied as a tavern until 1853, when it was demolished, giving place to the Ijuild- ings known as the " City Exchangt;." The front of the Coffee House, on Congress Street, was orna- mented with six marl)le Ionic i)ilasters, and crowned with a Corinthian pediment. It had entrances on the State Street side and from Devonshire Street. The building was of an ir- regular shape, rather like a triangle with the a})ex cut olf, and contained about two hundred and ten apartments. It was in tlu! very centre of business, and was a stiip[)ing-i)la(;e for stages going or returning from town. A inimlH'r of JNIasonic Lodges occupied the ujiper stories. Captain Hull made the Exchangts his (piarters when he was in })ort during the war of 1812. At tlu; rooms of the Excliange was ke})t a register of marine news, arrivals, departiu-es, (itc. When IIiUl arrived in Boston after his fortunate esca[)e from the British fleet in July, 1812, he wrote with his own hand in this book the following : — " Wliatever merit may he due for the escape of tlie Const it utiou from tlie British fleet, belongs to my first ollicer, Charles Morris, Ks(|. " Isaac Hull." On his arrival, after the memoral)le action with the (Juerriere, Hull was the recipient of flattering attentions from the merchants, and indeed the whole population vied to do him honor. Hull, with straightforward manliness, wrote on the joiu'nal of the Coftee House a well-deserved tribute to the services of this same Lieutenant, afterwards Commodore Morris, who was severely wounded in the fight. Dacres, who became Hull's prisoner after this engagement, lodged at the Exchange. Of him it is related, that when he went up the side of the C(jnstitution, after leaving his own 100 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. ship, Hull, eager to sodtlie the feelings of his gallant adversary, btep})e(l lurw;ird, oifered his hand, and said, " I)a-eres, my dear felluAV, 1 am glad to see you ! " The reply of the diseonilited Briton was, "J) — n it, I suppose you are." The twain hecame afterwards lirni friends. President Monroe visited lioston in duly, 1817. He took ajiartnients at the Exchange Colfee House. On the -Ith a sumptuous dinner was served, at whieh the following guests were jjresent. It would he hard to find a more distingviished comi)any. General Swift, Sujierintendent of West Point Acad- emy, i)resided, assisteuincy, like any two })lain country gentlemen. The lire which consumed the ( 'oU'ee House was destructive. The keeper, Mr. Parnum, lost $ 25,000. Eleven [)rinting-oiHces, the Grand Lodge of the State, and several other Masonic Lodges Avere burned out. Next below Ih-azer's Building was once the printing-office of the "Columbian Centinel," established in 1784. It was then the size of a sheet of commercial post writing-paper, and published semi-weekly. Benjamin Pussell was the editor, a name well known in the annals of Boston journalism. Pus- sell was an apprentice to Isaiah Thomas of the celebrated Wor(;ester Spy. Thomas had the ill luck to be drafted in 1780, and young Pussell volunteered in his place. During his ser- vice he witnessed the execution of Andre, at Tappan, as one of the guards. Pussell published the Centinel until 1821. When the Due de ("hartres, afterw^ards Louis I'hilippe, Avas in Boston, an exile from his native country, he Avas in the habit of visiting the Centinel office to obtain the ne\vs from abroad, FROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON TIER. lUi and, it is said, occasionally \vTote articles for the paper. The Centinel was, at this time, distin3j;uished for the accuracy of its information in regard to tlie war tlien waging hctwcen repub- lican France and combined Eur(i[)t'. An atlas Avhich had be- longed to Louis enabled the editor to describe the topograjjliy of the battle-fields minutely, and thus surpass his contempo- raries. Louis jN^apoleon, late Emperor of the Fi-encli, was, if report speaks true, at a later day, an haJiituf' of the ('initiuel office. Thus the representatives of two o]»posing dynasties ]iav(! eagerly scanned the columns of the same re[)ublican ninvspaper for intelligence that was to make or mar their fortunes. The Centinel was the leading Federalist organ of New England, and was ably conducted. Next is Congress Street, named for the National Legislature. The founders of Boston called it T>everett's Lane, from Elder Thomas Leverett, who owned tlie Iract through which it jiasses. It was subsequently Quaker Lane, fr.uii the old (^)ii:delclier's lionse was of l»rick. He also owned two ])i-ick wareliouscs, " tlic one l)i,ii,-^'er and the otlier h'.ss," lying near the Town Dock ; an estate at tlie south corner of Washington and ]>edford Streets, one in Wing's Lane, and other vahiahle projunty. He had heen one of the l^'o- vincial ( "ouncil, and was a representative in KiUS and 1701. JoiiailKUi I'x'leher, afterwards governor of "the ]\lassa(hn- setts," Avas in his tenth year when Andrew, his father, came i'roni Charlestowu to live in I'xiston. While in Europe, tliii Ixistouian was ]ireseiited at couit, ami made so favoralile an impression on (leorge I. that the King appointed liim goveiaior in 1730. Tlie year previous he had gone again to England as agent fir tlie colony, — a position lie liad not obtained very ereditahly, aiuiord- iug to llutchinson. (lovernor lielc.her hecame vi-ry unpopular, and was superseded, in 1741, hy Governor Shirley; hut was afterwards appointed governor of Ne\v Jersey. Shaw says Governor Eelcher's house Avas after the model of Jidien's, Avhich is represented in another })lac(^ ; lie adds tliat it was standing a few years Ixdore he Avrote, in 1S17. Mr. IVlcher Avas a \ery opulent nierehant. His resideiKU' Avas in Orange Street, now AVashington, in 1732. lie was one of tlie foremost in organiz- ing the Ilollis Street ( 'hurch, and gave the Society land to huild it niion. During his administration occurreil the great religious revival, caused by the A'isit of Whiteheld, and Eaneuil Hall Market Avas huilt. Governor Belcher's son, Jonatlian, of IIos- tnii, heeaiiie lieuteiiant-goA'cmor of Nova Scotia. He Avas an able jurist, and had been also (diief Justice of that j)rovince. ( iovernor Leverett sold a }iart of his estate, next east of Govenioi' I'xlcher's, to Jeremiah Dummer, goldsmith, in 1077. Tliis Jeremiah, I'atlier of two distinguished sons, Avas himself a conspicuous man in the affairs of the town, and in 170S this cormu" of Kilby Street is called "Justice Dummer's Corner." William J)iimmcr, the elder son, lieutenant-governor of the colony from 1710 to 1729, was a captain in the Ancient and Honorable Artillery in 1719. He Avas acting chief-magistrate during a great j)art of his term, the governor, Samuel Shutc, FUOM THE OLD STATK tlOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. lOo being aljsent from liis post. Tlu! principal events of (Jovemior Dmnmer's tenn were tin; estal)li.slinient of a lincni nianulactory in the town, and tlie introductidu of inoculation ibr tlie small- pox, during' one of its periodical visits, by Dr. JJoylston. This terril)le distismper, which had scourged Boston witii great vio- ]enc(! at dilferent times, was arrested by tbis simple ex[)edient, wliich the AVestern world owes to the eilbrts of a woman. J^ady Mary Wortley Montagu accompanied lier IuisIkukI t(< the I'orte, where he was amljassador, in 1710. While there she witnessed the custom among the Turks !)9, and studied at the University of Utreclit, wliere he took a degree. A polished scholar and writer, he is known in pultlie life as the Massachusetts Agent in England, 1710-lM. He publislied an elocpient defence of the New England charters when they were threatened in the lattc^r year. In a building adjoining tlie west side of the old Exchange was the iirst UuiUnl States Custom House; General Ijcnjamin Lincoln was the iirst collector, and retained the position until 1808. He occupied [)art of the house for a dwelling. A distinguished Ivevolutionary soldier, General Lincoln fought from the lakes to Savannali. He was with Gates at Saratoga as second in command, and witli D'Estaing in the assault on Savannah. The tbrtune of war made him a prisoner to Sir H. Clinton in ]\Iay, 1780, with the garrison of Charles- ton. Again, at Yorklown, be had the satisfiction of seeing the army of Cornwallis lay down their arms. In Sliays' Eebel- lion of '87 Lincoln commandetl the State ibrces ; he was also lieutenant-governor in this year. General Lincoln's portrait. 104 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. by F. A. Dui'ivage, — copied IVoiu Sargcnt'.s picture in tlie Historical Society's ColIecti(jii, — is in tlie collector's room at the Custoiu House. The Merchants' Exchange, also the Sub-Treasury and Post- Oiiico, was one of tlie most imposing edilices in Slate Street. It was erected in 1842, and stood here until 1S'.)0, when the new Exchange lUiilding rose in its stead. The first action in regard to a post-oliice appears to have been an order of the ( leneral Court, Noveml)er 5, IG.'')!), as follows: — "For the preventing tlie iiiiscarriage nC letters, it is ordered, tliat notice bee given, that llicliaid Fairbanks, his house in Boston, is the place appoiiite. In 17-14 the I*ost-( )llice was in Corn- hill, at the house of James Franklin, IVtstmastcr ; in 1770 it was still in Cornhill, between King Stnu't and Dock Sifuare ; Tut- hill Hubbard was Postmaster in 1771. lietweeii this date and 17S8 it occupie(l the corner of ( 'ourl and "Wasliinglon Streets (Sears Ihiilding), and in the latter year was reniove(l to 11 Cornhill, Avhero New Cornhill now enters AVashington Stieet-. Post-routes were first established in 1711, U> INlaine and Plymouth once a week, and to New York once a fortnight. In 1829 the Post-Office was located on the eorner of ( 'on- gress and Water Streets, and employed eight clerks ; and FROM THE OLD STATE IIOUsL; TO BOSTON PIER. 105 OF TRK BfNCH OF r.RAPES. in 1838 ill the Old State House, as related. After the Great Fire of 1872 the Old South was used for a post-office until the completion of the present stately edifice, which riarrowly es- caped destruction at that time. The Bunch of Grapes Tavern was on the west corner of Kilhy Street (formerly Mackerel Laiu;) and State. The New Eng- land Bank replaced the inn, until, in turn, itself displaced hy the stately Exchange BuiUliug. " As ancient is this hostelry As any in the land may be." Francis Holmes kept it as early as 1712; Kebecca, his widow, in 172G; William Collin, 1731-33; Edward Lutwych, 1733 ; Samuel Wethered, 1734-50 ; Henry Laughton (date un- certain), Rehecca Coffin, 17G0 ; Josi^ph Ingersoll, 17G4-72; Captain John Marston, 1775-78; "William Foster, 1782; Colonel ])udley Coleman, 1783 ; James Vila, 1789, in which year he removed to Concert Hall; Thomas L(J)dell and jVFrs. Lolxlell, 1789; and perhaps also some others for short periods. The Bunch of Grapes was the chosen n^sort of the patriot leaders prior to the Revolution, and as such is associated Avith many important acts of those eventful years. Among others, Washington, Lafayette, and Stark were entertained there. One act of far-reaching imjmrt was the initial organi- zation of the Oliio Company in March, 178G, which founded Marietta. Recrossing the street, we find that the Custom PTouse was, in 1810, situated on the lower corner of Change Avenue, formerly Pierce's, and afterwards Flagg Alley. General Henry Dear- born, of Revolutionary fame, succeeded the venerable General Lincoln as Collector in 1809, the latter having resigned on account of the Emliargo. It is said that General Lincoln wrote to President Madison, " that he had fought for the liberties of 5 * 106 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. his (^oiintry, and spent his In^st years in her service ; and that lie was nf)t, in his old a town was estahlished l)y Joseph Marion, in 1724. His office was called " Tlu; Sun Fire Office in Boston," and was located near the site of the (Jlohe Bank, 22 State Street. Where the heautiful marhh^ building mimbered 60 now stands was the British (Joifce Hous(?, an inn kept by Mr. Bal- lard in 1702. It was of som(( prominence, and divided with its neighl)ors the patronage of the military and civilians. The repeal of the Stani]) Act was celebrated here, and at the Bunch of Grapes in ]\Iarch, 1707. It was also the scene of the un- 108 LANDMATiKS OF BOSTON. fortunate collision between James Otis and John Robinson, one of the Customs Commissioners referi-ed to in connection with Otis's residence. Otis went to the ( Jottee House alone, hy ap- pointment, and was immediat(^ly attacked by lioliinson and liis friends. A young man wlio went to tlie assistance of Otis was rou,L;]dy handled and put out of the hnusc. The Imuse seems to have l)een preferred by ]!ritish niiicers; ior we iind (inc nf tlicm, Surgeon Bolton, delivering;- a harangue from the Ijalcony, ridiculing the orations of Warren and Han- cock, anil almsive of the "Whig patriots, wliile the main-guard, paraded in front, fuinishe(l an audience. Under the new regime this tavern was styled tlie American Coffee House. It became a place of public vendue, in 1780, by a firm who sold books in the chamb(u- and jackasses in the strec.it. The Massaiduisetts Bank long occupied its site. Merchants' Eow seems to have retained its original designa- tion, Ix'ing thus described in 1708. Andrew Faneuil's ware- house was on the lower comer in 1732. This was then the lower end of King Street. The Bow followed an irregidar, .serjHaitine course to the wharf on the southerly side of the Town Dock. Tn Corn Court is the reputed site of the first public house, kept by Sanuiel Cole in 1634. Tt is now tliought that it was on Wasbington Street, nearly opposite Water Street. Gov- ernor Vane, in 1G3G, invited Miantonimob, the Narragansett chief, to ]'.oston, and the sachem rejiaired thither with a con- siderable ivtbiue. Tlie attendants of tlie (^hieltain were dini'd at Mr. ( 'ole's, (ly salt water." In noticing the great storm and tide in 1723 the writer says, — " Wc could sail in boats from the southern battery (Rowe's Wharf) to the rise of gTound in King Street." In very lugh tides the water has tlowed up to the corner of 110 LANDMARKS UF IJO.STON. State Street and INlercliants' liow. Suuiid logs have been dug n[i at tlic IxittdUi uf this stn'et, wliicli, i'roiii the aiii)earance uf kniits an's company.* The Admiral Vernon was on the lower corner of State Street and Merchants' Row, * Notes aiid Queries. 112 LANDMAKKS UF HUSTON. and was kept l)y liicluinl Smith aljout 17-13, and in 1775 hy Mary Bean. The first liuuse un L( mi; Wharf was the Crown Coli'ee House, noticed in 1718. It was kej)tl)y Widow Anna Swords in 174U, being then owned by Cldvernor liclrlicr, while ( idvernor AVilliaiu Dunnner owned the next estate easterly. IJichard Smith, of the Admiral Vernon, kept it in 17-49, and liohert Shclctick in 1751. It was, like the Admiral Verndn, a watcr-sitU' resort, hut is not known to jjossess any associations of marked interest. It stood where the Iniilding now is, having a westerly front on State Street, hut tiie street lias bctMi widened here. Like tht; other inns, it was usetl as a dwelling by the ]>ro]irietors. Peter Faneuil's warehousi^ was, in 1742-43 (the year of his death), below the Admiral Vernon, from which he carried on Ids large business with the West Inc jtossi/tle to cloak it so as to sl/ij) if for nnnr * < )thel'wise, I*eter seems to have jilaced a high estimate upon his commercial houor, and his charities Avere nuiuemus and opendianded. If you enter the little passage-way just below ]\Ierchants' How, you will tind a range of brick buildings, l)ounded north by Chatham Street and so\ith by the passage-way. This is Sut- ler's Iiow, and you may yet see the name cut in stone on the southeast corner tif the Idock. Peter Ihitler, an old j)roprietor, had a warebouse and wharf hei'c. Andrew, Peter, and I>enjamin Paneuil all had Avarehouses on, or bounding ujion, P.uth'r's Pow. These wert' all merchants of high standing, which marks the locality as (jne of im})ortance to tlie mercantile ckiss. Seventy years ago the sjtace between Patterymarch and State Streets was occupied liy a ship-yard and wharves. AVhere the old Custom House stands, on Custom House Street, large ves- sels have been built and launched. The massive proportions of the new Custom House, which contains about the same nmnber of cubic feet of stone as Bunker * DealiiiKS with the Dead. FROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIEK. 113 Hill Monument, stand on a foundation recovered from the sea. Begun in 1837, it took three years to make a secure foundation. Tlie Luikling is cruciform, of the Grecian Doric order, and has the peculiarity that the roof is covert'd with granite tiles, ren- dering it completely lire-proof. Its i)osition is not conspicuous, but it is one of the noticeable [)ublic edifices in Boston. It was completed in 1849, at a cost of over a million. A. B. Young, M. A., was the architect. We may now take a retrospective view of State Street. It is the Ijusy mart and exchange of the city, sacred to the worsliip of Mammon. Bills, stocks, and bonds are its literature, and in its vaults are lifty millions of dollars. Here Shylock meets Antonio, and daily takes his pound of ilesh. It is our Rialto, our Bourse, our Boyal Exchange. Hut time was when Perez Miirion dwelt where, the Union i>aidc's strong ct)ifers are, and -John Coburn took gentlemen boarders just helow the Post- ()IH(;e, — this, too, within the present century. SiiKie Boston was, State Street has Ijeen a favorite theatre of mibtary disjilays, — the train-bands of the hard-visaged I'uri- tans, tins solid tramy) of the newly arrived British soldiery in 17G8, and of the reinforcements in 1774. Tlirough State Street marched the 5th and 38th to embark for Bunker Hill, and tlie tread of Eochambeau's gallant Frenchmen has wakened the I'choes of the old street. Since those more stirring scenes it has l)een the custom and delight of the citizen soldiery to " march up State Street." The bayonets of many a, gallant regiment liavo glittered in tlui sunliglit here, i-re they marched to tlu! i'ront in the late civil war. Here, too, Burns, a jioor fugitive was conducted by tlie whole })olice and military force of the city to the ship which took him Lack to slavery. But we liave cliangtsd all that. The lire of 1711 left its mark in State Street, destroying all the upper part, the Town House, and the Old IVIeeting House. An atteinpt was made to save the bell of the latter, and several sailors ascended the cupola for that purpose ; but the flames cut off' their retreat, and they perished in the falling ruins. In 1747 the Town House was again destroyed. In the great fire of H 114 lani)Mai;ks (if I'.os'J'on. 17ti'J tlie .stU'L't was a:j,;iiii scdui^^cd 1>y tlic< il(.'V( Hiring ek'iiient, scarcely a building liciiig Icit in tJic pari liclow Kilby (Street. State ^Street was alsu the scene ul' a I'atal all'ray in August, 18UG, between Charles Austin and Thomas (Jliver Selfridge, in wliich the l(-rnier was killed. This ali'aii made a great noise, and the day was long i-eiiiembered as " lUoudy Monday." -lames Sullivan was then Attorney-* leneral, while the defence of Self- ridge was conducted by Samuel I)e.\ter and (_'hristoj»her ( Jore. The origin of the dilliculty was political feud ; but, according to jNIr. Sargent, the immediate cause was a dispute between other parties, about stvcji roast pKjs and ic/t bns/ie/s of yrccM peas. Austin was killed between the Old Statt; House and tlie coi-ner formerly occupied Ity the Tra\eller (Jlhce. Long Wharf and Stah^ Stivet ai'e so lirudy united that tiiey may be c.onsideri'd one to all intents and purposes. Ijel'ore the wharf was built the lower part of State Stivet tei'minated at the Oovernor's l)ock. Tlie subject of building a wliarf at the bottom of King Street was mooted, as early as 1707, by Oliver Noyes and others. In 17()U- 10 the town voted to accept the ju'oposals of Noyes and his associates to Iniild a wharf, with a sufficient common sewer, from .Vndi'cw Faiieuil's corner to low- water mark, to be of the width of King Street. As originally projected, the wharf was to have a publi(t way on one of its sides, thirty feet wide, for the use of the inhabitants and others forever. At about tlie middle a gap, sixteen feet wide, was to be left for the ]>assage of boats ; the end was to l)e left free for the town to plant guns on, if occasion re(|uired. The name of the wharf was, first, Boston Tier. i\I. FAbbe Robin describes the pier as "a super!) wharf, advancing nearly two thousand feet into the sea, wide enough along its whole length for stores and shojjs." On the map of 17l'2 there ajijiears almost a continuous row of buildings on the north side; on Price's iilan of 1743 the end of the Avharf is foiiilied. The "T" of Long A\'harf, formerly knoAvn as INIinott's T (i'roni Stephen INIinott), is a ])art of the ancient structure known as tlie liarricado, or Old AVharf, which was a line of defence connecting Scarlett's Wharf, at the foot, of Cojui's Hill, wdtli the FROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE Tu BOSTON PIElt. 115 Sdutli Battery at the foot of Fort Hill. It enelosed the Town Cove, in which the shipping lay. 'J'he Ijarrieatlo extended in straight lines from the wharf iv the terminal points, making an angle at the junction with Long Wharf, with the jxiint towards the town. It was Ijuilt of wood, and had openings on eai'h side of Long Wharf for vessels to ])ass through. Ai»})rehensions of invasion from the Dutch or French caused its construction. Atlantic Avenue now follows, substantially, the line of the Barricado. It crossed Long Wharf on the neck of the T, and two little islands to the north and south of the wharf furnished ]M)ints of ajipui. Central Wharf was laid out over oneof these islands, and large trees and stones, which had heeu used in huilding the Barricado, wcn^ i'ound when excavations were- making for tin; wharf The otiier island was removed. The Old Wharf, heing for dfd'ence oidy, was only wide enough to work guns upon. It i'ell into gmdual decay, and the last ves- tiges disa]»})(iared long ago. " 'J' " Wharf, which name has sometimes erroneously been connected with the Tea Party, hiis always been noted for an excellent old well oi water, from which ships were supplied. Minott and Andrew Faneuil owned it in 1718. When, in November, 1745, after that extraordinary and successful exjiedition, which resulted in the reduction of Louis- burg, Governor Shirley returned home in the Massachusetts Frigate, a splendid reception awaited him. lie first landed at the " Castle," where he passed the night, coming ujt to Boston in the morning in the (Jastle l)arge. Aljout noon he landed, with his retinue, at Long Wharf, under salutes from all the shipping in the port and the acclamations of the ])e()ple. Here they were received by the dignitaries of the province and town, and by Colonel Wendell's regiment of militia, a Chelsea com- {)any, the Troop of Guards, and another Troop of Horse, with the Cadets under Colonel Benjamin PoUard. The ringing of bells, illuminations, and fireworks prolonged the joyful occasion. General Thomas Gage landed at Long Wharf in May, 1774, and Avas received by the Troop of Guards, a regiment of militia-, and the Cadets, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel 116 LANDMAltKS (IF I'.USTON. Coffin. Tho reception was in the midst of a drencliing rain, but was, nevertlieless, attended by a great euiicuurse of people. Six years before this umbrellas — or " umbrilloes," as they wi're called — were first used in llosbm, and were, doubtless, put in requisition tm this occasion. Nearly all the ]!ritish troops that set foot in IJoston landed at this wharf It was also the scene of the (Mubarkatioii of the 5th and 3uartermaster-( leneral ]\Iitllin, — besides General Gage's char- iot, which was taken out of the dock broken, — when our forces entered the town. After the evacuation, the Jh'itish licet re- mained for some time anchored at Nantasket, and was a .source of eontiiiual alarm U> the pedple. Gent'ral lleiijaniin Lincoln organized a force which embarkc(l i'rom Long AV'harf and took positit)ns at Long and IVttick's Islands, Hull, Point Alderton, and clsewliere. The l)attery on Long Island sent a shotthmugh the upjier works of Commodore Lanks's shi]i, when he .signalled the licet to get uiider Way, blew up the lighthou.se, and vexed the waters of Jioston harbor no more. AV^heii the news of the Embargo (»f LSI 2 reached the town it ca,use(l the greatest consternation. ^\11 the vessels that could get away before the port closed did so. Sunday, April f), was as busy a day as any of the lemaining six. Long Wharf, and every otlier, was crowdi'd with trucks, sailors, and longshore- men. About lifty sail went to sea Itelbre the Hag of Embargo was raised on Fort Hill. The embarkation of the troops which were to force the American works at Lreed's Hill, from this wharf and from the Noith Lattery (llaltciy AVharl), was a .scene to be remembered. The ships of war furnished the boats, which were in charge of ( "nllingwood, — afterwards so fniious as Nelson's lieutenant, — then a midshipman. Erothinghairi graphically describes the display : — "When a blue Hag was di.sjilayed as a signal, the ileot, with field- FROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIEK. 117 pieces in the leading b, a man whose iiame occurs fre- (picid,Iy in coiniection with the history of Boston. Descended from the sturdy old Huguenots, whose ancient family name was Rivoire, Paul Rever(> began business as a goldsmith, hut, ere- long, took up tlie art of engraving on copper, in wliieh he was seli'-taiight ; a fact evident enough in his early attempts. ( )f his engravings of Dr. Mayhew, and the Rescinders, he might have said with Reau Brummel, ■' These are my failures." " The Massacre," "Cromwell's Head," etc., show a somewhat truer hand. But " Copperplate, with almanacks Engraved upon 't, and other knacks," did not fill the measure of Revere's ingemiity. Hi' put in oper- ation the first poAvder-mill in the province, visiting Philadelphia — where was the only mill in the Colonies — fiir this jmrpose. BRATTLE SCiUAUE ANlJ TlIK TOWN DOCK. 119 120 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Tlie proprietor would only permit the Boston mecliauic to go through his mill ; but this was enough, ami the Provincial Con- gress soon had powder. Revere was of the Tea Party ; was lieutenant-colonel of a regiment of militia raised after the evacu- ation ; and was in tlie ill-starred Penol)Scot expedition of 1779. After the peace of 1783 he established a cannon and bell foundry at the North End, and, later, works at Canton for the manulac- tur(^ of malleable co})per bolts, spikes, etc. A coinpany at the latter place still bears his iianic Paid Pevere Avas also the lii'st President of the Mechanic Cliai-italile Association. When the engraver was at work upon the caricature (»f the seventeen members of the Legislature who voted, in 17G(S, to rescinil the resolution to issu(^ a circular to the Colonies calling a convention to ojipose taxation without representation, entitled " A warm place. Hell," Pr. Church, who afterwards ])etrayed the patriot cause, dropped in, and, seeing what Pevere was do- ing, seized a pen and wrote : — " lirave Rescimlers ! to yoii yawiiiii'; cell. Seventeen sncli miscreants will startle liell. There puny villains daniiied for petty sin, On such (listingnished scoundrels, tjaze and i>stonians, have sat under the ministration of the pastors of Old 1 '.rattle Street. ( leneral Thomas Gage, wliom some wit proposed to create Lord Lexington, r>arock was crossed Ijy a swingdjridge, in two equal parts. That part of the Dock lying west of Merchants' liow was liUctl up about 1780; it was known as the Market Hock. I'he lower secti(»n of the Dock was narrower, and is now covered by North Market Street. At the time of the imiirovement of this region by Josiali (^hiincy, in 1S2G, the Town Dock came up as far as the head of Faneuil Hall Market, or, us tins uame is now applied to the market in Faneuil Hall, we will say Quincy Market, which the po[)ular will has christened it. On the old plans of 1738 the Town Dock was flanketl by Woodmansie's wharf on the south, and by Borland's, Ih'idgham's, Hill's, and Pitt's wharves on the north. The Mill Creek, connecting the Mill Cove with the Town Cove, emptied into the latter on a line with, and a little south of lUackstone Street. lu the primitive onler of things, it is apparent that tlie tiile covered all the level ground in Dock Scjuare, as indicated on all early plans, and all east of Union Street from Creek Lane on the west. Detween the Mill Creek and the Town Dock was a triangular tongue of land, or rather marsh. All of the north side of the Dock seems to have been known at one time as the Pish Market. Shaw says, "The chief part of the town was built on the cove or Ijay which has since been called the Town Dock." The lirst jiaragraph in the town records establishes the fact that in 1G31 this was the chief landing- place. 128 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. The- imiirovi'iiifut by Mr. (^)uiucy was the [i,rc;itust enterprise uf the kind thut hud been untU'rtaken in llu.stun. liy reference to (^uincy's History, we learn that " a granite luarket-house, two stories high, 535 feet long, eoveriug 27,000 feet of hind, was erected at a cost of $150,000. Six new streets were ojii'ned, and a seventli greatly enlarged, including 1(57,000 feet of land, and Hats, dorks, ami wharf rights oljtaineil to tlie extent of 14l!,000 s(juare I'eet. All this was acconiplished in tlie centre of a popidous city, not only witliout any tax, debt, or burden npoii its jieruniary resources, but with Lirge perma- nent additions to its real and productive ]iro[ierty." This ini- provenient also facilitated the o})ening of FuUon and of ( 'oiii- niercial Streets, the latter making direct eommunication north and south instead of a long detato- through North Street. S. S. Lewis was the projector of (Jonnnercial Street. Cj>uincy Market, though not at once iiecuniarily successful, soon became so. It is a monument to Mr. (^)uin{'y's genius and j)erseverance. Any otlier man woultl have sac<-uinlied to the obstacles he had to encounter, but he pressed on to the ai'com- plishmeiit of liis purpose. He invcstcMl the sluggish town with new life, and brought into jiractical use a new watchword, — Pro(jress. At a very early hour Mr. (j)uincy was in tlie habit of mounting his horse, and I'iding through evt-ry (piarter of the town, remedying evils or jirojei-ting new enterprises. The interior of the market has always been a scene of attrac- tion to visitors, and a model of its kind. Admiral ile system and order prevails. Here are haunches that woulil have caused the royal swonl to leaii from its scabbard, as when "Our .second Cluirk's (if I'aiiR' lacute, Oil loin of buef (liart with their estate on any terms. Py the increased width of South Market Street, the difficulty was overcome, as the city then took the estate for the street with a clear legal conscience. Codmaii's, Spear's, Ih'ay's, and the wharves extending between North Market and State Streets towards the present line of Commercial Street, were reclaimed in this grt'at imi»rovem(^nt, and converted into solid ground, and Chatham Street was laid out. Penjamin Faneuil, Jr., was in business in Puller's Kow in 1767, which, before the improvements, entered Merchants' Eow between Chatham and State Streets. This Penjamin was the nejihew of Peter, of nobh? memory, and was one of the consignees of the tea shi})s whose cargoes were emptied into the dock in 1773. As a merchant, dohn Hancock had a store at the head of 130 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. what is now South Market Street, or, as it was then descriljeJ, " Store No. 4, at the east end of Faneuil Hall JNIarket. A general assortment of English and India Goods, also choice Newcastle Coals, and Irish Ihitter, cheap for Cash. Said Han- cock desires those pers(.>ns who are still indehted t(> the estate of the late Hon. Thomas Hancock, Escp, deceased, to he speedy in paying their respective halances to prevent trouhle." * In Winthrop's Journal, a market is mentioned as set u\) hy order of the court in March, 1G34. Its locality is not men- tioned, but it is believed to have been on the site of the (Jhl State House. In 1734 the town located three markets, and appropriated £ 300 towards their erection. They were situ- ated in North Stpiare, Dock Scpiare, and on the })resent grovmd of Boylston Market. A bell was rung daily at sunrise to give notice of the opening, and one o'clock p. M. was the hour of closing. On the 4th of June the three markets were 0})ened for the first time, and the peoi)le and dealers flocked in great numbers to them. The market in Dock S(|uare was always tlie most fre- quented. Faneuil Hall, of which we shall presently relate the liistory, did not long i>rovide sufficient accommodations. At the time of Mr. Quincy's improvements there Avas a row of sheds, for the sale of vegetables, on the north side of Faneuil Hall, in what is now the street. The neighboring streets were often obstructed with market-wagons, while farmers were com- pelled to occupy Union Street with their stands, nearly to Han- over, and Washington, almost to Court Street. In 1819 a number of citizens erected what was known as the City Mar- ket, in the large building at the foot of Brattle Street, de- molished for the extension of Washington Street; the upper l)art was occu})ied as a Gallery of Fine Arts. The General Court refused to incorporate the proprietors, and the city sub- sequently rejected the oll'er of the market as a donation. Retracing our stei)s along North Market Street, the first object of interest is the Triangular Warehouse, which stood on the border of the town dock, op[)osito the swing-bridge, until * Boston Evening I'ost, Decemljer 25, 1704. BRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 131 tak(;u down in 1S2-4 to make room tor the s\vee}iiny clianges then inaugurated. Its site is now covered by the buildings at the head of North ]\Iarket Street, with a moiety in ]\[erehants' liow and Chnton Street. This singular old building was built of brick, of two stories, on a stone foundation, with a tower at each angle ; a tower also rose from the centre of the roof Each of these towers termi- nated in a pointed roof of slate, and were capped with a stone ball set in lead, except the middle tower, which had a wooden oni!. The .strength with which it was constructed, with tlie quaint architecture, led for a time to the supposition tliat it was intended for a Custom House, or some other similar purpose, l:)ut no proof being found to support the belief, the opinion l)ecamo general that it was crcctetl by London mer- chants for a warehouse, al)out 1700. One side of the Triangular Warehouse fronted Roebuck Passage, which has become, by transition, the extension of Merchants' JJow. The jiassage, named from a tavern called the Roebuck, within its limits, was a tortuous dehle a hundred feet in length, varying in width from thirteen to twenty feet, but was still the main thorough- fare from the market north and south. The tavern itself was a building with a projecting upper story, and was a notorious resort of doubtful repute. It was the scene of at least one deadly affray. Richard Whittington, a descendant of the Lord Mayor of London, is said to liave been the builder. Clinton Street was one of the new avenues which arose out of the chaos of this rc'ion. The Old INIill Creek crossed it at TRIANGULAR WAREHOUSE. 132 LANDMAliKS OF BOSTON. tlie point where now stands the New England Honse, the last of the Boston cott'eo-hduses. 'J'lic Imtcl is l>uilt on made land. Tjie course of tlie creek was altered at this jmiiit, so as to How through the lowei' part of ('hiiioii Street into tlic liarhor, instead of following its old cliaiiiiel into the dock. To eifect tliis })lan, the city hought (Jovernor luistis's wharf, through which tlie creek fouml an artilicial outlet. JJlackstone Street has taken tlie place of tlie creek. opposite the north side of Faueuil Hall is a little alley, and on the alley, with a front on North Street, was an okl landmark. This lofty wooden liuilding of five cramiied stories was the (Jld iJostou Museum, established iu 1804, hy Philip Woods. After a removal to another location in l)ock Sipiare for a short time, the Museum returned to its old stand. In 1822 the New I'aigland ]\Iuseum fell heir to the greater i)art of the collection. The huilding fronted originally on IMarket Sipiare, and was sometimes ilesignated the Market Museum. The tindiers were a foot square ; the chambers scarcely allowed a tall man to stand erect, whilst the staircase in its almost perpendicular ascent was (extremely suggestive of broken bones. At the corner formed by North Street and Market Square was another of those ancient structures now extinct among us. It was known as the " ( )ld Cocked Hat," from its faiicieil resemblance to an article of wear now as obsolete as itself. Lender the westei'ii gable, fronting ] )ock Sipiare, was the date of 1080. The liiiildiiig was of wood, covered with plasti'r on the outside, with which were mixed fragments of l)roken glass. \^arioiis ornamental figures were traced upon this rough surface. ()n two sides, south and southwest, the wati'r once llowt'd, and in , mentioned as existing in Pock S(piare in 1734, was demolished by a uiol) in 17."U)-.'>7. Tliere was 134 lani).mai;ks of jioston. contention anion,n the pi'dplc as to Avlictlicr tlicy would be served at their liouses in tlie old way, or resort to lixed locali- ties, and one set of dispntants tuok tliis summary metliod (if settling' tlie questioii. IVmberton says, tliis mob were "dis- guised like elergyiiien." In 1710, ilie (jiiestion of the ]\larket-house being revived, Peter kaiieuil pV(i[Hised to build one at liis own cost on Ibe town's land in I lock S(|uare, upon condition tliaf the town should legally authorize it, enact jirojter regulations, and ^L ^^ ^^ ^K^ J.. lll'lii^hlfii!!yBli|i -^^S^^i'~i t J -^ ' I^J i_ija tJJ^^fc- -t^^. FANEUII. HALL IlLf'dRE ITS K\LAI!i:EMENT. maintain it for tlie jmrpose named. Mr. Fanetiil's noble oiler was courteously received, but such Avas the division of opinion on the subject, that it was ax-cepteil l)y a majority oi' only seven Votes, out of seven hundred and twent_y-seven })ersons A'oting. The building was complclcil in 8epteml)er, 1742, and thret> days after, at a meeling of citizens, the hall was formally acceplcd and a. vote ol' thanks jiassed to the donor. Hon. 'I'homas ( 'Ushing, the nio(|erator of the mi-eting, the selectmen, ami representatives oj' the town, wciv appointecl a connnittee, "to wait upon Teter Faiieuil, Es(j., and in the name of the BRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 135 town, to render liim tlieir most liearty thanks for so bountiful a gift." Besides tliis, the town voted that the hall should be called Faneuil Hall forever ; to procure Mr. Faueuil's portrait to be placed therein ; and later, to purchase the Faneuil arms, carved and gilt l)y Moses Deshon, to be fixed in the hall. The first arcliitect of Faneuil Hall was John Smibert the painter ; Samuel Ruggles was the buildw". It was not at first intended l)y Faneuil to build more than one story for the market, but with noble generosity he went beyond his original proposal, and Ijuilt another story for a town hall. The original size of the building was forty liy one hundred feet, just half the present width ; the hall would contain one thousand per- sons. At tlic fire of January 13, 17G3, the whole interior was destroyed, but the town vottnl to ndniild in March, and the State authorized a lottery in aid of i]\o design. The first meet- ing after the rebuilding was held on the 14th March, 1703, when James Otis delivered the dedicatory address. In 1806 the Hall was enlarged in width to eighty feet, and ])y the addition of a third story. But little is left of the original building, but a rule lias been laid down for such as may l)e curious to trace the old outline : *' Take a northeast view of the Hall, — there are seven win- dows befon; you in each story, — run a p(!rpendicular line, from the ground, through tlie centre of the middle window to the top of the l)elt, at the bottom of the third story, carry a straight line from that point nearly to the top of the second window, on the right, in the tliird story. That point is the apex of the old pediment. From that point draw the corre- sponding roof-line down to the belt, at the corner ; and you have a profile of the ancient structure." A grasshopper, which still decorates the vane, madf l)y that cunning artificer Deacon Shem Drowne, Avas long thought to be the crest of the Faneuils ; especially as a similar insect adorned the vane of the sunnuer-house in Tremont Street. But the arms were extant not many years ago on some of Peter Faneuil's plate, in the possession of his descendants, and disproved tliis theory. No better reason has been assigned for the adoption 136 LANDMARKS OF iWJ.STON. of the grasslioppor than tliat it was an iinitiitidii of tlic vane of the ]ioyal Excliaiine, London. (Juriuusly euougli, tlic lirst jniMic oration (Ichvcivd in Famaiil Hall was a funeral eulogy, ]iionoinicc(l on tlic (I<'atli of I'dci' Faneuil, Mairh 14. 174:5, l.y Master Lowll of tlic Latin ScIkxL In the coui-sc of his iiiMivss tlic orator said, " May Ijlici'ty always sjn'cad its joyful wiii.^s o\it tJiis jilacr. May Loyalty to a kinn' under whoiu \\r enjoy tliat Liherty f\cr rciiiaiii our character." Mastci' Lo\c!], liiuisclf a tory fn;_;it ivc wln-n I'xist.on was i'rccd iimu the llritish lUMMipaf ion, did not dream ol' llie I'ul- lihnent- ot his wisli — divested of its de|iendeiice on a kin^ — when lie utteivd it. Faiieuil Hall was ilhiniinateil, hy a vote of the tuAvn, on the news of the re]ieal of the Stani]) Act, and the selectlueu were re(|ut«ted to make ]iro\ision I'oi' (hiid^in^' tlie kind's health. Durine- the winter of i 77") - 7<') tlie I'.iitisli olticers. under the l)atronae,e of (Jeneral Howe, titted the liall into a very neat BRATTLE SQUAEE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 137 theatre, devote J cliieHy to performances ridieiiling tlie patriots. The Sunday after tlie liattle of Lexington there was a meeting held in the hall by the citizens to agree with General Gage on regidations under which the people might leave the town. The strictness with which the Sabhath was then observed testifies to tlie injjioi'tance the subject had assumed. Gage communi- cated witli the meeting through Captain Sheritf, his aide-de- camp, the proposal that the inhabitants might be allowed to depart after surnnidering their arms. Many of the old jmivin- cial olhcers, mm who had scrvc(l at Louisburg, were ])resent, and viewed Avith deep chagrin the proposition to give up the arms tliey luid worn in many honorable campaigns. Gage had the bad faith afterwards to render his j)romise nugatory by ap- })ointing a Town ]\lajor, to wliom ajiplications were made. This officer discriminated against those whose attachment to the patriot cause was known. In Faueuil Hall is the rendezvous of the " Ancient and Hon- orable Artillery (Jomjjany." Its original designation was the " Military Company of the Massachusetts" ; it was also styled, at differc^nt pei'iods, "Tin; Artillery Company " and "TheCJreat Artillery." The name " Ancient and Honoral)le " was not ap- ]died until 1720; no militaiy organization can disput(^ its title to be the oldest band of eitizen-soldieiy in -Vnierica. The com- pany was formed in 1()37, and at once a]>plied for an act of in- corporation, which was not granted, the rigid I'uritans fearing to estaldish a piivileged militaiy boily wliicli miglit, on occasion, subvert tbe government. The rnetoriaii Hand of the IJoinans and the Teiin)lars of Europe were cited to enforce tliis wise determination. The company was, nevertheless, permitted to choose a captain and make use of the comiium arms in their exercise. A chaiter was granteil in KIoS. ( 'a])tain Keayne, the first commander, has been noticed. The cliarter prohibiteil any other military comjiany irom parading on the days appointed by l:iw for the " Artillery" ; and this ex- clusive privilege was maintained against the " AVinslow lilues," in 1808, when that comjiany assembled in Faneuil Hall on one of the tield-da\-s of the "Ancients." 138 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. It does not uppeur Avhat tlie uniiorin ol' the company — if any was adopted — was at the l)e,L;iiiiiiii,L;-. Bhie and hufi' was sup[)osed to he the dress in 1738. ]Jy 1770 the corps stood arrayed in golddaced hats, hlue coats, hull' nnder-clothes, and silk stockings, Avitli wliiic hncn s])atterdaslies. In 1772 an (irtlcr was issued that Avigs and hairsliould he cluhhed. Some i\'w changes were made in 1787, when slioidder-straps, to secure tlie cross ])clts, and a ])h\ck gai'ter, worn hdow the knee, were adojited ; tlic liair to l)c AVorn rit

Joinville to Boston in Novendier, 1841, was rendered memorable by a gTand ball given in his honor at Faneuil Hall. The Prince had come over to New York iir La Belle Poiile frigate, the same that conveyed the ashes of the great Napoleon from St. Helena to France. The town was all agog for the expected visit of the Prince, and when he appeared at the ball simply attired in a blue naval unifcn-m,. 140 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. the enthusiasm was extreme. Tlie Prince wore no decoration, except tlie riljbon of the J^egion of Honor, and devoted himself assiduously to the ladies to whom he was introduced. Tlie old hall was beautifully decorated with Hags and devices specially designed for the occasion. iVlexander Daring, Lord vVshburton, negotiator with Mr. Webster of the treaty which l)ears his name, was welcomed to Boston in Faneuil Hall, August 27, 184:2, by Mayor Cha])- man. From him Ashlmrton Place takes its name. As one of the great house of Paring Ihothers, he resided some time in the United States, lie and AV('])ster were on terms of close intimacy. The Earl of Elgin, Avhile governor-general of Canada, visiteil Boston to attend the jubilee upon the opening of the ( Irand Trunk Pailway. He was accomjianied by a numerous staff, and received the honor of a grand Itall at Faneuil Hall. Among the officers who acconijianicMl him, noiu' attracted more attention than those of a Highland regiment, — stalwart, bare- legged fellows in l)onnet, kilt, and tartan. Among the attractions to the old ( "radle of Liberty, tlie por- traits wliich adorn the walls are not the least, and it is to be regretted that some which have hung there and would now be highly })rized were either destroycMl or sjurited away liy vandal hands. Shortly after the death of Mr. Eaiieuil, (lovernor Sliir- Icy iid'ornii'd tlie selectmen that he had receiveil his Majesty's jiicture through the liands of the Duke of (Iraiton, and soon after the likeness of George 11. Avas hung in the halL The town had solicited the portraits of Colonel Barre and Oeneral Conway, tlx'ir al)le defenders on the iloor of Parliament. The reipiest was complie(l with, and the pictures sent over in 1707, but they disappeared from the hall when the British evacuated the town, that of Faneuil with the rest. TIh^ west end of the hall is covered with paintings. Tlie large ])icture ])y Ilealey, representing Wei ister replying toHayne, lirst attracts the eye. The jjortraits of -John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Jose|)]i Warren arecojiies, the originals being ileposited in the Mu.seum of Fine Arts. Tlii' Adams has been called (Jopley's mas- BRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 1-il ter-piece, and was paiuted fur (lovoruor Hancock, Ijut on the sale of his effects became the pro})erty of 8. A. Wells, and hually uf Adam W. Thaxter, avIio presented it in 18-42 to the city. The full length of Peter Faneuil is a copy of a smaller painting in the Historical Society's po.sse.ssion. It is by Colonel Henry Sar- gent, and was presented by Samuel Parkman, as was also the full lengtli of Washington, by Stuart. The portraits of liufus Choate and Abraham Lincoln are by Ames, that of Governor Andrew liy Hunt. General Henry Knox is by Gilljert Stuart, ('ouinio- ilore Preble, one uf tlie only two he ever sat for, is prolialily a Stuart. The superb clock was the gift of the school children. C<»rn Court took its name from the corn market wliich was once held on the soutU side of the Town Dock. Entering its recesses, unknown to half the town, we lind the oldest inn in Boston, now called the Hancock Tavern. This lias been called tlie site' of Samuel Cole's old inn. Altered in .some re- s])ects, the building presents a front of brick, with wooden side- walls. A dihipidated sign, bearing the weather-stained features uf Governor Hancock, hung here within remembrance. This was the old Brasier Inn, at whicli Talleyrand sojourned when in Boston in 1795. He afterwards became the guest uf Mr. William Lee, in Water Street. Mr. Lee's residence, a two-story wooden house, stood near the site of the new Post- Office, and was taken down many years ago. Talleyrand, the future prime minister and evil genius of Napoleon, was ban- ished from France, and made his way to the United States, accompanied by the lUu; de la Pochefoucauld Liancourt and M. de Beaimietz. At the same time Ilubespierre proscrihi'cl him in France, Pitt also jn'oscribed him in England. He went first to Phila(^leli)hia, where Congress was sitting, and entered freely into the political questions then l)eiug agitated. He was intimate with Jefferson, and intrigued with the opposition to prevent the accomplishment of a treaty between England and the United States. On his return to France, after an absence of little more than a year, he was accused of having worn the white (-(Kikade in America. . He wrote from the United States to Madame de Genlis : "I think nu mure of my enemies; I occupy myself in repairing my fortune." 142 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Talk'yrautl vi.sited the .studio of Gilbi'i't Stuart. Tlic latter, who was a great pliysioguoniist, after an attentive examination of the features of his visitor, ivniarketl to a friend, " If that man is not a villain, the Almiglity docs not write a legible hand." Talleyrand was no friend to the United States, as was soon manifest in the eai)ture of (.)ur vessels by the French cruisers when he came into power, which resulted in a (juasi state of war with the French lie})ul)lic. M. de Talleyrand returned to Euiope in an ^Vmcrican vessel, commanded liy a man named Vidal, to whom he took a great liking. ]le signalized his arrival in llandnirg by an amour, which, in its dei)lorable results, made the language of Stuart pro})hetic. His adventure with the young and Iteautiful lianm- ess de S , a pupil of Madame dc ( Jeidis, is a matter of history. The unfortunate lady, Ijctter known as " Cordelia," l)eing deserted by Talleyrand, put an end to her life with a small American penknife, the gift of her lover, \\diicli she thrust into her heart. Ujion hrr table was found an open note directed to M. de Talleyrand. The contents were as follows : — " J have Inirnt all your letters. They did no honor t(^ my mumory nor lo your heart. Yuu are the author of my death ; may God for- give you, as I do ! ,, / < v ^ -J ' " Cordelia. The brick building now orcujiicil as a wine store, on the south side of Faneuil Hall, is one of the antiipntics of the neighborhood, having stood for nearly a centui-y unmoved amid the mutations that have swept over that locality. ( )pposite the southeast corner of Kaneuil Hall was L)cate(l the ( "ustom House under the State governnieid^, James Lord, Collector. Hon. James Lovell was C(dlector in 178'J. Dock S(piare ^vas the scene of one of tliti incidents of the Conscri]iti(Ui T'iots of ISIio. The mob, after a fruitless assault upon the gundiouse in (Viojier Street, jiroceeded in this direction with intent to supply themselves with arms from the stores of the dealers in wea])ons. They were so prom})tly met, however, by the ])olice force, which liehaved' with signal In'avery on thia occasion, that no serious results Idllowed, and, the militar}' soon urrivijig on the ground, the riot fell stilbborn. FKOiM BOSTON STONE TO THE NOllTll BATTERY. 14:3 CHAPTER V. FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. The North End. — Boston Stone. — Painter's Arms. — Louis I'liilijipe. — Union, Ehii, and Portland Streets. — Benjamin Franklin's Residence. — The Blue Ball. — Lyman Beeeher's Church. — Benjamin llallowell. — Green Dragon. — Pope Day. — St. Andrew's Lodge. — Mill Pond. — Cause- way. — Mill Creek. — North Street. — Sir D. Ocliterlony. — Eastern Stage - House. -^ Cross Street. — The Old Stone House. — New Brick Cliurch. — The Red Lyon. — Nicholas Up.shall. — Edward Randolph. — North Square. — Sir H. Frankland. — Major Shaw. — Piteairn. — Old North Church. — Cotton, Samuel, and Increa.se Mather. — Governor Hutchinson. — General Boyd. — Fleet Street. — King's Head Tavern. — Bethel Church. — Father Taylor. — Hancock's Wharf. — Swinging Signs. — Fir.st Uni versalist Church. — First Methodist. — New North. — Ship Tavern. — Noah's Ark. — Salu- tation Tavern. — The Boston Caucus. — The North Battery. — Trucks and Truckmen. WE now iuvitc tlic rcudcr t(i accdiniiuiiY us iutd (lie Nurtli Eud, a sectiou of the town which Lccjame si'tih-d after the more central portion we have l)een traversini;-. It contains more of its original features tlian any other (|uarter ; many of its old thoroughfares are hut little altered, and retain their ancient names. As for tlie hiiildings, as we plunge lU'eper into this region, we shall lind some of those old structures that still link ns to the olden time. Weather- stained, tottering, and decrepit as they are, not many years will elapse before the anti(inary will seek in vain for their relics. Imbedded in the rear wall of a building which fronts on Hanover Street, and presents its westerly side to Marshall Street, is the Boston Stone. Of the thou- sands who daily hurry through this narrow way, the greater 144 LANDMAKKS OF li()ST()N. part iire unctjusciuus uf its existeuci'. Tlu' stoiic hears tlie date 1737, and sceius to have got its name from tlie iiuu(jus London Stone, which served as a direction for the shops in its neig]d)orhood, as did the Boston >Stoiie for its vicinity. It was I)rouglit from England ahmit 17()(), and was used as a }iaint- mill by the painter who tlien occu}(ied a, httle shop ears tlie date of 17lackstone Street. These were built slioitly after the peace by -lohn Hancock, and are to this day called "Han- cock's Row." Times were depressed, and Hancock's bounty gave eniiiloymeiit to many deserving and needy artisans. The row at tirst extended to the creek whose waters have long since ceased to How. Tlie l»uilding first mentioned Avas tlie office of Ebcnezer Hanco(;k, brother of the governor, and deputy paymaster-gen- eral of the (continental army. Here, when the toAvn was under tlu^ government of Greene and Heath and ( Jates, a sentinel paceil before the door, never, we may believe, deseiteil 1)y the needy ofiicers of the Continental line. 'I'lie lower lloor has groaned ])eiieatli the weight of the Fnin-li crowns sent us by FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 145 his Most Christian JNIajesty, oiu- excellent ally, brought over by the fleet of D'Estaing. How the poor fellows' eyes must have sparkled when they re(-eived tlieir long arrears in King Louis's l)right silver crowns ! The order of Gates or Heath was now a talisman to unlock the strong-box of tire paymaster, and for once it wa« not empty. Two and a half million livres, in silver, were brought to Boston at one time. William Pierce was a well-known barber at Boston Stone in 1789, and he continued to follow his calling until nearly a hundred years old. His shop was a sort of exchange for the gossip current at the North End, ami was frequented by many celebrated residents of that locality. It was Pierce's boast that he had shaved Eranklin, and he related that Franklin told him he was born at the corner of Union and Hanover Streets. He had also jireserved a tradition that the Hancocks formerly resided in Hatters' >S([uare. John Norman, also known as an engraver of some repute, had his i)rinting-oftice at Boston Stone in 1784. At the corner of Marshall and Union Streets lived, in 1798, James Amblard, a taihir. And^lard, a Frenchman by birth, had the honor of bcnng the host of the Due de Chartros, after- wards Louis Philippe, during liis residence in Bo.ston, to which alhisidu lias been made. "While awaiting funds from Eui'ope, Louis found himself obliged to resort to teacliing the French language here, until he and his brothers were relieved by remit- tances fidm theii" mother. The Duke returned to London in 1800, and ri'sided at Twickenham. According to Mr. Nasou, the future king of France was intimate with the fatlier of Wm. B. Fowle, Esq., the educator, and often played chess with him of an evening, presenting on his departure a set of chessmen still preserved in the family. Union Street Avas named from the British Union. Creek Lane reminds us of the mill creek to which it led. Cole Lane, or Cold Lane, has taken the name of Portland Street, and at first extended only as far as the Mill Pond. Elm Street was Wing's Lane. Elm, Hanover, and Salem Streets were all 7 J 146 LANDJIARKS OF BOSTON. widened under the town governiuent ; belVno tliis they were the merest lanes. Enierghig from Union Street into IlanDver, we stand on the corner which disputes witli Milk Street the honor of l)eiiig the birth])lace of Benjamin Frard'clin. The student who patiently investigates the claims of the rival localities will be likely at last to exclaim with Mercutio, — "A plague o' both tlie houses ! " Franklin's own statement, as given by himself to a person worthy of credit, was that he was 1)orn on this now famous corner, while other evidence goes to contradict it. That his early youth was passed here is certain. Here he ])ractised the art of making tallow candles fur his father, and employed his leisure in tlu'owing rubbish into the neighboring ]\iill Pond. From here he wended his way through Hanover and Court Streets to the Latin School, and, after his father's business became distasteful to him, to his brother's printing-office in Queen Street. The sign of Josias Fraidilin, father of lienjamin, Avas a Blue Ball, suspt'nded by an iron ]'od fi'om tlic front of his shop, Avhich stood at the southeast corner of Hanover and Union Streets. Before the streets weri' numbered, and wliile tli(.' liuildings wei-e scat- tered, it was the universal custom among tlu' inhab- itants to designate their iud llie " Heait and Crown," 'Brazen Head" in Cornhill, THE lU.I'K BALL. shops by some elllblem. 'I'hus wi "Three Nuns and a Coml)," and " Three Doves " in ]\Iarlborough Stnset, " Tun and Bacchus " and " Three Sugar Loaves and Canister" in King Street. This last was thus distinguished from the " Two Sugar Loaves " in Cornliill : — FliOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 147 SICN OF TIIREK DOVES. "Oft the peasant with inqiiiiiiig face, Bewildered, trudges on from place to place ; He dwells on every sign with stujiid gaze. Enters the narrow alley's doubtful nuize, Tries every winding court and street in vain, And doubles o'er his weary steps again." The old house was quite small and of two stories, to whi(,'h a third was added in later tiuies. It Avas partially destroyed by lire in 1858, and in the same year the city took the build- ing to widen Union Street. When the widening of Hanover Street took place, (^ the old site was partially taken for tliat street. In the same way, l)y the plan of cutting off wholly from one side of the street, a number of ipiite noted landmarks disappeared. It was the intention of tlu; owners to have removed the Franklin building to another location, but it was found impracticable. Two relics of it are, however, preserved. The Blue Ball came into the possession of General Ebenezer W. Stone of Boston, and from the original timbers was made a chair which was presented to the Mechanic Cliaritablc Association. There are two original portraits of Franklin in the Public Library, —one by Duplessis, presented by Hon. Fdward Brooks; the otiier by Greuze, presented l)y Gardner Brewer. Midway between Elm anel Union Streets once stood the church of Dr. Lyman Beeclier, the eminent divine, fatlier of Henry Ward Beecher. The church was erected in 1S2G, and consumed by fire on the night of the 31st December, 1829. Report says, a quantity of licjuor was found liy the firemen in the cellar. It was built of rough granite, had a central tower, and in general appearance was not unlike the old Brattle Street. After the destruction of their house, the society united in build- ing the church in Bowdoin Street, which was completed in June, 1831. Dr. Beecher was the first pastor, having been set- tled in March, 1826, but in 1832 he removed to Cincinnati- 148 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. 'i'lic, .siiriciy was; oi'i;4inally formed from memliei-sof Park Street, the Old South, and Uiiioji Churclies. The Hanover ("invreh stood on the sitr of Benjamin Hallow- ell's old resilience, which was ransacked by the same nioh that pillaged Lieutenant! lovernor Hutchinson's house in ^Vugust, 1765. Mr. llallowcll was a comptroller of customs, and as such, regarded with sjtecial hatred by the populace. The moh destroyed (»r carried olf everything of value, including a small sum of silver. Hallowell then removed to an elegant mansion at Jamaica Plain, which was id'terwanls conHscated. One of his sons, P. ('arew, hecame a, distinguished Ih'itish admiral. Hon. dolin ('oliin Jones also livi'd on the Hallowell estate, ('ajitaiii Henry Prentiss, a, Pevolutionary soldier and one of the Tea Party, lived also on this spot. He was a distinguished mei'chant and shiji-tiwner. The ( Jreen 1 )ragon Tavern in Union Sti'eet was the greatest celelirity among all tlie ritish regi- ments that landed in Boston in 17G8 and 1774, and St. An- drew's Lodge united with them in organizing a Grand Lodge. The first Lodge of Freemasons met in Boston July 30, 1733. It Avas the iirst in the Colonies, receiving authority from Lord Montague, Grand Master of England. Daniel Welxster styled th(^ (ireeu Dragon the Headipiarters of the llevolution, a name to which it has an undoubted claim. In the (Jreen Dragon the Saiidemanians held their first meetings in America. In later tiiui's it was kept by Daniel Simpson, the veteran musician. On the corner where once stood the Baptist Church building was formerly a Ijrewery. The Mill Pond, or-Cove, mentioned in the Introduction, once covered all the tract embraced within North and South Margin Streets, being divided from the sea on the northwest by the Causeway, now Causeway Street. The station-house of the Boston and Maine Railroad stood in the midst of this Mill * General Suiiiia'r's llt'iuiiiisccuces. FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 151 l-lHsr HAI'TIST CHURCH IN 1803. 1*011.1, until with \]\o T.dwcll, Kastern, and Filclilnivgit took a site lieyoiul the Causeway rescued from tlie sea. The high ground sloping away from Green antl Leverett Streets once marked the boundary of the Cove in that direction, wliilst tlie eastern mar- gin, reaching to Distiil-house Square, included all of IFaymar- ket Square. On the northern shore the water covered Kndicott Street, reaching to Prince, lielow Thacher, and penetrated to tlie rear of l>aldwin Place, almost to Saleni Street. When the Second Baptist (Jhureh was situated in Baldwin Place, candidates tor baptism were immersed in the rear of the church. Before En- dicott Street was laid out, aliout 183G, over a part of what was known as the " Old Way," I'rince Stntet was the thoroughf\ire to Charlestown. The Mill l*ond thus embraced an area as large as the Common. The origin of the Causeway was in a footpath of the Indians over a more elevated part of the marsh. One Mr. Crabtree raised and wideiie(l this primitive path into a dam to retain the waters of the pond. In 1643 the town granted Henry SiiiKUis and others a tract, including the Mill Pond and ilats west of the Causeway, on condition of their l)uilding one or more corn-mills, and bridging the j\Iill Cvcx'k at Hanover and North Stnn'ts. INIills wtMV ac- cordingly erected at the west end of th<> cri'ek calle'()-vr Hal.', Slicatl'is llart., Admiral Sir Isaac ('ntliiu ( n-noral llu.^h McKay Gordon, 15. llallowidl, and Sir David Oclitcrloiiy. The latter, before whose home we are pausing, was a Latin- School hoy, went to India at eighteen, served in tlu! Indian wai's, and was at the great coidlict of Delhi. For his services in India Ochterlouy was made a major-general in ISl 1 and haronct in the year following. The name indicates his Scotch oi'iuin. I'ldike his famous comi)anions. Sir David did not find hiniscll' cnniiiidlfd to serve against his countrymen. At a little distance tVom this corner we tind in Centre Street the iild hriik stidile of the Eastern Stage-House, the headquar- ters for many years of stages hound to Portland and the east- ward, it was kept 1)y ( 'olonel Ephraim Wildes, and ranked with Earl's, Doolittle's, and other princi[)al rendezvous of this kind. The entrance on North Street was hy a large arch, through which you passed into a court-yard of large area. Descending from the coaeh you entered the main huilding by a flight of steps, where good cheer and hearty welcome always awaited the tire(l tra\'ellci'. Cross Stieet, in 1708, extended from the jNTill T^ond to the sea,. At- the corner of Anne was the ( 'ross TaA'ern ; its name was, like Middle and Uack, ilesc.riptive. It was an im[tortant thnrou^hlare in firmer times, but is chiefly interesting to the aiiti(|uaiian on account of the < )ld Sfnue House that stood be- tween I lanover anr about twii Inindred yeaivs. It was very early described as the " Stmie Iliiuse of Deacon .bill n Philli|)S in the cross street." Tradition has ascribed t(i it, the lirst ]ilace of meeting of the tiiwn ovei'seers, and I'embcrtim vouches ibr thi' linding of looji- hiiles in the walls while it- was uiidei' re]iair. None of these ng, twenty feet wide, ami two stories liigh, the wings fronting the soutli and west. There was one door in tlie end nf each wing on tlx^ lirst story, and a single cii'cular window in the scconil story over the doors ; there were also two circular windows in each story of ea(;h wing in front, hut neither door nor window in either wing in the rear. The foundation walls were four feet thick or mon^ ; tlu^ walls above ground were two feet in tliickiu'ss, and l)uilt entirely of small quarricnl stones, unlike anything to be seen in this neigh- borhood, and were prol)alily lu'ought. as ballast from some part of Europe." Passing the Hid lIan(;ock School, now a polic-e-statioii, and Board Alley, so narrow a drunken man could not fall to the right or left, we arrive at Richmond Strec^t, formerly IJridge Lane, and according to some authorities the old Beer Lane. The "New Brick" or "Cockerel" Ohurch Avas hrst l»uilt on this spot in 1721, and originally came out of the New North Clmrch. The figure of tlie cock was placed ui)on the first vane in derision of Eev. Mr. Thacher, wdu)se Christian nauu^ was Peter. A fierce controvcn-sy at the ordination of i\lr. Thacher as pastor of the New North ('hurch caused the division Avhich led to the formation of the society of the New Bri(;k. Pr. Eliot says, "that when the cock was placeil upon the sjiindle, a merry fellow stradilled over it and crowed three times to com- plete the ceremony." Tins church W(Uit l)y the name of the "Revenge Churcli," until Dr. Lathrop took charge and healed the breach wdth the parent church. The New Brick, a name given to distinguish it from the Old Brick in Cornhill, originally fronted u[)oii Hanover Street, l)ut now stands sidewise upon that street and facing towards Rich- mond. It is one of the very few church buildings occuiiying 5(1 LANDMARKS (»F BOSTON. their original sites. In IS+H it w.as rol)uilt of brown stone, and pnlled down in 1871 during the widening of Hanover Htreet- The historic rooster is seen on I'aul Kevere's picture of 17G8. It is now, after having hreastod tlic storms of a century and a third, adorning the spire of a Cambridge church. Passing through Richmond to Nortli Street, we find ourselves in a region where even that veteran anticpiary, Jonathan Old- buck, Wdidd liave felt at Imme ; " Wliere wiinliii.u alleys It-ad tlie dmilitful way ; Tlie silent onmt ami Djieiiing S([uare exjJore, And Icmi; iit-riilrxiiii; lanes iintn.id liel'ore." At our left hanil the ground i-is(\s iowai'ds tlie triangular en- closure known as North S(piare. In iVoiit of us, on tlie north- cast corner of North anil Kich- nioiid, is a lirick Imilding to which tradition has long attached the im- ]Hiitance of standing on the site of the lirst Colonial Custom House, under Edward IJandoljjli and his successors, f^idence is wanted to support this sfatenieiit, — an ini- poiiaiiioiic in the investigation of till' old landmarks; but the tra- dition is liiinly lixed in tlie minds of old residents of the North End, and is generally credited. When the old liuilding Avas taken down, about twenty years ago, many a pilgrimage was made to it and the wish expressed that its walls could speak. Randolph was Collector in 1G81, but tin; " Bostoneers," as Uutchinson calls them, refused to recognize his office. He had liceii ajipointed "Collector, Surveyor, and Searcher" in New i'lngland. His authority was treated with contempt by (lover- nor l.eveivtt, who sat with his hat on while the King's letter fer serves us. Yet this contracted space was once the court end of the town. It was first called ("lark's Si(uari', from an old resident, and afterwards Frizell's Sipiare. ^Vher(■ miw is a luick block lacing the scpiare Avas Imih- tlic Second (.'hiirch in i'xistoii, Ijetter known as the Old North, 'i'his was the cliureh of the Mathers, — Samuel, Increase, ('oftim, and Samuel the son of Cotton. r>uih in lO.^d, it was destroyed liy Ih'e in l(i7<'), and relmilt the next year. iJoth houses were of wood, and the latter editice was j)ulled down in the winter of ITTa^TC) for liiel, as were also upwards of a hundred other woinlen huildings. ( Jeiieral Howe sanctioned the act. Dr. Lathrop says: "No records of the Old North Church exist for more than a year after the memoralile i'Jth of April. At this time most of the churches in town Avere hroken up, and the greatest i)art of the inhaliitants went into the country. While the pastor and niendiers were dispersed, a number of evil-minded men of the King's party obtained lea\-e of Cxeneral Howe to pidl it down." The society then joined the New Brick, which took the name of the Sec(md (liurch. Cotton Mather, tlie son of Increase and grandson of John Cotton, is regarded as the most celelirated of the J*oston clergy. A Bostonian by birth, h(( graduated with honor at Harvard, and was a scholar of high attainments. jNlather was a ]irolihc author, and his numerous works are \alualile contiibutions to the early history of New England. He was a liiiii believer in witchcraft, and his name is identiiied with the peisecution of th(^ unfortunates who fell under the lian of suspicion. Samuel and Increase Mather were sons of K'ev. Richard Mather, who was settled in 1 torchester in 1 (!.')(). Both were men of learning and high consideration. Increase reeeived the tirst degree (if D.I), coid'erred in America. He went to Eng- land as agent of the colony, and returned in KJDl' with thft new charter. Uidike his son, he did not jmrsue tiie witrhcraft delusion, which desolated .so many homes and left an indelible blot upon our history. FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 161 Cotton Mather lived on Hanover Street, in a house built by Captain Turell. It was not far from the Cockerel (Jhurch on the o^jposite side of the street, and was afterwards occupied by Master Harris of the North (Jrammar School. Samuel Mather lived on the east side of Moon Street, about midway from Sun Court to Fleet Street, on the corner of wliat was formerly known as IVIoon Street Court. The house was demolished about 18.32, and a tobacco warehouse erected on the site, which liecame afterwards a Catholic Church. Increase Mather lived on North Street, near Clark, in a house afterwards used as a seamen's boarding-house. During the year 1670, when great scarcity prevailed, Dr. Increase Mather procured from his friends in Dublin a ship- load of i)rovisions. Boston paid this debt of long standing with interest, when she sent by II. 15. Forl)es a ship laden with fodd for the starving in In^land. The following version (if tlic humorous })en photographs of the Boston clergy of 1771 is from Mrs. Crocker's memoir. There were two distinct prixhictions, which appear somewhat intermixed in the published versions. The lines given here were the first to appear, and were attributed to Dr. Benjamin Church. Tliey were the rage of the town : — "Old Matliei-'s race will not ilisgiace Their noble pedigree, And Charles OM Brick *'l,oth well and sick Will plead for liberty. There 's piiffing Pern, f who does condemn All Freedom's noble sons, And Andrew Sly,+ who oft draws nigh To Tommy skin and bones. § In Brattle Street we seldom meei With silver-tongued Sam,|| Who smoothly glides lietween both sides And so escapes a jam. There 's Penuel Puff,1I is hearty enough, And so is Simeon Howard ; And Long Lane Teague ** will join the league And never prove a coward. * Chauncy. + Pemlierton. X Eliot. § Hutchinson. II Cooper. H Bowen. ** Moorhead. 162 LANr):\iAi;KS of bdston. There's little Hopper,* it you think proper, In Lilwrty'.s cause so hold, And Joiiu Old North, + h)r little wortli, Won't .sacrifice for .^old. Tliere 's puny Jolin:]: IVoni North Hampton, A meek mouth moderate man. And colleague stout, § who, without douljt, Is linkeil in tory ehtn." Ac.i'di'diii^' U) Mrs. ("rocker, the rf-sidcucc of >Saiiuiel Matliei ill North S([uarL' wa.s Ixiilt liy (/iiptain Keinble, who in KiTo wa.s coiiilciiuu'd to .staiul in tho stocks two hour.s for lewd and luuscL'iiily conduct in .sahitino- hi.s wife at the step of the door, on the 8al)l)atlL day, wlien he lir.st met her after three years' uhsence. His danghttT, Mr.s. Sarah Kniglit, kept in the same liouse a sclioo], said to have been tlie lirst writino-scliool in that part of the town, from ITOl till \h'V death in 1708. Dr. Mather afterwards occnpie(l tlie same premises. All three of the Mathers are interred in ( 'opp's Hill. ]\h's. Crocker, here referred to, was a orann the corner of (iardeii ( 'ourt and Prince Streets, formerly llell Alley, was the residenre, of Sir Charles Henry Frank- land, who was Collector of I'.oston in 1741 nnder Governor Sliirley. He was said to Jiavc lieen removed from this oflice for inattention to its duties. Sir Charles led a romantic and eventful lif(^ On one of his ollicial visits to Marblehead he met with the lovely Agnes Snrriage, maid-of-all-work at the inn. The attachment lie conceived for her ap{)ears to have been returned, though Sir Charles did not otier her marriage. "The old, old story, - fair and young. And fond, — and not too wise, — That matrons tell, with sliar}>fned tongue, To maids witli downcast eyes." Sir Charles had a, line estate at Hopkinton, Mass,, Avhere he delighteil to pass the time with his beautiful companion. Tie- turning to Ivigland, AgiU'S was maih^ to fe(d the scorn of her nolih; lover's family, and the pair went to Portugal. They wen; at Lisbon during tlie great earth(piake of November 1, * Stillman. f [.atlin.p. + Hunt. § Bacon. FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 163 1755, in which Sir Charles, wliile riding out, was overwhehned by the falling ruins. The faithful Agnes succeeded in reaching and rescuing the entombed baronet, and carried him bruised and bleeding to their apartments. For this act of heroism the poor INIarblehead girl became Lady Frankland. 81ic survived her lord, and resided, until the l)reaking out of the lievolution, principally on the estate at Hopkinton, wlien she returned to England. The following lines were addressed to 8ir H. Frank- land on receiving the present of a box of lemons, by S. M. (su})posed to be Samuel Mather), February 20, 1757 : — "You know from Eastern India caiue The skill of making puncli, as did tlie name ; And as the name consists of letters five, By five ingredients it is kept alive. To purest water sugar must be joined, With these the grateful acid is combined ; Some any sours they get contented use, But men of taste do that from Tagus clioose. When now these three are mixed with care, Then added be of spirit a small sliare ; And that you may the drink quite perfect see, Atop the musky nut must grated be." The Fraidvland estate at Hopkinton came into the Rev. Mr. Nason's hands, who wrote a most interesting account of its former possessor. Sir Charles attended King's Cliapel in Boston. The house in which the baronet resided was built by William Clark, iw whom the square and wharf were named. He was contemporary with the elder Hutchinson, Faneuil, Belcher, and Hancock, who may be said to have controlled in their day the commerce of Boston. He was also a Cotnicil- lor of the Province, and a man of marked distinction in the affairs of the town. Clark, it is said, met with reverses in the French wars, losing forty sail of vessels, which so impaired his fortune and depressed his spirits that he died soon after. He was one of the original attendants at Christ Church, and is buried in Copp's Hill in a tomb on which is blazoned the family arms. The Clark-Frankland house was a monumnnt of human pride. In all colonial Boston we have not met with its peer, and it was 1G4 LA.ND.MAiiKS OF BOSTON. SIR II. frankland's iiorsE. witlinut (Imiltt l)uilt til tiutvic. tliat n[' Tfutcliiiisnn, Clark's wcaltliy iii'iglilior. A lirii-k dwelling ui' tlircc stdvics was, in itself, a uiii(Hi(' featuiv i'ov the jicridd in wliii-li it was cmi- striictt'il ; its solid lirick walls wciv tra\'crsrd liy lidts at each sfa-v. 'I'lic tiers oT wiiidows at citlier end of the iVont wore iiai-i-n\ver than ilie dtliers, and (ipened upiui cLisets iliat Wduld ha\-e -laildeneil the eyes (if niodei'n luaisekeepers and put niod- ei-n arehitcetuiv to tjie hlush. 'idle entrance doov was low, a cdinnidn i'anlt in mir old hnilders ; Imt what was nnnsual, the dilfereiit Hats or stories were Urn feet in the clear. The dormer winilows in the roof varied enough in forni to hreak the mo- notony of the outline. loitering hy the front on ( Jai'den Court upon a hall twelve feet- wide, you Were uslieivd into a. recejition-room, oi- saloon, at the right of the hall of entrance. "\'(ui walked on a lloor cu- riously inlaid with alternate s(piares ol' ])ine and cedar, much after the fashion in vogue at the present day. E.xactly in the FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NOUTII BATTERY. 165 middle of the floor was a centre-piece of a yard s(|iiaro, on Avliicli the mechanic had expended his utmost skill. Tlic ])i('c('s nf variegated wood were heantifully interwoven around a shield hearing the family device, — a bar witli three whiti^ swans. This was before the day of carj)ets, when Aoovh \ye\v kept brightly polished, even by the poorer classes. The walls were wainscoted around and divided by wooden pilasters into compartments with j)anels, on each of which was painted armorial bearings, landscapes, or ruins. Similar panels in the wainscot were ornamented with various devices. A heavy moulding of wood, suppnrted by the gilded ca|)itals of the pilasters, enclo.sed the ceiling. One of tlie pamds of tbis room l)ore an exact resemblance of tlie l)uilding, frum a copy of which our engraving is taken. The house was similarly finished with wooden pilasters in every story. Some of the mantels were extpiisitely carved in imitation of fruit and flowers. 'I'liere lias been pi'eserveil a [)icture taken from a compartment built expressly fir it into ilie wall, representing two children riclily attired and of a tender age. Conjecture has been l)u.sy as to the autliorship of this really fine work of art. Tt is evidently antecedent to ('o]iley, and may have been from the pencil of Smibert. This relic, together with others, was in the possession of Kowland Ellis, of this city. After the death of the l)aronet, he gave tlie house to the widowed Lady Agnes, who reside(l in it I'm- a^ tim(^ It ulti- mately came into possession of the Ellis family, during whose occupancy the entrance was somewhat enlarged, and the old wooden fence replaced by one of iron. The native hue of the brick had been improved upon Avith yellow paint. The con- version of old Bell Alhiy into an extension of Prince Street cut off" a considerable portion of the building, and it was taken down. Mr. Coo})er, the novelist, visited the Erankland house and examined it miiuitely Ix'fore he wrote " Liomd Lincoln," in which the house is described as the residence of jNIrs. Lechmere and located in Tremorit Street. Mr. Cooper talks about the "salient lions" of the tesselateil floor, into wluch a fertile im- 1G6 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTOxV. agination converted tlie peaceful swans of the Clarks. It should be observed that the eoat of arms in Co])p's Hill bears a leafless branch, and is (itherwise ditierent from tlie escutcheon of the floor. Eedford Webster, an old ]>oston apothecary, and fatlier of John White Webster, the slayer (if Dr. Parkman, also liv('(l in the house we have been describing. Next to Sir Charles Frankland, on ( iarden Court, resided Thomas Hutchinson. Under his administi'ation, as lieutenant- governor anil governor, were enacted the most turlndent scenes that i>rece(led the Ilevolution. I*}' birth a IJo.stonian, his love for office led him at length into a position of antagonism with his countryman. iJancroft descril)es him as sordid and ava- ricious, smuggling goods and usiiig every means to put money in his purse. By his townsmen he was nicknamed " .Stingy Toinmy." He held at one time the offices of lieutenant-gover- nor, mendier of the Council, connnander of the castle, judge of probate, ami cliiff justice of the Supreme Court. Dr. Franklin, in 177'2, obtaineris. The gover- nor and r;iiiiily escapi'd personal violence, l)ut an iri'eparable injury ociinivd in the destruction of the valualile library and manuscripis, — fir Hutcliiiison was a man ol' literary tastes and s(-holarly attainments. Hutchinson at lirst took refuge with liis sister at the house of J)r. Sanuiel Mather in Moon Street. 'I'lie mol>, ]io\ve\-er, demanded his person, and he was coiupelled to reticat l>y a liack way to the house of Tliomas Edes, a baker, .uuide. saim; elaborate skill as the hall just quitted. The l)usts of (leorge III. and his young (pieen wen; placed in front of a splendid mirror, with bronze lamps on each side covered with beautiful transparencies, one representing the destruction of the »S})a-nish Armada, the other giving a fine view of a fieet of I iiic-of battle ships drawn up before the Rock of (Jibraltar. On either side of the room were arches surmounted with the arms of England. The lilu'ary was hung witJi tapestry, i^epresenting the coronation of Ceorge II., interspersed with the royal arms. The portraits of Anne and the Georges hung in massive frames of antique sjjlendor, and the crowded shelves were surmounted with l)usts of the house of Stuart. In the centre of the apartment stood a table of polished oak. The gardens of the old mansion extended back to Hanover and to Fleet Streets. In 1(S34 the building was taken down, and ceased to be a noted attraction of the North End. (lovernor Hutchinson received a pension and was reimbursed for his [lecuniary losses, but died at last, it is said, of a broken heart. On Pope Day Hutchinson's effigy was often exhibited with two faces. 1G8 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Tlie Hutchinson House was built about 1710 by Thomas Hutchinson, father of the governor, who was born in it the year following. The estate was entailed to the male heirs, but was conliseated and sold for a mere song. The jnemises aft(^r- wards became the property of William Little, at whicdi time Mrs. Child visited theni. General John P. Uoyd also lived in the Hutcliinson house. He had l)een in the si^rvice t)f the native East Indian princes, with a force raised and ecpiipped by himself. iJeturning to the ITnited States, he re-entered the army as colonel of the 4th infantry, ami connnaiideil at Fort IndepiMidciice when the em- bargX) of 1809 was laid. (General lioytl distinguislied himself greatly at Tippecanoe, Williamsburg, and Fort George (buing the campaigns of 1811-13. He was naval officer of lioston in ls;'0. Fleet Street, formerly Scarlett's AVharf Lane, is another of those names by which the liostonians loved to testify thi'ir love for Old London. It is an old street, l)earing this name in 1708. From the lower end projected Scarlett's Wharf, now a part of Atlantic Avenue, while from the junction of Fleet and Xoith the latter anciently t(jok the name of Ship Stre(^t, to its termimis at flattery Wharf, from the ship-yards that linetl its course. The " King's Head," another inn of " y'' ()lden tynie," was at the northwest corner of FI(M't and North Streets, liy Scarlett's Wliarf. It belongs to the tirst- century of tlie settlement ; was burnt in l(i!)l and reliuilt. dames havenport kept it in 17').'"), and his widow in 1758. 'i'he site was long a bake house kept by doseph Austin. This neigld)orhood must bear oil' the palm for iiius, Ijeing, liefore the const iintion of Long Wliaii, the chief commercial centre of Die town. In North Sipiai'e were liai'i'acks for liritish troops at the time of the battle of Lexington. These troops were mustcre(l in tlie s([uare the night of the ex]M'dition, and sentinels, posted at ;dl the entrances, turned the citizens tVom the s})ot. The jirepara- tions for this aflair were so secretly conducted that Gage hoped his intentions woulil escape discovery until the lilow was struck. iS'o changes were made in the disjiosition of the troops, e\ce]>t to detach the grenadier (•oiupanies. Lr. Lathroji, the jtastor of FKOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NOltTH BATTERY. 169 the Old Xortli, occupied a wooden building erected on the site of his old church after its demolition, in front of wliich were some luuulsonie elm-trees destroyed by the gale of 1815. The Catholic Chapel, which stands on the east side of North Square, was long the scene of the labors of Father E. T. Tay- lor, the eloquent jM(;thodist preacher. His parishioners were the sailors tliat found themselves in port for the time being, and hnviiig liiniscH' Inlldwcd the sea, Father Tayh>r was pecu- liarly liti('(l to preach tii tiic seafaring class. His discourses were fille(l witli gnqihic ilhistnitions from the language of the ocean, and went straight to tlu^ coinj)reh(msion of liis hearers. Frequently he would havi^ his audience wrouglit up to the highest pitch of excitement by .some grajjhic picture. On one occasion a rough, weather-l)eati!n mariner l)ecame so interested in the preacher's wonderful i)ortrayal of the impending destruc- tion of a gallant vessel, that, forgetful where Iw was, he ex- claimed, — " Let go your best bower ; nothing else will save you." Father Taylor ([uickly turned the interruption to good purpose. He was chaplain to the frigate sent with supplies to the famishing Irish, and spoke in Cork and Glasgow. A daughter married Hon. Thomas Russell, Collector of Boston. Father Taylor lived in the Ijuilding at the corner of Prince Street, erected on the Frankland estnte. In 1676, Xovend)er 27, happened the greatest (ire that had occurred in tlu^ tcnvn up to this time. It broke out early in the morning nc^ar the Tied Lyon, and C(Uisume(l forty-five dwell- ings, the Old Nortlr Meeting-House, and several warehouses. The wind blew with great violenc(>, carrying flakes of fire across the river and endangering ( 'harlestown. Hu])ltard, in his His- tory of New England, says the fire occurred " through the carelessness of a boy called up to work very early in the morn- ing, who falling asleej), as was said, the candle set the house on fii"e." A change of wind from southeast to south, with a co- pious rain, arrested the flames at last. Increase Mather's dwell- ing was burned in this fire, and he then removed to the north corner of Hanover and North Bennet Streets, afterwards the home of Ptevs. Andrew Eliot and dolin Eliot. 8 170 LANDMARKS OP lioSTON. ( 'hu'k's Wharf, suljs('(|U(_!iitly Hancock's, was the most noted in tlic early history of tlie town, hut was .i;railually rivalled by Lon^- Wharf. It now coincides Avith the north side tif Lewis's Wharf, although it originally formed no ])art of it. Thomas ]Iancock was the principal proprietor in 17G1, owning seven eighths, as appears by an original statement of the income for that year. This wharf formerly oi)ened into Fish, now North Street, and John Hancock's warehouses were upon it. In June, 17G8, John Hancock's sloop Liberty arrived from Madeira loaded with wine. As she was l}'ing at Hancock's Wharf, says Drake's History, Thomas Kirk the tidewaiter came on lioard, and was fullowe(l l)y (Ja})tain John ]\Iarshall, who couiuiaiided Haiicocdc's shi[>, the London Pa(d'Cet, with live or six others. These i)ersous conlined Kirk lielow until they had removed the wine fi'om the shij), of which no entry was made at the ('ustom House. The iiext moining the master of the sloop entered, it is said, a few j)ipes of wine, and made oath it was all he Ijrought. It was r. solved to seize the vessel, and Joseph Harrison, colleetoi', and Leujamiu Ilallowidl, eoiiUjtroller, rei)aireil to the wharf and allixed "the liroad arrow." Appre- hensive of the mob wliieli had collectt'il on the wharf, the sloop was moored under the guns of the liomney frigate. Tlie exasperated people now turned Upon the oflicers, and beat anil maltreated them s(t that Mr. Harrison was for some time contined to his lieil, wlnle his son, Kichard Acklom, who was not ]>resent. in any ollieiai eiipacity, was very roughly used. Hallowell and Ir\ing, inspectors, fare(l no better. The mob broke the windows of Mr. -bihn Williams, inspector-genend, and also those of Mr. llalloweirs house, and linished l)y drag- ging the collector's boat U> the ( 'omnion, where they burnt every fragment of it. The rexcnne ollicers retired after this affair to the ('astle, wheiv they remained until the arrival of the troojts in ( )ct,ober. On tlie Itli of didy, onnnous day to I'.ritish rule, the .'Jyth I'eginieiit: landed at llaiicock's Wharf, and marcheil to the t'om- mon and encamped. When the llritish retreated from the town Miey scuttleil a new siii]> of .'iOO tons then lying at this FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 171 wharf, and left behind alxuit 1,000 Inishels of salt and 3,000 blankets. Oi)posite the head of Hancock's Wharf, which we remind our readers once extended to the present North Street, was the North End Coffee House kept in 1783 by David Porter, who advertised that he had taken the Coffee House, where " gentle- men shall be entertained in a genteel manner." This was the father of David Porter of renown, and gramlfather of the late Admiral David D. Porter. The elder Porter was himself an old ranger of the main, having commanded the privatc-arnicd vessels Aurora and Delight in the Kevolutionary War. At the, peace he took the Coffee House, located at one of the most im- portant wharves of tlie town, 1)ut soon removed to Baltimore, where he engaged in trade. The C(jffee House was occupied in 1789 by Robert Wyre, distiller, and was for some time known as the Philadelphia Coffee House. The same house was after- wards the dwelling of Jonathan Amory, and later, of Colonel John May. It had, however, a prior importance, having been built and inhabited by Edward Hutchinson, In'other of Thomas. David Porter, tlie hero of the Essex, was born, it is said, in Cliarter Street. He enteretl the navy as midshipman in 17'.)8, and fought his way to a captaincy in 1812. He was in the Constellation when she captured L'Insurgente ; first otiiccr in that busy little craft the Enterprise l)ef(jre Tripoli ; of tlu' irigate New York, under Podgers ; and of the PhiladeliJiin, under Pain- bridge, when he became a ])rison('r for eighteen niontlis. He sailed from New York in the Kssex, thirty-two guns, in July, 1812, and soon captured the IJritish sloop Alert of twenty guns, doing around to the Pacilic; he annihilated the British whale- tishery, and captured the Nocton packet with £ 1,100, sterling on board, without finding a cruiser to molest him. Blockaded by the British ships Phu'bi', and Cherub in Valparaiso, he at- tempted to get to sea, but losing some of his spars 1)y a sudden squall, was forced to anchor. Here he maintained a bloody and determined resistance until his ship w^is on lire and incapable of fighting, when his flag was hauled down. Porter afterwards commanded the Mexican navy, and idled the post of minister from his native country to Turkey. 172 LANDMARKS UF UOSTON. Returning through Fleet Street to Hanover, we find that the use of swinging signs, and carved figures for tlie slio}) fronts or liouses of entertainment is liy no means as unusual as has heen sui)posee, or Mary Ann start forth as il' in the act of lea]>ing froui the painter's window to the pav(aiient lielow. The First Universalist Church was at the corner of North Bennet and Hanover Streets. It was a, wooden building erected by seceders from the (JM Xorth, with iJev. Sanuu-l lilather for their pastor. After the decease of Mather, in 1785, the house ])assed by purchase into the hands of the Universalists. The lirst pastor of the society was the Iiev. John INIurray, the father of American Universalism, Avho, it is said, was greeted with a shower of stones when he lirst. attem[ited to })reach in Jloston. While the building stood, it was tlie last of* the old wooden churches, l)ut after ninety-six years of service it was succeeded l)y the brick edifice luiilt in LS.'iS, now a. IJaptist Seaiuen's liethel. Tlu^ lu'ick chapel, on the north side of North Bennet Street, and oidy a few paces from Hanover, was the second house of worship of the Methodists in Bostun. They lirst occupied a small wooden structure in Methodist Alley, now Hanover Ave- nue. The society, which has now such numerical slreiiglh in the land, had, it is asserted, its beginning among the British soldiers who ariive(l iu 17GH, a i\'W of whom were INIethodists. Ill IT"-' Mr. r>oar(lmaii, colleague of Fillmore, the first Metho- dist preacher sent to America l>y AVesley. Ibrmed a small society, which soon dissolved. In (ictubiT, I 7S4, lU-v. William Black, of Halifax, ])reached in the Saiideiiiaiiian ( 'hapel, oii Jhiuovtu", near ( !ross Street, and in the Second liajitist Church. The building in Methodist Alley was dedicated in May, 179G, and FROiM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 173 continued to he used by the society until Septeml )er, 1828, wlien the Nortli Eennet kStreet Chapel was dedicated. A distressing accident occurred at the laying of tlie ((irner- stone of this chapel. The floor gave way under tlic jiressure of the great munber of people attending the ceremony, and precipi- tated tlio living mass into the cellar licncath. No lives Avere lost, but many received serit)us injuries. The famous eccentric })reaclier, Lorenzo Dow, occasionally preached in the little church in Methodist Alley. He was ex- tremely theatrical in his manner, but an eflective sjieaker. In tliis small house the preacher miglit almost shake hands with liis liearers in the front seats of the gallery. The New North Churcli is one of the monuments still pre- served in the North End. Seventeen substantial mechanics foruKMl the nucleus of this, the Second Congregational Society in this part of tlie town. In* 1714 they erecteil a small Woollen building at the ciirui.'r of Clark and Hanover (North) Streets, " unassisted by the more Avealthy part of the community except liy their ])rayers and good wishes." This house reijuired enlargement, in 1730, to accom- modate its increasing congrega- \ tion ; and in 1802 was superseded liy tlie present edifice. In 1805 a bell from the foundry of Paul Eevere was placed in the tower. Jolui AVebl) was tlie hrst minister, tlie two Mathers assisting at the ordination. In 1870 tlie church was raised bodily, and moved back to conform to the increased width of tlie street, it having been sold to the Catholics a few years before. The installation of Rev. Peter Thacher, in 1719, as I\Ir. Webb's colleague, was attempted to be prevented by the minor- ity opposed to him, wlio as.sembled at the house of Thomas Lee, in Eennet Street, next the Universalist meeting-house, NEW NORTH CHURCH. 174 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. resolved to resist the progress of the minister and the eouneil wliieli met at Mr. Wehl)'s, on the corner of Nortli Bennet and 8ah'ni Streets. A crowd gatliered and matters looked serious, when J\Ir. Welib k'll his party out hy a back way to the church, thus out-manceuvring the rival i'action. The liouso of Dr. Eliot, of the Xew Nortli, is still standing. It is next but one to the nortli corner of Hanover and Ijcnnet Streets, is of wood, and appears in good preservation. On the southwest corner of North and ("lark Streets stooil, within thirty years, an ancient brick building, reputed to be over two hundred years old. It was certainly built as early as I60O, and probably dated back a few years anterior. It had l)een line of the oldest inns or (inlinaries in IJosbm, and was calleil the " Ship Tavern." It stood at the head of or opjiosite ('lark's shipyard, and was kept by John Vyal in 100.3. Vyal's was a favorite resort of tla^ King's (Jommissioners, who were sent over by ('harles II., after the restoration, with instruc- tions to visit the New England Colonies, and adjust all matters of dispute. Colonel Iiichard Nichols, a soldier of Turenne, Colonel George Cartwright, Sir Robert Carr, and Samuel Ma\'erick, the founder of East Boston, composed the comruission. Sir Bobert Carr having assaulted a constable at the Ship Tavern, (lovernor Leverett sent a letter recpiesting Sir Bobert to attend at his house to answer the complaint lodged against liiui. ( 'arr replied as follows : — S'' Vii" I ivceyvtMl last iii<^lit in answer to w"" as I am S'' Robert ( ';iir I would liave loniplyed w"' yn' dcsyies, but as I am w"" y' Kyng's ( 'oiumissioii, [ shal not grant yo' re([Uests, Ixitli in respect of his Majestyes honor and my oune duly, and rest yiuu's Boston Jan. 23. l()(i(). Kobeht Carr For Major ({eiieraf John Leverett, these * A second summons to ( -arr was received with a re|Jy more insulting in its b'lior than the liist, and tlii' bellicose commis- sioner seems to have avoided the arrest. As fir back as Vyal's proprietorship the tavern was known * Hist, and Aiiti(i. of Boston. FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 175 as the " Xoali's Ark," (li>ul)tl('ss fmiii the fancied resemblance of tlie ship on its sign to the Ark of Scripture. Ey this name it was subsequently known until its disappearance in 1 8GG, both in the proprietor's deeds and by common repute. The old Shi}) Tavern, or Noah's Ark, was probably built liy Thomas Hawkins, whose shipyard was below. It Ijecame later tlie property of Tliomas Hutchinson, fether of the governor, and was given by him to his daughter Hannah, the wife of Ifev. Samuel Mather. The original l)uilding was of two stories, to which a third was added ])y a nindcrn jiroprietor. Tlie walls were of brick, laid in the Englisli Dond, witli overhanging eaves, and rool' with projt^cting Lutlieran windows. A seam in the old front waU was attributed to the earth(piake of 16G3. It was altogether a remarkal)le specimen of the anti(|ue style of buildings, of which not a single pure specimen is now existing in Boston. Besides the tavern, Vyal carried on a brew-house, one of the first of which we find any mention, at tlie corner of Clark and Xorth Streets, where Mathews' IMock stooil. This brew- house obtaine(l a wide reputatiim Ixith in the Colonies and abroad, rivalling Burton's or Alsopp's of our day. The old tavern of Vyal was used as a barrack 1)y tlie British troops. AYhile there, a- contagion broke out among tliem which carried olf a large namber. What is now Harris Street, next noilh of Clark, was once known as White-Bread Alley, and is so laid down on the maps. It was so named from the circumstance tliat the first penny rolls ever oflered for sale in Boston were baked there by Madam Tudor. She was an Englishwoman, and began by sending her little son, afterwards Deacon John Tudor, around among the neighbors with her bread. She died at ninety, and the busi- ness was continued by her son. We next come to Salutation Street, raised in modern times from the meaner appellation of " alley " witliout any particular pretension to the dignity. Its singular name comes from the old Salutation Tavern, in former times at the corner of the alley and North Street. A grotesque sign, descriptive of the 176 LANDMAIJKS OF BOSTON. iiiectiny of two .nviitlciiicii df (he ciri, of small clothes, cocked li:its, etc., in the act of ;j,iv('tiii,L;' each other, ,na\c tlic hostelry its name. Samui'l ( Ireen kept there in 17"')1, and AViiliam Campbell in 1773. The Salutation, also called the Two Palaverers, while kejjt by ('am})bell, was the rendezvous of the famous North Knd Caucus. In the " Hundred IJoston Orators " it is stated that tins lievolutionary association originated with Warren, and tliat the resolutions for the destruction of the tea were there diawn up. It consisted at lirst of sixty-one niend)ers. l)r. John Voiing was the first })resident. When the best means of lidding Bos- ton of the regulars was under discussion, Hancock, who was a member, exclaimed, " Burn IJoston and make John Hancock a beggar, if the public good reipiires it." The word " caucus " is said to occur tirst in ( ionlon's " History of the AnK'rican Revolution," A^il. I. p. 3(35, published in 1788. He says that more than hfty years previous to his time of writ- ing, " 8a.muel Adams and twenty others in IJoston, one (.)r two from the North Eml of the town, where all the ship business is carried nn, used to meet, make a caucus, etc." from tlie fact that the meetings were held in a jiart of lloston \\ here all tlie ship business was carried on, Mr. Pickering, in his Vocal)ulaiy ( Boston, 1 (Si ()), infers that "caucus" may be a coi'ruption of " calkers," the word " meeting " lieing understood. This deriva- tion has been adopted by others. A few ste|is bring us to TSattery Street, likewise an alley in 1 708, receiving its name fi'om the North Pattei'v bi'low, to which it conducted. It foi'iiieily ran iiom ( 'liaiter Street to the Battery, but now to Hanover Street only. The lirst mention of what was afterwards calletl the Noiih Battery occurs in the records in January, 1G4 1, when a work at Merry's Point was agreed upon. There was, however, no definite action taken until 1G46, "when there appear propositions about a fortification at the North End, " att Walter INIerry's ]ioint." doliiison's " AVonder- Working ]*rovidence" speaks of the forts on (,'o])p's and Fort Hill as "the one well fortilieil on tin! superficies thereof with store of great artillery well mounted. FROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 177 The other liath a very strong battery built of whole timber and filled with earth," the latter being the North Battery. In 1706 a project was brought before the town to extend the North Battery one hundred and twenty feet, with a breadth of IWrty feet, and £ 1,000 were voted for the improvement and security of the work. John Steele had command in 1750. The town sold the North Battery to Jeffrey and Russell. It became Jeffrey's Wharf between 1789 and 1796, and is now Battery AVliarf, in memory of its ancient i)urpuses. The 52d, 43d, and 47th British reghuents, with companies of grenadiers and light infantry, embarked from the North Battery on the day of Bunker Hill, as did also the 1st Battalion of Marines, led l)y jNlajor I'itcairn, of Lexington fame, who fell a victim to tlio murderous ih'c from the fatal redoubt while gallantly urging on his men to the attack. Wlien Lord Ilowe evacuated Boston the North Battery was armed with seven twelve-pounders, two nine-pounders, and four six-pounders, — all rendered unserviceable. From its position the work commanded the entrance to Charles River as well as the Town Cove ; and was deemed of the highest military im- portance in those days of short-range artillery. Wliile in the neigh))orhood of the prominent wharves, we may appropriately refer to the long trucks once used in Boston for conveying heavy merchandise. As long ago as 1720 trucks were used, when we find, by an order regulating them, none were to be " more tlian eighteen feet long ; to employ but two horses in one team ; to carry no more than one ton at a load ; and wheel tires to be four inches wide ; the driver to go at the head of the thill horse, which he must govern by a halter to be kept in the hand." These ponderous vehicles finally disap- peared, and with them that distinctive body of men, the " Bos- ton Truckmen," wlio once formed a leading and attractive feature of our puljlic processions, with their white frocks and black hats, mounted on their magnificent truck-horses. Hardy and athletic, it would have been hard to find their equals on either side of the water. The long jiggers now used are scarcely less objectionable than the old trucks. 178 LANDMAliKS OF BOSTON. CHATTER VI. A VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. Early Sliip-Building. — Boston Sliiiiyards. — Massachusetts Frigate. — New Eiiglaiiil Naval Flag. — First Seventy- Four. — Hartt's Naval Yard. — The Clonstitution. — Her Launch, History, and Exploits. — Anecdotes of Hull, Buinhridge, and De(;atur. — Old Ironsides Pi-ebuilt. — Josiah Barker. — Nicholson. — Prehle. — Stewart. — Other Distinguished Otlicers. — Escape from the British Fleet. — Anecdote of Dr. Bentley. — Action with the Guerriere. — The Java. — Cyane and Levant. — Jielics of Old h'onsides. — A Hair of the Figure-Head. — Captain Dewey. — The Frigate Boston. — Capture of Le Berceau. — The Argus. WE Iiave now brought tlie reader among the shijiyards, which were in Itygone days a principal feature of tire Ni)rth End. The tirst ship built in the vicinity of Boston was the " Ijlcssing of the Bay," at what is now Medford. It was a bark of thirty tons ordered by (Jovernor AVinthrop, and was launched on the 4th of July, 1631. In 1 032 - 33 a " shi])pe of a hundred tunncs " was launched in the same town, so that the Medford ship- wrights seem to bear tdl the palm in cstaltlisliing this indttstry in our iicigliliorliood. The hrst mention of slii[i-l)iiildiiig in Boston occtu's in 16-40, and a hundred years later ANCIENT suip. there were on the stocks at the same tinu^ forty topsail vessels witli seven thousand tons' capacity. As early as 1645 Captain 4'liomas Hawkins built the Seafort, a, line ship of four hundred tons, at his yard at the f^ot of Clark Street ; she was lost on the coast of Spain. John Rich- ards succeeded to the yard on the north of the Ship Tavern in 1688. Clark's yard was the same in 1722. In 1708 Jo.shua A VISIT TO, :■ ix/9 Gee liad a shipyard at the foot of Copj. -j riill, and fourteen years later there were no less than six yards lying around tlie base of the hill, two below Fort Hill, and another beyond the causeway at West Boston. In 1745 was built the Massachu- setts Frigate, which, under command of Captain Edward Tyng, accompanied Sir William Pepperell's expedition against Louis- burg, where she rendered efficient service, capturing the Vigi- lant, French man-of-war of sixty-four guns, — more than double her own force. According to Captain G. H. Preble's " Notes on Early Ship-Building," " when it was designed to reduce Louis- burg, Governor Shirley directed Captain Tyng to procxire the largest ship in his power. He accordingly purchased one on tlie stocks nearly ready for launching, and made such improvements upon her that she Avas able to carry twenty-four to twenty-six guns." On her return to Boston this frigate brought Governor Shirley and lady, wlio had been to tlie theatre of war. Lbey met with a splendid ovation at the hands of the Bostonians, as we have related elsewhere. We may ajipntpriately mention liere the colors which were used on the sea l)y the colony before 1 700, a representation of which is given herewitli. The field and cross Avere red, the tree green, and the union white. The tree appears as a distinctive emblem on the coins as well as the flag. Pemberton, in his description of P)Oston, written in 1794, says : — new enoland flac " Ship-building was formerly carried on at upwards of twenty- seven dock-yards in the town at one and the same time, and cm- ployed a large number of mechanicks. In one of the yarhia, and constructed under the superintendence of Colonel George Claghorn of Xew Bedford. Captains IJarry, Dale, and Truxton of the navy agreed with ]\Ii'. Humphries upon the dimensions of the Constitution, and Mr. Humphries prejjared the drafts, moulds, and Ijuilding instru(tii)ns. Her masts and sjiais were made in the yard be- tween Cdiney's Wharf and the shipyard ; Paul Revere furnished the copper Ixilts and s])ikes, drawn from mallealde copper by a jiroct'ss then new ; and Ephraim Thayer, who had a shop at the South End, made the gun-carriages for the frigate. He after- wai'ds made those used on the gunboats built under Jetferson's administration. Isaac Harris, who worked as an apprentice in the niast-yanl in 1797, put new sticks into the frigate during the wai' iif 181l!. To him is said to belong the honor of first applying in this country the important improvement of making shijis' masts in sections. He constructed the first sliears used at the Navy Yard at C'harlestown for placing the heavy masts of war-vessels in position. A brave act is recorded t>f him in connection with the Old South, and we shall presently .dlude to him in connection with a very cele- lirated flag-raising. The anchors of the Con- stitution were made in Hanover, Plymouth ( 'ounty, Mass. Mr. Hartly of P.oston, father of a subse- quent naval constructor, assisted Colonel Clag- horn ; aiul Captain Nicholson, who was a})- pointed her first commander, exercised a general supervision, in wdiich he was aided by General Jackson and Major Gibbs of Poston. Under the orders of Colonel (Taglnn-n, Edmund Hartt was the master carpenter. Tlie frig- ate's sails were made in the Old Granary, at tlie corner of l\irk and Tremont Streets, where now stands Park Street Church. CONSTITUTION S FIG- URKllKAD CARRIED IN THK WAR OF 1812. A VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 183 No other building in Boston was large enniigh. The Messrs. Skillings of Boston were the carvers of the tigure-heail and stern ornaments and of the cabin. She first carriotl at her prow a fig- ure of Hercules with uplifted clul). This was shot away before Tripoli, and seems to have been exchanged at the beginning of 1812 for a Neptune, which is alluded to in the old song, — " By the Tri to view." At length came the 20th September, 1797, the day on wliicb Colonel Claghorn had announced that he would launch the Constitution. People poured into the town from all quarters. The day was pleasant, but cold, and the neighboring wharves were crowded with sj)ectators, who received warning that the passage of the vessel into the water would create a swell that might endanger their safety. About six hundred people went over to Noddle's Island, where they could obtain a fine view of the expected launch. At high water, twenty minutes past eleven, the signal was given, but the shi}) only movt'd aliout eight feet. Her colors were then lowered, and the assembled multitude dispersed with disappointment and anxious forel)od- ings. Owing to an accident to the lhiite(l Stntes, launched at Phil adelphia, by which she ran off the ways an hour before it was intended, damaging her keel and injuring several people, the ways of the Constitution were laid too level, to prevent a simi- lar accident. Part of the site of Hartt's yard was natural, and part artificial ; the latter sank under the immense weight. The 184 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. vessel might have been forced off, but tlie constructor decided nut to attempt a lucasTire so hazardous. On Friday, the 22d, a second eli'ort Av^as made to get the frigate afloat. She moved a httle and tlien stuck fast. Grave doubts were now expressiMJ as to th(! practicabihty of moving her, and the " ill-fated ship," as tlie superstitious now regarded her, remained seemingly tixed in lier position. Saturday, October 21, a third attem])t was made, the high tides having allbrded an opj^ortunity of completing the ways. The day was lowering and cold, with an easterly wind. But few people assembled, the general Ijelief being that this would, like the other attempts, prove abortive. A few dignitaries, specially invited, gathered within the narrow limits of the yard. At half past twelve p. m. all was ready. "And at the mast-head, White, blue, and red, A flag unrolls the stripes and stars." Commoilore James Sever stood on tlie lieel of the bowsprit, and, according to the usage of the time, l)a[)tized the shi[) with a bottle of choice old Madeira from the cellar of Hon. Thomas Eussell, a leading Boston merchant. A few invited guests, among whom were some ladies, stood on the \'essers deck. At last, at the given signal, — "She starts, — she moves, — she seems to feel The thrill of life along her keel ; And, sjiui'ning with her foot the ground. With one exulting, joyous hound. She leaps into the ocean's arms ! " "We have extracted the following incident of the launch from the manuscript of Captain Prelde's " Tfistory of the Flag" : — "We are glad to be able to record ilie iiaine of llic person who lirst, hoistery. Loammi Baldwin, engineer of the Dry Dock, also assisted at the ceremony. The frigate was entirely dismantled and dis- masted, with all her gingerbread-work stripped off preparatory to a thorongh overhauling. Tier bull presented a most venera- ble appearance, the bottom being covered with mussels, many of which were gathered as relics. Here she was rebuilt by Josiali Barker, the eminent naval constructor of the Vermont and Virginia shiiis-of-the-line, the frigate Cumberland, shtoits-of-war Marion, Cyane, Bainbridge, and many others. Mr. Barker's first shipyard occupied the site of the present Navy Vnrd. There is now in this yard one of the famous umbrellas, used to warp the frigate away from Broke's squadron, in duly, 1812. The Constitution first moved under canvas July 20, 1798, proceeding to sea August 1 3. The roll of her commanders em- 18(> LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. l)r;iccs ill their order Samuel Nicholson, who liad been a lieu- tiinaut with Paul Jones in his action with tlie Serapis ; Edward Prehle, styltul " tlie fatlier of our navy," who had served in the old Protector and Wintliroji. and wlio in 1804 gallantly laid ()1(1 Ironsides under the walls of Trijjoli ; Isaac Hull, fourth lieutenant of the old ])ark in her iirst cruise, executive officer in ISdO, and linally in 1812, as commander, the victor in the finious action with the (luerriere ; William Eainbridge, a tried orticer of the old navy, captured in the Philadelphia at Tri}ioli in 1803, and sul)se(|uently conqueror in December, 1812, of the Ja^'a., Uritish frigate ; Charles Stewart, who closed the war so gloriously lor his Hag by the capture of two Pritish frigates, the ( 'yane and Levant. This action was fought on a Ijeautiful moonlight evening ofl' Madeira after })eace was concluded, but by the terms of the treaty the capture was legalized. Pesides these names, so illustrious in tlie pages of naval war- fare, the Constitution was commanded a short time in 1804 by the lirave but ill-fated Decatur; by John Kodgers ; by Jacob -bines ; by T. jNIacdonough, J. D. Elliott, and others, whose deeds have jiassed into history. The lu'ave Lawrence, gallant David P(u1er, ('harles Ludlow, and Charles Morris have served in her as lirst-lieutenaiits, while Isaac Chauncey was a master commandant, and Shubrick a lieutenant. The latter officer, [iromoted to rear-admiral, was tlie last survivor among the olUcers of the battle with the < 'yane and Le\ant, in whicli he was engaged. The first crew of the Constitution were, with few exceptions, natives of Massachusetts. Her career and exploits are as fa- miliar as lioiisehold words. No ship was ever so loved by a nation, not even the famous old Victory of Nelson. ( lond hick imrsued her without the intervention of the horse-shoe which Nelson carried nailed to his mast-liead. "Aye, jiut lier ato]) on the log-liook of fame. Her voice alway.s roared from tlie \aii. When she bore down in thunder and darluiess ami rtame, Ora.sli foundering eacli foe tliat liefore tier came, Tile old sailors' love flashes up at her nanie, Foi- her yards Yount; Americans man." A VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 187 The first cruise of Old Ironsides under Nicholson and the second under Talhot are vend of any interesting featui*es, and it was not untU Preble conmiandccl lier in the Mediterranean, in 1803, that she fired a liroadside at an enemy. Cooper says that Preble was appointed to the Constitution as first lieutenant under Commodore Nicholson, but got relieved, his relations with his commander not being cordial. Preble hdistwl his fiag on board the Constitution, May 21, 1803. The ship, having been lying in Drdinary for ten months, was unfit for immediate service, and the commodore caused a thorough over- hauling of the vessel to be made, personally scrutinizing every rope and timber in her. Ihider liis orders she achieved her early reputation, and was, when ]u' turn('(l her over to Decatur, a ship to be proud of. After lying some time in President's Roads taking in powder, etc., the Constitution weighed anchor and sailed on her famous cruise to the Mediterranean, Sunday, August U, 1803. Her escape from the British squadron in -Inly, 1812, was due to Yankee ingenuity. The method ])y which this was accom- plished is, it is believed, understood by few. The Constitution carried two umbrellas, so called, made of stout spars attached to a central one precisely like an umbrella frame. These were covered with canvas, and were capable of being expanded or closed ; the weight of the iron-work caused them to sink. While the becalmed British vessels were towing with tlieir Itoats, Hull caused his umlu'cllas to lie carried out aliead and warped his vessel up to tliem, so contriving, that while one was being hauled in the other was being put in position. In this way, he left his j)ursuers astern before they discovered the means employed to escape them. Tliese umbrellas are now in the Charlestown Navy Yard, where, -it is hoped, they may be preserved with care. The Constitution ran into Marblehead on Sunday. While Dr. Bentley, pastor of the Second Chur(di at Salem, was in the midst of his sermon, some one called out under the window of the church, " The British fieet is chasing the Con- stitution into Marblehead." The minister instantly dismissed 188 LAXDMARKW OF lioSToN. liirf congrc^i^iitiou, seized his liat, and ran nut uf the cluurli, iV>l- lowiug- the men and canndii Inwards tlie scene of actii>n. J'>ein,L,f a short, thick-set man, and tlie mer(;ury at eighty-five, tlie good doctor soon gave out, Avlien lie was lifted astride one of the cannon, and in this way pmceeded to the heach. Dr. IJentley was a Ijoston Ijoy, graduate and tutor at Harvard, and for a long time an editor of the Salem Gazette and Salem Eegister. The folldwing anecdotes of Hull are printed in Miss (,)uincy's Memoir : — "Toward evening mi tlie 2!)tli ui August, 1812, a frigate (recog- nized as the Constitution) caiue in under full sail and dropped her anchor heside Rainsford Island, — then the (piarantine groiuul. The next morning a Meet ol' arnie(l ships appeared off Point Aldeiton. As they ra]>idly ap]iriiathe(l, the Constitution was ol)serve(l to raise her anchor and sails and go boldly forth to meet tlie apjiarent enemy ; but as the frigate passed the leader of the Heet, a friendly recognition was exchanged instead of the expected broadside. They joined company, and the Constitution led the way to Boston. It was the squadron of C^ommodore Rodgers returning unexpectedly from a long cruise. "A few days afterwaids, Ilidl, who had just taken tlip ( Jueriieie, came with Decatur to breakfast at Quiiicy. When tliis incident was mentioned, Hull said, ' I must acknowleili^e 1 participated in the apprehensions of my friends on shore, 'fhiiikiug myself safe in ])ort, I told my otticers to let the men wash their clothes, and get the shi[) in order to go up to Boston ; and being excessively fatigued, went to my stateroom. I was sound asleep wlieii a lieutenant rushed down, exclainung, ' Ca])tain, the British aic upon us! — an armed fleet is entering the harbor ! ' No agreeal>le intelligence, certainly : for I was wholly un]ire])ared to engage with a su])erior force, lint deternuned to sell our lives as dear as T couhl, T ^ave orders to clear the ilecks, weigh anchor, and get ready for immediate action. I con- fess I was greatly relieved when I saw the American flag and recog- nized Rodgcis.' In speaking of the conflict with the GucriieVe, he said, ' 1 do not mind the day of battle ; the excitement cairies one through : but the day after is feari'id ; it is so dreadhd to see my men wounden a Sunday, about, noon, from this cruise. Tho sliip was soon surroundcil liy boats eager to learn the news, wliidi was communicated to the first that came alongside. Instantly the word was passed to the (itlu'r boats, " The Constitution lias captured the ( Juorriere ! " The men cheered, swung their liats, and spread tlie joyful tidings to tlu^ shore, wliere thousands gathered on the wharves took up the refrain until it echoed from one extremity of the town to the other. "On Brazil's coast she ruloil the voast Wlien Bainliriilge was her captain ; Neat hammocks s>ive, made of the wave, Dead Britons to be wrajijied in." Bainbridge, who succeeded Hull in the command of the Con- stitution, next fought a well-contesteil action with the Java on tlie coast of IJrazil, December 29, bringing his own ship victo- riously out of tlie hglit. The Java, indeed, only struck her Hag after the loss of every mast and sjiar, bowsprit included. Her gallant cinnmander, Lam1)ert, was mortally wounded. The disal)led condition of his prize, with the great tlistance from our own shores, compelled I>aiid)ridge to destroy the Java, as Hull had destroyetl the (iuerrier(\ When the officers of the Java left the Constitution at St. Salvador, they expressed the warm- est gratitude for the humane and generous treatment they had experienced. Uainbridge returned to T5oston I'rom tliis cruise, arri\'iiig on the liith of Felu'uary. He was received on landing by a salute of artilli'ry, and a procession was formed at Faneuil Hall headed ]>y the " I>oston Light Tnfmti'y " and " Winslow Idues," which escorted the commodon^ to the Exchange ( 'oifee House, wliere the com])any sat down to a superb banquet. Hull and b'odgers walked with Bainbridge in tlie procession, ami shaivd the aji- ]i]ause bestowed uiion him. At the dinner (iovernor (lore ])re- sided, assisted by H. G. Ctis, Israel Thorndike, T. L. AVinthrop, William Sullivan, and others. The Legi.slature Inung in session j)asst^d complimentary resolutions. The commodore, with some of his officers, visited the Federnl A VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 191 Street Theatre, where they were inimediately recognized ])y the audience, which rose up as if by one iiiij)ulse, while chei^r upon cheer shook the house from pit to dome. The veteran Cooper, who on that night was playing Macbeth, flung his bonnet in tlie air and joined in the applause. In June, 1813, Stewart was appointed to command her, ami proceeded to sea December 30, although Boston was then block- aded l)y seven of the enemy's ships. She returned in Ai)ril, 1814, and was chased into Marblehead by the frigates Tene- dos and Junon. The (!ountry was alarmed, and the local militia from Newburyport to Boston marched to defend the frigate ; one Boston company, the New England (luards, ])ro- ceeded as far as Charlestown, when tliey learnc(l that tlic ]iursuit had been abandoned. They then lound that their cariridge- boxes were empty. In December, 1814, Stewart sailed on Ins second cruise and encountered, February 28, ofi' Madeira, tlie British frigates Cyane and Levant, which were both captured after a contest in which the Constitution was handled Avith consummate skill by her commander. Of the prizes, only the Cyane snc(;eeded in reaching the United States, the Levant l)(nng nn-aptured by Sir George Collier's squadron, Avhich suddenly appeared off Port Praya, where Old Ironsides was quietly lying with her captives. All three vessels were compelled to cut their cables and iiin for it. The Cyane arriving first at New York, great anxiety was felt for the Constitution, and on her arrival at that port on the ir)th of May, 1815, the sliip and commander were greeted with the utmost enthusiasm. On the 4th of July, 1828, Old Ironsides returned from a long cruise in the Mediterranean to the place of her nativity. As she passed up to the Navy Yard, the roar of her guns mingled with the echoes from the Castle and from Constitution Wharf, the place of her birth. The guns were firing peaceful salutes instead of round shot and grape, but the presence of the idohzed frigate gave additional ecJat to the national holiday. It was at one time decided to break her up, and orders had actually been issued to this effect. The destruction of her old VX2 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. timbers seemed like an act of sacrilege, and gave rise to Holmes's miich admired lines expressive of the universal feeling of con- demnation. To the poet's impassioned outlnirst is due the preservation of the Constitution on the roll of the American Navy : — "0, better tliat lier sliattered liviU Should sink beneath the wave ; Her thunders shook the mighty deep, And tliere should be her grave. Nail to the mast her holy Hag, Set every threadlxire sail, And give her to the god of storms. The lightning, and tlie gale." From the old timbers were made a nundier of relics which have no doubt been highly jirized l)y their possessors. i\Ir. Barker, tlie constructor, sent ii cane to Joshua Ilumpliries, her original designer. In 183G a beautiful coach was liuilt entirely of the wood of the old frigate at Amherst, ]\Iass., intended as THE CONSTITUTION HAULED UP ON THE WAV.?. a New- Year's present to General Jackson from several gentlemen of Xew York City. Coniniodiirc Hull presented canes from the original wood to rresidcni Jackson, Mr. Van Buren, and Mr. I'oiiiset-t at the time the ship was docked. A VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 193 , The captiiivil flags of the ('yaiie, Levant, CTuerriere, and Java are in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, but of her origiual battery, before which the " wooden Avails of Old England " went down, no traces have been found. One of the guns was dented by the enemy's shot ; but we have reason to apprehend that these dogs of war were broken up and treated as so much old iron. The Constitution carried out Ministers Barlow and Cass to France, and brought home Mr. Livingstone and family. Her flag has Ijeen seen in nearly every sea, and her deck has been trod by many noble personages. In 1822, wliile in the Medi- terranean, she was visited Ijy Lord Ijyron, who, while endeavor- ing to preserve his incognito, was much embarrassed at finding all the officers on deck in full uniform to receive him. Lord Byron was accompanied by Count (iamba, father of the Count- ess (luiccidli. A beautifully Ixtund volume of his poems was lying on the cabin table, which he took up with evident j)]easure at the delicate compliment implied. An eiusode of this visit caused Byron to remark, " that he would rather have a nod from an American than a snuff-box from an emperor." This is in pleasing contrast with the surly saying of Johnson, — "I am willing to love all mankind <\\cept an American." At this time (Jommodorc Jacob Jones flew his broad pennant on board the old craft. After Old Ironsides had emerged a new ship from Mr. Bar- ker's hands, there happened to her an adventure that awakened at the time the most intense excitement in Boston, and which, from its pecidiar aspects, was soon communicated all over the seaboard. This was known as the " Att'air of the Figure- Head." Andrew Jackson was President, and hail l)een greeted with the consideration due his official statiiin during his visit to Boston of the previous year. Under this outward courtesy, however, was an undercurrent of political antagonism, apparent enough in the pidJic prints of the day. Cheers were raised for Mr. Clay in Faneuil Hall at the time of Ceneral Jackson's re- ception there. The old political party which controlled Boston was putting on the new title of " Whig," under which it subse- quently fought. Not even the LL. I), conferred upon the Pres- 194 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. iili'iit at TIarvard cnuM rccdiicilc, the, ojipositinn with the acts of Ills adiiiiiiistratidii. The appearaure of the frigate (\iDstitntion, therefore, with a figure-head of Presitlent -laekson was greeted with a storm of disapproval When it was known tliat it was tlie intention of Commodore Jesse 1). ElHott, the theu eommander of tlie Navy Yard, to tlius ornament the frigate's l)Ows, and that Lahan S. IJeeelier, the well-known JJoston carver, was at work upon it, threats were freely made tliat she would not he allowed to go to sea with the ohuoxious image. Large brihes were also offered to the artist to destroy his work, hut he remained true to his employers, working on the hgure-head in his garret, which served alike as his att'Iiir and citadel. Alarmed, however, by the menaces against Beecher, and thinking the head no longer safe in his custody, Commodore Elliott caused its removal by an armed boat's crew to the Navy Yard, where it was placed in the engine-house and finished by Beecher at his leisure. The figure represented the President in the Hermitage scene, holding in his hand a scroll with the motto, " The Union it must be preserved." Beecher was also engaged upon the busts of Hull, Bainl)ridge, and Stewart for stern ornaments of the frigate. The graven image was placed at the Constitution's stem, but on the 3d of July (1834) Avas discovered to have been muti- lated, — the hea, President Adams appointed Captain (J(>orge Little, of INIassaehusetts, to command her. June 12 she liaulcd into the stri'ani, and sailc(l on her lirst cruise July L'l, IT'.'U. She was declared to Ix-. one of the handsomest ves- sels that ever tioated. The names of tliosc persons who contributed to build the Boston are worthy of preservation. A notice ajipeared in the (V'utinel of June 27, 17'J(S, that a subscription would be opened in the chamlier over Taylor's Insurance Office (corner of 8tate and Killiy Streets) at one o'clock, "where those wdio wish to join in this testimonial of public s})irit " might affix their sig- natures. At this meeting $ 115,250 was raised, of Avhich Hon. William I'liillips gave $ 10,000. This subscrijitiou was sulise- (pieutly in.reased to .f 130,000; the frigate cost 1137,009. I)avid Sears, Stephen Higginson, Eben Parsons, John ( 'odnian, doseph ( 'oolidge and Son, Theodore Lyman, l!oot ami Pratt, and Thomas Dickinson gave $ 3,000 each. Samuel Parkman and Sanniel Elliott gave $4,000 each. Benjamin Joy, James and T. 11. Perkins, Thomas Walley, John Parker, Stephen Hig- ginson, dr., Abiel Smith, and Thomas C Amory arc down for •iLoOO each. St. Andrew's Lodge gave $1,000. Benjamin anil Xathaniel Ooddard and Josiah Quincy gave $500. The givers of smalk'r sums aiv not less deserving of mention, but ai-e too numerous for our limits. The Pjoston got to sea during the hostilities with France, and soon distinguished herself on the West India station by cap- turing Le: Pjcrceau, a ship of twenty-four guns and two hundred and twenty men ; Les Deux Anges, ship of twenty guns ; three barges, and three unarmed jirizes. At this time she was one of ( "oiniiiodori' Tal])ot's sijuadron. The next year, under command ol' Caiilain McNeil, the I'.ostou carried a minister to France iiiid joiiieij the Meililerranean Meet. A VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 197 ('aptain Little brouglit Le Berceaii, liis prize, into Boston early in November. The Frenchman was completely dismasted in the enj^^agement, but was repaired and restored to the French under treaty sti[)nlations. For circumstances attending this ca})ture, Captain Little was court-martialled, the court sitting on board the ('(institution, but was honorably acquitted. In her action with Le Lerceau the Boston had four killed and eight wounded. The French prisoners were conBned at the Castle. In 1812 the Bdston was reported unworthy of repair, and in 1814, when tlie British were advancing on Washingtim, she was burned to prevent her falling into the enemy's hands. The brig Argus, sixteen guns, two liundred and twenty-six tons, was built at Hartt's yard in 1803, at a cost of $37,420. She was designed by Mr. Hartly. In August, 1813, having lauded Mr. Crawford, our Minister to Franci', at Havre, she })roceeded to cruise oif the Fnglish and L'ish coasts, ami cap- tured and burnt so many vessels that the Irish declared the Channel was all abhize. Between the Shannon and the Liifey she captured twenty vesstds, most of which were burnt. On the 14th August, 1813, the Argus fought and was caittured by the British brig Pidican, of twenty-one guns. Lieutenant Wm. H. Allen of the Argus was nmrtally wounded early in the conflict ; he was Decatur's first lieutenant when he took the ]\Lxcedonian. The Argus had also been a busy cruiser during th(^ war with Tripoli. Buth Hull and Decatur had connuanded her. 198 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. CHAPTER VII. COPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. Copp's Hill. — British Works. — Ancient Arch. — Wm. Gray. — Old Ferry, — Rt'iiiiiiisceiices of Bunker Hill. — The Cemetery. — Curious Stones, Epitaphs, etc. — Old Funeral Customs. — Charter Street. — Sir Wni. Phii)s. —John Foster Williams. —John Hull. — Colonial Mint. —Christ Church. — Revere's Night Bide. — The Chimes. — The Vaults, — Legends of. — Major Pitcairn. — Love Lane. — North Latin School. — Prince Street. — Salem Church. — North End Heroes. — Captain Manly. — Massachu- setts Spy. — First Baptist Cihurch. — Second Baptist Church. — Draft Riot, LS(33. WE pursue our way, after oiu" long halt among tlie ship- yards, around the hase of Copp's Hill. Tlie hill itself is the early Mill Eirld df l(l:>2 and later, so called hecause the windmill u.sed to grind tlie settlers' omi was brought from Cam- hridge in this year and j)laced upon the .summit. Tliis was the lust windmill erected in the town. The a})pearance of Copp's Hill, which name is from William ( "oi)p, an early posse.ssor, is very diH'erent to-day from wliat it was in 1800. At that time the hill tcrniiiiatcil aluiiptly on the northwest side in a rugged cliir almost inacci'ssililc I'rom the water-side. Southerly, the ground Ji'U away in an easy descent to tin' hottom of Nortli Scpiarc and the shore of the ]\Iill Pond, while to the eastward a gradual slope conducted ti> the North 15attery. The beach at the foot of the heatUand, o|)posite Charlestown, was made into a street with earth taken froiu the summit of the hill, which was where Snow-llill Street now crosses it. This made Lynn Street, — now Atlantic Avenue e.xteiisiou, — and afforded a continuous route along the water. Going north, the rising ground at Kichmond Street indicates the beginning of the ascent. The hill has been known as Wind- mill Hill and as Snow Hill; but our ancestors were never at a COPPS HILL AND THE VICINITY. 199 ANCIENT MILL. loss for names, as appears in the redundancy of their street nomenclature. The foot of the hill, at the northeasterly side, went in old times by the name of New Guinea, on account of its being exclusively inhabited by blacks. A representation is here given of the kind of windmill used by the first settlers of Boston. Its architecture difters entirely from the mills used by the French in Canada, the old stone mill at Xewi)ort, or of the western set- tlements of the French. It is a copy of one set up at West Boston, the de- sign for which may have been brought from the Low Countries. The work erected by the British from wliich they bombarded the Americans on Bunker Hill and set fire to Charlestown, was on the summit of the eminence, near the southwest corner of the Burial Ground. It was a small affair, consisting, when it was visited in the following year (1776), of only a few barrels of earth to form parapets. Three twenty-eight pounders, mounted on carriages, were left s])iked within. The battery was cover(;d by a small earthwork to the rear designed for the infintry. Traces of these works remained until the summit was levelled in 1807. At the foot of Henchman's Lane, when the work of excava- tion was proceeding at this point, there was uncovered an arch built of brick, of large dimensions, with an opening at the water side. Thc>re was origlually a high bank at this place, — the arch sjianning the then Lynn Street aird communicating with the cellar of a house on the north side. Sixty odd years ago, when digging for the foundation of the houses on. the east side of the street, the remains of the arch were found, and are still to be seen in the cellar of the house opposite Henchman's Lane. Those who examined it while it was intact are of the opinion that it was intended as a place of concealment for smugglers and their contraliand goods. Many speculations were indulged as to its origin and its uses, the tlieory that it was a retreat for 200 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. pirates l)i'iiin' ilio favoritu one. 'J'iinc lias disclosed that it was Imilt by a ( 'ajitaiii (hnieliy during the French wars, and used as a iilace of deposit for captured goods. Perha])S the captaiii was a IVee trader, or htted out privateers to prey upon the commerce of the French king. (Jruidiy was a suhseipient owner of Sir William Phips's house, his hind running down the hill to the water's edge.* He built him a wharf of two captured vessels, which he sunk for the purpose. These old arches were a uni(pie feature of Old Poston, and doubtless began to be built altout the time Ilandolph made the attemjit to collect the king's excise. Another is noted built liy Edward Hutchinson from his house on North Street. Lynn Street is described in 1708 as from the North Battery northwesterly to the F"erry-way at Hudson's Point ; it retained this name until after 182S. ] before it Avas built into a thor- oughfare this street was only a narrow way around the lieach. Ilt^nchman's Lane is coeval witli Lynn Street in receiving its name, wliich was from ( 'ajitain l)aiii<'l Henchman, father of tlie bookseller, who liveil within its precincts. We next come to Foster Street, in the lower jiart of which was formerly the cannon and bell foundry of Paul Pevere. U}) to the time of the establishment of these works both cannon and bells were impoi'ted ; Init lievere cast lirass guns success- fully, and some of his bells still hang iii our steeples. Hollow- ware, stoves, and a \ariety of articles for domestic use Avere manuficturcd at this foundry, erected jnwious to 17!>4. The rain had l)ecn falling as AVe continued our walk through the filthy street along the water. The air was lillcil with the stench arising under the Avarm sun IVom tlie niml and garbage of the gutter, and from every door and window i f the over- crowded tenements peereil forth a. swarm of dirty humanity. Some one has called the L'i.sh the finest peasantry in the Avorld, ])ut perliaps lie had not seen them herded together in our cities. Musing on these disenchanting features of our antiipiarian ]iur- suit, we cast our eyes upward in the direction of ( 'lirist ( 'hurch steeple, Avhich ser\'es us as a guide and beacon, — * Tlie jsliiiie eiiil (if tlic tuniirl \v;is trnccif to the ctdlar of tlifsc iireiniscs. COPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 201' " AikI lo ! from nit a dirty alley, Wliere pigs and Irish wont to rally, I saw a crazy v/onian sally, Bedaubed with grease and mud." The reader knows what a trifle will suffice to collect a crowd in tlie city. Let a single individual stop in one of our crowded thorougld'ares and gaze intently in any direction, he will bo instantly surrounded by a curious, gaping nudtitude. We ([uickeiu'd ciur [)ace, and left beliind us the throng gathering around tlic jioor creature crazed with drink, blaspheming, and tearing lier hair by handfuls. In this niananivre we were antici- pated by a prudent policeman who turned the corniu- in our front. Tiie new Public Park under Copp's Hill takes in Gray's AVliarf, built by Hon. William Gray, better known by the so- briqu(!t of " P.illy." P)eginniiig at the lowest round of the ladder, lie climbed to the highest mercantile eminence, and at the time of his death, in 18:^5, was tin; largest ship-owner in America, perlun)s in the world. He was the owner at one time of sixty S([uare rigged vessels, whose sails whitened every sea. Mr. Gray, after acting in the State Legislature, was elected lieu- tenant-governor with Elbridge (Jerry in 1810. He was a Dem- ocrat in politics, sustaining the embargo, notwitlistanding it inflicted a heavy loss upon him. He lived in Summer .Street, in the mansion previously occupied by Govcrmir Sullivan. There were few to whom the face of the old merchant was not familiar. He was an early riser, and performed a consid- erable amount of work before breakfast. Alfal)le in intercourse, unostentatious in manner, Mr. Gray was also a man of practical benevolence. He aided the government largely in 1812, and it is said but for him the Constitution would not have got to sea and electrified the nation by her exj>l(iits. Mr. Gray was the first president of tlu^ State Bank, the first democratic bank- ing institution that obtained a charter in Massachusetts. After the Treaty of Ghent, Mr. CJray presided over a pulilic dinner given to John Quincy Adams, at which the venerable patriarch, John Adams, was also present. Mr. Gray's old homestead in Salem afterwards became the Essex Coffee House. Benjamin Goodwin, mentioned in the preceding chapter in 9" 202 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. connection witli the .seventy-four, lived in a lionse between Charter and Lynn Streets extending from one street to the otlier. rioodwin's Wharf extended from a point opposite Iris hiiuse, and was sixty to eighty rods east of tlie hridge. He cari'ied on a distillery, bake-house, and blacksmith-shop. The premises were seized by order of the British general, and occ\i- pied liy his tr(i0})S at the time of the battle of Bunker Hill. The s(jldiers afterwards wantonly destroyed much of the })rop- erty and some of the buildings, Mr. CTOodwin's damages being estimated at £ 1,500, lawful money. Hudson's Point, tlie extreme northwest point of the town, was named from Francis Hudson, the ferry-man. It is lirst called " y*^ Mylne Point," in the grant of the ferry to Thomas Marshall in 1G35. At this point Avere estaldislied both the ferries to ('harlestown and Chelsea. To be exact, the Ferry- way Avas, in 1720, l)etween Mr. Gee's and Hudson's Pcjint, and Mr. Joshua Gee, the bcjat-builder, owned the present property of the Gas Company, his residence being in Prince Street, a short distance from his yard. This Mr. Gee was also owner of a large tract on Copp's Hill, between Charter, Prince, and Snow- Hill Streets. The town voted in 1720 to move the General Court to take action ab(_iut a Ijridge at this place, but no action followed. Among the reminiscences of the old Ferry, besides being the probable landing of Winthrop's comi)any and the ])lace where the tii'st white woman jumpeil ashore, it is noteil as the point of del)arkation for tlie Ihitish wounded IVom liunkei' Hill. Their admitted loss in tliis battle was two huiidreil ami twenty- six killed, eight hun(lrei,iiod night." Many iif tlie inseriptions are in rude contrast with the beau- tifully chisrlli'd armoi'ial Ix'ariugs here seen, as in King's Chapel ( iround. tlie liest exeeuted sperimeus of mortuary seulpture being usually imported iVom England. 8ome of the stones are indeed jirimitive, being little more than solid bloeks, — massy, and scarce shaped into form, (^luaiut insn'i])tiiius, the traditiomd death'sdiead and hourglass, gi'eet you on every liaiid. ^lany of the older inseriptions ai-e illegilile, — what wonder, after more than two hundred years' coufliit with the elements ! Is the spirit which prompted the jiimis work of (_)lil jNIortality e.xtin- guislied in our historieal institutions 1 The singular juxtaposition of names strikes the reader of the headstones in ('op])'s Hill. Here re])ose the ashes of Mr. John Milk and Mr. William lleer ; of Samuel Mower and Tlieodnria Hay; Timothy ( iay and Hanie] (JraAes ; of Elizabeth Tout and 'i'homas Si-oot. Here lie ( 'Iiai'ity llrown, I'^lizabeth Searlet, and Marcy White ; .Ann K'uby and I'jinly Stoiie. 'I'he nld fimiliar North End names nvc here lui every side. Tlie Huguenot Sigoui'iieys ; the (irays, of rojie-makiug fame ; tlie .Abiuiitlbrts, claiming descent from the Norman ('ompiest. k.dmund llartt, builder of the Constitution; Deacon jNIoses (iraiit and ]\laJor Seward of llevolutionary memory, and a, liost o|' othei's who go to swell th(^ ranks of tlie unnumliered dead. On the Charter Street side, near the northeast corner of the ground, once grew a beautiful weeping willow, drooping grace- COPP'S HILL AM) THE VICINITY. 207 fully over the monument of Joshua Ellis. This willow came from the grave of the great Corsican at St. Helena. It was ruined by a gale in 1888. Interments are now restricted to the tombs, and if we except the occasional pilgrimage of a stranger, the cemetery seems to be the common playground of the children of the neighborhcjod. By levelling a range of old rookeries, on the Charter Street side, a fine view was opened across Charles River, embracing the monument and s})ires of Charles- town, with the dismantled war-ships moored in ,h lay in a position where she swejit Charlestown Neck with her guns, thus preventing reinforce- ments passing over to the Americans, and harassing their retreat from the hill. An American ofticer told Putnam no one could cross that Neck and live ; nevertheless it is stated, on the au- thority of Major Eussell, that a number of Boston school-boys crossed and recrossed duriu'j- the battle. 208 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. The (Glasgow was alsn (inc of tlio licet that lirnught tlic Brit- ish troops to Boston in 17(IS. The cngniving is from an (iriginal (h-awing, and siiows the stylt; (it naval architecture in tlie last century. Out of this trancpiillity we can with difticulty conjure up the scene of carnage that once raged upon the hillside yon- der. Tlie still, starry night that jn'cceded the hattle, wlien a thousand men, stacking tlieir tireliicks, with mattdck and spade threw up the lirst ram- part (if the licvdlutidii. (Irid- ■y, tlie veteran engineer, marking out the works upon the wet turf, with Poincroy, THE (;lasi,ay. This, with a similar illumination on Fort Hill, was paid for by the province, together witli thirty- two gallons of rum and much beer for the p(>oj)l(^ Charter Street, wdiicli makes the northern boundary of tlm cemetery, takes its name from theC barter of King William III. Tnder it Maine, Plymouth, and ^Massachusetts formed a sillgl(^ 1 .ovincial government. The name has stood since 1708. Sir William Phips's name is closely identifie(l with the street, both as a resident and for having l)een the first governor under the uew chartcn". His residence was at the westerly (;or- ner of Salem and Charter Streets, which long went by the name of Phips's Corner. The house was of ])rick, altere(l liy the addition of a third story in the present century, and was use(l in 1830 as an Asylum for Indigent Boys. The governor's name is remembered in Phips Place, near at hand. Governor Phips's origin was ol)Scure. An apiirentice to a ship-carpenter in early youth, he is naturally found among his craftsmen of the Xorth End. He received knighthood for the recovery of £ .300,000 of treasure, in 1687, from a sunken Spanish galleon, near the Bahamas, all of which he turned over to the English government, receiving £ 10,000 as his share. He made two expeditions against Canada in 1090, — N 1210 LANPMAKKS OF JiOSTON. one against Quebec, resulting unsuccessfully, and another in which liis tieet captured Port Royal. It is said he received liis appiiintmcnt through the influence of Increase Mather, while the doctor was agent for the colony in England. The occasion of the govern(ji''s arrival in Boston, May, 1692, was (ine of great rejoicing. On the Kith he was escorted from his dwelling to the State House by the Boston Regiment and ciinijtanics from Charlestown, with the magistrates and people, nut only of Boston, but tln' neighboring towns. The new charter and tlie governnr's commission were then read from the balcony, according to custom, and the old governor, Bradstreet, vacated his office. A bampiet closed the ceremonies. Dr. ( 'otton ]\lathi'r says Phips dreamed when a poor boy that he would become rich and build him a house on the Green Lane, the ancient name of Salem Street. He lived to realize hi.s dream, and lieconie tlie head of the colony. Sir William Avas a man of ungovernable temper. He assaulted Ilrenton, tlie collector of tlie port, and caned ( 'aptaiu Sliort, of tlie Nonesuch frigate. He was of large stature and great per- sonal strength, whi(di made these jiersonal conflicts undesirable to his foes. An instance is given of his having acted a (jrom- wellian part. Having procured, by a Imre majority, the passage of an act prohibiting any but residents of the town they reju'e- seiited to be members of the Cieneral Court, Sir William rushed into the chamber and drove out the non-resident rejiresenta- tives, who did not stand ujkui the order of their going, but left the governor master of the field. Governor Phips was a mem- ber of the Gld Xorth under the ministration of the Mathers. Aside from his imiu'tuous disjiosition, he is described as a man of sterling traits. He died in London in 1695, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Woolnoth, where a long ei)itaph commemorates his life and public services. Hutclunson relates that once in Sir William's absence his wife, whose name was INlary (William and Mary were the reigning sovereigns), was applied to in behalf of a poor woman who had been committed under a charge of witchcraft, and that out of the goodness of her heart she signed a warrant for the corps HILL AND THE VICINITY. 211 woman's discharge, William and iMary, which mandate was obeyed by the keeper of the jail without question. In Charter Street lived the ancestors of John Foster "Wil- liams, who, in the Massachusetts frigate Protector, of twenty- six guns, sunk the English ship Admiral I)uti', of thirty guns, during the Revolutionary War. In this antion Preble, after- wards commodore, was a midshipman witli Williams, who died in Boston in 1814. Foster Street, now Clark, was intended to perpetuate the old family. Paid Pevere, the Jidus Achates of Warren, lived and died in a house in Charter Street which he bought near the close of the war of Independence. It stootl near Hanover Street, on tlu^ west side, where Pevere Place now is. Spencer Phijis, afterwards lieutenant-governor, was origi- nally named David Bennet, but took the name of his Uncle Phips when adopted by him. He also lived in Sir William's house. Spencer Phips was in office while William Shirley was governor, and was of course overshad(»we(l by that remark- able man. Phips was succeeded by Hutcliinson at his deatli in 1757. Hull Street bounds the cemetery on tlic south. It is named for John Hull, through whose jiasture it was laid out, and was conveyed to the town l)y Judge Samuel Sewall and wife, on the express condition that it should always bear that name. John Hull, the primitive owner of this tielil, is famed as the coiner of the first money in New Eng- /^>~J/ ■; land. The scarcity /"^""^ ^^j- '\1^^ of silver in the col- ony for a circulating medium seems to have rendered the step necessary. The colonists being pur- chasers as yet, the bullion flowed out of the country. In the "History and Antiquities of Boston" it is remarked : — " It was no small stretch of authority for a Colony or a Province to presume to coin money ; but tlii.s Colony was now very peculiarly riNE-TREE SIIILLINC 21-2 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. t^ituatcil, aiiil its piwsuiinitiini in takiii^Lj this sti'p was <;ifatly fovored liy llic ivcfiit slate of atrairs in tlic luotluT couiitrv." Till' mint was ('stal>lislifil at John }Iull, the .silversniitli's, lioiisc, and he and Ills cDadjiitor, Eohci't Sanderson, took oath that all tlic money coined l)y them shonld " he of tlie just alloy of the English eojne ; tliat every shilliny slmidd be of due weight, namely, three penny troj weight, and all other pieces l)roportional)ly, so neere as /'^»^°«r^K ,i/^i^^^\ ^^^^y could." This was, in ' -^A '■'•AlJ L^iUf ^f° a^sa ;tS^ pin,, . tj.^,p shilling. Hull's house was the same formerly owned hy Kev. John ( 'otton. In 1654 an order of the Gen- eral ( 'ourt prohihitt'd the transportation out of its jurisdiction of more than twenty shillings "for necessary expenses" l>y any person. Searchers were appointed " to examine all [)acks, persons, trunks, chests, boxes or the like." The penalty was the seizure of the whole estate of the offender. Hull began poor, and endi'(l I'ich, many of his new shillings linding their way into his own sti'ong-box. He was a very worthy man, and a mendjer (if the First ( 'hurch under IJev. John Wilson. He mai'ried Judith, the daughter of Kdmund (^Miincy, ancestor of that i'amily in New England. From her is named that nnich- drcadc(l point of Narragansctt T>a,y, where Neptune exacts his ti'iliutc from voyagers through the Sound. It is said, moreover, that Hannah Hidl, his daughter, received for her wedding por- tion licr wi'ight in ])ine-tree shillings wlien she married Judge Sewall, — a statement proliably originating in an ingenious com- ] )utation of the weight of the sum she actually received. " From this marriage," remarks (,)Tnncy, " lias sjtrung the eminent family nf the Sewalls, which has given three chief justices to Massa- chusetts and one to Canada, and has been distinguished in every generation by the talents and virtues of its members." COPPS HILL AND THE VICINITY. 21- Salem Street was, iu 1708, from Mr. Phips's corner in Cliarter Street to Prince Street ; from tlieuce to Hanover it was Back Street. Christ Cliurcli spire has long dominated over this locality, and served as a landmark for vessels entering the harl)or. It is the oldest chnrch in Boston standing on its original ground, having been erected in 1723, — six years before the Old South. Of the fifteen cluirchrs Imilt previous to 1750, only a few occupy their original sites ; the others may be found in the new city wliich has sprung up as if by magic in the old bed of Charles Piiver. This was the second Episcopal Church erected in tlie town. It has been in its day considereil (ine of tlie chief architectural ornaments of the North End. The body of the (■luirch has the plain monotonous style peculiar to all the old houses of wor- sliip, but the steeple — the design o t Charles Bui finch — beau tiliestliewhoh structure. Tht old steeple wa^ blown down in the great gah of 1804, fall ing upon an old wooden building at tin corner of Tiles ton Street, through which it crashed, to the consterna tion of tht tenants, who, however, es tHRI>5T CHI R( H. CHRIST CHURCH. 1723. 214 LANDMARKS OF UUSTON. capt'd injury. In rebuilding, the height was shortened about sixteen feet by Joseph Tucker, the l)uilder. Over the entrance is a plain tablet with the name and date of the liouse. It is generally known that from this steeple — which was visible far and near — warning was given of the intended march to Lexington and ('tincurd. Paul Revere's narrative gives a relation of tlu^ metlioil : — "Oil Tuesday evening, the IStli of April, 1775, it was observed that a nundjer of soldiers were marching towards Boston Common. Al)0ut ten o'clock Dr. Warren sent in great haste forme, and begged tliat I would immediately set oti" for Lexington, wla-re were Hancock and Adams, and acquaint them of the movemt-nt, and that it was thought tliey were the objects. The Sunday before, l)y desiie of Dr. Warren, I had been to Lexington to see Hancock and Adams, who were at Rev. Mr. (Jlark's. " I returned at night, througli Cliarlestowu. There I agreed with a Colonel Conant and some other gentlemen that if the British went out l)y water we would show two lanterns in the North Church stci'])le, and if by land, one, as a signal ; for we were apprehensive it would be difficult to cross Charles River, or get over Boston Neck. 1 left Dr. Warren, called upon a friend, and desired him to make the signals. I then went home, took my boots and surtout, went to the mirth part of the town, wliere I had kept a Ijoat. Two friends rowed me across Charles River, a little to the eastward, where the Somerset lay. It was then young Hood ; the ship was winding, and the moon was rising. They landed me on the Cliarlestowu side. When I got into town, I met Colonel Conaut and several others. They said they had seen our signals." Within the steeple are hung a chime of Itells, placed there in 1744, — the first whose cadences gladdened the town. " Low at times and loud at times, And changint; like a poet's rhjones, Rang the beautiful wild chimes." These bells were from the famous West of England foundry of Abel Rudhall, of (xloucester, whose bells have been lieai'd in many a town and hamlet of " Merrie England." Each had an inscription containing its own and much contemporary his- tory, as follows : — COPP'S HILL AND THE VICIXITY. 215 FIRST BELL. " Tliis peal of eight bells is tlie gift of a number of generous persons to Clirist Church, in Boston, N. E., Anno 1744. A. R." SECOND BELL. "This Church was founded in the year 1723. Tiinotliy Cutler, D. D., the first Rector. A. R. 17-->." THIRD BELL. " We are the first ring of liells cast for the British Empire in North America. A. R. 1744." FOURTH BELL. "God preserve the Church of England. 1744." FIFTH BELL. "William Shirley, Es(p, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay, in New Eng- land. Anno 1744." •SIXTH BELL. "The subscription for these T)ells was begun by John Hammock and Ro])ert Temple, Church Wardens, Anno 1743 ; completed by Robert Jenkins and John Gould, Church Wardens, Anno 1744." SEVENTH BELL. "Since generosity has opened our mouths, our tongues shall rhig aloud its praise. 1744." EIGHTH BELL. "Abel Rudhall, of Gloucester, cast us all. Anno 1744." The oliime.s or "ring of bells," wvw obtaiiK'il in England l)y Dr. Cutler, and were consecrated there. They were invested with the power to dispel evil spirits, — according to iiojjular belief. The same bells still hang in the belfry. Their carillon, vibrating harmony on the air of a (|uiet Salibath, suniiiions the lil'tli generatioit for whom they have indclainied "(Jldiy to (iod in the highest, and on earth jieace, gdod will tdward men." The chandeliers u.sed formerly in the churcli were given l)y that Captain Gruchy we visited not long since. Mrs. Crocker's relation is, that they were takon from a Spanish vessel by one of Cruchy's privateers, and found their way to a Protestant Church instead of a Catholic Cathedral, as was intended. Dr. Cutler, the fir.st rector, lived on the corner of Tileston and Salem Streets, in close proximity to the cluirch. The height of tower and steeple is 175 feet, and the aggregate weight of the bells 7,1*72 ixmnds ; tlie smallest weighing 020 216 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. pounds, the largest 1,545. General (rage, it is said, witnessed from Christ Church steeple the burning of Cliarlestown and battle of Bunker Hill. In this church is the lirst monument ever erected to the memory of Washington in our country. Dr. l>yles, the rector, left Boston in 1775, and went to St. John, New Brunswick, wliere he was settled as rector and cure'' of the church of that ])lace. This Dr. Byles was the son of Bev. IMather Byles, the punning parson of Hollis Street. There does not appear to have been a settled pastor after this until 1778. The interior has been considerably changed by alterations. P'ormerly there was a centre aisle, now closed, as is also the large altar window. The chancel is decorated with paintings cri'ditably executed by a Boston artist. The walls of the church are of great strength, being two feet and a lialf thick ; the brick are laid in the style of the last century, in wliat is termed till- English Bond, of which liut a few specimens remain in Boston. Like many of the old Boston churches, this has its vaults underneath for the reception of the dead, and with them, of course, its legendary lore. In Shaw it is n/corded that " III 1S12, while the workmen were employed building Innilis, one of them found the earth so loose that he settled his liai' intu it the whole length with a single efi"ort. The siqieiiuteiident directed him to proceed till he found solid earth. Alumt six feet lielow tlie bot- tom of the cellar lie found a rdttin rovt'reei'niuii wliieji the Eliot School was built, and tlie name of the lane was cJiaugtMl about 1820, for good old Master John Tileston of that school. Master Tileston presided over the school for two thirds of a centiuy, and after he became sujierannuated his salary was (■ontinued ; the only instance of the kind in tlie history of the town or city. He lived at the westerly coiner of Margaret and Prince Streets. Mather Byles is said to laive iirst seen the light in Tileston Street. The Iirst Grammar Scluxd in this jiart of the town was erected ill lleiinet Street in 1713, and was called the Noith Latin ScIkmiI. Lecompense Wadsworth was the hrst master. A writing-s(diool was built on the same lot, on Love Lane, in 171S ; and in 1741, wlieii an enumeration was made, tliis school had more pupils than all tlie otliers comliined. Lp to ISOO tliere were Imt seven si'liools ill the town, and only nine wlieii Loston liecame a city. IJeiinet Street was for some time distinguished as jS'orth Latin Sch<»ol Street. Tla^ old schools were known later as tlie Nortli (Irammar and North Writing, the subseipieiit name of Eliot being given to honor the memory of the jiastors of the ( )id .\ortIi (Jliurch. Since the city government went into opera- ticui it seems to have }»assed into a caistoiu to name the schools COPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 219 for the mayors. The old school-house stood by the side of the present one, and was the thu-d in the town. Captain Thomas Hutchinson, father of the too-celebrated lieutenant-governor, built the house and gave it to the town. Three or four edihces have succeeded the original, the present structure having ])een dedicated on Forefather's Day, 1859. Mather Byles, Edward Everett, and Dr. Jenks are among the distinguished pupils of the school. Edward Everett lived, in 1802, in Proctor's Lane, now the easterly part of Richmond Street, and in 1804 removed to Richmond Street. His mother afterwards removed to New- bury, now Washington Street, to a house nearly opposite the head of Essex Street. The modern school acquired some notoriety in 1859, from a reljellion of the Catholic pupils against the reading of the Ten C(jnnuandments, which caused no little excitement in the old North End. Various attempts have been made from time to time to prohibit the reading of the Scriptures in the public schools, one of whicli gave rise to the following mot of Rufus Choate : " What ! Ijanish the Bible from schools ! Never, while tliere is a })iece of Plymouth Rock left large enough to make a gun-Hint of ! " At Prince Street we reach the old line of division ])etween Salem Street proper and Back Street. The origin of Salem and Lynn Streets are obvious. Back Street was thus distinguish;^! from Fore, through wliich our readers liave foUowed us iu a former chapter. Prince, named from some scion of roy;dty, lias outlived King and (^ueen. This street was originally from Han- over (Middle) to tlie sea, but now readies into North S(piare, its easterly terminus. The portion between Salem and Hanover was anciently known as Black Horse Lane, from an old tavern on the corner of Back Street. This tavern, corrupted into Black-us-inn, was noted as a place of refuge and concealment for deserters from Burgoyne's army at Cambridge. It was of considerable antiiiuity, the lane l)eing so called before 17(10. The royal regulars had barracks on the corner of Prince and Salem Sti'eets in 1775 — 76. Salem Cliurch, at the corner of North Bennet and Salem 220 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Streets, was organized in 1827. Its formation was coeval witli tlie cliurch in Pine Street, and the dedication occurred January 1, 1828, at wliich time Rev. Justin Edwards, D.I)., was in- stalled. On the opposite side of Salem Street was the very curious old house of ]\Iajor Joliu Bray, whose robbery by the notorious liighwayman, Mike ^Martin, caused a great stir at the time, and for whicli Martin was hung. Though we wc^ndd tain linger in the old North End, other sections claim our attditioii. In it the spirit of resistance to British tyranny was strongly dcveloju'cl, and it contained less of the tory element than some other quarters of the town. The stiu"dy mechanics of the North Eud were ever ready to act in the cause of liberty, no matter what the sacritice might be. Many of her sons gained a noble reputation in the wars of the republic. Tiiere was that old seadiou, John ]\Ianly, who lield the first naval commission issued by Washington, in 1775. He took, in the Lee, the dangerous cruising-ground of Boston Bay, and captured, in November, the British ordnance brig Nancy, a })rize so important to the Continental army that the camps were wild with joy. Among other pieces taken was a hea\'y l)rass mortar, which Old Put mounted with a bottle of rum in his hand, while MifHin christened it the " Congress." The Lee made other im- portant captures; and in 177G Maidy was given command of the Hancock frigat(% in which he captured the Fox, British man-of-war, but was himself taken prisoner liy tlie Baiidjow, a much heavier vessel than his own. He commanded afterwards the Jason and Hague, in both of wliiidi he gav(f evidence that he was a w^orthy comrade of Paul Jones. JNIanly was a bluff biit indiscreet seaman, and for some irregularity was (;ourt-martialIed. He died in 179.">, at Jiis house in Charter Street. Another naval hero, still more renowue(l, was Commodore Sanuiel Tucker of tlie old Continental navy, who lived in a three-story brick building on the iKirth siile of Fleet Street, where now stands a brick stable. His first cruise was in 177fi, with a commission signed by Samuel Adams in his pocket, and a pine-tree Hag at his peak, made by the liaiids of Iiis wife. This intre[)id .sailor took from COPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 221 the enemy during the war sixty-two sail of vessels, more than six hundred cannon, and three thousand prisoners, and when at length comjjelled to surrender the old Boston frigate, Avhich he then commandeil, to the British squadron at Charleston, he kept his flag flying until Admiral Arbuthnot sent him a special order to lower it. Tucker's reply was, " I do not think much of striking my flag to your present force ; l)ut I have struck more of yciur flags than are now flying in this harbor." Commodore Tucker carried John Adams to Bordeaiix in 1 778, "through the six-ancl-twenty misfortunes of Harlequin." Dur- ing this voyage the ship was struck by lightning, and the Com- modore narrowly escaped death from the fragments of a falling spar. His services, which it is believed were unsurpassed by those of any of his comrades of the old navy, met with tardy requital from the nation. According to his biograi)hcr, Mr. Sheppard, he retired in 1793 to a farm in Bristol, Maine. John Adams, in speaking of a visit from Tucker, says, " When I see or hear of or from one of tliese old Men, whether in civil, political, military, or naval service, my heart feels." Tlie brave Lieutenant James Sigourney, who commanded the armed schooner Asp, and fell heroically lighting in an engage- ment with a British flotilla in Chesapeake Bay in 1812, — Cap- tain Samuel Xewman, lieutenant in Craft's Artilltn-y in the early part of the Eevolution; serving in the navy under Nicholson in the Deane in 1 782 ; killed in St. Clair's battle witli the Miami Indians, — C'olonel Josiah Snelling, fighting against the Indians and distinguished at Tippecanoe ; afterwards at York, I'latts- burg, and other fields ; finally colonel of the 5tli UnitiMl States infantry, and giving his name to Fort Snelling, — Colonrl dolin Mountfort, brevetted for gallantry at Plattsl>urg, and distin- guished in the Florida war, — Captain Sanuiel Armstrong, a sol- dier of 1812, — and Lieutenant Kol^ert Keith, who served under Macomb at Plattsburg ; all lived in the North End. Next north of Christ Church was a large brick building, end to the street, occupied more than seventy years ago as a type and stereotype foundry ; a part of the site next the church was afterwards used for an academy. The north corner of Tileston, 222 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. at its junction with Hanover Street, was the home of Professor Henry J. L'ipley, of tlie Newton Theological Institute. At the northerly corner of Sheatl'e and Salem Streets was the residence of r)r. Samuel Stillman,, the well-known pastor of the Fii'st Baptist Church from 17G5 to his deatli in 1807. From him Stillman Street takes its name. He preached elo«piently in till' cause of lil)erty in his house of worship in the rear of Salem, near Stillman Street. This church, once cowering under the lasji (if higotry, seeking t() hide itself in an ohscure corner of the town, is iKiw translated to that liiial haven of all the old churches, the Back Bay. The First Baptist ( 'hurch, like the Fpiscopal, had to struggle against tiie determination of the magistrates, liacked by a ma- jority of the people, ti» permit no other church than their own to ohtain a foothold in their midst. A few individuals consti- tuted the church in ( diarlestown in May, 1665, ]>ut were driven by persecution to a jirivate dwelling on Noddle's Island. They erecteil their church in Boston without exciting the suspicion of the authorities, until its dedication in February, 1679. This act of contumacy Avas summarily dealt with. The church doors were nailed up, and the following notice posted upon them : — "All persons are to take notice, that by order of the court, tlie doors of this house are shut U]>, and tliat they are inhiliited to hold any meeting, or to open the (hini's theivof, witlioiif license from au- thority, till the General Court take further ordei-, as they will answer the contrary at their peril. "Dated at Boston 8th Mavdi 1680, Edward Rawson Secretary." The first house was erected on tlu^ baidvs of the Mill Pond, on the north side of Stillman Street, l)etween Salem and Pond (now Endicott) Streets. This house was re])laced by a larger one, also of wood, in 1771, and abandoned in 1829, when tlie society took possession of the brick building then erected at the corner of Hanover and Union Streets. This was in turn vacated in 1858 for the edifice in Somerset Street. In Baldwin Place — since become the Home of Little Wan- derers — is the house of the Second Baptist Church. This so- ciety organized in 174o, and held their first services at the house COPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 223 of James Bownd in Sheaffe Street, near Copp's Hill, removing later to Proctor's School-house, until March, 174G, when they took possession of their new building upon the spot first men- tioned. The first house was of wood, and quite small, liaving near the head of the broad aisle a basin for baptismal purposes. It was superseded, in 1810, by the present brick structure. In Salem Street was the old printing-office of Zachariah Fowle, — first the master and then the partner of Isaiah Thomas, — in whicli was printed the old Massachusetts Spy in 1770, until Thomas dissolved his connection with Fowle and opened his office in School Street, near the Latin School. Thomas, whose paper was a high organ of liberty, was ordered to appear once before Governor Hutchinsim for a publication reflecting on the executive, but refused to go. He removed liis types, press, etc., to Worcester a few days before the battle of Lexington. This was the origin of the Worcester Spy. Later he opened a bookstore at 45 Newbury Street, under the name of Thomas and Andrews, but did not reside in Boston. Oliver Ditson & (Jo. now occupy the spot. A few old buildings still remain in Salem, Prince, Charter, and the neighljoring streets. (Jver the apothecary's door, at the corner of Salem and Prince Streets, is an anticpie lirad of rEs- culapius, or some follower of the curative art, ^yhic]l is the oldest sign now known in the North End. ]\Iany years ago it stood at the edge of the sidewalk affixed to a post, but, ob- stracting the way, it was removed. This is believed to be the oldest apothecary's stand in Boston now used for that purpose. Robert Fennelly was the ancient dispenser of pills and purga- tives on this corner. In the slums of the North End originated the draft riot of 1863. The officers who attempted to serve the notices in Prince Street were cruelly beaten, and the mob, gathering courage from its triumph over a handful of police, reinforced from the purlieus of Endicott, Charlestown, and neighboring streets, made an attempt to seize the cannon kc^pt at the gun- house in Cooper Street, which was held by a little band of regulars from Fort Warren. The rioters had killed and wounded 224 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. several of the garrison, and had nearly succeeded in demolish- ing the doors, when the guns were discharged into the mob with fatal effect. After withstanding for a few moments the fusil- lade from the small arms of the soldiers, the crowd gave way, moving towards I)ock Scjuare, where they exi)ected to secure a supply of weapons by breaking open the store of William Eeed and other dealers in arms in that vicinity. Eight of the rioters were known to have been killed, l)ut those who fell were re- moved by their friends, and no authentic data can lie given. THE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 221 CHAPTER VIII. THE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. Marlborough Street. — Governor Winthrop. — Old South. — Warren's Ora- tions. — Tea-Party Meeting. — British Occupation. — Phillis Wheatley. — Spring Lane. — Heart and Crown. — Boston Evening Post. —Province House. — Samuel Sliute. — William Burnet. — William Shirley. — Thomas Pownall. — Francis Bernard. — General Gage. — Lexington E.xpedition. — Sir William Howe. — Council of War. — Court Dress and Manners. — Governor Strong. — Blue Bell and Indian Queen. — Lieutenant-Governor Cushuig. — Josiah Quincy, Jr. — Mayor Quincy. rp^HAT j)art of Washington Street lying between School and i Suninier Streets was, in 1708, named Marlborough Street, I'roni the great duke whom Tliackeray irreverently calls Jack i'lmrchill, — tlie man of lUenlieim, Kaniillies, Oudenarde, and ]Malpla(|Uet. As we stand at the .south corner of School Street at its union with \Va.shington, a coHection of old buihUngs faces us extend- ing from the yard of the church nearly to Spring Lane. This, together with the church proju-rty, was a part of tlie estate of one of the greate.st men among the early colonists, John Win- throp. It was long thought, with good reason, to have l)een his first and only place of residence, in Boston, for here bul)- bled up in its native purity the f;unous "(iovernor's Spring," which played so impoitaiit a ])art in the settlement of Boston, if, indeed, it did not actually determine it. It is evident, however, that when the frame of Winthrop's house at Cam- bridge was taken down, and removed hither (probably by rafting it round to what was long known as the "Governor's Dock") it was again set up on the site of the present Exchange Building. His removal to " The Greene " came some years later, and from liere the great governor's body was l)orne to the toird). The life of Winthrop is the liistory of tlie Colony. It ap- 10* o 2:iG LAND.MAIIKS OF BOSTON. pears in cumiectiuu with its atl'airs, or the biogra})hies of his coiiteiiiporaries. Uiuler liis rule church and state were one ; and tlie idea of tolerating any l)elief but tlieir own was repug- nant to the practice, whatever may have been the theory, of the tlu'ii colonists. Winthrop was one of the tirst selectmen of IJostoH, and more than any other moidded its government. The remarkable affair of ^Vnne Hutchinson, in wdiich so many jii'rsdiis ol' importance were participants, shook to its centre the social and religious faln'ic Winthrop had assisted to raise, and left him at variance with 8ir Henry Auxne, next to himself the most considerable man in the infant colony. His rule was iron towards all Avho professed any Init the orthodox faitli, until a sliort time l)efore his death, when, it is said, he refused to sign an order for the 1)anishment of some dissenting person, saying to Dudley tliat he had done too niucli of that work already. The l'c(|uot war, begun while Vane was governor, ended under AV^inthrop. So fir as tlie neig]d)oring Indians were concerned, the governor maintained peace liy a Hrm yet conciliatory policy. The chiefs were entertained at his table, and greatly editied by the governer's domestic economy, (diicataubut refused to eat until Ills liost said grace, and received at his dei)arture a suit of tlie governor's clothes, in which he strutted home to his wigwam with increased imjwrtance. According to the modern view, the governor did not favor ])opular government ; his ojjinion l»eing that wisdom resided in th(^ few. As a man he was less inflexible than as a magistrate, for it is related that he reclaimed a thief wh(^m he detected stealing his wood in the following manner. "Friend," said the governor, "it is a very cold season, and I doubt you are poorly ]>ro\ide(l with wood; you are welconre to suj)ply yourself at my pile till the winter is over." The governor had four wives, and lost not only three of these, but six children. His death occurred on tilt! 2Gth of March, 1G49, at the age of sixty-one. He was en(( imbed in King's Chapel Ground, on the north side. One of his sons became governor of Connecticut, and shares his tomb : a lieautiful statue of Winthrop, by Greenougli, is in the chapel at jMount Auburn. The governor left a journal of liis THE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 227 voyage from Eugland, and of the proceedings in the colony up to his decease, which was edited by James Savage. Some of the admirers of (Jovernor Winthrop's character have declared him worthy of canonization, had we like liome a sacred cal- ender. The Old South still stands, one of the monuments of Old Bos- ton. Its existence has been often threatened, and the attem])t of the society to sell it, in 187G, aroused the j)atriotic spirit of Boston as never before since tlie days of 18G1. It is the richest church corporation in the city, and, next to Old 'i'rinity of New York, in the country. The Winthri <\ > estate passed through Thatcher and Mrs. Nor- ton to the church, and in consequence of its central location has lie- come of great value. Its -^ parishioners once dwelt J^- within sight of its stee- ^ pie, liut now few can bi3 found within sound of its bell. Milk Street, Franklin Street, Sum- mer and Winter, Brom- held and School, have not a residence left. Tavo of them at least were once fdled with the abodes of the most respectable inhab- itants of the city, but commerce has said " Move on ! " and the the population has vanished before it. Curiously enough, the Old South, arising from a schism in the First Church, like it originated in Charlestown, where also was organized the First Baptist Society. Like the Baptists, THE OLD SOUTH. 228 LANDMARKS ()F BOSTON. also, tliis society was prorlainied against, l)ut erected a lioiise of woisliip, the third ill Bostoji. The tlu'ok)gical disputes, questions of doctrine or cluirch government in which tliis society originated, liowever interesting, cannot be given here. Thomas Tliacher was the hrst minister, settled in Fel)ruary, 1G70. The lirst house was of wood, and stood until 17.!'.), when it was taken down to give place to the then new hrick edifice. In the front was jdaced, in 1867, a tal)let bearing the following inscription, so that all who run may thus read a little of the liistory of the church : — OLD SOUTH. Church gathered 1669. First House built 1670. This House erected, 1729. ■" Desecrated bt British Troops, 1775-6. This little memorial contains a succinct account of the church even to the last line, " Desecrated by British Troops," which was strenuously objected to by many at the time the tablet was placed there. The occupation of churches by troops has T)een common in all wars, notaldy so in the late Iiebe'llion. Such occupation has not been generally considered as calling for a new consecration, and the use of the word " desecrated " is per- haps not fortunate, though the usage of this house was pecu- liary malicious and repugnant. The name " ( >id South " goes no lurtlier l)ack than the building of the "New South," in Summer Street, in 1717. It was primarily the South INleeting- house, being then considered in tlie south part of the town. On a stone at the southwest corner of the church is sculp- tured, "N. E. (Newly Erected) March 31, 1729." The jxissession of tlu> South Meetingdiouse liy Sir Edmund Andros has l)een stated in connection with King's Chapel. From this church, in 1688, was buried Lady Andros, wife of the arl)itrary Knight. The governor's house was doubtless in Ihe immediate vicinity of Cotton Hill, as from Judge Sewall's account of the funeral we learn that "the corpse was carried THE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 229 into tlie hearse drawn by six horses, the sohliers making a guard from tlie C!overnor's house down the Prison Lane to the South Meeting House." The tomb of Lady Anne An- dres Avas identified by the care of a relative, who found a slab, with her name inscribed, while repauing her last resting- place. None of the city churches are so rich in historical associa- tions as this. Here Lovell, Church, Warren, and Hancock delivered their orations on the anniversaries of the Massacre. When Warren delivered his second address in March, 1775, an officer of the Welsh Fusileers, Captain Chapman, held up to his view a number of pistol-bullets, at the same time exclaim- ing, " Fie ! fie ! " This was construed to be a cry of fire, and threw the house into confusion until (juieted by William Coo- per, while Warren dropped a handkerchief over the officer's hand. Many other officers were present with the purpose, as was thouglit, to overawe the speaker. But Warren was not to be overawed. At the same time the 47th regiment, returning from parade, passed the Old South, when Colonel Nesliit, the commander caused the drums to beat w^ith the view of drown- ing the orator's voice. A w'riter thus describes the events of that day : — " The (lay came and the weather was reuiarkalily fine. The Old South Meeting-house was crowded at an early hour. The Britisli officers occupied the aisles, the flight of steps to the pulpit, and several of them were within it. It is not precisely known whetlier this was accident or design. The orator with the assistance of his friends made his entrance at the window by a ladder. The officers, seeing his coolness and intrepidity, made way for him to advance and address the audience. An awful stillness preceded his exor- dium. Each man felt the palpitations of his own heart, and saw the pale but determined face of his neighboi'. The speaker began his oration in a firm tone of voice, and proceeded with great energy and pathos. Warren and his friends were prepared to chastise con- tumely, prevent disgrace, and avenge an attempt at assassination." In the old church Benjamin Franklin was ba]itiz('(l. In tlie new, was held the famous Tea-Pa rty meeting, adjourned from 230 LANDMAliKS OF BOSTON. Faiiouil Hall Ijecause the crowd was too great to be contained there. It is believed that Samuel Adams had with others con- trived this assemljlage to draw oil" attention from their j^h^ns, already matureil and waiting only the signal of execution. Certain it is that the Mohawks ajjpeared precis(^ly at the mo- ment when negotiation had failed to prevent the landing of the tea. At this meeting was made the first suggestion to disi)ose of the tea in the way iinally ado})ted. John liowe, who lived in Pond Street, now Bedford, said, " Who knows how tea will mingle with salt water 1 " The idea Avas received with great laughter and approval. It is from the same iJowe that liowc Street took its name. Governor Hutchinson was at this time at his country-seat in Milton, — afterwards occupied by Barney Smith, Esq., — where he received a committee from the meeting, who made a linal dfiuaud that the cargoes of tea sliould be sent away. The governor, however, n-fused to interfere in the matter. It is re- lated that he was afterwards informed that a mob was on its way to visit him, and that he left his house with his flxce half sliaven, making the best of his way across the fields to a place of safety. I)uring the absence of the committee Josiah Quincy, Jr., niaile an eloquent sjyeecli. When the deputation returned with thcii' iiiira\drab]i' ivport, about sunset, the Indian yell was heard at the cliurcli door, and the baml of disguised Mohawks since so famous in hist(:)ry, hlled the street. The meeting broke up in confusion, notwithstanding the efforts of Sam- uel Adams to detain the people, whl>ulai', the sign was changed to the "Bible and Heart." Fleet .SI lid IxMiks, hdusehdld goods, etc. In 1735 he began the pufdi- cation (if the Bostcm Evening Post, a successor of the AVeekly Rehearsal, begun in 1731. Here is one of the Post's advertise- ments ; it Wduld Idok sdiuewhat strangely in the Cdlunuis of its mddern namesake : — " 'f (I lie sold l)y the ]irinter of tliis paper, the very best Negro Woman in lliis Town, wlio lias liad the Snudl-Pox and the measles ; is as liearty as a Horse, as lirisk as a Bird, and will work like a Beaver. Aug. 2:]d. 1742." Having taken in the surroundings of the chnreh to the north, wc may now set our faces sduthward and visit in fancy the olliciai residence of the royal dej)uties. THE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 235 The Province House was one of the last relics of the col- ony to disappear. It has formed the theme of some pleasant fictions by Hawthorne in " Twice-Told Tales," as well as a brief sketch of the edifice not founded in fancy. The liquid which mine host mixed for the novelist before he set about his re- searches has a smack of reality about it, and may have enlivened his picturesque description. This ancient abode of the royal governors was situated nt'arly opposite the head of Milk Street. The place is now shut out 4 prr \ iN( I iioLsF from the vision of the passerd)y by a row of brick structures standing on Washington Street. Before tlie erection of any buildings to screen it from view, the Province House stood twenty or thirty paces back from old ]\ra.rlbnr()Ugh Street, with a handsome grass lawn in frnnt, ornauicnfcd l)y two stately oak- 2.'>G LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. tre(«, Avliicli rearcil ilicir verdant t()j)s on citlicr side the gate separating tlie grounds I'roni the highway, and cast a grateful sluide over the approach to the luaiisiou. At either end of the fence were porters' lodges, and the visitor passed over a i)aved walk to the huilding. Ample stables stood in tlie rear. The huilding itself was a three-story brick structure, sur- mounted by an octagonal cupola. Over all stood the bronze elUgy of an Indian, — the chosen emblem of the colony. This ligure, which served the purpose of a vane, was Lif hammered cop- per ; it had glass eyes, and ajjpeared in the act of fitting an arrow to its bow. It w;is the handiwork of Deacon 8hem Prowne. A Uight of near twenty massive red freestone steps conducted to the spacious entrance-hall, worthy the vice-regal dwellers within. A i)ortico sui)[)orted l)y wooden pillars was surmounted ]iy a curiously wrought iron l)alustrade, into which was woven the date of erection and initials of the proprietor, I\'ter 8ar- geant : — 1(). P. S. 79. From this balcony the viceroys of the province were accus- tomed to harangue the people or read proclamations. The royal arms, richly carved and gilt, decorated the front ; the l)ricks were of Holland make. The interior was on a scale of princely magniticence, little corresponding to the general belief in the simplicity of the mode of living of the times. The homes of Faneuil, of Hutchinson, and of Frankland have shown that luxury had effected an entrance into tlie habitations of the ricli. The house of Peter Sargeant was a ht companion to tlie others cited. On the first floor an ample reception-room, panelled with rich wood and hung with tapestry, openecl from the hall. This was the hall of audience of Shute, I]urn(^t, Shirley, Pownall, liernard, Oage, and, last of all, Sir AVilliam Howe. It is prol)al»le tliat the hrst of tlie governors who oc('Upied the Pntvinee House was Samuel Shule, an old soldier of ]\Iarb boiMUgh, who had won disiiiictioii iVom his king on the bloody fields of Flanders. Ilis a(huinist ration of the atl'airs of the I'olony. which he governe(l from 1710 to 1723, was unfortunate. ]\c came into conlhct wilii I he Legishiture on cpiestions ury, while the son If 13tol)incc of Ujea3affacl)u ett;g. June 1722 m'.s LAN]».MAI;KS (IK DOSTON. reccivtMl subsequently from the House of Hanover the gov- ennueiit of New York, and aftcrwarils that of Massachusetts Colony. The new governor was rcccivcil with enthusiasm on his arrival. He was met at thr ( icoi'gr Tavern, on the Xcek, hy the lieutenant-govcrniir, nirmhers df tin.' ('ouncil, ami ( 'olonel T)u(lle3^'s regiment. Under this esrnrt, and followed l)y a A'ast coneiiurse of gentlemen (in hnisehack, in coaches and chaises, he proceeded to the ( 'ourt House, where his commission was read. Shouts of joy and salvos of artillery from the forts and Castle welcomed him to JJoston. JSlather iJyles was ready with a laudatory comjiosition : — " Wliile rising Sliouts ,i gc'iicv;il .Iny lUdclaim, And ev'ry Tongui', O lUii'iift ! ]is}is thy naiiif ; To view tliy face while cniwiliiig Arniics run, Wliose waving Banners lihize against tlie 8un, And deeii-mouth'd Cannon, with a tlinnd'ring roar, Sound tliy eonmiissiim strefchM from Sliore ti) Siiore." ^^ i44vl,,i„t,.^^.^t"t-. G- 3 tl Burnet lived but a short time to stem the tide df dinKisition to kingly authority, and died September 7, 17i'!». While he live(l he maintained in [iroper state the dignity of his office. His negro \ alet, Andrew the Trum- [leter, stood at the ]iortal of the Province House, or (bMv<' his I'lxcellency alimad in his coacli. His iiieiiiKjc was under the careof a coni})etent house- keeper. Betty, the black laundi'ess, had the care of twenty pair and one (d' Holland she.ls, with damask najikins, and store of linen to match. A goodly array of plate garnished the sideboard, and ani.'ient weapons graced the walls. Hol)by, the tj^il^robmre Of ttip /? ^ 9\ Q5a^ n. e. // \ ON /^' THE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 239 cook, presided over the cuisine ; and coach, chariot, and chaises stood in the stables. He had a steward and a French tutor. JN^otwithstanding the governor directed his funeral to take place in the most })rivate manner, after the form of any Prot- estant church that might be nearest, the authorities would not have it so, and expended nearly X 1,100 upon a showy pageant. The governor was a cliurchman and attended King's Chapel, but showed he had no religious bias in his instructions for his l)urial. Burnet was probably the first and last governor who died in the Province House. A\'illiam Sliirloy was the admitted chief of the long roll of provincial governors. He lived at one time in King Street, but, after he became governor, built an elegant mansion in Eoxbury, afterwards occupied by Govern- or Eustis, and now, we believe, standing on Eustis Street, metamorphosed by mod- ern improvements. Shirley, no doubt, came to the Province House to transact official business, and at the sitting of the (Jeneral ('niirt. In the reception-room was, perhaps, matured that celebrated expe- dition, which resulted in the capture of Louislnirg. All tlie measures relating to the enterprise were conducted with great ability. Profauid secrecy was maintained as to its ubjcct while under discussion l)y the General Cuurt ; the Guvernor carried the measure by only a single vote. Volunteers Hocked in from all quarters, and tlie town became a camp. Over two thousand men Avero raised. Sir WilHam Pepperell, whom an English historian has contemptuously called a " Piscataquay trader," Avas given the command, and on the 16th of June, 1745, the bulwark of French power in America Avas in the hands of the pro\dncial forces. Another measure of Governor Shirley deserves mention. Ten years before the passage of the Stamp Act by the English Par- liament, the Legislature of the colony had passed a similar act of their oAvn, laying a tax on vellum, parchment, and public papers for tAvo years ; ueAvsi)apers were included at first, but 1^40 LANDMARKS OF LiOSTON. sO()]i ext'iiipted. This show.s that it wa.s uut the .stamp tax to \vhi(;]i our ancestors ol)ji'cti'(l, Imt to its levy without tlieir con- sent. 8})eciniens are ht're given from documents of the time to which the stamps were attixed. One of the cuts (the three penny stamp) is engraved from the original die used in the stam])-ot}ice. It is a short steel Ijar attached to the circular })art, the impres- sion being made liy a })low from a hannuer. This interesting souvenir of the times of Sliirley was the pid}ierty of Jeremiah Colburn, 1jS(]., of lloston, a. welfknown antiipiarian. The ex^iatriation of the unfortunate French from Acadia took ])lace wliile Shirley was governor, and ]\lassa(/husetts received a])out two hundred families. The "^^^^^^^^^^^^ terrihc eai'tlKpiake of 1 75r) sliook the town to its foundations, and lilleil the streets with the debris of ruined houses, al)out fifteen humlrcd sustaining injuiy. Sliirley was a, man of letters, and wrote a tragedy, he- ^t^mm^ sides the history of the Louisburg expe- '^ " ditioii. lie also held a government in the lialianias, and was ma-ile lieutenant- *^ general. His son, AVilliam, was killeil at 6\* the defeat of Braddock. Thomas Pownall supersede(| ( lovernor Shirley, in 1757-58, as governor. lie occupieil the chair oidy three yeais. He made a ]iopular and enlightened chief magistrate, contrasting favorably with the ,, flmimn/ i„^ dark, intriguing Lieutenant-tiovernor llutchins(in tln^ (;heek of the haughty one. This, like many good old customs of our fi irefathers, has fallen into neg- lect. It was Pownall who induced the Legislature to erect a monument in Westminster Ahliey to Loi'd Howe, who fell at Ticonderoga, and was much esteeuKHl in J]oston. Anotlier was ordered to be erected to (Jeneral WoHe at the cast end of the Town House, but Hutchinson prevented its licing carried out. His successor, Francis liernard, was rccciveil on his arrival from New Jersey with the usual pomp and ceremony, and escorteil through the town to his residence at the Province Hous^^ During the period of TJernard's administration, from 1760 to 17()'J, the stormy events whi(;h caused the Colonies to throw otf the yoke of Great Britain occurred. The AVrits of Assistance, tlie Stamp Act, the introduction of troops, and the removal of the General Court to Cambridge, heaped odium upon his conduct of affairs. Vohunes have been written upon the liistory of those nine years. 8o Bernard j)assed out from the shelter of the Province House witli none to do him rev- erence. The king recalled him, and the province spurned him. The last crowned head in this colony was proclaimed by Ber- nard. He gave a valualde portion of his library to Harvard. It has been said of Bernartl that he was only a facile instru- ment in the hands of Hutchinson. He was even called Hutch- inson's wheell)arrow, carrying the burdens imposed by his wily lieutenant. Bernard's character has been described as arbitrary ; he was, however, upright, with correct principles and courteous 11 ^ V 241 LANDNfARKS OF BOSTON. Open, ami aiiKHiLj, address. Tie Imilt Inin i tine summer residence at Jamaica IMain, aftei'wards dcrupicd by Martin Brimmer. After the goveriKir's departure for England, watch and Avard was l)ut ill kept at tlie Province House, or else his Ancient Ilutchinsuii, iKiw liis successor, trouI>led himself laut little about the gill ids and chattels uf tlie barniiet. The mansion was broken itlier articles stolen were three feather-beds, four i)air of Idaiikets, ditto of sheets, all marked with Ins Excellency's ini- tials. 'Die thief, l)esides this mure bulky booty, stole a crown-piece of -Tames TT. and two German rix dol- lars. The next inmate of the Province House was Thomas Gage, who was expectetl to support the kingly pre- rogative l)y force of arms. "We first found the general in cpiarters in lirattle Street, and gave there an outline of his (%ireer while military governor. He occupied the I'rovince House wlieii a|i[)oiuted to the government in 1774, arid tlie tread aiiur- //L^ ^ goyne, and Grant were present, /yy^-^ . c/'^'^^/^^z> It was an anxious consultation. ,^ // Glinton and (irant proposed to land the troops at Charlestown Neck under })roiertiou of the ships, and take the American works in reverse. Tliis ]ilau, which would have probably resulted in the ca})ture of the whole provincial force, was disai)[)roved by (iag(;, Avho feared to place his men, in case of disaster, between the intrenched Americans and reinforcements from Cambridge. General Gage returned to England in October, 1775. He married an American lady, and a niece of the general by this marriage was tlie wife of the late General William H. Sumner, of Jamaica Plain. Gage had served at Fontenoy and CuUoden, and in Braddock's campaign. He is said to have borne an extraordinary personal reseinltlance to Samuel Adams, the chief conspirator against his sway, but few can fail to mark in the portrait of the general the absence of that firmness and decision which is so conspicuous in that of the patriot. 244 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Gage's well-kiKiwn proclamation was tlius liuiiiorously liit off soon after its aiii»caranc(^ : — "Tom Gage's Proclamation, Or blustering Denunciation, (Rej)lete witli Defamation, And speedy Jngulation, Of the New England Nation), Who shall his luous ways shun. "Thus graciously the war I wage. As witnessetli my liand — Tom Gage." Sir William Howe, as Gage's military successor, took up his (|uarters at the Province House, and occupied it during the winter (if 1775-70. As the siege had now begun, its position was central and well adapted for comnuinication with the works at the Neck, or at Copji's Hill, from which it was about equally ilistant. The " Governour's Tbiuse " iiow presented a busy scene, and so indeed did the neighlxu-liood. The dragoons held possession of the OLl Soutli. The orderlies' horses stood hitched in front of the general's (piarters, and armed heel ami sabre clattered \i\> and down the broad staircase, bringing re- ]>(irts from the vaiiiius outposts. Howe was a good soldier, but not an enterprising one. He had fnught with AN'dlle at Quebec as lieutenaiit-cuhmel, receiving the grade df majnr-general in 1772. f)uring tlie siege he coolly gave the order to occupy or pull down churches or dwellings as necessity dictated. He has been much execrated for setting lire to Gharlestowii, but the lire ke|)t up from some of the hovises justified tlm act in a military view. Finally Howe efiected the withdrawal of his army witlmut loss iVom Boston, by making tlie safety of the town a guaranty of his own. His after career in America was measurably successful ; defeating W'asliington at Long island and AVliite I'lains, he took posses- sion of New York, while the battles of Brandywine and Ger- iiianlown gave him Philadelphia. He was relieved by his old conu'ade Sir H. ( 'lintou, and returned liome in 1778, when an othcial iiKpiiry was made into his conduct. Howe's address to his troops l)eftire the Itattle of Bunker Hill is a soldierly docinnent. THE OLD SOUTH AND PKOVINCE HOUSE. 245 " Gentlemen, — I am very ha^tpy in having the honor of com- manding so fine a body of men ; I do not in the least doubt that you will behave like Englishmen, and as becometh good soldiers. " If the enemy will not come from their intrenchments, we must drive them out, at all events, otherwise the town of Boston will Ije set on fire by them. " I shall not desire one of you to go a step further than where I go myself at your head. "Remember, gentlemen, we have no recourse to any resources if we lose Boston, but to go on board our shi^is, which will be veiy disagreeable to us all." There is every reason to believe Sir William's military duties did not prevent his exercising a generous hospitality. The hall of audience has no doubt resounded with mirtli and music when the general received. There were his royalist neigldjors, the Mascarenes, Harrison (Jray, the Boutineaus and Master Luvell, with many kindred spirits of the court ])arty. There were (Tintun, Burgoyne, the noble Percy, and many more of tlie army and navy to grace the levees of their commander by their presence. The buzz of conversation ceases as 8ir William leads out some beautiful tory for the stately minuet, an ex- ample speedily followed by his guests. Perlia[)s amid the strains of the Fusileer's band strikes in the deep diapason of the continental cannon. The coming of the troops into Boston made formidable innovations in the customs and dress of the old founders. The sad-culoi^ed garments and high-crowned hats gave place to velvet coat, ruffles, and cocked hat. Gentlemen of condition wore the small sword in full dress, with a gold-headed cane to set off the lace depending from their sleeves. A gentleman's ball dress was a white coat, trimmed with silver basket but- tons, collar and button-holes crossed with silver lace. Or, a coat of blue or scarlet cloth trimmed with gold might serve a gallant of the period. His hair w^as craped and powdered. A satin embroidered waistcoat reaching below the hips, with small clothes of the same mateinal, gold or silver knee-bands, white silk stockings, and high-heeled morocco shoes, witli buckles of some precious metal, completed a truly elegant attire. 246 LANDMAUKS UF BOSTON. Tliu ladies wore a sac(iue Avitli a hnv^ trail petticoat hand- somely trimmed. Satin shoes with paste or metal buckle con- lined delicate feet. The hair was craped and ornamented according to fancy, and profusely sprinkled with white powder. The gown was set olf to advantage by two or three tiers of rulHes. 8uch was court dress, and court etiquette prevailed. The nuuniers were distinguislu'd for stiffness and formality, relaxing a little under the inthience of the ballroom. The last queen's ball was held February 22, 1775. (Jur reader will care little to know who originally owned the ground whereon stood the Province House. Peter Sargeant liuilt it in the year 1G71), and the Provincial Legislature became its purchaser in 171 G. After the Pevolution it was occupied l)y the Treasurer and otlier officers of the Commonwealth. When the building was reconstructed in 1851, old copper coins of tlie reign of the Georges, and sonie even of as old date as 1012, were taken from the Hoors and ceilings, Avhere they had lain pcnJii since dropi)ed by a careless functionary, or perhaps from the breeches pocket of my Lord Howe. Ancient-look- ing bottles of Holland make were found too, suggestive of 8chnapi)S and Dutch courage. IJurnet perchance may have inlierited the weakness with his Dutch l)lood. After the adoption of the State Constitution it became a " ( lovernment House." The easterly half was occupied l)y the Governor and Council, Secretary of State and Eeceiver-General. The otlier half was the dwelling (tf the Treasurer. The State was inclined to keep up the character of the Province House by making it tlu^. governor's offuual residence, and voted sums of money f tr the jmrpose. In 170G the Commonwealth, being then engaged in l)uilding the present State House, sold the Pro- vince House to John Peck, but it reverted back to the State in 17l)!», Peck being unable to fultil his part of the contract. (iovernor Caleb Strong occupied it after his election in 1800. lb' had been active in promoting the cause of the L'evolution, and tiiok part in all the ju'ominent measures of organization of the liody politic at its end. He was in the United States Senate in 1781) -1)7. In 1812 he was again elected governor. THE OLD SOUTH AND rilOVIXCE HOUSE. 247 Being a strong Federalist, lie refused to answer tlie calls made upon liiiu for troops by the general government, l)ut took measures to protect the State from invasion. The old revolu- tionary works at South Boston were strengthened and manned, and a new one erected on Noddle's Island in 1814, which bore the governor's name. This conliict between State and Federal authority forms a curious chapter in the political history of the times. Governor Strong is described as a tall man, of moderate ful- ness ; of rather long visage, dark complexion, and lihu^ eyes. He wore his hair loose combed over his forehead, and slightly powdered. He had nothing of the polish of citii's in his de- meanor, but a gentle complaisance and kindness. In 1811 the Massachusetts General Hospital was incorpo- rated and endowed by the State with the I'rovince House. The trustees of the institution leased tlie estate, in 1S17, to David Greenough for ninety-nine years, who, erecting tlie stoi'es in its front, converted it to the nses of trade. It be- came a tavern, a hall of negro luinstrelsy, and was linally destroyed by fire in October, 1864, to the bare walls. Some relics of this venerable and historic structure remain. The Indian came into the possession of Henry (Jreenough, Esq., of Cambridge, and was permitted to remain some time in the hands of the late Dr. J. C. Warren, of Park Street, but at his decease no traces of it could be discovered, much to the regret of its owner. Eventually it came to light, and with the royal arms is in the possession of the Historical Society. Colonel Ben- jamin Parley Poore became the posse.ssor of much of the cedar wainscot and of the porch. The panelling he made use of for the finish of a pre-Uevolutionary suite of rooms, while the porcli forms the entrance to his garden at Indian Hill, West Newljury. The grand staircase down which Hawthorne's ghostly })ro- cession descended led to apartments devoted to domestic uses. The massive oaken timbers were nieiuorials of the stanch and solid traits of the builders. Here Shute brooded and funuMJ ; here Burnet wrote and IJernard plotted; and here Gage and Howe planned and schemed in vain. All have passed away. 248 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. The Blue Bell aud Indian Queen tavern stood on each side of a passage formerly leading from Washington Street to Haw- ley. Nathaniel Bishop kept it in 1G73, which entitles it to Ite ranked with the old ordinaries. The officers from the Province House and Old South often di'(ip[ied in to take their cognac neat. The landlady, at this time, a stanch whig, had the re- pute (d' an amazon. Some officers one day, exciting her ire by calling IVir hraiidy under the name of "Yankee blood," she seized a spit and drove them from her house. Zadock Pomenjy kept the inn in 1800. About ISi'O the Wasliington Coffee House was erected in place of tlic Indian Queen, but it, tdo, has vanished. It will be remendx'red as the starting-place of the old Koxbury Hourlies. The passage-way referred to was aljout ojtposite Ordway Place. Auotlier Indian Queen was in Brondield's Lane, since Street. Isaac Trask kept it, and after liim Nabby, liis widow, until 1816. Simeon Boyden was next proprietor; Preston Shepaid in 1823, afterwards of the Pearl Street House ; and "W. Muu- ro(>. Tliis was the late Bromfield House, now replaced by a handsome granite block styled the AVesleyan Association Build- ing. It Avas a great centre for stages wdiile they oiuitinued to run. The likeness of an Indian princess gave the name to old and new tavern. The Bromheld House site becomes important as the liirth- place of Thomas Gushing, lieutenant-gt^vernor imder Hancock and Bowdoin, friend and coworker in the patriot cause with Adams, Otis, and Warren. The British Ministry ascribed great influence to Cushing. He was mend)er both of the Provincial aud Oontinental Congresses, ami (■omnussary-general in 1775. (Governor Cushing was a member of the Old S<->uth. He died in 1788, and was buried in the (Jranary Burying Crouiid. A few paces from the site of the old Indian Queen, in a gandjrel-roof liouse, standing end to the street, was tlie abode of the gifted Josiah Quincy, Jr., and the birthplace of his son, Josiah, who is best known to Boston as the greatest of her chief magistrates. Uriah Cotting, Charles Bulfinch, and Josiah Quincy are the triumvirate who, by waving tlieir mngi- Washingtos Street, Day after the Great Fire : Guarding the Ruins THE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 249 clan's waml, cliauged Bostou from a straggling pruvinclal tuwu into a metropolis. Josiali Quincy, Jr., died at the early age of thirty-one, while retnrniug from a voyage to England, undertaken partly for the benefit of his health. He was constitutionally delicate, and his mental strength far exceeded his physical. He was chosen, with John Adams, by Captain Preston, to defend him on his trial for the Massacre in King Street, and did defend him with all his aljQity, notwithstanding his own father warmly opposed liis undertaking it. Mr. Quinc^y was possi'ssed of high orattirical powers. The phlegmatic ,lohn Adams named him the Boston Cicero ; his political writings, begun in the Boston Gazette of October, 17G7, are full of fire and patriotic fervor. When in England he was, with Franklin, singled out for a brutal allusion by Lord Hillsborough, who declared they " ought to be in Newgate or at Tyburn." His strength proved unequal to the voyage, and he breathed his last within sight of his native laud only a few days after the Ijattle of Lexington. " Ask ye what thoiiglits C'onvulseil liis soul, wheu his dear ii.-itive sliores. Thronged with the imagery of hist delight, Gleamed on his darkening eye, while the hoai-se wave Uttered his death dirge, and no hand ot love Might yield its tender trembling ministry '( " Josiah Quincy, Jr. is said to have been the first Boston lawyer who put u[) a signJjoard over his door. Josiah Quincy succeeded Mr. Phillips as mayor in l(Sl'.'3, over his competitor Otis. We have paid a triljute to his forecast and enterprise already. To him is due the estaUishment of Houses of Lidustry and Reformation. Commercial Street completed his transformation of the Town Dock region. ITnder him the Fire Department was founded in 1827. After a long and useful public service in city. State, and national councils, ]\L'. Quincy took the presidency of Harvard ITniversity in 1829, where he continued in ofiice until 1845. At the annual festival of the public .schools of Bostou in Faneuil Hall, August, 1826, and on completion of the granite market-house, Judge Story, Ijeing present, volunteered the fol- 11* l!r)0 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. lowing seutimeut, — "May the fame of om* hoiioi'eil mayor prove as diirable as the material of Avhidi tlie beautiful market- house is constructed." (_)n which, quick as light, the mayor responded, " Tiiat stupendous monument of the wisdom of our foreflithers, the Sujjreme Court of the United States; in the event of a vacancy, may it be raised one story higher." '^ This pun lias also been attriljuted to Edward Everett. Benjamin Hichborn, another Kevolutionary patriot, next oc- cu[iietl the premises made vacant liy the Quiucys. He was a graduate of Harvard, and an cnunent niendter of the Suffolk bar. For liis zeal in his c()untry's cause he was imju'isoned on bt)ard a Ih'itish vessel, the Preston, lying in Boston harbor. Mr. Hichborn was a Jettersoniau Democrat. He was colonel of the Cadets in 1778, and marched at their head into lihode Island. In the year following he had the misfortune to be connected with an unfortunate accident which caused the death of his frit^nd, lienjamin Andrews. The gentlemen were exam- ining sonic pistols, j\lrs. Andrews being present. One of the weapons, incautiously handled, was discliarged, taking efiect iu Mr. Andrews's head, causing death in a few minutes. * Quiiicy'.s Lite. f!;OM THE OLD SUUTII KOUA'JJ iOET HILL. 251 CHAPTER TX. FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. Birthplace of Franklin. — James Rcintineau. — Bowdoiu Block. — Hawley Street. — Devonshire and Franklin Streets. — Joseph Barrell. — The Ton- tine. — Boston Lilirary. — Cathedral of the Holy Cross. — Bishop Cheve- rus. — Federal Street Theatre. — Some Account of Early Theatricals in Boston. — Kean, Fimi, Macready, etc. — John Howard Paine. — Federal Street Church. — The Federal Convention. — Madam Scott. — Robert Treat Paine. — Thomas Pahie. — Congress Street. — Quaker Church and Burying-Groiind. — Sketch of the Society of Friends in Boston. — Mer- chants' Hall. — Governor Shirley's Funeral. — Fire of 1760. — Pearl Street. — The Ropewalks. — The Grays. — Conflicts between the Rope-Makers and the Regulars. — Pearl Street House. — Spurzlieim. — Washington Alls- ton. — Theophilus Parsons. — T. H. Perkins. — (Sovernor Oliver. — Quincy Mansion. — Governor Gore. — LiverjtODl Wharf. — Tea Party and Incidents of. — The Sconce. — Governor Aiidros Dejiosed. — Sun Tavern. — Fort Hill. WE enter on IMilk Street, the ancient Fort Stro(>t, con- ducting from the governor's honse to the Sconce, or South Battery, — a route Ave now ]iropose to follow. Before we come to Hawley Street we see a granite edifice witli " Birthplace of Franklin " standing out in hold relief from the pediment. No new light has heen shed upon this interesting question since we left the Blue Ball. It is enough tliat we honor the philosopher's name in many public places, — ■ no locality may claim him. Apropos of Franklin, Avlien he was at the court of his most Christian Majesty, he soon liecame tlie rage, not only of court circles, hut of the capital. Presents flowed in upon him, which he, witli ready tact, contrived to share with his fellow-commissioners, so as to avoid the appear- ance of invidious distinction. Among other things, there came to his lodgings a superb gift of fruits, labelled " Le digne Frank- lin." " This time," said Silas DeancN " you cannot pretend this is not for you alone." " Not so," said Franklin ; " the French- 252 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. men cannot master our Ainciican names ; it is, plainly, Lee, .Deane, Franklin, that is meant." Arthur Lee, Franklin's fellow-commissioner, composed eight _ lines of the famous Liberty Song of John Dickinson, which the latter sent James Otis, upon news that the Legislature of ]\[assaehu- setts refused to rescind the resolve to send a circular letter calling a convention of the sister colonies to oppdsc taxation witliout repi'esentation. It was 'St'- jtrinted in the Pennsyl- ^^ /irL^-?- - u**^"^ V ,S^ vania (Chronicle, July 4, __^ 1708, and is the earliest '^^-^^->^^ "'^ --^2:~~^ Qf ^]jy Eevolutionary lyrics ii,ANK,,-,s i.LMni.A.E that boldly speaks of in- dependence and union. "Then join hand in haml, luaM- Anieiiinns ull ; By uniting we stand, by (lividiuL;- we lull ; In so righteous a cause let us liope to succeed, For Heaven approves of eacli generous deed. Our purses are ready, — Steady, friends, steady, — Not as shives, hut as freemen, our money we'll give." Till' old house here rejiresciitiMl is a- (plaint specimen of the old order of buildings. It was burnt L)eceml)er 29, LSIO, shortly after a drawing liad been .secured. Old Josiah Frank- lin, the father of Benjaiuin, was a. native of England, and liy trade a silk-dyer ; he lieeame a I'cspertable soap-boiler and tallow-chandler in l^xistou. Tlenjamin was born on the Gth of January, 1700. and is upon the church records as having received baptism the same day. Upon this is fiundeil the claim of the old house to lie tlie place of his nativity. Tlie sign of the statue of Faust, displayed l)y former occujiants of the Birthplace of Fraiddin, was the same used by Thomas FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 253 and Andrews in years gone by at the old stand in NewLnry Street. Opposite to us, and just below, is the " Old South Block," l)uilt upon the site of the parsonage in 1845. Next below is Sewall Block, which cuvci-s the site of the mansion of James Boutineau, a royalist^ whu departed from Boston in the train of Howe. Boutineau niarric(l Peter Faneuil's sister, Susannah, and was, like Faneuil, descended from the French Huguenots. He was a lawyer and managed the case of his son-in-law, Rob- inson, — the same wdio assaulted James Otis ; his house, a brick mansion, stood a little removed from the street, Avith the usual Hagged walk, shaded by trees, leading up to it. " Bowdoin Block " has a noteworthy record. It stands at the east corner of Hawley Street, once known as Bishop's Alley, probably from Bishop of the Blue Bell, and also as Boarded Alley, — from its having been boanh'd over at onetime, — a name our readers will sec rej)rodu(u'd in a lane leading from Hanover Street to North. On the corner of the aHey, Seth Adams once carried on printing ; his son was the first post- rider to Hartford, and rode hard to carry the post in four days. In this same Boarded Alley was esta])lishe(l the first theatre in Boston, of which more hereafter. IVlorton Place was named at the re(iuest of Thomas Kilby Jones, whose wife was a JMorton, and not for Governor ]\Iorton, as has been supposed. It was here Payne, father of Jnhn How- ard, kept- a school, before Morton Place was constructed. On the site of Bowdoin Block was another old-time mansion, which belonged at one time to James Bowdoin, son of the goAan-nor, minister to Madrid in bso.S. He was once a merchant in State Street, occupying a row of three stores with John Coffin Jones and Thomas Pussell. He was a man of highly cultivated intellectual tastes, but of slender habit. He filled many offices within the State l)efore his appointment to the court of Madrid. James Bowdoin was a munificent patron of Bowdoin College, to which he gave lands, money, and his valu- able library and philosophical apparatus collected abroad. His widow, also his cousin, married Oeneral Henry Dearborn, and 254 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. both resided tlierc until tlicir decease. Tliis house was also the l)irtliplaee of the Hon. 11. ( '. Winthvoji ; it hecame afterwards a hotel called the Mansion House. Devonshire Street has swallowed n\> the old Theatre Alley, which eondiu'ted hy a narrow and hy no means straight way to Franklin Street, liy the rear of the (>ld Boston Theatre, — hence its name. Besides Pudding Lane, a name borrowed from old Tondon, l)evonshire Street, meaning that part lying north of jNIilk Street, has been known as .billilfe's l^ane. AVhere the new l*ost-(Ji}iee is was (ince an old inn calle(l the Stackpole House, hrst the mansion of AVilliam Stackj)ole, and afterwards kept as a tavern by Bouillard of the Julieii. Tt was a large brick Iniilding, — end to the sti-eet with court-yard in front. Previous to the year 1792 all the lower part of Franklin Street Avas a quagmire. No greater change has taken place in Boston than the conversion of this swamp into useful, solid ground. Jdseph Barrell, Es(j., wlio.se estate was on Summer Stret't, lirst drained the slough for a garden, in which he had built a lisli-pond, amply stocked Avith gold-fish. Where the old iJdston Theatre stood was a, large distillery, and behind it a, pasture extending Ijetween Summer and Milk Streets as far as Hawley Street. This fToseph Barn^ll, wliose handsduie grounds and mansion became afterwards the ])niperty of Benjamin Bussey, Avas a ])iiineer in the northwest coa.st trade, which dpened such a magnilicent held to American commerce. He Avith nthei's iitted out the hrst Boston vessels Avhich (loul)led Cape Horn. They Avere the Colundiia, ( 'aptain Kendrick, and Washington, Captain firay. The cajitains exchanged vessels at sea, and the riilund)ia,'s Avas the iirst keel that })assed the bar of the great river, which iioAV bears the name of Captain Gray's vessel, the ( 'ohimbia. The improvement Avas carrie(l out by Charles Bullin(;h, Wil- liam Scdllay, and ('harles \'aughan. The Legislature refused to incorporate the projectors on the Tontine plan, but the im- provement Avas afterwards carried successfully through, Avith some iiiddilication. A block of sixteen handsome l)uildings. FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 255 designed for dwellings, ■was erected in 1793, and called the " Crescent," or " Tontine." It lias been mentioned tliat this was the first block of buildings erected in Boston. The name " Tontine " signified an association for building purposes on the annuity plan, as jiractised in Europe. A large arch penetrated the Idock, Hanked by buildings on either side, standing a little in advance of the rest ; these Avere ornamented with pilasters and balustrade. The opposite side of the street was called Franklin Place. In the middle of the street "svas an enclosed grass-plot three hundred feet long, containing a monumental urn to the memory of Franklin, then recently deceased. This central strip, oval in form, has, like the Tontine-Crescent, passed from view ; the original conveyance prohibits tlie erection of buildings upon it. The rooms over the arch were occupied by the Historical Society and by the Boston Library. This latter was incor- porated in 1794, and was designed to be somewhat more pop- ular in its character than either the Athenteum or Historical Society. It grew steadily in public favor, and by the reversion of its shares to the corporation at the death of the shareliolder a handsome fund was in time obtained. The Library sold its property, Avhich jested upon no foundation, — the arch ex- cepted, — and removed first to Essex Street, and finally to the building remodelled for them in Boylston Place. These peculiar tenures of liouses without land are uncommon in this country, but are said to be quite usual in Scotland, wliere separate stages or flats of the same building are owned by diflerent proprietors. This arch gave its name to Arch Street. Looking south across Franklin Street, wc see a noble pile with the name of the Rich Buildings on its lofty front. This is, or was, consecrated ground, and supported the weight of the Church of the Holy Cross, until traffic swept it from the street. A brief notice of the origin of the Eomish wor- ship in Boston has been given. This church was erected, in 1803, by the efforts of Rev. Father Matignon, who came to Boston in 1792, and of John Cheverus, afterwards Bishop of the diocese, — since of Montauban, France, — who followed him 256 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. iu 1790. Tlie Prutestants generously contributed to build an edifice their fathers woidd not have for a moment tolerated. It was consecrated by llishdj) Carroll of Ijaltimore when com])leted. The greatly enhanced value of the ground led to its demolition many years ago; a massive and lofty temple has since reared its huge bulk on the Neck, mainly founded on the price of the Franklin Street Cathedral. Leside the church, the Catholics erected a building which was used as a convent of Ursulines. Boston was constituted into a See in 1810 which included all the New England States. A curious parallel might be drawn in the occupation of the house of tlii^ French Hugueudts, wIki Hed from Catholic peisei'ution, by a congregation of that faith. Bishop Cheverus, afterwards a Cardinal, was sincerely l)e- loved in Boston by Protestants and Catholics alike. (Jtis and t^hiincy were his friends. He took a deep interest in the heated controversy that ensued over the treaty negotiated with Creat Britain by Washington, known as Jay's Treaty. On this question Harrison Cray Otis came before the people of Boston for th(^ first time in a public speech, and the good Bishop w^as so charmed witli the brilliant oratory of the s[teaker, that he threw^ his arms around Mr. Otis, and exclaimecl, Avhile the tears ran down his iace, " Future generations, young man, will I'isi' nj) and call thee blessed." The Federal Street was the hrst regular thcatri' established in Bosbin. It was opeiu^l February 3, 1794, with the tragedy of (Justavus Yasa. Thomas Paine, the same who afterwards changi'd his narni' to IJobcrt Treat, because he wanted a Chris- tiiiii name, wrote flic j prologue, having been adjudged the prize against a number of comitetitors. Charles Stuart Powell was tli<' first manager. The theatre was also called the Old Drury, after I)rury Lane, London. In 179cS, while nnder the manage- ment of Barrett and Ilarjier, the house Avas destroyed by fire, leaving only the briek walls standing. The theativ was soon rebuilt and opened in October, 1798, under the management of Ml', llodgkinson, with "Wives as they AVere." JNlr. George L. Ilarrett conduejcd the next season, and in the following year, 18U0, the celebraleil Mrs. Jones appeared. ]\lr. Lickson FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FOUT HILL. 257 was a favorite actor at tins house until his retirement from the stage in 1817. In this year the managers were Powell, Dick- son, and Dutt', and under their auspices Edmund Kean first performed in Boston. He met with a favorable reception, and BOSTON THKATici: ANn I KANK i.iN .sri;i:i:r. departed with a full purse and high opinion of Txistdii, wliicli he pronounced " the Literary Enii)orium of the Western World." In 1825 Kean renewed his visit to Ameiica, but the Bos- tonians, offended at his supercilious conduct on the occasion of his second engagement, when he refused to play to a thin house, would not allow him to utter a, woi'd, and he was finally driven from the stage by a showei' of ])rojectiles. Henry d. Finn, then one of the managers, vaiidy endeavored to obtain a hearing for the tragedian, who stoo(l before the audience in the most sulunissive attitude, while his countenance was a picture of rage and humiliation. A riotoiis crowd from tlie outside forced their way into the house and destiT)yed what they could of the interior. The discomfited Kean sought safety in flight. Finn was one of the best eccentric comedians Boston has ever known. Besides being an actor, he Avas a clever minia- ture painter. He first appeared at the Boston Theatre October 22, 1822, and perished in the ill-fated Lexington lost in Long Q 258 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. Island Sonnil, January 1 .'), l.'^Kl. Finn usually announced his beneiits with suiuc witty inorcain like this : — " Like a grate full of coals 1 Luni, A great full house to see ; And if I prove not grateful too, A great fool I shall be." Kean, notwithstanding his fiasco in Boston, -was possessed of generous impulses, of Avhicdi many aneedntes are related in illustration. The scene on the night of his retirement from the stage, when he appeared as Othello, at (Jovent (iarden, as- sisted by his son Charles as lago, is an ever-inemoral)le event in the annals of the stage. Broken down hy emotion and physical infirmity, the actor liad to l)e hornc from the theatre hy his son to a neighboring house. Tie survived but a few weeks. Edmund Kean was noted for the ahuse of liis ])owers by in- dulgence in the social glass. He liad a weakness to ])e thonglit a classical sidmlar, and would (juote scraps of Latin common- places. One evening, while deep in a nocturnal orgie, his secre- tary, Ii. r]ii]lii)s, tired of waiting for him, sent a servant to report the situation at two in the morning. I'hillljis. "What's Mr. Kean lays for the London stage. He witnessed tlie return of Bonaparte from El1)a, and the scenes of the " Ilundrcd Days." His future life was one of trial, vicissitude, and unre- quited effort. The plays of " Tlierese," and " ( 'lari, the Maid of Milan," are from his pen. "Home, Sweet Home," was first sung by Miss Tree, sister of Mrs. Chai'les Keaii, and procured her a wealthy husbanil, and filled the treasury of ( 'ovent ( iar- den. Payne afteiwards received an ajipointment from our gX)V- ernment as consul at Tunis. He died in 1>S52. Wlio knows that " Sweet Home " was not the })laint of his own heart, sigh- ing for tlie scenes of his youth? "An exile from home, jileasure dazzles in vain, Ah, give me my lowly thatclielder New England villages. An amusing incident is related of the vane, — Hancock's gift. Colonel Erving, meeting Pev. John Moorhead, directed his attention to the fact that the vane did not move, but remained fixed in its position. "Ay, I must see to it," said the honest parson, who ran immediati-ly to the mechanic who placed the vane on the steeple. A fatiguing climb to the top revealed that the fault was in the wind, which had remained due east for a fortnight. Mr. Moorhead, the first pastor, was ordained in Ireland, and was installed in Boston in 1730, a hundred years after the set- tlement. This was also the church of Jeremy IJelknap, and of Dr. W. E. Channiug, for whom the neighl)oring strcn-t is named. It was to this church tlie Convention adjourned fi'om the Old State House, when it met to consider the adoption of the Federal Constitution, January 9, 1788. " The 'Veiition did in Boston meet, But State House could not liolan(- ((Jongress Street), lent his aid after the ibllowing uian- ner : — "Jolm Foster Williams, in a sliiji, Joined in the social liaml, sir ; And made the lasses danee and skiji To See him sail on land, sir ! '" In 1809 the Federal Street society erected a neAV and elegant house, d(^signed liy (diaries Bulhnch. it was, when huih, the oidy sjiecinieii ul' pui'e Saxon-( Jotliic aridiiterture in Itoston. In IS.'U a nuiiiher (>{' Polish rei'ugees arrived in this country, after the final disnieniherineiit of their native laud. ( )ue Sun- day I)r. Channing announced that a collection would he taken up f >r(he lieiietit of these exiles. The call was nohly responded to ; among otiiers, Henry I'lU'kett, a mendier of the Tea I'aity, and one of the sterling patriots of IJevolutionaiy times, sent his check couched in these words : — "Pay to Count Pulaski, uiy commauder at the hattle nl' l^>raH(ly- wine, liis Ijretliren, or liearer, one hundred dollars." Anciently Ke(leral Street was known as hong Lani', hut tVom the adoption of the Federal Constitution was known hy its l»resent name. AVhat was true of the lower part of l""rauklin Street is ('(pially so of Federal, d'liei'e was once a sutlicieiit de[)th of water near the meeting-house we have just dcscrihed for smelts to he taken. Shaw cites l)r. ( "hanning as saying he had taken these fish at the corner of Federal and ^lilk Street.s, and another authority as having seen tlirei' feet of water in Federal Street. At the Uppel' end of Fe(leral Street, next the ('orner of jNlil- lon Place, lived Madam Scctt, the widow of ( loveruor Han- cock. She mairied ('aplain dames Scott in 1 7'.tIic trusts. lie was enter- taining iu cnnversation, but subject in his later years to fits of abstraction from which he w^ould rouse himself with a pleasant smile and jest. The younger Robert Treat Paine was one of those brilliant geniuses which occasionally illuminate a community iu which wit condiiiicd with sentiment commands a high value. He had a decided peitc/ui/it for the theatre, and married an actress, — Miss Baker. lie was first called Thomas, but, strongly dislik- ing the appellation of the great infidel Thomas Paine, he ap- ])ealed to the Legislature to give him a " Christian " name, lie lunl been a patron of the little theatre in Poard Alley, and assisted with his pen at the inauguration of the Boston Theatre. His father, as we know, lived hard by, and young Thomas was scarcely of age when he wrote the successful com- position. The greatest of his political lyrics, " Adams and Liberty," was written at the request of the Massachusetts Char- itable Fire Society. As first composed, all mention of AVash- ington was — inadvertently, no doubt — omitted. ^Nlajor Hen Pusscll, iu whose house Paine happened to l)e, interfered wlieii the poet was about to helj) himself from the sideboard, humor- ously insisting that he should not ([uench his thirst until he had in an additional stanza i-epaired the oversight. Paine thoughtfully paced the room a few moments, suddenly asked for a pen, and wrote tlie grand lines : — 'TilioiiM the tfinpest of war oversliailow onr land, Its holts could ne'er rend Freedom's temjile asunder ; For unmoved at its portal would Washington stand, And repulse with his breast the assaults of tlie tliundei-. His sword from the sleep Of its scabbard would leaj). And conduct with its point r\i-i y ll;isli to tin- deeji ; FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 267 For ne'er shall the sons of Columliia lie slaves, While the earth bears a j)lant, or tlie sea rolls its waves." The younger I'aiiie died in 1uakers continne(l to in- crease and tlourisli. Selling them into slaveiy was triecl and failed, and the death [>enalty was applied as a last resort. Fonr of the pers(M'ute(l sect were hanged, and but for the i'ear of in- tervention by the crown the Puritans wouhl have cut them otf root and branch. This occurred in KKiO, rather more than two centuries ago. It nuist be remarked, however, that some of the eccentricities of the early Qnakers would not be tolerated even now except among barl)arians. Congress Street has been mentioned as the headquarters of the Anthology Chdj, the first purely literary society we have an account of since tlie Pevtilutioii. In Kevolntionaiy times cluljs were quite munerous in Bt)ston, FROM THE OLD SOUTH liOUND FORT HILL. 269 and formed the nuclei around wliich tlie })atriots gathered. One of the earliest of these was tln' Whig CIuIj, of which James Otis, Dr. Church, Dr. Warren, Dr. Young, Richard Derhy of Salem, Benjamin Kent, Natlianiel IJarher, William Mackay, ("oloiRd 15ige]o\v of Worcester, and a few others were members. I'liey corresponded with Wilkes, Colonel liarre, tSaville, and other leaders of the opposition in Parliament. Civil iJights and the British Constitution were the standing sul)jects of discussion. In 1777-78 there was another chdi, com])osed of young men fresh from college, among whom were liufus King, ( 'hris- toplier Core, William Eustis, Boyal Tyler, Tlunnas Dawes, Aaron Dexter, etc. They met in Coloiud Trundmll's rooms at the corner of Court ami l>rattle Streets, and discussed pijlitics, literature, and war. Tli(! building on the northeast corner of Water and Congress Streets was formerly Called Merchants' Hall, and in it were kept the United States I'ost-Officc, and Merchants' Exchange in 1829. The new edifice occupied for the former is there- fore the second location u[)ou the same street. The Post- Office occupied the lower Hoor. Aaron Hill was tlu^ })ost- master, with eight clerks, and one p(;nny-postman. Toplilf's Reading Boom shared tlie lower apartment with the Post-Office, and contained all mercantile intelligence useful to merchants " where they most do congregate." Upon this same spot once stood an old gandirel-roofed house with diamond-paned windows, a, ]iatriarch among its fellows. On the front was a Indl's head and horns, from which the house was known as the Bull's Head. Over ojjposite was Horn Lane, since Bath Street. This was the haljitation of George Bobert Twelves Hewes, a mendicr of the Tea Party. His father was a glue-maker, soap-boiler, tanner, tallow-chandler, and perhajxs filled u\) his leisure with other employments. Young Hewes was baptized at the Old South, and had a considerable share in the tumults worked up by the Boston mechanics. He lived to be ninety-eight years ohl, retaining a clear intellect until near the end of his long life-journey. Robert Hewes's elder brother, Shubael Hewes, was Butcher- 270 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Master-* IciuTal in tlic tnwii Avliilc Hnwc lidd inissessinn, and at one time during the siege six head dt rattle was tlie entire stnek in his hands for troops or inhabitants. His hnteher-shop was at the smith cdrner of "Wasliingtun Street and Harvard Tlaee, opposite tlie ( )ld South, in an nld liuihling with a ]irn)('cting upper story. A slaiightfrdmusi' was eonnerted with tlie estali- lishment. Peoph', of wealth and positinn weiv glad to olitaiu the rejei^ted portions of tlie slaughtered animals during the investment of the town. Jl'LIKN HOUSE. The old Julien House must ever remain an dlijert ol' interest U> all gastronomers. It was called " didien's PcsttH'atdr," and was the tirst establishment noticed witli this distinctive title; all the rest were taverns or boarding-houses. It was M. Julien who first introduced that agreeable potufje which bears his naiue. He came to this country with the celebrated Dubuijue, wdio was a refugee from tlie French Revolution. Dubuipie occupied for a time the Shirley mansion in Koxbury. The old house with its gables, overhanging up{)er stories, and huge FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 271 cliimney was taken down in 182-1, and succeeded by Julien, afterwards Congress, Hall. Its site was once a tanyard. After M. Jvdien's death in 1805 his widow succeeded him, keeping the house for ten years. It is suj)posed to have been built alxiut 1760. That part of (^-ongress Street lying south of ]\lilk was formerly Green Lane, and in 1732 was named Atkinson Street, from an old family whose lands it passed through. The ancient proprietors of the soil, who gave their lands to make our high- ways, did not stipidate that the original names should remain unchanged, like the far-seeing Chief J ustice Sewall. One in- stance is mentioned of an individual who had lived on eight different streets within hfty years, but had never moved from his original dwelling. Hence the maps of Boston at various periods bear l)ut little resenddance to each other; and he who visits only occasionally distant localities finds himself lost. The happy expedient was hit upon of renewing some of the old names in the new part of the city, and we have Newbury and Marlborough, where th(\y may well baffle some future in- (piirer. In Tirecn's Barracks in Atkins. )u Street were quartered part of the 14th Royal Regiment at the time of the Massacre. As we are now in the route of the Tea Party, we will con- tinue with it through Pearl Street. Before taking leave of Milk Street, however, we must remark that it had noma other residents not unknown to fame. Below us is Oliver Street, named for that family. The (piarters of General Howe were in a house at the corner of Oliver and jNlilk Streets. To him, probably, was confided the immediate charge of the troojjs and works in and around Fort Hill. In Milk Street was the residence of Thomas Flucker, Secre- tary of the Province under Hutchinson, whose name is seen appended to the official papers of that interesting period. Flucker's daughter, Lucy, married General Knox. We have seen her sharing the privations of camp life with her husband wherever his duty called him. She was a lovely and lughly accomplished woman, contributing greatly to the little female circle around the American headquarters. Through this mar- 272 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. riage Knox became posse.s.so(l of a large, estate at Tlioiiiastoii, Me., named for rieneval John Thomas. Admiral Grave.s, of the fb'ct, st'cms to have jircferred snug quarters ashore to the eal)in of the. flagship, for he took u[) his residence at the southeast corner of Pearl and High Streets, where he might have ready access to liis shij>piug. The admi- ral, it will he remembered, Av^as exempted, with Gage, from j)ardon l)y the Provincial ('ongress. The great flre of March 20, 1700, which began at tlie Fmizen Head, in (Joridiill, consumed every house ou the north side of Milk Street, from Congress Street to the water, and on tlie o[)posite side it swept all before it — the dwelling of Secretary Oliver and a few tenements excepted — to Fort Hill. The Battery, or Sconce, took lire and Idew up, nutwitlistanding a large })art of the ])owder was thrown into the liarbor, ( lovernor Hutchinson })ersonally assisting in this lal)or. All the region now known as Lil)erty S(piare was Imrnt over, — sliops, ware- houses, and the sl\i])yard tliat has lieen noteil ; so tliat from Devonshire Street to tlie wab'r's edge, from Milk Street to the north side of State Street, scarcely a house reiuaine(l standing. Oliver Street was very l)adly pave as LSOcS. At this time tliere was a l:)rick sidewallc on the north side of Pearl Street, but none on the (jtlier, and some gentlemen caused a plank Avalk to lie laid from High Street uj) the hill to their residences at the top. The old b'evolutionaiT fort was levelled and converteil into a mall since 17U7, the ground lying around it remaining in possession of the town until after 1800. Kilby Street, noticed at its outlet into State, was named for Oliristopher Kill)y, an eminent Boston merchant, on account of his liberality to the sufferers by the gn^d. lire of 17'iO, when the street was noAvly laid out and widened. .Mr. Charles AV. Tuttle says a descendant of Christopher Kilby married the seventh Duke of Ai-gyle, grandfather of the Manpiis of Lornc, sinc(i married to the Princess Louise of England. Kilby re- sided in Cj)ueen Street. FRO!\r THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 273 On till' )na]i nf 1722 no street is laid down where the present Pearl Street is, Init a number of ropewalks extend in its general direction from (Jow Lane (High Street) towards Milk. In 1732 the alley along the ropewalks obtained the name of Hutcliinson Street, changed in 1800 to Pearl. In 1771 there was but a single house on the east side, — that of Charles Paxton, Esq., an elegant three-story brick, some little distance from Milk Street. Paxton was one of the revenue commissioners, and was not for- gotten by the mi>b which called at Secretary Oliver's. He had, however, made liis escape with his valuables, and the owner of the hous(! saved his property by proposing to broach a barrel of punch at the tavern near by. Tlu; mob accepted the alter- native. Paxton was also a mandannis councillor, and proscril)ed by the Provincial Congress, with Jonathan Sewall and Benja- min Hallowell. The west side of the street was oc(nipied in its entire length, at the date mentioned, by seven ropewalks ; these were all buint in 1794, and the street liecamc dotted with tin; residen(;es of the wealthy and refined. The first rope-maker in P>oston was John Harrison, whose " rope-held " was on Purchase Strecit, at the foot of Sunnner ; the former street now occupies the ground. From this circum- stance arises the name Piu'chase, ])art of the way having Ixn-n thus secured. Harrison first exercised this calling here in 1042, and in 1663 appealed to the selectmen not to license a rival artisan in the town. Isaac P Davis, whose middle name is the capital letter only, was tlie last rope-maker in Boston. The Crays were the most celebrated rope-makers of Boston. Edward, the senior, first served an apprenticeship with Barton, at Barton's Point, now West Boston. In 1712 he began making ropes on the Pearl Strc^et tract, purchased of Theodore Atkin- son. He was the father of Harrison Gray, treasiurer of the I^rovince, and of John, who succeeded to tlie ropewalks, seven hundred and forty-four feet long, warehouse, dwelling, and out- houses, — a snug patrimony. " In that building long and low, Witli its windows all a-row. Like tlie port-holes of a Inilk, VZ* K 2/4 LANDMAKKS OF liUSTON. Human spiders spin and spin, Backward down their threads so thin, Dropping eaeli a lienipen l)idk." Harrison Oray, treasurer of the colony, and grandfother of Harrison ( iray Otis, was proscribed, and had his estates confis- cated after liis fliglit from Boston. It is stated, in Sabine's Loyalists, that in August, 1775, inquiry was made in the House of liepresentatives concerning the horse and chaise, formerly Harrison (Iray's, which was tiscd by tlie late Dr. (General) Warren, and came into the hands of the committee of supi)lies after Dr. "Warren's death. The horse and cliaise appears to have been traced to Dr. William Eustis, afterwards governor, as he was directed the next day to deliver it to the committee named. Mr. Gray went first to Halifax, thence to London, where his hoTise was the resort of the Boston refugees. Of him it was written : — "What Puritan could ever I'ray In godlier tones than Treasurer Gray ; Or at town-meetings, speecliifying. Could utter more melodious whine, And shut his eyes and vent his moan, Like owl afflicted in the sun ! " At tliese ropewalks Itcgan the conflicts Ijetween the soldiers and roi)e-makers, whidi culminated in tlie 5111 of Marcli aifair. Among the soldiers were a good many mechani(^s, wlio were often employed as journeymen. One. of these in(|uired of a negro workman at Mr. Gray's if his master wished to hire a man. The negro answered that "his master wislied to have his vault emi)tied, and tliat was a jjrojier ^vork for a Lobster." For tliis insolent remark the soldier gave the negro a severe beating. Mr. Gray came up, parted them, and endeavored to persuade tlie soldier to return to his barracks, Ijut the latter cursed him, and offered for sixpence to serve him as he had done the negro. Mr. Gray took him at his word, and after a sound thrashing, the soldier rushed ofl' to his barracks at Wheelwright's, now Foster's Wharf, swearing vengeance. But, in the language of Pope, — " What direful contests rise from trivial tilings ! " FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. Zib The soldier ivturiu'il in liulf ;iu liour with uearly seventy of liis comrades of tlie 14th, armed with pipe-staves wdaicli they had obtained at a cooper's shop. They made a furicnis attack ii])on tlie rojjewalk men, who stood ih'm, and tinall}' re})ulsed their assailants, pm'suing them over tlie hill. The soldiers, rein- forced to the luunber of aljout three hundred, headetl by their sergeant-major, returned with redoubled fury to the conflict, l)Ut the rope-makers had been joined by the brawny shipwriglits, mast and l)hK-k makers, from Hallowell's shipyard at the foot of Milk Street, armed with their beetles, wedges, and marlin- spikes. The soldiers pulled down the fence in High Street en- closing the Held, since (^uincy Place, and the roj)ewalk nwK levelled that on Pearl Street. A territic melee ensued, but the athletic nu^chanics of Fort Hill were too much for the soldiery, who were again worsted. This occurred on tlie .')d of March, 1770; the massacrt! in King Street took j.lace on the Ttth. The northwest corner of Pearl Street is the site of the Pearl Street House, opened in 18."^G liy Colonel Shepard, formerly of the Indian Queen in Bromfield Street. The liouse stood until the Great Fire of 1872. It was the first erected on the south side of the street, after the rope walks, and was built by Mr. Gorham for a residence. On the opposite corner resided Mr. -Tohu Priiu'e, a gentleman of tory proclivities, wdio, however, did not join tlie loynjist hegira of 1770. His estate, whicli had a courtyard and gul- dens, was altered by him in about 1812, when Ik; Iniilt a block ol five buildings, the centre house twice as large as the otiiers, for his own residence. It had a roof with a pediment raised above the others, giving the whole block somewhat the appear- ance of a pulilic edilice. After residing there for a few years, he removed to a l)eautiful residence at Jamaica Plain, and this Pearl Street mansion became the boarding-house of Mrs. Le Kain. In this house John Gaspard S])urzheim, the gifted Prussian phrenologist, resided during liis visit to Boston, and here, also, he died, in the same year of his arrival in this country. He lies buried at Mount Auburn, his tomb being a coiisj)icuous object in that ftimed cemetery. 270 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Attached to the estate of Mr. Prince was a hirge barn. Tliis was Washington Allstoii's studio after his return to Boston, and nntil liis removal to (Jambridgeport, in consequence of tlie con- version of tlie barn into a livery-stable. Here his large picture of Uelshazzar's Feast, now in the Museum of Fine Arts, was rolled up and laid aside, although he worked at it at this time. AUston was the antipodes of Stuart. He w'as refined, gentle, and unassuming ; a charming companion, and a great fiivorite in society. fJesides being a jiainttu', he wrote verses, and a vol- ume iif his pDcms was jiublishetl. Coleridge said he was un- surpassed l)y any man of his age in poetical and artistic gt-nius. For many years after ^Vllston left I»ome every American was ([uestioni'il by the native artists for news of the American Titian ; il was generally conceded that for two hundred years no artist's coloring had so closely resembled tliat of the great master. His Dead iMan Avon the first prize of two hundred guineas from till' Uritisli Institution, and the artist could have disposed of it for a large sum on the spxif, bnt he ]»rcferi'ed to sell it for less tlia-n its value to the Pennsylvania Academy, through Messrs. jNIcMurtie and Sully. Allston employed his leisure hoin-s at Harvard in drawing hgurcs and lamlscapes. The pic- tures of Pine, in the ("olumbian Museum, lioston, were liis first masters in coloring ; l)ut, most of all, he admired a head of Cardinal Pentivoglio, by Smil)ert, in the College library, while a student. Tliis was a cojiy from Vandyke, and seemed perfec- tion to the young artist until lu- saw works of greater merit. Allston continued to ])aint industriously and successfully nntil Ills death, which occurreil at Cand)ridge, July 9, 1843. lie liad paintetl all day, and during the evening ccmversed Avith unusual cliccrluhu'ss. 1 lis wife Id't tlie roctm for a few moments, and when she returned he was dying. Allston was liljerally patroni/,e(l, ami no American ])ainter of his day received such pric'es. His tirst wife was a sister of William Ellery Channing ; a sister of llichard II. l)ana was the Mrs. Allston who survived him. De Toccpieville went to Cambridgeport on ])urpose to see the artist ; ami the lirst in([uiry of Lord Mori)etli, when In; FROM THE OLD SOUTH KOUND FORT HILL. 277 landed in Boston, was, "Where does Allstou live?" A num- ber of liis pictures are preserved in the Museum of Fine Arts, including several unfinished works. The late S. F. B. Morse was a pupil of Allston. The house next Iji'yond that of ^Nlr. Prince was that in whi('li Theophilus Parsons, LL. I)., lived after his removal to Boston in 1800, and in which he died. Judge Parsons, as chief of the Massachusetts Bench, as one of the framers of the State Consti- tution, or as a zealous advocate foi' tin- adoiition of the Federal Constitution, ranks high in the estimation of his (;ountrynien. An instance of Judge Parsons's address is gi\'('n in connection with the convention in Federal Street. (Jne of the delegates, Kev. Mr. Perley, of Maine, refused to vote for an instrument whicli did not acknowledge the Supreme Being. The lawyer und(U'took to argue him out of his position. " 1 suppose," said Mr. Parsons, -'that in the course of your ministtu'ial labors you have preached fnnn texts in every l)ook of the Old Testament." " Yes," said Mr. Perley, " I probably have." " You have preached from texts in the Book of Esther 1" "J)onbtless I have," said Mr. Perley. " Do you know that in the liook of Esther," said Mr. Parsons, " there is not a single allusion to the Supreme Being 1" "It is not possible," said Mr. Perley. " Look ! " said Mr. Parsons. The search was made;. " You are right," said Mr. Perley, and the clergyman confessed his scruples removed. Theophilus Parsons, the younger, is best known by excellent works on commercial law, and for other labors in the literary field. He studied law with Judge Prescott, father of the his- torian, and son of the Colonel Prescott of Bunker Hill. Next the house of Judge Parsons was that of Paxton, or Palmer. This house was divided, and became the residence of James Lovell, the naval officer, and of Thomas Handasyd Per- kins, so well remembered for his numificent contribution in aid of a blind asylum. Between this mansion and the (^uincy estate a field intervened. Colonel Perkins was one of the most eminent of B(jst(jn merchants, and, with his brother James, engaged largely in the 278 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Cliiua ami Java trade. Aiuassiug great wcaltli, liotli brothers contributed freely to benevolent or literary olijects. The atten- tion of Colonel T. H. Perkins was probaltly tirst drawn to the blind l)y tlie partial loss of his own siglit. Tlie (^>uiney Kail- way, and the Washington and lluid-^er Hill Monuments were each ol)jects of his interest and etforts. lie laid th(^ corner-stone of the Mercliants' E.\(diange in State Street, and lilierally aided the Mei'cantile Library. He was, in common with some iif his neigldiois, an ardent opjionent of the war policy of Mr. Madison. Wlien ( 'olonid Perkins was in Paris, during a i)eriod of ap- jiichended revolution, Lafayette confided his son, George Wash- ington, to his care, and the latter lived for some time in his family in iJoston. Immediately behind the mansion of Mr. Perkins was the residence of iVndrew Oliver, lieutenant-go\'ernor under Hutch- inson's re>/i)ii(', distributor of stam[)s, etc. The house stood near ( Jliver Street, though it did not appear to lia,ve front(^d upon it. Its condition was so dilajiidated in 1808 as to att'ord little idea of its former appearance. It was in goiul repair after the devolution, and occupied by families of respectability. Mr. ()liver was visited by the mob who overthrew the stamp- ohice at tlie dock, not far ilistant. (iovernor Pi'rnard recites in liis pro(damation that the secretary's house was entered with force ami violem-e, his furniture damaged, windows broken, and fences pulled down, to the gi'eat terror of his ^fajcsty's liege subjects. The secretary, a|)preheiisi ve of a second visit from his fellow-citizens, thought it prudent bi resign liis office forth- with. Mr. Hubdiinsoii was present at Oliver's house when the mob attacke(l it ; he used his endeavors to suppress the riot with force, but neither the sherilf nor the colonel of the Boston li.egiment thought jiroper to interfere. Peter ( diver, l>rother of Andrew, was chief justice in 1771, adhered to the royal cause, and left liosbm with the king's troops. Secivtaiy ( )li\'er died in llosfnn in 1771. He was one of the most aflluent ol' the Old iiostonians, and had a ])rivate e.stal)- lishment i'i\al]ing that of any in tin- juovince. Coaches, chariot, negro slaves, and good sbaling plate in abundance attested his FROM tup: old south round fokt hill. 279 wealth. He was a ,u,('nerous patron of Smibert, who painted all tlie family portraits, including one in which the secretary and his two brothers were represented. Anilrew Oliver wished to stand well with his countrymen, and at the same time enjoy the emoluments of an officer of the crown. He soon found the two were incomjiatible, and })assed from tlu^ stage soon after the events occurred that have given notoriety to his name. On the opposite side of Oliver Street was the residence of Judge (Jliver Wendell. It fronted towards the east, with grounds adjoining. Until 1872 Quincy Block marked the site of an old estate, which extended to High Street. Here Mr. Quiucy passed the earlier years of his married life, until elected to Congress in 1805, when the mansion was occupied by Cliristo[)her Gore. It is described by Miss Quincy as " A handsome edifice of three stories, the IVout oruameuted with Corinthian pilasters ; and pillars of the same order supported a porch, from which three flights of red sandstone stejis, and a l)road walk of the same material, descended to Pearl Street. Honeysuckles were twined around the porch, and high damask rose-l)Ushes grew beneath the windows ; at the corner of Pearl and High Streets stood the stable and coach-house. The grounds ascending towards Oliver Street were formed into a glacis, and were adorned with four Englisli elms of full size and beauty, the resort of munerous birds, especially of the oriole, or golden robin." Christopher Core was a P.ostonian liy l)irth, and an eminent lawyer. It was in his office that Daniel Wel)ster read law, and by his advice that the latter continued steadfast in the profes- sion when beguiled by some ofter of pl:u« whicdi might have terminated his great career. Mr. Trore was tlu^ first district attorney ap])ointed l)y "Washington over the Massachusetts dis- trict ; he was also a connnissioner under Jay's treaty, and a United States senator. In 1809 he was (dected governor of Massachusetts. Tins was the period of the embargo of Mr. Jefferson, and of the stirring scenes preceding the war of 1812. The temper of the Pxistonians was decidedly adverse to tlie measure ; the mercantile class, whose interests were most nearly 280 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. aliecteil, were Ijitter iu their cuiiuiiciits upon tlie adiiiinistratiou. Culuuel Uoyd, commauding at Fort lnde}>endenc'e, received orders to tire upon any vesstd attempting to violate the embargo, upon wliich the color.s on the shi|)})ing were placed at halt'-nia.st. The Wasp, afterwards cou(pier()r of the Frolic, lay in the stream watching the idle vessels, and threats were freely made to huru her. AVilliam Su]li\'an says. Governor Gore was tall, a little in- clined to ciirpulency in middle age, and erect, but began to bentl at an earlier age than common. He became bald at an uimsually early period. His hair was tied liehind and dressed with powder. His face was round and tlorid, his eyes black ; iiis manners courteous and amialjle. (_iore Hall, at Harvard, com- memorates a magnihcent be(piest to the University in his will. On the site of the Athenteum once stood the block of that name; we wish tlie custom prevailed more generally of tlius distinguishing localities. In the hall of the Atheiueum tlie disciples of Baron Swedenborg hehl their worsliip ; the society had existed in Boston since 1818, receiving legislative sanction in 1823. It has been mentioned that the Athena'um owed their Iniilding to the munificence of James Perkins. Quiucy Place and Perkins Street were visible memorials of two distiu- gui.shed families. The Place is now Hartford Street. High Street has ceased to be high, and, to keep piace with the custom of the times, should receive a more aiipropriate title. ( )f yore it mounted the height to the, esplanade of Fort Hill ; now it has sunk ti:> a monotonous level. Sister Street rejoices in the name as well as the smell of Leatlier, while Wil- liams Street, named for John Foster Williams, is metamorphosed into Matthews. Pearl Street is tlie acknowledged shoe and leather mart of the country, and has furnished the State with at least one chief magistrate. The Hutchinsons, Atkinsons, (irays, Perkinses, Quincys, Parsonses, (Jridleys, and the rest, have shed a lustre round tlie ancient hillside, though granite now usurps the terraced gardens, and drays instead of chariots stand at tlie r. Thomas Young, Paul Pevere, Thomas j\l(dvill, Henry Purkett, Caj)tain Henry Prentiss, Samuel ( loi'e, (Jeoige li'. T. Hewes, Joseph Shed, Jolin Crane, Josiah Wheeler, Thomas P'rann, Adam Colson, Thomas Chase, S. Cooledge, Joseph Payson, James Ihewer, Thomas liolter, Edward I'roctor, Samuel Sloper, Thomas Cer- rish, Natlianiel (ireeii, Edward ( '. llow, i^benezer Stevens, Ni('holas Canipliell, John Pussell, Thomas Porter, AVilliaui Hurdley, Penjaiuin Rice, Nathaniel Erothingham, IMoses Grant, Peter Slater, -lames Sfari', Aliraham Tower, Isaac Simpson, iloseph Eayres, Joseph Lee, AVilliam Molineux, -lolm Spiirj', FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 283 Thomas Moore, 8. Ilowanl, JNtatthew Loriug, Thomas Spear, Daniel Ingollson, Jonathan Hunuewell, John Hooteu, llichard Hunnewell, Wilhani Pierce, WiUiam Russell, T. ( Jamniell, ]\Ir> Mcintosh, Mr. Wyeth, Edward Doll)ier, Mr. Martin, Samuel Peck, Lendall Pitts, Samuel Si)rague, Ijenjamin ( "larke, Julm Prince, Richard Hunnewell, Jr., David Kinnison, Jolm Truman, ~ Henry Pass, Jose})h Mountt'ort, AVilliam Hurd, Joseph Palmer, Joseph (/Oolidge, Ohadiah ( "urtis, James Swan, Mr. Kingson, and Isaac Pitman.'" There are antlioiities who giv(! Dr. Warren as a member of the Mohawk Pand. Many incith'uts are related of this event, it is said that on tlieii' return from the wharf tlie hand passed a house where Admiral Montague of the lleet happened to he, and tliat he raised tlie window and cried (.)ut, " Well, hoys, you've hail a tine pleasant evening for your Indian caper, liave n't you'? I Jut miml you have got to pay the fiddler yet!" " (), never mind !" shouted Pitts, till' leader; "never mind. S(|uire I just come out here, if you please, ami we'll settle the liill in two minutes." The populace raisi'd a shout, the lifer struck u|i a lively air, and the admiral shut tlu^ window in a hurry. A [mwerful lleet lay in the roads; the troo[is were at the ( 'astle, yet nut a move was made to arrest the woik of destruction. Thomas Melvill, in ait'r times a distinguished citizen of Boston, was of tlie paity. ( )n his return home his wife col- lected a little of fJie tea fi'oni his shoes, which was put into a hottli' with a uieiuorandum written on ]iarelimeiit, and kept as a [)recious relie in the family. Many came to see the famous herb, until at last it was found necessary to seal it, to preserve it from vandal hands. This hottle of tea came into possession of Leuniel Shaw of this city, son of the late dudge Shaw. John ( "rane, another of the ])arty, while busily employed in tlie hold of (Uie of the shi])s, was knocked down l)y a chest of tea, falling from the deck upon him. lie was taken u|i for dead, and concealed in a neighlioi'ing raipentei''s shop undei' a pile of shavings. After the party hail tinished they returned, and found ( 'rane li\ing. * Some cif tliese luiiiius ;ire from Lossing's Fiuld-Book. 284 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Several persons who were detected in the act of secreting tlie fragrant })lant were rougldy handled. "One Captain O'Cminnr," says Hewes, "whom I will knew, came on hoard for this pur})osc, and when he supjioscd lie was not noticed, tilled his pockets, and also the lining of his coat. But I had de- tected Inm, and gave information to the captain of what he ^v■as doing. We were ordered to take him into custody, and just as he was stepj)ing from the vessel, I seized him ly the skirt of his coat, and in attemjiting to imll him liack, I tore it oil'; hut springing for- ward hy a rapid effort, he made his escape. He had, liowever, to run the gantlet of the crowd upon the wliarf ; eacli oui' as he passed giv- ing him a kick or a stroke. Tlie next day we nailed the skirt of his coat, which 1 liad indh-d oti', to the wliijipiug-posl in Cliarh'stown, the place of his residence, with a ]al>el upon it." (Iriffin's Wliarf, as well as AVlieelwi'iglit's, hud a nuniher of large warehouses, in whi(di had l)een (juartered the detachnient of the DDth, and the train of artillery which landed in Octo- ber, 17G8. A lire naught in one of tlie stores used a.s a lahor- atory in INlarch, 17<)(*, and an ex])losion o(-curred, iiijui'ing sev- eral men and terrifying the neighborhood. Kowe's Wharf coincides with the old Southern liattery or Sconce, an outwork of Fort Hill, and teiininus in this direction of the famous Barricado. As early as l(i32 a foit was begun on the eminence then calh^d Corn Hill, but .soon changed to the Fort-held, and hnally to Fort Hill. The IJostonians were aided by their brctlnvn from C'harlestown, loixbury, and Dorchester; two yeai's after, it was ih'clai'ed in a. stat(! of defence. The Sconce was probably not built until S(nne time after the main work, ])erhaps at the time of the I'utch war. It was con- structed of whole timber, with earth and stone lietween, and was coiisidi'i'ed very strong, in time of ]>eace it was in charge of a, gunner only, but had its company assigneil to it in case of (hinger. In 17(*") it was commanded by (Captain Timothy Clark, who was ordered to furnish an account of the ordnance, aiiimuiiitioii, etc, " meete to bee offered liys (!ra(te the Huke of Marlborough (ireat Master of her Majestye's ( )i'(lnance." In 174."? the battery mounteil thirty five guns ; at- this time no Work appears on the summit of the liiil. In 1 7 7-i Jeremiah FROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 285 Green was captain witli tli<' rank of niajur. The Britisli eon- tinueil to Imld it witli a garrison, and had a laboratory there. Colonel Poincroy's reginieut, the G4t]i, occu})ied the hill in Novemljer, 17()8 ; thi' Welsh B\i.sileers, who had won a splendid name for valor at INlinden, were posted there in 1774, and in 1775 the works contaiued four hundred men. After the evacu- ation the works were found greatly damaged, l)ut were occu- pied and strengthened hy the Americans. I)u ]'ortail, chief engineer of the American army, came to Boston in ( )ctohei-, 1778, to make a survey of the works, when this with others was strengthened and i)ut in the best postures of defence. Sul)- sequently, in 1779, when Washington was fortifying the passes of the Hudson on a great scale, the heavy guns were removed from all the works here and sent forward to tlie army against which Clinton w^as then advancing. The battery and fort acijuire a celebrity as the theatre of the seizure and deposition of CovcriKir Aiidros. In April, 1689, the news of the landing of the Trince of (_)i-ange at Torbay reached Boston, and threw ilw town into a ferment. TIk^ gov- ernor, Tiandolph, and souk; otliei's sought the security of the fort; the drums beat to arms, aulil i;;)stoii lu'vev knew a atterymarclj, which has absorbed the street. A specimen of th(^ small arms in use at the time of the set- tlement is in the Historical Society's possession. The guns Avere without locks, match or fuse lieiug used at the rate of two fithoiiis for every ]iound of powder and twenty Indlets ; pikes were still in use for f lot-soldiers. "Wla-re are tliesc nld au.l feudal clans, Their jiilces and bills and ]iartisan.s ; Their liaulii'rks, jerkins, Inilt's ! A battle was a battle then, A breathini; )iieee uf wank ; but men Fiuht nnw with |Hi\v(ler indi's." The iMulding lately oceiipiial by a (ilass ( 'ompany at the corner of Hamilton Street was the I'esideiice of lliMijamin Hal- lowell, giMudtatlier of the admiral. It became afterwards a noted inn, kimwn as the " Sun," and kept- by (Goodrich in 1S22. This old Sun Tavern was demolished many years ago. It was the third or fourth of that name in Boston. One of the same name was in I)ock Scpiarc in 172-i, kept by Samuel IMeiU's ; another was in Cornhill in 1755, kept by Cnjjtain Janies l)ay: we may suppose the conjuiKition of nanies did not escape tJie wits of the (l;iy. The sign of tJie Sun in T!at- terymareh Street has been (aim|iared in shape to a gravestone, with its circular top. There the likiuiess ended ; for underneath the rays of a gilded smi was the legend, — FROM THE OLD SOUTH KOUND FOKT HILL. 287 " The best Ah^ anil Porter Under the Sun." By a curious transition the sign was afterwards erected in Moon Street, where it became the proper synil)ol of Mrs. Milk, whose mixtures were perhaps not as mild as tlie name indicated. Few of her customers escaped a coup de t^ohil ; her nei<.,dd)(irs were Waters, Beer, and Legg. Sun Court, near by, reflected the name of the greater luminary. At the east corner of jNIilk Street and Liberty S(|uare was the Commercial Coffee House, built on the site of llallowell's shipyard. It was kept by William Meriam from 18 the }»rinci})al shipyard in the; town, from which was launched the ship Genet fully rigged, and named in honor of the then French minister to this country. ISide Viator. We were about to invit(> the reader to ascend Fort Hill. The waters of the harbor ha\-e swallowed the emi- nence, and it is as completely obliterated as if an earthipiake had engulf('(l it. The base indeed is left, l>ut it requires a strong imagination to pii-tin'e an elevation <'ighty feet above us, bearing on its top the elegant inansions of a, past generation, with the tops of noble elms waving in the cool sea-breezes. Yet this was the i)eculiar spot to wlii(-li residents were invited fifty years ago, with the assurance that the green |)ark on its top would afford a perpetual ]ilace of recreation. The streets which strugglt^l up the sides of the hill were once peopled with a highly respectable class, but Broad Street and the outlying works were soon carrieil liy Irish, and the citadel was yielded to them. From the hill radiated tlie wdiarves, like the fingers of the hand ; the eastern slope was peopled liy ship artisans and mechanics pertaining to that craft. The summit of the hill was levelled so as to form a jilateau, in the centre of which was the grass-plat (Micircle(l with an iron fence and studded witli trees. On the south side was built the Boylston 288 LANDMARKS OF F50ST0X. SuliiKil and f;uii-liousc (if llic AVasliin.i^tini Artillery ; tlic f^pace enclosed by the Imildiii^s (Ui tin' dilicr sides \v;is called AVash- ington Place. The school reeeived its naiue in honor of Thomas and Ward Nicholas Boylston, liberal Ijeuefactors of Boston and the neighboring University. A windniill was erected un the hill in the year 1701. The Washington Artillery ( 'oni[)aiiy, on one of its annual visits to East Boston for target-practice, gave a sample of their gunnery by knocking over a cow with a twelve-pounder shot. The owner received the ])iice demandeil fur the slaughtered animal. The company, with a, keen eye to l>usiness, had the cow dressed and sold at a considerable advance on the price paid the owner. The land from the hill-t^>i> no doulit furnished the material for tilling up the docks east of Kilby ami Batterymarch Streets. The old fort had disaj)peared long before the lievohition, and it was not until then that the hill was again fortified. In 1869 tlie levelling of the hill was ordered, and fully comjileted within three years. Then came the Great Fire of 1872 to transform the region we have been traversing into a heap of blaekened rub1)ish, with the rectification of some street lines, the widen- ing of others, and the inconsiderate changing of street names, consequent upon the rel)uilding, still further to confuse tlie nomenclature already sufficiently perplexing in all conscience. A TOUR EOUND THE COMMON. 289 CHAPTER X. A TOUR ROUND TUP: COMMON. Long Acre. — Tremont House. — Mr. Clay. — Pre.sident Jackson. — Cliarles Dickens. — Little Honse-lot. — Tremont Theatre. — Tlie Cadets. — Adiiio Paddock. — Paddock's Mall. — Granary Bury big-Ground. — The Granary. — Almsliouse. — Workliouse. — Bridewell. — Park Street Church. — Man- ufactory House. — Liuen-Spinning Introduced. — Elisha Brown. — Massa- chu.setts Bank. — Incident of the Lexington E-\i)edition. — The Common. — Its Origin. — The Great Mall. — Fences. — Winter Street. — Governor Bernard. — John McLean. — Samuel Adams. — St. Paul's. — Masonic Tem- ple. — Margaret Fuller. — Washington Gardens. — The Haymarket. — West Street. — The Gim-House. — Colonnade Row. — Massachusetts Med- ical College. — Haymarket Tlieatre. — Boylston Street. — John Quincy Adam.s. — General Moreau. — Charles Francis Adams. UP( JX the pavement of Trt'iiiuiit Street ouce more, we renew our wanderings in the vicinity of the Old ( iranary Hury- ing-(_}riiund. Common Street Ava.s the tir.st distinctive ajipella- tion received hy that part of Tremont from School Street to Jjoylstiin, or, to t'opy the language of the record, " from Melyne's corner, near Colonel Townsend's, pa.ssing through the Common, along by Mr. Sheef's into Frog Lane." It did not become Tremont Street until 1829. The name of Long Acre was given to that part of the street between School and Winter by Adino Paddock, of whom something anon. It came from that jmrt of London in which the great jilague (jriginated, and which was noted for its mughouses. In London Long Acre is the scene of Miitt Prior's amours, when, after an evening with Swift, Oxford, Bolingbroke, and Pope, he wouM go and smoke a pipe and drink a bottle of beer with a common soldier. This name of Paddock's was generally accepted, thougli we do not learn that it ever had any official sanction. Tlie Tremont House, so long a marked feature of this locality, is no more. The corner-stone was laid on the 4tli of July, 1828, and it was opened to the public October 16, 1829. Isaiah 13 s 290 LANDMAliKS OF JUJSTOX. Ito,u,xa',s was tlie ai'cliiku;t. It was tliou.^ht tu 1h', and was at this time, a moikd of luxury and elegance. It had seen some notable guests. Henry Clay, or, more familiarly, Harry of the West, tarried lierc So did his antagonist, thru President, Jaekson, on his visit to IJoston in June, LS-")."]. TIk.'sc two men gave rise to t\V(.) party watchwords which have been perpetuated in a singular manner. Two rival })olitical hands of Kentuckians went to settle on the hanks of the Missouri. One party came from the lUue-Cirass region, and were Clay men. The other was from the Big Sandy, and were Jackson men. The battle- cry of till' i)arties was, "Clay and Liberty," "Jackson and Independence." Each little band of settlers iKUued their vil- lages for their war-ciy, and eventually the counties for their political chiefs. So they n(jw remain. Brave Hull came also to see the docking of his old shij), the Constitution. ( diaries Dickens, on his lirst visit to America, came to the Treiuont House. It took him eighteen days to come over in the Britannia. It is said the tirst person he asked for on his arrival A\'as Bryant ; but, as the steamer reached her dock after dark, we may conclude the comforts of his hotel engrossed the novtdist's mind. He gives a somewhat humorous account of his initiation into ^Vmerican hotid customs : — "'Dinner, if you please,' said I to the waiter. "'When?' said tlie waiter. "'As (piirk as possil)le.' saiil I. '"lliglit away (' said tlie waiter. "After a moment's hesitation, I answered ' No,' at hazard. '^ ' Not right awa}'?' cried tlie waiter, witli an ninimut nf surprise that made me start. "I looked at liini (Laditi'idly, and returned, ' No ; I would rather have it in this private reoui. I like it veiy nuidi.' "At this, I really tlinii^lit the w.-iiter riuist have gone out of his mind ; as I believe he wonld ha\'e done, but I'oi' the iiitei'position of anotlier man who whispered in his ear, ' Directly.' " ' Well ! and that 's a fact ! ' said the waiter, looking helplessly at me. ' Right away.' "I now saw that 'right away ' and 'directly ' were one and the sanu' thing. So T i-eversei| my pre\'i(ius answer, and sat down to diinier in ten minutes ai'tei'wai'ds, and a capital diinier it was. A TOUK HOUND THE COMMON. 291 '•Tlu' hotel (a very excellent one) is culled the Tiemoiit House. It liiis more galleries, colonnades, piazzas, and passages than I can remember, or the reader would believe." Lieutenant Derby, better known as Jolm Plueuix, humor- ously reviews the prospect of the burial-ground from the windows, which he considered, not witliout st)me degree of plausibility, part and parcel of all IJoston hotels. Derby was a very clever artist, and used to draw comic caricatures on the blackl)oard of Jones's in San P'l'aiicisco. This was before the merchants had an exchange there, and Phcenix Avas accustomed to i)ut liimself under the head of ship arrivals, instead of regis- tering liis name at tlie office. iJefore the hotel was taken down, and next the cemetery, tliere was a vacant lot, on which once stood a modest little brick dwelling, built by a Mr. Newman. The hotel displaced three ante-Kevolutionary houses : one, fronting lieacon Street, Avas the resideiice of John Parker; the corner of Trcniont was an open lot, with handsome lK)rse-chestnut trees, lielonging to an old-fashioned house Avith the end to the street, the mansion of the Hubbard family. Next was a housi; built by Tliomas Per- kins, whose wife Avas a IMascarene. It fronted on tlie street, and had a garden. The old Tremont Theatre stood on the si)ot noAV covered by the Tremont Temj)le. The corner-stone AA'as laid on the morn- ing ()f July 4, 1827. The theatn; was built so rajiidly that a performance took jilace on the 24th of September. " Wiv(!S as they Were, and .Maids as they Are," was the piece chosen l)y Mr. Pelby. ( tstindli, the fither of the since famous Eliza Biscaccianti, led the orchestra. W. P. Blake read the prize address, — tht^ same eminent comiMlian so long connected Avith the New York theatres. Mr. Pelby Avas tlie prime moA'er in the project to erect another theatre, Avhich had professedly for its ol)ject the elevation of the character of the Boston stage. But little o})position was en- countered from the Boston Theatre proprietors. A company Avas organized in February, and the Avork pressed to early com- pletion. 21)2 LAMi.MAKKS OF BOSTON. TREMONT HOUSE AND THEATRE. The filler 1)01 itli siiccoedeil Pelliy in the inaiiagement of the se(;oii(l scusnii, but withdrew hefori^ it ended. AVilson and h'lissell successively conducted, tlie latter hrin^^in;^' out the cele- lirated Master liurke, who produced an unparalleled exciteiuent. l''or twenty live iii,L;hts lie tilled the house' with fa8hitist Siiciety of h'ev. I)r. Colver. The interior was remodelled, and received the name of the Tremont Tenq)le. The pi'esent huild- ing is the third, the hrst having heen de.stroyetl by hre on Wednesday, Mari'h 31, 18.12. The falling walls crushed and hruisetl a nundier of persons. The Theati'c was a plain sidistantial edilice with granite front. A TOUR ROUND THE COMJION. 293 in imitation of the Tonic, witli pillars siippditini;' an cntal)la- ture and ])t!diment. The entrance doors were arched, opening into a wide hall from which ascended a staircase to the boxes of the dress circle. There were lol)1)ies for promenade, with drawing-rooms, and a pretty salxm in the centre. Isaiah Rogers was the architect. The hous(! had a third tier and i)it. It was sold for about $ 55,000. .Elihu 15urritt, the learned blacksmith, lectuivd in the theatre before its alteration, i'or the bciictit ol' the ( 'huich Society. Under the aus[)ices of the Mcrcantih' Library .Vssociation, Webster, (Jhoatc, and l^vcri'tt havt^ di'livrrc(l addresses in tht^ Temple, wdiile J(,'nny Lind and ( iitherinc; Hays have lii're poured forth their golden notes to enrapture(l audiences. Here, too, (lliddoii unrolled his iiiuinniy in presence of astonished spectators, ami set the medical i'raternity in a fever of ex- citement. Last, l)ut not least, came Charles l)ickens, to in- terpret his own incom{)arable woi'ks. In the Ituilding adjoining the Temple were tlie (juarters of the Independent Cadets, the oldest military oiganization, next to the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, in Boston. This corps was instituted in 178G, ])ut existed prior to that time. It was first styled the ( lovernor's KootCuanls. Tliec()m- manders have tlu; rank of lieutenant-colonel. Leonard Jarvis was tlie commander in 1768, and John Hancock was elected in 1772, receiving his commission from (Tovernor Hutcthinson. The Boston Gazette of May 12, 1772, contains the following advertisenusnt : — " Wanted, Immf'diatcly, For His Excellency's Com])aiiy of Cadets, Two Filers tluit understand Playing. Those that are Masters of Musiek, and are inrlineil to engage with tlie Cnuipany, are desired to apply to Col. Jolm Hancock." The Company received (Jeneral Cage when he laiideil at Long Wharf, in May, 1774, and esci>rte(l him to the Court House anil thence to the Province House, his residence. The general had caused a beautil'id silk standai'd with his arms em- broidered thereon to be made in London, and presented to the Cadets. Becoming, however, jealous and suspicious of Hancock. 294 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. the governor revoked liis commission through Thomas Flucker, his secretary, upon which the corps disbanded, and through a committee returned the standard to (jage at Danvers. In 1778 the Cadets were redivivi, being then commanded by Colonel Hichborn. In that ycnir they took part in the ex- pedition to Rhode Island, as did also the Light Infantry Com- pany. Hancock, their old commander, was now major-general, and accompanied them. The first parade of the Cadets after the peace was in 1785. Colonel T. H. Perkins commanded in 1789. In 1795 the corps was reorganized. Bromlield Street was named, in 1796, for Ilonoral)le l^dward Erom field, a distinguished merchant, wliose mansion stood on the site of the Bromfield House. Previously it was Kawson's Lane; it continued to be called Bromfield's Lane until 1829. The Horticultural Building stands on the site of the old Museum. Montgomery Place is Bosworth Street. Bumstead Place, once the abode of Adino Paddock, coach and chariot builder for the gentry of Boston and the country round, has been sealed by a solid wall of buildings, closing up the old en- trance to Music Hall. Paddock was a hot tory, and left Bos- ton with the royal party. His estate, it is said, fell into the hands of Bumstead, a coach-maker like liimself, from whom the place took its name. Paddock is entitled to grateful remembrance for the noljle English elms he planted opposite his habitation, known as Paddock's Mall. The year 17G2 has been assigned as the probable period of their setting out, consequently they had stood considerably more than a hundred years, liefore being destroyed root and branch. Tlie trees came from P^ngland. They were kept for a time in a nursery at Milton, until placed here by Paddock, assisted by John Ballard and John Crane; the latter a member of Paddock's train of artillery. "Pad- dock's "Walk " and " Row " are other names by which the mall has been called. These well-remembered trees were practically a continuation of the Tremont Street Mall, which, at first, extended no far- tln-r than AVest Street, and, with Pa(kh)ck's Mall, made the A TOUR PtOUNP THE COMMON. 295 only shaded walk in this part of the town. As long as he re- mained in Bostoii, Paddock gave these elms liis personal care, for in 1771 we find him offering a gninea reward for informa- tion of the " person or persons " who had " cut and hacked one of the trees opposite his house in Long Acre." Until 1874 they remained a marked feature of this locality, hut some of the trees having then sutferpd from neglect, they were declared to be an obstruction to travel, and cut down in haste, notwith- standing public sentiment strongly expressed itself against the act. With the aid of axes and derricks, fifty laborers quickly undid the work of a hundred years, and vain was the appeal ; "Woodman, spare that five I Touch not a .single hougli ! In youth it slieltered nie, And I '11 i>rotect it now. 'T was my forefather's hand That placed it near his cot ; There, woodman, let it stand, Thy axe shall harm it not." Paddock was, in 1771, caiitain of the train of artillery be- longing to the Uoaton Pegiment, of whi(;h John Krving was colonel. This company was particularly distinguished for its superior di.scipliuc and the excellence of its material. In this school were raised two artillery officers of high repute, in the Pevolutiouary army, namely, Colonel John Crane and General Ebenezer Stevens. I'xith were liouscwriglits, and tlie company was itself compo.sed of mechanics. Tlic two dlliccrs named are not the only ones who gained dist/mct-ion in the battle-fields of the old war. Paddock, on his return to England, was fretpiently consulted by the ministry alxnit American affairs, and received the military command of the island of Jersey. In 17(;0 Pad- dock was one of the firewards of the town of Boston, associated with John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Thomas Dawes, and others. George Cabot, a prominent leader of tlie ?»lassachtisetts Fed- eralists, lived in the first hou.se in liunistcad Place in 1810. He was in early life like the old navigators, his namesakes, a sailor, and became a very sviccessful merchant ; was president of the Unittid States Branch Bank in the year mentioned, hav- 296 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. iiig a conceded rejjiitatioii as a liiiaiicicr. A\'liili- in tlie United States Senate in 17!J1 -9G, Hamilton, tlic founder of our finan- cial system, often conferred witli him. ^Ir. ('abot incurnul great odium for his connectitm with the Hartford Convention in 1814, of which hody lie was president. Aaron Burr said of him when in the Senate, that "he never s})oke but light fol- IowimI iiini." ( Jranary Uurial-Ground is notalde fur the honored ashes it contains. It dates back to IGGO, and was hrst called tli6 " South Burying-Cl round " ; the subsequent name of " Uranary " was from the town granary, which stood within the enclosiu-e. It is necessary to say here that the ( 'onnnon oi'iginally extended in this direction to the Tremont House, and the cemetery is formed from its ancient territory. The eastern margin reached to Mason ^Street, and Treiudiit Street therefore runs tlu-Dinih. the Common, as it originally was. After the creation of tlie Common liurying-Grouud, the Granary was sometimes styled the " Middle " (iround. " I like tliat ancient Saxon phrase which calls The burial-ground God's Acre ! It is just ; It consecrates each grave witliin its walls, And breathes a benisou n'ri- tin- sleepiiiLC dust." The Checkleys, Bytlelds, Lydes, Faneuils, AVendells, and a host of the old IJostonians, (Joverudrs llellinghain, Dummer, Hancock, Adams, Bowdoin, ( -ushing, Sullivan, Enstis, and Sumner lie l»eneath the sod in this cemetery. The eelelirated surgeon, \)y. John Jetl'ries, Uriali (Jutting, Be v. ^Messrs. Eckley, Belknap, Stillman, Lathroji, and Haldwin, and dudge Sewall and John Hull, were also entombed here. The Bellinghani family becoming extinct, his tondi was given to the family of ( lovernor .lames Sullivan. It lies on the we.st side of the enclosure. The Baiienil insci'iption was chiselled Funal by some awkward hand, who thus clijiped the old Huguenot ]>atronymic of its due projiortions. Governor Hancock's tomb is on the Park Street side. His remains, after lying eight days in state, were brouglit to their last resting- place by an innnense concourse of pe(.iple. The venerable A TOUR ROUND THE COALMOX. 297 Samuel Adams followed tlic liicr until fatigue compelled liim to retire. It was one of the greatest funeral pageants Boston had seen. The ranks of the ]irocession were swelled by the CiKANARV BIRVINr: militia of tnwn and country. T\ Court on this occasion made their wigs and black silk gowns. They ters in black gowns and (dub wigs. General Warren's remains were .Minots, next to that of Hancock, the residence of Dr. J. ( '. AVarren, Bunker Hill. The cemetery accpiires an even the place wliere the victims of the I Their funeral was conducted with their martyrdom has been heralded American Liberty, the remains of 13* -OI'.imND. le .ludgi's of the Supreme last appearance in their big were followed by the barris- placed in the toud) of the ami immediately in rear of after they were exhumed at greater interest from being iostou jNlassacre were buried. great pomp ; hut although as tlie foundation-stone of the slaughtered Bostoniaus '2'.)H LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. liave received no liliiiig testimonial from their countrymen. The spot i.s in the extreme nortlieast corner of the yard, identified by two bronze markers. The Franklin cenotaph stands out in bold relief in the midst of the field of the dead. Under it repose the dust of both of Kra.id<;lin'3 jiarents. The moiniim'nt was erected through the exertions of a lew citizens in 18:^7, and the ceremony of layiny the corner-stone was attended by the governor, lieutenant-gov- ernor, and many otlicr officials. General II. A. 8. Dearborn delivered an address ; some Fraidvlin Sch<:)ol im^dals Avere appro- priately [ilari'd undi'rncath. r>y the year 17.")S both this and King's Chapel ground be- came so filleil with the dead that the gra.ve-digg(n's were obliged to liury them four deep. In this year thi' lirick wall and tombs were erected on tlic^. front of the old, or Chapel, burying-place. The Granary ground was enlarged in 17ir)-17 by taking in l»art of the highway on the easterly side, liut i]i about twenty yars it^ becami- (ivercrowdcd, as we have seen, and the town licgaii to cast about for a new Ideation. It was not until after the date last' meiitiimed that any toiuljs were erected here. Where was there ever a gi-iveyard witJiout its attendant hor- I'nrs i Tradition is respmisihle i'm the statement that the hand of Hancock was severed fmm the arm the night after his inter- ment ; but this proved a crui'l invention. An instance is given of an emiity tomb lieiiig taken jiossessiou of liy some wandering vagrants, li-nm whicli they terrified the neighbiuhiind Ity the sound nf midniglit revelry. Human jackals ]ia\-e practised here their hateful calling, robbing the graves of their peaceful inhahitants. The stone wall and fence were erected under thi^ administra- tion of Mayor Armstrong. When, in 1897, the new Congre- gational House was being erected, on IJeacon Street, it became necessary to demolish a row of tombs on that side, which was done, and tlu^ remains removed to suburban cemeteries. " fiiijiiaial Ca^Siir, dead, and iurnr(l to day, ]Miij;lit stop a hole to Ixccp the wind away." jS'ext the burial-ground stood tlie Old (Jranary. It was a A TOUE ROUND THE COMMON. 299 Idiig wooden l)uil(ling, er('.ot('(l iirst at tlic upper .siile of the Com- mon, but removed about 1737 to the present site of the church. It was estabhshed so as to have a supply of grain, especially in cases of scarcity, where the poor might })urchase the smallest quantities at a small advance on the cost. The building con- tained, wlien full, twelve thousand bushids, and was the largest in the town. The selectmen ap})ointed a keeper at tlieir jNlareh meeting, also a committee for tlie purchase of grain, flohn I'cnno, a noted wit, was keeper before the Uevohitioii. It was not used as a granary after the American war, l)ut was occupied liy various minoi' town officials. In 17'J") the town voted to sell the building, on condition of an early removal. .Still it remained tenanted by vaiious tradesiuen, refreshment stands, etc., until 1809, Avlien it was remov('(l to Commercial Point, Dorchester, and altered into a hotel. There it may now lie seen. We have noticed tliat tin; (Constitution's sails were made in the Granary. All the land upon wliich Park Street is built belonged to the Common, and was at an early ilay appropriated to uses of the town foi' various institutions. The sti'eet was Iirst calliMl ('entry Street, from its leading u[) to Centry Hill, as the summit of I5eacon Hill was called. The Almshouse was hrst erect(Ml on Beacon Street, in l()n2. It was burnt in 1082, measures Ix'ing then taken to rebuild it. The reconstructed building was a two-sf,ory luick, with a gable roof, fronting on lleacon Street ; it was of an L shape. This was designed as a home for the poor, ageil, or intirni. It was soon found that the mingling under the same roof of persons deserving charity with those coniined for offences against the laws was an evil (h^inauding a remedy, and measures were taken, iu 1712, to buil l)y the Bostu- nians, ami a V(.tte passed to establish a. spinning-schuul (in the waste lanil in front of Captain Suuthack's, — about where Sc.ol- lay's buildings were. These emigrants likewise introduced the general use of their favorite vegetable, the ])otatu. From these beginnings dates the establishment of the Manu- factory House by the province. AVilliam I'hillijis, Alolineux, and others carried the measure through the General Court. An excise was laid on carriag(>s and articles of luxury to erect the build- ing. S|)inning noAV became the order of the day. Young and old, rieli and ]iooi-, re}iaired to the ( 'om- niuu with their spinning-wheels, great and small, stimulated by a premium utfered to the most skilful. IMany were clad in garments of their own manufacture as evidence of their industry, and on the appointed days the mall resounded with the I'uni uf luisy wlu'els. The nuvelty soon wore off, and after three or four years the manufacture whully ceased. For a short WOOLLEN SriNNING-WHEEL. A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 303 lime after the building was used for the manufacture of worsted hose, metal buttons, etc., but in 17G8 was rented by the prov- ince and occupied l)y private families. At this time it ac([uired celebrity from the attempt made by Colonel Daliymple, of the 14tli royal regulars, to obtain it for quarters for his regiment ; l)ut the tenants, with Mr. Elisha Brown at their head, flatly refused them admission. Governor Bernard issued his mandate, Avliicli was served by the sheriff, ordering the surrender of the premises ; but the doors were securely closed, and Brown boldly denied the right of Bernard to dispossess him. The wily lieutenant-governor tried next to induce the tenants to open, but with no greater success, and at last a stratagem was tried. The sheriff and liis dej)uties ob- tained an entrance to the cellar, but instead of securing the obstinate tenant, were l)y him made close prisoners in the cellar, where they remained until a file of soldiers from the Com- mon came and released them. Thus did Elisha Brown make good his resistaiKu* against the ctmibined civil and militaiy authority of the jjrovincc, after enduring a state of siege fur several W(>eks. A gravestone in the (Jranary commemorates his gallant vindication of jiriA^ate rights. Dalrymple's men were quartered in Faneuii Hall. The INIassachusetts Bank was first located in this l)uilding. It was instituted in 1784, in which year the l)ank became a purcliaser of the building, sold by order of the (Jeneral Court. Hanking was a very different affair in those days from what it is at present. Arti(;les of merchandise were received as security for loans, and an entertaining picture might be drawn of the ]irocession drawn up before the doors on discount days. One half per cent per month was the rate demanded, and no credit could exceed sixty days. Governor Bowdoin Avas the first president. The building was of two stories, of brick, with an entrance on Hamilton Place liy a flight of douljle stone steps protected by an iron railing. It was used by the British during the occupation, and received its quota of the wounded from Bunker Hill. Various famiHes occupied it in after years ; also P. A. von 304 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Hagen, a pioiu'cr in the iiiaiiulactiirc nl' iiiaiiot'oitcs. In 180G it was pulled (Idwii, auil Jlaiuillun I'lace then Ijuilt. The Maniifacioi'v House was one liundreil and IVirty le.(;t liiug, with an uiiohstiueted soutliei'ly view iu 1781. It had a large hall in the centre, with wings lit'ly feet long extending U])on either side ; underneath was an exe.ellent cellar, tlie same in which Sheritt' Greeideai' soj'ourneil. The central i)art was occupied hy the hank, giving twenty other apartments Idi tenants. The land lielonging id it< cox-ered tlie wliole place. "The corner of Hamilton Place has interesting literary asso- ciations, having heen occupied hy the publishers of the Atlan- tic Monthly and the Nortlv American Review. The originator of the Iveviow was William Tudor, son of Hon. Judge Tudor, and one of the founders of the Anthology Clul). The first four volumes of the Review, which was first published in 1811, are said to be almost entirely from his hand ; the first numljer, even to the literary notices, Avas, as Mr. Tudor himself stated, wholly Avritteu by him. Mr. Tudor, as the agent of his brother Frederick, estalilishi'il in ISO") the traffic in ice with the West Indies, which has grown to such prodigious pn i})ortii uis. 1 le was also the first to dravv public attention to the erection of a nion- ximent on Bunker Hill, but did Jiot live to sei^ its completion. As we are treiiching on the limits of Jj)ng Acre, a Revolu- tionary incident rises into \ii'W. Here, on the morning of the I'.lth of Api'il, f'ai'l Percy raiigeil his cohimus for the march to Lexington, ("oloiiel Smith had sent a, courier requesting rein- forcements, anf cattle might be heard across its hills anil dales. It was, after its })urchase from lUackstone, preserved from encroachment l>y a vote passed March 30, 1040 : — "Ordered, that no more land l)e granted in the Town i>at of the open ground or conuuoii tiidd, which is In'tween Cenlry Hill and Mr. Colhron's end, exccjit 3 or 4 lots to make vp the street from Bro. Roljt. Walker's to the Round Marsli." Colbron's held was at the lower end of the Common, lying along Pleasant Street and the water, to Washington Street. It was IJoylston Street that the selectmen had in view. No other city in America has fifty acres of green turf and noble forest trees in its very nudist. Its central position renders it accessible from every quarter of the town, and, although it is not dignified with the name of a park, it is at once the glory and beauty of the ancient peninsida. We shall take up its features as we pass along under the green arches of the Great Mall. Upon the earliest map you will see but three trees on the Common. These were the monarch, then and long known as the " great tree," and two of res})ectable size standing near the middle of Park Street. The first trees planted Avere tlie outer row on Tremont Street, between 1722 and 1729. A second T ;;()(-; landmakks of t-oston. low was jilacL'd tlierc in 17."')1, and the third was added fifty years latec, — suiiie authnrities say liefniT' the lievuhitinii. Tliis \va]l< was Idii.'j, kimwii as •' 'I'lie >hdh" there l)eiiiLi: im uther Avitliiii tlie ( 'iiiiiiiion, until tliat next IJeacon Street was laid out in iSl")'- lniney's may- oralty. It has l)een stated, on the authority of the sou of one of those employed, that the tii'st trees of the. (Jreat Mall, set out near the Park Stivet ( 'liureh, were, planted by the api)rentices of Adam ( "olsou the elder, then one of the selectmen of the town. One of the apprentices was named Ilurd. Colson was a leather-dresser, and lived in i^'nig Lane, n(.)W Boylston Street. r.ut the (Ireat Mall was not at the he^innin.ti,' of this century, as now, a grove of near a Ihinl of a niile in length. The la.rg(^ trees scarcely extended helow West Street, those beyond Ix'ing merely sajilings. That part of the Common forming the southeast corner, comprising a little more than two acres, and lying east of the liurying-ground, was not aei^uired until 17S7, when it was purchased of William Foster, ^vhose mansion stood where now the llot(d Telliam is. The tract ac(pnre(l was known us Foster's l-'asture. The IJritish soldiers, \vith a truly vandal spirit, I'ut down several of the largest trees in the mall the morning they evac- uated the town. A large inunber had before been sacriliced to pnwide fuel, but this was the act of malice alone. The surface of the Common Avas greatly distigured by cellars and dit(dies dug throughout the camps, traces of which h)ng remained visible, even to the circles made by the tents. Ceueral llowu stayed the destrirction of the trees of the mall at the solicita- tion of the selectmen. r.efore the Revolution there was a ^yooden fence, but this, too, was used for fuel, and the ( 'ommon lay open until after the l>ea.ce, when it was rebuilt I)y a subscription set on foot by Dr. Oliver Smith. The iron h'lice was erected in 1S;!G, at a cost of $82,500. Its length was [,'j:'>-2 yards, — rather more than a A TOUR KOUND THE COMMON. 807 mile. In 1733, wliPii tlic town voti'il to [ilant a second row of trees at a suitable tlistaiice IVdin tliosc ahi'ady set out, tli<^ selectmen were directed to set up a mw of posts witli a rail on the top of them, extending from the Granary Burying-(1 round to Colonel Fitche's, leaving openings at the several streets and lanes. In 173!) a similar fence was ordered from Comiiioii Street to Beacon. The Common aji{»ears to hav<^ lu'i'u hrst (;alle(l "('entry Field," taking this name from tlic hill on wliosc slope it lay, which later received the name of lieacnn Hill. Century Field is another instance of the (plaint orthography, of which the. records furnish abundant specimens. It a[)pears to have been indiH'erently called the " Training Field" and " Centry Field" for a long time. The building of the Subway has oflfected a marked trans- formation in tlie Tremoiit Stnn^t Mall, compelling, as it did, the removal of many of the noble elms tliat overarched it, and leading to the removal of tbe iron fiMi(-(^ ])y which it was en- closed, so practically resulting in a widening of Tremont Street. On the corner of Winter Street once stood an old ante-Kevo- lutionary house, with a ftne garden, in which, it is said, (lovernor Bernard at one time made his town residence. It became a fiimous boarilingdiouse undi'r the suiressive auspi(-es of ]\Irs. Hatch and Mrs. Uexter. ( Joveiiior Strong, when in town during his second term, resided with JNIrs. Hatch. The following toast was published in 1817, as having 1>een given at tlie celebration by the lilacks in Boston of the anni- versary of the abolition of the sla ve-ti'ade : — " (jroveruur Bnaiks, may tlu' mantelpiece of Caleb Strong tall ujion the hcd of his (listiuguished predecessor." John McLean, the eminent merchant, foTinder of tlie jNIcLean Asylum, boarded with INIrs. Dexter. His tinancial reverses are Avell known. It is related of him tliat he one day assembled his creditors at a dinner, where each found under his plate a check for the full amount dun him. This was after he had been legally released from his obligations. ;!()8 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Among the names lirstdwcd upnn this Imsy mart of fasliion ^ya,s Blott's Lane, iVnm K'olx'it lilutt ; alsn Ilaiinisti'i's ami Wil- lis':i Lane. Winter Street once I masted a resident so intiuential in tlie cause uf liberty as to rcrcivc the distinction of outlawry from George III. The ofl'enccs of Samuel Adams and Joim Hanrock were too flagitious to admit of pardon. The liousc of Sammd Attains stood on the soutli side of \\'inter Street, on the corner of A\'int'cr Place. It was a two-story Avooden house, fronting on the street ; at the liack was an L, and in the rear a small gar- den. The l)uilding was standing as late as 1820, and, while it re- mained, was not the least interesting oliject to lie seen in lioston. Samuel Adams was a Boston hoy. liurn in 1722, he had seen the administi'atioiis of the royal governors from Burnet to ( lage. He took his degree at eightet'U at Harvard, and after trying unsuccessfully a merchant's career, devoteil himself to literature, until calleil to a |iolitic,al life. First a tax-gatherer, then a representative, his iniluencc begins to appear at the com- mencement of tlie Stamp Act dilfi<'ulties. After the jNIassacre, he overbore the tlimsy olijectioiis of Hutchinson to a removal of the troops from the town by a maidy, bold, and unauswer- al>le argument. Tn later times, in all the movements of the people of T>oston preceding actual hostilities, Samuel Adams was the adniitted power l)ehind the throne. Wari'cn was biave, Hancock ricli, and .\dams sagacious. It. was remarkeil of Hancock that he paid tlie jioslage, wliile ,\daiiis did tlie writing. Lord North, when iiifoniii'd tliat Hutchinson had yielded to the demand of tlie chainiiaii of the town committee, called the regulars "Sam Adams's two regiments." in contempt. The Ministry styled him '■ ( 'llief of file Levoliition." .Mr. delleisoii's opinion of Samuel Adams is a concise and deser\-cd tribute to the pati'iot. Says the sage of Monticello, •• 1 can say that he was truly a grent man, — wise in council, fertih' in resources, immovable in Ids purposes, — and had, 1 thiiil';, a greater share tliaii any oilier meiidier in atlvising and directinu our measures in the Nortlierii war." A TOUil ROUND THE COMMON. 309 When Adams, a i'ugitive witli Haiu-dck, heard the hiiiig on Lexington Connnon, lie exulted, knowing that the day of hu- juiliation was passing forever away. The sword was now to decide the contest, and Adams labored without intermission in the councils of the incii)ient nation. He was an active meml)er of the Congress of 1774; and he drew uj), with John Adams, the draft of the .State Constitution. A niemlu'r of the con- vention to consider the Federal (Constitution, he was not at first in favor of its adoption, hut acceded to the plan of Hancock to ratify the instrument and j)roj)os(! amendments to it in accord with the views of Massachusetts statesmen. He was lieutenant-governor under Hancock, and followed him to his last resting-})lace. From 1794 to 17U7 the veneral)le Sam- uel Adauis gov(;rned the State. He died in 18().'5, an octoge- narian. It is related l)y Waterhousc^ that the two Adauises, -lohii and Samuel, were one day walking in the luall we have just heen descril)ing. As they came opjiosite the no])le mausion of Han- cock the latter remarked, with emphasis, " I have done a very good thing for our cause, in thi^ course of the past week, by en- listing the master of that house into it. He is well disposed, and has great riches, and we can give him conse(pu'Uce to enjoy them." Samuel Adams was of ordinary lieight, nuiscular form, and had light complexion and light bhu; eyes. He wore a red cloak, a gray tie-wig, and cocked hat. In ])ersou he was very erect. His fatlier was a brewer, and his son Samuel succeeded to his business. Admiral Coffin used to relate that he had car- ried malt on his back from Adams's brewery. The old estate on Purchase Street, where Adams was born, was only about sixty feet north of Summer. It faced the harl)or, connuauding a fine view, ami "was conspicuous among the few buildings contem])orary with it. On the roof was an ob- .servatory and a railing, with steps leading up fnuu the outside. It was improved in 1730, and the grounds were still adorned with trees and shrubbery as late as 1800.-'' This was the estate * Wells's Life of Samuel Adams. !10 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. preserved liy Saiiiucl Ailaius ufti-r his fatlier's unsuccessful sj)eculatiou in tlie Laiul liank sclieiui;. Otlier statesmen and soldiers famous in the pages of history ha\'e walked in the old mall. We have no douht that Wash- ington and Winslow, I-oudon, Amher.st, and Hood, (lage, ('lin- ton, llurgoyne, and Howe, have all sought its leai'y shades. Talleyrand, Moreau, Louis Philippe, and Lafayette have douht- less paced within its cool retreats, and meditated upon the fate of empires the\' were to l)uild or overthrow. Silas l)ea,ne, I'ulaski, ( ciles, and ( ireene iiave certainly trod this famous walk. St. I'aul's, o\'ei-shado\ved and overtopped as it is hy its feudal- looking neighhor, has yet some points of attraction. It was SI'. PAI'I.'s c IlliRClI AM) MASUNIC TKMI'I.E. designed hy ('a,j>tain Alexander Pai'ris, thougli, it is said, AVil- lard (h-ew some of the woi-kiiig plans, and superintended the stone-work, cutting some of tlie capitals with his own hand in the adjoining gardens. The front is unlinished, and the general A TOUK ROUND THE COMMON. 311 aspect of the biiilding did not suti.sfy tlie expectation for a model of ancient art. The pediment was intended to he orna- mented with bas-reliefs representing I*aul Ijefore Agrip}>a, which would have added to tlie beauty of the front, hut want of funds compelled the ahandonment of this design. The main building is of gray granite, once white, but now Idackened by the action of the elements. The portico is of sandstone from Ac(piia Creek, the columns of whidi liave been coniparccl, not inaptly, to a collection of grindstones, tlijy Ix-ing (;om})osed of many separate sections. Taken as a whole, tlie ap|)earance of St. Paul's may Ix', styled "dark, gloumy, and peculiar." The erection of St. Paul's marktMl an era in the architei-ture of Boston churches. Hitherto the houses of worship were of the same general (-haracter, King's C'hajiel and Brattle Street alone excepted. The latter were the only departures from the stiff, and, we may add, ugly strucMires iiitro(luce(l l)y the Puri- tans. St. I'aid's was the lirst specimen of the; pure Ionic in tlie town. This was the fourth E])isco]ial churcli (>r(>ct('une. The memory of her remarkable talents and literary successes is still fresh, and recalls the painful impression caused by her sad fate from shipwreck on Fire Island, when returning from Europe in 1850 with her husband and child. It is said she coidd compose Latin verse wdien only eight years old. Her writings, much as they were adnured, were not eipial to her conversation, in which her wonderful brilliancy and force of expression came forth with full power, until the best talkers preferred to become listeners in her society. The story of her life has often been told, and constitutes one of the brightest as well as one of the saddest pages of our history. The Washington (iardens extended to the corner of West Street. They were surrounded by a brick wall, a part of which A TOUR KOUND THE COMMOX. 313 is seen in tlie forcgrouiitl of tlic view of the Haymarket in tlie illustration. A concert was announced here as early as 1815, l)y J. II. Shatfer. In 1819 an amphitheatre was erected witliin the grounds, which aftcrwai'(ls took the name of tlie Washing- ton Theatre. The managers of Federal Street were at first interested in this establisliineiit, until it passed from their con- trol and became a rival. The house was adapted to the uses of a circus as well as for a theatrt', e(piestrian performances having l)eeii given in it a number of times. As such it ap[»ears to have been the first in lioston. Following the Old Drury and Ilaynjarket, it had an Fnglish name, l)eing called Vauxliall. A l)attalion of Ijritish troops is saioylston Street, tin: residence of William Foster, where now the Hotel Pelliam stands. In the right foreground is the West Street entrance to the Common; the trees receding along tlie mall discldse the river l)eyond, whose breezes then fanned anil invignrate(l the habit ue>i of the spot. The picture is from a water-cohu' by IJobertson, once the property of John Howard Payne, now in possession of the Public Lil)rary. The Whipi)ing-Post and Pillory were situated near the West Street gate after their removal from State Street. 14 314 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Loujj; biifore the Iicvolution, as early as 1722, a free school was estalilislied in what is now Mason Street, near tlie corner of West. It was then on the Iwundary of the Common, tlie laud now lying Ijetween having Ijei^n sold oil" from it. The school was called the .South Writing, was the fourth in the town, and has, in later times, tieen known as the Adams School. The Common extended to Mason Street since lyOO. A guudiouse stood at the corner of West Street at the lu'gin- niug of tlie devolution, se|iarate(l ])y a. yard from the school- liouse. In this gundiouse were kept two lirass three-pounders licloiigiiig tti ('aptaiu Adino Taildock's train. These pieces had heen recast from two old guns sent hy the town to London for that pur[)ose, and had the arms of the province engraved upon tliem. They arrived in Uoston in 17y tlie elite of Uoston society. Each house liad, or was intended to ]ia\e, a rpeaiance, iiiexoralile trade having demanded and obtaine(l adnuttain'e into this stronghold i}'i Boston aristocracy. A nion^ ph'l)i'ian appellation of the block was "Cape (Jod Row," either from the aiitei'edents of some of the dwellers, or their traffic in the sta[)le of the Commonwealth. The Lowells have l)een a distinguished family in Massachu- setts, from Kevolutionary times to the present day. Judge Lowell was a delegate to the ( 'ougress of 17''^2-S3, and was appointed by Washington .lud^e of the Lnited States District ( 'ouit at its organization. The judge will ever be remembered as the mendier of the convention which liamed the State ('on- stitution, where, as one of the committee to draft that in- strument, he insertecl in the " Liil of b'ights" the clause de(daring that "all men are boi'u free and eipial," witli the avoweil pui'|iose of a,l)olishing slavery in the ( 'ommoiiwealth. Kev. (jharles Lowell, of the West ('hui'cli, was a son of Judge Lowell, who iirst studie(l law in lioston bidbre Ik; took up theology. < Mir distinguished contemporary poet, Jaiues L-Ussell Lowell, was a sou of the clergynian. Another of the sons of the ltevoluti(niary judge was Francis Caliot Lowell, to whom, more than any other, belongs the credit id' establishing the Waltham cotton factory, the jaccursor of the Lowell works. The city of Lowcdl was named fu- liini. It was his son, John Lowell, Jr., who founded l)y his will the Lowell Institute. At No. 19 of the Colonnade resided John Lowell, son of the A TOUR HOUND THE COMMON. 317 jiu1,l;o iif TJwvolutiiinary antecedents. I\[r. Lowell ar(|uire(l fame as a political writer, wielding a trenchant ])en. As an opj)onent of the " Last War," — as that of 1S12 was long called, — he ohtainetl considerable celebrity nnder his nam de jilame of the "Bostiin Iicbcl," frmn the boldness and severity with which he attacked the administration. He refnsed office, deeming the ])ost of lionor tlu; private station, bnt is remembered as a founder of the Massachusi'tts (ieueral Hospital, the Athena-um, Savings iJaiik, and the llnspital Life Insurance ('omi)any. He built a brick Imuse in ScIkihI Street, occuj)ied for lawyers' ofiiccs, (HI the ground now open in front of tlie (^ity Hall. The Massachusetts Medical ( 'ojlege, anap|)eudage of Harvard University, was at one lime situated in Mason Street, imme- diately behind ('oloiinade L'uw. It was a brick edifice, with a pediment raised above the ceiiti'al portion. A o|-;itory underneath ; the; lecture-room was in the south wing. I^ntold horrors were associated with tins l)uilding in the minds of tlie urchins who fre([uented the adjoining school-house. Its contiguity to the Common Uurying-rironiid, too, seemed to savor of a strong union lietweeii demand and supply. The professors were regardeil in the neighborhood as so miny ogres, and the students as no better than vam]iires. They ate their oysters or j)assed the jest over the dissecting-table with a sang- fro'ul simply horrilde to the uninitiated. An instance is re- membered of a studeid, who went to pass the evening at a friend's house, taking a dead woman's arm, which he coolly unwrap[)ed from a newsiia])er to tln^ affright (if his hostess. The college was remove(l to the West End, where it has ac- (piired a fearful notoriety in connection with a well-remend)ered tragedy enacted there. The Haymarket Theatre stood next south of Colonnade Row. This was an immense structure of wood, erected iii 1796, and .SI 8 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. (ijii'iK'd l){'(('inl)('r I'd, (if tliat yar, l)y Piiwdl, uiney'>< Memoir are some intei'esting personal reeol- leetions of Mr. Adams while at the court of St. IVtershurg. Said he: — " I never saw Ale\inider on tli(^ throne. He was a man who cared little aliout tliMiiies, and vas mie ol' tlie most complete re|iul>]ii-ans, in character and manners, 1 have ever known, tie used to walk the streets ot St. I^-tershuig evei'V arms iKjainst In's fniitifnj. I saw IMoreau's funeral at. St. ]'etershur,L;', which was attended with i;reat pomp." The victor of Hohenlinden was exi'luded hy decri'e from the i'a.nks of the French army, July (i, ISOl, ami uudei' the surveil- fance of a, coloind of gendarmes went to < 'adiz, where he em- fiarke(l for the Tnit.ed States. Moreau was in America, eight yeai's, during which he lra.V(dled extensively, visiting Hoston among other jilaces. The veiierahle William Minot, of this . city, once stated, in an interview, that he rememhered .seeing the general in a passing carriage while he was in Doston. He went to Niagara Falls, and descended the Ohio and Mississippi. A small alllueiit of the INIissouri is named for him. A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 321 He lived for some time at Morrisville, in Pennsylvania, in a house pureliased by him on the banks of the Delaware, — the most conspicuous in the i)lace. The general was very aifable and hospitaltle. He also resided in New York, where lie was much consulted by American politicians, though he sedulously abstained from party intrigue himself. After a residence of al)out eight years in the United States he returned to Europe, to engage in tlie strife then raging there. The American vessel which carried Moreau — tliis was in 1813 — was permitted to j^ass the Idockade by Admiral Cockburn, at the rec^uest of the IJussian minister. His deathdied was attended by the King of Prussia, the Emperor of Austria, and Emperor Alexander, who manifested the deepest grief at his loss. Metternich, Schwartzenburg, and the allied generals visited him, and Alexander, who had a great friendship for the dying general, held him a long time in his arms. The foUowirig is an extract of a letter to INIadame ISIoreau, written l\y Idni, with a steady hand, while sinking under the amputation of his liml)s : — " My dear friend, at the battle of Dresden, three days ago, I had l)oth legs carried away by a cannot shot. That scuuutbxd, B(inaparte, is always luckj'." Charles Francis Adams passed his boyhood with his father at St. Petersburg, and while the elder Adams was minister at the court of St. James, the son went to an English school. He studied law in Webster's office, and was admitted to the bar, but never practised. IVIr. Adams, after having edited a Boston newspaper, and served in the legislature, was the candidate of the Free Soil party for the Vice-jiresidency in 1848. But Mr. Adams is best known by Ids diplomatic services at the same court where his father served so long. His conduct of delicate negotiations during the great civil war was such as to place him at the head of American diplomats. His services were further required by our govermuent in the negotiations at Geneva, arising from tlie Alabama and other claims. ISIr. Adams mar- ried a daughter of Peter C. Brooks, a wealthy citizen of Boston. In this corner of the Common, and adjoining the Burying- 14* u LANDMAltKS OF HOS'J'OX. (iiMUinl (111 the east, were situati'il the liay-scales, after their removal tVdiu tlie corner (.>1' West Street, and also a gnu-house; the latter was transferred, in iSL'li, to a location near the former f'rovideiice depot, it contaiuey Frothiugham, Wheeler, and Jacobs as a carriage fictory, as shown in the illustration. The. first manidiM'ture ol' duck was begun l)y an incorporated company in Boston, abuut IT'.HI. They erected buildings on a large lot in lioylston Street, at the corner of Tremout. In 1702 they were in the full tide of success, employing four liun- divd operatives, and turning out fifty pieces a week of ex- ( elleiii canvas. Here were nian- ufacture(l the (Constitution's xiils, so that she was an Aiihu'- icau ship throughout, except in her armament. The luanufac- ture of cotton began in New England as early as 1G43, and calico }(rinting was undertaken in lioston before 17'J4. During the war of 1812 a numlier of field-pieces belonging to the government were collected in this corner of the ('ommon, and the city military took turns mounting guard over tlie })a.rk. The Xew England (Guards, wliidi were organi/ed in 1S12, per- formed their share u{' this iluty, and several of the members, among whom was Abbott Lawrence, gxit their one hundred and sixty acres of land from the general government in requital for ■ a certain term of ser\ice here, at the Charlestown Navy Yard, and at Noddle's Island. There were sixty-seven names on the muster-roll in 1814, and in 1859, after the laj)se of nearly half a centni-}', forty-tliree of the sixty-seven were still living, of whom it is doul)tful if any now survive. " T liiii^ ■iJr TiiinifjaTTT;- OLD LOOM. A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 323 CHAPTER XL A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON CONTINUED. Common Burying-Giound. — Joshua Bates. — Public Garden. — Ropewalks. — Topography ol' the Common. — British Troops on. — Descrijition of their Camp.s. — The Liglit Horse. — Powder House. — Old Elm. — Witchcraft and Quaker E.xecutions. — The Duel in 1728. — Mill-Dam. — Mexican Volunteers. — Beacon Street. — Prescott. — Cojiley. — John Phillips. — Wendell Phillips. — Robert C. Winthrop. — Hancock Mansion. — Governor Hancock. — General Clinton. — State House. — Public Statues, etc. — The Beacon. — The Monument. — Lafayette's Residence. — George Ticknor. — Malbone. — Samuel De.xter. — Incidents of Lafayette's Visit in 1824. — Josiah Qumcy, Jr. — Historical Resume. — Rei>eal of the Stamii Act. fl^^HE ("(iiiniioii Buiying-Grouiul lias but little antiiiuity com- -L pared with the Chapel, Co})p'.s Hill, or (irauary Cemeteries. It was opened after these in 1756, and has, aecordhig to its changing relations with others, been called at various times the South and Central Ground. Under Mayor Armstrong, the Eoylston Street INIall was car- ried across the foot of the Common, cutting ofl' some of the tombs on that side of tlie graveyard. The owners of the vaidts resisted th»^ invasion of the sacred dust, but the im- provement was accomplished by which Beacon and Ticmont Street Malls were connected. Unsupported tradition lias given to the Common Ground the credit of being first used for negro burials, l)ut we timl no better evidence of this than that some very thick skulls were dug up at a considerable depth from the surfoce. It is known, however, that this was the se})ulclire of such of the common sol- diers as died from disease during the British occui)atioii, and of those who died from their wounds received at Bunker Hill. They were buried in a common trench, according to military custom, and many of the remains Avere exhumed when the ex- cavations were proceeding at the northwest corner of the yard. ;'24 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. 'I'iic (ifticer.s who died df tlicir Imrt.s at lUmker Hill wero' in- tci'ivd ill tlie churches and cenicteiies, hastily, but with greater drccncy. Many of these have been forwarded to their far- away homes. AV^e cannot pass the OKI Public Library site without an allu- sion to its great benefactor, Josliua Bates. Tliis eminent Los- tonian, who lifcame a mcndier of the great house of the Barings in l^iindon, was a inMir lioy, almost as lunnble as the least among those wlio daily licnctit by his generosity. ]Ie attracted the attention of his i)atron, William Gray, Avliile driving a load of stones on his father's team. His ([uick, ready replit'e interested the mci'chant, who gave him a jilace in his cdunting-house, whence graduated a iinancier second to nnm^ in the Uld or New AVorld. In the Public Lilirary is a Revolutionary relic of interest, which acquired an even greater importance in connection with the Sanitary Commission in th(^ war of Rebellion. It- is the original capitidation of Burgoyne at Saratoga, with the signa- tures of the king's commander, Riedesel, and the lesser officers, English and Hessian, in order of rank. " In vain tliey fought, in vain they fled ; Their chief, lumiane ami tender, To save tlie re.st, soon tliought it l>est His forces to surrender." AA'here now the Pulilic Garden is teeming with beauty, nearly the Avlmle extent of the ground was dccupicd by rope- walks, live in number. As you pass along ('harles Street going in the direction of Beacon, these ropewalks stretidied about three fourths of the distance, tliere meeting the water which washed Charles Street. On the other hand, tliey continued nearly to Eliot Street. Charles Street was divided from the Common aliout 1804. These ropewalks were the successors of those in Pearl and Atkinson Streets, destroyed by lire in 1794. The town granted the tract in order to prevent the erection of new buildings in a district tlu'y endangered, as well as to render sul)stantial aid to the unfortunate rope-makers ; they were again consumed in A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 325 their new locatiou in 180G. The land whereon these rope- walks were sitnated was marsh, or flats, which indeed was the prior condition (if nearly all that low ground now known as the parade of the Connnon. At higli tides most of this tract was prohably overflowed. On the verge of it was a little elevation known as Fox Ilill, long ago levelled to contribute to the filling of the marsh. As long ago as 1750 the town voted to lease tliese marsh-lands ; hut if they were used, the purpose has not transpired. To continue the topography of this region of tlie Connuon, from the bottom of ]>eacon Street to ('aiiil)ridge Bridge was a high bluff, similar to the headlands of the harbor islands; the basii washed by tlie river. Excellent springs, covered at high water, trickled along the beadi. Tliis eiiiinence, known as West Hill, was occupivMl by tlie IJritisli as a mortar-battery ; it has been reduced to a convenient grade, and euiployed in making Charles Street. It seems clear that the shor(! or beach once left this headland with an inward swei^p, southerly to the higher ground at the foot of IJoylston Street. After the era of improvement was begun by the Mount Vernon proprietors, the hill was reduced by them. In tliis labor they emiiloyeil the first railway used in New England, l)y an inclined plane, over whi(;h box cai's conveyed tlieir loads to the water at the foot of the hill. About this tiuie a sea wall was built along Charles Stre;'t from Beacim to IJoylston. To return to the ropewalks. The town, in its generosity, invested the jiroprietors with a title which might have forever prevented the existence of the Public (:larden, now properly a part and parcel of the Common. The rights of the proprie- tors were finally purchased by the city. The s(; who sutVcrcd at tliis time wcrr triMtcil willi studied cruelty. Tlieir hodics were ri'fus.Ml their friends, and even the privilege^ of protecting tlicir })lare of sfpulture was denied. Tlie hest judges considered the age of this tree to have been considerably more than two hundred and fifty years. It a\)- pears to have exceeded tlie usual term of maturity allotted to its species; Imt artilicial means, wiMi i^reat care for its pi'eserva- lion, liad no doulit eke(l out its existence. A terse hiograi)hy A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 331 of the tree is found on the entrance to the enclosure, placed tliere by Mayor Smith, under whose direction the fence was erected : — THE OLD ELM. Tliis tree has been standing here for an unknown period. It is believed to have existed before tlie settlement of Boston being full grown in 1722. Exliibited marks of old age in 1792, and was nearly destroj'ed by a storm in 1832. Protected by an Iron Enclosure in 1854. J. V. C. Smitli, Mayor. It should be mentioned, however, that a traditioii has been current wliich assigns to Captain Daniel Henchman — the same who commanded a company of foot from Boston, in King Pliilip's war, and was also captain of the Ancient and Honora- ble Artillery Company in 1676 — the honor of planting the Great Elm, six years earlier. This, if true, would make the elm more than two hundred years old. But the tree could hardly have attained, in tifty-two years, to the size represented on the earliest plan of the town. It is also worthy of remark that the age of Liberty Tree, planted only sixteen years after the settlement, was deiinitely known and csiuljlislicd by the Sons of Liberty, while we nowhere meet with any contempo- rary account of the planting of the Great Elm. The shooting of Matoonas, one of King Philii)'s sagamores, is chronicled in 1656. He was tied to a tree, — perhaps this very elm, — and met death with the stoical indifference of his race. There was, formerly, on the northerly side of the Great Elm, a, cavity large enough to serve as a hiding-place for boys. This being fiUed with clay and covered with canvas, in process of time was closed up by the natural action of the tree. Known a hundred years ago as The Great Tree, and appearing full- grown a century and a half gone by, tliis venerable tree might, witliout dispute, liave claimed to be the oldest inliabitant. Among tlie events witli which tlie liistory of the Common is connected is the duel fought near tlie I'owder House, July 3, 332 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON". 17"JiS, at between seven and ei^ht o'clock in the evening. Both the ('(iinhatants were young men of the lir.st respeetaliihty ; their names, Benjamin Woodliriilge and Henry l'hini})s. They fought with swords, the h)rmer being thrust through the body, Mdiik' his adversary received some shght wounds. PhilHps was hurric(l away on Ixiard the 8heerness man-of-war, then lying in the liarbor, by his Ijrother (Jillam I'hillips, Peter Faneuil, and some others. Tlie body of the unfortunate Woodl)ridge was found the next morning lying near the scene of the alfray. ]\Ir. .Sargent, Ijetter known as the " tSexton of the Old School," has given some interesting details of this all'air. Tlie Faneuils and Phillilises were connected by marriage, which accounts for the agency of Peter Faneuil in Henry Phillips's escape. Young Woodln'idge lies in the (.Jranary 15urying( Iround. This duel gave rise to a new law, which decreed that the offender, upon conviction, should "be carried publicly in a cart to the gallows, ^vith a roj)e about his neck, and set on the gal- lows an hour, then to be imprisoned twelve months without bail." Any })ersou killed in a ihicl was denied "Christian Burial," and interreil "near tlie usual place of pulilic execution with a stake drove througli the body." J )eatli was tlie jienalty meted out to the survivor with the same vindictive pursuit of the senseless remains. When the I'.ritisli troops were lirst stationed in the town, they had a hospital at the liottom of the ( 'ommon ; it took tire and was nearly consumed in INlay, 17(i!*. There was also, at a later jieriod, a guard-house in the same locality. Public executions have occuri'ed at the bottom of the Com- mon, at or near the foot of Beacon Street, the criminals being hastily buried in the loose gravel of the be;ich. So carelessly was this performed tliat an eyewitness relates that he has seen the corpse of one victim disinterred by the sea, with the mark (^f the hangman's noose still visible. The Mill-Dam, or Western Avenue, now Beacon Street, shows hardly a trace of its old character or purpose, it l)eiug bordered in its whole extent- by residences. It was the greatest undertaking in its day llostdu had witnessed; we may even TOUK ROUND THE COMMON. 333 doubt whether the far-seeing Mr. Cotting perceived it to be the first step towards converting tlie Back Bay into terra firma. TIic work was begun in 1818 by the Boston and Eoxl)Uty Mill Corporation, but jNlr. Cotting did not live to see its com- pletion, Colonel Loammi Baldwin succeeding him as engineer. In our Introduction we have given a very brief account of tliis thoroughfare. Laborers were l.)rought from Ireland specially to l)c employed on it, and it was openetl with due ceremony. A cavalcade of citizens crossed from tlie Brookline shore, and were received by the inhabitants on tlie Boston side. Many recollect the entranci' into tlie city of the Massachu- setts Volunteers after the Mexican war. They were almost literally in rags, and it Avas not until the charitable hands of Boston ladies had sui)plied needful chitliing tliat the regiment was aT)le to march into town. Their appearance indicated little of the "})()mp and circumstance," Imt much of the hard usage and bad rations, of glorious war. We may now pursue our way up the ascent of Beacon Street and its neighboring mall. The exi)ense of this mall was de- frayed from a fund raised by subscription to erect fortiH('ations during the war of 1812, then remaining in the hands of the town officers. "Here aged trees catliedral walks compose, And mount the hill in venerable rows." The name of Beacon Street was applied very early to that portion north and east of the State House, and to the westerly part before the Revolution. At this timc^ there were not nion; than three houses between Charles Street and the ujtpcr end of the Common, the Joy house, when built, making the fourth. 1'lie rest of the hill was covered with small cedars and native shrubbery, with here and there a cow-path, through which the herds ranged unmolested. The home of Prescott, the eminent historian, was at 55 Beacon Street. A deeper interest attaches to the labors of the gifted author on account of his partial blindness, caused by an injury to his eye while at Harvard. All eiforts both at hctme and abroad failed to improve his sight, and his literary work had 334 LANDMAIIKS OF BOSTON. io 1m' pi'iionni'il with tlic ;ii(l nf an amanuensis, though he OfcasiuiKilly wnitc with a styhis on a. writing-frame prejiared ex- iire.ssly for him. jS'o library can 1)e railed complete that does not contain '" Ferdinand and Isidiella," " The C'oiKpiest of Mexico," "rem," and "Charles the Fifth." He died ])efore completing his Philip II., which lie had intended to make his greatest work. Mr. Fivscnti was l-he grandson of the. old siildicr nf Louishurg and Jiuidver Hill, and hy a cnincidence married a granddaughter of that Captain Linzee who com- UKinded the FalcdU at the hatlle just named. He was a I>. C. L. of (;)ld (Jxford, and niciuher of many of the learned societies of Europe and America. The mansion of the late Daviil Sears, now a clul) house, is rei:dere(l interesting as tlu^ site nl' the home nf .Idhn S. < 'nplcy, the distinguished Amei'ica.n ]ia,intcr. Copley (.iwned the greatest estate in I'xiston, emhracing eleven acres, in which were included the rcsei've(l six acres of lUaekstoue. Walnut Street wa.s the eastern Iniundary, Finckiicy Street its northern, and the hay its westerly limit. (!)n the nuilhwest corner of the tract stood the nld I'owder House to Avhich we have referred. It was built in 1774, remote from the ])osition of the former magazine near the (ireat Tree, where it had been exposed to accidents on days of ]iublic rejoicing. The walls were of Braiutree granite, seven feet, thick, with l)umb-priiof arch. It was surrounded by 2»;di- sades, and was estimated to contain, wdien full, a thousand bar- rels of powder. Near it was a watchdiouse. ( 'opley was in a certain sense a ]iupil of Smihert, the works of that artist having been his lirst studies. He married a daughter of iJichard Clarke, a rich merchant, and one nf the (ibiioxious tea-consignees. The painter acted fur the consign- (H's in one of the conferences with the town committee. The (Jlarkes IkhI a store in King Street, and liAed in the Cooke mansidu, ]ireviously described, iu School Street. The house was visited hy a nioh, and the Clarkes with the other con- signees retii-ed for safety t(.i the Castle. In the old two-story house which formerly stood here Cop- ley painted some of his best pictures, probably those of Han- A TOUK ROUND THE COMMON. 33^ cock and Adams among the number. Here also Charles W. Peale, father of IJembrandt Peale, studied with Copley in 1708. In 1774, leaving his family in Boston, Cojjley went to England, where he at once gained an advanced rank among the THE HEARS ESTATE. British painters. His Death of Lord Chatham established his fame, and his large picture of the Siege and Belief of (lil)raltar was hung in Guildhall, London. He died suddenly in 181.3. Dunlap relates that Copley's di^ath was thouglit to liave been hastened by the following circumstance : — " Some American sjieculator who was acipiainted with the superb situation of Copley's liouse in Bostf)n, overlooking the l)eautiful green and parade called the Common, made an offer to the painter for the purchase, which, in com])aris(iu to the value of property in former days m Boston, seenaMl i-iuinuous. Copley eagerly closed 33Pi LAND^^ARKR OF liOSTOX. Aviili liiin, and sold tlie judpeity lor a .soiiy coiiipured with its real value. Shortly after, lie, learning it was worth twenty times the money he had sold it for, tried to undo the hargain, and sent his lawyer son to Boston for the purpose, Init it was too late." The. following is the true history of this transaction. When Colonel William Hull was in England, he bought of Copley all his tract of land west of the Beacon Hill. About the same time (Jardiner Greene, Copley's son-indaw and agent, sold the same property to Harrison Cray Otis and Jonathan Mason. The other claimants at length compromised with Colonel Hull, and the conveyance was made by the younger Co]>ley in 17'JG, when he came to the TTnited States. The society of the future Chancellor of Great Pn-itain was mncli courted during his visit to Boston and New ^'ork. The elder Copley never returned to his native city. Trumbull describes Coi)ley as an elegant looking man, dressed in fine maroon cloth coat with gilt buttons. Besides being a jiainter, Copley was an engraver, having executed a portrait of Bev. William Welsteed of Boston. This knowledge seived him in good stead in London. Cojiley, with West, was one of Trumbull's siu-eties when the latter was thrown into prison in London. Lord Lyndliurst said his father was liis own master, and entirely devoted to his art to the last year of his life, and that he never saw a decent picture, except his own, until he was thirty. Sully's opinion of Copley was that lie was emer's, on Walnut Street, was the house in which I)r. Creoi'ge l*arknian livei] at the time of his nuirder l)y Web- ster in ISVJ. Joy Street recalls the name and estate of Dr. John Joy, ex- tending lietween this thoroughfare and Walnut Street, and Beacon and ]\It. Vernon Streets. Dr. Joy was an apothecary in Washington Street, at the corner of Spring Lane. It is related that liis wife was nuich averse to a rem(.)val so far out of town as Beacon Street then was, and exacted a promise from the Doctor to return into the town at no distant day. In tliat day a residtuice in Williams Court was considered far more eligiljle. The doctor huilt a wooden house on the hill hack from Beacon Street, Avhich was ultimately removed to South Boston I'oint. Next to the corner of Joy Street lived Sanuud T. Armstrong, another of Boston's chief magistrates, of whose improvement of the Common we have recited several instances. He was the son of the Eevolutioiiary soldier, John Armstrong. Mr. Arm- strong was lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 183G. He had in former years Ijeeii a l:)ookseller in State Street, at the C()rner of Flagg Alley, — the firm l)eing Belcher and Armstrong, — and then at No. 50 in ( )ld Coridiill, the site of Paid Pevere's slioj). This Adcinity took the name of Booksellers' Pow, from the numl)er of that trade there congregated. Before you come to the grounds of the State House, two freestone residences attract your notice. These showy edihces have dispLu'.ed one of the nolJest ])rivate mansions of the Colo- nial perioil, huilt l)y Thomas Ilain'ock in 1737, and given to his nephew, the governor, liy his aunt, Lydia Hancock. The house long remained a unique feature of the .siu'roundings of the Common, until it heeaiue too anti(piated for modern ideas, and too valuable. The front of tlu; estate embraced from Mt. Vernon Street, given to the town by the governor, to Joy Street, formerly Clapboard, and since lj(dknap Street. All of tlie original State House and pari of tlie new, including Han- A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 339 K MANSION. cock Avenue, Mt. Vernon Place, and a part of Hancock Strer't, in which was situated the nursery, ])elongt(l to the Hancocks. Tlie site of the State Hou^e was Hancock's pastun , and gardens and . Dor- mer windows jutted out from the roof, from which might be obtained a view as beautiful as extensive. A low stone wall protected the grounds from the street, on which was placed a light wooden fence, with gate-j)osts of Uu- sam«' material. A paved walk and a dozen stone steps conducted to the mansion, situated on rising ground at a little distance back from the street. Before the door was a wide stone slab, worn by the feet of the distinguished inhabitant and his illustrious guests. A wooden hall, designed for festive occasions, sixty feet in length, was joined to the northern wing ; it was afterwards re- moved to Allen Street. "As you entered the governor's mansion, to the right was the drawing or reception room, with furniture of bird's-eye maple cov- ered with rich damask. Out of this opened the dining-hall referred to, in which Hancock gave the famous breakfast to Admiral D'Estaing and his officers. Opposite this was a smaller apartment, the usual dining-hall of the ftnnily ; next adjoining were the china-room and offices, with coach-house and barn behind. ;34() landmai;ks of boston. " At tlic left of the entrance was a second saloon, or family draw- ing-room, the walls covered with crimson paper. The upper and lower halls were hung with pictures of game, hunting-scenes, and other subjects. Passing through this hall, another flight of steps led through the garden to a small summer-house clijse to Mt. Vernon .Street. The grounds were laid out in ornamental flower-beds bor- deied with liox ; box-trees of large size, with a great variety of fruit, among which were several immense nuillierry-trees, dotted the garden." 8uch is the description given 1)V INIiss Kliza (}. < Jardner, many years an inmate of the Hancock House. Tlii.s Avas the house pillaged by the soldiers about the time of the battle of Lexington, who also broke down and mutilated the fences, uutil, on complaint of the selectmen, General Gage sent Percy to occu|)y it. It is also stated that in the previous month of March Uritish olficers had set an example to the men by harking the fences witli their swords, breaking windows, etc. A few days afterwards Hancock was again intruded ujion by his red-coattul neighbors, who refused to retire from his premises at his recjii^st, and mockingly told him liis possessions would soon be theirs. At this time ( lage bail an order from the king for Hancock's apprehension, l)ut he feared to meet the issue ; a second order directed him to hang the patriot. The wrath against Hancock escapeil in a variety of ways moiv harmless. One of the eifu- sions indited to the patriot reads thus : — "As for their king, John Hancock, And Adams, if they 're taken, Tlieir lieads for signs shall hang np high Upon that hill called Beacon." Tlie Hancock House became tlie rpiarters of (Jeneral ( "linton wdiile lie remained in Tioston ; lie tmik connnand at ( 'harles- town, Septemlier, 1775. Doth house and stables were in part occupied by tlie wnunde(l liom ]hink<'r Hill. The house, how- ever, received nu important injury during tlie occupation, the furniture sliowiug liut little signs of ill-usage, and the pictures remaining untouched. In this bous(! Hancock had entertained D'Estaing in 1778, A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 341 Lafayette in 1781, Washington in 1789, Brissot, chief of the Girondists, and, in later times. Lords Stanley and Wortley, and Labouchiere and Bougainville. D'Estaing rested under a cloud for his desertion of oiu' forces in Rhode Island, bixt was, nevertheless, hospitably entertained by Hancock. About forty of the French officers dined every day at the governor's table, for he was a generous host. On one occasion an unusual number assembled to partake of the gov- ernor's viands, when, in the language of Madam Hancock, " the Common was bedizened with lace." The cooks were driven to despair, and the exigency was only met ])y milking the cows on the Common. We do not learn whether this was acceptal)le to the owners of the cows. The Count re([uited the governor's entertainments by a grand dinner on l)oard Ms ship. The governor's lady, seated near lier host, was requested to pull a cord, which was the signal for a discharge of all the guns of tlie s(|uadron. The good dame conlesst'd herself surpiiscd at this coup dc theatre. Brissot was astonished to lind tlic governor in friendly con- verse with "a hatter" (Nathaniel Bah-h). Balcli was a great favorite of tlie governor's. He was a " fellow of infinite jest," majestic in appearance, benevolent, and (if sterling worth. His witticisms never failed "to set tht^ tahh; in a roar." Loring relates that when Hancock liad occasion to go into the district of Maine on an official visit, he was attended 1)y Hon. Azor Orne of his council, and his old friend Balcli. Tlieir arrival at Portsmoutli, N. H., was tlius humiimusly announced : — " On Thursday last, arrived in this ti>wn, Nathaniel Balch, Esq., acconqjanied by His Excellency John Hancock, and the Hon. Azor Orne." Wlien Hancock was dying he called his old friend Baldi to his bedside, and dictated to him tlie minutes of his will, in which he expressly gave his mansion-house* to the Common- wealth. r)eath intervened before this intention couhl be carried out. A strong effcn-t was made to save this old New England mon- ument, but without avail. It was proposed by Governor Banks, 342 LANDiMAIiKS UF BOSTON. in 1859, that the Commoinvcaltli slioukl purchase it, and the licirs ollered it at a low vahiatiun. A joint committee of the ].(\L!,islatui'e reported favoraldy ii})on the measure, but it niet with strong opposition from the rural districts, and was defeated. Suggestions were ottered to make it the residence of the gov- ernors, or a museum for the collection of Iievolutionary relics. The house was in excellent preservation, the interior wood-work being sound as when the halls echoed to the tread of the old gdvernoi'. The chamber (if Lafayette remained as Avhen he slept in it ; the apartment in which Hancock died was intact; the audience hall was the same in which Washington, D'Estaing, Brissot, the Percy, and many more had stood ; and, finally, the entrance-hall, in which for eight days the dead patriot lay in state, ojiened upon tin- liroad staircase as in the time of old Thomas and Lydia Hancock. State action tliiling, smne etforts wer<' made by the city, in 1863, to secure tlie iclics i)f tlie building itself. The heirs offered the mansii»n, with the piitures and some other objects f)f histnrical interest, as a free gift, with the design of preserv- ing it as a memento of Colonial and Iievolutionary history. It was i)roposed to take it down and erect it anew on some other site. Few will regret that such an historical anachronism was not committed. The buildiii.u was pulled down, and with it disappeared the oidy uioiimiieiit to the memory of John Han- cock, until one was iccently erected in the (Granary Oround. Governor Hancock entered the Latin School in 1745. He went to England when ipiite young, where he witnessed the coronation of the monarch Avho afterwards set a price upon his head. President of the Provincial Congress in 1774, of the (Jontinental C'ongress in 1776, he first affixed his bold auto- graph to the Declaration of Independence, and it thus circu- lated upon the floor of Congress. We find him acting as moderator at a town-meeting in 1778, the same year he was a]i])ointed major-general of the Massachusetts militia. We have seen him ])residing over ami directing the action of the conven- tion which ratified the Federal Constitution, and at the peace, the choice of the people of his native State as their chief A TOUR HOUND THE COMMON. 343 magistrate. Hancock died sincerely regretted. If lie had some consi)icuous faults, tliey were more than counterbalanced by his many noble quahties. Hancock was tall, nearly six feet, and thin. In later years lie stooped a little, and was a martyr to the gout. In his attire he was a type of the fine gentleman of his day, — a scarlet coat, I'icldy embroidered, Avith rutHes of the finest linen, being his un Unary dress. We give herewith a fac-simile of the; nuicli-admired auto- graph of Governor Hancock ai)peuded to a ticket of the lottery authorized by law fir the rebuilding of Faneuil Hall after the fire of 17G1. The euLiraviuL: is of the exact size of the original. Boston June 1765. *^ . Faneuil'U^W LOTTERY, No. five. * '^ ^-T HE Poffeffor of this Ticket (No 3^^S^ ) ^ % A " intitlcd to aojr Prize drawn againll faid ^ Number, io a Lottery granted by an Af> of ^ thcGcncralCourt of the Prortnce of xhciVaftchufetti- Bay, for Rcbsilding FANEUit-HALt ; fubjcf^ to bo FANEriL HAM. I.OTTEnV TirKF.T. We have reached the higliest puiiit nf the city, and can leisurely contemplate the immeii.se pile oC the State lloii.'^e, with its glistening dome, whieh fitly ei'owus the view of Ijhs- ton as you approach by land or water. It is am it her mnnument to the genius of Charles r)ultinch, liy win mi it was designed. Were we to ascend to tlu' cupola we should see a panorama spread before us wiiich even the famed Xeapolitan seaport can hardly surpass. But of Old lioston, as it stood when the first Legislature assembled in the Capitol, we slundd find but little left. Even the Capitol itself is nmrh changed. 344 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Dr. Holmes has said in his "Autocrat," — " liostoii State House is the huh of tlie sohir system. You could ii't pry that out of a Boston man if you had the tii'e of all creation straightened for a crowhar." This expression thus ai)plie(l only to the State House, but since niodilied into the " Hul) of the Universe," is now gi^ner- ally used in connection with Boston itself, until the Bostonian abroad has become familiar and even content with hearing his native or adopted city styled the " Hub " from Maine to California. The State House tract was jxissed ])y the town to the Com- monwealth in 1795 ; the nominal consideratioii was five sliil- lings. Samuel Adams laid the corner-stone July 4 of the same year, dedicating it forever to liberty and the rights of man. In 1798 it was completed, and occujjied ])y the legisla- ture, Increase Sumner l)eing then governor. The building re- ceived enlargement in 1855, which cost considerajjly mon^ than the original edifice. The adornment of our public grounds with statues of dis- tinguished men is becoming a feature of Boston. Washington, Franklin, Adams, Webster, Mann, Everett, Hamilton, and the discoverer of America have effigies in bronze or marble in their honor. Tlie Army and Navy Monument on the Common, dedi- cated September 17, 1877, is the work of Martin Milmore. A copy in plaster of Houdon's Washington, at Richmond, Va., is in the vestibule of the Athena'um, as is also a jilaster model of the statue of Bowditch by Ball Hughfs. The ligure of the Saviour on the ai)ex of the pediment of the Church of the Immaculate Conception is a cojiy from Thorwaldsen. The Aristides and Columlms in Louislnirg Square are specimens of Italian art, and were imported by Mr. lasigi. The statue of Hamilton in granite in Commonwealth Avenue is by Dr. Iiiuimcr, and is believed to have been the first in tht^ country (;ut from that material. There are also three typical figures in granite on the front of Horticultural Hall, rejiresenting Flora, (Vres, and Pomona. These are by ]Milmore. The bronze statue of Webster in the State House grounds is A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 345 by Powers. It was tlie second executed by the artist, the first bemg lost at sea while en route from Leghorn. The work hardly fulfilled the expectations of Mr. Webster's admirers, or the hopes founded on the high reputation of the sculptor. It was first jjlaced in the vestibule of the Athenaeum, until removed to its present position by consent of the Legislature. The statue of Horace Mann was cast in Munich, and is the work of Miss Steblnns. The fund was raised by the contri- butions of school-children and teachers throughout the State. The State paid for the pedestal. In the vestibule are the statues of Governor Andrew and (if Washington. Tlie latter was placed in the State House in 1827, and is by Sir F. Chantrey. The idea originated with gentlemen of Boston who liail been associated witli Washing- ton in public life. They organized under the name of the Washington Mdiminent Association, and tirst intended to erect an equestrian statue, — a purpose which want of sutHcicnt funds obliged them to abandon. We give the interior arrangement of the old halls, as they ex- isted before the remodelling of this building, ahundred years after its erection, and so fortunately preserved from threatened demoli- tion when the palatial addition was built on the Reservoir site. The torn and battle-stained colors of the Massachusetts regiments are liere gathered in the keeping of the Common- wealth. In life. Governor Amlrew presented most of these Hags; his statue is tlieir appropriate guanlian. In the lower lialls were also placed the tablets from the mon- ument formerly on the summit of Beacon Hill. They are four feet four inches long, and three feet three inclies wide. The gilt eagle which perched upon tlic top of the column found a place over the Speaker's chair, in the Hall of Representatives. A rpi»uted bust of Samuel Adams stood in a niche in the wall ; and the alcove in which stands the Chantrey statue was flanked by two brass cannon consecrated to the valor of Isaac Davis and John Buttrick, two heroes of the battle of Lexington. On the 2Gth of August, 1824, Lafayette received the citizens of Boston in the lower hall ; and on the next day a second 15* 34G LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. reception was given by the distinguislied Frenchman. No greater crowds ever thronged to do homage to any visitor in the lialls of tlie Ca]iitoL ('n tliis occasion tlie national stand- ard was displayed for the lirst time from the cupola. When the (leneral was again in Boston in 182;"), to assist at the laying of the corner-stone of Unnker Hill Monument, the Legislature resolved to invite him to meet it iu the Hall of Jiepresentatives, and reipiested ex-(!overnor Lincoln to address him on the occasion. 'I'lie (leneral was received by both houses in joint convention on the IGth of June, Governor Lincoln in the Speakci-'s chair. Among the distinguished guests was Mr. Larbour, United States Secretary of War. In the old Senate Chand)er ar(^ jiortraits of thi' old Colonial governors Kmlicott, Winthrop, Leverett, ihadstreet, and Lur- net. A hue ])ortrait of ortraits of Fi'ancis lligginsun, first minister of Salem, ami nf Lieidenant-Oovernor Lill. ( )n the front of the gallery are some interesting relics of the liattle of Ijenningtnn. presented by ( ieneral John Stark. They are a musket, drum, a heavy trooper's s\V(_ird, and grenadier's ca[) with the curious conical brass pLite, on which, as well as tlic lirass plate of the drum, is embo.ssed the emblematic horse of the l)uchy of Westphalia. Underneath is the letter of acceptance Avritten by order of tlie (ieneral Assemljly, and signed by Jeremiah Powell, Presi- dent of the ( 'ounciL Besides these are two old firelocks, be(pieathed to the State by Kev. Theod(n-e Parker. ( )ne of them has the maker's name on tlie lock-plate, " ( Jrice, 17()'J," and an iuscrijition on the butt as f(->llows : — "Tlip First Fiiv Arm, ('aptiiri'd ill the War I'd- iii(lr|irii(lcnce." The otlier is more anti(piatc(l in appearance. Tt has the donor's name on the lock-plate, and an inscrijition on the breecli which reads, — A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 347 "Tliis Firearm was iisecl by Capt Joliii Parker ill tlie Battle of Lexington April 19tli 1775." In connection witli the State House we present an en- graving of the desk, long used in tlie Ohl State House by successive speakei'S of the House (if Representatives. (Ju the removal of the Legislature fnmi their time-honored place of meet- i]ig, this desk was deemed too an- tiquated for further service. It is now one of the interesting me- morials of the colony in the keep- ing of the Historical Society. Tlie chair is a relic of Plymouth Col- ony, having belonged to (rovernor Edward Winslow, and is also de- posited with the same socifity. Let us conti'ast for a moment the spacious halls of legislation and conveniences of the New State House with the confined limits of the ( )ld, and let John Adams describe the famous Council Chamber of the latter as he saw it in 1768. "The same glorious portraits of King Charles II. and King James II., to which might be added, and should be added, little miserable likenesses of Governor Winthroj), (iovernor Bradstreet, Governor Endicott, and Governor Belcher, liiui^' up in obscure corners of the room. Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson, C'ommander- in-Chief in the absence of the Governor, must be placed at the head of the council table. Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrvmple, Commander- in-Chief of his Majesty's inilitaiy forces, taking rank of all his I\Iajesty's counsellors, must be seated l>y the side of the Lieutenant- Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the province. Eight-and- twenty counsellors must be painted, all seated at the council-board. Let me see, what costume ? What was the fashion of that day in the month of March ? Large white wigs, English scarlet cloth cloaks, some of them with gold-laced hats, not on their heads, in- deed, m so august a presence, but on a table before them. Before SPEAKER S t)ESK, AND WINSLOW S CHAIE. 348 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. these illustrious personages appeared Samuel Adams, a member of the House of Representatives, and their clerk, now at the head of tlje great assembly at the Old South Church. Thucydides, Livy, or Sail list would make a sjieech for him, or jieiha^JS the Italian Botta, if he had known anytliing of this transactidii, one nf tlie most important of the RevDlution ; liut I am wliolly incapable of it ; and if I had vanity enough to think myself capable of it, slu>uld not dare to attempt it." The portrait.s referred to by the venerable writer wt-re full lengths, attril)ute(l tn Vandyke, but evidently erroneously, as these monarchs were minors when Vandyke died. ( r()\ernor Pownall, in wliose time they were sent over, placed tliem in some obscure corner, where tliey remained uidil (Idvernor Bernard discovered and im united them in elegant frames, and hung tliem in the Council Chamber. In the State Library was a fine original portrait of General Gage, presentetl to tlie State by General W. H. Sumner, between whom and the JJritish general's wife it will be re- membered a relationship existetl. Tlie last of the royal governors is now restored to fellowship with his illustrious predecessors. Suspended from the ceiling of the Kepresentatives' Cliainber is the ancient symbol of Mas.sacliu.setts, the codtisli, which lias been a greater source of wealth than the mines of California. The same hsli, wliich the reader may see upon one of the colony stamps we have represented in a previous chapter, hung in the old hall in State Street, but was taken down, and was not restored until after tlie peace, when, on the motion of John Howe, it was again displayed before the assembled wisdom of the Commonwealth. (_)ther evidence that the much maligned codfish was the accepted olUcial emblem of jNIassachusetts, in bygone days, is found in the fact stated by Golden that, at a conference held with the Five Xations at The Oneida Castle, in 1690, "New Kngland, which the Indians call Kinshon, a fish," sent the wooden niodcd of a codlisli, as a token of its adherence to the general Covenant. "Tin's fish was banded round among the sachems, ;nid then laid aside to be put up." On anotlier occa- A TOUR EOUND THE COMMON. 349 sion " 3000 of codfish " was sent to England as a present to the king from the General Court, hoping thus to win a mon- arch's favor I)y liook or hy crook. The summit of Beacon Hill, on which stood the ancient Pharos of Boston, is intersected by Temple Street, named for Sir John Temple, who married a daughter of Governor Bowdoin. A portion of the elevation comes within the Iieservoir site, and the houses south of it. The tract owned by the town was only six rods square, with a way of thirty feet leading to it. I'his w^as sold to John llancuck and Samuel Spear in 1811, when the action of the abutters in digging down the hill ren- dered it untenable. On the top of this grassy mound Avas erected the Beacon, showni in all the early plans of the town. It was a tall mast standing on cross tim- bers placed iipon a stone foundation, and supported by braces. Treenails were driven through the mast by which it was ascended ; and near the top projected a crane of iron sixty-five feet from tlie l)as(% upon which was suspended an iron skeh;- ton frame, designed to receive a T)arrel (if tar, or other combu.stibles. This I'ecep- tacle was placed at an altitude of nioi-e than two hundred feet from the sea level, bfia. on. and coidd be seen, when fired, for a great distance inland. Its object was to alarm the country in case of invasion. This beacon was erected about 1G.3-I-35, ilu^ town having ordered it set up on Gentry Hill in this year, with a watcli of one ])erson, to give the signal on the approach of danger. It was newly erected in 1768, having flxllen from some cause un- known. In Novemlier, 1789, the beacon was blown down. Following the primitive signal spar, a monument of brick, sixty feet in height and four in diameter, was erected, in 1 790, :-=es'=fc-'3i2 350 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. connuc'Uiorating the events tif the lievolution. Charles Bul- iiiich was the designer. It was a plain Doric shaft, raised on a pedestal of stone and brick, eight feet high. The outside was encrusted witli ceincnt ; and on the top was a largi' gildt'd eagle of wood, supporting the American Arms. After the fall of the old beacon, Ciuvernor Hancock of- fered to erect another at his own cost, but tlie movement for an obelisk being ah'cady on foot, the proposal was with- drawn, and the selectmen proeeeded to lay out the hill for the monument. The monument was taken doAvn and the liill Icvfllcil iu 1811. It stood very near the soutlieast corner of the Reser- ^■oir, TVnn])le Street passing directly over its i)08iti(ni. The earth Avhich Inrnied the c(ine was deposited in the ]\rillpond, making a future foundation __ fur the Lowi'll and Eastern Eailroad statidus. Tlic tablets of slate l)ear m- scriptioiis written l)y the architect, Charles ISulhnch, as follows : — ON THK SOUTH SU^E. To Commemorate the train of events which led to tlie American Revolution and finally secured Liberty and Indeijenilencc to the United States, this column is erecteril 19, 1775. Battle at Bunker Hill, June 17. Washington took conmiand of tlie army July 2. Boston evacuated, March 17, 1776. Independence declared liy Congress^ Hancock President, July 4. ON THK NORTH SIDE. Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, Dec. 26, 1776 Captiiro of the Hessians at Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777 Capture of tlie Britisli army at Saratoga, Oct. 17. Alliance with France Feb. 6, 1778. Confederation ol' the United States formed, Bowdiiin President of Convention, 1780. Capture of tlu; British army at York, Oct. 19, 1781 Prelinunaries of Peace Nov. 30, 1782 Definitive Treaty of Peace Sept. 10, 1783 Federal Constitution formed, Sejit. 17, 1787 And Ratified by the United States, 1787 to 1790. New Congress assembled at New York, A])ril 6, 1790. Washington inaugurated President, April 30. Public Debt fuiide.l, August 4, 1790. The base of the iiioiuiiiicnt was eiiddsed by a railing, with benches for the use of pilgi'inis to the spot. A view, equalled only by that now to be obtained i'n>ni the lautcni of the State House, well rei)aid a l)r(^athless sc'raiuble up the steep acclivit}'. On the Derne Street side a flight of Avooden steps conducted part way up the eminence, but, after thai, the explorer had to avail himself of the f lot-holes worn by other visitors, until he reached a space fifty feet square on the summit. On all sides, except the north, the contour of the gi'ouud was perfect; there it had been encroached upon, in 17eting with Governor Eustis, with whom he had been acquainted in the old lievolutionary army, was ex- tremely interesting, the governor exclaiming, " I am the hap- piest man that ever lived." Llie General was escorted from the residence of fJovernor Eustis, in ]tOxl)ury, into town, l)y a cavalcade which conducted him to the city limits, where he was received by the city au- thorities. He proceeded, under a military escort, to the head of the mall on Tremont Street, where the scholars of the public schools were drawn up to receive him. All accounts agree that on no occasion were there ever so many people in Boston before. After paying his respects to the governor and Council in the Senate Chamber, the General was conveyed to his lodgings. A handsome arch was thrown over Washington Street, at the site of tlie old fortifications, Avitli this inscription written on the spur of the moment the day previous l)y the poet Sprague : — " Welcome, Lafa.yi'tte ! The fathers in glory shall sleep, That gathered with thee to the liglit, But the sons will eternally keep The tablet of gratitude liright. We how not the neck, and we bend not the knee ; But our hearts, Lafayette, we surrender to thee." Another arch was erected on the site of the Old Liljerty Stump, opposite Boylston Market. Lafayette rode, uncovered, in the barouche witli Mr. Quincy, l)owing incessantly to the multitudes that presseil around him. A scene of great interest occurred when the General appeared on tlie balcony of the man- sion he was to occupy. On either side of him were Governor A TOUR KOUND THE COMMON. 355 Eustis and ex-Governor Brooks, clad in their old Continental uniforms. These two, brothers in arms, had ])uried an old animosity to greet the iioble Frenchman, — a circumstance known to and applauded by many. The Boston Regiment, whicli had escorted the General, passed in review ; and, amid the cheers of thousands of spectators, the General and his dis- tinguislied comj)anions withdrew. A dinner was given to Lafayette at the Exchange Coffee House on the 27th, at which, after the company had partaken of an elegant repast provided by Colonel Hamilton, the General gave the following toast : — " The city of Boston, the cradle of Liljerty ; may Faneuil Hall ever stand a monument to teach the world that resistance to oppres- sion is a duty, and will, under true republican institutions, l)ecome a blessing." The General made a visit to the battle-ground of Bunker Hill, also to the Navy Yard, where he Avas welcomed by Com- modore Bainbridge. He passed an evening at Mrs. Lloyd's, lady of Senator Lloyd, at their residence in Homerset Street. He also visited Governor luistis at Roxbury, and Governor Brooks at jVIedford, where, in allusion to the ex-governor, an arch was erected near the meeting-house with the inscrip- tion : — " General Lafayette, Welcome to oxu- hills and Brooks." He attended divine si^rvice on Sunday at Brattle Street, where he heard Dr. Palfrey, and in the aftern(jon went to Quincy to dine with the veneralde John Adams. " That was not the John Adams I remember," said the General, sadly, after- wards. " That was not the Lafayette I remember," said the patriarch after the meeting.* Both had changed, the ex- Presi- dent was verging on ninety, and the General sixty-seven ; Mr. Adams died in 182G, Lafayette in 1834. On Monday, August 30, a grand military review took place on the Common. The troops were under the command of Major-General Crane. The Cadets escorted General Lafeyette from liis lodgings to the State House, thence to the Co mm on, * Life of Qiiincy, onG LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. wliiTc tlic ^ovcrnoi' and ntlicr officers of the Cnmmonwealth were asseiutiled. Aliout .six thousand troops took part in the review, Generals Lyiuan and Appleton commanding brigades. Dinner was served in an immense man^uee, to which more than twelve liundred guests sat (h)wn. In tlie evening the General gave a levee at his residence which was thronged liy all classes, tlie Maripiis ])estowing particular attention on every individua? of humlde appearance or advanced age. Lafayette enjoyed Ins visit to Boston liighly. He was clieered to the echo whenever he went a.l)road, and tlie corner of Park Street was sel(h)m deserted. (_)n(^ day, Avhen he returned from some excursion with the mayor, there was a great crowd to see hiiu alight. He turned to the mayor and said, " Mr. Quincy, were you ever in Europe?" "No, General." "Then," said Laf lyette, " you cannot understand the difference l)etween a crowd in EurojJC and here in Bt)ston ; why, I should imagine the ]ieoph' (>f your city were a picked popidation out of the whole human race." General Lafayette's first visit t(i Pxtston was in 1778, with D'Estaing. He was next liere in r7S0, when he returned from a trip to France, where he hail been to transact some business. He remend^ered perfectly the persons who had received him on that occasion, — when he landed from the frigate Hermione at Hancock's wharf, — and whom he had visited. On his second visit lie was accompanied by his son and by M. Levasseur. The peo[)le of America will not soon forget their generous and gal- lant ally, who asked pernnssion to serve as a volunteer in the American army. Brandywine, where he was Avounded, and the trenidies of Yorktown, alike attest his valor. He has no monu- ment ; but ])a])er, oven more duralde than marlde, furnishes us with records like this : — " Head-cpiarters Oct. 15th, 1781. For to-morrow. M. G. ]\I. La Fayette, B. G. Muhleid)urK and Haynes' l)rigade. Mai. "en. La Favette's division will mount the trenches to-moiTOW." A TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 357 It was at Yorktown that the Manjuis, with his American Light Division, stunned the enemy's river-battery, while Baron Viomenil, witli the Frencli gi'enadiers and chasseurs, assauUed another important work on tlie extreme left. The Americans, with the Man^uis at their head, succeeded in capturing their redoubt first, when Lafayette sent liis aid, Major Barbour, to the Baron with the message, " I am iii my redoubt ; where are youl" The Baron, who was waiting for his men to clear away the abattis, returned answer, " I am not in mine, but will be in five minutes." A touehing incident of his visit connected with this exploit is related by Mr. (^uiney : — " On the day of his arrival an old soldier would press through the crowd in the State House, and cried out, ' You don't remember me, (Jeneral ; Imt I was close to you when we stormed our redoul)t at Yorktown. I was just behind Captain Smith. You rememl)er Cap- tain Smith ? He was shot thi'ough the head as he mounted the redoubt.' ' Ah yes, yes ! I remember,' returned Laiayette. ' Poor Captain Smith ! But we beat (he French ! we beat the French ! ' " Next below the residence of Mr. Ticknor on Park Street was that of Hon. Abbott Lawrence. Farther down was that of Josiali Quincy, Jr., tlie .second mayor of that name. His ad- ministration will be remembered for the introdiictinn of the Cochituate water, — a measure strenuously urged by his father twenty years before its accomplishmi'ut. The event was cele- brated with military and civic dis|)lays, and an immense multi- tude thronged the Common to see tin; water let on I'or the first time. At the corner of Beacon and INIt. Yernon Streets was the residence of William Molineux, cuu' of the early patriots and a lironnnent merchant. He built a sjilendid mansion for his ilay, but died in 1774. Mr. Molineux was oiu^ of the famous com- mittee that demanded of Governor Hutchinson the immediate removal of the troops after the Massacre. His colleagues were Adams (Samuel), Hancock, ^Yarren, Phillips, Henshaw, and Pemberton. John Adams relates, as an amusing incident, that Molineux was obliged "to march side by side with tlie cou)- mander of some of the troops, to protect them IVom the indig- 358 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. nation of the people, in tlieir progress to the wharf, from which tliey were to embark for the Castle. As tlie agent of Charles Ward Apthorp, IVIr. ]\Iolineux rented the stores belonging to the former, on Wheelwright's wharf, for barracks. The estate of INIolineux seems to luive passed to ]\Ir. Apthorp, for we find it conliscated as such by the Common- wealth. In 17S2 it ])ecame the residence of Daniel Denison Rogers. Having completed our circuit of the Common, we may ven- ture the remark that its beauty, as a park, is surpassed by the value of its historical associations. AVe have seen tliat })art of the forces which captured Louis- burg were assembled and organized here ; that the tr()0])s which coucpiered Quebec were recruited and probaldy brigaded here by Amherst ; that it was the mustering-place for the conflicts which ushered in the American IJevolution ; and the fortihed camp which lield the beleaguereil town in sultjection. It is associated with the deep liorrors of Quaker executions ; with the elocpience of Whitetield, which paved the way for many eminent divines after him to address the people under the " Catheilral trees." It lias in all times been a place fur pulilic rejoicings, for the celebration of our republican calendar days, or for martial displays. The repeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated in Boston on the 19th May, 176G, as no event was ever obser\'ed before. Daybreak was ushered in with music, the beating of drums, and firing of small-arms. The guns of the Castle proclaimed the joyful intelligence, which was taken up and echoed by the town batteries. In the evening an ol)elisk. which had been erected on the Common, was illuminated with two hundred and eighty lamps. Thcic was a general illumination. Hancock's mansion was brilliant with lights, and in front of the house a -stas^e was built from which fireworks were exhib- RF.PEAL OBELISK. A TOOK HOUND THE COMMON. 359 ited. The Sons of Liberty liiid uvected a similar stage in front of the Workhouse, from whicli they answered the disjjhiy at the Hancock House. Under this liospitable roof were enter- tained "the genteel part of the Town," while the crowd outside were treated with a pipe of wine. The obelisk was intended to be placed under Liberty Tree, but was con- sumed the night of the celebra- tion. Next above the pedestal were allegorical figures on each of the sides, symboliz- ing the condition of the colony from the enact- ment to the re- peal of the Stamp Act. We giv(! a ameiuca in mstrkss. copy of an engraving, by Paid Iicvere, rejjroducing one of the sides. Accident alone prevented the Common being the scene of a sanguinary struggle l^etween the royal and American forces. When Washington occupied Dorchester Heights, he coniideiitly expected an attack from Howe, and liad })rei)ar(Hl a counter- stroke. Two divisions, under Putnam, were to attack the town. Sullivan, with one, was to assault the works on Peaeon Hill, (ireeue, with the other, was to carry the post at liarton's Point, and make his way to a junction with Sullivan. Greene was well qualitied for the task assigninl him, having been in lioston two years before, and seen tin; liutis on the Connnon. Provi- dence arrested the purpose of Howe, and the t(jwn was entered without a shot being tired. Hancock has the credit of first introducing music upon the Common for the benefit of the people. He caused a band to play in front of his dwelling, paid for by himself. In former 360 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. times buoths and .staiuLs IVir tlie sale of refreshments were erected along Paddock's and the Great Mall, ultimately em- bracing all four sides of tlie Common. Lord Harris, wlio was captain of the grenadier company of the Fifth Foot, Percy's regiment, wrote home, in 1774, " Oui camp is pitched in an exceedingly pleasant situation on the gentle descent of a large common, hitherto the property of the Bostonians, and used for the purpose of grazing their cows, which now, poor creatures, often attempt to force their way into their old pastures, where the richest herljage I ever saw abounds." Lord Harris relates an instance of a cow impaling herself on a range of firelocks with the bayonets on, going off with one sticking in her side. Harris's company was at Lexington. At Bunker Hill he received a wound in the head, falling senseless into the arms of his lieutenant. Lord liawdon. Public executions occurred occasionally on the Connuim until 1812, when the park was rescued from these legalized exhibi- tions. It ceased to be a common grazing-lield under the elder (^hiincy in 183U, dangerous accidents having occurred to piom- enaders. If a mere handfid of settlers more than two centu- ries ago allotted fifty acres for the common benefit, a quarter of a millicm people can well alford to preserve it. VALLEY ACRE, BOWLING GREEN, AND WEST BOSTON. 361 CHAPTEE XII. VALLEY ACRE, THE BOWLING GREEN, AND WEST BOSTON. Governor Bowdoiii. — General Burgoyne. — Boston Society in 178'2. — David Hinckley's Stone Houses. — James Lloyd. — Lafayette. — Daniel Davis. — Admiral Davis. — Historic Genealogical Society. — Valley Acre. — Uriah Cotting. — Governor Enstis. — Anecdote of Governor Brooks. — Millerite Tabernacle. — Howard Atliena-uni. — Bowling Green. — Old Boston Physi- cians. — Charles Bulfinch. — New Fields. — Peter Chardon. — Mrs. Pel- ham. — Peter Pelham. — Thomas Melvill. — Dr. William Jenks. — Captain Goocli. — West Church. — Leverett Street Jail. — Poor Debtors. — Alms- house. — Massachusetts General Hospital. — Medical College. — National and Eagle Theatres. GOVERNOR JAME8 BOWDOIN lived on Beacon Street, near the corner of tlie street named for him, the house beii)^f situat('(l at some, distance; ba(;k from the street, with a high fli>,fht of stone stej)s Icadinu; wy to it. Tlie fixmily name of the governor was Baudoin. Krecinent mention is made in these pages of prominent events or institutions witli which the name of Governor Bowdoin is connected. He \v;is chief magistrate of Massachusetts from 1 785 - 87, and Shays's Rebellion occurred under his administi'ation. It was vigorously suppressed by I'xiwdoin, to whose aid tlie ofHcers of the old army cpiickly rallied. This was the dark period of our history. The old Articles of Confederation wen; entirely inadequate to carry on the government. No taxes could lie levied without the consent of all the States, and the central government was likely to fall to pieces for want of the means to carry it on. Public and jirivate credit shared the general wreck. At this crisis the rebellion of Shays broke out. General Lincoln commanded the State; lV)rces, with Generals Brooks and Cobb to support him. The outltreak was crushed with little bloodshed, and the authority of the laws restored. Bowdoin's popularity was impaired by this affair, and he lost his election in 16 3G2 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. 17S7. lie was a sufferer from consumption, and finally suc- cumb(;d to its attacks. General Burgoyne occupied the Bowdoin mansion in 1775; at the same time Clinton resided in that of Governor Hancock. Tliese two chiefs overlooked the forces on the Common, and had [lailii'ular charge of the dei'eiices of West Boston. The man- sion in after times hecanie the bdarding-house of Mrs. Delano. Next, to the eastward, was the residence c>f William riiil- lips, Senior, — a line nld jire - Bcvolutinnary mansion, ap^ })r(iaclied l)y several Hights of stone .steps. It stood led furor. The house is further celebrated for the first representations of Italian opera in Boston by a comitany from Havana, who opened in Ai)ri], 1847, with " Ernani," when the golden notes of Fortunata Tedesco first enrajitured Bostonians. Blangy, the Bavels, Ma- dame Anna Ifishoj), anil other celebrities brought the theatre into high repute. Eliza Ostinelli made her first appearance on the stage at the Howard in " La Sonnambiila." VALLEY ACKE, BOWLING GKEEN, AND WEST BOSTON. 369 Tliis estate is furtlier noted as the okl-time hal)ita-tion of Hon. James Pitts, a counsellor and mover of the address to General Gage. VaHey Aere is not more obsolete than the old Bowling Green, upon which we have entered to tind it changed to Bowdoin 8(|uare. Cambridge Street began in early times at Sudbury Street, extending along the green, and thence to the river. A\diat is now the squai-e fell away in a natural slope to the Mill Pond. Tlie rest of the quarter known as West Boston was very sparsely peopled. On a small eminence in the present neighborhood of tlie West Cliurch was a windmill ; rope- walks covered most of the neck known as Barton's Point, on one extremity ui which wtire situated the copper-works, which gave their name to Copper, now Brigliton Street. Across the I)oint eartliworks were thrown up in 1775. The greater part of the area west of Bowdoin Scjuare was in its primitive con- dition of fields or pastures, and so remote was it considered from tlie centre of poimLition, that the Province Hosiiital and Pest House was located near West IJoston Bridge, on what is now Grove tStreet, from which tlie point was called " Pest House Point." A hundred years ago there were but three-and-twenty phy- sicians and surgeons in all Boston. Besides the honored names of Lloyd, Rand, Danforth, Eustis, Jarvis, Hay ward, Homans, and Warren, there was Dr. Thomas ]>uliinch in liowdoin Square, father of Charles Bultinch, the distinguished airhitiK't. The impress of Mr. Bultinch's genius is seen not only in his native city, but in the Capitol of the nation, which was planned by him after the destruction of the original by the British (ieneral Ross. Mr. Bullinch's early taste for this branch of art was cultivated by travel in the Old World amid the works of Iiiigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, and the old masters of the Continent. Returning, he at once applied himself to the beautifying of his birthplace. Before his day there were but few public buildings that would attract the notice of a stranger. Architectural beauty was but little considered, mere adaptation to the purposes of the structure being all that the builder 16* X 370 LANDMxVRKS OF BOSTOJST. attempted. The Beacon Hill Monument, the Franklin Street Crescent, the new State House, introduced a new era, which Eogers and WillaiMl, Ihyant and Billings, have perpetuated. Of ]\Ir. Bulhnch's jjuhlic works the State House was indeed considered somewhat faulty in its proportion of length to height ; hut it is statetl that the original [)lan contemplated greater length to the wings, — de})arted from on economical grounds. Mr. Bullinch was a Harvard man, graduating in the same class with Sanuiel Dexter and Judge John Davis. He was closely identihed with the interests of the town, serving on the Board of Selectmen a period of twenty-two years, during nine- teen of which he was Chairman of the Board. Besides other works of which mention has been made, Mr. Bullinch was architect of the State Prison, the Old City Hall, the Cathedral in Franklin Street, Federal Street Church and Theatre, the Xew South Church in Summer Street, the Mas- sachusetts General Hospital, Haymarket Theatre, and of the enlargement of Faneuil Hall. University Hall, at Cambridge, and numerous private residences, attest his industry and the general estimation in Avhich his services were held. The names of the early dwellers in the " New Fields," as the pastures of West B(jstc)n were called, have or had their names reproduced in Allen, Ihittoljih, Middlecott, Bullinch, Lynda, and Southack Streets. Garden and Grove were descriptive of })(>ints of rural beauty in Allen's pasture, as was Centre Street, of its ecpial division. Leverett is from the famous old Governor John, and Staniford and Chambers (part of which was called Wiltshire) and Jk'lknap left their ])atrouymics to those avenues. Cambridge Street terminated in a marsh, from wliicli arose the northwest slope of Centinel Hill, the shore receding a consider- able distance from the line of Charles Street. The ropewalks referred to Avere situated upon and in the vicinity of Poplar Street. John Steel made b(jlt-roi)e, lines, and other cordage there in 1719. Before the Avork of demolition liegan in BoAvdoin Square, it Avas the seat of many elegant old-time estates, Avith broad acres, gardens, and noble trees, of Avhicli but a solitary specimen VALLEY ACRE, BOWLING GREEN, AND WEST BOSTON. 371 here and there is left. The Eevere House, from which Web- ster harangued the citizens, is on the grounds and residence of Kirk Boott, whose son Kirk Boott was connected many years with the Lowell manufactures. The hotel is named for Paul Eevere, first president of the Mechanic Charitable Association, by which it was built. It has enjoyed the distinction of enter- taining President Fillmore, Jenny Lind, the Prince of "Wales, and the Grand Duke Alexis of Eussia. On the site of the Baptist Church, erected in 1840, was tlie dwelling of Theodore Lyman, Sr. The space in front of the church, once ornamented with trees and separated from the street by an iron fence, is at present utilized Ijy a row of unsightly shops, between which one must pass to reach the church. The Coolidge and Parkman estates are covered with modern struc- tures, as is, also that of Lieutenant-Governor Armstrong, on the corner opposite the Eevere House. The two stone houses fronting the square were l);iilt l)y Samucd Parkman, father of Dr. George Parkman. The range of brick ])uilronounced barbarous. The "American Notes" may liave wounded our self- love, but they told some unpleasant tliough wholesome truths. Among the executions which have taken place in the enclosure of Leverett Street jail, that of Professor Webster is prominent. His demeanor at the gallows was dignified and self-possessed. Before he sriffered the penalty of the law he atldressed a letter to a relative of the family he had so terribly wronged, in which he eloquently implored that his punisliment might fully expiate his crime. The streets Barton, Vernon, and ]\Iinot are of comparatively recent origin. They occuj)y the site of tlie Almshouse built in 1800, after its demolition in Beacon Street. At the time oi its 376 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. erection here it was situated on tlie Lank of the river, from which a wharf, now forming the site of the old Lowell de})ot, extended. Tlie New Almshouse, as it was called, was a brick building rivate individuals. A brick wall, with iron gates, surrounded the Almshouse enclosure. No building having been erected to take tlie jilace of the AVork- house, or Bridewell, the inmates were obliged to be received into the Almshouse ; but a small brick building was subse- quently erected, adjacent to the latter, for a Bridewell. It has always been the fate of some who have known lietter days to l)eco]ue dependants upon the public charity. <_)ne nota- ble instance is mentioned of the daughter of a clergyman of the French Protestant ("hurch having sought and ol)tained an asylum in tlie old Almshouse. >Slie continued to visit and be re- ceived into the houses of her former friends, who, with intuitive delicacy, forebore to cjuestion her on the suliject of her residence. The tract bounded by Cambridge Street, North Russell Street, and the Hospital grounds was once under water. Bridge, Blos- som, and Vine Streets have all been built since 1800. At the west end of McLean Street (formerly South Allen), with the front towards Cainltridge Street, stands the ]\Iassaclni- setts (Jeneral Hospital. It is built of Chelmsford granite, and was considered in 1821, when completed, the finest public or private edifice in New England. It stands on what was for- merly Prince's pasture, four acres of which constitute the Hos- I)ital domain. In 1840 it was enlarged by the addition of two wings. Charles Bultinch was the architect of the ox'iginal. In tbis hospital ether was first applied in a surgical opei'ation ot magnitude, by request of Dr. J. C. Warren. VALLEY ACKE, BOWLING GREEN, AND WEST BOSTON. 377 Some of the sources from wliich the Hospital drew its being have been adverted to. A bequest of $ 5,000, at the cLjse of the hist century, was the beginning. Nothing further was etfected until 1811, when fifty-six gentlemen were incorporated under the name of the Massachusetts General Hos'j^ital. The MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. charter likewise granted the Province House, under condition that $ 100,000 should be raised from other soim;es within ten years. Tlie Hospital Life Insurance Company was re(|uired to pay tribute to its namesake by its act of incorporation. No eleemosynary institution in the country ever accuuudated the means of carrying out its humane objects with greater rapidity. John McLean l)e(pieathed $ 100,000 to the Hosi)ital, and $50,000 more to be divided between that institutidu and Harvard. By the year 1816 the trustees were able to purchase the estate at ( 'harlestown, now Somerville, and build two brick houses, whicli were ready for tlit^ rec(!|)tion of the insane in 1818. This is the asylum so long known by the name of its noble Ijenefactor, McLean. His name was justly conferred upon the street without loss to its ancient possessor, as there was also North Allen Street, now known simply as Allen. In Grove Street we have the new location of the Massachu- .setts Medical College, after its removal from Mason Street. The building derives a horrible interest as the scene of the murder of Dr. Parkman, the details of which long dwelt in 378 LANDMAIIKS OF BOSTON. tlu! memories of many. Tlie unsuspectiDg victim repaired to the College, where lie had an appointment with his murderer, from which he never departed alive. No similar event ever produced so great a sensation in Boston. Both the parties were of the tirst standing in society. The deadly blow might have been struck in a moment of passion, hut the almost tiendish art with which the remains were concealed and consumed was fatal to Dr. Webster. Not the least of the toucliing episodes of the trial was the appearance of the daughters of the prisoner o]i the witness stand, giving their evidence under the full con- viction of their father's innocence. Besides the Howard Athenieum the AVest End had still an- other theatre within its limits. In 1831 a small Avooden Iniild- ing was erected by Messrs. W. and T. L. Stewart on tlie old Mill Pond, fronting on Traverse Street. This was designed for e(pu'strian performances, and was called the American Amphi- tlieatre. Mr. William Pellty, formerly of the Tremont, became the lessee, and remodelled the interior so as to adapt it to dra- matic performances, opening it on the 3d of July, under the name of tlie Warren Theatre. The enterprise proving success- ful, ]\Ir. Pelljy Avas enabled to build a new house in the summer of 183G, Avhich was inaugurated on the 15th of August as the National Theatre. At this house Miss Jean Margaret Davenport made her first appearance before a Boston audience, as did also Julia Dean, a flxvorite Western actress. In Ai)ril, 1852, the theatre was destroyed by fire, l»ut was reljuilt and reo])ened in November of the same year by Mr. Leonard. There was a little theatre erected in 1841, at the corner of Haverhill and Traverse Streets, opened l)y Mr. Wyzeman Mar- shall under the name of the Eagle Theatre. Mr. W. H. Smith otticiated a short time here as manager, but the concern proving a serious rival to the National, INIr. Pelby obtained an interest, and closed the house in a manner not altogether creditable to him.* Several of the companies of the regiment of Massachusetts vol- unteers, raised for service in the Mexican war, were quartered at * ("lapii's Bdstoii Stage. VALLEY ACRE, BOWLING GREEN, AND WEST BOSTON. 379 tlie West End. Companies " A " and " B " had ([uarters in Pitts Street. Lientenant-Colonel Abbott's company was located in the ohl wooden buikling on tlie east side of Leverett Street, wliich was afterwards used as a police station. Captain Edward Webster's company was enlisted in tlie famous building on the corner of C. now rear tlieir splendid fronts wliere stood the gardens or mansions of the (lid merchants or statesmen of Boston. Tlie (lid wooden house — (piite respectable for its day- — in wliicli I'r. John T. Kirkland resided was at the corner of Sum- mer and Lincoln Streets. lie was the sdii of the celebrated Indian missionary, Sanniel Kirkland, fmnder of Hamilton Col- lege, who was instrumental in attaching the Oneidas to the American cause during the IlevobUion, and acted as chaplain to our firces under General Sidlivan in 1799. The younger Dr. Kirkland, who possessed abilities of a high order, became, in 1810, president of Harvard. Another eminent clergyman, Jeremy I5elknap, was also a resident of Summer Street. Bedford Stieet was in former times known as Pond Lane, from the Town Watering-Place situated on the east side. A line drawn due south from Hawley Street would ]iass through the pond. Blind Lane was a name applied to the lower i)art of the street in 1800. Summer Street was called " Y"= Mylne Street," from its conducting towards Windmill Point, Avhere a mill was erected, it appears, as early as 163G, the highway to it being ordered laid out in 1044. As late as 1815 there was a pasture of two acres in Summer Street, and the tinkling of cdw-liells was hj no means an un- iisual sound there. The line old estates of the Geyers, Coffins, Eussells, Barrells, Lydes, Prebles, etc. were covered with or- chards and gardens, and these hospitable residents could set before their guests cider of their own manufacture, or butter from their own dairies. Chauncy Place, named for tlie distin- 382 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. guislicd pastor of the First Chuivli, was Liiil out in 1S()7, over a part (if tlie estate of Elieiiczer I'rclilc, limtlier nf ( 'mnmoilore Edward, a leading niercliant of I'xiston, and at one time a partner of William (rray. JMr. l'rel)le's liouse was on the lower corner of wdiat is now Cliauncy Street. The estate of the First ( 'hni'cli adjoined on the west. AVc have noticed the residence in this street of Daniel Web- ster, which the stranger may find without trouble, and will not pass witlmut rendering silent homage to the matchless abilities of tliat great man. Mr. Webster cared little for money, and was sometimes pressed by his crediturs. On one occasion he was dunned by a needy tradesman for a tritling sum, and, after emptying his pockets in vain, lie bade liis visitor wait until he ciiuld call oil a friend near at haml for the money. The loan was no sooner asked than olitained ; but at his own door Mr. Webster Avas met by an application from another friend for a deserving charity, to whom he gave the money lie had bor- rowed, and returned empty-handed to his creditor. When Mr. Webster received Lafoyette after the ceremonies at Bunker Hill, to give edat to the occasion and accommodate the numerous and distinguished company, a door was made con- necting with the adjoining house of Mr. Israel Thorndike. The bullet which the Mar(piis received in his leg at IJrandy- Avine was the occasion of a graceful compliment hj President John (,)uini'y Adams. A new frigate was ready to launch at Washing- ton, in which it was intended Laflxyette should take passage for France, and, when all was ready, the President, who had kept his purpose a secret from every one, himself christened her the Bran- dywine, to the sur^irise of (Jommodore Tingey and the naval construct(ir, who supposed she would be called the Sus(piehanna. The impression has obtained that Boston ceased to be a gar- risoned town after the evacuation by Sir William Howe, and the departure of the great l)ody of our own troops for New York. This is very far from being the case. The command of the t(»wn was first assumed l)y Putnam, w^as transferred to Greene, and finally remained with CJeneral Ward, whose age and infirmity prevented his taking the field actively. The FROM CHURCH GREEN TO LIBERTY TREE. 383 camps at Cambridge and RoxLuiy continued to be the rendez- vous of the new levies. The town of Boston was the head- quarters of the Eastern District, with a reguhir garrison. James Urquhart, the British town-major, was succeeded by an American officer. Major Swasey, with tlie same tith^. Colonel Keith was deputy adjutant-general under Heath. General Ward was relieved by General Heath in 1777, and retired from the army. General Heath established his head- quarters at the mansion-house of Hon. Thomas Eussell, whicli stood some distance back from Summer Street, about where Otis Street now is. Here the General entertained D'Estaing, Pulaski, Silas Deane, r)urgoyne, Phillips, and Iviedesel. It was the fortune of Gcnieral Heath to command in Boston while tlie })risoners from Sai'atoga and Bennington remained at Cambridge, and he was soon (engaged in a 'petit guerre with Burgoyne. Soon after the arrival of the convention troo])s, Phillips proposed to General Heath tliat all orders affecting the prisoners should be transmitted through their own generals, but the American com- mander was not disposed to thus delegate his authority. Heath was succeeded by General Gates in October, 1778, who arrived with his wife and suite on the Gth of that month and assumed the command. Gates, like AVashington and Gage, liad served in the campaign of Braddock, where he was severely wounded, and l^rought off the field by a soldier for whom ho ever after entertained an affectionate regard. Gates was tlu'n a captain in the British army, and his preserver was a private in the royal artillery, named Penfold. The old soldier, having been invalided, desired to remain in Americni, and applied to Gates for his advice. We give a part of the reply, which does honor to the heart and memory of Gates : — " Come and rest your firelock in my chimney-corner, and partake with me ; while I have, my savior Penfold shall not want ; and it is my wish, as well as Mrs. Gates's, to see you spend the evening of your life comfortably. Mrs. Gates desires to be affectionately rememberetl to you." Boston can thus Ijoast of having lieen commanded by the ablest generals on either side of the Revolutionary struggle. 384 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. (Jeneral Gates was said to liave lived at miH tiiiit' witli liis father in the service of Charles, Hukeof lloltoii. It was liis furtuiie to have achieved the greatest victdry of the K'evoJution at Sara- toga, and sustained the most couiplete defeat at ( 'aniden, of any officer connnandiiig in that v/ar. The Russell uiansion was aiterwards (iccu]iied as a pulJic house by Leon Chajipotin. -leronie l>(ina[)arte, after his mar- riage with j\Iiss Patterson at IJaltinidre, made a visit to Buston, and lodgiMl here for a tiuie. It will he recollected that this marriage was never sancti(>ne(l hy the Emjteror. ()tis Place, now Street, was laid out through the estate of Sii' AVilliam Pe])pere]l. The Sir William ]^'p|>erell of our notii'c was the gramlson of the captor of Louishurg, and son of Colonel Kathaniel Sj)ar- hawk. By the tenor of his grandfather's will, Avhicdi made him the residuary legatee of the baronet's possessions, he was re- quired to change his name to Peppeiell. This was done by an act of the Massachusetts Legislature. The baronetcy became extinct with the decease of the elder Sir William, and was re- created by the king for the benetit of his grandson in 1774. The younger Sir William Avas a stanch friend of the mother country, and was one of the King's Mandamus Councillors in 1774. He left America wdth the lioyalists in 1775, and his large estates in Boston and in Maine were confiscated. At Ni\ 8 Otis Place lived Nathaniel Powditch, so long Actuary of the IMassachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company in Boston. Born in poverty, after serving an apprenticeship to a ship-chandler until he was twenty-one, and following the sea for a number of years, he i)ublished in PSOQ, before he was thirty, his work on navigation. His commentary on the cele- brated Mk-anl(jti(' Ce/i'sfe of Laplace estaljlished his fame as one of tlie leading scientific minds of either the Old or New World. His son, Nathaniel Ingersoll, had improved an anti- quarian taste by exhaustive researches among the records of the town and colony, and the articles from his pen under the sig- nature of " Gleaner " were of the greatest interest to all students of our local history. His contenq)orary " Sigma " (L. M. Sar- FROM CHURCH GREEN TO LIBERTY TREE. 385 gent), wielded in the same cause a brilliant and caustic pen, investing the characters of the dead past with life and action. At the corner of Winthrop and Otis Place was the residence of George Bancroft in 1840, at which time he was Collector of the port of Boston. Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Channing, and Samuel Osgood were members of the literary coterie who met in that liouse, to discuss the new philosophy of Transcendentalism, which for a season turned the heads of all educated Boston. While Secretary of the Navy, in Polk's cabinet, Mr. Bancroft has the credit of establishing the Naval Academy at Annapolis. The estate at the southwest corner of Summer and Chaun- cy Streets was the pro])erty of the First Ohurch, having been conveyed to it in 1680. The greater part of the original place was laid out over the church estate to gain access to the church, which was placed upon that part of the ground in the rear of Summer Street formerly the garden of the parsonage. Four brick dwellings were built on the Summer Street front l)y Benjamin Joy in 1808. Before this tot)k i)lace the ground was occupitnl by the parsonage. ^ One of the pastors who filled the pul})it after the removal to tliis locality Avas William Emerson, father of Kalph Waldo Emerson, the essayist and poet. His ministrations continued from 1799 to 1811, and he had the distinction of preacliing the first sermon here. After sixty years' service, the house in Chauncy Place was deserted by the society for the new" antl elegant temple at the corner of Marlborough and Berkeley Streets, whicli was occu- pied December, 1868. An enduring relic of the " Old Brick " church remains in a slab of slate taken from beneath a \vindow in the second story, south side, on whi(;h is inscribed, — " Burned to ashes October 3, 1711. RebuUding June 25th. 1712. July 20, 1713." The Post-Office occupied this corner in 1859, at wliieh time Nahum Capen was postmaster ; but remained only until the next year, the site not being considered an eligil)le one. By the year 1728 King's Chapel could not accommodate its numerous parishioners at the south j)art of the town, and steps were taken to build an Episcopal church at the corner of Haw- 17 Y 380 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. ley iunl SiuiiDicr Streets. Tlie coniei'-stone Avas nut laid, Ikiw- cver, until IT-'il, when Mr. Coimuissary Priee of King's Chai)el olHeiated at tlii.s ceremony. The next year it was opened inr worship. Among the lirst oftieers we Jind the familiar names of < 'hai'les Apthnrji, Jlenjandn yaneuil, Philip l)uniares(|, William ( "nllin, ,iiid Tlionias Aston. Pev. Addiugton Daven- })ort, a hrolher-indaw >>{' Peter Fanenil, Avho had been an assistant at King's (_'hapel in 1737, Avas the lirst rector of 'J'rinity. The first liuililing Avas of Avood. It was ninety feet long, and sixty hroad, without any external adiu'ument. It had neither tower nor stee- ple, nor Avin- dows in the low- er story of the front. There Avere three en- trances in front unprotected by jxirrhes. The interior Avas eomposeil of an arch resting up- on (Jorinthian OLD TRINITY rUrRCH. JullarS AV 1 1 ll handsouKdy carve(l ;ind gildrd capitals. \n the chancel Avere some paintings, considered Acry beautiful in their day. Taken altogether, Trinity might boast the handsomest interior of any church in Boston of its time. Tn 1,S28 it was supplanted by the givuiite e(lilice seen in our view on the opposite V^S^, \U'Y. Jolm S. .1. ( Jardiner laying the corner-stone. Trinity, like the other Ei)is(-opal churches, had tombs underneath it. We do not learn that Trinity received any special marks of royal favor, such as Avere shown to its predecessors, King's Chapel and Christ Church. To the former the king and queen (William and Mary) gave, liesides the communion ]ilate, a pub pit-cloth, a cushion, and a i>ainting Avhich reached fnuu the top ^HfM FROM CHURCH GREEN TO LIBERTY TREE. 387 to the bottom of tlio east end of the church, containing the Decalogue, the Lord's Prayer, and the Apostles' Creed. Biit Governor 8hirl(^y, who had so li})erally aided the Chapel, gavt; Trinity a service for communion, table-cloths, and books. Peter Paneuil had in 1741 oifered £ 100 toAvards an organ, but one was not procured until 1744. When General Washington was in Loston in 1789 he ])asse(l the Sa])bath liere, and went to bear Dr. (afterwards Bishoj)) I'arker in the forenoon, and to IJrattle Street in the afternoon, when; he sat in (lovernor Bowdoin's pew. Curiously enough, Trinity Churcli occupied the site of tlie old "Pleiades" or "Seven Star Inn," from whicli Sum- mer Street took the name of Seven Star Lane. Trinity Avas completely destroyed l)y tlie Great Fire of 1872, ■■hi^"v nin;, h in is72. to rise again, in greater beauty, on Coi)ley S(piare. Peter Faneuil occu])ied pcAv Xo. 40 in ( )ld Trinity. We may easily picture him descending from his chariot on a Sun- day morning Avhile his negro coachman assists him to alight. We doulit not the heads of the young Boston belles Avere turned towards the Avealthy bachelor as he advanced up the aisle to his dcA^otions. Ilis good l)rot]ier Davenport no doubt enjoyed those perquisites so pleasantly referred to by Pope Avhen he says, — " He that hath these may pass liis life, Drink Avith the 'squire, and kiss his wife ; On Sundays preach, and eat liis fill ; And fast on Fridays, — if he will ; 388 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Toast CliuiL'li ami Queen, explain the news, Talk with church -wardens about pews, Pray lieartily for some new gift. And shake his head at Dr. Swift. " The corner of Hawley Street, next below Trinity, will be remembercil as the estate of Goveruur James Stillivan and of Lieutena.nt-( lovernor (Jray. Governor Snllivan was the brother of the Eevolntionary general; was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1S()7, and re-electeil in ISIKS. lie had been a niend)er of the Ma.ssachu- setts Provincial Congress ; Judge of the Superior ('ourt ; and Delegate to Congress in 1784, from the District of Maine where he then resided. Mr. .Sullivan was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention, and one of the Commissioners ap- pointed by Washington to settle the boundary between the United States and British Provinces. AV illiam Sullivan^ son of the governor, Avas a . 392 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. out thinking of old B;irtliolo]nt'w Given and liis News Letter, of Benjamin Churcli and hiy treachery, of Margaret Fnller and her Tintimely fate, any more than we can pass the Old South without thinking of the riding-school, or Bunker Hill Monu- ment without thinking of Prescott and Warren. A group of taverns next claims our attentio]i. Tlie inns of Old Ldiiddii rendered u}) their names freely to their colonial imitators, and our older residents might drink their punch under the same signs they were used to frequent beneath the shadow of Old 8aint Paul's. We have had no Johnson with his corner at the Mitre, no Dryden with his snug retreat at Will's Coffee-house, nor can we show any as famous as Button's, where Pope, Steele, Swift, Arbuthnot, and Addison were wont to assemble at " the best head in England " ; but we liave visited some where matters more serious than wit and sentiment were discussed, and where measures were digested more important to mankind. We commend to our modern hotel-keepers the fallowing ex- tract from a law enacted about 1041) : — "Nor shall any take tohacco \\\ any inne, or coiniiion victual house, except in a private room there, so as the master of said liouse nor any guest there shall take offence thereat ; which if any do, then such persons shall forbear, upon pain ot" two shillings and sixpence for every such offence." We come first to the Adams House, whicdi stands on the ground formerly occujiied l;»y the Liunb Tavern, sometimes styled the White Lamb. The " Landj " was an unpretending l)uilding of two stories, but of good repute in Old Boston. The sign is noticed as early as 174G. Colontd Doty lie] it at the sign of the Lamb in 17G0 ; Edward Kingman ke})t it in 1S2G ; after which it was conducted successively l)y Lalian Adams, for whom the house was named, father of " Olivtn- Optic " (W. T. Adams), and by A. S. Allen. The first stagc-coacdi to Providence, advertised July L'O, 1 7f Lilierty Hall. In August last, just before the counuencemcnt of the present trouldes, tliey erected a flagstaff, which went through the tree, and a good deal above tlie top of the tree. Upon this they hoist a flag as a signal for the Sons oi' Liberty, as they are called. I gave my Lord Shellumie an account of this erection at the time it was made. This tree has often put me in mind of Jack Cade's Oak of ReformatidU." Liberty Tree Tavern in 1833 occupied tlie spot wliore once Liberty Tree .stood. It was kept by G. Cummings. In its im- mediate vicinity and opposite the Loylston jNIarket was Lafay- ette Hotel, built in 1824, and kept l»y S. Haskell in the year above mentioned. The Sons of Lil)erty adopted the name given them by Colonel Larre in a speech in Parliament, in which he took occasion thus to characterize those Avho evinced a disjiosition to resist the oppressive measures of the Ministry. Under the bran(dies of Liberty Tree that resistance lirst showed itself by public acts. LIBERTY TREE AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. 399 At daybreak on the 14tli August, 1765, nearly ten years before active hostilities broke out, an effigy of Mr. Oliver, the Stamp officer, and a boot, with the Devil peeping out of it, — an allusion to Lord Bute, — were discovered hanging from Liljerty Tree. The images rciuiained hanging all day, and were visited by great numbers of peo[)le, both from the town and the neighboring country. Business was almost suspended. Lieutenant-(jrovernor Hutchinson ordered the sheriff t(j take the hgures down, but he was obliged to admit tliat he dared not do so. As the day closed in the effigi(;s were taken down, placed upon a bier, and, followed by several thousand peo])le of every class and condition, proceeded ih'st to the, Town Ifdusi', and from thence to the supposed office of the Stamp Master, as has l)een detailed in that connection. With materials obtained from the ruins of the building, the jjrocession moved to Kort Hill, where a bontire was light(!d and the effigies consumed in full view of Mr. Oliver's liouse. (Jovernor Bernard and (uiuncil were in session in the Town House Avhen tlu' ])rocession jtassed through it, as the lower floor of the building left open for public promenade permitted them to do. In the attacks whi(;h fol- lowed upon the houses ol' the secretary, lieutenant-governor, and officers of the admiralty, INlackintosh api)ears to have been the leader. In these proceedings the records of the court of vice-admiralty were destroyed, — an irreparaldc loss to the prov- ince and to history. IMackintosh was arrested, but immediately released on the demand of a number of persons of character and property. Mr. Oliver n(nv publicly declared his intention of resigning, and when the stamps arrived in Boston in September they were sent to Castle William. In Novendier there was another hang- ing in effigy of two of the king's advisers. The anniversary of Pope Day was celebrated by a union of the rival factions, who met in amity and refreshed themselves under Liberty Tree before proceeding to Copp's Hill, as was customary. But the greatest act whi(;h occurred under this fomous tree was the public declaration of Secretary Oliver that he would not in any 400 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. way, by himself or by deputy, perform the chities of stamp master. The Secretary, desirous of less pidilicity, had requested that the ceremony miglit take place at tlie Town House, but the " Sons " had deteriniiied that tlie " Tree " was the proper place, and Mr. (Oliver ]in'sentcd himself tliere. Besides this declaration, sul)scribod to before llicliard Dana, justice of the peace, Mr. Oliver fully rccantetl his sentiments in favor of the Stamp Act, and desii'cd the pcoph^ iw longer to look upon him as an enemy, but as a, friend, — a piece of duplicity fully exj)osed by the discovery of his correspondence on the subject. On the 14th Feln'uary, \7(U'), the tree was pruned under the direction of skillful i)ersoiis, and on the 2()th the plate was attached. On this day the ceremony of burning stamped i)apers, and the effigies of Bute and ( Jrenville, took jilace at the gallows on the Neck, the Sons returning to Hanover S({uare, where they draidv his Majesty's health ant ; his country-seat was on Milton Hill. (Jxi'nliridge Thacher's office was ojijiosite the south door of the Old State House. Sampson Salter Blowers, eminent at the same l)ar, lived in Southack's Court (Howard Street). Gridley, witli wliom Jaiucs (_)tis studied, lived in a house next north of Cornhill Si|uarc. Jolm Adams's office was in a house next ahovc William iMinot's, which was on C(.iurt Street, opposite the C(-)urt House, where now stands Minot's Ihiilding. Pead built and lived in the house described as Mr. Minot's. (-azneau liveil in a, house next east of the Court House. Chief Justice Dana's father lived at the corner of Wilson's Lane. John Quincy Adams's office was in Court Street. Before the Revolution eight dollars Avas the fee in an impor- tant cause, five dollars was tlie limit i'or a jury ai\gunient, two dollars for a, continuance. Lhen tlie lawyers went the circuits with the judges. The courtesy and dignity which distinguished the intercourse between bench and bar did not continue under LIBERTY TREE AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. 403 the new order of things, if we may credit Fisher Ames, who, in aUusion to the austerity of tlie court, supposed to be Judge Paine, and the manners of the attorneys, remarked, that a lawyer should go into court with a club in one hand and a speaking-trumpet in the otlier. Chief Justice Parsons and Judge Sedgwick were the last barristers Avlio sat upon the 1)ench. Perez IMorton and Judge AVetmore were tlie last sur- vivors who liad attainetl the degree. Boylston Market, when opened to the public in 1810, was considered far out of town. It was named to honor tlie benev- olent and philanthro])ic "Ward Nicholas Boylston, a descend- ant of that Dr. Zabdiel Boylston so famous in the history of inoculation. The parties interested in the movement met at the Exchange ("oflee House on the ITt-h of danuary, 1809, when their arrangements were perfected. Jolin (.^Uiincy Adams, who then lived in Boylston Street, was much intei'ested in the new market, and made a luief addrc^ss at the laying of the coruer-stoiu>. The buililing was d(^signe(l by Bulhnch, and Mr. Boylston presented the clock. In 1870 the solid ])rick struc- ture was moved back from the street eleven feet without disturb- ing the occupants. Before the erection of this market-house, Faneuil Hall jNlarket was the principal source of su])p]y for the inhabitants of this remote quarter. Boylston Hall, over the market — wliicli has also l)een known as Pantheon Hall and Adams Hall — is associated with a variety of musical, theatrical, and miscellaneous entertainments. It was occupied by the Handel and Haydn Society in 1817, the year after their incorporation, and used l)y them for their mu- sical exhibitions. In 1818 Incledon and Phillips, the cele- brated vocalists, assisted at their performances. The celebrated Charles Matthews gave his "Trip to Paris " here in 1822, after the close of liis engagement at the old theatre, as Mr. Clapp says, "to meet the wants of those holy puritans who would not visit the theatre to see an entertainment which they patro- nized in a hall." Mr. Buckingham, editor of the Galaxy, char- acterized the performance as low and vulgar, for which and other strong expressions Matthews commenced an action for 404 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. damages ; the suit never came to trial. A theatre was also established here liy Wyzemau Marshall, and the since much- admired and successful actor Murdoch conducted at one time a gymnasium and school of elocution in Boylston Hall. Added to these, it was used by several religious societies and as an armory, jjriov to its being replaced by the Continental Clothing House. U})on this spot once stood the tavern of " Peggy " Moore. The vicinity was the usual halting-place for the country people coming into town with their garden produce. Then ox-teams were the ride, few farmers having horses, and the neighbor- liood of Peggy ]\I(ii ire's was usually a scene of plenty and of jollity. From the shrewdness with which barter was carried on, the place was dulilied " shaving corner," and among the keen blades who traiHrked on this exchange, iKUie, it was said, excelled William Poster of the neighboring lane. Even the future President may have cheapened his joint here, or turned the scale in his favor l)y a call at Peggy Moore's. The Washington Bank was long located at the corner of Washington and Beach Streets, where its imposing granite front remained until the erection of the present buildings. The bank was incorporated in 1825, with a capital of half a million. For a long time previous to its demolition the building was occupied as a furniture warehouse. In Beach .Street was established the shortdived Dramatic Museum in 1848, in a building known as the ]ieach Street Market. We will enter ujKin Essex Street. A short walk brings us to Harrison Avemie, one of the new streets risen from the sea-shore. Tlie beginning of this now handsome street, shaded for a consideral)le distance by trees, was in the portion from Essex Street to Beach, where it was arrested by the water. This was called Painsford's Lane, until included in Front Street (Harrison Avenne) in 182rt. The name was from Deacon Edward Painsford, who took the oath of freeman in 1637, and was one of those disarmed in the Anne Hutchinson controversy. His tract was on the westerly side of Essex Street extending to the sea, and se})arated from Garrett Eoiu'ne on the west by his lane. LIBERTY TREE AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. 4U5 Hannson Avenue, which was built in 1806-07, and first named Front Street, extentled from Beacli Street to South Bos- ton bridge. Up to 1830 the docks and flats on the west side of this street were not all filled up. Its present name was given, in 1841, in honor of General Harrison. A straight avenue, three fourths of a mile in length and seventy feet wide, was something unknown in Boston before this street was laid out. On the east side of Rainsford's Lane was the house in which were born Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin and his brotlier John, a major-general in the British army. Both were sons of Nathan- iel Coffin, CoUector of his Majesty's Customs, and a firm loyalist. Sir Isaac was educated in the Boston schools, and eutered the royal navy in 1773, just before the Revolution. John Coffin volunteered to accompany the royal ai-my in the battle of Bunker Hill, and soon nficv ol)tain(Hl a commis- sion. He rose to the rank of captain, and weut with the New York Volunteers to Georgia, in 1778. At the battle of Savan- nah, at Ho1)kirk's Hill, and at Cross (^'reek near Charleston, his conduct won the admiration of his sui>friors. At the battle of Eutaw his gallantry attracted the notice of General Greene. He was made colonel, 1797 ; major-general, 1803 ; general 1819. The old mansion of the Coffins was afterwards removed farther up Harrison Avenue. It was of wood, three stories high, with gambrel roof, and was still to be seen by the curious on the east side of the street, standing at a little distance back with the end towards it, not many years ago. The following anecdote of Sir Isaac is authentic. "While in Boston once, the admiral stopped at the Tremont House, and, being very gouty, was confined to his room. At King's Chapel prayers were offered for his recovery, and after service was over a gentleman paid his respects to the distinguished visitor at his room, where he found him with his leg swatheosti>uian advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general in the r.iitish army, and Itecame a baronet. His primipal military service seems to have been in ( -anada, though it was his wish not to have been employed against his native country. He toyles, a tory neighbor of his, who lived next door. The shot, however, passed over the doctor's liouse, and tore away his own ridgepule. Crane was wounded in Xi'W Y(n"k in 177(") ; he was in Sulli- van's expedition to Rhode Island in 1778, and succeeded Knox in the command of the Massachusetts artillery. His services were highly valued by the commander-in-chief, who retained liim near his headcpiarters. Colonel (_'rane was a Bostouian by birth. Matlier Byles lived in an old two-story Avooden house, with gambrel roof, situate(l just at the commencement of the bend or turn of Tremont Stnu't ; so that when that street was ex- tended, it cut olf a i>art of the southeast side of the house. What is now called Common Street is a part of old Nassau Street, which commenced at JSoylston and ended at ^)range, now W;ishington Street. Tremont Street was o]>ened through to Ptoxl)ury line in 1832. At one time that i)art from Boylston to Common was called Holyoke Street. Eev. Mather Byles, the lirst p.istoi- of Hollis Street Church, came on his mother's side from the stock of those old Puritan divines, John Cotton and Kichard Mather. He was by l)irth a liostonian, having lirst seen the light in 17()G, anst(>u omhraced witliiu the peninsula, and arc now to survey the l)aiTier which the coLjnists raised a.nainst the jiower of the niiglity Dritisli Enijiire. The more we examine the resources and state of j)reparatiou of the people, the nion^ we are astonished at the hardihood with which a mere collection of tlie yeomanry of the country, without auy pretension to the name of an army, sat down hei'ore tlie ,L;ates of the^ town of lloston, and c(.imi)e]]ed the hau.L;hty Eritons to retire from her jirofaned ti'mples and ruineil hearthstones. A strip of territory lyiu- alou^ tlie ,^■reat aveiuie, to the main- land still retains the appellation of "The Neck." Eon.ij,' may the oidy hattle-ground within our ancient liuiits preserve the name liy which it Avas known U> Wintlirop and to Washington. All lloston propel' was once style(l '-Tlie Xeck," in distinction from Noddle's Island, llrookliiie, and other tciritory included within the .jurisdiction. The peninsula, out^rowinij,- her de- l)endencies, the name attached itself to the narrow isthmus connecting- with the mainhind. The Neck may he said to have hej^un at ]>each Street, wdiere was its greatest hreadth, diminishing to its narrow^est point at Dover Street, increasing gradually in width to the neighhorhood THE NECK AND THE FORTIFICATIONS. 410 of Dedham Street, thence ex[)aiKliiig in greater iiroportion to the line at the present car stables nearly opposite Arnold Street. The Neck, according to its designation in Revolution- ary times, was that ])art lying south of Dover Street. (_'ai>tain Nathaniel luring, in his account of his visit to Bos- ton in 1710, printed in London in 1720, says : — " The Neck of Land betwixt the city and country is about forty yai'ds broad, and so low tliat the s[)riiig tides soiuetinies wash the road, which raiglit, witli little charge, be made so strong as not to be forced, there being no way of connng at it liy land l)ut over that Neck." Whether what constituted old Boston was at one time an island, or was becoming one by the wasting forces of the ele- ments, is an interesting (piestion for geologists. ^Ve know that f(n- nearly a hundred and fifty years scarcely any change had taken ])lace in the a])pearancc of the Neck ; l;)ut the action of the town anthorities seems to indicate a fear that its existence was seriously threatened. Within the recollection of persons now living the water has been known to stand n\) to the knees of horsi's in the season of full tides at some places in the road, on the Neck. The narrowest part was natui'ally the most exposed, as it was the most (digible also for fortifying. At some points along the beach there was a good depth of water, and (Jibben's shipyard was located on the easterly side a short distance north of Dover Street as early as 1722, and as lati' as 1777. Other portions, on both sides of the Neck, were bordered by marshes, more or less extensive, covered at high tides. Wharves were l)uilt at intervals along the eastern six ire, from IJeach to Dover Street. In front of these wdiarves tlwell- ings and stores were erected, facing what is now Washington Street. Josiah Knapp's dwelling, formerly standing at the corner (jf Kneeland Street, was one of these, his wharf Ijeing so near the street that the passers-by complained tliat the bow- sprits of his vessels vu\lading there obstructed the highway. In the spring the road upon the Neck was almost impassable, esi)ecially before the centre was paved, which was from neces- 420 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. sity doiH' at last, l)ut witli sudi large .stuiies that tin' iiavciiicnt was always avuidcil liy vehicles as lung as the old mail was pnietieable. JNIeasures hegaii to he veiy early ediisidered to jiroteet the Neek fritm the viuleiiec^ dl' tlie sea. lu 1708 the town gra)it(Ml a iiiiiul)er (if individuals all the tract included within ( astle and a jxiint a little north of l)over Street, conditioned n])on th(i couiiiletion of a highway and erection of certain harrie'r,s to "secure and kee[> olf the sea." A .second grant was made nearly eighty years later for a like jturiiose, extending from the limits of the iirst grant to a i)oint a little heyond the former estatf of dohn D. AVillianis, E.s(|., where the Cathedral now stands. From this beginning dates the reclamation oi' that extensive area now covered in every direction with sujierb public edihces or private mansions. A dike was built on the exposed eastwai'd side, crossing the niarshi's to the hrm ground on the Iloxbury shore, bei'ore the lievolution, whi(h traversed lioth the British and American works on the Neck. This followed in genend direction tli<' extension of llari'ison Avenue. A sea-wall was built about the same time on the west sitle, hir some distance south li-om the bridge at Dover Street, nearly as far as AValtham Street. In a word, tlie general a])iiearance of the Neck eighty years ago, to a spectator i)laced at the (.*ld Fortifications, was siinilar to tlie tui'upikes cro.ssing the Lynn marshes to-(lay, and was deso- late and forbidding in the extreme, especially to a nocturnal traveller. Fiom the old fortitications, northwardly, the highway was calleil Orange Street as early as ITOS. AVashington Street was named nfter th<' memorable visit of the ( ieneral in 1 7S'.), and at iirst extend. 'd only from near I »over Street to IJoxbury line ; the name was not ajiydii'd to the whole extent of the jjresent thoroughfare until ISl'I, when Cornhill, IMarlborough, New- bury, and ( )range became one in name as well as in fact. F'ew of the thousands who daily traverse the Neck, with its elevatetl road, street-cars and private equipages following each otluu- in rapid succession, can realize that travellers were once THE NECK AND THE FORTIFICATIONS. 421 in great daii^^er of losing their way along the narrow natural causeway and its adjacent marshes. Yet so frequent had such accidents become that not only the town but the General Court took action in 1723 to have the dangerous road fenced in. The Neck marshes were a favorite resort for l)irds, and were much freciuented l)y spdrtsmen. It is related that .Sir ('luiiles and Lady Frankland one day Uiirrowly escaped Ijeing shot as th(!y were jjassing over tlie highway. In 1785 the town of Eoxbury was obliged to place siaitinels here to prevent the desecration of the Sal)l)ath. The meadows continued in much later times to Ije a resort for tins purjiose. The Neck was paved quite early in the last century, accord- ing to the fasliion we have descriljed elsewhere. In 17r)7 tlie General Court autliorized a lottery to raise funds for paving and repairing the highway. The forty-two rods of Orange Street, mentioned as having been ordered paved in 1715, were prol)ably the portion nearest the town, Imt it was paved in 1775 as far as the British works. The whole Neck was pave(l under the mayoralty of Josiah Quincy. In colonial times the fortification whicli was raised a little south of I)over Street was the limit of the town. — all beyond Avas nearly in its prinntive condition. In 17'.I4 theie weiv but eighteen buildings between Dover Street and the line, in 1800 there were not more than one or two houses from the site of the new Catholic (Jatlunlral to Roxbury. Tlie few Imildings standing between the American and Ilritish lines were burnt during the siege, and only two barns and tln-ee small houses were then left on what was properly termed the Neck. A few doors north of Dover Street, on the easterly side of what was then old Orange Street, was the lu)me of the favorite author and poet, Henry T. TuckiM'man. The house was struck during the siege by a shot fmm the American lines. INIr. Tuck- erman has contributed largely to our literature botli in verse and prose, as an essayist, critic, biographer, and accomplished traveller. He was also well known through his articles in our leading magazines. As a poet, his " liome " gives a good sam- ple of his style. 421 LANDMAIiKS OF J'.OSTON. " A terrace lifts :il)Ove the People's Square Its colomiade ; About it lies tlie warm ami crystal air. And fir-trees' sluule." This lions.', like iiuist nf those, on ouv main avenue in the he.n'inning of tlie eentury, stood eml to the street, uhich gaA'e a singulai* impression to a stranger, and reealls the tnUowing ([uaint (h'srri})tion ol' Alliany hy old Jedediah JMorse, whitdi has given rise to a witticism on the j)eculiarity of the inhahi- tants of that town : — " This city and suhurlis, hy enumeration in 1797, contained 1,"2G3 huildings, ot which !S(!3 were dwelliiigdiouses, ami (i,():;il inliahitants. Many of them arc in the (dothic style, with the gahle end to the street, which ( ustcmi the first settleis lndught from Holland ; the new houses are Imih in the mniU'vn style." The only puri)ose of utility fur w Inch the Neck was formerly nsed, ex(,'ei>t perhaps the grazing aliorde(l hy the marshes along the causeway, was fnv liri(d\-niaking. 'Idiere were hriekyards north of l)oVer Street, as well as south, hefnre the KeVnhltidU. These gave emplcymeid tn many poor people (hiring the enn- tinuanee of the Port Act. In this cdnnectiun we may nientinn the total alisencc of huilding stone of any kind on the site of original Itosion. 'idie [irincipal (devations have heen idther wholly or partially removed without- encouidering a leilge of any descriplioii. In ()(d(iher, 17S(h the State of Massa/diuscdts, heing greatly in ward, of a specie cui'ivncy, passed an aid. to estahlish a nnnt for the coinage -^rr^^"'--. ^--77^;;^ of copper, silver. J:. . '"VV 7'v-^'\ / "'* hK^ M^ 'j*\^\ was one (d' the % X^^l-^l V-) ^ 'iF-^/l^ .■i..dvwdnchth States coiitiiiued to exeridse under the ,)ld ".Vrti- (des of Collfed- M \ ;sAriic-;KT'r'^ i |-.Ni' oi \~s, eration." doshua. Wetherle was appointed master of the mint THE NECK AND THE FORTIFICATIONS. 423 in May, 1787, and autlKH'izcd to erect tlio necessary works and macliinery. .$70,000 in cents and half-cents were onlercd 1o be struck as soon as practical )le. Wetlierle established his works on tlie Neck, in the rear of what is now Rollins Street, and at Dedham, the copper being first carted to Dedham to be rolled, and then Itrought ])ack to Boston to lie coined. In July, 1787, the national government established the devices of its cupper coin. Early in 1788 the copper coin ordered by the State began to be issued, but only a few thousand dollars of the large amount ordered were put in circulation befoiv the work was susi)ended by the State in consecpience of tlie adoption of the Federal Constitution, which reserved the I'ight to coin money to the general government. The (iiuhlems on the Massachusetts cent and half-cent were the same. ( )ne side bore the Annu'ican eagle with a bundle of arrows in the rigid lalon and an olive- branch in the left, with a shield on the breast, on which is tlie word " cent " ; the word " IMassaehuseits " eiicirditig the bor- der. The reverse represents a full length Indian grasping his bow and arrow, but, as Mr. Felt remaiks, considerably improved in appearance since he ajtpeared on the colony seal. A star appeal's near the head, as in the State seal, emlilematie of one of the United States, and the wonl " ("ommonwealth " com- pletes the device. The first oT)ject which arrested the attention of the tra\-eller as he journeyed towards Old lioston was the gallows, standing as a monument of civilization at the gates. It was at first situated near the old fortification on the easterly sid(^ of the Neck, but stood at a later period not fiir from the site; of the New Fuglaiid Conservatory of ^lusic. A chai'acteristic anecdote is related of T)r. Warren in connec- tion with the gallows. Tt is said that as he Avas one day passing the spot he met some British officers, one of Avhom exclaimed, "Go on, Warren, you will soon come to the gallows." "Warnm immediately turned back and demamled to know which of them had tlnis accosted him. but neither of the warriors hail the couraue to avow it. 424 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. Here were hanged the pirates John WilHains, Francis Fred- erick, Jolm P. liog, and Niles Peterson, in 1819 ; and in tlie following year Michael Powers was also executed for tlie mur- der of Timothy Kennedy. Perez Morton was then district- attorney. Powers was defended by Daniel Webster, but was convicted, on an unliroken cliain of circumstantial evidence, of having murdered and tlien l>uried his victim in a cellar. The defences of IJostdU very early engaged the attention of the settlers. Fort Hill was fortitied as early as 1634, and steps were taken to build a work on Castle Island in the same year. It is reasonable to conclude tliat tlie protection of tht^ land side received even earlier attention, the danger being more imminent. The Indians in the neigliborhood were, as a general thing, friendly, but wen^ not trusted, ami a guard of an officer and six men was jJaced on the Neck, by onler of the court, in A|)ril, K;;}!. We cannot, however, fix the date with precision, though a barrier was certainly erected prior to IGK). The gates of the old fortification were constantly guarded, and were shut by a cei'tain hour in the evening, after whicli none were allowed to pass in or out. The primitive barrier had disap[)eared before 1710, the broken power of the Indians leaving nothing to appreliend from tliat ijuarter. In this year the town voteil that a line of dei'enee l)c forthwith made across llic Neck, between lloston and lloxbury. A suitable nundier ol' great guns were ordered to be mounted, and a gate erected across tin- roail. The f mn- dation of this work was of stone and brick, with jiarapet of earth ; part of what was considered to be the remains oi' the old fort was uncovered in ISOO, when excavations were making in the street, just south of the corner of Dover Street. In 8ei»teniber, 1774, when matters were approaching a crisis between the people and the King's troops, (iage liegan to lV)rtit'y the Neck. The remains of the old writish wm-k, vestiges of which were distinctly visible as late as 1822, particularly on the west 42(i LANDMARKS OF r.OS'l'ON. .sido of till' XiM-k, was Ix'twccn T)e liest — But now attend — a counsel I impart That long has laid the heaviest at my heart — Three weeks — ye gods ! nay, three long years it seems — Since roast-hecf \ have touch'd, except in dreams. In sleep, choice dishes to my view repair ; Waking, I gape, and chamj) the empty air. — Say, is it just that I, who I'ule these hands, Should live on husks, like rakes in foreign lands C The sjiace between the (i|i|i(ising works became a battle- ground for the skirmishing parties of the two armies, each of which had pickets in their front, covered by slight intrench- ments. A short distance in adxance of the llritish works on the west side of tlie highway were the house ami barns of Enocli Ih'own, which serve(l tlie llritish admirably as a post from whicli to annoy our men. Tins was the liouse at which Bur- goym^ proposed to meet (diaries Lee, to discu.ss the differences between the colonie,s and the mother country. ( 'ongress, how- evi-r, [Hit a veto t)n a proceeding neither nnlitary nor diplo- matic. On the 8th of duly (ITTf)) J\Iajors Tupjier and ( "rane surprised the gnai'(l and destroyed the hou.se and out buildings. The bare chimneys remained standing, and to some extent af- i'orded a, prott'ctioii to the enemy. Aft(^r the batth; of Lexington the Americans at lirst, merely guarded the passage of the Xeck with a. small iorce under ( 'olonel Bol)inson, or until the Pi'ovincial Congress took meas- lU'es to organize an army, and regular nnlitary operations were undertaken. No intrenchments appear to have been tlirown up on the Neck by the Continental forces until after the battle of Bun- ker Hill, when the finious b'oxl)ury lines were laid uebec, and Hunker Hill, now chief-engineer of the army. 428 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. FiMiu tliu best evidt'Dce to be dlitaiiUMl iln'sc lines were situated on the rising ground a little north of the old monu- ment on the line of division between Boston and IJoxbury, and near ( "lifton I'lace. An aliuttis was formed of trees felleil with the tops puinteil towards iJostun, as an i)l>staele tii the much- dreaded J^iglit Ibirse, — a needless })recaution, for this choice band of heroes never ap])eared outside their defences. The endiaidvuients were strengthened Avith jilanks Idled between with earth. The works were liastioued, and rested with eitlier tlank on arms of the sea. The American adviince(l post was iirst at the ( leorge Tavern, whi(di stood a little south of the site of tlie present Washington iNIarket, and was burnt by a Ihitish sally on the night of 8un- tlay, -July 30, 177"). The George Tavern, sometimes ialle(l the St. (leorge, which we have had occasion to mention in connection with the ri'cep- tions of some of the royal governors, was iiu'luded in an estate of more than eighteen acres, extending nearly or (|uite to Kox- bury line on the south and across the marshes to the great creek, which forme(l its lioundary on the west. It had or- cliards, gardens, and a site which conimauileil a view of the town of lloston and the harlior on one hand, and ('amliridge liay with the shores of the maiid;inosed to he the George Tavern). It was alh.iwed. " That your petitioner lately met with \ery heavy losses hy the way of the sea it stauils him iu stead to put his estate on the land to tlie liest impi'ovement lie possilily can iu a way (jf Trade iSL'c. And as he designs to kee]) for sale a variety of goods suitahle for tlie country, So he appri'lieiids it will hut little avail him unless he may he ]H'rmitte(l to supjily his custduiers with liuni also, ln^-ause they usually cliusf to take up all they want at one place." Thacher, who Avas a suigcoii of ( 'olonel Ja(^kson's regiment in the old war, relates an amusing incident of the arrival (if that regiment at Uoston after a fori'ed march from Providence, P. I. : — "A severe rain all uiglit did not much ini])ede our marcli, hut the troops were hroken down with i'atigue. We reached ISostnn at suii- risiug, and near the entrance of the Neck is a tavern, haxiiii; for its sign a representation of a globe, with a man iu the act of struggling to get thidUL^li it ; his head and shoulders were out, his arms cx- teiideil, and the rest of his hody enclosed iu the L;lohe. On a lahel from his mouth was written, ' Oh ! hdw shall 1 ^vt thmu-h this woihl >. ' This was read liy the soldiers, and oiie of them exclaiiueih 'List, d— u you, list, and you will soon get throu-h this wurld ; dur regiment will lie thi'ough it in an hour or two if we don't halt hy the way.' " The scarcity of powder within the American lines during the siege of iJoston is connected with an incident not without interest. At iirst, a few country ])eople were allowed to jiass into town with provisions, after undergoing a search at the lU'itish post at the C!reen Store. Market- wagons were hut little THE NECK AND THE FOltTIFICATlONS. 431 xised, the farmers riding on horseback witli panniers containing their niarl-ceting. ( leorgc Minot, of Dorchester, from his fro- (pient visits was well known to the guard, who allowed him to pass without examination. Had they looked into the honest man's panniers, they would have found them well filled with " villanous saltpetre," which he was, at great pi'rsonal risk, conveying to his friends. The money to Ijuy the powder was furnished by Minot's father, -John j\Iinot, a selectman of Dor- chester. The government afterwards acknowledged and paid the claim, with which jNlinot purchased a part of Thompson's Island. It is a matter of history that, within musket-shot of twenty British regiments, Washington's whole army was disbanded and reorganized; it is no less true that in August, ITT;"), the entire sujiply of [xiwder was oidy nint^ rounds per man. Wash- ington's letters at this time are full of anxiety. The Hags used ])y the Americans during the siege of lioston have always been a subject of much interest. The Hag of thir- teen stripes was iirst raised on the heights near Loston, prob- ably at or near the commander-in-chief's headcpiailers, January 2, 1770. Letters from IJoston at this time say that the regulars did not understand it ; and, as the king's speech had just been sent to the Americans, they thought the new Hag was a, token of submission. The British Annual Begister of 177<) says, mon; correctly, that the ])rovincials burnt the king's speech, and changed their colors from the plain red ground they had hith- erto used to a Hag with thirteen stripes, as a syndxd of the number and union of tlu^ colonies. Tins was, without doid)t, the Hag that, on the 17th INlarch, ]77(>, waved over the Old State House and Prcjvince House, and was borne in the van of the Ameri(-aii troops. The Pine Tree, Battlesnake, and stripeil flag were used indis- criminately until July, 1777, when the blue union, with the stars, was added to the strii)es, and the flag estalJished by law. The private arms of AVashington, l)earing three stars in the upper portion, and three bars across the escutcheon, were thought to have had some connection with the Hag, but this does not ap|)ear probable. 432 LANDMAItKS OF BOSTON. " Forever float that standard sheet ! Where breathes the foe but tails bel'ore us < With freedom's soil beneath our feet, And freedom's lianner streaming o'er us ! " The first trnops tn ciitfr tlic town aftor the evacuation were five liumlrcd men, under (•(iniiiuiud dt'Cokinel Ebenezer Learned, who unl)arred and iijx'iieil tlic gates of the British works, (ieneral Wanl accomiianied this detaelinient. They found the Neck thickly scattered with " crows'-feet " to inipeih- their ad- vance. At the same time a detachment nnih'r (leneral I'utnam, Avith Avliom was Colonel John Stark, landed at the i'oot of the ('onimon, and to the old wolf-hunter belongs the honor of lirst commanding in Iloston as the successor of Sir William Howe. On the 20tli the main army marclied in, and on the 22d such of the inhabitants as had been separated from their fiiends during the ten months' siege tlironged into the town. J'utnam took possession of and garrisoned all the posts. AVashington himself entereil liostdii tlie day after the evacu- ation, but, as the sniall])ox prevailed in town, the army did not march in until the 20tli, as stated. I5y Washington's order, works were thrown u]i on Fort Ilill, and those defending from the country were deniolislied. 'J'he general remained ten days in Boston. He attended the nu'etings of the Legislature, and on the 28tli, accomjianied by the other general oihcers and their .suites, marched in procession from the Council Chamber to the Old Brick Church, where ap}iropri;ite services were held, after which a dinner was provided for the general and his ofiicers at the Bunch of Crapes, in King Street. During his stay Wash- ington reviewed the Continental troops on the Ciunmon. 'I'he lirst national medal voted liy Congress was iiresented to (leneral AVashingb>n for his successful conduct of the siege of Boston, by a resolution passed INlarcli 2;"), 177G. It was struck in Paris from a die by Duvivier. Wilkes, in a speech delivei'cd in Barliament on the evacua- tion, said : "All the military men of tins country now confess that the retreat of General Howe from I'.oston was an a1)Solute ilight ; as much so, sir, as that of Mahomet from Mecca." One (jther grand martial pageant of the Eevolutionary period THE NECK AND THE FORTIFICATIONS. 433 remains to be chronicled. This was the entry of Rochambeau's forces into Boston in Deconilier, 17eyond the brief notice we liave given of the action in town-meeting, — and that appears as an advertisement, — there is not a single line referring to the entry in the columns of the Independent Chronicle, then published in Boston, nor any clew to a sojourn of seventeen days in the news department ; tlie other two papers dismiss the ali'air each witli half a dozen lines. Such an event would now occupy the greater part of one (if our mammoth journals ; not the smallest scrap of inf(irmati(in Avould be too trivial, not a button would escape scrutiny. To the greater enterprise of Isaiah Thomas's Mas- sachusetts Spy, and particularly to its Boston correspondent, regular or sjjccial, who writes under date of December 12, 1782, we are indebted for the following : — 19 BB 434 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. " Last week arrived in town from the southward, in four divisions, the troops of our generous ally, the King of France. A finer corps of men never paraded the streets of Boston in the infamous adminis- trations of Bernard, Hutchinson, and Gage. The quiet, peaceable, and orderly behavior of these troops during their long march sutticiently contradicts the infammis falsehoods and niisrejjresentations usually imposed on the world by perfidious Britons, who have often led us to entertain an uni'avorable opinion of the French troops. We are happily convinced that such a character belongs wholly and only to the troops employed by the lloyal Despot of Britain." The day was favoral)le, and the sunbeams danced and glit- tered on tlie bayonets of these veterans of two continents as they proudly marched over the Neck and through the modest streets of Old Boston. At their head rode Yiomenil, wlio achieved such renown at Yorktown, and afterwards lost his life heroically defending his king at the attack on the Tuileries. At his side rode the Chevalier Alexander de Lameth, severely wounded at Yorktown, and afterwards a soldier of Napoleon ; the Marquis de Champcenetz ; Count Mathieu Dumas ; Alex- ander Berthier, afterwards the adjutant-general and confidant of Nai)oleon, but deserting him in the hour of adversity ; Byiich, the intrepid Englishman, who served in the ranks of France, and many others whi» gained renown in the wars into wdiich that nation was shortly after ])lunged. The offi- cers wore singular-looking, two-cornered cocked hats witli the white cockade, the uniform being white In-oadcloth, with fa- cings of red, blue, or green, according to the corps to ■which tliey lielonged ; the general alone wore a blue overdress faced with red. All the officers wore high military boots, were splendidly mounted, and tlicir (Miuipincnts and side-arms were elegant and costly. A complete band of music accomjianied the troops, whose martial strains were the first the Bostonians had heard since the evacuation by the Ih'itish forces ; our own army yet marched to the music of the life and drum. After these marched th" regiment Eoyal Deux-Ponts, the lar- gest in the army, in four battalions, with its colonel, Count THE NECK AND THE FORTIFICATIONS. 435 Christian de Deux-l'oiits, iVdiii wIkhu the regiment took its name, at its head. Count Christian afterwards commanded the Bavarian corps at the battle ot" HohenHnden with distinguished valor. Count William, second colonel of the same regiment, wdio was wounded in the assault on the redoubt at Yorktown, where he won the order of Naint Louis, was on his way to France with the news of Cornwallis's surrender. The dress of this regiment was white. The men Avoro cocked hats, with })ompons instead of cockades, woollen epaulets, white cross- lielts, from wdiich was suspended a short hanger and cartouche- box, and spatterdaslies ; the hair was worn oi (incuc ; — so far the descrijjtion will apply to the whole army, the colors varied in all the regiments. Next came the Soissonnais, with Count Segur, son of tlie Min- ister at AYar, and afterwards a peer of France, in tlii'ir i'ront. Segur was rohmel en second of the icgiment, Init his senior. Count de Saint Maime, had come into Boston in advance of tin- army. Segur is also known as a historian, and author of his own memoirs. The regiment Saint-Onge, in wliite and green, follows, with Colonel Count 20. Ale.xis, Grand Duke, in Boston, 371. Allen, A. S., innkeeper, 392. Allen, Rev. James, old stone resi- dence, 363. Allen, Jeremiah, 261 ; residence, 363. Allen Street, 339, 370. Allen, Wm. H., 197 ; W. H., 390. Allotment of lands, 14. Allston, Wasliington, 38 ; studio, 276 ; picture of Belshazzar, 276 ; .sketch and anecdotes of, 276, 277 ; death, 276 ; jiicture of Elijah, 367. Almshouse, Old, 56 ; site and descrip- tion of, 299 ; erected, 299 ; removed, 300 ; management of, 300 ; occupied 1)y wounded, 300, 352 ; at West End, 375 ; description of, 376. 442 INDEX. Ainazone, French ship, 437. Aiublard, James, resiileiK-e, 145. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 37, 38, 39. American Amiiliitlieatre, 378. American CoHVe House, 41, 108. American Congregational Association, 363. American House, 68, 7S2 ; iirojected by, 365 ; residents of, 392. INDEX. 44^ B. Back Bay, improvement, 8, 333. Back Street, 7, 153, 219. Sec Salem. Bainbridge, William, 100, 186 ; action with the Java, 190, 191, 194, 355. Bainbridge, sloop-of-war, 185. Balch, Nathaniel, 314, 341 ; shop, 394. Baldwin, Loamnii, 38, 152 ; Engineer of Dry Dock, Charlestown, 185 ; En- gineer of Mill Dam, 333. Baldwin Place, 151 ; Second Baptist Cliurch in, 226, 416. Baldwin, Rev. Thomas, buried, 296. Ballard, innkeeper, 107. Ballard, John, 294. .Ballon, Rev. Hosea, 64. Bancroft, George, 166 ; residence, 385. Banks, Commodore, 116. Banks, Nathaniel P., 341. Banner, Peter, architect of Park Street Church, 301. Banni.ster's Lane. See Winter Street. Baptist Bethel, 416. Barber, Nathaniel, 269. Barbour, Major, 357. Bardin, Edward, innkeej)er, 428. Baring, Alexander, in Boston, 140. Barker, James, innkeeper, 105. Barker, Josiah, 185, 193. Barlow, Joel, 193. Barnard, Benjamin, 66. Barnstable, 44. Barre, Colonel Isaac, ]iortrait, 140, 269, 407. Barrell, Josejih, estate of, 254 ; pidueer in Northwest Coast trade, 254 ; sketch of, 389 ; store, 389. Barret, Samuel, 433. Barrett, George, 292. Barrett, Mrs. George, 40 ; (h'but in Boston, 318. Barrett, George L. , 256, 3] 8. Barricade, The, 8, 114 ; description of, 115, 284. Barrister's Hall built, 317. Barry, C!oniniiHlore John, 182. Barry, Mr., 292. Bartol, Rev. C. A., 374. Barton, Mr., 273. Barton's Point, 24 ; ropewalks at, 273, 369 ; works to be assaulted, 359 ; copper- works and intrenchments at, 369. Barton Street, 375. Bass, Henry, residence of, 283, 406. Bates, Joshua, notice of, 324. Bath Street, 269. Batter}7uarch Street, 106 ; old water front, 110 ; shipyards on, 112 ; filled in, 288. Batterymarch, The, 286. Battery Street (Alley), 176. Battery Wharf, 116, 168, 177. Battle of Lexington, relics of, in State House, 347. Baudoin. See Bowdoin. Baylies, Hon. W., 39. Beach Street, 7, 404 ; great fire in, 416 ; Neck begins at, 418. Beach Street Market, 404. Beacon Hill, 3, 6, 7, 10, 17, 47, 52, 54 ; material used to fill Mill Pond, 152 ; called Gentry Hill, 299 ; guns caj)- tured on, 327 ; British works on, 328 ; caiup of the Light Hor.se, 329 ; ropewalks on, 329 ; monument on, 345, 352 ; summit of, 349 ; to be assaulted, 359, 365. Beacon Street, 4, 37, 53, .56 ; Alms- house in, 299 ; town property on sold, 300 ; high blufi'at foot of, 325 ; British woi-ks on, 328 ; named, 333 ; aspect of, in 1775, 333 ; residents of, 333, 360 ; considered out of town, 338 ; terminus of, in 1722, 352. Beacon, The, 17 ; description and his- tory of, 349, 352. Bean, Mary, keeps the Admiral Ver- non, 112. Beaver, tea shiji, 282. Bedford Place, 390. Bedford Street, 102, 230 ; called Pond Lane, 381 ; Blind Lane a part of, 381, 390. Beecher, Henry Ward, 147. Beecher, Laban S., 194. Beecher, Lyman, 147. Beecher's (Lyman) Clhurch, site of, 147. 444 INDKX. Beer, William, 206. Beer Lane, 155. Belcher, Andrew, residence of, 101 ; warehouse, 102. Belcher, Goviirnor Jonathan, 40, 67 ; residence of, 102 ; portrait of, 347 ; gives land for llollis Street Church, 414. Belcher (and Armstrong), 'A'.jS. Belcher's Lane. See Purcliase Street, 281 . Belknap's Alley (Brattle Stivct), 71. Belknap, Jeremy, 23tt, 2t):'> ; biuied, 296 ; residence of, 3S1. Belknap Street, 329 ; idpewalk on, 352 ; named, 37(1. Bell Alley, 162. .SVc Prince Street. Bellamy, Samuel, 49. Belle Boule, frigate, 139. Bellingham, Governor I\i<'hard, resi- dence of, 51, 53, 54, .'■.(•,, 5S, 91 ; tomb of, 296. Belloiuont, Earl of, 77 ; house of, 391. Bennet, David. .SVv Sjieneer l'hi})ps. Bennet Street, 153, 213.. Bent, Ann, shop of, 391. Bentley, Joshua, 66. Bentley, Samuel, 184. Bentley, Rev. William, anecdote of, 187, 'l88. Berkeley, George (Bishop), 72. Berkeley Street, 385. Bernartl, Governor Francis, admits Britisli troops to Faneuil Hall, 89, 236 ; recei)tii)n, 241 ; proclaims la.st crowned liead in colony, 241 ; coun- try residence, 242 ; ell'ects stolen, 242, 247, 303 ; town residence, 307, 313, 348, 352 ; account of Liberty Tree, 398, 399. Berry Street. .SVc ( 'banning. Berry Street Academy, 2<)2. Berry, Grace, 205, 2ti7. Berthier, Alexander, in Co.ston, 433. Bethel Church, site of, 168. Bethune's Corner, 390. Black, Rev. William, 172. Black Horse Lane. See I'rince Street. Black Horse Tavern, 219. Blackstone, Sir William, 4, 47. Blackstone, William, his settlement, 2, 3 ; house, 3, 10 ; orchard, 3 ; claim to the Peninsula, 4 ; marries, dies, 5 ; lot, 28 ; Common purchased from, 305 ; reserved six acres, 334. Blackstone's Point, 3. Blackstone's Spring, 3, 4. Blackstone Scpuire, 6. Blackstone Street, 6, 7, 68, 127 ; built in channel of Mill Creek, 132; named, 152. Blagck'u, Rev. G. W. , settled in Salem Street (Jliurch. 220 ; resigns pastor- ate of Old South, 220. Blake (and Aldeii), 130. Blake, W. R.. 291. Bland, Mr.. 74. Bible and Heart, 234. Bigelow, Colonel, 269. Billings, HanuiKitt, 38. Birthplace of Franklin, 251 ; burnt, 252. Biscaccianii, Eliza, 291. Bishop's Alley, 253. See Hawley Street. Bishop, Madam Anna, 368. Bishop, Nathaniel, innkeeper, 248, 253. Bishop-Stoke Street, 52. Blessing of the Bay, first shiji l)uilt in vicinity of Boston, 178. Blew An'chor, 121, 122. Blind Lane. See Bedford Street. Bloody Monday, 114. Blossom Street built, 376. Blott's Lane. See Winter Street. Bk)\vers, Samjison Salter, otiice, 402. Blue Anchor Tavern, location of, 121. Blue Ball. The, 146; description of, 147, 102. Blue Bell and Indian Queen, site and sketcli of, 248 ; another in Broni- lield's Lane, 248, 253, 275. Boariled Alley, or Board Alley, 155, 253 ; theatre in, 261. See Hawley Street. Board man. Rev. Mr., 172. P.olter, Thomas. 282. P.olton, Dr., Ihitish surgeon, 108. Bonaparte, Jerome, anecdote of, 139. INDEX. 445 Bookseller's Row, 338. Book of Possessions, 19, 88. Boot, Kirk, IDI! ; iiiansioii o), :J71. Booth, Junius Brutus, 40, 41, 394 ; manager of Tremont Theatre, 292. Borland's Wliarf, 127. Boston, a village, 2. Boston Bay, 2. Boston t'hronirle, l(l7. Boston, England, (i. Boston Evening Post, otfiee of, 234. Boston, frigate, built, 181, 195 ; his- tory of, 196, 197 ; Old Boston, frigate, 221. Boston Gazette, 391. Boston Jail, 65 (Old I'rison), 76, 77, 78 ; New Jail, 78 ; hurnt, 78 ; County, 78 ; Debtor's, 78 ; keys of Old Prison, 78 ; Leverett Street, 78 ; deserii)tion of, 374 ; removed to Charles Street, 375. Boston Library, ineorpoi';ited and loeated, 255. Boston Liglit Dragoons eseort Lafay- ette, 356. Boston Light Infantry, 19(1, 262. Boston Massacre, Kiio.x's relation of, 85, 89 ; burial of victims, 297 ; no monument to, 298. Boston Pier (Long Wliaif), 114. Boston Port Bill, 68. Boston Regiment, The, 21, 65, 210 ; at Governor Shirley's funeral, 267 ; detachment guard tea sldjis, 281 ; receives Lafayette, 355, 398. Boston Stone, 143 ; history of, 144, 145. Boston Theatre, 254 ; opened, 256 ; Edmund Kean's first appearance at, 257 ; second appearance, and riot, 258 ; Mrs. Rowson, 258 ; Macready, 259 ; Jolm Howard Paine, 259 ; La- fayette at, 259, 364 ; architect and description of, 259, 260 ; cast on opening night, 260. Boston and Worcester Railroad, Com- pany purcliases depot grounds in South Cove, 411 ; first e(pupmeut of, 411. Botta. 348. BougainvUle visits Boston, 341. Bourbonnais (French regiment), 435. Bourgogne, Due de, Frencii ship, 437. Bourne, Garrett, his lot, 404. Boutineau, James, residence of, 253. Bowditch, Nathaniel, 39 ; statue of, 344 ; residence of, 384. Bowditch, Nathaniel Ingersoll, 384. Bowdoin Block, 253. Bowdoin College, James Bowdoin a jiatron, 253. Bowdoin, Governor James, 39, 57, 124, 233, 248 ; first President of Massacliusetts Bank, 303, 337, 349 ; residence of, 361 ; sketch of, 361, 362, 387 ; widow ot, 106. Bowdoin, James, Jr., resideni:e of, 253. Bowdoin Square, 369 ; <-liangcs in, 370 ; trees in, 409. Bowdoin Sipiare Church, site of, 371. Bowdoin Strei't, named, 352 ; called Middlecott, 352. Bowdoin Street Church, 147. Boweii, Mr., 41. Bowers, John, 52. Bowling Green, 369. .SVe Bowdoin Square. Bownd, James, residence of, 223. Boyd, General John P., residence of, 168 ; commands Fort Independence, 280. Boyden, Simeon, innkeeper, 248. Boylstou's Alley, 121. Boylston Hall, Museum in, 42 ; vari- ous occupants of, 403, 404. Boylston Market, 130, 354, 398 ; his- tory of, 403. Boylston Place, Boston Library in, 254. Boylston Street, 305 ; called Frog Lane, 319 ; Duck Factory in, 322 ; British works in, 328. Boylston, Thomas, 288. Boylston, Ward Nicholas, 288, 4o.!. Boylston, Dr. Zabdiel, introduce^ in- oculation, 103, 403. Boyne, British frigate, 217. Brackett, Anthony, innkeeper, 61. Brackett, Joshua, 61. Brackett, Richard, 234. Braddock, General Edward, 62. 446 INDEX. Bnidstreet, Onvcrnor, portraits of, 34tJ, 347. Braintree, 29. Branilywine, IVigatf, iiaiin'il, 382. Brattle Sijuare, a ^/Zftce d'arines, 121, ]2ti ; lieadquarter.s for stage.s, 126. Brattle Street, 42 ; oi)eneil to Court, 71, 72, 74 ; l>arraeks in, 121, 127 ; market in, 130. Brattle Street Church, 49, 68 ; parson- age, 76 ; ruins of, 122 ; history of, 122, 123, 124, 147, 234; Lafayette attends, 355 ; Washington attends, 387, 416. Brattle, Tlioinas, 31. Bravo, French slui>, 437. Bray's Wharf, 129. Brasier Inn, 141. Bra/en Head, 146, 272. Bra/.er's Building, 91, 92. Breed's Hill, 24,' IKi. Brenton, Captain William, Collector of Boston, 210. Brewer, Gardner, 147. Brewer, Janie.s, 282. Brickyards on the Neck, 422. Bridewell, site of, 299 ; at West Bos- ton, 376. Bridge, Thomas W., 35. Bridge Lane (Richmond Street), 155. Bridge Street, built, 376. Bridges, Cambridge, 24 ; Charles lliv- er, 24, 180 ; West Boston, 24 ; Do- ver Street, 24 ; Craigie's, 24 ; Lech- mere's Point, 25 ; Western Avenue, 25, 332, 333; South Boston, 25; Boston South Bridge, 24 ; Canal, 24. Bridgliam's Wharf, 127. Bridgman, Thomas, 205, 207. Brigham, Peter B., 71. Brighton Street, called Cii]>iicr, 369. Brimmer, Martin, anecdote of, 368. Bi'imstone Corner, 301. Brissot, De, in Boston, 341. Britannia, steamship, 290. British Coffee House, 60 ; location of, 107 ; James Otis assaulted in, 108 ; theatricals in, 260. British Light Horse, stables and camp, 329. British Society, 31. Biitish Stamps (Stamjt Act), 8(1 ; speci- mens of, 81 ; burnt, 90 ; riots, 110. Broad Street, 109 ; built, 110 ; riot in, 111. Brock, Ccneral, 410. Bromfield, Edward, residence of, 294, 362. Bromfield House, 248. See Indian Queen tavern, 294. Bromfield, John, 38. Bromfield's Lane, 41. See Street. Bromfield Street, 10, 227 ; named, 294. Bromfield Street Church, 416. Brooker, William, Postmaster of Bos- ton, 79 : publishes Boston Gazette, 79, 104. Brookline, 14, 418. Brooks, Edward, 147. Brooks, Governor John, sword of, 40, 43 ; at Bunker Hill, 86, 100, 355, 361 ; anecdote of, 367. Brooks, Peter C, 321. Brougham, John, 74. Brougham, Mrs., 74. Brougham, Lord, 53. Bi'own, Charity, 206. Brown, Deacon, 425. Brown, Elisha, prevents occupation of Factory House by troops, 303. Brown, Gawen, 234. Brown, Enoch, house and barnsof, 427 ; British out]iost, 427 ; destroyed, 427. Brown, William, 49. Bruce, Captain James, 282. Bryant, Gridley J. F., 58. !iec United States Bank, 94. Bryant, W. C!., 290. Buckingham, Joseph T., 403. lUickminster, Jo.seph S., 38, 123, 124 Bucks of America, 40. liuilding stone, curious statcnient about, 422. BuUinch, Ciiarles, 39 ; Franklin Street improvement, 75, 213, 248, 254 ; architect of Boston Theatre, 259 ; of Feileral Street Church, 264, 311 ; of new State House, 343 ; Beacon Hill Monument, 350 ; sketch of, INDEX. 447 369, 370 ; designs new South Church, 380 ; Hollis Street Church, 415. Bulfiiich Street. See Valley Acre, 370. Bultinch Street Church, 41(3. Bultiiich, Thomas, residence of, 369. Bull's Head, tlie home of G. R. T. Ilewes, 269. Bull Run, 46. P.uU Tavern, site of, 380. Bunistead Place, residence of Adino Paddock, 294, 295. Bunch of Grapes Tavern, location of, 10.'., 107 ; Washington at, 432. Bunker Hill, Battle of, 60, 65, 69, 70 ; Kno.x at, 85, 87 ; General Dearborn at, 106 ; troops embark for, 113, 177 ; remini.scences of, 202, 216 ; General Howe's address to his troops, 245 ; burial-place of soldiers, 323 ; Lafayette's visit to, 35.5. Bunker Hill Monument, Webster's oration at, 45 ; brass ginis in, 72, 112, 120, 278, 315; architect of, 312 ; corner-stone laid, 346, 392. Bunker Hill Monument Association, 352. Bunker Hill Quarry discovered, 312. Burgoyne, General John, 125, 127, 203, 204, 207 ; his regiment occupies Old South, 231 ; anecdotes of, 231, 232 ; at council, 243, 245; author of plays, 260, 310 ; capitulation of, 324 ; occupies Bowdoin's house, 362, 426, 427. Burnet, Gilbert (Bishop), 237. Burnet, William, 31 ; re.sidence of, 65, 105, 236 ; born, 237 ; died, 237, 246, 247 ; portrait of, 346. Burns, Anthony, remanded to slavery, 113. Burr, Aaron, 296. Burritt, Eliliu, 293. Bury Street. See Channing, 263. Bus.sey, Beujamiu, residence of, 254, 416. Bute, Lord, hung in effigy, 399. Butler, Peter, warehouse ami wharf, 112. Butler's Row, 112, 129. Butler, Pierce, 121. Bnttrick, John, 345. Buttolph Street, 370. Byles, Mather, 29, 64, 67 ; anecdotes of, 85, 210 ; birthplace, 218, 219, 238 ; residence and sketch of, 412 ; death, 413 ; anecdotes of, 413, 414. Byles, Mather, Jr., 216. Byng, Admiral, effigy of, 150. Byron, Lord, 193. c. Cabot, George, residence of, 295 ; sketch of, 295, 296. Cabot, Edward C.,38. Calico printing in Boston, 322. Cambridge, 86. Cambridge Bay (Back Bay), 414. Cambridge Bridge, .325. Cambridge Commencement, 16. Cambridge Street, extent of, 369. Campbell, John, Postmaster of Bos- ton, ])ublishes News Letter, 82, lot, Canii)bcll, Nicholas, 282. Campliell, William, iiuikeepcr, 176. Camp, Fredericksliurg, 66. Caner, Rev. Henry, 29, 32, 35, 267. Canton, Mass., Revere's cupjier works at, 120. Canton Street, British works near, 426. Cape Cod, 49, 203. Cape C!()d Row, 316. Capen, Nahum, Postmaster of Bos- ton, 385. Carleton, Sir Guy, 406. Carroll, Bishop, 256. Carr, Sir Robert, insolent reply to Governor Leverett, 174. Carter, Master James, 57, 75 ; resi- dence of, 76. Carter, Mrs., bo.xrding-house of, 353. Cartwright, Colonel George, 174. Carver, Governor John, sword of, 40. Carver Street, British works near, 328. Cass, Lewis, 139, 185, 192. Castle, The, 24, 115 ; troops removed to, 121, 170 ; French prisoners at, 448 INDEX. 197 ; view of Boston from, 241 : tea consignees at, 3;54 ; surgeon, 3(Jo ; stamps sent to, S'Jit ; I'ortilied, 4-J4. Cathedral (new), 420, 421. Cathedral Buildings, site of (,'atliedral of Holy Cro.ss, '2ii[>. Caucus, Nortli End, i-cmlezvims and origin of the name, 17ti. Causeway (Mill Pond), 7, liJU ; origin of, 15L Causeway Street, 7, 150. Cazneau, Mr., residence of, 402. Centinel Hill, :iH). Central House, 121. Central Wharf, arch on, 111, llfj. Centre Street, 37, 153, 154. Centre Writing School, 57, 75 ; anec- dote of, 304. ('entry Hill, 56. Srr Beacon Hill. Centry Street named, 299. X'c- Turk Street. Chambers Street, 370. ('hanii>ney, John, titi Cliamjicenetz, Manjuis, 433. Change Avenue (.vcc Pillory), 93 ; United States Custom House on corner of, 105. Channing Street, J(jlin H. Payne's resilience in, 2otin, Leon, puhlic-house of, 3S4 ; entertains Jerome Bonajiarte, 3S4. Chard(.>n, Peter, residenci' of, -371. Cliardon Street, school-house in, 371. Charles]., 10, 11, 50, 55. Charles H., 33, 34, 51, 5:!, S3, 174. Charles River, 2, 3, 17 ; coninianded hy North Battery, 177, 203. Charles Street, 4 ; ropewalks near, 324 ; o].ened, 324, 325 ; sea-wall huilt, 325, 333, 370 ; trees removed from, 409. Charleston, S. C, 103. Charlestown, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ; slaves shipi)ed to, 13; P'crry, 24, 25; Portsmouth stage, 26, 57, 65; at- tack on, 117. Charlestown Piridge, 5, 7. Charlestown Com})any, 5, 10. Charlestown Ferry, 5, 125. Charlestown Navy Yard, 182, 183, 186, 194, 195, 322, 327 ; Lafayette's visit to, 355. Charlestown Neck, 25, 181 ; retreat over, 203, 207, 243. (^'liarter Street, named, 209 ; residents of, 211. Ciiase, Major-General, 355. Chase, Thomas, 282. Chastellu.x, Maniuis, 19, 24, 61, 85, 362, 435. Chatham Street, 112. Chauncey, Commodore Isaac, 186. Chauncy Place named, 381, 382. Chauncy Street, First C'hurch removed to, 84. Checkley, Rev. Samuel, 380. Cheever. Ezekiel, 57. Chelsea,' 14, 24. Clicruh, frigate, 171. ('iicverus. Bishop, 255 ; anecdote of, 2.W. Chicoi)ee, 58. ChiM, Ly.lia M., 167, 168. Choate, Rufus, otlice, 82 ; anecdotes of, 83, 219 ; p(U'trait of. 141. Chiist Church, 163,200; history and description of, 213, 214, 215,' 216 ; legends of, 216, 217 ; secoml Epis- copal churdi, 213 ; steejile lilown down, 213; chimes, 214, 215, 386, 414. Cliurdi, Colonel Benjamin, sword of, 40, 48. Church, Dr. Benjamin. 120. 1 19 ; on the Boston clergy, 161, 229 ; treason discovered, 243 : residrncc of, 243, 269, 392, 41 4. Church Green named, 380. Church pews, introduction of, 416. Church Si[uare, 84. Circulating Library, First, 10(5. Citoyen, French shi]), 437. INDEX. 449 City Excliange, 99. City Hiill, 7 ; liistory of, 58, 59 ; Old State House used as, 89. City Market, 130. City Tavern, 121. Civic Feast held in Boston, 110. Claghoni, Colonel George, 182, 183. CIai)board Street. See Joy Street. Clapp, William W., 403. Clark, Rev. Jonas, 214. Clark, Captain Tiiuo, 284. Clark's shipyard, site of, 174, 178. Clark's Sipuire. >See North Square. Clark Street, 19. Clark's Wharf, 170. See Hancock's. Clark, William, residence of, 163. Clarke, Benjamin, 283. Clarke, John, 55, 363. Clarke, Richard, store and residence of, 334. Samuel, 59. Clay, Henry, 193 ; at Tremont House, 290. Clifton Place, American Avorks near, 428. Clinton, Sir H., 90, 103 ; arrived in Boston, 125, 127, 207 ; at council of war, 243 ; relieves Howe, 244, 245, 285, 310 ; occupies Hancock's House, 362. Clinton Street, Triangular Wareliouse in, 131. Club House, Park Street, builder, 352 ; Lafayette resides in, 352 ; Christopher Gore, Samuel Dexter, George Ticknor, and Malbone live in, 352, 353 ; a boarding-house, 353 ; becomes Club House, 354. Coaches, public and private, first used, 25 ; nund.er of, in 1798, 25, 26. Cobl), General David, 100, 361, 364. Cobuni, John, residence of, 113. Cochituate Lake, 23. Cockburn, Adnnral, 321. Cockerel Church. See Second Church. Codman's Buildings, 70. Codman, John, 196, 389. Codman's Whaif, 129. Coflin, Admiral Sir Isaac, 154, 309 ; liirth]ilace and sketch of, 405 ; en- dows Coffin School, 406. Cotfin, General John, 154 ; birthplace, 405. Coffin, Captain Hezekiah, 282. Coffin, Lieutenant-Colonel, 116. Coffin, Nathaniel, 405. Coffin, Sir Thomas Aston, 154, 406. Coffin School, 406. Coffin, William, innkeeper, 105. Coffin, William, 386, 406. Coggan, John, first shopkeeper, 88. Colbron, William, field of, 305. Colburn, Jerenuah, 240. Cole Lane (Portland Street), 126, 145. Cole's (Samuel) Lni, first in Boston 108, 109, 141. Cole, Master Samiiel, 75. Collier, Sir George, 191. Collingwood, Admiral, 116. Colman, Rev. Benjamin, 123, 138. Colonnade Row, built and named, 316 ; residents of, 316, 317 ; called Fayette Place, 316, 317. Colson, Adam, 282 ; residence of, 306. Columbian Centinel, office of, 100, 101. Columbia River, named for, 254. Comey's Wharf, 182. Commercial Coffee House, 105. — See Bunch of Grapes, — location of, 287. Commercial Street built, 128, 153, 198. Common, The, 3, 4, 10, 17 ; collector's boat burnt on, 170, 214, 289 ; extent of, 296 ; Granary erected on, 262, 265, 299 ; Park Street built on, 299 ; Almshouse, Workhouse, and Bride- well on, 299; s]iinning exhibitions on, 302 ; history of, 305 ; only three trees on, 305 ; the malls planted, 305, 306 ; more territory purchased for, 306 ; disfigured liy camps, 306 ; fences on, 306, 307 ; called Centry Field and Training Field, 307 ; West Street entrance, 313 ; Mason Street the east boundary, 314 ; hay-scales and gun house on, 322 ; guns parked on, in 1812, 322 ; Boylston Street Mall, 323 ; ropewalks on, 324 ; the lower ])art a marsh, 325 ; topography of, 325 ; troojis endmrked for Lexington, 326 ; English forces on, 326 ; mili- CC 450 INDEX. tary execution on, 326 ; a pennaiicnt camp, 327 ; position of Britisli works on, 327, 328 ; an iiitrenclied camp, 328 ; Powder House on, 329 ; ponds, 329 ; executions on, 331, 332, 360 ; duel on, 332 ; Biitisli liospital and guard-liouse on, 332 ; Beacon Street Mall, 333 ; review by Lafayette, 355 ; introduction of C"o- chituate water, 357 ; Stamp Act repeal, 358, 359 ; review of events on, 358 ; music on, 359 ; grazing and executions on, discontinued, 360 ; Washington reviews C'ontineutal troops on, 432. Common Burying-Ground opened, 323; uses and traditions of, 323, 324 ; British soldiers buried in, 323 ; British fortification near, 328. Common Street descrilieil, 412, 4H). Commonwealth Avenue, 124, 145 ; statue in, 344. Conant, Colonel, 214. Conduit Street, 127. Concert Hall, 70 ; military I'onrt in, 71 ; early use by Masons, 71 ; (illicc of Customs Commissioners, 71 : grand ball to Admiral D'Estainu, 71, 430. Concord, N. 11. , ancient Kumford, 87. Congress Hall. See Julieii. Congress House, location of, 281. Congress Street, 37, 234, 264. State Street so called, 89 ; United States Banl< in, 96 ; E.xchange Coffee House in, 99 ; origin of name, 101 ; made land, 109 ; Quaker church and buriab ground, 207, 268; the Anthology Club, 268 ; part called Atkinson Street and Green Lane, 271. Congress Square, Custom House in, 106. Conscription Riot, 1S63, 223, 224. Constellation, frigate, 171, 181. Constitution, frigate, 139 ; built, 180 ; history and exi)loit.s, 180 to 196 ; keel laid, 181 ; first named oliieially, 181 ; designers and mechanics of, 182 ; figure-head, 183 ; battery, 183 ; launch, 183, 184 ; description of, 185; rebuilt, 185; first crui.se, 185, 186 ; commander, 186 ; escape from Britisli rteet, 187 ; anecdotes of, 188, 189 ; named Old Ironsides, 189 ; rel- ics of, 192 ; figure-head affair, 193, 194, 195, 201 ; her sails made in the Granary, 322. Constitution Wharf, 191. Conway, General, 140. C'ooke's C^ourt, 65. Cooke, Elisha, house of, 65. Cooledge, Thomas, 282. Cooley, Azariah, innkeeper, 429. Coolidge, Josei)h, 196, 283. Cooper, J. Feniniore, 165 ; historical error, 181. Cooper, Rev. Samuel, 123, 124. Cooper, Samuel, 9. Cooper, Tliomas A., 191. Cooper, Rev. William, 123. Cooper, William, residence of, 72. Copley, John S., 4, 52, 67, 73, 122, 140, 165 ; residence of, 334 ; goes abro.ad, 35 ; dies, 335 ; sale of es- tate, 335, 336 ; personal appearance, .')36 ; an engraver, 336 ; opinions of his works. 336. Coj.ley, Richard, 371. Copji, .Joanna, 205. Copp, William, 198, 205. Copper street. Sec Bi-ighton. Copp's Hill. 6, 7. 10, 17, 22, 24, 114 ; used to fill Mill Pond, 152, l.^iS, 176 ; .shipyards at, 179 ; description of, 198 ; British works on, 199, 202, 204 ; bombardment from, 207 ; place of recreation, 208, 244, 399. ( 'opp's Hill Burying-Gnmnd, 1.57, 159 ; Mather's tom'l), 162, lt)3, 199 ; de- scription of, 204, 205 ; inscrii)tions, 2(15, 2(t(i. Coram, Captain Tliomas, 30. Corn Court, United States Court House in, 106 ; named, 141. Cornish, Catherine, 16. Coi-nish, William, 16. Corn Hill. See Fort Hill. Cornhill (Old), 22, 55, 72 ; origin of name, 76 ; first clock i)laced in, 85 ; extent of, 88, 89; Post-Office in, INDEX. 451 104 ; Town Pump in, 118 ; Blue Anchor in, 121 ; emblematic signs in, 146 ; booksellers in, 338 ; named Washington Street, 420. Cornhill (New), 42, 75 ; built and called Market Street, 76, 104. Cornhill Court, 84. Cornliill Square, 84. Corn Market 141. Cornvvallis Lord, capitulation of, 436. Cotting Uriah, 46, 248 ; buried, 296 ; builds Mill-Daiii, 333 ; resiilence,365, 366 ; builds New Cornhill, 76 ; Broad Street, 110 ; India Street, 111. Cotton Hill, 6, 8, 9, 34, 47 ; Andros's house near, 228, 391. Cotton, Jolin, 7, 11, 35, 47, 48 ; house, 50, 51 ; estate, 52, 5(i, 63, 91, lOl, 412. Cotton, manufacture of, begun, 322. Couronne, French ship, 437. Court Avenue, 84. Court dress, described, 245, 246. Court House, 44 ; new, 57 ; old Coun- ty, description of, 59 ; present, 77 ; old brick Court House, 78 ; (bounty, 78 ; Municipal, 78 ; present, built, 79, 82 ; old State House used as, 90 ; ])resent, 94 ; architect of, 312. Court Street, 42, 47, 68, 71, 75 ; Prison Lane, 77 ; Queen Street, 77, 79 ; headquarters newspaper press, 81, 82 ; cannon concealed in, 315. Coventry Street, 52. Cow Lane. iSrc High Street. Crabtree, Mr., builds Causeway, 151. Cradock, George, 42, 56. Cradock, Mathew, 47. Crafts, El)en, 301. Crafts, Colonel Thomas, 221. Crane, Jolin, Tea Party, 282 ; injured on tea ship, 283 ; i)lants trees in Paddock's Mall, 294, 295 ; residence and anecdote of, 412 ; destroys Brown's house, 427. Crawford, Thomas, 38. Crawford, William II., 197. Creek Lane, 127, 144 ; named, 145. Crescent Place, 373. Crocker, Hannah M., 161, 166, 215. Crockett, David, 45. Cromwell, Oliver, 13, 51, 61, 83. Cromwell's Head, 61, 62. Crooked Lane, 94. .SV-f- Wilson's Lane. Cross Street, 127 ; destroyed, 154, 158. Cross Tavern, 154. Crosswell, Rev. Andrew, 64. Crown Coffee House, location, 112. Crown Point. See Ticonderoga. Cumberland, frigate, 185. Cummings, G., innkeeper, 398. Gushing, Judge, residence of, 337. Gushing, Thomas (Lieutenant-Govern- or), 57, 136, 180 ; birthplace, 248 ; dies, 248 ; burial-place, 248. Cushman, Charlotte, 394. Custom House, Royal, 42, 76, 94, 1 56, 157 ; First United States, 103, 105, 106 ; figures on, 106 ; in Custom House Street, etc., 106; ships built on site of, 112 ; present, columns of, 94, 112, 131 ; State, 142. Cutler, Timothy, D. D., first rector of Christ Churcli, residence of, 215. Cyane, sloojj-of-war, 185. Cyane, frigate, 186 ; cajjtured, 191 ; "tlag of, 193. Dacrcs, Admiral James R., anecdotes of, 99, 100, 189. Daille, Rev. Pierre, 64. Dale, Captain Richard, 182. I)alrynq)le, Colonel, 347. Dalton, Peter Roe, Cashier United States Bank, 96. Dana, Edmund T., 38. Dana, Richard, 400 ; residence of, 402. Darracott, George, 205. Darley, Mrs., dehut of, 318. Dartmoutli, tea slnp, 282. Dassett's Alley, 79. Daveiq)ort, Rev. Addington, first rec- tor of Trinity, 386, 387. Davenport, James, innkeeper, 168. Da\enport, Jean Margaret, debai in Boston, 378. Davenport, John, 35 ; house, 55, 56. 452 INDEX. Davies Lane, 352. Davis, Caleb, 389. Davis, Admiral Charles H., l)irtlii)lace and sketch of, 364. I)a,vis, Daniel, residence and sketch of, 3ti4. Davis, Deacon, 243. Davis, l.saac, 345. Davis, Isaac P., 273. Davis, John, report of codfishery, ;us. Davis, Judge John, 100, 370. Davis, Major, 13>s. Dawes, Major Thomas, architect of Brattle Street Church, 122, 260 ; hirtliplace, 281 ; fireward, 295, 398. Day, Captain James, imikeei>er, 286. Dean, John Ward, 139. Dean, Julia, first appearance in Boston, ;;7.s. Deane, American frigate, 221. Deane, Silas, 251, 31^0. Dearborn, General Henry, 100 ; Collec- tor of Boston, 105, 106 ; residence of, 106 ; married, 253, 364, 410. Dearborn, II. A. S., 106, 298. De Beaumetz, M., 141. Decatur, Stephen, 186, 187, 188, 197. Dedliam Street, 419 ; British works near, 426. De Genlis, Madame, 141, 142. De Joinville, Prince, in Boston, 139, 140. Delano, Mrs, biiarding-house of, 362. Delight, privateer, 171. Derby, George H., anecdote of, 291. Derby, Hi. 'Irani, 269. Di'llic Street, 351. Descriptions by early ti'avellers, 16, 17, IS, lit. Deshon, Moses, 135. D'Estaing, Count, in Boston, 71, 91, 103 ; reception in Faneuil Hall, 138, 232, 339 ; anecdote of, 341, 356. Deux Fonts, Connt Christian, 434 ; Count William, 434. Devonshire Street, 98, 254. Dewey, Captain, 194. Dexter, Aaron, 2<;9. Dexter, Mrs., 120, 307. Dexter, Samuel, 114 ; residence and sketch of, 353, 354, 370, 414. Dibdin, Dr., 336. Dickens, Charles, at Tremont House 290, 293. Dickinson, John, Liberty Song of, 252. Dickinson, Thomas, 196. Dickson, J. A., 256, 257, 318. Dike built on the Neck, 420. Distilleries in 1722, 18 ; oldest in Bos- ton, 406 ; Avery's, 406 ; Haskins's, 406 ; numlier in Boston in 1794, 406 ; Henry Hill, 406. Distill-House Square, 151 ; nanie(l,:;71. Ditson, Oliver, and Conii)any, 223. Dock S(piare. 56, 126 ; covered by tides, 127, 130 ; old market in, 134'; riot of 1863, 142. Dolbier, Edward, 283, 410. Done. Joseph, 49. Doolittle's Tavern, 154. Dorchester annexed, 23, 160. Dorchester Artillery, 316. Dorchestei- Heights', 208, 359. Dorchester Neck, 23, 425. Dorr Rebellion, 106. Dorsett's Alley, 79. Doty, Colonel, imikeejier, :'.92. Dove)' Street, shipyard near, 419. Dow, Lorenzo, 173. Downes, Comniddoi'c Jcilni, I'esidence of, in, 159. Dowse, Thomas, library of, 40. Doyle, William M. S.,"41. Drake, Samuel G., 170, 3ti5. Dramatic Museum, site of, 404. Draper's Alley, 121. Draper, John, residence nl, 121. Dress of the Puritans, 11. Drowne, Deacon Sheni, 135, 236. Dry Dock, Charlestown, opened, 139, 185. Dryden, John, 15, 63. Dulnupie, residence of, 270. Duck Manufactory, location and his- tory of, 322. Du Coudray, M., 86, 328. Dudley, Governor Josei)h, 31. Dudley, Governor Thomas, 225. Dutf, Mr., 257. INDEX. 453 Duke of Argyle, 272. Duke of Boltou, 384. Duuiavesq, Philip, residence of, 372, 386. Dumas, Count Mathieu, 434. Dumnier, Jeremiah, residence of, 102 ; birthpLace, 103. Dumnier, Governor William, 40 ; resi- dence of, 102, 103. Dunbar, battle of, prisoners from, 13. Dunlap, William, 335. Dunster, Henry, estate of, 84. Dunton, John, 122. Duplessis, 147. Dupont, Admiral, 304. Du Portail, General, 285. Durivage, F. A., 104. Duvivier, P. S. B., makes die for Washington Medal, 432. Dyar, Mary, hung, 330. E. Eagle Theatre, history of, 378. Earl's Coffee House, 70, 154. East Boston, 14, 23. East Boston Comi)any, 23. East Cambridge Bridge, 7. Eastern Avenue, 1(38. Eastern Military Disti-ict, 383. Eastern Stage House, location of, 154. Easthani, 49. Eaton, Aniher.st, iiinkei'])er, 430. Eayres, Joseph, 282. Eckley, Rev. Joseph, buried, 296. Edes, Benjamin (and Gill), prints Bos- ton Gazette and Country Journal, 80 ; office, 81 ; Tea Party council, 81 ; prints for Provincial Congress, 81 ; house, 121. Edes, Thomas, Governor Hutchinson concealed in his hou.se, 166. Edict of Nantes, 54. Ediidjoro' Street, 407. Edwards, Jonathan, 72. Edwards, Rev. Justin, 220. Eleanor, tea ship, 282. Election Sermon (Artillery), 138. Elgin, Earl of, in Boston, 140. Eliot, Andrew, buried, 2U7. Eliot, John, 39, 155; resMonce, 174; buried, 207. Eliot, Samuel, 56, 196. Eliot, Samuel A., 56. Eliot School, 65 ; history of, 218 ; present school dedicated, 219 ; re- bellion of pupils, 219. Eliot Street, 416. Elliott, General, 262. Elliott, Commodore Jesse D., 186 ; affair of figure-head, 194, 195. Ellis, Joshua, 16.5, 207. —- - Ellis, Rowland, 165. Elm,. The Great, 10, 305, 329 ; witch- craft executions, 330 ; age and sketch of, .330, 331, 334. Elm neighborhood, 396. Elm Street, 102 ; headquarters of stages, 126 ; widened, 145. See Wing's Lane. Embargo of 1812, 116. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 385. Emerson, William, 38, 385. Emmons, C!ommodore G. F. , 180, 185. Endicott, Governor John, 5, 11, 40 ; house, 47, 48, 53, 56, 58 ; portraits of, 346, 347. Endicott Street, 151. England, Church of. 33, 34. English High, and Latin Scliools, 390. English, Thomas, resilience of, 390. Enterprise, schooner, 171. Ejiiscopalians, 4, 15. Erving, Colonel Jcilm, 295 ; residence, 207'." Erving, Colonel John, Jr., 263 ; resi- dence, and funeral of Governor Shirley from, 267. Essex Coffee House (Salem), 201. Essex, frigate, 171. Essex Junior, 111. Essex Street, .53 ; Boston Library in, 25.5, 401, 404 ; residents of, 4(i7 410. Eustis Street, Roxbury, Shirley man- sion in, 239. Eustis's Wliarf, 132. Everett, Edward, (>, 45, .50, 123, 124; School, 219 ; residence, 219, 250. Everett, Colonel, 364. 4;-)4 INDEX. Ewer, Cliarles, projects South Cove Hall, 134, 135 ; death, 136; por- and Avon Street improvements, 305, 1 trait, 141, '236, 253 ; the Wood- 411. j bridge-Phillips dnel, 113, 380; at- E.xehange (present), S3; in Old State tends Trinity t'liureh, 387. House, 89; United States l!ank (m Fanenil, Susannah M., 253. site of, it5, 1(11, 1(14; in Congress Farragut, Admiral D. G., 304. Street, 209. Harwell, .1. E., 207. E.xehange CJott'ee llousi', 91 ; history Faust's statue, sign of, 252, 391. and deseription of, 98, 99 ; hurid, Fayette Place. Src Colonnade l!ow. 99, 100 ; banipiet to Bainbridge, Fayette Street. .Sec South Allen. 190; Willard works on, 311 ; eon- Federal Baud, 202. Sre J. Howard Hagration of. 311 ; dinner to Lafay- Payne. ett'e, 355, 40.",. " i Federal Street, 25 ; 'I'lieatre, 250 ; fish Exchange Street, 50, 90 ; dest'riptioii, I taken in, 22 ; site, 127 ; a market, l:'.(l : liislory and deseriiition of, l:',;! to 1 H ; iMntraits ill, 14(1. 141 ; called Cradle of Lib- erty, ^■'>'^ ; tiuriit, 135 ; enlarged, l;!5 ; grassliopper oil, 1;',5, 193 ; Tea i'arty meeting, 229; aiiei'ilote ot, 249; theatre in, 200; Dalrvan - [lie's regiment quartered in, 303 ; l'hilli]is's lirst antislavery speech in, 337 ; lotterv authorized to re- build, 343; toa.st by Lafayette, 355; ant i Mexican war-meetings, .■)79, 40.".. Faneuil, Peter, 30; estate, 54, .55, 57 ; warehou.se, 112, 129; builds Faneuil Fire Dei>artmeiit, origin of, 11>, 20 ; reforms in, 50. Fire engine, tirst, 1'.' ; lirst made in Boston, 20. Fires of 1054, lii7i!, 1078. 19 ; of 182.">, 23; of 17S7, 410. First P.aptist Chiii-cli, l.",(i ; liist. First Battalion Marines, British, 177. First book jirinted in Boston, 82. First buildings, cliaraeter of, 9. First Church, 7, 35, 50. 55, ,50 ; second location, SI : ()!,1 Brick, 84, 85 ; tirst site, 91. 1(12 ; burnt, 11". ; .lolin Hull member ,,f, 211, :'.0". ; estate, 382, 385; removal, 3S5 ; relics of the Old Brick, 3s.V INDEX. First clock set up, 85. First Directory published in Boston, 110. I''irst gltiss-works, locution ami skctcli of, 408 ; destroyed, 408. First Metliodist Church, 172, 17-'i ; accident in, 173. i'"irst newspaper printed in Boston, 16. First stone lilock, 71. First Sunday school in New England, 374. First Universalist Cliurch, 172, 173. First war ve.ssel built in Boston, 179. Fish market, location of, 127. Fish Street (North), 26, 153 ; de- scription of, l.oS. Fitche, Colonel, 307. Flagg Alley (Change Avenue), lO.o. Hags used by Americans, 431. Flagstaff Hiil, Old, British works on. 328. Flat Conduit, 127. Fleet, Tliomas, jtrinting-office of, 234. Fleet Street, 161 ; garden.s of Gov- ernor Hutchin.son on, 167 ; named, 168, 220. Fleming, John, 107. See Meiu. Flounder Lane, 281. Fhicker, Thomas, residence of, 271 ; Lucy, 271. Fuller Sarah Margai-et (Countess d'Os- soli), residence and school of, 312 ; siiipwreck and death of, 312, 392. Fulton Street, 128. Forbes, R. B., 161. Fore Street, Tlie, 7, 152, 21!t. Forest Hills, General Warren en- tombed at, 311. Fort Du Quesne, 125. Fort Field. .SVe Fort Hill. Fort George, 168. Fort Hill, 6, 7, 17, 115 ; embargo tl.ag on, 116, 176 ; .shijiyards at, 17'.* : illumination on, 20'.) ; great lii'i- (>'.', 1760, 272 ; Revolutionary fort lev- elled, 272 ; fortified, 284 ; garrison of, 285 ; works strengthened, 285 ; guns removed, 285 ; rejoicings on, 286 ; description of, 287, 288 ; lev- elled, 288 ; Stamp Act troubles, 399, 4oy ; liill fortified, 424. Fort liill Block, 280. Fort indcjieiidence, 280. See Castle. Fort L(« (N. Y.), incident of, 374. Fort Snelling named, 221. Fort Washington, incident of, 373. Forty-iuntli British regiment, part of, in Lexington exi)edition, 304. Forty -seventh British regiment, 177, 229. F'(U'ty-third British regiment, 177. Foster. John, piints first book in Bos- ton, 82. Foster Stivct, 200, 211. Stw Clark. Foster, William, innkeeper, 10.5. Foster, William, residence of, 306, 313, 404. Foster's Wliarf. See Wieel Wright's. Foundling IIos]iital, London, Eng- land, 30. Fourth Baptist Church, site of, 267. Fourth British regiment, part of, in Lexington exi)e(lition, 304. Fourteenth British regiment, quarters of, 271 ; on the Common, 326. Fowle, William B., 14.5. Fowle, Zachariah, i)rinting-office of, 223. Fox, British sliip. 220. Foxcroff, Tliomas, .")5. Fox Hill levellehanl, Thomas, residence, 389. Hubbard, Tutliill, Postmaster of Bos- ton, 104. Hudson, Francis, 202. Hudson's i'oint, 5 ; (Mylne Point), 24 ; named, 202. Hull, 116. Hull, (leneral, Lafayette visits, 364. Hull, Hannah, 204 ; anecdote of, 212. Hull, C'onmiodore Isaac, at E.xchange Coffee House, 99 ; anecdotes of, 99, 100, 139, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 192, 194, 197, 290. Hull, John, 51, 52, 204, 211 ; estal)- lislies mint, 212 ; supposed residence of, 296. Hull Street, 204 ; luuned. 211. Humphries, General David, 100, 364. Humphries, Mrs. General, residence of, 364. Humphries, Joshua, designs frigate Constitution, 182, 192. Hunnewell, Jonathan, 283. Humiewell, Richard, 283. Hunnewell, Richard, Jr., 283. Hunt, William M., 141. Huntington, General, 364. Hurd, Mr., assists in planting trees of Great Mall, 306. William. 283. Hurdley, William, 282. Hutchinson, Anne, 51, 62 ; trial and banishment of, 63, 226. Hutchinson, Edward, residence of, 171, 200. Ilutdiinson Street. See Pearl Street. Hutchinson, Thomas (Elder), 163, 164; residence of, 168, 175 ; buried, 207 ; gives land for .school -house, 219. Hutchinson, Governor Thomas, 31, 40, 63, 90, 102, 122, 125, 158 ; residence of, 166 ; sacked, 166 ; descriiition, 167 ; sails for England, 167 ; house built, 168 ; Bucceeds Speucer Phips, 211, 223, 230, 233, 236, 240, 241, 267, 271, 278, 293, 308, 347, 399. 413 I. lasigi, Mr.. 344. Inches, Hender.son, 125 ; ropewalks of, 329. Independent Cadets, march to Rhode Island, 250 ; quarters and sketch of, 293 ; disbanded, 294 ; reorganized, 294 ; est'ort Lafayette, 355. Independent Chronicle, enterprise of, 433. India Street, 109, 110 ; built, 111. India Wharf, 111. Indians, Eastern, 8. Indian Hill, West Newljury, 247. Ingersoll, Joseph, innkeeper, 42, 105, 122. Ingollson, Daniel, 283. Insurance Office, first, 107. Ipswich, 57. Irving. Mr., 170. Island of Boston, 1.52. Jackson, Andrew, 95 ; visits Boston, 139, 18.3, 185,192, 193, 194 ; head of, 195 ; at Tremont House, 290, 373. Jackson, Judge Charles, 100. Jack.son, Dr., residence of, 365. Jackson, General Henry, 182 ; anec- dote of his regiment, 430. Ja('kson, James, 38, 61. Jackson, Hon. Jonathan, 43. Jacobs, Mr., 322. Jamaica Pond, 23. James I., 50. James II., 34, 237. Jarvis, Leonard, 293. Jarvis, Rev. Samuel F., 311. Jason, American shij), 220. Java, frigate, 190. Jefferson, Thomas, 126 ; his embargo, 279 ; opinion of Samuel Adams, 308, 319. Jeffrey (and Russell) purchase North Battery, 177. 462 INDEX. Jeffrey, Patrick, estate of, 25 ; ScoUuy's Building erected ])y, 75, 7<). Jeffrey's WJiarf, 177. >S<-c North Bat- tery. Jeffries, Dr. .loliii, lern^ui/cs War- ren's fiody, li;i ; buried, '2'M>, 'M'-). Jekyll, John, 50. Jenivs,' Rev. William, 57, 219 ; his church and residence, 373. Jenkins, Rol)ert, 215. Joluison, Lady Araltella, 35. Johnson, Edward, 3 ; descriiition of Boston, 17. Johnson Hall, 59. doliuson, Isaac, 10; his location, 35, 52, .'>'.!, 231. .I.liiisi.n, Samuel, 193. Jolilfe's Lane. Srr Devonshire Street. Jones, Inigo, 309. Jones, Commodore Jacoli, isfi, 193. Jones. .John f'ofRn, 124 ; residence of, 148, 2.33, 389. Jones, John Paul, sails from Boston in French fleet, 437. Jones, Margaret, hung, 320. Jones, Mrs., 25(5. Jones, Thomas Kilby, Morton Place named for, 253. Jonson, Ben, 61. Josselyn, John, 17, 21. Joy, Benjamin, 19(i, 385. Joy, Dr. John, 333 ; sho}) and resi- dence, 338. Joy Street, 338. Joy's Buildings, corner Congress and Water, 37, 109 ; Washington Street, 84. Julieu Hall, 277. Julien House (" Restorator "), site and sketch of, 270, 271 . Julien, Jean Baptiste, residence of. 270 ; dies, 271 ; \vifion of ( )ld Chapel, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 ; tondis under, 36, 46, 56, 61 ; Wari'eii's re- mains deposited in, 69, 163 ; Cmv- ernor Burnet attends, 239 ; Cdvernor Shirley Ijuried imder, 2, 'M, 204, 205. 206 ; (;S('r. Congress Street. Leverett Street, 151 ; Almshouse re- moved to, 300, 370 ; jail in, 374. Le\'erett Street Jail, del)tors confined in, 375 ; executions in, 375. Leverett, Elder Thomas, 101 ; owned site of exchange, 101. Lewis, Samuel S., 128. Lexington, 44, 53 ; battle of, 137. Lexington expedition planned, 242 ; thwarted, 243. Lev, Lord, in Bo.ston, 109. Liberty Hall, 397, 398. 464 INDEX. Liberty sloop (Hancock's), seizuve of, 170. Liberty Stjuare, 109 ; made ground, 109; Stamp Office in, 110; named for and celeV)ration of Civic Feast in, 110 ; burnt over, 272. Liberty Tree planted, 3:31 ; arch erected on site of, 354 ; Stamp Act repeal, 359. Liberty Tree, .site of, 396 ; planted, 397 ; cut down, 397 ; effigie.s hung on, 399 ; events luider, 399, 400, 401 ; Lilierty stump and pole, 398. Liberty Tree Tavern, 398. Liglit Infantry Company, 294. Liglithouse (tavern), The, 26. Lighting the streets, 22. Lincoln, Abraham, 141. Lincoln, Earl of, 35. Lincoln, Enoch, 388. Lincoln, General Benjamin, first United States Collector of Boston, 103, 105 ; expedition to Nantasket, 116 ; commands troops in Sliays's Reliellion, 361. Lincoln, Governor Levi, 346. Lincoln, Levi, Sr., 388 ; Levi, the younger, 388. Lincoln, Martha, incident of her de- cea.se, 388. Lincolnshire, England, 6. Lind, Jenny, 40,^293, 371, 394. Lindall Street, 267. Lindel's Row, Mrs. Pelham's shop, 372. L'Insurgcnte, frigate, 171. Linzec, Cajitain, sword of, 40, 334. Lion Tavern, site and history of, 394. Lion Theatre, opening and sketch of, 394. Li.sbon, earthquake at, 162, 163. Little, C'aptain George, 196 ; court- martialle.l, 197. Little Wild Street, London, 58. Little, William, residence of, 168. Livingstone, Robert, assists in htting out C!aptain Kidd, 77, 78. Livingstone, Robert, 193. Liverpool Wliarf, 230 ; the Tea Party, 281 ; barracks and laboratory on, 284. Lloyd, Dr. James, residence of, 363. Lloyd, James, residence of, 363 ; en- tertains Lafayette, 363. Lloyd, Mrs. James, residence of, 355. London Bookstore, 107. London Packet, 170. London Stone, 144. Long Acre. -SVr Tremont Street. Long Island, 116. Long Islanil (New York.) searcli on, for Kidd's treasui'e, 78. Long Wharf, incident of, loO. 112; history of, 114, 115 ; events con- nected with, 115, 116 ; embarkation of Briti.sli troops from, lb), 117. 327 ; first locomotive huidrd fiom England, 411. Lord A.shburton. Sec Alexander Bar- ing. Lord, James, Collector of Boston, 142. Loring, James S., 65, 314. Loring, Matthew, 283. Lothrop, Rev. Samuel K., 76, 123. Loudon, Lord, 310. Louisburg, 115, 137. Louisburg Squai'c, statues in, 344. Louis Philippe (Due de Chaitres), in Boston, 100, lOl ; residence of, in Boston, 145. Louis XVI., 58, 110, 145 ; portrait by Stuart, 408. Lovell, James, 65; Collector of Bos- ton, 142 ; residence of, 277, 373. Lovell, Master John, 44, 57, 65 ; eulo- gy on Peter Faneuil, 136, 245. Love Lane. , 181 ; l)uild Revere House, 371. Massachusetts Spy printed, 223 ; re- moved to Worcester, 223 ; difl'erent locations of, 391 ; enterprise of, 433. Massacliusetts Volunteers (Mexican war), entry of, into Boston, 333. Mather, Cotton, 4, 8, !'>!, ItiU ; res- idence of, 101, HJ2 ; jMirtrait of, 372. Mather, Hannali. (SVc Crocker, 175. Mather, Rev. Increase, 65, 80, 1(50 ; res- idence, IGl ; house burnt, 109 ; agent, 210, 391. Mather, Rev. Richard, 100, 412. Mather, Samuel, 100 ; residence, 161, 162 ; protects Governor Hntcliinson, 100 ; pastor of First Universalist Church, 172. Matignon, Rev. Fatlier, 255. Matliews' Block, 175. Matoonas, shot, 331. Matthews, Charles, 403. Mattliews Street, 280. Maverick Cliurch, 416. Maverick, Samuel, 13, 174. May, John, residence of, 171. Mayliew, Rev. Jonatlian, 118, 374. Maynard, J. E., stables of, 371. Mcintosh, Mr., 283. McLean Asylum, 377. McLean, John, residence, 307 ; anec- dote of, 307 ; bequest to Hospital, 377. McLean Street, 370. McLellan, Mr., 364. McMurtie, Mr. 276. McNeil, Captain, 196. Mears, Samuel, innkeeper, 286, 428. Medal voted to Wasliington, 432. Mein, John, establishes first circulat- ing library, 106 ; shop, 197. Melodeon, sketcli of, 394. Melvill, Thomas, Tea Party, 282; preserves small bottle of tlie tea, 283 ; residence and sketch of, 372, 373, 406. Melville, Herman, 372. Melyne's Corner, 289. Mercantile Library, 278. Mercer, Captain George, 62. Mercliants' Bank, 94. .Sfc United States Bank. Mercliants' Exchange, present, corner- stone laid, 278. Merchants' Hall, site and use of, as Post-Office and Excliange, 269. Merchants' Row, named, 108 ; first liouse of entertainment in, 108, 109, llti, 112 ; Triangular Wareliouse in, 131. Meriam, William, innkeeper, 287. Merry's Point, 170. Merry, Walter, his point, 176. Messinger, Colonel, 139 ; .shop, 393, 394. ^ Methodist Alley. See Hanover Avenue, 173. Metropolitan Phice, 419. Metternicli, Prince, 321. Mexican war, 333. Mexican Volunteers, quarters of, 379 ; neglect and al)use of, 379 ; tlieir Hag, 379. Miantiniimoh in Boston, 108. Middle Street (Hanover), 153. Middlecott Street, 370. Sec Bowdoin. Middlesex Canal, 24. 152. MiHlin, Thomas, 110, 220, 429. Miles, Mrs., Governor Enstis lodges with, 305. Military Company of the Massachu- setts. .S't't' Ancient and Honorable Artillery, 137. Milk, John, 206. Milk, Mrs., 287. Milk Street, 10 ; Museum in, 41 ; Post- INDEX. 467 Office in, 104, 105 ; inliabitants re- moved, 227 ; route of Tea Party, 230; Province House opposite, 235 ; ancient Fort Street, description of, 251, 264 ; notable residents of, 271 ; great fire in, 272. Mill Bridge, 149, 152. Mill Creek, 127, 131, 132 ; bridged, 151 ; description of, 152 ; a canal, 152. Mill Dam, 25. Miller, William, 367. Mill Field. *e. Copp's Hill. Mill Pond, 7, 8, 10, 126, 127, 145 ; de- scription of, 150, 151, 152 ; filled lip, 152 ; Baptist Cluirch on, 222 ; Beacon Hill used for filling, 350, 369 ; Theatre on site of, 378. Mill Pond Corporation, 151. Milmore, Martin, 344. Milton, first paper-mill in colony at, 76. Milton Place, 268. Minot's Building, 402. Minot, George Richards, 39, 264. Minot, George, 315 ; anecdote of, 431. Minot, John, 431. Minot, Stephen, petition of, 430. Minot, William, 320 ; office, 402. Minot Street, 375. Minott, Stephen, 114. Sec Tea Wliarf, 115. Mint, established by Massachusetts, 422 ; site of, 423. Molesworth. Captain Ponsonby, 97. Molineux, William, 282, 302 ; resi- dence and sketch of, 357. Monck, George, innkeejier, 122. Monroe, James, visit to Boston of, 100, 319. Montagu, Laily Mary Wortley, 103. Montague, W. (Admiral), anecdotes of, 75, 283. Montague, W. H., 69, 365. Montague, Rev. W^illiam, 217 ; the bullet which killed Warren, 218 ; anecdote of, 414. Montgomery Place, 294. Monument (Beacon Hill), 349 ; history and description of, 350, 351 ; inscrip- tions, 350, 351 ; rebuilding author- ized, 352, 370. Moon Street, 159 ; Samuel Mather, a resident of, 161, 166 ; Sun Tavern in, 287. Moore, Peggy, tavern of, 404. Moore, Thomas, 283. Moorhead, Rev. John, 263. Moreau, General, 139 ; funeral of, 320 ; visit to Boston, 320 ; resi- dence, 321 ; returns to Europe, 321 ; death, 321. Morgan, General Daniel, incident of battle of Stillwater, 327. Morris, (,'ommo, 437. Nesbitt, Colonel, 229. New Boston, 10. Newbury Street, 20 ; new location of, 291 ; residents of, 391 ; named Washington, 420. New England Bank, 105. New England Hag, description of, 179. New England Guards, 191 ; in I8l2, 322 ; sairvivors, 322. New England House, 132. New England Journal, S. New E.xhibition Room (Board Alley), opening of, 261 ; l)ill of first i)er- formance, 261. New Fields. ,SVr West Boston. New Guinea, 199. New Haven, 55, 57. Newnuin, Henry, residence of, 291. Newnnin, Captain Samuel, 221. New North Cluirch, 155 ; site and sketch of, 173, 410. Newj.ort, II. I., 9, 19, 29. New South Chnrch, 22S ; site and his- tory of, ;')S0, :;sl. News Letter, where published, 82, 104. New State House first occupied, 91. Newton, Thomas, 32. New \nvk, 22. Nichols, Colonel Richanl, 174. Nicholson, Caiitain S.imnel, 182, 184, 186, 187. 221. Niles's Block, 60. Noah's Ark, 17.5. -SV,- Shiji Tavern. Noddle's isliin.l, 13, 14, 2:!, 56; Bap- tists meet on. 222 ; works erected in 1814, 247 ; garrisoned, 322, 418. Norfolk County Road 27. Norman, John, publishes liist direc- tory, 110 ; office, 145. North Allen Street, :'.77. North .\merican Review, tirst number of, 304. INDEX. 469 North Battery, 116 ; liistory of, 17fi, 177 ; sold, 177 ; armanieiit, 177. North Beiiuet Street, Methodist Chapel in, 172. Nortli Burying- Place. See Copp's Hill. North Carolina, white slavery in, 14. North Church, 19. North End, 10, 19, 25, 26, 27, 68,143 ; three streets wide, 152 ; British troops in, 158 ; patriotism of and famous resiperell, Sir William (Sparhawk), 57 ; estate and sketch of, 384. Pepys, Richard, 4, 5. Percy, Earl of Northumberland, 44 ; quarters, 53, 242, 245, 265 ; marches for Lexington, 304 ; occupies Han- cock House, 340 ; commands on Boston Neck, 426. Perkins, Augustus T., 336. Perkins, James, 37, 196, 280. Perkins, Sergeant, 16. Perkins, Thomas, residence of, 291. Perkins, Thomas H., 38, 196 ; resi- dence, 277, 278 ; commands Cadets, 294. Perkins Street named, 280. Perley, Rev. Mr., 277. Perodi, Mr., suicide of, -363. Perry, Commodore O. H., at Exchange Coffee House, 100. Pest-House Point, 369. Peters, Edward D., resilience and re- mains of fortifications, 426. Peterson hanged, 426. Pettick's Island, 116. Pfaff's Hotel, 322. Philailelphia Coffee House, 171. Hee North End Cbffee House. Philadelphia, frigate, 186. Phillips, Adelaide, 40. i'iiillips, Edward B., 38. Phillips Church, 416. Phillips, Deacon John, 154. Phillips, General William, 231, 383. Philliiis, Gillam, 332. Phillilis, Governor Williau), .53 ; resi- dence, 54, 55, .56, 100, 196, 337, 362. PlnIlii)S, Henry, 96, 332, 3y3. Phillips, John, first mayor, 14; resi- Wcndrll, residence of, 337, Philli] Phillii 379. Phillips, William. Sr., 302. Phillips's Pasture, 409. Phips, Mary, anecdote of, 210. Phips Place, 209. Phips, Sjiencer, resilience of, 211. Si2e David Bennet. Phijis, Sir William, 2o0 ; residence, 209 ; arrival in Boston, 210, 211. Pluebc, frigate, 171. Pickering, John, 39. Pickering, Timothy, 100. Pierce's Alley (Change Avenue), 105. 47-! INDEX. Pierce, William, shop of, 145, 283. Pierpoiit, Rev. John, .sketch of, 415. Pierpoiit (and Storey), set in pillory, 93. Pillniore, Rev. Jo.seph, 17-!. Pillory, incidents of, 92, 93, 313. Pinckney Street, 334. Pine Street Cliurch, 220. Pitcairn, Major John, ipiarters of, 158, 159 ; deatii and burial, 217. Pitt, William, 141. Pitts, Hon. James, resiSVcBron) field Street. Rayuiond, James, 394. Read, John, residence of, 4(t2. Red Lyon Inn, site of, 156 ; fire of 1676, 169. Red Lyon Wliarf, 157. Reed, Commodore George W. , 189. Reeil, Joshua, 429. Reeil, William, store attacked, 224. ReJioboth, 5. Repertory, The (newspaper), 91. Reservoir grounds, 338, 350, 352. Revenge Cliurch. See Second Cliureh. Revere, Paul, 32, 61 ; celebrated ride, 69 ; shop, 118 ; foundry, 120, 148, 149 ; residence of, 159, 211 ; en- graves and prints money for Pro- vincial Congress, 159, 173, 182 ; narrative of ride to Lexington, 214, 243, 282 ; .shop, 338 ; illustrates Staiu]) Act repeal, 359, 371. Pu'Vcre House, site of, 371 ; named, 371 : ilistinguished guests, 371. Revere Place, 211. Revere's cannon and bell biundiv. 200. Rice, Benjamin, 282. Ricliards, Jolni, shipyard ol', 178. Ridiniond Street, 19, 155, 156, 157,198. Riede.sel, General Baron, 231, 324. Rinimer, Dr., 344. Riot of 1863, 142. Ripley, Henry J., residence of, 222. Robertson, Alexander, 313. Robin, L'Abbe, his description of Bos- ton, 18, 19, 114. Robinson, John, assaults James Otis, 108, 253. Robinson, William, executed, 330. Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste, Count de, 18, 01 ; army of, 113, 429. Rocliefoucauld, Liancourt, Duke de, 141. Rochester, Earl of, 34. Rodgers, Commodore John, 186, 188. Roebuck Passage, 131. See Merchant's Row. Roidiuck Tavern, 131. Rog, John P., lianged, 424. Rogers, Daniel D., residence of, 358. Rogers, Isaiali, architect of Treiuont House, 290 ; of Tremont Theatre, 293 ; of Howard Athenanim, 368. Rogers, Simon, innkeeper, 428. Rogers, Rev. Williani M. , 259. Roman Catluilic Churcli, mass first celebrateil in, 64. Ronmey, frigate, 170. Romney, Lord, 78. Ropes, William, residence of, 366. Ropewalks, first, 273 ; in Pearl Street, 273 ; at Barton's Point, 273 ; riot at, in Pearl Street, 274 ; at the foot of Common, 324 ; burnt, 325 ; title of projirietors jnirchased, 325 ; on Bea- con Hill, 329, 352. Rose, frigate, 34. Ross, General, burns Wasliington, 369. Rostopchin, Governor, burning of Mos- cow, 320. Rouillard, iimkeeper, 254. Round Marsh, The, 305. Rowe, John, suggests throwing the tea overboard, 230 ; resi., residence of, 158. Sliaw, Major Samuel, residence of, 158 ; challenges Lieutenant Wragg, 159. Shaw, William S., 38. Shawmut, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10. Shays, Daniel, 103. Shays's Reliellion, 361. Shea, Lieutenant, anecdote of, 217. Shealfe, Helen, 65. Sheatle, Mrs., 53 ; residence of, 74, 410. Sheatfe, Sir Roger Hale, 97, 154 ; resi- dence and sketch of, 410, 411. Sheatfe Street supjiosed residence of John Hull, 212. Sheatle. William, 65 ; Depity Clltc tor in 1770,97. Sheatfe, Margaret, 97. Sheatl'e, Susanna, 97. Shed, Joseph, 282. Sheehan's Pond, 329. Sheerness, British man-of-war, .332. Shelburne, Lord, 398. Shelcock, Richar ; ilescription of. 168. Slnp Tavei-n, site and history of, 174, 175, 178. Short, Captain Riclianl, 210. Short Street (Kiugsfon), 45. Shulirick. ( 'ommodore William B.,186. Sliurtleff, Nathaniel B., 8, 62. Shute. Samuel. 31, 49, 102, 236, 247. Shreve, Cium]i, and Low, 390. Shrimjiton's Lane, 56, 96. Shrimpton, Colonel Samuel, 56. Sidewalks in Boston, 22. Siege of Boston, 86. Sigourney, Lietitenant James, 221. Sigourney, Lydia 11., 35. Simons, Henry, 151. Simpson, Daniel, 150. Simpson, Isaac, 282. Sister Street, 262 ; name changed, 280. Scr Leather Street. Si.xty-fifth British Regiment, 32. Si,\ty-fonrth British Regiment, 285. Skiliin. Simeon, 92. Slater. I'rt.'r, 2S2. Shu'ery, negro, 13 ; white, 13, 14, 183 Sloper, Samuel, 282. Snelling, Colonel Josi.di, 221. IXDKX. 477 Snow, Caleb H., 133 ; residence of. 158. Snow Hill. iS'cc Copp's Hill. Snow-Hill Street, lys, 204. Snow, Rev. W. T., 67. Small, General John, 69, 125. vSniall-pox parties, 389. Sniibert, John, residence of, 72 ; studio, 73 ; architect of Faneuil Hall, 135, 1(55, 334. Sniibert, Mary (Willianis), 72, 276 ; Governor Oliver a patron. 279. Sinibert, Nathaniel, 72. Smith, Abiel, 196. Smith, Barney, 230. Smith, Captain, 357. Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis, commands Lexington expedition, 242, 304. Snnth, J. V. C, 331. Smith, Dr. Oliver, 306. Smith, Richard, innkee])er, 112 ; keeps C'rown Co flee House, 112. Smith, Sydney, 129. Smith, W. H.", 40, 378. Society of the Cincinnati, 71 ; niet at Bunch of Grapes, 105 ; anecdote of, 367. Siiissonnais (regiment), 435. Somers, Lord, 78. Somerset, British frigate, 203, 214, 217. Somerset CIul) House, 363. Somerset Court. .St't; Ashburton riace. Somerset, Mass., 52. Somerset Place (Allston Street), 363. Somerset Street, Webster's liouse in, 46 ; named for, 62 ; conveyed to town, 52, 363. Se.e Valley Acre. Somerset, The, 363 ; house built, 3(i3 ; Lafayette lodges in, 363. Sons of Liberty, 331 ; Stamp Act re- peal, 359, 396, 397, 398. Sontag, Madame, 394. Southack's Court, 48. Southack Street, 370. Southack, Cyprian, 48, 49, 302. South Allen Street, called Fayette Street, 316. See McLean Street. South Battery (Rowe's Wharf), 109, 115, 158, 251 ; blown u]i, 272 ; de- scription of, 284, 327. Sfc Sconce. South Berwick, Me., 26. South Boston, 23, 25 ; City institu- tions, 376. South Boston Bridge, 7. South Boston Pohit, 338. South Burying-Ground (Washington Street), gates of, 96 ; Granary so called, 296. South Cove, 7, 8 ; improvement, 411. South End, 10. South Margin Street, 150. South Market Street, built, 129, 130. South Meeting-house. Sec Old South, 228, 229. South Mills, 151. South Street, 7. Souverain, French ship, 437. South Writing-School, location and in- cident of, 314 ; concealment of can- non in, 814. Sjiarhawk, Nathaniel, 384. Sparks, Jared, 233. Si)ear, Nathan, 129. Spear, Samuel, 349. Spear, Thomas, 283. Spear's Wharf, 129. Spinning-schools, estal)lishnient of,302. Sprague, ( 'harles, 364 ; impromptu on Lafayette's reception, 354 ; home, 41() ; anecdote of, 417. Sjiragiu^, Samuel, 283. Spring Gate, 234. Spring Lane, 10, 39, 109. 234. Springs of water, 10, 22. Spurr, John, 2S2. Spurzheim, John Gasjiard, residence of, 275. Stackpole House, 254. Stackpole, William, 254. Stamps of Colonial Stamp Act, 239, 240. Stamp Act, celeljration of repeal, 358, 359. Staniford Street, 370. Stanley, Lord, 204 ; visits Boston, 341, 367.' Stark, General John, relics of Ben- nington, 346. Starr, James, 282. 478 I^'DKX. state Bank, 95, 104, 201. State House (new), '.i'M, :i-i9 ; l)uilt on Hancock's Pasture, o-itt ; arcliitect of, 343 ; styled the " Hub," 344 ; history of, 344 ; statue of Webster, 344 ; of Horace Mann, 345 ; of Gov- ernor Andrew, and General Wash- ington, 345 ; tablets in, 345 ; Lafay- ette's reception in, 345, 34l) ; Senate Chamber, portraits anil revolution- ary relics in, 346 ; ancient codtisli in Rejiresentatives' Chamber, 348, 355 ; faulty pro])ortions of, 370. State Street, 26, 41 ; Governor Lever- ett's house, 83 ; early settlers in, 88 ; celeliration of Declaration of Inde- pendence, 91 ; wideneil, Idl ; cnlled the Broad Street, lltl ; Jeremiah Dumnier born in, 103 ; retrospective view of, 113 ; military displays in, 11;; ; tire of 1711, 113 ; atlray in, 114 ; signs in, 146. Statues, 2>ublic, 344, 345. Stavers, Bartholomew, 26. Stebbins, Mrs., 407. Stebbins, Miss, 345. Steele, John, commands North Bat- tery, 177 ; ropewalk, 370. Stevens, Elienezer, 282, 295. Stevenson, Marmaduke, hung, 330. Stevenson, Mary, 5. Stewart, Charles, 186 ; commands Con- stitution, 191, 194. Stewart, Captain, 62. Stewart, T. L., 378. Stewart, W., 378. Stillman, Rev. Samuel, residence of, 222 ; buried, 296. Stillman Street, named, 222. St. Andrew. Holborn, 67. St. Andrew's Lodge, 196. St. Botolph's Church, Boston, Eng- laiiil, (), 7, 50. St. Clair, General Artlmr, 221. St. Mary Woolnoth, churrh of, 21it. St. Paul's, Warren's remains entondied in, 69 ; architect* of, 310 ; descrip- tion of, 311 ; a new era of church architecture, 311 ; fourth E]iisco[ial church, 311. I St. Paul's, London, England, 32. St. Vincent, Lord, 407. Stocks, location of, 92. Stoddard, Mr., 217. Stoi'i9 ; trees in, 409. Sudbury River, 2:'>. Sullivan, James. 3'.», 114. 201 ; tomb of, 296 ; residence of. 371 ; sketch of, 388, 433. Sulli\'an, General John, 359, 381. Sullivan, Richard, anecdote of, 388. Sullivan, William. 32, 190, 2S0, 388. Sidly, Tliomas, 276, 336. Summer Stivet, hi. 201. 227 : descrip- tion and residents of, 3.S1 ; called Mylne Street, 381. Sumner, Governor Increase, ."144 ; por- trait of, 340. Sumner, General W. H., 243, 346, 348, 367. Sumner Street. Srr Mount Vernon. Sun Court Street, 159, 161, 287. INDEX. 479 Sun Fire Office in Boston, 107. Sun Tavern, General Dearborn's res- idence, 106, 286 ; other taverns of same name, 286. Surriage, Agnes (Lady Frankland), 162, 163. Sv^fan, James, residence of, 283, 313. Swasey, Major, 383. Swedenborg, Baron, 280. Swift, General Josejili G., 100. Swing Bridge, 127. Symnies, Andrew, Jr., 66. T. T Wharf, 114, 115. Tabernacle, Millerite, location, 367 ; incidents of, 367, 368 ; changed into a theatre and destroyed, 368. Talbot, Commodore Isaac, 187, 196. Talleyrand, Prince, in Boston, 141 ; amour of, 142. Talleyrand, Perigord, anecdote of, 435. Tarleton, Colonel, 436. Taylor, Rev. E. T. (Father), residence of, 169. Taylor's Insurance Office, 196. Tea Party, 72, 115, 120, 148, 149 ; meeting, 229, 230, 231, 264 ; route of, 271 ; arrival at Griffin's Wharf, 281 ; names of, 282 ; ' anecdotes of, 282, 283, 284. Tedesco, Fortunata, 368. Temple, Sir John, 337, 349. Temple, Robert, 215. Temple Street, named, 350. Territory included in Boston, 14 ; en- largement of, 23. Thacher, James, 430. Thacher, Peter, 39, 123, 155 ; installa- tion, 173. Tliaclier, Peter 0., 38 ; office, 402. Thacher, Samuel C, 38. Thatcher, Mary, 204. Thacher, Rev. Thomas, 227. Tha.\ter, Adam W., 141. Thayer, Ephraim, 182. Theatre Alley, 254. See Devon.shire Street. The Great Artillery. See Ancient and Honorable Artillery, 137. Thirty-eighth British Regiment, 113, 116 ; arrival of, 170. Thomas and Andrews, bookstore of, 391 . Thomas, Isaiah, 79, 80, 98, 100, 107 ; jirints Massachusetts Spy, 223 ; Ijookstore, 223, 252 ; anecdote of, 413, 433. Thomas, Mr., body of, e.xhumed, 216. Thompson's Island, incident of pur- chase, 431. Thorndike's Building, 287. Thorndike, Israel, 389. Thorne, Charles R., 259. Thornton, J. Wingate, 365. Thornton's Shipyard, 181. Thorwaldsen, 344. Three Doves, 146, 147. Three Nuns and a Comb, 146. Three Sugar Loaves and Canister, 146. Ticknor, George, residence of, 353. Ticknor, Mrs., 364. Ticouderoga, removal of cannon from, 86, 87. Tileston, John, residence of, 218. Tileston Street, 174. 213 ; named, 218. Tileston, Thomas, 66. Tilley's Wharf, 180. Tingey, Commodore, 382. Tinville, Fouijnier, 436. Tipjiecanoe, battle of, 168. Tontine Crescent, 39 ; 1)uilt, 254 ; de- scription of, 255. Toplirt"'s Reailing Room, 269. Topography of Boston, 7. Tout," Elizabeth, 206. Tower, Abraham, 222. Town Bull, 129. Town Cove, 7, 8, 115, 177. Town Dock, 7, 8, 19, 102, 108; de- .scription of, 126, 127 ; corn market at, 141, 152, 389. Towni House, 34 ; (Old State House), 58, 89 ; Pillory and Stocks in front of, 92 ; Post-Office in, 104 ; burnt, 113 ; massacre, 126, 285, 399, 400. Town Pump, location of, 84, 118 ; an other in North Square, 159. Town Records, 19. 480 INDEX. Town Watering-Place, 381. Tovviisend, Colonel I'enn, 289. Transcript, Boston, 267. Trask, Isaac, innkeeper, 248. Trask, Nal)by, 248. Traveller Buikling. Sec t'oluinhian C'entinel. Traverse Street, Warren and Eagle Tiieatres in, 378. Trefry, Widow, 26. Trees, disappearance of, 4()',> ; planting of, liy early settlers, 40t», 410. Treniont Honse, 289 ; huilt, and anec- dotes of, 290, 291 ; C'onmion extends to, 29(), 3.53. Treniont Row, 47, 56 ; Choate's office in, 82 ; Dr. Lloyd's in, 363. Treniont Street, 9, 10, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 63, 65, 68, 70, 72, 75 ; Faneuil's lionse in, 135 ; description of, 2S9 ; Long Acre, 289 ; muster of Earl Percy's brigade, 304 ; Mather Byles a resident of, 412 ; a part called Nassau and Holyoke Sti'eet, 412 ; opened to Roxbnry, 412. Treniont Temple burnt, 292. Treniont Theatre, history of, 291 ; cast at opening, 292 ; managers, 292 ; description of, 293, 378. Triangular Wareliouse, 130, 131. Trimountain, 6, 17. Trinity Church, 30 ; descii)ition and history of, 386, 387 ; tieiieral Wasli- ington attends, 387, 416. Trinity Church, New York, 227. Triomiiliant, French sliij), 437. Tripoli, 171. Trucks, long, 177. Truckmen, 177. Truman, John, 283. Trunil)ull Gallery (Yale), 73. Trundmll, Jonathan, 414. Trumbull, t'olonel John. (i9 ; studio in Boston, 73 ; paintings 74, 269, 336 ; e.xjiloit of, 426. Tru.xton, Commodore Thomas, 182. Tucker, Joseph, rebuilds Christ Church steei)le, 214. Tucker, Commodore Samuel, residence of, 220 ; exploits, 221. Tuckerman, H. T.,home of. 421. Tuckerman, Josc|iii, 38. Tudor, Freilerick, founds the ice trade, 304. Tudor, Deacon John, 175. Tudor, William (Judge), 82, 304. Tudor, Ma.hini, 175. ' Tudor, William. Jr.. 38 ; originates North Anii'iicaii Review, 304 ; ])ro- poses a iiKiminifnt on Bunker Hill, 304. Tudor's Buildings, 82. Tun and Bacchus, 146. Tui)per, General Benjaiiiiii, exploit on Boston Neck, 427. Turell, Mr., 123 ; Captain, 161. Turner, Rcibi-it, innkeeper, 122. Tuttle, Charles W., 272. Twelfth Congregational ('hiirch, 64. Twenty-third British Regiment, part of, in Lexington expedition, 304. Twenty-ninth British Regiment, 89 ; (punters, 121, 123 ; at the Massacre, 126 ; on the Common, 326. Twickenham, 145. Two Palaverers. .Vcf Salutation Tav- ern, 176. Tyler, Royal, 269. Tyler, sculptor of London, England, 32. Tyng, Captain Edward, 179. U. Uhlans, 436. Umbrellas first usc(l in Boston, 116. Union Bank. 113. Union Cliurch, 148. Union L'ollcgc, 262. Union Hill, 203. Union Street. 10, 126, 130; named, 145; widened, 147. l^idted States Banic, tirst location, 92 ; directors of, 389 ; in 1824, 94 ; sketch of, 95 ; second location, 95 ; Eagle from old Bank, 95 ; iron gates of, 9<) ; third location. W. 104, 295. United States frigate, IM ; accident to, 183. United States Hotel, located on South Cove, 411. INDEX. 481 Univer.salist Churcli, Sdioul Street, 63, 64. University Hall (Cambridge), 370. University of Utrecht, 10:3. Upsliall, Nicholas, residence of, 157. Urann, Tliomas, 282. Uring, Captain Nathaniel, account of the Neck, 419. Urqhart, James, 383. Ursiiluie Convent in Boston, 256. Usher, Mr., Andros confined in liouse of, 285. V. Valley Acre, situation of, 365, 3C9. Valparaiso, Essex blockaded In, 171. Van Buren, Martin, visits Boston, 139, 185, 192. Vane, Sir Henry, 50; executed, 51, 108, 109, 226. " Vardy, Lidce, keeps Royal Exchange Tavern, 96. Vassall, Florentine, 31, 32. Vassal!, Jolin, 55. Vassall, Leonard, residence of, 389. Vassall, William, 31, 76 ; residence of, 389. Vaiidreuil, M. de, 61 ; fleet of, in F5os^ ton, 437. Vaughan, Charles, 39; improves Frank- lin Street, 254. Vergennes, Count de, 58. Vermont, shiii-of-the-line, 185. Vernon, Admiral Edward (Old Grog), 110. Venion Street, 375. Vidal, Captain, 142. Vila, James, innkeeper, 105. Vine Street, built, 376. Viomenil, General, 356 ; entry into Boston in 1782, 433, 434. Virginia, ship-of-the-line, 185. Vyal, John, innkeeper, 174. W. Wade, Edward, 26. Wadsworth, James, bounty for rats, 395. 21 Wadsworth, Recompense, first master of North Latin School, 218. Wakefield, Cyrus, 124. Wales, Prince of, in Boston, 371. Walker, Admiral Sir H., 48. Walker, Robert, 305. Wallach, Mr., 262. Wallcut, Mr., 39. Waller, Edmund, 181. Walley, Thomas, 196. Walnut Street, 334 ; residents of, 337, 338. Waltham Street, sea wall built to, 420. Walter, Arthur M., 38. Ward, General Artemas, 69 ; com- mands in Boston, 382 ; nJieved, 383, 432. Wardell, .lonatlian, 2."), 70. Wards, division into, civil and military, 21. Warren, John C, 38, 61, 247 ; resi- dence of, 297, 311, 376. Warren, Dr. John, liouse, (iO. Warren, Josiijih, liirbhplace of, 60 ; residence of, 6S ; manner of his death, 69, 70, 124 ; portrait, 14(i, 148, 149, 176, 203, 211, 214 ; l)ullet which killed him, 218 ; address in Old Soutli, 228, 248, 269 ; cliaise of, 274, 283 ; remains jjlaced in Granary Ground, 297, 308, 311 ; a student of medicine, 363 ; Governor Eustis stud- ies with, 366 ; anecdote of, 423. Warren Street, Roxburj', 61. Warren Theatre, 378. Warren, William, 40 ; (/e//ii/. in Boston, 368. Washington Artillery, 288. Washington Bank, site of, 404. Wa.shington Gardens, old Masonic Temple built on site of, 312 ; loca- tion of, 312 ; history of, 313. Washington, George, 31, 38 ; visit of, to Boston, 42, 43, 4^4, 58 ; visits Boston, 1756, 62, m, 73 ; third visit, 91,124 ; portrait by Stuart, 141, 158; ay)- l)roves buihling six frigates, 181 ; first monument to, 216, 220 ; de- feated, 244, 266, 279, 285, 310 ; stat- 48L> INDEX. ues of, 344, 345 ; oixlei's Boston at- tacked, 3.';», 373 ; attfiids Brattle Street and Trinity in 17S9, 387 ; Stuart's portrait of, 408 ; orders levelling of works on Neck, 42G ; uniform of, 4"i;» ; arms of, 431 ; en- try into Boston, 177ti, 43"2. Washington Hall, site of, 43(1. Washington House, site of, 429. Washington Hotel. See Hall. Washington IMarket, 42ti ; site of, 429. Washington, Martha, 38. Washington Monument, 278. Washington Place, 2SS ; Gilljert Stu- art's residence in, 407. Washington Street, 20, 22, Sr> ; (Corn- hill, Marlborough, Ne\vl)ury, Or- ange), 102; great lire of 1787, 41(3 ; narrowness of, 419 ; named, 42(1 ; e.xtent of, 420. Washington Tlieatre. See Garden, 313. Washington Village, 23. Wasp, American slii]), 280. Watcli-house on Beacon Hill, 334. Water, supply of, 22, 23. Water Street, 37 ; bridge at foot of, 109, 141 ; description of, 234 ; Brit- ish barrack in, 234 ; trees in, 409. Watertown, 159. Webb, John, 173, 174. Webli, Mr., leaves legacy for Alms- house, 300. Weljster Buildin,-s, 4(3. Webster, Daniel, 14 ; huv office, 44 ; .school, 45 ; anecdotes of, 45, 46, 47 ; first office, 79, 82, 124, 140 ; portrait in Faneuil Hall, 140, 150. 279 ; statue of, 344, 353 ; Lafayette visits, 3(35 ; anecdotes of, 3S2 ; receives Lafayette, 382 ; defends Towers, 424. Webster, Edward, died, K!, 379. Wel)ster, Ezckiel, 45. Webster, Fletcher, killed, 4(3. Welister, Jolm White, residence of. 1(55 ; execution of, 375, 378. Weljster, Redford, residence of, 105. Weekly Rehear.sal, 234. Welsh" Fusileers at Bunker Hill, 20: 229, 285. Wells, S. A., 141. Wells, William, 38. Wellrteet, 49 Welsteed, lU'v. William, 330. Wendell, .laroh. 42, (35, 115. Wendell, .lohn, 42. Wendell, (.)li\er, (35, (5(5 ; residence of, 279. Wentworth, Mrs., 389. Wesley, John, 172. Wesleyan Association Building, site of Indian Queen, 248. West, Benjannn, 38, 33(3 ; Stuart a pupil of, 408. West Church (Lynde Street), 72,234 ; windnnll near, 3(39 ; historv of, 374, 41(3. West Boston, 10 ; windnull at, 199 ; Powder House at, 329 ; defence of, 3G2 ; description of, 3(59, 370 ; streets of, 370 ; town institutions at, 374. West Boston Bridge, 3(59. West End, 10. West Hill, moi-tar battery on, 325. West Newbury, Franklin's ])ress at, 80. West, Raphael, 408. West Row, location of, 371. West Ro.xljury, 23. West, Rev. Samuel, 415. West Street, 1(1, 93: linutof, the Mall, 306; llayniarket in, 313; Whi]iping- Post and Pillory near, 313. Western Avenue (Mill Dam), 25. Westminster Abbey, 32. Wetherle, Joshua, ajipointed nunt- mastei', 422. Wetmore, Judge, 403. Wetmoi'c, William, 389. Wlialley, General Edward, 55. Wharton and Bowes, shop of, 85. Wheatley, John, 23:3. Wheatlev, Phillis, resi, 269. Whipping-Post, location of, 92, 313. Whi.ston.^Mr., 314, 315. Wliite Horse Tavern, site and sketch of, 392, 393. White, Marcy, 206. White Plains, battle of, 87. Whitebread Alley. See Harris Street. Whitefield, Rev. George, 64, 102 ; preaches on the Common, 358. Wliiting, William, 74. Whitman, Zachariali, 416. Whitniore, W. H., 122. Wliitney, Colonel, 2S7. Whittington, Richard, 131. Whitwell, Willian), 387. Wilder, Marshall P., 365. Wildes, Epliraim, innkeeper, 154. Wilkes, John, .52, 269, 432. Willard, Solomon, architect of United States Bank, 94, 310 ; sketch of, 311 ; architect of Bunker Hill Monument, 312 ; discovers Bunker Hill Quarrv, 312, 337. William and Mary, 210. William III., charter of, 209, 237. Williams College, 120. Williams Court, 338. Williams John, 170. Williams, John, hanged, 424. Williams, John D., 420. Williams, John Foster, 211 ; died, 211, 264 ; street named for, 280. Williams Market, olil fortifications near, 424, 425. Williams, Major, 203. Williams Street named, 280. See Mat- thews Street. Williamsburg, battle of, 168. Willis's Lane. See Winter Street. Wilmington, Mass., 26. Wilson's Lane, 56 ; description of, 101. Wilson, John, 50, 91 ; estate of, 92, 212. Wiltshire Street. See Chamliers Street. Windmill, old, 199 ; one at West Bos- ton, 199. See Windmill Point. Windmill Hill. See Copp's Hill. Windmill Point, 7 ; (Wheeler's) 25, 381. Wing's Lane (Elm Street), 102, 126, 145. Winnisimmet, 14, 24 ; ferry, 68. Winslow, Governor Edward, 40 ; his chair, 347. Winslow Blues, 137, 190. Winslow, John, recognizes Warren's body, 69 ; store and residence of, 87. Winter Hill, 203. Winter Place, Samuel Adams's house in, 308. Winter Street, noted residents, 307 ; Mrs. Dexter' s, 307 ; Samuel Adams's, 308 ; called Blott's, Bannister's, and Willis's Lane, 308. Winthrop House, site, 318 ; burnt, 318. Winthrop, John, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 ; chosen selectman, 14, 19, 25 ; burial- place, 35 ; portrait, 40, 47, 50, 51 ; Anne Hutchinson on trial, 63 ; at- tends First Church, 91 ; invites Lord Ley to his house, 109 ; journal, 130; orders ship built at Medford, 178 ; company, 202 ; residence, 225 ; house destroyed by British, 225 ; sketch of, 225 ; death, 225 ; statue of, 226- 234 ; i)ortraits of, 346, 347 Winthroj), Judge, 39. Winthrop's Marsh, 109. Winthrop Place, 364. Winthrop, Robert C, 57 ; birth]ilace, 254 ; residence of, 337 ; proposes Franklin .statue, 337, 352. Winthrop, sloop, 186. Winthroji. Lieutenant-Governor Thom- as L., 139, 190 ; residence of, 337 ; Lafavette visits, 364 Wirt, William, 82. Woburn, 86. Wood, original growth of, 10. Wood, William, 6, 16. Woodbridge, Benjamin, 96, 332. Woodbury, Levi, 139, 185. 4S4 INDEX. Woi>im!msie"s Wharf. 127. WorcesTpy. ^v Massacinisen*; Spy. Wolfe, Genera]. vivix>sed monument :o. 241. 2i4. o2^. -S27. Workhouse in P.^rk Sireei, •2ic3, 299, 300 ; occupied bv wounded, 3i>0. Wortley. Loid. \isii* Boston. 341. Wnii^v;, Lieutenani, quariers of. 155. Wivn. Sir Christopher, epiiaph. 7p. Wriirhi, Colonel Isaac Hull. 379. Wyeth. Mr..2s3. Wyre, Robert, rvsideuoe of, 171. Yale College, 72. Yale, Governor Elihu, 73 : epitaph, 73. York ^ToronIo^. Koyal Standard cap- tured at. 1(.X>. Yorktown. Va., 10-3. Young. A. B.. 113. Younsr's Hotel, Yoimg. Dr. John. 176. 2^>9. [S2. Youni:. Thomas. 2^2. THE E V D HISTORIC MANSIONS AND HIGHWAYS AROUND BOSTON BEING A NEW, REVISED EDITION OF "OLD LANDMARKS AND HISTORIC FIELDS OF MIDDLESEX" WITH ADDITIONAL PICTURES By SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE Author of "Old Landmarks and Historic Personages of Boston," " New England Legends and Folk-Lore," etc. With twenty-one full-page plates, including pictures of Washington's headquarters; General Putnam's head- quarters ; Lowell's residence, Cambridge ; the Old Manse, Concord; Christ Church, Cambridge ; Longfellow's Way- side Inn. Also thirty-nine other illustrations and maps. Crown 8vo. ^2.50. The author, with Iiis inexliaiistihie historic lore and his keen appreciation of every Item, anecdote, relic, and place which belongs to the olden times, takes the reader by hand, and, traversing old Middlesexshire, stops at every dwelling, hill, valley, river, or port, and brings back the men and events of colonial and revolutionary times. — IVaic/u tnan ami Reflector. It gives with much detail the history of all the places about Boston that have been made memorable by noteworthy events or as the homes of prominent men. — San Fran- cisco Chronicle. A precious volume. It is much more than a memorial of Boston and its vicinity; it is a memorial of the old nation. It takes one back to the stirring times and issues of America's beginning, scenes made memorable by the lives of great men and the march of great events. — The Los Angele.s Herald The book is one to read and read again, and then dream over, and be enricheil. — The Si. Paul Globe. NEW ENGLAND LEGENDS AND FQLK=LORE In Prose and Poetry. With one hundred effective character illustrations, from designs by Merrill and others. i2mo. $2.00. It takes ui), in order, the legends of Boston, Cambridge, Lynn and Nahant, Salem, Marblehead, Cape Ann, Ipswich and Newbury, Hamp- ton and Portsmouth, York, Isles of .Shoals and Boon Island, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Nantucket. All the old stories are reproduced in telling form, and with apt quotations. Prose and poetry are com- bined, so as to ]5resent a complete literary picture. All of the old favorites are before us: Motley's "Solitary of the Shawmut," Whit- tier's "Old South Church," Holmes's "Dorchester Giant." Longfellow's "Paul Revere's Ride," L. H- Sigourney's "Charter Oak," and James T. Field's " Nantucket Skipper." We read of ISfistress Anne Hutchinson, the Quaker prophetess, the Duel on the Common the Washington Elm, Moll Pitcher, Endicott and the Red Cross, Giles Corey the Wizard, Skipper Ireson's Ride, Capt. John Smith, Lord Timothy Dexter, Jonathan Moulton and the Devil, a Legend of Blackbeard, the Courtship of Miles Standish, the Skeleton in Armor, and the Newport Tower.— Philadelphia Keystove- LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY Publishers • 254 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON OLD LANDMARKS AND HISTORIC PERSONAGES OF BOSTON A NEW REVISED EDITION OF OLD LANDMARKS OF BOSTON By SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE Author of "New England Legends," etc. New edition, uniform with "Historic Mansions and Highways Around Boston." With ninety-three illustrations in the text and numerous full-page plates. Crown 8vo. Cloth, gilt top. $2.50. 'I'lie cordial reception given the autlior's " Historic Mansions and Hijlnvays Aroinid Boston," issued in a new edition last year, justifies the publication of a revised and enlarged edition of his most popular woik on American history, " Old Landmarks of IJoston." Mr. Drake has been for several years accumulating materials for a thorough revision of the work. Besides numerous alterations in the te.\t, designed to keep pace with the march of improvement, the oppor- tunity has been availed of for the introduction of new and interesting matter, as far as j^racticable. By no means the least important feature of the new edition is the number of full-page illustrations, not found in earlier editions, and which include a rare picture of Boston in 1830; the daring feat of Isaac Harris in saving the Old South from the flames; Boston Common as a cow pasture, with the Great Elm ; C)ld Concert Hall, The Almack's of Boston ; State Street in 1S25, etc. I am simply amazed at tlie extent and accuracy of its information. — John G. Palfrey. Vour " ( )ld Jjandniarks of Boston" is a perfect store-house of information.— Hbnkv W. Longfellow. Lender Mr. Drake's toucli, details become interesting, old and forgotten scenes are peopled with the personages of the olden time ; every corner becomes historic, and tlie dead past lives again. — Boston Globe. AROUND THE HUB A Boy's Book about Boston. Profusely illustrated. Square i6mo. $1.25. Beginning with some accounts and anecdotes of the Indians in Boston, he pro- ceeds to state who the first settlers in lioston were ; describes the ancient landmarks; and jjives an idea of the government as it then existed, and from this point gives a rapid sketch of the important part sustained by Boston in the War of the Revolution. — Chicago Saturday Eveiiiytg Herald, The history of Boston is in the main the history of New England during this early period, and the full and authentic knowledge of it, which niay be gained from this boiiii, is an important acquisition for every American boy and girl — The Dial. LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY Publishers • 254 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON -i^/m ^:S:^i;;^l;l?:i|«^^^^^^^ ]