{"1": {"fulltext": "Springtime", "height": "3736", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap.Q.K^ pyright No\\n\u00c2\u00bbatt.N3L\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "3445", "width": "2644", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3483", "width": "2560", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3448", "width": "2671", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "WHO LL BUY\\nMeyer von Bremen.", "height": "3490", "width": "2783", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Springtime Flowers\\nEASY LESSONS IN BOTANY\\nMAE RUTH NORCROSS\\nWITH ILLUSTRATIONS\\nSILVER, BURDETT COMPANY\\nNEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO\\nL", "height": "3527", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "5891 O\\nWl COPIES ft(t\u00c2\u00a3i\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00a30\\nOCT 9 1900\\nC*tyngfit wtry\\nS\u00c2\u00a3C *D COPV.\\nOHWed In\\nOKOm\u00c2\u00abV4S ON,\\nOCT 27 1900\\nCopyright, 1900,\\nBy Silver, Burdett Company", "height": "3486", "width": "2791", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TO\\nMY LITTLE SISTER\\nEVA C. NORCROSS\\nTHIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY\\nBeMcatefc", "height": "3491", "width": "2585", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Your voiceless lips, O flowers, are living preachers,\\nEach cup a pulpit, each leaf a book,\\nSupplying to my fancy numerous teachers\\nFrom loveliest nook.\\nHenry Wadsworth Longfellow.", "height": "3482", "width": "2781", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nHIS little book is presented to the public in the hope\\nthat it will fill a need such as the writer, in her own\\nexperience in both the home circle and the schoolroom,\\nhas found unsupplied.\\nChildren all love flowers, and if their natural interest can\\nbe cultivated by the stimulus of a little knowledge, this love\\nmay be largely increased. This volume is designed as a\\nbeginning in the study of a science which in later years\\nbecomes both interesting and profitable, and the lessons\\nhave been prepared in as simple a form as possible.\\nOnly flowers well known throughout our country have\\nbeen used as illustrations, and it is believed that, by analyz-\\ning them, as did the little people in our story, children will\\nbegin to notice almost unconsciously the details of each new\\nplant brought to their attention.\\nIf this book is the means of helping the busy teacher\\nor mother to awaken in her young people an interest in\\nbotany, the aim of the writer will be accomplished.\\nMae Ruth Norcross.", "height": "3494", "width": "2599", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3459", "width": "2783", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\nI. How It All Came About .11\\nII. Leaf Buds Baby Leaves 14\\nIII. A Rainy Morning s Work Roots .20\\nIV. Stems and Leaves -27\\nV. Parts of Flower Arbutus -33\\nVI. Saxifrage Bloodroot Partridge Berry -43\\nVII. Gold Thread Dogtooth Violet Leaves .49\\nVIII. Preparing Specimens Anemone Liverwort -54\\nIX. Violets 60\\nX. Dandelions Immortelles Spring Beauty Marsh Marigolds 65\\nXL Buttercups .72\\nXII. Ground Pink Ram s Head Bluets Twin Flower .78\\nXIII. Apple Blossoms Wild Geranium Blue-eyed Grass Columbine. 82\\nXIV. Jack-in-the-Pulpit Wild Lady s Slipper 86\\nGlossary 89", "height": "3494", "width": "2587", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3464", "width": "2786", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nCHAPTER I.\\nHOW IT ALL CAME ABOUT\\nTHE Burtons had always lived in\\ntown, and, except for the short visit\\npaid to Grandpa each summer, the\\ncountry was to the little people an\\nunknown paradise, filled with Nat-\\nre s beautiful creations, which far ex-\\niled in their opinion any of the splen-\\nie city.\\nOne winter, however, there had been much\\nillness in the family, and Mamma Burton looked pale and\\ntired from her long work of nursing, which, careful and pa-\\ntient though it had been, failed to bring the roses back to\\nthe cheeks of her little flock. The old family doctor finally\\ndecided that nothing less than a complete change of air would\\nbring- about the desired result. So it was at once decided\\nthat, though early in April, there could be no more delightful\\nplace than Grandpa Allen s farm, and preparations for depart-\\nure were commenced forthwith.", "height": "3524", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nMamma laughingly declared that the old adage about\\nanticipation was based on truth, for the bustle and pleasure\\nof getting ready for the trip did much more towards bringing\\nabout a cure than all the bitter medicine which Dr. Carlton\\nhad prescribed.\\nAt last all was ready, and, despite the pale faces, it was a\\nmerry party that Papa Burton escorted to the station one\\nApril morning to take the train for Pleasantville.\\nFirst came Mamma, who, aside from her own desire to be\\nagain in her childhood s home, was sharing in the enthusiasm\\nof her little folks. Anna, the eldest child, was a very studi-\\nous little maid of twelve, whose demure, careful ways made\\nher a great help to Mamma, and won for her from her father\\nthe pet name, Little Mother. Charley was a merry, mis-\\nchievous boy of ten, who, however, shared with Anna a great\\nfondness for books. And last, but not least, was Baby May,\\na golden-haired little fairy who for three years had been the\\npet of the family.\\nAs they rode along, all were intent upon watching the\\nchanging landscape, which seemed to be running away from\\nthem and even May began to strain her eyes, long before-\\nhand, for a glimpse of Danpa s house, which they knew\\ncontained a hearty welcome for them all. When at last they\\nreached Pleasantville and saw Grandpa and his hired man\\nwaiting to help them into the spring wagon, even demure\\nlittle Anna fairly shouted with delight.", "height": "3487", "width": "2781", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HOW IT ALL CAME ABOUT 13\\nAs it was early spring, the ground was almost entirely\\nbare save for an occasional small patch of snow which re-\\nminded Charley of a white sheep lying upon it. Anna\\nnoticed, however, that some of the trees which they passed\\nseemed almost ready to put forth their buds.\\nAnna was a high-school girl, and had she been able to\\nkeep on with her class, she would have begun to study\\nbotany that spring. Missing this was her one regret at leav-\\ning town but this feeling speedily vanished the day before\\ntheir journey, for when Papa came to dinner, he brought\\nwith him a handsomely bound herbarium, a reliable text-book\\non botany, and a microscope, and said, Now, little mother,\\nyou shall have a chance to study botany right. Botanize to\\nyour heart s content, and teach Charley also.", "height": "3494", "width": "2600", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nLEAF BUDS BABY LEAVES\\nO\\nXE day when Charley came in from a walk with Grandpa,\\nhe brought with him a lar^e bunch of what he had taken\\nto be some kind of flower buds. They\\nwere in pretty shades of light brown,\\nold-rose pink, and gold velvet and satin,\\nand they had a sweet, spicy smell.\\n14 Oh, said Anna, as she took them\\nfrom his hands, these are leaf buds.\\nAren t they lovely and she sniffed\\ntheir fragrance and drew her daintv\\nfinders over their silkv surfaces.\\nThen, won t they open into\\npretty flowers? asked Charley, dis-\\nappointedly.\\nNo, not these. They will only\\nopen and give out leaves by and by.\\nThere are pictures of them in my\\nbotany, and I read all about them the\\nother day. Wait a minute and I ll get\\nthe book and see what it says, and\\nLEAF BUDS", "height": "3492", "width": "2764", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "LEAF BUDS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BABY LEAVES\\n15\\nwe ll open one of the buds, and look at it through my\\nglass.\\nShe soon returned, bringing both book and glass, and then\\nbegan, Now, Charley, you see there are several different\\nkinds of buds, and we can study leaf buds before we are\\nable to get flower buds. The stem of a plant continues its\\ngrowth by means of its terminal bud, that is, the bud\\nthat seems to be the end of the stem. Every branch\\nbegins from the buds that grow on the sides of the\\nstem. These are called lateral buds. The branches\\nin most trees are only repetitions of the main stem,\\nso that after a while the lateral bud of the main\\nstem becomes the terminal bud at the end of a\\nbranch which bears lateral buds of its own and\\nthese, as the tree grows each year, develop branches\\nand become terminal buds in their turn. Now, here,\\nshe continued, selecting a stem with three branches,\\nis an example of what I have said. All three of\\nthese branches have terminal buds on the ends and lateral\\nbuds on the sides. A year or two ago this was only a single\\nstem, and what is now the middle one was much shorter then,\\nand bore a terminal bud, and lateral buds on the sides, and it\\nis from the lateral buds that these other two branches grew.\\nOh, I see, said Charley and if I hadn t pulled this,\\nboth of these branches would have had others growing from\\nthe lateral buds on their sides next year.\\nTERMINAL\\nBUD", "height": "3525", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nLATERAL BUDS\\n11 Yes, that is the way exactly and then branches keep on\\ngrowing from buds each year, and so the tree gets to be larger\\nand larger, and to have so many branches\\nthat you can t tell sometimes which was the\\nstarting stem. Now, let us cut this bud\\nand see what is inside of it. In a couple of\\nweeks all these little pieces that look like\\nvelvet and satin, and are called scales in the\\nbotany, will turn back and drop off, and the\\nleaves will then be out. Some buds will have\\nonly one leaf or the foundation of a leaf in\\nthem but large, strong buds like these will\\nhave a whole cluster of little leaves folded\\nup in them. The buds you see are the satin-lined cradles in\\nwhich the baby leaves, which were formed the year before, are\\nrocked and kept warm all through the cold winter. The babies\\nhave their food packed with them. That is, there is enough\\nnourishment packed in each bud to nourish the leaves as they\\ngrow larger and larger, until, after a while, when spring comes,\\ntheir pretty cradle gets too small for them, and they burst it\\nopen and come out as full-grown leaves. Lend me your knife,\\nand we will cut the bud and see how much we can see inside\\nof it.\\nAnna cut the bud lengthwise, and, placing it under the\\nglass, bade Charley look at it, which he did.\\n11 Oh, how funny! he exclaimed presently. I can see", "height": "3482", "width": "2769", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "LEAF BUDS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BABY LEAVES 17\\nthe leaves and the stems quite plainly, but the stems are all\\nhairy, and the leaves are curled up so that they look like\\nlittle green baby mice. Aren t they cunning Call May\\nand let her see them too.\\nBaby May was very willing to take a peep at the baby\\nleaves, and admired them quite to Charley s satisfaction.\\nI think these must be the babies meant in the song,\\nRock-a-bye, baby, on the tree top,\\nWhen the wind blows the cradle will rock,\\nsaid Anna, as she showed them to May.\\nAnd zen when ze bough b eaks, do zey all fall down and\\ndit tilled? asked Baby May sympathetically.\\nYes, I guess so but Charley broke this bough off, so\\nthese babies will never come out of their pretty cradles,\\nbecause they will die.\\nThis made tender-hearted little May feel so badly that\\nGrandma, who came into the room just then, told Charley to\\nput the buds in a large glass jar full of water and stand them\\nin a sunny window. He did so, and May woke up one morn-\\ning to find that the baby leaves were babies no longer, but\\nhad broken out of their silken cradles some days before the\\nbabies out in the trees were able to do so.\\nThat evening Grandpa was told all about the first botany\\nlesson and at once became interested in that, as he was in\\neverything the children did.", "height": "3521", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18\\nSPRIXGTIME FLOWERS\\nDo you think I can find specimens enough to till my\\nherbarium asked Anna.\\n14 Dear me. yes. child. Why, the woods will be full of\\nflowers in a week or\\ntwo. I suspect arbutus\\nis out now.\\nArbutus cried\\nAnna joyfully. Oh.\\nMamma, it was arbu-\\ntus, wasn t it. that\\nGrandpa sent you last\\nspring The flowers\\nwere all pink and white,\\nand, oh. so fragrant\\nDon t you remember\\nYes. indeed. I was so odad to have it. answered\\nMamma, turning a grateful glance to Grandpa. I remember\\nhow I used to pick it in the woods over there when I was a\\nSfirl. It Pfrew so thick on the hill then, and I don t think I ve\\never found a sweeter flower.\\nIt s just as thick now as then. said Grandpa I noticed\\nthat it was budding last week. Tell you what. Mother, he\\nadded, turning to Grandma, you might get us up a lunch\\nto-morrow, and I ll take these young folks over in the morn-\\ning. if it s fine.\\nThe children looked the thanks they did not speak, and\\nOPENING BUDS", "height": "3473", "width": "2779", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "LEAF BUDS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BABY LEAVES 19\\nwent to bed early that night to dream of the treasures they\\nwould find in the woods the next day.\\nBut alas for their expectations Anna awoke next morn-\\ning- to the sound of falling rain, and, going to the window,\\nlooked out upon a sky so leaden in hue as to prevent the\\nhope of any clearing up for that day at least. Charley was\\nnot long in making the same discovery, and it was with a\\nvery disappointed look upon their faces that our two little\\nfriends entered the dining room for breakfast.\\nWell, I declare, said Grandpa, clouds without and\\nclouds within. Here, passing a dish of rosy-cheeked apples,\\nthese are brighter to look at than either of your faces on\\nthis day. Try your teeth on one of these, Mousie, and forget\\nabout the weather.\\nGrandpa called Anna Mousie because of her quiet\\nlittle ways.", "height": "3494", "width": "2603", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nA RAINY MORNING S WORK ROOTS\\nN spite of Grandpa s cheeriness, the\\nchildren could not forget their dis-\\nappointment very long, and when\\nMamma came into the sitting\\nroom an hour or two after break-\\nfast, she found Anna and Charley\\ngazing dismally out of the window, and\\nBaby May sitting in a disconsolate little heap\\non Grandma s pretty rag carpet, saying to\\nherself, Grandpa s house isn t nice tall\\nwhen ze bad rain turns.\\nWell, my young naturalists, said Mamma, in her cheer-\\nful way, u I think we can find something for you to do. Don t\\nyou think that inasmuch as we cannot get the flowers to-day,\\nit might be a good plan to learn what to do with them when\\nwe do get them Anna, bring your botany, and we will have\\na class right here this morning. The flowers will keep, and\\nyou will appreciate them all the more for a little study about\\nthem beforehand.\\nNow, she continued, as Anna returned and handed her", "height": "3494", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "A RAINY MORNING S WORK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ROOTS\\n21\\nthe book, we will not divide this into lessons to be com-\\nmitted to memory, as I dare say would be done in school.\\nAnna, I suppose, has read it all over, or will do so but you,\\nCharley, will understand it better by hearing it read and\\ntalked about. I will hold the book for reference, and we will\\ntry to fix in our minds a few points that will help us when we\\nget our flowers. Now, first, Charley, can you tell me what\\nbotany is a\\nIt is the book that teaches us about flowers,\\nsaid Charley.\\nYes, but it is a little more than\\nthat. It is the study or science of\\nplants, or, rather, of the entire vege-\\ntable world and a great deal of this\\nis not contained in any book, but is\\nlearned from studying the plants\\nthemselves. Anna, do all plants\\nbear flowers\\nI do not think so, Mamma.\\nNo, that is one of the first things we have to learn.\\nThere are two kinds or two divisions, a higher and a lower\\nform. You will probably not have anything to do with the\\nlower form for some time yet, though it is well to keep it in\\nmind. The plants that do not bear flowers and, therefore, do\\nnot start from seeds, are called in botany cryptogams, or\\nflowerless plants. Ferns all belong to this division and so do\\nCRYPTOGAMOUS LEAF", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "SPRINGTIME FIOWERS\\nall the pretty mosses of which you are so fond. Instead of\\nbearing blossoms and fruit which contain seed, cryptogams\\nt ziztz rr: y szrti :r n-r l::~5\\nof dust, whicK tiny as tht arc Donfain some Form the\\nmeans of reproduction. But. as these spores are so minute,\\nit is more difficult to study cryptogams, so, excepting to\\nindicate what the division includes, we will pass it over for\\nThe other kind, to which belong all the varieties of flow-\\ners, trees, and shrubs with which you are acquainted, are\\ncalled phanerogams, or flowering plants, and this is the first\\ndivision learned in analyzing. But there are so many differ-\\nent kinds of flowering plants, and the resemblance between\\nziztzzi lit tximini:: r. r.ri-ssiry\\n;x; i rjiif rxiir.ir.i:: r.\\n..._..\\nj .it.zs :r r. =rri\\ni xt^: iti.- .-ir. i: ut\\nin: :.T\\n:-i:~t-e :x t he xix^- :x\u00c2\u00b1 c ^rx if r\\naway in it. But jecanse we are an: know something\\ni:::: z zt i:zzzt ?.zs ir.i v:::.; ^e t-^ !^vt :x\u00c2\u00b1 :tt..\\n5i x\\\\ x x. x~t x x :.ii: x rxx ~s x~-r xr= Xt x\\nor beginning of the plant, which is generally called the radicle.\\nThis has two leaves, which are different in shape from those\\nx;z: ::~t dz-r iris l;: ztz- ttz. z r.trr. .its zr.t\\nr", "height": "3481", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "A RAINY MORNING S WORK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ROOTS\\n23\\nBEAN, SHOWING FIRST\\nLEAF AND ROOT\\nGROWTHS\\nfrom which the plant grows. These first leaves are called\\ncotyledons, and this little stem in between them is sometimes\\nspoken of as the plumule, though it is really\\nthe first of the terminal buds of which Anna\\nspoke yesterday. In small seeds it is so tiny\\nas to be invisible to the naked eye, but by\\nlooking at it through a glass, we shall be\\nable to see it. A bean is a very good seed\\nto look at, so I have brought some with me.\\nLend me your knife, Charley, and we will\\nopen this one.\\nCharley did so, and Mamma cut the\\nthick skin which served as a covering, and\\nthen the two leaves, which were each the shape of a half\\nbean, were very plain while between them was\\nthe little stem, or baby plant, which was very\\npretty when viewed under Anna s glass.\\nNow, said Mamma, as a plant grows, this\\nlittle stem rises higher and higher, and other\\nleaves begin to come, and then the first leaves,\\nor cotyledons, drop off. You can see all this\\nin a few days, when Grandpa s beans begin to\\ngrow. Those cotyledons are thick, you see.\\nThe reason for this is that they are filled with\\nnourishment for the little plant, and after it absorbs all the\\nnourishment so provided, it is strong enough, if it be a\\nYOUNG PLANT,\\nSHOWING\\nCOTYLEDONS,\\nOR FIRST\\nLEAVES", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 SPRINGTIME FLO WERS\\nhealthy plant, to take its own nourishment from the earth by\\nmeans of its roots, and from the air by means of its leaves.\\nWhen we analyze, we must study first the stem, then\\nthe leaves, roots, and blossoms. Sometimes a plant is so\\nwell known or bears such unmistakable signs of its family in\\none of these parts, that we know what it is without a minute\\nexamination of them all. This is not thorough analysis,\\nhowever, though sometimes it answers, especially if we are\\nnot able to get the whole plant.\\nNow, about roots. It is sometimes said that stems spring\\nfrom roots, but this is not correct. All roots spring from the\\nembryo, which sends the root down into the ground and the\\nstem up into the air, and other roots spring from the main\\nroot just as branches grow from the stem. These branches\\nare called secondary roots, and in some plants they divide and\\nsubdivide until a fine network of small roots or rootlets is\\nformed.\\nIf you take a slip or a cutting from some plants and put\\nit in the ground, roots will start from the stem and a plant\\nwill soon grow. In a plant of this kind, we notice that these\\nroots generally come from the nodes, that is, the places on the\\nstem from which leaves start, and are merely a repetition under\\nground of the leaves and branches of the plant above ground.\\nBut all roots are not like that, Mamma, said Anna.\\n11 No, not all and now we will look a little at the different\\ndivisions. First, we have fibrous roots, which are formed as", "height": "3493", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "A RAINY MORNING S WORK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ROOTS\\n25\\nI have told you. These are the kind of roots most annuals\\nhave.\\nWhat are annuals, Mamma asked Charley, to whom this\\nlong discourse on roots was becoming rather\\ntiresome, though he was trying faithfully to\\nunderstand it all.\\nAnnuals are the plants or flowers which\\ncomplete their growth in one year. That is,\\nthey grow from seed in the spring, and die in\\nthe fall, after they have grown seed of their\\nown. These plants have fibrous roots, and the\\nfine branches they send out are called rootlets,\\nand some of them are as fine as Baby May s\\nhair. You will find that the small white\\nviolets have roots of this kind, while\\nj|^ some of the larger varieties of violets\\nhave straight fibrous roots.\\nThen we have fleshy roots. These\\nare principally biannuals that is, plants\\nwhich take two years to complete their\\ngrowth. Carrots, potatoes, and turnips\\nbelong to this order, as do also most varie-\\nties of lilies. In these the root, which is\\nsometimes called a tuber, is raised the first\\nyear, and is planted the next spring to\\nobtain the blossom. These fleshy roots\\nFIBROUS ROOT\\nFLESHY ROOT", "height": "3523", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\ncontain a large amount of nourishment, which is used for the\\nplant the next spring. Now, there are a number of different\\nkinds of fleshy roots, some of which are named according to\\ntheir shape for example, those which are conical, like the\\ncarrot, tapering from the crown, where it joins the stalk,\\ndown to- a fine point and those which are turnip-shaped,\\ncalled napiform, that is, large and thick above, and then\\nending abruptly in a downward point as the turnip does.\\nOthers are shaped like the spindle which Grandma used\\nto use on her spinning wheel. Between these which I have\\nmentioned there are all kinds of variations.\\nBut I see Charley is tired of all this, and rightly, too, for\\nit is a good deal for a little boy to remember. I believe if he\\ngoes down cellar he will find quite a number of the last kind\\nof roots I have told you about, and perhaps, if they were\\nwashed very clean, Baby May might like them for playthings.", "height": "3488", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nSTEMS AND LEAVES\\nHE next day was still rainy, but Mamma\\nfound means of continuing the botany les-\\nsons, and the little talk of the day before\\nhad been something to make the children\\nforget the weather.\\nSo after breakfast was over and the children began to\\nwonder what they could find to do, she brought into the\\nroom several of Grandma s plants and said, Well, shall we\\ncontinue our botany lesson\\nYes, indeed, Mamma, said Anna; but what are we\\nto study now?\\nWe will see about that. Charley, do you know what\\nwe talked about yesterday 7\\nOh, yes, Mamma, about roots.\\nVery well. Now, to-day we will look at the other parts\\nof a plant. Look at this geranium, Charley. What parts do\\nyou see\\nThe leaves and the flowers, Mamma.\\nAnd what do the leaves and flowers grow from\\nFrom the stem, do they not", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nQuite right. Now the stem of the plant fills the same\\nplace as the axle of Grandpa s wagon. It bears all the other\\nparts. Roots, leaves, branches, and flowers all spring from\\nthe stem. Do all plants have the same kind of a stem,\\nAnna?\\nI don t think so, Mamma.\\nNo, they do not. Look, for example, at the difference\\nbetween the plants before you. The calla lily, you see, has a\\nthick, fleshy stem, while that of the geranium is drier and\\nmore woody. These two plants will show you the varieties\\nof stems which form the first two divisions in\\nflowering plants, as you will find when you\\nbegin to analyze. In the exogenous or dicotyled-\\nonous plants the wood fibres are in regular\\ncircles around a central pith. If we should cut\\na piece of geranium and look at it under Anna s glass, we\\nshould see that it belongs to that order.\\nIf we take a piece of the lily stalk, however, we shall\\nsee that the wood fibres are arranged irregularly through the\\nstem, and do not form a circle. This, therefore,\\nbelongs to the endogenous or monocotyledonous\\ndivision. These names are hard for you to\\nremember; but when you have them properly\\nfixed in your minds, you will be able to tell\\nby a glance at the stem to which of the two\\ngreat divisions of phanerogams a plant belongs, endogenous\\nEXOGENOUS", "height": "3494", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "STEMS AND LEAVES\\n29\\nYou will learn other properties of stems their manner\\nof growth and the time they last from the different plants.\\nSo let us now take a look at leaves. What is the most\\nimportant use of leaves to the plant, Anna?\\nTo take in air and light, I think, Mamma.\\nYes; leaves serve the same purpose in plants that lungs\\ndo in animals. Besides, these leaves are sometimes used for\\nthe storage of nourishment, as in the case of the cotyledons\\nof which we learned yesterday, and the thickened leaves or\\nscales which protect the buds, as you saw in those leaf buds\\nwe had the other day.\\nLeaves which do nothing else but take in light and air\\nare sometimes spoken of as foliage, and it is of them we\\nshall talk this morning. If we look\\nat a leaf, we shall find that it usually\\nconsists of three parts the blade, the\\npetiole or footstalk, and the stipules.\\nThe blade is the most essential part.\\nIt is the green which we recognize\\nas foliage. It is made of soft green\\npulp, braced and supported by fibres\\nwhich make a frame, and are called\\nthe ribs or veins of a leaf. One of the first things we notice\\nabout a plant in analyzing it is whether its leaves are net-\\nveined or parallel-veined. These points mark the division\\nto which it belongs, just as the arrangement of the wood\\nNET-VEINED LEAF", "height": "3532", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nfibres in its stem does. In the net-veined leaves the veins\\nbranch off from the main rib and divide and subdivide until\\na network is formed, too fine to be visible to the naked eve.\\nCan you find a net- veined\\nxe, Charley\\nAfter a min-\\nute s hesitation\\nCharley broke\\noff the leaf of a\\n:arlet orera-\\n77 Z I Z.-.7\\nmum.\\nYes, that is\\nright Now, look at it, Charley, and see how the little veins\\nrun into each other, and what a fine network they form.\\nYou can see it best on the under side of the leaf. Thtre ar-r\\ntwo kinds of net-veined leaves. First, when the veins all\\nbranch from the centre rib, sometimes called penni-\\nveined, since the veins are arranged on the rib as\\non a feather, and penna is the Latin word for\\nfeather. The other kind are called palmate, digi-\\ntate, or radiate-veined, and branch off toward all\\nsides like little ravs. The geranium leaf is radiate-\\nJ n CA I.1 -4 LI T\\nr.necL\\nAfter the little folks had examined it thoroughly, Mamma\\ncontinued, Parallel veins are also of two kinds. The first is\\nwhen the veins all start together at the base of the leaf and", "height": "3480", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "STEMS AND LEAVES\\n31\\nrun parallel to each other to its point. Corn and grass are\\nexamples of this kind of a leaf, and so are some lily leaves.\\nThe other is when the veins start at the midrib and run\\nparallel to each other to its margin or edge. This calla lily,\\nyou see, is an example of this second kind.\\nLinnaeus, one of the oldest naturalists,\\ncalled the parallel veins, nerves, and parallel-veined\\nleaves, nerved leaves. And now we have gone over\\nsome of the most essential points. Charley, what\\ndid we talk about yesterday\\nAbout the roots, Mamma, and how they go\\ndown into the ground out of the seed when the\\nstem comes up.\\nAnd how they divide, added Anna; and\\nthat there are two divisions of them, fibrous and\\nfleshy roots.\\nYes, and there are several grades between\\nthese two. Well, what comes next\\nThe stem, said Charley, and that holds the\\nplants together like the axle of Grandpa s wagon.\\n11 Very good, said Mamma, and to-day we are\\nstudying leaves. We have had their divisions by\\nveins. We will not spend much time on their shape, because\\nwe shall learn that best as we study the plants, and we know\\nthe variety is almost endless. But I want you to look closely\\nat this leaf. These little appendages at the base of the foot-\\nCORN LEAF", "height": "3521", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nstalk, that is, where it joins the branch, are called stiptiles,\\nand you will find something answering to these on almost all\\nkinds of leaves. And now I think we have had lesson enough\\nfor this morning. To-morrow, perhaps, we shall have some\\nflowers to examine, and, if we do, what we have already\\nlearned will be of use to us.\\nGrandma came in then to say that if the children would\\nlike to pop corn, the kitchen fire was just right for it, so the\\nlittle scientists forgot their studies for a while.", "height": "3493", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nPARTS OF FLOWER ARBUTUS\\nHE next morning was still rainy, but our little\\nfolks were not so much cast down by it as on\\nthe day previous and when Anna went into the\\nsitting room after breakfast and found a bunch\\nof arbutus, gathered by the hired man the day\\nbefore, in a glass, on the table, she felt that for the present\\nshe needed nothing to complete her happiness. She could\\nhardly wait until Charley and May returned from the barn,\\nwhere they had gone with Grandpa to watch the calves or\\nbaby tows, as May called them take their breakfast of\\nbuckwheat gruel and hay tea.\\nWell, said Mamma, smilingly, coming into the room\\nwhile Charley and May were admiring the arbutus, our\\nbotany class seems all ready for work early this morning, and\\nwe have a specimen too, and a very pretty one. Now we\\nmust hurry and get through with our lesson, so that we shall\\nhave time to examine it carefully. Anna, bring the botany,\\nand you may bring the glass too, for we shall have use for it\\nlater. Come, Charley, leave the flowers now. You ll have a\\nchance to look at them again soon.\\n3", "height": "3494", "width": "2580", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34\\nSPRINGTIME FIOWERS\\nTan May have a yesson too? asked Baby, feeling half\\nafraid she might not have a part in what Anna and Charley\\nenjoyed so much.\\nYes, Baby May, sit down by sister, said Anna, drawing\\nher into the big old-fashioned rocking-\\nchair, which would have held half a\\ndozen people of their size. And she\\nmust be very quiet and not\\ninterrupt Mamma when she\\nis telling us about the pretty\\nflowers.\\nMamma looked smilingly\\naround at the little group and be-\\ngan, I think we all know the\\nbeauty which the flower gives to\\nthe plant, and we shall be glad to\\nlearn the parts of the flowers themselves.\\nNow, all flowers are formed after one\\ngeneral plan, which is, however, much modi-\\nfied in the different varieties, in some of\\nwhich the parts are so run into each other,\\nor of such peculiar forms, that they can\\nscarcely be recognized at a first glance. We\\nshall hardly find a plant which contains each part in the\\nsimple and perfect form, but for study we ought to get a\\nplant that does this as nearly as possible. I see the author\\nFLAX BLOSSOMS", "height": "3488", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "PARTS OF FLOWER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ARBUTUS\\n35\\nof Anna s botany has taken Flax as a pattern plant; this is\\nvery good, and we will do the same, because Grandma\\nhappens to have some flax blooming in a box in the kitchen.\\nFlowers are said to be perfect when they have a complete\\nperianth that is, both a calyx and a corolla. Charley may\\ngo out to the kitchen and get two or three flax blossoms,\\nand we will see by one of them what these\\nwords mean.\\nCharley soon returned, and Mamma\\ncontinued\\nThe calyx is the little green circle\\nbelow the flower. See, in flax it is just\\nlike a little cup holding the flower.\\nWhen it is made up of several parts or\\npieces, these are called sepals. The\\ncorolla is the part that comes next to the\\ncalyx. It is generally colored. In flax\\nit is the blue part which you recognize as the flower.\\nWhen the corolla is made up of different parts or divisions,\\nthey are called petals. Now, can you remember the differ-\\nence between the two\\nI can, answered Charley.\\nAnd I know Anna can, for she, no doubt, knew it before.\\nThe calyx and the corolla taken together are called the peri-\\nanth. Now, Charley, look at the flower and tell me what you\\nsee in it besides the calyx and the corolla.\\nCALYX AND COROLLA OF\\nTHE MORNING GLORY", "height": "3524", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36\\nSPRINGTIME FIOWERS\\nThe centre, Mamma.\\nYes, that is all it is to you now; but as the centre con-\\ntains the little seeds, you can see how important\\nit is. We must know its different parts, which\\nare the stamens and the pistils. In some flowers,\\nthe flax for example, we say the ovary also but\\nthe ovary is properly only a part of, or the base\\nof, the pistil. The stamens consist of two parts\\nthe filament, or stalk, and the anther, which is\\nthe useful part. This is a little case with two or\\nstamens and more perforated cells through which is discharged\\nPISTILS\\na sort of powder, usually yellow or red, which is\\ncalled pollen. Anna, do you remember how Charley gave\\nyou a tiger lily last summer, telling you to smell it,\\nand when you did so, it left brown powdery marks\\non your nose Well, those marks were made of\\npollen which you rubbed from the anthers as you\\ntouched them. This pollen is very valuable to the\\nplant. It is the food for the baby seeds in the\\novary.\\nThe pistil, when complete, may be said to con-\\ntain three parts the stigma, the style, and the\\novary. In many plants, however, there is only one a pistil\\novary, which is common to all the pistils and to which they\\nare all joined. Such a flower is the flax, but it can hardly be\\ncalled complete. The style is the stem of the pistil, and", "height": "3483", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "PARTS OF FLOWER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ARBUTUS 37\\nthe stigma is on the top of this. Sometimes the stigma is\\nshaped like a little knob or ball, and sometimes it is only the\\npoint of a style but whatever its shape, it is always moist,\\nand it catches and absorbs the pollen which falls from the\\nanthers, and sends it down through the style into the ovary,\\nto feed the baby seeds. Now, we have all the parts, unless,\\nindeed, we include the torus, or receptacle, which is simply\\nthe end of the stalk upon which the flower organs grow.\\nBut in order that you may understand it all better, we will\\nlook at a flax blossom through Anna s glass.\\nOh, Mamma, don t tear ze f ower, exclaimed Baby May\\nreproachfully, as Mamma opened a flower so they could see.\\nJust this one, dear, or else you wouldn t be able to under-\\nstand about it. Mamma is glad Baby is so fond of the pretty\\nflowers; it is very wrong to tear them up for nothing, but\\nwe must do so sometimes when we study about them.\\nShe had cut it lengthwise through the calyx and corolla,\\nand when she put it under the glass, they could see plainly\\nthe stamens with their anthers, the moist stigmas of the pistils,\\nand even the beginning of the tiny seed in the ovary.\\nWhen they had all seen these, Mamma continued\\nI have told you now about all the parts of a flower. A\\nflower \\\\s perfect when it has both pistils and stamens, complete\\nwhen it has both calyx and corolla. It is regular when all the\\nparts of each set are alike in size and shape, and symmetrical\\nwhen there is an equal number of parts in each set or circle of", "height": "3527", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 SPRIXGTIME FLOWERS\\norgans. The rlax is complete, because it has both calyx and\\ncorolla. It is regular and symmetrical, having five parts in\\neach set; but yet it is not quite perfect, because the pistils are\\nnot complete. Instead of having five tiny ovaries, one in the\\nbase of each pistil, the ovary is all in one but, as I told you\\nbefore, we can hardly find a plant without some irregularity of\\nthis sort. We will have just one point more, and then take up\\nthe arbutus, towards which Anna is casting such lonodncr eves.\\nThere is always a certain number that seems to be run-\\nning through the flower, or, at least, to be recognized in some\\nof its parts. It is oftenest five, three, or four, but occasion-\\nally two. Whatever the ground number may be. it runs\\nthrough the whole flower in svmmetrical blossoms. The\\nground number is the first circle of the flower. In svmmet-\\nrical flowers, also, the circles are alternate that is, the petals\\nstand over the intervals between the sepals and the stamens,\\nwhen of the same number, stand over the intervals between\\nthe petals or when there are a double number of stamens,\\nthe first circle does this, and the inner circle alternates with\\nthe first, as do the pistils with the second. This is proof that\\nflowers are altered branches. The parts come in whorls,\\nand are, therefore, only altered leaves.\\nWhat is a whorl. Mamma asked Anna, who, as usual,\\nwas listening with closest attention, as indeed were the other\\nchildren.\\nA xvhoj l is a circle of leaves that is, the number of", "height": "3489", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "PARTS OF FLOWER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ARBUTUS 39\\nleaves you would pass with a string or line if you drew it from\\none leaf to the next higher on the same perpendicular as the\\nfirst. Thus, for example, when a whorl has three leaves, the\\nleaves, if they all grew at the same height on the stem, would\\nbe one-third the circumference of the stem apart. I hope you\\nnow have a general idea of the plan of a phanerogamous plant\\nin your minds, and we shall go into the details as we study\\nfrom the plants themselves. Charley, can you tell me whether\\nArbutus is a cryptogamous or a phanerogamous plant\\nIt is phanerogamous, Mamma, because it has a blos-\\nsom.\\nQuite right. This is the flower that Anna and I so\\nmuch admire. Now, let us look at the stem.\\nShe took a piece off, and, putting it under a glass, asked\\nCharley whether the wood was in regular circles round a cen-\\ntral pith, or in fibres.\\nIn circles, I think, Mamma.\\n11 Then you re not sure? Well, we must be sure if possi-\\nble. Anna, can you tell?\\nOh, yes, Mamma, in circles. I can see the pith quite\\nplainly.\\nThen we have gained one point. The wood is in cir-\\ncles. Now, what about the leaves\\nThey are net-veined.\\nWell, then, we ll look at the flower. First, taking one\\naway from the little bunch, we find that inside the two little", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\ninvolucres, as the leaves at the base of the flower ma} be called,\\nit has a regular calvx of Light screen, and contains, in a modi-\\ntied form, live sepals. They are united, as are the petals of\\nthe corolla, which also number five. The corolla, you see, is\\nsomewhat trumpet-shaped, with the top cut or cleft into rive\\ndivisions. Much as Baby\\nMay dislikes to have us\\ncut the flowers, I am\\nafraid we shall have to\\ndo so this time. Xow,\\nAnna, look very closely\\nand tell me what you\\nsee.\\nA riower was placed\\nunder the maomifvincr\\nodass, and after a minute\\nAnna said, I can see\\nthe ovary. Mamma, and\\nit is in five divisions, but\\nit has only one pistil. It\\nhas ten stamens, and the\\nanthers seem to send the pollen directly into the ovaries,\\nwhich have little holes on top. The pistil is long and seems\\nto come from the centre of the group of ovaries.\\nVerv o ood indeed. With such a fund of information,\\nwe ouo-ht to have no trouble in finding out what it is.\\nARBUTUS", "height": "3484", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "PARTS OF FLOWER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ARBUTUS 41\\n14 Why, Mamma, we know what it is already, said\\nCharley.\\n44 Are you quite sure\\nYes, for Grandpa said it was arbutus, and he knows.\\nCharley s faith in Grandpa never admitted of doubt.\\nGrandpa is right, of course; but I am showing you\\nhow to trace it from the beginning, so that you could find\\nout what it was just as if you had not heard before. We\\nknow that it is phanerogamous, and by the leaves or stems we\\nfound it was exogenous. Phanerogamous plants are divided\\ninto two classes exogenous, having net-veined leaves and\\nthe wood in circles; and endogenous, having the wood in\\nfibres through the stems and parallel-veined leaves. The\\nflower, too, in exogens is generally in threes and fives. Ar-\\nbutus has its parts in sets of fives. There are a number of\\ndivisions of exogens, and we place this in the third because\\nthe petals of the corolla are somewhat united. This is called\\nthe monopetalous division. There are two divisions of this.\\nThe first has the ovary inferior to the calyx that is, the\\ncalyx is above or over the ovary. This flower does not be-\\nlong to that class, but passing to class B in this division, we\\nfind the ovary superior, and the first family given in this class\\nis the Heath family. It has five or ten stamens and a five-\\ncelled ovary, with the anthers opening into the apex of each\\ncell. Anna, turn to the Heath family and look for Trailing\\nArbutus.", "height": "3519", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 SPRIXGTIME FLOWERS\\nIn a few minutes Anna found it, and the description so ex-\\nactly suited their flower that they at once knew that their\\nfirst analysis had been a success. I wonder how many of\\nour little people will remember if I tell them that the scientific\\nname of this plant is Ep:~c}-a repens", "height": "3480", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nSAXIFRAGE BLOODROOT PARTRIDGE BERRY\\nPHE next morning dawned bright and clear, and the sun-\\nshine had a summer-like warmth that almost made one\\nforget how cold the air was in the shade.\\nTo the children s great delight, after Grandpa came in\\nfrom the barn work, he said to Grandma Well, mother, if\\nyou ve got some cookies and gingerbread put away for us, I\\nguess we ll have use for them to-day, for we re going out to\\nthe woods.\\nYou must wear your rubbers, Anna, and your warmest\\nclothes, said Mamma; and, Charley, you wear your boots\\nand overcoat. It is too early to go picnicking in the same\\nclothes you would wear in June. The woods will be very\\ndamp, despite the warm sunshine.\\nThe little Burtons were brought up to be obedient, so\\nthey made no objection to what to them seemed useless pre-\\ncautions. An hour later a merry party set out for the\\nwooded hillside, nearly a mile away. Each of the children\\ncarried an empty basket for specimens, and Grandpa had a\\nlarger one filled with luncheon. They were to be back in time\\nfor the one o clock dinner; but, as Grandpa said, There s", "height": "3522", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nsomething in the very air of the woods that makes you feel\\nlike eating, and his basket was emptied without any\\ndifficulty, and filled with mosses and ferns for the return\\nhome.\\nArbutus was there, sure enough, and Anna gathered\\nenough to fill several boxes to send to friends in town but\\nthat, sweet as it was, was hardly more admired than the\\nmany other plants and flowers which seemed to have been\\nbrought out by the rain.\\nThe children filled their baskets, taking all the roots they\\ncould, and, as a result, had plenty of flowers for the next few\\ndays examination.\\nThe afternoon was spent in sorting them over and pack-\\ning them in the cellar to keep until they were wanted. The\\nnext morning Mamma had several plants arranged on a tray\\nfor their lesson.\\nWhich shall we take first? she asked.\\nThis one, please, answered Anna, selecting a plant with\\na bunch of tiny white flowers at the head of a rather hairy\\nstem which grew up from a bunch of leaves resting on the\\nground, and a tangled mass of fine, fibrous roots.\\nVery well. That will do nicely. Charley, you may look\\nat it first and tell me all you can about it.\\n11 It is a phanerogamous plant, and I think belongs to the\\nexogenous class. The leaves are net-veined, and the stem\\nseems to be in circles round a centre pith.", "height": "3483", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "SAXIFRAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BLOODROOT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PARTRIDGE BERRY 45\\nQuite right. You are learning to observe nicely. Now,\\nAnna, look carefully at a flower and tell me what you can\\nsee first without cutting.\\nIt has both calyx and corolla, and the corolla is of\\nseparate petals. The calyx is cup-shaped and composed of\\nfive sepals which are not quite sepa-\\nrate. It has ten stamens.\\nThen it has a complete peri-\\nanth, or set of floral envelopes and,\\nas the petals are wholly separate, we\\nknow that it belongs to the polypetal-\\nous division of exogens. Turning\\nto that division, we find that it has\\nten stamens, just twice the number\\nof sepals, and that it belongs to class\\nB of this division. Are the leaves\\nalternate or opposite\\nAlternate, Mamma.\\nYes; and now, Anna, cut the\\nflower and look at it through the glass and tell us what you see.\\nAnna did so, and said\\nThe ovary is two-celled and contains a large number of\\nlittle round seeds. The stamens seem to grow right out of\\nthe calyx.\\nWell, look at a bud and notice how the leaves are\\nfolded in it.\\nEARLY SAXIFRAGE", "height": "3494", "width": "2617", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nThey lap over each other.\\nYes, I thought so. They are what we call inebricated in\\nthe bud. As the stamens seem to come from the calyx, and\\nthe leaves are opposite, I think it belongs to the Saxifrage\\nfamily, which is very large indeed, and\\ncontains a great variety of plants. These\\nflowers are in a panicle that is, a bunch at\\nthe top of a stem. The stamens are ten in\\nnumber, and the flowers are inebricated in\\nthe bud, so there is no doubt about its\\nbeing the Early Saxifrage in the Saxifrage\\nfamily. Do you think you understand how\\nto analyze now\\nYes, Mamma, I think we do.\\nVery well, then, Anna, you and\\nCharley take that waxy white flower with\\nthe red root and see if you can find out\\nwhat it is.\\nThe children went to work patiently,\\nand after a while Anna announced that\\nthey had found it in the Poppy family, that\\nits true name was Sanguinaria Canadensis, and its common\\nname, Bloodroot.\\nThat is right, answered Mamma. You have done\\nvery well indeed. It is called bloodroot because the root\\ncontains a large quantity of red juice. Notice how it has\\nBLOODROOT", "height": "3491", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "SAXIFRAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BLOODROOT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PARTRIDGE BERRY 47\\nstained your hands. Bloodroot is a valuable medicine. It is\\nfrequently combined with whiskey, and an excellent liniment\\nis made in this way.\\nYes, said Grandma, I remember one year that old Mr.\\nTurner was laid up for months with rheumatism. An old\\nIndian woman who used to come around here told him about\\nbloodroot, and it cured him in a few\\ndays.\\nIt is well always to keep in\\nmind the plants that have medicinal\\nproperties, said Mamma. If, for\\nexample, Charley should ever have\\na chance, which he used to wish for\\nso much, to play Robinson Crusoe,\\nhe might find knowledge of this\\nkind of service to him. Well, we\\nhave left these two plants bearing\\nred berries. We can t get the blos-\\nsoms now. You are tired, I dare\\nsay, of analyzing, so we will get rid of these in a very irregular\\nway. Grandma, what are they called around here\\nThat one with the smallest leaves and the two-eyed berry\\nis Partridge Berry, and the other is the Wintergreen.\\nNow, Charley, turn to the index and see if you can find\\nboth of those words. If so, see what family the plants belong\\nto and what their true names are.\\nWINTERGREEN", "height": "3520", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48\\nSPRIXGTIME FLOWERS\\nThe wintergreen belongs to the Heath family, Charley\\nanswered, after a few minutes. u Its name is Gaultheria pro-\\nC2imbcns stumbling a little over the loner words. It was\\nnamed in honor of Doctor Gaulthier of Quebec. Oil of\\nwinterorreen is made from the leaves, and it has astringent\\nproperties. What does that mean, Mamma?\\n11 It means binding or contracting. So vou see it mi^ht\\nbe used for medicine. It has\\n4gM\\nsome mucilaginous properties\\nalso. Well, what about the\\nother\\nAnna came to his assist-\\nance now, and in a few minutes\\nthey announced that the par-\\ntridge berry was properly\\nknown as Mite he I la repens,\\nthe first part of the name\\nbeing in honor of Dr. Mitchell,\\nwho was a co-worker with Linnaeus.\\nSo both these plants are useful, said Mamma, and I\\ndare sav if vou eive the berries to Babv Mav, she will soon\\nfind a use for them.\\nAnd I think if anv of the bovs and odds who read this,\\nwho are not acquainted with the berries, could see them once,\\nthey too would soon find a use for them.\\nPARTRIDGE BERRY", "height": "3487", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nGOLD THREAD DOGTOOTH VIOLET- -LEAVES\\nu T 7E are going to look at this tiny little white flower this\\nmorning, said Mamma, when they were gathered\\nin the sitting room after one of Grandma s hearty breakfasts.\\nIsn t it a dainty little thing? Look at it, Charley, and tell\\nall you can about it.\\nIts leaves are net-veined, so it belongs to the first divi-\\nsion, Mamma.\\nYes, it is exogenous. You may think at first that it has\\nno calyx, but that is a mistake. Its calyx is white, the same\\ncolor as the corolla. As the flower is very tiny, we must\\nexamine it entirely under a glass but we know, to start with,\\nthat it has a complete perianth composed of a calyx and\\ncorolla, each of which is composed of five petals. With the\\nhelp of the glass, you can see that it has four pistils and a\\nlarge number of stamens, which, as you get to know flowers\\nbetter, you will understand is one of the characteristics of the\\nCrowfoot family. This is a very large family, and composed\\nalmost entirely of small plants. There are about twenty\\nclasses of this family, among them being several varieties of\\nbuttercups, which we will study later. But there is a divi-\\n4", "height": "3526", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nsion among them called Coptis, or Gold Thread, to which I\\nthink we shall find this little plant belongs. If you notice\\nthese long, bright, yellow fibres among the roots, you will\\nunderstand why it has the latter name.\\nBotanists would call this Coptis tri-\\nfolia, because the leaves are cleft, or\\ndivided, into three parts.\\nAren t the leaves pretty? said\\nAnna. Why are some of the roots\\nyellow and others brown\\nI cannot tell you, unless it is that\\nthe younger roots have not yet been\\nable to throw off the color of mother\\nearth. The leaves are evergreen that\\nis, are green all winter. This plant has valuable medicinal\\nproperties, too.\\nAre all flowers good for medicine, Mamma asked\\nCharley, who was ambitious to become a doctor.\\nI suppose they are, only we do not know them all. Ar-\\nbutus, partridge berry, wintergreen, bloodroot, and gold\\nthread, which, excepting saxifrage, are all we have had so\\nfar, are all used for medicines. And now we have a plant\\nhere which, so far as I know, has never been found useful\\nas medicine but I think we shall like to know what it is.\\nShe held up what looked like a small yellow lily, with long,\\nslender, curiously mottled leaves.\\nGOLD THREAD", "height": "3491", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "GOLD THREAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DOGTOOTH VIOLET\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LEAVES 51\\nThat belongs to the Lily family, said Anna, because\\nthe flower looks like a lily, and the leaves also.\\nTo which of the two divisions of flowering plants, or\\nphanerogams, does the Lily family belong, then\\nTo the second, Mamma, because the leaves are parallel-\\nveined and the wood in the stem is in irregular fibres and\\nnot around a central pith.\\nVery good indeed. Charley, can you tell me the name\\nof this second division The other flowers we have had, you\\nknow, all belong to the first, which is called exogenous.\\nIs it endogenous, Mamma\\nYes, that is right you are progressing finely. And\\nnow, since we know the family of this flower, we will go\\na little farther. The Lily family is a very large one, and\\nincludes many plants which you would not at first recognize\\nas belonging to that family. But this is so like a lily that we\\nmay feel quite sure it is included in the class known as\\nthe lily proper. Its characteristics are that the perianth,\\nwhich includes the calyx and corolla, is of the same color, and\\nusually consists of six parts that is, two sets of three each,\\nwhich stand for sepals and petals. It has the same number\\nof stamens, and usually the ovary contains two cells. Let us\\nlook at this one.\\nThe blossom was cut lengthwise, and under Anna s glass\\nthe two cells could be easily seen. They each contained an\\nirregularly shaped little seed formation.", "height": "3527", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nThis being settled, Mamma continued: This plant is a\\nbiennial, which means that it takes two years to complete its\\ngrowth. A seed planted the first year would produce the\\nlittle tuber, or bulb, you see attached to the stem for most\\nlilies, you know, g-row from tuberous or fleshy roots, and the\\nsecond year the tuber produces the seed-bearing flower.\\nKnowing all this, we have no dif-\\nficulty in placing this flower in\\n^^3 the variety called Erythro7iium y\\nor Dogtooth Violet. It is also\\ncalled Adder s Tongue, from the\\nspotted leaves. While it grows\\nwild in swampy places, I think it\\nwould make a handsome plant for\\ncultivation.\\nu Couldn t it be cultivated,\\nMamma\\nI do not know. There is\\na variety called Erythronium Dejis-leonis, which is very\\nsimilar, save that it is much larger. That is a native of\\nEurope, and I have seen it in greenhouses but this one,\\nwhich is designated Erythronium A7nerica7uim, is, so far\\nas I know, never seen save in its wild condition.\\nNow I should like to have you look a little at these\\nleaves. Anna, what kind of leaves has the gold thread?\\nCompound, Mamma; they are in three parts.\\nDOGTOOTH VIOLET", "height": "3491", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "GOLD THREAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DOGTOOTH VIOLET\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LEAVES 53\\nYes, and the divisions are what is called wedge-shaped.\\nWhat about the leaves of the dogtooth violet\\nThey are simple in form, and slender and pointed in\\nshape.\\n11 Yes they are what are called lanceolate, or lance-shaped.\\nNotice the edges of both. The gold-thread leaf, you see,\\nhas a notched edge, and the notches point forward like the\\nteeth of a saw so it is what we call a serrate, or saw-toothed\\nedge.\\nThe edges of the dogtooth violet are plain and smooth,\\nsaid Anna.\\nYes we call them entire. And the leaf has a tapering\\npoint, so we call it acuminate, or tapering at the end. If it\\nwere not tapering, but a short, sharp point, it would be called\\nacute. If you had taken botany up in a regular class at\\nschool, you would have learned all this, and much more, when\\nyou were studying about leaves but I think you will find it\\njust as easy to observe the peculiarities of the leaves of each\\nplant as you study it. The arbutus leaves, if you remember,\\nare mostly oblong, nearly twice as long as they are wide,\\nwhile those of the wintergreen are very slightly serrate. The\\npigeon berry has almost perfectly round leaves with an entire\\nedge.", "height": "3517", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIIL\\n31\\nz irzv z z r z: z z:\\nz i r. M irz rrz i :;::t::::: Ar.r.a\\nV zz. z Ih.ir.TV i zresz h iris r\\nzrrstrvirv :hri: ::t:.rtv Tht tre\\nz i r. z ir iz z h v v t t vh A r r r h r 5 e -r _\\nt r v. :hi: :h-rt ~~i.z- is: Ash\\nn :htir fvh:-\\nZi:v v :htm --z z: :r.:\u00c2\u00b1 Ar.r.i ;;tV-:\\nthey go directly to the woods to see what flowers could be\\nfound, and M amma s consent having been obtained, she and\\nCharley set forth.\\nAbout the middle of the afternoon they returned, bring-\\n.z.v zizAtzz z.iz-7 .:r z.::z. :::A:r:\\n-zz: :v: :h-r z:~tr: v.t rzzi if \u00c2\u00b1A zz fr zrzA\\nnew ones. Tr- vv v; Zr vtz: vz :::.rv z :Az\\nnewspapers into sheets the exact size of the boards, and,\\nlarge as the supply seemed, they found it necessary to\\nrenew it frequently before their botanical enthusiasm was\\nz r r z.\\nThe next morning, as soon as the kitchen table was", "height": "3494", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "ANEMONE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LIVERWORT 55\\ncleared, they began to clean the specimens under Mamma s\\ndirection and put them to press. This is the most important\\npart of the work of preparing an herbarium, and it requires\\ncare and patience, both of which Anna possessed to a rather\\nunusual degree but Charley, like some other boys, had little of\\neither. Knowing the value of the roots, they had been care-\\nful to secure the plants with the roots entire, and in some cases\\nhad brought .them home without disturbing the earth around\\nthem. This is a little trying for the finger nails, but it is an\\nexcellent precaution if the roots are fragile or easily broken,\\nand it is particularly good if the specimens are not to be\\ncleaned immediately, as the plant is thereby kept in its fresh-\\nest condition. Faded flowers do not make good specimens.\\nThe first thing they did was to remove all the earth, first\\nusing their fingers, and afterwards a small brush which\\nMamma provided. Then the roots were washed in several\\nwaters, care being taken not to wet the flowers or leaves\\nunless the latter seemed absolutely to require it. They were\\ndried carefully with soft old rags, and each one was laid on a\\nseparate piece of paper, great pains being taken that, in the\\ncase of the gold thread, the yellow fibre which gives the\\nplant its name was plainly discernible among the fine brown\\nrootlets. Mamma herself prepared several tuberous plants\\nby carefully splitting the tubers, removing most of the con-\\ntents, and filling the cavity with cotton. This tended to pre-\\nvent decay and also shortened their drying process.", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nAfter the plants had been arranged, the sheets of paper\\nwere carefully laid one on top of the other and placed between\\nthe two boards. These must be put under heavy weights,\\nand Grandpa, to whom nothing which pleased the children\\nwas any trouble, had his hired man cut two square stones, each\\nof which required the united strength of the children to lift\\nit and place it on top of the boards. Then Mamma explained\\nto them how the specimens should be looked at each morning\\nand evening, and the damp papers changed for dry ones. At\\nfirst, the papers taken away were dried and used again but\\nafter several usings they became so saturated with plant juice\\nthat when dried they were stiff and starchy, and, consequently,\\ndid not absorb well. If the papers are used too often, the\\nspecimens will not keep their color and are very likely to turn\\nblack.\\nBlotting paper is best for this purpose, because it absorbs\\nmoisture but as none of that was at hand, newspapers made\\na good substitute. A hint from Mamma to Papa a few days\\nlater brought a good supply of blotting paper, which Anna\\nused for the more delicate flowers, as it preserved their color\\nbetter than the other.\\nAll this took up so much time that it was not until the\\nnext morning that the children found an opportunity to look\\nat the new plants they had brought home. Two of these\\nMamma decided to analyze, and this was accomplished with-\\nout any difficulty.", "height": "3491", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "ANEMONE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LIVERWORT 57\\nThe first was a very fragile little flower of a delicate pink\\nhue, and some of the same variety were also found in pure\\nwhite. The calyx was the same color as the corolla of the\\ngold thread, and a little below the flower was a cluster of deli-\\ncate green leaves on very fragile stems. It had small, tuberous\\nroots resembling tiny sweet potatoes in appearance, and a few\\nhairlike fibres were attached to them. After examining the\\nstems, the leaves, the number of pistils, and the roots, Charley\\nand Anna agreed in placing it in the same\\nfamily as the gold thread, with which it had l\\nmany points of resemblance, and\\nafter a little study of the plants\\nin the Crowfoot family, it proved\\nto be an Anemone, or Windflower.\\nThese flowers are a little ir-\\nregular, said Mamma. Sometimes\\nyou will find both white and colored\\nflowers upon the same plant, and sometimes,\\nbut not frequently, there will be several flowers of different\\ncolors and sizes above the same involucre, as the little circle\\nof leaves below the flower is called. In fact, it is difficult to\\nfind any two plants which do not differ in regard to the size\\nand shade of the flowers, although it is easy to distinguish all\\nthe family traits in each.\\nThe other plant had down upon the stems and leaves, which\\nwere old and leathery looking. The flowers were light blue\\nANEMONE", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "5S\\n-^f\u00c2\u00a3~\\nor purple, and close to them were two pointed little leaves\\nresembling mouse ears in appearance, which might, at first,\\nbe taken for the calyx, though they are not in any way a part\\nof the flower.\\nThese leaves are the involucre, said Mamma. This\\nflower, like the anemone and gold thread, has its calyx of the\\nsame color as the corolla, or per-\\nhaps it would be better to speak\\nof them all as having a colored\\nperianth.\\nAnd this belongs to the Crow-\\nfoot family too, does it not, Mam-\\nmi asked Anna, who was\\nrapidly learning to note the dis-\\ntinguishing traits of the plants\\nshe studied.\\nYes, that is quite right.\\nBut the leaves are so differ-\\nent looking, said Charley. See, some of them look old\\nand withered.\\nYes these are last years leaves. Like the arbutus,\\nyou see, their leaves keep green during the winter, and the\\nnew leaves do not come until after the flowers are past\\nThese odd-looking little downy buds, all crumpled up into\\nfunny little rolls, are really the new leaves, which will open\\nlater, but scarcely before the flowers are faded", "height": "3484", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "ANEMONE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LIVERWORT 59\\nYou see this flower has six petals and a number of\\npistils. You will notice one peculiarity about the plant is\\nthat it has no main stem, but that each single flower and leaf\\ncomes on a separate stem or scape, which is hairy or downy\\nlooking. We know it belongs to the Crowfoot family, and\\nso, from its peculiarly shaped leaves, we trace it up to the\\nclass known as hepatica, or liverwort, so-called from the\\nshape of the leaf. This specimen is Hepatica triloba, because\\nthe leaves are divided into three parts. The other variety\\ngenerally has five-lobed leaves.\\nShall we get any of that asked Anna.\\nNo I think that grows rather too far north. Now, let\\nus show Baby May the funny little baby leaves rolled up here,\\nand then I think our lesson will be ended for this time.", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nVIOLETS\\n,NE day Charley came in with both hands\\nfull of violets. Just look at them,\\nMamma, he said I found them down\\nin the meadow. See, they are yellow\\nand purple and white. Aren t they\\nlovely Can t we analyze all of them\\nCome, Anna, let us clean them right\\naway.\\nAnna was nothing loth, and a few\\nminutes later found them out on a big\\nrock back of the kitchen, with a pan of\\nwater between them, and a brush and cloth to help them in\\ntheir work of cleansing. Charley washed and Anna dried\\nthem, and soon they carried in quite a trayful for Mamma s\\nhelp in examination.\\nIt won t be hard to find out what they are, will it, Mamma\\nThey all belong to the same family, and we know it without\\nlooking, don t we?\\nYes, we know they belong to the Violet family but still\\nwe may have some difficulty in classifying them in their proper", "height": "3494", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "VIOLETS 61\\nspecies, for the Violet family has a number of members, and\\nthey all bear a close resemblance to one another. The violet\\nis considered irregular in corolla, because one of its petals is\\ndifferent in shape from the rest but yet it is complete, regular,\\nand symmetrical, because it has both calyx and corolla, and\\nfive sepals, five stamens, and five petals. The lower petal, you\\nsee, has a sort of a sack at the base, called in botany a spur.\\nIt is much larger on some violets than others. The stamens\\nare short, and their filaments or stems are broad and flat. They\\ngrow more or less fast to the pistil and completely cover it\\nsave for one style. The ovary, as you will see if you examine\\nit under a glass, is one-celled and contains a number of seeds.\\nLet us look at the largest of the plants first. See how\\nlong the stems of the leaves and flowers are and, save for an\\noccasional graceful curve or bend, they grow perfectly erect or\\nstraight, instead of lying flat on the ground. Charley, can you\\ntell me what shape these leaves are?\\nHeart-shaped, I think, Mamma.\\nYes, they are almost perfectly heart-shaped. These\\nflowers are dark blue or purple. I think we will venture to\\nput this in the herbarium as the Viola cucullata, or common\\nblue violet.\\nHere is another dark blue one, said Anna. The leaves\\nare hairy, and not at all heart-shaped. They are more nearly\\narrow-shaped, though not quite sharp enough for that.\\n11 Nevertheless, I think we must call that the arrow-leaved", "height": "3517", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nviolet, or Viola sagittata. These leaves are nearest what are\\ncalled halberd-shaped, so called because they resemble in shape\\nthe halberd, or battle-axe, of ye olden time.\\nAnd those little white ones what are they?\\nJust the common sweet white violet; Viola blanda is\\ntheir botanical name.\\nLet May look at them, said Charley. They look just\\nlike little faces.\\nEs, et May see, said Baby, who was always ready to\\nlook at flowers.\\nWell, look, darling, said Anna. Don t they have pretty\\nfaces I think violets must be captive fairies who are fastened\\nto one place so they can t get away. See how they keep their\\nlittle heads down. It must be that they feel sad because they\\ncan t be free, or, at least, we can believe that about them.\\nTan t zey ever be free any more asked May pityingly,\\nfor she always took fairy stories literally, and her tender baby\\nheart was full of sympathy for even imaginary sorrows.\\nNo, the flowers themselves can never be free, said\\nMamma, who always encouraged her little people in their\\npretty fancies. But they can raise seeds in which are baby\\nplants, and when these little seeds are ripe, a big wind will come\\nalong and free them from the plant on which they grew, and\\nblow them far away. Then they will fall into the ground, and\\nnext year will grow into other flowers with real faces.\\nAnd now, Mamma, look at the big yellow one, said", "height": "3493", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "VIOLETS 63\\nCharley. See, it grows up between two big hairy leaves,\\nand the leaves are heart-shaped too, but they curl up so that\\nwe can t see their shapes unless we unroll them.\\nYes, I see, answered Mamma. That is the Viola\\npubescens, or downy yellow violet. Pubes means down-like\\nhairs, and the name comes from that. Did you get this in the\\nmeadow too\\nYes, Mamma, but not in the same place as the others.\\nIt was down by the brook.\\nI thought so. These yellow violets usually grow in moist\\nplaces, but are sometimes found in the woods.\\nWhat are these light blue ones with heart-shaped leaves\\nOh, that belongs to the same family as the first we looked\\nat, the Viola cucullata. We shall find, as I told you, a good\\nmany shades, and I have seen white instead of yellow flowers\\non the Viola pubescens plant frequently; but I think it belongs\\nto the same class as if the blossoms were yellow. Now, I\\nwant you to look at the roots a little. All of these have fi-\\nbrous roots. I think there is only one violet with a thick,\\ntuberous root, and that is the Viola pedata. It has a peculiarly\\nshaped leaf, and is called pedata from its resemblance to a\\nbird s foot. You have none of those, I see, but you will get\\nthem. The roots of the Viola cucullata are smooth and white,\\nwith round-like stems. They are fibrous, of course, but still\\nthey have a regular shape, and differ decidedly in appearance\\nfrom the roots of the Viola blanda, or white violet, which are", "height": "3518", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nall tangled up like little bunches of hair. These are the two\\ndifferent classes of fibrous roots, and there are all sorts of\\nmodifications between them. And now I think you will have\\njust about time to put these nice specimens to press before\\nGrandma calls us to dinner.", "height": "3494", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nDANDELIONS IMMORTELLES SPRING BEAUTY\\nNE pleasant day, when the children\\nhad made a pilgrimage to the woods\\nin search of some new specimens for\\ntheir collection of floral treasures, they\\nbrought in a quantity of dandelions\\nand everlasting, or, as Mamma called\\nit, immortelle, and with them several\\nfragile little pink flowers which they\\nfound in the meadow at the edge of the\\nwood. These were so delicate that they\\nseemed partially faded by their short journey,\\nthough they had been handled by Anna with unusual care.\\nThe flowers grew on a slender stem from between two lanceo-\\nlate-shaped leaves in a manner similar to the lilies-of-the-\\nvalley, and were a light pink in color, veined with five lines of\\ndark red or purple. The two leaves, which seemed to be all\\nthe plant produced, were rather thick for so delicate a flower,\\nand contained a great deal of juice.\\nMamma was as much interested as the children, for to her\\nalso the flower was a new one.\\n5", "height": "3521", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nLet us analyze it very carefully, she said. This is\\nreally the first one we have had of which we did not know\\nsomething to be\u00c2\u00b0qn with.\\nA close examination showed that each little flower had a\\ncalyx composed of but two sepals, that its five stamens were\\neach attached to the base of a petal, and that its ovary con-\\ntained but one cell. This, with its succulent or juicy leaves,\\nmade them trace it to the Purslane family, which contained\\nonly four divisions, the last of which, called Claytonia, seemed\\nto fit the new flower. Its name was a-iven it in honor of\\nJohn Clayton, an early Virginian botanist, and the children\\nproved the specimen to be a Claytonia Virginica. Its common\\nname is spring beauty and though found in Pennsylvania,\\nit is more frequent along the northern boundaries of Virginia\\nand Maryland.\\nHaving settled this, they turned their attention to the\\nother flowers before them.\\nOh, Mamma, said Charley, when we were gather-\\ning them, a little girl from the little black house across\\nthe road from the meadow came down and stood at\\nthe fence and watched us, and she made fun of our\\nflowers that is, of the Dandelions and said they were nasty\\nweeds.\\nYes, Mamma, these pretty soft yellow flowers, added\\nAnna, indignantly. To think of any one calling them\\nweeds", "height": "3494", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "DANDELIONS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IMMORTELLES\u00e2\u0080\u0094SPRING BEAUTY 67\\nI am afraid you will find a good many people out\\nhere who will do the same thing, said Mamma. They\\nhave an unpleasant odor, and are so common it is no won-\\nder people do not appreciate them. Grandpa will tell you\\nwhat wonderful things they are to spread and cause trouble\\nin both garden and farm. The flowers are pretty, though,\\nand seem doubly so to you because you have not had them\\nunder your feet all your lives. Let\\nus look at one through your glass,\\nAnna. Get the focus right, so you\\ncan see it plainly. You will find that,\\ninstead of being just a single blos-\\nsom, each flower is a bunch composed *V^\\nof nearly a thousand, and the y^ci\\ngreen that surrounds them is\\nthe involucre which belongs to\\nall these flowers in common. Each\\nlittle flower contains a separate seed.\\nAfter the flower has blossomed, the\\ninvolucre closes over it again until the seed is ripe, and when\\nit opens again, it looks like a soft white ball, for every little\\nseed has a silky stem attached, bearing several downy hairs.\\nThese seeds are very light indeed, and the wind blows them\\nin every direction consequently the dandelions spring up in\\nsuch numbers everywhere that I do not wonder people in the\\ncountry find them a nuisance.\\nDANDELION", "height": "3518", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nI don t see how they can, said Anna, when they are\\nso pretty.\\nMen who are busy have no time to stop and admire\\nthem, even if they saw their beauty, which is not probable.\\nFarmers grow so intent upon raising their crops, which are\\nuseful, that they are apt to look with dis-\\nfavor upon anything that interferes with\\nthat.\\nHow lonof does it take the seed to\\nripen, Mamma? asked- Charley.\\nOh, I do not know exactly, but not\\nlong. I suppose if some of those flowers\\nhad not been plucked, their seeds would\\nhave been ripe next week. I remember,\\nwhen I was a little girl, I used to like to\\npick them when they were ripe, and blow\\nthe seeds away. We used to believe we\\ncould tell the time of day by the number of puffs it took to\\nblow them all away.\\nWhat is the true name for dandelions? asked Anna.\\nIt is rather a long one, so perhaps you had better write\\nit down. It is Taraxacum Dens-leonis. I do not know why\\nit should be oriven that name, for I see nothing about it to\\nsuofSfest a lion s tooth, unless it be the irreofularlv notched\\nleaves.\\nDoes dens mean tooth. Mamma? asked Charley.\\nDANDELION WITH RIPENED\\nSEED", "height": "3486", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "DANDELIONS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IMMORTELLES\u00e2\u0080\u0094SPRING BEAUTY 69\\nYes our word dentist comes from it, and we have had it\\nbefore in the dogtooth violet we analyzed a few days ago,\\nwhose full name is Dens-canis Erythronium. It will be easier\\nfor Anna to remember these names than you, because she\\nknows a little Latin.\\nAre all botany names Latin, Mamma?\\nNo, not all, but most of them are. This Everlasting, or\\nImmortelle, you have gathered has a Greek name, Gnapha-\\nlium, which means a lock of wool. This is Gnaphalium\\npolycephalum, or common everlasting. These leaves, you\\nsee, look very woolly. Now, the flowers of the immortelle,\\nlike the dandelion, are composed of tiny little flowerets,\\nand there are a number of these in each little head, or\\nflower.\\nGrandma came in just then with some bright yellow\\nflowers. Here are some cowslips, she said. We are\\ngoing to have greens for dinner, and Hannah found that\\nsome in the bed had blossomed, and thought perhaps you d\\nlike to find the Latin name for them.\\nHave them for dinner said Charley. Why, Grandma,\\nyou don t eat flowers, do you\\nNo, dearie, not the flowers but some plants are good\\nto eat before the flowers come. After that they are tough.\\nThese flowers are earlier than usual; but, of course, we won t\\ncook them.\\nLet us look at them a minute, said Mamma. They", "height": "3516", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nare very pretty and bright. Charley, do you think you can\\ntell to which family they belong?\\nCharley looked carefully at the leaves, steins, and flowers,\\nand then said a little doubtfully, The Crowfoot, I think,\\nMamma.\\nQuite right. You see we have found more flowers in\\nthat family than any other. But I am\\nafraid we shall find this under some other\\nname than cowslip, for the cowslip belongs\\nto the Primrose family and is very dif-\\nferent. For example, it has only\\nas many stamens as petals, and\\nthis flower, you see, has a large\\nnumber of stamens bunched together\\nin the centre. Cowslips generally\\ngrow from a raceme, or slender\\nstem, while these flowers are arranged\\nirregularly.\\nAnna looked carefully over the\\ndivisions of the Crowfoot family,\\nand then said, You are right, Mamma, it is not cow-\\nslip, but Marsh Marigold, and has been wrongly called\\ncowslip in this country. Its right name is Caltha palus-\\ntns.\\nVery well, said Grandma, we re never too old to\\nlearn, you see but I think we ve eaten cowslips so many\\nRIGOLDS", "height": "3492", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "DANDELIONS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IMMORTELLES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SPRING BEAUTY 71\\nyears for greens, we shall be apt to forget to call them marsh\\nmarigolds now.\\nIt makes no difference what you call them, so long as\\nthey are good to eat, said Master Charley, who had great\\nfaith in Grandma s cookery.\\nCharley is quite right, said Mamma; and I think we\\nshall all be able to enjoy them at dinner time, even if a few\\nflowers are lost by the plants being used for greens.", "height": "3494", "width": "2622", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nBUTTERCUPS\\nY see what I ve found, said\\nGrandpa, coming in one day\\nwith a handful of bright yellow\\nflowers. Now I m going to\\nsee who likes butter, and he\\nheld a blossom under May s dim-\\npled chin.\\nOh, how can you tell with\\nthem? asked Charley, coming\\nforward to look.\\nVery easily, sir, answered Grand-\\npa. Yes, indeed, Baby likes Grand-\\nma s butter, I can easily see that and so do you, young\\nman, he added, as he transferred the flower to Charley s\\nchin.\\nOf course I do. You can see that at the table, said\\nCharley; but, Grandpa, how can you tell?\\nOh, it won t do for me to tell flower secrets. I think,\\nmy boy, you and Mousie will not be long in finding out for\\nyourselves and if you do not, perhaps your mother is not", "height": "3488", "width": "2723", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "BUTTERCUPS 73\\nso particular about keeping secrets as I am. Ladies never\\nare, you know, and Grandpa cast a sly look at Mamma.\\nHere, I ll give you these to examine, and I guess you ll\\nsolve the mystery.\\nBut they did not try long, for, in answer to their question-\\ning glances, Mamma verified Grandpa s statement that ladies\\nare not so particular to keep secrets in this instance, at least\\nby saying, These are Buttercups. You see how bright\\nthe petals are. Well, it is an old saying that if you reflect\\na yellow light from a buttercup upon any one s chin, that per-\\nson is fond of butter.\\n14 1 guess every one is, according to that, said Charley,\\nplayfully holding a flower to Anna s chin, while Baby May\\nput the test to her dolly, with the same result.\\n44 Yes, I think so; at least, I never knew a chin which\\nfailed to reflect the golden light.\\n44 What is the correct name for buttercups, Mamma\\nasked Anna, who was always desirous of finding out all she\\ncould about any flowers with which she came in contact.\\n44 One other name is Crowfoot, which, of course, tells their\\nfamily, even if you did not know it at a glance. The name\\nof the genus is Ranunculus, and you will find as many varie-\\nties as you did of violets, if not more. This is, I think,\\nRanunculus fascicular is, which is about the earliest of them.\\nThere is another, which I think you would find now, called\\nwood buttercup, or Ranunculus Pennsylvania. It is also", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\ncalled bristly buttercup, because its leaves are downy. Char-\\nley, you may go down to the edge of the woods and see if\\nyou do not find some there, while Anna puts these between\\nthe boards.\\nAnna brought the boards into the room, and while she\\nstraightened out the leaves, Mamma told a story to Baby\\nMay, which may be interesting to other little people.\\nOnce upon a time there was a little girl whose name was\\nCarrie. She lived alone with her mother in a small cottage\\n_\\nby a field, and they were very poor. The little girl had been\\nill for a long time, and though now she was able to be up,\\nshe was too weak to help her mother, as she wished to\\ndo. Her illness had cost a ereat deal, and now her mother\\nhad to work harder than ever to get money to pay for\\nthe doctor and the medicine, as well as to buy something\\nto eat.\\nThe field opposite them was covered with beautiful\\ngolden buttercups, and as Carrie sat looking out of the\\nwindow one morning, wishing for the thousandth time she\\nwere able to make some money for her mother, she remem-\\nbered that some one had said there was real gold in the\\nbuttercups.\\nJust look, mother, she said, there must be millions\\nand millions of srold in all these flowers.\\no\\nPerhaps so, dear, but I am afraid it is gold that we shall\\nnever get and the widow sighed a little as she thought what", "height": "3487", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "BUTTERCUPS 75\\na very few of the millions and millions of gold it would\\ntake to lighten her burden.\\nAfter her mother had gone to her work, Carrie thought\\nagain of the gold, and how much her mother needed it, and\\nfinally decided to get some. So she started to the field and\\ngathered a large quantity of the yellow flowers so large,\\nindeed, that she had to stop and rest several times before she\\ncould get them into the house, for the little girl was still very\\nweak.\\nAfter a while, though, she had the supply in the little\\nkitchen, and then she began to wonder how she was to get\\nthe gold. She took some flowers and tore them to pieces,\\nbut in vain for among the scattered petals she couldn t\\nfind a trace of the precious metal.\\nFinally, a bright thought struck her. They had to use\\nheat to prepare metals. She would put the flowers on and\\nboil them, as her mother boiled the meat to get the strength\\ninto her beef tea when she was so ill.\\nSo she put them into the kettle, and, taking her little\\npail, went twice to the spring for water to cover them. Then\\nshe made the fire and put them on to boil. They boiled and\\nboiled for a long time, until finally Carrie decided that if\\nthere was any gold in them it would surely show now, so\\nshe lifted the kettle and with great difficulty carried it out to\\nthe porch. Then she lifted the lid and looked for the gold,\\nbut to her great disappointment there was none to be seen.", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nOnly a kettle full of ugly stewed weeds, for even the pretty\\ne .low of the flov t r= i e s~.\\nPoor little Carrie So this was the end of all her Work.\\nIt was too much for her, and the little girl dropped down on\\nthe porch and began to cry bitterly. Presently she heard a\\nvoice say Well, little girl, you seem to be in trouble. Stop\\ning, and tell me about it.\\nCarrie started up fearfully, for she was a timid little\\ni .r] she saw only a nice old gentleman, who spoke\\nto her so kindly that she forgot to be afraid of him, and, after\\na little urging, she told him all about her disappointment.\\nsaid he, as she finished, I see how it is. Gold,\\nmy dear, is he:/ G: into the\\nhouse and get a large spoon, and perhaps we shall find some.\\nWhile Carrie did as he told her, his hand went into his\\npocket, and if any one had been near he might have heard a\\nlittle spl; if something heavy had been dropped into\\nthe water. But there was no one in sight, except a little bird\\nup in a tree, and he did not tell the secret, but only sang,\\nz:::.:r.\u00c2\u00bb; i:/it: tr.ir. tver w-tr. _ i-r.t ret e\\nwith the spoon.\\nThe old gentleman took the spoon and dived down\\namong the cooked-up flowers, and soon brought out two\\nlarge gold pieces, which he gave to Carrie, and then went\\naway, looking as happy as the little girl herself.\\nVhen the mother returned that evening, she found a", "height": "3492", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "BUTTERCUPS 77\\nvery cheerful little girl waiting for her, and her tired face\\nbrightened as she saw the money and heard Carrie s story.\\nWell, my dear, she said, as Carrie finished, it was\\nvery good of you to work so hard to get the gold, but I am\\nafraid if the kind gentleman had not come you would never\\nhave found it.\\nBy the time this story was told, Anna had finished arrang-\\ning her specimens, and Charley had arrived with the other\\none, which was as Mrs. Burton described it.", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nGROUND PINK RAM S HEAD BLUETS\\n/^\\\\NE day the children made an excursion to the hill where\\nthey had first found the arbutus, and this time they\\nbrought home a large number of new kinds of plants. Among\\nthem were several of the Viola Pedata, or bird s-foot violets,\\nwhich they promptly recognized from the description Mamma\\nhad oqve-n them.\\n_\\nThen they found a large quantity\\nof phlox-like flowers trailing all\\nover the ground. The flowers varied\\nin color from bright pink to purple,\\nand most of them grew on stems\\nthree or four inches long, which were\\nattached to lone stems or runners\\nserving as roots, and the children\\npulled them up in strings several\\nfeet in length. The leaves were\\nshort and sharply lanceolate, and Anna rightly placed the new\\nspecimen in the Phlox family for upon examination it was\\nfound to be the Phlox stibulata, or ground pink. Grandma\\ncalled it moss pink, and had a large bed of it in the back\\nGROUND PINK", "height": "3477", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "GROUND PINK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RAM S HEAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BLUETS 79\\nyard, but this did not blossom as early as in its native woods.\\nBaby May greatly enjoyed playing with the long strings, and\\nmade wreaths for all her dollies. She tried to slip one over\\nthe head of Grandma s cat, but Tabby was a cross old cat and\\ndid not appreciate this attention.\\nAnna and Charley also found by the fence some real cow-\\nslips, which Anna recognized by their hairy leaves and bright\\nlittle flowers. This kind is known as the Primula officilis and\\nis very scarce in this country though a similar variety, but\\nwith large blossoms, is very plentiful in England.\\nA small plant with a purple flower of peculiar shape they\\nfound to belong to the Orchid family under the name Cypri-\\npedium. This name comes from two Greek words one sig-\\nnifying Venus, the name of a Greek goddess, and the other,\\nslipper and was given to a variety of plants whose flowers\\nwere thought to resemble a lady s slipper. This particular\\nflower is of a little different shape, and viewed in one way\\nsuggests a ram s head hence it is frequently known as Ram s\\nHead.\\nOn a grassy slope, not far from the brook, they found a\\nlarge number of dainty little blue flowers which grew so thick\\nas to form a sort of sod over the ground, and the blossoms\\nwere very delicate in appearance.\\nThe little flowers were somewhat trumpet-shaped, with\\nthe top of the corolla divided into four petals, which are\\nblue at the tips and shade towards a creamy yellow at the", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nBLUETS\\ncentre. Anna made the mistake of calling them forget-me-\\nnots at first; but Grandpa, whom they met in the field on\\ntheir way home, said they were Bluets, and\\nthat some children called them Quaker\\nladies, and Mamma promptly classified\\nthem as Housto?iza cczrulea.\\nBesides these, there was one for which,\\nafter careful examination, the children failed\\nto find a name. It had two little bell-\\nshaped flowers, light purple in color, at\\nthe top of a slender stem. They had a\\nfaint, sweet odor, and the leaves were round\\nand very slightly\\nserrate, or toothed. They carried\\nit to Mamma, who, after a little ex-\\namination, said, This must be the\\nTwin Flower. I have never seen\\nit before, and it is not common\\nhere. It usually grows in a colder\\nclimate, and its botanical name\\nis Linncea borealis. There is only\\nthe one species of it, and it was\\nnamed in honor of Linnaeus.\\nWho was he, Mamma?\\nHe was one of the greatest botanists we have ever\\nhad. I believe he was a Swede, though he took his degree\\nTWIN FLOWER", "height": "3489", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "GROUND PINK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RAM S HEAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BLUETS 81\\nfrom a Holland university. His fame became world-wide.\\nHe studied the plants of almost all countries, and probably\\ndid more towards systematizing and classifying them than\\nany other one man. When you go home, you will probably\\nfind a biography of him in the library, which I think Charley\\nwill find interesting also. And now I think we must all\\nhelp to get these new specimens in order.", "height": "3494", "width": "2625", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nAPPLE BLOSSOMS WILD GERANIUM COLUMBINE\\nrHE apple trees were now in blossom, and Charley\\nbrought in a large cluster for Mamma to admire.\\n11 Aren t thev sweet, Mamma he said. I like to\\nlook at apple blossoms because they are such pleasant-looking\\nflowers. Don t they make\\nyou think of faces smiling\\nat you\\nThat is a very pretty\\nconceit for my boy, said\\nMamma, and I think\\nhis adjective is right.\\nThey are pleasant-look-\\ning. How prettily the\\npink and white are blended in these What a good study\\nthis spray would make for an artist\\nShall we analyze them, Mamma?\\n11 Certainly, if you wish but as we know so well what\\nthey are, it is hardly necessary. I think, with Anna s help,\\nyou can trace them readily from the beginning.\\nAPPLE BLOSSOMS", "height": "3487", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "APPLE BLOSSOMS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WILD GERANIUM\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COLUMBINE 83\\nCharley did so, and was very much surprised at finding\\nthem in the Rose family.\\nWhy, Mamma, apple trees are not roses, are they\\nYes and no. You may not find any resemblance at first,\\nand yet I think if you compare an apple blossom with a single\\nwild rose, you will find they are alike in many respects. Then\\nif you observe the leaves of both, you will see that while\\napple leaves are simple, and rose leaves compound, they have\\nsome points of resemblance. Both are alternate in their\\narrangement and both have very decided stipules at the\\nbase of the petiole, or leaf-stalk.\\nThe petals of the flower, you know, are wholly separate,\\nand in a few days they will fall, making the ground under the\\ntrees white. The calyx is superior to the ovary that is, the\\novary is beneath it. The ovary, you know, is the fruit of the\\napple, and it grows larger and larger under the calyx until it\\nis full grown. You can always see the calyx though it is\\nsometimes called the blossom on the top of every ripe\\napple. Have you noticed it?\\nYes, Mamma, but I never knew before what it was.\\nNo, but you will know now. I remember, when I was a\\nlittle girl, I thought it was some kind of a bug, and was afraid\\nof it until Grandma told me about it. The leaves are hardly\\nout yet, but when they are, you will see that they are penni-\\nveined, serrate-edged, oval in form, with an acute point,\\nand underneath they are cottony or woolly. The botanical", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84\\nSPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\nname for the common apple is Pyrus Malus, but I dare say\\nGrandpa can tell you another name for each of the differ-\\nent varieties.\\nOne afternoon Grandpa brought a pretty plant from the\\nfields. It had a light pinkish-pur-\\nple corolla composed of five petals,\\nand only one pistil, which was long\\nand of a peculiar hooked shape.\\nOn account of this latter, botanists\\nhave called it cranesbill but\\nGrandpa called it Wild Geranium,\\nand Anna found it in the Geranium\\nfamily under the title Geranium\\nmaculatum.\\nThat same evening Charley\\nwent with Abner for the cows,\\nand in a swamp on the way he found quite a number of new\\nplants. Among them was one that looked like a close tuft\\nof grass, though it bore little blue flowers. He took some\\nhome to press, and Anna, who by this time had become\\nquite expert in analyzing, promptly pronounced it Blue-eyed\\nGrass or Sisyrinchiimi Burmudiana.\\nAnother flower which made a particularly attractive\\nspecimen was the Columbine. Anna had been espe-\\ncially anxious to have this, because one of her teachers\\nhad once read an article to her class showing the reasons\\nWILD GERANIUM", "height": "3476", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "APPLE BLOSSOMS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WILD GERANIUM\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COLUMBINE 85\\nwhy this little flower should be considered our national\\nflower.\\nYou see, Charley, she said, it would really be a\\ngood emblem for us, because it can be\\nfound in every State in the Union, and\\ncomes in red, white and blue, our na-\\ntional colors.\\nYes, but we have nothing but red\\nhere, said Charley.\\nRed is the only color that grows\\nwild in the Eastern States, Miss Black\\nsaid but Grandma has the white and\\nblue in her yard, and the plant is exactly\\nthe same. You see what odd shapes the\\npetals and sepals have. People used\\nto think it resembled a bird, and some one a long time ago\\nthought it resembled an eagle, so it was called Aquilegia\\\\\\nwhich is taken from the Latin word for eagle. So you see in\\nits botanical name we have our national bird.\\nCharley was very much interested, and so was Baby May,\\nwhen Mamma showed them how the little sacs held honey\\nat the bottom, which the bees found it very hard work to\\nreach.\\nCOLUMBINE", "height": "3494", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nJACK-IN-THE-PULPIT WILD LADY S SLIPPER\\nPHAT evening everybody was at work in the kitchen,\\npreparing and arranging the specimens. Even Abrter,\\nthe hired man, had become interested in the work of the\\nlittle people, for Anna and Charley, despite\\ntheir little faults, were sweet-tempered, well-\\ntrained children, who made friends of\\nall who came in contact with them.\\nCharley had angered him at first\\nwith his boyish mischief, but had\\napologized so heartily when he saw the\\ntrouble he had caused, that Abner s heart\\nsoftened towards him, and they became firm\\nfriends. In consequence of this, the children\\nhad several specimens that grow in woodland\\nplaces where they were not allowed to go\\nalone. Two such were added to the collec-\\ntion that evening.\\nOne the children knew, from frequent pictures, to be the\\nJack-in-the-Pulpit, or Indian turnip. Its botanical name was\\nfound to be Arisczma triphyllurn. The other, after analysis,\\nJACK-IN-THE-PULPIT", "height": "3491", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "JACK-IN-THE PULPIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WILD LADY S SLIPPER 87\\nwas found to be the Lady s Slipper, or Moccasin plant,\\nwhich belongs in the Orchid family. This was a very hand-\\nsome plant. The peculiarly shaped flower, which Anna had\\nat first thought must be the pitcher plant, because its cup\\ncontained drops of water, was a bright pink,\\nhandsomely striped with dark lines and the\\nsepals, as the colored lanceolate leaves at\\nthe top proved to be, were deep purple in\\ncolor. Its technical name is Cypripedium\\nspectdbile, and it is a member of the same\\nfamily as the little ram s head, which the\\nchildren had found earlier in the season.\\nWhile they were busily engaged in arrang-\\ning their specimens on the kitchen table, the\\ndoor opened, and in stepped Papa Burton,\\nwho had become so homesick for his little\\npeople that he said he could not exist any\\nlonger without a sight of them, even though\\nhis visit must be a short one. In the joy of\\nwelcoming him, even the specimens were for-\\ngotten for a time, until he called their attention to them\\nby asking what had been done to promote the science of\\nbotany.\\nThe next morning, when Charley brought some new\\nflowers which had just opened, his father had a chance to\\nhear a lesson in analysis, which pleased him so much that he\\nLADY S SLIPPER", "height": "3494", "width": "2727", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 SPRINGTIME FLOWERS\\ndecided that Charley, too, deserved a herbarium to preserve\\nhis share of the specimens which had been so carefully\\ncollected.\\nAnna had received a number of invitations to attend the\\nschool commencement, which was now near at hand. When\\nPapa saw how rosy and bright she looked, he decided that\\nshe might safely return to school in time to pass two or\\nthree of her examinations, which w r ould help her greatly in\\nthe fall.\\nSo, a week later, Anna set out for a few days in the city,\\ntaking her herbarium, to show her teacher that her spring\\nvacation had been put to some use.\\ntore", "height": "3478", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "GLOSSARY\\nAcuminate tapering at the end.\\nAcute, sharp-pointed.\\nAnalyze, to separate a plant into its\\nparts for examination and study.\\nAmiuals, plants which complete their\\ngrowth in a year; that is, they flower,\\nbear fruit, and die the same year they\\nare raised from the seed.\\nAnther, the part of the stamen which\\ncontains the pollen.\\nBiennials, plants which require two\\nyears to complete their growth; that\\nis, they spring from the seed one\\nyear, but do not flower and bear fruit\\nuntil the next.\\nBotanical, relating or pertaining to\\nplants.\\nBotanize, to collect plants for study and\\nexamination.\\nBristly, furnished with bristles or short,\\nstiff hairs.\\nCalyx, the outer set of the leaves which\\ncompose the floral envelope or peri-\\nanth.\\nClassify, to arrange in sets or classes ac-\\ncording to some distinctive properties.\\nCleft, cut into lobes.\\nConical, shaped like a cone.\\nCorolla, the inner set of leaves com-\\nposing the floral envelope.\\nCotyledons, the first leaves of the em-\\nbryo.\\nCryptogamous, relating to flowerless\\nplants.\\nCryptogams, plants which do not bear\\nflowers.\\nCultivate, to improve the natural condi-\\ntions of a plant by labor and fertili-\\nzation.\\nDicotyledonous, having a pair of coty-\\nledons.\\nDigitate, referring to that class of com-\\npound leaves in which all the leaflets\\nare set at the apex of the leafstalk\\nand stand out like the fingers of the\\nhand.\\nDowny, having soft hairs or down.\\nEmbryo, the rudimentary plant in the\\nseed.\\nEndogenous, that class of plants whose\\nstems increase their growth without\\nshowing circles, pith, or bark.\\nExogenous, outward growing that\\nclass of plants whose stems are com-\\nposed of layers around a central\\npith.\\nFibrous, composed of or containing\\nslender threads or fibers.\\nFilainent, the stalk of the stamen.", "height": "3476", "width": "2733", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90\\nGLOSSARY\\nFoliage, the leaves of a plant in general.\\nFragile, very slender or delicate.\\nGenus, a kind of rank above species in\\nflowers.\\nHerbarium, a. classified collection of\\ndried plants.\\nImbricated, overlapping one another.\\nInferior, lower or beneath.\\nInvolucre, a whorl or set of leaves\\nsurrounding a flower or cluster of\\nflowers.\\nLanceolate, lance-shaped.\\nLateral, belonging to the sides.\\nMedicinal, possessing curative or heal-\\ning properties.\\nMonocotyledonous, having only one\\ncotyledon.\\nMucilagi?ious, having a mucilage-like\\nquality or property.\\nNative, belonging to, or the product of,\\na certain locality.\\nOvary, that part of the pistil w r hich\\ncontains the seed.\\nPalmate, a leaf with divisions spread\\nout from the centre like a hand with\\noutstretched fingers.\\nPanicle, an open or branched cluster\\nof flowers.\\nParallel, running in the same direc-\\ntion.\\nPerianth, the complete floral envelope,\\nconsisting of both calyx and corolla.\\nPetal, a leaf of the corolla.\\nPetiole, the footstalk of a leaf.\\nPhanerogamous flower producing.\\nPhanerogams, plants which bear\\nflowers.\\nPistil, the seed-bearing organ of a\\nplant.\\nPith, the soft cell-like centre in exogen-\\nous plants.\\nPlumule, the bud or first shoot of a\\nplant, between the cotyledons.\\nPubes, small soft hairs.\\nPubescent, hairy, or covered with down-\\nlike hairs.\\nRaceme, a flower cluster with one-\\nflowered stalks arranged around the\\nsides of a general stem.\\nRadiate-veined, with veins running out-\\nward from the centre.\\nRadical, belonging to, or coming from,\\nthe root.\\nRunner, a slender stem, generally lying\\nprostrate, with roots at the ends of\\njoints.\\nScape, 2l flower stalk rising directly\\nfrom the ground, as in the common\\nblue violet.\\nSepals, the leaves or divisions of the\\ncalyx.\\nSerrate, with the edges or margin cut\\ninto teeth.\\nSpecimen, a single plant preserved to\\nrepresent a certain class or family.\\nSpore, a minute body resulting from the\\nfructification of cryptogams, answer-\\ning to the purpose of seed.\\nSpur, an appendage from a flower, re-\\nsembling a spur in appearance, but", "height": "3482", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "GLOSSARY\\n91\\nhollow like a sac, as found in the\\nviolet.\\nStamen, the organ in a plant which\\nproduces and dispenses the pollen.\\nStigma, the end of the pistil which re-\\nceives the pollen.\\nStipule, the appendage at the base of\\nthe leafstalk.\\nStyle, the stalk between the ovary\\nand the stigma in the pistil of a\\nplant.\\nTorus, the receptacle of the flower, at\\nthe end of the stem.\\nTuber, a thickened portion of root, with\\neyes or buds at the sides.\\nTuberous, producing tubers at the root.\\nVegetable, belonging to, or pertaining\\nto, plants.\\nWhorl, an arrangement of leaves in\\ncircles or clusters.", "height": "3494", "width": "2717", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3475", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "Stepping Stones to Literature*\\nA Unique Series of Eight School Readers\\nupon an entirely New Han, Brilliantly Illus-\\ntrated with Masterpieces and Original Drawings.\\nBy Sarah Louise Arnold, Supervisor of Schools, Boston, Mass.,\\nand Charles B. Gilbert, Superintendent of Schools, Newark, N. J.\\nThis series marks a new era in School Readers. It combines with the necessary\\ntechnique of reading, a real course in literature. It has the sincere literary atmos-\\nphere. The early volumes create the beginnings of a literary judgment. The\\nadvanced volumes comprehend the whole range of the world s best writing. The\\npupil, at the end of the course, knows what literature means.\\nIn this achievement these Readers stand absolutely alone. They justify the\\nfollowing deliberate characterizations\\nThey are the most interesting Readers ever published.\\nThey surpass all other Readers in wise technique.\\nThey are superlative in stimulating thought and creating taste.\\nThey are unequaled in attractiveness of illustration.\\nThey give a better idea of the world s great literature, and more of it, than\\ncan be found anywhere else in the same space.\\nA Mark of Their Acceptability,\\nIn their first year they were adopted by Boston, New York, Brooklyn, Phila-\\ndelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, Baltimore, Atlanta by over a thousand smaller towns\\nby hundreds of counties and by the State of Virginia.\\nPatriotism in TJiese Readers.\\nThe entire series is peculiarly rich in selections and pictures closely connected\\nwith American history and American greatness, well fitted to stimulate love cf\\ncountry in the pupil. The Reader for Seventh Grades, is distinctively and wholly\\nAmerican, and its tales, poems, historical extracts, and illustrations are alive with a\\nproud patriotism. Send for Descriptive Circular.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nNew York. Boston. Chicago.", "height": "3494", "width": "2595", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "f\u00c2\u00a3f piN6 ^loNes To LlT^RA7lJl\\\\e\\nA NEW SERIES OF READING BOOKS PROJECTED UPON\\nAN ENTIRELY NEW PLAN.\\nBY\\nSarah Louise Arnold ahd Charles B, Gilbert\\nSupervisor of Schools, Boston, Mass, Supt. of Schools, Newark, N.J.\\nA NEW era in school reading books is signalized by this series, which embodies pro-\\ngressive ideas, the outgrowth of long and successful experience in very many\\nschoolrooms in various parts of our country.\\nThe name of the series is indicative of the fundamental purpose which underlies\\neach book, highest literary quality, combined with a thorough provision for all\\ncollateral aids requisite to the best instruction in reading. Reproductions from\\nmasterpieces, artistic illustrations, original ideas for seat work, study, etc., form\\nespecial features of great value.\\nFor the convenience of city schools, this series is planned to give a separate book\\nfor each of the eight reading grades.\\nA First Reader. 12S pp. Over 120 beauti-\\nful illustrations, including 8 color pages, repro-\\nductions of masterpieces, etc. Introductory\\nprice, 32 cents.\\nA Second Reader. 160 pp. Over 100 illus-\\ntrations, including 8 color pages, reproductions\\nof masterpieces, etc. Introductory price, 40\\ncents.\\nA Third Reader. 224 pp. 70 illustrations,\\nincluding copies of famous paintings, portraits of\\nauthors, fancy initials, headpieces, etc. Intro-\\nductory price, 50 cents.\\nA Fourth Reader. 320 pp. 70 illustrations,\\nincluding many fine full-pa^e reproductions, por-\\ntraits of authors, and choice originals. Intro-\\nductory price, 60 cents.\\nA Reader for Fifth Grades. 32c pp.\\nBeautifully illustrated with portraits of authors,\\ncopies of famous paintings, etc. Introductory\\nprice. 60 cents.\\nA Reader for Sixth Grades. 320 pp.\\nBeautifully illustrated with fine originals, por-\\ntraits, and reproductions of masterpieces. Intro-\\nductory price. 60 cents.\\nA Reader for Seventh Grades. 320 pp.\\nBeautifully illustrated with portraits of authors,\\nreproductions of masterpieces, etc. Introductory\\nprice. 60 cents.\\nA Reader for Higher Grades. 336 pp.\\nBeautifully illustrated with portraits of authors,\\nreproductions of masterpieces, etc. Introductory\\nprice. 60 cents.\\nSDtfpphtCJ ^tOHCS? tO Literature has already been adopted for use, wholly or in part,\\nin a large number of the leading cities of the country, including New York, Philadelphia, Boston,\\nChicago, Brooklyn, Baltimore, Buffalo, Providence. Hartford, New Haven. Salt Lake City. etc.\\nOur Catalogue, comprising superior text-books for every grade, choice miscellaneous\\nbooks, and the various publications of the Synthetic Method for\\nthe Pianoforte, sent free on application.\\nSILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY, Publishers,\\nBOSTON:\\n19-223 Columbus Ave.\\nNEW YORK:\\n29-33 East 19th Street.\\nCHICAGO:\\n378-388 Wabash Ave.\\nPHILADELPHIA:\\n1328 Arch Street.", "height": "3487", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "The World and Its People*\\nA Series of Eight Geographical Readers,\\nCharmingly Illustrated, for Supplementary\\nWork in Schools, and for the Interest\\nof the Family at Home.\\nUnder the Editorial supervision of LARKIN DUNTON, LL.D.,\\nHead Master of Boston Normal School.\\nBook 1, First Lessons 36 cts. Book V. Modern Europe 60 cts.\\nBook II. Glimpses of the BooK VI Life in Asia 60 cts.\\nWorld 3 6 cts\\nBook III. Our Own Country 50 cts. BooK vn Views in Africa 72 cts.\\nBook IV. Our American Book VIII. Australia and the\\nNeighbors 60 cts. Islands of the Sea 68 cts.\\nThis series of fascinating books makes geography a study of absorbing interest.\\nThe maps, the boundaries, the spots called cities, begin to be alive as the pupil\\nreads these graphic and ample descriptions of the countries of the world, their\\nindividual characteristics, their people s ways. Behind the map he sees a real\\nworld, tangible and bright-hued as his own surroundings.\\nThis circling picture of the world comes, not as a task, but as a wise direction\\nof the home reading, in which all the family are often impelled to join.\\nOf peculiar and timely interest just now is Book VIII., which vividly describes,\\namong the Islands of the Sea, those new possessions over which our gallant\\nsailors and soldiers have raised the Stars and Stripes.\\nSend for Specimen Pages.\\nSongs of the Nation*\\nA Superb Collection of the Most Representative American\\nSongs, for Schools, Societies, and Homes.\\nBy Col. Charles W. Johnson, 10 years Chief Clerk of U S. Senate\\nIn these days, when the sentiment of country is calling for a new and fuller\\nexpression, this collection is most timely.\\nIt embodies the patriotic songs most in demand (25 of them), together with\\nmany more songs for Anniversaries and occasions, American folk-songs, a group\\nof old religious favorites, the best College songs, etc.\\nSent by mail on receipt of price 60 cents.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nNew York. Boston. Chicago.", "height": "3494", "width": "2734", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3474", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3463", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "OCT 9 1900", "height": "3453", "width": "2674", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3427", "width": "2668", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3494", "width": "2642", "jp2-path": "springtimeflower00norc_0104.jp2"}}