{"1": {"fulltext": "RUBBER\\nrOMMFRCIAI. AND FINANflAI DFVFI OPA^FNT\\nFROM THF TREE TO PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS\\nUPON TMF. CAPITAL INVESTED\\nW. E. SIMPSON\\nThe Wall Strehi Journai\\nDow. .lotics 4^0./\\n42-44 Broad Stpfji,\\nNEW Y(M. K.", "height": "3535", "width": "2099", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3469", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "RUBBER\\nITS COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nFROM THE TREE TO PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS\\nUPON THE CAPITAL INVESTED\\nBY\\nWl E. SIMPSON\\nPUBLISHED BY\\nThe Wall Street Journal\\n(Dowt Sones CoJ\\n42-44 Broad Street,\\nNEW YORK.\\nOCTOBEP., 1900.\\n1", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "58867\\nLibrary of Concf^i^e\\n^wd Copies Keceiwc*\\nOCT 5 1900\\nCofy right entry\\nSffONO COPV.\\nOfftvered to\\nOWOER DIVISION,\\nOCT 18 1900\\n/^O\\n\\\\U;,\\n\\\\tN\\n\\\\xr", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPART I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COMMERCIAL,\\nCHAPTER I.\\nHISTORICAL.\\nDerivation of Names 1\\nFirst Commercial Rubber 1\\nGoodyear s Experiments 2\\nDiscovery of Vulcanization 2\\nEarliest Manufacturers 2\\nGrowth and Extent of Industry 8\\nCHAPTER H.\\nCRUDE RUBBER.\\nIndigenous Home of Rubber 4\\nProducing Localities 4\\nStability of Supply 5\\nUnited States Source of Supply 5\\nLabor Situation 5\\nMethods of Procuring Rubber 6\\nPreparation for Market H\\nCriide Rubber Statistics\\nCrude Rubber Prices for 30 Years 7\\nExports from Para 7\\nConsumption in United States S\\nPreparation for Manufacture y\\nCHAPTER HI.\\nSUBSTITUTES AND RECLAIMED RUBBER.\\njy Prime Factors in Manufacture 10\\nu Value of Substitutes 10\\nExperiments in Substitutes 11\\nUse of Reclaimed Rubber 11", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nBOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING.\\nThe Art of Making ir\\nProcess of Manufacture 12:\\nCHAPTER V.\\nMECHANICAL GOODS MANUFACTURING.\\nVariety of Articles Made 13\\nManufacture of Belting 13\\nHose 14\\nPacking 14\\nMats and Matting 14\\nValves and Gaskets 14\\nRubber Clothing 14\\nMackintoshes 15\\nCarriage Clothes 15\\nMold Goods 15\\nCements 15\\nDental and Rubber Stamp Supplies 15\\nDry Goods Notions 15\\nDruggists, Stationers Sundries and other\\nMold Goods 16\\nToys 16\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nRUBBER TIRE MANUFACTURING.\\nKinds of Tires Made 17\\nManufacture of Single Tube Bicycle Tires 17\\nDouble Tube. Bicycle Tires 17\\nSolid and Pneumatic Vehicle Tires 18\\nCushion and other Vehicle Tires 18\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nHARD RUBBER MANUFACTURING.\\nDifference Between Soft and Hard Rubber 18\\nManufacture of Hard Rubber Articles 19\\nHard Rubber Imitations 19\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nGUTTA PERCHA AND BALATA MANUFACTURING.\\n\\\\/Commercial Sphere of Gutta Percha 19\\nMethod of Treatment 19*", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PART II\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FINANCIAL.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nGENERAL TRADE CONDITIONS.\\nRubber Business Financially Successful 22\\n.-^Principal Companies in the Industry 22\\nStability of Industry 23\\nBenefits of Consolidation 23\\nStandardizing Product and Brands 23\\nValue of Compounding 24\\nRegular Earning Ability 24\\nProspective Increase in Consumption 24\\nL^ Export Ti*ade and Foreign Conditions 25\\nCHAPTER n.\\nCRUDE RUBBER COMPANIES.\\nSystem of Fixing Prices 26\\nBrazillian Export Duties 26\\nBuying and Selling Methods 26\\nw Cx-ude Rubber Speculation 27\\nNames of Crude Rubber Houses 27\\nTlie Crude Rubber Company 27\\nCHAPTER HI.\\nBOOT AND SHOE COMPANIES.\\nVolume of Boot and Shoe Trade 28\\nWhy the United States Leads 28\\nThe Weather and Increase in Consumption 29\\nI Concerted Management 29\\nEconomies of Consolidation 30\\nI The United States Rubber Company 30\\nThe President s Report 31\\nFinancial Condition 31\\nThe Earning Capacity 32\\nManagement of United States Rubber Company 32\\nl/ Dividends Payments 33\\nOther Boot and Shoe Manufacturers 33", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nMECHANICAL GOODS COMPANIES.\\nDiversification of Product .33\\nIncrease in Manufacture 34\\nStability of Business 34\\nTlie Rubber Goods Manufacturing Company 35\\nOfficers and Directors 35\\nThe President s Annual Report 36\\nTlie Treasurer s Annual Report 37\\nDividend Payments 38\\nIncreased Earning Capacity 38\\nPlan of Organization 39\\nCHAPTER V.\\nRUBBER TIRE COMPANIES.\\nBicycle Tire Business 39\\nVehicle Tires 39\\nConsolidated Tire Company 40\\nVolume of Business 40\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nHARD RUBBER COMPANIES.\\nAmerican Hard Rubber Company 40\\nOoodyear Vulcanite Company 41\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nI RECLAIMED RUBBER COMPANIES.\\nMethod of Conducting Business 41\\nPrincipal Users of Reclaimed Rubber 41\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nGUTTA PERCHA COMPANIES.\\nControl of Trade 42\\nBishop Gutta Percha Company 42", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY.\\nThe object of this publication is to place between two\\ncovers, in as concise a manner as the subject will permit, such\\ninformation as will be of use to the lay mind upon the subject\\nof rubber in its various ramifications. In no sense is it the\\ndesire to prepare a technical treatise for the direction of those\\nfamiliar with the rubber industry.\\nThe matter contained herein is primarily for the instruction\\nof investors and those who are not intimately connected with\\nthe industry, who wish knowledge of the salient features of\\nthe commercial and financial development of rubber\\nSo far as convenient, inconsequential details are eliminated\\nand controlling factors given the greater prominence.\\nThe subject is treated in the natural order of its develop-\\nment from the extraction of the milky fluid from the trees\\nto the payment of dividends upon the capital invested in the\\nproduction of crude rubber and the sale of the manufactured\\nproduct.\\nThe growth of the rubber industry is comparatively recent.\\nIn some respects it has been phenomenal, and, while the period\\nof uncertainty has been passed, the commercial scope of\\nrubber may conservatively be said to be in its infancy. The\\nrange of articles manufactured, in which rubber is used as a\\nbasic material, is constantly widening. Tens of thousands\\nof articles are now profitably manufactured and a notable\\ncommentary on their success is that comparatively nothing\\nin the rubber line has been offered since the inception of the\\nbusiness, which has not enjoyed a steadily increasing favor.\\nAs methods of production are being simplified, the tendency\\nof the public grows towards greater consumption. From the", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "financial standpoint probably the strongest feature of the\\nstability of the industry is in its diversification.\\nThe information contained herein is the result of investiga-\\ntion among practical men successfully engaged in the busi-\\nness. To these, the editor wishes to acknowledge the receipt\\nof many favors.\\nOctober, 1900. W. E. Simpson.", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PART I\\nCOMMERCIAL\\nSHOWING THE METHODS OF PRODUCING AND\\nMAMFACTURING CRUDE RUBBER AND\\nPREPARING THE PRODUCT FOR\\nMARKET.", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nHISTORICAL^\\nDERIVATION OF NAME.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rubber first became\\nknown to the civilized world when Columbus discovered\\nAmerica. He found the South American Indians using-\\nrubber balls and the Spanish soldiers, who followed in his\\nwake, smearing their cloaks with gum to make them water-\\nproof. The first accurate description was made by a French-\\nman, M. de la Condamine in 1735. Fresnau and Aublet some-\\nwhat increased the knowledge regarding the plant, but it was\\nnot until 1770 that rubber was brought into commercial use.\\nAt this time Priestley, the English chemist, introduced India\\nRubber for effacing lead pencil marks. It is from this trivial\\ncircumstance that rubber derives its name the India\\ncoming either from the fact that it was gathered by the\\nIndians of South America, or, possibly because some of the\\nearly importations into Europe came from India.\\nFIRST COMMERCIAL RUBBER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first rubber\\nimported into the United States reached Boston in 1800, being\\nthe year of the birth of Charles Goodyear, who, through his\\ndiscovery of vulcanization, was the prime factor in giving\\nrubber its present commercial prominence. In 1820, rubber\\nshoes were imported into Boston from South America.\\nThrough a belter knowledge of chemistry, surgical instru-\\nments were made in England. Charles Mackintosh com-\\nmenced the manufacture of waterproof garments in Glasgow\\nin 1823. From this time on experiments were freely made,\\nwith precarious results, until 1842 when Goodyear patented\\nhis process of vulcanizing by mechanical methods.\\n1", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "GOODYEAR S EXPERIMENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the meantime\\npatents were secured for gum elastic varnish and rubber\\nshoes were m.ade by the Roxbury India Rubber Co. in 1833.\\nFor twenty-five years the name of (joodyear probably covers\\nthe development of the industry, although several other in-\\nventors are mentioned. Their results were only incidental.\\nGoodyear was born in New Haven, Conn., drifted to Phila-\\ndelphia, where, in his early business life, he was not success-\\nful. It was as a bankrupt that he commenced investigating\\nrubber. Three different times he believed he had solved the\\nproblem first, when he mixed his crude rubber with mag-\\nnesia; second, when he boiled this compound in quicklime\\nand water, and third, when he washed the surface of this\\nmixture with nitric acid. Half success in each case was soon\\nturned into failure.\\nDISCOVERY OF VULCANIZATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Goodyear s\\nscientific researches availed him little in the final discovery.\\nIt was through a simple accident in striking a handful of\\nrubber and sulphur against a kitchen stove that the secret\\nof vulcanization was discovered. At this time, his entire\\ncircle of acquaintances had become weary of his attempts,\\nand it was not until a later period that he was able to enlist\\nany capital in the industry. A factory was built in Springfield,\\nMass., in 1840, where, four years later, he took out a patent\\nfor preparing rubber by vulcanization and began to sell\\nlicenses for the manufacture of various articles under his\\npatents.\\nEARLIEST MANUFACTURERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The license to manu-\\nfacture rubber boots and shoes-was given to Leverette Candee\\nof New Haven, the founder of L. Candee Co., a company\\nv hich has continued to the present time to be an important\\nfactor in the American rubber footwear industry. The license\\nto manufacture rubber gloves was given to Goodyear s\\nIndia Rubber Manufacturing Co., of Naugatuck, Conn.\\n2", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "Daniel Hodgman of New York, became the licensee to manu-\\nfacture door screens. Further licenses to manufacture boots\\nand shoes were given to Ford Co. (now the Meyer Rubber\\nCo.) the New Brunswick Co. the Hayward Co. (which\\ngrew into the Colchester Rubber Co.) and The Goodyear s\\nMetallic Rubber Shoe Co. Mechanical rubber goods then\\ncommenced to receive considerable attention. Clothing and\\ndruggists sundries soon followed. The prosperity of the\\nearly rubber companies developed important patent suits,\\nwhich were finally adjudicated in 1852. Daniel Webster was\\npaid the largest fee up to that time in the history of the\\ncountry in successfully defending Goodyear s patent.\\nGROWTH AND EXTENT OF INDUSTRY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\ngrowth of the rubber industry in its early days was almost\\nwholly in boot and shoes. The business began to assume\\nsome prominence in the early fifties. The impor-\\ntation of crude rubber at Salem, Mass., where almost all of\\nit arrived, in 1851, was only 334,000 pounds; in 1852,\\n1,961,000 pounds; in 1854, 2,055,000 pounds. The increase\\nwas rapid from this time on until in 1899, 51,745,000 pounds\\nwere imported into the United States. In the boot and shoe\\nindustry in i860, the yearly output was 1,200,000 pairs, valued\\nat $795,000. In the season of 1899-90, the output was\\n70,000,000 pairs, valued at $35,000,000.\\nThe consumption of rubbfer goods has been largest\\nin the United States, although England has been a close\\nfollovver. The Civil War gave a great impetus to the industry\\nthe government giving out large contracts for clothing, etc.\\nMechanical goods advanced rapidly in popularity shortly\\nafter the war. This was largely due to the increase of railroad\\nbuilding, which called for quantities of packing and\\nsteam hose. Rubber belting came into demand for\\nmills, elevators and outdoor machinery. In fact, the rubber\\nmechanical goods industry has reached enormous propor-\\n3", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "tions and present indications are that the increase will be\\npractically constant. It is by far the largest branch of the\\ntrade in diversity of articles made.\\nIn the early 8o s, the making of rubber tires for bicycles\\nbecame prominent. The solid tire was first used, which gave\\nway to the cushion tire, which, in turn, has been superceded\\nby the pneumatic tire. The solid tire for vehicles is rapidly\\nbecoming one of the most important branches of the rubber\\ntrade.\\nIn fifty years the rubber industry of the United States has\\ngrown from practically nothing, in the various branches of\\nmanufacture, to a value of product annually of $70,000,030.\\nThrough greater elftciency in manufacture, consecjuent\\neconomy through improved machinery and better modern\\nbusiness management, rubber is becoming more stable\\nand in condition to successfully compete in foreign markets.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nCRUDE RUBBER\\nINDIGENOUS HOME OF RUBBER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Under the\\nname of India Rubber, there are almost numberless varieties\\nof gum broadly known as Crude Rubber. The proper name\\nof the substance most commonly used is caoutchouc, pro-\\nnounced koo-chook. This is the product of a great variety of\\ntrees, shrubs and vines indigenous to a belt of land in tropical\\nand sub-tropical regions running round the world, where the\\ntemperature varies from 60 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit, and\\nan average rainfall of about seven feet.\\nPRODUCING LOCALITIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The principal grades in\\ncommercial use are South American, commonly known as\\nPara Central American, commonly known as Centrals\\nAfrican and Indian. South America furnishes the greatest\\nquantity and the finest quality. Central America grades next,\\n4", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "although the quantity is not so large as that produced in\\nAfrica, which is inferior to that produced in India. The\\nUnited States uses the bulk of the Para rubber, while Euro-\\npean markets take the most of the African and the Indian.\\nSeveral ^qrades of rubber reach the United States from South\\nAmerica which are necessary in the making of various quali-\\nties of goods.\\nSTABILITY OF SUPPLY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The area from which crude\\nrubber is now produced is so large that it will be many years\\nbefore there will be any scarcity. The supply seems to be\\npractically inexhaustible, although there is some restriction\\nat times, owing to unreliable Indian labor. For this reason,\\nsome efforts have been made towards cultivating rubber\\ntrees. As it takes, however, seven years to produce rubber\\nfrom a cultivated plant, it will probably be several genera-\\ntions before the cultiv^ated article is grown in sufficient quan-\\ntit}^ to supplant the natural product.\\nUNITED STATES SOURCE OF SUPPLY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 South\\nAmerican rubber, in which the L uited States is interested to\\nthe greatest extent, is classified at Para and Manaos in three\\ngrades, known as fine, medium and coarse. Para rubbers are\\ndivided into two principal classes, known as Islands and\\nUpriver, the former coming largely from islands located\\nin the delta of the Amazon, while the latter is the product of\\nthe couijtry bordering the Amazon and its tributaries above\\nPara. There are almost innumerable designations given to\\nthe various kinds of rubber produced, which, however, are\\nnot necessary to describe in a sketch of this character. For\\nthe purpose of giving a simple idea of the crude rubber situa-\\ntion the methods in use of producing and marketing Para\\nrubber are given.\\nLABOR SITUATIOiN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The territory covered by the\\nAmazon River forms a watershed as large as the United\\nStates, exclusive of Alaska, with a population of only about a", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "quarter of a million people. This will explain the difficult\\nlabor problem. Rubber is gathered in many different ways.\\nThe most common is for a family, or a number of natives, un-\\nder the head of an outfitter, to select a desirable locality,\\nwhere operations are carried on somewhat in the following\\nmanner\\nMETHODS OF PROCURING RUBBER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An incision\\nis made in the tree from which the milky juice, or latex, is\\ncollected in small tin cups, the contents of which are emptied\\ninto a calabash or urn. A fire of brushwood is then built,\\nover which a clay pot is hung. A club-shaped stick with a\\nflattened clay mould on the end is repeatedly dipped into the\\nbucket of milky juice and turned in the smoke until a big\\nball of crude rubber is formed. This is taken off by breaking\\nthe clay mould and shaking out the pieces. This produces\\nwhat is known as a bottle. This process evaporates the\\nwater; kills all substances wliich decompose or ferment, and\\nabsorbs the oxidized resin. Lower grades are created b)^\\nimperfect fumigation and the mixing together of scrapings,\\nresidues, etc. There are several other systems of fumigating\\nand coagulating rubber. In some instances palm nuts are\\nused to produce a thick smudge. This smoke has been found\\nto contain acetic acid and creosote the latter being a well-\\nknown preservative of rubber.\\nPREI ARATION FOR MARKET.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bottles and\\nbundles of rubber are purchased from the gatherer by trad-\\ners who transport the product to Para or Manaos, where\\nmiddlemen or warehousemen cut the bundles into strips to\\ndetermine quality. Biscuits weighing from 8 to 60 pounds\\nare then packed in wooden boxes, in which form it is ex-\\nported.\\nCRUDE RUBBER STATISTICS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The statistical devel-\\nopment of the crude rubber business, with special reference\\nto the American conditions, is given in the following tables:\\n6\\nI", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CRUDE RUBBER PRICES FOR 30 YEARS.\\nCOMPARATIVE\\nRATES OF FINE\\nPARA.\\nTOTALEXPORTS\\nFROM PARA.\\nPARA WEIGHTS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2LIVERPOOL.\\nNEW YORK.\\ns. d.\\ns.\\nd.\\n1870\\n2 8 to\\n3\\n8\\n$0 80 to\\n$1 07\\n10,528,000 Hjs.\\nI87I\\n2 8 to\\n3\\nI\\n72 to\\n80\\n12,768,000\\n1872\\n3 li to\\n3\\n4\\n68 to\\n87\\nIT, 200.000\\n1873\\n2 5 to\\n3\\n64 to\\n80\\n14,890,000\\n1874\\n2 2^ to\\n2\\n8\\n5^ to\\n75\\n14,234,000\\n1875\\n2 I to\\n2\\n5\\n58i to\\n67i\\n15,144,000\\n1876\\n2 2 to\\n2\\n4i\\n57i to\\n64\\n14,490,000\\n1877\\nI ii-| to\\n2\\n3i\\n48^ to\\n60\\n16,148,000\\n1878\\nI 8 to\\n2\\nI\\n40 to\\n52i\\n17,618,000\\n1879\\n2 to\\n4\\n48 to\\nI 00\\n17,600000\\n1880\\n3 to\\n3\\n9\\n65 to\\n92\\n18,889,000\\nI88I\\n3-1 to\\n3\\n9\\n74 to\\n91\\n20,174,000\\n1882\\n3 5i to\\n4\\nII\\n82 to\\nI 20\\n22,730,000\\n1883\\n4 8 to\\n3\\nloi\\nI 15 to\\n95\\n22,033,000\\n1884\\n4 to\\n2\\n48 to\\n98\\n24,274,000\\n1885\\n2 3 to\\n2\\n8\\n54 to\\n65\\n29,310,000\\n1886\\n2 6 to\\n3\\n6\\n60 to\\n83\\n30,793,000\\n1887\\n3 6 to\\n2\\nHi\\n83i to\\n68^\\n31,393,000\\n1888\\n2 10 to\\n3\\n3\\n67 to\\n78\\n33,000,000\\n1889\\n2 7 to\\n3\\nI\\n60 to\\n73\\n34,900,000\\n1890\\n2 io| to\\n4\\nI\\n66 to\\nI 00\\n36,300.000\\nI89I\\n2 5 to\\n3\\n7i\\n60 to\\n95\\n39,200,000\\n1892\\n2 8 to\\n2\\nII\\n62I to\\n74\\n41,274,000\\n1893\\n2 ID to\\n3\\n3\\n64 to\\n29\\n42,068,000\\n1894\\n2 9 to\\n3\\nI\\n64^ to\\n73\\n40,870,000\\n1895\\n3 oi to\\n3\\n4i\\n70 to\\n8ii\\n46,363,000\\n1896\\n3 to\\n3\\n9\\n70 to\\n85\\n47,366,000\\n1897\\n1898\\n3 5 to\\n3 6 to\\n3\\n4\\n9i\\n4i\\n79 to\\n81 to\\n89*\\nI 06*\\n49,786,000\\n48.204,000\\n1899\\n1 3 iq| to\\n4\\n7i\\n92 to\\nI 12\\n56,824,000", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "CONSUMPTION OF INDIA RUBB^ER BY THE\\nUNITED STATES AND CANADA.\\nAll in Pounds.\\nImports to United States\\nExports to Liverpool and\\nContinent\\nAdd Stock on Jan. ist\\nL,ess Stock close of year\\nDeliveries to Manuf t s\\n1882.\\n24,141,000\\n626,000\\n23,515,000\\n736,000\\n24,251,000\\n2,153,000\\n22,098,000\\n1883.\\n21,625,000\\n1,060,000\\n20,565,000\\n2,138,000\\n1884.\\n24,064,000\\n585.000\\n23,479,000\\n2,742,000\\n22,703,000 I 26,221,000\\n2,742,000 I 2,997,000\\n19,961,000\\n23,224,000\\nImports to United States\\nExports to Liverpool and\\nContinent\\nAdd Stock on Jan. ist\\nLess Stock close of year\\nDeliveries to Manuf t s\\n1885.\\n24,871,000\\n331.000\\n1886.\\n29,351,000\\n260,000\\n1887.\\n29,193,000\\n450,000\\n24,540,000\\n2,997,000\\n29,091,000\\n2,879,000\\n28,743,000\\n3,808,000\\n27.537.000\\n2,879,000\\n3 1 ,970,000\\n3,808,000\\n32,551,000\\n3,748,000\\n24,658,000\\n28,162,000\\n28,803,000\\nImports to United States\\nExports to Liverpool and\\nContinent\\nAdd Stock on Jan. ist\\nLess Stock close of year\\nDeliveries to Manuf t s\\n1888.\\n30,362,000\\n600,000\\n1889.\\n28,989,000\\n260,000\\n1900.\\n31,949,000\\n517,000\\n29,762,000\\n3,748,000\\n28,729,000\\n3,610,000\\n31,432,000\\n1,669,000\\n33,510,000\\n3,610,000\\n32,339,000\\n1,669,000\\n33,101,000\\n2,822,000\\n29,900,000\\n30,670,000\\n30,279,000", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "Imports to United States\\nExports to Liverpool and\\nContinent\\n.Add Stock on Jan. ist\\nLess Stock close of year\\nDeliveries to Manuf t s\\nI89I.\\n36,180,000\\n2,200,000\\n1892.\\n34.348,000\\n1,100,000\\n1893.\\n36,780,000\\n1 ,600,000\\n33,980,000\\n2,822,000\\n33,248.000\\n2,435,000\\n35,180,000\\n2,725,000\\n36,802,000\\n2,435,000\\n35,683,000\\n2,725,000\\n37,905,000\\n2,322,000\\n34,367,000\\n32,958.000\\n35,583,000\\nImports to United States\\nExports to Liverpool and\\nContinent\\nAdd Stock on Jan. ist\\nLess Stock close of year\\nDeliveries to Manuf t s\\n1894.\\n32,797,000\\n875,000\\n1895.\\n36,250.000\\n725,000\\n1896.\\n31,506,000\\n1,100,000\\n31,922,000\\n2,322,000\\n35,525,000\\n3,182,000\\n30,406,000\\n1,251,000\\n34,244,000\\n3,182,000\\n38,707,000\\n1,251,000\\n31,657,000\\n1,411,000\\n31,062,000\\n37,456,000\\n30,246,000\\nImports to United States\\nExports to Liverpool and\\nContinent\\nAdd Stock on Jan. ist\\nLess Stock close of year\\nDeliveries to manuf t s\\n1897.\\n38,879,000\\n550,000\\n38,329,000\\n1,411,000\\n39,740,000\\n1,639,000\\n1898.\\n42,115,000\\n350,000\\n41,765,000\\n1,639,000\\n43,404,000\\n1,121,000\\n38,101,000 j 42,283,000\\n1899.\\n51,745.000\\n575,000\\n51,170.000\\n1,121,000\\n52,291,000\\ni,666,oco\\n50,525,000\\nPREPARATION FOR MANUFACTURE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The prep-\\naration of crude rubber for manufacture differs in method\\naccordino^ to tlie article for which it is mtended. In a o-op.cral\\nM^ay, the first process is to soak the crude rubber in hot water\\n9", "height": "3491", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "for the purpose of softening. It is then masticated in specially\\ncontrived machinery, after which it is washed for the purpose\\nof removing all foreign substances. After being treated by\\nthe macerating machine and cleansed, it is sheeted out in\\nthin sheets and hung up to dry, usually with artificial heat.\\nAll traces of moisture are ehminated and tlie rubber refined\\nby running it between lot cylinder rollers, bringing the\\nwhole to the required consistency. It is then compounded^\\npreparatory to vulcanization and adaptation for specific ar-\\nticles.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nSUBSTITUTES AND RECLAIMED RUBBER^\\nPRIME FACTORS IN MANUFACTURE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pure\\nrubber may be properly describefl as the basic material in\\nthe manufacture of rubber goods. The essential ingredient\\nin making it durable is sulphur. The mixing of rubber and\\nsulphur in variable proportions, according to the result de-\\nsired, and submitting them to intense heat, or vulcanizing it^\\nfits the material for commercial use. This mixture, however,^\\nis only suitable for a comparatively limited number of articles.\\nIt therefore becomes necessary to introduce other sub-\\nstances, such as oil, whiting, reclaimed rubber, etc.\\nVALUE OF SUBSTITUTES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the literal sense, there\\nis no substitute for rubber. The introduction of so-called\\nsubstitutes into pure rubber is for the purpose of providing\\ncertain qualities which are necessary for the manufacture of\\nthe great majority of rubber, articles and not contained in\\nrubber in its pure state. Substitutes are also used to cheapen\\nthe cost of manufacture. The prominent substitutes are made\\nfrom oxidized oils, principally linseed, rapeseed, cottonseed,\\nmustard, peanut or corn oils. The two so-called substitutes\\nmostly used are known as black and white. The black is\\n10", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "made by boiling oil with sulphur and the white by treating\\noil with chloride of sulphur. The use of these substitutes\\ntend to preserve rubber and resist acid.\\nEXPERIMENTS IN SUBSTITUTES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When rubber\\nand substitutes are mixed they have the faculty of softening\\nor dissolving each other, allowing the whole to cure into\\nsmooth goods. Many experiments have been made with\\nvarious chemical combinations, and earnest investigations are\\nbeing conducted with fibres of various plants, such as Ramie,\\nto find a perfect substitute for rubber, but none have as yet\\nstood all the necessary tests. Persistent research is more than\\nHkely to develop an equivalent to rubber, although consider-\\nable time must elapse before perfection of manufacture is se-\\ncured and the article made popular.\\nUSE OF RECLAIMED RUBBER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There is more re-\\nclaimed rubber used in the manufacture of rubber goods in\\nthe United States than so-called substitutes. This is because\\nit is easier and cheaper to get than compounding substitutes,\\nand, for the purpose for which it is used, it is much better.\\nIf it were not possible to use reclaimed rubber, the price of\\ncrude rubber would be very much higher as 25^0 to 30%\\nof the total product of manufactured goods may be said to\\nbe the result of its use. The method or procedure is to masti-\\ncate old boots and shoes, and reduce them to a state approach-\\ning powder, then pass the whole over magnetic plates, to ex-\\ntract metals, then through a machine to shake out the dirt.\\nThe mass afterwards goes into a big vat, where it is boiled\\nin an acid solution thereby destroying the fibre. After the\\nfibre has been removed in a washing tub, the material goes,\\nto a drying room and then to a mill where it is refined.\\nU", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nBOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING.\\nTHE ART OF MAKING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There is probably no busires\\nm which skill of a higli order is as necessary in the manu-\\nfacture of product as in the rubber industry. Patents on\\nformulae and secret compounds are not considered of prime\\nimportance. In fact, individual natural talent is of the high-\\nest importance. Rubber of apparently the same grade varies\\nmuch in quality, requiring modifications of the usual formulas\\nand great judgment as to time in vulcanizing. The instincVive\\nknowledge of cookery is the relative ability required in rubber\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0compounding.\\nPROCESS OF MANUFACTURE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The compounding\\nroom is the most important part of a rubber factory. The\\nessential additions to rubber in the manufacture of boots and\\nshoes are sulphur and litharge. After the rubber has been\\nmilled, it is siii)nutted to the compounding process and the\\nvarious ingredients put into a mill with the rubber where all\\nare kneaded into one composite substance. That which is\\nintended for uppers, after being compounded, is run through\\nanother mill called a calendar, where a sheet of cotton fabric\\nis combined with the rubber forming a sheet of rubber cloth.\\nThe rubber for soles is run through another calender which\\nturns it out marked with the pattern of the sole. These are\\nthe two principal parts, although the ordinary rubber shoe\\nconsists of seven or eight different parts, while twenty-three\\nparts are necessary in the composition of a rubber boot. x\\\\ll\\nthe additional parts are run through their proper calendars,\\nafter which the various pieces are cut out, usually by hand.\\nThe various pieces are then put together over a smooth last,\\n12", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "the boot or shoe varnished and revulcanized for seven or\\neight hours at a temperature of 260 Fahrenheit. The product\\nis then ready for market.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nMECHANICAI. GOODS MANUFACTURING.\\nVARIETY OF ARTICLES MADE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The general name\\nof mechanical goods as used in the rubber industry covers\\nsomething over 10,000 articles almost wholly made of soft\\nrubber. While there are some articles used in mechanical\\nlines made of hard rubber, the process in manufacture is so\\ncompletely different that articles used for mechanical pur-\\nposes made from hard rubber are placed in a class with sta-\\ntionery s supplies and some kinds of druggists sundries.\\nClorhing is made by manufacturers engaged in the mechanical\\ngr.ods business because soft rubber is combined with the\\ncloth. In volume of business, belting, hose, packing, mats\\nand matting, valves, gaskets, tubing and mold goods, in the\\norder given, are the notable articles made under the head of\\nmechanical goods. The great diversity of the product multi-\\nplies to a considerable extent the methods of manufacture in\\nsecret compounds, patents and machinery.\\nCrude rubber as used in the manufacture of mechanical\\ngoods is prepared in the same way as for boots and shoes\\nuntil it reaches the compounding stage.\\nMANUFACTURE OF BELTING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The basis of\\nstrength in belting is cotton duck frictioned with rubber in\\nthe calenders. Belting is made in various plies. The inner\\nplies are simply frictioned, or coated, with rubber, while the\\ntwo outer plies are frictioned and then passed through the\\ncalenders and afterwards coated. It is then taken to a fold-\\ning machine and after being folded a strip is put on. The last\\nply envelopes the ends of the others. The belting is then\\n13", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "stretched and placed in a hydraulic press, where it is sub-\\nmitted to the required degree of heat, governed by the quality\\nof the belt, at a pressure of 1800 pounds.\\nMANUFACTURE OF HOSE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The usual way of mak-\\ning seamless hose is to friction the duck the same as in belt-\\ning, forcing the whole through a tubing machine, like run-\\nning lead through a die, to the diameter required, and thert\\nrunning the mass on a pole 52 feet in length. All hose is.\\nmade 50 feet long. Rubber is then put on in a sheet, the\\nwhole being placed in heaters and vulcanized by machinery.\\nHand labor is sometimes used, but at greater cost.\\nPACKING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The whole operation of making packing is\\nfrom the calenders. The frictioned duck and rubber sheeting\\nare placed together to the right thickness and vulcanized be-\\ntween hydraulic plates.\\nMATS AND MATTING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mats and matting are run\\nfrom the calenders of proper thickness, then put into a press,\\nin molds and vulcanized. In fact, the calenders almost\\ncomplete the operation, except vulcanizing.\\nVALVES AND GASKETS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Valves, gaskets and like\\ngoods are made principally through hydraulic pressure and\\nvulcanization in molds according to the shape desired.\\nRUBBER CLOTHING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As in the manufacture of all\\nother goods, in which rubber is the basic material, experience\\nin manipulating the ingredients is the important feature irt\\nmaking rubber clothing. This is modified according to the\\naesthetic feature of the trade and as fashions vary. The cal-\\nendered, or what is commonly, known as the all rubber coat,\\nis the big article of commerce in the clothing line, although\\nponchos, a rubber blanket used by horsemen, and mackin-\\ntoshes are important branches. Most of the work of\\nmaking the all rubber coat is done on the calender, where\\nduck is frictioned and coated. It is then cut into patterns and\\n14", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "made up by hand. For service the calendered, or rubber\\nsurface clothing, where the rubber is driven into the meshes\\nof the fabric under heat and pressure, is considered the best.\\nMACKINTOSHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mackintoshes are made by a\\nspreading process. The rubber is reduced to a liquid state by\\nnaptha and churning. It is then spread on the fabric by\\nplacing the fabric to be covered between hot cylinders, where\\na knife is pressed down close enough to the surtface of the\\ncloth to allow the liquid to pass under. This is done probably\\nten times, the result being that a very thin coat of rubber is\\npressed into the cloth, leaving it flexible.\\nCARRIAGE CLOTHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In carriage clothes, after cal-\\nendering, the goods are grained on embossing rolls, var-\\nnished, and run into a dry heat.\\nMOLD GOODS. The usual equipment of rubber ma-\\nchinery utilized in making mold goods which belong either\\nto the mechanical or druggists sundries lines, is added to\\nthrough special appliances for filling and emptying molds.\\nA wide field for experiment in compounds is probably the\\nprincipal feature.\\nCEMENTS. Hundreds of different formulas are used in\\nmaking cements used in leather shoes, bicycles and other\\nmanufactured rubber articles, according to the stickiness,\\nwaterproof quality and cheapness necessary. Crude rubber\\nis mixed as in the general rubber business and made into a\\nsolution in churns.\\nDENTAL AND RUBBER STAMP SUPPLIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Un-\\nvulcanized crude rubber for dentists and rubber stamp makers\\nis compounded, but cured and finished by the dentist or stamp\\nmanufacturer.\\nDRY GOODS NOTIONS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the manufacture of no-\\ntions, such as dress shields, children s aprons, waterproof\\ndress bindings, the principal feature is in deodorizing so that\\n15", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "objectionable smells are done away with, otherwise the goods\\nare manufactured by the usual dry process. Special machines\\nfor forming and caring the goods in their particular shape\\nare also necessary.\\nDRUGGISTS STATIONERS AND OTHER MOLD\\nGOODS. Druggists surgical and stationers sundries, such\\nas water bottles, air pillows, cushions, bandages, stationers\\nrubber bands, erasers, etc., require somewhat more skillful\\nmanipulation in manufacture than in other rubber lines. In\\na general way, these articles are either made by hand from\\nthe calendered sheet partly in mold and seamed by hand\\nor, in mold altogether and vulcanized and submitted to pres-\\nsure where necessary. The distinct feature in making hollow\\nwork, such as balls a*nd bulbs, is in inflating the general shape\\nof the mold, while it is being cured in open steam heat, with a\\nfew drops of water or ammonia, which swells under the heat\\ndeveloped to perfect the shape and give the proper surface\\nboth outside and inside. The coloring of rubber in these\\narticles is also important, as no trace of lead must be left.\\nThe whites, blacks, reds and other colors must be mixed in\\nseparate mills with the greatest care.\\nTOY MANUFACTURE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Toys are made in much The\\nsame manner as other mold goods, except that a larger pro-\\nportion of hand labor is necessary. The rubber toy business\\nis a larger branch abroad than in the United States, as they\\nare more generally used in foreign countries. While some\\ntoys are manufactured in the United States, the saving in\\nlabor abroad is quite sufifiicient to offset a greater develop-\\nment in the United States.", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nRUBBER TIRE MANUFACTURING.\\nKINDS OF TIRES MADE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The rubber tire business\\nmay be divided into two general classes bicycle and vehicle.\\nTwo general styles of bicycle tires are made known as single\\nand double tube. In vehicle tires, there are three principal\\nkinds; solid, cushion and pneumatic. Although the vehicle tire\\nbusiness is in its infancy, the volume amounts to many thou-\\nsands of dollars. But two kinds are generally used, broadly\\nknown as solid and pneumatic.\\nSINGLE TUBE BICYCLE TIRES.~The manufacture\\nof bicycle tires is being conducted along firmly established\\nlines. The process of manufacture in both the single and\\ndouble tube during the preparatory stages, is about the same\\nas in clothing. The fabrics are frictioned, rubber run on,\\nand then placed on forms which shape the tire. In the mak-\\ning of single tube tires, the forms are removed and the tube\\nfilled with air and water. The process of vulcanizing is to\\nheat the water to the point of generating steam, thereby creat-\\ning a high pressure and forcing the rubber against the sides\\nof the mold. This process expands the rubber to fit the mold\\nperfectly and leaves a smooth surface on the outside.\\nDOUBLE TUBE BICYCLE TIRE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The outer tube of\\nthe double bicycle tire is built on an endless mandrel. After\\nthe tire is vulcanized, it is sliced on the inner periphery and\\nthe ring removed. The inner tube is made in lengths of\\nproper measurement, after the manner of hose, except that\\nthe ends are closed. The inner tube is then inserted in the\\nouter tube, or shoe, which latter is then laced up.\\n17", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "SOLID AND PNEUMATIC VEHICLE TIRES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nsolid vehicle tire is made by the simple process of mixing\\nthe prepared compound, forcing it into shape through a\\ntubing machine and molding it in steam heat. This tire is\\nfastened on the wheel by electrically welded wires. The\\npneumatic vehicle tire is built in much the same manner as\\nihe bicycle pneumatic tire, except that the construction is\\nmuch heavier.\\nCUSHION AND OTHER VEHICLE TIRES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\ncushion tire is also made in a great variety of forms. Prob-\\nably one of the most serviceable is a modification of what\\nmight strictly be termed a cushion tire. It is a sort of com-\\nbination of the solid and pneumatic tires. A thick wall of\\nrubber is used, which is built of frictioned rubber, carefully\\nvulcanized and coated with the highest class of rubber. The\\ndiameter of the air chamber is about one-third the thickness\\nof the walls, making it difficult to puncture and yet stable\\nenough to stand up under the weight and not break the rim\\nof the wheel.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nHARD RUBBER MANUFACTURING.\\nDIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOFT AND HARD RUB-\\nBER. The manufacture of hard rubber articles differs prim-\\narily in the treatment of crude rubber after it has been\\ncleansed and macerated. A larger proportion of sulphur is\\nused than in soft rubber and a more intense heat required.\\nFor a long time the rule was to use two pounds of rubber with\\none pound of sulphur, subjected to a heat of over 300 degrees\\nFahrenheit for several hours. As the business developed,\\nhowever, many compounds were introduced, so that almost\\nany degree of quality, hardness, or price is now provided.\\n18", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "According to the result desired, the compound is made be-\\nfore vulcanization, and the article vulcanized in molds or,\\nthe article made after vulcanization by turning on lathes and\\nmachinery used similar to that in hardwood working.\\nHARD RUBBER ARTICLES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The principal articles\\nare combs, druggists sundries, valves, surgical instruments,\\netc. The chemical action of crude rubber and sulphur mixed\\nin the proper proportions, and subjected to a high degree of\\ntemperature, is to make a black horn colored substance,\\nwhich will take a hig h polish. Hard rubber is colored by\\ndusting the crude material with the finely powdered coloring\\ndesired or enameling by rolling the coloring matter into the\\nmaterial. Hard rubber scrap is devulcanized and remixed in\\nthe cheaper grades of goods, although where elasticity and a\\nhigh grade is needed, it is not used.\\nHARD RUBBER IMITATIONS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There are many\\ncounterfeits of -hard rubber, which are made of cellulose,\\ngums and animal, vegetable and earthy matters. These do\\nnot, however, meet the service for which hard rubber is best\\nadaptable. Like Gutta Percha, these counterfeits are often\\nmistaken for hard rubber, because they look like ebony.\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nGUTTA PERCHA AND BALATA MANUFACTURING.\\nCOMMERCIAL SPHERE OF GUTTA PERCHA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGutta Percha and Balata is in no sense a substitute or counter-\\nfeit for India rubber. Not only is the cost of Gutta Percha\\nprohibitive, but it contains qualities which give it a distinct\\nclassification. The supply of Gutta Percha comes from the\\nMalay Peninsula and Island of Sumatra and is gradually\\ngrowing less due to imperfect methods of gathering.\\nMETHOD OF TREATMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gutta Percha is ^rst\\ntreated by coagulation, chiefly through exposure to air and\\n19", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "cleansed mechanically by passing- through specially con-\\nstructed machines, or chemically by submitting it to suitable\\nsolvents. In many respects Balata, coming from an entirely\\ndifferent plant, the Bullet Tree, is a substitute for Gutta\\nPercha, although it is more generally used as an adulterant\\nin the making of Gutta Percha articles. The most important\\napplication of Gutta Percha is for submarine and subter-\\nranean cables and golf balls. Surgical instruments and bot-\\ntles for holding corrosive acid and caustic alkalies are made\\nbecause of the antiseptic qualities of both Gutta Percha and\\nBalata. Submarine cables are made in screw presses in which\\nthe wires are covered with a seamless material. Gutta Percha.\\nhardened by the extraction of its resin, is used in the manu-\\nfacture of golf balls. As the specific gravity of the material\\nis low, it will float in water and through proper treatment\\nalmost any degree of elasticity can be made. The capacity\\nfor compounds in Gutta Percha and Balata are reduced ia\\nthe minimum.\\n1\\n20", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "PART II\\nFINANCIAL\\nSHOWING THE FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF\\nTHE INDUSTRY; THE COMPANIES EN-\\nGAGED THEREIN AND THEIR\\nEARNING ABILITY.\\n21", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nGENERAL TRADE CONDITIONS.\\nRUBBER BUSINESS FINANCIALLY SUCCESSFUL\\nThere is no doubt of the earning abiHty o f rubber manufac-\\nufacturers. In fact, since the days of early experiments and\\nincomplete results, there has not been a failure in the rubber\\nbusiness in the United States which is not clearly traceable\\nto mismanagement of the grossest kind. In the beginning\\nsuccess depended mainly upon patents and the energy dis-\\nplayed in introducing the new product. As the business is\\nnow conducted its success is the simple result of conservative\\nmanagement, and progress in the art of manufacturing.\\nPRINCIPAL COMPANIES IN THE INDUSTRY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 So\\nfar as the general investing public is concerned, there are but\\ntwo principal companies engaged in the business. These are\\nthe United States Rubber Co., which almost exclusively man-\\nufactures boots and shoes and the Rubber Goods Manufac-\\nturing Company, which makes the bulk of mechanical goods\\nand druggists surgical and stationers sundries, clothing, bi-\\ncycle and vehicle tires. These two companies do not conflict\\nin their trade or financial relations in any manner. The\\ncauses governing the success of either does not necessarily\\naffect the earning capacity of the other. For a clear under-\\nstanding of the financial conditions surrounding the invest-\\nment of capital in any branch of the rubber industry, it is\\ntherefore advisable to enumerate the specific advantages and\\ndisadvantages in each of the principal companies. The status\\nof the companies engaged in other and quite as important\\n22", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "branches of the industry is briefly described for the purpose\\nof indicating the comparative importance of the companies\\nof larger capitalization.\\nSTABILITY OF INDUSTRY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There are specific influ-\\nences which operate in favor of the rubber business in all its\\nbranches. Probably the education of the masses as to the\\nadaptability of rubber is responsible for greater energy in de-\\nveloping new articles for consumption. The increased diver-\\nsification of articles manufactured, which have become both\\npopular and profitable, is shown in the fact that the rubber\\nindustry has been particularly free from labor troubles and\\nthis, in the face of the improvements in machinery and the\\nconsequent relative decrease in the amount of hand labor\\nemployed.\\nBENEFITS OF CONSOLIDATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Another import-\\nant factor, which is giving renewed impetus to the trade is\\nthe consolidation of interests engaged in similar lines of man-\\nufacture. Not only are the ordinary economies of consolida-\\ntion conserved, such as administration, sales and patents, but\\na remarkable advancement in efficiency in manufacture is the\\nresult. This is due to the fact that the manipulation of rubber\\nin manufacture has not yet been reduced to the basis of an\\nexact science. The lack of uniformity in the quality of crude\\nrubber as at present gathered, makes it necessary that special\\nskill be developed in attaining fixed results, while the various\\nmaterials utilized are in process of manufacture.\\nSTANDARDIZING PRODUCT AND BRANDS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe individual mixer uust not only have an intuitive sense,.\\nbut years of experience. This results in keeping the product\\nup to a standard quality, and, to a very large extent, gives\\nvalue to brands. As a rule, the chief value in the brand of any\\nmanufactured article is in the capital invested in intelligent\\nadvertising. This not only applies to the rubber business.\\n23", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "n\\nbut must be augmented by the ability to keep the article pro-\\nduced upon an even plane of efficiency or the brand immedi-\\nately loses its value.\\nVALUE OF COMPOUNDING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There is no danger\\nthat the supply of crude rubber or raw material will become\\nso short as to cause prohibitive prices in the manufacture of\\nthe product. The area in which rubber producing trees and\\nplants grow is so large that the source of supply can hardly\\nbe exhausted in many hundreds of years at the present ratio\\nof increase of demand. The price of the best grade of crude\\nrubber known as fine Para has ranged from 40 cents to $1.15\\nper pound in the last thirty years. This price has varied ac-\\ncording to the conditions surrounding the gathering of the\\nmaterial and not as the result of an increase in the consump-\\ntion of the goods manufactured. The advancement in the art\\nof compounding has so greatly reduced the cost of the pro-\\nduct that even the highest prices for crude rubber could pre-\\nvail without injury to the earning capacity of the companies\\nengaged in the business.\\nREGULAR EARNING ABILITY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The general busi-\\nness conditions prevailing in the United States are not likely\\nto greatly influence earning ability in times of depression as\\nso many articles are made of an economical nature that in\\ntimes of restriction rubber products are more likely to be\\nused. Rubber footwear is cheaper than leather shoes and\\nthe introduction of rubber in mechanical lines has proved to\\nbe economical. The enormous increase in the use of rubber\\ntires is. also permanent and economical. In fact, no substi-\\ntute is at present available in competition with rubber for any\\npurpose for which it has as yet been used.\\nPROSPECTIVE INCREASE IN CONSUMPTION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIn point of consumption of manufactured rubber articles, the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0following countries rank in the order named United States,\\nGermany, Russia, England, Italy, Canada, Norway and\\n24", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "Sweden and Japan. Since the inception of the rubber business,\\nthe United States has led in the consumption of shoes, tires,\\nbelting, hose and other mechanical goods. It is a notable\\nfeature of the business that where rubber has been introduced\\nit has rarely been supplanted by any other material because\\nof its adaptability and economy. When rubber tires, cloth-\\ning, boots and shoes, horse shoes, packing, insulation and all\\narticles for personal comfort or medicinal purposes are once\\nused they are always used. With the march of civilization\\nand opening up of new territory and the consequent intro-\\nduction of water works, electrical apparatus, etc., new fields\\nare available.\\nEXPORT TRADE AND FOREIGN CONDITIONS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAs the result of concentrated effort, through the general con-\\nsolidation of interests in the principal rubber lines,\\nthe exportation of goods to foreign countries is be-\\nginning to show an appreciable increase. The ofificial\\nfigures show that for the nine months ending April\\nI, 1900, the ratio of increase was 37^ per cent.\\nIn countries where rubber is manufactured, the increase in\\nthe exportation of the American article is not likely to be so\\ngreat, owing to the cheaper labor abroad, which, however,\\nis largely offset by the decreased cost in manufacture in the\\nUnited States through the use of improved machinery and\\nthe better compounding system which prevails. Up to the\\npresent time, the production of rubber goods has not been\\nsuf^ciently increased to warrant competition for foreign busi-\\nness. The growth of the business in this country, however,\\nis such at the present time that the most satisfactory results\\nare being obtained through the introduction oi rubber articles\\nat reasonable profit in countries like South America, Africa,\\nAustralia, Mexico and the Far East. On the other hand,\\nforeign competition in the United States markets is of no\\nimportance.\\nInformation is given of the companies engaged in various\\n25", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "branches of the rubber industry in the order of their pre-\\ncedence for convenience of reference in point of manufacture\\na^nd estabhshment.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nCRUDJB RUBBER COMPANIES.\\nSYSTEM OF FIXING PRICES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There is nothing par-\\nticularly unusual in the method of buying a^nd selling crude\\nrubber as conducted by the principal concerns in this coun-\\ntry. The United States, England and Germany are the con-\\ntrolling factors in determining prices. The visible supply of\\ncrude rubber is very well known at all times. The statistics\\nof crude rubber in South America, Africa and Central\\nAmerica the amount afloat out of these countries to Ant-\\nwerp, Liverpool and New York and the stocks held at the\\nvarious receiving ports are accurately known each month.\\nFrom this basis the price is gauged. Where there is an ex-\\ncess demand in any of the principal markets the price is modi-\\nfied plus transportation and duties, if there be any. In the\\nUnited States crude rubber is admitted free under a liberal\\ndefinition of the tariff on milled rubber.\\nBRAZILIAN EXPORT DUTIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In a broad sense,\\nthe United States depends for its supply of rubber upon the\\nproduct of Brazil England from South America and Africa,\\nwhile Germany secures the great bulk of its product from\\nthe Congo Free State, Central America, and, partially from\\nSouth America. The Brazilian government charges an ex-\\nport duty at Para of 23.815% on the official value, which\\ncovers the government, state and municipal taxation on crude\\nrubber.\\nBUYING AND SELLING METHODS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The traffic in\\ncrude rubber in the United States is in no sense governed\\n26", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "by any trust, pool or other agreement, either as to methods\\nof buying in Para or Manaos, or in extraordinary facilities\\nfor selling to consumers. The various companies and firms\\nengaged in the business purchase crude rubber in South\\nAmerica either through agents, brokers, or warehousemen.\\nNo special means of transportation are employed. Steamers\\nare chartered in the usual way whether buying in the South\\nAmerican or Continental markets. When crude rubber is\\nreceived in New York, its sale is governed by the demand.\\nThe price is fixed according to the ability of the individual\\nseller to supply the precise grade and quantity desired. The\\nstatistical tables published in Chapter IL, Part I., give the\\nrange of prices and exports from Para for thirty years and\\nconsumption with United States for eighteen years.\\nCRUDE RUBBER SPECULATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The speculative\\nfeature in buying and selling crude rubber is reduced to a\\nminimum, although attempts have been made from time to\\ntime to control the market on the part of inexperienced man-\\nipulators, which have resulted in loss due to the breadth of\\nthe crude markets.\\nNAMES OF CRUDE RUBBER HOUSES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The prin-\\ncipal companies engaged in the crude rubber business in the\\nUnited States, named in the order of volume of business\\ntransacted are\\nCrude Rubber Co., 30 Broad St., N. Y. City.\\nThe New York Commercial Co., 290 Broadway, N. Y. City.\\nGeo. A. Alden Co., Boston.\\nReimers Co., 61 Pine St., N. Y. City.\\nOtto G. Mayer Co., 44-8 Cedar St., N. Y. City.\\nLawrence Johnson Co., Philadelphia.\\nIn addition, there is a class of individual brokers, while cer-\\ntain manufacturers buy their product through agents located\\nat Para and Manaos.\\nTHE CRUDE RUBBER COMPANY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Crude Rub-\\nber Company is capitalized for $1,000,000, and has a surplus\\n27", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "of $400,000. This company handles about three quarters of\\nthe Crude Rubber business in the United States. The com-\\npany was first started in 1869, incorporated in August, 1897,\\nand has gradually increased in growth. The officers are\\nHenry Earle, president and general manager P. de Lacey\\nLieberman, treasurer and secretary. The securities of the\\ncompanies are not listed and are closely held. The New York\\nCommercial Company is a close corporation and no state-\\nment concerning its affairs is available for publication. The\\nother concerns engaged in the business are co-partnerships.\\nCHAPTER HI.\\nBOOT AND SHOE COMPANIES.\\nVOLUME OF BOOT AND SHOE TRADE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In a\\nsense, the growth of the companies engaged in the manufac-\\nture of rubber boots and shoes is equivalent to the history of\\nthe whole rubber industry of this country. The problems\\nof vulcanization, compounds and machinery were first worked\\nout in the effort to make boots and shoes. The perfection\\nof this particular branch of the rubber business has been\\ngreater than in any other. The volume of product consumed\\nis larger than in any other rubber article. The business has\\ngrown from an annual output in i860 of $795,000; in 1870,\\nto $8,000,000 in 1880 to $16,000,000 in 1890 to $24,000,000.\\nAt present the annual output is $35,000,000. In 1895, an ag-\\ngregate capital of $20,000,000 was invested in the rubber boot\\nand shoe manufacturing business; 15,000 workmen em-\\nployed and 40,000,000 pairs of boots and shoes produced. The\\npresent capital invested in the industry is $55,000,000, and\\nthe annual output of boots and shoes 70,000,000 pairs.\\nWHY THE UNITED STATES LEADS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United\\nStates has greatly outstripped Europe in the manufacture of\\n28", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "rubber boots and shoes. There has been a greater incentive\\nfor making inventions and improving machinery, due to the\\ngreater cost of labor in the United States secondly, the great\\nbody of the working people in this country are better able\\nto afiford the luxury of rubber footwear. In Europe, rubbers\\nare only worn by the well to do here they are worn by every-\\none the yearly average consumption being a pair of rubbers\\nto every other person. Probably the most important reason\\nhowever, is that rubber boots or shoes are the cheapest and\\nmost economical form of footwear.\\nTHE WEATHER AND INCREASE IN CONSUMP-\\nTION. Owing to the nature of the product, weather condi-\\ntions have a great deal to do in determining the volume of\\nconsumption. The season s business begins about the first\\nof April, when price lists are issued and discounts fixed\\nfor the fiscal year s trade. Blanket orders are then taken for\\ndelivery according to the particular needs of the purchaser.\\nWith a long severe Winter, the sale of the product is largely\\nincreased but the normal increase in the shoe business for\\nthe past ten years has probably been io% over and above\\nthe consumption caused by the natural increase in popula-\\ntion. The average of increase fluctuates according to weather\\nconditions.\\nCONCERTED MANAGEMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Before there was\\nconcerted effort on the part of the larger manufacturers, re-\\nsulting in the organization of the United States Rubber Com-\\npany, there was considerable loss through attempts to intro-\\nduce odd and undesirable patterns, as well as other injudi-\\ncious forms of competition. As the industry became special-\\nized and gravitated towards a better form of management,\\neconomy in manufacture became an enormous item. The ex-\\nperience of the most skillful manufacturer was utilized for the\\nbenefit of the whole, while a more uniform system of selling\\ngreatly benefited the industry.\\n29", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "ECONOMIES OF CONSOLIDATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It has not de-\\nveloped that the bringing together of these great interests-\\nunder one management has advanced the price of the product\\nin a greater ratio than is legitimately warranted by the fluc-\\ntuations in the cost of crude material. On the contrary, the\\nbusiness has become more stable with a tendency towards\\ngiving greater value to consumers. As the volume of the\\nrubber business increases, the ability to utilize reclaimed\\nrubber becomes an important item. Reclaimed rubber can be\\ndevulcanized and used very freely at a cost of from 13 to 15.\\ncents per pound as against Para rubbers at from 55 to $1.00-\\nper pound.\\nTHE UNITED STATES RUBBER CO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United\\nStates Rubber Company is the largest factor in the rubber\\nboot and shoe business in the United States. It controls 80%\\nof the business. The company is capitalized under the laws-\\nof New Jersey for $50,000,000, divided equally between 8%\\nnon-cumulative preferred and common stock. The officers\\nare Frederick M. Shepherd, President James B. Ford, Vice-\\nPresident; Charles R. Flint, Treasurer; H. M. Sadler, As-\\nsistant Treasurer Samuel P. Colt, Secretary. The directors-\\nare: E. S. Converse, Samuel P. Colt, H. E. Converse,\\nCharles R. Flint, James B. Ford, J. Howard Ford, Robert\\nM. Galloway, Henry L. Hotchkiss, Charles L. Johnson,.\\nLester Leland, Frederick C. Sayles, Frederick M. Shepherd,\\nCharles Stewart Smith, John D. Vermeule, George E. Weed\\nand Samuel N. Williams. The executive committee is com-\\nposed of Frederick M. Shepherd, Henry L. Hotchkiss, James\\nB. Ford, Charles R. Flint, Samuel P. Colt, John D. Vermeule,.\\nCharles L. Johnson and Lester Leland,\\nNew Jersey Headquarters Brunswick, N. J.\\nGeneral Offices\u00e2\u0080\u0094 9\u00e2\u0080\u0094 15 Murray St., N. Y.\\nRegistrar ^Central TrusFCompany.\\nTransfer Offices 9 15 Murray St., N. Y.\\n30", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE PRESIDENT S REPORT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The President, in his\\nlast annual report, dated May 15, 1900, in part said: The\\nbusiness of the year presents some remarkable features. In\\nthe mid-Winter, it appeared that perhaps the amount of sales\\nwould be smaller than those of the previous year. But the\\ntotal result proved the contrary and the business has been\\nmost satisfactory. The loss by bad debts during the year is\\nalso remarkable in that it amounts to less than one-hun-\\ndredth of one per cent, of the total sales, a most gratifying\\nevidence of the prosperity of the trade with which we have\\ndealings. The relations between the company and the em-\\nployees in the manufacturing department and with customers\\ncontinue harmonious and friendly.\\nFINANCIAL CONDITION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The balance sheet, show-\\ning the condition of the company s business, March 31, 1900,\\ncompared with the previous year is as follows:\\nAssets.\\nMar. 31, 1900. Mar. 31, 1899.\\nCash $628,630.84 $557,666.79\\nNotes and accounts receivable 1,887,506.78 1.799, 155-88\\nMerchandise on hand 1,394,019.73 1,617,609.85\\nInvestments 46,961,836.05 46,910,508.78\\n$50,871,993.40 $50,884,941.30\\nLiabilities.\\nPreferred stock $23,525,500.00 $23,525,500.00\\nCommon stock 23,666,000.00 23,666,000.00\\nAccounts pavable 1,417,094.75 1,711.263.50\\nDue companies for goods sold 253,015.04 217.634.84\\nBalance $2,010,383.61 $1,764,542.96\\nReserved for dividends in\\nApril and July 1,177,680.00 941,020.00\\nSurplus $832,703.61 $823,522.96\\n31", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "THE EARNING CAPACITY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The income account for\\nthe year ending March 31, 1900, follows:\\nSurplus March 31, 1899 $823,522.96\\nProfits from operating plants and\\ndividends on investment $2,246,030.42\\nNet income froim commissions on\\nsales of goods 987,743.19\\nTotal income $3,233,773.61\\nLess total expenses 225,886.07\\n3,007,887.54\\n$3,831,410 50\\nDIVIDENDS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On preferred stock:\\nPaid Oct., 99 $476,510\\nPaid Jan., 00 470,5io\\nTo be paid April, 00. 470,510\\nTo be paid July, 00. 470,510\\nOn common stock\\nPaid July, 99 $236,660\\nPaid Oct., 99 236,660\\nPaid Jan., 00 236,660\\nTo be paid April, 00. 236,000\\n1,882,040.00\\n946,640.00\\nTotal dividends $2,828,680.00\\n$1,032 730 50\\nCharged for depreciation in losses 170,026.89\\nSurplus $832,703.61\\nThe undivided earnings in the treasuries of the\\nmanufacturing companies in which this com-\\npany has investments after charging off for\\ndepreciation, are now $2,689,367.81\\nThe books and accounts from which the treasurer s reports\\nwere made up were certified to by chartered accountants.\\nUpon the basis of a $100,000 subscription to the underwriting\\nin 1892, there has been paid over 9 per cent, in dividends,\\nand an original subscription for that amount shows an addi-\\ntional profit of over $20,000.\\nMANAGEMENT OF UNITED STATES RUBBER\\nCOMPANY. As at present constituted, the company is or-\\n32", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "gani/erl upon the basis of maintaining the individuahty of the\\nsubsidiary companies The standard required is fixed at ihe\\nlevel of the best and it is the policy to bring the product of the\\nwhole to that standard. The consolidation of ownership of\\nsecurities of the various companies has effected important\\neconomies in making fewer brands and adopting the best of\\nthe standard styles. Only the most modern plants are oper-\\nated to their greatest capacity. Selling methods are also made\\nmore uniform, resulting in a more effective system of less ex-\\npense.\\nDIVIDEND PAYMENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dividends are declared\\nquarterly and paid in January, April, July and October.\\nOTHER BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe United States Rubber Company is in no sense a mon-\\nopoly. There are a number of companies in the different\\nparts of the United States, making various grades of goods.\\nAmong these are the Hood Rubber Company, Boston, Mass.,.\\nMishawaka Woolen Company, Mishawaka, Ind., the Grand\\nRapids Felt Boot Co., Grand Rapids, Mich., the Apsley Mfg..\\nCo., Hudson, Mass., the Byfield Rubber Company, Bristol.\\nR. I., George Watkinson Co., Phila., Bourn Rubber Com-\\npany, Providence, R. I., Monarch Rubber Company, St.\\nLouis. Mo. and the Beacon Falls Rubber Co., Beacon Falls,\\nMass.\\nAs the securities of the above companies are not actively\\ntraded in and public financial statements not made, their finan-\\ncial condition cannot be shown.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nMECHANICAIi GOODS COMPANIES.\\nDIVERSIFICATION OF PRODUCT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The mechanical\\ngoods business first showed a substantial development some\\ntwenty years after the firm establishment of the rubber boot\\nand shoe business. The great diversification of product.", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "however, is largely responsible for its subsequent and rela-\\ntively more rapid development. As railroad building- in-\\ncreased and manufacturing- in other lines grew, the sources\\nof consumption for mechanical goods multiplied. The great\\nbulk of mechanical articles used, therefore, are manufactured\\nin this branch of the industry.\\nINCREASE IN MANUFACTURE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A few years ago\\nthe greatest increase in the manufacture of mechanical goods\\nwas in belting, packing, hose, mats, tubing, valves, etc. All\\nthese have been placed upon a well defined basis. Probably\\nthe articles which are now showing the greatest increase in\\nmanufacture and consumption are bicycle and vehicle tires.\\nIt remained for companies engaged in making mechanical\\ngoods to develop this class of goods. It is fair to assume,\\nhowever, that its growing magnitude will specialize the manu-\\nfacture of tires in due season. The tendency seems to be, in\\nfact, to arrange the manufacture and sale of all kinds of rubber\\ngoods, so that when specific articles become more than or-\\ndinarily prominent, another branch of the trade is created for\\nthe sake of efficiency and economy.\\nSTABILITY OF BUSINESS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The degree of success of\\nthe mechanical goods branch of the rubber industry depends\\nupon the general business conditions of the whole country.\\nThe immense diversification of the product is its strongest\\nfeature. This class of product is a necessity in almost every\\nline of business. There is probably not one manufacturer in\\nthe country but who uses rubber goods in some form and his\\nconsumption gradually grows to larger proportions. It\\nwould be difficult tomake any rehable estimate of the volume\\nof output in the various mechanical goods lines because of\\nthe many ramifications of the trade. The increase, however,\\nis much above the natural increase from consumption due to\\ngreater population. The business is essentially one of great\\ndetail and capable of many economies, owing to greater ex-\\n34", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "perience in compounding, perfection in machinery and es-\\ntablishment of brands, which latter is highly important as a\\nbrand in the rubber business is synonomous with a special\\ngrade of goods.\\nTHE RUBBER GOODS MANUFACTURING COM-\\nPANY. The Rubber Goods Manufacturing Company prob-\\nably controls 85% of the mechanical goods business in the\\nUnited States. The company is organized under the laws\\nof New Jersey, with an authorized capital of $50,000,000.00,\\nequally divided between common stock and 7% cumulative\\npreferred stock. The success of the consolidation of this\\ncompany is best evidenced in the fact that the first year s busi-\\nness showed an increase of over $400,000 in excess of the net\\nprofits estimated at the time of the formation of the company.\\nOFFICERS AND DIRECTORS The directors and offi-\\ncers of the company are as follows C. S. Smith, president\\nU, D. Eddy, vice-president; W. B. Flint, treasurer, and W.\\nA. Towner, assistant treasurer and secretary. Directors\\nCharles Stewart Smith, Charles R. Flint, F. W. Morgan, L.\\nK. McClymonds, G. W. Blanchard, R. L. Edwards, Ulysses\\nD. Eddy, George W. Hebard, Alvah Trowbridge, C. H. Dale,\\nHenry Steers, Alden S. Swan, William M. Ivins, Wallace B.\\nFlint and Percy Chubb. Executive Committee Charles R.\\nFlint, chairman; W. M. Ivins, G. W. Blanchard, C. H. Dale,\\nL. K. McClymonds, G. W. Hebard, F. W. Morgan. General\\nCounsel: W. M. Ivins.\\nNew Jersey Headquarters Jersey City, N. J.\\nRegistrar United States Mortgage Trttst Company.\\nTransfer Agents Baring. Magoun Co.\\nTHE PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPO RT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first\\nannual report of the company s business is as follows\\n35", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "PRESIDENT S REPORT.\\nNew Brunswick, N. J., February loth, 1900.\\nTo the Stockholders of the\\nRubber Goods Manufacturing Company\\nReviewing the general business and conditions of the com-\\npany, in conformity with the By-Laws, the President reports\\nas follows\\nThis company was incorporated January 26th, 1899, and\\norganized March 17, 1899. The properties, which were ac-\\nquired at the outset, were as follows\\nNinety-one per cent, of the Capital Stock of the Mechanical\\nRubber Company, which owns\\n(a) The plant of the Chicago Rubber Works, at Chicago,\\nIllinois.\\n(b) The plant of the Cleveland Rubber Works, at Cleve-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2land, O.\\n(c) The plants of the New York Belting and Packing Co.,.\\n(i) at Passaic, N. J., and (2) at Sandy Hook, Conn.\\n(d) The plant of the Fabric Fire Hose Company at War-\\nwick, N. Y.\\n(e) The plant of the Stoughton Rubber Company at\\nStoughton, Mass,\\nSeventy-five per cent, of the Capital Stock of Morgan\\nWright of Chicago, 111.\\nThe entire capital stock of the Peerless Rubber Manufac-\\nturing Company of New York.\\nThe entire capital stock of the India Rubber Company of\\nAkron, O.\\nThere has since been acquired\\nEight and three-quarter per -cent, of the Capital Stock of\\nthe Mechanical Rubber Company.\\nThe entire capital stock of the Sawyer Belting Company of\\nEast Cambridge, Mass.\\nThe entire Capital Stock of the Hartford Rubber Works-\\nCompany, of Hartford, Conn.\\n36", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "The entire Capital Stock of the IndianapoHs Rubber Com-\\npany of Indianapolis, Ind.\\nThe entire Capital Stock of the Peoria Rubber Manufac-\\nturing Company of Peoria, 111.\\nNegotiations have been completed for the transfer to the\\nRubber Goods Manufacturing Company of the entire Capital\\nStock of the iVmerican Dunlop Tire Company of Belleville,\\nNew Jersey, and arrangements have been about completed\\nfor other valuable properties and contracts which will mater-\\nially increase the earning capacity of the company.\\nThe Rubber Goods Manufacturing Company has no in-\\ndebtedness and the By-Laws forbid any bonded or mortgage\\ndebt to be created without the consent of the holders of two-\\nthirds of the preferred shares, as well as of the holders of a\\nmajority of the general or common stock.\\nThe Treasurer s Report of the financial condition of the\\ncompany, as of February loth, 1900, and of the operations\\nfor the fiscal year is appended.\\nThe officers and directors of the company congratulate the\\nstockholders on this showing.\\nRespectfully submitted,\\nCharles Stewart Smith,\\nPresident.\\nTREASURER S REPORT.\\nThe following balance sheet shows the condition of the\\ncompany February 10, 1900:\\nASSETS.\\nCash $318,246.72\\nAccounts receivable 765.589-51\\nNet earnings of properties ac-\\nquired prior to\\nNovember 1,1899 $1,409,421.87\\nLess amount re-\\nceived to date... 852,124.83\\n557.297-04\\nInvestments 22,129.732.28\\nTotal $23,770,865.55\\n37", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "LIABILITIES.\\nPreferred stock. $7,621,300\\nCommon stock 15,134,600\\nTotal $22,755,900.00\\nSurplus $1,014,965.55\\nW. B. FLINT, Treasurer.\\nINCOME AND DIVIDEND ACCOUNT.\\nNet income received to February 10, 1900. $798,438.26\\nDividends paid on preferred stock:\\nJune 15th, 1899 if per cent\\nSept. 15th, 1899 if per cent\\nDec. 15th, 1899. .if per cent\\nTotal 340,769.75\\nAvailable for dividends $457,668.51\\nBalance of earnings reserved 557,297.04\\nTotal surplus $1,014965.55\\nW. B. FLINT, Treasurer.\\nIn addition to the net earnings of $1,409,421.87, herein-\\nbefore stated, the interests acquired since November ist,\\n1899, have made a profit to December 31st, 1899, as esti-\\nmated, of $60,000.\\nDIVIDEND PAY^,IENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The company has paid reg-\\nular dividends of if per cent, quarterly on preferred stock\\nand commenced quarterly payments of i per cent, on the\\ncommon. Dividends are declared quarterly, and paid Jan-\\nuary, April, July and October.\\nINCREASED EARNING CAPACITY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Since the time\\nof the annual report, several important additions have been\\nmade to the earning capacity of the company. The most\\nprominent of these has been through contracts with the Amer-\\nican Bicycle Company, the Consolidated Tire Company, and\\nother concerns for the sale and manufacture of rubber tires.\\nAs a partial result of the new arrangement, directors of the\\ncompany on June i, 1900, authorized the following memoran-\\ndum regarding the company s financial affairs.\\n38", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "Profits year 99 $1,409,421\\nPreferred stock, dividends and expenses 549.779\\nBalance of earnings undivided $859,642\\nDeduct amount set aside for dividends on preferred\\nand common stock (paid July 16) 284,835\\nNet balance undivided earnings year 1899 574,807\\nThe earnings for the first six months of 1900, ending June\\n30, were $1,208,487, leaving a surplus June 30. after paying\\nall expenses and dividends on the preferred and common\\nstock of over $1,750,000.\\nPLAN OF ORGANIZATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The organization and\\nmanagement of the Rubber Goods Manufacturing Company\\nis unique in comparison with consolidations in other indus-\\ntries.\\nThe individuality of the subsidiary companies is main-\\ntained both in the competitive and manufacturing sense. This\\nengenders a spirited rivalry in the sale of goods and con-\\nstantly breeds new business. The paramount factor, how-\\never, is that the best individual ability is fixed as the standard\\nfor all resulting in greater benefit to the whole system.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nRUBBER TIRE COMPANIES.\\nBICYCLE TIRE BUSINESS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bicycle business has\\npassed through its primary stages into a well established in-\\ndustry. The product is manufactured and sold almost ex-\\nclusively by the companies which are controlled by the Rub-\\nber Goods Manufacturing Company. The feature of the busi-\\nness, which gives it the greatest stability, is the popularity of\\nbrands.\\nVEHICLE TIRES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The manufacture of solid vehicle\\ntires is also well established upon well defined lines. There\\nare opportunities for improvement and experiment, however,\\n39", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "in the auto tire field, as new conditions, are to be met\\nin heavier vehicles. This business is very large at present^\\nbut is bound to grow to enormous proportions.\\nCONSOLIDATED TIRE COMPANY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This company\\nmakes a specialty of solid tires. It is not a manufacturing\\ncompany, but sells the product of other factories through\\nspecial contracts. The company is capitalized at $8,000,000.\\nOn December 31, 1899, a statement was made showing an ex-\\ncess of current assets over current liabilities of $781,428. The\\nchief assets of the company consist of good will, patents, cash\\non hand, as the result of profits, and goods carried in stock.\\nThe Grant patent, commonly known as the Kelly Tire, is\\nthe chief patent owned. This form of tire is made, however,\\nby a number of companies. This company is by far the larg-\\nest handler of tires in the country.\\nVOLUME OE BUSINESS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The total tire business of\\nthe country may be fixed at about $12,500,000 annually. Of\\nthis, bicycle tires are sold to the amount of $7,500,000; solid\\nvehicle tires, $4,000,00; Pneumatic Vehicle Tires $1,00,000\\nand cushion tires about $100,000. The principal companies\\nwhich make tire are Morgan Wright, Hartford Rubber\\nTire Company, Goodrich Rubber Company, India Rubber\\nCompany, Akron, O., Diamond Rubber Company, Akron,\\nO., Goodyear Rubber Company, New Brunswick Tire Com-\\npany, The Buckeye Rubber Company, is building a factory,\\nat Akron, O.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nHARD RUBBER COMPANIES.\\nAMERICAN HARD RUBBER COMPANY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The total\\nbiisiness done in hard rubber product in the United States is\\nabout $2,500,000, of which the American Hard Rubber Com-\\npany, composed of the India Rubber Comb Company, the Rut-\\n40", "height": "3469", "width": "2078", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "land Hard Rubber Company and the Goodrich Hard Rubber\\nCompany, control about three-quarters. The Goodyear Vul-\\ncanite Company produces about one-fifth of the total output.\\nThe great bulk of the Hard Rubber business is in electrical\\ninsulation, combs, surgical and stationers supplies. There\\nis an actual increase in the development of the business and\\nlittle or no prospect of competition from foreign interference\\non account of an import duty of 30%. As the American Hard\\nRubber Company and the Goodyear Vulcanite Company are\\npractically limited copartnerships, statements of their financial\\ncondition are not available.\\nCHAPTER \\\\n.\\nRECLAIMED RUBBER COMPANIES.\\nMETHOD OF CONDUCTING BUSINESS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Re-\\nclaimed rubber business of the United is one of the most im-\\nportant in the industry. Practically the same conditions that\\ncontrol crude rubber operate in reclaimed rubber. The busi-\\nness is carried on by firms which handle the reclaimed rub-\\nber or scraps such as boots and shoes, belting, etc., which\\nis first collected through junk shops. The price is fixed on\\nthe basis of supply and demand. The business has become\\nso important that a standard system of packing and grading\\nof material has been established.\\nPRINCIPAL USERS OF RECLAIMED RUBBER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe companies which handle the greatest quantities of re-\\nclaimed rubber are as follows United States Rubber Com-\\npany, Loewenthal Rubber Company, Philadelphia Rubber\\nWorks, Mechanical Rubber Company, Boston Rubber Shoe\\nCompany, Bloomingdale Rubber Works, Raymond Rubber\\nCompany, Diamond Rubber Company, Trenton Rubber\\nManufacturing Company, Empire Rubber Manufacturing\\nCompany, E. H. Clapp Rubber Comapny, United States Rub-\\n41", "height": "3496", "width": "2018", "jp2-path": "rubberitscommerc00simp_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "ber Reclaiming Works, B. F. Goodrich Company, New York\\nBelting Packing Co. Limited, Joseph Stokes Rubber Com-\\npany, Boston Woven Hose Rubber Co., New Jersey Rub-\\nber Company, Crescent Belting Packing Company, Dan-\\nversport Rubber Company, Lake Shore Rubber Company.\\nCHAPTER VHP\\nGUTTA PERCHA AND BALATA COMPANIES.\\nCONTROL OF TRADE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 England controls the Gutta\\nPercha business of. the world through its better facilities in\\nthe manufacture of cables. Cables and golf balls are the\\nprincipal products of manufactured articles made from Gutta\\nPercha and Balata. The supply of Gutta Percha is so re-\\nstricted that the price of the raw material seems to be too\\nhigh to increase its use. On the contrary, the manufacture\\nof Gutta Percha articles seems to be decreasing.\\nBISHOP GUTTA PERCHA COMPANY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Probably\\nthe most important element at present in the Gutta Percha\\nbusiness is the contemplated building of the Pacific Cable,\\nwhich, if it happens, is more than likely to advance the price\\nof Gutta Percha. This would prohibit its use and a rubber\\ncompound be used in its place. The principal company en-\\ngaged in the Gutta Percha business in this country is the\\nBishop Gutta Percha Company established in 1847, which\\nmanufactures cables, insulated wires and other Gutta Percha\\ngoods. 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