{"1": {"fulltext": "ill\\n{llllllfl j 1.", "height": "3320", "width": "2582", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class\\nBook\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT", "height": "3246", "width": "2363", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2363", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2363", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2363", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3236", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2363", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3236", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "ENCYCLOPEDIA\\nOF\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA\\nJUDGE CHARLES E. FLANDRAU\\nVOLUME I\\nILLUSTRATED WITH\\njtccl ghxU and \u00c2\u00a3oppcv gUtte 3\u00c2\u00a3ngv;iuings\\nCHICAGO\\nTHE CENTURY PUBLISHING AND ENGRAVING COMPANY\\n1900", "height": "3256", "width": "2322", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Libr^/y of ContirMi\\nWb lUPlEi KltlHED\\nOCT 25 1900\\nC*MrfgM\u00c2\u00ab*y\\nSECOND COPY.\\n0. and t\u00c2\u00ab\\nQROfc* DIVISION,\\nOCT 26 1900\\nCOPYRIGHT, 11)00\\nTHE CENTURY PUBLISHING AND ENGRAVING COMPANY\\nCHICAGO", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "gcdi cation\\nTO THE OLD SETTLERS OF MINNESOTA\\nWHO SO WISELY LAID THE FOUNDATION OF OUR STATE UPON THE BROAD AND\\nENDURING BASIS OF FREEDOM AND TOLERATION, THIS HISTORY\\nIS MOST GRATEFULLY AND AFFECTIONATELY\\nDEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR\\nCharles E. Flandrau", "height": "3256", "width": "2322", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nMany books of the character and general design of the present\\nvolume have been given to the public as embodying the history of\\ncertain States and sections of the Uuion, through the medium of\\nbiographies aud portraits of their representative men; but this work\\ndiffers essentially from them all, in that, while it contains tin usual\\nfeatures of biography and portraiture, it is also accompanied by a\\nsuccinct, accurate, interesting and readable history of Minnesota, pre-\\npared by one of the oldest and most experienced citizens of the State.\\nJudge Flamlrau, the author of this history, has participated in every\\nimportant event which has occurred in Minnesota since its organiza-\\ntion as a Territory in 1S4! and recounts in a colloquial and pleasing\\nstyle, his personal recollections and knowledge of the growth and\\nprogress of the State. This history will be read by thousands, where a\\nmore pretentious and voluminous record would be eschewed as too\\nlaborious an undertaking.\\nThe State of Minnesota is quite a youthful member of the Union,\\nits history compassing but half a century; yet its marvelous growth\\nin all the elements that make for substantial worth and greatness, has\\nbeen phenomenal, and entitles it to a prominent niche in the gallery\\nof the sisterhood.\\nBesides the history, the work contains the biographies of many of\\nthe prominent citizens of the State, with their portraits. We feel\\njustified in saying that the workmanship and art bestowed on these\\nportraits, is of superior excellence, both in the engraving and the\\nperfection of the resemblance to the subjects portrayed, while the\\nbiographical sketches are authentic. It has been the aim of the pub-\\nlishers throughout, to include in the list only those who have, by their\\nability, industry and courage, contributed to the building of the State\\nto its present eminence. Many have been omitted, who are, no doubt,\\nentitled to a place on the roll of honor, their great number making it\\nimpracticable to include them all in one volume. These omissions may,\\nhowever, be remedied in a subsequent volume.\\nIn presenting to the public this Encyclopaedia of Biography of\\nMinnesota, with its accompanying history, the publishers believe they\\nhave made a valuable contribution to the history and literature of the\\nState, and acknowledge their thanks for the aid and support which\\nthey have received from their patrons and the people of Minnesota\\ngenerally, in the preparation of this work.\\nTHE PUBLISHERS.", "height": "3256", "width": "2322", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS OF HISTORY.\\nCHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.\\nPage\\nOpening Statement 7\\nLegendary and Aboriginal Era 8\\nFort Snelling 12\\nSelkirk Settlement 14\\nGeorge Catlin 16\\nFeatherstonhaugh 17\\nSchoolcraft; Source of Mississippi 17\\nElevations in Minnesota iS\\nNicollet 18\\nMissions 19\\nIndians 21\\nTerritorial Period 24\\nEducation 26\\nFirst Territorial Government 28\\nCourts 29\\nFirst Territorial Legislature 30\\nImmigration 3-\\nThe Panic of 1857 34\\nLand Titles 35\\nThe First Newspaper 35\\nBanks 36\\nThe Fur Trade 37\\nPemmican 39\\nTransportation and Express 40\\nLumber 41\\nReligion 41\\nRailroads 44\\nThe First Railroad Actually Built 48\\nThe Spirit Lake Massacre 49\\nThe Constitutional Convention 51\\nAttempt to Remove the Capital 54\\nCensus 55\\nGrasshoppers 55\\nMilitia 56\\nThe Wright County War 57\\nThe Civil War 57\\nThe Third Regiment 60\\nThe Indian War of 1862 and Following Years. 63\\nThe Attack on Fort Ridgely 68\\nBattle of New Ulm 69\\nBattle of Birch Coulie 72\\nOccurrences in Meeker County and Vicinity 73\\nProtection of the Southern Frontier 74\\nColonel Sibley Moves upon the Enemy 76\\nPage\\nBattle of Wood Lake 77\\nFort Abercrombie 78\\nCamp Release 79\\nTrial of the Indians 79\\nExecution of 38 Condemned Indians 81\\nThe Campaign of 1863 82\\nBattle of Big Mound 83\\nBattle of Dead Buffalo Lake 83\\nBattle of Stony Lake 84\\nCampaign of 1864 85\\nA Long Period of Peace and Prosperity S7\\nIntroduction of New Process of Milling Wheat. 87\\nThe Discovery of Iron 88\\nCommerce Through St. Mary s Falls Canal 89\\nAgriculture 90\\nDairying 90\\nUniversity of Minnesota and Its School of Agri-\\nculture 91\\nThe Minnesota State Agricultural Society 92\\nThe Minnesota Soldiers Home 93\\nOther State Institutions 93\\nMinnesota Institute for Defectives 94\\nState School for Dependent and Neglected Chil-\\ndren 94\\nThe Minnesota State Training School 95\\nThe Minnesota State Reformatory 95\\nThe Minnesota State Prison 95\\nThe Minnesota Historical Society 96\\nState Institutions Miscellaneous in Character 96\\nState Finances 97\\nThe Monetary and Business Flurry of 1873 and\\nPanic of 1893 97\\nMinor Happenings gg\\nThe War with Spain 100\\nThe Indian Battle of Leech Lake 102\\nPopulation I0 _j\\nThe State Flag 105\\nThe Official Flower of the State, and the Method\\nof Its Selection jq6\\nOrigin of the Name Gopher State 107\\nState Parks jog\\nPolitics i I0\\nBooks Which Have Been Published Relating to\\nMinnesota 112\\n-I", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.\\nPage\\nAdams, David T 243\\nAdams, John Q 401\\nAikin, Robert W 261\\nAllen, Alvaren 251\\nAllen, Clarence D 416\\nAmes, Albert A 372\\nAndrews, Christopher C 216\\nAtwater, Isaac 190\\nd Autremont, Charles 405\\nBaker, James H 234\\nBarnum, Edward P 402\\nBassett, Daniel 208\\nBatchelder, George W 396\\nBean, Jacob 386\\nBeebe, Warren L 318\\nBelden, Clarendon D 451\\nBierbauer, William 236\\nBigelow, Alexander T 437\\nBigelow, Horace R 184\\nBlackmer, Frank A 487\\nBlanchard, John 488\\nBlodgett, Elijah H 398\\nBonniville, Harlow H 420\\nBowler, James M 435\\nBradley, Henry M 247\\nBrady, John D 272\\nBrant, Jabez A 296\\nBrewster, Henry W 423\\nBriggs, Asa G 394\\nBrill, Hascal R 442\\nBrown, Horatio D 362\\nBrown, Rome G 234\\nBuck, Daniel 202\\nBuckham, Thomas S 460\\nBunn, Charles W 392\\nBunn, George L 239\\nButler, Pierce 481\\nCampbell, Samuel L 400\\nCant, William A 303\\nCanty, Thomas 293\\nCarey, John R 267\\nCarleton, Frank H 207\\nCash, Daniel G 245\\nCastle, Henry A 379\\nChristian Llewellyn 233\\nChute, Richard 165\\nChute, Samuel H 194\\nClapp, Moses E 250\\nPage\\nClark, Thomas C 399\\nClark, Greenleaf 142\\nClark, Kenneth 438\\nClarke, Francis B 313\\nClough, William P 403\\nCone, Royal D 204\\nConstans, William 416\\nCotter, Joseph B 446\\nCotton, Joseph B 455\\nCrandall, Charles S 393\\nCulver, Joshua B 477\\nDalrymple, Oliver 222\\nDaniels, Jared W 428\\nDavidson, William F 475\\nDavis, Cushman K 374\\nDavies, Edward W 413\\nDean, William B 345\\nDobbin, James 439\\nDodge, Willis E 487\\nDonahower, Jeremiah C 277\\nDoran, Michael 237\\nDouglass, Marion 248\\nDouglas, Wallace B 249\\nDunn, James H 311\\nDunn, Robert C 281\\nDun woody, William H 232\\nEdgerton, Erastus S 381\\nEnsign, Josiah D 244\\nFanning, John T 266\\nFaribault, Alexander 454\\nFaribault, Jean B 473\\nFarrington, John 241\\nFerris, Allen F 458\\nFlandrau. Charles E 187\\nFletcher, Lafayette G. M 255\\nFlower, Mark D 279\\nForbes, Melvin J 357\\nFrazer, Sheldon L 456\\nFreeman, George W 477\\nGerdtzen, Ernst A 325\\nGilbert, Mahlon N 425\\nGilfillan, Charles D 492\\nGilfillan, James 301\\nGilman, John M 349\\nGilmore, Clark W 325\\nGoodfellow, Reuben S 263\\nGotzian, Conrad 360\\nGi tzian, Paul IT 339", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.\\nPage\\nGrant, Donald 447\\nGraves, Charles H 274\\nGrimshaw, William II 374\\nGrover, Marcus D 312\\nHalden, Odin 4 9\\nHawkins, Henry H 35\u00c2\u00b0\\nHill, Ansel L 445\\nHill, James J 494\\nHodgman, Jesse M 38o\\nHodgson, William 417\\nHorton, Charles 328\\nHorton, Hiram T 342\\nHow, Jared 440\\nHubbard, Lucius F 214\\nHubbard, Rensselaer D 287\\nHutchinson, Henry 3 21\\nIreland, John 1 3 l\\nKelly, Anthony l6\\nKelly, Patrick H 276\\nKelly, William L 482\\nKempton. Edward S 275\\nKing, William S 432\\nKingsley. Nathan C 397\\nKoon, Martin B l 99\\nKoop. John H 358\\nKron, Frederick 320\\nLaird, William H 493\\nLamberton, Henry W 3 2 9\\nLawler, Daniel W l8\\nLind, John 57\\nLindcke. William 412\\nLindsay, Thomas B 320\\nLowry, Thomas l82\\nLowry, William D 478\\nLugger, Otto 324\\n.Magic. William H 352\\nMann, Eugene L 320\\nMartin, John 340\\nMathews, John A 4\\nMcGill, Andrew R 290\\nMcKinstry, Archibald W 395\\nMcKnight, Sumner T 359\\nMeagher, John F 3 2 6\\nMendenhall, Luther 272\\nMerriam, William R 3\\nMitchell. Edward C 253\\nMitchell. Henry Z 303\\nMitchell, William 147\\nMitchell, William B 308\\nMonfort, Delos A 224\\nMontgomery, Thomas 337\\nMorin, William 463\\nMorrison, Clinton 181\\nMorrison, Dorilus 176\\nMorrison, Daniel A 304\\nMott, Rodney A 4\u00c2\u00b07\\nMunger, Roger S 269\\nMvrick, Nathan 389\\nPage\\nNelson, Benjamin F 371\\nNelson, Knute 423\\nNelson, Rensselaer R 4 02\\nNiles, John H 448\\nNorthrop, Cyrus 196\\nNoyes, Charles P 369\\nNoyes, Daniel R 1 30\\nNoyes, Jonathan L 459\\nNye, Frank M 421\\nO Brien, Thomas D 483\\nO Connor, Richard T 284\\nOdell, Robert R 336\\nOgden, Benjamin H 350\\nPalmer, George M 362\\nPatterson; Robert H 297\\nPaulle, Leonard 325\\nPeavey, Frank H 219\\nPendergast, William W 421\\nPeyton, Hamilton M 271\\nPillsbury. Charles A 200\\nPillsbury, Fred C 264\\nFillsbury, George A 152\\nPillsbury, John S 119\\nPillsbury. Mahala F 125\\nPoole, Charles A 468\\nRamsey, Alexander 128\\nReed, Robert 452\\nReynolds, Reuben 300\\nRice. Henry M 364\\nRichardson. Henry M 259\\nRichter, Edward W 419\\nRoberts, Harlan P 378\\nRobertson. Daniel A 431\\nRosing, Leonard A 443\\nRuble, George S 414\\nSanborn, John B 162\\nSanborn. Walter H 172\\nSargent. George B 178\\nSargent, William C 319\\nSawyer, Edward 191\\nSchaller, Albert 453\\nSchurmeier, Theodore L 441\\nSearle, Dolson B 368\\nSellwood, Joseph 353\\nSeverance, Cordenio A 410\\nSeverance, Martin J 256\\nShaw, John M 149\\nShaw, Thomas 254\\nSheehan, Timothy J 226\\nSheffield, Benjamin B 363\\nSheffield, Milledge B 485\\nShepard, David C 346\\nSherwood, George W 307\\nSherwood, William C 352\\nShevlin, Thomas H 382\\nShoemaker, James 171\\nSibley, Henry H 464\\nSimpson, Thomas 185", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "INDEX. TO BIOGRAPHIES.\\nPage\\nSmith, Charles A 370\\nSmith, George M 444\\nSmith, Hansen 273\\nSmith, James 344\\nSmith, Teter B 262\\nSmith, Robert A 436\\nStanford. Mortimer H (30\\nStart, Charles M 192\\nStevens, John H 484\\nStickney. Alpheus B 383\\nStockton, Albert W 461\\nStone, George C 240\\nTawney, James A 332\\nThompson, Joseph 11 341\\nTodd, William E 440\\nTowne, Charles A 406\\nTowne, Edward P 354\\nI mland, George F 343\\nUpham, Henry P 438\\nValentine, Daniel H 292\\nVan Cleve, Charlotte 493\\nVanderburgh, Charles E 198\\nWard, William G 479\\nWashburn, Cadwallader C 167\\nWashburn, Christopher C 310\\nWashburn, Jed L 314\\nWashburn. William D 135\\nPage\\nWatkins, Joseph R 298\\nWebber, Charles C 31;\\nWebber, Marshall B 299\\nWedge, Albert C 305\\nWelles, Henry T 144\\nWerner, Nils 309\\nWest. John K 4 1 ,x\\nWeyerhaeuser, Frederick [93\\nWheeler, John B 466\\nWheelock, Joseph A 490\\nWhipple, Henry B 469\\nWillard, John A 281\\nWillcuts, Levi M 317\\nWilliston, William C 286\\nWillson, Charles C 404\\nWilson Horace B 387\\nWilson, Hudson 398\\nWilson, George P 283\\nWilson, Thomas 170\\nWindom, William 209\\nWindom, William L 355\\nWoodmansee, Benjamin D 2^\\nWise, John C 295\\nYi mng, George B 169\\nYoung, Henry A 206\\nZimmerman, Charles A 384", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA\\nBY\\nJUDGE CHARLES E. FLANDRAU.\\nAs the purpose of Ihis volume is to record\\nthe biographies of the men who have distin-\\nguished themselves in one way and another in\\nbuilding the State of Minnesota, it was deemed\\nin harmony with the general subject to pre-\\nmise the same with a compendious history of\\nthe State, the duty of preparing which I ac-\\ncepted with many misgivings as to my fitness\\nor ability to do justice to such an undertaking.\\nI have decided to reduce the work to the small-\\nest possible limits, and still cover the ground.\\nIt has been a little over fifty years since the or-\\nganization of the Territory which, at its birth,\\nwas a very small and unimportant creation,\\nbut which, in its half century of growth, has\\nexpanded into one of the most brilliant and\\npromising stars upon the union of our flag; so\\nthat its history must cover every subject,\\n1 al. physical and social, that enters into the\\ncomposition of a first-class progressive West-\\nern Slate, which presents a pretty extensive\\nfield; but then is also to be considered a pe-\\nriod anterior to civilization, winch may be\\ncalled the aboriginal and legendary era. which\\nabounds with interesting matter, and to the\\ngeneral reader is much more attractive than\\nthe prosy subjects of agriculture, finance and\\ncommerce.\\nHaving lived through nearly the whole pe-\\nriod of Minnesota s political existence, and\\nhaving taken part in most of the leading events\\nin her history, both savage and civilized, I pro-\\npose to treat the various subjects that compose\\nher history in a narrative and colloquial man-\\nner thai may not rise to the dignity of history,\\nbut I think, while giving facts, will not detract\\nfrom the interest or pleasure of the reader; if\\nI should, in the course of my narrative, so far\\nforget myself as to indulge in a joke, or relate\\nan illustrative anecdote, the reader must put\\nup with it.\\nNature has been lavishly generous with Min-\\nnesota, more so perhaps than with any State in\\nthe Union. Its surface is beautifully diversified\\nbetween rolling prairies and immense forests\\nof valuable timber. Rivers and lakes abound\\nand the soil is marvelous in its productive fer-\\ntility. Its climate, taken the year round, sur-\\npasses that of any part of the North American\\nContinent. There are more enjoyable days in\\nthe three hundred and sixty-five that compose\\nthe year than in any other country I have ever\\nvisited or resided in, and that embraces a good\\npart of the world s surface. The salubrity of\\n.Minnesota is phenomenal; there are absolute-\\nly no diseases indigenous to the State; the\\nuniversally accepted truth of this fact is found\\nin a saying which used to be general among\\nthe old settlers, that there is no excuse for\\nany one dying in Minnesota, and that only two\\nmen ever did die there, one of whom was\\nhanged for killing the other.\\nThe resources of Minnesota principally con-\\nsist of the products of the farm, the mine, the\\ndairy, the quarry and the forest, and its indus-\\ntries of a vast variety of manufactures of all\\nkinds and characters, both great and small,\\nthe leading ones being Hour and lumber, to\\nwhich, of course, must be added the enormous\\ncarrying trade which grows out of and is nec-\\nessary to the successful conduct of such re-\\nsources and industries; all of which subjects", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "8\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwill be treated of in their appropriate places.\\nA\\\\ i tli these prefatory suggestions I will pro-\\nceed with the history.\\nLEGENDARY AND ABORIGINAL ERA.\\nThere is no doubt that Louis Hennepin, a\\nFranciscan priest of the Recollect order, was\\nthe first white man who ever entered the pres-\\nent boundaries of Minnesota. He was with\\nLaSalle at Fort Creve-Coeur, near Lake Peo-\\nria, in what is now Illinois, in 1680. LaSalle\\nwas the superior of the exploring party of\\nwhich young Hennepin was a member, and in\\nFebruary, 1680, he selected Hennepin and two\\ntraders for the arduous and dangerous under-\\ntaking of exploring the unknown regions of\\nthe upper Mississippi. Hennepin was very am-\\nbitious to become a great explorer, and was\\ntilled with the idea that by following the water\\ncourses he would find a passage to the sea and\\nJapan.\\nOn the 29th of February, 1680, he, with two\\nvoyageurs in a canoe, set out on his voyage of\\ndiscovery. When he reached the junction of\\nthe Illinois river with the Mississippi, in\\nMarch, he was detained by floating ice until\\nnear the middle of that month. lie then com-\\nmenced to ascend the Mississippi, which was\\nthe first time it was ever attempted by a civ-\\nilized man. On the 11th of April they were\\nmet by a large war party of Dakotas, which\\ntilled thirty-three canoes, who opened tire on\\nthem with arrows, but hostilities were soon\\nstopped, and Hennepin and his party were\\ntaken prisoners and made to return with their\\ncaptors to their villages.\\nHennepin, in his narrative, tells a long story\\nof the difficulties he encountered in saying his\\nprayers, as the Indians thought he was work-\\ning some magic on them, and they followed\\nhim into the woods and never let him out of\\ntheir sight. Judging from many things that ap-\\npear in his narrative, which have created great\\ndoubt about his veracity, it probably would not\\nhave been very much of a hardship if he had\\nfailed altogether in the performance of this\\npious duty. Many of the Indians who had lost\\nfriends and relatives in their fights with the\\nMiamis were in favor of killing the white men,\\nbut better counsels prevailed, and they were\\nspared. The hope of opening up a trade inter\\ncourse with the French largely entered into the\\ndecision.\\nWhile traveling up the river one of the white\\nmen shot a wild turkey with his gun. which\\nproduced a great sensation among the Indians,\\nand was the first time a Dakota ever heard the\\ndischarge of firearms. They called the gun\\nMa /.a wakan, or spirit iron.\\nTlie party camped at Lake Pepin, and on the\\nnineteenth day of their captivity they arrived\\nin the vicinity of while St. Paul now stands.\\nProm this point they proceeded by land to\\nMille Lacs, where they were taken by the In-\\ndians to their several villages, and were kindly\\ntreated. These Indians were part of the band\\nof Dakotas, called M de-wa-kon-ton-wans, or\\nthe Lake Villagers. 1 1 spell the Indian names as\\nthey are now known, and not as they are given\\nin Hennepin s narrative, although it is quite\\nremarkable how well he preserved them with\\nsound as his only guide.)\\nWhile at this village the Indians gave Hen-\\nnepin some steam baths, which he says were\\nvery effective in removing all traces of sore-\\nness and fatigue, and in a short time made him\\nfeel as well and strong as he ever was. I have\\noften witnessed this medical process among\\nthe Dakotas. They make a small lodge of poles\\ncovered with a buffalo skin or something sim-\\nilar, and place in it several large boulders\\nheated to a high degree. The patient then en-\\nters naked, and pours water over the stones,\\nproducing a dense steam, which envelops him\\nand nearly boils him. lb stands it as long as\\nhe can, and then undergoes a thorough rub-\\nbing. The effect is to remove stillness and\\nsoreness produced by long journeys on foot or\\nother serious labor.\\nHennepin tells in a very agreeable way many\\nthings that occurred during his captivity; how-\\nastonished the Indians were at all the articles\\nhe had. A mariner s compass created much\\nwonder, and an iron pot with feet like lions\\npaws they would not touch with the naked", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nhand; but their astonishment knew no bounds\\nwhen he told them that the whites only al-\\nlowed a man one wife, and that his religious\\noffice did not permit him to have any.\\nI might say here that the Dakotas are\\npolygamous, as savage people generally are,\\nand that my experience proves to me that mis-\\nsionaries who go among these people make a\\ngreat mistake in attacking this institution un-\\ntil after they have ingratiated themselves with\\nthem, and then by attempting any reform be-\\nyond teaching monogamy in the future. Noth-\\ning will assure the enmity of a savage more\\nthan to ask him to discard any of his wives,\\nand especially the mother of his children.\\nWhile I would be the last man on earth to ad-\\nvocate polygamy, I can truthfully say that one\\nof the happiest and most harmonious families\\nI ever knew was that of the celebrated Little\\nCrow, who, during all my official residence\\namong the Dakotas, was my principal advisor\\nand ambassador, and who led the massacre in\\n1802. He had four wives, hut there was a point-\\nin his favor they were all sisters.\\nHennepin passed the time he spent in Min-\\nnesota in baptizing Indian babies and picking\\nup all the information he could find. His prin-\\ncipal exploit was the naming of the Falls of\\nSt. Anthony, which he called after his patron\\nsaint Saint Anthony of Padua.\\nThat Hennepin was thoroughly convinced\\nthat there was a northern passage to the sea\\nwhich could he reached by ships is proven by\\nthe following extract from his work: For ex-\\nample, we may be transported into the Pacific\\nsea by rivers, which are large and capable of\\ncarrying great vessels, and from thence it is\\nvery easy to go to China and Japan without\\ncrossing the equinoctial line, and in all proba-\\nbility Japan is on the same continent as Amer-\\nica.\\nOur first visitor evidently had very confused\\nideas on matters of geography. The first ac-\\ncount of his adventures was published by him\\nin 1683, and was quite trustworthy, and it is\\nmuch to be regretted that he was afterwards\\ninduced to publish another edition in Utrecht,\\nin 16S0, which was filled with falsehoods and\\nexaggerations, which brought upon him the\\ncensure of the king of Fiance. He died in ob-\\nscurity, unregretted. The county of Hennepin\\nis named for him.\\nOther Frenchmen visited Minnesota shortly\\nafter Hennepin for the purpose of trade with\\nthe Indians and the extension of the Territory\\nof New France. In 1089 Nicholas Perot was\\nestablished at Lake Pepin with quite a large\\nbody of men, engaged in trade with the In-\\ndians. On the 8th of May, 1689, Perot issued\\na proclamation from his post on Lake Pepin,\\nin which he formally took possession in the\\nname of the king of all the countries inhab-\\nited by the Dakotas and of which they are\\nproprietors. This post was the first French\\nestablishment in Minnesota. It was called\\nFort Bon Secours; afterwards Fort Le Sueur,\\nbut on later maps Fort Perot.\\nIn 1005 Le Sueur built the second post in\\nMinnesota between the head of Lake Pepin and\\nthe mouth of the St. Croix. In July of that year\\nhe took a party of Ojibways and one Dakota to\\nMontreal for the purpose of impressing upon\\nthem the importance and strength of France.\\nHere large bodies of troops were maneuvered\\nin their presence and many speeches made by\\nboth the French and the Indians. Friendly\\nand commercial relations were established.\\nLe Sueur, some time after, returned to Min-\\nnesota ami explored St. Peter s river (now the\\n.Minnesota) as far as the mouth of the Blue\\nEarth. Here he built a log fort and called it\\nL Hullier, and made some excavations in\\nsearch of copper ore. He sent several tons of\\na green substance which he found and sup-\\nposed to be copper to France, but it was un-\\ndoubtedly a colored clay that is found in that\\nregion, aiid is sometimes used as a rough paint.\\nHe is supposed to be the first man who sup-\\nplied the Indians with guns. Le Sueur kept a\\njournal in which he gave the best description\\nof the Dakotas written in those early times,\\nand was a very reliable man. Minnesota has a\\ncounty and a city named for him.\\nMany other Frenchmen visited Minnesota in\\nearly (lays, among whom was Du Luth, but as\\nthey were simply traders, explorers and priests\\namong the Indians it is hardly necessary in a\\nwork of this character to trace their exploits", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "IO\\nniSTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nin detail. While they blazed the trail for oth-\\ners (hey did not, to any great extent, influence\\nthe future of the country, except by supplying\\na convenient nomenclature with which to\\ndesignate localities, which has largely been\\ndrawn upon. Many of them, however, were\\ngood and devoted men, and earnest in their en-\\ndeavors to spread the gospel among the In-\\ndians; how well they succeeded I will discuss\\nwhen I speak of these savage men more par-\\nticularly.\\nThe next arrival of sufficient importance to\\nparticularize was Jonathan Carver. He was\\nborn in Connecticut in 1732. His father was a\\njustice of the peace, which in those days was\\na more important position than it is now re-\\ngarded. They tried to make a doctor of him,\\nand he studied medicine just long enough to\\ndiscover that the profession was uncongenial\\nand abandoned it. At the age of eighteen he\\npurchased an ensign s commission in a Connec-\\nticut regiment, raised during the French war.\\nHe came very near losing his life at the mas\\nsacre of Fort William Henry, but escaped, and\\nafter the declaration of peace between France\\nand England, in 1763, he conceived the project\\nof making an exploration of the Northwest.\\nIt should be remembered that the French\\nsovereignty over the Northwest ceased in 1703,\\nwhen, by a treaty made in Versailles, between\\nthe French and the English, all the lands em-\\nbraced in what is now Minnesota were ceded\\nby the French to England, so Carver came as\\nan Englishman into English territory.\\nCarver left Boston in the month of June,\\n1766, and proceeded to Mackinaw, then the\\nmost distant British post, where he arrived in\\nthe month of August. He then took the usual\\nroute to Green bay. He proceeded by the way\\nof the Fox and Wisconsin rivers to the Missis-\\nsippi. He found a considerable town on the\\nMississippi near the mouth of the Wisconsin,\\ncalled by the French La Prairie les Chiens,\\nwhich is now Prairie du Chien, or the Dog\\nPrairie, named after an Indian chief who went\\nby the dignified name of The Dog. He speaks\\nof this town as one where a great central fur\\ntrade was carried on by the Indians. From\\nthis point he commenced his voyage up the\\nMississippi in a canoe, and when he reached\\nLake Pepin he claims to have discovered a sys-\\ntem of earthworks which he describes as of the\\nmost scientific military construction, and in-\\nferred that they had been at some time the\\nintrenchments of a people well versed in the\\narts of war. It takes very little to excite an\\nenthusiastic imagination into the belief that\\nit has found what it has been looking for.\\nHe found a cave in what is now known as\\nDayton s Bluff, and describes it as immense in\\nextent and covered with Indian hieroglyphics,\\nand speaks of a burying place at a little (lis\\ntance from the cavern, and made a short voy-\\nage up the Minnesota river, which he says the\\nIndians called Wadapaw Mennesoto-r. This\\nprobably is as near as he could catch the name\\nby sound; it should be Wak-pa Minnesota.\\nAfter his voyage to the Falls and up the Miu-\\nnesota he returned to his cave, where he says\\nthere were assembled a great council of In-\\ndians, to which he was admitted, and witnessed\\nthe burial ceremonies, which he describes as\\nfollows:\\nAfter the breath is departed the body is\\ndressed in the same attire it usually wore,\\nhis face is painted, and he is seated in an\\nerect posture on a mat or skin placed in the\\nmiddle of the hut with his weapons by his side.\\nHis relatives seated around, each harangues\\nthe deceased; and, if he has been a great war-\\nrior, recounts his heroic actions nearly to the\\nfollowing purport, which, in the Indian lan-\\nguage, is extremely poetical and pleasing:\\nYou still sit among us, brother; your per-\\nson retains its usual resemblance and continues\\nsimilar to ours, without any visible deficiency\\nexcept it has lost the power of action. But\\nwhither is that breath flown which a few hours\\nago sent up smoke to the Great Spirit? Why\\nare those lips silent that lately delivered to us\\nexpressions and pleasing language? Why are\\nthose feet motionless that a short time ago\\nwere fleeter than the deer on yondermountains?\\nWhy useless hang those arms that could climb\\nthe tallest tree or draw the toughest bow?\\nAlas! Every part of that frame which we late-\\nly beheld with admiration and wonder is now\\nbecome as inanimate as it was three hundred\\nyears ago! We will not, however, bemoan\\nthee as if thou wast forever lost to us, or that\\nthy name would be buried in oblivion. Thy\\nsoul yet lives in the great country of spirits", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nII\\nwith those of thy nation that have gone before\\nthee; and though we are left behind to perpet-\\nuate thy fame, we shall one day join thee.\\nActuated by the respect we bore thee whilst\\nliving, we now come to tender thee the last act\\nof kindness in our power; that thy body might\\nnot lie neglected on the plain and become a\\nprey to the beasts of the field and the birds of\\nthe air, we will take care to lay it with those\\nof thy ancestors who have gone before thee,\\nhoping at the same time that thy spirit will\\nfeed with their spirits, and be ready to receive\\nours when we shall also arrive at the great\\ncountry of souls.\\nI have heard many speeches made by the\\ndescendants of these same Indians, and have\\nmany times addressed them on all manner of\\nsubjects, but I never heard anything quite so\\nelegant as the oration put into their mouths\\nby Carver. I have always discovered that a\\ngood interpreter makes a good speech. On one\\noccasion, when a delegation of Pillager Chip-\\npewa s was in Washington to settle some mat-\\nters with the government, they wanted a cer-\\ntain concession which the Indian commissioner\\nwould not allow, and they appealed to the\\nPresident, who was then Franklin Pierre. Old\\nFlatmouth, the chief, presented the case. Paul\\nBeaulieu interpreted it so feelingly that the\\nPresident surrendered without a contest.\\nAfter informing him as to the disputed point,\\nhe added:\\nFather, you are great and powerful; you\\nlive in a beautiful home where the bleak win ls\\nnever penetrate. Your hunger is always ap-\\npeased with the choicest foods. Your heart is\\nkept warm by all these blessings, and would\\nbleed at the sight of distress among your red\\nchildren. Father, we are poor and weak; we\\nlive far away in the cheerless north in bark\\nlodges; we are often cold and hungry. Father,\\nwhat we ask is to you as nothing, while to us\\nit is comfort and happiness. Give it to us, and\\nwhen you stand upon your grand portico some\\nbright winter night and see the northern lights\\ndancing in the heavens it will be the thanks of\\nyour red children ascending to the Great Spirit\\nfor your goodness to them.\\nCarver seems to have been a sagacious ob-\\nserver and a man of great foresight. In speak-\\ning of the advantages of the country, he says\\nthat the future population will be able to\\nconvey their produce to the seaports with\\n^real facility, the current of the river from its\\nsource to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico\\nbeing extremely favorable for doing this in\\nsmall craft. This might also in lime be facili-\\ntated by canals or short cuts and a communi-\\ncation opened with New York by way of the\\nlakes. He was also impressed with the idea\\nthat a route could lie discovered by way of the\\nMinnesota river, which would open a passage\\nfor conveying intelligence to China and the\\nEnglish settlements in the East Indies.\\nThe nearest to a realization of this theory\\nthat I have known was the sending of the stern\\nwheeled steamer Freighter on a voyage up\\nthe Minnesota to Winnipeg some time in the\\nearly fifties. She took freight and passengers\\nfor that destination, but never reached the Red\\nRiver of the North.\\nAfter the death of Carver his heirs claimed\\nthat while at the great cave. May 1, 17G7, the\\nIndians made him a large grant of land, which\\nwould cover St. Paul and a large part of Wis-\\nconsin, and several attempts were made to\\nhave it ratified by both the British and Amer-\\nican governments, but without success. Carver\\ndoes not mention this grant in his book, nor\\nhas the original deed ever been found. A copy,\\nhowever, was produced, and as il was the first\\nreal eslate transaction that ever occurred in\\nMinnesota I will set it out in full:\\nTo Jonathan Carver, a hief under the Most\\nMighty and potent, George the Third, King of\\nthe English and other nations, the fame of\\nwhose warriors has reached our ears, and has\\nbeen fully told us by our good brother Jona-\\nthan aforesaid, whom we all rejoice to have\\ncome among us and bring us good news from\\nIns country:\\nWE, Chiefs of the Nandowessies, who have\\nhereunto set our seals, do, by these presents,\\nfor ourselves and heirs forever, in return for\\nI lie aid and good services done by the said Jon-\\nalhan to ourselves and allies, give, grant and\\nconvey to him, the said Jonathan, and to his\\nheirs and assigns forever, the whole of a cer-\\ntain Territory or tract of land, bounded as fol-\\nlows, viz: From the Falls of St. Anthony, run-\\nning on east bank of the Mississippi, nearly\\nsoutheast as far as Lake Pepin, where the", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "12\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nChippewa joins the Mississippi, and from\\n(hence eastward, five days travel accounting\\ntwenty English miles per day, and from thence\\nagain to the Falls of St. Anthony on a direct\\nstraight line. We do for ourselves, heirs and\\nassigns, forever give unto said Jonathan, his\\nheirs and assigns, with all the trees, rocks ami\\nrivers therein, reserving the sole liberty of\\nhunting and fishing on land not planted or im-\\nproved by the said Jonathan, his heirs and as-\\nsigns, to which we have affixed our respective\\nseals.\\nAt the Great Cave, May 1st, 17G7.\\n(Signed) Hawnopawjatin.\\nOtohtongoonlishea w\\nThis alleged instrument bears upon its face\\nmany marks of suspicion and was very prop-\\nerly rejected by General Leavenworth, who, in\\n1821, made a report of his investigations in re-\\ngard to it to the commissioner of the general\\nland office.\\nThe war between the Chippewas and the\\nDakotas continued to rage with varied success,\\nas it has since time immemorial. It was a\\nbitter, cruel war, waged against the race and\\nblood, and each successive slaughter only in-\\ncreased the hatred and heaped fuel upon the\\nfire. As an Indian never forgives the killing of\\na relative, and as the particular murderer, as\\na general thing, was not known on either side,\\neach death was charged up to the tribe. These\\nwars, although constant, had very little influ-\\nence on the standing or progress of the coun-\\ntry, except so far as they may have proved\\ndetrimental or beneficial to the fur trade pros-\\necuted by the whites. The first event after the\\nappearance of Jonathan Carver that can lie\\nconsidered as materially affecting the history\\nof Minnesota was the location and erection of\\nFort Snelling, of which event I will give a brief\\naccount.\\nFORT SNELLING.\\nIn 1805 the government decided to procure\\na site on which to build a fort, somewhere on\\nthe waters of the upper Mississippi, and sent\\nLieut. Zebubon Montgomery Pike, of the army,\\nto explore the country, expel British traders.\\nwho might be violating the laws of the United\\nStates, and to make treaties with the Indians.\\nSeptember 21, 1805, he encamped on what\\nis now known as Pike island, at the junction\\nuf the .Mississippi and Minnesota, then St. Pe-\\nter s river. Two days later he obtained, by\\ntreaty with the Dakota nation, a tract of land\\nfor a military reservation with the following\\nboundaries, extending from below the con-\\nfluence of the Mississippi and St. Peters up the\\n.Mississippi to include the Falls of St. Anthony,\\nextending nine miles on each side of the river.\\nThe United States paid two thousand dollars\\nfor this land.\\nThe reserve thus purchased was not used for.\\nmilitary purposes until February 10, 1819, at\\nwhich time the government gave the following\\nreasons for erecting a fort at this point: To\\ncause the power of the United States Govern-\\nment to be fully acknowledged by the Indians\\nand settlers of the Northwest; to prevent Lord\\nSelkirk, the Hudson Bay Company and others,\\nfrom establishing trading posts on United\\nStates territory; to better the condition of the\\nIndians, and to develop the resources of the\\ncountry. Part of the Fifth United States In-\\nfantry, commanded by Col. Henry Leaven-\\nworth, was dispatched to select a site and erect\\na post. They arrived at the St. Peters river\\nin September, 1819, and camped on or near the\\nspot where now stands Mendota. During the\\nwinter of 1819-20 the troops were terribly af-\\nflicted with scurvy. Gen. Sibley, in an address\\nbefore the Minnesota Historical Society, in\\nspeaking of it, says: So sudden was the at-\\ntack that soldiers apparently in good health\\nwhen they retired at night were found dead\\nin the morning. One man was relieved from\\nhis tour of sentinel duty and had stretched him-\\nself upon a bench; when he was called four\\nhours later to resume his duties he was found\\nlifeless.\\nIn May, 1820, the command left their can\\ntonment, crossed the St. Peters and went into\\nsummer camp at a spring near the old Baker\\ntrading house, and about two miles above the\\npresent site of Fort Snelling. This was called\\namp Coldwater. During the summer the\\nmen were busy in procuring logs and other", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n13\\nmaterial necessary for the work. The first site\\nselected was where the present military ceme-\\ntery stands, and the post was called Fort St.\\nAnthony but in August, 1S20, Col. Joshua\\nSnelling of the Fifth United States Infantry\\narrived, and, on taking command, changed the\\nsite to where Fort Snelling now stands. Work\\nsteadily progressed until September 10, ls20,\\nwhen the cornerstone of Fort St. Anthony was\\nlaid with all due ceremony. The first meas-\\nured distance that was given between this new\\npost and the next one down the river, Fort\\nCrawford, where Prairie du Chien now stands,\\nwas 204 miles. The work was steadily pushed\\nforward. The buildings were made of logs,\\nand were first occupied in October, 1822.\\nThe first steamboat to arrive at the post was\\nthe Virginia, in 182: The first saw-mill in\\nMinnesota was constructed by the troops in\\n1822, and the first lumber sawed on Rum river\\nwas for use in building the post. The mill site\\nis now included within I he corporate limits of\\nMinneapolis.\\nThe post continued to be called Fort St. An-\\nthony until 1824, when, upon the recommenda-\\ntion of General Scott, who inspected the Fort,\\nit was named Fort Snelling, in honor of its\\nfounder. In 1830, stone buildings were erected\\nfor a four company post also a stone hospital\\nand a stone wall, nine feet high, surrounding\\nthe whole post, but these improvements were\\nnot actually completed until after the Mexican\\nWar.\\nThe Indian title to the military reservation\\ndoes not seem to have been etl ectuallyacquired,\\nnotwithstanding the treaty of Lieutenant Pike\\nmade with the Indians in 1805, until the treaty\\nwith the Dakotas, in 1837, by which the Indian\\nclaim to all the lands east of the Mississippi, in-\\ncluding the reservation, ceased. In 1836, be-\\nfore the Indian title was finally acquired, quite\\na number of settlers located on the reservation\\non the left bank of the Mississippi.\\nOctober 21, 1839, the President issued an\\norder for their removal, and on May 0, 1840,\\nsome of the settlers were forcibly removed.\\nIn 1837 Mr. Alexander Faribault presented a\\nclaim for Pike island, which was based upon a\\ntreaty made by him with the Dakotas in 1820.\\nWhether his claim was allowed, the records do\\nnot disclose, and it is unimportant.\\nMay 25, 1853, a military reservation for the\\nfort was set off by the President, of seven\\nthousand acres, which in the following Novem-\\nber was reduced to six thousand.\\nIn 1857, the Secretary of War, pursuant to\\nthe authority vested in him by act of Congress\\nof March 3,1857, sold the Fort Snelling reserva-\\ntion, excepting two small tracts, to Mr. Frank-\\nlin Steele, who had long been sutler of the post,\\nfor the sum of ninety thousand dollars, which\\nwas to be paid in three installments. The first\\none of thirty thousand dollars was paid by Mr.\\nSteele, July 25, 1857, and he took possession,\\nthe troops being withdrawn.\\nThe fort was sold at private sale and the\\nprice paid was, in my opinion, vastly more than\\nit was worth, but Mr. Steele had great hopes\\nfor the future of that locality as a site for a\\ntown and was willing to risk the payment. The\\nsale was made, by private contract, by Secre-\\ntary Floyd, who adopted this manner because\\nother reservations had been sold at public auc-\\ntion, after full publication of notice to the\\nworld, and had brought only a few cents per\\nacre. The whole transaction was in perfect\\ngood faith, but it was attacked in Congress,\\nand an investigation ordered, which resulted in\\nsuspending its consummation, and Mr. Steele\\ndid not pay the balance due. In I860 the Civil\\nWar broke out and the fort was taken posses-\\nsion of by the government for use in fitting out\\nMinnesota troops and was held until the\\nwar ended. In 1808 Mr. Steele presented a\\nclaim against the government for rent of the\\nfort and other matters relating to it, which\\namounted to more than the price he agreed to\\npay for it.\\nAn act of Congress was passed, May 7, 1870,\\nauthorizing the Secretary of War to settle the\\nwhole matter on principles of equity, keeping\\nsuch reservation as was necessary for the fort.\\nIn pursuance of this act, a military board was\\nappointed and the whole controversy was ar-\\nranged to the satisfaction of Mr. Steele and the\\ngovernment. The reservation was reduced to a\\nlittle more than fifteen hundred acres. A grant\\nof ten acres was made to the little Catholic.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "14\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nchurch at Mendota for a cemetery, and other\\nsmall tracts were reserved about the Falls of\\nMinnehaha and elsewhere, and all the balance\\nwas conveyed h Mr. Steele, he releasing the\\ngovernment from all claims and demands. The\\naction of the Secretary of War in carrying out\\nthis settlement was approved by the President\\nin 1871.\\nThe fort was 01 1 the besl structures of\\nthe kind ever erected in the West. It was\\ncapable of accommodating five or six com-\\npanies of infantry, was surrounded by a high\\nstone wall and protected at the only exposed\\napproaches by stone bastions guarded by\\ncannon and musketry, its supply of water was\\nobtained from a well in the parade ground\\nnear the sutler s store, which was sunk below\\nthe surface of the river. It was perfectly im-\\npregnable to any savage enemy, and in conse-\\nquence was never called upon to stand a siege.\\nPerched upon a prominent blurt at the con\\nfluenceof the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers,\\nit has witnessed the changes that have gone\\non around it for three-quarters of a century,\\nand witnessed the most extraordinary trans-\\nformations that have occurred in any similar\\nperiod in the history of our country. When its\\ncorner stone was laid it formed the extreme\\nfrontier of the Northwest, with nothing but\\nwild animals and wilder men within hundreds\\nof miles in any direction. The frontier has re-\\nceded to the westward until it has lost itself\\nin the corresponding one being pushed from\\nthe Pacific to the East. The Indians have lost\\ntheir splendid freedom as lords of a Continent\\nand are prisoners, cribbed upon narrow 7 reser-\\nvations. The magnificent herds of buffalo that\\nranged from the British possessions to Texas\\nhave disappeared from the face of the earth\\nand nothing remains but the white man bear-\\ning his burden, which is constantly being made\\nmore irksome. To I hose who have played both\\nparts in the moving drama, there is much food\\nfor thought.\\nI devote so much space to Fori Snelling be-\\ncause it has always sustained the position of a\\npivotal center to Minnesota. In the infancy of\\nsociety it radiated the refinement and elegance\\nthat leavened the country around. In hospital-\\nity its officers were never surpassed, and when\\ndanger threatened, its protecting arm assured\\nsafety. For many long years it was the thsi\\nto wi Ironic i he Incomer to the country and will\\never be remembered by the old settlers as a\\nfriend.\\nAfter the headquarters of the Department\\nof the Dakota was established at St. Paul, and\\nwhen General Sherman was in command of the\\narmy, he thought that the offices should be at\\ntlie fort and removed them there. This caused\\nthe erection of the new administration build-\\ning and the beautiful line of officers quarters\\nabout a mile above the old walled structure,\\nand its practical abandonment, but it was s;pon\\nfound to be inconvenient in a business way and\\nthe department headquarters were restored to\\nthe city, where they now remain.\\nSince the fort was built nearly every officer\\nin the old army, and many of those who have\\nfollowed them, have been stationed at Fort\\nSnelling, and it was beloved by them all.\\nThe situation of the fort, now that the rail\\nroads have become the reliance of all trans\\nportation, both for speed and safety, is a most\\nadvantageous one from a military point of\\nview. It is at the center of a railroad system\\nthat reaches all parts of the Continent, and\\ntroops and munitions of war can be deposited\\nat any point with the utmost dispatch. It is\\nbelieved that it will not only be retained but\\nenlarged.\\nTHE SELKIRK SETTLEMENT.\\nLord Selkirk, to check whose operations\\nwere among the reasons given for the erection\\nof Fort Snelling, was a Scotch earl who was\\nvery wealthy and enthusiastic on the subjecl\\nof founding colonies in the Northwestern Brit-\\nish possessions, lie was a kind-hearted, but\\nvisionary man, and had no practical knowledge\\nwhatever on the subject of colonization in un-\\ncivilized countries. About the beginning of\\nthe Nineteenth Century he wrote several\\npamphlets urging the importance of colonizing\\nBritish emigrants on British soil to prevent\\nthem settling in the United States. In 1S11 he", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "TTTKTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n15\\nobtained a grant of land from the Hudson Bay\\nCompany in the region of Lake Winnipeg, the\\nKed River of the North and the Assinaboine,\\nin what is now Manitoba.\\nPrevious to this time the inhabitants of this\\nregion, besides the Indians, were Canadians,\\nwho had intermingled with the savages, learn-\\ning all their vices and none of their good\\ntraits. They were called Gens libre, free\\npeople, and were very proud of the title. Mr.\\nNeil, in his history of Minnesota, in describing\\nthem, says they were fond of\\nVast and sudden deeds of violence,\\nAdventures wild and wonders of the moment.\\nThe offspring of their intercourse with the\\nIndian women were numerous and called\\nBois Brules. They were a line race of hunt-\\ners, horsemen and boatmen, and possessed all\\nthe accomplishments of the voyageur. They\\nspoke the language of both father and mother.\\nIn 1812 a small advance party of colonists\\narrived at the Red River of the North in about\\nlatitude 50 degrees north. They were, however,\\nfrightened away by a party of men of the\\nNorthwest Fur Company, dressed as Indians,\\nand induced to take refuge at Pembina, in Min-\\nnesota, where they spent the winter suffering\\nthe greatest hardships. Many died, but the\\nsurvivors returned in the spring to the colony\\nand made an effort to raise a crop, but it was a\\nfailure, and they again passed the winter at\\nPembina. This was the winter of 1813 14.\\nThey again returned to the colony in a very\\ndistressed and dilapidated condition in the\\nspring.\\nBy September, 1815, the colony, which then\\nnumbered about two hundred, was getting\\nalong quite prosperously, and its future\\nseemed auspicious. It was called Kildonan,\\nafter a parish in Scotland in which the colon-\\nists were born.\\nThe employees of the Northwest Fur Com-\\npany were, however, very restive under any-\\nthing that looked like improvement and re-\\ngarded it as a ruse of their rival, the Hudson\\nBay Company, to break up the lucrative busi-\\nness they were enjoying in the Indian trade.\\nThey resorted to all kinds of measures to get\\nrid of the colonists, even to attempting to in-\\ncite the Indians against them, and on one occa-\\nsion, by a trick, disarmed them of their brass\\nfield pieces and other small artillery. Many of\\nthe disaffected Selkirkers deserted to the quar-\\nters of the Northwest Company. These annoy-\\nances were carried to the extent of an attack\\non the house of the Governor, where four of the\\ninmates were wounded, one of whom died.\\nThey finally agreed to leave, and were escorted\\nto Lake Winnipeg, where they embarked in\\nboats. Their improvements were all destroyed\\nby the Northwest people.\\nThey were again induced to return to their\\ncolony lands by the Hudson Bay people, and\\ndid so in 1816, when they were reinforced by\\nnew colonists. Part of them wintered at Pem-\\nbina in 1816, but returned to the Kildonan set-\\ntlement in the spring.\\nLord Selkirk, hearing of the distressed con-\\ndition of his colonists, sailed for New York,\\nwhere he arrived in the fall of 1815, and\\nlearned they had been compelled to leave the\\nsettlement. He proceeded to Montreal, where\\nhe found some of the settlers in the greatest\\npoverty, but learning that a large number of\\nthem still remained in the colony he sent an\\nexpress to announce his arrival and say that he\\nwould be with them in the spring. The news\\nwas sent by a colonist named Laquimonier, but\\nhe was waylaid and, near Fond du Lac, bru-\\ntally beaten and robbed of his dispatches. Sub-\\nsequent investigation proved that this was the\\nwork of the Northwest Company.\\nSelkirk tried to obtain military aid from the\\nBritish authorities, but failed. He then en-\\ngaged four officers and over one hundred pri-\\nvates who had served in the late war with the\\nUnited States to accompany him to the Red\\nriver. He was to pay them, give them lands\\nand send them home if they wished to return.\\nWhen he reached Sault Ste. Marie he heard\\nthat his colony had again been destroyed. War\\nwas raging between the Hudson Bay people\\nand the Northwest Company, in which Gov-\\nernor Semple, chief governor of the factories\\nand territories of the Hudson Bay Company,\\nwas killed. Selkirk proceeded to Fort William,", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "i6\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\non Lake Superior, and finally reached his set-\\ntlement on the Red river.\\nThe colonists were compelled to pass the\\nwinter of 1817 in hunting in Minnesota, and\\nhad a hard time of it. In the spring they once\\nmore found their way home and planted crops,\\nbut they were destroyed by grasshoppers,\\nwhich remained during the next year and ate\\nup every growing thing, rendering it necessary\\nthat the colonists should again resort to the\\nbuffalo for subsistence.\\nDuring the winter of 1819 20 a deputation of\\nthese Scotchmen came all the way to Prairie\\ndu Chien on snowshoes for seed wheat, a dis-\\ntance of a thousand miles, and on the 15th day\\nof April, 1820, left for the colony in three\\nMackinaw boats, carrying three hundred bush-\\nels of wheat, one hundred bushels of oats, and\\nthirty bushels of peas. Being stopped by ice\\nin Lake Pepin, they planted a May pole and\\ncelebrated May day on the ice. They reached\\nhome by May of the Minnesota river with a\\nshort portage to Lac Traverse, the boats being\\nmoved on rollers, and thence down the Red\\nriver to Pembina, where they arrived in safety\\nJune 3. This trip cost Lord Selkirk about six\\nthousand dollars.\\nNothing daunted by the terrible sufferings\\nof his colonists and the immense expense at-\\ntendant upon his enterprise, in 1820 he engaged\\nCapt. R. May, who was a citizen of Berne,\\nSwitzerland, but in the British service, to visit\\nSwitzerland and get recruits for his colony.\\nThe Captain made the most exaggerated repre-\\nsentations of the advantages to be gained by\\nemigrating to the colony, and induced many\\nSwiss to leave their happy and peaceful homes\\nto try their fortunes in the distant, dangerous\\nand inhospitable regions of Lake Winnipeg.\\nThey knew nothing of the hardships in store\\nfor them and were the least adapted to en-\\ncounter them of any people in the world, as\\nthey were mechanics, whose business had been\\nthe delicate work of making watches and\\nclocks. They arrived in 1821, and from year to\\nyear, after undergoing hardships that might\\nhave appalled the hardiest pioneer, their spir-\\nits drooped, they pined for home, and left for\\nthe South. At one time a party of two hun-\\ndred and forty-three of them departed for the\\nUnited States and found homes at different\\npoints on the banks of the .Mississippi.\\nBefore the eastern wave of immigration had\\nascended above Prairie du Chien, many Swiss\\nhad opened farms at and near St. Paul, and be-\\ncame the first actual settlers of the country.\\nCol. John H. Stevens, in an address on the early\\nhistory of Hennepin county,says that they were\\ndriven from their homes in 1836 and 1S37 by\\nthe military at Fort Snelling, and is very se-\\nvere on the autocratic conduct of the officers of\\nthe fort, saying that the commanding officers\\nwere lords of the North, and the subordinates\\nwere princes. I have no doubt they did not\\nunderrate their authority, but I think Colonel\\nStevens must refer to the removals that were\\nmade of settlers on the military reservation of\\nwhich I have before spoken.\\nThe subject of the Selkirk colony cannot fail\\nto interest the reader, as it was the first at-\\ntempt to introduce into the great Northwest\\nsettlers for the purposes of peaceful agricul-\\nture everybody else who had preceded them\\nhaving been connected with the half-savage\\nbusiness of the Indian trade; and the reason I\\nhave dwelt so long upon the subject is because\\nthese people on their second emigration fur-\\nnished Minnesota with her first settlers, and,\\ncuriously enough, they came from the North.\\nAbraham Perry was one of these Swiss refu-\\ngees from the Selkirk settlement, who, with his\\nwife and two children, settled at Fort Snelling\\nfirst, then at St. Paul, and finally at Lake Jo-\\nhanna. His son Charles, who came with him,\\nhas, while I am writing, on the 29th of July,\\n1899, celebrated his golden wedding at the old\\nhomestead at Lake Johanna, where they have\\never since lived. They were married by the Rt.\\nRev. A. Ravoux, who is still living in St. Paul.\\nCharles Perry is the only survivor of that ill-\\nfated band of Selkirkers.\\nGEORGE CATLIN.\\nIn 1835 George Catlin, an artist of some\\nmerit, visited Minnesota and made many\\nsketches and portraits of Indians. His pub-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n17\\nlisbed statements after his departure, concern-\\ning his personal adventures, have elicited ad-\\nverse criticism from the settlers of that period.\\nFEATHERSTONHAUGI1.\\nFeatherstonhaugh, an Englishman, about\\nthe same time, under the direction of the\\nUnited States Government, made a slight geo-\\nlogical survey of the Minnesota valley, and on\\nhis return to England he wrote a book which\\nreflected unjustly upon the gentlemen he met\\nin Minnesota; but not much was thought of it,\\nbecause, until recently, such has been the En-\\nglish custom.\\nSCHOOLCRAFT AND THE SOURCE OF\\nTHE MISSISSIPPI.\\nIn 1832 the United States sent an embassy,\\ncomposed of thirty men, under Henry R.\\nSchoolcraft, then Indian agent at Ste. Marie, to\\nvisit the Indians of the Northwest, and when\\nadvisable to make treaties with them. They\\nhad a guard of soldiers, a physician, an inter\\nprefer, and the Rev. William T. Boutwell, a\\nmissionary at Leech lake. They were supplied\\nwith a large outfit of provisions, tobacco and\\ntrinkets, which were conveyed in a bateau.\\nThey traveled in several large bark canoes.\\nThey went to Fond du Lac, thence up the St.\\nLouis river, portaged round the falls, thence to\\nthe nearest point to Sandy lake, thence up the\\nMississippi to Leech lake. While there they\\nlearned from the Indians that Cass lake, which\\nfor some time had been reputed to be the\\nsource of the Mississippi, was not the real\\nsource, and they determined to solve the prob-\\nlem of where the real source was to be found,\\nand what it was.\\nI may say here, that in 1810, Gen. Lewis Cass,\\nthen Governor of the Territory of Michigan,\\nhad led an exploring party to the upper waters\\nof the Mississippi, somewhat similar to the one\\nI am now speaking of, Mr. Henry P. School-\\ncraft being one of them. When they reached\\nwhat is now Cass lake, in the Mississippi\\nriver, they decided that it was the source of the\\ngnat river, and it was named t ass lake, in\\nhonor of the Governor, and was believed to be\\nsuch until the arrival of Schoolcraft s party in\\nL832.\\nAfter a search an inlet was found into Cass\\nlake, flowing from the west, and they pursued\\nit until the lake now called Itasca was\\nreached. Five of the party, Lieutenant Allen,\\nMr. Schoolcraft, Dr. Houghton, Interpreter\\nJohnson and Mr. Boutwell, explored the lake\\nthoroughly and, finding no inlet, decided it\\nmust be the true source of the river. Mr.\\nSchoolcraft, being desirous of giving the lake\\na name that would indicate its position as the\\ntrue head of the river, and at the same time be\\neuphonious in sound, endeavored to produce\\none; but being unable to satisfy himself, turned\\nit over to Mr. Boutwell, who, being a good\\nLatin scholar, wrote down the Latin words,\\nVeritas, truth, and caput, head, and sug-\\ngested that a word might be coined out of\\nthe combination that would answer the pur-\\npose. He then cut off the last two syllables of\\nVeritas, making Itas, and the first syllable\\nof caput, making ca, and, putting them to-\\ngether, formed the word Itasca, which in my\\njudgment is a sufficiently skillful and beautiful\\nliterary feat to immortalize the inventor. Mr.\\nHunt well died within a few years at Stillwater,\\nin Minnesota.\\nPresumptuous attempts have been made to\\ndeprive Schoolcraft of the honor of having dis-\\ncovered the true source of the river, but their\\ntransparent absurdity has prevented their hav-\\ning obtained any credence, and to put a quietus\\non such unscrupulous pretences Mr. J. V.\\nBrower, a scientific surveyor, under the aus-\\npices of the Minnesota Historical Society, has\\nrecently made exhaustive researches, surveys\\nand maps of the region, and established beyond\\ndmibt or cavil the entire authenticity of School-\\ncraft s discovery. Gen. James H. Baker, one* 1\\nSurveyor General of the State of Minnesota,\\nand a distinguished member of the same so-\\nciety, under its appointment, prepared an elab-\\norate paper on the subject, in which is col-\\nlected and presented all the facts, history and", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "i8\\nniSTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nknowledge thai exists, relating to the discov-\\nery, and conclusively destroyed all efforts to\\ndeprive Schoolcrafl of his laurels.\\nELEVATIONS IX MINNESOTA.\\nWhile on the subject of (lie source of the\\n.Mississippi river, T may as well speak of the\\nelevations of the State above the level of the\\nsea. It can lie truthfully said that Minnesota\\noccupies the summit of the North American\\ncontinent. In its most northern third, rises the\\nMississippi, which in its general course Hows\\ndue south to the Gulf of .Mexico. In about its\\ncenter division, from north to south, rises the\\nRed River of the North, and takes a general\\nnortherly direction until it empties into Lake\\nWinnipeg; the St. Louis and other rivers rise\\nin the same region and flow eastwardly into\\nLake Superior, which is the real source of the\\nSt. Lawrence, which empties into the Atlantic.\\nThe elevation at the source of the Mississippi\\nis 1,600 feet and at the point where it leaves\\nthe southern boundary of the State 620 feet.\\nThe elevation at the source of the Red River of\\nthe North is the same as that of the Mississippi,\\n1,600 feet, and where it leaves the State at its\\nnorthern boundary 767 feet. The average ele-\\nvation of the State is giveu at 1,275 feet, and\\nits highest elevation in the Mesaba Range.\\n2,200 feet, and its lowest, at Duluth, 602 feet.\\nNICOLLET.\\nIn 1836 a French savant, Mr. Jean N. Nicol-\\nlet, visited Minnesota for the purpose of ex-\\nploration. He was an astronomer of note and\\nhad received a decoration of the Legion of\\nHonor, and had also been attached as professor\\nto the Royal College of Louis Le Grand. He\\narrived in Minnesota, July 2C 1836, bearing let-\\nters of introduction, and visited Fort Snelling,\\nwhence he left with a French trader, named\\nFronchet, to explore the sources of the .Missis-\\nsiiqii. He entered the Crow Wing river, and\\nby the way of Gull river and Cull lake, he en-\\ntered Leech lake. The Indians were disap-\\npointed when they found he had no presents\\nfor them, and that he spent the most of his\\ntime looking at the heavens through a tube,\\nand they became unruly and troublesome. The\\nRev. Mr. Boutwell, whose mission house was\\non the lake, learning of the difficulty, came lo\\nthe rescue, and a very warm friendship sprang\\nup between the men. No educated man who\\nhas not experienced the desolation of having\\nbeen shut up among savages and rough unlet-\\ntered voyageurs for a long time can appreciate\\nthe pleasure of meeting a cultured and refined\\ngentleman so unexpectedly as Mr. Rout well\\nencountered Nicollet, and especially when lie\\nwas able to render him valuable aid.\\nFrom Leech lake Nicollet went to Lake\\nItasca with guides and packers. He pitched\\nhis tent on Schoolcraft island in the lake,\\nwhere he occupied himself for some time in\\nmaking astronomical observations. He con-\\ntinued his explorations beyond those of School-\\ncraft and Lieutenant Allen, and followed up\\nthe rivulets that entered the lake, thoroughly\\nexploring its basin or watershed.\\nHe returned to Fort Snelling in October and\\nremained there for some time, studying Dakota.\\nHe became the guest of Gen. Henry H. Sibley\\nat his home in Mendota for the winter. Gen-\\neral Sibley, in speaking of him, says:\\nA portion of the winter following was spent\\nby him at my house and it is hardly necessary\\nto state that I found in him a most instructive\\ncompanion. His devotion to his studies was\\nintense and unremitting, and I frequently ex-\\npostulated with him upon his imprudence in\\nthus overtasking the strength of his delicate\\nframe, but without effect.\\nNicollet went to Washington after his tour\\nof 1X36-7, aud was honored with a commission\\nfrom the United States government to make\\nfurther explorations, and John C. Fremont was\\ndetailed as his assistant.\\nUnder his new appointment Nicollet and his\\nassistant went up the Missouri in a steamboat\\nto Fort Pierre; thence he traveled through the\\ninterior of Minnesota, visiting the red pip\\nstone quarry, Devil s lake and other important\\nlocalities. On this tour he made a map of the", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n19\\ncountry the first reliable and accurate one\\nmade, which, together with his astronomical\\nobservations, were invaluable to the country.\\nHis name has been perpetuated by giving it to\\none of Minnesota s principal counties.\\nMISSIONS.\\nThe missionary period is one full of interest\\nin the history of the State of Minnesota. The\\ndevoted people who sacrifice all the pleasures\\nand luxuries of life to spread the gospel of\\nChristianity among the Indians are deserving\\nof all praise, no matter whether success or fail-\\nure attends their efforts. The Dakotas and\\nChippewas were not neglected in this respect.\\nThe Catholics were among them at a very early\\nday and strove to convert them to Christianity.\\nThese worthy men were generally French\\npriests and daring explorers, but for some rea-\\nson, whether it was want of permanent support\\nor an individual desire to rove, I am unable to\\nsay, but they did not succeed in founding any\\nmissions of a lasting character among the\\nDakotas before the advent of white settle-\\nment. The devout Romanist, Shea, in his in-\\nteresting history of Catholic missions, speak\\ning of the Dakotas, remarks that, Father Me-\\nnard had projected a Sioux mission; Mar-\\nquette, Allouez, Druillettes, all entertained\\nhopes of realizing it, and had some intercourse\\nwith that nation, but none of them ever suc-\\nceeded in establishing a mission. Their work,\\nhowever, was only postponed, for at a later\\ndate they gained and maintained a lasting foot-\\nhold.\\nThe Protestants, however, in and after 1820,\\nmade permanent and successful ventures in\\nthis direction. After the formation of the\\nAmerican Fur Company, Mackinaw became\\nthe chief point of that organization. In June,\\n1820, the Rev. Mr. Morse, father of the inventor\\nof the telegraph, came to Mackinaw and\\npreached the first sermon that was delivered in\\nthe Northwest. He made a report of his visit\\nto the Presbyterian missionary society in New\\nYork, which sent out parties to explore the\\nfield. The Rev. W. M. Terry, with his wife,\\ncommenced a school at Mackinaw in 1823 and\\nhad great success. There were sometimes as\\nmany as two hundred pupils at the school, rep-\\nresenting many tribes of Indians. There are\\ndescendants of the children who were educated\\nat this school now in Minnesota who are citi-\\nzens of high standing and are indebted to this\\ninstitution for their education and position.\\nIn the year 1830 a Mr. Warren, who was then\\nliving at La Pointe, visited Mackinaw to obtain\\na missionary for his place, and not being able\\nto secure an ordained minister he took back\\nwith him Mr. Frederick Ayre, a teacher, who,\\nbeing pleased with the place and prospect, re-\\nturned to Mackinaw, and in 1831, with the Rev.\\nSherman Hall and wife, started for La Pointe,\\nwhere they arrived August 30, and established\\nthemselves as missionaries, with a school.\\nThe next year Mr. Ayre went to Sandy lake\\nand opened another school for the children of\\nvoyageurs and Indians. In 1832 Mr. Boutwell,\\nafter his tour with Schoolcraft, took charge of\\ntlic school at La Pointe, and in 1833 he removed\\nto Leech lake and there established the first\\nmission in Minnesota, west of the Mississippi.\\nFrom his Leech lake mission he writes a let-\\nter in which he gives such a realistic account\\nof his school and mission that one can see\\neverything that is taking place, as if a pano-\\nrama was passing before his eyes. He takes .1\\ncheerful view of his prospects, and gives a com-\\nprehensive statement of the resources of the\\ncountry in their natural state. If space al-\\nlowed, I would like to copy the whole letter;\\nlint as he speaks of the wild rice in referring to\\nthe food supply, I will say a word about it, as\\nI deem it one of Minnesota s most important\\nnatural resources.\\nIn 1857 I visited the source of the Mississippi\\nwith the then Indian Agent for the Chippewas,\\nand traveled hundreds of miles in the upper\\nriver. We passed through endless fields of\\nwild rice, and witnessed its harvest by the\\nChippewas, which is a most interesting and\\npicturesque scene. They tie it in sheaves with\\nstraw before it is ripe enough to gather to\\nprevent the wind from shaking out the grains,\\nand when it has matured they thresh it with", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20\\nHISTORY OP MINNESOTA.\\nsticks into their canoes. We estimated that\\nthere were about one thousand families of the\\nChippewas, and that they gathered about twen-\\nty-five bushels for each family, and we saw\\nthat in so doing they did not make any impres-\\nsion whatever on the crop, leaving thousands\\nof acres of the rice to the geese and ducks.\\nOur calculations then were, that more rice\\ngrew in Minnesota each year, without any cul-\\ntivation, than was produced in South Carolina\\nas one of the principal products of that State;\\nand I may add that it is much more palatable\\nand nutritious as a food than the white rice of\\nthe Orient or the South. There is no doubt\\nthat at some future time it will be utilized to\\nthe great advantage of the State.\\nMr. Boutwell s Leech lake mission was in all\\nthings a success.\\nIn 1834 the Rev. Samuel W. Tond and his\\nbrother, Gideon H. Pond, full of missionary en-\\nthusiasm, arrived at Fort Snelling in the\\nmonth of May. They consulted with the In-\\ndian agent, Major Taliaferro, about the best\\nplace to establish a mission and decided upon\\nLake Calhoun, where dwelt small bands of\\nDakotas, and with their own hands erected a\\nhouse and located.\\nAbout the same time came the Rev. T. H.\\nWilliamson, M. D., under appointment from\\nthe American Board of Commissioners of For-\\neign Missions, to visit the Dakotas, and ascer-\\ntain what could be done to introduce Christian\\ninstruction among them. He was reinforced by\\nthe Rev. J. D. Stevens, missionary, Alexander\\nHuggins, farmer, and their wives, Miss Sarah\\nI oage and Miss Lucy Stevens, teachers. They\\narrived at Fort Snelling in May, 1835, and were\\nhospitably received by the officers of the gar-\\nrison, the Indian Agent and Mr. Sibley, then a\\nyoung man who had recently taken charge of\\nthe trading post at Mendota.\\nFrom this point Rev. Mr. Stevens and family\\nproceeded to Lake Harriet in Hennepin county\\nand built a suitable house. Dr. Williamson\\nand wife, Mr. Huggins and wife, and Miss\\nPoage went to Lac qui Parle, where they were\\nwelcomed by Mr. Renville, a trader at that\\npoint, after whom the county of Renville is\\nnamed.\\nThe Rev. J. D. Stevens acted as chaplain of\\nFort Snelling in the absence of a regularly ap-\\npointed officer in that position.\\nIn 1S37 the mission was strengthened by the\\narrival of the Rev. Stephen R. Riggs, a grad-\\nuate of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, and\\nhis wife. After remaining a short time at Lake\\nHarriet Mr. and Mrs. Riggs went to Lac qui\\nParle.\\nIn 1837 missionaries sent out by the Evan-\\ngelical Society of Lausanne, Switzerland, ar-\\nrived and located at Red Wing and Wapa-\\nshaw s Villages on the Mississippi, and about\\nthe same time a Methodist mission was com-\\nmenced at Kaposia, but they were of brief\\nduration and soon abandoned.\\nIn 183C a mission was established at Poke-\\ngama, among the Chippewas, which was quite\\nsuccessful, and afterwards, in 1812 or 1813,\\nmissions were opened at Red Lake, Shakopee\\nand other places in Minnesota. During the\\nsummer of 1843 Mr. Riggs commenced a mis-\\nsion station at Traverse des Sioux, which at-\\ntained considerable proportions and remained\\nuntil overtaken by white settlement, about\\n1854.\\nMr. Riggs and Dr. Williamson also estab-\\nlished a mission at the Yellow Medicine agency\\nof the Sioux, in the year 1852, which was about\\nthe best equipped of any of them. It consisted\\nof a good house for the missionaries, a large\\nboarding and school house for Indian pupils, a\\nneat little church, with a steeple and a bell, and\\nall the other buildings necessary to a complete\\nmission outfit.\\nThese good men adopted a new scheme of\\neducation and civilization, which promised to\\nbe very successful. They organized a govern-\\nment among the Indians, which they called the\\nllazelwood Republic. To become a member of\\nthis civic body it was necessary that the appli-\\ncant should cut off his long hair and put on\\nwhite men s clothes, and it was also expected\\nthat he should become a member of the church.\\nThe Republic had a written Constitution, a\\npresident and other officers. It was in 185C,\\nwhen I first became acquainted with this insti-\\ntution, and I afterwards used its members to\\ngreat advantage, in the rescue of captive", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n21\\nwomen and the punishment of one of the lead\\ners of the Spirit Lake massacre, which occurred\\nin the northwestern portion of Iowa, in the\\nyear 1857, the particulars of which I will relate\\nhereafter. The name of the president was Paul\\nMa-za-cu-ta-ma-ni, or the man who shoots metal\\nas he walks, and one of its prominent members\\nwas John Otherday, called in Sioux, An-pay-\\ntu-tok-a-cha, both of whom were the best\\nfriends the whites had in the hour of their\\ngreat danger in the outbreak of 1862. It was\\nthese two men who informed the missionaries\\nand other whites at the Yellow Medicine\\nagency of the impending massacre and assisted\\nsixty-two of them to escape before the fatal\\nblow was struck.\\nWhat I have said proves that much good at-\\ntended the work of the missionaries in the way\\nof civilizing some of the Indians, but it has\\nalways been open to question in my mind if any\\nSioux Indian ever fully comprehended the\\nbasic doctrines of Christianity. I will give an\\nexample which had great weight in forming my\\njudgment. There was among the pillars of\\nthe mission church at the Yellow Medicine\\nagency, or as it was called in Sioux, Pajutazee,\\nan Indian named Ana-wang-mani, to which the\\nmissionaries had prefixed the name of Simon.\\nHe was an exceptionally good man and promi-\\nnent in all church matters. He prayed and\\nexhorted and was looked upon by all interested\\nas a fulfillment of the success of both the\\nchurch and the Republic. Imagine the conster-\\nnation of the worthy missionaries when one\\nday he announced that a man who had killed\\nhis cousin some eight years ago had returned\\nProm the Missouri and was then in a neighbor-\\ning camp, and that it was his duty to kill him\\nto avenge his cousin. The missionaries argued\\nwith him, quoted the Bible to him, prayed with\\nhim; in fact, exhausted every possible means to\\nprevent him carrying out his purpose, but all\\nto no effect. He would admit all they said, as-\\nsured them that he believed everything they\\ncontended for, but he would always end with\\nthe assertion that he killed my cousin, and I\\nmust kill him. This savage instinct was too\\ndeeply imbedded in his nature to be overcome\\nby any teaching of the white man, and the re-\\nsult was that he got a double-barreled shotgun\\nand carried out his purpose, the consequence of\\nwhich was to nearly destroy the church and\\nthe republic. He was, however, line to the\\nwhites all through the outbreak of lsiiU.\\nWhen the Indians rebelled the entire mission\\noutfit at Pajutazee was destroyed, which prac-\\ntically put an end to missionary effort in Min-\\nnesota, but did not in the least lessen the ardor\\nof the missionaries. I remember meeting Dr.\\nWilliamson soon after the Sioux were driven\\nout of the State, and supposing, of course, that\\nhe had given up all hope of Christianizing\\nthem, I asked him where he would settle, and\\nwhat he would do. He did not hesitate a mo-\\nment, and said that he would hunt up the rem-\\nnant of his people and attend to their spiritual\\nwauls.\\nHaving given a general idea of the mission-\\nary efforts that were made in Minnesota, I will\\nsay a word about the Indians.\\nINDIANS.\\nThe Dakotas or, as they were afterwards\\ncalled, the Sioux and the Chippewas were\\nsplendid races of aboriginal men. The Sioux\\nwho occupied Minnesota were about eight\\nthousand strong, men, women and children.\\nThey were divided into four principal bands,\\nknown as the M day-wa-kon-tons, or Spirit Lake\\nVillagers; the Wak-pay-ku-tays, or Leaf Shoot-\\ners, from their living in the timber; the Si-si-\\ntons, and the Wak-pay-tons. There was also a\\nconsiderable band, known as the Upper Si-si-\\ntons, who occupied the extreme upper waters\\nof the Minnesota river. The Chippewas num-\\nbered about seven thousand eight hundred, di-\\nvided as follows: At Lake Superior, whose\\nagency was at La l ointe, Wisconsin, about six-\\nteen hundred and fifty; on the upper Missis\\nsippi, on the east side, about three thousand\\nfour hundred and fifty; of Fillagers, fifteen hun-\\ndred and fifty, and at Red lake, eleven hundred\\nand thirty. The Sioux and Chippewas hail\\nbeen deadly enemies as far back as anything\\nwas known of them and kept up continual war-\\nfare. The Winnebagoes, numbering about\\nfifteen hundred, were removed from the neu-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntral ground in I own to Long Prairie in\\nMinnesota, in L848, and in 1 s.~ 4 were again\\nremoved to Blue Earth county, near the\\npresent site of Mankato. While Minne-\\nsota was a Territory its western boundary\\nextended to the Missouri river, and on that\\nriver, both east and wesl of it, were numerous\\nwild and warlike bands of Sioux, numbering\\nmany thousands, although no accurate census\\nof them had ever been taken. They were the\\nTetons, Yanktons, Cut heads, Yanktonais and\\nothers. These Missouri Indians frequently vis\\nited Minnesota.\\nThe proper name of these Indians is Dakota.\\nand they know themselves only by that name,\\nbut the Chippewas of Lake Superior, in speak-\\ning of them, always called them Nadowes-\\nsioux, which in their language signifies enemy.\\nThe traders had a habit when speaking of any\\ntribe in the presence of another, and especially\\nof an enemy, to designate them by some name\\nthat would not be understood by the listeners,\\nas they were very suspicious. When speaking\\nof the Dakotas they used the last syllable of\\nNadowessioux, Sioux, until the name at-\\ntached itself to them, and they have always\\nsince been so called.\\nCharlevoix, who visited Minnesota in 1721, in\\nhis history of New France, says: The name\\nSioux that we give these Indians is entirely of\\nour own making, or rather it is the last two\\nsyllables of the name Nadowessioux, as many\\nnations call them.\\nThe Sioux live in tepees or circular conical\\ntents supported by poles, so arranged as to\\nleave an opening in the top for ventilation and\\nfor the escape of smoke. These were, before\\nthe advent of the whites, covered with dressed\\nbuffalo skins, but more recently with a coarse\\ncotton tent cloth, which is preferable on ac-\\ncount of its being much lighter to transport\\nfrom place to place, as they are almost con-\\nstantly on the move, the tents being carried by\\nthe squaws. There is no more comfortable\\nhabitation than the Sioux tepee to be found\\namong the dwellers in tents anywhere. A fire\\nis made in the center for either warmth or\\ncooking purposes. The camp kettle is sus\\npended over it, making cooking easy and\\ncleanly. In the winter, when the Indian family\\nsettles down to remain any considerable time,\\n1 bey select a river bottom where there is timber\\nor chaparral, and set up the tepee; then they\\nciii i he long grass or bottom cane and stand it\\nup against the outside of the lodge to the thick-\\nness of about twenty inches, and you have a\\nvery warm and cozy habitation.\\nThe wealth of the Sioux consists very largely\\nin his horses, and his subsistence is the game\\nof the forest and plains and the fish and wild\\nrice of the lakes. Minnesota was an Indian\\nparadise. It abounded in buffalo, elk, moose,\\ndeer, beaver, wolves, and in fact nearly all wild\\nanimals found in North America. It held upon\\nits surface eight thousand beautiful lakes,\\nalive with the finest of edible fish. It was\\ndotted over with beautiful groves of the sugar\\nmaple, yielding quantities of delicious sugar,\\nand wild rice swamps were abundant. An in-\\nhabitant of this region with absolute liberty,\\nand nothing to do but defend it against the en-\\ncroachments of enemies, certainly had very\\nlittle more to ask of his Creator. But he was\\nnot allowed to enjoy it in peace. A stronger\\nrace was on his trail, and there was nothing left\\nfor him but to surrender his country on the\\nbest terms he could make. Such has ever been\\nthe case from the beginning of recorded events,\\nand judging from current operations there has\\nbeen no cessation of the movement. Why was\\nnot the world made big enough for homes for\\nall kinds and colors of men and all characters\\nof civilization?\\nAs the white man progressed towards the\\nWest and came in contact with the Indians, it\\nbecame necessary to define the territories of\\nthe different tribes to avoid collision between\\nthem and the newcomers as much as possible.\\nTo accomplish this end, Governor Clark of Mis\\nsouri and Governor Cass of Michigan, on the\\n19th of August, 1825, convened at Prairie du\\nChien, a grand congress of Indians, represent-\\ning the Dakotas, Chippewas (then called Ojib-\\nways), Sauks. Foxes, Menomonies, Iowas, Win-\\nnebagoes, Pottawattamies and Ottawas, and\\nit was determined by treaties among them\\nwhere the dividing lines between their coun-\\ntries should be; which partition gave the Chip-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\npewas ;i large part of what is now Wisconsin\\nand Minnesota, and the Dakota* lands to the\\nwest of them. But it soon became apparenl\\nthat these boundary lines between the Dakotas\\nand the Chippewas would not be adhered to,\\nand Governor Cass and Mr. T. L. McKenney\\nwere appointed commissioners to again con-\\nvene the Chippewas. This time they met at\\nFond du Lac, and there, on the 5th of August,\\nL826, another treaty was entered into, which,\\nwith the exception of the Fort Snelling treaty.\\nwas the first one ever made on the soil of Min-\\nnesota. By this treaty the Chippewas, among\\nother things, renounced all allegiance to or con-\\nnection with Great Britain and acknowledged\\nthe authority of the United States. These\\ntreaties were, however, rather of a preliminary\\ncharacter, being intended more tor the purpose\\nof arranging matters between the tribes than\\nmaking concessions to the whites, although the\\nwhites were permitted to mine and carry away\\nmetals and ores from the Chippewa country by\\nthe treaty of Fond du Lac.\\nThe first important treaty made with the\\nSioux, by which the white men began to obtain\\nconcessions of lands from them, was on August\\n29, 1837. This treaty was made at Washing! on\\nthrough Joel R. Poinsette, and to give an idea\\nof how little time and few words were spent in\\naccomplishing important ends I will quote the\\nfirst article of this treaty.\\nArticle I. The chiefs and braves represent-\\ning the parties having an interest therein cede\\nto the United States all their land east of the\\nMississippi river and all their islands in said\\nriver.\\nThe rest of the treaty is confined to the con-\\nsideration to be paid and matters of that na-\\nture.\\nThis treaty extinguished all the Dakota title\\nin lands east of the Mississippi river in Minne-\\nsota and opened the way for immigration on\\nall that side of the Mississippi. Immigra-\\ntion was not long in accepting the invitation,\\nfor between the making of the treaty in 1837,\\nand the admission of the State of Wisconsin\\ninto the Union in 1848, there had sprung into\\nexistence in that State west of the St. Croix the\\ntowns of Stillwater, St. Anthony, St. Paul. Ma\\nline, Areola and other lesser settlements,\\nwhich were all left in .Minnesota when Wiscon-\\nsin adopted the St. Croix as its western bound\\na iy.\\nMost important, however, of all the treaties\\nthat opened up the lands of Minnesota to set-\\ntlement were those of 1851, made at Traverse\\ndes Sioux and Mendota, by which the Sioux\\nceiled to the United States all their lands in\\nMinnesota and Iowa, except a small reserva-\\ntion for their habitation, situated on the upper\\nwaters of the Minnesota river.\\nThe Territory of Minnesota was organized in\\n1819 and immediately presented to the world\\na very attractive field for immigration. The\\nmost desirable lands in the new Territory were\\non the west side of the Mississippi, but the title\\nto them was still in the Indians. The whites\\ncould not wait until this was extinguished, but\\nat once began to settle on the land lying on the\\nwest bank of the Mississippi, north of the north\\nline of Iowa, and in the new Territory. These\\nsettlements extended up the Mississippi river\\nas far as Saint Cloud, in what is now Stearns\\ncounty, and extended up the Minnesota river as\\nfar as the mouth of the Blue Earth river, in the\\nneighborhood of Mankato. These settlers were\\nall trespassers on the lands of I lie Indians, but\\na little thing like that never deterred a white\\nAmerican from pushing his fortunes towards\\nI he setting sun. It soon became apparent that\\nthe Indians must yield to the approaching tidal\\nwave of set t lenient, and measures were taken\\nto acquire their lands by the United States. In\\n1851 Luke Lea, then commissioner of the gen-\\neral land office, and Alexander Ramsey, then\\nrovernor of the Territory of Minnesota, and ex-\\nofficio superintendent of Indian affairs, were\\nappointed commissioners to treat with the In-\\ndians at Traverse des Sioux, and after much\\nfeasting and talking a treaty was completed\\nand signed, July 23, 1851, between the United\\nStates and the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands\\nof Sioux, whereby these bands ceded to the\\nUnited States a vast tract of land lying in Min-\\nnesota and Iowa, and reserved for their future\\noccupation a strip of land on the Upper Min-\\nnesota, ten miles wide on each side id the cen-\\nter line of the river. For this cession they were", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "24\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nio be paid $1,665, I, which w;is to 1 paid a\\npart in cash 1 i liquidate debts, etc., and five\\nper cent per annum on the balance tin- fifty\\nyears, the interest to he paid annually, partly\\nin cash iiinl partly in funds tin- agriculture,\\ncivilization, education and in goods of various\\nkinds; these payments, when completed, were\\nin satisfy both principal ami interest, the l\\nicy and expectation of the government being\\nthat at the end of fiftj years the Indians would\\nbe civilized and self-sustaining.\\nAmendments were made to iliis treaty in tin\\nSenate, and it was not fully completed and pro-\\nclaimed until February 24, L853.\\nAl st instantly after the execution of tliis\\ntreaty, and on August ls.11. another treaty\\nwas negotiated by the same commissioners\\nwith two other hands of Sioux in .Minnesota.\\nthe Meda\\\\ wa kui tons and Wak-pay koo-tays.\\nBy this I real these ha lids ceded to the United\\nStates all their hinds in the T( rritory of Min-\\nnesota or State of Iowa, for which they were\\nto be paid $1,410,000, very much in the same\\nway that was provided in I he last -named treaty\\nwith the Sissetons and Wak-pax Ions. This\\ntreaty also was amended by i hi Senate and not\\nfully perfected until February 24, 1853. Both\\nof these treaties contained the provision that\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The laws of t he United States, prohibiting tic\\nintroduction and sale of spirituous liquors in\\nthe Indian country, shall he in full force and\\neifecl throughout the Territory hereby ceded\\nand lying in Minnesota, until otherwise di-\\nrected by Congress or the President of the\\nUnited States. I mention this feature of the\\ntreaty because it gave rise to much litigation\\nas to whether the treaty making power had au-\\nthority to legislate for settlers on the ceded\\nlands of the United Stales. The power was sus-\\ntained. These treaties practically obliterated\\nthe Indian title from the lands composing- Min-\\nnesota, and its extinction brings us to the ter-\\nritorial period.\\nTERRITORIAL I KRIOD.\\nIt must be kept in mind that during the per-\\niod which we have been attempting to review.\\nthe people who inhabited what is now Minne-\\nsota wen- subject to a great many different\\ngovernmental jurisdictions. This, however,\\ndid not in any way concern them, as they did\\nnot. as a general thing, know or care anything\\nabout such matters, but as it may be inter-\\nesting to the retrospective explorer to be in-\\nformed on the subject I will briefly present it.\\nMinnesota has 1 wo sources of parentage. The\\npart of it lying west of the Mississippi was part\\nof the Louisiana purchase made by President\\nJefferson from Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803,\\nand the part east of that river was part of\\nthe Northwest Territory ceded by Virginia in\\n1784 to the United States. I will give the suc-\\ncessive changes of political jurisdiction, begin-\\nning on the west side of the river.\\nFirst it was part of New Spain, and Spanish.\\nIt was then purchased from Spain by France,\\nand became French. On June 30, 1803, it he-\\ncame American, by purchase from France, and\\nwas part of the Province of Louisiana, and so\\nremained until March 26, 1S04, when an act\\nwas passed by Congress creating the Territory\\nof Orleans, which included all of the Louisiana\\npurchase south of the 33d degree of north lati-\\ntude. This act gave the Territory of Louisiana\\na government and called all the country north\\nof it the District of Louisiana; this was to he\\ngoverned by the Territory of Indiana, which\\nhad In en created in 1800, out of the Northwest\\nTerritory, and had its seat of government at\\nVincennes, on the Wabash.\\nOn June 4. 1812, the District of Louisiana\\nwas erected into the Territory of Missouri,\\nwhere we remained until June 28, 1834, when\\nall the public lands of the United States lying\\nwest of the Mississippi, north of the State of\\nMissouri, and south of the British line, were,\\nby act of Congress, attached to the Territory of\\nMichigan; we remained under this jurisdiction\\nuntil April 10, 1830, when the Territory of Wis-\\nconsin was created. This law went into effect\\nJuly 3, 1830, and Wisconsin took in our terri-\\ntory lying west of the Mississippi, and there it\\nremained until June 12, 183S; then the Terri-\\ntory of Iowa was created, taking us in and\\nholding us until the State of Iowa was ad-\\nmilted into the Union, on March 1S4. which", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "EISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nleft us without any government west of 1 he-\\nMississippi.\\nThe pari of Minnesota lying east of the Miss-\\nissippi was originally part of the Northwest\\nTerritory. \u00c2\u00bbn May 7, 1S00, it became part of\\nthe Indiana Territory and remained so until\\nApril 26, 183G, when it became part of the Wis\\ncousin Territory; it so continued until May 29,\\n1848, when Wisconsin entered the Union as a\\nState with the St. Croix river for its western\\nboundary. By this arrangement of the western\\nboundary of Wisconsin, all the territory west\\nof the St. Jroix and east of the Mississippi. like\\nthat west of the river, was left without any\\ngovernment at all.\\nOne of the curious results of the many gov-\\nernmental changes which the western part of\\nMinnesota underwent is illustrated in the resi-\\ndence of (Jen. Henry II. Sibley at Mendota. In\\n1834. at the age of twenty two. Mr. Sibley com-\\nmenced his residence at Mendota. as the agent\\nof the American Fur Company s establishment.\\nAt this point Mr. Sibley built the first private\\nresidence that was erected in Minnesota. It\\nwas a large, comfortable dwelling, constructed\\nof the blue limestone found in the vicinity,\\nwith commodious porticos on the river front.\\nThe house was built in 1835-6, and was then in\\nthe Territory of Michigan. Mr. Sibley lived in\\nit successively in Michigan, Wisconsin. Iowa\\nand the Territory and State of Minnesota. He\\nremoved to St. Paul in the year 1862. Every\\ndistinguished visitor who came to Minnesota\\nin the early days was entertained by Mr. Sibley\\nin his hospitable old mansion, and, together\\nwith its genial, generous and refined propri-\\netor, it contributed much towards planting the\\nseeds of those aesthetic amenities of social life\\nthat have so generally flourished in the later\\ndays of Minnesota s history, and -;iven it its\\ndeserved prominence among the States of the\\nWest. Tin- house still stands, and has been\\noccupied at different times since its founder\\nabandoned it. as a atholic institution of some\\nkind and an artist s summer school. The word\\nMendota is Sioux, and means the meeting of\\ntin- water s.\\nIt was the admission of Wisconsin into the\\nUnion in 1848 that brought about the organiza-\\ntion of i he Territory of Minnesota. The peculiar\\nsituation in which all the people residing wesi\\nof the Si. Croix found themselves set them to\\ndevising ways and means to obtain some kind\\nof government to live under. It was a de-\\nbatable question whether the remnant of Wis\\ncousin which was left over when the State was\\nadmit teil carried with ii the Territorial govern-\\nment, or whether if was a in man s land, and\\ndifferent views were entertained on the sub-\\nject. The question was somewhat embarrassed\\nby the fact that the Territorial Governor, Gov-\\nernor Dodge, had been elected to the Senate\\nof the United States from the new State, and\\ni he Territorial secretary. Mr. John Catlin, who\\nwould have become Governor ex-officio when a\\nvacancy occurred in the office of Governor, re-\\nsided in Madison, and the delegate to Congress,\\nMr. John II. Tweedy, had resigned, so even if\\nthe Territorial government had in law survived\\nthere seemed to be no one to represent and ad-\\nminister it.\\nThere was no lack of ability among the in-\\nhabitants of the abandoned remnant of Wis\\nconsin. In St. Paul dwelt Henry M. Rice, Louis\\nRoberts, J. W. Simpson, A. L. Larpenteur,\\nDavid Lambert, Henry Jackson, Vetal Guerin,\\nDavid Herbert. Oliver Rosseau, Andre Cod\\ntrey. Joseph Rondo, James R. Clewell, Edward\\nI helan. William 1. Carter anil many others.\\nIn Stillwater, and on the St. Croix, were Mor-\\nton S. Wilkinson. Henry L. Moss. John Mc-\\nKusick, Joseph R. Brown and others. In Men-\\ndota resided Henry II. Sibley. In St. Anthony,\\nWilliam R. Marshall; at Fori Snelling, Frank-\\nlin Steele. I could name many others, but the\\nabove is a representative list. It will be ob-\\nserved that many of them are French.\\nAn initial meeting was held in St. Paul, in\\nduly of 1848, at Henry Jackson s trading house,\\nto consider the matter, which was undoubtedly\\nthe first public meeting ever held in Minnesota.\\n)n 1 he 5th of August, in the same year, a simi-\\nlar meeting was held in Stillwater, and out of\\nthese meetings grew a call for a convention to\\nlie held at Stillwater. August 26, which was\\nheld accordingly. There were present about\\nsixty delegates.\\nAt this meeting a letter from Hon. John Cat-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "26\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nlin, the secretary of Wisconsin Territory, was\\nread, giving it as his opinion that the Terri-\\ntorial government of Wisconsin still existed,\\nand that if a delegate to Congress was elected\\nhe would he admitted to a seat.\\nA memorial to Congress was prepared, set-\\nting forth the peculiar situation in which the\\npeople of the remnant found themselves and\\npraying relief in the organization of a Terri-\\ntorial government.\\nDuring the session of this convention there\\nwas a verhal agreement entered into hetween\\nthe members to the effect that when the new\\nTerritory was organized the capital should be\\nat St. Paul, the penitentiary at Stillwater, the\\nuniversity at St. Anthony, and the delegate to\\nCongress should be taken from Mendota. I\\nhave had reason to assert publicly this fact on\\nformer occasions, and so far as it relates to the\\nuniversity and the penitentiary my statement\\nwas questioned by Minnesota s greatest his-\\ntorian, Rev. Edward D. Neill, in a published\\narticle, signed Iconoclast, but I sustained my\\nposition by letters from surviving members of\\nthe convention, which I published, and to\\nwhich no answer was ever made. The same\\nstatement can be found in William s History of\\nSt. Paul, published in 1876, at page 182.\\nThe result of this convention was the selec-\\ntion of Henry H. Sibley as its agent or dele-\\ngate, to proceed to Washington and present the\\nmemorial and resolutions to the United States\\nauthorities. It was, curiously enough, stipu-\\nlated that the delegate should pay his own ex-\\npenses.\\nShortly after this event the Hon. John H.\\nTweedy, who was the regularly elected dele-\\ngate to Congress from the Territory of Wiscon-\\nsin, no doubt supposing his official career was\\nterminated, resigned his position, and Mr. John\\nCatlin, claiming to be the Governor of the Ter-\\nritory, came to Stillwater, and issued a procla-\\nmation, October 9, 1848, ordering a special elec-\\ntion to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna-\\ntion of Delegate Tweedy. The election was\\nheld, October 30. Mr. Henry H. Sibley and Mr.\\nHenry M. Rice became candidates, neither car-\\ning very much about the result, and Mr. Sibley\\nwas elected. There was much doubt enter-\\ntained as to the delegate being allowed to take\\nhis seat, but in November he proceeded to\\nWashington and was admitted, after consid-\\nerable discussion.\\nMarch 3, 1849, the delegate succeeded in\\npassing an act organizing the Territory of Min-\\nnesota, the boundaries of which embraced all\\nthe territory between the western boundary of\\nWisconsin and the Mississippi river, and also\\nall that was left unappropriated on the admis-\\nsion of the State of Iowa, which carried our\\nwestern boundary to the Missouri river, and\\nincluded within our limits, a large part of what\\nis now North and South Dakota.\\nThe passage of this act was the first step\\nin the creation of Minnesota. No part of the\\ncountry had ever before borne that name. The\\nword is composed of two Sioux words, Minne,\\nwhich means water, and Sota, which means\\nthe condition of the sky when fleecy white\\nclouds are seen floating slowly and quietly over\\nit. It has been translated skytinted, giving\\nto the word Minnesota the meaning of sky-\\ntinted water. The name originated in the fact\\nthat in the early days the river now called Min-\\nnesota used to rise very rapidly in the spring\\nand there was constantly a caving in of the\\nbanks, which disturbed its otherwise pellucid\\nwaters, and gave them the appearance of the\\nsky when covered with the light clouds I have\\nmentioned. The similarity was heightened by\\nthe current keeping the disturbing element\\nconstantly in motion. There is a town just\\nabove St. Peter, called Kasota, which means\\ncloudy sky not stormy or threatening, but a\\nsky dotted with fleecy white clouds. The best\\nconception of this word can be found by pour-\\ning a few drops of milk into a glass of clear\\nwater and observing the cloudy disturbance.\\nThe principal river in the Territory was then\\ncalled the St. Peter s river, but the name was\\nchanged to the Minnesota.\\nEDUCATION.\\nAn act organizing a territory simply creates\\na government for its inhabitants, limiting and\\nregulating its powers, executive, legislative", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand judicial, and in our country they resemble\\neach other in all essential features. But the\\norganic act of Minnesota contained one provis-\\nion never before found in any that preceded it.\\nIt had been customary to donate to the Terri-\\ntory and future State one section of land in\\neach surveyed township for school purposes,\\nand section sixteen had been selected as the\\none, but in the Minnesota act the donation was\\ndoubled, and sections sixteen and thirty-six in\\neach township were reserved for the schools,\\nwhich amounted to one-eighteenth of all the\\nlands in the Territory, and when it is under-\\nstood that the State, as now constituted, con-\\ntains 84,287 square miles, or about 53,943,379\\nacres of land, it will be seen that the grant was\\nprincely in extent and incalculable in value.\\nNo other State in the Union has been endowed\\nwith such a magnificent educational founda-\\ntion. I may except Texas, which came into the\\nUnion, not as a part of the United States pub-\\nlic domain, but as an independent republic,\\nowning all its lands, amounting to 237,504\\nsquare miles, or 152,002,560 acres a vast em-\\npire in itself. I remember hearing a distin-\\nguished Senator, in the course of the debate\\non its admission into the Union, describe its\\nimmensity by saying, A pigeon could not fly\\nacross it in a week.\\nIt affords every citizen of Minnesota great\\npride to know that, under all phases and condi-\\ntions of our Territory and State, whether in\\nprosperity or adversity, the school fund has\\nalways been held sacred, and neither extrava-\\ngance, neglect nor peculation has ever assailed\\nit, but it has been husbanded with jealous care\\nfrom time to time since the first dollar was real-\\nized from it until the present, and has accumu-\\nlated until the principal is estimated at $20,-\\n000,000. The State Auditor, in his last report\\nof it, says:\\nThe extent of the school land grant should\\nultimately be about 3.000,000 acres, and as the\\naverage price of this land heretofore sold is\\nabout $5.96 per acre, the amount of principal\\nalone should yield the school fund not less\\nthan $17,000,000. To this must be added the\\namount received from sales of timber, and for\\nlease and royalty of mineral lands, which will\\nnot be less than $3,000,000 more. It is not prob-\\nable that the average sale price of this land\\nwill be reduced in the future, but it may in-\\ncrease, especially in view of the improved\\nmethod of sale inaugurated by the new land\\nlaw.\\nThe general method of administering the\\nschool fund is, to invest the proceeds arising\\nfrom the sale of the lands, and distribute the in-\\nterest among the counties of the State accord-\\ning to the number of children attending school;\\nthe principal always to remain untouched and\\ninviolate.\\nGenerous grants of land have also been made\\nfor a State university, amounting to 92,558\\nacres. Also for an agricultural college to the\\nextent of 100,000 acres, which two funds have\\nbeen consolidated, and together they have ac-\\ncumulated to the sum of $1,159,790.73, all of\\nwhich is securely invested.\\nThe State has also been endowed with 500,-\\n000 acres of land for internal improvements,\\nand all its lands falling within the designa-\\ntion of swamp lands. An act of Congress, of\\nFebruary 26, 1857, also gave it ten sections of\\nland for the purpose of completing public\\nbuildings at the seat of government, and all\\nthe salt springs, not to exceed twelve, in the\\nState, with six sections of land to each spring,\\nin all seventy-two sections. The twelve salt\\nsprings have all been discovered and lo-\\ncated, and the lands selected. The salt\\nspring lands have been transferred to the re-\\ngents of the University, to be held in trust\\nto pay the cost of a geological and natural his-\\ntory survey of the State. It is estimated that\\nthe salt spring lands will produce, on the same\\nvaluation as the school lands, the sum of $300,-\\n000. Large sums will also be gained by the\\nState from the sale of timber stumpage and\\nthe products of its mineral lands. Some idea\\nof the magnitude of the fund to be derived\\nfrom the mineral lands of the State may be\\nlearned from the report of the State Auditor\\nfor the year 1896, in which he says that dur-\\ning the years 1895-6 there has been received\\nfrom and under all mineral leases, contracts\\nand royalties, $170,128.83.\\nIt will be seen from this statement that the", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "28\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\neducational interests of Minnesota are largely\\nprovided for without resort to direct taxation,\\nalthough up to the present time that means\\nof revenue has, to some extent, been utilized\\nto meet the expenses of the grand system pre-\\nvailing throughout the State.\\nTHE FIRST TERRITORIAL GOVERN-\\nMENT.\\nThe organization of the Territory was com-\\npleted by the appointment of Alexander Ram-\\nsey, of Pennsylvania, as Governor; Aaron\\nGoodrich as Chief Justice, and David Cooper\\nand Bradley B. Meeker as Associate Justices,\\nC. K. Smith as Secretary, Joshua L. Taylor as\\nMarshal, and Henry L. Moss as District At-\\ntorney.\\nMay 27, 1849, the Governor and his family\\narrived in St. Paul, but there being no suitable\\naccommodations for them, they became the\\nguests of Honorable Henry H. Sibley at Men-\\ndota, whose hospitality, as usual, was never\\nfailing, and for several weeks there resided the\\nfour men who have been perhaps more prom-\\ninent in the development of the State than any\\nothers, Henry H. Sibley, Alexander Ramsey,\\nHenry M. Rice and Franklin Steele, all of\\nwhom have been honored by having important\\ncounties named after them and by being chosen\\nto fill high places of honor and trust.\\nThe Governor soon returned to the capital,\\nand on the 1st of June, 1849, issued a proc-\\nlamation declaring the Territory dulj organ-\\nized. June 11, he issued a second proclama-\\ntion, dividing the Territory into three Judicial\\nDistricts. The County of St. Croix, which was\\none of the discarded counties of Wisconsin,\\nand embraced the present county of Ramsey,\\nwas made the First District. The Second was\\ncomposed of the county of La Pointe (another\\nof the Wisconsin counties) and the region\\nnorth and west of the Mississippi river, and\\nnorth of the Minnesota, and on a line running\\ndue west from the headwaters of the Minne-\\nsota to the Missouri. The country west of the\\nMississippi and south of the Minnesota formed\\nthe Third District. The Chief Justice was as-\\nsigned to the First, Meeker to the Second and\\nCooper to the Third, and courts were ordered\\nheld in each district as follows: At Stillwater,\\nin the First District, on the second Monday;\\nat the Falls of St. Anthony on the third Mon\\nday, and at Mendota on the fourth Monday in\\nAugust.\\nA census was taken of the inhabitants of the\\nTerritory in pursuance of the requirements of\\nthe organic act, with the following result I\\ngive here the details of the census, as it is in-\\nteresting to know what inhabited places there\\nwere in the Territory at this time, as well as\\nthe number of inhabitants.\\nTotal in\\nNames of Places. habitants.\\nStillwater 609\\nLake St. Croix 211\\nMarine Mills 173\\nSt. Paul 840\\nLittle Canada and St. Anthony 571\\nCrow Wing and Long Prairie 350\\n)sakis Rapids 133\\nFalls of St. Croix 16\\nSnake River 82\\nLa Pointe County 22\\nCrow Wing 174\\nBig Stone Lake and Lac qui Parle 68\\nLittle Rock 35\\nPrairieville 22\\nOak Grove 23\\nBlack Dog Village 18\\nCrow Wing, East Side 70\\nMendota 122\\nRed Wing Village 33\\nWabasha and Root River 114\\nFort Snelling 38\\nSoldiers, women and children in Forts. 317\\nPembina 637\\n.Missouri River 85\\nTotal 4,764\\nOn the 7th of July the Governor issued a\\nproclamation dividing the Territory into seven\\ncouncil districts, and ordering an election for\\na delegate to Congress, nine councillors and\\neighteen representatives to constitute the first\\nTerritorial Legislature, to be held on the 1st of\\nAugust. At this electioD Henry II. Sibley was\\nagain chosen delegate to Congress.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n29\\nCOURTS.\\nThe courts were held in pursuance of the\\nGovernors proclamation, the first one conven-\\ning at Stillwater. But before I relate what\\nthere occurred I will mention an attempt that\\nwas made by Judge Irwin, one of the Terri-\\ntorial Judges of Wisconsin, to hold a term in\\nSt. Croix county, in 1842. Joseph R, Brown,\\nof whom I shall speak hereafter, as one of the\\nbrightest of Minnesota s early settlers, came to\\nFort Snelling as a fifer boy in the regiment\\nthat founded and built the fort in 1819, was\\ndischarged from the army about 182(i, and had\\nbecome clerk of the courts in St. Croix county.\\nHe had procured the Legislature of Wisconsin\\nto order a court in his county for some reason\\nonly known to himself, and in 1842 Judge Ir-\\nwin came up to hold it. He arrived at Fort\\nSnelling and found himself in a country which\\nindicated that disputes were more frequently\\nsettled with tomahawks than by the principles\\nof the common law. The officers of the fort\\ncould give him no information, but in his wan-\\nderings he found Mr. Norman W. Kittson, who\\nhad a trading house near the Falls of Minne-\\nhaha. Kittson knew Clerk Brown, who was\\nthen living on the St. Croix, near where Still-\\nwater now stands, and furnishing the Judge a\\nhorse, directed him how to find his clerk. After\\na ride of more than twenty miles Brown \\\\v;is\\ndiscovered, but no preparations had been made\\nfor a court. The Judge took the first boat\\ndown the river a disgusted and angry man.\\nAfter the lapse of five years from this futile\\nattempt the first court actually held within the\\nbounds of Minnesota was presided over by\\nJudge Dunn, then Chief Justice of the Terri-\\ntory of Wisconsin. The court convened at Still-\\nwater in June, 1847, and is remembered not\\nonly as the first court ever held in Minnesota,\\nbut on account of the trial of an Indian chief\\nnamed Wind, who was indicted for murder.\\nSamuel J. Crawford, of Mineral roint, was ap-\\npointed prosecuting attorney for the term, and\\nBen C. Eastman, of Plattville, defended the\\nprisoner. Wind was acquitted. This was\\nthe first jury trial in Minnesota.\\nIt should be stated that Henry H. Sibley\\nwas in fact the first judicial officer who ever\\nexercised the functions of a court in Minne-\\nsota. While living at St. Peters (Mendota) he\\nwas commissioned a justice of the peace in\\n18.35 or 1836 by Governor Chambers, of Iowa,\\nwith a jurisdiction extending from twenty\\nmiles south of Prairie du Chien to the British\\nboundary on the north, to the White river on\\nthe west and the Mississippi on the east. His\\nprisoners could only be committed to Prairie\\ndu Chien. Boundary lines were very dimly de-\\nfined in those days, and minor magistrates\\nwere in no danger of being overruled by supe-\\nrior courts, and tradition asserts that the writs\\nof Sibley s court often extended far over into\\nWisconsin and other jurisdictions. One case\\nis recalled which will serve as an illustration.\\nA man named I halen was charged with having\\nmurdered a sergeant in the United States Ar-\\nmy in Wisconsin. He was arrested under a\\nwarrant from Justice Sibley s Iowa court, ex-\\namined and committed to Prairie du Chien, and\\nno questions asked. Lake Phalen, from which\\nthe City of St. Paul derives part of its water\\nsupply, is named after this prisoner. Whatever\\njurisdictional irregularities Justice Sibley may\\nhave indulged in it is safe to say that no injus-\\ntice ever resulted from any decision of his.\\nThe first courthouse that was erected within\\nthe present limits of Minnesota was at Still-\\nwater, in the year 1847. A private subscription\\nwas taken up and f 1,200 was contributed. This\\nsum was supplemented by a sufficient amount\\nto complete the structure from the treasury of\\nSt. Croix county. It was perched on the top\\nof one of the high bluffs in that town, and\\nmuch private and judicial blasphemy has been\\nexpended by exhausted litigants and judges in\\nclimbing to its lofty pinnacle. I held a term\\nin it ten years after its completion.\\nThis courthouse fell within the First Judi-\\ncial District of the Territory of Minnesota un-\\nder the division made by Governor Ramsey,\\nand the first court under his proclamation was\\nheld within its walls, beginning the second\\nMonday of August, 1849. It was presided over\\nby Chief Justice Goodrich, assisted by Judge\\nCooper, the term lasting one week. There\\nwere thirty-five cases on the calendar. The", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "3\u00c2\u00b0\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\ngrand jury returned thirty indictments, one\\nfor assault with intent to maim, one for per-\\njury, four for selling liquor to the Indians and\\nfour for keeping gambling houses. Only one\\nof these indictments was tried at this term,\\nand the accused, Mr. William D. Phillips, be-\\ning a prominent member of the bar, and there\\nbeing a good deal of fun in it, I will give a brief\\nhistory of the trial and the defendant.\\nMr. Phillips was a native of Maryland and\\ncame to St. Paul in 1848. He was the first dis-\\ntrict attorney of the county of Kamsey. He\\nbecame quite prominent as a lawyer and poli-\\ntician, and tradition has handed down many\\ninteresting anecdotes concerning him. The in-\\ndictment charged him with assault with intent\\nto maim. In an altercation with a man he had\\ndrawn a pistol on him, and his defense was\\nthat the pistol was not loaded. The witness\\nfor the prosecution swore that it was, and\\nadded that he could see the load. The prisoner,\\nas I he law then was, was not allowed to testify\\nin his own behalf. He was convicted and fined\\n$25. He was very indignant at the result, and\\nexplained the assertion of the witness, that he\\ncould see the load, in this way: He said he\\nhad been electioneering for Mr. Henry M. Rice,\\nand from the uncertainty of getting his meals\\nin such an unsettled country he carried crack-\\ners and cheese in the same pocket with his pis-\\ntol, a crumb of which had gotten into the muz-\\nzle, and the fellow was so scared when he.\\nlooked at the pistol that he thought it was\\nloaded to the muzzle.\\nAnother anecdote which is related of him\\nshows that he fully understood the funda-\\nmental principle which underlies success in the\\npractice of law that of always charging for\\nservices performed. Mr. Henry M. Rice had\\npresented him with a lot in St. Paul, upon\\nwhich to build an office, and when he presented\\nhis next bill to Mr. Rice there was in it a\\ncharge of four dollars for drawing the deed.\\nThe Territorial courts, as originally consti-\\ntuted, being composed of only three judges, the\\ntrial terms were held by single judges, and the\\nSupreme Court by all three sitting in bank\\nwhere they would review each other s decisions\\non appeal.\\nWhen the State was admitted into the Union\\nthe judiciary was made to consist of a Chief\\nJustice and two Associate Justices, who con-\\nstituted the Supreme Court, with a jurisdiction\\nexclusively appellate and a District Judge for\\neach district. As the State has grown in pop-\\nulation and business the Supreme Court judges\\nhave been increased to five and the judicial dis-\\ntricts to eighteen in number, two of which, the\\nSecond and the Fourth, have six judges each;\\nthe Eleventh three; the First and Seventh two\\neach, and the remainder one each.\\nThe practice adopted by the Territorial Leg-\\nislature was generally similar to that of the\\nNew York code, with such differences as were\\nnecessary to conform it to a very new country.\\nFrom a residence in the Territory and State\\nof forty-six years, nearly all of which has been\\nspent either in practice at the bar or as a judge\\non the bench, I take pride in saying that the\\njudiciary of Minnesota, in all its branches, both\\nTerritorial and State, has, during its fifty years\\nof existence, equaled in ability, learning and\\nintegrity that of any State in the West, which\\nis well attested by the seventy-one well filled\\nvolumes of its reported decisions.\\nNearly all of the old lawyers of Minnesota\\nwere admitted to practice at the first term held\\nat Stillwater, among whom were Morton S.\\nWilkinson. Henry L. Moss, Edmund Rice, Lo-\\nrenzo A. Babcock, Alexander Wilkin, Bushrod\\nW. Lott and many others. Of the whole list\\nMr. Moss is the sole survivor.\\nFIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE.\\nThe first Legislature convened at St. Paul\\nin Monday, the 3d of September, 1849, in the\\nCentral House, which, for the occasion, served\\nfor both capitol and hotel. The quarters were\\nlimited, but the Legislature was small. The\\nCouncil had nine members and the House of\\nRepresentatives eighteen. The usual officers\\nwere elected, and on Tuesday afternoon both\\nheiises assembled in the dining room of the\\nhotel. Prayer was offered by the Rev. E. D.\\nMill, and Governor Ramsey delivered his mes-\\nsage, which was well received both at home\\nand abroad.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n31\\nIt may be interesting to give the names of\\nthe men constituting this body and the places\\nof their nativity. The Councillors were:\\nJames S. Norris Maine.\\nSamuel Burkleo Delaware.\\nWilliam H. Forbes Montreal.\\nJames McBoal Pennsylvania.\\nDavid B. Loomis Connecticut.\\nJohn Rollins Maine.\\nDavid Olmsted Vermont.\\nWilliam Sturgis Upper Canada.\\nMartin McLeod Montreal.\\nThe Members of the House were:\\nJoseph W. Furber. .New Hampshire.\\nJames Wells New Jersey.\\nM. S. Wilkinson New York.\\nSylvanus Trask New York.\\nMahlon Black Ohio.\\nBenjamin W. Bronson Michigan.\\nHenry Jackson Virginia.\\nJohn J. Duvey New York.\\nParsons K. Johnson Vermont.\\nHenry F. Setzer Missouri.\\nWilliam R. Marshall Missouri.\\nWilliam Dugas Lower Canada.\\nJeremiah Russell Lower Canada.\\nL. A. Babcock Vermont.\\nThomas A. Holmes Pennsylvania.\\nAllen Morrison Pennsylvania.\\nAlexis Bailly Michigan.\\nGideon H. Pond Connecticut.\\nDavid Olmstead was elected president of the\\ncouncil, with Joseph R. Brown as secretary.\\nIn the House Joseph W. Furber was elected\\nspeaker and W. D. Phillips clerk.\\nMany of these men became very prominent\\nin the subsequent history of the State, and it is\\nboth curious and interesting to note the varied\\nsources of their nativity, which shows that\\nthey were all of that peculiar and picturesque\\nclass known as the American pioneer.\\nThe work of the first Legislature was not ex-\\ntensive, yet it performed some acts of historical\\ninterest. It created eight counties, named as\\nfollows: Itasca, Wabashaw, Dakota, Wahnah-\\ntah, Mankato, Pembina, Washington, Ramsey\\nand Benton. The spelling of some of these\\nnames has since been changed.\\nA very deep interest was manifested in the\\nschool system. A joint resolution was passed\\nordering a slab of red pipestone from the fa-\\nmous quarry to be sent to the Washington\\nMonument association, which was done, and\\nnow represents Minnesota in that lofty monu\\nment at the National Capital.\\nThis was done at the suggestion of Henry\\nH. Sibley, who furnished the stone. It will be\\nremembered that I have referred to the visit\\nof George Catlin, the artist, to Minnesota in\\n1835, and that his report was unreliable.\\nAmong other things, he says that he was the\\nfirst white man who had visited this quarry,\\nand induced geologists to name the pipestone\\nCatlinite. Mr. Sibley, in his communication\\nto the Legislature presenting this slab, in an-\\nswer to this pretension, says:\\nIn conclusion, I would beg leave to state\\nthat a late geological work of high authority\\nby Dr. Jackson designates this formation as\\natlinite upon the erroneous supposition that\\nMr. George Catlin was the first white man who\\nhad ever visited that region; whereas it is no-\\ntorious that many whites had been there and\\nexamined the quarry long before he came to\\nthe country. The designation, therefore, is\\nclearly improper and unjust. The Sioux term\\nfor the stone is Eyan-sha (red stone), by which\\nI conceive it should be known and classified.\\nIn my opinion the greatest achievement of\\nthe first Legislature was the incorporation of\\nthe Historical Society of Minnesota. It estab-\\nlished beyond question that we had citizens,\\nat that early day, of thought and culture. One\\nwould naturally suppose that the first legisla-\\ntive body of an extreme frontier territory\\nMould be engaged principally with saw logs,\\npeltries, town-sites and other things material;\\nbut in this instance we find an expression of\\nthe highest intellectual prevision the desire\\nto record historical events for posterity, even\\nbefore their happening; and what affords even\\ngreater satisfaction to the present citizens of\\nMinnesota is that from the conception of this\\ngrand idea there have never been men wanting\\nto appreciate its advantages and carry it out.\\nAs a result our State now possesses its greatest\\nintellectual and moral treasure in a library of\\nhistorical knowledge of sixty-three thousand", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nvolumes, which is steadily increasing, a val-\\nuable museum of curiosities and a gallery of\\nhistorical paintings.\\nThis Legislature recommended a device for\\na great seal. It represented an Indian family\\nwith lodge and canoe, encamped, a single. white\\nman visiting them, and receiving from them\\nthe calumet of peace. The design did not meet\\nwith general approval, and nothing came of it.\\nThe next winter Governor Ramsey and the\\ndelegate to Congress prepared a seal for the\\nTerritory, the design of which was the Falls\\nof St. Anthony in the distance, a farmer plow-\\ning land, his gun and powder horn leaning\\nagainst a newly-cut stump, a mounted Indian,\\nsurprised at the sight of the plow, lance in\\nhand, fleeing toward the setting sun, with the\\nLatin motto, Quae sursum volo videre, I wish\\nto see what is above. A blunder was made by\\nthe engraver in substituting the word Quo\\nfor Quae in the motto, which destroyed its\\nmeaning. Some time after it was changed to\\nthe French motto, L Etoile du Nord, Star of\\nthe North, and thus remains until the present\\ntime.\\nWhile speaking of seals I will state that the\\nseal of the Supreme Court was established\\nwhen the first term of the court convened in\\n1858. The design adopted was a female figure\\nrepresenting the Goddess of Liberty holding\\nthe evenly balanced scales of justice in one\\nhand and a sword in the other, with the some-\\nwhat hackneyed motto, Fiat justitia ruat\\ncoelum, let justice be done if the heavens fall.\\nI remember that soon after it appeared some\\none asked one of the judges what the new\\nmotto meant, and he jocularly answered,\\nThose who fie at justice will rue it when we\\nseal em.\\nThe seal was changed to the same device as\\nthat of the State, with the same motto and the\\nwords, Seal of the Supreme Court, State of\\nMinnesota.\\nIMMIGRATION.\\nWhen the first Legislature convened the\\nGovernor, on the second day of the session\\nSeptember 4, 1849 delivered his message. It\\nwas a well-timed document, and admirably ex-\\npressed to attract attention to the new Terri-\\ntory. After congratulating the members upon\\nthe enviable position they occupied as pioneers\\nof a great prospective civilization, which would\\ncarry the American name and American insti-\\ntutions, by the force of superior intelligence,\\nlabor and energy, to untold results, he, among\\nother things, said:\\nI would advise you, therefore, that your\\nlegislation should be such as will guard equal-\\nly the rights of labor and the rights of prop-\\nerty, without running into ultraisms on either\\nhand; as will recognize no social distinctions\\nexcept those which merit and knowledge, re-\\nligion and morals unavoidably create; as will\\nsuppress crime, encourage virtue; give free\\nscope to enterprise and industry; as will\\npromptly and without delay administer to and\\nsupply all the legitimate wants of the people\\nlaws, in a word, in the proclamation of which\\nwill be kept steadily in view the truth, that\\nthis Territory is designed to be a great State,\\nrivaling in population, wealth and energy her\\nsisters of the Union, and that consequently all\\nlaws not merely local in their objects should\\nbe framed for the future as well as the pres-\\nent.\\nOur Territory, judging from the experience\\nof the few months since public attention was\\ncalled to its many advantages, will settle rap-\\nidly. Nature has done much for us. Our pro-\\nductive soil and salubrious climate will bring\\nthousands of immigrants within our borders;\\nit is of the utmost moment that the foundation\\nof our legislation should be healthful and solid.\\nA knowledge of this fact will encourage tens\\nof thousands of others to settle in our midst,\\nand it may not be long ere we may with truth\\nbe recognized throughout the political and the\\nmoral world as indeed the Polar Star of the\\nrepublican galaxy.\\nNo portion of the earth s surface perhaps\\ncombines so many favorable features for the\\nsettler as this Territory; watered by the two\\ngreatest rivers of our continent, the Missouri\\nsweeping its entire western border, the Missis\\nsippi and Lake Superior making its eastern\\nfrontier, and whilst the States of Wiscon-\\nsin and Iowa limit us on the south the\\npossessions of the Hudson Bay Company\\npresent the only barrier to our domain\\non the extreme north; in all embracing an\\narea of lGG.OOO square miles, a country\\nsufficiently extensive to admit of the erec-\\ntion of four States of the largest class, each", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n33\\nenjoying; in abundance most of the elements of\\nfuture greatness. Its soil is of the most pro-\\nductive character, yet our northern latitude\\nsaves us from malaria and death, which in\\nother climes are so often attendant on a liberal\\nsoil. Our people, under the healthful and brac-\\ning influences of this northern climate, will\\nnever sink into littleness, but continue to pos-\\nsess the vigor and the energy to make the most\\nof their natural advantages.\\nThis message, while not in the least exag-\\ngerating the actual situation, was well calcu-\\nlated to attract immigration to this region. It\\nwas written in a year of great activity in that\\nline. Gold had been discovered in California,\\nand the thoughts of the pioneer were attracted\\nin that direction, and it needed extraordinary\\nattractions to divert the stream to any other\\npoint. It was extensively quoted in the eastern\\npapers, and much commented upon, and suc-\\nceeded beyond all expectations in awakening-\\ninterest in the Northwest. It was particularly\\nattractive in Maine, where the people were ex-\\nperienced in lumbering, and many of them\\nnocked to the valley of the St. Croix and the\\nFalls of St. Anthony and inaugurated the lum-\\nbering business which has since grown to such\\nimmense proportions. The St. Croix, the Rum\\nand the upper Mississippi rivers, with their\\ntributaries, soon responded to the music of the\\nwoodsman s axe. Saw mills were erected, and\\nMinnesota was soon recognized among the\\ngreat lumber producing regions.\\nAlthough immigration continued to be quite\\nrapid during the years 1850 54,it was not until\\nabout the year 1S55 that it acquired a volume\\nthat was particularly noticeable. The reader\\nmust remember that Minnesota was on the ex-\\ntreme border of America and that it repre-\\nsented to the immigrant only those attractions\\nincident to a new territory possessing the gen-\\neral advantages of good climate, good soil and\\ngood government as far as developed. There\\nwas no gold, no silver, or other special induce-\\nments. The only way of reaching it was by\\nland on wheels, or by the navigable rivers.\\nThere was not a railroad west of Chicago. To\\ngive an idea of the rush that came in 1855 I\\nquote from the History of St. Paul by J. Fletch-\\ner Williams, for many years secretary of the\\nMinnesota Historical Society, published in\\n1870. Speaking of the immigration of 1855, he\\nsays\\nNavigation opened on April 17, the old\\nfavorite, War Eagle. leading the van with\\neigb.1 hundred and fourteen passengers. The\\npapers chronicled the immigration that spring-\\nas unprecedented. Seven boats arrived in one\\nday, each having brought to Minnesota from\\ntwo hundred to six hundred passengers. Most\\nof these came through Saint Paul and diverged\\nhence to other parts of the Territory. It was\\nestimated by the packet company that they\\nbrought thirty thousand immigrants into Min-\\nnesota that season. Certainly 1855, 56 and 57\\nwere the three great years of immigration in\\nour Territorial days. Nothing like it has ever\\nbeen seen.\\nIn the early fifties the Mississippi up to and\\neven for a long distance above the Falls of SI.\\nAnthony was navigable for steamboats. A\\nfine boat, the Ans. Northrup, once pene-\\ntrated as far as the Falls of Pokegama, where\\nshe was dismantled and her machinery trans-\\nported to the Ked River of the North, and four\\nor five boats regularly navigated the stream\\nabove the falls.\\nThe Minnesota river, during all the period\\nof our early history, and far into the sixties,\\nwas navigable for large steamers up to Man-\\nkato, and in one instance a steamboat carrying\\na large cargo of Indian goods was taken by\\nCulver and Farrington, Indian traders, as far\\nas the Yellow Medicine river and into that\\nriver, so that the goods were delivered at the\\nagency situated a few miles above its mouth.\\nI mention this fact because a wonderful change\\nhas taken place in the watercourses and lakes\\nof the State in the past twenty odd years,\\nwhich I propose to account for on the only the-\\nory that seems to me to meet the conditions.\\nUp to about twenty years ago, as soon as the\\nice went out of the Minnesota river in the\\nspring, it would rise until it overran its banks\\nand covered (lie bottoms for miles on each side\\nof its channel, and would continue capable of\\ncarrying large steamers until late in August.\\nSince that time it has rarely been out of its", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "34\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbanks, and navigation of its waters has en-\\ntirely ceased. The same phenomenon is ob-\\nservable in relation to many of our lakes; hun-\\ndreds of I lie smaller ones have entirely dried\\nu]}. and most of the larger ones have become re-\\nduced in depth several feet. The rainfall has\\nnot been lessened, but if anything has in-\\ncreased. My explanation of the change is, that\\nin the advance of civilization the water sheds\\nor basins of these rivers and lakes having been\\nplowed up, the rainfall which formerly found\\nits way quickly into the streams and lakes over\\nthe hard natural surface is now absorbed into\\nthe soft and receptive ground, and is returned\\nby evaporation. This change is generally at-\\ntributed to the destruction of forests, but in\\nthis case that cause has not progressed suffi-\\nciently to have produced the result, and our\\nsi reams do not rise in mountains.\\nThe trend of immigration toward Minnesota\\nencouraged the organization of transportation\\ncompanies by boat and stage for passengers\\nand freight, and by 185G it was one of the\\nliveliest communities to be found anywhere,\\nand curious as it may seem, this era of pros-\\nperity was the cause of Minnesota s first great\\ncalamity.\\nThe object of the immigrant is, always, the\\nbetterment of his condition. He leaves\\nold communities, where competition in all\\nbranches of industry is great, in the hope of\\ngetting in on the ground floor, as we used to\\nsay 7 when he arrived in a new country, and\\nevery American, and in fact everybody else,\\nwants to get rich by head work instead of hand\\nwork, if he can. The bulk of the immigration\\nthat first came to Minnesota remained in the\\ncities; there was no agriculture worthy of the\\nname. I may say that we had nothing at all to\\nsell, and everything we needed, to buy. I can\\nremember that as late as 1853, and even after,\\nwe imported hay in bales from Dubuque to\\nfeed the horses of St. Paul when there were\\nmillions of tons of it growing in the Minnesota\\nv Hey, within a few miles of the city.\\nIn the progress of emigration to the West the\\nTerritories have always presented the greatest\\nattractions. The settler expects to have a bet-\\nter choice of lands, and at original government\\nprices. Society and politics are both in the\\nformative condition, and very few emigrants\\nomit the latter consideration from their hopes\\nand expectations. In fact political preferment\\nis a leading motive with many of them.\\nUnder the influence of this great rush of\\nimmigration it was very natural that the pre-\\nvailing idea should be that lands would greatly\\nincrease in value in the near future, and every-\\nbody became a speculator. Towns and cities\\nsprang into existence like mushrooms in a\\nnight. Scarcely any one was to be seen without\\na town-site map in his hands, the advantages\\nand beauties of which fictitious metropolis\\nhe was ready to present in the most elo-\\nquent terms. Everything useful was neglected,\\nand speculation was rampant. There were no\\nbanks of issue, and all the money that was in\\nthe country was borrowed in the East. In or-\\nder to make borrowing easy, the law placed no\\nrestrictions on the rate of interest, and the\\nusual terms were three per cent per month,\\nwith the condition that if the principal was\\nnot paid at maturity the interest should be in-\\ncreased to five per cent per month. Every-\\nbody was in debt on these ruinous terms,\\nwhich, of course, could not last long before the\\ninevitable explosion. The price of lands, and\\nespecially town lots, increased rapidly, and at-\\ntained fabulous rates; in fact some real prop-\\nerty in St. Paul sold in 1856 for more money\\nthan it has brought at any time since.\\nTHE PANIC OF 1857.\\nThe bubble burst by the announcement of\\nthe failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and\\nTrust Company, which reached St. Paul Au-\\ngust 24, 1857. The failure of this financial in-\\nstitution precipitated a panic all over the coun-\\ntry. It happened just on the recurrence of the\\ntwenty year period which has marked the pe-\\ncuniary disasters of the country, beginning\\nwith 1837. Its effects on Minnesota were ex-\\ntremely disastrous. The eastern creditors de-\\nmanded their money, and the Minnesota debt-\\nors paid as long as a dollar remained in the\\ncountry, when all means of borrowing more\\nbeing cut off a most remarkable condition of", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n35\\nthings resulted. Cities like St. Paul and St.\\nAnthony, having a population of several thou-\\nsands each, were absolutely without money to\\ncarry on the necessary commercial functions.\\nA temporary remedy was soon discovered, by\\nevery merchant and shopkeeper issuing tickets\\nmarked good for one dollar at my store, and\\nevery fractional part of a dollar down to five\\ncents. This device tided the people for a while,\\nbut scarcely any business establishment in the\\nTerritory weathered the storm, and many peo-\\nple who had considered themselves beyond the\\nchance of disaster were left without resources\\nof any kind and hopelessly bankrupt. The dis-\\ntress was great and universal, but it was\\nbravely met, and finally overcome.\\nDreadful as this affliction was to almost\\nevery one in the Territory, it turned out to be\\na blessing in disguise. It compelled the people\\nto abandon speculation and seek honest labor\\nin the cultivation of the soil and the develop-\\nment of the splendid resources that generous\\nnature had bestowed upon the country. Farms\\nwere opened by the thousands, everybody went\\nto work, and in ten or a dozen years Minnesota\\nhad a surplus of forty millions of bushels of\\nwheat with which to supply the hungry world.\\nLAND TITLES.\\nAll the lands of Minnesota were the property\\nof the United States, and title to them could\\nonly be obtained through the regular methods\\nof pre-emption, town-site entry, public sales or\\nprivate entries. One event occurred on August\\n14, 1848, which illustrates so clearly the way\\nin which western men protect their rights that\\nI will relate it. The recognized price of public\\nlands was one dollar and a quarter per acre,\\nand all pioneer settlers were willing to pay\\nthat sum, but when a public sale was made\\nany one could bid whatever he was willing to\\npay. Under the administration of President\\nPolk a public sale of lands was ordered to be\\nmade at the land office at St. Croix Falls of\\nlands lying partly in Minnesota and partly in\\nWisconsin. The lands advertised for sale in-\\ncluded those embraced in St. Paul and St. An-\\nthony. The settlers selected Henry H. Sibley\\nas their trustee to buy their lands for them,\\nto be conveyed to them subsequently. It was\\na high offense under the United States laws\\nto do any act that would tend to prevent per-\\nsons bidding at the sales. Mr. Sibley appeared\\nat the sale, and bid off every tract of land that\\nwas occupied by an actual settler at the price\\nof $1.25 per acre. The General, in a paper he\\nread before the Historical Society, says of this\\naffair:\\nI was selected by the actual settlers to bid\\noff portions of the land for them, and when\\nthe hour for business arrived my seat was uni-\\nversally surrounded by a number of men with\\nhuge bludgeons. What was meant by the pro-\\nceeding I could, of course, only surmise, but I\\nwould not have envied the fate of the individ-\\nual who would have ventured to bid against\\nme.\\nIt has always been assumed in the far West,\\nand I think justly, that the pioneers who first\\nsettle the land and give it value should enjoy\\nevery advantage that flows from such priority,\\nand the violation of laws that impede such op-\\nportunity is a very venial offense. So univer-\\nsal was the confidence reposed in Mr. Sibley\\nthat many of the French settlers, the title to\\nwhose lands became vested in him by his pur-\\nchase at this sale, insisted that they should re-\\nmain in him, and he found it quite difficult in\\nmany cases to get them to accept deeds from\\nhim.\\nTHE FIRST NEWSPAPER.\\nAlthough the first message of the Governor\\nwent a great way in introducing Minnesota to\\nthe world, she was particularly fortunate in\\nthe establishment of her first newspapers. The\\nStillwater convention of 1S4S, of which I have\\nspoken, first suggested to Dr. A. Randall, who\\nwas an attache of Dr. Owen s geological corps,\\nthen engaged in a survey of this region by or-\\nder of the government, the necessity of a news-\\npaper for the new Territory. He was possess 1\\nof the means and enterprise to accomplish the\\nthen rather difficult undertaking, and was\\npromised ample support by leading men of the\\nTerritory. He returned to his home in Cincin-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "36\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nnati in the fall of 1848, intending to purchase\\nthe plant and atari the paper that year, but the\\nnavigation of the rivers closed earlier than\\nusual, and he was foiled in his attempt. He,\\nhowever, set up his press in Cincinnati, and\\ngot out a number or two of his paper there. It\\nwas then called the Minnesota Register, and\\nappeared as of the date of April 27, 1849, and\\nas printed in Saint Paul. It was in fact printed\\nin Cincinnati about two weeks earlier. It con-\\ntained valuable articles from the pens of Henry\\nH. Sibley and Henry M. Rice. These articles,\\nadded to Dr. Randall s extensive knowledge of\\nthe country, made the first issue a great local\\nsuccess. It was the first Minnesota paper ever\\npublished, and bears date just one day ahead\\nof the Pioneer, subsequently published by\\nJames M. Goodhue, which was actually printed\\nin the Territory. Dr. Randall did not carry out\\nhis intention, but was caught in the California\\nvortex, and did not return to Minnesota.\\nJames M. Goodhue, of Lancaster, Wisconsin,\\nwho was editing the Wisconsin Herald, when\\nhe heard of the organization of the new Terri-\\ntory, immediately decided to start a paper in\\nSt. Paul, and as soon as navigation opened in\\nthe spring of 1849 he came up with his press\\nand type. He met with many difficulties and\\nobstructions, necessarily incident to such a\\nventure in a new place, but he succeeded in is-\\nsuing the first number of his paper April 28,\\n1849. His first inclination was to call his paper\\nthe Epistle of St. Paul, but on sober reflec-\\ntion he was convinced that the name might\\nshock the religious sensibilities of the com-\\nmunity, especially as he did not possess many\\nof the attributes of our patron saint, and he de-\\nrided to call it The Minnesota Pioneer.\\nIn his first issue he speaks of his establish-\\nment of that day as follows: We print and\\nissue this number of the Pioneer in a building\\nthrough which out-of-doors is visible by more\\nthan five hundred apertures; and as for our\\ntype, it is not safe from being pied on the gal-\\nleys by the wind. The rest can be imagined.\\nMr. Goodhue was just the man to be the ed-\\nitor of the first paper of a frontier territory.\\nHe was energetic, enterprising, brilliant, bold\\nand belligerent. He conducted the Pioneer\\nwith great success and advantage to the Ter-\\nritory until the year 1851, when he published\\nan article on Judge Cooper, censuring him for\\nabsenteeism, which is a very good specimen of\\nthe editorial style of that day. He called the\\nJudge a sot, a brute, an ass, a profli-\\ngate vagabond, and closed his article in the\\nfollowing language: Feeling some resent-\\nment for the wrongs our Territory has so long\\nsuffered by these men, pressing upon us like a\\ndispeusation of wrath a judgment a curse\\na plague, unequaled since Egypt went lousey,\\nwe sat down to write this article with some\\nbitterness, but our very gall is honey to what\\nthey deserve.\\nIn those fighting days such an article could\\nnot fail to produce a personal collision. A\\nbrother of Judge Cooper resented the attack,\\nand in the encounter between them Goodhue\\nwas badly stabbed and Cooper was shot.\\nNeither wound proved fatal at the time, but it\\nwas always asserted by the friends of each\\ncombatant, and generally believed, that they\\nboth died from the effect of these wounds.\\nThe original Minnesota Pioneer still lives in\\nthe Pioneer Press of to-day, which is published\\niu St. Paul. It has been continued under sev-\\neral names and edited by different men, but\\nhas never been extinguished or lost its relation\\nof lineal descent from the original Pioneer.\\nNothing tends to show the phenomenal\\ngrowth of Minnesota more than the fact that\\nthis first newspaper, issued in 1849, has been\\nfollowed by the publication of five hundred and\\nseventy-nine papers, which is the number now\\nissued in the State according to the last offi-\\ncial list obtainable. They appear daily, weekly\\nand monthly, in nearly all written languages,\\nEnglish, French, German, Swedish, Norwe-\\ngian, Danish, Bohemian, and one in Icelandic,\\npublished in Lyon county, Minnesota.\\nBANKS.\\nWith the first great increase in immigration\\nbusiness was necessarily enlarged, and banking\\nfacilities became a necessity. Dr. Charles W.\\nBorup, a Danish gentleman who was engaged", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n$7\\nin the fur trade at Lake Superior as an agent\\nfor the American Fur Company, and Mr.\\nCharles IT. takes, a native of Vermont, came\\nt Saint Paul and established a bank in 1853.\\nThey were brothers-in-law, having married sis-\\nters. They did a private banking business un-\\nder the name of Borup (takes, which adapted\\nitself to the needs of the community, including\\nreal estate, and almost any other kind of ven-\\nture that offered. The house of Borup (takes\\nwas the first banking establishment in Minne-\\nsota, and weathered all the financial storms\\nthat swept over the Territory in its early his-\\ntory. They were followed by Truman M.\\nSmith, hut he went down in the panic of 1857-\\n58. Then came Bid well s Exchange Bank, fol-\\nlowed by C. H. Parker and A. Vance Brown.\\nMackubin Edgerton opened a hank in 1854,\\nwhich was the ancestor of the present Second\\nNational Bank, and always legitimate. I think\\nErastus S. Edgerton may justly be said to have\\nbeen the most successful banker of all that\\nwere early engaged in the business. An enu-\\nmeration of the banks and bankers which suc-\\nceeded each other in these early times would\\nbe more appropriate in a narrative of the local-\\nities where they operated than in a general\\nhistory of the State. It is sufficient to say that\\nnearly if not all of them succumbed to the\\nfinancial disasters in 1857-58, and there was\\nno banking worthy of the name until the pas-\\nsage of the banking law of July 20, 1858. But\\nthis act was a mere makeshift to meet a finan-\\ncial emergency, and it was not based upon\\nsound financial principles. It allowed the or-\\nganization of hanks and the issue of circulating\\nbank notes upon securities that were capable\\nof being fraudulently over-valued by misrepre-\\nsentation, and, as a matter of course, advan-\\ntage was taken of the laxity of the provisions\\nof the law, and securities which had no intrin-\\nsic value in tact, were made available as the\\nfoundation of bank issues, with the inevitable\\nresult of disaster.\\nAnother method of furnishing the commu-\\nnity with a circulating medium was resorted\\nlo by a law of July 2: 1858. The State Aud-\\nitor was authorized to issue his warrant for\\nany indebtedness which the State owed to any\\nperson in small sums, and the warrants were\\nmade lo resemble bank notes, and bore twelve\\nper cent interest. The credit of the State was\\nnot sufficiently well established in I lie public\\nconfidence lo make these warrants, which were\\nknown as State scrip, worth much over six-\\nty-five or seventy cents on the dollar. They\\nwere taken by the money-changers at that val-\\nuation, and when the State made its first loan\\nof $250,000 they were all redeemed in g.dd at\\npar, wiih interest at twelve per cent.\\nIn this uncertain way the financial interests\\nof the Territory were cared for until the break-\\ning out of the Civil War and the establishment\\nof the National and State systems, which still\\nexist.\\nAnother evidence of the growth of the Stale\\nmay be found in the fact that at the present\\ntime the State has within its limits banks in\\ngood standing as follows: Slate banks, one\\nhundred and seventy-two in number, with a\\npaid in capital stock of $6,73(i,80(t, and sixty-\\nseven National banks with a capital stock paid\\nin of |11,220,0()0. This statement does not in-\\nclude either the surplus or the undivided prof-\\nits of these banks, nor the capital employed\\nby private banking concerns which do not fall\\nunder the supervision of the State, which lat-\\nter item can safely 1 stimated at #2,000,000.\\nTHE FUR TRADE.\\nThe first legitimate business of the Territory\\nwas the fur trade and the carrying business\\nresulting therefrom. Prioi to the year 1842\\nthe Northwestern Fur Company occupied the\\nterritory which is now Minnesota. In 1S42 it\\nsold out to, and was merged into, the American\\nFur Company, which was owned by I Choteau\\nCompany. This company had trading stations\\nai Prairie du Chien and Mendota, Henry II.\\nSibley being their chief factor at the latter. The\\ngoods imported into the Red river settlements\\nand the furs exported therefrom all came and\\nwent through the difficult and circuitous route\\nby way of Hudson bay. This route was only\\nnavigable for about two months in the year on\\naccount of the ice. The catch of furs and buf-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "38\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfain robes in thai region was practically mo-\\nnopolized by the Hudson Bay Company. The\\nAmerican Fur Company soon became well es-\\ntablished in the Northwest. In 1844 this com-\\npany sent Mr. Norman \\\\V. Kittson from the\\nMendota outfit to establish a trading post at\\nPembina, just south of the British possessions,\\nwith the design of diverting some of the fur\\ntrade of that region in the direction of the nav-\\nigable waters of the Mississippi. The com-\\npany, through Mr. Kittson, invested some\\n$2,000 in furs at Pembina and had them trans-\\nported to Mendota in six Pembina carts, which\\nreturned loaded with merchandise of the char-\\nacter needed by I lie people of that distant re-\\ngion. This venture was the beginning of the\\nfur trade with the Red River country, but did\\nnot prove a financial success. It entailed a loss\\nof about fGOO, and similar results attended the\\nnext two years operations, but the trade in-\\ncreased, notwithstanding the desperate efforts\\nof the Hudson Pay Company to obstruct it.\\nThis company had enjoyed a monopoly of the\\ntrade without any outside interference for so\\nlong that it looked upon this new enterprise\\nas a direct attack on its vested rights. But\\nMr. Kittson had faith in being able in the near\\nfuture to work up a paying trade, and he per-\\nsevered. By the year 1850 the business had so\\nfar increased as to involve a consumption of\\ngoods to the extent of $10,000, with a return of\\nfurs to the amount of $15,000. Five years later\\nthe goods sent to Pembina amounted in value\\nto $24,000 and the return of furs to $40,000.\\nIn 1851 the firm of Forbes Kittson was or-\\nganized and also the St. Paul outfit, to\\ncarry on the supply business. When St. Paul\\nbecame of some importance, in 1849, the ter-\\nminus and supply depot was removed to that\\npoint, and the trade rapidly increased in mag-\\nnitude, making St. Paul one of the largest fur\\nmarkets in America, second only to St. Louis.\\nThe trade of the latter city consisted mostly of\\nbuffalo robes, which was always regarded as a\\ndistinct branch of the business in contrast with\\nthat of fine furs. In the early days the Indians\\nand a few professional trappers were about all\\nwho caught fur animals, but as the country\\nbecame more settled the squatters added to\\ntheir incomes by such trapping as their envi-\\nronment afforded. This increased the market\\nat St. Paul by the addition of all Minnesota,\\nwhich then included both of the Dakotas and\\nNorthern Wisconsin.\\nThe extent and value of this trade can bet-\\nter be understood by a statement of the in-\\ncrease of the number id carts engaged in it be-\\ntween 1S44 and 1858. In the first year men-\\ntioned six carts performed all the required\\nservice, and in 1858 six hundred carts came\\nfrom Pembina to St. Paul. After the year 1858\\nthe number of carts engaged in the traffic fell\\noff, as a steamer had been put in operation on\\nthe Red river. This reduced the land transpor-\\ntation to 216 miles, which had formerly been\\nlis miles J. C. H. C. Burbank having estab-\\nlished a line of freight trains connecting with\\nthe steamer. In 1867, when the St. Paul and\\nPacific Railroad reached St. Cloud, the cara-\\nvans of carts ceased their annual visits t; St.\\nPaul. St. Cloud then became the terminus of\\nthe traffic until the increase of freight lines\\nand the completion of the Northern Pacific\\nRailroad to the Red river drove these most\\nprimitive of all transportation vehicles out of\\nbusiness. Another cause of the decrease in the\\nfur trade was the imposition of a duty of\\nt wenty the per cent on all dressed skins, which\\nincluded buffalo robes, and from that time on\\nrobes that formerly came to St. Paul from the\\nBritish possessions were diverted to Montreal.\\nThe extent and value of this trade to Minne-\\nsota, which was then in its infancy, can easily\\nbe judged by a brief statement of its growth.\\nin 1S44 il amounted to $1,400 and in 1863 to\\n$250,000. All the money paid out for these\\nfurs, and large sums besides, would be ex-\\npended in St. Paul for merchandise in the\\nshape of groceries liquors, dry goods, blankets,\\nhousehold utensils, guns and ammunition, and\\nin fact every article demanded by the needs of\\na primitive people. Even threshers and mow-\\ners were included, which were taken apart and\\nloaded on the return carts. This trade was the\\npioneer of the great commercial activity which\\nnow prevails.\\n1 caniioi permit this opportunity to pass\\nwithout describing the Bed river cart, and the", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n39\\npicturesque people who used it, as their like\\nwill never be seen again. The inhabitants of\\nthe Pembina country were principally Chip-\\npewa half-breeds, with an occasional white\\nman prominently Joseph Rolette, of whom I\\nshall hereafter speak, as the man who vetoed\\nthe capital removal bill, by running away with\\nit iu 1857. Their principal business was hunt-\\ning (he buffalo in connection with small farm-\\ning, and defending themselves against the in-\\nvasions of their hereditary enemies, the Sioux.\\nThey were a bold, free race, skilled in the arts\\nof war, fine horsemen and good fighters.\\nThe Red river cart was a home invention. It\\nwas made entirely of wood and rawhide. It\\nmoved upon two wheels, of about a diameter\\nof five feet six inches, with shafts for one ani-\\nmal, horse or ox, generally the latter. The\\nwheels were without tires, and their tread\\nabout three and a half or four inches wide.\\nThey would carry a load of six to eight hun-\\ndred pounds, which would be protected by can-\\nvas covers. They were especially adapted to\\nthe condition of the country, which was largely\\ninterspersed with swamps and sloughs, which\\nwere impassable for any other character of ve-\\nhicle. Their lightness, the width of the sur-\\nface presented by the wheel and the careful\\nsteps of the educated animal which drew them,\\nenabled them to go where anything else would\\nHounder. The trail which they left upon the\\nprairie was deeply cut, and remained for many\\nyears after they were abandoned.\\nWhen a brigade of them was ready to leave\\nPembina for St. Paul it would be manned by\\none driver for four carts, the train being\\narranged in single file with each animal\\ntied to the cart before it, so that one driver\\ncould attend to that number of carts. Their\\nspeed was about fifteen miles a day, which\\nmade the trip last about a month. When\\nnight overtook them they formed a circular\\ncorral with their carts, the shafts pointing in-\\nward, with the camp in the center, which made\\na strong fort in case of attack. The animals\\nwere allowed to graze on the outside, but were\\ncarefully watched to prevent a stampede.\\nWhen they reached St. Paul they went into\\ncamp near some lake, and were a great source\\nof interest to all the new comers. During their\\nstay the town would be thronged with the men,\\nwho were dressed in varicolored costumes, al-\\nways including the sasli of Pembina, a beaut i\\nful girdle, giving them a most picturesque ap-\\npearance. The only truthful representation of\\nthese curious people that has been preserved\\nis found in two full length portraits of Joe\\nRollette, one in the gallery of the Minnesota\\nHistorical Society and the other on the walls\\nof the Minnesota Club in St. Paul, both of\\nwhich are the gifts of a very dear friend of the\\noriginal.\\nDuring the progress of this peculiar traffic\\nmany people not connected with the estab-\\nlished fur companies engaged in the Indian\\ntrade, prominently the firm of Culver Far-\\nrington, Louis Roberts and Nathan Myrick. I\\nremember that Mr. John Farrington, of the\\nabove named firm, made an improvement in the\\nconstruction of the Red river cart, by putting\\nan iron box in the hub of the wheel, which\\nprevented the loud squeaking noise they for-\\nmerly made, and so facilitated their movements\\nthat they carried a thousand pounds as easily\\nas they had before carried eight hundred.\\nThe early fur trade in the Northwest, car-\\nried on by canoes and these rails, was very\\nappropriately called by one of our first his-\\ntorians of Minnesota The heroic age of Amer-\\nican commerce.\\nPEMMIt AX.\\nOne of the principal sources of subsistence\\nof these frontier people in their long journeys\\nthrough uninhabited regions was pemmican.\\nThis food was especially adapted to extreme\\nnorthern countries, where, in the winter, it\\nwas sometimes impossible to make fires to cook\\nwith, and the means of transportation was by\\ndog-trains, as it was equally good for man and\\nbeast. It was invented among the Hudson\\nBay people many years ago, and undoubtedly\\nfrom necessity. It was made in this way: The\\nmeat of the buffalo, without the fat, was thor-\\noughly boiled and then picked into shreds or\\nvery small pieces. A sack was made of buffalo", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nskin, with the hair on the outside, which would\\nhold about ninety pounds of meat. A hole was\\nthen dug iu the ground of sufficient size to hold\\nthe sack. Ii was filled with the meat thus pre-\\npared, which was packed and pounded until it\\nwas as hard as it could be made. A kettle of\\nboiling hot buffalo fat, in a fluid state, was\\nthen pound into it, until it was thoroughly\\npermeated, every interstice from center to cir-\\ncumference being filled, until it became a solid\\nmass, perfectly impervious to the air, and as\\nwell preserved against decomposition as if it\\nhad been enclosed in an hermetically sealed\\nglass jar. This made a most nutritious pre-\\nparation of animal food, all ready for use\\nby both man and dog. An ana lysis of this com-\\npound proved it to possess more nutriment to\\nthe pound weight than any other substance\\never manufactured, and with a winter camp\\nappetite it was a very palatable dish. Its great\\nsuperiority over any other kind of food was\\nthe fact that it required no preparation and its\\nportability.\\nTRANSPORTATION AND EXPRESS.\\nWith the increase of trade and business nat-\\nurally came the need of greater transportation\\nfacilities, and the men to furnish I hem were\\nnot wanting. John C. Burbank, of St. Paul,\\nmay be said to have been the pioneer in that\\nline, although several minor lines of stages\\nand ventures in (he livery business preceded\\nhis efforts. The firms of Willoughby Powers,\\nAllen Chase, M. Walker Company (of\\nChicago) and others were early engaged in this\\nwork. In 1854 the Northwestern Express Com-\\npany was organized by Burbank Whitney,\\nand in 1856 Captain Russell Blakeley suc-\\nceeded Mr. Whitney, and the express business\\nbecame well established in Minnesota. In\\n1858-59 Mr. Burbank got the mail contract\\ndown the river, and established an express line\\nfrom St. Paul to Galena, in connection with\\nthe American Express Company, whose lines\\nextended to Galena as its western terminus.\\nSteamboats were used in summer and stages\\nin winter. In the fall of 1859 the Minnesota\\nStage Company was formed, by a consolida-\\ntion of the Burbank interests with those of\\nAllen Chase, and the line extended up the\\nMississippi to Saint Anthony and Crow Wiiij;-.\\nOther lines and interests were purchased and\\nunited, and in the spring of 1800 Col. John L.\\nMerriam became a member of the firm, and for\\nmore than seven years Messrs. Burbank.\\nBlakeley Merriam constituted the firm and\\ncarried on the express and stage business in\\nMinnesota. The business increased rapidly,\\nand in 1865 this firm worked over seven hun-\\ndred horses and employed two hundred men.\\nDuring this staging period the railroads\\nfrom the East centered in Chicago, and grad-\\nually reached the Mississippi river from that\\npoint first at Rock Island, next at Dunleith,\\nopposite Dubuque, then at Prairie du Cliien.\\nnext at Prairie La Crosse, each advance carry-\\ning them nearer Minnesota. The Prairie du\\nCliien extension was carried across the river\\nat McGregor in Iowa, and thence up through\\nIowa and Southern Minnesota to Minneapolis\\nand Saint Paul. In 1872 the Saint Paul and\\nChicago railroad was finished from St. Paul\\ndown the west bank of the Mississippi to Wi-\\nnona, and was purchased by the Milwaukee\\nand St. Paul Company, and by that company\\nwas, in 1873, extended still further down the\\nriver to La Crescent, opposite LaCrosse, which\\ncompleted the connection with the east\\nera trains. This road was popularly known as\\nthe River road. Various other railroads were\\nsoon completed, covering the needs of the set-\\ntled pari of the State, and the principal stage\\nlines either withdrew to the westward or gave\\nup their business.\\nThe growth in the carrying line has since\\nbeen immense throughout the State, and may\\nbe judged when I say that there are now five\\nstrong daily lines to Chicago: The Burling-\\nton, the Omaha, the Milwaukee, the Wiscon-\\nsin Central and the Chicago-Great Western,\\nami three transcontinental lines departing\\ndaily for the Pacific coast, the Northern Pa-\\ncific, the Cieat Northern and the Sault Ste.\\nMarie, connecting with the Canadian Pacific.\\nBesides these prominent trains there are innu-\\nmerable lesser ones connecting with nearly\\nevery part of the State. More passenger trains", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n41\\narrive at, and depart from the St. Paul Union\\nDepot than at any other point in the State.\\nThey aggregate one hundred and four in and\\nthe same number out every day. Many per-\\nhaps the most of these trains also go to Min-\\nneapolis. The freight trains passing these\\npoints are, of course, less regular in their move-\\nments than the scheduled passenger trains,\\nbut their number is great and their cargoes of\\nincalculable value.\\nLUMBER.\\nA large portion of Minnesota is covered with\\nexceptionally fine timber. The northern sec-\\ntion, traversed by the Mississippi and its nu-\\nmerous branches, the St. Croix, the St. Louis\\nand other streams, was covered with a growth\\nof white and Norway pine of great value, and\\na large area of its central western portion with\\nhard timber. At a very early day in the history\\nof our State these forests attracted the atten-\\ntion of lumbermen from different parts of the\\ncountry, principally from Maine, who erected\\nsawmills at the Falls of St. Anthony, Si ill-\\nwater and other points, and began the cutting\\nof logs to supply them. Nearly all the streams\\nwere navigable for logs, or were easily made\\nso, and thus one of the great industries of the\\nState had its beginning. Quite an amount of\\nlumber was manufactured at Minneapolis in\\nthe fifties, but no official record of the amounts\\nwas kept until 1870. An estimate of the\\nstanding pine in the State was made by the\\nUnited States government for the census of\\n1880, which was designed to include all the\\nstanding pine on the streams leading into the\\n.Mississippi, the Rainy Lake river, the St. Croix\\nand the head of Lake Superior; in fact, the\\nwhole State. The estimate was 10,000,000,000\\nfeet. When this estimate was made it was ac-\\ncepted by the best informed lumbermen as ap-\\nproximately correct. The mills at Minneapolis\\nand above, in the St. Croix valley, and in what\\nwas called the Duluth district, were cutting\\nabout 500,000,000 feet a year. It was expected\\nIlia I there would be a gradual increase in the\\nconsumption of lumber made by Minnesota\\nmills, and it was therefore estimated that in\\nabout fifteen years all the white pine in the\\nState would be cut into lumber and sold, but\\nsuch has not proved to be the case, although\\nthe production has rapidly increased, as was\\nexpected. But this difference between the es-\\ntimate and the result is not of much conse-\\nquence, as there is nothing more unreliable\\nthan an estimate of standing timber, and es-\\npecially is such the case when covering a large\\narea of country. Since 1880 the production of\\nlumber in the State has increased from year to\\nyear, until it is at the present time fully 1,629,-\\n110,000 feet of pine logs every year. The cut\\nmade by the Minneapolis mills alone in 1898\\nwas 469,701,000 feet, with a corresponding\\namount of laths and shingles. But this pace\\ncannot lie kept up much longer, and apprehen-\\nsions of the entire destruction of the forests of\\nthe State are becoming quite prevalent among\\nthe people. These fears have resulted in the\\norganization of associations for the promotion\\nof scientific forestry and the establishment of\\nlarge forest reserves near the headwaters of\\nour streams, which are to serve also the pur-\\npose of national parks. In assigning a cause\\nfor I he lowering of our streams, and the dry-\\ning up of many of our lakes, in a former part\\nof this work, I attribute it to the plowing up\\nof their valleys and watersheds, and not to the\\ndestruction of the forests, because I do not\\nthink that the latter reason has sufficiently\\nprogressed to produce the result, although it\\nis well known that the destruction of growing\\nlimber about the headwaters of streams oper-\\nates disastrously upon the volume of their wa-\\nters and the regularity of its How. Minnesota\\nis the best watered State in the Union, and\\nevery precaution should be taken to maintain\\nthis advantage. From the extent of the in-\\nterest displayed in the direction of forest re-\\nserves, and their scientific administration, we\\nhave every reason to hope for speedy and final\\nsuccess. The State and Interstate Parks al-\\nready established will be noticed hereafter.\\nRELIGION.\\nThe growth of the religious element of a new\\ncountry is always one of its interesting fea-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntures, and I will endeavor to give a short\\naccount of the progress made in this line in\\nMinnesota from the mission period, which was\\ndirected more particularly to the Christianizing\\nof the Indians. I will begin with the first\\nstructure ever erected in the State designed\\nfor religious purposes. It was a very small\\nbeginning for the prodigious results that have\\nfollowed it. I speak of the little log Chapel\\nof Saint Paul, built by the Reverend Lucian\\nGaltier, in October, 1841, in what is now the\\ncity of Saint Paul.\\nFather Galtier was a French priest of the\\nChurch of Rome. He was sent by the eccle-\\nsiastic authorities of Dubuque to the Upper\\nMississippi country, and arrived at Fort Snell-\\ning in April, 1840, and settled at St. Peters\\n(now Mendota), where he soon tired of inaction,\\nand sought a larger field among the settlers\\nwho had found homes further down the river,\\nin the neighborhood of the present St. Paul.\\nHe decided that he could facilitate his labors\\nby erecting a church at some point accessible\\nto his parishioners. Here he found Joseph\\nRondo, Edward Phelan, Vetal Guerin, Pierre\\nBottineau, the Gervais brothers, and a few\\nothers. The settlers encouraged the idea of\\nbuilding a church, and a question of much im-\\nportance arose as to where it should be placed.\\nI will let the good father tell his own story as\\nto the selection of a site. In an account of this\\nmatter, which he prepared for Bishop Grace\\nin 1864, he says:\\nThree different points were offered, one\\ncalled La Pointe Basse, or Point La Claire\\n(now Pig s Eye), but I objected because that lo-\\ncality was the very extreme end of the new\\nsettlement, and, in high water, was exposed\\nto inundation. The idea of building a church\\nwhich might at any day be swept down the\\nriver to St. Louis did not please me. Two miles\\nand a half further up on his elevated claim\\n(now the southern point of Dayton s Bluff) Mr.\\nCharles Mouseau offered me an acre of his\\nground, but the place did not suit my purpose.\\nI was truly looking ahead, thinking of the fu-\\nture as well as the present. Steamboats could\\nnot stop there; the bank was too steep, the\\nplace on the summit of the hill too restricted,\\nand communication difficult with the other\\nparts of the settlement up and down the river.\\nAfter mature reflection I resolved to put up\\nthe church at the nearest possible point to the\\ncave (meaning the celebrated Carver s rave un-\\nder Dayton s bluff), because it would be more\\nconvenient for me to cross the river there when\\n(\u00e2\u0080\u00a2(lining from St. Peters, and because it would\\nbe also the nearest point to the head of navi-\\ngation outside of the reservation line. Mr. B.\\nGervais and Mr. Vetal Guerin, two good, quiet\\nfanners, had the only spot which appeared\\nlikely to answer, the purpose. They consented\\njointly to give me the ground necessary for a\\nchurch site, a garden and a small graveyard.\\nI accepted the extreme eastern part of Mr.\\nVetaFs claim and the extreme west of Mr.\\nGervais Accordingly, in the month of Octo-\\nber, 1841, logs were prepared and a church\\nerected, so poor that it well reminded one of\\nthe stable of Bethlehem. It was destined, how\\never, to be the nucleus of a great city. On the\\nfirst day of November, in the same year, I\\nblessed the new basilica and dedicated it to St.\\nPaul, the apostle of nations. I expressed a\\nwish at the same time that the settlement\\nwould be known by the same name, and my de-\\nsire was obtained. I had, previously to this\\ntime, fixed my residence at St. Peters, and as\\nthe name of Paul is generally connected with\\nthat of Peter, and the gentiles being well rep-\\nresented at the new place in the persons of In-\\ndians, I called it St. Paul. The name, Saint\\nPaul, applied to a town or city seemed appro-\\npriate. The monosyllable is short, sounds well,\\nand is understood by all denominations of\\nChristians. When Mr. Vetal was married I\\npublished the bans as those of a resident of St.\\nPaul. A Mr. Jackson put up a store, and a\\ngrocery was opened at the foot of Gervais\\nclaim. This soon brought steamboats to land\\nthere. Thenceforth the place was known as\\nSaint Paul Landing, and later on as Saint\\nPaul.\\nThe chapel was a small log structure, one\\nstory high, one door, aud no windows in front,\\nwith two windows on each side and one in the\\nrear end. It had on the front gable end a\\nlarge wooden cross, which projected above the\\npeak of the roof some six or eight feet. It oc-\\ncupied a conspicuous position on the top of the\\nhigh bluff overlooking the Mississippi, some\\nsix or eight hundred feet below the point where\\nthe Wabasha street bridge now spans the river,\\nI think between Minnesota and Cedar streets.\\nThe region thus named was formerly known\\nby the appellation of Pig s Eye. The State", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n43\\nowes Father Galtier a debt of gratitude for\\nhaving changed it, as it seems impossible that\\nthe capital city could ever have attained its\\npresent majestic proportions, numerous and\\ncultivated population, and many other advan-\\ntages and attractions under the handicap of\\nsuch a name.\\nIn the first New Year s address ever printed\\nin Minnesota, on January 1, 1850, supposed to\\nbe by Editor Goodhue, the following lines ap-\\npeared:\\nPig s Eye, converted thou shalt be, like Saul:\\nArise, and be, henceforth, SAINT PAUL.\\nFather Galtier died February 21, 1SGG.\\nThe Chapel of Saint Paul, after having been\\nthe first to greet all newcomers by way of\\nthe Mississippi for fifteen years, was taken\\ndown in 1856.\\nThe next representative of the Catholic\\nChurch to come to Minnesota was the Rever-\\nend Augnstin Ravoux, who arrived in the fall\\nof 1811. He went up the St. Peter s river to\\nTraverse des Sioux, where he commenced the\\nstudy of the Sioux language. Soon after he\\nwent to Little Rock, on the Saint Peter s, and\\nthence to Lac qui Parle. After the removal\\nof Father Galtier to Keokuk, in Iowa, he had\\nunder his charge Mendota, St. Paul, Lake\\nPepin and St. Croix until the second day of\\nJuly, 1851, when the Right Reverend Bishop\\nCretin came to St. Paul and assumed charge\\nof church matters in Minnesota. Father Ra-\\nvoux is still living in Saint Paul, at the ad-\\nanced age of eighty-four years. His venerable\\nand priestly form may often be seen upon the\\nstreets, in excellent health.\\nAt the time of the coining of Father Galtier\\nthe country on the east side of the Mississippi\\nin what is now Minnesota was under the direct\\njurisdiction of the Bishop of Milwaukee, and\\nthe part lying west of the river was in the dio-\\ncese of Dubuque.\\nThe growth of the church kept up with the\\nrapid settlement of the country. In August,\\nL859, the Rt. Rev. Thomas L. Grace succeeded\\nBishop Cretin as Bishop of Saint Paul, and was\\nhimself succeeded by the Rt. Rev. John Ire-\\nland, in July, 1881. So important had Minne-\\nsota become to the Catholic Church in America\\nthat in May of 1888 the See of St. Paul was\\nraised to metropolitan dignity and Archbishop\\nIreland was made its first Archbishop, which\\nhigh office he now holds.\\nI will not attempt even a short biography of\\nArchbishop Ireland, as a somewhat extended\\nsketch appears elsewhere iii this volume. His\\nfame is world-wide; he is a churchman, states-\\nman, diplomat, orator, citizen and patriot, in\\neach of which capacities he excels. He has\\ncarried the fame of Miunesota to all parts of\\nthe world where the church is known, and has\\ndemonstrated to the Pope in Rome, to the Cath-\\nolics in France, and to the Protestants in Amer-\\nica that there can be perfect consistency and\\nharmony between Catholicism and Republican\\ngovernment. A history of Minnesota without\\na fitting tribute to Archbishop John Ireland\\nwould be incomplete indeed.\\nThe representatives of the Protestant faith\\nhave not been behind their Catholic brethren\\nin providing religious facilities for their adher-\\nent s. They followed immigration closely, and\\nsometimes accompanied it. Scarcely would an\\naggregation of people congregate at any one\\npoint in sufficient numbers to gain the name\\nof a village, or a settlement, before a minister\\nwould be called and a church erected. The\\nchurch went hand in hand with the school-\\nhouse, and in many instances one building\\nanswered for both purposes. There came Luth-\\nerans from Germany and Scandinavia, Episco-\\npalians, Methodists, Presbyterians, Congrega-\\ntionalists, Calvinists, Universalists, Unitarians\\nand every sect into which Protestantism is di-\\nvided from New England and other eastern\\nStates. They all found room and encourage-\\nment, and dwelt in harmony. I can safely say\\nthat few western States have been peopled by\\nsuch law abiding, industrious, moral and reli-\\ngious inhabitants as were the first settlers of\\nMinnesota. There was nothing to attract the\\nruffianly element, no gold, silver, or other\\nmines; the chief industry being peaceful agri-\\nculture. So free from all disturbing or dan-\\ngerous elements did we consider our Territory\\nthat I have on several occasions taken a wagon\\nloaded with specie amounting to nearly one\\nhundred thousand dollars from Saint Paul to", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nthe Indian agencies at the Redwood and Yel-\\nlow Medicine rivers, a distance of two hundred\\nmiles, through a very sparsely settled country,\\nwithout any guard, except myself and driver,\\nwith possibly an Indian picked up on the road,\\nwhen I was entitled to a squad of dragoons\\nfor the asking.\\nIn the early days the Episcopal Church in\\nMinnesota was within the diocese of Wiscon-\\nsin, and its functions administered by the ven-\\nerable Bishop Kemper, who occasionally made\\nus a visit, but in 185!) the church had expanded\\nto such an extent that the State was organized\\ninto a separate diocese, and the Rev. Henry B.\\nWhipple, then rector of a church in Chicago,\\nwas elected Bishop of Minnesota, and still re-\\ntains that high office. Bishop Whipple, by his\\nenergy, learning, goodness and universal pop-\\nularity, has built up his church in this State\\nto a standard surpassed by none in the respect\\nin which it is held and the influence for good\\nwhich it exerts. The official duties of the Bish-\\nop have been so enlarged by the growth of his\\nchurch as to necessitate the appointment of a\\nBishop coadjutor to assist him in their per-\\nformance; which latter office is filled by the\\nRev. Mahlon N. Gilbert, who is especially well\\nqualified for the position.\\nIt would be impossible, in a brief history like\\nthis, to go very deeply or particularly into the\\ngrowth of the religious element of the State. A\\ngeneral presentation of the subject in two\\ngrand divisions, Catholic and Protestant, is\\nenough. Suffice it to say that every sect and\\nsubdivision of the latter has its representative\\nin the State, with the one exception of Mormon-\\nism, if that can be classified as a Protestant\\nchurch. There are enough of them to recall\\nthe answer of the French traveler in America,\\nwhen asked of his opinion of the Americans.\\nHe said: They are a most remarkable people;\\nthey have invented three hundred religions and\\nonly one sauce. No matter how their creeds\\nmay be criticised their joint efforts, Catholic\\nand Protestant, have filled the State with reli-\\ngious, charitable, benevolent and educational\\ninstitutions to an extent rarely witnessed out\\nof it, so that if a Minnesotan goes wrong he\\ncan blame no one but himself.\\nRAILROADS.\\nIn the year 1857, on the third of March, the\\nCongress of the United States made an exten-\\nsive grant of lands to the Territory to aid in\\nthe construction of railroads. It consisted of\\nevery alternate section of land designated by\\nodd numbers for six sections in width on each\\nside of the roads specified, and their branches.\\nThe grant mapped out a complete system of\\nroads for the Territory, and provided that the\\nland granted for each road should be applied\\nexclusively to such road and no other purpose\\nwhatever. The lines designated in the grant-\\ning act were as follows:\\nFrom Stillwater, by the way of St. Paul and\\nSi. Anthony, to a point between the foot of Big\\nSI one lake and the mouth of the Sioux Wood\\nriver, with a branch, via St. Cloud and Crow\\nWing, to the navigable waters of the Red River\\nof the North, at such point as the Legislature\\nof the Territory may determine.\\nFrom Saint Paul and from Saint Anthony\\nvia Minneapolis to a convenient point of junc-\\ntion west of the Mississippi to the southern\\nboundary of the Territory in the direction of\\nthe mouth of the Big Sioux river, with a\\nbranch via Faribault to the north line of the\\nState of Iowa, west of range sixteen.\\nFrom Winona via St. Peter to a point on the\\nBig Sioux river south of the Forty-fifth parallel\\nof North Latitude.\\nAlso from La Crescent via Target Lake, up\\nthe valley of the Root river, to a point east\\nof range seventeen.\\nThe Territory or future State was author-\\nized to sell one hundred and twenty sections of\\nthis land whenever twenty continuous miles of\\nany of the roads or branches was completed;\\nthe land so sold to be contiguous to the com-\\npleted road. The right of way or roadbed of\\nany of the subsidized roads was also granted\\nthrough any of the government lands. The\\nroads were all to be completed within ten\\nyears, and if any of them were not finished by\\nthat time the lands applicable to the unfinished\\nportions were to revert to the government. The\\nlands granted by this act amounted to about\\n1.500,01)0 acres. An act was subsequently", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n45\\npassed on March second, 1865, increasing the\\ngrant to ten sections to the mile. Various other\\ngrants were made at different times, but they\\ndo not bear upon the subject I am about to\\npresent.\\nThis grant came at a time of great financial\\ndepression, and when the Territory was about\\nto change its dependent condition for that of a\\nsovereign State in the Union. It was greeted\\nas a means of relief that might lift the Terri-\\ntory out of its financial troubles, and insure\\nits immediate prosperity. The people did not\\ntake into consideration the fact that the lands\\nembraced in the grant, although as good as any\\nin the world, were remote from the habitation\\nof man, lying in a country absolutely bankrupt,\\nand possessed no present value whatever. Nor\\ndid they consider that the whole country was\\nlaboring under such financial depression that\\nall public enterprises were paralyzed, but such\\nwas, unfortunately, the monetary and business\\ncondition.\\nFebruary 23, 1857, an act had passed the\\nCongress of the United States authorizing the\\npeople of Minnesota to form a Constitution\\npreparatory to becoming a State in- the Union.\\nGen. Willis A. Gorman, who was then Gov-\\nernor of the Territory, called a special session\\nof the Legislature to take into consideration\\nmeasures to carry out the land grant and en-\\nabling acts. The extra session convened on\\nApril 27. In the meantime Governor Gor-\\nman s term of office had expired, and Samuel\\nMedary, of Ohio, had been appointed as his\\nsuccessor, and had assumed the duties of his\\noffice. He opened the extra session with an ap-\\npropriate message. The extra session ad-\\njourned on the 23rd of May, and in accordance\\nwith the provisions of the enabling act of Con-\\ngress an election was held on the first Monday\\nin June for delegates to a Constitutional Con-\\nvention, which was to assemble at the capitol\\non the second Monday in July. The (institu-\\ntional Convention is an event in the history of\\nMinnesota sufficiently important and unique to\\nentitle it to special treatment, which will be\\ngiven hereafter.\\nAn act was passed at the extra session May\\n19, 1857, by which the grant of lands made to\\nthe Territory was formally accepted upon the\\nterms, conditions and restrictions contained\\nin the granting act.\\nOn the 22nd of May, at the extra session,\\nan act was passed to execute the trust created\\nby the Land Grant Act, by which a number of\\nrailroad companies were incorporated to con-\\nstruct roads on the lines indicated by the act of\\nCongress, and to aid in the building of these\\nroads, and the lands applicable to each was\\ngranted to it. The companies were to receive\\ntitle to the lands as the construction pro-\\ngressed, as provided in the granting act. They\\nalso had conferred upon them powers to issue\\nbonds in the discretion of the directors, and to\\nmortgage their roads and franchises to secure\\nthem.\\nThese railroad companies were organized\\nupon the hope that the aid extended to them\\nby the grants of land would enable them to\\nraise money sufficient to build their roads.\\nThey had nothing of their own, and no security\\nbut the roads and lands upon which to nego-\\ntiate loans. The times, and the novel idea of\\nbuilding railroads in unpeopled countries were\\nall against them, and, of course, nothing could\\nbe done.\\nThe Constitutional Convention met and\\nframed an instrument for the fundamental law\\nof the new State which was very conservative,\\nand, among other things, contained the follow-\\ning clause, which was enacted in Section Five\\nof Article Nine: For the purpose of defray-\\ning extraordinary expenses the State may con-\\ntract debts, but such debts shall never, in the\\naggregate, exceed two hundred and fifty thou-\\nsand dollars. And another clause found in\\nSection Ten, which is as follows: The credit\\nof the State shall never be given or loaned in\\naid of any individual, association or corpora-\\ntion.\\nIt was the intention of the framers of the\\nConstitution to prevent the Legislature from\\never using the credit or funds of the State in\\naid of any private enterprise, and these pro-\\nvisions effectually accomplished that end.\\nThe people were deeply disappointed when\\nthey became convinced that the roads could\\nnot be built with the aid that Congress had ex-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "4 6\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntended, and as this work was also looked upon\\nas the only hope of financial relief the ease be-\\ncame a desperate one, which could only he rem-\\nedied by the most extreme measures. The pro-\\nmoters of the railroads soon discovered one, in\\nan amendment of the section of theConstitution\\nwhich prohibited the credit of the State being\\ngiven or loaned to anyone, and at the first ses-\\nsion of the first Legislature, which convened\\non December third, 1857, an act was passed\\nproposing such amendment to be submitted to\\nthe people for ratification. The importance of\\nthis amendment and its effect and conse-\\nquences upon the future of the State demands\\nthat I give it nearly in full. It changed section\\nten as it was originally passed, and made it\\nread as follows:\\nSECTION 10. The credit of the State shall\\nnever be given or loaned in aid of any indi-\\nvidual, association or corporation, except that\\nfor the purpose of expediting the construction\\nof the lines of railroads, in aid of which the\\nCongress of the United States has granted\\nlands to the Territory of Minnesota, the Gov-\\nernor shall cause to lie issued and delivered to\\neach of the companies in which said grants are\\nvested by the Legislative Assembly of Minne-\\nsota the special bonds of the State, bearing\\nan interest of seven per cent per annum, pay-\\nable semi-annually in the city of New York\\nas a loan of public credit, to an amount not\\nexceeding twelve hundred and fifty thousand\\ndollars, or an aggregate amount to all of said\\ncompanies not exceeding five millions of dol-\\nlars, in manner following, to-wit.\\nThe amendment then prescribed that when-\\never ten miles of railroad was graded so as to\\nbe ready for the superstructure it should re-\\nceive |100,000 of the bonds, and when fen miles\\nshould be completed, with thecals running, the\\ncompany so completing should receive another\\n$100,000 of the bonds, until each company had\\nreceived its quota. The bonds were to be de-\\nnominated State Railroad Bonds, for the\\npayment of which the faith and credit of the\\nState was to be pledged. The railroad com-\\npanies were to pay the principal and interest\\nof the bonds, and to secure such payment they\\nwere to pledge the net profits of their respect-\\nive roads, and to convey to the State the first\\ntwo hundred and forty sections of land they\\nleech id; and to deliver to the State treasurer\\nan amount of their first mortgage bonds equal\\nto the amount of bonds received by them from\\nthe State, and mortgage to the State their\\nroads and franchises. This was all the security\\nthe companies could give, hut the underlying\\ndifficulty was, that it had no value whatever.\\nThere were no roads, no net, or other profits.\\nThe lands had no value whatever except such\\nas lay in the future, which was dependent on\\nthe construction of the roads and the settle-\\nment of the country. The bonds of the com-\\npanies, of course, possessed only such value as\\nthe property they represented, which was noth-\\ning, and the mortgages were of the same char-\\nacter. The whole scheme was based upon\\nhopes, to which the slightest application of\\nsober reasoning would have pronounced im-\\npossible of fulfillment. But the country was\\nhungry and willing to seize upon anything that\\noffered a semblance or shadow of relief.\\nThe proposed amendment was to be sub\\nmitted to the people for adoption or rejection\\nat an election to be held April 15, 1S58. In or-\\nder to fully comprehend the condition of the\\npublic mind, it should be known that the Con-\\nstitution, with all the safeguards that I have\\nmentioned, had only been in force since Octo-\\nber 13th, 1857, a period of about six months.\\nand had been carried by a vote of 30,055 for, to\\n571 against its adoption.\\nThe campaign preceding the election was a\\nvery active one. The railroad people flooded\\nthe State with speakers, documents, pictures,\\nglee clubs singing songs of the delights of Rid-\\ning on the rail, and every conceivable artifice\\nwas resorted to to carry the amendment. It\\nwas carried by a vote of 25, 02:: in favor of its\\npassage to 0.7. against.\\nTo give an idea of the intense feeling thai\\nwas exhibited in this election it is only neces-\\nsary to state that at the city of Winona there\\nwere 1,102 votes cast in favor of the amend-\\nment and only one vote against it. This nega-\\ntive vote, to his eternal honor be it said, was\\ncast by Thomas Wilson, afterwards Chief Jus-\\ntice of the State, and now a resident of St.\\nPaul.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n47\\nIn the execution of the requirements of the\\niimendment the railroad companies claimed\\nthat they could issue first mortgage bonds on\\ntheir properties to an indefinite amount and\\nexchange them with the State for its bonds,\\nbond for bond, but the Governor, who was Hon.\\nHenry H. Sibley, construed the amendment to\\nmean that the first mortgage bonds of the com-\\npanies which the State was to receive must be\\nan exclusive first lien on the lands and fran-\\nchises of the company. He therefore declined\\nto issue the bonds of the State unless his views\\nwere adopted. The Minnesota and Pacific\\nRailroad company, one of the land grant cor-\\nporations, applied to the Supreme Court of the\\nState for a writ of mandamus to compel the\\nGovernor to issue the bonds. The case was\\nheard and two members of the court, holding\\nthe views of the applicants, the w 7 rit was is-\\nsued. I was a member of the court at that\\ntime, but entertaining opposite views from the\\nmajority, I filed a dissenting opinion. Any\\none sufficiently interested in the question can\\nfind the case reported in Volume Two, of the\\nMinnesota Reports, at page thirteen. This\\ndecision was only to be advisory, as the courts\\nhave no power to coerce the Executive.\\nThe railroad companies entered into con-\\ntracts for grading their roads, and a sufficient\\namount of grading was done to entitle them to\\nabout $2,300,000 of the bonds, which were is-\\nsued accordingly, and went into the hands of\\nthe contractors to pay for the work done. It,\\nhowever, soon became apparent that no com-\\npleted railroad would ever result from this\\nscheme, even if the whole five million of bonds\\nwere issued. What should have been known\\nbefore was made clear when any of these Stale\\nbonds were put on the market. The credit of\\nthe State was worthless, and the bonds were\\nvalueless. The people became as anxious to\\nshake off the incubus of debt they had imposed\\nupon their infant State as they had been to\\nrush into it.\\nGovernor Sibley, in his message delivered to\\nthe second Legislature in December, 1S59, said,\\nin speaking of this issue of bonds: I regret\\nto be obliged to state that the measure has\\nproved a failure, and has by no means accom-\\nplished what was hoped for it, either in provid-\\ning means for the issue of a safe currency or\\nof aiding the companies in the completion of\\ntlic roads.\\nAt the election held on November 6, 18G0,\\nthe Constitution was again amended, by ex-\\npunging from it the amendment of 1858, au-\\nthorizing the issue of the State Railroad Bonds\\nand prohibiting any further issue of them. An\\namendment was also made to Section II. of\\nArticle IX. of the Constitution, at the same\\ntime, by providing that no law levying a tax,\\nor making any other provisions for the pay-\\nment of interest or principal of the bonds al-\\nready issued, should take effect or be in force\\nuntil it had been submitted to the people and\\nadopted by a majority of the electors.\\nIt was very proper to prohibit the issuance\\nof any more of the bonds, but the provision\\nrequiring a vote of the people before those\\nalready out could be paid was practically repu-\\ndiation, and the State labored under that dam-\\naging stigma for over twenty years. Attempts\\nwere made to obtain the sanction of the people\\nfor the payment of these bonds, but they were\\ndefeated, until it became unpleasant to admit\\nthat one was a resident of Minnesota. When-\\never the name of Minnesota was heard on the\\nfloor of Congress as an applicant for favors,\\nor even for justice, it was met by the charge\\nof repudiation. This was an era in our history\\nvery much to be regretted, but the State grew\\nsteadily in material wealth.\\nOn March 2, 1881, the Legislature passed\\nan act the general purpose of which was to\\nadjust, with the consent of the holders, the\\noutstanding bonds, at the rate of fifty cents on\\nthe dollar, and contained the curious provision\\nthat the Supreme Court should decide whether\\nit must first be submitted to the people in order\\nto be valid or not, and if the Supreme Court\\nshould not so decide, then an equal number of\\nthe Judges of the District Court should act.\\nThe Supreme Court Judges declined to act, and\\nthe Governor called upon the District Court\\nJudges to assume the duty. Before any action\\nwas taken by the latter the Attorney General\\napplied to the Supreme Court for a writ of pro-\\nhibition to prevent them from taking any ac-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "4 8\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntion. The case was most elaborately discussed,\\nand the opinion of the Supreme Court was de-\\nlivered by Chief Justice Gilullan, which is\\nmost exhaustive and convincing. The Court\\nholds that the ad of 1881 is void by conferring\\nupon the judiciary legislative power, and that\\nthe amendment to the Constitution providing\\nthat no bonds should be paid unless the law\\nauthorizing such payment was first submitted\\nto and adopted by the people was void, as be-\\ning repugnant to the clause in the Constitution\\nof the United States that no State shall pass\\nany law impairing the obligation of contracts.\\nWith these impediments to a just settlement\\nof this question removed, the State was at lib-\\nerty to make such arrangements with its bond\\ncreditors as was satisfactory. John S. Pills-\\nbury was Governor of the State at that time.\\nHe was a man of superior intelligence and un-\\nbending integrity, and had always been in fa-\\nvor of paying the bonds and removing the\\nstain from the honor of the State; finding his\\nhands free, it did not take him long to arrange\\nthe whole matter satisfactorily, and to the ap-\\nproval of all the parties interested. The debt\\nwas paid by the issue of new bonds at the rate\\nof fifty per cent of the principal and interest\\nof the outstanding ones, and the surrender of\\nthe latter. This adjustment ended a transac-\\ntion that was conceived and executed in folly,\\nand was only prevented from eventuating in\\ncrime by the persistent efforts of our most hon-\\norable and thoughtful citizens throughout the\\nState. The transaction has often been called\\nby those who advocated repudiation, An old\\nTerritorial fraud, but there was nothing in it\\nbut a bad bargain, made under the extraordi-\\nnary pressure of financial difficulties.\\nTHE FIRST RAILROAD ACTUALLY\\nBUILT.\\nTo the State was restored all the lands and\\nfranchises of the various companies by means\\nof foreclosure, and on March 8,18(il,was passed\\nan act to facilitate the construction of the Min-\\nnesota and Pacific railroad, by which act the\\nold railroad was rehabilitated, and required to\\nconstruct and put in operation its road from\\nSt. Paul to St. Anthony on or before the first\\nday of January, 1802. The company was re-\\nquired to deposit with the Governor $10,000 as\\nan earnest of good faith. Work was soon com-\\nmenced, and the first ten miles constructed as\\nrequired. This was the first railroad ever built\\nand operated in Minnesota. The first locomo\\ntive engine was brought up the river on a\\nbarge and landed at the St. Paul end of the\\ntrack in the latter part of October, 1861. This\\npioneer locomotive was called the William\\nCrooks after a distinguished civil engineer of\\nthat name, who was very active and instru-\\nmental in the building of the road. The first ten\\nmiles of road cost more energy and brain work\\nthan all the rest of the vast system that has\\nsucceeded it. It was the initial step in what is\\nnow known as the Great Northern Railway, a\\nroad that spans the continent from St. Paul to\\nthe Pacific, and reflects upon its enterprising\\nbuilders all the credit due to the pioneer.\\nIt was not long before the Northern Pacific\\nRailroad company was incorporated by act of\\nCongress, passed on July 2, 18G4. This road\\nwas to extend from the head of Lake Superior\\nto Puget sound on a line north of the forty-\\nfifth degree of North Latitude, with a branch\\nvia the valley of the Columbia river to Port-\\nland, Oregon. The company had a grant of\\ntwenty alternate sections in the States through\\nwhich it passed. It was commenced shortly\\nafter iis incorporation, but met with financial\\ndisaster, and was sold under foreclosure of a\\nmortgage, and underwent many trials and trib-\\nulations, until it was finally completed Sep\\ntember 8, 1883, and has been in successful\\noperation ever since. As the Northern Pacific\\nhas its eastern terminus and general offices in\\nSt. Paul, it is essentially a Minnesota road.\\nThe same may be said of the Great Northern,\\nalthough both are transcontinental roads.\\nFrom the small beginning of railroad con-\\nstruction in 1802 has grown thirty-seven dis-\\ntinct railroad corporations, operating in the\\nState of Minnesota six thousand and sixty-two\\nand sixty-nine one-hundredths miles of main\\ntracks, according to the official reports of 1898,", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n49\\nwith quite a substantial addition in course of\\nconstruction. These various lines cover and\\nrender accessible nearly every city, town and\\nvillage in the State.\\nThe method of taxation adopted by the State\\nof railroad property is a very wise and just one.\\nIt imposes a tax of three per cent upon the\\ngross earnings of the roads, which, in 1890,\\nyielded the comfortable sum of $1,037,194.40,\\nthe gross earnings of all amounting to |36,-\\n918,741.71. This plan of taxation gives the\\nState a direct interest in the prosperity of the\\nroads, as its taxes are increased when business\\nis good, and the roads are relieved from op-\\npressive taxation in time of business depres-\\nsion.\\nThe grading which was done, and for which\\nthe bonds of the State were issued, was, as a\\ngeneral thing, utilized in the final construction\\nof the roads.\\nTHE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE.\\nIn 1842 the country north of Iowa and west\\nof the Mississippi as far north as the Little\\nRapids, on the Minnesota river, was occupied\\nby the M -de-wa-kon-ton and Wak-pe-ku-ta\\nbands of Sioux. The Wak-pe-ku-ta band was\\nat war with the Sacs and Foxes, and was un-\\nder the leadership of two principal chiefs\\nnamed Wam-di-sapa, the Black Eagle, and Ta-\\nsa-gi. Wam-di-sapa and his band were a law-\\nless, predatory set, whose depredations pro-\\nlonged the war with the Sacs and Foxes, and\\nfinally separated him and his band from the\\nWak-pe-ku-tas. They moved west towards the\\nMissouri and occupied the valley of the Ver-\\nmillion river, and so thorough was the separa-\\ntion that the band was not regarded as part\\nof the Wak-pe-ku-ta when the latter, together\\nwith the M -de-wa-kon-tons made their treaty\\nwith the government at Mendota in 1851.\\nBy 1857 all that remained of Wan-di-sapa s\\nstraggling band was about ten or fifteen lodges\\nunder the chieftainship of Ink-pa-du-ta, or\\nScarlet Point, or Red End. They had\\nplanted near Spirit Lake, which lies partly in\\nDickinson county, Iowa, and partly in Jackson\\ncounty, Minnesota, prior to 1857, and ranged\\nthe country from there to the Missouri, and\\nwere considered a bad lot of vagabonds.\\nBetween 1855 and 1857 a small settlement\\nhad sprung up about forty miles south of Spir-\\nit Lake, on the In-yan-yan-ke or Rock river.\\nIn the spring of 185C Hon. William Free-\\nborn, of Red Wing (after whom the county of\\nFreeborn, in this Slate, is called), had pro-\\njected a settlement at Spirit Lake which, by\\nthe next spring, contained six or seven houses,\\nwith as many families.\\nAbout the same time another settlement was\\nstarted some ten or fifteen miles north of Spirit\\nLake, on the headwaters of the Des Moines,\\nand a town laid out which was called Spring-\\nfield. In the spring of 1857 there were two\\nstores and several families at this place.\\nThese settlements were on the extreme fron-\\ntier and very much isolated. There was noth-\\ning to the west of them until you reached the\\nRocky mountains, and the nearest settlements\\non the north and northeast were on the Minne-\\nsota and Watonwan rivers, while to the south\\nlay the small settlement on the Rock river,\\nabout forty miles distant. All these settle-\\nments, although on ceded lands, were actually\\nin the heart of the Indian country, and abso-\\nlutely unprotected and defenseless.\\nIn 1857 I was United States Indian agent\\nfor the Sioux of the Mississippi, but had lived\\non the frontier long enough before to have ac-\\nquired a general knowledge of Ink-pa-du-ta s\\nreputation and his whereabouts. I was sta-\\ntioned on the Redwood and Yellow Medicine\\nrivers, near where they empty into the Minne-\\nsota, and about eighty miles from Spirit Lake.\\nEarly in March, 1857, Ink-pa-du-ta s band\\nwere hunting in the neighborhood of the set-\\ntlement on the Rock river, and one of them was\\nbitten by a dog belonging to a white man. The\\nIndian killed the dog. The owner of the dog\\nassaulted the Indian and beat him severely.\\nThe white men then went in a body to the camp\\nof the Indians and disarmed them. The arms\\nwere either returned to them or they obtained\\nothers, I have never ascertained which. They\\nwere probably given back to them on condition\\nthat they should leave, as they at once came", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nnorth to Spirit Lake, where they must have\\narrived about the Gth or 7th of March.\\nThey proceeded at once to massacre the set-\\ntlers, and killed all the men they found there,\\ntogether with some women, and carried into\\ncaptivity four women, three of whom were\\nmarried and one single. Their names were\\nMrs. Noble, Mrs. Marble, Mrs. Thatcher and\\nMiss Jardner. They came north to the Spring-\\nfield settlement, where they killed all the peo-\\nple they found. The total number killed at\\nboth places was forty-two.\\nI was the first person to receive notice of\\nthis affair. On the 9th of March a Mr. Morris\\nMarkham, who had been absent from the Spirit\\nLake settlement for some time, returned, and\\nfound all the people dead or missing. Seeing\\nsigns of Indians, he took it for granted that\\nthey had perpetrated the outrage. He at once\\nwent to Springfield and reported what he had\\nseen. Some of the people fled, but others re-\\nmained and lost their lives in consequence. It\\nlias always been my opinion that, being in the\\nhabit of trading with these Indians occasion-\\nally, they did not believe they stood in any dan-\\nger; and what is equally probable, they may\\nnot have believed the report. Every one who\\nhas lived in an Indian country knows how fre-\\nquently startling rumors are in circulation,\\nand how often they prove unfounded.\\nThe people of Springfield sent the news to\\nme by two young men, who came on foot\\nthrough the deep snow. The story was corrob-\\norated in a way that convinced me that it was\\ntrue. They arrived on the 18th of March, com-\\npletely worn out and snow-blind. I at once\\nmade a requisition on Colonel Alexander, com-\\nmanding at Fort Ridgely, for troops. There\\nwire at the fort five or six companies of the\\nTenth United States Infantry, and the Colonel\\npromptly ordered Capt. Barnard E. Bee, of\\nCompany A, to proceed with his company to\\nthe scene of the trouble. The country between\\nthe fort and Spirit Lake was uninhabited, and\\nthe distance from eighty to one hundred miles.\\nI furnished two experienced guides from\\namong my Sioux half-breeds. They took a\\npony and a light traineau, put on their snow-\\nshoes, and were ready to go anywhere. Not\\nso with the soldiers, how r ever. They were\\nequipped in about the same manner as they\\nwould have been in campaigning in Florida,\\ntheir only transportation being heavy wheeled\\narmy wagons, drawn by six mules. It soon be-\\ncame apparent that the outfit could not move\\nstraight to the objective point, and it became\\nnecessary to follow a trail down the Minnesota\\nIn Mankato and up the Watonwan in the di-\\nrection of the lake, which was reached after\\none of the most arduous marches ever made\\nby troops, on which for many miles the sol-\\ndiers had to march ahead of the mules to break\\na road for them. The Indians, as we expected,\\nwere gone. A short pursuit was made, but the\\nguides pronounced the campfires of the Indians\\nseveral days old, and it was abandoned. The\\ndead were buried, and after a short stay the\\nsoldiers returned to the fort.\\nWhen this affair became known throughout\\nthe Territory it caused great consternation and\\napprehension, most of the settlers supposing it\\nwas the work of the Sioux nation. Many of the\\nmost exposed abandoned their homes tem-\\nporarily. Their fears, however, were allayed\\nby an explanation which I published in the\\nnewspapers.\\nI at once began to devise plans for the rescue\\nof the white women. I knew that any hostile\\ndemonstration would result in their murder.\\nWhile thinking the matter out an event oc-\\ncurred that opened the way to a solution. A\\nparty of my Indians had been hunting on the\\nBig Simix river, and having learned that Ink-\\npa du-ta was encamped at Lake Chan-pta-ya-\\ntan-ka, and that he had some white women\\nprisoners, two young brothers visited the camp\\nand succeeded in purchasing Mrs. Marble, and\\nbrought her into the Yellow Medicine Agency\\nand delivered her to the missionaries, who\\nturned her over to me. I received her on the\\n21st of March, and learned that two of the oth-\\ner captives were still alive. Of course, my first\\nobject was to rescue the survivors, and to en-\\ncourage the Indians to make the attempt I\\npaid the brothers who had brought in Mrs.\\nMarble five hundred dollars each. I could raise\\nonly five hundred dollars at the agency, and\\nto make up the deficiency I resorted to a meth-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n51\\nod, then novel, but which has since become\\nquite general. I issued a bond, which, al-\\nthough done without authority, met with a\\nbetter fate than many that have followed it\\nit was paid at maturity.\\nAs it was the first bond ever issued in what\\nis now Minnesota, the two Dakotas, Montana,\\nand, I may add, the whole Northwest, it may\\nlie interesting to give it in full:\\nI, Stephen R. Riggs, missionary among\\nthe Sioux Indians, and I, Charles E. Flan-\\ndrau. United States Indian Agent for the\\nSioux, being satisfied that Mak-piya-ka-ho-ton\\nand Si-ha-ho-ta, two Sioux Indians, have per-\\nformed a valuable service to the Territory of\\nMinnesota and humanity by rescuing from cap-\\ntivity Mrs. Margaret Ann Marble, and deliver-\\ning her to the Sioux Agent, and being further\\nsatisfied that the rescue of the two remaining\\nwhite women who are now in captivity among\\nInk-pa-du-ta s band of Indians depends very\\nmuch on the liberality shown towards the said\\nIndians who have rescued Mrs. Marble, and\\nhaving full confidence in the humanity and lib-\\nerality of the Territory of Minnesota, through\\nits government and citizens, have this day paid\\nto said two above named Indians the sum of\\nfive hundred dollars in money, and do hereby\\npledge to said two Indians that the further\\nsum of five hundred dollars will be paid to\\nthem by the Territory of Minnesota, or its cit-\\nizens, within three months from the date\\nhereof.\\nDated May 22, 1857. at Pa-ju-ta-zi-zi, M. T.\\nStephen R. Riggs,\\nMissionary, A. B. C. F. M.\\nChas. E. Flandrau,\\nU. S. Indian Agent for Sioux.\\nI immediately called for volunteers to res-\\ncue the remaining two women, and soon had\\nmy choice. I selected Paul Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni,\\nthe president of the Hazelwood Republic, An-\\npe-tu-tok-cha, or John Otherday, and Che-tan-\\nma-za, or the Iron Hawk. I gave them a large\\noutfit of horses, wagons, calicos, trinkets of all\\nkinds, and a general assortment of things that\\ntempt the savage. They started on the 23rd\\nof May from the Yellow Medicine agency on\\ntheir important and dangerous mission. I did\\nnot expect them to return before the middle of\\nJune, and immediately commenced prepara-\\ntions to punish the marauders. I went to the\\nfoil, and, together with Colonel Alexander, we\\nlaid a plan to attack Ink-pa-du-ta s camp with\\nl lie entire garrison and utterly annihilate\\nthem, which we would undoubtedly have ac-\\ncomplished had not an unexpected event frus-\\ntrated our plans. Of course, we could not\\nmove on the Indians until my expedition had\\nreturned with the captives, as that would have\\nbeen certain death to them. And just about\\nthe time we were anxiously expecting them a\\ncouple of steamboats arrived at the fort with\\nperemptory orders for the whole garrison to\\nembark for Utah to join Gen. Albert Sydnej\\nJohnston s expedition against the Mormons,\\nand that was the last I saw of the Tenth for\\nten years.\\nMy expedition found that Mrs. Thatcher and\\nMrs. Noble had been killed, but succeeded in\\nbringing in Jliss Gardner, who was forwarded\\nto me at St. Paul, and by me formally delivered\\nto Governor Medary June 23, 1857. She\\nwas afterwards married, and is now a widow,\\nMrs. Abbie Gardner Sharpe, and resides in the\\nhouse from which she was abducted by the sav-\\nages forty-two years ago. I paid the Indians\\nwho rescued her four hundred dollars each for\\ntheir services. The Territory made an appro-\\npriation on the 15th of May, 1857, of |10,000\\nto rescue the captives, but as there were no\\ntelegraphs or other speedy means of communi-\\ncation the work was all done before the news\\nof the appropriation reached the border. My\\noutlay, however, was all refunded from this\\nappropriation. I afterwards succeeded, with a\\nsquad of soldiers and citizens, in killing one\\nof Ink-pa-du-ta s sons, who had taken an active\\npart in the massacre, and that ended the first\\nserious Indian trouble that Minnesota was af-\\nflicted with.\\nCONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.\\nBy the end of the year 185G the Territory of\\nMinnesota had attained such growth and\\nwealth that the question of becoming a State\\nwithin the Union began to attract attention. It\\nwas urged by the government at Washington\\nthat we were amply capable of taking care of\\nourselves, and sufficiently wealthy to pay our", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nexpenses, and statehood was pressed upon us\\nfrom that quarter. There was another potent\\ninfluence at work at home. We had several\\nprominent gentlemen who were convinced thai\\ntheir services were needed in the Senate of the\\nUnited States, and that their presence there\\nwould strengthen and adorn that body, and\\nas no positive opposition was developed the\\nCongress of the United States, on the 26th\\nof February, 1857, passed an act authorizing\\nthe Territory to form a State government. It\\nprescribed the same boundaries for the State\\nthat we now have, although there had been a\\nlarge number of people who had advocated an\\neast and west division of the Territory, on a\\nline a little north of the forty-fifth parallel\\nof north latitude. It provided for a conven-\\ntion to frame the Constitution of the new\\nState, winch was to be composed of two dele-\\ngates for each member of the Territorial Leg-\\nislature, to be elected in the representative\\ndistricts on the first Monday in June, 1857. The\\nconvention was to be held at the capital of the\\nTerritory on the second Monday of July fol-\\nlowing. It submitted to the Convention five\\npropositions to be answered, which, if ac-\\ncepted, were to become obligatory on the\\nUnited States and the State of Minnesota.\\nThey were in substance as follows:\\nFirst Whether sections sixteen and thirty-\\nsix in each township should be granted to the\\nSlate for the use of schools.\\nSecond Whether seventy two sections of\\nland should be set aside for the use and sup-\\nport of a State university.\\nThird Whether ten sections should be\\ngranted to the State in aid of public buildings.\\nFourth Whether all salt springs in the\\nSlate, not exceeding twelve, witli six sections\\nof land to each, should be granted to the State.\\nFifth Whether five per centum of the net\\nproceeds of the sales of all the public lands\\nlying within the State which should be sold\\nafter its admission should lie paid to the State\\nfor the purpose of roads and internal improve-\\nments.\\nAll the five propositions, if accepted, were to\\nbe on the condition, to be expressed in the Con-\\nstitution or an irrevocable ordinance, that the\\nState should never interfere with the primary\\ndisposal of the soil within the State by the\\nUnited States, or with any regulations Con-\\ngress should make for securing title to said\\nlands in bona fide purchasers thereof, and that\\nno tax should be imposed on lands belonging\\nto the United States, and that non-resident\\nproprietors should never be taxed higher than\\nresidents.\\nThese propositions were all accepted, rati-\\nfied and confirmed by Section III. of Article\\nII. of the Constitution.\\nThe election for delegates took place as pro-\\nvided for, and on the day set for the conven\\ntion to meet nearly all of them had assembled\\nat the capital. Great anxiety was manifested\\nby both the Democrats and the Republicans to\\ncapture the organization of the convention.\\nNeither party had a majority of all the mem-\\nbers present, but there were a number of con-\\ntested seats on both sides, of which both con-\\ntestant and contestee were present, and these\\nduplicates being counted, were sufficient to\\ngive each party an apparent majority. It was\\nobvious that a determined fight for the organ-\\nization was imminent. The convention was to\\nmeet in the House of Representatives, and to\\ngain an advantage the Republicans took pos-\\nsession of the hall the night before the opening-\\nday, so as to be the first on hand in the morn-\\ning. The Democrats, on learning of this move,\\nheld a caucus to decide upon a plan of action.\\nPrecedents and authorities were looked up,\\nand two fundamental points decided upon. It\\nwas discovered that the Secretary of the Ter-\\nritory was the proper party to call the con-\\nvention to order, and as Mr. Charles L. Chase\\nwas the Secretary, and also a Democratic dele-\\ngate, he was chosen to make the call. It was\\nfurther found that when no hour was desig-\\nnated for the meeting of a parliamentary body\\nthat noon of the day appointed was the time.\\nI .eiiig armed with these points, the Democrats\\ndecided to wait until noon and then march\\ninto the hall in a body with Delegate Chase at\\ntheir head, and as soon as he reached the chair\\nhe was to spring into it and call the conven-\\ntion to order. General Gorman was immediate-\\nly to move an adjournment until the next day\\nat twelve o clock M., which motion was to be", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n53\\nput by the chair, the Democrats feeling sure\\nthat the Republicans, being taken by surprise,\\nwould rote no, while the Democrats would all\\nvote aye, and thus commit more than a major-\\nity of the whole to the organization under Mr.\\nChase On reaching the chair Mr. Chase im-\\nmediately sprang into it and called the con-\\nvention to order. General Gorman moved the\\nadjournment, which was put by the chair. All\\nthe Democrats loudly voted in the affirmative\\nand the Republicans in the negative. The mo-\\ntion was declared carried, and the Democrats\\nsolemnly marched out of the hall.\\nThe above is the Democratic version of the\\nevent. The Republicans, however, claim that\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2John W. North reached the chair first and\\ncalled the convention to order, and that as the\\nRepublicans had a majority of the members\\npresent, the organization made under his call\\nwas the only regular one. Nothing can be de-\\ntermined as to which is the true story from\\nthe records kept of the two bodies, because\\nthey are each made up to show strict regular-\\nity, and as it is utterly immaterial in any sub-\\nstantial point of view I will not venture any\\nopinion, although I was one of the actors in\\nthe drama, or farce, as the reader may see fit\\nto regard it.\\nThe Republicans remained in the hall and\\nformed a Constitution to suit themselves, sit-\\nting until August 29, just forty-seven days.\\nThe Democrats, on the next day after their ad-\\njournment, at twelve o clock M., went in a body\\nto the door of the House of Representatives,\\nwhere they were met by Secretary and Dele-\\ngate Chase, who said to them: Gentlemen,\\nthe hall to which the delegates adjourned yes\\nterday is now occupied by a meeting of citizens\\nof the Territory, who refuse to give possession\\nto the Constitutional Convention.\\nGeneral Gorman then said: I move the con-\\nvention adjourn to the council chamber. The\\nmotion was carried, and the delegates accord-\\ningly repaired to the council chamber in the\\nwest wing of the capitol, where Mr. Chase\\ncalled the convention to order. Each branch\\nof the convention elected its officers. The Re-\\npublicans chose St. A. D. Balcombe for their\\npresident and the Democrats selected Hon.\\nHenry H. Sibley. Doth bodies worked dili-\\ngently on a Constitution, and each succeeded\\nin making one so much like the other that,\\nafter sober reflection, it was decided thai I lie\\nState could be admitted under either, and if\\nboth were sent to Congress that body would\\nreject them for irregularity. So, towards the\\nend of the long session a compromise was ar-\\nrived at by the formation of a joint committee\\nfrom each convention, who were to evolve a\\nConstitution out of the two for submission to\\nthe people; the result of which, after many\\nsessions and some fisticuffs, was the instrument\\nunder which the Stale was finally admitted.\\nA very curious complication resulted from\\ntwo provisions in the Constitution. In seel ion\\nfive of the schedule it was provided that All\\nTerritorial officers, civil and military, now\\nholding their offices under the authority of the\\nUnited States or of the Territory of Minnesota,\\nshall continue to hold and exercise their re-\\nspective offices until they shall be superseded\\nby the authority of the State, and section six\\nprovided that The first session of the Legisla-\\nture of the State of Minnesota shall commence\\non the first Wednesday of December next, etc\\nThese provisions were made under the sup-\\nposition that the Slate would be admitted as\\nsoon as the Constitution would be laid before\\nCongress, which it was presumed would be\\nlong before the date fixed for the holding of\\nthe first Stale Legislature, but such did not\\nturn out to be the case. The election was held\\nas provided for on the 13th day of October,\\n1857, for the adoption or rejection of the Con-\\nstitution, and for the election of all the Stale\\nofficers, members of Congress and of the Legis-\\nlature. The Constitution was adopted by a\\nvote of 36,240 for and TOO against, and the\\nwhole Democratic State ticket was also chosen.\\nAnd to be sure not to lose full representation\\nin Congress, three members of the House of\\nRepresentatives were also chosen, who were all\\nDemocrats.\\nThe Constitution was duly presented to Con-\\ngress, and admission for the State demanded.\\nMuch to the disappointment of our people, all\\nkinds and characters of objections were raised\\nto our admission; one of which I remember", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "54\\n1IISTOKY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwas, thai as the term of office of the State Sen-\\nators was fixed at two years, and as there was\\nnothing said about the term of the members\\nof the House, they wen- elected for life, and\\nconsequently the government created was not\\nRepublican. Alexander Stevens, of Georgia,\\nseriously combatted this position in a learned\\nconstitutional argument, in which he proved\\nthat a Slate had absolute control of the sub-\\nject, and could fix the term of all its officers\\nfor life if it so preferred, and that Congress\\nhad no right to interfere. Many other equally\\nfrivolous points were made against our admis-\\nsion, which were debated until the 11th day of\\n.May, 1858, when the Federal doors were\\nopened and Minnesota became a State. The\\nad admitting the State cut down the Congres-\\nsional representation to two. The three gen-\\ntlemen who had been elected to these positions\\nwere compelled to determine who would re-\\nmain and who should surrender. History has\\nnot recorded how the decision was made,\\nwhether by cutting cards, tossing a coin, or in\\nsome other way, but the result was that\\nGeorge L. Becker was counted out and W. W.\\nPhelps and James M. Cavanaugh took the\\nprizes.\\nIt was always thought at home that the long\\ndelay in our admission was not from any dis-\\ninclination to let us in, but because the House\\nwas quite evenly divided politically between\\nthe Democrats and the Republicans, and there\\nbeing a contested seat from Ohio, between Mr.\\nValandingham and Mr. Lew Campbell, it was\\nfeared by the Republicans that if Minnesota\\ncame in with three Democratic members it\\nmight turn the scale in favor of Valanding-\\nham.\\nThis delay created a very perplexing condi-\\ntion of things. The State Legislature elected\\nunder the Constitution met on the first\\nWednesday of December before the Constitu-\\ntion was recognized by Congress, and while the\\nTerritorial government was in full force. It\\npassed a book full of laws, all of which were\\nState laws approved by a Territorial Governor.\\nPerhaps in some countries it would have been\\ndifficult to harmonize such irregularities, but\\nour courts were quite up to the emergency\\nand straightened them all out the Hist time the\\nquestion was raised, and the laws so passed\\nhave served their purpose up to the present\\ntime.\\nThe first Governor of the State was Henry\\nH. Sibley, a Democrat. He served his term of\\ntwo years, and the State has never elected a\\nDemocrat to that office since, unless the choice\\nof Honorable John bind in 1898 may be so\\nclassified.\\nATTEMPT TO REMOVE THE CAPITAL.\\nAt the eighth session of the Legislative As-\\nsembly of the Territory, which convened on\\nJanuary 7, 1857, a bill was introduced, the\\npurpose of which was the removal of the seat\\nof government from Saint Paul to Saint Peter,\\na small village which had recently come into\\nexistence on the Minnesota river about one\\nhundred miles above its mouth. There could\\nbe no reason for such action except interested\\nspeculation, as the capitol was already built in\\nSaint Paul, and it was much more accessible\\nand in every way more convenient than it\\nwould be at St. Peter, but the movement had\\nsufficient personal and political force behind\\nii to insure its success, and an act was passed\\nmaking such removal. But it was destined to\\nmeet with unexpected obstacles before it be-\\ncame a law. When it passed the House it was\\nsent to the council, where it only received one\\nmajority, eight voting for and seven against\\nit. It was on the 27th of February sent to the\\nenrolling committee for final enrollment. It\\nhappened that Councillor Joseph Rolette, from\\nPembina, was chairman of this committee, and\\na great friend of Saint Paul. Mr. Rolette de-\\ncided he would veto the bill in a way not\\nknown tn parliamentary law, so he put it in his\\npocket and disappeared. On the 28th, not\\nbeing in his seat, and the bill being missing, a\\ncouncillor offered a resolution that a copy of\\nit be obtained from Mr. Wales, the second in\\norder on the committee. A call of the council\\nwas then ordered, and Mr, Rolette not beinj in\\nhis seat, the serjeant-at-arms was sent out\\nto bring him in, but not being able to find him,\\nhe so reported. A motion was then made to", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n55\\ndispense with the call, but by the rules it re-\\nquired a two-third vote of fifteen members,\\nand in the absence of Mr. Rolette only fourteen\\nwere present. It takes as many to make two-\\nthirds of fourteen as it does (o make two-thirds\\nof fifteen, and the bill had only nine friends.\\nDuring the pendency of a call no business\\ncould be transacted, and a serious dilemma\\nconfronted the capital removers, but nothing\\ndaunted, Mr. l.alcombe made a long argument\\nto prove that nine was two-thirds of fourteen.\\nMr. Brisbin, who was president of the council\\nand a graduate of Yale, pronounced the mo-\\ntion lost, saying to the mover, who was also a\\ngraduate of Yale: Mr. Balcombe, we never\\nfigured that way at Yale. This situation pro-\\nduced a deadlock and no business could be\\ntransacted. The session terminated on the\\nfifth day of March by its own limitation. The\\nsergeant-at arms made daily reports concern-\\ning the whereabouts of the absentee, some-\\ntimes locating him on a dog-train, rapidly mov-\\ning towards Pembina, sometimes giving a\\nrumor of his assassination, but never produc-\\ning him. Matters remained in this condition\\nuntil the end of the term, and the bill was lost.\\nIt was disclosed afterwards that Rolette had\\ncarefully deposited the bill in the vault of Tru-\\nman M. Smith s bank and had passed the time\\nin the upper story of the Fuller House, where\\nhis friends made him very comfortable. Some\\nineffectual efforts have been made since to\\nremove the capital to Minneapolis and else-\\nwhere, but the treaty, made by the pioneers in\\n1849, locating it at St. Paul, is still in force.\\nCENSUS.\\nOne of the provisions of the enabling act\\nwas, that in the event of the Constitutional\\nConvention deciding in favor of the immediate\\nadmission of the proposed State into the\\nUnion, a census should be taken with a view\\nof ascertaining the number of representatives\\nin Congress to which the State would be en-\\ntitled. This was accordingly done in Septem-\\nber, 1857, and the population was found to be\\n130,037.\\nGRASSHOPPERS.\\nThe first visitation of grasshoppers came in\\n1857, and did considerable damage to the crops\\nin Stearns and other counties. Relief was\\nasked from St. Paul for the suffering poor, and\\nnotwithstanding the people of the capital city\\nwere in the depths of poverty, from the finan-\\ncial panic produced by over-speculation, they\\nresponded liberally. The grasshoppers of this\\nyear did not deposit their eggs, but disap-\\npeared after eating up everything that came\\nwithin their reach. The State was not troubled\\nwith them again until the year 1873, when they\\ncame in large flights and settled down in the\\nwestern part of the State. They did much dam-\\nage to I lie crops and deposited their eggs in thi\\nsoil, where they hatched out in the spring and\\ngreatly increased their number. They made\\nsad havoc with the crops of 1874 and occupied\\na larger part of the State than in the previous\\nyear. They again deposited their eggs and ap-\\npeared in the spring of 1S75 in increased num-\\nbers. This was continued in 187G, when the\\nsituation became so alarming that Governor\\nJohn S. Pillsbury issued a proclamation ad-\\ndressed to the States and Territories which\\nhad suffered most from the insects, to meet him\\nby delegates at Omaha to concert measures fin-\\nunited protection. A convention was held and\\nGovernor Pillsbury was made its president.\\nThe subject was thoroughly discussed and a\\nmemorial to Congress was prepared and\\nadopted, asking for scientific investigation of\\nthe subject and a suggestion of preventative\\nmeasures.\\nMany appeals for relief came from the af-\\nflicted regions and much aid was extended.\\nGovernor Pillsbury was a big-hearted, sympa-\\nthetic man, and fearing the sufferers might not\\nbe well cared for he traveled among them per-\\nsonally, incognito, and dispensed large sums\\nfrom his private funds.\\nIn 1877 the Governor, in his message to the\\nLegislature, treated the subject exhaustively,\\nand appropriations were made to relieve the\\nsettlers in the devastated regions. In the early\\nspring of 1877 the religious bodies and people\\nof the State asked the Governor to issue a", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56\\n1IISTOKY OF MINNESOTA.\\nproclamation appointing a day of fasting and\\nprayer, asking Divine protection, and exhort-\\ning the people to greater humility and a new\\nconsecration in the service of a merciful\\nFather. The Governor, being of Puritan\\norigin, and a faithful believer of Divine agen-\\ncies in this world s affairs, issued an eloquent\\nappeal to the people to observe a day named as\\none of fasting and prayer for deliverance from\\ni he grasshoppers. The suggestion was quite\\ngenerally acted upon, but the proclamation\\nnaturally excited much criticism and some ridi-\\ncule. However, curious at it may seem, the\\ngrasshoppers, even before the day appointed\\nfor prayer arrived, began to disappear.and in a\\nshort time not one remained to show they had\\never been iii the State. They left in a body; no\\none seemed to know exactly when they went,\\nand no one knew anything about where they\\nwent, as they were never heard of again on any\\npart of the Continent. The only news we ever\\nhad from them came from ships crossing tin-\\nAtlantic westward bound, which reported hav-\\ning passed through large areas of floating in-\\nsects. They must have met a western gale when\\nwell up in the air and have been blown out\\ninto the sea and destroyed. The people of Min-\\nnesota did not expend much time or trouble to\\nfind out what had become of them.\\nThe crop of 1S77 was abundant, and particu-\\nlarly so in the region which had been most\\nseriously blighted by the pests.\\nBefore the final proclamation of Governor\\nPillsbury every source of ingenuity had been\\nexhausted in devising plans for the destruction\\nof the grasshoppers. Ditches were dug around\\nthe fields of grain and ropes drawn over the\\ngrain to drive the hoppers into them, with the\\npurpose of covering them with earth. Instru-\\nments called hopperdozers were invented,\\nwhich had receptacles filled with hot tar, and\\nwere driven over the ground to catch them as\\nHies are caught with tanglefoot paper, and\\nmany millions of them were destroyed in this\\nway. but it was abiut as effectual as fighting a\\nNorthwestern blizzard with a lady s fan, and\\nthey were all abandoned as useless and power-\\nless lo cope with the scourge. Nothing proved\\neffectual but the Governor s proclamation, and\\nall the old settlers called it Pillsbury s Best,\\nwhich was the name of the celebrated brand of\\nflour made at the Governor s mills.\\nFrofessor N. II. Winchell, the State jeolo-\\ngist, in his geological and natural history re-\\nport, presents a map which, by red lines, shows\\nthe encroachments of the grasshoppers for the\\nyears lS73-74-75-7C To gain an idea of the\\nextent of the country covered by them up to\\n1S77 draw a line on a State map from the Bed\\nRiver of the North about six miles north of\\nMoorhead in Clay county, in a southeasterly\\ndirection through Becker, Wadena, Todd and\\nMorrison counties, crossing the Mississippi\\nriver near the northern line of Benton county,\\ncontinuing down the east side of the Missis-\\nsippi through Benton. Sherburne and Anoka\\ncounties, there re-crossing the Mississippi and\\nproceeding south on the west side of the river\\nto the south line of the State in Mower county.\\nAll the country lying south and west of this\\nline was for several years devastated by the\\ngrasshoppers to the extent that no crops could\\nbe raised. It became for a time a question\\nwhether the people or the insects would con-\\nquer the State.\\nMILITIA.\\nDuring the Territorial times there were a few\\nvolunteer militia companies in St. Paul, con-\\nspicuously the Pioneer Guard, an infantry com-\\npany, which, from its excellent organization\\nand discipline, became a source of supply of\\nofficers when regiments were being raised for\\nthe Civil War. To have been a member of that\\ncompany was worth at least a captain s com-\\nmission in the volunteer army, and many offi-\\ncers of much higher rank were chosen from its\\nmembers.\\nThere was also a company of cavalry at St.\\nPaul, commanded by Capt. -lames Starkey,\\ncalled the St. Paul Light Cavalry. Also the\\nShields Guards, commanded by Capt. John\\nO Gorman. There may have been others, but I\\ndo not remember them. The services of the\\nPioneer Guards and the cavalry company were\\ncalled into requisition on two occasions, once", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n57\\nin 1857 and again in 1859. During the summer\\nof 1857 the settlers near Cambridge and Sun-\\nrise complained that the Chippewas were very\\ntroublesome. Governor Medary ordered Cap-\\ntain Starkey to take part of his company and\\narrest the Indians who were committing\\ndepredations, and send the remainder of them\\nto their reservation. The Captain took twenty\\nmen, and on August 24, 1857, started for the\\n.scene of the trouble. On the 28th he overtook\\nsome six or seven Indians, and in their attempt\\nto escape a collision occurred, in which a young\\nman, a member of Starkey s company, named\\nFrank Donnelly, was instantly killed. The\\ntroops succeeded in killing one of the Indians,\\nwounding another and capturing four more,\\nwhen they returned to St. Paul, bringing with\\nthem the dead, wounded and prisoners. The\\ndead were buried, the wounded healed and the\\nprisoners discharged by Judge Nelson on a\\nwrit of habeas corpus.\\nThe general sentiment of the community was\\nthat the expedition was unnecessary and\\nshould never have been made. This affair was\\nfacetiously called the Corn-stalk War.\\nTHE WRIGHT COUNTY WAR.\\nIn the fall of 1858 a man named Wallace was\\nkilled in Wright county. Oscar F. Jackson\\nwas tried for the murder in the spring of 1859\\nand acquitted by a jury. Public sentiment was\\nagainst him and he was warned to leave\\nI lie county. He did not heed the admonition\\nand on April 25 a mob assembled and hung\\nJackson to the gable end of Wallace s cabin.\\nGovernor Sibley offered a reward for the con-\\nviction of any of the lynchers. Shortly after-\\nwards, one Emery Moore was arrested as being\\nimplicated in the affair. He was taken to\\nWright county for trial and at once rescued by\\na mob. The Governor sent three companies of\\nthe militia to Monticello to arrest the offend-\\ners and preserve order, the Pioneer Guards\\nbeing among them. This force, aided by a few\\nspecial officers of the law. arrested eleven of\\nthe lynchers and rescuers and turned them\\nover to the civil authorities, and on the 11th of\\nAugust, 1859, having completed their mission,\\nreturned to St. Paul. As there was no war or\\nbloodshed of any kind connected with this ex-\\npedition it was called the Wright County\\nWar.\\nGovernor Sibley, having somewhat of a mili-\\ntary tendency, appointed as his adjutant gen-\\neral Alexander C. Jones, who was a graduate\\nof the Virginia Military Academy and captain\\nof the Pioneer Guards. Under this administra-\\ntion a very complete militia bill was passed on\\nthe 12th day of August, 1858. Minnesota from\\nthat time on had a very efficient militia system,\\nuntil the establishment of the National Guard,\\nwhich made some changes in its general char-\\nacter, supposed to be for the better.\\nTHE CIVIL WAR.\\nNothing of any special importance occurred\\nduring the years 1859 and 1860 in Minnesota.\\nThe State continued to grow in population and\\nwealth at an extraordinary pace, but in a quiet\\nand unobtrusive way. The politics of the Na-\\ntion had been for some time much disturbed\\nbetween the North and the South on the ques-\\ntion of slavery, and threats of secession from\\nthe Union made by the slave-holding States.\\nThe election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presi-\\ndency of the United States in 1800 precipitated\\nthe impending revolution, and on the 14th\\nof April, 1861, Fort Sumter, in the har-\\nbor of Charleston, South Carolina, was\\nfired upon by the revolutionists, which meant\\nwar between the two sections of the country.\\nI will only relate such events in connection\\nwith the Civil War which followed as are espe-\\ncially connected with Minnesota.\\nWhen the news of the firing upon Fort Sum\\nter reached Washington, Alexander Ramsey,\\nthen Governor of Minnesota, was in that city.\\nHe immediately called on the President of the\\nUnited States and tendered the services of the\\npeople of Minnesota in defense of the Republic,\\nthus giving to the State the enviable position\\nof being the first to come to the front. The\\noffer of a regiment was accepted, and the Gov-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "5\u00c2\u00ab\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nernor sent a dispatch to Lieutenant Governor\\nIgnatius Donnelly, who, on the 16th of April,\\nissued a proclamation giving notice that volun-\\nteers would be received at St. Paul for one regi-\\nment of infantry composed of ten companies,\\neach of sixty-four privates, one captain, two\\nlieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals and\\none bugler, and that the volunteer companies\\nalready organized, upon complying with these\\nrequirements as to the numbers and officers,\\nwould be entitled to be first received.\\nImmediately following this announcement,\\nwhich, of course, meant war, great enthusiasm\\nwas manifested all over the State. Public\\nmeetings were held in all the cities; almost\\nevery man capable of doing soldier duty\\nwanted to go, and those who were unable, for\\nany reason, to go in person subscribed funds\\nfor the support of the families of those who\\nvolunteered. The only difficulty the authori-\\nties met with was an excess of men over those\\nneeded. There were a good many Southerners\\nresiding in the State, who were naturally con-\\ntrolled in their sentiments by their geograph-\\nical affinities, but they behaved very well and\\ncaused no trouble. They either entered the\\nservice of the South or held their peace. I can\\nrecall but one instance of a Northern man who\\nhad breathed the free air of Minnesota going\\nover to the South, and the atrocity of his case\\nwas aggravated by the fact that he was an offi-\\ncer in the United States army. I speak of Major\\nPemberton, who, at the breaking out of the\\nwar, was stationed at Fort Ridgely in this\\nState, in command of a battery of artillery. He\\nwas ordered to Washington to aid in the de-\\nfense of the capital, but before reaching his\\ndestination resigned his commission and ten-\\ndered his sword to the enemy. I think he was\\na citizen of Pennsylvania. It was he who sur-\\nrendered Vicksburg to the United States army,\\nJuly 4, 1863.\\nThe first company raised under the call of\\nthe State was made up of young men of St.\\nPaul and commanded by William H. Acker,\\nwho had been Adjutant General of the State.\\nHe was wounded at the first battle of Bull Run\\nand killed at the battle of Shiloh, as captain of\\na company of the Sixteenth Regular Infantry.\\nOther companies quickly followed in tendering\\ntheir services.\\nOn the last Monday in April a camp for the\\nfirst regiment was opened at Fort Snelling, and\\napt. Anderson D. Nelson of the United States\\narmy mustered the regiment into the service.\\nOn the 27th of April John B. Sanborn, then Ad-\\njutant General of the State, in behalf of the\\nGovernor, issued the following order: The\\nCommander-in-chief expresses his gratification\\nat the prompt response to the call of the Presi-\\ndent of the United States upon the militia of\\nMinnesota, and his regret that under the pres-\\nent requisition for only ten companies it is not\\npossible to accept the services of all the com-\\npanies offered.\\nThe order then enumerates the ten com-\\npanies which have been accepted, and instructs\\nthem to report at Fort Snelling, and recom-\\nmends that the companies not accepted main-\\ntain their organization and perfect their drill,\\nand that patriotic citizens throughout the\\nState continue to enroll themselves and- be\\nready for any emergency.\\nThe Governor, on May sent a telegram to\\nthe President, offering a second regiment.\\nThe magnitude of the rebellion becoming\\nrapidly manifest at Washington, the Secretary\\nof War, Mr. Cameron, on the 7th of May, sent\\nthe following telegram to Governor Ramsey:\\nIt is decidedly preferable that all the regi-\\nments from your State, not already actually\\nsent forward, should be mustered into the serv-\\nice for three years, or during the war. If any\\npersons belonging to the regiments already\\nmustered for three months, but not yet actually\\nsent forward, should be unwilling to serve for\\nthree years, or during the war, could not their\\nplaces be filled by others willing to serve?\\nA great deal of correspondence passed be-\\ntween Lieutenant Governor Donnelly at St.\\nPaul and Governor Ramsey at Washington\\nover the matter, which resulted in the First\\nMinnesota Regiment being mustered into the\\nservice of the United States for three years,\\nor during the war, on the 11th day of May,\\n1861. Willis A. Gorman, second Governor of\\nthe Territory, was appointed colonel of the\\nFirst. The Colonel was a veteran of the Mex", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n59\\nican War. The regiment when first mustered\\nin was without uniform, except that some of\\nthe companies had red shirts and some blue,\\nbut there was no regularity whatever. This\\nwas of small consequence, as the material of\\nthe regiment was probably the best ever col-\\nlected into one body. It included companies\\nof lumbermen, accustomed to camp life and\\nenured to hardships; men of splendid physique,\\nexperts with the axe; men who could make\\na road through a forest or swamp, build a\\nbridge over a stream, run a steamboat, repair\\na railroad or perform any of the duties that\\nare thrust upon an army on the march and\\nin the field. There are no men in the world so\\nwell equipped naturally and without special\\npreparation for the life of a soldier, as the\\nAmerican of the West. He is perfectly famil-\\niar with the use of firearms. From his varied\\nexperience he possesses more than an average\\nintelligence. His courage goes without say-\\ning, and, to sum him up, he is the most all-\\naround handy man on earth.\\nn May 25th the ladies of Saint Paul pre-\\nsented the regiment with a handsome set of\\nsilk colors. The presentation was made at the\\nState Capitol by Mrs. Ramsey, the wife of the\\nGovernor. The speech was made on behalf of\\nthe ladies by Captain Stansbuiy. of Hie United\\nStates Army, and responded to by Colonel Gor-\\nman in a manner fitting the occasion.\\nOn the 21st of June the regiment, having\\nbeen ordered to Washington, embarked on the\\nsteamers Northern Belle and War Eagle\\nat Fort Snelling for their journey. Before leav-\\ning the Fort the chaplain, Rev. Edward D.\\nNeill, delivered a most impressive address, con-\\ncluding as follows:\\nSoldiers: If you would be obedient to God\\nyou must honor him who has been ordained to\\nlead you forth. Your colonel s will must be\\nyour will. If. like the Roman centurion, he\\nsays Go, you must go. If he says Come, come\\nyou must. God grant you all the Hebrew s en-\\nduring faith, and you will be sure to have the\\nHebrew s valor. Now with the Hebrew s bene-\\ndiction, I close.\\nThe Lord bless you and keep you. The Lord\\nmake his face shine upon you and be gracious\\nto you. The Lord lift up his countenance upon\\nyou and give you peace. Amen.\\nThe peace the good chaplain asked the Lord\\nto give to the regiment was that peace which\\nHows from duty well performed, and a con-\\nscience free from self-censure. Judging from\\nthe excellent record made by that regiment, it\\nenjoyed this kind of peace to the fullest extent,\\nbut it had as little of the other kind of peace as\\nany regiment in the service.\\nThe regiment reached Washington early in\\nduly and went into camp near Alexandria in\\nVirginia. It took part in the first battle of the\\nwar, at Bull Run, and from there to the end of\\nthe war was engaged in many battles, always\\nwith credit to itself and honor to its State. It\\nwas conspicuously brave and useful at the\\ngreat conflict at Gettysburg, and the service it\\nthere performed made its fame world-wide. In\\nwhat I say of the First Regiment, I must not be\\nunderstood to lessen the fame of the other ten\\nregiments and other organizations that Minne-\\nsota sent to the war, all of which, with the ex-\\nception of the Third, made for themselves rec-\\nords of gallantry and soldierly conduct, which\\nMinnesota will ever hold in the highest esteem.\\nBut the First, probably because it was the first,\\nand certainly because of its superb career, will\\nalways be the pet and especial pride of the\\nState.\\nThe misfortunes of the Third Regiment will\\nbe spoken of separately.\\nThe first conception of the rebellion by the\\nauthorities in Washington was that it could be\\nsuppressed in a short time; but they had left\\nout of the estimate the fact that they had to\\ndial with Americans, who can always be\\ncounted on for a stubborn fight when they de-\\ncide to have one. And as the magnitude of the\\nwar impressed itself upon the government, con-\\ntinuous calls for troops were made, to all of\\nwhich Minnesota responded promptly, until she\\nhad in the field the following military organiza-\\ntions:\\nEleven full regiments of infantry.\\nThe first and second companies of sharp-\\nshooters.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "6o\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nOne regiment of mounted rangers, recruited\\nfor the Indian War.\\nThe Second Regiment of cavalry.\\nHatcke s Independent Battalion of Cavalry\\nfor Indian War.\\nBrackett s Battalion of cavalry.\\nOne regiment of heavy artillery.\\nThe First, Second and Third Batteries of\\nLight Artillery.\\nThere were embraced in these twenty-one\\nmilitary organizations 22,070 officers and men\\nwho were withdrawn from the forces of civil\\nindustry and remained away for several years.\\nYet, notwithstanding Ibis abnormal drain on\\nthe industrial resources of so young a State, to\\nwhich must be added the exhaustive effects of\\nthe Indian War, which broke out within her\\nborders in 1862, and lasted several years, Min-\\nnesota continued to grow in population and\\nwealth throughout it all, and came out of these\\nwar afflictions strengthened and invigorated.\\nTHE THIRD REGIMENT.\\nRecruiting for the Third Regiment com-\\nmenced earlj in the fall of 1861, and was com-\\npleted by the 15th of November, on which day\\nit consisted of nine hundred and one men all\\ntold, including officers. On the 17th of Novem-\\nber, 1861, it embarked at Fort Snelling for its\\ndestination in the South, on the steamboats\\nNorthern Belle, City Belle and Frank Steele.\\nIt landed at St. Raul and marched through the\\ncity, exciting the admiration of the people, it\\nbeing an unusually fine aggregation of men. It\\nembarked on the same day and departed for\\nthe South, carrying with it the good wishes and\\nhopes of every citizen of the State. It was\\nthen commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Smith,\\nand afterwards by Col. Henry C. Lester, who\\nwas promoted to its command from a captaincy\\nin the First, and joined his regiment at Shep-\\nardsville. Colonel Lester was a man of pre-\\npossessing appearance, handsome, well-in-\\nformed, modest and attractive. He soon\\nbrought his regiment up to a high standard of\\ndrill and discipline, and especially devoted\\nhimself to its appearance for cleanliness and\\ndeportment, so that his regiment became re-\\nmarkable in these particulars. By the 12th of\\nJuly the Third became brigaded with the Ninth\\nMichigan, the Eighth and Twenty-third Ken-\\ntucky, forming the Twenty-third Brigade under\\nCol. W. W. Duffield of the Ninth Michigan, and\\nwas stationed at Murfreesboro in Tennessee.\\nFor two months Colonel Duffield had been ab-\\nsent, and the brigade and other forces at Mur-\\nfreesboro had been commanded by Colonel Les-\\nter. A day or two before the 13th Colonel Duf-\\nfield had returned and resumed command of\\nthe brigade, and Lester was again in direct\\ncommand of his regiment. In describing the\\nsituation at Murfreesboro on the 13th of July,\\n1861, Gen. C. C. Andrews, the author of the\\nHistory of the Third Regiment, in the State\\nWar Book, at page 152, says:\\nThe force of enlisted men fit for duty at\\nMurfreesboro was fully one thousand. Forest\\nreported that the whole number of enlisted\\nmen captured, taken to McMinnville and pa-\\nroled, was between 1,100 and 1,200. Our forces,\\nhowever, were separated. There were five com-\\npanies, two hundred and fifty strong, of the\\nNinth Michigan in camp three-fourths of a mile\\neast of the town, on the Liberty turnpike\\n(another company of the Ninth Michigan, forty-\\ntwo strong, occupied the Court House as a pro-\\nvost guard); near the camp of the Ninth Michi-\\ngan were eighty men of the Seventh Pennsyl-\\nvania !avalry under Major Seibert. also eighty-\\none men of the Fourth Kentucky Cavalry\\nunder Captain Chilson. More than a mile dis-\\ntant, on the other side of the town, on undu-\\nlating rocky and shaded ground near Stone\\nriver, were nine companies of the Third Minne-\\nsota, live hundred strong. Near it also, two\\nsections four guns of Hewitt s Kentucky\\nField Artillery with sixty-four men for duty.\\nForty-five men of Company C, Third Regiment,\\nunder Lieutenant Grumiuons, had gone the\\nafternoon of July 12th as the guard on a sup\\nplv train to Shelbvville, and had not returned\\non the 13th.\\nMurfreesboro was on the Nashville Chat-\\ntanooga railroad. It was a well-built town\\naround a square, in the center of which was the\\ncouri house. There were in the t \\\\\\\\n valuable\\nmilitary stores.\\nJuly 13, at daybreak, news arrived at Mur", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MINNESOTA.\\n61\\nfreesboro that the Rebel general, Forest, was\\nabout to make an attack on the place, which\\nnews was verified by General Forest capturing\\nthe picket guard and dashing into the town\\nsoon after the news arrived, with a mounted\\nforce of 1,500 men. A part of this force charged\\nupon the camp of the Seventh Pennsylvania,\\nthen re-formed and charged upon the Nintb\\nMichigan infantry, which made a gallant de-\\nfense and repulsed the enemy s repeated\\ncharges, suffering a loss of eleven killed and\\neighty-nine wounded. The enemy suffered\\nconsiderable loss, including a colonel killed, up\\nto about noon, when the Ninth Michigan sur-\\nrendered. General Crittenden was captured in\\nhis quarters about eight o clock. Almost simul-\\ntaneous with the first attack, a part of Forest s\\nforce moved toward the Third Minnesota,\\nwhich had sprung up at the first sound of the\\nfiring, formed into line, Colonel Lester in com-\\nmand, and with two guns of Hewitt s Battery\\non each flank, marched in the direction of Mur-\\nfreesboro. It had not gone more than an eighth\\nof a mile when about three hundred of the\\nenemy appeared, approaching on a gallop.\\nThey were moving in some disorder, and ap-\\npeared to fall back when the Third Regiment\\ncame in sight. The latter was at once brought\\nforward into line and the guns of Hewitt s Bat-\\ntery opened fire. The enemy retired out of\\nsight, and the Third advanced to a command-\\ning position in the edge of some timber. A\\ncontinuous fire was kept up by the guns of\\nHewitt s Battery, with considerable effect upon\\nthe enemy. Up to this time the only ground of\\ndiscontent that had ever existed in this regi-\\nment was that it had never had an opportunity\\nto fight. Probably no regiment was ever more\\neager to fight in battle than this one. Yet\\nwhile it was there in line of battle from day-\\nlight until about noon, impatiently waiting for\\nthe approach of the enemy, or what was better,\\nto be led against him, he was assailing an in-\\nferior force of our troops and destroying valu-\\nable commissary and quartermaster s stores in\\ntown, which our troops were, of course, in\\nhonor bound to protect. The regiment was\\nkept standing or lying motionless hour after\\nhour, even while plainly seeing the smoke ris-\\ning from the burning depot of the United\\nStates supplies. While this was going on\\nColonel Lester sat upon his horse and different\\nofficers went to him and entreated him to\\nmarch the regiment into town. The only re-\\nsponse he gave was, We will see. The enemy\\nmade several ineffectual attempts to charge\\nthe line held by the Third, but were driven off\\nwith loss, which only increased the ardor of\\nthe men to get at them. The enemy attacked\\nthe camp of the Third, which was guarded by\\nonly a few convalescents, teamsters and cooks,\\nand met with a stubborn resistance, but finally\\nsucceeded in taking it and burning the tents\\nand property of the officers, after which they\\nhastily abandoned it. The firing at the camp\\nwas distinctly heard by the Third Regiment,\\nand Captain Hoyt of Company B asked permis-\\nsion to take his company to protect the camp,\\nbut was refused. While the regiment was in\\nthis waiting position, having at least five hun-\\ndred effective men, plenty of ammunition, and\\nburning with anxiety to get at the enemy, a\\nwhite flag appeared over the crest of a hill,\\nwhich proved to be a request for Colonel Lester\\nto go into Murfreesboro for a consultation with\\nColonel Duffield. General Forest carefully dis-\\nplayed his men along the path by which Col-\\nonel Lester was to go in a manner so as to im-\\npress the Colonel with the idea that he had a\\nmuch larger force than really existed, and in\\nhis demand for surrender he stated that if not\\nacceded to the whole command would be put\\nto the sword, as he could not control his men.\\nThis was an old trick of Forest s, which he\\nplayed successfully on other occasions. From\\nwhat is known, he had not over one thousand\\nmen with which he could have engaged the\\nThird that day.\\nWhen Colonel Lester returned to his regi-\\nment his mind was fully made up to surrender;\\na consultation was held with the officers of the\\nregiment, and a vote taken on the question,\\nwhich resulted in a majority being in favor of\\nfighting and against surrender, but the matter\\nwas re-opened and re-argued by the Colonel,\\nand after some of the officers who opposed sur-\\nrender had left the council and gone to their\\ncompanies, another vote was taken, which re-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "62\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsuited in favor of the surrender. The officers\\nwho, on this final vote, were against surrender\\nwere Lieutenant Colonel Griggs and Captains\\nAndrews and Hoyt. Those who voted in favor\\nof surrender were Captains Webster, Gurnee,\\nPreston, Clay and Mills of the Third Regiment,\\nand Captain Hewitt of the Kentucky Battery.\\nOn December 1, an order was made dismiss-\\ning from the service the five captains of the\\nThird who voted to surrender the regiment,\\nwhich order was subsequently revoked as to\\nCaptain Webster.\\nThe conduct of Colonel Lester on this occa-\\nsion has been accounted for on various theories.\\nBefore this he had been immensely popular\\nwith his regiment and also at home in Minne-\\nsota, and his prospects were most brilliant. It\\nis hard to believe that he was actuated by cow-\\nardice, and harder to conceive him guilty of\\ndisloyalty to his country. An explanation of\\nhis actions which obtained circulation in Min-\\nnesota was that he had fallen in love with a\\nRebel woman, who exercised such influence\\nand control over him, as to completely hypno-\\ntize his will. I have always been a convert to\\nthat theory, knowing the man as well as I did,\\nand have settled the question as the French\\nwould, by saying Cherchez la femme.\\nGeneral Buell characterized the surrender in\\ngeneral orders as one of the most disgraceful\\nexamples in the history of wars.\\nWhat a magnificent opportunity was pre-\\nsented to some officer of that regiment to im-\\nmortalize himself by shooting the Colonel\\nthrough the head while he was ignominiously\\ndallying with the question of surrender, and\\ncalling upon the men to follow him against the\\nenemy. There can be very little doubt that\\nsuch a movement would have resulted in vic-\\ntory, as the men were in splendid condition\\nphysically, thoroughly well armed and dying to\\nwipe out the disgrace their Colonel had in-\\nflicted upon them. Of course, the man who\\nshould inaugurate such a movement must win,\\nor die in the attempt, but in America death\\nwith honor is infinitely preferable to life with\\na suspicion of cowardice, as all who partici-\\npated in this surrender were well aware.\\nThe officers were all held as prisoners of war\\nand the men paroled on condition of not fight-\\ning against the Confederacy during the contin-\\nuance of the war. The Indian War of 1862\\nbroke out in Minnesota very shortly after the\\nsurrender, and the men of the Third were\\nbrought to the State for service against the\\nIndians. They participated in the campaign of\\n1862 and following expeditions. For a full and\\ndetailed account of the surrender of the Third\\nconsult the history of that regiment in the vol-\\nume issued by the Stale, railed Minnesota in\\nthe Civil and Indian Wars.\\nIt would please the historian to omit this\\nsubject entirely did truth permit; but he finds\\nample solace in the fact that this is the only\\nblot to be found in the long record of brilliant\\nand glorious deeds that compose the military\\nhistory of Minnesota.\\nA general summary will show that Minne-\\nsota did her whole duty in the Civil War, and\\nthat her extreme youth was in no way a draw-\\nback to her performance. She furnished to the\\nwar in all her military organizations a grand\\ntotal of 22,970 men. Of this number, six hun-\\ndred and seven were killed in battle and 1,G47\\ndied of disease, making a contribution of 2,254\\nlives to the cause of the Union, on the part of\\nMinnesota.\\nOur State was honored by the promotion\\nfi om her various organizations of the following\\ngeneral officers:\\nC. P. Adams, Brevet Brigadier General.\\nC. C. Andrews, Brigadier and Brevet Major\\nGeneral.\\nJohn T. Averill, Brevet Brigadier General.\\nJames H. Baker, Brevet Brigadier General.\\nTheodore E. Barret, Brevet Brigadier Gen-\\neral.\\nJudson W. Bishop, Brevet Brigadier Gen-\\neral.\\nWilliam Colville, Brevet Brigadier General.\\nNapoleon J. T. Dana, Brevet Brigadier Gen-\\neral.\\nAlonzo J. Edgerton, Brevet Brigadier Gen-\\neral.\\nWillis A. Gorman, Brevet Brigadier General.\\nLucius F. Hubbard. Brevet Brigadier Gen-\\neral.\\nSamuel P. Jennison, Brigadier General.\\nWilliam Le Due, Brigadier General.\\nWilliam R. Marshall, Brigadier General.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n63\\nRobert B. McLaren, Brigadier General.\\nStephen Miller, Brigadier General.\\nJohn B. Sanborn, Brigadier and Brevet\\nMajor General.\\nHenry H. Sibley, Brigadier and Brevet Major\\nGeneral.\\nMinor T. Thomas, Brevet Brigadier General.\\nJohn E. Tourtellotte, Brevet Brigadier Gen-\\neral.\\nHoratio P. Van Cleve, Brevet Brigadier Gen-\\neral.\\nGeorge N. Morgan, Brevet Brigadier Gen-\\neral.\\nTHE INDIAN WAR OF 1862 AND FOL-\\nLOWING YEARS.\\nIn 1S62 there were in the State of Minnesota\\nfour principal bands of Sioux Indians. The\\nMe-de-wa-kon-toiis, and Wak-pa-koo-tas, and\\nthe Si-si-tons and Wak-pay-tons. The first two\\nbands were known as the Lower Sioux and the\\nlast two as the Upper Sioux. These designa-\\ntions arose from the fact that in the sale of\\ntheir lands to the United Slates by the treaties\\nof 1851, the lands of the Lower Sioux were sit-\\nuated in the southern part of the State, and\\nthose of the upper bands in the northern part,\\nand when a reservation was set apart for their\\nfuture occupation on the upper waters of the\\nMinnesota river they were similarly located\\n1 hereon. Their reservation consisted of a strip\\nof land ten miles wide on each side of the Min-\\nnesota river, beginning at a point a few miles\\nbelow Fort Ridgely and extending to the head-\\nwaters of the river. The reservation of the\\nlower bands extended up to the Yellow Medi-\\ncine river; that of the upper bands included all\\nabove the last named river. An agent was ap-\\npointed to administer the affairs of these In-\\ndians, whose agencies were established at Red-\\nwood for the lower, and at Yellow Medicine for\\nthe upper bands. At these agencies the annui-\\nties were regularly paid to the Indians, and so\\ncontinued from the making of the treaties to\\nthe year 1802. These bands were wild, very\\nlittle progress having been made in their civili-\\nzation, the very nature of the situation pre-\\nventing very much advance in that line. The\\nwhole country to the north and west of their\\nreservation was an open, wild region, extend-\\ning to the Rocky mountains, inhabited only by\\nthe buffalo, which animals ranged in vast herds\\nfrom British Columbia to Texas. The buffalo\\nwas the chief subsistence of the Indians, who\\nnaturally frequented their ranges, and only\\ncame to the agencies when expecting their pay-\\nments. When they did come, and the money\\nand goods were not ready for them, which was\\nfrequently the case, they suffered great incon-\\nvenience and were forced to incur debt with the\\nwhite traders for their subsistence, all of which\\ntended to create bad feelings between them\\nand the whites. The Indian saw that he had\\nyielded a splendid domain to the whites, and\\nthat they were rapidly occupying it. They\\ncould not help seeing that the whites were\\npushing them gradually I may say rapidly\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nout of their ancestral possessions and towards\\nthe West, which know ledge naturally created\\na hostile feeling towards the whites. The\\nSioux were a brave people, and the young fight-\\ning men were always making comparisons be-\\ntween themselves and the whites, and banter-\\ning each other as to whether they were or were\\nnot afraid of them. I made a study of these\\npeople for several years, having had them in\\ncharge as their agent, and I think understood\\ntheir feelings and standing towards the whites\\nas well as any one. Much has been said and\\nwritten about the immediate cause of the out-\\nbreak of 18G2, but I do not believe that any-\\nthing can be assigned out of the general course\\nof events that will account for the trouble. De-\\nlay, as usual, had occurred in the arrival of the\\nmoney for the payment which was due in July,\\n1862. The war was in full force with the South,\\nand the Indians saw that Minnesota was send-\\ning thousands of men out of the State to fight\\nthe battles of the Union. Major Thomas Gal-\\nluaith was their agent in the summer of 1862,\\nand being desirous of contributing to the vol-\\nunteer forces of the government he raised a\\ncompany of half-breeds on the reservation and\\nstarted with them for Fort Snelling, the gen-\\neral rendezvous, to have them mustered into\\nservice. It was very natural that the Indians\\nwho were seeking trouble should look upon this\\nmovement as a sign of weakness on the part of", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "64\\nHISTORY OP MINNESOTA.\\nthe government, and reason that if the United\\nSlates could not conquer its enemy without\\ntheir assistance it must be in serious difficul-\\nties. Various things of similar character con-\\ntributed to create a feeling among the Indians\\nthat it was a good time to recover their coun-\\ntry, redress all their grievances and reestab-\\nlish themselves as buds of the land. They had\\nambitious leaders; Little Crow was the princi-\\npal instigator of war on the whites. He was a\\nman of greater parts than any Indian in the\\ntribe. I had used him on many trying occa-\\nsions as the captain of my body-guard, and my\\nambassador to negotiate with other tribes, and\\nalways found him equal to any emergency, but\\non this occasion his ambition ran away with\\nhis judgment and led him to fatal results. With\\nall these influences at work, it took but a spark\\nto fire the magazine, and that spark was struck\\non the 17th day of August, 1862.\\nA small party of Indians were at Acton, on\\nAugust 17, and got into a petty controversy\\nwith a settler about some eggs, which created\\na difference of opinion among them as to what\\nthey should do, some advocating one course\\nand some another. The controversy led to one\\nIndian saying that the other was afraid of the\\nwhite man. to resent which, and to prove his\\nbravery, he killed the settler, and the whole\\nfamily was massacred. When these Indians\\nreached the agency and related their bloody\\nwork, those who wanted trouble seized upon\\nthe opportunity and insisted that the only way\\nml of the difficulty was to kill all the whites,\\nand on the morning of the IStli of August the\\nbloody work began.\\nIt is proper to say here that some of the In-\\ndians who were connected with the mission-\\naries, conspicuously An-pay-tu-tok a-cha, or\\nJohn Otherday, and Paul Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni,\\nthe president of the Hazelwood Republic, of\\nwhich I have spoken, having learned of the\\nintention of the Indians, informed the mission-\\naries on the night of the 17th, who, to the num-\\nber of about sixty, fled eastward to Hutchin-\\nson, in McLeod county, and escaped. The next\\nmorning, being the 1 si h of August, the Indians\\ncommenced the massacre of the whites, and\\nmade clean work of all at the agencies. They\\nthen separated into small squads of from five\\nto ten and spread over the country to the south,\\neasl and southeast, attacking the settlers in\\ndetail at their homes and continued this work\\nduring all of the 18th and part of the 19th of\\nAugust until they had murdered in cold blood\\nquite one thousand people men, women and\\nchildren. The way the work was conducted\\nwas as follows: The party of Indians would\\ncall at the house of a settler and the Indians\\nbeing well known, this would cause no alarm.\\nThey would await a good opportunity and\\nshoot the man of the family, then butcher the\\nwomen and children, and, after carrying off\\neverything that they thought valuable to them,\\nthey would burn the house, proceed to the\\nnext homestead and repeat the performance.\\nOccasionally some one would escape and\\nspread the news of the massacre to the neigh-\\nbors, and all who could would flee to some\\nplace of refuge.\\nThe news of the outbreak reached Fort\\nRidgely, which was situated about thirteen\\nmiles down the Minnesota river from the\\nagencies, about eight o clock on the morning of\\nthe 18th, by means of the arrival of a team\\nfrom the lower agency, bringing a badly\\nwo unded man, but no details could be obtained.\\nThe fort was in command of Capt. John F.\\nMarsh of Company R, Fifth Minnesota Volun-\\nteer Infantry. He had eighty-five men in his\\ncompany, from which he selected forty-five,\\nleaving the balance, under Lieut. T.\\nF. Gere, to defend the fort. This little\\nsquad under command of Captain Marsh,\\nwith a full supply of ammunition, pro-\\nvisions, blankets, etc., accompanied by a\\nsix-mule team, left the fort at nine A.\\nM. on the 18th of August for the lower\\nSioux agency, which was on the west side of\\nthe .Minnesota river, the fort being on the east,\\nwhich necessitated the crossing of the river by\\na ferry near the agency. On the march up, the\\ncommand passed nine or ten dead bodies, all\\nbearing evidence of having been murdered by\\nthe Indians, one of which was Dr. Humphrey,\\nsurgeon at the agency. On reaching the vicin-\\nity of the ferry, no Indians were in sight, ex\\ncept one on the opposite side of the river, who", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n65\\ntried to induce them to cross over. A dense\\nchaparral bordered the river on the agency\\nside, and tall grass covered the bottom on the\\nside where the troops were. Suspicion of the\\npresence of Indians was aroused by the dis-\\nturbed condition of the water of the river,\\nwhich was muddy and contained floating grass.\\nThen a group of ponies was seen. At this\\npoint, and without any notice whatever, In-\\ndians in great numbers sprang up on\\nall sides of the troops and opened upon\\nthem a deadly fire. About half of the\\nmen were killed instantly. Finding them-\\nselves surrounded, it became with the sur-\\nvivors a question of sauve qui peut. Several\\ndesperate hand-to-hand encounters occurred\\nwith varying results, when the remnant of the\\ncommand made a point down the river about\\ntwo miles from the ferry, Captain Marsh being\\nof the number. Here they attempted to cross,\\nbut the Captain was drowned in the effort and\\nonly from thirteen to fifteen of the command\\nreached the fort alive. Among those killed was\\nPeter Quinn, the United States interpreter, an\\nIrishman who had been in the Indian Territory\\nfor many years. He had married into the Chip-\\npewa tribe. He was a man much esteemed by\\nthe army and all old settlers.\\nMuch criticism has been indulged in as to\\nwhether Captain Marsh, when he became con-\\nvinced of the general outbreak, should not\\nhave retreated to the fort. Of course, forty-five\\nmen could do nothing against five or six hun-\\ndred warriors, who were known to be at or\\nabout the agency. The Duke of Wellington,\\nwhen asked as to what was the best test of a\\ngeneral, said, To know when to retreat, and to\\ndare to do it. Captain Marsh cannot be justly\\njudged by any such criterion. He was not an\\nexperienced general. He was a young, brave\\nand enthusiastic soldier. He knew little of In-\\ndians. The country knows that he thought he\\nwas doing his duty in advancing. I am confi-\\ndent, whether this judgment is intelligent or\\nnot, posterity will hold in warmer esteem the\\nmemory of Captain Marsh and his gallant little\\nband than if he had adopted the more prudent\\ncourse of retracing his steps. General George\\nCuster was led into an ambush of almost the\\nexact character, which was prepared for him\\nby many of the same Indians who attacked\\nMarsh, and he lost five companies of the Sev-\\nenth United States Cavalry, one of the best\\nfighting regiments in the service, not a man\\nescaping.\\nImmediately previous to the outbreak Lieut.\\nTimothy J. Sheehan, of Company C, Fifth\\nMinnesota, had been sent with about fifty men\\nof his company to the Yellow Medicine agency\\non account of some disorder prevailing among\\nthe Indians, but having performed his duty, he\\nhad been ordered to Fort Ripley, and had, on\\nthe 17th, left Fort Ridgely, and on the 18th\\nhad reached a point near Glencoe, distant from\\nFort Ridgely about forty miles. As soon as\\nCaptain Marsh became aware of the outbreak\\nhe sent the following dispatch to Lieutenant\\nSheehan, which reached him on the evening of\\nthe 18th:\\nLieutenant Sheehan:\\nIt is absolutely necessary that you should\\nreturn with your command immediately to this\\npost. The Indians are raising hell at the low-\\ner agency. Return as soon as possible.\\nLieutenant Sheehan was then a young Irish-\\nman, of about twenty-nve years of age, with\\nimmense physical vigor and corresponding en-\\nthusiasm. He immediately broke camp and\\nreturned to the fort, arriving there on the 19th\\nof August, having made a forced march of\\nforty-two miles in nine and one-half hours. He\\ndid not arrive a moment too soon. Being the\\nranking officer after the death of Captain\\nMarsh, he took command of the post. The gar-\\nrison then consisted of the remnant of Marsh s\\nCompany B, 51 men; Sheehan s Company\\nC, 50 men; Renville Rangers, 50 men. This\\ncompany was the one raised by Major Gal-\\nbraith, the Sioux agent at the agencies, and\\nwas composed principally of half-breeds. It\\nwas commanded by Capt. James Gorman.\\nOn reaching St. refer, on its way down to Fort\\nSnelling to be mustered into the service of the\\nL liited States, it learned of the outbreak, and\\nat once returned to Ridgely, having appro-\\npriated the arms of a militia company at St.\\nPeter. There was also at Ridgely Sergeant\\nJones of the regular artillery, who had been", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "66\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nleft there in charge of the military stores. He\\nwas quite an expert gunner, and there were\\nseveral field-pieces at the fort. Besides this\\ngarrison a large number of people from the\\nsui rounding country had sought safety at the\\nfort, and there was also a party of gentlemen\\nwho had brought up the annuity money to pay\\nthe Indians, who, learning of the troubles, had\\nstopped with the money, amounting to some\\n|70,000 in specie. I will here leave the fort for\\nthe present, and turn to other points that be-\\ncame prominent in the approaching war.\\nOn the night of the ISth of August, the day\\nof the outbreak, the news reached St. Peter,\\nand as I have before stated, induced the Ren-\\nville Rangers to retrace their steps. Great ex-\\ncitement prevailed, as no one could tell at what\\nmoment the Indians might dash into the town\\nami massacre the inhabitants.\\nThe people at New Ulm, which was situated\\nabout sixteen miles below Fort Ridgely, on the\\nMinnesota river, dispatched a courier to St.\\nPeter as soon as they became aware of the\\ntrouble. He arrived at four o clock A. M. ou\\nI he 19th, and came immediately to my house,\\nwhich was about one mile below the town, and\\ninformed me that the Indians were killing peo-\\nple all over the country. Having lived among\\nthe Indians for several years, and at one time\\nhad charge of them as their agent, I thor-\\noughly understood the danger of the situation,\\nand knowing, that whether the story was true\\nor false, the frontier was no place at such a\\ntime for women and children, I told him to\\nwake up the people at St. Peter, and that I\\nwould be there quickly. I immediately placed\\nmy family in a wagon and told them to flee\\ndown the river, and taking all the guns, pow-\\nder and lead I could find in my house, I arrived\\nat St. Peter about six A. M. The men of the\\ntown were soon assembled at the court house,\\nand in a very short time a company was formed\\nof one hundred and sixteen men, of which I\\nwas chosen as captain, ^Villiam B. Dodd as\\nfirst and Wolf H. Meyer as second lieutenant.\\nBefore noon two men, Henry A. Swift, after-\\nwards Governor of the State, and William C.\\nHayden, were dispatched to the front in a\\nbuggy to scout and locate the enemy if he was\\nnear, and about noon sixteen mounted men\\nunder L. M. Boardman, sheriff of the county,\\nwere stalled on a similar errand. Both these\\nsquads kept moving until they reached New\\nUlm, at about five P. M.\\nGreat activity was displayed in equipping\\nthe main body of the company for service. All\\n(ho guns of the place were seized and put into\\nthe hands of the men. There not being any\\nlarge game in this part of the country, rifles\\nwere scarce, but shot-guns were abundant. All\\nthe blacksmith shops and gun-shops were set\\nat work molding bullets, and we soon had a\\ngun in every man s hand, and he was supplied\\nwith a powder horn or a whiskey flask full of\\npowder, a box of caps and a pocketful of bul-\\nlets. We impressed all the wagons we needed\\nfor transportation and all the blankets and\\nprovisions that were necessary for subsistence\\nand comfort. While these preparations wen\\ngoing on a large squad from Le Sueur, ten\\nmiles further down the river, under the com-\\nmand of Captain Tousley, sheriff of Le Sueur\\ncounty, joined us. Early in the day a squad\\nfrom Swan Lake, under an old settler named\\nSamuel Coffin, had gone to New Ulm to see\\nwhat was the matter.\\nOur advance guard reached New Ulm just\\nin time to participate in its defense against an\\nattack of about one hundred Indians who had\\nbeen murdering the settlers on the west side\\nol the river, between the town and Fort Ridge-\\nly. The inhabitants of New Ulm were almost\\nexclusively German, there being only a few\\nEnglish speaking citizens among them, and\\nthey were not familiar with the character of\\nthe Indians, but the instinct of self-preserva-\\ntion had impelled them to fortify the town\\nwith barricades to keep the enemy out. The\\ntown was built in the usual way of western\\ntowns, the principal settlement being along\\nthe main street, and the largest and best\\nhouses occupying a space of about three blocks.\\nSome of these houses were of brick and stone,\\nso with a strong barricade around them the\\ntown was quite defensible. Several of the peo-\\nple were killed in this first attack, but the In-\\ndians, knowing of the coming reinforcements,\\nwithdrew, after firing five or six buildings.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n67\\nThe main body of my company, together\\nwith the squad from Le Sueur, reached the\\nferry about two miles below the settled part\\nof New Ulm, about eight P. M., having made\\nthirty-two miles in seven hours, in a drenching\\nrainstorm. The blazing houses in the distance\\ngave a very threatening aspect to the situa-\\ntion, but we crossed the ferry successfully, and\\nmade the town without accident. The next\\nday we were reinforced by a full company\\nfrom Mankato under Capt. William Bier-\\nbauer. Several companies were formed from\\nthe citizens of the town. A full company from\\nSouth Bend arrived on the 20th or 21st, and\\nvarious other squads, greater or less in num-\\nbers, came in during the week, before Saturday\\nthe 23rd, swelling our forces to about three\\nhundred men, but nearly all very poorly armed.\\nWe improved the barricades and sent out daily\\nscouting parties, who succeeded in bringing\\nin many people who were in hiding, in swamps,\\nand who would have undoubtedly been lost\\nwithout this succor. It soon became apparent\\nthat to maintain any discipline or order in the\\ntown some one man must be placed in com-\\nmand of the entire force. The officers of the\\nvarious companies assembled to choose a com-\\nmander in chief, and the selection fell to me.\\nA provost guard was at once established, order\\ninaugurated, and we awaited events.\\nI have been thus particular in my descrip-\\ntion of the movements at this point, because ii\\ngives an idea of the defenseless condition in\\nwhich the outbreak found the people of the\\ncountry, and also because it shows the intense\\nenergy with which the settlers met the emer-\\ngency, at its very inception, from which I will\\ndeduce the conclusion at the proper time that\\nthis prompt initial action saved the State from\\na calamity the magnitude of which is unre-\\ncorded in the history of Indian wars.\\nHaving described the defensive condition of\\nFort Ridgely and New Ulm, the two extreme\\nfrontier posts, the former being on the Indian\\nReservation and the latter only a few miles\\nsoutheast of it, I will take up the subject at\\nthe capital of the State. The news reached\\nGovernor Ramsey at Saint Paul on the 19th of\\nAugust, the second day of the outbreak. He\\nat once hastened to Mendota, at the mouth of\\nthe Minnesota river, and requested ex-Gov-\\nernor Sibley to accept the command of such\\nforces as could be put in the field to check the\\nadvance of and punish the Indians. Governor\\nSibley had a large experience with the Sioux,\\nperhaps more (linn any man in the Slate, hav-\\ning traded and lived with them since 1834, and\\nbesides that, was a distinguished citizen of the\\nState, having been its first Governor. He ac-\\ncepted the position with the rank of colonel\\nin the State Militia. The Sixth regiment was\\nbeing recruited at Fort Snelling for the Civil\\nWar, and on the 20th of August Colonel Sibley\\nstarted up the Valley of the Minnesota willi\\nfour companies of that regiment, and arrived\\nat St. Peter on Friday, the 22nd. Capt. A. O.\\nNelson of the regular army had been appointed\\ncolonel of the Sixth, and William Crooks had\\nbeen appointed lieutenant colonel of the Sev-\\nenth. Colonel Crooks conveyed the orders of\\nthe Governor to Colonel Nelson, overtaking\\nhim at Bloomington ferry. On receipt of his\\norders, finding he was to report to Colonel Sib-\\nley, he made the point of military etiquette,\\nthat an officer of the regular army could not re-\\nport to an officer of militia of the same rank,\\nand turning over his command to Colonel\\nCrooks, he returned to St. Paul and handed in\\nhis resignation. It was accepted, and Colonel\\nCrooks was appointed colonel of the Sixth.\\nNot knowing much about military etiquette,\\nI will not venture an opinion on the action of\\nColonel Nelson in this instance, but it always\\nseemed to me that in the face of the enemy,\\nand especially considering the high standing\\nof Colonel Sibley, and the intimate friendship\\nthat exisled between the two men, it would\\nhave been better to have waived this point and\\nunitedly fought the enemy, settling all such\\nmatters afterwards.\\nOn Sunday, the 24th, Colonel Sibley s force\\nat St. Peter was augmented by the arrival of\\nabout two hundred mounted men under the\\ncommand of William J. Cullen, formerly super-\\nintendent of Indian Affairs, called the Cullen\\nGuard. On the same day six more companies\\nof the Sixth arrived, making up the full regi-\\nment, and also about one hundred more", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "68\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmounted men, and several squads of volunteer\\nmilitia. The mounted men were placed under\\nthe command of Col. Samuel McPhail. By\\nthese acquisitions Colonel Sibley s command\\nnumbered about 1.400 men. Although the nu-\\nmerical strength was considerable, the com-\\nmand was practically useless. The ammuni-\\ntion did not fit the guns of the Sixth Regi-\\nment, and had to be all made over. The horses\\nof the mounted men, and the men themselves,\\nwere inexperienced, undisciplined, and practi-\\ncally unarmed. It was the best the country\\nafforded, but probably about as poorly\\nequipped an army as ever entered the field, to\\nface what I regard as the best warriors to be\\nfound on the North American continent; but\\nfortunately the officers and men were all that\\ncould be desired. The leaders of this army\\nwere the best of men, and being seconded by\\nintelligent and enthusiastic subordinates, they\\nsoon overcame their physical difficulties, but\\nthey knew nothing of the strength, position or\\nprevious movements of the enemy, no news\\nhaving reached them from either Fort Ridgely\\nor New Ulm. Any mistake made by this force\\nresulting in defeat would have been fatal. No\\nsuch mistake was made. Having now shown\\nthe principal forces in the field, we will turn\\nto the movements of the enemy. The Indians\\nfelt that it would be necessary to carry Fort\\nRidgely and New Ulm before they extended\\ntheir depredations further down the Valley of\\nthe Minnesota, and concentrated their forces\\nfor an attack on the fort. Ridgely was in no\\nsense a fort. It was simply a collection of\\nbuildings, principally frame structures, facing\\nin towards the parade ground. On one side\\nwas a long stone barrack and a stone commis-\\nsary building, which was the only defensible\\npart of it.\\nTHE ATTACK ON FORT RIDGELY.\\nOn the 20th of August, at about three P. M.,\\nan attack was made upon the fort by a large\\nbody of Indians. The first intimation the gar-\\nrison had of the assault was a volley poured\\nthrough one of (he openings between the build-\\nings. Considerable confusion ensued, but or-\\nder was soon restored. Sergeant Jones\\nattempted to use his cannon, but, to his utter\\ndismay, lie found them disabled. This was the\\nwork of some of the half-breeds belonging to\\nthe Renville Rangers, who had deserted to the\\nenemy. They had been spiked by ramming old\\nrags into them. The Sergeant soon rectified\\nthis difficulty, and brought his pieces into ac-\\ntion. The attack lasted three hours, when it\\nrcased, with a loss to the garrison of three\\nkilled and eight wounded.\\nOn Thursday, the 21st, two further attacks\\nwere made on the fort, one in the morning and\\none in the afternoon, but with a reduced force,\\nless earnestness, and little damage. On\\nFriday, the 22nd, the savages seemed deter-\\nmined to carry the fort. About eight hundred\\nor more, under the leadership of Little Crow,\\ncame down from the agency, and concentrating\\nthemselves in the ravines which lay on several\\nsides of the fort, they made a feint by sending\\nabout twenty warriors on the prairie for the\\npurpose of drawing out the garrison from the\\nfort and cutting them off. Such a movement,\\nif successful, would have been fatal to the de-\\nfenders, but fortunately there were men among\\nI hem of much experience in Indian warfare\\nwho saw through the scheme and prevented the\\nsuccess of the maneuver. Then followed a\\nshower of bullets on the fort from all direc-\\ntions. The attack was continued for nearly\\nfive hours. It was bitterly fought, and coura-\\ngeously and intelligently resisted. Sergeant\\nJones and other artillerists handled the guns\\nwith effective skill, exploding shells in the out-\\nlying buildings and burning them over the\\nheads of the Indians, while the enemy endeav-\\nored to burn the wooden buildings composing\\nthe fort by shooting fire arrows on their roofs.\\n)ne of the most exposed and dangerous duties\\nto be performed was covering the wooden roofs\\nwith earth to prevent fire. One white man was\\nkilled and seven wounded in this engagement.\\nLieutenant Sheehan, who commanded the post\\nthrough all these trying occurrences; Lieuten-\\nant Gorman of the Renville Rangers; Lieu-\\ntenant Whipple and Sergeants Jones and\\nMcGrew all did their duty in a manner becom-\\ning veterans, and the men seconded their ef-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n69\\nforts handsomely. The Indians, after this\\neffort, being convinced that they could not take\\nthe fort, and anticipating the coming of rein\\nforcements, withdrew, and concentrating all\\ntheir available forces, descended upon New\\n(Jim the next morning, August 23d, for a final\\nstruggle. In the official history of this battle,\\nwritten for the State, I placed the force of the\\nIndians as four hundred and fifty, but I have\\nsince learned from reliable sources that it\\nwas as above stated.\\nBATTLE OF NEW ULM.\\nWe left New Ulm after the arrival of the\\nvarious companies which I have named, on the\\ntwenty-first of August, strengthening its bar-\\nricades and awaiting events. I had placed a\\ngood glass on the top of one of the brick build\\nings within the barricades for the purpose of\\nobservation, and always kept a sentinel there\\nto report any movement he should discover in\\nany direction throughout the surrounding\\ncountry. We had heard distinctly the cannon-\\nading at the fort for the past two days, but\\nknew nothing of the result of the fight at that\\npoint. I was perfectly familiar, as were many\\nof my command, with the country between\\nNew Ulm and the fort, on both sides of the\\nriver, knowing the house of every settler on\\nthe roads.\\nSaturday, the 23d of August, opened bright\\nand beautiful, and early in the morning we saw\\ncolumn after column of smoke rise in the direc-\\ntion of the fort, each column being nearer than\\nthe last. We knew to a certainty that the\\nIndians were approaching in force, burning\\nevery building and grain or hay stack as they\\npassed. The settlers had either all been killed\\nor had taken refuge at the fort or New Ulm,\\nso we had no anxiety about them. About 9:30\\nA. M. the enemy appeared in great force on\\nboth sides of the river. Those on the east side,\\nwhen they reached the neighborhood of the\\nferry, burned some stacks as a signal of their\\narrival, which was responded to by a similar\\nfire in the edge of the timber about two miles\\nand a half from the town on the west side.\\nBetween this timber and the (own was a beau-\\ntiful open prairie with considerable descent\\ntowards the town. Immediately on seeing the\\nsmoke from the ferry the enemy advanced\\nrapidly, some six hundred strong, many\\nmounted and the rest on foot. I had deter\\nmined In meet them on the open prairie, and\\nhad formed my men by companies in a long line\\nof battle, with intervals between them, on the\\nfirst level plateau on the west side of the town,\\nthus covering its whole west front. There were\\nnot over twenty or thirty rifles in the whole\\ncommand, and a man with a shotgun, knowing\\nhis antagonist carries a rifle, has very little\\nconfidence in his fighting ability. l own came\\nthe Indians in the bright sunlight, galloping,\\nrunning, yelling and gesticulating in the most\\nfiendish manner. If we had had good rifles\\nthey never would have go1 near enough to do\\nmuch harm, but as it was, we could not check\\nthem before their Are began to tell on our line.\\nThey deployed to the right and left until they\\ncovered our entire front, and then charged.\\nMy men, appreciating the inferiority of their\\narmament, after seeing several of their com-\\nrades fall, and having fired a few ineffectual\\nvolleys, fell back on the town, passing some\\nbuildings without taking possession of them.\\nThis mistake was instantly taken advantage of\\nby the Indians, who at once occupied them;\\nbut they did not follow us into the town\\nproper, no doubt thinking our retreat was a\\nfeint to draw them among the buildings and\\nthus gain an advantage. I think if they had\\nboldly charged into the town and set it on tire\\nthey would have won the tight; but instead\\nthey surrounded it on all sides, the main body\\ntaking possession of the lower end of the main\\nstreet below the barricades, from which direc-\\ntion a strong wind was blowing towards the\\n(inter of the town. From this point they be-\\ngan firing the houses on both sides of the\\nstreet. We soon rallied the men, and kept the\\nenemy well in the outskirts of the town, and\\nthe fighting became general on all sides. Just\\nabout this time my first lieutenant, William B.\\nDodd, galloped down the main street, and as\\nhe passed a cross street the Indians put three\\nor four bullets through him. He died during", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "7o\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nthe afternoon, after having been removed sev-\\neral times from house to house as the enemy\\ncrowded in upon us.\\nOn the second plateau there was an old Don\\n(juixote windmill, with an immense tower and\\nsail-arms about seventy-five feet long, which\\noccupied a commanding position, and had been\\ntaken possession of by a company of about\\nthirty men, who called themselves the Le\\nSueur Tigers, most of whom had rifles. They\\nbarricaded themselves with sacks of flour and\\nwheat, loopholed the building and kept the sav-\\nages at a respectful distance from the west\\nside of the town. A rifle ball will bury itself\\nin a sack of flour or wheat, but will not pene-\\ntrate it. During the battle the men dug out\\nseveral of them, and brought them to me be-\\ncause they were the regulation Minie bullet,\\nand there had been rumors that the Confeder-\\nates from Missouri had stirred up the revolt\\nand supplied the Indians with guns and am-\\nmunition. I confess I was astonished when I\\nsaw the bullets, as I knew the Indians had no\\nsuch arms, but 1 soon decided that they were\\nusing against us the guns and ammunition\\nthey had taken from the dead soldiers of Cap-\\ntain Marsh s company. I do not believe the\\nConfederates had any hand in the revolt of\\nthese Indians.\\nWe held several other outposts, being brick\\nbuildings outside the barricades, which we\\nloopholed and found very effective in holding\\nthe Indians aloof. The battle raged generally\\nall around the town, every man doing his best\\nin his own way. It was a very interesting fight\\non account of the stake we were contending\\nfor. We had in the place about twelve or fif-\\nteen hundred women and children, the lives of\\nall of whom and of ourselves depeuded upon\\nvictory perching on our banners, for in a fight\\nlike this no quarter is ever asked or given. The\\ndesperation with which the conflict was con-\\nducted can be judged from the fact that I\\nlost sixty men in the first hour and a half, ten\\nkilled and fifty wounded, out of less than two\\nhundred and fifty, as my force had been de-\\npleted by the number of about seventy-five by\\nLieutenant Huey taking that number to guard\\nthe approach to the ferry. Crossing to the\\nother side of the river he was cut off and\\nforced to retreat toward St. Peter. It was\\nsimply a mistake of judgment to put the river\\nbetween himself and the main force, but in his\\nretreat he met Capt. E. St. Julien Cox with\\nreinforcements for New Ulm, joined them and\\nreturned the next day. He was a brave and\\nwilling officer. The company I mentioned as\\nhaving arrived from South Bend, having heard\\nthat the Winnebagoes had joined in the out-\\nbreak, left us before the final attack on Satur-\\nday, the 23d of August, claiming that then-\\npresence at home was necessary to protect\\ntheir families, and on the morning of the\\n23d, when the enemy was in sight, a wagon\\nload of others left us and went down the river.\\nI doubt if we could have mustered over two\\nhundred guns at any time during the fight.\\nThe enemy, seeing his advantage in firing\\nthe buildings in the lower part of the main\\nstreet, and thus gradually nearing our barri-\\ncades with the intention of burning us out,\\nkept up his work as continuously as he could\\nwith the interruptions we made for him by\\noccasionally driving him out, but his approach\\nwas (instant, and about two o clock a roaring\\nconflagration was raging on both sides of the\\nstreet, and the prospect looked discouraging.\\nAt this juncture, Asa White, an old frontiers-\\nman, connected with the Winnebagoes, whom\\nI had known for a long time, and whose judg-\\nment and experience I appreciated and valued,\\ncame to me and said: Judge, if this goes on,\\nthe Indians will bag us in about two hours. I\\nsaid: It looks that way; what remedy have\\nyou to suggest? His answer was, We must\\nmake for the cottonwood timber. Two miles\\nand a half lay between us and the timber re-\\nferred to. which, of course, rendered his sug-\\ngestion utterly impracticable with two thou-\\nsand non-combatants to move, and I said:\\nWhite, they would slaughter us like sheep\\nshould we undertake such a movement our\\nsi longest hold is in this town, and if you will\\nget together fifty volunteers I will drive the\\nIndians out of the lower town and the greatest\\ndanger will be passed. He saw at once the\\npropriety of my proposition and in a short time\\nwe had a squad ready, and sallied out, cheering", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n7\\nand yelling in a manner that would have done\\ncredit to the wildest Jomanches. We knew the\\nIndians were congregated in force down the\\nstreet and expected to find them in a sunken\\nroad about three blocks from where we started,\\nbut they bad worked their way up much nearer\\nto us and were in a deep swale about a block\\nand a half from our barricades. There was a\\nlarge number of them, estimated at about sev-\\nenty-fire to one hundred, some on ponies and\\nsome on foot. When the conformation of the\\nground disclosed their whereabouts we were\\nwithin one hundred feet of them. They opened\\na rapid fire on us, which we returned, while\\nkeeping up our rushing advance. When we\\nwere within fifty feet of them they turned and\\ntied down the street. We followed (hem for at\\nleast half a mile, firing as well as we could.\\nThis took us beyond the burning houses, and\\nfinding a large collection of saw logs I called a\\nhalt and we took cover among them, lying flat\\non the ground. The Indians stopped when we\\nceased to advance, took cover behind anything\\nthat afforded protection, and kept up an inces-\\nsant fire upon us whenever a head or hand\\nshowed itself above the logs. We held them,\\nhowever, in this position, and prevented their\\nreturn toward the town by way of the street. I\\nat once sent a party back with instructions to\\nburn every building, fence, stack or other ob-\\nject that would afford cover between us and\\nthe barricades. This order was strictly carried\\nout, and by six or seven o clock there was not\\na structure standing outside of the barricades\\nin that part of the town. We then abandoned\\nour saw logs and returned to the town, and the\\nday was won. the Indians not daring to charge\\nus overan open country. I lost four men lulled\\nin this exploit, one of whom was especially to\\nbe regretted. I speak of Newell Houghton. In\\nordinary warfare all men stand for the same\\nvalue as a general thing, but in an Indian fight\\na man of cool head, an exceptionally fine shot,\\nand armed with a reliable rifle, is a loss doubly\\nto be regretted. Houghton was famous as\\nbeing the best shot and deer hunter in all the\\nNorthwest, and had with him his choice rifle.\\nHe had built a small steamboat with the pro-\\nceeds of his gun and we all held him in high\\nrespect as a fine type of frontiersman. We had\\nhardly got back to the town before a man\\nbrought me a rifle which he had found on the\\nground near a clump of brush, and handing it\\nto me said, Some Indian lost a good gun in\\nI hat run. II happened that White was with\\nme and saw the gun. He recognized it in an\\ninstant, and said, Newell Houghton is dead;\\nhe never let that gun out of his hands while he\\ncould hold it. We looked where the gun was\\npicked up and found Houghton dead in the\\nbrush. He had been scalped by some Indian\\nwho had seen him fall and had sneaked back\\nfor that purpose.\\nThat night we dug a system of rifle pi Is all\\nalong the barricades on the outside, and\\nmanned them with three or four men each; bul\\nthe firing was desultory through the night and\\nnothing much was accomplished on either side.\\nThe next morning, Sunday, opened bright\\nand beautiful, but scarcely an Indian was to be\\nseen. They had given up the contest and were\\nrapidly retreating northward up the river. We\\ngot an occasional shot at one, but without\\neffect except to hasten the retreat. And so\\nended the second and decisive battle of New\\nUlm.\\nIn this fight between ourselves and the en\\nemy we burned one hundred and ninety build-\\nings, many of them substantial and valuable\\nstructures. The whites lost some fourteen\\nkilled and fifty or sixty wounded. The loss of\\nthe enemy is uncertain, but after the tight we\\nfound ten dead Indians in burned houses and\\nin chaparral, where they escaped the notice of\\ntheir friends. As to their wounded we knew\\nnothing, but judging from the length and char-\\nacter of the engagement and the number of\\nI heir dead found, their casualties must have\\nequaled, if not exceeded, ours.\\nAbout noon of Sunday, the 24th, Capt. E. St.\\nJulien Cox arrived with a company from St.\\nPeter, which had been sent by Colonel Sibley\\nto reinforce us. Lieutenant Huey, who had\\nbeen cut off at the ferry on the previous day,\\naccompanied him with a portion of his com-\\nmand. They were welcome visitors.\\nThere were in the town at the time of the at-\\ntack on the twentv third, as near as can be", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "IIISTOKY OF MINNESOTA.\\nlearned, from 1,200 to 1,500 non-combatants,\\nconsisting of women and children, refugees\\nand unarmed citizens, all of whose lives de-\\npended upon our success. It is dink-nit to con\\nceivo a much more exciting stake to play for,\\nand the men seemed fully to appreciate it and\\nmade no mistakes.\\nOn the 25th we found that provisions and\\nammunition were becoming scarce, and pesti-\\nlence being feared from stench and exposure,\\nwe decided to evacuate the town and try to\\nreach Mankato. This destination was chosen\\nto avoid the Minnesota river, the crossing of\\nwhich we deemed impracticable. The only\\nobstacle between us and Mankato was the Big\\nCottonwood river, which was fordable. We\\nmade up a train of one hundred and fifty-three\\nwagons, which had largely composed our bar-\\nricades, loaded them with women and children,\\nand about eighty wounded men, and started.\\nA more heartrending procession was never wit-\\nnessed in America. Here was the population\\nof one of the most flourishing towns in the\\nState abandoning their homes and property,\\nstarting on a journey of thirty odd miles\\nthrough a hostile country, with a possibility of\\nbeing massacred on the way, and no hope or\\nprospect but the hospitality of strangers and\\nultimate beggary. The disposition of the guard\\nwas confided to Captain Cox. The march was\\nsuccessful, mi Indians being encountered. We\\nreached Crisp s farm, which was about half\\nway between New 1 lni and Mankato, about\\nevening. I pushed the main column on, fear-\\ning danger from various sources, but camped\\nat this point with about one hundred and fifty\\nmen, intending to return to New rim. or hold\\nthis point as a defensive measure for the ex-\\nposed settlements further down the river. On\\nthe morning of the 20th we broke camp, and I\\nendeavored to make the command return to\\nNew Ulm or remain where they were; my ob-\\nject, of course, being to keep an armed force\\nbetween the enemy and the settlements. The\\nmen had not heard a word from their families\\nfor more than a week, and declined to return\\nor remain. I did not blame them. They had\\ndemonstrated their willingness to tight when\\nnecessary, but held the protection of their fami-\\nlies as paramount to mere military possibili-\\nties. I would not do justice to history did I not\\nrecord that when I called for volunteers to re-\\nturn Captain Cox and his whole squad stepped\\nto the front ready to go where I commanded.\\nAlthough I had not then heard of Capt.Marsh s\\ndisaster, I declined to allow so small a com-\\nmand as that of Captain Cox to attempt the re-\\noccupation of New Ulm. My staff stood by me\\nin this effort, and a gentleman from Le Sueur\\ncounty, Mr. Freeman Talbott, made an impres\\nsive speech to the men to induce them to re-\\nturn. The train arrived safely at Mankato on\\nthe 25111, and the balance of the command on\\nthe following day; whence the men generally\\nsought their homes.\\nI immediately, on arriving al Mankato. went\\nto St. Peter to inform Colonel Sibley of the\\ncondition of things in the Indian country. I\\nfound him, in the night of August 26th, in camp\\nabout six miles out of St. Peter, and put him in\\npossession of everything that had happened to\\nthe westward. His mounted men arrived at\\nFort Ridgely on the 27th of August, and were\\nthe first relief that reached that fort after its\\nlong siege. Sibley reached the fort on the 28th\\nof August. Intrenchments were thrown up\\nabout the fort, cannon properly placed and a\\nstrong guard maintained. All but ninety men\\nof the Cullen Guard, under Captain Anderson,\\nreturned home as soon as they found the fort\\nwas safe. The garrison was soon increased by\\nthe arrival of forty-seven men under Captain\\nSterritt, and on the 1st of September Lieut.\\nCol. William Marshall of the Seventh Regi-\\nment arrived with a portion of his command.\\nThis force could not make a forward movement\\non account of a lack of ammunition and provis-\\nions, which were long delayed.\\nBATTLE OF BIRCH COTJLIE.\\nOn the lst of August a detail of Captain\\nGrant s company of infantry, seventy men of\\ntlie Cullen Guard under Captain Anderson,\\nand siime citizens and other soldiers, in all\\nabout one hundred and fifty men, under com-\\nmand of Maj. Joseph R. Brown, with seventeen", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n73\\nteams and teamsters, were sent from Fort\\nRidgely to the lower agency to feel the enemy,\\nbury the dead and perform any other service\\nthat might arise. They went as far as Little\\nCrow s village, but not finding any signs of\\nIndians they returned, and on the 1st of Sep-\\ntember they reached Birch Coulie and en-\\ncamped at the head of it. Birch Coulie is a\\nravine extending from the upper plateau to the\\nriver bottom, nearly opposite the ferry where\\nCaptain Marsh s company was ambushed.\\nThe Indians, after their defeat at Fort\\nRidgely and New Ulm, had concentrated at the\\nYellow Medicine river, and decided to make one\\nmore desperate effort to carry their point of\\ndriving the whites out of the country. Their\\nplan of operation was to come down the Minne-\\nsota Valley in force, stealthily, passing Sib-\\nley s command at Ridgely, and attacking St.\\nPeter and Mankato simultaneously. They con-\\ngregated all their forces for this attempt and\\nstarted down the river, \\\\Yhen they reached\\nthe foot of Birch Coulie they saw the last of\\nMajor Brown s command going up the Coulie.\\nThey decided to wait and see where they en-\\ncamped and attack them early in the morning.\\nThe whites went to the upper end of the Coulie\\nand camped on the open prairie about two hun-\\ndred and fifty feet from the brush in the Coulie.\\nOn the other side of their camp there was a roll\\nin i lie prairie about four or five feet.high, which\\nthey probably did not notice. This gave the\\nenemy cover on both sides of the camp, which\\nthey did not fail to see and take advantage of.\\nThe moment daylight came sufficiently to dis-\\nclose the camp the Indians opened fire from\\nboth sides. The whites had ninety horses\\nhitched to a picket rope and their wagons\\nformed in a circular corral, with their camp in\\nthe center. The Indians soon killed all the\\nhorses but one, and the men used their car-\\ncasses as breastworks from which to fight be-\\nhind. The battle raged from the morning of\\nSeptember 2, to September 3, when they were\\nrelieved by Colonel Sibley s whole command\\nand the Indians fled to the west.\\nMaj. Joseph R. Brown was one of the most\\nexperienced Indian men in the country and\\nwould never have made the mistake of locating\\nhis camp in a place that gave the enemy such\\nan advantage. He did not arrive until the\\ncamp was selected and should have removed it\\nat once. I have always supposed that he was\\nlulled into a sense of security by not having\\nseen any signs of Indians in his march; but the\\nresult proved that when in a hostile Indian\\ncountry no one is ever justified in omitting any\\nprecautions. The firing at Birch Coulie was\\nheard at Fort Ridgely, and a relief was sent\\nunder Colonel McPhail, which was checked by\\nthe Indians a few miles before it reached its\\ndestination. The Colonel sent a courier to the\\ntint for reinforcements, and it fell to Lieuten-\\nant Sheehan to carry the message. With his\\nusual energy he succeeded in getting through,\\nhis horse dying under him on his arrival. Col-\\nonel Sibley at once started with his whole com-\\nmand, and when he reached the battle ground\\nthe Indians left the field.\\nThis was one of the most disastrous battles\\nof the war. Twenty-three were killed outright,\\nor mortally wounded, and forty-five severely\\nwounded, while many others received slight in-\\njuries. The tents were, by the shower of bul-\\nlets, made to resemble lace work, so completely\\nwere they perforated. One hundred and four\\nbullet holes were counted in one tent. Besides\\nthe continual shower of bullets that was kept\\nup by the Iudians, the men suffered terribly\\nfrom thirst, as it was impossible to get water\\ninto the camp. This fight forms a very import-\\nant feature in the Indian war, as, notwithstand-\\ning its horrors, it probably prevented awful\\nmassacres at St. Peter and Mankato, the for-\\nmer being absolutely defenseless and the latter\\nonly protected by a small squad of about eighty\\nmen, which formed my headquarters guard at\\nSouth Bend, about four miles distant.\\nOCCURRENCES IN MEEKER COUNTY\\nAND VICINITY.\\nWhile these events were passing, other por-\\ntions of the State were being prepared for de\\nfense. In the region of Forest City in Meeker\\ncounty, and also at Hutchinson and Glencoe,\\nthe excitement was intense. Capt. George C.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "74\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nWliitcomb obtained in St. Paul seventy-five\\nstand of arms and some ammunition. He left a\\npart of the arms at Hutchinson, and with the\\nrest armed a company at Forest City of fifty-\\nthree men, twenty-five of whom were mounted.\\nCapt. Richard Strout of Company B, Ninth\\nRegiment, was ordered to Forest City, and went\\nthere with his company. Col. John H. Stevens\\nof Glencoe was commander of the State militia\\nfor the counties of McLeod, Carver, Sibley and\\nRenville. As soon as he learned of the out-\\nbreak he erected a very substantial fortifica-\\ntion of saw-logs at Glencoe, and that place was\\nnot disturbed by the savages. A company of\\nvolunteers was formed at Glencoe under Capt.\\nA. H. Rouse. Company F of the Ninth Regi-\\nment, under Lieut. O. P. Stearns, and Company\\nH of the same regiment (Capt. W. R. Baxter i.\\nalso an independent company from Excelsior,\\nand the Goodhue County Rangers (Capt. David\\nL. Davis), all did duty at and about Glencoe\\nduring the continuance of the trouble. Cap-\\ntains Whitcomb and Strout, with their com-\\npanies, made extensive reconnoissances into the\\nsurrounding counties, rescuing many refugees,\\nand having several brisk and sharp encounters\\nwith the Indians, in which they lost several\\nkilled and wounded. The presence of these\\ntroops in this region of country, and their\\nactive operations, prevented its depopulation\\nand saved the towns and much valuable prop-\\nerty from destruction.\\nPROTECTION OF THE SOUTHERN FRON-\\nTIER.\\nOn the 29th of August I received a commis-\\nsion from the Governor of the State instruct-\\ning and directing me to take command of the\\nBlue Earth country, extending from New 7 Ulm\\nto the north line of Iowa, embracing the then\\nwestern and southwestern frontier of the\\nState. My powers were general, to raise\\ntroops, commission officers, subsist upon the\\ncountry, and generally to do what in my judg-\\nment was best for the protection el this fron-\\ntier. Under these powers I located my head-\\nquarters at South Bend, being the extreme\\nsouthern point of the Minnesota river, thirty\\nmiles below New Ulm, four from Mankato and\\nabout fifty from the Iowa line. Here I main-\\ntained a guard of about eighty men. We\\nthrew up some small intrenchments, but noth-\\ning worthy of mention. Enough citizens of\\nNew I lm had returned home to form two com-\\npanies at that point; Company E of the\\nNinth Regiment, under Capt. Jerome E. Dane,\\nwas stationed at Crisp s farm, about half way\\nbetween New Ulm and South Bend; Col. John\\nR. Jones of Chatfield collected about three hun-\\ndred men, and reported to me at Garden City.\\nThey were organized into companies under\\nCaptains N. P. Colburn and Post, and many\\nof them stationed at Garden City, where they\\nerected a serviceable fort of saw-logs. Others\\nof this command were stationed at points along\\nthe Blue Earth river. Capt. Cornelius F. Buck\\nof Winona raised a company of fifty-three men,\\nall mounted, and started west. They reached\\nWinnebago City, in the county of Faribault,\\non the 7th of September, where they reported\\nto me, and were stationed at Chain lakes,\\nabout twenty miles west of Winnebago City;\\ntwenty of this company were afterwards sent\\nto Madelia. A stockade was erected by this\\ncompany at Martin lake. In the latter part\\nof August Capt. A. J. Edgerton, of Company\\nB, Tenth Regiment, arrived at South Bend,\\nand having made his report, was stationed at\\nI lie Winnebago agency, to keep watch on those\\nIndians and cover Mankato from that direc-\\ntion. About the same time Company F of\\nthe Eighth Regiment, under Capt. L. Aldrich,\\nreported and was stationed at New Ulm. E.\\nSt. Julien Cox, who had previously reinforced\\nme at New Ulm, was commissioned a captain\\nand put in command of a force which was sta-\\ntioned at Madelia, in Watowan county, where\\nI hey erected quite an artistic fortification of\\nlogs, with bastions. While there an attack was\\nmade upon some citizens who had ventured\\nbeyond the safe limits, and several whites were\\nkilled.\\nIt will be seen by the above statement that\\nalmost immediately after the evacuation of\\nNew Ulm, on the 25th of August, the most ex", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n75\\nposed part of the southern frontier was occu-\\npied by quite a strong force. I did not expect\\nthat any serious incursions would be made\\nalong this line, but the state of alarm and\\npanic that prevailed among the people ren-\\ndered it necessary to establish this cordon of\\nmilitary posts to prevent an exodus of the in-\\nhabitants. No one who has not gone through\\nthe ordeal of an Indian insurrection can form\\nany idea of the terrible apprehension that\\ntakes possession of a defenseless aud non-com-\\nbatant population under such circumstances.\\nThere is an element of mystery and uncertainty\\nabout the magnitude and movements of tins\\nenemy, and a certainty of his brutality, that\\ninspires mortal terror. The first notice of his\\napproach is the crack of his rifle, and no one\\nwith experience in such struggles ever blames\\nthe timidity of citizens in exposed positions\\nwhen assailed by these savages. I think, all\\nthings being considered, the people generally\\nbehaved very well. If a map of the State is\\nconsulted, taking New Ulm as the most north-\\nern point on the Minnesota river, it will be\\nseen that the line of my posts covered the fron-\\ntier from that point down the river to South\\nBend, and up the Blue Earth southerly, to Win-\\nnebago City, and thence to the Iowa line.\\nThese stations were about sixteen miles apart,\\nwith two advanced posts at Madelia and Chain\\nlakes, to the westward. A system of couriers\\nwas established, starting from each end of the\\ncordon every morning with dispatches from\\ntlie commanding officer to headquarters, who\\nstopped at every station for an endorsement\\nof what was going on, so I knew every day\\nwhat had happened a I every point on my line.\\nBy this means the frontier population was\\npacified, and no general exodus took place.\\nIn September Major General Pope was or-\\ndered to Minnesota to conduct the Indian war.\\nHe made liis headquarters at St. Paul, and by\\nhis high rank took command of all operations,\\nthough not exerting any visible influence on\\nthem, the fact being that all imminent danger\\nhad been overcome by the State and its citi-\\nzens before his arrival. In the latter part of\\nSeptember the citizen troops under my com-\\nmand were anxious to return to their homes,\\nand on presentation of the situation to General\\nPope, lie ordered into the State a new regiment\\njust mustered into the service in Washington\\nthe Twenty-fifth Wisconsin commanded by\\nCol. M. Montgomery, who was ordered to re-\\nlieve me. lie appeared at South Bend on the\\nlsi of October, and alter having fully informed\\nliiin of what had transpired and given him my\\nviews as to the future, I tinned my command\\nover to hi in in the following order: I give it, as\\nit succinctly presents the situation of affairs at\\nthe time.\\nHeadquarters Indian Expedition,\\nSouthern Frontier.\\nSouth Bend, October 5, 1862.\\nTo the Soldiers and Citizens who have been,\\nand are now. engaged in the defense of\\nthe Southern Frontier:\\nOn the eighteenth day of August last your\\nfrontier was invaded by the Indians. You\\npromptly rallied for its defense. You checked\\nthe advance of the enemy and defeated\\nhim in two severe battles at New Ulm. You\\nhave held a line of frontier posts extending\\nover a distance of one hundred miles. You\\nhave erected six substantial fortifications and\\nother defensive works of less magnitude. You\\nhave dispersed marauding bands of savages\\nthat have hung upon your lines. You have\\nbeen uniformly brave, vigilant and obedient\\nto orders. By your efforts the war has been\\nconfined to the border; without them, it would\\nhave penetrated into the heart of the State.\\nMajor General Pope has assumed command\\nof the Northwest, and will control future op-\\nerations. He promises a vigorous prosecution\\nof the war. Five companies of the Twenty-\\nfifth Wisconsin Regiment and five hundred\\ncavalry from Iowa are ordered into the region\\nnow held by you, and will supply the places\\nof those whose terms of enlistment shortly ex-\\npire. The department of the southern frontier,\\nwhich I have had the honor to command, will,\\nfrom the date of this order, be under the com-\\nmand of Colonel M. Montgomery of the Twen-\\nty-fifth Wisconsin, whom I take pleasure in\\nintroducing to the troops and citizens of that\\ndepartment, as a soldier and a man to whom\\nthey may confide their interests and the safety\\nof their country, with every assurance that\\nthey will be protected and defended.\\nPressing public duties of a civil nature de-\\nmand my absence temporarily from the border.\\nThe intimate and agreeable relations we have\\nsustained toward each other, our union in dan-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "7 6\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nger and adventure, cause me regret in leaving\\nyou, but will hasten my return.\\nCharles E. Flandrau,\\nColonel Commanding,\\nSouthern Frontier.\\nThis practically terminated my connection\\nwith the Mar. All matters yet to be related\\ntook place in other parts of the State, under\\nthe command of Colonel Sibley and others.\\nCOLONEL SIBLEY MOVES UPON THE\\nENEMY.\\nWe left Colonel Sibley on the 4th of Sep-\\ntember at Fort Ridgely, having just relieved\\nthe unfortunate command of Maj. Joseph R.\\nBrown, after the fight at Birch Coulie. Know-\\ning that the Indians had in their possession\\nmany white captives, and having their rescue\\nalive uppermost in his mind, the Colonel left\\non the battlefield at Birch Coulie the following\\ncommunication attached to a stake driven in\\nthe ground, feeling assured that it would fall\\ninto the hands of Little Crow, the leader of the\\nIndians:\\nIf Little Crow has any proposition to make,\\nlet him send a half-breed to me, and he shall\\nbe protected in and out of camp.\\nH. H. Sibley,\\nColonel Commanding,\\nMilitary Expedition.\\nThe note was found and answered by Little\\nCrow in a manner rather irrelevant to the sub-\\nject most desired by Colonel Sibley. It was\\ndated at Yellow Medicine, September 7, and\\ndelivered by two half-breeds.\\nColonel Sibley returned the following an-\\nswer by the bearers:\\nLittle Crow, you have murdered many of\\nour people without any sufficient cause. Re-\\nturn me the prisoners under a flag of truce and\\nI will talk with you like a man.\\nNo response was received to this letter until\\nSeptember 12, when Little Crow sent an-\\nother, saying that he had one hundred and\\nfifty-five prisoners, not including those held by\\nthe Sissetons and Wakpaytons, who were at\\nLac qui Parle, and were coming down. He\\nalso gave assurances that the prisoners were\\nfaring well. Colonel Sibley, on the 12th of\\nSeptember, sent a reply by Little Crow s mes-\\nsengers, saying that no peace could be made\\nwithout a surrender of the prisoners, but not\\npromising peace on any terms, and charging\\nthe commission of nine murders since the re-\\nceipt of Little Crow s last letter. The same\\nmessenger that brought this letter from Little\\nCrow also delivered quite a long one from\\nWabasha \\\\v and Taopee, two lower chiefs who\\nclaimed to be friendly, and desired a meeting\\nwith Colonel Sibley, suggesting two places\\nwhere it could be held. The Colonel replied\\nthat he would march in three days, and was\\npowerful enough to crush all the Indians; that\\nthey might approach his column in open day\\nwith a flag of truce, and place themselves un-\\nder his protection. On the receipt of this note\\na large council was held, at which nearly all\\nthe annuity Indians were present. Several\\nspeeches were made by the Upper and Lower\\nSioux, some in favor of continuance of the war,\\nand dying in the last ditch, and some in favor\\nof surrendering the prisoners. I quote from\\na speech made by Paul Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni, who\\nwill be remembered as one of the Indians who\\nvolunteered to rescue the white captives from\\nInk-pa -du-ta s band in 1857, and who was al-\\nways true to the whites. He said among other\\nthings:\\nIn fighting the whites you are fighting the\\nthunder and lightning. You say you can make\\na treaty with the British government. That is\\nnot possible. Have you not yet come to your\\nsenses? They are also white men, and neigh-\\nbors and friends to the soldiers. They are\\nruled by a petticoat, and she has the tender\\nheart of a squaw. What will she do for the\\nmen who have committed the murders you\\nhave?\\nThis correspondence was kept up for several\\ndays, quite a number of letters coming from\\nthe Indians to Colonel Sibley, but with no sat\\nisfactory results. On the 18th of September\\nColonel Sibley determined to move upon the\\nenemy, and on that day camp was broken at\\nthe fort, a boat constructed and a crossing of\\nthe Minnesota river effected near the fort to\\nprevent the possibility of an ambuscade. Col-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n77\\nouel Sibley s force consisted of the Sixth Regi-\\nment, under Colonel Crooks; about three\\nhundred men of the Third, under Major Welch;\\nseveral companies of the Seventh under Col.\\nWilliam R. Marshall; a small number of\\nmounted men under Colonel McPhail, and a\\nbattery under the command of Capt. Mark\\nHendricks. The expedition moved up the river\\nwithout encountering any opposition until the\\nmorning of the 23d of September. Indians had\\nbeen in sight during all the march, carefully\\nwatching the movements of the troops, and\\nseveral messages of defiance were found at-\\ntached to fences and houses.\\nTHE BATTLE OF WOOD LAKE.\\nOn the evening of the 22nd the expedition\\ncamped at Lone Tree lake, about two miles\\nfrom the Yellow Medicine river, and about\\nthree miles east from Wood lake. Early next\\nmorning several foraging teams belonging to\\nthe Third Regiment were fired upon. They\\nreturned the fire and retreated toward the\\ncamp. At this juncture the Third Regiment,\\nwithout orders, sallied out, crossed a deep ra-\\nvine and soon engaged the enemy. They were\\nordered back by the commander and had not\\nreached camp before Indians appeared on all\\nsides in great numbers, many of them in the\\nravine between the Third Regiment and the\\ncamp. Thus began the battle of Wood lake.\\nCaptain Hendricks opened with his cannon\\nand the howitzer under the direct command\\nof Colonel Sibley, and poured in shot and shell.\\nIt has since been learned that Little Crow had\\nappointed ten of his best men to kill Colonel\\nSibley at all hazards, and that the shells di-\\nrected by the Colonel s own hand fell into this\\nspecial squad and dispersed them. Captain\\nHendricks pushed his cannon to the head of\\nthe ravine and raked it with great eifect, and\\nColonel Marshall, with three companies of the\\nSeventh, and Captain Grant s company of the\\nSixth, charged down the ravine on a double\\nquick and routed the Indians. About eight\\nhundred of the command were engaged in the\\nconflict, and met about an equal number of\\nIndians. Our loss was four killed and between\\nforty and fifty wounded. Major Welch of the\\nThird was shot in the leg, but not fatally. The\\nThird and the Renville Rangers, under Capt.\\nJames Gorman, bore the brunt of the fight,\\nwhich lasted about an hour and a half, and\\nsustained the most of the losses. Colonel Sib-\\nley, in his official report of the encounter, gives\\ngreat credit to his staff and all of his com-\\nmand. An-pay-tu-tok-a-cha, or John Otherday,\\nwas with the whites, and took a conspicuous\\npart in the fray.\\nThus ended the battle of Wood lake. It\\nwas an important factor in the war, as it was\\nabout the first time the Indians engaged large\\nforces of well organized troops in the open\\ncountry, and their utter discomfiture put them\\non the run. It will be noticed that I have not\\nin any of my narratives of battles used the\\nstereotyped expression: Our losses were so\\nmany, but the losses of the enemy were much\\ngreater; however, as they always carry off\\ntheir dead and wounded, it is impossible to\\ngive exact figures. The reason I have not\\nmade use of this common expression is, be-\\ncause I don t believe it. The philosophy of\\nIndian warfare is, to kill your enemy and not\\nget killed yourself, and they can take cover\\nmore skilfully than any other people. In all\\nour Iudiau wars from the Atlantic westward,\\nwith regulars or militia, I believe it would not\\nbe an exaggeration to say that the whites have\\nlost ten to one of the Indians in killed and\\nwounded. But the battle of Wood lake was\\nquite an open fight, and so rapidly conducted\\nand concluded that we have a very accurate\\naccount of the loss of the enemy. He had no\\ntime or opportunity to withdraw his dead. Fif-\\nteen dead were found upon the field, and one\\nwounded prisoner was taken. No doubt many\\nothers were wounded who were able to escape.\\nAfter this fight Colonel Sibley retired to the\\nvicinity of an Indian camp located nearly op-\\nposite the mouth of the Chippewa river, where\\nit empties into the Minnesota, and there en-\\ncamped. This point was afterwards called\\nCamp Release, from the fact that the white\\nprisoners held by the enemy were here deliv-\\nered to Colonel Sibley s command. We will", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "78\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nleave Colonel Sibley and his troops at Camp\\nRelease and narrate the important events that\\noccurred on the Red River of the North, at\\nand about Fort Abercrombie.\\nFORT ABERCROMBIE.\\nThe United States government, about the\\nyear 1858, erected a military post on the west\\nside of the Red River of the North at a place\\nthen known as Graham s Point, between what\\nare now known as the cities of Breckenridge\\nand Fargo. Like most of the frontier posts of\\nthat day, it was not constructed with reference\\nto defense, but more as a depot for troops and\\nmilitary stores. It was then in the midst of\\nthe Indian country, and is now in Richland\\ncounty, North Dakota. The troops that had\\ngarrisoned the fort had been sent South to aid\\nin suppressing the Southern Rebellion, and\\ntheir places had been supplied by one company\\nof the Fifth Regiment of Minnesota Volun-\\nteers, which was commanded by Capt. John\\nVan der Horck. There was a place down the\\nriver, and north of the fort about fifty miles,\\ncalled Georgetown, at which there were some\\nsettlers, and a depot of stores for the company\\nengaged in the navigation of the river. At the\\ncommencement of the outbreak Captain Van\\nder Horck had detached about one-half of his\\ncompany and sent them to Georgetown to pro-\\ntect the interests centered at that point.\\nAbout the 20th of August news reached\\nAbercrombie from the Yellow Medicine agency\\nthat trouble was expected from the Indians.\\nAn expedition was on the way to Red lake to\\nmake a treaty with the Chippewa Indians,\\nwhich consisted of the government commis-\\nsioners and party, accompanied by a train of\\nthirty loaded wagons and a herd of two hun-\\ndred cattle. On the 23d of August news\\nreached Fort Abercrombie that a large body\\nof Indians were on the way to capture this\\nparty. A courier was at once dispatched to\\nthe train, and it immediately sought refuge in\\nthe fort. Runners were also sent to all the set-\\ntlements in the vicinity, and the warning\\nspread of the approaching danger. Happily,\\nnearly all of the surrounding people reached\\nthe fort before the arrival of the enemy. The\\ndetachment stationed at Georgetown was also\\ncalled in. A mail coach that left the fort on\\nthe 22nd fell into the hands of the Indians, who\\nkilled the driver and destroyed the mail.\\nThe garrison had been strengthened by\\nabout fifty men capable of duty from the refu-\\ngees, but they were unarmed. Captain Van\\nder Horck strengthened his post by all means\\nin his power, and endeavored to obtain rein-\\nforcements. Captain Freeman, with about\\nsixty men, started from St. Cloud on the Mis-\\nsissippi to relieve the garrison at Abercrombie,\\nbut on reaching Sauk Center the situation ap-\\npeared so alarming that it was deemed impru-\\ndent to proceed with so small a force, and no\\naddition could be made to it at Sauk Center.\\nAttempts were made to reinforce the fort from\\nother points. Two companies were sent from\\nFort Snelling, and got as far as Sauk Center,\\nbut the force was even then deemed inadequate\\nto proceed to Abercrombie. Part of the Third\\nRegiment was also dispatched from Snelling\\nto its relief on September 6. Another expe-\\ndition, consisting of companies under com-\\nmand of Captains George Atkinson and Rollo\\nBanks, with a small squad of about sixty men\\nof the Third Regiment under command of Ser-\\ngeant Dearborn, together with a field-piece\\nunder Lieut. Robert -T. McHenry, was formed,\\nand placed under the command of Capt. Emil\\nA. Burger. This command started on Septem-\\nber 10, and, after a long and arduous march,\\nreached the fort on the 23d of September, find-\\ning the wearied and anxious garrison still in\\npossession. Captain Burger had been l ein-\\nforced at Wyman s station, on the Alexandria\\nroad, on the 19th of September by the com-\\npanies under Captains Freeman and Barrett,\\nwho had united their men on the 14th, and\\nstarted for the fort. The relief force amounted\\nto quite four hundred men by the time it\\nreached its destination.\\nWhile this long delayed force was on its way\\nthe little garrison at the fort had its hands full\\nto maintain its position. On the 30th of Au-\\ngust a large body of Indians made a bold raid\\non the post and succeeded in stampeding anil", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n79\\nrunning off nearly two hundred head of cattle\\nand one hundred head of horses and mules,\\nwhich were grazing on the prairie. Some fifty\\nof the cattle afterwards escaped and were\\nrestored to the post by a scouting party. This\\nband of marauders did not, however, attack\\nthe fort. No one who has not experienced it\\ncan appreciate the mortification of seeing an\\nenemy despoil you of your property when you\\nare powerless to resist. An attack was made\\non the fort on the 3d of September, and some\\nstacks burned and a few horses captured. Sev-\\neral men were killed on both sides, and Cap-\\ntain Van der Horck was wounded in the right\\narm from an accidental shot from one of his\\nown men. On September 6th a second attack\\nwas made by a large force of Indians, which\\nlasted nearly all day, in which we lost two men\\nand had several wounded. No further attack\\nwas made until the 26th of September, when\\nCaptain Freeman s company was fired on while\\nwatering their horses in the river. These In-\\ndians were routed and pursued by Captain\\nFreeman s company and a squad of the Third\\nRegiment men with a howitzer. Their camp\\nwas captured, which contained quite an\\namount of plunder. A light skirmish took\\nplace on the 29th of September, in which the\\nenemy was routed, and this affair ended the\\nsiege of Fort Abercrombie.\\nCAMP RELEASE.\\nColonel Sibley s command made Camp Re-\\nlease on the 26th of September. This camp was\\nin the near vicinity of a large Indian camp of\\nabout one hundred and fifty lodges. These In-\\ndians were composed of Upper and Lower\\nSioux, and had generally been engaged in all\\nthe massacres that had taken place since the\\noutbreak. They had with them some two hun-\\ndred and fifty prisoners, composed of women\\nand children, whites and half-breeds. Only one\\nwhite man was found in the camp George\\nSpencer who had been desperately wounded\\nat the lower agency, and saved from death\\nby an Indian friend of his.\\nThe desire of the troops to attack and pun-\\nish these savages was intense, but Colonel\\nSibley kept steadily in mind that the rescue of\\nthe prisoners was his first duty, and he well\\nknew that any demonstration of violence\\nwould immediately result in the destruction of\\nthe captives. He therefore wisely overruled\\nall hostile inclinations. The result was a gen-\\neral surrender of the whole camp, together\\nwith all the prisoners. As soon as the safety\\nof the captives was assured inquiry was insti-\\ntuted as to the participation of these Indians\\nin the massacres and outrages which had been\\nso recently perpetrated. Many cases were soon\\ndeveloped of particular Indians who had been\\nguilty of the grossest atrocities, and the com-\\nmander decided to form a military tribunal to\\ntry the offenders.\\nTRIAL OF THE INDIANS.\\nThe State has reason to congratulate itself\\non tw r o things in this connection. First, that\\nit had so wise and just a man as Colonel Sibley\\nto select this important tribunal, and, second,\\nthat he had at his command such admirable\\nmaterial from which to make his selection. It\\nmust be remembered that this court entered\\nupon its duties with the lives of hundreds of\\nmen at its absolute disposal. Whether they\\nwere Indians or any other kind of people, the\\nfact must not be overlooked that they were\\nhuman beings, and the responsibility of the\\ntribunal was correspondingly great. Colonel\\nSibley, at this date, sent me a dispatch, declar-\\ning his intention in the matter of the result of\\nthe trials. It is as follows:\\nCamp Release, nine miles below\\nLac Qui Parle, Sept. 25, 1862.\\nColonel: (After speaking of a variety of\\nmatters concerning the disposition of troops\\nwho were in my command, the battle of Wood\\nlake which he characterized as A smart con-\\nflict we had with the Indians the rescue of\\nthe prisoners and other matters, he adds):\\nN. B. I am encamped near a camp of one\\nhundred and fifty lodges of friendly Indians\\nand half-breeds, but have had to purge it of\\nsuspected characters. I have apprehended\\nsixteen supposed to have been connected with\\nthe late outrages, and have appointed a mili-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "8o\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntary commission of five officers to try them.\\nIf found guilty they will be forthwith executed,\\nalthough it will perhaps be a stretch of my au-\\nthority. If so, necessity must be my justifica-\\ntion. Yours,\\nH. H. Sibley.\\nOn the 2Sth of September an order was is-\\nsued convening this court martial. It was\\ncomposed of William Crooks, colonel of the\\nSixth Regiment, president; William R.\\nMarshall, lieutenant colonel of the Sev-\\nenth Regiment; Captains Grant and Baily\\nof the Sixth, and Lieutenant Olin of the\\nThird. Others were subsequently added as\\nnecessity required. All these men were of\\nmature years, prominent in their social and\\ngeneral standing as citizens, and as well\\nequipped as any persons could be to engage\\nin such work. What I regard as the most im-\\nportant feature in the composition of this most\\nextraordinary court is the fact that the Hon.\\nIsaac V. D. Heard, an experienced lawyer of\\nSt. Paul, who had been for many years the\\nprosecuting attorney of Ramsey county, and\\nwho was thoroughly versed in criminal law,\\nwas on the staff of Colonel Sibley, and was\\nby him appointed recorder of the court. Mr.\\nHeard, in the performance of his duty, was\\nabove prejudice or passion, and could treat a\\ncase of this nature as if it was a mere misde-\\nmeanor. Lieutenant Olin was Judge Advocate\\nof the court, but as the trials progressed the\\nevidence was all put in and the records kept\\nby Mr. Heard. Some changes were made in\\nthe personnel of the court from time to\\ntime, as the officers were needed else-\\nwhere, but none of the changes lessened\\nthe dignity or character of the tribunal. I\\nmake these comments because the trials took\\nplace at a period of intense excitement, and\\npersons unacquainted with the facts may be\\nled to believe that the court was organized to\\nconvict, and was unfair in its decisions.\\nThe court sat some time at Camp Release,\\nthen at the lower agency and Mankato, where\\nit investigated the question whether the Win-\\nnebagoes had participated in the outbreak, but\\nnone of that tribe were implicated, which\\nproves that the court acted judicially, and not\\nupon unreliable evidence, as the country was\\nfull of rumors and charges that the Winneba-\\ngoes were implicated. The court terminated\\nits sittings at Fort Snelling, after a series of\\nsessions lasting from September 30 to No-\\nvember 5, 1862, during which four hundred\\nand twenty-five prisoners were arraigned and\\ni lied. Of these three hundred and twenty-one\\nwere found guilty of the offenses charged, of\\nwhom three.hundred and three were sentenced\\nto death and the rest to various terms of im-\\nprisonment according to the nature of their\\ncrimes. The condemned prisoners were re-\\nmoved to Mankato, where they were confined\\nin a large guard house constructed of logs for\\nthe purpose, and were guarded by a strong\\nforce of soldiers. On the way down, as the\\nparty having charge of the prisoners passed\\nthrough New Ulm, they found the inhabitants\\ndisinterring the dead, who had been hastily\\nburied in the streets where they fell during the\\nfights at that place. The sight of the Indians\\nso enraged the people that a general attack\\nwas made on the wagons in which they were\\nehained together. The attacking force was\\nprincipally composed of women, armed with\\nclubs, stones, knives, hot water and similar\\nweapons. Of course, the guard could not shoot\\nor bayonet a woman, and they got the prison-\\ners through the town with the loss of one\\nkilled and many battered and bruised.\\nWhile this court-martial was in session the\\nnews of its proceedings reached the eastern\\ncities, and a great outcry was raised that Min-\\nnesota was contemplating a dreadful massacre\\nof Indians. Many influential bodies of well-\\nintentioned but ill informed people beseeched\\nPresident Lincoln to put a stop to the proposed\\nexecutions. The President sent for the records\\nof the trials, and turned them over to his legal\\nand military advisers to decide which w 7 ere the\\nmore flagrant cases. On the 6th of December,\\n1862, the President made the following order:\\nExecutive Mansion, Washington, D. C,\\nDecember 6, 1862.\\nBrigadier General Henry H. Sibley,\\nSt. Paul, Minnesota:\\nOrdered, that of the Indians and half-breeds\\nsentenced to be hanged by the Military Com-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n8 1\\nmission, composed of Colonel Crooks, Lieuten-\\nant Colonel Marshall, Captain Grant, Captain\\nBailey and Lieutenant Olin, and lately sitting\\nin Minnesota, you cause to be executed on Fri-\\nday, the 19th day of December, instant, the\\nfollowing named, to-wit:\\n(Here follows the names of thirty-nine In-\\ndians and their numbers on the record of con-\\nviction.)\\nThe other condemned prisoners you will\\nhold subject to further orders, faking care that\\nthey neither escape nor are subjected to any\\nunlawful violence. Abraham Lincoln,\\nPresident of the United States.\\nColonel Sibley had been appointed by Presi-\\ndent Lincoln a Brigadier General on the 29th\\nof September, 1802, on account of his success\\nat the battle of Wood Lake, the announcement\\nof his promotion being in a telegram, as fol-\\nlows:\\nWashington, D. C, Sept. 29, 1862.\\nMajor General Pope,\\nSt. Paul, Minnesota:\\nColonel Henry H. Sibley is made a Brigadier\\nGeneral for his judicious fight at Yellow Medi-\\ncine. He should be kept in command of that\\ncolumn and every possible assistance sent to\\nhim. H. W. Halleck,\\nGeneral in Chief.\\nHis commission as brigadier general was not\\nissued until March 20, 1804, but, of course, this\\ntelegram amounted to an appointment to the\\nposition, and if accepted, as it was, made him\\nsubject to the orders of the President; so not-\\nwithstanding his dispatch to me stating that\\nthe Indians, if convicted, would be forthwith\\nexecuted, he could not very well carry out such\\nan extreme duty without first submitting it to\\nthe Federal authorities, of which he had be-\\ncome a part.\\nMy view of the question has always been\\nthat when the court-martial was organized\\nColonel Sibley had no idea that more than\\ntwenty or twenty-five of the Indians would be\\nconvicted, which is partly inferable from his\\ndispatch to me, in which he said he had ap-\\nprehended sixteen supposed to have been con-\\nnected with the late outrages. But when the\\nmatter assumed the proportions it did, and\\nhe found on his hands some three hundred men\\nto kill, he was glad to shift the responsibility\\nto higher authority. Any humane man would\\nhave been of the same mind. I have my own\\nviews also of the reasons of the general gov-\\nernment in eliminating from the list of the con-\\ndemned all but thirty-nine. It was not because\\nthese thirty-nine were more guilty than the\\nrest, hut because we were engaged in a great\\nivil War, and the eyes of the world were upon\\nus. Had these three hundred men been exe-\\ncuted, the charge would have undoubtedly\\nbeen made by the South that the North was\\nmurdering prisoners of war, and the authori-\\nties at Washington, knowing full well that the\\nother nations were not capable of making the\\nproper discrimination, and perhaps not anx-\\nious to do so if they were, deemed it safer not\\nto incur the odium which might follow from\\nsuch an accusation.\\nEXECUTION OF THE THIRTY-EIGHT\\nCONDEMNED INDIANS.\\nThe result of the matter was that the order\\nof the President was obeyed, and on the 20th\\nof December, 1802, thirty-eight of the con-\\ndemned Indians were executed by hanging at\\nMankato, one having been pardoned by the\\nPresident. Contemporaneous history, or rather\\ngeneral public knowledge of what actually oc-\\ncurred, says that the pardoned Indian was\\nhanged and one of the others liberated by mis-\\ntake. As an historian, I do not assert this to\\nbe true, but as a citizen, thoroughly well in-\\nformed of current events at the time of this\\nexecution, I believe it to be a fact. The hang-\\ning of the thirty-eight was done on one gallows,\\nconstructed in a square form capable of sus-\\ntaining ten men on each side. They were\\nplaced upon a platform facing inwards, and\\ndropped all at once by the cutting of a rope.\\nThe execution was successful in all its details,\\nand reflects credit on the ingenuity and engi-\\nneering skill of Captain Burt of Stillwater,\\nwho was intrusted with the construction of\\nthe deadly machine. The rest of the condemned\\nIndians were, after some time, taken down to\\nDavenport, in Iowa, and held in confinement", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nuntil the excitemenl had generally subsided,\\nwhen they were sent wesi of the .Missouri and\\nset free. An Indian never forgets what he re-\\ngards as an injury, and never forgives an en-\\nemy. It is my opinion that all the troubles\\nthat have taken place since the liberation of\\nthese Indians, with the tribes inhabiting the\\nwestern plains and mountains up to a recent\\ndate, have grown out of the evil counsels of\\nthese savages. The only proper course to have\\npursued with them, when it was decided not\\nto hang them, was to have exiled them to some\\nremote post say the Dry Tortugas where\\ncommunication with their people would bare\\nbeen impossible, set them to work on fortifica-\\ntions or other public works, and allowed them\\nto pass out by life limitation.\\nThe execution of these Indians practically\\nterminated the campaign for the year 1862, no\\nother event worthy of detailed record having\\noccurred; but the Indian war was far from\\nbeing over, as it was deemed prudent to keep\\nwithin the State a sufficient force of troops to\\nsuccessfully resist all further al tacks and to\\ninaugurate an aggressive campaign in the com-\\ning year. The whole of I he Sixth, Seventh and\\nTenth Regiments, the Mounted Rangers, some\\nartillery organizations, scouts and other troops\\nwere wintered in the State at various points\\nalong the more exposed frontier; in 1863 a\\nformidable expedition under command of Gen-\\neral Sibley was sent from Minnesota to crush\\nthe enemy, which was to be aided and co-op-\\nerated with by another expedition under Gen.\\nAlfred Sully, of equal proportions, which was\\nto start from Sioux City, on the Missouri.\\nAfter the attack at Birch Coulie and its relief,\\nLittle Crow, with a large part of his followers,\\nbranched off and went to the vicinity of Acton,\\nand there attacked the command under Capt.\\nRichard Strout, where a severe battle was\\nfought, in which several of Captain Strout s\\nmen were killed. On the 3d of July, 1863,\\nCrow ventured down to the neighborhood of\\nHutchinson with his young son, probably to\\nget something which he had hidden, or to steal\\nhorses, and while he was picking berries a\\nfarmer named Lamson, who was in search of\\nhis cows, saw him and shot him dead. His\\nscalp now decorates the walls of the Minnesota\\nHistorical Society.\\nTHE CAMPAIGN OP 1863.\\nThe remnant of Little Crow s followers were\\nsupposed to be rendezvoused at Devil s lake,\\nin Dakota Territory, and reinforced by a large-\\nbody of the Upper Sioux. An expedition\\nagainst them was devised by General Tope,\\nto be commanded by General Sibley. It was\\nto assemble at a point near the mouth of the\\nRedwood river, some twenty-five miles above\\nFort Ridgely. On the 7th of June, 1S63, Gen-\\neral Sibley arrived at the point of departure,\\nwhich was named Camp Tope in honor of the\\ncommanding general. The force composing\\nthe expedition was as follows: One company\\nof Pioneers under Captain Chase; ten compa-\\nnies of the Sixth Regiment, under Colonel\\nCrooks; eight companies of the Tenth Regi-\\nment, under Colonel Baker; nine companies of\\nthe Seventh, under Lieutenant Colonel Mar-\\nshall; eight pieces of artillery, under Captain\\nJones; nine companies of Minnesota Mounted\\nRangers, under Colonel McPhail; seventy-five\\nIndian scouts under Major Brown, George Mc-\\nLeod and Major Dooley; in all three thousand\\nand fifty-two infantry, eight hundred cavalry\\nand one hundred and forty-eight artillerymen.\\nThe command, from the nature of the country\\nit had to traverse, was compelled to depend\\nupon its own supply train, which was com\\nposed of two hundred and twenty-five six-mule\\nwagons. The staff was complete, consisting of\\nAdjutant General Olin, Brigade Commissary\\nForbes, Assistant Commissary and Ordnance\\nOfficer Atchinson, Commissary Clerk Spencer.\\nQuartermaster Corning, Assistant Quarter-\\nmaster Kimball, Aides-de-camp, Lieutenants\\nPope, Beaver, Hawthorne and A. St. Clair\\nPlandrau, Chaplain Rev. S. R. Riggs.\\nThe column moved from Camp Pope on June\\nKith, 1S63. The weather was intensely hot,\\nand the country over which the army had to\\nmarch was wild and uninhabited. At first the\\nIndians retreated in the direction of the Brit-\\nish line, but it was discovered that their course", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n83\\nhad t\u00c2\u00bbeen changed to the direction of the Mis-\\nsouri river. They had probably heard that\\nGeneral Sully had been delayed by low water\\nand hoped to be able to cross to the west\\nbank of that stream before his arrival to inter-\\ncept them, with the future hope that they\\nwould, no doubt, be reinforced by the Sioux\\ninhabiting the country west of the Missouri.\\nOn the 4th of July the expedition reached the\\nBig Bend of the Cheyenne river. On the 17th\\nof July Colonel Sibley received reliable infor-\\nmation that the main body of the Indians was\\nmoving toward the Missouri, which was on the\\n20th of July confirmed by a visit at Camp\\nAtchison of about three hundred Chippewa\\nhalf-breeds, led by a Catholic priest named\\nFather Andre. On becoming satisfied that the\\nbest fruits of the march could be attained by\\nbending towards the Missouri, the General de-\\ncided to relieve his command of as much im-\\npedimenta as was consistent with comfort and\\nsafety, and thus increase the rapidity of its\\nmovements. He therefore established a per-\\nmanent post at Camp Atchison, about fifty\\nmiles southeasterly from Devil s lake, where\\nhe left all the sick and disabled men and a\\nlarge portion of his ponderous train, with a\\nsufficient guard to defend them if attacked.\\nHe then immediately started for the Missouri\\nwith one thousand four hundred and thirty-six\\ninfantry, five hundred and twenty cavalry, one\\nhundred pioneers and artillery and twenty-five\\ndays rations. On the 22nd he crossed the\\nJames river, forty-eight miles west of Camp\\nAtchison, and on the 24th reached the vicinity\\nof Big Mound, beyond the second ridge of the\\nMissouri coteau. Here the scouts reported\\nlarge bodies of Indians with Red Plume and\\nStanding Buffalo among them.\\nBATTLE OF BIG MOUND.\\nThe General, expecting an attack on the\\n24th, corralled his train and threw up some\\nearthworks to enable a smaller force to defend\\nit. The Indians soon appeared. Dr. Weiser,\\nsurgeon of the First Rangers, supposing he saw\\nsome old friends among them, approached too\\nclose and was instantly killed. Lieutenant\\nFreeman, who had wandered some distance\\nfrom the camp, was also killed. The battle\\nopened at three P. M., in the midst of a terrific\\nthunderstorm, and after some sharp fighting\\nthe Indians, numbering about fifteen hundred,\\nfled in the direction of their camp, and were\\nclosely pursued. A general panic ensued, the\\nIndian camp was abandoned, and the whole\\nthrong, men, women and children, fled before\\nthe advancing forces. Numerous charges were\\nmade upon them, amidst the roaring of the\\nthunder and the flashing of the lightning. One\\nprivate was killed by lightning, and Colonel\\nMcPhail s saber was knocked out of his grasp\\nby the same force.\\nThe Indians are reported to have lost in this\\nfight eighty killed and wounded. They also\\nlost nearly all their camp equipment. They\\nwere pursued about fifteen miles, and had it\\nnot been for a mistake in the delivery of an\\norder by Lieutenant Beaver, they would un-\\ndoubtedly have been overtaken and destroyed.\\nThe order was to bivouac where night caught\\nthe pursuing troops, but was misunderstood\\nto return. This unfortunate error gave the In-\\ndians two days start, and they put a wide gap\\nbetween themselves ami the troops. The Bat-\\ntle of Big Mound, as this engagement was\\ncalled, was a decided victory and counted heav-\\nily in the scale of advantage, as it put the sav-\\nages on the run and disabled them from prose-\\ncut inii further hostilities.\\nBATTLE OF DEAD BUFFALO LAKE.\\nOn the 2Cth the command again moved in\\nthe direction of the fleeing Indians. Their\\nabandoned camp was passed on that day early\\nin Hie morning. About noon large bodies of\\nthe enemy were discovered and a brisk fight en-\\nsued. Attacks and counter attacks were made,\\nand a determined fight kept up until about\\nthree P. M., when a bold dash was made by the\\nIndians to stampede the animals which were\\nherded on the banks of a lake; but the attempt\\nwas promptly met and defeated. The Indians,\\nfoiled at all points and having lost heavily in", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "4\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nkilled and wounded, retired from the field. At\\nnighl earthworks were thrown up to prevent a\\nsurprise, but none was attempted, and this\\nended the battle of Dead Buffalo lake.\\nThe General was now convinced that the In-\\ndians were going toward the Missouri with the\\nintention of putting the river between them\\nand his command, and, expecting General\\nSully s force to be there to intercept them, he\\ndetermined to push them on as rapidly as pos-\\nsible, inflicting all the damage he could in their\\nflight. The campaign was well conceived, and\\nhad Sully arrived in time the result would un-\\ndoubtedly have been the complete destruction\\nor capture of the Indians. But low water de-\\nlayed Sully to such an extent that he failed to\\narrive in time, and the enemy succeeded in\\ncrossing the river before General Sibley could\\novertake them.\\nBATTLE OF STONY LAKE.\\nOn the 28th of July Indians were again seen\\nin large numbers. They endeavored to encircle\\nthe troops. They certainly presented a force\\nof two thousand fighting men, and must have\\nbeen reinforced by friends from the west side\\nof the Missouri. They were undoubtedly fight-\\ning to keep the soldiers back until their fami-\\nlies could cross the river. The troops were\\nwell handled. A tremendous effort was made\\nto break our lines, but the enemy was repulsed\\nat all points. The artillery was effective and\\nthe Indians finally fled in a panic and rout\\ntowai ds the Missouri. They were hotly pur-\\nsued, and on the 29th the troops crossed Apple\\ncreek, a small stream a few miles from the\\npresent site of Bismarck, the capital of North\\nDakota, and, pushing on, struck the Missouri\\nat a point about four miles above Burnt Boat\\nisland. The Indians had succeeded in crossing\\nthe river with their families, but in a very de-\\nmoralized condition as to supplies and camp\\nequipage. They were plainly visible on the\\nblufl s on the opposite side. It was here that\\nLieutenant Beaver lost his life while carrying\\nan order. He missed the trail and was am-\\nbushed and killed. He was a young English-\\nman who had volunteered to accompany the\\nexpedition, and whom General Sibley had\\nplaced upon his staff as an aide.\\nLarge quantities of wagons and other ma-\\nterial abandoned by the Indians in their haste\\nto cross the river were destroyed. The bodies\\nof Lieutenant Beaver and a private of the\\nSixth Regiment, who was killed in the same\\nway, were recovered and buried. It was clear\\nthat the Indians, on learning of the magnitude\\nof the expedition, never contemplated over-\\ncoming it in battle, and made their movements\\nwith reference to delaying its progress, while\\nthey pushed their women and children toward\\nand across the river, knowing there was no\\nresting place for them on this side. They suc-\\nceeded admirably, but their success was solely\\nat 1 1 ibuted to the failure of General Sully to ar-\\nrive in time. General Sibley s part of the cam-\\npaign was carried out to the letter and every\\nman in it, from the commander to the private,\\nis entitled to the highest praise.\\nOn August 1, the command broke camp for\\nhome. As was learned afterwards, General\\nSully was then distant down the river one hun-\\ndred and sixty miles. His delay was no fault\\nof his, as it was occasioned by insurmountable\\nobstacles. The march home was a weary, but\\nuneventful one. The campaign of 1863 may be\\nsummed up as follows: The troops marched\\nnearly 1,200 miles. They fought three well-\\ncontested battles. They drove from eight to\\nten thousand Indians out of the State and\\nacross the Missouri river. They lost only seven\\nkilled and three wounded, and inflicted upon\\nthe enemy so severe a loss that he never again\\nreturned to his old haunts. For his meri-\\ntorious services General Sibley was appointed\\na Major General by brevet on November 20,\\n1865, which appointment was duly confirmed\\nby the Senate, and he was commissioned on\\nApril 7, 1866.\\nIn July, 1863, a regiment of cavalry was\\nauthorized by the Secretary of War to be\\nraised by Maj. E. A. C. Hatch for duty on the\\nNorthern frontier. Several companies were re-\\ncruited and marched to Pembina on the ex-\\ntreme northern border, where they performed", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MINNESOTA.\\n85\\nvaluable services and suffered incredible hard-\\nships. The regiment was called Hatch s Bat-\\ntalion.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1864.\\nThe government very wisely decided net to\\nallow the Indian question to rest upon the re-\\nsults of the campaign of 1S63, which left the\\nIndians in possession of the country west of\\nthe Missouri, rightly supposing that they might\\nconstrue their escape from General Sibley the\\nprevious year into a victory. II therefore sent\\nmit another expedition in ls 4 to pursue and\\nattack them beyond the Missouri. The plan\\nand outfit were very similar to that of isi\u00c2\u00bb:;.\\nGeneral Sully was again to proceed up the Mis\\nsouri with a large command ami meet a force\\nsent out from Minnesota, which forces, when\\ncombined, were to march westward and find\\nand punish the savages if possible. The expe-\\ndition, as a whole, was under the command of\\nGeneral Sully. It consisted of two brigades,\\nthe first composed of Iowa and Kansas infan-\\ntry and cavalry, and Brackett s Battalion, to\\nthe number of several thousand, which was to\\nstart from Sioux City and proceed up the Mis\\nsouri in steamboats. The Second embraced\\nthe Eighth Regiment of Minnesota Volunteer\\nInfantry under Colonel Thomas, mounted on\\nponies, the Second Minnesota Cavalry under\\nColonel MacLaren, the Third Minnesota Bat-\\ntery under Captain Jones. The Second Bri-\\ngade was commanded by Colonel Thomas.\\nThis brigade left Port Snelling on June 1, and\\nmarched westward. General Sibley and staff\\naccompanied it as far as Fort Ridgely. On the\\n9th of June it passed Wood lake, the scene of\\nthe fight in 18(12. About this point it overtook\\na large train of emigrants on their way to\\nIdaho, who had with them Kill wagon loads of\\nsupplies. This train was escorted to the Mis\\nsouri river safely. The march was wearisome\\nin the extreme with intensely hot weather and\\nvery bad water, and was only enlivened by the\\nappearance occasionally of a herd of buffalo,\\na band of antelope or a straggling elk. The\\nmovements of the command were carefully\\nwatched by Hying bands of Indians during iis\\nwhole march. On July 1st, the .Missouri was\\nreached at a point where now stands Fort Rice.\\nGeneral Sully and the First Brigade had ar-\\nrived there the day before. The crossing was\\nmade by the boats that brought up the First\\nBrigade. The column was immediately di-\\nrected toward Cannon Ball river, where 1,800\\nlodges of Indians were reported to be camped.\\nThe Indians fled before (lie approaching troops.\\nii the last of July the Heart river was\\nreached, where a camp was formed, and the\\ntents and teams left behind. Thus relieved, the\\ncommand pressed forward for an Indian camp\\neighty miles northward. On the 2nd of August\\nthe Indians were found in large numbers on\\nthe Big Knife river in the Bad Lands. These\\nwere Unca-Papa Sioux, who had murdered a\\nparty of miners from Idaho the year before and\\nhad given aid and comfort to the Minnesota\\nrefugee Indians. They were attacked and a\\nAery spirited engagement ensued, in which the\\nenemy was badly beaten and suffered severe\\nlosses. The place where this battle was fought\\nwas called Ta-ka-ho-ku-tay, or the bluff where\\nthe man shot the deer.\\nOn the next day, August 3, the command\\nmoved west through the Bad Lands, and just\\nas it emerged from this terribly ragged coun-\\ntry it was sharply attacked by a large body of\\nIndians. The fight lasted through two days\\nand nights, when the enemy retired in haste.\\nThey were very roughly handled in this en-\\ngagement.\\nGeneral Sully then crossed to the west side\\nof the Yellowstone river, where the weary sol-\\ndiers found two steamboats awaiting them\\nwith ample supplies. In crossing this rapid\\nriver the command lost three men and about\\ntwenty horses. From this point they came\\nhome by the way of Forts Union, Berthold and\\nStevenson, reaching Fort Rice on the 9th of\\nSeptember.\\nOn this trip General Sully located Forts\\nRice. Stevenson and Berthold.\\nOn reaching Fort Rice, considerable anxiety\\nwas felt for Colonel Fisk, who, with a squad of\\nfifty troops, had left the fort as an escort for a\\ntrain of Idaho immigrants, and had been at-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "86\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntacked one hundred and eighty miles west of\\nthe fort and had been compelled to intrench.\\nHe had sent for reinforcements and General\\nSully sent him three hundred men, who extri-\\ncated him from his perilous position.\\nThe Minnesota Brigade returned by way of\\nFort Wadsworth, where they arrived on Sep\\ntember 27. Here Major Hose, with six com\\npanies of the Second Cavalry, was left to gar-\\nrison the post, the balance of the command\\nicaching Fort Snelling on the 12th of October.\\nIn June. 1865, another expedition left Minne-\\nsota for the West under Colonel Callahan of\\nWisconsin, which went as far as Devil s lake.\\nThe first, second and fourth sections of the\\nThird Minnesota Battery accompanied it, and\\nagain in 1866 an expedition started from Fort\\nAbercrombie which included the first section\\nof the Third Battery, under Lieutenant Whip-\\nple. As no important results followed from\\nthese two latter expeditions I only mention\\nthem as being parts of the Indian War.\\nThe number of Indians engaged in this war,\\ntogether with their superior fighting qualities,\\ntheir armament, and the country occupied by\\nthem, gives it rank among the most important\\nof the Indian Wars fought since the first settle-\\nment of the country on the Atlantic Coast. But\\nwhen viewed in the light of the number of set-\\ntlers massacred, the amount of property de-\\nstroyed and the horrible atrocities committed\\nby the savages, it far surpasses them all.\\nI have dwelt upon this war to such an extent\\nbecause I regard it as the most important\\nevent in the history of our State, and desire to\\nperpetuate the facts more especially connected\\nwith the gallant resistance offered by the set-\\ntlers in its inception. Not an instance of timid-\\nity is recorded. The inhabitants engaged in the\\npeaceful pursuits of agriculture, utterly unpre-\\npared for war, sprang to the front on the first\\nindication of danger, and checked the advance\\nof the savage enemy in his initial efforts. The\\nimportance of battles should never be meas-\\nured by the number engaged, or the lists of\\nkilled and wounded, but by the consequences\\nof their results. 1 think the repulse of the In-\\ndians at Fort Ridgely and New Clin saved the\\nState of Minnesota from a disaster, the magni-\\ntude of which cannot he estimated. Their ad-\\nvance was checked at the very frontier and\\nthey were compelled to retreat, thus affording\\nt inie and opportunity for the whites to organi/.e\\nfor systematic action. Had they not met this\\nearly check, it is more than probable that the\\nChippewas on the upper Mississippi and the\\nWinnebagoes in the lower Minnesota valley\\nwould have joined them, and the war have\\nbeen carried into the heart of the State. In-\\nstances of a similar character have occurred in\\nour early wars which illustrate my position.\\nThe Battle of Oriscany, which was fought in\\nthe Revolutionary War in the valley of the\\nMohawk, between Rome and Utica, was not\\nmore of an encounter than Ridgely or New\\n[Tim, yet it has been characterized as one of the\\ndecisive battles of the world because it pre-\\nvented a junction of the British forces under\\nSt. Ledger in the west and Burgoyne in the\\neast and made American independence pos-\\nsible. The State of New York recognized tic\\nvalue of Oriscany just one hundred years after\\nthe battle was fought by the erection of a\\nmonument to commemorate it. The State of\\nMinnesota has done better by erecting impos-\\ning monuments on both the battlefields of\\nRidgely and New Ulm, the inscriptions on\\nwhich give a succinct history of the respective\\nevents.\\nThe State also presented each of the defend-\\ners of Fort Ridgely with a handsome bronze\\nmedal, especially struck for the purpose, the\\npresentation of which took place at the time of\\nthe dedication of the monument, on the 20th\\nday of August, 1890.\\nThe medal has a picture of the fort on its\\nobverse side, surrounded by the words, De-\\nfender of Fort Ridgely. August IS 27, 1802.\\nJust over the flagstaff, in a scroll, is the legend\\nin Sioux. Ti-yo-pa-na-ta-ka-pi, which means,\\nIt shut the door against us, referring to the\\nbattle having obstructed the further advance\\nof the Indians. This was said by one of the In-\\ndians in the attacking party in giving his view\\nof the effect of the repulse, and adopted by the\\ncommittee having charge of the preparation of\\nthe medal, as being appropriate and true.\\nOn the reverse side are the words, Presented", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n87\\nby the State of Minnesota to\\nencircled by a wreath of moccasin flowers,\\nwhich is the flower of the State.\\nThe State has also placed monuments at\\nBirch Coulie, Camp Release and Acton. I re-\\ngret to be compelled to say that a majority of\\nthe committee having charge of the building of\\nthe Birch Coulie monument so far failed in the\\nperformance of their duties as to the location\\nof the monument and formulating its inscrip-\\ntions that the Legislature felt compelled to\\npass an act to correct their errors. The correc-\\ntion has not yet been made, but in the cause of\\ntrue history it is to be hoped that it will be in\\nthe near future. The State also erected a\\nhandsome monument in the cemetery of Fort\\nRidgely to Captain Marsh and the twenty-three\\nmen of his company that were killed at the\\nferry near the Lower Sioux agency on August\\n18, 1862, and by special act passed long after,\\nat the request of old settlers, added the name\\nof refer Quinn, the interpreter who was killed\\nat the same time and place. The State also\\nbuilt a monument in the same cemetery in re-\\nmembrance of the wife of Dr. Muller, the post\\nsurgeon at Ridgely during the siege, on ac-\\ncount of the valuable services rendered by her\\nin nursing the wounded soldiers.\\nable to enter extensively into the catalogue of\\nits productions beyond the needs of domestic\\nuse.\\nA LONG PERIOD OF PEACE AND PROS-\\nPERITY.\\nAfter the stirring events of the Civil and In-\\ndian Wars, Minnesota resumed its peaceful\\nways and continued to grow and prosper for a\\nlong series of years, excepting the period from\\n1873 to 1876, when it was afflicted with the\\nplague of grasshoppers. Possessed of the\\nmany advantages that nature has bestowed\\nupon it, there was nothing else for it to do.\\nThe State, as far as it was then developed, was\\nexclusively agricultural, and wheat was its\\nstaple production, although almost every char-\\nacter of grain and vegetable can be produced\\nin exceptional abundance. Potatoes of the first\\nquality were among its earliest exports, but\\nthat crop is not sufficiently valuable or port-\\nINTRODUCTION OF THE NEW PROCESS\\nOF MILLING WHEAT.\\nThe wheat raised in Minnesota was and al-\\nways has been of the spring variety, and up to\\nabout the year 1S74 was regarded in the mar-\\nkets of the world as an inferior article of grain\\nwhen compared with the winter wheat of\\nStates further south; and the flour made from\\nit was also looked upon as of much less value\\nthan its competitor made from winter wheat.\\nThe State labored under this disability in real-\\nizing upon its chief product for many years,\\nboth in the wheat and the flour made from it.\\n.Many mills were erected at the Falls of St.\\nAnthony with a very great output of flour,\\nwhich, with the lumber manufactured at that\\npoint, composed the chief exports of the State.\\nThe process of grinding wheal was the old\\nstyle, of an upper and nether millstone, which\\nleft the flour of darker color, less nutritious\\nand less desirable than that from the winter\\nwheat made in the same way. About the year\\n1871 it was discovered that a new process of\\nmanufacturing flour was in operation on the\\nDanube and at Budapesth. Mr. George H.\\nChristian, a partner of Gen. C. C. Washburn,\\nin the milling business at Minneapolis, studied\\nthe invention, which consisted of crushing the\\nwheat by means if rollers made of steel or por-\\ncelain, instead of grinding it, as of old, to\\nwhich the French had added a new process of\\neliminating the bran specs from the crushed\\nproduct by means of a flat oscillating screen or\\nbolt with an upward blast of air through it,\\nupon which the crushed product was placed\\nand cleansed of all bran impurities. In 1871\\nGen. C. C. Washburn and Mr. Christian intro-\\nduced this French invention into their mills in\\nMinneapolis, and derived from it great advan-\\ntage in the appearance and value of their flour.\\nThis was called a middlings purifier. In\\n1N74 they introduced the roller crushing pro-\\ncess, and the result was that the hard spring\\nwheat returned a flour superior to the product", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "88\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nof the winter wheal and placed Minnesota upon\\nmore than an equality with the best flour-pro-\\nducing States in the Union. This process has\\nbeen universally adopted throughout the\\nTinted States in all milling localities with\\ngreat advantage to that industry.\\nIt is a rather curious fact that as all oar\\nmilling knowledge was originally inherited\\nfrom England, which country is very sluggish\\nin the adoption of new methods, that it was not\\nuntil our improved flour reached that country\\nthat the English millers accepted the new\\nmethod and have since acted upon it. It is a\\ncase of the pupil instructing his preceptor.\\nI regard the introduction of these improve-\\nments in the manufacture of flour into this\\nState as of prime importance to its growth and\\nincrease of wealth and strength. It is esti-\\nmated by the best judges that the value of our\\nspring wheat was increased at least twenty per\\ncent by their adoption, and when we consider\\nthat the State produced, in 1898, 78,418,000\\nbushels of wheat, its magnitude can be better\\nappreciated. It formerly required five bushels\\nof wheat to make a barrel of flour; under the\\nnew process it only takes four bushels and\\nseven pounds to make a barrel of the same\\nweight, 196 pounds.\\nThe only record that is kept of Hour in Min-\\nnesota is for the two points of Minneapolis and\\nthe head of the lakes; the latter includes Du-\\nluth and Superior in Wisconsin. The output\\nof Minneapolis for the crop year of 1898-9 was\\n15,164,881 barrels, and for Duluth-Supeiior for\\nthe same period, 2,637,035 barrels. The esti-\\nmate for the whole State is 25,000,000 barrels.\\nThese figures are taken from the Northwestern\\nMiller, a reliable publication in Minneapolis.\\nThe credit of having introduced the Hun-\\ngarian and French processes into Minnesota is\\ndue primarily to the late Gen. C. C. Washburn\\nof La Crosse, Wisconsin, who was greatly\\naided by his partner at the time, Mr. George H.\\nChristian of Minneapolis.\\nWhile I am convinced that the credit of first\\nhaving introduced these valuable inventions\\ninto Minnesota belongs to Gen. .Washburn\\nand his partner, Mr. George II. Christian, I am\\nin justice bound to add thai Gov. John S. Pills-\\nbury and the late Mr. Charles A. Pillsbury,\\nwho were large and enterprising millers a I\\nMinneapolis, owning the Excelsior Mills, im-\\nmediately after its introduction adopted the\\nprocess and put it into their mills, and by em-\\nploying American skilled millers to set up and\\noperate their machinery, succeeded in securing\\nthe first absolutely perfect automatic mill of\\nthe new kind in the country; General Wash-\\nburn having imported Hugarian millers to\\nstart and operate his experimental mills, found\\nhimself somewhat handicapped by their ineffi-\\nciency and sluggishness in adopting American\\nways and customs.\\nTHE DISCOVERY OF IRON.\\nFrom the earliest days of the Territory the\\npeople had predicted the growth of cities at\\nseveral points; at St. Paul, because it was the\\nhead of navigation of the Mississippi river; at\\nSt. Anthony, on account of its great water\\npower; at Superior, as being the head of navi-\\ngation of the Great Lake System, and at Man-\\nkato, from its location at the great bend of the\\nMinnesota river. It must be remembered that\\nwhen these prophecies were made, Minneapolis\\nand Duluth had no existence, and Superior was\\nthe natural outlet of the St. Louis river into\\nLake Superior; and had its land titles not been\\nso complicated when the railroad from St. Paul\\nto the head of the lakes was projected, there is\\nno doubt Superior would have been the ter-\\nminus of the road. However it was found to be\\nalmost impossible to procure title to any land\\nin Superior on account of its having been sold\\nby the proprietors in undivided interests to\\nparties all over the country, and it was situ-\\nated in Wisconsin. The railroad people, accord-\\ningly, procured the charter of the company to\\nmake its northern terminus on the Minnesota\\nside of the harbor, where Duluth now stands,\\nand founded that town as the terminus of the\\nroad. Some years after, Minnesota Point was\\ncut by a canal at its base or shore end, and the\\nentrance to the harbor changed from its natu-\\nral inlet around the end of the point to this\\ncanal. This improvement has proved to be of", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "II [STORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n89\\nvast importance to the city of Duluth and to\\nthe shipping interests of the State, as the natu-\\nral entrance was difficult and dangerous.\\nDuluth increased in importance from year Lo\\nyear by reason of the natural advantages of its\\nsituation as the outlet of much of the exports\\nof the State, and the inlet of a large portion of\\nits imports. As railroads progressed, it\\ncame connected with the wheat producing\\nareas of the State, which resulted in the erec-\\ntion of elevators for the shipment of wheat and\\nmills to grind it. As nearly all the coal con\\nsumed in the State came in by the gateway of\\nDuluth, immense coal docks were constructed\\nwith all the modern inventions for unloading it\\nfrom ships and loading it on cars for distribu-\\ntion. Duluth soon attained metropolitan pro-\\nportions. About the year 1870 Mr. George C.\\nStone became a resident of the city and en-\\ngaged in business.\\nIn 1873 Jay Cooke, who had been an impor-\\ntant factor in the construction of the Northern\\nPacific Railroad, failed, which was a serious\\nblow to Duluth. Mr. Stone had given his at-\\ntention largely to the investigation of the min-\\neral resources of the Lake Superior region in\\nMinnesota, and had become convinced of the\\npresence of large beds of iron ore in its north-\\neastern portion, now known as the Vermillion\\nrange. When he first made known his discov-\\nery the location of the ore was so remote from\\ncivilization that he found it difficult to interest\\nany one in his enterprise. Few shared his\\nfaith, but undismayed by lack of support he\\nundertook with steady persistence the task of\\nsecuring the capital necessary to develop what\\nhe was convinced was a great natural wealth\\nproducing field. Comparatively alone, and\\nwith little encouragement at home, he visited\\nthe money centers of the country and assid-\\nuously labored to induce men of capital to em-\\nbark in the enterprise, but found it to be uphill\\nwork.\\nThe first men whose support he secured were\\nCharlemagne Tower, of Ppttsville, Pennsyl-\\nvania, and Samuel A. Munson, of Utica, New\\nYork, both men of education and great wealth.\\nThey became sufficiently interested to secure a\\nproper test of the matter. Professor Chester,\\nof Hamilton College, was sent out on two occa-\\nsions. Mr. Munson died, and after the lapse\\nof a few years Charlemagne Tower, then a\\nresident of Philadelphia, undertook and did fur-\\nnish the necessary funds to make the develop-\\nment, which involved the expense of four\\nmillion dollars to build a railroad eighty\\nmiles in length, with docks anil other operating\\nfacilities.\\nThe railroad was opened in July, 1884, and\\nthere was shipped that season (12,124 tons of\\nore, and in 1885 the shipment reach 225,000\\ntons. In 188G, 304,000 tons; in 1887, 394,000\\ntons; in 1888, 512,000 tons. The output of the\\niron mines at and about the head of the lakes\\nhad by 1808 grown to the enormous quantity of\\n5,871,801 tons. The grade of the ore is the\\nhighest in the market. This product is one of\\nthe most important in the State and seems\\ndestined to expand indefinitely.\\nNo better idea of the growth and importance\\nof Duluth, and, in the same connection, the\\nadvance of the State, since the War, can be\\npresented than by a statement of a few aggre-\\ngates of different industries centered at the\\nhead of the lakes. The most recent record ob-\\ntainable is for the year 1898. For example:\\nLumber cut, 544,318,000 feet.\\nCoal received, 2,500,000 tons.\\nNumber of vessels arrived and cleared,\\n12,150.\\nWheat received, and flour as wheat, 82,118,-\\n129 bushels.\\nOther grain, 19,428.022 bushels.\\nFlonr manufactured, 2,400,025 barrels.\\nCapacity of elevators, 24,650,000 bushels.\\nCapacity of flour mills per day, 22,000 bar-\\nrels.\\nMany other statistics could be given, but the\\nabove are sufficient to show the unexampled\\ngrowth of the State in that vicinity.\\nCOMMERCE THROUGH THE ST. MARY S\\nFALLS CANAL.\\nAnother very interesting and instructive ele-\\nment in considering the growth of Minnesota\\nis the commerce passing through the St. Mary s", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "90\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nCanal, which connects Lake Superior with\\nLakes Huron and Michigan, the greater part\\nof which is supplied by Minnesota. No record\\nof the number of sailing vessels or steamers\\npassing through the canal was kept until the\\nyear 1864. During that year there were 1,045\\nsailing vessels and 3GG steamers. The last re-\\nport for the year 1898 shows an increase of\\nsailing vessels to 4,449 and of steamers to\\n12,461. The first record of the amount of\\nfreight passing the canal, which was opened in\\n1881, showed an aggregate of 1,567,741 net tons\\nof all kinds of freight. In 1898 it had grown to\\nthe enormous sum of 21,234,664 tons. These\\nfigures, like distances in astronomical calcula-\\ntions, require a special mental effort to fully\\ncomprehend them. An incident occurred in\\nSeptember, 1899, in connection with this canal\\ntraffic, that assists in understanding its im-\\nmense proportions. By an accident to a\\nsteamer the channel of the river was blocked\\nfor a short time, until she could be removed,\\nduring which time a procession of waiting\\nsteamers was formed forty miles in length.\\nI have been unable to obtain any reliable\\nfigures with which to present a contrast be-\\ntween the commerce of this canal and that of\\nthe Suez, connecting the Mediterranean with\\nthe Red Sea, but it is generally estimated that\\nthe St. Mary s largely exceeds the Suez, al-\\nthough the commerce of the world with the\\nOrient and Australia largely passes through\\nthe latter.\\nAGRICULTURE.\\nIn the early days of Minnesota its agricul-\\ntural population was largely centered in the\\nsoutheastern portion of the State. The soil\\nwas exceptionally fertile and produced wheat\\nin unusual abundance. The Western farmer of\\nearly days was a careless cultivator, thinking\\nmore of the immediate results than permanent\\npreservation of his land. Even if he was of the\\nconservative old New England stock the gener-\\nous soil of the West, the freedom from social\\nrestraint, and the lessened labors of the farm,\\nled him into more happy-go-lucky methods\\nthan he had been accustomed to in the East.\\nIt was Mark Twain who once said that if you\\nplant a New England deacon in Texas you will\\nfind him in about a year with a game chicken\\nunder his ami, riding a mule on Sunday to a\\ncock-fight. When farms were opened in the\\nsoutheastern counties of Minnesota it was not\\nan unusual thing to be rewarded with a crop\\nof from thirty to forty bushels of wheat to the\\nacre. The process of cultivation was simple\\nand required scarcely any capital, so it was\\nnatural that the first comers should confine\\ntheir efforts to the one product of wheat. They\\ndid so, regardless of the fact that the best soil\\nwill become exhausted unless reinforced. They\\nbecame accustomed to think that land could\\nalways be had for the taking, and in twenty or\\ntwenty-five years the goose that laid the golden\\neggs died, and six or eight bushels were all\\nthey could extract from their lands. About\\n1877 or 1878 they practically abandoned the\\nculture of wheat and tried corn and hogs.\\nThis was an improvement, but not a great sip\\ncess. Many of the farmers of the pioneering\\nand roving class sold out and went West for\\nfresh lands.\\nDAIRYING.\\nAbout this time the dairy business had be-\\ncome quite profitable in Iowa, and the Minne-\\nsota farmers turned their attention to that\\nbranch of industry. Their lands were excel-\\nlent for pasturing purposes and hay raising.\\nThey began in a small way with cows and bai-\\nter making, but from lack of experience ami\\nknowledge of the business their progress was\\nslow; however, it improved from year to year\\nand now, in the year 1899, it has become one\\nof the most important, successful and profit-\\nable industries in the State, and the farmers of\\nSouthern Minnesota constitute the most inde-\\npendent and well-to-do class of all our citizens.\\nIt was not very long ago when a mortgage was\\nan essential feature of a Minnesota farm, but\\nthey have nearly all been paid off, and the\\nfarmer of Southern Minnesota is found in\\nthe ranks of the stockholders and depositors of\\nthe banks, and if he has anything to do witli\\nmortgages he is found on the winning side of", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n9\\nthat dangerous instrument. A brief statement\\nof the facts connected with the dairy business\\nwill demonstrate its magnitude. There are in\\nthe State at the present time:\\nCreameries, about 700.\\nCreamery patrons, 55,000.\\nCapital invested, $3,000,000.\\nCows supplying milk, 410,000.\\nPounds of milk received (1898), 1,400,000,000.\\nPounds of butter made (1898), 63,000,000.\\nPounds of butter exported, 50,000,000.\\nGross receipts (1898), $10,400,000.\\nOperating expenses (1898), $1,100,000.\\nPaid to patrons, f8,600,000.\\nSince 1884 Minnesota butter has been exhib-\\nited in competition with similar products from\\nall the States in the Union and the butter-mak-\\ning countries of the world at all the principal\\nfairs and expositions that have been held in\\nthe United States, and has taken more prizes\\nthan any other State or country. And its\\ncheese has kept pace with its butter. There\\nare in the State in active operation ninety-four\\ncheese factories. This industry is constantly\\non the increase, and Minnesota is certainly\\ndestined to surpass every other State in the\\nUnion in this department of agriculture.\\nWhile this new and valuable branch of in-\\ndustry Mas gradually superseding (hat of\\nwheat in Southern Minnesota, the latter was\\nnot being extinguished by any means, but sim-\\nply changing its habitat. About the time that\\nwheat culture became unprofitable in Southern\\nMinnesota, the valley of the Red River of the\\nNorth began to attract attention, and it was\\nat once discovered that it was the garden of\\nthe world for wheat culture. An intelligent\\nand experienced farmer, Mr. Oliver Dalrymple,\\nmay be said to have been the pioneer of that\\nenterprise. Lands in tin 1 valley were cheap,\\nand he succeeded in gaining control of immense\\ntracts and unlimited capital for their develop-\\nment. He opened these lands up to wheat cul-\\nture and gave to the world a new feature in\\nagriculture, which acquired the name of the\\nBonanza Farm. Some of these fauns em-\\nbraced sixty and seventy thousand acres of\\nland and were divided by roads on the section\\nlines. They were supplied with all the buildings\\nnecessary for the accommodation of the army\\nof superintendents and employees that oper-\\nated them; also granaries and buildings for\\nhousing machinery; slaughter houses to pro-\\nvision the operatives, telephone systems to fa-\\ncilitate communication between distant points,\\nand every other auxiliary to perfect an eco\\nnomic management. These great farms, of\\ncourse, produced wheat at more reduced rates\\nthan could the lesser ones, but did not materi-\\nally interfere with wheat production by the\\nsmaller farmers, as the output of 1898 of nearly\\n79,000.000 bushels sufficiently proves. There\\nseems to be no need of apprehension about the\\nlauds of the Red river valley becoming ex-\\nhausted, as they appear to be as enduring as\\nthose in the vallev of the Nile.\\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND\\nITS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE.\\nThe University of Minnesota, for the estab-\\nlishment of which the United States donated\\nto the State nearly 100,000 acres of land, and\\nthe agricultural college, which was similarly\\nendowed, have been consolidated, and both\\nhave long been in successful operation. The\\nUniversity proper opened its doors for the ad-\\nmission of students about the year 1869, and\\nhas since attained such proportions as to en-\\ntitle it to a place among the leading educa-\\ntional institutions of the United States; its roll\\nof students for the last college year numbered\\nover three thousand. Its curriculum embraces\\nall studies generally taught in the colleges of\\nthis country, professional and otherwise. The\\nstate of efficiency and high standing of the Uni-\\nversity of Minnesota is largely attributable to\\nthe work of its president, Hon. Cyrus North-\\nrop, a graduate of Yale, who had attained emi-\\nnence in the educational world before being\\ncalled to the university.\\nThe School of Agriculture is of the highest\\nimportance to the welfare of the State. Its\\ninfluence will soon remove one chief indus-\\ntry from dependence on the crude methods\\nof the uneducated Western farmer, and place\\nit upon a basis of scientific operation and man-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "9 2\\nn [STORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nagement. Every branch of the art of farming\\nis taught in this institution, from a knowledge\\nof the chemical properties of the soil and its\\nadaptation to the different vegetable growths,\\nto the scientific breeding and economical feed-\\ning of stock. Much of the success in the dairy\\nbranch of farming is the direcl result of knowl-\\nedge gained at this school. II is well patron-\\nized by the young men of the Slate who intend\\nto devote themselves to agriculture as a pro-\\nfession. Quite recently a new department ha*\\nbeen added to the institution for the instruc-\\ntion of women in all that pertains to the proper\\neducation of the mistress of the farm. It goes\\nwithout saying that when Minnesota farming\\nis brought under the management and control\\nof men and women of scientific and practical\\neducation in that particular line, there will be\\na revolution for the better.\\nThe methods of instruction in this school are\\nnot merely theoretical. It possesses three ex-\\nperimental farms for the practical illustration\\nand application of its teachings, the principal\\none of which is situated at St. Anthony Park,\\nand the other two respectively at Crookstou\\nand Grand Rapids. Work is also done in an\\nexperimental way in Lyon county, but the\\nState does not own the station.\\nTHE MINNESOTA STATE AGRICUL-\\nTURAL SOCIETY.\\nThis society dates its corporate existence\\nfrom the year 1868, although for many years\\nprevious to that date, even back to the Terri-\\ntorial days, a society had been in existence\\ncovering the main features of this organiza-\\ntion. In 18C7 the State recognized this society\\nby appropriating one thousand dollars for its\\nencouragement. Its object was the promotion\\nof agriculture, horticulture and the mechanic s\\narts. The society held annual fairs in different\\nlocalities in the State, with varying success.\\nuntil 1885. The comity of Ramsey then offered\\nto convey to the State of Minnesota, forever,\\ntwo hundred acres of land adjoining the city\\nlimits of St. Paul, for the purpose of holding\\nannual exhibitions thereon, under the manage\\nment of the society, of all matters pertaining\\nto agriculture, human art, industry or skill.\\nThe State met this munificent donation with\\nthe same liberal spirit that characterized the\\noffer, and appropriated $100,000 for perma-\\nnent improvements.\\nThe hoard of managers proceeded imme\\ndiately to erect the necessary buildings for tic\\nflrsl exhibition, but found the appropriation\\ninadequate by about $32,000, which was read-\\nily supplied by public-spirited citizens of St.\\nPaul and Minneapolis. The Stale, being again\\nappealed to in 1887, made a further appropria-\\ntion of $50,0(10.\\nIn 1887 the society was reorganized by ail\\nof the Legislature and ils membership desig\\nnated ami made to consist of the following\\npersons:\\nFirst. Three delegates from each of tic\\ncounty and district agricultural societies.\\nSecond. Honorary life members, who by\\nreason of eminent services in agriculture, or in\\nthe arts and sciences connected therewith, or\\nof long and faithful services in the society, or\\nof benefits conferred upon it.\\nThird. The president ex-officio of the Horti\\ncultural Society, the Amber Cane Society, the\\nState Dairymen s Association, the Southern\\nMinnesota Fair Association, the State Poultry\\nAssociation, the State Bee-Keeper s Associa-\\ntion, and the president and secretary of the\\nFarmer s Alliance.\\nFourth. The president of any society hav-\\ning for its object the promotion of any branch\\nof agriculture, stock raising or improving, or\\nmechanics relating to agriculture.\\nBy this selection of membership it will be\\nseen that the society is composed of the lead-\\ning agriculturists of the State. It holds annual\\nmeetings in St. Paul for the transaction of its\\nbusiness. The State appropriates four thou\\nsand dollars annually to aid in the payment of\\npremiums to exhibitors.\\nThe society is in a prosperous condition ami\\nholds annual fairs in the month of September\\non its grounds, which have been extensively\\nimproved. Each year there is a marked in-\\ncrease in the magnitude and variety of exhibits\\nand extended interest and attendance. lis\\nfinancial statement for the year 1808 was:\\nReceipts, $62,523.70; expenditures, $56,850.*::.\\nIt has just closed ils fair for the year 1899,\\nwhich in extent and perfection of its exhibits", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n93\\nand financial results surpassed any of its pre-\\nvious attempts.\\nThere are in the State the following named\\nsocieties all more or less connected with agri-\\nculture, and all in flourishing condition:\\nThe State Horticultural Society.\\nThe State Forestry Association.\\nThe Dairymen s Association.\\nThe State Butter and Cheese Maker s Asso-\\nciation.\\nThe State Farmer s Institute.\\nThe State Poultry Association.\\nThe State Bee Keeper s Association.\\nAnd perhaps others.\\nThese associations have done much in the\\npromotion of the agricultural interests of the\\nState, and by their intelligent guidance will no\\ndoubt soon make it the leading agricultural\\nState in the Union.\\nTHE SOLDIERS HOME.\\nIn the 1887 it became apparent that the\\nCivil War and the Minnesota Indian War had\\nleft a large number of soldiers of the State iu\\ndependent circumstances from old age, wounds\\nand other disabling causes. The State, recog-\\nnizing its obligation to these men, determined\\nto provide a home for their comfort and main-\\ntenance. By an act of the Legislature, passed\\nMarch 2, of that year, provision was made for\\nthe purchase of a site and the erection of suit-\\nable buildings for that purpose. The act pro-\\nvided for bids for the purpose of a site, and\\nalso authorized the acceptance of donations for\\nthat purpose. Minneapolis responded hand-\\nsomely by offering fifty-one acres of its beau-\\ntiful Minnehaha Park as a donation. It was\\naccepted, and is one of the most beautiful and\\npicturesque locations that could have been\\nfound in the State, being mar the Mississippi\\nriver and the Falls of Minnehaha. The begin-\\nning of the home was small, one old house\\nbeing used for the first six months, and then\\nfrom year to year handsome and commodious\\nbrick houses were erected, until the home be-\\ncame adequate to accommodate all those who\\nwere entitled to its hospitality. The conditions\\nof admission are, residence in Minnesota, serv-\\nice in the Mexican War, or in some Minnesota\\norganization in the Civil or Indian war, honor-\\nable discharge, and indigent circumstances.\\nAs there are no accommodations for the wives\\nand families of the old soldiers and sailors at\\nthe home, provision is made for relief being-\\nfurnished to married soldiers at their own\\nhomes, so as to prevent the separation of fami-\\nlies. There were in the home at the date of the\\nlast report, August 3, 1899, three hundred and\\nsixty-two beneficiaries. The home is conducted\\nby a board of trustees consisting of seven mem-\\nbers, whose election is so arranged that they\\nserve for six years. This beneficent establish-\\nment is to be commended as an evidence of the\\ngenerosity and patriotism of the State.\\nOTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS.\\nI have been somewhat explicit in mentioning\\nthe institutions of the State which are con-\\nnected with its prominent and permanent in-\\ndustry\u00e2\u0080\u0094agriculture; but it must not be sup-\\nposed that it has not provided for the many\\nother interests that require regulation and con-\\ntrol to constitute a perfectly organized State\\ngovernment. There are, besides those I have\\nmentioned:\\nFour Normal Schools, located at Winona,\\nMankato, St. Cloud and Moorhead, all devoted\\nto the education of teachers.\\nState High and Graded Schools all over the\\nState.\\nState Board of Corrections and Charities.\\nState Hospitals for the Insane, of which\\nthere are three, located as follows: One at St.\\nPeter, one at Rochester, and one at Fergus\\nFalls, and a fourth in contemplation.\\nAccording to the latest report these hospi-\\ntals contained 3,302 patients, as follows: St.\\nPeter, 1,045; Rochester, 1,196; and Fergus\\nFalls 1,061. For a small new State, this show-\\ning would seem alarming and indicate that a\\nvery large percentage of the population was\\ninsane, and that the rest were preparing to be-\\ncome so. The truth is, that a case of insanity\\noriginating in Minnesota is quite as excep-\\ntional and rare as other diseases, and can\\nusually be accounted for by some self-abuse of\\nthe patient. The population is drawn from", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "94\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsuch diverse sources, and the intermarriages\\nare crossed upon so many different nationali-\\nties, that hereditary insanity ought to be al-\\nmost unknown. The climate and the general\\npursuits of the people all militate against the\\nprevalence of the malady.\\nThe explanation of the existence of the\\nnumerous cases is, as I am informed by the\\nvery highest authority on the subject, that in\\nnearly all European countries it has become\\nthe habit of families afflicted with insanity to\\nexport their unfortunates to America as soon\\nas any symptoms appear, and thus provide for\\nthem for the rest of their lives. I cannot say\\nthat the governments whence these people emi-\\ngrate participate in the fraud, but it is not rea-\\nsonable to suppose that they would interpose\\nany serious objections, even should they have\\nknowledge of the fact. A comparison of the\\nnationalities of the patients found in these hos-\\npitals with the American element, given by the\\ncensus of the State, proves my statement, and\\nan inquiry of the medical authorities of these\\ninstitutions will place the question beyond\\ndoubt.\\nMINNESOTA INSTITUTE FOR DEFEC-\\nTIVES.\\nThere are also State schools for the deaf,\\ndumb, blind and the feeble-minded. These in-\\nstitutions are all located at Faribault in Rice\\ncounty, and each has a very handsome, com-\\nmodious and in every way suitable building,\\nwhere these unfortunates are instructed in\\nevery branch of learning and industry of which\\nthey are capable. During the last two years\\nthere have been enrolled two hundred and sev-\\nenty-five deaf and dumb children in the school\\nespecially devoted to them, where they receive\\nthe best education that science and experience\\ncan provide. This school has already been in-\\nstrumental in preparing hundreds of deaf and\\nmute youth to be useful and intelligent citizens\\nof the State, and year by year a few are grad-\\nuated, well prepared to take their places beside\\nthe hearing and speaking youth who leave the\\npublic schools. About one-third of the time is\\ndevoted to manual training.\\nThe school for the blind is entirely separate\\nfrom that of the deaf and dumb, and is\\nequipped with all the appliances of a modern\\nspecial school of this character. It makes a\\nspecialty of musical instruction and industrial\\ntraining, such as broom-making, hammock\\nweaving, bead work and sewing.\\nThe course of study embraces a period of\\nseven years, beginning with the kindergarten\\nand ending with the ordinary studies of En-\\nglish classes in the high schools. The school is\\nfree to all blind children in the State between\\nthe ages of eight and twenty-six, to whom\\nboard, care and tuition are furnished. The\\naverage number of pupils at this school for the\\npast few years is between seventy and one hun-\\ndred.\\nSTATE SCHOOL FOR DEPENDENT AND\\nNEGLECTED CHILDREN.\\nThis school is located at Owatonna in Steele\\ncounty, and is one of the most valuable of all\\nthe many establishments which the State has\\nprovided for the encouragement of good citi-\\nzenship. There are eleven buildings, which\\ncomprise all the agencies that tend to make\\nabandoned children useful citizens and rescue\\nthem from a life of vagrancy and crime. The\\nobject of this institution is to provide a tem-\\nporary home and school for the dependent and\\nneglected children of the State. No child in\\nMinnesota need go without a home if the offi-\\ncers of the several counties do their duty.\\nThere is not a semblance of any degrading or\\ncriminal feature in the manner of obtaining\\nadmittance to this school. Under the law, it is\\nthe duty of every county commissioner, when\\nhe finds any child dependent or in danger of\\nbecoming so, to take steps to send him to this\\nschool. The process of admission wisely guards\\nagainst the separation of parent and child, but\\nkeeps in view the ultimate good of the latter.\\nOnce admitted, it becomes the child of the\\nState, all other authority over it being can-\\nceled. Every child old enough to work has\\nsome fitting task assigned to it, to the end of\\ntraining it mentally, morally and physically\\nfor useful citizenship. They are sent from the", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n95\\nschool into families wanting them, but this\\ndoes not deprive them of the watchful care of\\nthe State, which, through its agents, visits\\nthem in their adopted homes and sees that they\\nare well cared for.\\nOn January 1, 1899, there had been received\\ninto the school from seventy-two counties 1,824\\nchildren, of whom 1.131 were boys and 09:?\\nwere girls. Of these, 233 were then in the\\nschool, the others having been placed in good\\nhomes. It is known that eighty-three per cent\\nof these children had developed into young\\nmen and women of good character.\\nTHE MINNESOTA STATE TRAINING\\nSCHOOL.\\nThis institution was formerly The Minne-\\nsota State Reform School, and was located in\\nSt. Paul. In 1895 the Legislature changed its\\nname to The Minnesota State Training School\\nfor Boys and Girls, and its location has been\\nchanged to Red Wing, in the county of Good-\\nhue. This institution has to do with criminals,\\nand the statute provides, That whenever an\\ninfant over the age of eight years and under\\nthe age of sixteen years shall have been duly\\nconvicted of any crime punishable with im-\\nprisonment, except the crime of murder, or\\nshall be convicted of vagrancy or of incorrig\\nibly vicious conduct. the sentence shall be to\\nthe guardianship of the board of managers of\\nthis school. Here they are given a good common\\nschool education and instructed in the trades\\nof cabinet making, carpenter work, tailoring,\\nshoemaking, blacksmithing, printing, farming,\\ngardening, etc.\\nThe inmates are furloughed under proper\\nconditions, but the State watches over them\\nthrough an agent, who provides homes for the\\nhomeless and employment for those who need\\nhelp.\\nintermediate correctional school between the\\ntraining school and the State prison, the ob-\\nject being to provide a place for boys and\\nyoung men from sixteen to thirty years of age,\\nnever before convicted of crime, where they\\nmay, under as favorable circumstances as pos-\\nsible by discipline and education best adapted\\nto that end, form such habits and character ;is\\nwill prevent their continuing in crime, fit them\\nfor self-support, and accomplish their reforma-\\ntion.\\nThe law provides for an indeterminate sen\\nfence, allowing of parole when earned by con-\\ntinuous good conduct, and final release when\\nreformation is strongly probable. Honest\\nlabor is required every day of each inmate.\\nAlmost every occupation and employment is\\ncarried on in a practical way, and each inmate\\nis learning to fill some honest place and to do\\nuseful work. The workings of this reforma-\\ntory have been very satisfactory and have un-\\ndoubtedly rescued many young people from a\\nlife of crime.\\nMINNESOTA STATE REFORMATORY.\\nThis institution was established in 1887 and\\nis located at St. Cloud. It is designed as an\\nTHE MINNESOTA STATE PRISON.\\nAll prisons where criminals are sent to work\\nout sentences for crimes committed are alike\\non general principles, and the Minnesoia\\nprison, situated at Stillwater, differs only in\\nthe fact that it combines iu its administration\\nall the modern discoveries of sociological re-\\nsearch which tend to ameliorate the condition\\nof the prisoner and fit him for the duties of\\ngood citizenship when discharged.\\nThe plant is extensive and thorough. The\\nlabor of the prisoners is now devoted to three\\nindustries, the manufacture of binding twine,\\nhigh school scientific apparatus on State ac-\\ncount, and the manufacture of boots and shoes.\\nThe discipline and management of the prison\\nis the best. The most advanced principles of\\npenology are in force. Sentences are reduced\\nby good conduct, and everything is done to re-\\nform as well as punish the prisoner. A news-\\npaper is published by the convicts and a li-\\nbrary of five thousand volumes is furnished for\\ntheir mental improvement. Nothing known to", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "96\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmodern, social and penal science is omitted\\nfrom the management.\\nTHE MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY.\\nThis society, as I have said before in speak-\\ning of the work of the first Territorial Legisla-\\nture, was organized by thai body in 184!). and\\nhas been of incalculable value to the State.\\nThe officers of the society are a president, two\\nvice-presidents, a treasurer and a secretary.\\nand it is governed by an executive council of\\nthirty-six members, which embraces the Gov-\\nernor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary. Au-\\nditor and Treasurer of State, and Attorney\\nGeneral as ex-officio members. The Stale\\nmakes an annual appropriation in aid of the\\nsociety. The executive council meets once a\\nmonth for the transaction of its business, at\\nwhich meetings, and at its annual meetings,\\ninteresting papers and essays are delivered on\\nhistorical subjects, which are preserved and,\\nwith other matter, are published in hand-\\nsomely bound volumes when sufficient material\\nis accumulated.\\nThe society, in the manner prescribed ill its\\nby-laws, may establish the following separate\\ndepartments:\\nDepartment\\nof Minnesota.\\nDepartment\\nDepartment\\nDepartment\\nDepartment\\nDepartment\\nChartology.\\nDepartment\\nDepartment\\nDepartment\\nDepartment\\nDepartment\\nof Annals and General History\\nof Geology of Minnesota.\\nof Zoology t Minnesota.\\nof Botany of Minnesota.\\nof .Meteorology of Minnesota.\\nof Northwestern Geography and\\nof American History.\\nof Oriental History.\\nof European History.\\nof Genealogy and Heraldry.\\nof Ethnology and Anthropology.\\nIt has corresponding members all over the\\nworld and official connections with nearly nil\\nthe historical and learned societies of Europe\\nand America, with which it interchanges publi-\\ncations. It has a membership of 142 life and 87\\nannual members. It may receive donations\\nfrom any source.\\nIts property, real and personal, is exempt\\nfrom taxation of any kind. It has accumu-\\nlated a splendid library of about sixty-three\\nthousand volumes of all kinds of historical,\\ngenealogical, scientific and general knowledge,\\nall of which are open and free to the public\\nIt also has a gallery of pictures of historical\\nscenes in Minnesota, and portraits of men and\\nwomen who have been prominent in, or who\\nhave contributed to the history or growth of\\nHie State, together with an extensive museum\\nof Indian and other curiosities having some\\nrelation to Minnesota. One of its most valu-\\nable attractions is a newspaper department in\\nwhich are complete files of all newspapers\\nwhich have been and are published in the\\nState, except a very few unimportant ones. The\\nnumber of our State papers, daily, weekly and\\nmonthly, received at the beginning of the year\\n1890 was 421. These papers are all bound in\\nsubstantial volumes for preservation for the\\nuse of future generations. On September 1,\\n1899, the society had on the shelves of its tire-\\nproof vault 4,250 of these volumes. Its rooms\\nare in the capitol at St. Paul, and are entirely\\ninadequate for its accommodation, but ample\\nspace has been allowed it in the new capitol\\nnow in the course of construction.\\nSTATE INSTITUTIONS MISCELLANEOUS\\nIN THEIR CHARACTER.\\nBesides the general State boards and asso-\\nciations having special reference to the leading\\nproducts of (lie Slate, and those of a reforma-\\ntory and educational character, there are many\\nothers, regulating business of various kinds\\namong the inhabitants, all of which are im-\\nportant in their special spheres, but to name\\nthem is all I can say about them in my limited\\nspace. Their number and the subjects which\\nthey regulate shows the care with which the\\nSlate watches ever the welfare of its citizens.\\nI present the following catalogue of the State\\ndepartments:\\nThe Insurance Commission.\\nThe Public Examiner.\\nThe Dairy Food Commission.\\nThe Bureau of Labor.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n97\\nThe Board of Railroad and Warehouse Com-\\nmissioners.\\nThe Board of Game and Fish Commission-\\ners.\\nThe State Law Library.\\nThe State Department of Oil Inspection.\\nThe State Horticultural Society.\\nThe State Forestry Association.\\nThe Minnesota Dairyman s Association.\\nThe State Butter and Cheese Maker s Asso-\\nciation.\\nThe State Farmer s Institutes.\\nThe Red River Valley Drainage Commission.\\nThe State Drainage Commission.\\nThe Commission of Statistics.\\nThe State Board of Health and Vital Statis-\\ntics.\\nThe State Board of Medical Examiners.\\nThe State Board of Pharmacy.\\nThe State Board of Dental Examiners.\\nThe State Board of Examiners in Law.\\nThe Bureau of Public Printing.\\nThe Minnesota Society for the Prevention of\\nCruelty.\\nThe Geological and Natural History Survey.\\nThe State Board of Equalization.\\nSurveyors of Logs and Lumber.\\nThe Board of Pardons.\\nThe State Board of Arbitration and Concil-\\niation.\\nThe State Board of Investment.\\nThe State Board of Examiners of Barbers.\\nThe State Board of Examiners of Practical\\nPlumbing.\\nThe Horseshoers Board of Examiners.\\nThe Inspection of Steam Boilers.\\nIt is difficult to conceive of any other subject\\nover which the State could assume jurisdiction,\\nand the great number which are embraced al-\\nready within its supervision, would lead one\\nwho is not in touch with our State administra-\\ntion to believe that State paternalism dom-\\ninated the business industries of the people;\\nbut nothing is further from the truth, and no\\nState in the Union is freer from governmental\\ninterference in the ordinary channels of in-\\ndustry than Minnesota.\\nSTATE FINANCES.\\nways been in excellent condition. When the\\nreceipts of an individual or a State exceed ex-\\npenditures the situation is both satisfactory\\nand safe. At the last report up to July 31,\\n1S9S, the receipts of the State from all sources\\nwere $5,429,240.32, and the expenditures were\\n$5,208,942.05, leaving a balance on the right\\nside of the ledger of $220,29S.27. To the re-\\nceipts must be added the balance in the treas-\\nury at the beginning of the year, of $2,054,-\\n314.26, which left in the treasury on July 31,\\n1898, the large sum of $2,184,612.53.\\nThe original indebtedness arising from the\\nadjustment of the State railroad bonds was\\n$1,659,000.00; other bonds, $300,000.00. This\\nindebtedness has been reduced by payments to\\nthe sum of $1,475,647.22, on July 31, 1898, the\\ndate of the last report. If this debt had ma-\\ntured, it could at once be paid by the funds on\\nhand, leaving the State entirely free from all\\nindebtedness.\\nThe taxable property of the State by last as-\\nsessment in 1897, including real and personal\\nproperty, was $570,598,813.\\nSince the settlement of the debt created by\\nthe old railroad bonds that I have heretofore\\nmentioned, the finances of the State have al-\\nTHE MONETARY AND BUSINESS\\nFLURRY OF 1873 AND PANIC OF 1893.\\nIt has been customary in the United States\\nto expect a disturbance in monetary and busi-\\nness affairs about once in every twenty years,\\nand the expectation has not been disappointed\\nsince the panic of 18. 7. I have described the\\neffect of the panic of 1857 on the Territory and\\nState of Minnesota and the difficulties of re-\\ncuperating from the shock. The next similar\\nevent was not due until 1877, but there is al-\\nways some special disaster to precipitate such\\noccurrences. In 1S57 it was the failure of the\\nOhio Life and Trust Company, and in 1S73 it\\nwas the failure of Jay Cooke Company, of\\nPhiladelphia. This house had been very prom-\\ninent in placing the bonds of the Northern Pa-\\ncific Railroad company, and in the construc-\\ntion of the road, and was relied upon by many\\nclasses of people to invest their money for\\nthem, and when their failure was announced\\nits effect in the East was disastrous, but here", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "9 8\\nniSTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nin Minnesota it only affected us in a secondary\\nor indirect way, in stopping railroad building\\nand creating general alarm in business circles.\\nWe had been diligently at work for sixteen\\nyears endeavoring to recuperate from the dis-\\naster of 1857 and had, to a great extent, suc-\\nceeded. Real estate had partially revived, but\\nhad not reached the boom feature, and the\\nSlate was on a sound financial basis. Fortu-\\nnately we bad not recovered sufficiently to be-\\ncome investors in railroad securities to any\\ngreat extent, and land speculation bad not\\nreached its usual twenty years mark. We had,\\nalso, on hand a local affliction in the presence\\nof grasshoppers, so that, although it disturbed\\nbusiness generally, it did not succeed in pro-\\nducing bankruptcy, and we soon shook it off.\\nThis periodical financial disturbance has been\\nattributed to various causes. From the regular-\\nity of its appearance, it must be the result of\\nsome impelling force of a generally similar\\ncharacter. My opinion is that the period of\\ntwenty years being the average time of man s\\nbusiness life, the actors of the second period\\nhave not the benefit of the experience gained by\\nthose of the previous one, and they repeat the\\nsame errors that produced the former disasters;\\nbut be that as it may, when the period extending\\nfrom 1873 to 1893 had passed the same result\\nhad occurred, and with quite as much force as\\nany of its predecessors. Land speculation had\\nreached the point of absolute insanity. Every-\\nbody thought he could become rich if he only\\nbought. Values already ridiculously expanded\\ncontinued to increase with every sale. Anyone\\nwho had money enough to pay down a small\\namount as earnest, and intelligence enough to\\nsign a note and mortgage for the balance of\\nthe purchase price, became purchasers to the\\nlimit of their credit. When a party whose\\ncredit was questioned needed an endorser, he\\nfound many requiring the same assistance who\\nwere ready to swap endorsements with him.\\nEveryone became deeply in debt. The country\\nwas Hooded with paper, which was secured on\\nthe impossibility of values continuing. The\\nbanks became loaded with alleged securities\\nand when the bubble was strained to the\\nbursting point and some one of supposed finan-\\ncial soundness was compelled to succumb to\\nthe pressure, the veil was lifted which opened\\nthe eyes of the community and produced a rush\\nfor safety, which induced and was necessarily\\nfollowed by a general collapse. In 1S88 and\\nissn banks suspended, money disappeared, and\\nin 1893, in the expressive language of the West,\\neverybody who was in debt, and all stockhold-\\ners and depositors in defunct banks wenl\\nbroke. Had the cities of St. Paul and Minne-\\napolis been captured byan enemyand a ransom\\nof ten million dollars been demanded for each,\\npaid and carried away, the consequences upon\\nbusiness would not have been worse. It was\\nmuch the same in all the large cities of the\\nState, as land speculation was more active\\nthere than in the rural districts, and no mat-\\nter what may happen some value always re-\\nmains to farm lands, while under such a col-\\nlapse as that of 1893 the greater part of city\\nproperty becomes utterly valueless for the\\npresent, and much of it forever.\\nThere was, however, a great difference be-\\ntween the consequences of 189. and the pre-\\nvious disasters of 1857 and 1873. Although the\\ndisturbance was great, we were better pre-\\npared to meet it. Population had increased\\nimmensely. The area of civilization and pro-\\nduction had kept pace with immigration.\\nManufactures of many kinds had been intro-\\nduced, and although we w r ere seriously\\nwounded, our hopes of recovery had solid\\ngrounds to rest upon and we were not dis-\\nmayed. The only remedy in such cases indus-\\ntry and economy were applied, through ne-\\ncessity if not from choice, and recovery has\\nbeen slowly progressing up to the present time\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00941899 when we may be classed as convales-\\ncent.\\nWill, this experience serve to prevent a re-\\ncurrence of the follies of the past? Most as-\\nsuredly not. Those who have reaped wisdom\\nwill have surrendered the speculative arena to\\nothers before the financial cycle rolls around,\\nand history will repeat itself, notwithstanding\\nthe State never had a better future outlook\\nthan at present. It does not follow that the\\npanic due about 1913 will be caused by over-\\nspeculation in real estate. It is more likely", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n99\\nto be produced by the excessive and fraudulent\\ncapitalization of all sorts of corporations called\\ntrusts, which will, of course, succumb to the\\nfirst serious blow.\\nWith the exception of the events I have nar-\\nrated, including the financial troubles of 1ST:\\nand 1893, nothing of special importance to the\\nState has happened, except a few occurrences\\nof minor moment.\\nMINOR HAPPENINGS.\\nSeptember 5, 1878, President Haves made a\\nshort visit to the Stale, and delivered an ad-\\ndress at the State agricultural fair.\\nOn the 7th of September, 1S70, an organized\\ngang of bandits which had been terrorizing the\\nState of Missouri and surrounding States witli\\nimpunity, entered this State and attacked a\\nbank in the town of Northfield, in Rice county,\\nwith the intent of looting it. The cashier, Mr.\\nHaywood, resisted, and they shot him dead.\\nThe people of the town hearing of the raid,\\nturned out and opened fire on the robbers, who\\nfled, with the loss of one killed. In their flight\\nthey killed a Swede before they got out of the\\ntown. The people of the counties through\\nwhich their flight led them turned out, and\\nbefore any of them passed the border of the\\nState two more of them were killed and three\\ncaptured. Two escaped. The captured were\\nthree brothers named Younger, and those who\\nescaped were supposed to be the notorious\\nJames brothers of Missouri. The three Young-\\ner brothers pleaded guilty to a charge of mur-\\nder, and, on account of a peculiarity in the law\\nthat only allowed the death sentence t be im-\\nposed by a jury, they were all sentenced to\\nimprisonment for life; one of them has since\\ndied, and the other two remain in prison.\\nThe manner in which this raid was handled\\nby our citizens was of immense value to the\\nState, as it proved a warning to all such des-\\nperadoes that Minnesota was a bad field for\\ntheir operations, and we have had no more\\ntrouble from that class of offenders.\\nIn 1877 the Constitution was amended by\\nproviding for biennial instead of annual ses-\\nsions of the Legislature.\\nOn May 2. 1878, a very singular and disas-\\ntrous event took place at Minneapolis. Three\\nlarge flouring mills were blown up by a dust\\nexplosion and eighteen men killed. It was in-\\nexplicable for a time, but it was afterwards\\ndiscovered that such explosions had occurred\\nbefore, and prompt measures were taken Id\\nprevent a repetition of the trouble.\\nOn the 15th of November, 1880, a portion\\nof the large insane asylum at St. Peter was\\ndestroyed by fire, and eighteen of the inmates\\nwere burned and others died of injuries re-\\nceived. The pecuniary loss amounted to $150,-\\n000.\\nOn March 1, 1881. the old capitol burned\\nwhile the Legislature was in session. That\\nbody moved their sittings to the St. Paul Mar-\\nket House, which had just been finished, where\\nthey remained until the present capitol build-\\ning was erected upon the site of the one\\ndestroyed.\\nOn the 25th of January, 1884, the State\\nprison at Stillwater was partially burned.\\nSeptember 14, 1886, St. loud and Sauk Rap-\\nids were struck by a cyclone. Scores of build-\\nings were destroyed and about seventy of the\\ninhabitants killed.\\nIn the year 1889 the Australian system of\\nvoting at elections was introduced in cities of\\nten thousand inhabitants and over, and in\\n1892 the system was made general throughout\\nthe State.\\nOn the 7th of April, 1893, the Legislature\\npassed an act for the building of a new State\\ncapitol in the city of St. Paul, and appointed\\ncommissioners to carry out the object. They\\nselected an eligible and conspicuous site be-\\ntween University avenue, Cedar and Wabasha\\nstreets, near the head of Wabasha. They\\nadopted for the materials which were to enter\\ninto it, granite for the lower and Georgia\\nwhite marble for the upper stories. The whole\\ncost was not to exceed $2,000,000. The corner\\nstone of the building was laid July 27, 1898,\\nwith appropriate and very imposing ceremo-\\nnies in the presence of an immense throng of\\ncitizens from all parts of the State. Senator\\nLeft.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "IOO\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nDavis delivered the oration and ex-Governor\\nAlexander Ramsey laid the corner si one. The\\nbuilding has reached the third story, and will\\nbe a very beautiful and serviceable structure.\\nOn September 1, 1894, there was a mosi\\ntensive and disastrous tire in Pine county.\\nFour hundred square miles of territory were\\nburned over by the forest fire; the towns of\\nHinckley and Sandstone were totally de\\nstroyed, and four hundred people burned. The\\nmoney loss was estimated at $1,000,000. This\\ndisaster was exactly what was needed lo\\nawaken the people of the State to the necessity\\nof providing means for the prevention of\\nforest and prairie tires, and the preservation of\\nour forests. Shortly after the Hinckley lire a\\nState convention was held at the Commercial\\nClub in St. Paul, to devise legislation to accom-\\nplish this desirable end. which resulted in the\\npassage of an act at the session of the Legisla-\\nture in 1895 entitled, An act for the preserva-\\ntion of forests of this State, and for the pre-\\nvention and suppression of finest and prairie\\nfires. Under this act the State Auditor was\\nmade the Forest Commissioner of the Stair,\\nwith authority to appoint a Chief Fire War-\\nden. The supervisors of towns, mayors of cities\\nand presidents of village councils were made\\nfire wardens of their respective local jurisdic-\\ntions, and the machinery for the prevention\\nof fires was put in motion that is of immense\\nvalue to the State. The Forest Commissioner\\nappointed Gen. C. C. Andrews Chief Fire War-\\nden, one of the best equipped men in the State\\nfor the position, and no serious trouble 1ms\\nsince occurred in the way of fires.\\nOn the 9th of February, 1887, the Minnesota\\nHistorical Society passed a resolution declar-\\ning that the pretenses made by a]ii. Willard\\nGlazier, to having been the discoverer of the\\nsource of the Mississippi river, were false, and\\nvery little has been heard from him since.\\nOn the 10th of October, 1887, President\\nCleveland visited the State and made a short\\nstay.\\nThis enumeration of passing events looks a\\nlittle like a catalogue of disasters (except the\\nbuilding of the new capitol and the visit of\\nPresidents Haves and Cleveland), but it must be\\nremembered that Minnesota is such an empire\\nin itself that such happenings scarcely pro-\\nduce a ripple on the surface of its steady and\\ncontinuous progress. It is because these events\\ncan he particularized and described that they\\nassume proportions beyond their real impor-\\ntance; but when compared with the colossal\\nadvances made by the State during the period\\ncovering them, they dwindle into mere points\\nof educational experience, to be guarded\\nagainst in the future. While the many bless\\nings showered upon the State, consisting of\\nthe health and wealth imparting sunshine, the\\nrefreshing and fructifying rains and dews of\\nheaven, which, like the smiles of providence,\\nand the life-sustaining air that surrounds us,\\nare too intangible and indefinable for more\\nI ha ii thankful recognition: our tribulations\\nwere really blessings in disguise. The bold\\ninvasion of the robbers proved our courage;\\nthe storms and fires proved our generosity to\\nthe distressed, and taught us lessons in the\\nwisdom of prevention. Minnesota has as much\\nto be thankful for and as little to regret as any\\nState in the West, and our troubles only prove\\nthat we have a very robust vitality, difficult to\\npermanently impair.\\nTHE WAR WITH SPAIN.\\nFor many years there has been a growing\\nsentiment in the United States that Spain was\\ngoverning Cuba and her other West Indian\\ncolonies in an oppressive and unjust manner,\\nand the desire to interfere in behalf of the\\nCuban people received a good deal of encour-\\nagement, and its unrestrained expression suc-\\nceeded in creating very strained relations be-\\ntween Spain and the United States. II is a\\nwell known fact that the Spanish people from\\nthe north line of Mexico to Cape Horn, as well\\nas the inhabitants of the Spanish Islands, hale\\nthe Americans most heartily. Why, I do nol\\nknow, except that our social, governmental\\nand religious habits, customs and beliefs are\\nradically different from their own but that\\nsuch is the case no one doubts who knows these\\npeople. In 1897 some effort at conciliation", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nIOI\\nwas made, and Spain sent one of her warships\\nto New York on a friendly visit, but she did\\nnot stay long, and got away as soon as she\\ndecently could. The United Stales sent the\\nbattleship Maine to Havana on the same\\nfriendly mission, where she was officially con-\\nveyed to her anchorage. She had been there\\nbut a short time when she was blown up, on\\nFebruary 15, 1898, and two hundred and sixty\\nAmerican seamen murdered. There was an\\nofficial investigation to determine the cause of\\nthe explosion, but it found no solution of the\\ndisaster. Various theories were advanced of\\ninternal spontaneous explosion, but no one\\nwas misled. The general sentiment of Amer-\\nicans was, that the Spanish in Cuba deliber-\\nately exploded a submarine torpedo under her\\nto accomplish the result that followed. Pre-\\nvious to this cowardly act there was much\\ndifference of opinion among the people of all\\nsections of the country as to the propriety of\\ndeclaring war against Spain, but public senti-\\nment was at once unified in favor of war on\\nthe announcement of this outrage. On the 25th\\nof April, 1898, Congress passed an act declar-\\ning that war against Spain had existed since\\nthe 21st of the same mouth. A requisition wis\\nmade on Minnesota for its quota of troops im-\\nmediately after war was declared, and late in\\nthe afternoon of the 28th of April the Governor\\nissued an order to the Adjutant General to\\nassemble the State troops at St. Paul. The\\nAdjutant General, on the 29th, issued the fol-\\nlowing order by telegraph to the different com-\\nmands:\\nThe First, Second and Third regiments of\\ninfantry are hereby ordered to report at St.\\nPaul on Friday morning, April 29, L898, not\\nlater than eleven o clock, witli one day s cooked\\nrations in their haversacks.\\nThe order was promptly obeyed and all the\\nfield staff and company officers, with their coin\\nmands, reported before the time appointed,\\nand on the afternoon of that day went into\\ncamp at the State fair grounds, which was\\nnamed Camp Ramsey. Such promptness on\\nthe part of the State militia was remarkable,\\nluil it will be seen that they had been prepared\\nfor the order of the Adjutant General before\\nits final issue, who had anticipated the dec-\\nlaration of war.\\nOn April 18th he had issued the following\\norder:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Thi commanding office\\ncompanies, and artillery b\\nthe National Guard, will\\nsteps to recruit their comm\\ndred men each. All recru\\nmum peace footing el sev\\ncarried upon the muster ro\\ncruits, to be discharged in\\nare not needed for field ser\\nrs of the infantry\\natteries, composing\\nimmediately take\\nands up to one hun-\\nts above the maxi-\\nTity-six men will be\\n11 as provisional re-\\ncase their services\\nvice.\\nOn the 25th of April the Adjutant General\\nissued the following order:\\nIn obedience to orders this day received\\nfrom the Honorable Secretary of War, calling\\nupon the State of Minnesota for three regi-\\nments of infantry as volunteers of the United\\nStates to serve two years or less, and as the\\nthree National Guard regiments have signified\\ntheir desire of entering the service of the\\nUnited States as volunteers, the First, Second\\nand Third regiments of infantry of the Na-\\ntional Guard of the State of Minnesota will im-\\nmediately make preparations to report to these\\nheadquarters upon receipt of telegraphic or-\\nders which will be issued later.\\nThis commendable action on the part of our\\nmilitary authorities resulted in the Minnesota\\ntroops being the first to be mustered into the\\nservice of the United States in the war with\\nSpain, thus repeating the proud distinction\\ngained by the State in ISlil. when Minnesota\\nwas the first Stale to oiler troops for the de-\\nfense of the Union in the Civil War. It is a\\ncurious, as well as interesting coincidence, th it\\nthe First Minnesota regiment for the Civil War\\nwas mustered in on April 29, 1861, and the first\\nthree regimen Is for the Spanish War were\\nmobilized al St. Paul on April 29, 189S.\\nThe mustering in of the three regiments was\\ncompleted on the 8th of May. 1S9S, and they\\nwere designated as the Twelfth, Thirteenth\\nand Fourteenth Regiments of Infantry, Minne-\\nsota Volunteers. This classification was made\\nbecause the State had furnished eleven full\\nregiments of infantry for (he Civil War, and it\\nwas decided to number them consecutively.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "t02\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nThe Twelfth and Fourteenth left Camp Ram\\nsey on the 16th of May for Camp George H.\\nThomas, in Georgia, and the Thirteenth de-\\nparted for San Francisco on I In- same day. The\\nThirteenth was afterwards ordered to Manila.\\nThe others did not leave the country and were\\nsubsequently mustered out. The Thirteenth\\ndid gallant service in the Philippines in many\\nbattles, and has just been mustered out in San\\nFrancisco, and on October 12, 1899, returned\\nto our Stale. A warm welcome was given\\nthem in Minnesota, where they will always be\\nregarded with the same pride and affection\\nformerly bestowed upon the old First, of\\npatriotic memory.\\nPresident McKinley and several of his cabi-\\nnet arrived in St. Paul at the same time of the\\narrival of the Thirteenth, and assisted in wel-\\ncoming them to their homes.\\nThere was a second call foe troops, under\\nwhich the Fifteenth Regiment was mustered\\nin. but was not called upon for active duty\\nof any kind. It is to be hoped that the war\\nmay be ended without the need of more Volun-\\nteers from Minnesota, bill should another call\\nlie made on our people, no doubt can be enter-\\ntained of their prompt response. Having given\\nI he part taken in the war againsi Spain and\\nthe Philippines by Minnesota, ils further pros\\necution against the latter becomes purely a\\nFederal mailer, unless we shall be called into\\nit in the future.\\nWhen Spain sued for peace, soon after the\\ndestruction of her second Heel off Santiago\\nde Cuba, a commission to negotiate a treaty of\\npeace with her was appointed by the Presi-\\ndent, and Minnesota was honored by the selec-\\nlioii of its Senior Senator, Hon. Cushman K.\\nDavis, chairman of the Senate Committee on\\nForeign Relations, as one of ils members. The\\ncommission consisted of William R. Day, Sec-\\nretary of State of the United States; Cushman\\nK. Davis, of Minnesota: William P. Five, of\\nMaine; George Gray, of Delaware, and White-\\nlaw Reid, of New York. Tt met at Paris and\\nconcluded its labors the 101 h day of December,\\n1898, when Iho treaty was signed by the com-\\nmissioners of both contracting parties. II is\\nhardly necessary to add thai the influence ex-\\nerted on the result by the distinguished and\\nlearned representative from Minnesota was\\nconl rolling.\\nTHE INDIAN BATTLE OF LEECH LAKE.\\nEarly in October, 1898, there was an Indian\\nbattle fought at Leech Lake, in this State, the\\nmagnitude of the result of which gives it a\\nplace in the history of Minnesota, although it\\nwas strictly a matter of United States cogni-\\nzance and jurisdiction. In Cass county is lo-\\ncated a Chippewa Indian reservation, and, like\\nall other Indian reservations, there are within\\nils liniils turbulent people, both white and red.\\nThere is a large island out in Leech lake called\\nPear island, which is inhabited by the Indians.\\nOn October 1, 1807, one Indian shot another\\non this island. A prominent member of the\\ntribe, named Pug-on-a-ke-shig, was present and\\nwitnessed the shooting. An indictment was\\nfound in the United States District Court\\nagainst the Indian who did the shooting, but\\nbefore any trial could be had the matter was\\nsell led among the Indians in their own way,\\nand they thought that was the last of it. A\\nsubpoena was issued for Pug-on-a-ke-shig, and\\na deputy marshal served it. He disregarded\\nI he subpoena. An attachment was then issued\\nlo arrest him and bring him into court, and a\\ndeputy United States marshal tried to serve it.\\nlie was resisted by the Indian and his friends\\nfin three different occasions, and once when\\nthe Indian was arrested he was rescued from\\nthe custody of the marshal. Warrants were\\nI hen issued for the arrest of twenty-one of the\\nrescuers. This was in the latter part of Au-\\ngust, 1808. Troops were asked for to aid the\\nmarshal in making his arrests, and a lieuten-\\nant and twenty men were sent from Fori\\nSnel ling for that purpose. This was simply a\\nrepetition of the many mistakes made by the\\nmilitary authorities in such matters. If troops\\nwere necessary for any purpose, twenty men\\nwere simply useless, and worse than none, and\\nwhen the time came for I he application of mili-\\ntary force would, of course, have been annihi-\\nlated. The United States marshal with a squad", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MINNESOTA.\\n10 3\\nof deputies accompanied the hoops. It soon\\nbecame apparent that there would be trouble\\nbefore the Indians could be brought to terms,\\nand General Bacon, the officer in command of\\nthe Department of Dakota, with headquarters\\nat St. Paul, ordered Major Wilkinson, of Com-\\npany E,of the Third Regiment of United Stales\\nInfantry, stationed at Fort Snelling, with his\\ncompany of eighty men, to the scene of the\\ntrouble. General Bacon accompanied these\\ntroops as far as Walker, on the west bank of\\nLeech lake, more in the capacity of an observer\\nof events and to gain proper knowledge of the\\nsituation than as part of I lie forces. On the\\n5th of October, 189S, the whole force left Walk-\\ner in boats for a place on the east bank of the\\nlalcc, called Sugar Point, where there was a\\nclearing of several acres, and a log house oc-\\ncupied by Pug-on-a-ke-shig. They were accom-\\npanied by R. T. O Connor, the United States\\nmarshal of Minnesota, and several of his depu-\\nties, among whom was Col. Timothy J. Shee-\\nhan, who knew the Indians who were subject\\nto arrest. This officer was the same man who,\\nas Lieutenant Sheehan, had so successfully\\ncommanded the forces at Fort Ridgely during\\nthe Indian War of 18G2, since when he had\\nfought his way through the Civil War with\\ndistinction. When the command landed, only\\na few squaws and Indians were visible. The\\ndeputy marshals landed and, with the inter\\nprefers, went at once to the house, and while\\nthere discovered an Indian whom Colonel\\nSheehan recognized as one for whom a warrant\\nwas out, and immediately attempted to aires!\\nand handcuff him. The Indian resisted vigor-\\nously, and it was only with the aid of three or\\nfour soldiers that they succeeded in arresting\\nhim. He was put on board of the boat. The\\nwhole force then skirmished through the tim-\\nber in search of Indians, but found none, and\\nabout noon returned to the clearing and were\\nordered to stack arms preparatory to getting\\ndinner. They had scouted the surrounding\\ncountry and had seen no Indians or signs of\\nIndians, and did not believe there were any in\\nthe vicinity; when in fact the Indians had care-\\nfully watched their every movement, and were\\ndose to their trail, waiting for the most advan-\\ntageous moment to strike. It was (he same\\ntactics which the Indians have so often adopted\\nwith much success in their warfare with (lie\\nwhites. While stacking arms a new recruit\\nallowed his gun to fall to the ground, and it\\nwas discharged accidentally. The Indians,\\nwho were silently awaiting their opportunity,\\nsupposing it was the signal of attack, opened\\ntire on the troops, and a vicious battle began.\\nThe soldiers seized their arms and returned the\\nfire as best they could, directing it at the points\\nwhence came the shots from the invisible en-\\nemy concealed in the dense thicket. The bat-\\ntle raged for several hours. General Bacon,\\nwith a gun in his hands, was everywhere, en\\ncouraging the men. Major Wilkinson, as cool\\nas if lie had been in a drawing room, cheered\\nhis men on, but was thrice wounded, the last\\nhit proving fatal. Colonel Sheehan instinct-\\nively entered the fight, and took charge of the\\nright wing of the line, charging the enemy with\\na few followers and keeping up a rapid fire.\\nThe Colonel was hit three times, two bullets\\npassing through his clothes, grazing the skin,\\nwithout serious injury, and one cutting a pain-\\nful, hut not dangerous wound across his stom-\\nach. The result of the fight was six killed and\\nnine wounded on the part of the troops. One\\nof the- Indian police was also killed and seven\\ncitizens wounded, some seriously. No estimate\\nhas ever been satisfactorily obtained of the\\nloss of the enemy. The most reliable account\\nof the number of his forces engaged is, from\\nnineteen to thirty, and if I should venture an\\nestimate of his losses, based upon my expe-\\nrience of his ability to select a vantage ground,\\nand take care of himself, I would put it at\\npractically nothing.\\nThe killed and wounded were brought to\\nPort Snelling, the killed buried with military\\nhonors and the wounded properly cared for.\\nThis event adds one more to the long list of\\nfatal errors committed by our military forces\\nin dealing with the Indians of the Northwest.\\nThey should never be attacked without a force\\nsufficient to demonstrate I he superiority of the\\nwhites in all cases and under all circumstances.\\nMany a valuable life has been thus unneces\\nsarily lost.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "u 4\\nniSTOKY OF MINNESOTA.\\nMajor Wilkinson, who lost his life in this\\nencounter, was a man who had earned an en-\\nviable record in the army, and was much be-\\nloved by his many friends and acquaintances\\nin Minnesota.\\nThe principal Indian engaged in this fight\\nlias been called in every newspaper and other\\nreport of it Bug-a-ma-ge-shig, but I have suc-\\nceeded in obtaining his real name from tin-\\nhighest authority. The name Pug-on-a-ke-\\nshig is the Chippewa for Hole-in-the-day.\\nShortly after the return of the troops to\\nFort Snelling the settlers about Cass and\\nLeech lakes became uneasy, and deluged the\\nGovernor with telegrams for protection. The\\nNational Guard or State Troops had nearly all\\nbeen mustered into the United States service\\nfor duty in the war with Spain, but the Four-\\nteenth Regiment was in St. Faul awaiting mus-\\nter out, and the Governor telegraphed to the\\nWar Department at Washington to send\\nenough of them to the front to quiet the fears\\nof the settlers. This was declined, and the\\nGovernor at once ordered out two batteries of\\nartillery, all the State troops that were avail-\\nable, and sent them to the scene of the troubles,\\nand then sent his celebrated telegram to the\\nWar Department, which may be called the\\nMinnesota Declaration of Independence. It\\nran as follows:\\nOctober S, 1898.\\n11. 0. Corbin,\\nAdjutant General,\\nWashington, D. C.\\nXo one claims that reinforcements are\\nneeded at Walker. I have not been asked for\\nassistance from that quarter. Although I do\\nnot think General Bacon has won the victory\\nhe claims, other people do not say so. (Sic.)\\nThe Indians claim to have won, and that is my\\nopinion. The people all along the Fosston\\nbranch of railroad are very much alarmed and\\nasking for protection, which I have asked of\\nthe War Department. The soldiers are here\\nand ready and willing to go. but as you have\\nrevoked your order of yesterday, you can do\\nwhat you like with your soldiers. The State\\nof Minnesota will try to get along without any\\nassistance from the War Department in the\\nfuture. I\u00c2\u00bb. M. lough, Governor.\\nRumor says that the telegram which was\\nforwarded is very much modified from that\\noriginally dictated by the Governor.\\nThe United States Government concluded to\\nwithdraw its refusal and send troops to the\\nfront, and several companies of the Fourteenth\\nwere dispatched to the line of the Fosston\\nBranch railroad and distributed along the line\\nof that road.\\nIn the meantime the Commissioner of Indian\\nAffairs had arrived at Walker, and was nego-\\ntiating with the Indians, and when it became\\nknown that matters were arranged to the satis-\\nfaction of the government and the Indians, and\\nno outbreak was expected, the soldiers were all\\nwithdrawn, and the incident, so far as military\\noperations were concerned, was closed. There\\nwere some surrenders of the Indians to the\\nofficers of the court, but nothing further of eon-\\nsequence occurred.\\nPOPULATION.\\nOne of the most interesting features of a\\nnew country is the character and the nativity\\nof its population. The old frontiersman who\\nhas watched the growth of new States, and\\nfully comprehended the effect produced upon\\ntheir civilization and character, by the nativity\\nof their immigrants, is the only person compe-\\ntent to judge of the influences exerted in this\\nline. It is a well known fact that the immigra-\\ntion from Europe into America is generally\\ngoverned by climatic influences. These people\\nusually follow the line of latitude to which\\nthey have been accustomed. The Norseman\\nfrom Russia, Sweden. Germany and Norway\\ncomes to the extreme Northwestern States,\\nwhile the emigrant from southern Europe\\nseeks the more southern latitudes. Of course,\\nthese are very general comments, and only re-\\nlate to immigration in its usual directions, as\\nthe people from all parts of Europe are found\\nin all parts of America. It is generally be-\\nlieved that the immigrants from Northern Eu-\\nrope are more desirable than those from fur-\\nther south, and a presentation of the status of\\nour population in point of nativity will afford", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nI05\\na basis from which to judge of their general\\nattributes for good or bad. There is no nation\\non earth that has not sent us some representa-\\ntive. The following table, while it will prove\\nthat we have a most heterogeneous, polyglot\\npopulation, will also prove that we possess\\nvast powers of assimilation, as we are about\\nas harmonious a people as ran be found in all\\n(lie Union. Our Governor is a Swede, one of\\nour United States Senators is a Norwegian,\\nand our other State officers are pretty gener-\\nally distributed among the various nationali-\\nties. Of course, in the minor political subdi-\\nvisions, such as counties, cities and towns, the\\noffice holding is generally governed by the\\nsame considerations.\\nI give the various countries from which our\\npopulation is drawn, with the numbers from\\neach country, and the number of native born\\nand foreign born, which, aggregated, consti-\\ntute our entire population. These figures are\\ntaken from the State census of 1895:\\nEngland 12,041\\nScotland 5,344\\nGermany 133,768\\nDenmark 16,143\\nNorwav 107,310\\nCanada 40,231\\nPoland 8,464\\nIceland 454\\nIreland 26,106\\nWales 1,246\\nFrance 1,402\\nSweden n0. ,4\\nRussia 6.286\\nEohomia 10,327\\nFinland 7,652\\nAll other countries 11,205\\nTotal native born 1.057,084\\nTotal foreign born 517,535\\nTotal population 1,674,619\\nThe total native born of our population is\\nvery largely composed of the descendants of\\nforeign immigrants. These figures afford a\\nlarge field for thought and future considera-\\ntion when immigration problems are under\\nlegislative investigation.\\nThe census from which these figures are tak-\\nen being five years old, I think it is safe to add\\na sufficient number of increase to bring our\\npopulation up to two millions. The census of\\n1000 will demonstrate whether or not my esti-\\nmate is correct.\\nTHE STATE FLAG.\\nUp to the year 1803 the State of Minnesota\\nhad no distinctive State flag. On April 4, 1803,\\nan act was passed by the Legislature entitled,\\nAn act providing for the adoption of a State\\nflag. This act appointed, by name, a com-\\nmission of six ladies to adopt a design for a\\nState flag. Section two of the act provided that\\nthe design adopted should embody, as near as\\nmay be, the following facts:\\nThere shall be a white ground with reverse\\nside of blue. The center of the white ground\\nshall be occupied by a design substantially em-\\nbodying the form of the seal employed as the\\nState seal of Minnesota at the time of its ad-\\nmission into the Union. The said de-\\nsign of the State seal shall be surrounded by\\nappropriate representations of the moccasin\\nflower indigenous to Minnesota, surrounding\\nsaid central design, and appropriately ar-\\nranged on the said white ground shall be nine\\nteen stars, emblematic of the fact that Minne-\\nsota was the nineteenth State to be admitted\\ninto the Union, after its formation by the thir-\\nteen original States. There shall also appear\\nat the bottom of the flag in the white ground,\\nso as to be plainly visible, the word Minne-\\nsota.\\nThe commission prepared a very beautiful\\ndesign for the flag, following closely the in-\\nstructions given by the Legislature, which was\\nadopted, and is now the authorized flag of the\\nState. The flag-staff is surmounted by a golden\\ngopher, in harmony with the popular name\\ngiven to our State.\\nMay it ever represent the principles of lib\\nerty and justice, and never be lowered to an\\nenemy.\\nThe original flag, artistically embroidered in\\nsilk, can be seen at the office of the Governor\\nat the State Capitol.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "io6\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nTIIE OFFICIAL FLOWER OF THE STATE,\\nAND THE METHOD OF ITS\\nSELECTION.\\nOn the 20th of April, 1891, the Legislature\\nof the State passed an act entitled An act to\\nprovide for the collection, arrangement and\\ndisplay of the products of the State of Minne-\\nsota at the World s Columbian Exposition of\\none Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-\\nthree, and to make an appropriation therefor.\\nThis act created a commission of six citizens\\nof the State, to be appointed by the Governor,\\nand called The Board of World s Fair Man-\\nagers of Minnesota.\\nThe women of the State determined that\\n(here should be an opportunity for them to par-\\nticipate in the exposition on the part of Minne-\\nsota, and a convention of delegates from each\\ncounty of the State was called and held at the\\nPeople s church, in St. Paul, on February 14.\\n1892. This convention elected one woman del\\negate and one alternate from each of the seven\\nCongressional districts of the State. There\\nwere also two national lady managers from\\nMinnesota, nominated by the two national rep-\\nresentatives from Minnesota and appointed by\\nthe President of the United States, who were\\nadded to the seven delegates so chosen, and\\nthe whole was called The Woman s Auxiliary\\nto the State Commission. The women so\\nchosen took charge of all the matters properly\\npertaining to the Women s Department of the\\nExposition.\\nAt one of the meetings of the ladies, held in\\nSt. Paul, the question of the selection of an\\nofficial flower for the Slate was presented, and\\nthe sent intent generally prevailed that it\\nshould at once he decided by the assemblage;\\nbut Mrs. L. P. Hunt, the delegate from Man\\nkato, in the Second Congressional District,\\nwisely suggested that the selection should lie\\nmade by all the ladies of the State, and that\\nthey should be given an opportunity to vole\\nupon the proposition. This suggestion was ap-\\nproved, and the following plan was adopted:\\nMrs. Hunt was authorized to appoint a com-\\nmittee, of which she was to be chairman, to\\nselect a list of flowers to be voted on. Accord-\\ningly, she appointed a sub-committee who were\\nto consult the State Botanist, Mr. Conway\\nMacMillan, who was to name a number of Min-\\nnesota flowers, from which the ladies were to\\nchoose. He presented the following:\\nLady Slipper (Moccasin Flower, Cypripe-\\ndium Spectabile.)\\nSilky Aster.\\nIndian Pink.\\nCone Flower (Brown-eyed Susan).\\nWild Rose.\\nThe plan was to send out printed tickets to\\nall the women s organizations in the State with\\nthese names on them to be voted upon. This\\nwas done, with the result that the moccasin\\nflower received an overwhelming majority,\\nand has ever since been accepted as the official\\nflower of the State. That the contest was a\\nvery spirited one can be judged from the fact\\nthat Mrs. Hunt sent out in her district at least\\nten thousand tickets with indications of her\\nchoice of the moccasin flower. She also main\\ntained lengthy newspaper controversies with\\nparties in Manitoba, who claimed the prior\\nright of that province to the moccasin flower;\\nall of whom she vanquished.\\nThe choice was a very wise and appropriate\\none. The flower itself is very beautiful, and\\npeculiarly adapted to the purposes of artistic\\ndecoration. It has already been utilized in\\nthree instances of an official character with\\nsuccess and approval. The Minnesota State\\nBuilding at the Columbian Exposition was\\nbeautifully decorated with it. It is prominent-\\nly incorporated into the State flag, and adorns\\nI he medal conferred by the State upon the de-\\nfenders of Foil Ridgely.\\nThe botanical name of the flower is Cypripe-\\ndium, taken from Creek words, meaning I he\\nshoe of Venus. It is popularly called lady s\\nslipper, moccasin flower and Indian shoe.\\nAbout twenty-five species of cypripedium\\nare known belonging to the north temperate\\nzone, and reaching south into Mexico and\\nnorthern India. Six species occur in the\\nNorthern United Stales and Canada, east of\\nthe Rocky mountains, all of these being found\\nin Minnesota, and about a dozen species occur\\non this continent. They are perennial herbs", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n107\\nwith irregular flowers, which grow singly or in\\nsmall clusters, the colors of some of which are\\nstrikingly beautiful. The species adopted by\\nthe women of the State of Minnesota is the\\nOypripedium Spectabile, or the showy lady\\nslipper.\\nThe ladies naturally desired that their\\nchoice should be ratified by the State Legisla-\\nture, and one of their number prepared a report\\nof their doings in a petition to that body ask-\\ning its approval. Whoever drew the petition\\nnamed the flower chosen by the ladies as Oy-\\npripedium Calceolous, a species which does\\nnut grow in Minnesota, but is purely of Euro-\\npean production. The petition was presented\\nto the Senate on the 4th of February, 1803.\\nThe journal of the Senate shows the following\\nrecord, which is found on page 167:\\nMr. Dean asked the unanimous consent to\\npresent a petition from the Women s Auxiliary\\nto the World s Fair relative to the adoption of\\na State flower and emblem, which was read.\\nMr. Dean offered the following concurrent\\nresolution, and moved its adoption:\\nBe it resolved by the Senate, the House of\\nRepresentatives concurring, that the wild lady\\nslipper or moccasin flower, Oypripedium Oal-\\nceolons, be. and the same is hereby designated\\nand adopted as the State flower or emblem of\\nthe State of Minnesota, which was adopted.\\nIn the Legislative Manual of 1803 appears on\\npage 60fi the following: The State Flower.\\nOn April 4. 1893 (should be February), a peti-\\ntion from the Women s Auxiliary to the\\nWorld s Fair was presented to the Senate rela-\\ntive to the adoption of a State flower. By\\nresolution of the Senate, concurred in by the\\nHouse the Wild Lady Slipper or Moccasin\\nFlower (Oypripedium) was designated as the\\nState flower or floral emblem of the State of\\nMinnesota.\\nThe word Calceolous means a little shoe\\nor slipper, but, as I said before, the species so\\ndesignated in botany is not indigenous to Min-\\nnesota, and is purely a foreigner. As we have\\nin the course of our growth assimilated so\\nmany foreigners successfully we will have no\\n(rouble in swallowing this small shoe, espe-\\ncially as the House did not concur in its reso-\\nlution, and while the mistake will in no way\\nmilitate against the progress or prosperity of\\nMinnesota, it should be a warning to all com-\\nmittees and Western Legislators to go slow\\nwhen dealing with the dead languages.\\nWe now have the whole body of cypriped-\\niums to choose from, and may reject the\\ncalceolous.\\nIf the House of Representatives ever con-\\ncurred in the Senate resolution it left no trace\\nof its action, either in its journal or published\\nlaws, that I have been able to find.\\nAmong the many valuable achievements of\\nI lie Women s Auxiliary one deserves special\\nmention. Mrs. H. F. Brown, one of the dele-\\ngates at large, suggested a statue for the\\nWoman s Building, to be the production of\\nMinnesota s artistic conception and execution.\\nThe architect of the State Building had disal-\\nlowed this feature, and there was no public\\nfund to meet the expense, which would be con-\\nsiderable. The ladies, however, decided to\\nprocure the statue, and rely on private sub-\\nscription to defray the cost. Mrs. L. P. Hunt\\nthought that sufficient funds might be raised\\nfrom the school children of the State, through\\na penny subscription. Enough was raised to\\nsecure a plaster cast of great beanty, repre-\\nsenting Hiawatha carrying Minnehaha across\\na stream in his arms, illustrating the lines in\\nLongfellow s poem:\\nOver wide and rushing rivers\\nIn his arms he bore the maiden.\\nThis statue adorned the porch of the Minne-\\nsota Building during the fair. It was designed\\nand made by a very talented young Norwegian\\nsculptor then residing in Minneapolis the late\\nJakob Fjelde. It is proposed to cast the statue\\nin bronze and place it in Minnehaha Park,\\nMinneapolis, at some future day.\\nORIGIN OF THE NAME, GOPHER STATE.\\nMost of the States in the Union have a pe-\\nculiar name. New York is called the Empire\\nState, Pennsylvania the Keystone State, etc.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "io8\\nHISTORY OP MINNESOTA.\\nAs you come west 1 1 1 seem to have taken the\\nnames of animals. Michigan is called the Wol-\\nverine Slate, Wisconsin the Badger State, and\\nit is not at all singular that Minnesota should\\nhave been christened the Gopher State. These\\nnames never originate by any recognized au-\\nthority. They arise from some event that sug-\\ngests them, or from some important utterance\\nthat makes an impression on the public mind.\\nIn the very early days of the Territory, say as\\nearly as 1854 or L855, the question was dis\\ncussed among the settlers as to what name\\nshould be adopted by Minnesota, and for a\\ntime it was called by some the Beaver Stave.\\nThat name seemed to have the greatest num-\\nber of advocates, but it was always met with\\nthe objection that the beaver, although quite\\nnumerous in some of our streams, was not suf-\\nficiently so to entitle him to characterize the\\nTerritory by giving it his name. While this\\ndebate was in progress the advocates of the\\nbeaver spoke of the Territory as the beaver\\nTerritory, but it never reached a point of uni-\\nversal adoption. It was well known that the\\ngopher abounded, and his name was introduced\\nas a competitor with the beaver; but being a\\ni-alher insignificant animal and his nature be-\\ning destructive, and in no way useful, hi was\\nobjected to by many, as loo useless and undig-\\nnified to become an emblem of the coming\\ngreat State for we all had. at that early day,\\nfull confidence that Minnesota was destined to\\nbe a great and prominent State. Nothing was\\never settled on this subject until after the year\\n1857. As I have before stated, in that year\\nan attempt was made to amend the Consti-\\ntution by allowing the Stale to issue bonds iti\\nthe sum of $5,000,000 loaid in the construction\\nof the railroad which the United Stales had\\nsubsidized with land grants, and the campaign\\nwhich involved this amendment was most bit\\nterly fought. The opponents of the measure\\npublished a cartoon to bring the subject into\\nridicule, which was very generally circulated\\nthroughout the State, but failed to check the\\nenthusiasm in favor of the proposition. This\\ncartoon represented ten men in a line with\\nheads bowed down with the weight of a bag\\nof gold hung about their necks marked $10.-\\n(100. They were Supposed to represent the\\nmembers of the Legislature who had been\\nbribed to pass the act, and were called pri-\\nmary directors. On their backs was a rail\\nroad track, upon which was a train of cars\\ndrawn by nine gophers, the three gophers in\\nI he lead proclaiming, We have no cash, but\\nwill give you our drafts. Attached to the\\nreal- of the train was a wheelbarrow with a\\nbarrel on ii marked gin, followed by t he devil\\nin great glee, with his thumb at his nose. In\\nthe train were the advocates of the lull, flying\\na flag bearing these words: Gopher train;\\nexcursion train; members of extra session of\\nLegislature free. We develop the resources of\\nthe country, and over this was a smaller flag\\nwith the words. The $5,000,000 Loan Bill.\\nIn another part of the picture is a rostrum,\\nfrom which a gopher is addressing the people\\nwith the legend, I am right; Gorman is\\nwrong. In the right hand corner of the car-\\ntoon is a round ball with a gopher in it. com\\ning rapidly down, with the legend, A Hall\\ncome from Winona. This was a pun on the\\nname of Mr. St. A. D. Balcombe from Winona.\\nwho was a strong advocate of the measure.\\nAnd under the whole group was a dark pit,\\nwith the words, A mine of corruption.\\nThe bill was passed and the State was sad-\\ndled with a debt of $5,000,000, under which it\\nstaggered for over twenty years, and we never\\neven go1 a gopher train out of it.\\nThis cartoon, coming just at the time when\\nthe name of the State was under consideration,\\nfastened upon it the nickname of Gopher,\\nwhich it has ever since retained. The name\\nis not at all inappropriate, as the animal litis\\nalways abounded in the State. In a work on\\nthe mammals of .Minnesota, by C. L. Herrick,\\n1892, he n ives the scientific name of our most\\ncommon species of gopher, Spermophilus\\nTridecemlineatus, or thirteen striped gopher,\\nand says: The species ranges from the Sas-\\nkalchawan to Texas, and from Ohio to Utah.\\nMinnesota is the peculiar home id the typical\\nform, and thus deserves the name of the\\nGopher State.\\nAlthough the name originated in ridicule\\nand contempt, it has not in any way handi-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "IIISTOKY OF MINNESOTA.\\n109\\ncapped the Commonwealth, partly because very\\nfew people know its origin, but for the greater\\nreason that it would take much more than a\\nname to check its predestined progress.\\nSTATE PARKS.\\nItasca State Park.\\nIn a previous part of this work, under the\\nhead of Lumber, I have referred to the fact\\nthat a great National park and forest reserve\\nis in contemplation by the United States at the\\nheadwaters of the Mississippi, and also made\\nreference to the Slab park already established\\nat that point. I will now relate whai lias been\\ndone by the State in this regard. In 1875 an\\nofficial survey of the land in and about Lake\\nItasca was made by the Surveyor General of\\nthe United States for Minnesota which brought\\nthese lands under the operation of the United\\nStates laws, and part of them were entered.\\nA portion of them went to the Northern Pa-\\ncific railroad company under it s land grant.\\nThe swamp and school lands went to the Stale.\\nand much to private individuals under the\\nvarious methods of making title to government\\nlands.\\nOn the 20th of April, 1891, the Legislature\\npassed an act entitled An act to establish\\nand create a public park, to be known and des-\\nignated as the Itasca State Park, and author-\\nizing the condemnation of lands for park\\npurposes. This act set apart for park pur-\\nposes 19,702 acres of land, and dedicates them\\nto the perpetual use of the people. It places\\nthe same under the care and supervision of the\\nState Auditor, as land commissioner. It pro-\\nhibits the destruction of trees, or hunting with-\\nin its limits. It provides for a commission to\\nobtain title to such of the lands as belong to\\nprivate individuals, either by purchase or con-\\ndemnation.\\nOn the 3d of August, 1892, the United States\\ngranted to the State all the unappropriated\\nlands within the limits of the park upon this\\ncondition:\\nProvided the land hereby granted shall re-\\nvert to the United States, together with all the\\nimprovements thereon, if at any time it shall\\ncease to be exclusively used for a public State\\npark, or if the State shall not pass a law or\\nlaws to protect the timber thereon.\\nThe State, at the session of the Legislature\\nin 1S93, accepted the grant, but as yet has\\nmade no provision for the extinguishment of\\nthe title of private owners, of which there arc\\n8,823 acres. This divided ownership of the\\nlands within the limits of the park endangers\\nthe whole region by lumbering operations, and\\nconsequent forest fires after the timber is cut.\\nFires are not to be feared in natural forests\\nuntil they are cut over. The acquisition of\\ntitle to all these lands by the State should not\\nbe delayed any longer than is necessary to per-\\nfect it, no matter at what cost. The State has\\nalready erected a house on the bank of Itasca\\nlake, and has a resident commissioner in\\ncharge of the park.\\nThe effect of the law prohibiting hunting in\\nthe park has already greatly increased the\\nnumbers of animals and fowls that find in it\\na safe refuge.\\nThe extent of the park is seven miles long\\nby five miles wide, and is covered with a dense\\nforest of pine, oak, maple, basswood, aspen,\\nbalsam fir, cedar and spruce, which is nearly\\nin a state of nature. It is much to be hoped\\nthat in the near future this park will be en-\\nlarged to many times its present size by addi-\\ntional grants.\\nInterstate Park: The Dalles of the St. Croix.\\nOne of the most, if not the most, beautiful\\nand picturesque points in the Northwest is the\\nDalles of the St. Croix river. Here the State\\nhas acquired the title to about one hundred\\nand fifty acres of land on the Minnesota side\\nof the river, and dedicated it for park pur-\\nposes. This was done under the authority of\\nChapter 109 of the Laws of 1895. The point on\\nthe Minnesota side is called Taylor s Falls,\\nand on the Wisconsin side St. Croix Falls. Be-\\ntween these two towns the St. Croix river\\nrushes rapidly, forming a cataract of great\\nbeauty. The bluffs are precipitate and rocky,", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "I K)\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nforming a narrow gorge through which the\\nriver plunges. The name of the river is French\\nSainte Croix, meaning the holy cross and\\nthe name of this particular point, the Dalles,\\nwas given on account of the curious formation\\nof the rocky banks, which assume wonderful\\nshapes. One, looking down stream, presents\\na perfect likeness of a man, and is called The\\nOld Man of the Dalles. Another curious rock\\nformation is called the Devil s Chair. There\\nare many others equally interesting. It is gen-\\nerally supposed that the word Dalles has\\nthe same meaning of the English word Dell\\nor Dale, signifying a narrow secluded vale\\nor valley, but such is not the case as applied\\nto this peculiar locality. The word Dalles\\nis French, and means a slab, a flag or a flag-\\nstone, and is appropriate to the peculiar char-\\nacter of the general rock formation of the river\\nbanks at this point and vicinity.\\nThe State of Minnesota lias already done a\\ngood deal of work towards making it attract-\\nive, and it has become quite a resort for pleas\\nure seekers in the summer time. Wisconsin\\nhas acquired title to a larger tract on\\nthe east side of the river than is embraced in\\nI lie Minnesota park on the west side, but as\\nyet has not done much in the way of improve-\\nment. The two tracts are united by a graceful\\nbridge which spans the river between them.\\nThe Minnesota park is under the charge of a\\nStale custodian, who cares for and protects it\\nfrom despoilment.\\nPOLITICS.\\nIn writing the history of a State, no matter\\nhow short or limited such history may be, its\\npolitics seem to be an essential element of\\npresentation, and on this assumption alone 1\\nwill say a very few words concerning that sub\\nject. I do not believe that the question of\\nwhich political party has been dominant in\\nthe State has exerted any considerable influ-\\nence on its material prosperity. The great\\nFirst Cause of its creation was so generous in\\nhis award of substantial blessings that it\\nplaced the State beyond the ability of man, or\\nhis politics, to seriously injure or impede its\\nadvance towards material success in any of the\\nchannels that promote greatness soil, cli-\\nmate, minerals, facilities for commerce and\\ntransportation, consisting of great rivers, lakes\\nand harbors; all these combine to defy the\\ndestructive tendencies so often exerted by the\\nignorance and passions of man. It has resisted\\nevery folly of its people, and they have been\\nma n every onslaught of its savage inhabi-\\ntants and they have been more formidable\\nthan those experienced by any other State\\nand even the cataclysms with which it has oc-\\ncasionally been visited arising from natural\\ncauses. The fact is, Minnesota is so rock-\\nrooted in all the elements of material great-\\nness that it must advance, regardless of all\\nknown obstructions.\\nWhen the Territory was organized, in 1840,\\nGen. Zachary Taylor, a Whig, was the Presi-\\ndent of the United States, and he appointed\\nAlexander Ramsey, also a Whig, as Governor,\\nto set its political machinery in motion. He re-\\nmained in office until the National administra-\\ntion changed in 1853. and Franklin Pierce, a\\nDemocrat, was chosen President. lie appointed\\nlii ii. Willis A. Gorman, a Democrat, as Gov-\\nernor, to succeed Governor Ramsey. On the\\ntill of March, 1857, .lames Buchanan, a\\nDemocrat, succeeded Presidenl Pierce, and\\nappointed Samuel Medarv, a Democrat, as Gov-\\nernor of Minnesota. He held this position until\\nI lie Slate was admitted into the Union, in May,\\nL858, when Henry H. Sibley, a Democrat, was\\nelected Governor for the term of two years,\\nanil served it out.\\nn the admission of the State into the\\nUnion, two Democratic United States Senators\\nwere elected, Henry M. Rice and Gen. James\\nShields. General Shields served from May 12,\\n1858, to March 3, 1859, and Mr. Rice from May\\n12, 1858, to March 3, 1863, he having drawn\\nthe long term. The State also elected three\\nmembers of the United Stales House of Rep\\nresentatives all Democrats, James M. Cava-\\nnaugh, W. W. Phelps and George L. Becker;\\nbut it was determined thai we were only en-\\ntitled to two, and Mr. Phelps and Mr. Cava\\nnaugh were admitted to seats. With this Stale\\nand Federal representation we entered upon", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nIT I\\nour political career. At the nexl election for\\nGovernor, in the fall of IS Alexander Rani\\nsey, Republican, was chosen, and there lias\\nnever been a Governor of the State of any but\\nRepublican polities since, until John Lind was\\nelected in the fall of 1898. Mr. Lind was\\nchosen as a Democrat with the aid of other\\npolitical organizations, which united with the\\nDemocracy. Mr. Lind now tills the office of\\nGovernor. It will be seen that for thirty-nine\\nyears the State was wholly in the hands\\nof the Republicans. During the interval be-\\ntween the administration of Governor Sibley\\nand Governor Lind the State had twelve Gov-\\nernors, all Republican.\\nIn its Federal representation, however, the\\nDemocrats have fared a trifle better. The\\ngrowth of population has increased our mem-\\nbership in the Federal House of Representa-\\ntives to seven, and occasionally a Democrat,\\nor member of some other party, has succeeded\\nin breaking into Congress.\\nFrom the First District W. H. Harris, Dem-\\nocrat, was elected in 1890.\\nFrom the Third District Eugene M. Wilson,\\nDemocrat, was elected in 1868; Henry Poeler,\\nDemocrat, in 1878; Johu L. .McDonald, Demo\\ncrat, in 1886, and 0. M. Hall, Democrat, in 18110,\\nand again in 1892.\\nFrom the Fourth District Edmund Rice,\\nDemocrat, was elected in 1886, and James N.\\nCastle, Dei -rat, in 1890.\\nFrom the Sixth District M. R. Baldwin, Dem-\\nocrat, was elected in 1892.\\nFrom the Fifth District Kit lie Halverson,\\nAlliance, was elected in 1890.\\nIn the Seventh District Haldoe E. Boen,\\nPeople s Party, was elected in 1892.\\nSince Henry M. Rice and James Shields, all\\nthe United States Senators have been Repub-\\nlican, as follows: Morton S. Wilkinson, Al-\\nexander Ramsey, Daniel S. Norton, William\\nWindom, O. 1 Stearns, S. J. R. McMillin, A. J.\\nEdgerton, D. M. Sabin, K. Davis, W. D.\\nWashburn, and Knute Nelson.\\nSome of these have served two terms, and\\nsome very short terms to fill vacancies.\\nOf course, the State had its complement of\\nother officers, but as their duties are more of\\na clerical and business character than political,\\nit is unnecessary to particularize them.\\nIt is a subjeel of congratulation to all citi-\\nzens of Minnesota that out of all the Stale\\nofficers that have come and gone in the forty\\nyears of its life there has been hut one im-\\npeachment, which was of a State treasurer,\\nMr. William Seeger, who was elected in 1871.\\nAlthough he was convicted, I have always be-\\nlieved, and do now, that he was personally\\ninnocent, and suffered for the sins of others.\\nThe State of Minnesota has always, since\\nthe adjustment of ils old Railroad Bond Debt.\\nheld a conservative position in the Union\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nfinancially, socially, patriotically and commer-\\ncially. Its credit is the best, its prospects the\\nbrightest, and it makes very little difference\\nwhich political party dominates its future, so\\nlong as it is free from the taint of anarchy and\\nis guided by the principles of honor and jus-\\ntice. The only thing to be feared is, that some\\npolitical party may gain control of the govern\\nment of the Nation and either degrade its cur-\\nrency, involve it in disastrous complications\\nand wars with other nations, or commit some\\nsimilar folly which may reflectively or sec-\\nondarily act injuriously on Minnesota as a\\nmember of the National family of Stales.\\nOtherwise Minnesota can defy the vagaries of\\npolitics and politicians. She has very little to\\nfear from this remote apprehension, because\\nthe American people, as they ever have been.\\nwill no doubt continue to be, on second\\nthought, true to the teachings and traditions\\nof the founders of the Republic.\\nMinnesota, for so young a State, has been\\nquite liberally remembered in the way of diplo-\\nmatic appointments. Gen. C. C. Andrews rep\\nresented the United States as Minister to Swe\\nden and Norway; Hon. Samuel R. Thayer and\\nHon. Stanford Newell at The Hague, the latter\\nof whom now tills the position. Mr. Newell\\nwas also a member of the World s Peace Com-\\nmission recently held at The Hague. Lewis\\nBaker represented the United States as Min-\\nister to Nicaragua, Costa Rica and San Sal\\nvador.\\nThe State has also been honored by the ap-\\npointment of the following named gentlemen\\nfrom among its citizens as Consuls General to\\nvarious countries:", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "I 12\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nGen. 0. 0. Andrews to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;\\nHon. Hans Mattson to Calcutta, India; Dr.\\nJ. A. Leonard to Calcutta, and also to Shang-\\nhai, China; Hon. John Goodenow to Shang-\\nhai, China.\\nWe have had a full complement of consuls\\nto all parts of the world, the particulars of\\nwhich are unnecessary in this connection.\\nThe State has also had three cabinet officers.\\nOn December 10th, 1879, Alexander Ramsey\\nwas appointed Secretary of War by President\\nHayes, and again, on December 20, 1S80, he\\nwas made Secretary of the Navy; the latter\\noffice he held only about ten days, until it was\\nfilled by a permanent appointee.\\nWilliam Windom was appointed Secretary\\nof the Treasury by President Garfield, and\\nagain to the same position by President Har-\\nrison. He died in office.\\nGen. William G. Le Due was appointed\\nCommissioner of Agriculture by President\\nHayes, which was a quasi cabinet position,\\nand was afterwards made a full and regular\\none. The General was afterwards made a mem-\\nber of the National Agricultural Society of\\nFrance, of which Washington, Jefferson and\\nMarshall were members.\\nSenator Cushman K. Davis, who was chair-\\nman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of\\nthe Senate, was appointed by President Me-\\nKinley one of the commissioners on the part\\nof the United States to negotiate the treaty of\\npeace with Spain after the recent Spanish war.\\nGov. William R. Merriam was appointed by\\nPresident McKinley as Director of the Census\\nof 1900, and is now busily engaged in the per-\\nformance of the arduous duties of that office.\\nThey are not diplomatic, but exceedingly im-\\nportant.\\nPresident Cleveland appointed John W.\\nRiddle as Secretary of Legation to the embassy\\nat Constantinople, where he has remained to\\nthe present time.\\nsubjects treated of, but also in the manner of\\nsuch treatment. Details have usually been\\navoided, and comprehensive generalities in-\\ndulged in. Those who read it may find many\\nthings wanting, and in order that they may\\nhave an opportunity to supply my deficiencies\\nw ithout too much research and labor, I have\\nprepared a list of all the works which have\\never been written on Minnesota, or any partic\\nular subject pertaining thereto, and append\\nthem hereto for convenience of reference. Am\\nand all of them can be found in the library\\nof the Minnesota Historical Society in the\\nState Capitol.\\nSo much of what I have said consists of per-\\nsonal experiences, and observations, that it\\nmore resembles a narrative than a history, but\\nI think I can safely vouch for the accuracy and\\ntruthfulness of all I have thus related.\\nBIBLIOGRAPHY.\\nNecessity has compelled me, in the prepara-\\ntion of this history, to be brief, not only in the\\nBOOKS WHICH HAVE BEEN PUB\\nLISHED RELATING TO\\nMINNESOTA.\\nThe following will be found in COLLEC-\\nTIONS OF THE MINNESOTA HISTORICA L\\nSOCIETY, Volume I, St. Paul, 1872\\nThe French Voyageurs to Minnesota During\\nthe Seventeenth Century, by Rev. E. 1).\\nNeill.\\nDescription of Minnesota (1850), by Hon. Hen\\nry H. Sibley.\\nOur Field of Historical Research, by Hon. Al-\\nexander Ramsey.\\nEarly Courts of Minnesota, by Hon. Aaron\\nGoodrich.\\nEarly Schools of Minnesota, by D. A. J. Baker.\\nReligious Movements in Minnesota, by Rev. C.\\nHobart.\\nThe Dakota Language, by Rev. S. R. Riggs.\\nHistory and Physical Geography of Minne-\\nsota, by H. R. Schoolcraft.\\nLetters of Mesnard, by Rev. E. D. Neill.\\nThe Saint Louis River, by T. M. Fullerton.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n113\\nAncient Mounds and Memorials, by Messrs.\\nPond, Aiton and Riggs.\\nSchoolcraft s Exploring Tour of 1832, by Rev.\\n\\\\Y. T. Boutwell.\\nBattle of Lake Pokegama, by Rev. E. D. Neill.\\nMemoir of Jean Nicollet, by Hon. Henry H.\\nSibley.\\nSketch of Joseph Renville, by Rev. E. D. Neill.\\nDepartment of Hudson s Bay, by Rev. G. A.\\nBelcourt.\\nObituary of James M. Goodhue, by Rev. E. D.\\nNeill.\\nDakota Land and Dakota Life, by Rev. K. D.\\nNeill.\\nWho Were the First Men? by Rev. T. S. Wil-\\nliamson.\\nLouis Hennepin the Franciscan, and DuLuth\\nthe Explorer.\\nLeSueur, the Explorer of the Minnesota River.\\nD Iberville, An Abstract of His Memorial.\\nThe Fox and Ojibway War.\\nCaptain Jonathan Carver and his Explorations.\\nPike s Explorations in Minnesota.\\nWho Discovered Itasca Lake? by William Mor-\\nrison.\\nEarly Days at Fort Snelling.\\nPunning the Gauntlet, by William I. Snelling.\\nReminiscences, Historical and Personal.\\nVolume II.\\nVoyage in a Six Oared Skiff to the Falls of St.\\nAnthony in 1817, by Maj. Stephen H. Long.\\nEarly French Forts and Footprints of the Val-\\nley of the Upper Mississippi, by Rev. E. D.\\nNeill.\\nOccurrences In and Around Fort Snelling from\\n1819 to 1840, by Rev. E. D. Neill.\\nReligion of the Dakotas (Chapter VI. of James\\nW. Lynd s Manuscripts).\\nMineral Regions of Lake Superior, from Their\\nFirst Discovery in 18G5, by Hon. Henry M.\\nRice.\\nConstantine Beltrami, by Alfred J. Hill.\\nHistorical Notes on the IT. S. Land Office, by\\nHon. Henry M. Rice.\\nThe Geography of Perrot, so far as it relates\\nto Minnesota, by Alfred J. Hill.\\nDakota Superstitions, by Rev. Gideon II. Pond.\\nThe Carver Centenary; an account of the cele-\\nbration, May 1, 18G7, of the one hundredth\\nanniversary of the council and treaty of\\nCapt. Jonathan Carver with the Nadowes-\\nsioux, at Carver s cave, in St. Paul, with an\\naddress by the Rev. John Mattocks.\\nRelation of M. Penticant, translated by Alfred\\nJ. Hill, with an introductory note by the\\nRev. E. D. Neill.\\nBibliography of Minnesota, by J. Fletcher Wil-\\nliams.\\nA Reminiscence of Fort Snelling, by Mrs. Char\\nlotte O. Van Cleve.\\nNarrative of Paul Ma-za-koo-to-ma-ne. Trans\\nlated by Rev. S. R. Riggs.\\nMemoir of Ex-Governor Henry A. Swift, by J.\\nFletcher Williams.\\nSketch of John Otherday, by Hon. Henry H.\\nSibley.\\nA Coincidence, by Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve.\\nMemoir of Hon. James W. Lynd, by Rev. S. R.\\nRiggs.\\nThe Dakota Mission, by Rev. S. R. Riggs.\\nIndian Warfare in Minnesota, by Rev. S. W.\\nPond.\\nColonel Leavenworth s Expedition to Establish\\nFort Snelling in 1819, by Maj. Thomas For-\\nsyth.\\nMemoir of Jean Baptiste Faribault, by Gen. II.\\nH. Sibley.\\nMemoir of Capt. Martin Scott, by J. Fletcher\\nWilliams.\\nXa peh-shnee-doo-ta, a Dakota Christian, by\\nRev. T. S. Williamson.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "H4\\nHISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nMemoir of Hercules L. Dousinan, by Gen. Hen\\nry H. Sibley.\\nMemoir of Joseph R. Brown, by J. P. Williams,\\nE. S. Goodrich and J. A. Wheelock.\\n.Memoir of Hon. Cyrus Aldrich, by J. Fletcher\\nWilliams.\\nMemoir of Rev. Lucian Galtier, by Archbishop\\nJohn Ireland.\\nMemoir of Hon. David Olmsted, by J. Fletcher\\nWilliams.\\nReminiscences of the Early Days of Minnesota,\\nby Hon. H. H. Sibley.\\nThe Sioux or Dakotas of the Missouri River,\\nby Rev. T. S. Williamson.\\n.Memoir of Rev. S. Y. McMasters, by Earle S.\\nGoodrich.\\nTributes to the Memory of Rev. John Mattocks,\\nby J. Fletcher Williams, non. Henry II.\\nSibley, John B. Sanborn and Archbishop\\nIreland.\\nMemoir of Ex-Governor Willis A. Gorman.\\nCompiled from Press Notices and Eulogy\\nby Hon. C. K. Davis.\\nLake Superior, Historical and Descriptive, by\\nHon. James H. Baker.\\nMemorial Notices of Rev. Gideon H. Pond, by\\nRev. S. R. Riggs, Hon. H. H. Sibley ami\\nRev. T. S. Williamson.\\nIn .Memory of Rev. Thomas S. Williamson, by\\nRev. S. R. Riggs and A. W. Williamson.\\nThe Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre of 1857, by Hon.\\nCharles E. Flandrau.\\nVolume IV.\\nHistory of the City of St. Paul and County of\\nRamsey, Minnesota, by J. Fletcher Wil-\\nliams, containing a very full sketch of the\\nfirst sell lenient and early days of St. Paul,\\nin 1838, 1839 and 1840, ami of the Territory\\nfrom 1849 to 185S; lists of the early set-\\ntlers and claim owners; amusing events of\\npioneer days; biographical sketches of over\\ntwo hundred prominent men of early times;\\nthree sled portraits ami forty-seven wood\\neiiis (portraits and views); lists of Federal,\\ncounty and city officers since 1849.\\nVolume Y.\\nHistory ot the Ojibway Nation, by William VV.\\nWarren (deceased); a valuable work, con\\ntaining the legends and traditions of Hie\\nOjibways, their origin, history, costumes,\\nreligion, daily life and habits, ideas, biogra-\\nphies of leading chieftains and orators, viv-\\nid descriptions of battles, etc. The work was\\ncarefully ediled by Rev. Edward D. Neill,\\nwho added an appendix of 116 pages, giving\\nan account of the ojibways from official\\nand other records. It also contains a por-\\ntrait of Warren, a memoir of. him by -I.\\nFletcher Williams, and a copious index.\\nVolume VI.\\nThe Sources of the Mississippi; Their Discov-\\nery, Real and Pretended, by Hon. James H.\\nBaker.\\nThe Hennepin Bi-Centenary; celebration by\\nthe .Minnesota Historical Society of the\\n200th anniversary of the discovery of the\\nFalls of St. Anthony in 1080, by Louis Hen\\nnepin.\\nEarly Days at Red River Settlement and Fort\\nSnelling. reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams.\\nProtestant Missions in the Northwest, by Rev.\\nStephen R. Riggs. with a memoir of the\\nauthor, by J. Fletcher Williams.\\nAutobiography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro,\\nIndian agent at Fort Snelling, 1820 to 1840.\\nMemoir of Gen. Henry Hastings Sibley, by J.\\nFletcher Williams.\\nMounds in Dakota. Minnesota and Wisconsin,\\nby Alfred J. Hill.\\nColumbian Address, delivered by Hon. H. \\\\Y.\\nChilds, before the Minnesota Historical So-\\nciety; October 21, 1892.\\nReminiscences of Fort Snelling. by Col. John\\nI -diss.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "niSTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nIO\\nSioux Outbreak of LS(\u00c2\u00bb-J; Mrs. J. E. DeCamp s\\nnarrative of her captivity.\\nA Sioux Story of tin- War; Chief Big Eagle s\\nStory of the Sioux Outbreak of L862.\\nIncidents of the Threatened Outbreak of Hole-\\nin t he-day and Other Ojibways at the Time\\nof (lie Sioux Massacre in 1862, by George\\nW. Sweet.\\nDakota Scalp Dances, by Rev. T. S. William\\nson.\\nEarliest Schools in Minnesota Valley, by Rev.\\nT. S. Williamson.\\nTraditions of Sioux Indians, by Maj. William\\nII. Forbes.\\nDeath of a Remarkable .Man Gabriel Fran-\\nchore by Hon. Benjamin I Avery.\\nFirst Set I lenient on the Red River of the\\nNorth in 1812, and the Condition in 1847,\\nby Mrs. Elizabeth T. Ayres.\\nFrederick Ayer, teacher and missionary to the\\nOjibway Indians, 1829 to 1850.\\nCaptivity Among the Sioux, Story of Nancy\\nMcClure.\\nCaptivity Among the Sioux, Story of Mary\\nSclrwandt.\\nAutobiography and Reminiscences of Philan-\\nder Prescott.\\nRecollections of James M. Goodhue, by Col.\\nJohn H. Stevens.\\nHistory of the Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre, by Abbie\\nGardner Sharp.\\nVolume VII.\\nThe Mississippi River and Its Source; a nar-\\nrative and critical history of the river and\\nits headwaters, accompanied by the results\\nof detailed hydrographic and topographic\\nsurveys; illustrated with many maps, por\\ntraits and views of the scenery; by Hon.\\nJ. V. Brower, commissioner of the Itasca\\nState Park, representing also the State His\\ntorical Society. With an appendix: How\\nthe Mississippi River and the Lake of the\\nWoods Became Instrumental in the Estab\\nlishment of the Northwestern Boundary of\\nthe United States, by Alfred J. Hill.\\nVolume VIII.\\nThe International Boundary Between Lake Su-\\nperior and the Lake of the Woods, by Ulys-\\nses Sherman Grant.\\nThe Settlement and Development of the Red\\nRiver Valley, by Warren Upham.\\nThe Discovery and Development of the Iron\\nOres of Minnesota, by N. H. Winehell, Stale\\nGeologist.\\nThe Origin and Growth of the Minnesota His\\ntorical Society, by the President, Hon. Al\\nexander Ramsey.\\nOpening of the Red River of the North to Coin\\nmerce and Civilization, with plates, by\\nCapt. Russell Blakeley.\\nLast Days of Wisconsin Territory, and Early\\nDays of Minnesota Territory, by Hon. Hen\\nry L. Moss.\\nLawyers and Courts of .Minnesota Prior to and\\nDuring Its Territorial Period, by Judge\\nCharles E. Flandrau.\\nHomes and Habitations of the Minnesota His-\\ntorical Society, by Charles E. Mayo.\\nThe Historical Value of Newspapers, by J. P..\\nChaney.\\nThe United States Government Publications,\\nby D. L. Kingsbury.\\nThe First Organized Government of Dakota,\\nby Gov. Samuel J. Albright, with a preface\\nby Judge Charles E. Flandrau.\\nHow Minnesota Became a State, by Professor\\nThomas F. Moran.\\nMinnesota s Northern Boundary, by Alexander\\nN. Winehell.\\nThe Question of the Sources of the Mississippi\\nRiver, by Prof. E. Lavasseur. (Translated\\nby William P. Hough.)\\nThe Source of the Mississippi, by Prof. N. II.\\nWinehell.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "no\\nTT I STORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nPrehistoric Man at the Headwaters of the\\nMississippi River (with plates), and an ad-\\ndendum relating to the early visits of Mr.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Iiilius Chambers and the Rev. J. A. Gjl-\\nlillan to Itasca Lake, by Hon. .J. V. Brower.\\nHistory of Minnesota, by Rev. Edward D. Neill.\\nFirst edition, 185S. (Has gone through four\\neditions.)\\nConcise History of the State of Minnesota, by\\nRev. Edward D. Neill. 1S87.\\nMinnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars, 1861,\\n1805, prepared under the supervision of a\\ncommittee appointed by the Legislature,\\n1S90-1893, in two volumes.\\nHistory of the Sioux War and Massacres of\\n1862-1863, by Isaac V. D. Heard, 1865.\\nA History of the Great Massacre by the Sioux\\nIndians in Minnesota, by Charles S. Bryanl\\nand Abel B. Murch, 1872.\\nMinnesota Historical Society Collections, in\\neight volumes, 1850 to 1S98, containing\\nmany of the above named works and papers.\\nHistory of St. Paul, Minnesota, by Gen. Chris-\\ntopher C. Andrews, 1890.\\nHistory of the City of Minneapolis, by Isaac\\nAtwater, in two volumes.\\nPen Pictures of St. Paul, Minnesota, and Bio-\\ngraphical Sketches of Old Settlers, by T.\\nM. Newson.\\nFifty Years in the Northwest, by W. H. 0.\\nFolsoni, 188S.\\nThe United States Biographical Dictionary\\nand Portrait Gallery of Eminent and Self-\\nMade Men, Minnesota volume by Jeremiah\\nClemens, assisted by J. Fletcher Williams,\\n1879.\\nProgressive Men of Minnesota, biographical\\nsketches and portraits, together with an\\nhistorical and descriptive sketch of the\\nState, by Marion 1). Shutter and J. S. Mr-\\nLain, 1897.\\nI.iographical History of the Northwest, by\\nAlonzo Phelps, 1890.\\nA History of th Republican Party, to which\\nis added a political history of Minnesota\\nfrom a Republican point of view, and bio-\\ngraphical sketches of leading Minnesota\\nRepublicans, by Eugene V. Smalley.\\nThere are also many quarto histories of coun\\nties in Minnesota, and of larger districts of\\nthe State, mostly published during the\\nyears 1880 to is .io. including twenty coun-\\nties, namely, Dakota. Dodge, Faribault.\\nFillmore, Freeborn. Goodhue. Hennepin.\\nHouston, Mcl.eod. Meeker. Olmsted. Pope,\\nRamsey, Rice, Steele. Stevens, Wabasha.\\nWaseca, Washington and Winona, and five\\ndistricts, namely, the St. Croix Valley, the\\nUpper Mississippi Valley, the Minnesota\\nValley, the Red River Valley and Park Re\\ngion and Southern Minnesota.\\nWinona and lis Environs, by L. II. Bunnell,\\n1897, with maps and portraits.\\nI\\nAmong the earliest publications are:\\nMinnesota and Its Resources, by J. Wesley\\n1 loud, 1853.\\nMinnesota Year Books, 1851, 1852, 1853, by\\nWilliam G. Le Due.\\nFloral Home, or First Years of Minnesota.\\n1857, by Harriet E. Bishop.\\nNarratives and Reports of Travels and Ex-\\nplorations, by Hennepin. Carver, Long\\nand Keating. Beltrami, Featherstonhaugh,\\nSchoolcraft, Nicollet, Owen. Oliphant, An-\\ndrews. Seymour and others.\\nFor Geographic and Geologic descriptions of\\nMinnesota the reports of the geological and\\nnatural history survey are the most com\\nplete sources of information, by Professor\\nN. H. Winchell. State Geologist, assisted by\\nWarren Upham, Ulysses Sherman Grant,\\nand others. The annual reports comprise\\ntwenty three volumes, 1872 to 1894, with\\nanother to be published. Several other vol-\\numes have been issued as bulletins of the\\nsurvey on iron, mining, birds, mammals,\\nand fishes.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\n117\\nFour thousand two hundred and fifty bound\\nvolumes of Minnesota newspapers, embrac-\\ning complete files of nearly all the news-\\npapers ever published in Minnesota frora\\nfirst to last.\\nOne thousand seven hundred and two 1 lis\\nand about fifteen hundred pamphlets relat-\\ning in some way 1 Minnesota history. All\\nthese books can be found in the library of\\nthe Minnesota Historical Society, which is\\nalways open to the public, free.\\nMuch historical and other information is con-\\ntained in the messages of the Governors\\nand reports of the various State officers,\\nand especially in the Legislative .Manuals\\nprepared for the use of the members of the\\nLegislature by the Secretary of State, un\\nder Chapter 122 of the General Laws of\\n1893, and former laws. These Manuals, and\\nespecially thai of. 1899, are replete with\\nvaluable statistics concerning the Stale, its\\nhistory and resources.\\nIllustrated Bistory of Minnesota, by T. II.\\nKirk, M. L., 1887.\\nAncestry, Life and Times of Henry Hastings\\nSibley, by Nathaniel West, D. D., 1889.", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY\\nOF MINNESOTA.\\nJOHN S. PILLSBURY.\\nInto the warp and woof of John Sargent\\nPillsbury s character arc woven the integrity,\\ncourage, thrift and persistence of the best New\\nEngland Puritan ancestry, whose residence in\\nAmerica covered a period of more than two\\nand one-half centuries. Joshua Pillsbury, the\\nEnglish emigrant, settled in Newburyport,\\nMassachusetts, in 1640, and received a grant of\\nland at that place, a portion of which still re-\\nmains in the possession of his descendants.\\nOne of these descendants, Micajah Pillsbury,\\nthe grandfather of the subject of this biog-\\nraphy, settled in Sutton, New Hampshire, in\\nL790, where on the 19th day of July, 1S28, John\\nSargent Pillsbury was born. His father was a\\nmanufacturer, successful in business and for\\nmany years prominent in his neighborhood and\\nthe political affairs of the State, esteemed for\\nthe probity of his private life and the con-\\nscientious performance of public duty. His\\nmother was Susan Wadleigh, ;i descendant of\\nRobert Wadleigh, of Exeter, New Hampshire,\\nwho was a member of the Provincial Legisla-\\nture, and whose son, Capt. Thomas Wadleigh,\\nheld a commission in the Continental army.\\nHis mother s mother was a daughter of Eben-\\nezer Kezar, one of the capable and honorable\\nearly settlers of Sutton. One naturally expects\\na buy sprung from such ancestry, and inherit-\\ning the admirable traits inherent in it, to make\\nthe best possible use of his opportunities. And\\nthat is what John S. Pillsbury has done. In\\nyouth he enjoyed only the limited educational\\nadvantages of his native town, performing\\nmeanwhile his full share of manual labor. At\\nan early age he entered the office of a local\\nnewspaper for the purpose of learning the\\nprinter s trade, but at the age of sixteen had\\nthe wisdom to abandon it as unsuited to his\\ninclination and talent for mercantile pursuits\\nthe larger held of trade and commerce. For\\nsix years thereafter he was employed as clerk\\nin a general store at Warner, New Hampshire,\\nand for the two years next following he was in\\npartnership with Walter Harriman, a mer-\\nchant of the same town, who subsequently\\nserved as Governor of his State. Half a cen-\\ntury ago it was necessary for a boy to serve\\nan apprenticeship for several years, even to\\nbecome proficient as clerk in a country store.\\nThe discipline was more severe and the re-\\nquirements more exacting than now, when a\\nyoung man imagines himself transformed into\\na safe and successful merchant by an ex-\\nperience of half a year as clerk. The greater\\nthoroughness in the training and the severer\\ndiscipline incident to employment in the last\\ngeneration, were potent factors in the develop-\\nment of the qualities of mind, trend of thought\\nand methods of business, characteristic of the\\nmen who have achieved the largest successes\\nin the present generation. They contributed\\nto that splendid equipment of character and\\nhabit which enabled John S. Pillsbury to be-\\ncome one of the foremost citizens of the\\nNorthwest, and one of the grandest Governors\\nof a State that has developed many great men.\\nAfter conducting mercantile business at Con-\\ncord for two years on his own account, hi\\nbecame convinced of the larger and better\\n119", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "120\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nopportunities for growth in the West, and\\ndeliberately formed the purpose of prospecting\\nto find a desirable and promising location. He\\nnever drifted, and never formed plans hastily.\\nHis judgment, after careful investigation and\\nreflection, determined liis action. So that,\\nstarting out from his New England home in\\n1853 for a tour of observation in the West,\\nhe did not decide upon a new residence until\\nJune, 1855, when lie visited the young State of\\n.Minnesota. The Falls of St. Anthony influenced\\nhis decision. He foresaw in the power they\\nafforded the possibilities of a great city on\\nthe adjacent, banks of the Mississippi. He\\nsettled in the town of St. Anthony, which was\\nlater to become merged and lost in the greater\\ncity of Minneapolis. He liked the spirit and\\nenergy of the West, and possessed the capacity\\nto become a leader in the progress and enter-\\nprise and development of a new commonwealth\\non the frontier. Associating himself with his\\nbrother-in-law, Woodbury Fisk. and George A.\\nCross, in a partnership for carrying on trade\\nin hardware, the Arm continued business\\nthrough the dark period of financial depression\\nand panic in L857, until the store and stock\\nwere completely destroyed by tire, about the\\ntime that hundreds of other firms in the East\\nand the West were forced to close their doors\\nthrough failure to meet liabilities. Four\\nthings were left to Mr. Pillsbury, unscathed by\\nthe fire debts, courage, integrity and persist\\nence. He settled the debts of the firm with his\\nindividual notes, assumed all liabilities, satis-\\nfied all creditors, and resumed business which\\nhe continued for eighteen years with marked\\nsuccess, and then disposed of it in order to\\ndevote himself entirely to the manufacture of\\nHour. He had already interested himself in\\nestablishing the milling industry at Minneap-\\nolis in connection with his nephew, Charles A.\\nPillsbury, and his brother, John A. Pillsbury,\\nconducting the business under the firm name\\nof C. A. Pillsbury Co. Another nephew,\\nFred G, was subsequently admitted to the\\nfirm. The magnitude of this milling business\\nhas grown to enormous proportions. The prod-\\nuct of the marvelous mills has reached all the\\ncivilized countries of the globe, and contrib-\\nuted to the fame of the millers throughout the\\nworld. Fostered with sedulous care, and\\nmanaged with remarkable sagacity, the profits\\nof the business naturally enriched the men\\nwho founded the industry, and have kept it\\ngoing for more than a quarter of a century.\\nThe Pillsbury Mills have been maintained on\\ntheir own merit and operated independently.\\nhen a movement was started in 1899 to com\\nbine all the milling interests of the Northwest\\nin one enormous trust, strong enough to tix\\nprices and control the production, Governor\\nPillsbury said No with emphasis, and stead-\\nf i i si ly refused, either to consider any proposit ion\\nor to countenance the proposed combination.\\nHe stands opposed to trusts, whose evi-\\ndent object is to increase the prices of prod\\nucts, and thus place on consumers additional\\nburdens. He believes in competition and the\\nrewards of individual effort and excellence.\\nOnly a man of broad and flexible mind is aide\\nto devote his energies and directing force to\\nseveral kinds of business at the same time,\\nsuccessfully. Governor Pillsbury is able to do\\nthis in a very marked degree. In addition to\\nmilling, he has carried on lumbering on a large\\nscale, and been a liberal purchaser of real es-\\ntate. He has been identified with the construe\\ntion of railroads, and for many years has held\\na place in the directory of several important\\nrailroad companies. He has also for a long\\ntime served on the board of directors of some\\nof the most prosperous banks of Minneapolis;\\nis a director of the Stockyards Company and of\\nthe Washburn Mills Company. While pri-\\nmarily a business man and occupied with the\\nmanagement of large industries and transpor-\\ntation companies and commercial or financial\\ninstitutions, he has on various occasions ac-\\nceded to the wishes of his fellow citizens to\\nserve the public in political office. Never a\\ncandidate in the sense of actively seeking\\noffice, he has always acknowledged the obliga-\\ntions of citizenship and never shirked any\\nduty or responsibility to the municipality or\\nthe commonwealth imposed by his conscious\\nness of such obligation. He served as member\\nof the city council ten years, and from 180:? to\\n1N7 with a single brief interval, he was a", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n121\\nSenator in the State Legislature. About the\\nsame time lie was appointed one of the Re-\\ngents of the State University, whose financial\\ncondition had for some years been deplorable.\\nThe public lands granted by Congress in L851\\nfor the establishment of a university, had been\\nmortgaged and bonded for a loan of forty\\nthousand dollars, to be expended in the con-\\nstruction of the main college building; and as\\nsoon as this building was completed, it was\\nencumbered by a mortgage of fifteen thousand\\ndollars. This was in 1857, the year of the\\ndisastrous panic. The trustees were unable\\nto meet the demands of creditors clamoring for\\ntheir dues, and at length despaired of being-\\nable to extricate the university from its finan-\\ncial embarrassments. There was a general opin-\\nion that the lands would have to be sold to\\npay the debts, and the maintenance of a higher\\ninstitution of learning by the State abandoned.\\nThis course was recommended bv Governor\\nRamsey in his message to the Legislature in\\n1862. Meanwhile, Mr. Pillsbury, a sincere ad-\\nvocate of broader and more thorough educa-\\ntion than he had been able to procure in youth,\\nand which the university alone can furnish,\\nstudied the situation earnestly with a view to\\nevolving some measure of relief. He was then\\na private citizen, but the following year afford-\\ned him the opportunity for effective work.\\nWhat he did is thus told graphically by a for-\\nmer biographer:\\nIn 1863 Mr. Pillsbury was appointed\\none of the Regents of the university,\\nand commenced specially to investigate tin-\\ndetails of the institution, the situation and\\namount of its debts, and the location and char-\\nacteristics of the land which had been granted\\nit; and, in short, he looked into every detail as\\nthoroughly as a man would do with his own\\nbusiness affairs. In 18(!? he was also elected a\\nmember of the State Senate, when he at once\\nproposed a plan to the Legislature, whereby the\\nwhole affairs of the university were placed in\\nthe hands of a new board of regents. This board\\nwas composed of Hon. John Nichols of St.\\nPaul, Hon. O. G. Merriam of St. Anthony and\\nJohn S. Pillsbury. He found a strong friend\\nand ally in the person of Hon. John M. Berry,\\nthen a lawyer of Faribault, but afterwards,\\nand for many years, one of the Justices of the\\nSupreme Court of Minnesota. Mr. Berry en-\\ntered enthusiastically into Mr. Pillsbury s\\nplan for the restoration of the university; in-\\ndeed, drew up and introduced the measure\\nwhich resulted in the new board of regents.\\nThis act became a law March 4, 18C4, and is\\nfound in chapter XVIII. of the General Laws\\nof Minnesota for that year. We refer to it\\nthus definitely, as it is a memorable act in the\\nhistory of the university, and many of its pro-\\nvisions are well worthy of the attention ami\\nconsideration of those who may hereafter wish\\nto study the history of that institution. The\\nact placed all the affairs of the university in\\ntheir discretion to compromise, settle and pay\\nany and all claims and demands of whatsoever\\nnature, against the University of Minnesota,\\nor the regents thereof. Some of the claims\\nhad been due for many years, and were in dis-\\npute as to their items; many were held by\\nparties outside the State, and in order to ad-\\njust them. Mr. Pillsbury was compelled to\\nvisit various parts of the country. Finally,\\nafter a great deal of effort, he succeeded in\\nfully discharging all the outstanding bonds,\\nliens and claims of every kind, to the entire\\nsatisfaction of those holding the claims, as\\nwell as the friends of the university. This he\\ndid without compensation to himself, and\\nthere was saved to the university upwards of\\nthirty thousand acres of the land grant which\\nCongress had made, and the present site of the\\nuniversity of twenty-five acres, with the cam-\\npus and buildings, which are to-day valued at\\nfully half a million dollars. Mr. rillsbury s\\nefforts did not abate one whit after the finan-\\ncial affairs of the institution were thus settled.\\nFrom 1863 until 1870 he was a member of the\\nState Senate, excepting one and a half terms,\\nand during this entire period he made the\\naffairs of the university and its management\\nhis constant study. Governor Pillsbury has\\nwell earned the name of Father of the Uni-\\nversity, given him by the grateful students of\\nthat institution, and he has crowned his long-\\nyears of service as regent, with a gift of one\\nhundred and fifty thousand dollars made in\\n1889.\\nPresident Northrop, in his baccalaureate ad-\\ndress June 2, of that year, referred to Governor\\nPillsbury and his noble gift in the following-\\nterms:\\nThe name of George Peabody, whose monu-\\nment may be seen in Harvard and Yale, and", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "122\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmen who have within the last few years done\\ngreat service to humanity by unprecedented\\ngifts, especially Otis, Hand and Slater, all of\\nConnecticut, will readily occur to you; and I\\nam sure thai as I speak all of you are thinking\\nof the recent noble j^ift to tliis university by\\nour friend and neighbor, Governor Pillsbury.\\nIt is not the flrsl time that he has shown his\\ngenerous interest in this institution; indeed,\\nit is owing to him that the university exists at\\nall, for, by unwearied efforts of his, the univer-\\nsity was secured from hopeless debt even be-\\nfore it was organized for work. During all the\\nyears in which that aide scholar, Dr. Folwell,\\nthe flrsl president of the university, was laying\\nits foundations and wisely planning its educa-\\ntional work, Governor Pillsbury was the sa-\\ngacious counsellor, the earnest friend, the\\nfaithful regent, watching over the financial\\ninterests of the institution with ceaseless vigi-\\nlance, ever ready to sacrifice his time, his busi-\\nness and his ease to its welfare. By his kind-\\nness and charity in his daily life, by his public\\nspirit, his wise services to theState in both leg-\\nislative and executive positions, his free-hand-\\ned benevolence to the suffering people of the\\nSlate in a time of great trial, and his firm\\nand determined stand for the honor of the\\nState in a time of great public temptation, he\\ndeserves to be remembered with gratitude by\\nthe people of this State to the remotest gen-\\neration. Hut for no one of his many noble deeds\\nwill he be longer remembered than for this,\\nhis munificent -iff of $150,000 to the State and\\nthe university at a time when the financial con-\\ndition of the State made it impossible for the\\nLegislature, however well disposed, to granl\\nthe money which it needed to carry forward\\nits enlarging work. He has shown himself\\nwise in making this gift while he lived, and\\nmight justly hope to witness in the increased\\nprosperity, the fruits of his own benevolence.\\nHe has shown himself wise in estimating\\nmoney at its just value not for what it is, but\\nfor what it can do not as something to be\\nheld and loved and gloated over, or to be ex\\npended in personal aggrandizement and lux-\\nury, but as something which can work might-\\nily for humanity; which can re-enforce even\\nthe educational power of a sovereign State;\\nwhich can enrich human minds, and can thus\\nlift up into the true greatness of a noble citi-\\nzenship the sons and daughters of the whole\\nNorthwest.\\nThe acumen and foresight of John S. Tills\\nbury, as exhibited in all commercial and indus-\\ntrial enterprises with which he hail connec-\\ntion, marked him as a man who could be\\ntrusted with the larger affairs of the public;\\nhis application to acquire a complete under-\\nstanding of the financial entanglements in\\nwhich the State University was involved, and\\nhis unselfish devotion to the work of relieving\\nit, gave him a peculiar hold upon intelligent\\npopular favor. In 1ST therefore, lie was nom-\\ninated with perfect unanimity by the Repub\\nlican convention, and elected Governor of the\\nStale. Endowed by nature with keen percep-\\ntion, and educated liberally by contact with\\nmen of affairs in that great school of prac-\\ntical business, his knowledge of men was al-\\nmost unerring, and his judgment as to their\\ncapabilities and weaknesses was to a degree\\ninfallible. This superior executive ability, so\\nessential to a judicious exercise of the appoint-\\ning power, supported by his own personal in-\\ntegrity and deep sense of official honor and\\nresponsibility, enabled him to give to the peo-\\nple of the State a pure and wholesome admin-\\nistration. His mental grasp, breadth of view.\\ntrained sagacity, honest purpose and equable\\ntemperament qualified him to administer the\\ngovernment and execute the laws wisely. He\\nwas very early confronted with novel condi-\\ntions, which demanded instant attention and\\nrelief. The ravages of the grasshoppers had\\nlaid waste large agricultural sections and left\\nthe farmers destitute. The Governor, incog-\\nnito, made a tour of the devastated portions\\nof the State in order to ascertain the extent of\\nruin, and thus qualify himself to provide and\\nrecommend adequate measures of relief. He\\nfound much destitution and suffering some of\\nthe settlers without sufficient food; others\\nwithout clothing at the opening of winter.\\nThey were independent, self-supporting citi-\\nzens, who would ordinarily scorn the offer of\\nassistance; but the distress of their families\\nwas too great for pride to refuse the proffered\\naid of their more fortunate fellow citizens. The\\nGovernor s sympathies were deeply touched,\\nand he generously relieved by his private\\npurse many of the cases of immediate want,\\ndiscovered while he was passing unknown\\namong the distressed people. He also made", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nI2 3\\npublic appeal for relief to the prosperous peo-\\nple of the State, and volunteered to superin-\\ntend the distribution of all donations of food,\\nclothing, fuel and money. When the Legisla-\\nture assembled, he recommended an appropri-\\nation from the treasury sufficient to relieve the\\nwant, and urged immediate action. His rec-\\nommendation received favorable action. He\\nwas also called upon to deal with another raid\\nduring the first term, when the gang of free-\\nbooters from Missouri, known as the Younger\\nBrothers, entered the State to prosecute their\\ntrade of robbery and murder, and the State\\nprison rolls attest the complete success of the\\nprompt measures instituted by him for the\\ncapture of the outlaws. Governor Pillsbury\\nwas re-elected in 1877, and again in 187!),\\nserving three consecutive terms, a distinction\\naccorded to no other man in the history of the\\nState. During his second term Governor Pills-\\nbury was instrumental in effecting the settle-\\nment of a contention between the settlers on\\nrailroad lands granted to the State by the St.\\nPaul and Pacific Railroad company and the\\nWestern Railroad company as successor of\\nthe grantee, and his thorough knowledge of the\\nhistory of the transaction, supported by his\\nsense of justice, his inflexible will and his per-\\nsistence iii the accomplishment of a purpose,\\nsaved their homes to three hundred settlers,\\nand established himself immovably in the af-\\nfections and confidence of the people. The\\ncrowning glory of Governor Pillsbury s admin-\\nistration was the preservation of the honor\\nand the restoration of the credit of the State\\nby effecting a complete settlement of its debts\\nand the payment of its bonds, which had been\\nrepudiated. The story of the issue of these\\nbonds is told in the historical article elsewhere\\nprinted in this volume. The people had voted\\nin 1857, by a majority of five to one, to create\\na debt of five million dollars, evidenced by\\nbonds, to aid in the construction of railroads.\\nContracts were executed, by which certain\\ncompanies agreed to build lines of road and\\naccept the bonds in payment. Considerable\\ngrading was done on different lines, but no\\nroad was ever built. The Legislature of 18G1\\nrepudiated the bonds. Subsequently the con-\\ntracting companies failed and defaulted, and\\nthe Slate foreclosed on their property and\\ngave it to new companies undertaking to com-\\nplete the work. The bonds had been duly au-\\nthorized and regularly issued. They had been\\npurchased in good faith by innocent investors,\\nand Governor Pillsbury insisted the State\\nshould keep faith with its creditors. He adverted\\nto the subject in messages to the Legislature,\\nand urged the importance of a settlement. A\\nproposition to set aside for the payment of the\\nbonds five hundred thousand acres of land\\ngranted to the Territory by Congress for pur-\\nposes of internal improvement was submitted\\nto the people in 1878 and rejected by a vote of\\ntwo to one. These discouraging conditions\\nonly served to increase the energy and make\\nunalterable the determination of Governor\\nPillsbury to save the State from dishonor. To\\na company of prominent gentlemen who called\\non him after the result of the popular vote be-\\ncame known, he said My children were bom\\nin Minnesota, my home is here; but I want to\\nsay now, that no matter what interests I have\\nto attract me here, whether financial or sen-\\ntimental, I will not live in a repudiating State.\\nI will never give up this fight so long as there\\nis a shadow of a hope. I will stump for it and\\nvote for it and fight for it. The bonds shall be\\npaid. His personal efforts equaled his otti\\ncial solicitude for the welfare of the State and\\nhis earnest endeavor was directed to securing\\na settlement. The question as to the validity\\nof the bonds was submitted to the Supreme\\nCourt and they were adjudged valid. The\\nGovernor called an extra session of the Legis-\\nlature and secured the passage of an act au-\\nthorizing a new loan evidenced by bonds bear-\\ning five per cent interest. By consultation\\nwith the principal creditor, he was able to\\neffect the acceptance of a four and a half per\\ncent bond to replace the old ones, thus saving\\n1400,000 in interest. The Governor invested a\\nmillion dollars of the State s school fund in the\\nbonds. Some opposition to the issuing of these\\nbonds was developed and injunction proceed-\\nings were threatened. To avoid delay, Gover-\\nnor Pillsbury carried the bonds to his home,\\nsigned them at night, and delivered them be-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "I2 4\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfore the opposition took form in the filing of a\\ncomplaint. The credit of the State was at\\nonce restored by the action of its honest Gov-\\nernor, and since thai time no State has enjoyed\\nhigher credit than Minnesota. Actuated by\\ntender memories of his childhood home and\\ngrateful appreciation of his ancestors, Gover-\\nnor Pillsbury erected a beautiful Memorial\\nHall at Sutton, New Hampshire, which was\\ndedicated July 13, 1892, to the public uses for\\nwhich it was designed an assembly hall, a\\nlibrary and a meeting place for the selectmen\\nof the town. The Governor s speech on that\\noccasion was characteristic of the man.\\nabounding in noble sentiment and practical in\\nstatistics portraying the marvelous growth of\\nthe country during the brief span of one hu-\\nman life. The address was not only broad and\\ngenerous in conception, but faultless in dic-\\ntion and rhetoric. He referred with emotion\\nto the fathers and mothers as follows:\\nWhat hardy men and women were the\\npioneers and early settlers of this town of Sut-\\nton. Let us not in these modern days, with all\\nour conveniences and new methods, forget the\\nrugged character and rigor and thrift and vir-\\ntue and intrepidity of our ancestors who en-\\ndured all the hardships of fifty and one hun-\\ndred years ago, and who by their sacrifices and\\ndiscipline and character which they have en-\\ntailed upon their descendants, made it possible\\nfor us to enjoy what we have to-day. Let us\\nof to-day not boast of what we have done. Out\\nof the loins of the New England fathers and\\nmothers of past generations came the sources\\nof the wealth and strength of to-day. No-\\nwhere in history can be found a more rugged\\nset of men than our New England fathers; and\\namong the women of the world, where can\\nthere be found the equal of the New England\\nmothers who have passed away? Would that\\nI had the power of speech to give proper credit\\nto those noble mothers of early days.\\nTrace back the history of the men who have\\nbeen famous in the world, and in the majority\\nof cases you will find that the source of their\\nbest qualities was very largely in the mother.\\nAnd for noble motherhood you will nowhere\\nfind surpassed those New England mothers of\\na generation or more ago, who reared up with\\ntheir own hands those large families of sons\\nand daughters which were once the glory of\\nNew England. As the mother of Garfield, at\\nthe inauguration of her son as President, was\\nthe first to receive recognition as the bearer\\nand mother of her son, and had a mother s de-\\nlight in his success, so may these New Eng-\\nland towns, which have spared their sons and\\ndaughters for a season, claim the successes of\\nthese sons and daughters as their own.\\nGovernor Pillsbury is the only living mem-\\nber of the original firm that entered into the\\nmilling business in Minneapolis, and he has\\nhad the supervision of the business since the\\ndeath of Charles A. Pillsbury, in August, 1S!)0.\\nHis familiarity with larger commercial affairs;\\nhis habit of application and his varied experi-\\nence in solving great problems in both private\\nand official life, make his discharge of the du-\\nties easy. He is careful, methodical, earnest,\\nthoughtful, never apparently in a hurry, and\\nnever behind with his work or his engage-\\nments. He is an officer of the First Congrega\\ntional Church of Minneapolis and a liberal con-\\ntributor to its support. November 3, 185C, he\\nwas married at Warner, New Hampshire, to\\nMiss Mahala Fisk, a most estimable woman,\\nwhose affectionate sympathy and judicious ad-\\nvice have always been helpful. John Sargent\\nPillsbury has the genius of common sense. He\\nis under such perfect self-control and possesses\\nthe faculty of concentrating his mental forces\\nto such a degree that all the powers of his\\nmind are subservient to his will for the ac-\\ncomplishment of a fixed purpose or the com-\\npletion of an assumed undertaking. His habits\\nhave been so simple and his life so well or-\\ndered that the weight of more than seventy\\nyears rests lightly on him. His form is erect,\\nhis movement easy; his manner affable and\\nhis social intercourse marked by courtesy and\\ncordiality. The force of his strong character\\nis rendered lovable by a natural refinement\\nand kindliness in social intercourse. He listens\\nto a complaint or a suggestion with equal for-\\nbearance, but never expresses his opinion with\\nundue haste. In emergencies he decides in-\\nstantly and acts promptly, with all the energy\\nof a man accustomed to weigh his actions and\\nmeasure his capabilities. He is natural and un-\\naffected as a child, and free from any austerity\\nof manner. He is neither effusive nor reserved.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "7 Cc^^f _./ //_", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "RTOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ni- 7 5\\nbut simply natural and approachable. He is an\\nearnest man, generous in his sympathies and\\njust in his judgments. He cherishes that large-\\nness and liberality in religious belief which\\nleaves every man free to formulate his own\\ncreed and finds its best expression in an up-\\nright life, busy with good deeds and pervaded\\nby a spirit to help the worthy who are in need.\\nWhatever else may be engraved in his epitaph.\\nthe historic facts which made his administra-\\ntion as Governor famous, should be expressed:\\nHe saved the University to the State and\\nsaved the Stab from dishonor.\\nMRS. MAHALA FISK PILLSBURY.\\nIn choosing this subject as a representative\\nwoman of Minnesota, a tribute is paid to the\\nwomanhood of that State which can be fully\\nappreciated only by those whom good fortune\\nhas led within the social circle of Mrs. Pills-\\nbury, or, at least, within that larger circle of\\nbeneficent intluence which perpetually ra-\\ndiates from her personality. Yet Minnesota\\ncannot claim her as a native daughter. She\\ndraws her heredity from a double line of New\\nEngland s early settlers. The place of her\\nbirth was Springfield, New Hampshire, the\\ndate May 7, 1832. Her parents were Captain\\nJohn and Sarah (Goodhue) Fisk, prominent\\ncitizens of the Granite State, who for many\\nyears resided in the town of Warner. Here\\nthey reared a large family, Mahala Fisk hav-\\ning three brothers Woodbury, John and Jo-\\nseph, and three sisters Elizabeth, Sarah and\\n.Mary. The American Fisks were descended\\nthrough William Fiske, the founder of tin-\\nfamily in this country, who, in 1G37, settled in\\nWenham, Massachusetts from an aristocrat-\\nic line of Englishmen with estates in Suffolk\\ncounty, which line is traceable back to Simon\\nFisk, lord of a manor in the reign of Henry\\nVI. Rut it is with a different type of nobility\\nthat this sketch will concern itself a nobility\\nnot of titles and privileges, but of character\\nand deeds; a nobility the insignia of which is\\nnot blazoned upon the breast, but graven deep\\nwithin it. Mrs. Pillsbury is a true cosmopol\\nitan; and although she may owe something of\\nher dignity and poise to the inherent conscious-\\nness of high and honorable lineage, she is\\ndelightfully free from the spirit of exclusive\\nness and hauteur of manner which too fre\\nquently accompany such a consciousness. Her\\nchildhood and youth were passed in the\\nparental home, in Warner, a home dominated\\nby the most healthful influences, religious and\\nmoral; nor was the intellectual side of her\\ntraining neglected. She was privileged to at-\\ntend both the Ilopkinton Academy and the\\nSanbornton Seminary, and she completed her\\nstudies at the age of nineteen. During the\\nthree years prior to her graduation, however,\\nher time was divided between the acquiring\\nand imparting of knowledge. Teaching was\\nher chosen profession, and she followed it, at\\nintervals, in the public schools of Keene and\\nother towns of her State, up to the time of her\\nmarriage. On November 3, 1856, she was\\nunited to John S. Pillsbury, of Sutton, New\\nHampshire, and soon the youthful couple had\\nbade farewell to their friends and were jour\\nneying westward to found a home in Minneso-\\nta, which was then a Territory and little better\\nthan a wilderness. It was a bridal tour plenti-\\nfully marked by events and diversions events\\nwhich were dire contingencies, and diversions\\nwhich were imminent dangers. It took cour-\\nage to leave such a home as had sheltered the\\ngirlhood of Mahala Fisk and face the rigors\\nand perils of frontier life; but in courage, at\\nleast, and in that love which casts out fear,\\nboth these young wayfarers were richly capi-\\ntalized. Their destination was St. Anthony\\n(now a part of Minneapolis), and here they\\nbegan their Western life on an humble scale.\\nThe history of their first few years is one of\\nhard work, misfortune and sacrifice; the ex-\\nperience common to settlers upon virgin soil.\\nNature has but one method of initiating those\\nwho are bold enough to venture into her\\nrugged campus, lie one never so proudly born\\nor daintily nurtured, his metal must be proven\\nby the same ruthless hazing. Yet in homes\\nlike that of the Pillsburys, although meager\\nin appointment as many another, hardship and", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "126\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nprivation were illumined by ideals, and the\\nhumdrum of toil relieved by the graces of cul-\\nture. In 1857, when Mr. Pillsbury s store was\\ndestroyed by tire, their vicissitudes culmi-\\nnated in an almost total loss of their worldly\\npossessions. Soon, however, the tide of pros-\\nperity turned their way, and continued to flow\\nwith ever-increasing fullness. They erected a\\nsubstantial house at the corner. of Fifth street\\nand Tenth avenue south, which was for twenty\\nyears the family home. In 1878 this was re-\\nplaced by their present elegant residence,\\nwhich occupies the same site as the old home-\\nstead. During the Civil War. while her\\npatriotic husband gave to the State his val-\\nuable assistance in the task of raising troops,\\nMrs. I illsbury was equally active in the organ\\nizing of a society and the collecting of funds\\nfor the aid of the soldiers and relief of poverty\\nin their families. Thus the sick were cared\\nfor, and substantial comforts added to many\\na destitute home. Following close upon the\\noutbreak of the Rebellion came the horrors of\\nan Indian massacre, in which hundreds of the\\nMinnesota settlers were math victims of sav-\\nage slaughter. Mrs. I illsbury, in the midst of\\ntreachery and death, stood steadfast as the\\ngranite of her native State, calmly preparing\\nfor a possible emergency by practicing the arts\\nof defense and acquiring skill in the use of\\nthe rifle. Minnesota was but passing through\\nthe same throes which she knew as history of\\nher own New Hampshire, and she was sus-\\ntained in this fearful ordeal by traditions of\\nthe heroism of earlier pioneer women. More-\\nover, she was strong with the strength of\\ndeep-founded religious faith. Mahala Fisk\\nwas a worthy representative of a fervently\\nreligious race, her English progenitors being\\namong those persecuted during the struggle\\nof the Reformation because of their adherence\\nto Protestant principles. Throughout her resi-\\ndence in Minnesota Mrs. I illsbury has been\\nclosely identified with its religious life, which\\nfirst took organic form in a little Congrega-\\ntional church erected near the site of the Pills\\nbury home, her diverse gifts finding expression\\nin a diversity of work. Her natural talent for\\nmusic, both vocal and instrumental, which had\\nbeen cultivated during her seminary days at\\nSanbornton, were here devoted to the church.\\nShe was promptly appointed, and has ever\\nsince continued, a member of the music com-\\nmittee, and for many years her sweet voice\\nswelled the harmony of the choir. The genial\\nwomanliness of her character ever created an\\natmosphere of home about her, and this influ-\\nence has been a potent one in the church, en-\\nlisting in its activities many a new-comer and\\nmany a. frivolous or timid youth. In further-\\ning its social interests she has been a leading\\nspirit and an indefatigable worker, lightening\\nthe pastor s burdens inestimably, though main-\\ntaining always a self-effacing modesty. In the\\nSunday-school her labors have been constant\\nand her enthusiasm unwearying, and the young\\nmen and women who have gone forth to their\\nlife battles fortified by her wise and loving\\ncounsel have long ceased to be numbered.\\nAnd, corresponding to her work as assistant\\nand instructor in the church, has been her even\\nmore consecrated work as helpmeet and\\nmother in the home. Governor and Mrs.\\nI illsbury were blessed with four chil-\\ndren. Addie Eva was born October 4,\\n1860. She was married October 8, 1884,\\nto Charles M. Webster now a prominent\\nbusiness man at (heat Falls, Montana and\\ndied April 2, 1885. Her native modesty and\\nquiet, gentle character made her beloved by\\nall. The second daughter, Susan M., born June\\n1 1863, grew to a beautiful womanhood, be-\\ncoming a general favorite through the sweet\\nness and sincerity of her character. She was\\nmarried to Fred It. Snyder, a successful lawyer\\nof Minneapolis, on September 1885, and\\ndied September 1891, leaving an only child.\\nJohn I illsbury Snyder. Sarah Belle, born\\nJune 30, 1866, graduated from the University\\nof Minnesota in 1888, and is now the wife of\\nEdward C. Gale, of Minneapolis, a lawyer of\\nhigh professional standing and literary cul-\\nture. Alfred Fisk, the only son, born October\\nI ll, 1869, graduated at the University of Minne-\\nsota, and now holds a prominent position in the\\nI illsbury -Washburn Flour Mills Company. His\\nmodest ways, native shrewdness and wise tact\\nin dealing with business men has caused him", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "IUOGKAPTTY OF MINNESOTA\\nI2 j\\nto be selected to handle delicate and important\\nbusiness missions abroad, with results which\\npromise much for his business future. On\\nMay 15, 1899, he was married to Eleanor\\nLouise, a daughter of the late Chief Justice\\nWallbridge A. Field of the Supreme Court of\\nMassachusetts. In 1880 Mrs. Pillsbury\\nunited her own efforts with those of oth-\\ner philanthropic women for the establish-\\nment of a home for destitute children and\\naged women. This enterprise was car\\nried into effect on a very small scale at first,\\nwith a few street waifs as beneficiaries; but\\nsoon the volume of applications which came\\npouring in showed the extent of the need which\\nthe institution was designed to till. Then\\nquickly followed, in November, 1881, the or-\\nganizing of a society of ladies, of which Mrs.\\nPillsbury was made president, the raising of\\nfunds and the purchasing of the fine old home-\\nstead and grounds of Judge Atwater, situated\\non the banks of the Mississippi. Commodious\\nas were these quarters, however, they were\\nsoon found inadequate to the increasing de-\\nmands upon them, and were eventually sold,\\nand new buildings erected in Minneapolis at\\nan expense of $40,000. Mrs. Pillsbury is still\\npresident of the institution, which is known\\nas the Home tor Children and Aged Women.\\nIn all her good works she has always re-\\nceived the warm sympathy and support of her\\nhusband. Christmas of the year 1899 was made\\nmemorable in the history of the Home for\\nChildren and Aged Women by an endowment\\nof $100,00(1 presented by her husband in her\\nhonor. This fund, the only endowment of the\\ninstitution, is a permanent one, the income\\nfrom which is to be used in the current ex-\\npenses of the institution. It is designated the\\nMahala Fisk Pillsbury Fund. Other in-\\nstitutions in which our subject has been\\nactively interested are: The Washburn\\nHome, of which she is a trustee; the North-\\nwestern Hospital for Women, and the Wom-\\nan s Exchange. It would be vain to attempt\\nenumerating the miscellaneous charities dis-\\npersed by the hand of Mrs. Pillsbury. Pros-\\nperity, in smiling upon her, smiles also upon\\nthe poor within the range of her helpfulness.\\nsuch poor selected always with conscientious\\ndiscrimination. Nor does she regard them\\nmerely as objects for her sympathy and aid,\\nbut as men and women entitled to her respect-\\nful regard. She recognizes and reverences\\ntrue manhood and womanhood, whether it\\nshines from the luxurious setting of wealth\\nor is hidden in the obscurity of poverty. For\\nbombastic display she has no kind regard; bu1\\nshe knows what others see so beautifully illus-\\ntrated in herself that one may possess wealth,\\nposition and power and yet be modest and\\nsincere. Unregenerate wealth she deems alike\\npitiable with unregenerate poverty, and even\\na more baffling problem to him who would\\nreduce the world chaos to something like order\\nand harmony. During her husband s tenure\\nof the gubernatorial chair Mrs. Pillsbury filled\\nwith credit her honored position by his side.\\nNor did she feel herself removed by fortune\\nfrom the people among whom she had toiled,\\nbut rather drawn nearer to them through her\\nsense of added responsibility. It was during\\nGovernor Pillsbury s first term of office that\\nlarge tracts of the State were laid waste by\\nthe grasshopper scourge, plunging the settlers\\ninto absolute want; and while her husband\\n\\\\isited in person the devastated districts, to\\nassure himself of the extent of the suffering\\nand need for succor, Mrs. Pillsbury was em-\\nployed in the organizing of a bureau of relief,\\nwith her own house as headquarters. So se-\\nrious and widespread was this affliction, how-\\never, that she soon found it necessary to rent\\na storehouse in which to collect and distribute\\nsupplies; and throughout that long, cold win-\\nter, she and her little band of assistants toiled,\\noften far into the night, selecting and dispatch-\\ning articles in response to the many and varied\\nappeals of the sufferers. As first lady of the\\nState, Mrs. Pillsbury s versatile gifts were\\ngiven full scope; but anyone who has looked\\nupon her staunch and noble face knows that\\nthis woman was never made by outward cir-\\ncumstances; that in whatever walk of life her\\nlot might have been cast she would always\\nhave been a leader, an organizer and a liar\\nmonizer. She is one of those rare souls, too\\nwidely scattered to touch hands, yet linked by", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "128\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nunity of faith and purpose, who form, as it\\nwere:\\nThe rainbow to the storms of life;\\nThe evening beam that smiles the clouds\\naway,\\nAnd tints to-morrow with prophetic ray.\\nALEXANDER RAMSEY.\\nThe last of the loyal War Governors of the\\nUnion and the first to answer Lincoln s call for\\nvolunteers, the Hon. Alexander Ramsey of\\nMinnesota, was born near Harrisburg, Dan\\nphin county, Pennsylvania, September 8, 181. r\\nHe is descended from two old Pennsylvania\\nfamilies. His paternal grandfather, for whom\\nhe was christened, was born in the eastern\\npart of the then province, in the first part of\\nthe Eighteenth Century, and his mother, Eliza-\\nbeth Kelker, was descended from an early Ger-\\nman settler on the Schuylkill. The Ramseys of\\nPennsylvania were of good Scotch ancestry,\\nand their blending with the sober and sturdy\\nPennsylvania Germans produced men re-\\nnowned for brawn and brain, with not a dwarf,\\ndastard or dullard among them. All of this\\nclan were brave, industrious and thrifty peo-\\nple, well-to-do and long-to-live, and there is\\nno better type of the family than the old War\\nGovernor. He was reared by an uncle, and in\\nhis young manhood worked at carpentering,\\nclerked in a store and in a public office, took a\\npartial collegiate course, and at twenty-two be-\\ngan the study of law. In 1S:J!) he was admitted\\nto the bar and entered into the practice at Har-\\nrisburg. He would have made a great lawyer\\nhad he continued steadily in the profession,\\nbut he had a natural taste for politics, was an\\nardent Whig, and the exciting and enthusi-\\nastic presidential campaign of 1840 took him\\nfrom the bar to the hustings, and he made\\nmany notable speeches and helped carry Penn-\\nsylvania for Harrison and Tyler. As a sort of\\nrecognition of his services, he was made the\\nsecretary of the Stale Electoral College, in\\nNovember, and the following January was\\nelected chief clerk of the Legislature. In 1842.\\nwhen he was but twenty-seven years of age, he\\nwas (he Whig nominee for Congress in a newly\\nformed district, and received a majority of the\\nvotes; but it was decided that the district had\\nbeen illegally formed and the election was void.\\nThe next year he was again nominated for the\\nTwenty-eighth Congress, for the district com-\\nposed of the remainder of the counties of Dau-\\nphin, Lebanon and Schuylkill, and was elected.\\nHe was re-elected in 1844, and declined a third\\nnomination in 1846. In 1848 he was chairman\\nof the Whig State committee, and under his\\nmanagement of the presidential campaign,\\nPennsylvania went for Taylor and Fillmore.\\nIn March, 1849, soon after coming into the\\nChief Magistracy, President Taylor appointed\\nhis now well-known Pennsylvania partisan.\\nGovernor of the then newly organized Minne-\\nsota Territory. Two months later he arrived\\nin St. Paul, the seat of government, then a\\nfrontier village, and entered upon his duties.\\nHe was accompanied by his beautiful and ac-\\ncomplished wife who had been Anna Earl\\nJenks, daughter of Hon. Michael H. Jenks, her\\nhusband s colleague in Congress and their ar-\\nrival was an event long and pleasantly to be\\nremembered. The young Governor had a great\\ndeal of work to do in Minnesota, much of it\\nunpleasant and all of it hard. The Territory\\nwas full of office-seekers, place-hunters and\\nspeculators, all of them with schemes, and\\nmany of them with jobs. He had to set the\\ngovernmental machinery in motion and keep it\\nrunning smoothly, and solely for the general\\nwelfare. He was ex officio commissioner of\\nIndian affairs for Minnesota, and there were\\nforty thousand Sioux and Chippewas in the\\nterritory, owning big provinces of land, and\\nblanketed and barbaric. He read his first mes-\\nsage in the dining room of a hotel to a Legisla-\\nture composed of twenty-seven members, and\\nit was a paper full of good sense and of hopes\\nand of fair prophecies that he lived to see re-\\nalized. His administration as Territorial Gov\\nernor was most successful. He governed the\\nTerritory much as a Pennsylvania Dutchman\\nruns a faim, working hard, keeping everything\\nand everybody in order, and providing for the", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n[29\\nfuture. In 1851 he made a treaty with the\\nSioux aud bought from them 40,000,000 acres\\nof fine, fertile land, which was soon open to\\nsettlement. He was fair, but firm, in his deal\\ning with white men and red. He summarily\\nrepressed the unscrupulous palefaces, and\\nwhen the old Sioux chief, Red Iron, became\\nturbulent and insubordinate, he broke him\\nfrom his chieftainship, put shackles upon him\\nand threw him into the lockup, though a thou-\\nsand scowling warriors were standing by. In\\n1853, when the Democrats came into power,\\nunder President Pierce, Governor Ramsey was\\nsucceeded by Gen. W. A. Gorman, and became\\na private citizen of St. Paul. In 1855 he was\\nelected mayor of the young city. In is. 7.\\nwhen Minnesota was about to become a sov-\\nereign State, he was the Republican candidate\\nfor Governor against the late Gen. Henry II.\\nSibley, Democrat. Between Ramsey and Sib\\nley, the two most prominent characters in the\\nearly history of the Northwest, there was al-\\nways implacable political enmity, but devoted\\npersonal friendship. By a close vote, Sibley\\nwas declared elected Minnesota s first Gover-\\nnor. But two years later, in 1859, Ramsey was\\nelected, and with him Ignatius Donnelly, as\\nLieutenant Governor. When Sumter was\\ntired upon. Governor Ramsey chanced to be\\nin Washington. That day he waited on\\nPresident Lincoln and offered him a thou-\\nsand Minnesotans for the war, and when\\nthe formal call came he answered it in\\nperson: Our quota is ready. Mr. Presi-\\ndent. In 1801, Minnesota, young, poor,\\nand very sorely troubled, sent five good regi-\\nments to the field. The next year she sent five\\nmore, almost stripping herself of her bravest\\nand best. In August, 1862, with nearly all of\\nthe fighting force of the State in the South,\\nthe great Sioux rebellion broke out, and within\\na week nearly 800 people of the State had been\\nput to the tomahawk and scalping knife and\\nmillions of property destroyed. Governor Ram\\nsey did not flinch or fail. He put General Sib-\\nley at the head of such a force as could be or-\\nganized and sent him against the savages.\\nstrengthening and supporting him with all his\\npower, and in forty days the rebellion had\\nbeen subdued, hundreds of captives restored,\\nand the Indians driven from the State, never\\nto return. Ramsey was a splendid War Gov-\\nernor. He kept up Minnesota s quota, and\\nestablished and maintained its reputation; he\\nvisited the soldiers in their camps, in Virginia\\nand Mississippi, and cared for them as a father\\nfor his boys; he punished the Indian murder\\ners of his people, and then protected his fron-\\ntiers from savage raids and from a repetition\\nof anything like the scenes of August, L862,\\nand all the while he was controlling the State\\nsuccessfully and advancing its development\\nand civilization. In January, 1863, Governor\\nRamsey was elected I nited States Senator\\nfrom Minnesota, and at the close of his term\\nwas re-elected for six years more. During his\\ntwelve years of service he was prominent in\\nthe deliberations of the Senate, as chair-\\nman of the Committee on Territories, on\\nPostofflces and Post Roads, etc. The sub-\\nject of postal reform occupied much of his\\nattention. It was the Ramsey Bill which\\nfirst corrected the franking abuse. His visit\\nto and labors in Europe in ISO!) were influen-\\ntial in bringing about cheap international post\\nage. The improvement of the Mississippi and\\nits navigable tributaries, the aiding of the\\nNorthern Pacific railroad, legislation in behalf\\nof the then Territories of Dakota and Montana,\\nthe encouragement of trade with Manitoba,\\nand all other measures for the benefit of the\\nNorthwest were subjects of his particular care\\nand effort. No member of either house hail\\nbetter personal standing. His broad views,\\nhis good judgment and sagacity, his hearty\\nfrankness and geniality toward his associates\\ngave him great popularity and influence. Sen-\\nator Ramsey s congressional career closed in\\nMarch, 1875, and he rested from official life till\\nDecember, 1870, when President Hayes ten-\\ndered him tlie portfolio of Secretary of War.\\nHe accepted, and at once entered on his duties\\nand gave faithful and conspicuous service un-\\ntil March, L881, when the Garfield administra-\\ntion began. A year later, in March, 1882, there\\nwas enacted the Edmunds Law, which vir-\\ntually extinguished polygamy in Utah the\\nremaining twin relic of barbarism and", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "130\\nPdOOHAPTIY OF MINNESOTA.\\ncreated ;i commission of live officials to exe-\\ncute its provisions. Senator Ramsey was\\nappointed a member of the Board of Commis-\\nsioners and elected its chairman. In 1800 he\\nresigned and retired permanently to private\\nlife. Governor Ramsey has since passed his\\nlife in his comfortable home in St. Paul, in the\\nquiet and hearty enjoyment of domestic com-\\nfort, the delight of books, of the society of\\nold and valued friends, and the company of\\nand association with his fellow citizens. Since\\n1S84 he has been a widower, and he has but\\none child, a daughter, now Mrs. Marion Ful-\\nness, who presides over his household. He is\\npast eighty-four years of age, but wears his\\nmanhood hale and green and is splendidly\\npreserved. He is seen on the streets every day\\nin any sort of weather. He has always taken\\ncare of his health, and probably was never sick\\na whole day in all of his busy and eventful life.\\nThat which should accompany old age. as\\nhonor, love, obedience, troops of friends, he\\nhas in plenitude. For some time he has been\\npresident of the Minnesota Historical Society\\nand regularly attends its meetings, and is a\\nleading spirit in the Old Settlers Association.\\nHe is a member of the Loyal Legion and other\\norganizations, and probably he attends as\\nmany banquets, receptions, and public meet-\\nings as any other of his fellow citizens. His\\nservices are in demand on every occasion\\nwhere speeches are to be made, and his voice\\nis seemingly as strong, deep and eloquent as\\nwhen it rang upon the hustings of Pennsyl-\\nvania sixty years ago or resounded through the\\nhalls of the Senate in 1864. He takes life easily\\nand spends it sensibly, and so should a good\\nman end his days.\\nDANIEL R. NOYES.\\nThis family of Noyes may be traced back\\ngenealogically from America to England, from\\nEngland to Normandy, certain representatives\\nof the early stock having crossed from France\\nwith William the Conqueror, and by royal\\nallotment become landed proprietors in Corn-\\nwall. Thence the family appeared in America\\nin the person of Rev. James Noyes. a Non-con-\\nformist of distinction who, in 1835, sought the\\nfreedom of the new world, locating at New\\nbury, Massachusetts. This early settler was\\nthe father of Rev. James Noyes of Stonington,\\nConnecticut, who gained permanent honor as\\none of the founders of Yale College. to the\\nmother s side, likewise, Mr. Noyes can count\\na line of ancestors prominent in the church and\\nas educators. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D.,\\npresident of Williams College, was his great\\nuncle, and the tradition in the family is that\\nhis great grandmother was descended from\\nJohn Rogers, the Smithtield clergyman who\\nsuffered martyrdom at the stake for his reli-\\ngious convictions. Daniel Rogers Noyes\\nis the eldest son of Daniel R. and Phoebe\\n(Griffin) Noyes, and was born in the town of\\nLyme, Connecticut, on the 10th of November,\\n1836. He was reared amid refining and\\nstrengthening home influences, enjoying, also,\\nthe advantages of the best New England\\nschools. At the age of eighteen he went to\\nNew York and engaged in business, continuing\\nthere until the breaking out of the Civil War.\\nHe then entered his country s service as a vol-\\nunteer, not. as it proved, for a lengthy term.\\nHis health became undermined, and after his\\nreturn from the war he traveled extensively,\\nhis journeyings, which covered a period of sev-\\neral years, including visits to points of special\\ninterest both in America and abroad. Upon\\nthe completion of this health-seeking tour, he\\nresumed business as a partner in the banking-\\nhouse of Gilman, Son Company, New York\\nCity. Mr. Noyes residence in St. Paul dates\\nfrom 1808, and his thirty odd years in this\\ncommunity show a record of unceasing activity\\nand achievement. During the first year he\\nfounded the wholesale drug house of Noyes,\\nTett Company, now the leading drug house\\nof the Northwest, operating under the style of\\nNoyes Brothers Cutler, with Daniel R. Noyes\\nas senior partner. The business of this house\\nhas become extended, not only into surround\\ning States, but to those bordering the Pacific,\\nwhile it is known in both Europe and Asia\\nthrough its exportatious of certain classes of", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "*y", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n131\\nsupplies to those countries. Mr. Noyes has also\\nimportant manufacturing interests in St. Paul,\\nand lias been officially identified with many of\\nthe city s enterprises. To him, together with\\nothers, the St. Paul Business and Jobbers\\nUnions owe their existence. While always re-\\nfusing political place and preferment, Air.\\nNoyes has served as president of the Jobbers\\nUnion; also as president of the Chamber of\\nCommerce. With the St. Paul Trust Company\\nhe is now associated as vice-president, and he\\nis a member of the board of directors of the\\nMerchants National Bank. It is to Mr. Xoyes\\nthat St. Paul is indebted for her Relief Society,\\nand as its treasurer he has wisely administered\\nits finances from its organization. He has been\\na zealous worker in the Young Men s Christian\\nAssociation, having formerly officiated as pres-\\nident of that body, and chairman of its State\\nwork as well. He is a member of the board of\\ntrustees of Carlton College. Largely owing to\\nhis influence and effort the city came to pos-\\nsess its Government building, its Market Hall\\nand Como Park. The Ice Palace and Winter\\nCarnival, too, originating as propositions of\\n.Mi Noyes, have been, as it were, reduced to\\ncold facts. Nor are his activities merely local.\\nHe is a member of the Century Club of New-\\nYork City as well as of the home clubs, The\\nMinnesota and Town and Country clubs also\\nof the National Social Science Association;\\nand he was formerly president of the National\\nWholesale Druggists Association, and a direc-\\ntor for many years of the New York Equitable\\nLife Assurance Society. In legislative affairs,\\nboth of the State and Nation, Mr. Noyes has\\nbeen prominent and influential, particularly in\\nsuch as concerned bankruptcy, tariff, revenue\\nand transportation. He was among the ear-\\nnest advocates of our present equitable nation-\\nal law regulating bankruptcy; the repeal of\\nI he earlier Stamp Tax was effected through a.\\nmovement of which he was the mainspring,\\nand he has labored faithfully for the establish-\\nment of some measure of government control\\nof our railroads. He is gratefully accredited\\nby Minnesota as the author of some of her sal\\nutary laws for the prevention of cruelty, and\\nhas been for twentv-five years continuously\\npresident of the State society organized in this\\ncause. Mr. Noyes is a ready speaker and\\nforcible writer bright in repartee, yet earnest\\nin purpose. The domestic side of Air. Noyes\\nlife has been equally successful. On December\\nJ. lsfiii, he was married to Miss Helen Oilman,\\ndaughter of Winthrop Sargent Gilman, Esq..\\nof New York City. Of their five living children\\nthe three daughters are: Mrs. (Prof.) William\\nAdams Brown, id New York; Mrs. Saltus, of\\nParis, and Miss Noyes; their two sons: Win\\nthrop S. G. Noyes, of St. Paul, and D. Ray-\\nmond Noyes. now attending the St. Paul s\\nschool at Concord, New Hampshire. The fine\\nNoyes residence is situated on Summit avenue,\\noverlooking the Mississippi; and as its owner\\nis seen at home, hospitable, hale and hearty,\\nhe seems as one whom all misfortune has\\npassed by. Yet, free as is this sketch from any\\ntinge of sadness, we know there are hours\\nwhen each life is brooded over by dark wings.\\nMr. Noyes has known years of illness and nec-\\nessary retirement from active effort. These\\nyears were spent in study and travel and were\\nnot lost. In lives like that of Mr. Noyes often\\nthe glad consciousness of having done well lies\\nside by side with the saddening thought of\\npartial accomplishment and much still to do.\\nPut this is a grief that has no sting and leaves\\nno poison in the heart.\\nJOHN IRELAND.\\nNo history of the Northwest is complete, no\\npicture of Minnesota is adequate, that fails to\\nshow the heroic figure of the Most Reverend\\nJohn Ireland, Archbishop of St. Paul, clearly in\\nthe foreground. He has for half a century lived\\nin the Territory and State, and has grown with\\nits growth. He was born in Ireland, Septem-\\nber 11, 1838, son of Richard Ireland, a contrac-\\ntor and builder, an honest man. a useful\\ncitizen. At the age id eleven years he emi-\\ngrated with his parents and other members of\\nthe family to the United States, stopping some\\ntime in Burlington, Vermont, and Chicago, Ill-\\ninois. In 1852 the family settled in St. Paul\\nfor a permanent residence. Here his father\\ndied in 1887 and his mother in 1895, and here", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "13-\\nPIOOPAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nis slill the borne of the son who has attained\\ngreal distinction as a citizen and a prelate.\\nIn L853 young Ireland went to France to prose-\\ncute his classical and theological studies as a\\npreparation for the ministry in the Catholic\\nChurch. This work of scholastic preparation\\noccupied eight full years lour of which were\\nspent at Meximieux in the department of Ain.\\nand four at Hyeres, in the department of Var.\\nUpon the completion of his theological course\\nhe returned home, and was ordained a priest\\nat St. Paul, December 21, 1861, by Bishop\\nGrace. Me was young, vigorous, thoroughly\\nAmerican, and intensely patriotic. It was\\ntherefore most natural and praiseworthy that\\nhe should offer his services to the Government\\nat the time of its greatest peril, and consecrate\\nhis holy calling anew, by ministering to the\\ncomfort of the volunteer soldiers and bringing\\nto them in extremity the consolations of reli-\\ngion. In June. 1862, he received a commission\\nas chaplain of the Fifth Regiment, Minnesota\\nVolunteers, and joined the regiment in camp\\nat Corinth. Mississippi. He was courage and\\ndevotion in the army, braving every danger,\\nperforming every duty, adapting his ministry\\nto the wants of his comrades and fulfilling\\nthe high demands of patriotism in the march\\nand the siege and the battle. He was with his\\nregiment in the bloody battle of Corinth and\\nin all subsequent engagements, until seven\\nand long-continued illness rendered further\\nservice impossible. Having tendered his resig-\\nnation in April, lst;:;. he returned home and\\nwas assigned to the pastorate of the Cathedral\\nparish, St. Paul, where he labored for several\\nyears. In recognition of his marked abilities\\nand conspicuous services he was, in 1ST. ap-\\npointed Titular Bishop of Moronea and Apos-\\ntolic Vicar of Nebraska by the Sovereign\\nPontiff, but on the request of Bishop Grace\\nthis appointment was withdrawn and that of\\nthe Coadjutor of the See of St. Paul substi\\ntuted. His consecration to the latter office\\ni..ok place December 21. 1875. So it will be\\nseen he was ordained a priest in December and\\nconsecrated to the solemn duties of the higher\\noffice in the same month, just fourteen years\\nfrom the dav of his ordination. In the limited\\nspace available for the biography of one man\\nin a single volume containing so many, it is\\nimpossible to sketch adequately a life so full,\\nso varied in its work and so conspicuous in\\nachievement as that of Archbishop Ireland.\\nThe merest outline and the briefest mention\\nof the most important events must suffice; but\\nthese are sufficient to suggest the character\\nand measure of the man. One of the grandesl\\nand most far-reaching in its results among the\\nacts of his early ministry was the institution\\nof the Catholic Total Abstinence Society in\\nMinnesota, which was organized in 1869. He\\nstood for total abstinence from intoxicating\\nliquors as the best protection of the home and\\nthe safeguard of manhood. From the small\\nenrolment in that first organization Hi mem\\nbership of the society has increased to many\\nthousands in the State, and its blessings will\\nextend to many generations in the ages to\\ncome. Another beneficent act of inestimable\\nvalue was his purchase of thousands of acres\\nid the cheap and fertile lands of Minnesota,\\nwhose settlement he effected, by serving prac-\\ntically as emigrant agent. His scheme of\\ncolonization served to establish many settlers\\nand to add millions to the productive capital\\nand labor of the State. His life has been full\\nof useful work for the improvement and eleva-\\ntion of mankind; for the promotion of popular\\neducation and the establishment of Christian-\\nity in the land. In the fore rank of ecclesiastics,\\nhe has at all times lent his influence, by the\\ninspiration of his oratory, the clear, crisp, con-\\nvincing argument of his pen. and the influence\\nof his personal example, supported all progres-\\nsive movements in the local community, the\\nState and the Nation. To the assembled teach\\ners of the common schools he saiil in a public\\naddress: Palsied be the arm that is raised\\nagainst free popular education. In another\\naddress before the Loyal Legion, referring to\\nthe alleged race problem, he said: There\\nis no race problem. Justice knows no color\\nline. Concerning the great railroad strike of\\n1894, he said in an interview:\\nI dislike to speak of the Chicago strike.\\nbecause in doing so I shall blame labor, where", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA\\n133\\nas because of my deep sympathy with it, I\\nshould wish to have none but words of praise\\nfor it. Yet, in a momentous social crisis such\\nas l he one through which we are passing, it is\\na duty to speak loud and to make the avowal\\nof the truths and principles which will save\\nsociety and uphold justice, and I am glad of\\nthe opportunity which a representative of the\\npress affords ine. The fatal mistake which has\\nbeen made in connection with this strike is\\nthai property has been destroyed, the liberty\\nof citizens interfered with, human lives endan-\\ngered, social order menaced, the institutions\\nand freedom of the country put in most serious\\njeopardy. The moment such things happen,\\nall possible questions as to the rights and\\ngrievances of labor must be dropped out of\\nsight, and all efforts of law-abiding citizens\\nand of public officials made to serve in main-\\ntaining public order and guarding at all cost\\nthe public weal. Labor must learn that how-\\never sacred its rights be, there is something\\nabove them and absolutely supreme social\\norder and the laws of public justice. There\\nis no civil crime as hideous and as pregnant\\nof evil results as resistance to law and the\\nconstitutional authority of the country. This\\nresistance is revolution; it begets chaos; it\\nis anarchy; it disrupts the whole social fabric\\nwhich insures the safety of the poor as well\\nas of the rich, to the employe as well as to\\nthe employer. There can lie no hesitation to\\nbring in the repressive powers of society when\\nproperty is menaced. Only savages, or men\\nwho for the time being are turned into sav-\\nages, will burn or destroy property, whether\\nit be the factory of the rich man or the poor\\nman s cottage, a railroad car or a national\\nbuilding. .More criminal and more inexcusable\\nyet. is the aci of murdering human beings, or\\nof endangering their lives. Labor, too, niusl\\nlearn the lesson that the liberty of the citizens\\nis to be respected. One man has the right to\\ncease from work, but he has no light to drive\\nanother man from work. He who respects not\\nthe liberty of others shows himself unworthy\\nof his own liberty and incapable of citizenship\\nin a free country. Never can riots and mob\\nrule and lawless depredations be tolerated.\\nThe country that permits them signs its death\\nwarrant.\\nWhen the l.exow committee entered upon the\\ninvestigation which exposed tin corrupt meth-\\nods of Tammany Hall, and the infamous prac-\\ntices of its police force, he supported the\\nreform party with all the force of his elo-\\nquence. And so at all times and in all places\\nhe stands for whatever is just and honorable\\nin government, whatever is pure, elevating and\\nprogressive in social or community life, what-\\never is honest, sincere, upright, generous, no-\\nble and of good report in the individual.\\nArchbishop Ireland is what Governor Roose-\\nvelt would call a strenuous man. His whole\\nlife is devoted to lifting up and improving thi\\ncondition, the character and the spirit of the\\nlarger community life, whether his energies\\nare employed in the church, through the clergy\\nor in the secular world. The scope of his\\ngenius is evidenced by the wonderful variety\\nof its operations. To-day he delivers an ad-\\ndress in behalf of higher education and takes\\nthe initial step to found a university; to-mor-\\nrow he addresses a public meeting called to\\npromote a railroad, and lends his influence to\\nthe active, earnest support of a public move\\nnteiit whose importance is unquestioned; be-\\ntween days he is found in charitable work,\\nrelieving the wants of the humble poor. Yes\\nterday he was called to Rome to confer with\\nHis Holiness the Pope; returning, he was in-\\nvited to Washington to confer with the Presi-\\ndent on affairs of State. His platform lectures\\ncover a great variety of subjects. Everywhere,\\nat all times, he is busy, speaking, teaching,\\nwinking always for some useful and worthy\\nend, and without neglecting ecclesiastic duties.\\nOn the occasion of Chicago s great interna-\\ntional carnival, in October. 1899, the Arch-\\nbishop, as a banquet guest of the Marquette\\nclub, responded to a toast. The American\\nRepublic. Brief extracts from this will suf-\\nfice to illustrate the trend of his thought and\\nt he quality of his oratory:\\nMaterial prosperity belongs to us as to no\\nother people. The Author of Nature made the\\nWestern Continent so opulent that under any\\nform of government the people of America\\nshould prosper. But not only did no barrier\\nto our prosperity arise from a Republican\\nform of government; but this form, T am sure,\\nhas contributed much to it, by the impetus it\\na H ords to individualism and personal initia-\\ntive, by the sense of dignity and the conse-\\nquent ambition il creates in every human soul,\\nby the equal recognition of law given to aspira-\\ntions and efforts from whatever social stratum", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "34\\nl .IOOKAI HY OF .MINNESOTA.\\nthey spring. It matters little to me what the\\ndifficulties arc that arc said to confront us;\\nbe they political, social or industrial I have\\nno fear. I trust the great good sense of the\\npeople; I trust the power of American publii\\nopinion; I trust the freedom of the Republic,\\nwhich allows healthful discussion; I trust\\nAmerican justice and American respect for\\nhuman rights, born of American democracy.\\nto solve iii due time every problem and remove\\nevery peril. With time for reflection, the peo-\\nple will proclaim the reign of justice and of\\ncharity. I fear only the effects of momentary\\npassion and the rashness it occasions. Hence\\nthe motto of Americans should be patience and\\nprudence, and meanwhile energetic and unsel-\\nfish work for country and for humanity, for\\nrighteousness and for God. The\\nAmerican Republic! She lives and liberty lives\\nwith her. The flag of the American Republic\\nmeans liberty. Wherever it goes, liberty goes\\nwit h it. With anxious eye and throbbing heart\\nwe watch to-day the journeying of the Haj; of\\nAmerica toward distant isles; we pray for its\\nsafety and its honor; we proclaim that in Asia\\nas in America it means liberty and all the\\nblessings thai go with liberty. Some say it\\nmeans in Asia the repression of liberty. God\\nforbid! It means in Asia the institution of\\ncivil order, so that America, to whom the fates\\nof war have brought the unsought duty of\\nmaintaining order in those isles, may see and\\nknow who are the people of the Philippines;\\nwho there have the righl to speak for the peo-\\nple, what the people desire and for what the\\npeople are fitted. Civil order restored and it\\nmust be restored the flag of America may be\\ntrusted to be for the Philippines the harbinger\\nand the guardian of the liberty and the rights\\nof the people. The American Republic! She\\nwill live, and with her liberty will live.\\nIn profound scholarship, in (he variety and\\naccuracy of historical information, in famil-\\niarity with church polity, he is the equal of\\nlite most learned prelate in the land, in the\\npractical knowledge of affairs, in the intimacy\\nof social intercourse with statesmen, in the\\nconfidential relations with the administration\\nof the National Government, he is foremost\\namongst them all. lie is first a man, broad,\\nstrong, independent; intensely American in his\\nlove and pride of nationality; cosmopolitan in\\nfamiliar intercourse and knowledge of men;\\ncatholic in spirit, in sympathy, in methods of\\nwork to accomplish reforms. He accepts truth\\nin any guise, wherever found; he comprehends\\nits universal aspect. He believes Christianity\\nis progressive; that it adapts itself to condi-\\ntions, to social position, to every phase of life\\nand tn ethical, economic and political prob-\\nlems. His active interest in affairs attests his\\nbelief that a prelate is not absolved from the\\nduties of citizenship; but rather impelled by\\na high sense of duty to employ his activities\\nand his influence in support of public policies\\nwhich he believes to be right and expedient.\\nHis tolerance in matters of religion is ex-\\npressed in the Constitution of the United\\nStates liberty in form of worship and impar-\\ntial protection to worshipers and therefore\\nbelieves that for America the separation of\\nChurch and State is wise. Instead of the im-\\nplication of hostility in such separation he\\nfinds abundant evidences of accord, reciprocal\\nesteem and mutual helpfulness. Archbishop\\nIreland has remarkable power for doing things,\\nand one of the sources of that power is found\\nin his discriminating judgment in the selection\\nof instrumentalities, his tact in choosing the\\nright man for a particular position or work.\\nThis is a manifestation of the highest exec-\\nutive ability. His capacity is multiplied by\\nhis method of working through others, wisely\\nchosen. His love of the human race is so per-\\nvasive as to exclude race prejudice and inspire\\na consciousness that working for humanity is\\nthe highest form of serving God. His stal-\\nwart and symmetrical physical proportions\\nsuggest great strength and endurance, and at\\nthe same time generous impulses and large\\nsympathies. He encourages the aspirations of\\nthe ambitious and supports the efforts of the\\nI r and the weak to improve their condition.\\nA worthy companion of the great and power\\nful, he is equally the friend of the humble who\\nneed assistance, characteristic independence\\nof thoughl and boldness of expression, not in\\nconsistent with a high regard for the canons\\nand dignitaries of the church, enlarges the\\nsphere of his influence. Active performance\\nof civic duties, public spirited promotion of\\nsecular enterprises, earnest advocacy of social", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "tfo. ^XCo-^d^yU t^i", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "I .KXiKAl IIV OF MINNESOTA.\\n135\\nreforms and a higher, purer individual life,\\nand the advisory relationship with rulers, add\\nto his dignity and eminent usefulness.\\nWILLIAM 1 WASHBURN.\\nIt is the privilege of few citizens of any com-\\nmonwealth to exercise as wide an influence\\nupon its affairs, and to touch its life at so many\\npoints, as has William Drew Washburn in his\\nmore than forty years residence in Minnesota.\\nComing here as a pioneer, before Statehood\\nhad been attained, he lias been a part of the\\nwonderful development of four decades has\\nseen the State change from a mere scattered\\ngroup of frontier settlements to a well peopled\\ncommunity holding a leading position in agri-\\nculture, manufactures and commerce, and the\\nvillage in which he made his home, in 1857,\\nbecome the chief city of the State. Through\\nthis period of evolution Mr. Washburn lias\\nbeen a forceful influence in most of those lines\\nof endeavor which have made the State and\\ncity so conspicuously successful. He was early\\nidentified with the improvement of the water\\npower which became the nucleus of the man-\\nufacturing greatness of Minneapolis, and no\\none was more influential in fostering and pro-\\nmoting the manufactures of the new Stale both\\nby wise encouragement and by example. Later\\nlie became interested, also, in other lines of\\nbusiness, and took a most prominent part.\\nthrough railroad construction, in opening the\\nlines of commerce. During his long business\\ncareer he has had a pari in the financial ami\\ninvestment interests of the city and State, and\\nin the later manufacturing enterprises. Organ-\\nized public work has found in him a leader and\\nsupporter at all times. Mr. Washburn s activ-\\nity in the promotion of public interests had\\nmuch to do with his political successes, and\\nin political life he lias been peculiarly fortu-\\nnate in supplementing his other labors by\\ngiving In the Northwest some of its most im-\\nportant public works. In the course of his\\npublic career Mr. Washburn has been a factor\\nin local. State and National politics affecting\\nMinnesota life from every possible political\\nstandpoint. And while the State has felt his\\ninfluence in all these diverse directions, his\\nown city has been aware of his presence as a\\nconstant force in more social questions; in\\nsuch matters as public and private charities,\\neducation, the church, the improvement of the\\ncity, the maintenance of lofty standards in\\nthose things which make for the higher life of\\nthe community. In democratic America, where\\nancestry counts for lint little as a factor in\\nsuccess, there is still a just cause for worthy\\npride in descent from those who made Amer-\\nican conditions possible, or in family relation\\nwith men who have been conspicuous in the\\nservice of the Nation. As a descendant of old\\nPilgrim stock, and as one of a group of broth-\\ners who constituted perhaps the most distin-\\nguished family contemporaneously in public\\nlife in I he United States. Mr. Washburn might\\nbe pardoned for a large degree of family pride.\\nThe first Washburns in America were John\\nWashburn, secretary of the council of Ely\\nmouth, and his son John, who came to this\\ncountry with him. The latter married Eliza-\\nbeth Mitchell, the daughter of Experience\\nMitchell and Jane Cook, and granddaughter of\\nFrancis Cook, who came over in the Mayflower\\nin 1620. The family had originally lived, prob-\\nably for many generations, in the village of\\nEvesham, not far from Stratford on Avon, in\\none of the most beautiful parts of England.\\nIsrael Washburn, born in list, was directly\\ndescended from these Puritan ancestors. His\\nfather served in Hie Revolution, as did the\\nfather of his wife. Martha Benjamin, whom he\\nmarried in 1812. Mrs. Washburn s father was\\nLieut. Samuel Benjamin, a patriot of whose\\nvalor and persistence in his country s cause\\nit need only lie said that he participated in the\\nBattle of Lexington and fought through the\\nwhole war to Yorktown, where he was present\\nat the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. Few of\\nthe soldiers who fought for American inde-\\npendence saw, as did Lieutenant Benjamin, the\\nfirst and lasl battles of the great struggle.\\nIsrael and Martha Washburn made their home\\non a farm in Livermore, .Maine, and it was\\nhere thai their large family was reared. To\\nthe parents influence, to the stern training of", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "136\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfarm life in the Maine hark woods, to the\\ninheritance of patriotism and love of achieve-\\nment, and to their own steadfast endeavor, is\\ndue in very large measure the wonderful suc-\\ncess of the group of boys born in this Maine\\nfarm home. There was little of material ad-\\nvantage to be found surrounding these hoys\\nduring their early life. The father was no\\nmore successful than the average New Eng-\\nland farmer, 1ml he was an alert, intelligent\\nman, a reader, a man of hard common sense\\nand with the largest ambit inns to give to his\\nsons every opportunity for success. Of the\\nmother it is said that she was a practical\\nhousekeeper, industrious, frugal, sagacious,\\nstimulating to the children s consciences, sin-\\ncerely religious withal, and hence gave those\\nunder her precious charge an unalterable bent\\ntowards pure and lofty ends. It was in such\\na home that eleven children were born, of\\nwhom the seven sons have achieved worthy\\nprominence in public life. In his Triumphant\\nDemocracy Andrew Carnegie says of this\\ngroup of men:\\nTheir career is typically American. The\\nWashburns are a family indeed, seven sons,\\nand all of them men of mark. Several of them\\nhave distinguished themselves so greatly as to\\nbecome a part of their country s history. The\\nfamily record includes a Secretary of State,\\ntwo Governors, four Members of Congress, a\\nmajor general in the army and another second\\nin command in the navy. Two served as For-\\neign Ministers, two as State Legislators, and\\none as Surveyor General. As all these services\\nwere performed during the Civil War, there\\nwere Washburns in nearly every department\\nof State, laboring cam]) and council for the\\nRepublic, at the sacrifice of great personal\\ninterests.\\nAs the youngest child in the family. William\\nD. Washburn had, in addition to the influence\\nof his parents, the stimulation of the example\\nof his brothers who were already entering pub-\\nlic life while he was a school boy. Israel\\nWashburn. Jr., was elected to Congress in\\n1850, when William, who was born in 1831,\\nwas but nineteen years of age. The young men\\nhad already become prominent in Maine State\\npolitics, and Israel, after serving four terms\\nin Congress, was elected War Governor of his\\nnative State. Elihu B. Washburn served as\\nCongressman from Illinois from 185:! to I860,\\nwhen he was appointed Secretary of State by\\nPresident Grant. During the Franco-Prussian\\nwar h was Minister Plenipotentiary to\\nFrance. Cadwallader C. Washburn was in\\nCongress both before and after the war. was\\na general in the Union army, and in 1871 was\\nelected Governor of Wisconsin. Charles A.\\nWashburn was minister to Paraguay; Samuel\\nI!. Washburn was a distinguished officer in the\\nnavy. Beyond what has been said of his early\\ninfluences there was little that was distinctive\\nabout the boyhood of Mr. Washburn. It was\\nthe common experience of the son of a New-\\nEngland farmer the district school in the\\nwinter and farm work in the summer. As he\\ngrew old enough to take a heavier part in the\\nfarming, the school months of the year became\\nfewer. Short terms at a village high school\\nand neighboring academies supplemented the\\ndistrict school experiences, and finally at\\nFarinington Academy he was able to prepare\\nfor college. In the year 1850, when he was\\nnineteen, he entered Bowdoin College that\\nhonored alma mater of such men as Haw\\nthorne, Longfellow, William 1 Fessemlen.\\nPresident Franklin Pierce, Chief Justice Ful-\\nler, Senator John P. Hale. General O. O. How\\nard and Thomas B. Reed and graduated four\\nyears later with the bachelor s degree, after\\ncompleting a full classical course. The suc-\\nceeding three years were devoted to the study\\nof law in the office of his brother, Israel Wash\\nburn. Jr.. and with Judge John A. Peters, now\\nand for many years past Chief Justice of the\\nSupreme Court of Maine. During this period\\nhe spent part of his time in Washington per-\\nforming the duties of a clerk in the House of\\nRepresentatives, where he obtained his first\\nacquaintance with the affairs of Congress and\\nwith the public men of that time. Two id Mr.\\nWashburn s brothers had already made their\\nhome in the West, and upon completing his\\nlaw studies he determined to follow their ex-\\nample. It was not difficult to decide upon a\\nlocation. I iverinore had already sent men to\\nthe Falls of St. Anthony, and his brothers.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n137\\nElilm and Cadwallader, had acquired interests\\nthere iiiid elsewhere in Minnesota. 11 seemed\\na place with ;i greater future than any other\\nwestern sett lenient. The young man believed\\nthai he saw in it a held worthy of his energies;\\nbut it is hardly probable that his highest\\nflights of fancy pictured the Minneapolis of\\ntoday as a possibility during his own life-\\ntime. On May 1, 1857, Mr. Washburn reached\\nMinneapolis and shortly after opened a law\\noffice. The contrast between the town in which\\nhe settled and the city of today is striking.\\nThe population was then perhaps 12.000 as com-\\npared with over 200,000 in 1899; there were\\nabout two hundred buildings of all kinds in\\nthe village, and few of them were worth more\\nthan $1,000. There were no railroads, and the\\ngreat manufacturing industries of the present\\ntime were represented by one or two small\\nmills. Into this scattered collection of frame\\nbuildings there was pouring, however, a stream\\nof immigrants, and speculation and building\\nwere keeping the people busy. There seemed\\nevery prospect of coming prosperity. But that\\nstability necessary for security during finan-\\ncial difficulties had not been attained, and the\\nsame summer saw such reverses as to make\\nthe outlook very dismal. Mr. Washburn ar-\\nrived just in time to experience, with the town\\nof his choice, all the troubles of the panic of\\n1857. There was little law business to be hail,\\nand soon after his arrival he became the seen\\ntary and agent of the Minneapolis Mill Com-\\npany the corporation controlling the west\\nside power at the Falls of St. Anthony. This\\nwas a most fortunate appointment for Minne-\\napolis as well as Mr. Washburn. It brought\\ninto immediate exercise in behalf of the vil-\\nlage those extraordinary executive faculties\\nwhich have ever since been so continuously\\ndevoted to the interests of the city. To Mr.\\nWashburn it gave the opportunity for famil-\\niarizing himself with the possibilities of manu-\\nfacturing at the falls, which was the basis of\\nhis future success. Later generations in Minne-\\napolis are entirely unfamiliar with the extent\\nof the debt of the city to Mr. Washburn, in-\\ncurred during these early days. With thai\\ncharacteristic energy and determination which\\nhas since become so well known to the people\\nof the city, he commenced the improvement of\\nthe power controlled by his company. During\\n1857 the original dam on the west side was\\nbuilt this in the midst of great financial em-\\nbarrassments. It was a tremendous struggle,\\na great load to be laid on the shoulders of a\\nman then but twenty-six years of age. But\\ndam and raceway were finally completed. The\\nyoung agent shrewdly guessed, however, that\\nhis battle was only half won. On the east side\\nof tlie river there was a better power with\\nmore eligible mill sites; but the policy of its\\nmanagers discouraged new enterprises. Mr.\\nWashburn decided that the west side works\\nmust have mills, and he at once adopted a lib-\\neral policy and leased mill powers, now com-\\nmanding a yearly rental of $1,500, as low as\\n$133 per annum, to persons who would estab-\\nlish mills. The plan worked admirably.\\nEveryone knows now how the Hour mills gath-\\nered about the west side raceway until there\\nwas built up the greatest group in the whole\\nworld. Until the industries at the falls were\\nput upon a firm foundation, Mr. Washburn re-\\nmained the agent of the company, and he has\\nalways maintained a large interest in it. He\\nhas never been out of touch with the manufac-\\nturing interests of the State since that first\\nsummer s work at the Falls of St. Anthony.\\nReceiving, in 1861, the appointment of Sur-\\nveyor General at the hands of President Lin-\\ncoln, it became necessary for Mr. Washburn\\nto remove to St. Paul for a time. It was while\\nin this office that his friends acquired the habit\\nof prefixing the title General to his name;\\na custom so well established that it has con-\\ntinued through all the various offices which\\nhe has held. While Surveyor General, Mr.\\nWashburn became familiar with the timber re-\\nsources of the State, and, purchasing consid-\\nerable tracts, afterwards engaged extensively\\nin the lumber business. He formed the firm of\\nW. I Washburn Co., built a saw mill at the\\nfalls, and later one at Anoka, and until 1889\\ncarried on a very large lumber business. In\\n1ST:! he entered (lour milling, and speedily be-\\ncame an important factor in the production of\\nthat Minneapolis staple. His interests in flour", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "138\\nP.IOOPAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmanufacturing were through the original firm\\nof \\\\V. Washburn .V: Co. and Washburn,\\nCrosby Co. The firm of W. D. Washburn\\nCo. subsequently, in lsst, was merged in the\\nWashburn Mill Company, and in 1889 the flour\\nmilling division of this business was consoli-\\ndated with the Pillsbury interests in the Pills-\\nbury- Washburn Flour .Mills Company, forming\\nthe largest flour milling corporation in i li\\nworld. At (his time there were large acces-\\nsions of English capital, bu1 Mr. Washburn re-\\ntained as he does a1 lliis time a large inter-\\nest, and has been cunt inuously one of the hoard\\nof American directors of the properties. The\\nMinneapolis Mill Company was also consoli-\\ndated with the new corporation which after\\nwards completed the work of harnessing the\\npower of St. Anthony Falls by the construc-\\ntion of a new dam and power house a short\\ndistance below the main falls. This rapid\\nsketching of what would seem a life work for\\nany man, gives, however, hut one side of the\\nbusiness activities of Mr. Washburn his inter-\\nest in developing the two leading industries of\\nMinnesota. It has been said id one of tin-\\ngreatest of Englishmen that while many men\\nthink in parishes and a few think in na-\\ntions, he thinks in continents. Applying\\nthis thought to business it might be said that\\nwhile many men think in single lines of trade,\\na few think in the broad lines of general man-\\nufacturing or jobbing, while only a very lim-\\nited number think through the whole question\\nof producing, distributing, financing and trans-\\nporting. To the latter class Mr. Washburn be-\\nlongs, lie has, from time to time, and very\\nmuch of the time, had considerable interest\\nin the financial institutions of Minneapolis, in\\nwholesale trade, in real-estate. Bui aside from\\nhis influence in the development of manufac-\\nturing his most conspicuous undertakings, and\\nthose in which the public has been most inter-\\nested, have been the ureal railroad projects\\nwhich he has successfully consummated. The\\nearly railroad system of the State had devel-\\noped along such lines thai Mr. Washburn, with\\nother Minneapolis business men. felt the n 1\\nof a railroad running towards the south, which\\nwould afford transportation direct to Minne-\\napolis, anil which should be controlled in the\\ninterests of Minneapolis. The result was the\\nMinneapolis St. Louis railroad carried\\nthrough, during the seventies, very largely by\\nthe efforts of .Mi-. Washburn, who was its presi\\ndent for some time. The end desired having\\nbeen accomplished, he retired from the man-\\nagement, and early in the eighties commenced\\nto agitate the subject of a line direct to tide-\\nwater and completely independent of the\\ndomination of Chicago interests. The project\\nwas a startling one fascinating by its very\\naudacity; to build five hundred miles through\\nan unsettled wilderness to a connection with a\\nforeign railroad to do this to free the city\\nfrom the detrimental effects of combinations\\nin the interests of competitors! To be finan-\\ncially successful the projected railroad must\\ndepend largely upon its through business, and\\nthat (dass of business must be mostly export\\nflour and wheat and Minneapolis flour ex-\\nporting had then but partially developed. Put\\nthere was a Washburn behind the plan and\\nit went through. The road was built in five\\nyears the Minneapolis, St. Paul Sault Ste.\\nMarie. And, since, it has been extended west-\\nward through Minnesota and North Dakota to\\nanother connection with the Canadian Pacific,\\nthus giving Minneapolis another transconti-\\nnental line. Mr. Washburn was president of\\nI he Soo line during its construction and until\\nhis election to the Senate, lie still retains\\nlarge interests and has been continuously a\\ndirector. In fact, the Soo line without Mr.\\nWashburn would he, to use the familiar simile,\\nlike the play id Hamlet with Hamlet left out.\\nAfter a dozen years of the enjoyment of the\\nbenefits derived from the Soo anadian con-\\nin (lion Willi thi East, the people of Minnesola\\nhave come, perhaps, to accept it unthinkingly\\nand without remembering the tremendous dif-\\nficulties which ils construction involved, or the\\nsplendid energy and ability with which ils\\nchild promoter carried out the project. Gen-\\neral Washburn s commercial activities con\\nliinie. his penchant for pioneering finding\\nabundant scope jusl now in the development of\\na I rail of some 115,000 acres of land in North\\nDakota through which he is building a rail-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA\\n1 3 J\\nroad. Those qualities in Mr. Washburn which\\nhare made him a successful railroad builder,\\na great manufacturer and a shrewd developer\\nof new country have contributed in large meas-\\nure to his success in political life. The ability\\nto think in continents marks the successful\\nman in public life as certainly as it does the\\nwinner in business. A broad conception of the\\ncommercial needs of the Northwest and a well\\ndeveloped creative faculty, together with those\\nqualities of mind and manner which aid in\\ncontrolling and winning men, made Mr. Wash-\\nburn unusually successful in his public service\\nto the State and Nation. He was first\\ncalled to hold office in 1858, when he\\nwas elected to the Minnesota Legisla-\\nture, then a newcomer in the State and but\\ntwenty-seven years of age. Three years later he\\nreceived from President Lincoln the appoint-\\nment of Surveyor General of Minnesota. In\\n18G6 he was chosen to the school board of\\nMinneapolis, and assisted in the early devel-\\nopment of the school system so prized by the\\npeople of the city. The year 1871 found him\\nagain in the State Legislature, using his rap\\nidly growing influence in the support of legis-\\nlation looking to State supervision and control\\nof railroads. By this time it was conceded\\nthat he was to take a foremost position in\\nMinnesota politics, and in 1873 his friends\\nnearly secured his nomination for Governor of\\nthe State. After the decisive vote in the con-\\nvention it was claimed by Mr. Washburn s\\nfriends that two ballots had not been counted.\\nThese would have changed the result, but Mr.\\nWashburn refused to contest the nomination.\\nIn 1878 he commenced six years of continuous\\nservice in Congress, terminating only when he\\ndeclined renomination for the fourth term on\\naccount of his intention to concentrate his at-\\ntention upon the Soo railroad project, which\\nhe had just then commenced. The completion\\nof the Soo line in 1888 made it possible for\\nhim to withdraw from executive management\\nof the enterprise and become a candidate for\\nthe United States Senate, to which office he\\nwas chosen in the following year. Again, in\\n1895, he was a candidate, but was not elected.\\nTrusting in the very positive assurances of\\neven those who afterwards opposed him, thai\\nthere would be no opposition to his candidacy,\\nhe had confidently expected re-election, and\\nfrankly admitted his great disappointment. He\\nwould, under no circumstances, have reap-\\npeared as a candidate had he known of the\\nopposition which was to develop. In this as in\\nall cases where he has not been on top in a\\npolitical struggle, Mr. Washburn quietly ac-\\ncepted the situation he has never been a sore\\nhead or posed as a disgruntled politician.\\nWhen Mr. Washburn went into Congress in\\n1878 he was equipped for service as no other\\nNorthwestern representative had ever been.\\nTo a wide acquaintance with public men and a\\nfamiliarity with methods and usages at Wash-\\nington, he added a thorough knowledge of the\\ncountry which he was to represent not only\\na political knowledge, but also a comprehen-\\nsive view of its commercial needs. As has\\nbeen said, he had been largely instrumental in\\ndeveloping the two great manufacturing indus\\ntries of the State, and, with twenty years of\\nstudy, was familiar, in the minutest details,\\nwith their requirements in the way of trans-\\nportation, development of power and supply\\nof raw materials. It had been his pleasure as\\nwell as a necessity of his business to study ag-\\nricultural conditions. He saw the interdepend-\\nence of all the interests of the Northwest, and\\ngrasped the great principles which have since\\nbeen generally recognized as underlying the\\npermanent prosperity of Minnesota and the\\nneighboring States. In Congress he set about\\nworking out the fulfillment of ideas which had\\nbeen gradually taking form, and the accom-\\nplishments of the twenty years since he en-\\ntered that body have been prolific in the fruit\\nof the score of years of earlier experience and\\nstudy. As far back as 1860 Mr. Washburn had\\nconceived the plan of impounding the flood\\nwaters of the upper Mississippi river in great\\nreservoirs near the headwaters. It was an\\nadaptation of the plan in use on the Merrimac\\nriver in New England. But it was far more\\ncomprehensive in form and had four purposes\\nin view, where the New England scheme had\\nbut one. Mr. Washburn had observed the de-\\nstructive work of the floods in the Mississippi", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "140\\nMIOGKAIMIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand the contrast afforded by the periods of\\nextreme low water, when navigation was se-\\nriously impeded. To mitigate the floods and at\\nthe same time save the surplus of water for\\nuse in seasons of drouth was the central\\nthought. Iiut all the results were not fur the\\nbenefit of navigation and the protection (if\\nfarmers along the river banks. There was a\\nlarge traffic in logs on the river. The naviga-\\ntion of the Mississippi by the common saw-log\\nwas quite as important as that of the steamer.\\nTo save the logs from being swept away by\\nfloods or hung up on sand bars in low water\\nwas an important part of the impounding\\nscheme. Again, the water of the Mississippi\\nwas used for power at Minneapolis and other\\npoints. In flood times vast quantities of water\\nwent to waste; in low water seasons the vol-\\nume was not sufficient for the needs of the\\nmills. An equalization of the flow was thus\\nof the greatest importance to navigation, the\\nfarmers, the loggers, and the manufacturers.\\nHaving the project in mind as one sure to be\\nrealized some day, Mr. Washburn, in 18(39,\\npurchased of the Government the forty acres\\nat Pokegama Falls, on the upper Mississippi\\nriver, which his judgment told him would be\\nrequired for the key of the system. When the\\nproject was finally approved and entered upon,\\nMr. Washburn conveyed this land to the Gov-\\nernment without charge. It was ten years\\nafter his conception of the plan that Mr. Wash-\\nburn commenced his campaign in Congress.\\nLike all projects calling for large appropria-\\ntions, it required persistent endeavor; but\\nfinally he had the satisfaction of seeing the\\nsystem of dams and reservoirs completed a\\nsystem which has been of untold benefit to the\\ninterests above mentioned. Early in his Con-\\ngressional career he also commenced to give\\ncareful attention to the needs of navigation\\nupon the Mississippi from the standpoint of\\ndirect improvements of the channel, and se-\\ncured many appropriations for the work on the\\nupper river. He laid the foundations for the\\nappropriations for the locks and dams imme-\\ndiately below Minneapolis, which, when com\\npleted, will give Minneapolis direct navigation\\nto the gulf and all the great tributaries of the\\nMississippi. But there were still broader ques-\\ntions under consideration. Mr. Washburn had\\na keen appreciation of the relations of the\\nGreat Lakes to the commercial development of\\nthe Northwest. He saw distinctly that this\\ngreal water route to and from the seaboard\\nwas the key to the commercial problem of his\\nState. Cheap transportation would make pos-\\nsible such a development (if farming and manu-\\nfacturing as had never been conceived of. To\\nsecure the cheapest transportation, however,\\nthere must be free and unobstructed channels\\nthrough the lake system of such depth that\\nvessels of modern build might pass without de-\\ntention. And so, as a member of the commit-\\ntee of commerce, Mr. Washburn secured the\\nfirst appropriation for the improvement of the\\nHay Lake channel in the Sault Ste. Marie river\\nthe beginning of the great twenty-foot\\nproject which has since made possible the\\nnavigation of the lakes by a fleet of vessels\\ncarrying a commerce unequaled on any water-\\nway in the world. While these great projects\\nreceived much of Mr. Washburn s thought\\nwhile in the House, he was by no means un-\\nmindful of the special needs of his district; his\\nsuccess in looking after its interests being\\namply testified to by the frequent renomina-\\ntions which came to him. Among the most\\nimportant items of his special work for Min-\\nneapolis was the bill for a public building,\\nwhich he successfully promoted early in the\\neighties. These material matters, important\\nand engrossing as they were, did not interfere\\nwith Mr. Washburn s participation in all na-\\ntional questions which came before Congress\\nduring his terms of office. He had always been\\na student of public affairs. Though a life-long\\nand consistent Republican, he has a vein of\\nindependence in his make-up which has been\\nperhaps developed through a settled habit of\\nlooking at things in their broader aspects\\nrather than from the point of view of the poli-\\ntician who sees only the immediate political\\neffects. This habit of thought has brought\\nhim from time to time into apparent variance\\nwith his party; but it has usually been ac-\\nknowledged, afterwards, thai he was right.\\nPerhaps the best example of this political", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n141\\ncharacteristic of Mr. Washburn was his oppo-\\nsition to the so-called force bill while in the\\nSenate. It will be remembered that the Lodge\\nbill received the support of the Republican\\nSenators excepting about half a dozen Sil-\\nver Republicans, who had formed a combina-\\ntion with the Democrats and that Mr. Wash-\\nburn was the only Senator on that side of the\\nhouse who opposed the measure. Believing\\nthat it was wrong in principle, and that it\\nwould not accomplish what it aimed to do, he\\nvoted against it and received unstinted criti-\\ncism from the party press for his independence\\nof thought and action. The years which have\\npassed since this episode have served to show\\nthat Mr. Washburn was right. There are prob-\\nably few men in the Republican party to-day\\nwho would favor such a measure as that pro-\\nposed by Senator Lodge. Mr. Washburn does\\nnot pretend to flowery oratorical powers; he\\nrelies upon plain and earnest statements and\\nsound logic and reasoning. And in presenting\\na question in this way he is very successful.\\nAnd so, while not among the Congressmen\\nwhose voices are heard on every topic, he has\\nbeen heard with the greatest respect when he\\nhas spoken on the floor of the House or Senate\\nChamber. During his Senatorial term he made\\ntwo very elaborate speeches, which would\\nhave given him a very wide reputation had he\\nnever taken any other part in Congressional\\ndebates. One of these efforts was in support\\nof the anti-option bill, the championship of\\nwhich measure made Senator Washburn for a\\ntime the most conspicuous figure in the Senate.\\nBelieving profoundly in the principle that the\\nbuying and selling of that which did not exist\\nwas contrary to the laws of economics, and in\\npractice injurious to business and morals,\\nwhile it worked enormous detriment to the\\nagricultural interests of the country, Mr.\\nWashburn threw himself into the fight for\\nthe measure with a whole-souled energy which\\ncould have but one result. For four months the\\nbill was the unfinished business in the Senate.\\nIt was a battle royal with enormous monied in-\\nterests to contend with; but the victory was\\nfinally won. Senator Washburn s principal\\nspeech in support of this bill attracted wide\\nattention in this country and abroad. The bill\\nwas throttled in the House and Mr. Washburn\\nbelieves there has been a loss of hundreds of\\nmillions to the country, for which the leaders\\nof the House, who prevented the votes, are\\nresponsible. By far the most elaborate and\\ncarefully prepared speech which Mr. Wash\\nburn delivered while in the Senate was that\\nupon the revenue bill of 1894, when he argued\\nagainst the repeal of the reciprocity provisions\\nsecured by Mr. Blaine in 1890. This speech\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\non reciprocity and new markets was one of\\nthe most comprehensive discussions of the\\nreciprocity principle, the development of the\\ncommerce of the United States during its two\\nyears of trial, and the future possibilities of\\nthe system, which was ever made in Congress.\\nWhile bringing statistics to show the trade\\nrelations with all American nations, Mr. Wash-\\nburn gave special attention to Cuba, showing\\nthe wonderful increase in trade with that\\nisland under the reciprocal treaty with Spain.\\nIt was, of course, a foregone conclusion that\\nthe Democratic Congress would repeal the\\nreciprocity agreements, but Mr. Washburn s\\nspeech revealed in all its baldness the certain\\nresult of such action\u00e2\u0080\u0094 results which followed\\nspeedily and surely. Prolonged absence at\\ntimes from his home city have not prevented\\nMr. Washburn and his family from filling a\\nlarge place in the social life of Minneapolis. As\\nsoon as he had established himself in his new\\nhome Mr. Washburn returned to Maine, where,\\nApril 19, 1859, he was married to Miss Lizzie\\nMuzzy, daughter of the Hon. Franklin Muzzy, a\\nBangor manufacturer and a man prominent in\\nthe political life of the State. A modest home\\nwas established in Minneapolis, and here their\\nchildren, four sons and two daughters, passed\\ntheir early childhood. Realizing that increas-\\ning fortune brought with it increased obliga-\\ntion, Mr. Washburn some years ago purchased\\na beautiful tract of land and erected a mansion\\nsurrounded by most attractive grounds. This\\nhome, which was named Fair Oaks, has be-\\ncome not only a center of social attraction, but\\nan object of pride in a city where beauty of\\nsurroundings and the refinements of life are\\nmost highly appreciated. October 24, 1859, a", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "142\\nIlinc.RAPHY F MINNESOTA.\\nmeeting was held in the village of Minneapolis\\nfor the purpose of organizing a Universalis!\\nChurch. On this occasion Mr. Washburn oc-\\ncupied the chair, and his connection with the\\nChurch of the Redeemer dates from that meet-\\ning. It was at first a struggling society; it is\\nnow one of the leading churches of the denom-\\nination in the country. In its early vicissi-\\ntudes and its later prosperity it has continu-\\nally had reason to remember Mr. Washburn s\\nconstant generosity, for in his church connec-\\ntion, as in all other matters, he has been lib-\\neral in his contributions where there has been\\nevidence of need and worthy object to be ac-\\ncomplished. Of Mr. Washburn s religious be-\\nliefs there could be no better testimony than\\nthis, from one in a position to know whereof he\\nspeaks\\nMr. Washburn is modest and sparing in his\\nreligious professions, but deep-rooted in his\\nreligious convictions. His father and mother\\nwere earnest Dniversalists, and he inherited\\ntheir faith. To this he has been as loyal as to\\nthe other parental examples. His creed is\\npretty well summed up in the words. Father-\\nhood of God and Brotherhood of Man. The\\nbroad spirit he shows elsewhere blossoms in\\nhis thoughts on spiritual matters. His daily\\nprayer must be, in substance, that all men may\\none day be good, pure republicans of this world\\nand saints in the next. Freedom for all and\\nHeaven for all are his mottoes.\\nThe same excellent authority describes his\\nfriend in these words:\\nIn personal appearance Mr. Washburn may\\nbe considered a very elegant gentleman. Neat\\nand fashionable in his attire, symmetrical in\\nform, inclining to slimness, erect, of more than\\nmedium height, clear-cut features, and bright,\\nearnest eyes, graceful in movement, correct in\\nspeech, he impresses one even at first as a per\\nson who has had always the best surroundings.\\nHe is dignified in manner, and is not indiffer-\\nent to style in whatever pertains to him. If on\\nany occasion he shows abruptness of language\\nand is slightly overbearing, difficult to be ap-\\nproached, by strangers especially, it is owing\\ngenerally and chiefly to the thorns of business\\nhe feels at the moment pricking him or to want\\nof time to be himself. Hurry sometimes trips\\npoliteness.\\nThe latter part of this estimate seems at\\npresent inaccurate, however true it may have\\nbeen when written at a time when Mr. Wash\\nIniin was carrying vast loads of care both com\\nmercial and political. It may be thai the prog-\\nress of years has softened a manner which still\\nretains, however, all its characteristic dignity.\\nMr. Washburn has traveled much. It is almost\\na necessity to a man of his temperament to see\\nwhat is going on in the world outside the lim-\\nits of his home city or State. He has from time\\nto time visited every part of the United States,\\n.Mexico, Cuba and Canada. Six times he has\\nvisited Europe, on one of these pilgrimages ex-\\ntending his journeyings to Egypt and the Nile,\\nand on another seeing Norway and Sweden\\nthe Land of the Midnight Sun and Russia.\\nThree years ago he spent six months in China,\\nJapan and other oriental countries, and would\\nhave completed the round the world tour\\nhad it not been for the prevalence of the\\nplague in India. In travel Mr. Washburn finds\\nthat continued education and those broadening\\ninfluences which every intelligent man wel-\\ncomes throughout his life. lie has also found\\nsuch rest from the cares of a life of much more\\nthan ordinary activity and responsibility that\\nhe is, at the age of sixty-eight, still in his\\nprime, and bears himself with the air of a man\\nmuch his junior. He is to-day, as he has al-\\nways been, a growing man. His interest in\\npublic affairs is unabated, and the attention\\nwhich is paid to his views was very recently\\nevidenced, when an interview, in which he de-\\nnounced the trust evil, was quoted and com-\\nmented upon from one end of the English\\nspeaking world to the other.\\nGREENLEAF CLARK.\\nJudge Greenleaf Clark was born in Plais-\\ntow, Rockingham county. New Hampshire.\\nAugust 2- 1 He is from Puritan stock,\\nand is the son of Nathaniel it he seventh of\\nthat name in a direct line) and Betsy (P.rickett)\\nClark. The first Nathaniel was an Englishman\\nby birth, who settled probably in Ipswich, Mas-\\nsachusetts, some time during the first half of", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "S*-1/LjZa^iJjL *lf- ^fer^La^y^", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n143\\nthe Seventeenth Century, and was married on\\nNovember 23, 1663, at Newbury, in the same\\nSlate, where he then resided, to Elizabeth\\nSomerby, granddaughter, on the mother s side,\\nof Edmund Greenleaf, who was of Huguenot\\norigin, and came to Newbury in 1635. The pa-\\nternal grandfather of Judge Clark enlisted, on\\nMarch 14, 1781, at the age of sixteen, in the\\nwar of the Revolution. He was wounded dur-\\ning his service, which was continuous from the\\ndate of his enlistment to the end of the war.\\nThe subject of this sketch attended the public\\nschool of his native town, and was afterwards\\nfitted for college at Atkinson Academy, in New\\nHampshire. He matriculated at Dartmouth\\nCollege in 1851, and received the degree of A.\\nB. from that institution in June, 1855. Imme-\\ndiately afterwards he began reading law in\\nthe office of Hatch Webster, at Portsmouth.\\nNew Hampshire, and after a short period of\\nstudy there, entered the Harvard Law School,\\nfrom which he obtained the degree of LL. B.\\nin 1857. During the same year he was admit\\nted at Boston to the Suffolk bar. In the fall\\nof 1858 he came to St. Paul, Minnesota, where\\nhe has since resided, and engaged as a clerk\\nin the law office of Michael E. Ames. After a\\nbrief term of service in that capacity he en-\\ntered into partnership with Mr. Ames and\\nex-Judge Moses Sherburne, under the style of\\nAmes, Sherburne Clark. The firm was dis-\\nsolved in 1800, and Mr. Clark became associ-\\nated with Samuel R. Bond now a lawyer of\\nWashington, D. C. forming the firm of Bond\\nClark. This connection also was severed in\\n1862, when Mr. Bond left the State. Mr. Clark\\nthen conducted an individual practice until\\n1865, when he entered a new partnership, this\\ntime with the eminent Horace R. Bigelow. The\\nbusiness of the firm of Bigelow Clark de-\\nveloped to a great magnitude, and in the year\\n1870 Charles E. Flandrau, then an ex-Judge of\\nthe Supreme Court, became a member of it. the\\nfirm being Bigelow, Flandrau Clark. This\\nfirm continued in business until the year 1881,\\nwhen it was dissolved upon the appointment\\nof Mr. Clark as an Associate Justice of the Su-\\npreme Court of Minnesota. He served about a\\nyear in that capacity, during which time there\\nwas argued at great length, and decided, the\\nimportant case involving the constitutionality\\nof the legislative enactments for the adjust\\nmeat of the Minnesota Slate Railroad bonds.\\nUpon leaving the bench, Judge Clark resumed\\nthe practice of the law, and in 1885 became as\\nsociated in business with the late Homer C. El\\nler and dared How (now of How Taylor), un-\\nder the firm name of Clark, Eller I lew. which\\nfirm was dissolved January 1. lsss, by the per-\\nmanent retirement of Judge Clark from the\\npractice of his profession. The firms of Bige-\\nlow Clark, and Bigelow, Flandrau Clark.\\nalthough engaged in general practice, were\\nlargely concerned in corporation business.\\nThey acted as the general counsel for the St.\\nPaul and Pacific, and the First division of the\\nSt. Paul and Pacific Railroad companies (one\\nof the land grant systems of the State), up to\\nthe time of their re-organization consequent\\nupon the foreclosure of the mortgages thereon\\ninto the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Mani-\\ntoba Railway Company (now the Great North-\\nern i, in 1880. They also acted as the attorneys\\nof the Minnesota Central Railway Company,\\nextending from St. Paul and Minneapolis\\nthrough Minnesota and Iowa to Prairie du\\nhien, Wisconsin, which had a land grant from\\nCongress, and of the St. Paul and Chicago\\nRailway Company, extending from St. Paul to\\nI.a Crosse, Wisconsin, which had a swamp land\\ngrant from the State, and for the Southern\\nMinnesota Railroad Company, extending from\\nLa Crescent to the western boundary of the\\nState, also a Congressional land grant com-\\npany; all three of which afterwards became\\nparts of the Milwaukee and St. Paul railway\\nsystem, of which organization, afterwards the\\nChicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway\\nCompany, they were also attorneys. These\\nservices embraced the periods of the construe\\nlion of these lines in Minnesota, the acquisition\\nof their right of way and terminal grounds and\\nfacilities by condemnation and otherwise, as\\nwell as the foreclosure of the St. Paul and Pa-\\ncific Railroad Companies, and the Southern\\nMinnesota Railway Company, and their\\nsubsequent reorganization. They involved the\\nconduct and defence of a large number of law-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "1 44\\nI .IOUKAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsuits, both in the State and Federal Courts, in-\\nvolving, among other questions, the chartered\\nrights, powers, immunities and duties of these\\ncompanies, and in the case of the first division\\nof the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company,\\nits legal corporate existence, as well as their\\nrights to lands under these land grants, and\\nthe adjustment of conflicting grants with other\\ncompanies. After Judge Clark s retirement\\nfrom the bench he returned to general practice,\\nand became at once engaged in the service of\\nrailroad corporations, though not the general\\ncounsel of any of them. He, and the firm of\\nwhich he was the head, served, in special suits\\nand other matters, the St. Paul and Sioux City\\nRailroad Company, the St. Paul and Duluth\\nRailroad Company, the St. Paul, Minneapolis\\nand Manitoba Railway Company, and the\\nGreat Northern Railway Company. His ser-\\nvices were largely engaged in matters con-\\nnected with the organization and construction\\nof extensions and proprietary lines and prop-\\nerties, the preparation of trust deeds and\\nsecurities connected with the financing of the\\nvarious companies, the preparation of leases\\nand trackage, traffic and other contracts con-\\nnected with their operation and their relation\\nto other companies, and to the purchase and\\nconsolidation of other properties. In 1870\\nJudge Clark was appointed a regent of the\\nUniversity of Minnesota, which office he has\\ncontinued to hold by repeated appointments,\\nfrom that date to the present time. While\\nJudge Clark s period of service on the bench\\nwas very brief, a number of his opinions deliv-\\nered during that time have become leading\\neases and landmarks in the law. It was a\\nsource of profound regret to all his friends, as\\nwell as a great loss to the State that he felt\\ncompelled, by reason of the impairment of his\\nhealth by his long and arduous labors in his\\nprofession, to retire from the active practice\\nof the law when he was still in the prime of\\nlife and capable of doing his very best work.\\nA leading member of the Minnesota Bar\\nsays:\\nJudge Clark was one of the leaders of the\\nbar; no man at the bar of the Northwest ex-\\ncelled him in soundness of judgment, in power\\nof analysis, in grasp of mind or clearness of\\nstatement. His forte was not erudition or\\ntechnical learning; he was not what is known\\nas a case lawyer. He had that rare legal in-\\nstinct, or perception, which detects the turn\\ning point or pivotal question, discarding imma-\\nterial and collateral inquiries. This is a mark\\nof the highest order of legal intellect, and\\nonly tlie experienced lawyer or judge knows\\nhow rare it is. His grasp and power of mind\\nand patient industry brought him almost-with-\\nout exception to correct conclusions.\\nFew lawyers ever felt the responsibility of\\ntheir client s troubles more seriously than\\nJudge Clark. This forced him to undergo an\\namount of labor which was unusual. He was\\nincapable of disposing of questions lightly or\\neasily. It was an essential part of his habit\\nof mind to treat everything seriously and thor-\\noughly. He was incapable of quitting a sub-\\nject without digging to the bottom of it. His\\nimportant railway contracts and mortgages\\nwere models, and owe their value to his having\\nscanned and weighed their every word, as\\nwell as to his having understood thoroughly\\nevery subject with which his contract dealt.\\nThe writer of this can testify from personal\\nknowledge that while he may have known\\nlawyers who knew more cases or who had\\nmore showy accomplishments, he never knew\\none whose judgment was sounder or who was\\nmore apt to be right on a legal question, par-\\nticularly on a fundamental or great question.\\nBut without detracting from his other emi-\\nnent talents, his highest qualification to be\\ncalled a great lawyer was probably his perfect\\nhonesty and love of justice. He was both in-\\ntellectually and morally honest, which at once\\nenabled him to discern what was just, and led\\nhim to do it. As law is founded on moral jus\\ntice, no man can be a great lawyer without\\nthese qualities. Judge Clark possesses them\\nto the highest degree.\\nHENRY T. WELLES.\\nAmong those who were the real founders of\\nthe city of Minneapolis, and who helped to lay\\nthe foundations of the present greatness of the\\nCommonwealth of Minnesota, a well-known\\npioneer, business man and philanthropist of\\nthe city and State, was Henry Titus Welles.\\nThis distinguished citizen came to Minnesota\\nin 1853, and after a career of usefulness and\\nprominence extending over a period of forty-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "^^w", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "BIOGL Al IIY OF MINNESOTA..\\nM5\\nfive years, died in the city which he had done\\nso much to create, March 4, 1898. Henry T.\\nWelles was born at Glastonbury, Connecticut,\\nApril 3, 1821. His father was Jonathan Welles\\nand the maiden name of his mother was Jeru-\\nsha Welles, his parents being cousins in the\\nsecond degree. He came of a very old New\\nEngland family. He was a direct descendant\\nof Thomas Welles, the founder of the family in\\nAmerica, who came from England in 1G3G, and\\nwas subsequently Governor of the Colony of\\nConnecticut. Gideon Welles, President Lin-\\ncoln s Secretary of the Navy, was also a de-\\nscendant of Thomas Welles. The English\\nbranch of the family was established when\\nsome of its members came in from Prance with\\nWilliam the Conqueror, the name at first being\\nwritten De Welles. The paternal grandfather\\nof Henry T.Welles married Catherine, a grand-\\ndaughter of Gurdon Saltonsta.ll, who was Gov-\\nernor of Connecticut from 1707 to 1724, dying\\nin office. Jonathan Welles was an industrious\\nand thrifty Connecticut farmer, and his son\\nHenry T. was reared to young manhood on his\\nfather s farm, which had been in the posses\\nsion of the family for four generations. He\\nwas brought up to hard work, economy, and to\\ndeal uprightly and honorably with all men.\\nAs a boy he was unusually bright and apt,\\nfond of study and reading, and quick to learn.\\nHe soon passed the course of the common\\ncountry school, and when but twelve years old\\nentered an academy, and began preparatory\\nstudies in algebra, natural philosophy and\\nLatin. One of his preceptors was Elihu Bur-\\nritt, the celebrated astronomer and linguist,\\nknown to fame as the learned blacksmith.\\nHis education was completed at Trinity Col-\\nlege, Hartford, Connecticut, from which insti-\\ntution then called Washington College he\\nwas graduated in 1843. Among his classmates\\nwere Thomas S. Preston, subsequently Vicar-\\nGeneral of the Catholic Arch-Diocese of New\\nYork; William B. Curtis, who became Chief\\nJustice of the New York Superior Court, and\\nHenry A. Sanford, at one time United States\\nMinister to Belgium. His scholastic attain\\nments were very superior. He was especially\\nproficient in the classics, and read Latin and\\nGreek almost as fluently as his mother lan-\\nguage, and he had a profound knowledge of\\nmathematics and the other sciences. For a\\ntime after his graduation he taught the higher\\nbranches of learning in a select school, lb\\nread law and was enrolled among the attor-\\nneys of Hartford county. In 1850 he was\\nelected to the Legislature. Soon after his Leg-\\nislative experience his health became impaired\\nand he was advised to seek a change of climate.\\nHe decided on a trip to the Northwest, and\\nafter a long journey, arrived at St. Paul, June\\n12, 1853. The next day he went up to St.\\nAnthony Falls. He at once decided upon a\\npermanent location at the Falls in the then\\nyoung Territory, with its clear skies, beautiful\\nscenes and magnificent possibilities. In his\\nreminiscences of the incident, he subsequently\\nwrote\\nI had reached my destination. I was more\\nthan satisfied. When I looked down from\\n.Meeker Hill on the various landscape of river,\\ncataract, prairie and grove, and the mills,\\nstores, and dwellings now embraced in the\\ncity of Minneapolis, I felt a homelike pleasure\\nthat has continued unabated to this day. The\\nloss of my native home was compensated. I\\nbecame a fixture in another. It was the fittest\\nplace in all the earth for me as if I had been\\nmiraculously taken up into the clouds and\\nborne westward, and by the guiding hand of\\nProvidence dropped down upon it.\\n1\\nIt is rare that a man of scholastic tastes and\\naccomplishments decides upon an active busi-\\nness career, involving hard and persistent\\nlabor and endeavor, and the many exactions\\nincident to such a life. Most men of the kind\\nchoose a career of more refinement, and enter\\none of the so-called professions, becoming col-\\nlege professors, lawyers, doctors or the like.\\nBut Henry T. Welles was active and enter-\\nprising by nature, and inured to practical work\\nfrom boyhood. He was a man of versatile\\nabilities, could adapt himself to surroundings,\\nand could do almost anything. Within a few-\\ndays after his arrival at St. Anthony he had\\nformed a partnership with Franklin Steele,\\nwho then lived at Fort Snelling, in the conduct\\nof his saw-mills at the Falls and in the lumber", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "r 4 6\\nBlor.KABIlY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbusiness generally, and was hard at work.\\nFranklin Steele and Henry T. Welles were\\nboth good judges of men. They took to each\\nother on sight. Their estimates were correct,\\nand their partnership was profitable and suc-\\ncessful from the start. Within the present\\nlimits the career of Henry T. Welles in\\nMinnesota can only be imperfectly sketched.\\nAt once upon his arrival here, he became\\na leader among his fellow citizens. In\\n1855 he was elected mayor of St. Anthony.\\nIn 1856 he crossed the river and located\\nin what was then called Minneapolis, and\\nin 1858, .as president of the town council,\\nwas the first head of the municipal govern-\\nment. The same year he was president of the\\nschool board. He and Mr. Steele, as proprie-\\ntors of the Minneapolis Bridge Company, in\\n1855, built the first bridge that spanned the\\nMississippi river. The bridges lower down the\\nriver, between Iowa and Illinois, were built\\nafterwards. He was naturally an engineer,\\nand superintended in fact nearly all of the\\nmany works of construction in which he was\\ninterested. Soon after he entered into part-\\nnership with Mr. Steele in the saw-milling\\nbusiness, the water in the channel of the river\\nbecame so low that the mill-power wheels\\nwould not turn. Everybody was in despair,\\nfor the prosperity of the place depended\\nupon the continuous operation of the\\nsaw-mills. Mr. Welles, with his Yankee\\ntact, readily conceived a remedy for the\\nbad state of things. Constructing some\\nframes called horses, he set them in\\nthe channel, floated and fastened slabs against\\nthem, and thus made a horse and slab dam,\\nwhich narrowed the channel, increased the\\nvolume of water, and the wheels went merrily\\naround. He always had an expedient for\\nevery emergency. His investments in Minne-\\napolis lots and blocks, and other real estate\\nin Minneapolis, were always judiciously made\\nand proved highly profitable. He early be-\\ncame interested in railroad building in Minne-\\nsota, and he was present at the session of Con-\\ngress in 185G-7 for some weeks, earnestly\\nurging governmenl aid for projected roads in\\nthe Territory. At one time he owned a great\\npart of the town of Breckenridge, but he gave\\nnearly all of his interests away one hundred\\nacres to the town for a park and fair grounds,\\none hundred and sixty acres to the Episcopal\\nDiocese of Minnesota, lots to the Catholic and\\nProtestant churches, a block for the court\\nhouse, etc. In 1855 he became one of the pro-\\nprietors of St. loud, and did his share in\\nfounding that city. His acquirements of\\nmaterial interests were large, but his ben-\\nefactions in aid of churches, schools, mu-\\nnicipalities and his fellow men generally,\\namounted to a large fortune. His gifts\\nto the Faribault institutions alone amounted\\nto $70,000. In Minneapolis he and Mr. Steele\\ngave to St. Mark s church the site of the pres-\\nent Kasota building; to the First Baptist\\nchurch, virtually the site of the Lumber Ex-\\nchange; to the Second Baptist a large lot on\\nHennepin avenue, etc. To the Episcopal and\\nCatholic churches Mr. Welles alone gave $20,-\\n000 in cash, besides making liberal donations\\nat different times to other churches, hospitals,\\neducational institutions and worthy charities.\\nIf he received fully, he gave freely. He never\\nneglected his full duty as a citizen and a man.\\nIn all public enterprises for the good of his\\ncity, his county and his State, he was among\\nthe foremost. It was his efforts which induced\\nthe people of Minneapolis to vote aid to pre-\\nvent the falls from falling to ruin, and mainly\\nthrough his individual efforts the large\\napron, which protects them, was construct-\\ned. It is said that he always voted at elections\\nand voted as lie pleased. He was not a poli-\\ntician as the term is commonly construed,\\nbut he always had his opinions on matters of\\npublic policy, and did not hesitate to express\\nthem. In 1S63 he was the Democratic candi-\\ndate for Governor of Minnesota, but was de-\\nfeated by Cen. Stephen Miller. This was during\\nthe War of the Rebellion, when whether just-\\nly so or not the Democratic party was in\\npublic disfavor, and he knew there was no\\npossible chance of his election when he accept-\\ned the nomination. He was, however, a War\\nDemocrat, earnestly in favor of subduing the\\nRebellion at all hazards, and no impeachment\\nwas ever made of his loyalty and patriotism.", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "BIOGRArnY OF MINNESOTA\\n147\\nHe only doubted, at the time, the wisdom of\\ncertain policies of the Republican party. Ee\\nwas a friend but not a foolish friend of the\\ncolored people, and in Connecticut he had\\ntaughf a school where negro children were ad-\\nmitted to full privileges with the whites. He\\nwas wholly unbiased and unprejudiced in all\\nhis views, so that in politics he was practically\\nindependent; in religion tolerant and liberal;\\nin all tilings charitable. Until the very\\nlast months of his life he was a very busy\\nman. He assisted in organizing the North-\\nwestern National Bank and was for many\\nyears its president. He was one of the\\norganizers of the Farmers Mechanics\\nSavings Bank, and was for a long time promi-\\nnent in its affairs. His other interests were\\nlarge and important, and while he gave them\\nhis individual attention and managed them\\nwell, he became, in the public estimation, most\\nprominently identified with the financial inter-\\nests of the Northwest, and more widely known\\nas a financier. This ripe scholar, this public\\ncitizen, this man of affairs, was a sincere and\\nhumble Christian and a devout religionist, be-\\nlieving and trusting in Almighty Cod and serv-\\ning Him. He had given the subject of religion\\nmuch study and thought from early life, and\\nhis convictions were as deep as his investiga-\\ntions had been thorough. He was a communi-\\ncant of the Episcopal Church, but tolerant ami\\nwell disposed towards all other Christian de-\\nnominations. A few days before he left Con\\nnecticut for the Northwest, on May 3rd, 1853,\\nMi Welles married Jerusha Lord, a daughter\\nof Joseph Lord, of Glastonbury. To their\\nunion were born six children. Mr. Welles\\ndied at Minneapolis, March 4, 1898, at the\\nripe age of nearly seventy seven years. It\\nwas alnnist in the nature of a divine dis-\\npensation that he was permitted to die in\\nthe splendid city, where lie had been so long\\nand so actively employed, which he had done\\nso much to create and build up, so that the city\\nitself is practically his besi monument, and\\nwhere there were so many of his fellow men\\nwho knew him best and loved him most. And\\nthough he had more than reached the allotted\\nspan of life to the good man, it was felt that\\nhis death was untimely and amounted to a\\npublic misfortune. So should a man end his\\ndays.\\nWILLIAM MITCHELL.\\nHon. William Mitchell, the distinguished\\njurist who has for many years been one of the\\njudges of the Supreme Court of Minnesota, was\\nborn in the town of Stamford, County of Wel-\\nland, Providence of Ontario, Canada, Novem-\\nber 1.9, 1832. His parents, John Mitchell ami\\nMary Henderson, were natives of Scotland. His\\nearly education was received in private schools.\\nand he was prepared for college at a private\\nacademy in his native county. In 1848 he came\\nto the United States, and the same year, at the\\nage of sixteen, he entered Jefferson College,\\nCanonsberg, Pennsylvania, and graduated\\nfrom that institution in the class of 1853. Af-\\nter his graduation he was for two years a\\nteacher in an academy at Morgantown, Vir-\\nginia (now West Virginia). He then engaged\\nin the study of law in the office of Hon. Edgar\\nM. Wilson of Morgantown, and was admitted\\nto the bar in that place in March, 1807.\\nIn April, 1867, a month after his admission,\\nhe came to Minnesota and located at Winona.\\nin the practice of his chosen profession. He\\nwas in constant and prominent practice until\\nls74. In the meantime he served in the second\\nState Legislature, in the session of 1859-60, and\\nwas subsequently, for one term, county attor-\\nney of Winona county. In the fall of 187-\\nhe was elected -fudge of the District Court\\nof the Third Judicial District for a term\\nof seven years, and went on the bench\\nin January, 1874. He was reelected in\\nthe fall of 1880, and was in service until\\nMarch, 1881, when he was appointed by Gov-\\nernor Pillsbliry one of the judges of the State\\nSupreme Court. He was regularly elected 1o\\nthat position in the fall of 1881, and by sue\\ncessive re-elections he has served continuously\\nup to the present time. His term will expire in\\nJanuary, 1900, when he will leave the position\\nwhich he has so long and so eminently rilled.\\nUpon the eve of his retirement it is but justice\\nand truth to say that Judge Mitchell has", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "1 4\u00c2\u00a7\\nI .IOGKAI IIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nserved in his high judicial position with the\\ngreatest acceptability. His profound and ex-\\nhaustive knowledge of the law, his clour intel-\\nligence, and his broad spirit of fairness have\\ncombined to give him a most exalted reputa-\\ntion. His opinions have come to be regarded\\nas weighty and standard authorities, and they\\nhave a wide range over the entire field of juris\\nprudence. Some of his decisions have been\\nagainst the interests of the political party with\\nwhich he is connected, but in such instances\\nwere as promptly and fully rendered as if they\\nrelated lo matters of an altogether different\\ncharacter. He has attained to such distinction\\namong the lawyers and courts of the North-\\nwest, that there lias long been a desire for his\\nadvancement and further preferment. He lias\\ndone a great deal of hard and exacting work,\\nbut is splendidly preserved, mentally and phys-\\nically, and is capable of many more years of\\nactive and valuable service in his profession.\\nOriginally a Republican, Judge Mitchell has\\nbeen an Independent Democrat since 1807, but\\nlias always been elected to office by a non-par-\\ntisan vote, and sometimes by a universal suf-\\nfrage. A distinguished lawyer of St. Paul, who\\nwas for many years on the Supreme Bench of\\nthe Slate says:\\nI may here state that Judge Mitchell\\nnever made any effort in his own behalf\\nwhen he was a candidate for judge, hold-\\ning that it was unbecoming in a judge to do\\nso, and (he nominations and elections, there-\\nlore, came to him because of the estimation in\\nwhich the people held him as a man and as a\\njurist. As a man, I do not exaggerate when I\\nsay that no one in our State has been held in\\ngreater esteem as a man of purity and high\\ncharacter. In point of ability, I think then\\nhas never been on the bench of our State his\\nsuperior as a judge.\\nFrom an editorial in the Pioneer Press\\n(Republican), November 2, L89S, we quote the\\nfollowing:\\nJudge Mitchell was the one man on the Su-\\npreme Bench that could least be spared. He\\nwas put there originally by appointment of\\nGovernor Pillsbury seventeen years ago, both\\nbecause of the high reputation he had gained\\nas a District Judge, and also because lie was a\\nDemocrat, it being the strong desire of Gover-\\nnor Pillsbury to satisfy the prevailing public\\nsentiment in favor of a non-partisan judiciary.\\nAppointed originally by a\\nRepublican Governor, lie has been three limes\\nnominated by the concurrent action of the state\\nconventions of both parties and elected by the\\nunanimous vote of the electors of all parties.\\nAnd this not only because he has represented\\nthe principle of non-partisanship in the judi-\\nciary, but because of his exceptionally high\\nstanding and reputation as a judge; because\\nhe united the intellectual and moral qualities\\nthe ability, learning and acuteness of a great\\njurist with I he purity and unbending integrity\\nof an honest man which constitute the ideal\\njudge. Without disparagement to oilier\\njudges on the bench, it is safe to say thai, in\\nthe general opinion of the bar. there is none\\nof .lodge Mitchell s associates on the bench,\\nand none who have been nominated on either\\nticket, who could not be far better spared than\\nhe. And Judge Mitchell s repu-\\ntation as a judge extends far beyond the boun-\\ndaries of his own State. No better proof could\\nbe afforded of the high estimation in which\\nhe is held as a jurist by lawyers throughout\\nthe country, or of the great respect entertained\\nfor his judicial opinions, than is afforded by\\nthe following letter received by a leading law-\\nyer of Minneapolis soon after the failure of the\\nRepublican State convention to nominate him,\\nfrom Professor Thayer, of the Harvard Law\\nSchool:\\nCambridge, Mass.. Sept. 2, 1898.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 My Dear\\nSir: I am astonished to hear that there is\\ndoubt of the re-election of Judge Mitchell to\\nyour Supreme Court. I wish the people of\\nMinnesota knew the estimate that is put upon\\nhim in other parts of the country, and there\\ncould be no doubt about it then.\\nI never saw him and have no personal ac-\\nquaintance with him. I know him only as a\\njudge whose opinions, like those of all the\\njudges in the country, reach me through the\\nexcellent law reports published in your State.\\nIn the course of my work at the Harvard Law\\nSchool I have long had to search carefully\\nthrough these reports for cases relating to my\\nspecial subjects. In that way I have long rec-\\nognized .lodge Mitchell as one of the best\\njudges in this country, and have come to know\\nalso the opinion held of him by lawyers com-\\npetent to pass an opinion on such a question.\\nThere is no occasion for making an exception\\nof the Supreme Court of the United Stales.\\nOn no court in I he country to-day is there a\\njudge who would not find his peer in Judge", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "A, M*\u00c2\u00a3v^$ic", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n1 40\\nMitchell. Pray do not allow your State\\nto lose the services of such a man. To keep\\nhim on the bench is a service not merely to\\nMinnesota, but to the whole country and to the\\nlaw. Your State it is that is on trial now before\\nthe country. The question is: Can Minnesota\\nappreciate such a man? Is it worthy to have\\nhim? I am not going to believe that a State\\nwhich can command the services of one of the\\nfew judges in the country that stand out\\namong their fellows as pre-eminent, that give-\\nit distinction, will refuse to accept those serv-\\nices. You lawyers of Minnesota must not let\\nparty politics work any such result. Surely\\nthe bar can prevent it if they will.\\nAlways truly yours\\nJ. B. Thayer.\\nJudge Mitchell has been twice married. His\\nfirst marriage was to Mrs. E. Jane Smith, of\\nMorgantown, Virginia, in September, 1857. She\\ndied in September, 1867, leaving three daugh-\\nters, who subsequently became Mrs. J. K. Ew-\\ning, Mrs. Henry L. Staples, and Mrs. Frank A.\\nHancock. His second marriage was in July,\\n1*72. to Mrs. Francis M. Smith, of Chicago.\\nShe died in March, 1801, leaving a son, Mr.\\nWilliam De Witt Mitchell, who graduated\\nfrom the Law School of the Minnesota State\\nUniversity in the class of 1896, and is now en-\\ngaged in the practice of his profession in St.\\nPaul.\\nJOHN M. SHAW\\nThe harmonious life of the late Judge\\nJohn Melville Shaw, of Minneapolis, here\\nsketched in outline, long identified with\\ntlie progressive development of Minnesota, and\\ndeeply lamented when cut off, was nurtured in\\na rural nest hidden away among the hills of\\nMaine. Though born and reared in a retired\\nnook, this son of the Pine-Tree Stale possessed\\nby birthright all those sturdy and true forces\\ntit character which qualify a man to grasp and\\ngrapple with the complex problems of metro-\\npolitan life. His remote ancestry was Scotch\\nEnglish on the father s side. English on the\\nmother s; while nearer, we find the energies\\nrepresentative of both sides twining- in numer-\\nous strands among the virile liber of which\\nNew England was built up. From the paternal\\nslock, early colonists to America added their\\nquota to the vitality of Massachusetts Bay;\\nthe grandfather of Judge Shaw was an ardent\\npatriot of the Revolution, who, as a boy ser-\\ngeant, fought at Bunker Hill. Disabled for\\nhind service by a wound in the foot, he became\\na privateer, continuing as such until independ-\\nence was declared. Judge Shaw s mother was\\nthe daughter of Benjamin French, a distin-\\nguished physician of Maine, and counted\\namong her earlier ancestors a Pilgrim Father.\\nThomas French, and an English rector, Rev.\\nJoseph Hull, a graduate of Oxford, who, in\\n1621, relinquished his parish in Devon to join\\nthe young settlement in Massachusetts. From\\neach of these settlers sprang families of re-\\npute, in the annals of which we find record of\\nsuccessful jurists, including Hon. Daniel\\nFrench of New Hampshire and Hon. Henry\\nFrench of Boston, grandfather and father, re-\\nspectively, of the noted sculptor, Daniel Ches-\\nter French. George Shaw, the youthful patriot\\nabove mentioned, located in the town of Ex-\\neter, Maine, near which his numerous sons and\\ndaughters also settled, most of them upon\\nfarms. One of the sons, however, the name-\\nsake of his father, eschewing the agricultural\\nlife, found commercial prosperity in the city\\nof Mexico, while John, the eighth child, be-\\ncame the leading merchant of his little home\\nvillage, which honored him by adopting the\\nname of Shaw s Corner. This merchant\\ncame in time to be the father of a goodly fam-\\nily. Of the three sons, the eldest died in child\\nhood. The youngest is Maj. George K. Shaw.\\nwho has won distinction in the Northwest as\\na journalist. He is a veteran of the Civil War\\nand father of Captain Melville J. Shaw of the\\nT. S. Marine Corps, who was brevetted in rec-\\nognition of his courageous service at Guanta\\nnamo. It is with the second of these sons.\\nJohn Melville Shaw, that we are now chieflj\\nconcerned. He was horn December IS, 18:\\nand passed childhood and early youth in his\\nrural home. He attended both the public\\nschool and the private high school of the vil-\\nlage, and was for a few terms a student at\\nEast Corinth Academy. He was now prepared", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "[So\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfor college, but his ambitions in this direction\\nwere not to In- realized. Financial reverses\\nhad conic, and the family decided to seek bet-\\nter fortune in the West. They set out on their\\njourney, intending to proceed directly to St.\\nAnthony s Falls; but the lateness of the season\\nand consequent close of navigation checked\\ntheir progress at Galena, Illinois, where they\\nwere obliged to spend the winter. Both John\\nMelville and his father found opportunities to\\nteach during the cold weather, and in April\\nthe father pushed on up the river. He took\\nup lands in the vicinity of St. Paul and Wi-\\nnona, sending his sons to hold the former\\nclaim, while himself retaining the latter. But\\nhis sudden death a few months later resulted\\nin the abandoning of the lands and loss of the\\nmoney invested in them, with the exception\\nof a farming tract at Cottage Grove. John\\nMelville, though bul nineteen years of age.\\nnow found himself the head of the family,\\nwith little capital save his personal abilities.\\nHis cherished hope for a liberal education\\nmust be finally renounced, but despair could\\nfind no vulnerable point in his armor of youth\\nful courage. Continuing to live at Galena,\\nin the household for which he fell responsible,\\nhe toiled for five years as bookkeeper and\\nshipping clerk for a wholesale grocery concern,\\nin reality working as two men. for the salary\\nof one. And there was still a third man in\\nhim\u00e2\u0080\u0094 intellectual, eager, aspiring, who often\\nin the watches of the night might have been\\nfound poring over classics, both literary and\\nlegal. Though denied the fulfillment of his\\ncollegiate dream, he determined to master the\\nlegal profession, and so thorough was his soli-\\ntary work to this end that it took bul one year\\nof study in a law office to enable him to pass\\nI he examination of the Supreme Court of Illi-\\nnois and gain admittance to the bar. For two\\nyears he practiced at Galena; he then went\\nto l lalleville, Wisconsin, and entered into a\\npartnership with John G. Scott. The business\\noutlook in l latteville seemed promising, but\\nthe Civil War was on, and both partners felt\\nthe call of their country. Together they raised\\nCompany F, of the Twenty tilth Wisconsin\\nVolunteer Infantry, and on September 1, 1862,\\nwith -Mr. Scott as captain and Mr. Shaw as\\nsecond lieutenant, Company F, with the rest\\nof the regiment, marched for the front. First\\nserving in the Minnesota Indian campaign, the\\nregiment was then sent to Vicksburg to rein-\\nforce General Grant. Subsequently it was\\nchanged to the trans -Mississippi department\\nand to that of the Tennessee. For upwards of\\na year Lieutenant Shaw served as judge-advo-\\ncate of the general court-martial at Columbus,\\nKentucky, having also officiated as first assist\\nant quartermaster. Afterwards, upon the\\ndeath of Captain Scott, he succeeded to the\\nvacant post, and with his company partici-\\npated in the Atlanta campaign, and the im-\\nmortal march through Georgia. Being again.\\nin the spring of 1865, detailed as judgeadvo\\ncate, and acting provost marshal of the First\\nDivision, he served in both capacities until the\\nend of the war. As an officer Captain Shaw\\nwon the respect alike of those he led in battle\\nand his superiors in rank; as a soldier-corn\\nrade he endeared himself to all. His military\\nexperiences having undermined his health.\\nupon return from the war, he sought its\\nrestoration in the invigorating atmosphere of\\nMinnesota, and in February. 1866, located as\\nan attorney at Minneapolis. His practice came\\nslowly but surely, drawn by the unfailing mag-\\nnetism of superior ability and faithful applica-\\ntion to duty, and in 1868 he entered into a\\npartnership with Hon. Franklin Beebe. In\\n1S7. Judge Beebe withdrew from the firm, and\\nAlbert Levi and Willard R. Cray entered it.\\nJudge Best subsequently becoming a member.\\nOther changes occurred later on, and at the\\ntime of the senior partner s death the firm was\\noperating as Shaw. Cray, Lancaster Parker.\\nIn July. 1881, Mr. Shaw was ottered a position\\non the Supreme Bench, he having been for sev-\\neral years recognized as the head of the Hen-\\nnepin county bar; but for various impersonal\\nreasons he decided to decline this honor SO\\nfondly cherished in the profession. In the fol-\\nlowing year, however, his health showing signs\\nof giving wax under the stress of work, he was\\npersuaded by his friends to till a position va-\\ncated al that tii n the District Bench of\\nthe county; and at the following general elec-", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "IMOCRAI IIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n151\\ntioii he was unanimously chosen for the full\\nsix-years term. But ho found this office less\\nto his taste than independent practice, and in\\n1883, his health having become much im-\\nproved, he resumed and pursued during his\\nremaining years his favorite line of work.\\nApart from his judgeship, the only public office\\nhe ever held was that of city attorney for a\\nsingle term during (he early days in Minne-\\napolis, lie was eminently qualified to compete\\nfor laurels in public life with I he brightest and\\nthe best; but although brave, self-respecting\\nand aggressive for the right, he was still a\\nmodest and retiring man. He was a staunch\\nRepublican, and felt a lively interest in all\\nthat a Heeled the public weal, but never posed\\nas a politician or sought public preferment.\\nHis life interest was centered in his work,\\nwhich he loved for its own sake for the sake\\nof justice. He was essentially and scrupu-\\nlously just. The humblest of his petitioners\\nwas as secure of an equitable adjustment of\\nhis cause as was his most influential client\\nand the same conscientious thoroughness and\\naccuracy characterized his preparation for\\nminor cases as for the many weighty ones\\nthrough which he became renowned. Justice\\nhe would have done, even though it entailed\\nhis own pecuniary detriment. Yet he pros-\\npered. Clients Hocked to him, confided in him,\\naccepted his advice as gospel. During the last\\ntwenty years of his life there were few civil\\ncauses of prime importance tried in the State\\nin which he did not figure prominently. Nor\\nwas his practice confined to his own State.\\nHe was frequently associated with distin-\\nguished lawyers in New York and other dis-\\ntant cities in litigations of magnitude. So\\nlogical, terse and exact was his written work\\nthat portions of it have been incorporated into\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2court decisions; and the value of his services\\nin the profession is attested in no less than\\nfifty volumes of Minnesota State Reports, as\\nalso in various other legal publications. A.S\\nhe was a lover of justice, so he was a hater\\nof all devices to defeat the ends of justice,\\nand, before the bar, his tongue could lie most\\nscathing in their denunciation. His was an\\norator s tongue, but in the social circle its\\ntrenchant edge was softened to a tone of genial\\nhumor which made him the most entertaining\\nand companionable of men. From his pen,\\nlikewise fluent and forceful, the press gleaned\\nmany a valuable article on current topics. In\\nthe meetings of the G. A. R. and Loyal Legion,\\nof which Judge Shaw was a member, he was\\nalways a conspicuous personality, the most\\nfaithful affection existing between him and his\\nold army comrades. Side by side with this\\nloyalty in his breast was the more remote loy-\\nalty and patriotism handed down by his Revo-\\nlutionary grandsire. and a keen interest in\\nreformatory movements inherited from his\\nfather, a man always abreast of the times. In\\nSeptember, 1864, during a furlough from mili-\\ntary service. Mr. Shaw was united in marriage\\nto Miss Ellen A. Eliot, a schoolmate of his boy-\\nhood, and a distant relative on the French\\nside. Mrs. Shaw and the three children of the\\nmarriage are living. The two daughters are\\nMrs. Cavour S. Langdon and Miss Rertha\\nShaw; the son, John Eliot Shaw, has grad-\\nuated at Yale, and is now a law student in his\\nfather s former office and at the State Univer-\\nsity. Judge Shaw was a loyal son and brother,\\na most devoted husband and father. His home\\nwas one in which reigned harmony and happi-\\nness. The same noble unselfishness which\\nkept his purse open to public charity extended\\nto the domestic and social circles. With all\\nhis simple virtues he had an aesthetic side. He\\nreveled in the refined luxuries of culture, mu-\\nsic, art, poetry. He possessed a choice library,\\nliterary as well as legal, and spent many bliss-\\nful hours of retirement among his books. He\\nwas one of those rare characters whose hearts\\nhave a look southwards, and are open fo the\\nwhole noon of nature; whose weaknesses are\\nlovely as (heir strengths, like the white, nebu-\\nlous matter between stars, which, if not light,\\nat least is likes! light men whom we build our\\nlove round like an arch of triumph, as they\\npass us on their way to glory and to immor-\\ntality. Judge Shaw was stricken with heart\\nfailure and died December 6, 1S! 7, with his\\nmind still full of hopeful plans for future ac-\\ntivity. Removed from the midst of bereaved\\nfriends, yet not lost to the world for the influ-", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "152\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nence of so gracious a life, exerted for three-\\nscore years, must continue, potentially, deep-\\nening and widening ad infinitum.\\nGEORGE A. PILLSBURY.\\nThe name of Pillsbury has become so promi-\\nnent and so honored throughout this country\\nand is so well known abroad that a brief men-\\ntion of the ancestry of the Pillsbury family\\nmay be interesting. The family history\\nhas been traced back to William Pills-\\nbury (sometimes spelled Pillsberry and some-\\ntimes Pillsborough), who was born in the\\ncounty of Essex, in England, in 1615.\\nWilliam Pillsbury came to Dorchester, in\\nthe colony of Massachusetts bay, in 16-40,\\nwhere he married Dorothy Crosby. In 1651\\nhe settled on a farm in Newbury, Massachu-\\nsetts, now a part of Newburyport, and this\\nfarm property lias remained in the possession\\nof the Pillsbury family from L651 to the pres-\\nent time. The eoat of arms of the Pillsbury\\nfamily in England, whence came the family,\\nbore the inscription, Labor Omnia Yincit, a\\nmotto which is suggestive of the industry and\\ndiligence which has always characterized all\\nthe branches of the Pillsbury family in this\\ncountry. William Pillsbury died at Newbury\\nJune 10, 1686, leaving ten children, seven sons\\nand three daughters. Moses Pillsbury, second\\nson of William and Dorothy Crosby Pillsbury,\\nwas bom in Dorchester, Massachusetts, and\\nin 1668 married Mrs. Susanna Whipple of New\\nbury. To them were born six children. Caleb,\\nsecond son of .Moses and Susanna, was born in\\nNewbury in L681, and married Sarah Morss in\\n1703. Caleb, son of Caleb and Sarah Morss\\nPillsbury. was born in Newbury January 26,\\n1717: he married Sarah Kimball of Amesbury,\\nMassachusetts, July, 1742, and to them were\\nborn seven children. Caleb Pillsbury. Jr.. was\\nfor several years, and at the time of his death,\\na member of the .Massachusetts General Court.\\nMicajah, fourth son of Caleb, Jr., and Sarah\\nKimball, was born in Amesbury, Massachu\\nsetts. May 22, L761, and in 17S1 married Sarah\\nSargent, of Amesbury, and to them were born\\neight children, four sons and four daughters.\\nMicajah Pillsbury and family moved from\\nAmesbury. Massachusetts, to Sutton, New\\nHampshire, in February, 1705, where he re-\\nmained until his death in 1802, occupying\\nvarious offices of town trust. His wife survived\\nhim several years. Stephen, the oldest son,\\nwas a Baptist clergyman; the other brothers.\\nincluding John, the father of George Alfred\\nPillsbury, were all magistrates of the town\\nof Sutton, New Hampshire. John Pills-\\nbury, the father of George A., was born\\nin 1789. He was prominent in the town\\naffairs of Sutton, being a selectman for several\\nyears, and representing the town in the State\\nLegislature. He was also a captain in the\\nState militia, in those days when a military\\ncommission had a significance. On the 2d of\\nApril, 1811, he married Susan Wadleigh, a\\ndaughter of Benjamin Wadleigh, a settler in\\nSutton in 1771. Benjamin Wadleigh was a\\ndescendant of Robert Wadleigh of Exeter,\\nNew Hampshire, a member of the Provincial\\nLegislature of Massachusetts. On the mater-\\nnal side the ancestry was good. The maternal\\ngrandmother was the daughter of Ebenezer\\nKezar, who, it is related, concealed the girl\\nwhom he afterwards married under a pile of\\nboards, at the time Mrs. Duston was captured\\nby the Indians in 1607. He was identified with\\nthe early history of Sutton in many ways. To\\nJohn and Susan Wadleigh Pillsbury were born\\nfive children, to-wit: Simon Wadleigh Pills-\\nbury, born June 22, 1812; George Alfred. Au-\\ngust 20, 1816; Dolly Wadleigh. September 6,\\n1818; John Sargent, July 20, 1S27, and Benja-\\nmin Franklin. March 20, 1831. All the chil-\\ndren received the common school education of\\nthose days; but Simon W., whose natural\\nfondness for study distinguished him as a\\nyoung man, gave his attention to special\\nbranches of study, particularly mathematics,\\nin which he became known as one of. if not the\\nbest, in the State. He delivered the first lec-\\nture in Sutton on the subject of temperance;\\nbut too much study wore down his health, and\\nhe died in 1836, cutting short a promising\\nfuture. Of the other brothers, John Sargent is\\ntoo well known to need mention, as he is the", "height": "3216", "width": "2343", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3246", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n153\\ndistinguished ex-Governor J. S. Pillsbury of\\nMinnesota. The remaining brother, Benjamin\\nF. Pillsbury, remained in Sutton until 1878,\\nwhere he filled many places of trust, being\\nelected selectman, town treasurer and a mem-\\nber of the Legislature for a series of years. In\\n1878 Benjamin F. Pillsbury removed to Gran-\\nite Falls, Minnesota, where he was engaged\\nin an extensive lumber, farming and elevator\\nbusiness until his death, in October, 1890.\\nGeorge A. Pillsbury, who was born at Sut-\\nton, New Hampshire, August 1810, received\\nonly the meager common school education of\\nseventy five years ago, when the children were\\ntaught to read, write and cipher. Of a very\\nquick and active temperament, he, in early life,\\nformed a determined purpose to enter business\\nfor himself. At the age of eighteen he became\\na clerk to a Boston merchant. After a year s\\nexperience there he returned to Sutton and\\nentered into the manufacture of stoves anil\\nsheet iron ware, in company with a cousin,\\nJohn C. Pillsbury. lie continued in this busi-\\nness until February. 1840, when he went to\\nWarner, New Hampshire, into the store of\\nJohn H. Pearson, where he remained until the\\nfollowing July, when lie purchased the busi-\\nness on his own account and continued in it\\nfor some eight years. In the spring of IMS\\nhe entered a wholesale dry goods house in\\nBoston, and in 1S40 again returned to War\\nner and engaged in busiuess there until tin-\\nspring of 1851, when he sold out his interest\\nand went out of the mercantile business en\\ntirely. During his residence in Warner he\\nwas postmaster from 1844 to 1S4 .I; was select-\\nman in 1847 and 1849; town treasurer in 1849.\\nand a Representative to the State Legislature\\nin 1850 and 1851. He was also selected as\\nchairman of the committee appointed to build\\nthe Merrimack county jail in Concord in 1851\\nand 1852, and had the general superintendence\\nof the construction of the work, which was\\nmost faithfully done. In November, 1851, Mr.\\nPillsbury was appointed purchasing agenl and\\nadjuster of the Concord railroad, and com-\\nmenced his duties the following December,\\nhaving in the meantime moved his family tit\\nConcord. For nearly twenty-four years lie oc-\\ncupied this position, and discharged its duties\\nwith rare business ability, showing wise judg-\\nment in all his purchases, which amounted to\\nmillions of dollars, and settling more cases of\\nclaims against the corporation for alleged in-\\njuries to persons and property than all the\\nother officers of the road. He had great quick-\\nness of perception and promptness in action,\\ntwo wonderful business qualities, which, when\\nrightly used, always bring success. Mr. Pills-\\nbury was prominent in the councils of the Dem-\\nocratic party until the War of the Rebellion,\\nwhen he was an ardent supporter of Lincoln\\nfor President. From that time on lie was\\na strong Republican. During the twenty-\\nseven years residence of Mr. Pillsbury in\\nConcord he acquired a position of great\\nprominence and distinction in the State\\nof New Hampshire. He became one of\\nthe men of the State to whom were confided\\nmatters of weight and importance. In busi-\\nness, education, morality and religion his coun-\\nsels were eagerly sought. When the high\\nschool at Concord and other school buildings\\nthroughout the city were projected and erected\\nMr. Pillsbury, on account of his well recog\\nnized business prudence, common sense, judg-\\nment and integrity, was pushed to the front\\nto superintend their construction. He was also\\ninterested in the erection of several of the\\nhandsomest business blocks upon the principal\\nstreets of the city; and several fine resideuces\\nin the city were built by him. In the year\\n1804 Mr. Pillsbury. with others, established the\\nFirst National Bank of Concord. From the\\ntirst he was one of the directors, and in 1800\\nbecame its president, which position he held\\nuntil his departure from the State. He was\\nalso more instrumental than any other person\\nin organizing the National Savings Bank of\\nConcord in 1807. Of tins bank he was the first\\npresident, and held the position until 1X74,\\nwhen he resigned. During Mr. Pillsbury s man-\\nagement of the First National Bank it became,\\nin proportion to its capital stock, the strongest\\nbank in the State. Up to December, 1873,\\nwhen the treasurer was discovered to be a de-\\nfaulter to a large amount, the savings bank\\nwas one of the most successful in the State;", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "t54\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbut this defalcation, with the general crash in\\nbusiness, required its closing up. Its total de-\\nposits up to the time mentioned exceeded\\n$3,000,000. The bank finally paid its depos-\\nitors nearly dollar for dollar and interest, not-\\nwithstanding the large defalcation by its treas-\\nurer. During the years 1S71 and 1872 Mr.\\nPillsbury was again elected a member of the\\nLegislature of New Hampshire, and was a\\nmember of some of the most important Legisla-\\ntive committees. For several years he was a\\nmember of the city council of Concord, and in\\n1870 was elected mayor of the city, to which\\nposition he was re-elected upon the expiration\\nof his first term of office. On May 9, 1811, Mr.\\nPillsbury was married to Margaret S. t arleton.\\nTo them were born three children, a daughter,\\nwho died in infancy, and two sons, Charles A.\\nPillsbury. the flour king. who died Septem-\\nber 17, 189!), and Fred C. Pillsbury. a most\\npromising young man, whose sudden death\\nfrom diphtheria on May 15, 1892, was so deeply\\nlamented. In 1869 Charles A. Pillsbury came\\nto this city and shortly after engaged in the\\nmilling business. In 1870 his younger brother,\\nFred C. Pillsbury, also located in Minneapolis.\\nDuring all of these years Coventor Pillsbury\\nhad been a prominent citizen of the State. The\\nfact that George A. Pillsbury s sons were en-\\ngaged in successful business here and that his\\nbrother, John S. Pillsbury. resided here, and\\nthe further fact that he had large business\\ninterests here, were inducements which led\\nhim to consider giving up his home in Concord\\nand removing to Minneapolis. When it became\\nknown to the citizens of Concord that he was\\ncontemplating a removal to Minneapolis every\\neffort was made to retain him in Concord. The\\nstruggle which went on in Mr. Pillsbury s\\nmind was intense. The ties which bound him\\nto Concord were many, lint finally his regard\\nfor his suns and brother determined the ques-\\ntion, and in 1878 he made the removal. Prob-\\nably nd person ever left the city of Concord\\nwho received so many expressions of regret as\\ndid Mr. Pillsbury. Complimentary resolutions\\nwere unanimously passed by both branches of\\nthe city government and by the First National\\nPanic Resolutions passed by the First Baptist\\nchurch and society were ordered to be entered\\nupon the records of each organization. The\\nWebster Club, composed of fifty prominent\\nbusiness men of Concord, passed a series of\\nresolutions expressive of regret for his de-\\nparture from the State. A similar testimonial\\nwas presented to Mr. Pillsbury which bore the\\nsignatures of more than three hundred of the\\nleading professional and business men of the\\ncity, among whom were all the ex-mayors liv-\\ning, all the clergymen, all the members of\\nboth branches of the city government, all the\\nbank presidents and officers, twenty-six law-\\nyers, twenty physicians, and nearly all of the\\nbusiness men of the city. On the evening of\\ntheir departure from Concord, Mr. and Mrs.\\nPillsbury were given a public reception and\\nwere presented with an elegant bronze statue.\\nUpon coming to Minneapolis Mr. Pillsbury at\\nonce entered actively into the milling business\\nI in which he had been long interested) in the\\nfirm of C. A. Pillsbury Co. His superior\\nbusiness ability was at once recognized on all\\nsides, and the same prominence which he held\\nin Concord was accorded him in Minneapolis.\\nIn a short time he became identified in many\\npublic and private matters in the city. The cit-\\nizens at once saw his fitness for public position,\\nand shortly after his arrival in Minneapolis\\nhe was made a member of the board of educa-\\ntion. On April 188::, he was elected an\\nalderman from the Fifth ward, and shortly\\nafter made president of the city council, lb\\nwas also a member of the board of park com\\nmissioners and of the waterworks board. These\\npositions he held until April, 1884, when he\\nwas elected mayor of the city. These elections\\nof Mr. Pillsbury were not of his own forward-\\ning, but he was in both instances chosen by the\\npeople because of his recognized fitness, and\\nhe accepted the positions from a sense of pub-\\nlic duty. The services which Mr. Pillsbury\\nrendered as mayor will ever give him distinc-\\ntion. At that time Minneapolis was thickly\\nstudded with saloons. Not only were saloons\\nnumerous throughout the settled parts of the\\ncily. but they abounded in the suburbs, at Mill\\nnehaha and around the numerous beautiful\\nlakes which environ the city. Every road", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nIS:\\ncoming into the city had its two or three or\\nmore saloons to tempt the traveler and draw\\nthe sporting classes. The temperance people\\nwere aroused and the cry on the lips of all\\nrespectable people was: What can be done!\\nOnly two remedies were suggested, one was\\nprohibition, the other high license. But pro-\\nhibition could not be realized in Minneapolis\\nany more than in any other city of any con-\\nsiderable size. Then it was that George A.\\nPillsbury conceived a method of dealing with\\nthe liquor question that had never been at-\\ntempted before, and that was the famous pa-\\ntrol limit system, a method which had not\\nbefore entered the heads of the various stu-\\ndents of temperance reform. Mr. Pillsbury be-\\nlieved in high license, but he did not think\\nthat sufficient in itself. In his first message\\nto the city council he came out boldly in favor\\nof an ordinance which should require not only\\na high license, but one which should exclude\\nthe selling of liquor everywhere in the city\\nexcept on a few down town streets, where\\nthere was a constant and continuous police\\npatrol. The practicability and common sense\\nof the thing at once commended it to all think-\\ning people. Only the extreme prohibitionists\\nand the extreme liquor men were opposed to\\nit. Mr. Pillsbury pressed the issue with bold-\\nness and rare business sense. He urged (lie\\nadvantages that would come to the city and to\\nproperty by making the residential and subur-\\nban parts of the city free from the evils and\\neffects of saloons and liquor. He urged the ad-\\nvantages that would come by confining the\\nsale of liquor to a comparatively small area in\\nthe business part of the city where there was\\nconstant police surveillance. The so-called\\npatrol limit ordinance was passed in re-\\nsponse to his suggestion. There is not space\\nin this sketch to go into detail as to the con\\ntroversy which the adoption of this new prin-\\nciple involved. It is sufficient to say that after\\nbitter attacks from the extreme liquor men\\nand the prohibitionists the method was sus\\ntained both by public sentiment and the\\nhighest courts of the State, and what was orig-\\ninally passed as a city ordinance was subse-\\nquently ratified by the State Legislature and\\nlias now become a part of the permanent char\\ntec of Minneapolis, never again to be ques-\\ntioned. Minneapolis has become famous\\namong students of social science as being the\\nfirst city to adopt this new and practical meth-\\nod of dealing with the liquor question. Other\\ncities have adopted it and the idea is fast be-\\ncoming popular. For several years Mr. Pills\\nbury was president of the Board of Trade,\\npresident of the Free Dispensary, and presi-\\ndent of the Minnesota Baptist State Associa-\\ntion. At the time of his death and for several\\nyears prior thereto he was president of the\\nNorthwestern National Bank and one of the\\ntrustees of the Hennepin County Savings\\nBank. He also held positions in many private\\ncorporations and societies, and until within a\\nfew months prior to his death his mind and\\nthoughts were occupied with many business\\ncares. The last years of Mr. Pillsbury s life\\nwere passed in caring for his property and do-\\ning good works for others. He took special\\ninterest in the work of the Baptist Church (of\\nwhich he was a life-long member) both at home\\nand throughout the country, and responded to\\nits calls both with his time and his money.\\nOld age stole gently upon him and he passed\\naway peaceably at his home July 17th, 1898.\\nAlthough Mr. Pillsbury was a successful man,\\nboth in business and as a public official, he\\nwill be remembered perhaps most of all for his\\nwork in the line of benevolences. Early in life\\nhe adopted the principle that a man should do\\nas much good as he could in this world, and in\\ncase he was fortunate enough to accumulate\\nproperty that he should, as far as possible,\\nact as his own administrator, a view which met\\nthe cordial support of his wife and his two\\nsons. In an address at Concord in 1891, when\\nhe presented to the city in the name of his\\nwife the magnificent Margaret Pillsbury hos-\\npital, to which we are about to refer, he used\\nthese words: I have for many years been\\nof the opinion that it was the duty of every\\none, as far as possible, to administer upon his\\nown estate. We have had frequent examples\\nwhere the ablest of lawyers have failed to\\ndraw a will that would be sustained by the\\ncourts. I have also noticed, during mv some-", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "15^\\nBIOUBAFHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwhat prolonged life, that property left to chil-\\ndren has proved, I think, in a majority of cases,\\na curse father llian a blessing, especially\\nwhere such children are possessed of strong\\nbodies and a good education. Consequently\\nwe find a series of benevolent acts running\\nthrough his career. In Concord he engaged\\nactively in establishing the Centennial Home\\nfor the Aged, making large contributions\\nthereto and serving as a trustee. He was also\\na generous giver to the New Hampshire Or-\\nphans Home at Franklin, and was a trustee\\nfrom the time of its foundation until he left\\nthe State. The magnificent bell in the tower\\nof the Board of Trade Building at Concord and\\nthe handsome organ in the First Baptist\\nChurch of Concord were gifts from him and\\nhis son, Charles A. Pillsbury. He also made\\n[several large contributions towards building\\nand endowing Colby Academy at New Lon\\ndon, New Hampshire. In 1886 Mr. Pillsbury\\nwas chairman of the committee of construction\\nof the First Baptist church of .Minneapolis,\\nand the large and handsome organ uow in that\\nchurch was a gift from Mr. Pillsbury, his wife\\nand their two sons, Charles A., and Fred C.\\nShortly after Mr. Pillsbury came to Minnesota\\nhe became interested in the academy at Owa-\\ntonna, of which he was elected one of the trus-\\ntees. This academy was established under\\nBaptist auspices, by an act of the Territory of\\nMinnesota, enacted in L856. Prior to the time\\nwhen Mr. Pillsbury became interested in the\\ninstitution it had not flourished to the degree\\nthat its friends had anticipated, although it\\nhad nevertheless done a good work. Mr. Pills-\\nbury was always a firm believer in academies,\\nthe poor man s college, as a means of edu-\\ncation, and when he became interested in this\\ninstitution and saw the held which it might\\noccupy if properly managed and endowed, he\\ndetermined to do what he could to put it on\\na satisfactory basis. To do this required not\\nonly new buildings, but also funds to endow\\nand support it. Mr. Pillsbury at once applied\\nto the affairs of this institution the same\\nthought, attention and business judgment that\\nhe gave to his private affairs. As the needs\\nof the institution impressed themselves upon\\nhim he determined to meet them. His lirsi\\nlarge gifl to the institution was the erection\\nof a ladies hall, which was named Pillsbury\\nHall. In 1SS!) Mr. Pillsbury erected for the\\ninstil ill ion I he new building, which com\\npares favorably with any academy building in\\nthe country. This building contains recitation\\nrooms, library and reading-rooms, offices,\\nchemical laboratory, gymnasium, bath-room.\\nstudy-room, chapel and a spacious auditorium.\\nMr. Pillsbury also constructed a music hall,\\nwhich is a gem of its sort. This building is a\\ntwo-story brick structure, 80 by 40 feet. The\\ndesign is very ornate and the building adds\\nmuch lo l he campus. It contains a fire-proof\\nlibrary-room and has ample accommodations\\nfor the music department. In addition to this\\n.Mr. Pillsbury erected a spacious brick drill\\nhall, which has a clear floor 110 by 05 feet, and\\nis admirably adapted to the purpose for which\\nit is designed. In addition to the erection of\\nthe above buildings Mr. Pillsbury gave gener-\\nously to the institution, both of time and\\nmoney. His giving was unostentatious, but\\noutsiders who have some means of knowing es-\\ntimate that of money alone he gave in his life-\\ntime about $500,000 to the institution. In his\\nwill there was a further bequest to I he acad-\\nemy of a quarter of a million dollars. His will\\nalso gave generous sums to various benevolent\\nand charitable societies. Such acts as these\\nsneak of the character of the man far better\\nthan any words we can add. In his many gifts\\nlie went beyond the limits of ordinary benevo-\\nlence and in his furtherance of great schemes\\nfor the support of religion and education and\\nthose things which make for the peace and\\nwell being of society he attained to the height\\nof philanthropy. And it is no wonder that\\nthe friends of Owatonna Academy, in recogni-\\ntion of his great services to the institution, a\\nfew years ago caused its name to be changed\\nto Pillsbury Academy. In all of his prosperity\\n.Mr. Pillsbury never forgot the home and\\nfriends of his youth, as do too many successful\\nmen. The towns of Sutton and Warner, in\\nNew Hampshire, where his early years were\\nspent, and also the goodly city of Concord,\\nwhere he passed the years of his maturer man-", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nl D/\\nhood, were dear to him, and lie determined to\\nshow his regard for these places in sonic per-\\nmanent manner. In the town of Sutton, on\\nthe public ground and a short distance from\\nthe house in which he was horn, he erected,\\nin 1890, a soldiers monument in memory of the\\nmen of Sutton who served in the War of the\\nRebellion. This monument is constructed of\\ngranite and is surmounted with a granite\\nstatue, of heroic size, of a soldier at parade\\nrest. The height, including the statue, is\\nthirty-two feet. The bases, plinth and shaft\\narc handsomely carved with emblems, and a\\nsuitable inscription sets forth the purpose for\\nwhich the monument was erected. The whole\\neffect is very imposing. To the town of War-\\nner he presented the Pillsbury Free Library\\nand filled the shelves thereof with books. This\\nlibrary is a very complete building of its kind,\\nand is pointed to with pride and admiration\\nby all wdio see it. The building is constructed\\nof handsome pressed brick, with granite trim\\nniings, is well lighted and ventilated, ami has\\nall of the interior finishings and furnishings\\nof the modern library building. In the suburbs\\nof the city of Concord, on a pleasant site over-\\nlooking the beautiful valley of the Merrimac,\\nand commanding an extensive view of hills\\nand forest, stands a magnificent building of\\nwhich any city might well be proud. This\\nbuilding is the Margaret Pillsbury General\\nHospital. A tablet at the entrance bears the\\ninscription: Erected by George Alfred Pills-\\nbury in honor of his wife, Margaret Sprague\\nPillsbury, on the fiftieth anniversary of their\\nmarriage, 1891. This building is in ar-\\nchitectural effect very imposing. It is\\none hundred and twenty-four feet long and\\nseventy-five feet in width at the two ends,\\nand is forty-five feet high, having two sto-\\nries and a basement, with slated roof and venti-\\nlating cupola. The basement is of granite, and\\nthe walls of pressed brick with granite and\\nterra cotta trimmings, and copper cornices.\\nAn examination of the interior shows it to be\\na modern and a model hospital, with all the\\narrangements and appliances that the most re-\\ncent surgical and medical science could sug-\\ngest. The cost of this building was not less\\nthan $fi0,000. No more graceful compliment\\ncould any husband ever pay to a faithful wife\\nthan the gift of a hospital for the sick and\\ninjured; nor could any more appropriate gift\\nbe given in honor of fifty years of happy mar-\\nried life than this. In bestowal of all these\\ngifts to the public, as well as in the buildings\\nat Owatonna, Mr. rillsbury not only furnished\\nthe means for the erection, but he personally\\nsuperintended the making of the plans and the\\nwork of actual construction.\\nJOHN LIND.\\nTo be elected Governor of the State of\\nMinnesota at any time is not a small honor;\\nto be the first man elected to the place in op-\\nposition to the Republican party organization\\nis even a more signal victory; to be chosen\\nabove and beyond partisan lines by the dis-\\ncriminating judgment of his fellow-citizens,\\nat a time when all the other nominees of the\\nopposing party, save the gubernatorial, were\\nelected by more or less handsome majorities,\\nis a distinction such as has been accorded to\\nfew men in any State. It was under such cir-\\ncumstances that John Lind was inaugurated\\nGovernor of Minnesota in January, 1899. Gov-\\nernor Lind was born at Kanna, Province of\\nSmaland, Sweden, March 25, 1851. His par\\nents were Gustav and Catherine (Johnson)\\nLind. Gustav Lind, like his ancestors for sev-\\neral generations, was a farmer, and also filled\\nlocal offices in the community where he lived,\\nbeing deputy sheriff of the borough for several\\nyears. The family emigrated to America in\\n1807, when John was thirteen years of age, and\\nsettled in Goodhue county, Minnesota. Here\\nyoung John, laboring to assist in the support\\nof the family, lost his left hand by an accident\\nwhich, perhaps, turned the current of his ca-\\nreer, as now, illy fitted to compete with his\\nfellows in the material world, he was urged to\\nmore assiduity in the pursuit of his studies.\\nHe spent as much of his time in school as pos-\\nsible, and at sixteen he was granted a certifi-\\ncate entitling him to teach in the public-\\nschools. He taught one vear in Sibley county,", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "158\\nMIOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbut not being satisfied with the compensation\\nin a new country at that time, he, in 1873, took\\nup his residence in New Ulm, where he has\\nsince resided, respected and honored among\\nmen. By the dint of hard study, industry and\\nstrict economy, he was aide to attend the State\\nUniversity in 1875 and 1870, having in mind\\nthen the practice of the law. Utilizing all his\\nopportunities for private study and privileged\\nas he was to work in the office of a New Ulm\\npractitioner, he was admitted to the bar im-\\nmediately upon leaving the university, at the\\nage of twenty-one. In 1877 he began the prac-\\ntice of law and, taking an active interest in\\npublic life, was chosen superintendent of\\nschools of Brown county. This position he\\nheld for two years, declining a re-nomination\\nin order that he might devote himself entirely\\nto the profession upon the adoption of which\\nhe had now fully determined, namely, the law.\\nIn 1881, under the administration of Garfield\\nand Arthur, he was made receiver of the land\\noffice at Tracy. Lyon county, which position he\\nheld until the election of President Cleveland,\\nstill being able, however, to care for his pri-\\nvate practice at New Ulm. The country was\\ntilling up rapidly and the work of the courts\\nincidentally increased. Mr. Lind s natural tal-\\nent and diligence made him a name more than\\nlocal, and his prosecution of several suits,\\nnotably those against railroad companies, won\\nhim not a little renown. He was also active in\\nthe councils ef the Republican parly, and in\\n1880 he was nominated to represent the Second\\nDistrict in the Federal Congress. The Second\\nDistrict then comprised twenty counties\\npractically all of Southwestern Minnesota.\\nThat was a hard fought campaign, Dr. A. A.\\nAmes of Minneapolis coming within a very\\nsmall margin of defeating A. R. McGill for\\nGovernor, but Mr. Lind was elected by a splen-\\ndid plurality. Two years later he was re-nomi-\\nnated and again elected, his adversary this\\ntime being Col. Morton S. Wilkinson, a veteran\\nleader, who had been one of Minnesota s three\\nrepresentatives in the Federal House from\\n1869 to 1871, and United States Senator during\\nthe Avar. He took an active interest in the\\naffairs of the Indians and secured the passage\\nof a bill establishing seven Indian schools in\\nvarious parts of the country, one of them\\nbeing located at Pipestone, in this State. An-\\nother sphere of work of local importance was\\nthe pushing of some old claims for the depre-\\ndations of the Indians during the outbreak of\\nL862. He secured the payment of many of\\nthese for the people of the Second District\\nwho had suffered during that uprising. One\\nof the greatest economies which he secured to\\nthe people of the State, however, was the pas-\\nsage of the bill for the reorganization of the\\nFederal Courts of the District of Minnesota,\\nwhich is commonly known to this day as the\\nbind Bill. Previous to its passage all ses-\\nsions of the United States Courts in this Stall\\nhad been held in St. Paul, entailing long sit-\\ntings, delays in trials and long journeys, in-\\ncreasing the cost to litigants living remote\\nfrom the Capital. Mr. Lind s bill provided for\\nterms as now held at Minneapolis. Mankato,\\nWinona and Fergus Falls, as well as an St.\\nPaul. Mr. Lind was a strenuous fighter for\\nthe integrity and enforcement of the Inter-\\nslate Commerce Act in its efforts to prevent\\ndiscriminations in favor of persons or places.\\nHe had added to it amendments which made\\nit possible for the commission to procure evi-\\ndence more efficiently, and also made several\\nbattles in the courts to secure for the millers\\nin the smaller centers of the Stale, rates more\\nfair when compared with the millers of Minne-\\napolis, who had been granted certain special\\nprivileges. Mr. Lind was also instrumental in\\nsecuring a great reform in railroad manage\\nment and equipment, which is saving human\\nlife and limb hourly. That is, the automatic\\ncoupler and power-brake bill, so-called, which\\nwas passed, and directed all railroads to pro-\\nvide their cars with automatic couplers of uni-\\nform type, and to have at least a certain num-\\nber of cars of each train equipped with air\\nor other power brakes, so as to obviate the use\\nof hand brakes, which were very dangerous in\\nicy or sleety weather. This bill was opposed\\nby a strong and insistent lobby, led by the\\nPennsylvania Railroad Company, but after a\\nhard contest the lobby was beaten and Mr.\\nLind s bill became a law. Another bill of com-", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n159\\nmenial value to the Northwest made Minne-\\napolis a port of entry. Mr. Lind was a con-\\nceded authority in the House on the subjects\\nconcerned with the public lauds Congress-\\nman Payson of Illinois being the only man\\non the floor considered his peer in this special\\nbranch of so much importance to the West.\\nIn the contest over the tariff Mr. Lind was a\\nhard fighter, and showed his independence by\\ndeclining to be bound by the declarations of\\nthe Republican caucus. He fought the tariff\\non lumber because, as he said, it commit led\\nthe Nation to the idiocy of destroying its own\\nforests rather than those of other people. He\\nfought for free sugar, for free materials for\\nmaking binding twine, and for free twine. In\\n1890 Mr. Lind was elected a third time, defeat\\ning Gen. James H. Baker of Garden City. In\\n1892 he declined to become a candidate again,\\nfor personal reasons, and the present Congress-\\nman, James T. McCleary, then Professor of\\nPolitical Economy in the State Normal School\\nat Mankato, was nominated and elected to suc-\\nceed Mr. Lind. The platform adopted at Man-\\nkato accorded the retiring Congressman this\\ncompliment: We recognize in Hon. John\\nLind, our present Member of Congress, an able\\nand efficient representative, and trust that his\\nvoluntary retirement from the Held of active\\nlegislative duty will be only temporary. In\\n1893 Governor Nelson appointed Mr. Lind,\\nwho had returned to the practice of law at\\nNew rim, a regent of the University of Minne-\\nsota. Mr. Lind was an early recruit to the\\nfinancial policy espoused by Senator Teller and\\nother Silver Republicans. In 1896 the Demo-\\ncratic and People s party nominated him for\\nGovernor, and he made a splendid run, David\\nB. Clough defeating him by only a small ma-\\njority of about three thousand votes. In the\\nspring of ISO when President McKinley\\ncalled for volunteers to defend the National\\nhonor and avenge the destruction of the Maine,\\nJohn Lind, at the sacrifice of his law practice,\\ntendered his services to Governor Clough in\\nany capacity in which he might be available.\\nGovernor Clough, at the request of Colonel\\nBobleter. in command of the Twelfth Minne-\\nsota, made Mr. Lind regimental quartermas-\\nter with the rank of first lieutenant. His\\nrecord as quartermaster was attested by his\\npopularity with the regiment, which had a\\nchance at Chattanooga to compare with other\\nstandards the efficiency of Mr. Lind s arduous\\nlabors in keeping the men well equipped and\\nprovisioned. It was while the Twelfth Regi-\\nment was encamped at Camp Thomas, Chicka-\\nmauga National Park, that the Democratic\\nPeople s and Silver Republican parties, in\\nState Convention, unanimously nominated Mr.\\nLind for Governor. It was his desire, after the\\ndefeat of 1896, not to again enter the field of\\npolitics, but so unanimous was the call, and so\\ninsistent were the friends who had supported\\nhim so warmly in previous campaigns, that Mr.\\nLind at last put aside his desire for political\\nretirement and consented to make the race,\\nsubject to the necessary limitations of his mili-\\ntary service. With the surrender of Santiago\\nand the subsequent return of the Minnesota\\ntroops from the South, Mr. Lind was enabled\\nto make two short series of speeches in a few\\nof the cities and towns of the State. There has\\nrarely been such a series of popular demon-\\nstrations of personal admiration and sympathy.\\nThese tours, brief as they were, were splendid\\nauguries of the magnificent vote which the\\nmen of Minnesota gave him on election day.\\nThis is the public and political career, epito-\\nmized, of the man who has fought his way.\\ndespite rebuffs and temporary reverses, to at-\\ntain success at last and a full realization of\\nthe fact that he cannot appreciate victory\\nwho has not suffered defeat. Governor Lind s\\nenergies have not been spent alone in politics\\nand public affairs. He has had a lucrative\\npractice at the bar, and has not sacrificed it in\\nthe public service. New Ulm is the center of a\\nthriving farming community, prettily situated\\nin the picturesque valley of the Minnesota, and\\nis such a town as might well be selected for the\\nhome of a man of Governor Lind s character,\\nearnest, faithful and unaffected. Governor\\nLind has been identified with some of the best\\ninstitutions of New Ulm. He has served as\\ndirector in the Brown County Bank, and was\\none of the committee of five New Ulm men who\\nhad charge of the construction of the Minne-", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "i6o\\nKIOOKAIMIY OF MINNESOTA.\\napolis, New I 1m Southwestern railroad and\\nother enterprises that have materially bene-\\nfited his home town. Governor Lind was mar-\\nried, in 1ST!\u00c2\u00bb. to Miss Alice A. Shepard, the\\ndaughter of a then prominent citizen of Blue\\nEarth county, since removed to California. He,\\nRichard Shepard, was a soldier of the Onion\\narmy in the Civil War. His father also fought\\nfor the young Republic in the War of 1812,\\nwhile his grandfather was a soldier in the Rev-\\nolutionary War. To Governor ami Mis. Lind\\nhave been born three children, Norman, Jenm\\nand Winfred. The tirst named is now a stu-\\ndent at the State University, and with four\\ngenerations of soldiers before him, might be\\nlooked for to enter a military career rather\\nthan that of politics, in which his father has\\nattained his greatest fame.\\nANTHONY KELLY.\\nAnthony Kelly, late merchant and represen-\\ntative citizen of Minneapolis, was a native of\\nIreland, born at Swinford, County Mayo, Au-\\ngust 25, 1832. His early boyhood was spent in\\nhis native island, but when he was fifteen\\nyears of age he came with his parents to Amer-\\nica, and settled near Montreal, Canada. Very\\nearly in life he manifested an ardent taste for\\na life of active usefulness. After acquiring a\\ngood common school education and the rudi-\\nments of a business training he, while still\\nquite young, came to the United States and\\nfinally located at Macon, Georgia, where he\\nopened a retail grocery store, which he con-\\nducted for several years. Having sold his store\\nin Macon, Mr. Kelly came to Minnesota on a\\nvisit to his brothers, then living in Minneap-\\nolis. Upon his arrival he was so thoroughly\\nimpressed with the location, the growing im-\\nportance of the young town and the opportu-\\nnities it offered for a business career that he\\nsoon decided to locate there permanently. He\\nopened a retail grocery store, associated him-\\nself in partnership with his brother, P. H.\\nKelly, and began the business career in Minne-\\napolis in which he became so prominent. The\\nKelly brothers were popular and successful\\nfrom the first. They were energetic and used\\nsound sense in the conduct of their business,\\nand prospered constantly. In a comparatively\\nbrief time they had outgrown their original\\nlimited quarters, erected a more commodious\\nbuilding and had largely increased the scope\\nand extent of their operations. In 1S(!3, P. H.\\nKelly withdrew from the firm and went to St.\\nPaul. Mr. Anthony Kelly continued the busi-\\nness in Minneapolis on his own account for\\nthree years, when he formed a partnership\\nwith II. W. Wagner, the firm name becoming-\\nAnthony Kelly Company. It soon became\\nthe largest grocery house in the city. As time\\npassed and business increased Mr. Kelly saw\\nthe necessity and importance of extending the\\ncharacter and field of his operations, and after\\nopening up in the new building he abandoned\\nthe retail grocery business and engaged in the\\nwholesale trade. Anthony Kelly was the pio-\\nneer wholesale grocer of Minneapolis. The\\nventure was so successful aud the business\\nexpanded so rapidly that in a comparatively\\nshort time the firm was compelled to find\\nlarger quarters, and it built and removed to\\nthe large brick and stone structure which was\\nthe site of its operations thereafter, and which\\nwas always recognized as one of the leading-\\nbusiness institutions of the city. The business\\nof the firm of Anthony Kelly Company\\ndeveloped into large proportions and gradually\\nincreased until it extended over all the vast\\nterritory paying business tribute to Minneap-\\nolis. Mr. Kelly was always recognized as the\\nleading and controlling spirit of the house,\\nand it was his master hand which guided aud\\ndirected its work. So much for Anthony Kel-\\nly s career as a business man. Put during all\\nof the long period referred to he contrived to\\nfind time in the midst of his engrossing busi-\\nness activities to take an active part in the\\nlocal affairs of his city. Energetic, broad-\\nminded, public-spirited, liberal in his views,\\nand of a high order of intelligence, his aid was\\nsought and his hand was in every movement\\nto build up the interests and institutions of\\nthe city. There was never a fight for the wel-\\nfare of the city of Minneapolis in which he did", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "^$fe^r", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nif. i\\nnot engage never a worthy enterprise which\\nhe did not promote. He was always earnestly\\nlint unostentatiously, as becomes a right-\\nminded man interested in every philanthropic\\nenterprise and prominently identified with\\nevery movement of the kind in the city. No\\nother man ever gave more liberally of his time,\\nenergies and money to further worthy char-\\nitable objects. Wherever and whenever hu-\\nman suffering and misery could be ameliorated\\nby anything he could do, he was ready with\\nvoice and hand and purse, and did what he\\ncould. He gave freely and liberally, but never\\npurposely to be seen of men, and very many\\nof his benefactions and charities were never\\nknown to the world and he did not wish that\\nthey should be. Anthony Kelly was not one\\nto vaunt or parade himself. He disliked no-\\ntoriety, sought no cheap distinctions, and\\nhated all insincerity, sham, and pretense. He\\nnever posed as a reformer, although no\\nother man in the city ever did more for real\\nreforms and the improvement of society and\\nhumanity. People who knew him knew just\\nwhere to find him, and that what he said he\\nmeant. He had hosts of admiring friends, es-\\npecially among the old settlers and his long-\\ntime associates, and there was many a deep\\nand heartfelt pang of sorrow when, on that\\nfine June morning in 1899, the message was\\nflashed over the wires throughout the country\\nAnthony Kelly is dead. In business af-\\nfairs generally Mr. Kelly had become very\\nprominent a factor in the development of 1 1 1\\nmaterial interests of Minneapolis. At the time\\nof his death he was vice-president of the\\nNorthwestern National Hank, and, up to the\\ntime of the reorganization of the Minneapolis\\nGeneral Electric Company, had been its presi-\\ndent and directing mind. He was also a stock-\\nholder in several other important business or-\\nganizations. He was a trustee of the Hill Sem-\\ninary, and, for about seven years, was one of\\nthe directors and vice president of the board\\nof managers of the State Institute for Defec-\\ntives at Faribault. In politics he was a staunch\\nDemocrat, but never an office seeker or a po-\\nlitical office holder. He was a humble, but ear-\\nnest and consistent believer in the Catholic\\nfaith, but tolerant and charitable toward all\\nChristian religions. Mr. Kelly was the inti-\\nmate friend and confidant, as well as the asso\\nciate, of the best men who have shaped the\\ndestinies of Minneapolis. He had rare social\\ntastes and qualities, and his great fund of in-\\nformation, the spice of his ready wit, his fluent\\nand animated style of conversation, and his\\ncharming amiability, made him a most delight-\\nful entertainer and companion. In the sacred\\nprecincts of his home, however, he was at his\\nbest. Here his life was an ideal one. He\\nloved his family with all the fervor of his\\naffectionate nature, and with them he found\\nhis highest pleasures. He was a profound\\nstudent and very fond of literary pursuits. He\\nread and spoke German fluently, and had a\\ngood knowledge of French and Spanish, and\\nhad spoken these languages in their native\\ncountries. Fond of travel and investigation he\\ngratified these tastes to a great extent.\\nHe was familiar with almost every part of the\\nUnited States, had repeatedly visited the land\\nof his birth and made several excursions\\nthrough the continent of Europe. With the\\ncapacity to appreciate and remember what he\\nsaw, these investigations added to his great\\nslock of valuable knowledge. Anthony Kelly\\ndied in his adopted city, which he had so much\\nhelped to build. May 31, 1899. His death\\ncreated a feeling of sorrow genuine and wide-\\nspread, lie was sixty-seven years of age, and\\nin active and successful business life up to the\\ntime of his death, but somehow it seemed that\\nhis calling away was untimely. There seemed\\nto be much more that he could do for his city,\\nhis State and his fellow men. The event was\\nof public importance; the press, the pulpit, the\\nbusiness associations, etc., all expressed the\\ngeneral sorrow, and commented upon the char\\nacter of the deceased in the warmest terms.\\nSaid the St. Paul Globe of July 7th:\\nAnthony Kelly was one of the finest types\\nof American citizens, and one of the gentlest,\\nand, in thought and deed, one of the most\\nupright men that ever graced a Christian com-\\nmunity. He was indeed an ideal man. Re-\\nligious in the truest sense in which the spirit\\nof God is made to descend into the hearts of", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "1 62\\nBIOORABnY OF MINNESOTA.\\niiu-ii through the influence of faith in the\\nChristian teaching, he was at the same time a\\nthoughtful, patriotic citizen, ever devoted to\\nthe welfare of city, State and Nation, and\\nanxious in every way within liis reach to pro\\nmote the happiness and temporal welfare of\\nhis fellow man.\\nNo man ever heard from the lips of An-\\nthony Kelly an unkind or uncharitable ex-\\npression concerning another. His word was\\nindeed his bond; and in small matters as well\\nas in large, he was the very spirit of manliness\\nand personal probity.\\nThat such a man should have it within him\\nto secure a high measure of business success\\nis proof that the highest commercial ability\\nmay be united with those qualities which pre-\\nserve men in the faith and innocence and\\npurity of their younger days.\\nEx-Governor John S. Pillsbury, who had\\nlong and intimately known Mr. Kelly, wrote:\\nI have known him as few men knew him.\\nWe began our struggle in Minneapolis about\\nthe same time. I can easily recall the vigor-\\nous, intelligent, ambitious, determined young\\nman, of fifty years ago. There are none who\\nhave known him in a social way or in business,\\nwho can truthfully say that they ever saw him\\ndo an unmanly or dishonest act. He died, pre-\\nsumably, a wealthy man, but what he got in\\nthe way of worldly goods, he got honestly. He\\nwas not pulling others down while he was\\nbuilding himself up. He was always a great\\nrespecter of honest toil; he had no patience\\nwith the idler or the drone. He believed God\\nplaced man here for a useful career. He was\\nthoroughly honest and did not know how to\\nact in anything but an honest manner. He\\ngrew to be a better man every day he lived,\\nand you could see it as the years passed by.\\nI always found him a high-toned gentleman,\\nquiet and unostentatious, and it was a genuine\\npleasure to do business with him. Mr. Kelly\\nwas always a public spirited man; you could\\nalways depend upon him to do his part. When\\nthere were but few of us, we had to look after\\npublic matters, and we worked together\\nthrough the troubles incident to pioneer days.\\nMr. Kelly was a positive man, and his yea was\\nyea. his nay, nay. He was a man who expected\\npeople to do right by him, for he always did\\nright by them, and he would not brook de-\\nception. He was not a visionary man; he\\nalways lived within his means. He was kind\\nto the poor, being especially interested in the\\npoor among the people of his own church.\\nMr. Kelly was married in Minneapolis April\\n20, 1863, to Annie Willey, widow of U. S.\\nWilley, a prominent attorney of the city in\\nearly limes. .Mrs. Kelly was a daughter of\\nWm. alder Haymond, a renowned lawyer of\\nWest Virginia, where she was born. Of the\\nmarriage of Mr. and Mrs. Kelly, always one\\nof rare felicity, were born two sons and four\\ndaughters.\\nJOHN It. SANBORN.\\nOn the 2d of March, 1632, the good ship\\nWilliam and Prances sailed from England,\\nand on the 3d of June following she landed in\\nBoston. In her passenger list were three\\nbrothers, John, William and Stephen Sanborn,\\nand their mother s father, Stephen Bachiller.\\nThese brothers were the progenitors of the\\ngreat family of Sanborns, scattered through-\\nout the United States. They were among the\\nearly colonists, coming to the new world less\\nthan twelve years after the landing of the\\nMayflower, and settling in the town of\\nHampton, New Hampshire, which continued\\nto be the undivided home of the family until\\nthe middle of the Eighteenth Century.\\nStephen Bachiller became one of the famous\\nand powerful Puritan ministers, whose stern\\nmorality contributed much of value to the\\nfirmness and integrity of the New England\\ncharacter. At length, Reuben Sanborn a\\ndescendant of William, of the original emi-\\ngrants with his sons, Eliphalet and Reuben,\\nremoved to Epsom, New Hampshire, and ac-\\nquired the Sanborn homestead, which has\\nremained continuously in possession of the\\nfamily for a hundred and fifty years. Gen.\\nJohn Benjamin Sanborn, the principal sub-\\nject of this sketch, was born on this home-\\nstead December 5, 1820, the son of Frederick\\nSanborn, a man of estimable qualities, and\\nLucy L. Sargent, a native of I ittsfield, New\\nHampshire, whose strength of character and\\npurity of life were adorned by exceptional\\npersonal charms and graces. His great-grand-\\nfather, Eliphalet Sanborn, served under Gen-\\neral Wolfe in the war against the French and", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "4\\n\u00c2\u00a316S/,,J,\\n#24/ ^/7/v t W^t,", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA\\n163\\nIndians, and in the Continental army during\\nthe struggle for American independence. His\\nmaternal grandfather, Benjamin Sargent, also\\nserved in the Revolutionary war, first as a\\ndrummer boy, aud last as a soldier in the ranks\\nof fighting men. Having in his veins the blood\\nof patriots and heroes, mixed with that of\\nPuritan ancestry, it is not surprising that the\\nhoy born at Epsom seventy-three years ago,\\nshould develop into the strong man, the gal-\\nlant soldier and the upright citizen, and\\nachieve the eminence in military and civic life\\nthat General Sanborn has attained. His\\nboyhood was passed on his fat tier s farm,\\nat the kind of work and in the manner\\nwhich contributed to the vigor of both body\\nand mind. His common school education term-\\ninated when he was sixteen years of age, and\\nfor the following six years lie devoted himself\\nexclusively to carrying on the farm and the\\nmanufacture of lumber. At the age of twenty-\\ntwo he suddenly changed his whole purpose in\\nlife and decided to obtain an education and\\nqualify himself for the practice of the law.\\nHe at once fitted for college at the academies\\nof Pembroke, New Hampshire, and Thetford,\\nVermont, and entered Dartmouth College in\\nthe autumn of 1851, where he remained during\\nthat term. On account of his mature years\\nthe leading members of the bar at Concord,\\nNew Hampshire, Hon. Franklin Pierce, Judge\\nAsa Fowler and Hon. Ira Peverley, advised him\\nto abandon his college course and devote him-\\nself to the study of the law at once. This plan\\nhe pursued and was admitted to the bar of the\\nSuperior Court in Concord at the July Term,\\n1854, having studied continuously from 1851\\nin the office of Hon. Asa Fowler. At this time\\nhe was twenty-seven years old, and in the\\nlatter part of November following he left his\\nnative State, in company with Theodore\\nFrench of Concord, New Hampshire, to estab-\\nlish a new home in the more promising field of\\nthe Northwest. He settled in the City of SI.\\nPaul, of which place he has remained a citizen\\ncontinuously from that time to the present.\\nand where he has constantly practiced his\\nprofession, except when engaged in the public\\nservice. In the ensuing fortv-five years Gen-\\neral Sanborn has become so identified with\\nthe great Northwest as to be a part of the very\\nfibre of its growth, a contributor to its fame\\nand a beneficiary of its boundless resources.\\nDuring this period he has been a member of\\nthe following law firms, viz: Sanborn\\nFrench; Sanborn, French Lund; Sanborn\\nLund; Sanborn King, at Washington, D.\\nC; John B. W. II. Sanborn, which firm in-\\ncluded Edward P. Sanborn as a partner for a\\nportion of its existence; and John B. E. P.\\nSanborn, which firm still exists. The reputa-\\ntion and strength of all these firms have been\\nfar above the average, and each and all have\\nbeen successful ill a marked degree. From\\n1854 to 1861 a law business had been estab-\\nlished which was equal in its extent, and in\\nthe profits derived therefrom, to any exist in\u00c2\u00bb-\\nin the State at that time, and when General\\nSanborn had terminated his public service in\\n1868, he again immediately engaged in the\\npractice of the law in connection with the\\nfirms above mentioned with equal or greater\\nsuccess than had attended his efforts prior to\\nthe War of the Rebellion. In conformity to\\nthe custom of the new States of the Northwest,\\nof making the young lawyers the law makers.\\nMr. Sanborn was elected a member of the\\nLower House of the Legislature in 1859, and\\nof the State Senate in 1860. He was made\\nChairman of the Judiciary Committee of the\\nHouse iii 1S59, and aided by his able commit-\\ntee, succeeded iii practically reorganizing the\\nwhole State government during that session;\\nschool districts, towns, counties, were all re-\\norganized upoD a more economical plan, which\\naided to bring credit and prosperity to the\\nimpoverished State, most of which laws, both\\nin letter and spirit, still remain upon the\\nStatute book. During this session he was\\nvoted for in the Republican caucus for candi-\\ndate for the United States Senate and lacked\\nbut a few votes of the nomination, which was\\nequivalent to an election. At the very opening\\nof the Rebellion he was appointed by Governor\\nRamsey to the laborious and responsible posi-\\ntion, in time of war. of Adjutant General of\\nthe State of Minnesota and Acting Quarter-\\nMaster General, and in that capacity he or", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": ".64\\nBlncRAPIIY (\u00c2\u00bbF MINNESOTA.\\nganized and equipped the first five regiments\\nof volunteer infantry raised in the State. At\\nthe Hose of tliis service and of the year L861,\\nmoved no doubt by the martial spirit derived\\nfrom his ancestors, lie entered the military\\nservice of the United States as colonel of the\\nFourth Regiment, .Minnesota Infantry Volun-\\nteers, in which service he remained until the\\nlast day of June, 1866. During this term of\\nmilitary service he held the rank of colonel of\\nthe Fourth Regiment of Minnesota Infantry\\nVolunteers, brigadier general of volunteers\\nfrom August 4, lsi;::, brevet major general of\\nvolunteers from February. 1865. He com-\\nmanded a brigade in action at the battles of\\nluka, Corinth, in the Yazoo Pass Expedition.\\nRaymond, .Jackson, Champion Hills. Black\\nRiver, and in the sieges of Corinth and Vicks-\\nburg, and a division at Port Gibson and in the\\nAssault on Vicksburg on the 22d of May, lsi;:\\nIn the Battle of luka, September 19, 1862, he\\ncommanded, under the immediate eye of Gen-\\neral Rosecrans, and held his position, although\\nlosing 588 men killed and wounded, in an hour\\nand ten minutes, out of his command of a little\\nmore than 2200. He was commended in gen-\\neral orders by General Rosecrans for his\\nconduct in this battle, and appointed by Presi-\\ndent Lincoln, brigadier general of volunteers.\\nThe appointment was made while the Senate\\nwas in session, and was not reached by the\\nSenate for its action before adjournment, and\\nhence did not become operative, and during\\nthe Vicksburg Campaign he still commanded\\nhis brigade and division with the rank of\\ncolonel only. His reputation acquired at luka\\nwas fully sustained in all the subsequent bat-\\ntles in which he commanded during the war.\\nAt Champion Hills he received and carried\\ninto effect orders from General Grant in per\\nson at the very crisis of the battle, which\\nturned seeming defeat into decided victory.\\nHe built a pontoon bridge of cotton bales over\\nthe Black river, by which the army marched\\nfrom Champion Hills to Vicksburg. He\\nreached, with the Seventh Division, the ditch\\nof the outer works of the enemy in the assaull\\non Vicksburg on the 22d of .May. and as other\\ncommands failed to gel up to the works, took\\nthe responsibility of ordering his command\\nback under cover from the enemy s fire instead\\nof ordering them over the works, which\\ncourse received the approval of General Grant\\nand General McPheraon. After the surrender\\nof Vicksburg he was again appointed brigadier\\ngeneral by President Lincoln, while the Sen\\nate was not in session, and he at once entered\\nupon the duties of his new rank, and was\\nordered by General Grant to report, fur\\ntemporary duty only, to General Scofield, com\\nmanding the Department of the Missouri. He\\nwas now assigned to the command of a terri-\\ntorial district, including southwest Missouri\\nand northwest Arkansas. This command he\\nretained until the Rebel Army surrender.\\nThis last promotion was made upon the special\\nrecommendation of General Grant, and when,\\nin February. 1864, General Grant had been\\nrequested by General Halleck to designate the\\ncolonels that had been promoted to brigadier\\ngenerals that he thought he must have con-\\ntinued as there were a greater number in the\\nlist than could be confirmed, with due regard\\nto the public welfare General Grant desig-\\nnated fourteen, of whom General Sanborn was\\none. that should be confirmed. No one of the\\nfourteen ever knew that General (Irani had\\nwritten such a letter till it was printed in the\\nRebellion Records in recent years. In the\\nautumn of 1864 General Sanborn conducted\\nsuccessfully, first a defensive and then an\\noffensive campaign in Missouri, against the\\narmy of Gen. Sterling Price. He com\\nmanded all the cavalry in Hie army west\\nid the Mississippi river in the field between\\neighl and ten thousand mounted nun against\\nmore than double that number of Confederates\\nunder the command of eight general officers,\\nseveral of whom were graduates of West\\nPoint, or had served in the Mexican War. The\\ncampaign was so conducted thai the Rebel\\nArmy was practically broken up, Generals\\nMarmaduke and Cabell captured, with more\\nthan two thousand prisoners, eight pieces of\\nartillery and a large amount of supplies.\\nAfter the surrender of the Rebel armies he\\nwas ordered to take the command of an ex-\\npedition to the southern plains to terminate", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n165\\nthe disorders, and establish peace with the\\nComanche, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Apache, and\\nKiowa Indians. This was speedily accom-\\nplished and a treaty of peace concluded with\\nall those tribes in October of that year.\\nThereupon he was sent to the Indian Territory\\nto adjust the relations between the Five Civil-\\nized Tribes and their former slaves. This\\nservice was successfully accomplished during\\nthe winter of 1865-6, and thereupon he was\\nmustered out of the military service in June.\\n1866. After this he was appointed, in ls 7,\\nby the President, one of the commissioners to\\ntreat with the hostile bands of Sioux Indians,\\nwith General Sully, General Buford, Mr.\\nBeauvais, Judge Kinney, and Colonel Parker.\\nThis commission was followed by another\\ncreated by an act of Congress, in which Gen-\\neral Sanborn was named as one of the\\ncommissioners in the act. The commission\\nwas composed of Generals Sherman, Harney,\\nand Terry, Senator John B. Henderson, the\\ncommissioner of Indian Affairs, Taylor, and\\nSamuel F. Tappan. This commission revised\\nand changed the whole system of dealing with\\nthe Indians, and to a greater extent than ever\\nbefore applied the bounty of the government\\nto the feeding, clothing and education of the\\nIndians and qualifying them to live the life\\nof civilized people. General Sanborn has re\\nceived honors at the hands of his fellow-\\ncitizens, and been elected to the Minnesota\\nLegislature for eight years since leaving the\\nUnited States service, lie was a member at\\nthe session when the second State Capitol was\\nprovided for, also when the new Capitol was\\nprovided for and the State Railroad bonds\\npaid. He has been elected for two years com\\nmander of the Loyal Legion of Minnesota, and\\nwas honored with the election of first com-\\nmander of the (i. A. R. of this State. His\\nprominence in business, in letters and social\\nlife is evidenced by his presidency of the St.\\nPaul Chamber of Commerce for a number of\\nyears, vice presidency of the National German\\nBank, a trusteeship of the State Historical\\nSociety, and connection with several literary\\nand social clubs. General Sanborn is a gen-\\ntleman of means and culture, with a pleasant\\nhome and troops of steadfast friends. He was\\nmarried in March, 1857, to Miss Catharine\\nHall, of Newton, New Jersey, who died in 1860.\\nIn November, 1865, he married Miss Anna\\nNixon, of Bridgeton, New Jersey a sister to\\nHon. John T. Nixon, U. S. District Judge for\\nthat State\u00e2\u0080\u0094 who died June, 1878. April 15,\\n1880, he was married to Miss Rachel Rice,\\ndaughter of Hon. Edmund Rice, of St. Paul,\\nwho is the mother of his four children: Lucy\\nSargent, John Benjamin, Rachel Rice, and\\nFrederick.\\nRICHARD CHUTE.\\nRichard Chute, deceased, a pioneer and one\\nof the most active and prominent of the early\\nbusiness men of Minneapolis, was born at Cin-\\ncinnati, September 23, 1820. His father was\\nRev. James Chute, a descendant of Alexander\\n!hute, who lived in Taunton, England, as early\\nas 1268. The family is of Norman origin, and\\nin England would claim rank with those who\\ncame in with William the Conqueror. Mem-\\nbers of the family emigrated to America in\\nColonial times, and were prominent figures in\\nthe early history of New England. Rev.\\nJames Chute was a native of Byfield, Massa-\\nchusetts; was educated to the ministry of the\\nPresbyterian Church; taught a private school\\nin /incinnati, removed to Columbus, Ohio, and\\nafterwards, in 18.31, to Fort Wayne, Indiana,\\nwhere he died when Richard was fifteen years\\nof age. His mother, .Martha Hewes, was de-\\nscended from Capt. Roger Clapp, who in 1664\\ncommanded the Castle, now Fort Indepen-\\ndence. Boston Harbor. She died in Fort\\nWayne when Richard was about thirteen years\\nof age. Richard was the oldest of a family of\\nfive children. All of his early education was re-\\nceived from his parents. At the age of twelve\\nhe entered the store of S. II. Hanna Co..\\nand was employed by various firms until 1841,\\nwhen he engaged as clerk with W. G. \\\\V.\\nEwing, who were large buyers of furs and\\nskins, dealing with various Indian tribes. In\\nthe conduct of this business he was sent bv his", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "1 66\\nliKlliHAI HY OF .MINNESOTA.\\nemployers, in 1844, to establish and build a\\npost at Good Road s village, eight miles above\\nFort Snelling, on the Minnesota river. At that\\ntime he visited the Falls of St. Anthony Uien\\nalmost in a state of nature and was so im-\\npressed with the natural advantages of the\\nlocation that, standing on the bank, he took\\noff his hat and exclaimed: Here is the site\\nof a mighty city. The next year lie became\\na partner with the Ewings under the linn\\nname of Ewing, Chute Company, and a few\\nyears later became interested in the fur busi-\\nness with P. Choteau, Jr., Company. Though\\na trailer with the Indians, he took a deep inter-\\nesi in their welfare and civilization, and aided\\nthem in several negotiations with the govern-\\nment. He was present at Agency City, Iowa,\\nin ISC a I the making of the treaty with the\\nSacs and Foxes tribe; and in 1S40 was pres-\\nent, at Washington, with the Winnebagoes\\nwhen they sold the Neutral Ground, in Iowa;\\nand in 1851 at Traverse des Sioux and Men-\\ndola. when the Sioux concluded the treaties\\nwhich opened Minnesota to settlement. In\\n1851 .Mr. Chute took an active part in the pro-\\ncuring of legislation that resulted in the\\ngovernment making treaties by which, in 1855,\\nthe Ottawas and Chippewas of Michigan ex-\\nchanged their tribal lands west of the Missis-\\nsippi for lands in severalty in Michigan,\\ndissolving their tribal relations and becoming\\ncitizens of that State. The service was not\\nofficial, but altogether voluntary and personal,\\nand prompted solely by his interest in the\\nwelfare of the Indians. Mr. Chute married\\n.Miss Mary Eliza Young, at Fort Wayne. In-\\ndiana. February 28, 1850. She was born at\\nDayton, Ohio, and the only daughter of Rev.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2lames and Olive (Hubbard) Young, both\\nnatives of New York. In 1S.~ 4 Mr. Chute\\nsettled permanently in SI. Anthony, and\\nengaged in the real estate business. At\\nthat time the land mi the east side of\\nthe Mississippi river ai the Falls of St. An-\\nthony, controlling the water power, was the\\nproperty of Franklin Steele, of Fort Snelling.\\nand other gentlemen. Mr. Chute, in connection\\nwith Mr. John S. Prince, of St. Paul, purchased\\nof .Mr. Steele a one eighth interest in the prop\\nerty. In 1856 the St. Anthony Falls Water\\nPower Company was incorporated, and the\\nproperty vested in it, and Mr. Chute became\\nthe agent of the company and manager of the\\nproperty, continuing in that capacity until\\n1868, when he became president of the com-\\npany, and continued as such until the sale of\\nthe property, in 1880, to -las. .1. Hill, of St.\\nPaul, and others. Mr. Chute s brother. Dr. S.\\nH. Chute, succeeded him as agent and man-\\nager, in 1868, when he became the president\\nof the company. These twenty-five years\\nwere years of activity, of liberal expendi\\nture, with hope long deferred, but finally\\ncrowned with the success which Mr.\\nChute s prophetic eye had foreseen, and\\nhis unflagging perseverance and tenacity\\nof purpose had conspired to produce. The\\nproperty became the center of an active com-\\nmunity, and the nucleus and heart of a great\\ncity. Mr. Chute was the presiding genius and\\nengaged actively in whatever seemed of\\npromise to benefit the community and build it\\nup, mil only in material prosperity, but in\\nreligious and social life, in education, and in\\nattractiveness and beauty as a place of resi-\\ndence. In the summer of 1856, with others, he\\nexpended a large amount of money which had\\nbeen raised by the people, in clearing the\\nchannel of the Mississippi above Fort Snelling.\\nti enable steamboats to navigate the river to\\nMinneapolis. In November, 1856, he was re-\\nquested by Henry M. Rice, I hen Territorial\\ndelegate to Congress, to go to Washington and\\naid in securing the passage of a railroad land\\ngrant bill, and after a long legislative contest,\\non the last day of the session, the bill was\\npassed, which resulted in the building of 1,400\\nmiles of railroad in the State of .Minnesota.\\n.Mr. little was made a charter director in sev-\\neral of the railroad companies, and spent much\\ntime in promoting them, especially the present\\nCleat Northern system, lie also united with\\nother enterprising citizens in organizing a\\nUnion Board of Trade, in which he was for\\nmany years a director and its first presi-\\ndent. In this service he introduced the system\\nof boulevarding I he streets, and the system\\nof numbering streets and houses, by which", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00abw\\nL* C-, f(/^s L^^Ar^n^T-^)", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "MIOGHA1MIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n167\\ntheir location is so readily comprehended, and\\nit was he who, in 1858, purchased 3,300 shade\\ntrees and had them sot out along the street\\nlines, which has added so much to the conil orl\\nand beauty of Minneapolis. Upon the opening\\nof the land office in Minneapolis, Mr. Chute,\\nin company with Mr. H. (5. O. Morrison, entered\\nfifteen hundred acres of land. In lstiii he was\\nappointed by Governor Ramsey special quar-\\ntermaster for troops ordered to Fort Ripley,\\nand while there was appointed assistant\\nquartermaster of the State, with the rank of\\nlieutenant colonel. From 1863 to the close of\\nthe War of the Rebellion, he was United States\\nprovosi marshal for Hennepin county. In 1865\\nhe formed a business partnership with his\\nbrother. Dr. Samuel II. Chute, which continued\\nup to the time of his death. Mr. Chute went\\nto Washington in 1868-9, and appealed to Con\\ngress for aid in the improvement of navigation\\nof the river and in the preservation of the\\nFalls of St. Anthony. A bill granting one\\nhundred thousand acres of land to aid in I lie\\nwork was introduced, but failed to pass by one\\nvote. The following year he again failed in\\nhis efforts to pass the bill, but in the spring of\\n1870 he succeeded in getting a cash appropria-\\ntion of 150.000, and a U. S. engineer was\\nappointed to take charge of the work. Subse\\nquent appropriations were made by Congress,\\nwhich, with the aid of Municipal subscriptions,\\nwith those of the water power companies and\\nindividuals, furnished the means for building\\na substantial concrete dyke under the river\\nbed, from bank to bank, which has effectually\\nstayed the threatened devastation by the water\\ntorrent, and made the falls permanent and\\nsecure. The municipal union of St. Anthony\\nand Minneapolis, unpopular with the majority\\nof citizens, was so ably advocated by Mr.\\nChute, and a few other leading citizens, that\\nthe union was effected in 1X72. In 1876 Mr.\\nChute was appointed a regent of the Univer-\\nsity, and acted as its treasurer for several\\nyears, resigning in 1882 in consequence of ill\\nhealth, which made it necessary for him to\\nseek a less rigorous climate. Subsequently he\\nspent much time in the southern States, and\\nbecame a dose student of the colored race, and\\nto problems connected therewith. While\\nattending the World s Fair at Chicago, in\\n1893, Mr. Chute was taken ill, and after a\\nfew weeks, died in that city on the first\\nday of August, and on the 4th was buried in\\nLakewood cemetery in Minneapolis. Mr.\\nChute had always been an attractive fig-\\nure upon the streets of Minneapolis. A little\\nunder six feet, of medium build, with fair com-\\nplexion, he possessed a native gentleness of\\nmanner. A heart ever ready to give of its best\\nto the world, never willing to judge harshly,\\nalways looking for the best in his fellow men\\nand never so happy as when doing for others.\\nHis energy of character and his great enthus-\\niasm in whatever he undertook to accomplish\\nnever failed to bring success, and Minneapolis\\nowes much to his enterprise and public spirit.\\nHe was originally an old-time Whig, and he\\nwas one of the twenty who, in 1855, organized\\nthe Republican party in Minnesota. He was a\\nmember and elder of the Presbyterian church,\\na prominent temperance man in theory and\\npractice, and an advocate of female suffrage,\\nwith educational qualifications for both sexes.\\nMr. and Mrs. Chute were the parents of five\\nchildren, viz: Charles Richard, Minnie Olive\\n(deceased), Mary Welcome (deceased), William\\nYoung, and Grace Fairchild, wife of Major J.\\nW. Jacobs of the U. S. Army. Mrs. Chute\\nstill survives, and the sons, Charles R. and\\nWilliam Y.. are both residents of Minneapolis,\\nengaged in the real estate business. The\\nbrother, Dr. S. H. Chute, is also a resident of\\nMinneapolis, and a prominent man of affairs.\\nA sketch of his life appears in another part of\\nthis work.\\nCAD WALLA DER C. WASHBURN.\\nXo State of equal age and population has\\nmade a larger contribution to the glory and\\nopulence of the Nation than the far-off State\\nof Maine. Her gift is in stalwart men of\\nsuperior intellectual endowments, praise\\nworthy ambition, moral and physical courage.\\nAnd in the clear light of impartial history the", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "1 68\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfamily name f Washburn is easily the most\\neminent, in the beneficence and duration of\\npublic service, and the progressive develop-\\nment and judicious conservation of material\\nresources. Cadwallader olden Washburn\\nwas the fourth in a family of sgveh brothers,\\nborn at Livermore, .Maine, and the aggregate\\nofficial public service of five of these brothers\\ncovers a period of eighty-five years. One be-\\ncame a major general in the Union army, two\\nforeign ministers, two Governors, and four\\nmembers of Congress. The eldest, Israel, rep-\\nresented his district in the Slate of Maine for\\nten years in Congress, served his State as\\nGovernor one term, and filled the office of col-\\nlector of the port at Portland for twelve years;\\nthe fourth, Charles A., served for seven years\\nas minister to Paraguay under an appointment\\nby President Lincoln; the third. Elihu I?., rep-\\nresented an Illinois district in Congress for\\ntwenty years, was the first Secretary of State\\nin Grant s cabinet, and served by appointment\\nof Grant eight years as minister to France;\\nthe youngest brother and the only one living,\\nrepresented the Minneapolis district in Con-\\ngress several times, and served one term in the\\nUnited States Senate. Both of the grand-\\nfathers, Israel Washburn and Samuel Benja-\\nmin, were soldiers of the Revolution. C.\\nWashburn, with whose deeds this sketch is\\nconcerned, was born April 22, ISIS. His boy-\\nhood was passed at work on his father s farm,\\nhelping in his father s general store and at-\\ntending the district school, in which he\\nqualified himself for teaching by the time he\\nhad reached the age of seventeen. From that\\ntime until his majority was attained, he was\\nemployed as teacher at Wicasset, not far from\\nhis home. The habit of industry was sup-\\nported by the habit of frugality, so that he\\nwas able to save a pari of the small salary\\nearned by a common school teacher sixty years\\nago; and this little accumulation comprised\\nhis entire financial capital when lie started\\nwest to make his fortune, on arriving at the\\nage of twenty-one. lie first located at Daven-\\nport, Iowa, where he taught a private school\\nfor three months, and then for a year was\\nemployed by the commission in making a geo-\\nlogical survey of the State. Having formed\\nthe resolution to study law, he entered the law\\noffice of Joseph R. Wells, in Rock Island, Illi\\nnois, under whose instruction the text books\\nwere studied. Incidentally he accepted the\\noffice of surveyor of Rock Island county, the\\nincome of which assisted in paying his ex-\\npenses while prosecuting his studies. When\\nqualified for practice he was admitted to the\\nbar and located at Mineral Point, Wisconsin.\\nSoon afterwards he formed a partnership with\\nCyrus Woodman, representing the New Eng-\\nland Land Company, with abundant capital,\\nand the firm of Washburn Woodman opened\\nup and conducted a lucrative business, which\\ncombined dealing in real estate, entering gov-\\nernment lands, examining and perfecting\\ntitles, and locating Mexican war land warrants.\\nThe law and real estate business were very\\nprofitable, and Mr. Washburn invested his\\naccumulations of capital wisely in timber\\nlands, which became the foundation of a\\ncolossal fortune. In 1871 he erected at La\\nCrosse mammoth saw-mills, with superb\\nmodern equipment, and engaged in the manu-\\nfacture of lumber on a scale theretofore\\nunequalled even in Wisconsin. Mr. Wash-\\nburn s capacity and fitness for political affairs\\nwere recognized early, and in 1854 he was\\nelected to represent his district in Congress,\\nand discharged the duty with such accepta-\\nbility as to be re-elected in 1856, and again\\nin 1858, serving in the 34th, 35th ami 36tb\\nCongresses. After dropping out during the\\nwar for service in the Union army, lie was\\nelected to the 40th and 41st Congresses. It\\nis a singular coincidence that among the col-\\nleagues of C. C. Washburn in Congress before\\nthe war were two of his elder brothers\\nIsrael, who represented the Penobscot District\\nof Maine, and Elihu, who represented the\\nGalena District of Illinois. In October, 1861,\\nhe raised the Second Regiment of Wisconsin\\nCavalry, with which he went to the froni as\\nthe colonel commanding. Within a year his\\ndistinguished military service was rewarded\\nwith a major general s commission. He con\\ntinned in the field until the surrender of the\\nprincipal Confederate armies signalized the", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n169\\nearly termination of the war, and resigned to\\ndevote Ins undivided energies to his vast com-\\nmercial interests, soon to be augmented by\\nlarge industrial and manufacturing enterprises\\nin lumbering camps, in rafts and in saw-mills.\\nHis fellow-citizens manifested their partiality\\nby keeping him in the public service with\\ncomparatively short intermissions. Re-elected\\nto Congress in 1866, and again in 1868, he was\\nadvanced to the Governorship of Wisconsin\\nat the close of his fifth Congressional term by\\nan election in 1871. His executive ability\\nqualified him in an eminent degree for the\\nadministrative and executive duties of Gov-\\nernor, while his substantial integrity and\\nconscientious regard for the obligations of a\\npublic trust assured the purity of his adminis-\\ntration. Governor Washburn had the breadth\\nof grasp, the clearness of perception, the calm\\nforesight and the strenuous application which\\ncrowned his large undertakings with abundant\\nsuccess. He was a leader in establishing and\\ndeveloping the flour milling industry at Minne-\\napolis, and among the first to introduce the\\nHungarian system known as the roller process\\nof manufacturing flour, since adopted by all\\nthe best mills throughout the country. The\\nWashburn Mills, destroyed by tire in 1878,\\nwere rebuilt with a capacity and completeness\\nunknown before in the history of the world.\\nMr. Washburn s name is inseparably asso-\\nciated with the fame of Minneapolis, because\\nlargely through his instrumentality it enjoys\\ndistinction as the greatest flour-producing\\ncenter of the world. He was a good man,\\neminently practical and useful; hospitable to\\nfresh thoughts and new ideas. He was\\ngenerous, tolerant, charitable, public-spirited.\\nHe gave the Washburn observatory to the\\nUniversity at Madison, and the Free Public\\nLibrary to La Crosse. As a memorial to his\\nmother, he left in his will $375,000 for the\\nerection and endowment of the Washburn\\nOrphan s Home in Minneapolis. In recogni-\\ntion of modesty and virtue he donated to the\\nCatholic Sisters, for educational uses, his\\nbeautiful home at Edgewood, near Madison.\\nHis beneficence was conceived in a catholicity\\nof spirit, and directed by intelligent sympathy\\nand wise foresight, so as to conserve and dis-\\ntribute its blessings in the years and centuries\\nto follow.\\nGEORGE B. YOUNG.\\nThe life of Judge George Brooks Young may\\nbe considered as divided into two distinct and\\nnearly equal parts, the latter half belonging\\nto Minnesota, the former half to the East to\\nBoston. It is not necessary to seek for him\\na noble extraction in foreign lands. Few of\\nour countrymen can claim a lineage at once\\nmore pure and more typically American. His\\nparents were both descended from early set-\\ntlers in the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay\\ncolonies, and represented families of conse-\\nquence in the annals of New England. His\\nfather, the late Rev. Alexander Young, of\\nBoston, was for twenty-eight years the pastor\\nof the New South Unitarian church of that\\ncity, and his paternal grandfather, also Alex-\\nander Young, was senior member of the firm\\nof Young Minns, which for many years pub-\\nlished the New England Palladium, a promi-\\nnent organ of the Federal party. His mother\\nwas Caroline James, daughter of Eleazar\\nJames, Esq., one of the leading lawyers of\\nWorcester county, Massachusetts, who resided\\nat Barre, but whose native place was the\\npicturesque old town of Cohasset. George\\nBrooks Young was born at Boston July 25,\\n1S40. He attended the common and Latin\\nschools of the city, proceeding, in 1856, from\\nthe latter to Harvard College, where he\\ngraduated at the end of a four years course.\\nIn the fall of 1860 he entered the office of Hon.\\nHenry A. Scudder, under whose direction he\\nlead law for about a year. 1861 found him\\nback at Harvard, in the Law School, from\\nwhich institution he graduated two years later.\\nIn 1S6J he went to New York City, and was\\nfor several months engaged in post-graduate\\nstudy in the office of William Curtis Noyes,\\nand in December of that year he was admitted\\nto the bar. He next held, for a time, the posi-\\ntion of managing clerk for David Dudley Field,\\nafter which he pursued an independent prac-", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "170\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntice during the remainder of his residence in\\nthe East. Mr. Young was thirty when, in April\\nof 1870, he came in search of a new home in\\nthe Northwest. Locating at Minneapolis, lie\\ngained admission to the bar of the Slate, anil\\nduring the thirty years of his citizenship in\\nMinnesota he has been a most earnest and\\nefficient member of the profession. In April.\\n1574, Mr. Young was appointed Associate Jus-\\ntice of the State Supreme Court to till a\\nvacancy which occurred through the resigna-\\ntion of Chief Justice Ripley and Hie consequent\\npromotion of Associate Justice McMillan to\\nthe higher post. In the ensuing November\\nelection, however, Hon. F. R. E. Cornell was\\nmade Associate Justice, so that Judge Young s\\ntenure of the office ceased at the beginning of\\n1575. In the following May. he left Minne-\\napolis and established himself, both as resident\\nand legal practitioner, in St. Paul, which city\\nhas since been his home and the scene of his\\nprofessional labors. I pon locating here, he\\nassociated himself with Stanford Newel, under\\nthe style of Young Newel. Subsequently\\nthis partnership was dissolved, and the firm\\nof Young Lightner formed, which is com-\\nposed of three members, viz: George B.\\nYoung, William II. Lightner and Edward\\nBlake Young, and has had a long and\\nprosperous career. From his first coming to\\nSt. Paul, in 1875, until the spring of 1892, Mr.\\nYoung was reporter of the Supreme Court,\\nand twenty-seven volumes of the State reports,\\ni. e., volumes 21 to 47 inclusive, were compiled\\nby him. For a number of years Judge Young\\nhas been engaged as a lecturer on the Conflict\\nof Laws in the Law School of the State Univer\\nsity. A few months after coming to Minne-\\nsota, in 1870, Mr. Young returned to Boston,\\nand, on September 28th, was married, at\\nEdgartown, Martha s Vineyard, Massachusetts,\\nto Miss Ellen Fellows, only daughter of the\\nlate Daniel Fellows. Esq., of Edgartown, and\\na descendant of Governor Thomas Mayhew,\\nwho, in Kill, became, not only Governor, but\\npatentee and proprietor, as well, of the beau-\\ntiful islands of Martha s Vineyard, Nantucket,\\nand the Elizabeth Isles. Mr. and Mis. Young\\nhave no children.\\nTHOMAS WILSON.\\nHon. Thomas Wilson, formerly of Winona.\\nMinnesota, now of St. Paul, was born in County\\nTyrone, Ireland, May It!, 1S27. He was the\\nson of Daniel and Fanny (Cuddy) Wilson, who\\nremoved to the United States in 1839, and\\nsettled on a farm in Venango county, Pennsyl-\\nvania. Here Thomas spent his time until he\\nwas twenty, alternately working on the farm\\nand attending the common schools of the\\nneighborhood. He then entered Alleghany\\nCollege, Pennsylvania, from which institution\\nhe graduated in 1852. Immediately afterwards\\nhe took up the study of law with Hon. John\\nW. Howe, of Meadville, Pennsylvania, where\\nhe was admitted to the bar in February, 1855.\\nTwo months later he removed to the Territory\\nof Minnesota, where he opened an office for\\nthe practice of his profession, at Winona. He\\nwas a member of the convention that framed\\nthe Constitution in accordance with which\\nMinnesota was, in 1858, admitted to the Union.\\nIn the fall of 1857 he was elected Judge of\\nthe District Court of the Third Judicial Dis-\\ntrict, which office he held for six years. One\\nyear before his term as District Judge expired,\\nhe was appointed, by Governor Miller, Asso-\\nciate Justice of the Supreme Court of the\\nState; and the subsequent autumn 1864 he\\nwas elected Chief Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt. The latter office he held for four and\\none half years, when he resigned, on July 11,\\n1869, to resume the active practice of the law.\\nHe was a member of the House of Representa-\\ntives of the State in 1880-1, and of the State\\nSenate in 1883-5. In 1881 he was nominated by\\nacclamation as the Democratic candidate for\\nthe United Stales Senate. He was unanimous\\nly nominated for Congress in 1884, but for\\nbusiness reasons declined the nomination. He\\nwas again unanimously nominated in 1886, and\\nthough there was a majority of over five\\nthousand against his (Democratic) party, in\\ndie district, he was elected by over 2, Slid ma-\\njority. He was nominated for reelection in\\nthe fall of isss. when Mr. Cleveland was a\\ncandidate for the second term, but was de-\\nfeated by the Republican candidate, the Hon.", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "Truz^.", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "RIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n171\\nMark H. Dunnell, by a majority of 1,800\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\nRepublican majority in the district then being\\nbetween five and six thousand. In 1890 Judge\\nWilson was nominated by the Democratic\\nparty for GoTernor of Minnesota. The returns\\nshowed a plurality of 2,267 votes in favor of\\nHon. William R. Merriam, the Republican\\ncandidate the normal Republican majority in\\nthe State being about 10,000. In the autumn\\nof 1802, Judge Wilson was appointed general\\ncounsel for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis\\nOmaha Railway Company, a position In-\\nstill occupies. A distinguished member of the\\nSupreme Bench says of Judge Wilson:\\nFor more than forty years he has been a\\nprominent citizen and attorney of Minnesota,\\nand during the greater part of that time he has\\nstood in the foremost rank of the legal profes-\\nsion of the State. The clientage which he has\\ncommanded has been unsurpassed, perhaps un-\\nequaled, both in importance and extent; and\\nthis statement is in no sense derogatory to the\\nachievements of his brother attorneys.\\nOn December 26th, 18(10, at Winona, Judge\\nWilson was united in marriage to Miss Louise\\nBennett, a native of Rome, New York, daugh-\\nter of Allanson Bennett, Esq., a prominent\\nlawyer of that city. Five children were born\\nof this marriage, four of whom died in infancy.\\nOne daughter, Louise, grew to womanhood,\\nand was married September 7, 1887, to Lloyd\\nW. Bowers, one of the ablest young lawyers of\\nChicago. He was appointed general counsel of\\nthe Chicago Northwestern Railway upon\\nthe death of Hon. William C. Gowdy, in 180::.\\nJAMES SHOEMAKER.\\nJames Shoemaker was born in Northampton\\ncounty now Monroe county Pennsylvania.\\nJune 0, lN2. k He was the son of Jacob and\\nHannah (Trach) Shoemaker, both parents\\nbeing natives of Pennsylvania, and of German\\nancestry. His father, Jacob Shoemaker, was\\nan influential citizen, well known in the State\\nof Pennsylvania. He conducted a large farm\\nand two flouring mills, one in Monroe county,\\nNew York, and the other in Flatbrookville,\\nNew Jersey. He was treasurer of the county in\\nwhich he lived for many years, and was a prom\\ninent man in public affairs. His forefathers\\nwere residents of Pennsylvania before the days\\nof the Revolution, and some of them were sol\\ndiers in the war for independence. The subject\\nof this sketch was one of a family of seven sons\\nand four daughters. He received his early\\neducation in the common country schools, liv-\\ning and working on his father s farm and in\\nthe flouring mill until he was twenty-one years\\nof age, when he went to Easton, Pennsylvania,\\nand found employment as clerk in a general\\nstore, where he remained four years. He was\\nthen connected with a foundry business and\\nthe manufacture of stoves, for about one year,\\nafter which, with a partner, he started a drv-\\nA Is store in Easton, Pennsylvania, and re-\\nmained in that business up to 1856. In 1857\\nhe came to Minnesota and landed in Mankato\\non the 9th of May. In 1858 he was appointed\\non the board of county commissioners. In\\n1859, he opened an auction and commission\\nstore, which he conducted for only one year.\\nHe then sold out his business and went to the\\nRocky mountains at the time of the Pikes Peak\\ngold excitement, where he spent the summer\\nin prospecting and mining but he did not find\\na fortune. He returned in the fall to Mankato\\nand was elected a member of the city board\\nof education. He was the first president of\\nthe board of trustees of the Glenwood Ceme-\\ntery Association, and has been one of the board\\nof directors ever since. He was one of the\\noriginal members of the board of trade, or-\\nganized in 1869, and has been president of the\\nboard for the last three years, and also a mem-\\nber of the board of public works. He is\\npresident of the Old Settler s Territorial\\nHistorical Association, which society was\\norganized by him. Mr. Shoemaker served as\\ncity assessor for sixteen years was appointed\\nin 1S78, and retired in 1894. In 1884-5, he\\nserved as manager of the Mankato Exhibit at\\nthe New Orleans Cotton Exposition. Mr.\\nShoemaker published a directory of the City\\nof Mankato in 1878, and a directory of the city\\nand county in 1881 and also in 1888. At the\\ntime of the Indian outbreak, in 1862, Mr. Shoe-", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmaker was appointed commissary sergeant in\\napt. William Bierbauer s company from .Man\\nkato, and participated in the New Ulm fight,\\nunder Col. Charles E. Flandrau, where his\\nhorse was killed from under him during the\\nengagement. After the evacuation of New\\nrim. on the 25th of August, the citizens were\\nbrought to Mankato, and a hospital was estab-\\nlished. On its reorganization, August 31, 1862,\\nMr. Shoemaker was elected second lieutenant\\nof a company of thirty days volunteers under\\nState authority, and was for a time stationed\\nat South Bend. He was with a part of the\\ncompany that was detailed, under Captain I !ox,\\nto build Fort Cox, acting as quartermaster,\\nand remained there until they were relieved\\nby a company of United States soldiers.\\nLieutenant Shoemaker was present with his\\ncompany, on the 26th of December, lsr.2, when\\nthirty-eight of the condemned Indians were\\nhung on one gallows, which was erected on\\nthe present site of the C. N. W. freight\\ndepot in Mankato. In politics Mr. Shoemaker\\nhas been a Democrat, but has never sought\\npublic office, though he has served for several\\nyears as county coroner, first by appointment\\nand afterwards by election. For over forty\\nyears Mr. Shoemaker has been conspicuous in\\nevery public undertaking, laboring unselfishly\\nfor the purpose of promoting the welfare of his\\ntown and fellow-citizens. Scarcely an enter-\\nprise in the history of Mankato but owes some-\\nthing of its success to his earnest, unselfish\\nlabor. He is a man of sterling integrity, con-\\nscientious and kind hearted to a fault. Though\\nnot gifted with too much of this world s goods\\nand such men seldom are no one in mis-\\nfortune appeals to him in vain. James Shoe-\\nmaker s name is unsullied, his integrity\\nunquestioned, and no man can point to a mean\\nor unbecoming action in his long and eventful\\ncareer. Mankato may have had men who ac-\\ncomplished greater things for her prosperity,\\nbut none who worked more sincerely, con-\\nscientiously and unselfishly than James SI\\nmaker. He was married May 30, 1867, to\\nFrances V. King, daughter of John A. King, a\\nnative of New York. Their only child and son,\\nCharles J. Shoemaker, died in Duluth, Minne-\\nsota, December 1G, 181)0, of typhoid fever, at\\nthe age of twenty-two years. He was a gradu-\\nate of the University Law School at Ann\\nArbor, Michigan, and studied law witli Mr. J.\\nI.. Washburn, in Mankato, and after his\\ngraduation, in 1890, commenced the practice\\nof his profession as a partner with Mr. Wash-\\nburn in Duluth. He was a young man of\\nsuperior ability and great promise of future\\nsuccess and usefulness, loved and respected\\nby all who knew him.\\nWALTER H. SANBORN.\\nHon. Walter Henry Sanborn, LL. I)., Judge\\nof the United States Circuit Court for the\\nEighth Judicial Circuit and ex-officio Judge\\nof the United States Circuit Court of Appeals\\nfor that circuit, was born on Sanborn s Hill,\\nin Epsom, New Hampshire, October 19, 1845.\\nThe ancestral farm on which he was born has\\nbeen occupied as a homestead by his lineal\\nancestors since 1752, and is now owned by\\nJudge Sanborn and his uncle. Gen. John B.\\nSanborn, of St. Paul. It comprises three hun-\\ndred acres of land, and upon it stand two huge\\nhouses, one of which, the Sanborn homestead\\n(which has been the summer residence of\\nJudge Sanborn for many years), is more than\\na century old and stands upon the Hill, so that\\nMount Washington is visible from its veranda.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Indue Sanborn is the eldest sou of Hon. Henry\\nF. Sanborn, of Epsom, New Hampshire, and\\nEunice Davis, of Princeton. Massachusetts,\\nwho were married in 184. He is a son of the\\nAmerican Revolution. His direct lineal an-\\ncestor on the father s side, Eliphalet Sanborn,\\nserved as a soldier for the Colonies in the\\nRevolution, and died from the effect of injuries\\nhe received in that service. He was elected\\nand re-elected town clerk of Epsom in the\\nmemorable years 177:*., 1775, 177 i and 1777.\\nand was one of its selectmen in 1772, 1773 and\\n1771. Judge Sanborn s great-grandfather.\\nThomas Davis, served under Prescott at Bun-\\nker Hill, participated in the battle at White\\nPlains, was one of the Colonial Army which", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ni/3\\ncompelled and witnessed the surrender of Bur-\\ngoyne, continued his service until the close of\\nthe war, and was one of the soldiers present\\nwhom Webster addressed as venerable men\\nat the laying of the corner stone of Bunker\\nHill monument in 1825. Hon. Josiah Sanborn,\\nthe son of Eliphalet, was elected a member of\\nthe New Hampshire State Senate for three\\nterms, a member of the House of Representa-\\ntives of that State for eight terms, and a select-\\nman of his native town for twenty years. Hon.\\nHenry P. Sanborn, the father of the Judge,\\nentered Dartmouth College, but failing health\\ncompelled him to abandon a professional\\ncareer and he returned to the farm. When\\nthe State Senate of New Hampshire was\\ncomposed of but twelve members he was\\nelected to that body in 1866, and was re-elected\\nin 1867. He was elected a member of the\\nHouse of Representatives of that State in 1855\\nand a selectman of his native town for six\\nyears. In his boyhood. Judge Sanborn worked\\non his father s farm in New Hampshire and\\nfitted himself for Dartmouth College by attend-\\ning the academies and high schools in his vicin-\\nity. When sixteen years of age he commenced\\nto teach school to obtain money to pay for his\\neducation. He entered Dartmouth College in\\n1803, taught school during each winter of his\\ncollege course, was chosen, in 1866, by all the\\nstudents of the college one of two participants\\nin the annual college debate, led his class for\\nthe four years of the course and was graduated\\nwith the highest honors, as its valedictorian,\\nin June, 1867. In February of that year he\\nhad become the principal of the high school\\nat Milford, New Hampshire, and lie held this\\nposition until February, 1870, when he declined\\na proffered increase of salary, resigned his po-\\nsition and went to St. Paul, Minnesota, where\\nhe was admitted to the bar in the Supreme\\nCourt of that State in February, 1871. Dart-\\nmouth College conferred upon him the degree\\nof LL. D. on June 19, 1893. He had before\\nreceived from this college the degrees of A. B.\\nand A. M. On the 1st of May, 1871, he formed\\na partnership for the practice of law with len.\\nJohn B. Sanborn, under the name of John B.\\nW. H. Sanborn, and continued to practice\\nas a member of that firm until February 10,\\n1892, when he was nominated United States\\nJircuit Judge by President Harrison. He was\\none of the attorneys in more than forty-four\\nhundred lawsuits and the leading counsel in\\nman}- noted cases. In 1881 he was one of the\\ncounsel for the defense in the famous impeach-\\nment trial of Judge E. St. Julien Cox before\\nthe Senate of the State of Minnesota. In\\n1889 he discovered the fact that the law under\\nwhich the city attorney, Hon. William P. Mur-\\nray, was elected was unconstitutional, caused\\nthe city council to meet and elect Hon. O. E.\\nHolman corporation attorney, and then con-\\nducted through the courts the quo warranto\\nproceedings which resulted in triumphantly\\nseating Mr. Holman. his client. State vs. Mur-\\nray, 41 Minn. 123. It was he who argued the\\nunconstitutionality of the dressed beef act\\nof the Minnesota Legislature of 18S9, and when\\nthe first arrest for its violation was made he\\nobtained a writ of habeas corpus from the\\nUnited States Circuit Court, and in that court,\\nand in the United States Supreme Court, sus-\\ntained his position that the law was in\\nviolation of the commercial clause of the Con-\\nstitution and void. In re Barber, 39 Federal Re-\\nporter 41; Minnesota vs. Barber, 136 U. S. 313.\\nIn 1885 he was elected treasurer of the State\\nBar Association of St. Paul, and in 1889 he\\nwas selected by the attorneys of the city by\\nballot as one of four candidates from whom\\nthe Governor should select two District Judges\\nfor the county of Ramsey, but he was not\\nchosen by the Governor. In 1890 he was elected\\nPresident of the St. Paul Bar Association. In\\nFreemasonry he was respected and honored.\\nIn 1886, 1887 and 1888 he was elected and re-\\nelected Eminent Commander of Damascus\\nCommandery No. 1, of St. Paul, the oldest or-\\nganization of Knights Templar in the State,\\nand one of the strongest and most famous in\\nthe country. In 1889 he was elected Grand\\nCommander of the Knights Templar of the\\nState of Minnesota, and in the great parade\\nat Washington at the Triennial Conclave in\\nOctober of that year he was marshal of the\\nEleventh Division, and organized and led the\\nTemplars of ten States. In the municipal af-", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "74\\nBIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\nfairs of the city of St. Paul he played no\\nunimportant part. In 1878 he was elected a\\nmember of the city council, and was then its\\nyoungest member. In 1880 he removed liis\\nresidence from the ward which he then repre-\\nsented to St. Anthony Hill, and in 1885 he was\\nagain elected a member of the city council\\nfrom that district, which was the wealthiest\\nand most influential in the city. From that\\ntime until his elevation to the bench he re-\\nmained a member of the council and only re-\\nsigned his position to enter upon the discharge\\nof his duties as Circuit Judge. During his\\nservice in the city council he was elected its\\nvice-president and was the leading spirit on\\nthe committees that prepared, recommended\\nand finally passed the ordinances under which\\nthe electric and cable systems of street rail-\\nways in that city were introduced and arc now\\noperated. When he entered the council there\\nwas not a foot of pavement or cement sidewalk\\nin the St. Anthony Hill district, but under his\\nenergetic supervision a tract of one hundred\\nand sixty acres, including Summit avenue, was\\npaved, boulevarded and supplied with cement\\nsidewalks, until it is said that no city can beast\\nof a single residence tract so large that is so\\nbeautifully, expensively and uniformly im-\\nproved. In politics Judge Sanborn is a Repub-\\nlican. In 1890 he was president of the Union\\nLeague of St. Paul. In the same year he was\\nchosen chairman of the Republican city con-\\nvention, and in every political contest for the\\nfifteen years preceding his elevation to the\\nbench he was active, energetic and influential.\\nIn 1879 he delivered the 4th of July oration\\nin the city of St. Paul, and his services as a\\npublic speaker have been frequently in de-\\nmand. On November 10, 1874, Judge Sanborn\\nwas married to Miss Emily F. Bruce of Mil\\nford, New Hampshire, and their family con\\nsists of two daughters, Nellie Grace and\\nMarian Emily, and two sons, Bruce Walter and\\nHenry F. Sanborn. The family residence at\\nNo. 143 Virginia avenue, on St. Anthony Hill,\\nstands in spacious grounds, shaded by more\\nthan twenty old oak trees, and was built by\\nMr. Sanborn in 1879. On February 10. 1802.\\nhe was nominated by President Harrison\\nJudge of the United States Circuit Court for\\nthe Eighth Judicial Circuit, and en March 17.\\nfollowing his appointment, was confirmed by\\nthe unanimous vote of the Senate. By virtue\\nof this appointment he became one of the three\\nmembers of the United States Circuit Court\\nof Appeals for that circuit, the tribunal next\\nin rank to the United States Supreme Court.\\nThe Eighth is the largest judicial circuit in\\nthe United States, and comprises the St a hs\\nof Minnesota, North Dakota, South Da-\\nkota, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Nebras\\nka, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas,\\nand the Court of Appeals takes jurisdic-\\ntion over these States and over the Indian\\nTerritory, Oklahoma and New Mexico. This\\ncircuit has the largest population of any\\ncircuit in the United States. The Court of\\nAppeals of this circuit has been called upon\\nto consider the greatest number of cases, em-\\nbracing the most diversified and important lit-\\nigation of any of the United States courts of\\nthe same rank, and in the performance of their\\nwork the judges who have constituted this\\ncourt have all demonstrated their great ability.\\nJudge Sanborn came not unprepared for the\\nwork. Clearness of perception, generosity of\\nlabor in research, accuracy in detail and state-\\nment, strength in diction, intuitive sense of\\njustice, and knowledge of the law. are qualities\\nand characteristics which he possessed in a\\nhigh degree. The combination of these quali-\\nties made him a great lawyer, and with his\\nlong experience in a large and exacting prac-\\ntice at the bar added to these qualifications,\\nJudge Sanborn was fully equipped for his task,\\nand he entered upon it with a zeal and courage\\nwhich assured the splendid results which have\\nfollowed. Many of Judge Sanborn s opinions\\nsince he has been upon the bench are of great\\nimportance, and some of them are original in\\ntheir authority. The first cases argued at the\\nMay, 1S!I2, term of the Circuit Court of Ap-\\npeals for the Eighth Circuit were the Omaha\\nBridge cases, which are reported in 10 U. S.\\nApp. 98, 2 C. C. A. 174, 51 Fed. 309. These\\ncases involved great interests, and presented\\nnice distinctions of law, that were pressed\\nupon the court by most able and persistent", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n175\\ncounsel. The Union Pacific Railway Company\\nhad made contracts with the Chicago, Rock\\nIsland and Pacific Railway Company and the\\nChicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Railway Com-\\npany by which it leased to each of these com-\\npanies for the term of 999 years the joint and\\nequal possession and use of its tracks over its\\nbridge across the Missouri River, al Omaha.\\nAlter these contracts were partially executed\\nthe Union Pacific Company refused to perform\\nand undertook to repudiate them. The Rock\\nIsland Company and the St. Paul Company\\nbrought suits and obtained decrees for their\\nspecific performance. The Union Pacific Com-\\npany appealed from these decrees, and insisted\\nthat the contracts were ultra vires of the Pa-\\ncific Company, that the specific performance\\nthereof could not be enforced in equity because\\nthe acts to be performed under them were so\\nnumerous and complicated, and because the\\ncontracts were unfair. The opinion of\\nJudge Sanborn was exhaustive, but so clear,\\nvigorous and convincing that it challenged\\nthe attention of the bar and placed him\\nat once upon a high plane of superiority,\\nfrom which he has steadily risen as his\\nwork progressed. It opened with a concise\\nstatement of the limits of the powers of corpo-\\nrations created under legislative grants. It\\nthen reviewed the decisions of the Supreme\\nCourt upon the powers of such corporations,\\nand carefully analyzed the contracts and dem-\\nonstrated that it was not beyond the ordinary\\npowers of a railroad corporation to let to an-\\nother the use of its lines so long as it was not\\nthereby disabled from the full performance of\\nits duties to the State and the public. The\\nacts of Congress relative to the construction\\nand use of railroad bridges over the great riv-\\ners were examined and shown to have fairly\\nempowered the Pacific Company to make its\\ncontracts of lease. Each of the ques-\\ntions presented in these cases was treated\\nin the most masterly manner. The de-\\ncrees below were affirmed, and the opinion\\nof Judge Sanborn has since been reviewed\\nand affirmed by the Supreme Court. In\\nBarnes vs. Poirier, 27 U. S. App. 500, 12\\nC. C. A. 9, 64 Fed. 14, Judge Sanborn delivered\\nan opinion on the assignability of additional\\nhomesteads, which was quoted with approval\\nby the Supreme Court in Webster vs. Luther,\\n16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 963-6, and which seems to\\nhave settled that question. In this opinion\\nis shown the disposition of the judge to avoid\\nthe pitfall of technicalities, and to give to the\\nlaw the breadth of construction necessary to\\nthe accomplishment of the original intention.\\nIt would seem that the multitude of cases and\\ndecisions involving the law of negligence\\nwould have exhausted all possibilities of nov-\\nelty in facts and interest in opinions, but in\\ncases where Judge Sanborn has delivered opin-\\nions upon this branch of the law he has, by\\nhis careful statement of the principles, his\\nclear-cut discrimination in their application,\\nand his free use of the faculty of common\\nsense, created new leading cases. Examples of\\nthese are: Union Pacific Railway Co. vs. Jarvi,\\n10 U. S. App. 439, 53 Fed. 65, involving the\\nquestions of defective appliances and contribu-\\ntory negligence; Bohn Mfg. Co. vs. Erickson.\\n12 U. S. App. 200, 55 Fed. 943, which discusses\\nwith remarkable clearness the question of\\nlatent danger; Gowen vs. Harley, 12 U. S.\\nApp. 574, 56 Fed. 97::. which treats of nearly\\nevery question likely to arise in a case of per-\\nsonal injury occurring to an employe in his\\nemployment; What Cheer Coal Co. vs. John-\\nson, 12 U. S. App. 490, 56 Fed. 810, upon the\\nquestion of vice principal, and the distinctions\\nto be made by reason of extent or grade of\\nauthority; City of Minneapolis vs. Lundin, 7\\nO c. A. 344, 58 Fed. 525, which is a very strong-\\ncase on the doctrine of fellow servant and\\nthe application thereof to conditions arising\\nfrom the performance of work by a municipal-\\nity through its official servants; and Chicago,\\nSt. Paul etc., Ry. Co. vs. Elliott, 12 U. S. App.\\n381, in which Judge Sanborn defines proxi-\\nmate cause as understood in law, states the\\nrules for its discovery and the reason for these\\nrules, and illumines the entire subject with\\nclearness of statement and wealth of illustra-\\ntion. Questions arising upon municipal bonds\\nhave been much before the court, and Judge\\nSanborn has written many opinions in these\\ncases. In National Life Insurance Co. vs. Board", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "BIO RAPHY )F MINNESOTA.\\nof Education of the city of Huron, 27 U. S.\\nApp. 244, his opinion contains the most ex\\nhaustive review of the authorities upon the\\neffect of the usual recitals in such bonds, and\\nthe most concise and complete statement of\\nthe established rules for their construction to\\nbe found in the books. The opinion is, in fact,\\na most thorough and satisfactory treatise on\\nthe subject, and outside of its purpose as a\\ndecision in the case will be of the greatest\\nvalue to the bar and investors in municipal\\nsecurities. The leading case under the Slier\\nman anti-trust act, as il applies to traffic con-\\ntracts and transportation companies, is United\\nStates vs. Trans-Missouri Association, 19 U. S.\\nApp. 3G. Certain railway companies entered\\ninto a contract forming a freight association,\\nagreeing to establish and maintain such rates,\\nrules and regulations for freight traffic be-\\ntween competitive points as a committee of\\ntheir own choosing should deem reasonable,\\nbut providing that the rates and rules so es-\\ntablished should be public and be subject to\\nchange at any monthly meeting upon notice,\\nand that any member might disregard the\\nsame and even withdraw from the association\\nupon notice. It appeared that the effect of the\\noperation of the association bad been to di-\\nminish rather than to increase rates. In this\\ncase Judge Sanborn held that the contract was\\nin accord with the policy of the Interstate\\nCommerce Act as tending to make competition\\nopen and fair, and was not void, in an opinion\\nwhich contains a most complete citation and\\nreview of authorities, and is undoubtedly the\\nmost thorough discussion of the effect of the\\nanti-trust act upon association contracts that\\nhas been delivered by the courts. This decision\\nwas subsequently reversed by the Supreme\\nCourt by a vote of five to four, but a majority\\nof the judges to whom the question was pre-\\nsented in the course of the litigation, from its\\ninception to its close, agreed with Judge San-\\nborn. The character and effect of the decisions\\nand conveyances of the land department of the\\nUnited States have probably never been so\\ncarefully considered, or so clearly stated, as in\\nJudge Sanborn s opinion in United States vs.\\nWinona St. Peter Ry. Co., 15 C. C. A. 96. His\\nopinion in Minneapolis vs. Reum, 12 U. S. App.\\n446-481, has probably awakened more interest\\nand created more public comment than has any\\noilier case in the court. The point involved\\nwas the exclusive right and power of Congress,\\nunder the Constitution, to fix the rules and\\nrequirements upon which a foreign subject\\nmay become a citizen of the United States, or\\nof a State. Beyond all this, the great value of\\nhis practical business knowledge and expe-\\nrience has been shown in the management of\\nthe receiverships of the Union Pacific Railway\\nCompany and its allied companies in this cir-\\ncuit, of which he has had charge and super-\\nvision since early in 1894.\\nDORILUS MORRISON.\\nDorilus Morrison was born in the town of\\nLivermore, Oxford county, Maine, on the 20th\\nof December, 1814, and died in Minneapolis\\nJune 26, 1897. His father, Samuel Morrison,\\nwas of Scotch lineage and one of the early set-\\ntlers of the State of Maine, where he married\\nBetsy Benjamin. Dorilus was the second son\\nof a family of four brothers and two sisters.\\nHis first business venture was as a merchant\\nin his native State, furnishing supplies to lum-\\nbermen at Bangor. This brought him in con-\\ntact with men in that line and gave him an\\ninsight into the needs and methods of that\\nbusiness. It was with the purpose of locating\\npine lands for himself and others that Mr. Mor-\\nrison visited Minnesota in 1854. He was so\\nfavorably impressed with the country, espe-\\ncially with its advantages for lumbering, that\\nhe returned to Maine and disposed of his busi-\\nness. He came to St. Anthony to make a per-\\nmanent location in the spring of 1855, and at\\nonce engaged in active business, which he con-\\ntinued with great success up to the time of his\\ndeath. Mr. Morrison first took a contract to\\nsupply the mills with logs, and in the following\\nwinter fitted out and sent into the pineries, on\\nRum river, a crew of men to cut the timber,\\nand, in the spring, brought the winter s cut\\ninto the booms. This business was continued\\nfor many years. After the completion of the", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "hM.\\nAve,", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ndam of the Minneapolis Mill Company he built\\na sawmill, opened a lumber-yard and engaged\\nextensively in the lumber business. He con-\\nducted all the operations, from cutting the\\nlogs in the woods to the sale of the manufac-\\ntured lumber, until the accumulating interests\\ninduced him to resign the business to his\\nsons, George H. and Clinton, who continued\\nit under the style of Morrison Brothers.\\nUpon the organization of a Union Board of\\nTrade, in 1850, to stimulate the business inter-\\nests of St. Anthony and the incipient town\\nof Minneapolis, Mr. Morrison was chosen presi-\\ndent and was also a director for several years.\\nIn the several trade organizations which suc-\\nceeded the pioneer board he was an active co-\\noperator. In lSG-t Mr. Morrison was chosen to\\nrepresent the District of Hennepin, West, in\\nthe State Senate, occupying the position during\\nthat and the following year. His colleague\\nfrom Hennepin East, during both sessions, was\\nHon. John S. Pillsbury, and in the House of\\nRepresentatives, during the latter year, were\\nHon. Cyrus Aldrich and Judge F. B. E. Cor-\\nnell. Hennepin county, always ably repre-\\nsented in the Legislature, never sent to that\\nbody a more brilliant representation. Upon\\nthe incorporation of the city of Minne-\\napolis, in 1867, Mr. Morrison was chosen its\\nfirst mayor. The succeeding year the office\\nwas held by Mr. H. G. Harrison, but, in lsc.O,\\nMr. Morrison was again elected, and gave to\\nthe duties of the office the careful attention\\nand decisive action which characterized all his\\npublic life, and made the city government so\\nsuccessful in its early years. When the\\nbuilding of the Northern Pacific railroad\\nwas undertaken a construction company\\nwas formed, consisting of Mr. Morrison\\nassociated with others, to which company was\\nawarded the contract to construct the first\\nsection of 240 miles of the line, from the St.\\nLouis river to Red river. The work was pushed\\nwith vigor, and the completed road turned\\nover to the company in 1872. Again,\\nin 1S73, Mr. Morrison was associated with\\nother parties to construct the next section\\nof 200 miles of road, from Bed river to Hie\\nMissouri river. At its completion the financial\\naffairs of the company were in such a condition\\nthat no money could be obtained to pay for the\\nwork. Mr. Morrison assumed the shares of his\\nassociates, and cancelled the indebtedness, re-\\nceiving in payment a large tract of the com\\npany s lands in northern Minnesota which was\\ncovered with pine timber. This land proved a\\nsource of immense profit, and contributed\\nlargely to the already ample fortune which his\\nindustry and sagacity had accumulated.\\nMr. Morrison built the Excelsior flouring\\nmill in 1S78, and leased it to Charles A. Pills-\\nbury Company. This mill was totally de-\\nstroyed by fire December 4, 1881, but was\\nimmediately rebuilt and operated by Mr. Morri-\\nson. Mr. Morrison associated with him E. V.\\nWhite, and built the Standard flouring mill.\\nMr. White retired from business after a few\\nyears, and Mr. Morrison operated the Excelsior\\nand Standard mills alone until 1889, when the\\nfirm became the Minneapolis Flour Manufac-\\nturing Company, with Mr. Morrison as presi\\ndent having consolidated with Morse Sam\\nmis, operating Hie Standard, Excelsior and St.\\nAnthony mills with a daily capacity of 3,400\\nbarrels. In 1871 Mr. Morrison was elected for a\\nterm of two years a member of the board of\\neducation, and was re-elected in the year 1878,\\nfor a term of three years, and was chosen presi\\ndent of the board. At the organization of the\\nboard of park commissioners of the city of\\nMinneapolis Mr. Morrison was appointed a\\nmember of that body, and afterwards held the\\noffice by election. The magnificent park s s\\ntern of the city, which has done much to make\\nit an attractive and healthful place of resi-\\ndence, owes much to the labor and counsel\\nwhich Mr. Morrison gave to this board. He\\nwas also interested in the Athenaeum, the\\npredecessor of the present city library, serving\\non its board of managers, and sometimes as its\\npresident. He greatly aided in building up the\\ninstitution and thus fostering literary taste in\\nthe community. Among the enterprises with\\nwhich Mr. Morrison was identified during his\\nlong business career in Minneapolis was the\\nMinneapolis Harvester Works. He applied to\\nit his careful business methods, supplied the\\nneeded capital and made it a success. For", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "/8\\nTUOGRAPITY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmany years il was among the largest manu-\\nfactories of agricultural machinery in the\\ncountry. Mr. Thomas Lowry, who probably\\nknew Mr. Morrison as intimately as any of the\\nyounger business men of Minneapolis, says of\\nhim\\nDorilus Morrison was one of the most gen-\\nerous and public spirited citizens Minneapolis\\never possessed. A man of large means, he was\\nalways ready with his capital and brains to\\nassist and stand behind any public enterprise\\nwhich would in any way tend to benefit the\\ncity of his home. He was particularly liberal\\nand generous in assisting young men to start\\nin business, and in aiding them from his own\\npersona] resources. Few* charities in Minne-\\napolis escaped Mr. Morrison s notice. His\\nfriends and the public generally always felt\\nthat for any charitable institution of merit his\\npurse was always open. He was also a great\\nbenefactor in a quiet way. and tried to conceal,\\nrather than advertise, his donations and chari-\\nties. As a business man. Mr. Morrison was\\none of the ablest that ever came to the State\\nof Minnesota. His judgment was clear and\\nunerring. In times of financial distress his\\nunusual financial ability, together with his\\ncourage, always carried him through, and\\nwas a source of strength and encourage-\\nment to others. As is w r ell known by the older\\nresidents of Minneapolis, Mr. Morrison and Col.\\nWilliam S. King were the fathers of the park\\nsystem of this city. Mr. Morrison was one of\\nthe main men in the organization of the Athe-\\nneum, and in its support up to the time it was\\nabsorbed by the Minneapolis Public Library.\\nIn politics he was Republican, but not a\\npartisan. In religion he was attached to the\\nUniversalist faith. He was twice married, first\\nin 1840, in Livermore, to Miss Harriet K.\\nWhittemore, who accompanied him to Minne-\\napolis, and was the mother of his three chil-\\ndren, Clinton, George H., now deceased, and\\nGrace, wife of Dr. H. H. Kimball of Minneap-\\nolis. Mrs. Morrison died in 1881, at Vienna,\\nAustria, while on a European trip. One who\\nknew Mrs. Morrison intimately during her\\nwhole married life says of her: She was dig-\\nnified and courtly in her manners, yet\\nkind-hearted and sympathetic to all. I always\\nregarded her as a queen among women one\\nof the loveliest characters I ever knew. He\\nmarried as his second wife Mrs. Abby la;\\nstone of Massachusetts.\\nGEORGE B. SARGENT.\\nThe late Hon. George Barnard Sargent, of\\nDuluth, Minnesota, was a native of Massachu-\\nsetts, bora at Boston in the year ISIS. He\\nwas descended from ancestral Sargents in Eng-\\nland by many intervening generations. He be-\\ngan life in circumstances admitting of few ad-\\nvantages, but his elementary schooling was\\nsufficient as a basis for the broad, practical\\neducation later acquired by self-culture. Civil\\nengineering was his early-chosen vocation, and\\nby close application to his work and the prac-\\ntice of careful economy he laid by, while yet\\nvery young, a considerable amount of money\\nto be used as the foundation of future under-\\ntakings. In 1836 he left Massachusetts for the\\n^Yest, and located at Davenport, Iowa, where\\nhe established himself as a banker. In his\\nearly voting days Mr. Sargent was a Whig, be-\\ncoming a Republican on the formation of that\\nparty. During the administration of Millard\\nFillmore, and after he, Mr. Sargent, had fol-\\nlowed the banking business for about sixteen\\nyears, he received the appointment of Surveyor\\nGeneral for the district comprising the States\\nof Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa. In 1S57\\nhe was elected mayor of the city of Davenport,\\nand served for a term of two years. Upon the\\nexpiration of his official life he resumed finan-\\ncial business in the two centers, Davenport and\\nBoston. In 1863 he went, with his family, to\\nreside in New York City, and was for six years\\nengaged in Wall street as a banker and broker.\\nIn 1869 he returned West, located in Duluth.\\nand at once organized the banking house of\\nGeo. B. Sargent Co. This firm acted as\\nwestern agent for Jay Cooke Co., of New\\nYork, and other banking houses of prominence\\nin the East. About a year after coming to\\nDuluth he was appointed financial agent of\\nthe Northern Pacific Railway Company, and\\nin 1S70-71 made a European tour in the inter-\\nest of that company, transacting for it various\\nimportant deals. Mr. Sargent was a man of", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "^e* -/3A", "height": "3215", "width": "2332", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3174", "width": "2333", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "BTOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\ni/9\\nexceptional judgment and foresight, and these\\nnative qualities became highly developed by\\nhis business and official experience. Many of\\nDulutli s early improvements received their\\nfirst impulse from him, and were directed\\ntoward a successful consummation l y his tire-\\nless energy and tact. Reared in the East, he\\nwas conversant with its advanced institutions\\nand methods, and he had many friends there\\nwhose moral supporl and financial influence he\\ncould count upon in his Western enterprises.\\nHe was strong in his own might, with the\\nstrength of individual will, energy and pur-\\npose, and he was doubly strong in the co-oper-\\nation of such forces as -lay Cooke Co., Dodge\\nCo. and .7. S. Morgan Co.. of Wall street.\\nAlthough bound by many ties and associations\\nto the East, from the day when he became a\\nresident in the Northwest he threw himself\\ninto its interests with all the enthusiasm of\\nthe most devoted citizenship. And while he\\nacquired a handsome competency for himself,\\nhe contributed vastly towards the enrichment\\nof his community, lie laid out the London\\naddition to the city of Duluth, which is now ;i\\nbeautiful suburban section; he aided the\\ngrowth of the city by attracting to it good\\ncitizens from all directions; he was instru-\\nmental in bringing about the tide of immi-\\ngration which set towards it during the years\\n1869 to 1ST: inclusive; he encouraged the erec-\\ntion of fine buildings, and progressive enter-\\nprise generally, often to the extent of contrib-\\nuting from his individual capital. Mr. Sargent\\nwas manned in the year 1836 to Mary Perin.\\nOf the ten children born to them all but two\\nare deceased. Those living are; William\\nwhose biography, also, is included in this col-\\nlection and .Mrs. F. W. Paine, now living in\\nDuluth. In tin home mansion built by Mr.\\nSargenl in Duluth he resided for three years,\\nand after his death, which occurred in 1875,\\nuntil 1897 it continued to b cupied by his\\nfamily. A quarter of a century has passed\\nsince the decease of George B. Sargent, but he\\nstill lives in many a monument to his pro-\\ngressive labor, and in the grateful memory of\\nhis contemporaries. As merely suggestive of\\nhis earnest endeavor towards the upbuilding\\nof the Northwest, and his wonderful foresight\\nin comprehending and appreciating its vast\\nresources more than forty years ago, we give\\nbelow an extract from a lecture delivered b\\\\\\nhim before the Chamber of Commerce at Tie\\nniont Temple, Boston, February 24, 1858;\\nSeated at the mouth of the St. Louis river,\\nat the southwestern extremity of Lake Supe-\\nrior we are as near the tide waters of the\\nAtlantic, within tive-and-twenty miles, as we\\nare at Chicago; and we are some four hundred\\nmiles nearer to St. Paul and the immense conn\\ntry commanded by that city of marvelous in-\\ncrease. From this point of lake navigation oil\\nthis continent we have a navigable highwav,\\nby the Sault Ste. Marie, the Welland canal and\\nthe St. Lawrence, that brings our men of trade\\ninto direct communication with the greal\\nmarts of Europe. Westward through Minne\\nsota, Dakota and Washington Territory must\\nstretch, ultimately, an important branch of\\nthe Northern Pacific railroad that will bring\\nthe riches of the East to this depot for inter-\\nchange and transhipment. At this very spot,\\nat the mouth of the St. Louis, Europe and Asia\\nwill meet and shake hands in the genial months\\nof summer, while they may continue to meet\\nin winter at Panama. At this point must cen-\\nter the trade of twenty American Stales ye1\\nunborn, and the British trade of the Bed river\\nsettlements and of Hudson s bay. The unde-\\nveloped wealth of this lake region offers re-\\nward beyond calculation to those who have the\\nenergy and enterprise to secure it. Two hun-\\ndred years ago it was known to the French\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0b suils and the Indians that the shores of the\\nGreat Lake abounded in copper; but it was\\nas late as 1844 that the discoveries were made\\nwhich have since demonstrated the existence\\nthere of the most extensive and productive\\ncopper mines in the world, with solid masses\\nof pure copper in view of more than a hundred\\ntons weight each. It is the opinion of the\\nofficial explorer of the Government that the\\niron region of Lake Superior will prove ulti-\\nmately of equal value with the copper regions;\\nand the details of their reports demonstrate\\nthat the ores are here developed on a scale of\\nmagnitude, and in a state of purity, almost\\nunprecedented. To descend to smaller but not\\nunimportant interests: The fisheries are ex\\nhaustless, and would of themselves provide\\nremunerative occupation for thousands. When\\nthe lumbering business is fully developed it\\nwill employ large numbers and miners, lum-\\nbermen and fishermen will call for fanners.\\nThe iron to build the railroads of northern", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "i So\\nUK MiA I ll V OF MINNESOTA.\\nWisconsin and Minnesota must be shipped\\nfrom England and landed at Chicago and Su-\\nperior, or, what is more reasonable and prob-\\nable, it must be dug out of the mines of Lake\\nSuperior, and at some point near its south-\\nwestern extremity be manufactured into rails\\nto be delivered and laid down as the roads are\\nextended westward and southward. And as\\nthey are extended the farms will be developed,\\nand the immense wheat-fields of northern Iowa\\nand .Minnesota will, ere long, be taxed to their\\nutmost capacity to supply the local demand for\\ntheir productions, required by the diversified\\nindustrial interests that are to be presently\\nd( veloped. and are now developing, in the al-\\nmost uninhabited and unexplored regions, of\\nwhich we know so little, except that they\\nabound in uncounted wealth. As vet we have\\nmade bur a few surface scratches on a small\\nsection of the mineral region, from which there\\nwere shipped in the year 1S5C not less than\\ntons of copper, valued at two millions of\\ndollars. As to climate, no portion of the\\nUnited Slates surpasses the southern shores\\nof Lake Superior in healthfulness during the\\nsummer months. The winter weather is un-\\ndoubtedly severe; but we have the experience\\nof the oldest settlers that it is a dry cold that\\nacts like electricity on the human body ex-\\nhilarates the blood, and gives just such a zest\\nto physical enjoyment, to the appetite and to\\nthe muscle, as suits the Anglo-Saxon race. It\\nis sometimes said that the important commer-\\ncial point to which I have alluded is subject to\\ntwo or three drawbacks, which must prevent\\nits realizing the sanguine expectations of its\\nsettlers. The severity of its climate, the want\\nof a fertile back country, the dangerous navi-\\ngation of Lake Superior and the want of good\\nharbors, are objections most frequently urged\\nagainst the future greatness of a city at the\\nsouthwestern extremity of Lake Superior. 1\\nmight give some weight to these considerations\\nif I did not know that they had all been\\nraised in regard to Chicago, and disposed of\\nby its wonderful history.\\nDANIEL W. LAWLER.\\nDaniel William Lawler was born at Prairie\\ndii Chien, Wisconsin, March 28, 1859. His fam-\\nily is one of the oldest and most prominent in\\nthe Northwest. His father, the late (Sen. John\\nLawler, was for years a leading citizen of\\nsouthern Wisconsin. He was one of the pro-\\njectors of the enterprise to build one of the\\nfirst bridges across the Mississippi, and was a\\nwell known public character, a man of honor,\\ndistinction and usefulness, and the son is\\nworthy of the sire. Mr. Lawler was carefully\\ntrained to be of use in the world. His early\\neducation was received in private schools and\\ncompleted at Georgetown College. 1). C., from\\nwhich justly celebrated institution he grad-\\nuated with honors, receiving the degree of\\nM. A. He then pursued a thorough course of\\nstudy in the Vale College Law School, was\\ngraduated therefrom, and at its hands has re-\\nceived the degrees of LL. B. and M. L. He\\ncame to St. Paul in 1SS4 and began the prac-\\ntice of his chosen profession. From the first\\nhe was successful, and soon attained to promi-\\nnence and distinction. In 1886 he was ap-\\npointed 1 S. District Attorney, and held the\\nposition two years, resigning in 1888. In\\nMarch, 1801, he was elected by the common\\ncouncil of St. Paul corporation attorney, and\\nserved one term of two years. Meanwhile he\\nhad been active in politics as a Democrat, had\\nrendered many services to his party, and had\\nbecome very popular in its councils. In 1892\\nhis party honored him by nominating him as\\nits candidate for Governor. He accepted and\\nmade a most brilliant canvass, his eloquent\\naddresses at various points in the State estab-\\nlishing his reputation as a public speaker sec-\\nond to none in the Northwest. With the over-\\nwhelming odds against him, he did not expect\\nan (lection, and when he received several\\nthousand more votes than did his ticket as i\\nwhole, he was entirely satisfied. It was during\\nhis canvass of the State this year that he\\ncoined tlie expression now so common in po-\\nlitical parlance: I am no man s man and\\nwear no man s collar. In 1896 he was chosen\\nI he member of the National Democratic Com\\nmittee from Minnesota, but by reason of his\\nopposition to Mr. Bryan and the Chicago plat-\\nform refused to qualify for the position. In\\n1S9. he became chief counsel of the legal de-\\npartment of the Chicago Great Western Kail\\nway. which position he still holds. Though he\\nis no longer a politician in active service, Mr.\\nLawler has not lost his interest in political", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n1S1\\nmatters, and especially in political campaigns.\\nIn the Presidential campaign of 1896 he was\\nopposed to the platform of the Democrats\\nmade at Chicago, and was what was termed a\\ngold Democrat, taking a somewhat active\\npart in behalf of the Palmer and Buckuer tick-\\net. Of .Mr. Lawler s forensic abilities, one of\\nhis associates at the bar, a political opponent,\\nbut a personal friend, says:\\nDaniel W. Lawler is one of the most pol-\\nished and best equipped orators in the ^Yest.\\nAs a political speaker lie has no peer in his\\nparty in the State. If any man could persuade\\nme to be a Democrat, I think he could. As an\\nadvocate before a jury he has few equals. He\\nis always earnest and eloquence is but ear-\\nnestness given expression so that he is always\\neloquent, whether addressing a jury of twelve\\nmen on the subject of a common lawsuit or a\\nvast concourse upon the leading public ques-\\ntions of the day. Personally he is universally\\npopular wherever known. 1 remember thai\\nwhen he was a candidate for Governor he ran\\nvery largely ahead of his ticket here in St.\\nPaul, where he was best known.\\nIn 1886 Mr. Lawler married Miss Elizabeth\\nO Leary, daughter of the late Hon. John J.\\nO Leary, a prominent citizen and business man\\nof St. Paul. To them have been born three\\nchildren, two of whom, named, respectively,\\nSamuel Fahnestock and Margaret Elizabeth\\nLawler, are living. A son. named John Daniel\\nLawler, died in infancy.\\nCLINTON MORRISON.\\nClinton Morrison, one of the leading busi-\\nness men and bankers of Minneapolis, was\\nborn at Livermore, Maine, January 21, 1842.\\nHe is the iddest son of Dorilus Morrison, one\\nof th.e early settlers of Minnesota, and the first\\nmayor of Minneapolis. The father s biography\\nappears in another part of tins book. Though\\na native of New England, Clinton Morrison s\\ntraining and residence from youth have been\\nin Minneapolis, he having accompanied his\\nparents when they removed hither in IS. lie\\nattended the public schools of Minneapolis and\\nreceived his business training as assistant to\\nhis father, with whom he was always closelj\\nassociated in his extensive commercial opera\\ntions. In 1863, with his brother, George 11.\\nMorrison, he engaged in merchandising in a\\ngeneral store in Minneapolis, principally for\\nthe outfitting of lumbermen. He naturally\\nfollowed his father s line of investments, which\\nwere in pine lands, mills and lumber, and soon\\ndrifted into lumbering. The Morrison Broth-\\ners operated a water-power saw mill at the\\nFalls of St. Anthony, opened a lumber yard,\\nand carried on a large lumber business until\\nthe death of George II., which occurred Jan\\nnary I 1882. After tin- death of his brother.\\nClinton Morrison gave his attention more ex-\\nclusively to assisting his father, who had be-\\ncome extensively engaged in business con-\\nnected with the Northern Pacific Railway, and\\nin the Minneapolis Harvester Works. The lat-\\nter business was especially entrusted to Clinton\\nMorrison, who was vice president of the corpo-\\nration, and who gave it (lose and constant\\nattention and brought il to a condition of great\\nprosperity. They manufactured mowers, har-\\nvesters and binders, and when the twine\\nbinder was perfected by Mr. Appleby who\\nwas in the employ of the Minneapolis Com\\npany it was adopted for general use, and the\\nnew invention proved a great success. Mr.\\nMorrison has been for many years a trustee\\nof the Farmers Mechanics Savings Bank of\\nMinneapolis. In 1886 he was made its presi-\\ndent, and has continued in that position to the\\npresent time. This bank has become the larj;\\nest one of its kind, not only in Minneapolis\\nbut in the entile Northwest, and its phenom-\\nenal growth and success are the best evidence\\nof the ability of its acting head and manager.\\nThe building erected and occupied by this in-\\nstitution on South Fourth street is perhaps\\nthe finest and most perfectly equipped count-\\ning-house in the State, and its deposits have\\nreached the enormous sum of f7,000,000. One\\nof the leading attorneys of Minneapolis who\\nhas known Mr. Morrison intimately for many\\nyears says of him\\nClinton Morrison is a man of quick percep\\ntions and has a wonderful grasp of business\\naffairs. His plans are all carefully matured in", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "I 82\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nadvance, and when he is ready to execute them\\nthere is no hesitation or delay. He is a very\\npositive man and lias a wonderful grasp of\\ndetails. His mind operates quickly, and lie\\ndoes not care for lengthy explanations of any\\nbusiness proposition. Mr. Morrison is very\\ncharitable, lint his giving is always iu a quiet\\nand unostentatious way.\\nOne of the leading bankers of Minneapolis\\nsays of Mr. Morrison:\\nAs a financier of the highest order Mr. Clin-\\nton Morrison stands pre-eminent. Very few\\nmen of this country have made so few mis-\\ntakes, and a long life of undeviating success\\nattests tins fact. Mr. Morrison s insight into\\na business proposition is phenomenal, and a\\nfew hours cogitation brings him to a correct\\nconclusion, where ether men of equal expe-\\nrience require days to arrive at a decision. Mr.\\nMorrison has been either vice president or\\npresident of the Fanners Mechanics Sav-\\nings Bank for twenty-five years, and his able\\nguidance and counsel have been largely instru-\\nmental in making this what it is the largest\\nmoneyed institution in the Northwest.\\nMr. Morrison was married in February, 1873,\\nto Miss Julia Washburn, daughter of Nehe-\\nmiah Washburn, then a resident of Minneap-\\nolis, but a native of Boston, Massachusetts.\\nMrs. Morrison died October 11, 1883, leaving a\\ndaughter, Ethel, and a son, Angus Washburn\\nMorrison. Mr. Morrison is a Republican in\\npolitics without personal ambition for political\\nhonors or responsibilities. He is a strong sup-\\nporter of the Universalist Church, as his father\\nwas before him. He is a prominent member,\\nand vice president of the Minneapolis Club.\\nTHOMAS LOWRY.\\nThomas Lowry. of Minneapolis, was born on\\na farm in Logan county, Illinois, February 21,\\nL843. His father. Samuel R. Lowry, a native\\nof Londonderry, Ireland, emigrated to America\\nwhen a young man and located in Pennsyl-\\nvania. Here he married Miss Rachael Bullock,\\na native of Harrisburg, who died in early\\nwomanhood. The lather, by his energy and\\nindustry, acquired a fair competence, and, in\\nIs.! 4, removed to the West, traveling from\\nPittsburg to Springfield, Illinois, on horse-\\nback. A man of commanding presence, great\\ndignity of character, courtly manners, and act-\\nive in business affairs, he soon became promi-\\nnent in his section of the Slate, and was one\\nof Abraham Lincoln s early friends and clients.\\nMr. Lowry has in his possession, and prizes\\nhighly, personal letters written to his father\\nby Mr. Lincoln, when he was a plain, country\\nlawyer, unknown to fame. In 1849 Samuel R.\\nLowry removed to Schuyler county, Illinois,\\nwhere he at once took front rank among the\\nleading men of that part of the State. It was\\nin this new home that the boy Thomas began\\nhis lessons in life, and, like all boys of his\\ntime, was put to work on his father s farm in\\nthe summer, attending the village school dur-\\ning the winter months; and. fortunately, his\\neducational facilities were exceedingly good\\nfor that time. In 1863 he entered Lombard\\nUniversity at Galesburg, Illinois, but owing to\\nill health was forced to leave that institution\\nbefore graduating. After leaving college he\\nentered the law office of John 0. Bagby, at\\nRushville, Illinois, with whom he studied until\\nMay, 18U7, when he was admitted to practice\\nin all the courts of Illinois. Thus equipped\\nwith a good education and a profession, young\\nLowry turned his face to the new Northwest\\nto lit gin for himself the battle of life. While\\nseeking a location, in the spring of lstiT, he\\ncame to Minneapolis, and was so favorably im-\\npressed with the thriving village that he at\\nonce determined to settle there. lie at once\\nbegan (he practice of law, and continued his\\nprofessional career successfully until about\\n1SS4, when the large personal interests he had\\nsecured in various important enterprises, per-\\ntaining to the growth and development of both\\nthe cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, forced\\nhim to abandon his chosen profession. Sue\\ncessful as Mr. Lowry had been in the (practice\\nof law, he had no sooner accepted the respon-\\nsibilities of these new interests than he at once\\ndeveloped that wonderful talent in the admin\\nistration of business affairs which has since\\ncontributed ill a most remarkable degree to\\nthe marvelous growth and prosperity of the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "BTOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n183\\nTwin Cities of the Northwest. Most conspic-\\nuous among the many important interests with\\nwhich Mr. Lowry lias been identified, and has\\nlargely controlled, are the street railway sys-\\ntems of the cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis.\\nTaking control of the street railways of these\\ncities iu their early infancy, when the one was\\nbut barely self-supporting and the other in\\nhelpless bankruptcy. Mr. Lowry lias carried\\nthem forward until the short tramway lines,\\noperated by one-horse power, of a few years\\nago have grown into the most extensive and\\nthoroughly equipped electric street car system\\nto be found in the world. In addition to his\\nstreet car interests Mr. Lowry has been prom-\\ninently identified with the railway enterprises\\nof the Northwest, contributing largely to the\\nconstruction of the Minneapolis, St. Paul\\nSault Ste. Marie Railway, of which he is now\\nthe president. With many of the local enter-\\nprises of the city in which be lives Mr. Lowry\\nhas been prominently connected, and its gen-\\neral business growth and its commercial and\\nmanufacturing interests have been greatly pro-\\nmoted by his public spirited influence and\\nhelping hand.\\nA prominent journalist, statesman and au-\\nthor who has known Mr. Lowry intimately for\\nmany years says of him:\\nSomething more than stereotyped phrases\\nare needed to describe the altogether excep-\\ntional characteristics of Mr. Lowry. The fact\\nis, he is sui generis a remarkable man in\\nmany ways. Among the thousands of his ac-\\nquaintances all over the country there are\\nnone who do not regard him as a prodigy of\\nendurance as well as of pluck and persever-\\nance. Tt is a general remark that the strain\\nwhich lie has often undergone with seeming\\ncase would kill most men. Yet to all outward\\nappearance he remains unvexed and unwear-\\nied. Let the skies be cloudy or bright, it is\\nall the same. The anxieties of business do not\\nrol him for a moment of that smile and hearty\\nhandshake with which he greets all.\\nCapital is not sentimental, but Mr. Lowry\\nhas succeeded in enlisting it more than once\\nthrough the friendship entertained for him by\\nhard headed business men whose admiration\\nconquered their prejudices and made him suc-\\ncessful where most others would have failed.\\nAnd the pleasant thing about it is that these\\nimpulses of friendship proved financial wis-\\ndom, for investments thus made were never\\nmisplaced.\\nMr. Lowry has an aptitude for story-telling\\nto illustrate a point scarcely inferior to that\\nof Abraham Lincoln, and many is the victory\\nhe has won at the bar, before legislative com-\\nmittees, and with boards of aldermen by the\\nhappy application of a story which clinched\\nan argument better than an hour of eloquent\\noratory.\\nMr. Lowry s capacity for work is wonderful.\\nOne would naturally look for scores of clerks,\\nmessengers and agents about his office and ex-\\niled to encounter delay in securing an au-\\ndience; Imt instead of this a couple of quiet,\\ncapable men, as unassuming as himself, are\\nfound in the outer rooms, and it is very rarely\\nthat a caller is kept waiting beyond a few\\nminutes. Yet ask for a document relating to\\nbusiness in which you are concerned, and\\nwhich yon may think he, as well as you has\\nwell-nigh forgotten, and in almost less time\\nthan it takes to write it the paper is forth-\\ncoming, and the facts are recalled by him with\\na particularity that astonishes you.\\nIf asked to name the most popular man in\\nhis home city, there would be one voice in se-\\nlecting Mr. Lowry. And this popularity\\nextends far beyond business circles or personal\\nacquaintances. Thousands who have never\\nmet him are familiar with his jokes, his gener-\\nosity, his benevolence, and take pride in his\\nname and success.\\nIf he had turned his attention to politics he\\ncould have commanded almost any position in\\nthe gift of the people. He is abundantly\\nequipped for public service, for his head is a\\nstore-house of facts, and few men are better\\nposted on the political events of the last thirty\\nyears.\\nWhile familiar with humble life and the hard\\ndigs of fortune, his home is one of elegance,\\nwhere hospitality is dispensed with a lavish\\nhand, and where the refinement and culture\\ndisplayed has often astonished the cosmopolite\\nwlio looked only for rude prodigality in the\\nhomes of Western millionaires.\\nCharles Lamb used to say that the most en-\\njoyable thing in life was to do good by stealth\\nand be found out by accident. If this is true.\\nMr. Lowry has been exceedingly fortunate, for\\nmany of his benefactions have found him out\\nin spite of his efforts at concealment. But\\nhundreds of his kind acts are known as yet\\nonly to the recipients, and will never come to\\nlight except through accident or the betrayal\\nof grateful hearts.\\nI have sometimes regarded Mr. Lowrv as", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "1 84\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\none of the strongest links between labor and\\ncapital to be found in the West, if not in the\\nwhole country. No person of all the thousands\\nin his employ could meet him and not feel thai\\nhe intended to be fair between man and man.\\nThere is such a positive absence of assump-\\ntion, such a plain, straightforward way of put-\\nting things, such an evidence in all his man-\\nagement of keeping the live and let live motto\\nto the front, that few could withstand and\\nnone could doubt his sincerity. With probably\\nas large an acquaintance all over the land as\\nany man in the United States, Mr. Lowry has\\nmore friends and fewer enemies than any one\\nit has ever been my fortune to meet.\\nMr. Lowry has always been a Republican,\\nbut was never a candidate for any office. In\\n1870 he was married to Beatrice M., daugh-\\nter of Dr. C. G. Goodrich of Minneapolis.\\nTo them have been born two daughters and\\none son, Mary, the wife of H. P. Robinson of\\nThe Railway Age, Chicago; Nellie, wife of\\nPercy Hageman of Colorado Springs, Colorado,\\nand Horace Lowry, a student at the State Uni-\\nversity.\\nHORACE R, BIGELOW.\\nHorace Ransom Bigelow was born in Water-\\nvliet, Albany county, New York. March 13,\\n1820, and died in St. Paul, Minnesota. Novem\\nber 14, 1804. He was the son of Erastus and\\nStatira Ransom Bigelow, who came from Con-\\nnecticut and settled in Troy, New York, when\\nHorace was an infant; a few years later they\\nremoved to Oneida county, where the son re-\\nceived his literary education, mainly at the\\npublic schools of Sangerfield and the gymna-\\nsium at Utica, in that county. His grandfather,\\nOtis Bigelow, was a patriot soldier in the Rev-\\nolutionary War, and a member of the agricul-\\ntural class. His father, Erastus Bigelow, was\\nalso a farmer, and Horace, during his youth\\nand early manhood, aided his father in the\\nfarm work during the summer months, at-\\ntended school, and later taught school during\\nthe winter season. After reaching his twenty\\nfirst year he decided to follow a professional\\ncareer, and with this object in view he com-\\nmenced the study of law. He read with Charles\\nA. Mann and with John H. Edmonds of Utica,\\nand was admitted to the bar in that city in\\n1847. He then opened an office, together with\\nEdward S. Brayton, for the practice of his pro-\\nfession in Utica, and from the first they were\\nsuccessful. Mr. Bigelow was for a time clerk\\nof the Recorder s Court and other courts in\\nOneida county. In the autumn of 185:! he de-\\ncided to seek a new location, and in company\\nwith Charles E. Flandrau, came to Minnesota.\\nThey landed at St. Paul, November 2, of that\\nyear, and immediately launched the firm of\\nBigelow Flandrau, attorneys at law. St.\\nPaul was at that time a village of about 2,500\\ninhabitants, and the opportunities for law\\npractice were quite limited, and he found it\\nnecessary to look for other employment. The\\nfirst winter he taught in the public schools of\\nthe town, and afterwards acted as agent for\\nthe sale of Benton s Thirty Years in the\\nUnited States Senate. Judge Flandrau went\\nto St. Peter after a few months and resided\\nthere until his election to the first Supreme\\nCourt bench of the State, in 1858. Mr. Bigelow\\nresumed the practice of the law in St. Paul\\nin partnership with the late John B. Brisbin,\\nunder the firm name of Brisbin Bigelow,\\nwhich firm continued for several years, and\\nhad a large general practice. After its disso-\\nlution he was for a time associated with Oliver\\nDalrymple as Bigelow Dalrymple, whose\\nbusiness was largely confined to the prosecu\\ntion, before the Department at Washington,\\nof Indian claims, growing out of the Sioux\\nmassacre of 18(52. In 1805 he formed a part-\\nnership with Greenleaf Clark, under the firm\\nname of Bigelow Clark. The business of\\nthis firm increased rapidly, and in 1870 Judge\\nFlandrau returned to St. Paul, and the firm of\\nBigelow, Flandrau Clark was formed, which\\ncontinued in business till 1881, when Mr. Clark\\nwas appointed to the Supreme Bench. Upon\\nthe retirement of Mr. Clark, George C. Squires\\nwas admitted to the firm, the firm name being\\nBigelow, Flandrau Squires, which partner-\\nship continued until 1887, when Mr. Bigelow\\nretired from the active practice of the law.\\nMr. Bigelow was known as an able and skill-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "The Onlury PubUShvig Cnymvmj Co Chdcapor", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n185\\nfu! lawyer. He gave the closest attention to\\nhis profession, and rose step by step until he\\nhad but few peers, and no superiors, as an\\nattorney in the State of Minnesota. He had\\nan intuitive grasp of legal questions, and con-\\nducted a general practice, embracing all the\\nbranches of the profession, save criminal law.\\nAlthough a clever and forcible reasoner and an\\neasy speaker, he had no taste for advocacy of\\ncases before a jury, always preferring the\\npresentation of the legal aspect of a litigation\\nto a court. Before the courts of last resort his\\npractice was very extensive and successful,\\nnever failing to engage the attention and com-\\nmand the respect of those courts to a remark-\\nable degree. For twenty-seven years he gave\\nhis individual attention very largely to rail-\\nroad and corporation law, during which period\\nhe was the leading counsel of some of the most\\ninfluential corporations in the Northwest. No\\nman stood higher in the legal profession of\\nMinnesota than Horace R. Bigelow, and the\\nbar attested their appreciation by electing him\\npresident of the Bar Association during his\\nmore active career. He was entrusted with\\nthe most important litigation which came be-\\nfore the courts while in active practice, and the\\nclearness with which he grasped abstruse legal\\nquestions, and the vast fund of information\\nacquired by his studious life, made him a most\\nformidable competitor at the bar. Loved and\\nrespected by all who knew him. he lived a pure\\nand honorable life, an example for generations\\nto come. Politically Mr. Bigelow was an old\\nline Whig, joining the Republican party when\\nit was first established. He was never active\\nin politics and never sought office, though he\\nwas candidate for Chief Justice of the State in\\n1857, the nomination coming to him unsought.\\nHe was defeated by Judge Emmet. Mr. Bige-\\nlow was married in June, 1862, to Cornelia\\nSluiTill, of New Hartford, Oneida county.\\nNew York. They were the parents of five\\nchildren, three sons and two daughters. The\\nthird son, George, died in early youth. The\\nfirst son, Lewis, is now a resident of New York.\\nemployed on the local staff of the New York\\nJournal. Horace, the second son, is an able\\nlawyer, in the practice of his profession in\\nSt. Paul, and now county attorney of Ramsey\\ncounty. The daughters are Alice (Mrs. Ethan\\nAllen of New York City), and Cornelia, the\\nyoungest, now living with her mother in St.\\nPaul.\\nTHOMAS SIMPSON.\\nHon. Thomas Simpson, a prominent member\\nof the bar of Winona, Minnesota, was born in\\nthe north of England, May .SI, 1836, the son\\nof Anthony and Elizabeth (Bonson) Simpson.\\nHe is descended from Scotch ancestry, though\\nhis father and father s father were both born\\non English soil. His maternal grandfather,\\nRobert Bonson, was a doctor by profession;\\nbin both grandfathers were interested in min-\\ning, Nathan Simpson in the mother country,\\nwhile Robert Bonson, who visited America in\\n1825 and remained here for several years, did\\nsome pioneering in our mining industry, found-\\ning the first lead furnace at Galena, Illinois,\\nand also the first at Dubuque, Iowa. Anthony\\nSimpson son of Nathan as a young man\\nsuperintended an English lead mine in Swale-\\ndale, Yorkshire. About 1837, and while the\\nsubject of this sketch was an infant, he brought\\nhis family to America and settled in Dubuque,\\nIowa. There he became engaged in the mining\\nand smelting business, at the same time con-\\nducting the farm upon which he lived, and\\nwhere he died in 1866, his wife surviving him\\nuntil 1871. While in England, Anthony and\\nElizabeth Simpson had been members of the\\nWesleyan church. In America they identified\\nthemselves with the Methodist Episcopal\\nchurch, in the official activities of which An-\\nthony long tool; a leading part. He was much\\nrespected as an upright and responsible citi-\\nzen, and was early drawn into prominence in\\nsecular as well as religious affairs. His son\\nThomas, to whose life and achievements this\\nsketch will now confine itself, was one of ten\\nchildren, six of whom are still living. Thomas\\ngrew u] in Dubuque, attending school and\\nassisting, as his age and strength permitted,\\nin flu- farm work and the mining and smelting.", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\nHis public school education was but a founda-\\ntion for the diversified practical knowledge\\nlater acquired by his studious mind. He in\\ndulged an early bent for both civil engineering\\nand legal study, and in the former look a\\ncourse of training from the Rev, E. S. Nonas,\\na clergyman of distinction, who had at a\\nformer period been State Surveyor of Maine.\\nMis studies were completed in 185:!, and in\\nthe following year, Mr. Norris having received\\nfrom the United States Surveyor General at\\nDubuque the contract for running the guide\\nmeridians and standard parallels the basal\\nlines for government survey of Minnesota\\nTerritory he engaged young Simpson to ac-\\ncompany him as one of his corps of assistants.\\nSoon discovering that his ex-pupil, though but\\nseventeen, was competent to take charge of\\nthe work, he turned it over to our subject, who\\ncarried it on to its completion in 1855. This\\nwork is on record in the office of the United\\nStates Surveyor General at St. Paul. In this\\nconnection it may be stated that in December,\\n1899, Mr. Simpson read before the Minnesota\\nHistorical Society, at St. Paul, a paper pre-\\npared by him on The History of the Early\\nGovernment Land Survey in Minnesota West\\nof I lie Mississippi River. The reading was\\nlistened to with intense interest, and the\\npaper, which was recognized as a most valu-\\nable contribution of data to the early history\\nof the State, will be published by the His\\ntorical Society. Shortly alter completing his\\nsurveying task, in 1855, Mr. Simpson was\\ncommissioned by the government to go to\\nGreen Bay, Wisconsin, to determine the boun-\\ndaries of the Menominee Indian reservation.\\nwith a view to protecting the Red Men in their\\ntimber and lumber rights. Since the beginning\\nof 1856 Mr. Simpson has been a resident of\\nWinona. For the first few years after locating\\nhere he was engaged in real estate and loan\\noperations; but his previously acquired knowl-\\nedge of law had not been forgotten, nor his\\nlegal ambition abandoned. In 1858 he was\\nadmitted to the bar of Minnesota, and has\\nsince been in active and successful practice.\\nDuring this time he has been a member in\\ntwo law partnerships; the first with Judge\\nAimer Lewis, which was dissolved in 18(14, and\\nthe second with George 1 Wilson, who was\\nsubsequently elected Attorney General of the\\nState. Mr. Simpson s political tenets are Re-\\npublican, and he has been made the incumbent\\nof various public offices. Shortly after coming\\nof age he was elected justice of the peace in\\nthe city of Winona. After his two-years term\\nof service, he was made secretary of the con-\\nsolidated school districts of the city. He has\\nserved three terms as alderman, and was the\\nfirst presiden! of I he city board of education.\\nIn L864 he was appointed on the Normal\\nSchool Board of Minnesota, and retained his\\nmembership for twenty years, serving during\\na large portion of that period as president of\\nthe board. In 1866 he was elected to the State\\nSenate, and his record as a member of the\\nGeneral Assembly is an honorable one.\\nThroughout his mature life he has been a com-\\nmunicant of the Methodist Episcopal church.\\nHi was superintendent of the Sunday school\\nof the Central Methodist church of Winona\\nfrom 1856 to L892, and has rendered a variety\\nof important official services to the church.\\nMr. Simpson was married October 30, I860, to\\nIsabella Margaret Ilolstein, a Pennsylvania\\nlady. Three sons were the fruit of their union\\nGeorge T., .lames K. and Earl. Mrs. Simp-\\nson died December 21, 1888. The development\\nof Mr. Simpson s career has been intimately\\nassociated with that of his city and his State.\\nWhen he settled in Minnesota its population\\nwas sparse, probably less than six thousand,\\nand, taking at once the attitude of a wide-\\nawake citizen, with the good of his community\\nat heart, he came rapidly into touch with\\nvaried phases of its industry and progress. He\\nhas been prominent in promoting the manu-\\nfacturing interests of Winona; was among the\\norganizers of the Second National Bank, and\\nfor many years served as ils president; con-\\ntributed strongly to the forces which estab\\nlished the Winona Western Railroad, and\\nis now secretary and general counsel for the\\ncompany. He has controlled extensive landed\\ninterests in the State, and is counted among\\nthe substantial and leading men of southern\\n.Minnesota.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "Gv^t.\\nc^y^gu^j", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n187\\nCHARLES E. FLANDRAU.\\nAmong the ablest jurists and foremost citi-\\nzens of St. Paul is Charles Eugene Flandrau,\\na resident of the Territory and State of Minne-\\nsota for nearly half a century. He was born\\nin the city of New York, July 15, 1828. The\\nname suggests his French origin, and, indeed,\\nthe nativity of his paternal ancestors was\\nFrance. They were Huguenots, conscientious\\nin their religious convictions, and tenacious as\\nJohn Calvin in their adherence to the faith.\\nThey emigrated from La Rochelle, in France,\\nand settled in Westchester county, New York,\\nwhere they founded the town of New Rochelle.\\nHis father, Thomas H. Flandrau, was born in\\nthis town, but removed early to the city of\\nUtica, where he entered the profession of law.\\nHe subsequently removed to New York City,\\nand for some time was associated in partner-\\nship with that able lawyer, eminent scholar,\\nconspicuous politician and adventurer, Aarou\\nBurr. His mother was Elizabeth Macomb, the\\nhalf-sister of Gen. Alexander Macomb, who\\nwas commander-in-chief of the army of the\\nUnited States from 1828 to 1841. In early\\nboyhood Charles E. Flandrau attended school\\nat Georgetown, in the District of Columbia,\\nand while so occupied, at the age of thirteen,\\nsought to enter the U. S. Navy as midshipman.\\nFailing, on account of youth, served only to\\nstimulate his desire and fix his determination\\nto become a sailor. Accordingly he shipped as\\na common seaman on the United States rev-\\nenue cutter Forward, where he served a\\nyear, and then shipped for another year in the\\nVan Buren. The realities encountered in\\nactual service on board a government ship\\nwere not such as had been foreshadowed in\\nhis youthful dreams of a sea-faring life, and\\na few voyages on different merchant vessels\\nsatiated his longing for naval distinction.\\nWith cheerful content he returned to his books\\nat Georgetown, but only for a brief period.\\nHe was restless, as well as ambitious, and\\nwanted to make his energy productive at once.\\nThe delay incident to preparation at school\\nwas irksome, and to his youthful mind the\\ncompensation was doubtful in comparison with\\nthe immediate earning capacity of his muscle.\\nMoved by this utilitarian idea, he returned to\\nNew York, and followed the trade of sawing\\nmahogany veneers for a period of three years.\\nBy this time young Flandrau had arrived at\\nthe age which qualified him to exercise dis\\ncretion wisely. His mind reverted to his\\nfather and his father s profession. On reflec-\\ntion, he became convinced that the law alone\\nwas adapted to his taste, and in that he must\\nsucceed. With a firm and steadfast resolution\\nhe entered his father s office in the town of\\nWhitesboro, New York, whither the family\\nhad removed, and began the study of text-\\nbooks as a man who has tried experiments\\nand is conscious of doing the right thing. He\\nstudied earnestly and laboriously under the\\ndirection and instruction of a teacher inter-\\nested in his proficiency and permanent success,\\nrather than his ability to answer questions\\nselected for an examination. A conscientious\\nfather charged with the duty of instructing\\nhis son in the law, is actuated to a degree both\\nby family pride and professional honor. He\\ncannot afford to send out an indifferent, half-\\nbaked lawyer to prey upon the public, dis-\\nparage his own family name, and discredit the\\nprofession in which his own standing is good.\\nSo he naturally fixes a higher standard of\\nproficiency for his son as a student, than\\nwould be fixed for students in whom he had\\nno other than a passing interest, young men\\npermitted to have a desk in his office, and to\\nuse his books as a sort of accommodation.\\nCharles E. Flandrau, therefore, applied him-\\nself strenuously to study for several years\\nbefore admission to the bar, and when author-\\nized by that formality to practice in the courts\\nof New York, formed a partnership with his\\nfather. This was terminated in two years,\\nbecause of his determination to anticipate the\\nadvice of Horace Greeley by going West. The\\nfame of the new Northwest had reached the\\nEast, and the Territory of Minnesota was\\nalready attracting for settlement within its\\nborders some of the brightest minds and most\\nenterprising men of New England and New\\nYork. In November, 1853, Charles E. Flan-\\ndrau and Horace R. Bigelow settled in St.", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "1 88\\nF.TOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\nPaul, and formed a partnership for the prac-\\ntice of law. There was not much business for\\na lawyer at the time; the town was small and\\nthe settlers not inclined to be litigious. Advice\\nwas cheap, and a young man in the profession\\nwas obliged either to have what horsemen\\ncall staying qualities, or capacity for other\\nkinds of work, in order to live. Mr. Flandrau\\nwas fortunately favored with both, and, be-\\nsides, had a desire to obtain by personal\\nobservation a knowledge of the resources of\\nthe territory in which he had established his\\nhome. He traveled extensively, and at length\\nsettled in the village of Traverse des Sioux, in\\nthe beautiful valley of the Minnesota river.\\nOn the frontier, in an agricultural communily,\\nthere is one class of inhabitants. They are all\\nsettlers, as different from the mixed and\\nchanging population of a mining community\\nwhere speculation rules, as the sturdy Missis-\\nsippi is different from the restless, rushing\\nmountain brook. They fraternize and help\\none another. The lawyer is the leader, de-\\npended upon to direct affairs and to hold the\\noffices. Mr. Flandrau became identified with\\nthe community quickly and thoroughly. He\\nwas chosen a member of the Constitutional\\nConvention of 1857, under which the State\\nGovernment was organized, and had previous-\\nly been a member of the Territorial Council.\\nPolitically he was a Democrat, and in favor\\nwith two administrations at Washington be-\\nfore the war. President Pierce appointed him\\nIndian agent for the Sioux nation in 1856, and\\nthe following year President Buchanan ap-\\npointed him Associate Justice of the Supreme\\n!ourt for the Territory. In the former position\\nhe rendered valuable service in punishing the\\nSioux Indians implicated in the massacres at\\nSpirit Lake and Springfield, and in rescuing\\nand returning safely to their homes the\\nwomen captives taken at the time of the mas-\\nsacres. The latter position was the stepping\\nstone to that of Justice of the Supreme Court\\nof the State, to which he was elected as a\\nDemocratic candidate. As a member of the\\nfirst Supreme Court, his labor was arduous\\nand exacting, in arranging the details for the\\norganization of the judiciary and formulating\\na system of practice in the courts, and con-\\nstruing the statutes framed under the\\nConstitution. For this work Judge Flandrau\\nwas peculiarly qualified by service in the Con-\\nstitutional Convention. He had participated in\\nthe discussions and understood thoroughly the\\nintent of that body in framing and adopting\\neach article of the instrument. His interpre-\\ntation of the Constitution was practically\\nauthoritative, and his construction of the laws\\nenacted to carry its provisions into effect was\\naccepted; his judgment as to the conformity\\nof the statutes to the fundamental law was\\ntin- judgment of an expert. The judicial\\nopinions written by him are expressed in clear,\\nterse and vigorous language. They are free\\nalike from ambiguity and pedantry, and so\\nplain and simple as to be readily comprehended\\nby a layman. They are found in the first nine\\nvolumes of the Minnesota Reports. Judge\\nFlandrau resigned the office of Justice of the\\nSupreme Court in 1804, and removed to Carson\\nCity, Nevada, where he resumed practice as\\na member of the bar. He moved thence to St.\\nLouis, Missouri, where he formed a partnership\\nwith Col. R. H. Musser, of that city, but the\\nexperiment was so unsatisfactory that the\\npartnership was terminated, and he returned\\nto Minnesota before sufficient time had elapsed\\nto gain a residence in St. Louis. Locating\\nfirst at Minneapolis, he became associated in\\npartnership with Judge Isaac Atwater, and\\nsoon afterwards was elected city attorney, and\\nlater was chosen president of its first board\\nof trade. At length, in 1870, he resumed his\\nresidence in St. Paul, after an interval of more\\nthan six years, and settled dowm with serene\\ncontentment to the practice of the law, first\\nas a member of the firm of Pigelow, Flandrau\\nClark, and after that as senior member of\\nFlandrau, Squires Cutcheon, and now alone.\\nAn incident, related of the outbreak of the\\nSioux Indians in ISlii illustrates at once\\nJudge Flandrau s courage, intrepidity and\\npromptness to act in emergency at a time of\\nmanifest public peril. While at his home in\\nTraverse des Sioux on the morning of the 18th\\nof August, 1862, he received information that\\nthe terrible tribe of Sioux was on the warpath.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n189\\nmurdering settlers who could not escape.\\nWithout other authority than tin* instinct of\\nself-preservation and the impulse to save his\\nneighbors from massacre by the savages, he\\nproceeded to assemble, arm and equip a com-\\npany of volunteers. Before noou of the same\\nday he was ou the march to New Ulm, in\\ncommand of a company of one hundred and\\nfifteen men. On arriving at the exposed and\\nthreatened town, he was chosen commander-\\nin-chief of all the volunteer forces assembled,\\nand his brilliant, successful defense of New\\nUlm, in a desperately contested battle lasting\\nforty hours, forms a thrilling chapter in the\\nhistory of Minnesota. He was a hero and a\\npatriot, loved, praised and revered by the\\nhelpless settlers he had rescued from death at\\nthe hands of the most cruel and blood-thirsty\\nfoes. The incident is without precedent, in\\nthe fact that the principal actor was instantly\\ntransformed, by his own volition, from a calm,\\nconservative jurist, to a military leader and\\nexecutive officer. His movement was so\\nprompt and effective that he was requested\\nby the Governor of the State to remain for\\nsome time in command of the volunteers, and\\nwas empowered to enroll additional troops for\\nthe defence and protection of the southern\\nhoi-der of (lie State. Judge Flandrau has been\\nfrequently honored with nominations by his\\nparty, which were accepted with loyal sub-\\nmission to the party s will, when there was\\nno hope of election because of the overwhelm-\\nin Republican majority. Once he was nomin-\\nated for Governor; another time for Chief\\nJustice of the Supreme Court, and acted as\\nchairman of the Democratic State Central\\nCommittee. While a Democrat of the Jeffer\\nsonian school, he places fidelity to principle\\nabove fealty to party, and refuses to follow\\nafter strange gods at the behest of a packed\\nconvention ruled by a spirit of fanaticism. In\\nthe campaign of 1890 he declined to support\\nthe platform and presidential ticket of the\\nChicago convention. Entering the canvass as\\npresident of the Sound Money Club of Saint\\nPaul with enthusiasm, he labored earnestly\\non the stump for the defeat of his party, and\\nno speeches more able and effective were de-\\nlivered that year in Minnesota than those\\nwhich he made. His speeches were the more\\nentertaining because of his familiar acquaint-\\nance with the people of every locality and his\\naccurate knowledge of local history. He had\\na story for every place, by which he won the\\nsympathy of his auditors, and was then able\\nto hold their attention while he proceeded to\\nindoctrinate them. His memory and his\\nfaculty for appropriate anecdotes are marvel\\nous. Recalling incidents at will and associat-\\ning them accurately with places, tend to invest\\nhis political oratory with a peculiar charm,\\nand lend an additional element of power to\\nhis advocacy. As a lawyer he is strong in the\\npreparation of cases, clear and convincing in\\nargument. Judge Flandrau s personal popu-\\nlarity, springing naturally from his human\\nsympathy, his kindness of heart and genial\\nmanner, is evidenced by his wide acquaintance\\nthroughout the State, and the voluntary ex-\\npressions of citizens who have known him most\\nintimately. Always busy, he is never too busy\\nto welcome a friend. He never wastes time\\nby working without a definite purpose.\\nPromptness with him is a principle. What\\nhe engages to do is done without delay. He is\\na clear thinker and a ready writer. Whatever\\nhe writes is first carefully considered and then\\ntersely expressed. His facts are verified at\\nany cost of time or trouble, and hence their\\nstatement in the form of history is valuable.\\nHistory is not written or read for the amuse-\\nment of a passing hour, but for information\\nland instruction. Its value depends upon its\\naccuracy, which is by no means inconsistent\\nwith elegant style and rhetorical embellish-\\nment. Judge Flandrau has traveled much,\\nhaving visited nearly all the countries of the\\nworld. He is strong in his profession, strong\\nin his convictions and regard for principle,\\nstrong in the affectionate esteem of his fellow-\\ncitizens. He has a large library in his home,\\nand reads the best books. His culture is broad\\nand varied. He was married August 10, 1S59,\\nl\u00c2\u00abi Miss Isabella R. Dinsmore, of Kentucky,\\nwho died June 30, 1867, leaving two daugh-\\nters, one of whom subsequently married Tilden\\nR. Selmes and the other F. W. M. Cutcheon.", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "190\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nFebruary 28, 1871, he was married to Mrs.\\nRebecca B. Riddle, daughter of Judge William\\nP.. McClure, of Pittsburg, an eminent jurist,\\nwhose memory is honored throughout the\\nSlate of Pennsylvania. Two sous born of ihis\\nmarriage are Charles M. Flandrau, and Will-\\niam Blair McC. Flandrau.\\nISAAC ATWATER.\\nJudge Isaac Atwater was born at Homer,\\nCortland county, New York, May 3, 1818.\\nHis father was Ezra Atwater, a farmer, a\\nnative of Connecticut, of English extraction,\\nwhose ancestors settled in New Haven about\\nthe year 174S. His mother was Esther Learn-\\ning, also a native of Connecticut, of English\\ndescent. Isaac received his early education\\nin the common schools, and later prepared for\\ncollege at Cazenovia Seminary and in Homer\\nAcademy. He entered Yale College in 1S40.\\nIt was by his own exertions that he secured\\nhis education, as he never had a dollar except\\nwhat he earned himself by teaching school\\nduring the time he was preparing for college,\\nhis father not being able to assist him. After\\nhis graduation from Yale, in 1844, he went to\\nMacon. Georgia, and taught a preparatory\\nschool, earning money to meet his expenses.\\nAfter one year he returned to New Haven and\\nentered the Yale Law School, where he re-\\nmained eighteen months. He was admitted\\nto the bar of New York City in 1847, and com-\\nmenced the practice of his profession there\\nthe following year. His success was from the\\nfirst very flattering, but on account of ill-\\nhealth his physieian advised him to seek a\\nchange of climate. He was married in 184!) to\\nMiss Permelia A. Sanborn, daughter of John\\nSanborn, a business man of Geddes, New\\nYork. In 1850, he came with his wife to Minne-\\nsota and settled in St. Anthony Falls, and for\\none year was associated in the practice of law\\nwith John W. North. In 1851 he opened an\\noffice by himself, having meanwhile taken\\nthe position as editor of the St. Anthony Ex-\\npress, which he continued to edit for several\\nyears, giving it what time was necessary, but\\nnot to interfere with his legal practice. In\\n1851 he was appointed by the Territorial Leg\\nislature one of the regents of the University,\\nand was secretary of the board until he was\\nelected Associate Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt for the new Stale, in 1857, when he\\nresigned from the board of regents, lie was\\nelected county attorney for Hennepin county\\nin 1853, and was appointed by the Governor\\nreporter of the decisions of the Territorial\\nSupreme Court, lie served on the Supreme\\nBench six years, and, in 1864, resigned on\\naccount of the meager compensation. He then\\nwent to Carson City, Nevada, and opened a\\nlaw office in connection with Judge Charles\\nE. Flandrau, who had also resigned from the\\nSupreme Bench of Minnesota about the same\\ntime. He located in Carson City in the spring\\nof 1804, and remained there until the fall of\\n1S00. when he returned to Minneapolis and\\nresumed the practice of law in partnership\\nwith .Judge Flandrau. This partnership was\\ndissolved in 1871, after which he continued\\nin practice by himself, and in connection with\\nothers at various times, up to 1880, since which\\nhe has devoted his time to his private business\\nand real estate interests. lodge Atwater has\\nalways taken an active and prominent part in\\nall local public affairs. He has served his\\ncity as alderman, and was a member and presi-\\ndent of the Hoard of Trade for several years;\\nwas also a trustee of the Seabury Seminary\\nat Faribault, and was for many years a mem-\\nber of the school board and president of the\\nboard of education. When Judge Atwater\\nfirst settled in St. Anthony, he bought a block\\nof land for |800, entirely on credit. He paid\\nfor this in two years from his legal business.\\nThe first winter after his arrival, there was\\nmuch excitement about settling on the west\\nside of the river, in what was then the Fort\\nSnelling reservation. In December, 1850, John\\nH. Stevens and Franklin Steele urged him to\\ngo over and take up a claim. n one stormy\\nDecember day he staked out a claim of about\\none hundred and sixty acres, which included\\nthe land on which the West Hotel now stands.\\nThe next spring and summer he put up a\\nshanty and spent about flOO in improving the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "The- Century Puilisfiinf Cnyiminy CO chicaner\\n~y*~K^ ^yfc^-ciAjJ^Z", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\niyi\\nclaim. In 1852, he sold this claim, and bought\\nanother of one hundred and sixty acres below\\nwhere the court house now stands; this he\\nheld and preempted as soon as the land was\\nin market. Here lie laid out Atwater s Addi-\\ntion to the city of Minneapolis, most of which\\nhas since been sold in city lots. lie purchased\\nother property, and was one of the largest real\\nestate owners in the city, and he still holds\\nlarge interests and property in lots and build\\nings. While attending to his profession and\\nother business affairs, he has found much time\\nto devote to literary pursuits. He has been\\na frequent contributor to the secular press, to\\nthe standard magazines of the country, and in\\n1802 edited The History of Minneapolis, a\\nvaluable contribution to local history. He has\\never occupied a distinguished position among\\nhis professional brethren, and his native abil-\\nity and scholarly attainments have commanded\\na prominent place in the community where he\\nhas lived so many years. Although he has\\npassed his four-score years, his mind is still\\nclear and vigorous, and he lias, mi doubt, many\\nyears of usefulness before him. Mrs. Atwater\\nis still living in the enjoyment of good physical\\nand mental health. They are the parents of\\nfour children, only one of whom, a son, is now\\nliving John B. Atwater who is one of the\\nmost prominent and successful lawyers of\\nMinneapolis. Mr. Atwater is an active mem-\\nber of the Gethseinane Episcopal church. He\\nlias been a prudent contributor to all worthy\\ncharities, distributing his means judiciously.\\nHe has been a Mason since 1851, being the\\nfirst apprentice initiated in Cataract Lodge,\\nNo. 2, of St. Anthony. The above facts con-\\ncerning the life of Judge Atwater are prin-\\ncipally obtained from his old associate on the\\nbench and partner, Judge Flandrau, and the\\nonly regret his biographer has, is, that space\\nlimits a full narration of the excellent qualities\\nand valuable services of the Judge during his\\nlong career.\\nEDWARD SAWYER.\\nThe subject of this sketch was born July\\n11, 1830, at Dover, Stratford county, New\\nHampshire. He is the son of Thomas E. anil\\nElizabeth (Watson) Sawyer, both of English\\ndescent and natives of the Granite State. His\\nfather was a lineal descendant, through eleven\\ngenerations of Quaker stuck, of William Saw\\nyer, who, with two brothers Edward and\\nThomas came to this country from England\\nabout 1636, and who located at Salem, Massa-\\nchusetts, in 1640, removing later to Newbury,\\nin the same State. Thomas E. Sawyer was\\nprominent as a member of the bar and in\\npolitics, having for a number of terms repre-\\nsented the city of Dover in the New Hamp-\\nshire Legislature, and having once been\\nnominated as Whig candidate for the office\\nof Governor of the State. He was the father\\nof seven children, of whom Edward, our sub-\\nject, was the fourth. Edward Sawyer attended\\nthe common and high schools of Dover, and\\nsoon after completing his education entered\\nupon the active business career, the events\\nof which this sketch will now record. His\\nwork has lain largely in the field of financial\\nbusiness, and he has filled many responsible\\nand honorable posts. His initial position was\\nthat of cashier of the Farmers and Mechanics\\nHank, of Rochester, New Hampshire, which\\nhe held for two years, beginning with May,\\n1858. In June of that year he secured, also,\\nthe office of assistant clerk in the House of\\nRepresentatives of the State Legislature. In\\n1S( lie was advanced from assistant clerk to\\nclerk, and served for another two years in the\\nhigher capacity. In February, 1802, he became\\ncashier of the Merrimack County Bank, at Con-\\ncord, New Hampshire, and continued as such\\nfor three years. He then, in February, 1805,\\nremoved to Dubuque, Iowa, to fill the position\\nof cashier of the Northwestern Packet Com\\npany. In October of the following year this\\nconcern became consolidated with the North-\\nwestern T r nion Packet Company Davidson s\\nline and this occasioned Mr. Sawyer s re-\\nmoval to St. Paul, Minnesota, which city has\\nsince been his home. In 1868 he severed his\\nconnection with the Consolidated Packet Com-\\npany, and was for the next two years asso-\\nciated as cashier with the banking house of W.\\nF. Davidson Co. For a brief period, in 1871,", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "\\\\t)2\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nhe served as cashier to the late Jared Benson,\\ncollector of internal revenue for the St. Paul\\nDistrict. Afterwards, by appointment, he be-\\ncame secretary of the land department. St.\\nPaul Sioux City Railway Company. In this\\nposition he remained until August, 1878, when\\nhe received the appointment from the United\\nStates Circuit Court as receiver in the case of\\nNorthern Pacific Railway Company vs. St.\\nPaul Pacific Railway Company, a large area\\nof land being involved in litigation. In this\\ncapacity he served until 1894, when the suit\\nwas finally adjusted. In the meantime\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1879\\nMr. Sawyer had been elected secretary and\\ntreasurer of the St. Paul, Minneapolis Mani-\\ntoba Railway Company; and ten years later,\\nupon the organization of the Great Northern\\nRailway, he was elected treasurer and assist-\\nant secretary of that company, which is his\\npresent dual office. Mr. Sawyer has held many\\npositions of trust, and it is a fact indicative of\\nhis character that each change he has made\\nhas been a voluntary one, made for advance-\\nment or other wise reasons, and that in each\\npost relinquished he has left regretful friends.\\nThe following cordial words are quoted from\\nan old-time acquaintance of Mr. Sawyer, who\\nis one of the leading citizens of St. Paul:\\nI have known Mr. Sawyer ever since he\\ncame to Minnesota. He is an exceptional man\\nin many ways. In all the positions he has\\nheld, he has proved to be wonderfully com-\\npetent, and has shown unusual fidelity. He is\\na genial and kind-hearted man, and all who\\nknow him speak well of him. He is a great\\nreader of good works, and possesses a fine\\nlibrary. His every idea is well considered, and\\nhis conclusions just and correct. He is in\\nevery sense an honorable and trustworthy\\nman.\\nOn November 29, 1859, at Rochester, New\\nHampshire, Mr. Sawyer was united in mar-\\nriage to Miss Frances Putnam Kelly. Mrs.\\nSawyer is a lady of superior intellect and\\nattainments, which, by the delicate health of\\ntheir possessor, have been to a great extent\\nexcluded from the social realm they would so\\nfittingly adorn. In spite of her sufferings and\\nprivations, however, she has preserved a rare\\nsweetness of temper, and has attached to her\\na large circle of sympathetic and admiring\\nfriends. Three daughters were born to .Mr.\\nand Mrs. Sawyer Ruth Edna, Fannie Ela.\\nand Elizabeth of whom the two former were\\ndeceased in infancy. Elizabeth grew to\\nwomanhood and married the late Edward\\nPea ice. of Providence, Rhode Island.\\nCHARLES M. START.\\nThe present Chief Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt of Minnesota. Charles Monroe Start, is\\na native of Vermont, born at Bakersfield,\\nFranklin county, October 4, 1839, but has\\npassed more than half of his life or more\\nthan thirty six years in Minnesota. He is a\\nson of Simpson G. and Mary S. (Barnes) Start,\\nand comes of old New England stock. His\\nparents were both of English descent, his re-\\nmote paternal ancestors emigrating from the\\nsouth of England to America in 1G52. His\\nfather was a sturdy Green Mountain farmer,\\nand the Judge s early life was spent on the\\npaternal homestead. When he had come to\\nyoung manhood he passed the summer seasons\\nat work on the farm and the winter in teach-\\ning school, to obtain the means for a better\\neducation. For a time he attended the\\nacademy at Barre, Vermont. After leaving\\nthe academy, he studied law in the office and\\nunder the instruction of Judge William C.\\nWilson, at Bakersfield, and was admitted to\\nthe bar in 1860. He was engaged in the\\npractice of his profession when the War\\nof the Rebellion came. In July, 1802, he\\nenlisted in the Union army as a member\\nof Company I, Tenth Vermont Infantry.\\nHe was commissioned first lieutenant of\\nhis company August 11, but on Decem-\\nber 1, following, he resigned on a surgeon s\\ncertificate of disability. In October, 1863,\\nJudge Start located at Rochester, Minnesota,\\nwhere he engaged in the practice of his pro-\\nfession, and where he has since permanently\\nresided. His established character as one\\nlearned in the law may be best understood by\\nhis official record. He was county attorney of\\nOlmsted county for eight years. In 1879 he", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "^^Pl^ Jc. c h^U^O", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nt93\\nwas elected Attorney General of the State, and\\nserved from January 1, 1880, until March 12,\\n1881, when he resigned to accept an appoint-\\nment to the office of Judge of the Third\\nJudicial District of the State. To this position\\nhe was elected without opposition for three\\nsuccessive terms, and was still in service,\\nwhen, in 1894, he was nominated on the Re-\\npublican ticket and elected Chief Justice of\\nthe Supreme Court. He took his seat January\\n5, 1895, and his term expires in 1901. He has,\\ntherefore, been connected with the judicial\\nsystem of the State as a public official for\\nnearly thirty years, and until he has reached\\nthe highest rank obtainable in that branch of\\nour State government. It is a matter of truth\\nand notoriety, moreover, that his distinctions\\nhave come to him without any effort on his\\npart to obtain them. A distinguished jurist,\\nwho has long known Chief Justice Start, says\\nof him:\\nThe people of the Third Judicial District,\\nover whose courts he presided so long, enter-\\ntained so high an admiration for his character\\nas a man, and for his ability as a jurist, that\\nhe could doubtless have retained his position\\nas District Judge as long as he desired. When\\nhe came to St. Paul to assume his duties as\\nChief Justice of the Supreme Court, his high\\nreputation as a man and a jurist had long\\npreceded him; and while this may be neither\\nthe time nor place to speak at length of his\\nservices in his present position, it is sufficient\\nto say that he lias in all respects fulfilled the\\nexpectation of the people and the bar through-\\nout the state. Judge Start possesses in a pre-\\neminent degree, the essential characteristics of\\nevery great lawyer or judge both moral and\\nmental honesty, which enables a man both to\\ndiscover what is just and to do it. Possessed\\nof a strong love of justice, he scorns everything\\nthat savors of fraud or unfairness in dealings\\nbetween man and man. These qualities, con-\\nnected with his clear and bright intellect, could\\nnot fail to render him a good judge.\\nJudge Start was married August 10, 1805,\\nto Clara A. Wilson, of his native village of\\nBakersfield, Vermont, daughter of his early\\npreceptor, William C. Wilson. Judge and Mrs.\\nStart have one child, a daughter, named Clara\\nL. The Judge is an attendant of the Congre-\\ngational church.\\nFREDERICK WEYERHAEUSER.\\nAmong the prominent lumbermen of the\\nUnited States there is probably none more\\nwidely known than Frederick Weyerhaeuser,\\nof St. Paul, Minnesota. As the senior member\\nof the firm of Weyerhaeuser Denkmanu, of\\nRock Island, Illinois, he was well known\\nthroughout the West, prior to his election, in\\n1872, as the president of the Mississippi River\\nLogging Company and its associate corpora-\\ntion, the Beef Slough .Manufacturing. Booming,\\nLog Driving and Transportation Company.\\nThese companies practically consolidated the\\ntimber land and logging interests of all the\\nlargest saw-mills of the Mississippi valley be-\\nlow Lake Pepin, and handled and controlled\\nalmost the entire log output of the Chippewa\\nriver. They furnished an ideal field for the\\nexercise of his untiring energy, his keen busi-\\nness insight, his quick grasp of every important\\nfactor in submitted propositions, his instant\\nrecognition of profitable opportunities, his un-\\nerring judgment and his dispatch of business\\nthrough a marvelous executive ability. The\\ncompanies referred to in their various ramifica-\\ntions and offshoots, and the numerous allied\\nundertakings, either in corporate capacity or\\nas individual ventures of their members, have\\nall proceeded under the immediate direction\\nof Mr. Weyerhaeuser, and have for the most\\npart originated with him. This fact may pos-\\nsibly account for the habit into which the\\ndaily press has fallen, of attributing every\\nimportant movement in lumber circles to a\\nWeyerhaeuser syndicate. Though, of course,\\nfrequently incorrect in this, the fact indicates,\\nas well as can be done, the position occupied\\nby Mr. Weyerhaeuser in the lumber world.\\nThe timber holdings of the various interests\\nof which Mr. Weyerhaeuser is the recognize d\\ncontrolling spirit probably exceed rather than\\nfall short of 15,000,000,000 feet\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a quantity\\nwhich approximates fully one half of the re-\\nmaining res ources of the white pine forests\\nof the Northwest. In addition to his tim-\\nber lands, logging and lower Mississippi\\ninterests, he is actively interested in eigh-\\nteen extensive manufacturing concerns, among", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "194\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwhich may be mentioned the Chippewa\\nLumber and Boom Company, Chippewa\\nFalls: the Shell Lake Lumber Company,\\nShell Lake, Wisconsin; the Pine Tree Lumber\\nCompany, Little Falls; and Northern Lumber\\nCompany, Cloquet, Minnesota, and also large\\ninterests at Pock Island. Recently, in re-\\nferring to the basis of his success, Mr. Weyer-\\nhaeuser stated that he attributed it to the fact\\nthat lie had always thought more of his credii\\nI han of his clothes. This stales the I ruth\\npartially. Unquestionably habits of industry\\nand frugality at the outset, and the constant\\nmaintenance of an unsullied credit must un\\nderlie all permanent success in legitimate\\ncommercial enterprises, but for the attainment\\nof phenomenal success there must be fortuitous\\ncircumstances and suitable opportunity, cou-\\npled with the ability to foresee the largest\\npossibilites. and the ambition, energy, courage\\nand determination which are essential to their\\nrealization. All of these elements find abun-\\ndant illustration in Mr. Weyerhaeuser s career.\\nOne feature of his operations which should be\\nmentioned, is the fact that his associates have\\nalways mutually and fully shared with him\\nin the results attained. His efforts have\\nalways been for the success of the common\\nundertakings, and all the parties in interest\\nhave had a just proportion of the outcome\\nrealized. Mr. Weyerhaeuser is in every way a\\ntypical business man, unpretentious, active,\\neasily approached, of few words, and quick to\\ndecide every question that may arise. He has\\n,i store of ready wit and a happy faculty of\\nillustration, or in adapting some trite maxim\\nor story to the question at issue. Of Mr.\\nWeyerhaeuser in his private and home life it is\\na pleasure to speak. His business career has\\nnot been more marked by uprightness,\\nintegrity and honor than has his private char-\\nacter by honesty, sincerity and the character-\\nistics of the most worthy manhood. And his\\nhome has been such as of right belongs to such\\na man. With an utter absence of ostentation,\\nit has ever been in the center of the highest\\nleiineinent and of the most generous hospital-\\nity. -Mrs. Weyerhaeuser, as the devoted wife\\nand mother, has been no less successful in the\\nmanagement of the household than lias been\\nher worthy husband in the commercial world.\\nTheir family consists of four sons and\\nthree daughters, who have each received a lib-\\neral education and are most worthy representa-\\ntives of this model American borne. The sons\\nhave each assumed positions of responsibility\\nin lumber organizations, and their marked\\nability effectually disproves the popular notion\\nwhich limits rich men s sons to mediocrity and\\ndestines them to indifferent success. Chrono-\\nlogically. Mr. Weyeihaeuser s career may be\\nset out as follows: He was born in Nieder-\\nsaulheim. near Mainz, in southern Germany.\\nNovember 21, 1834; received a common school\\neducation until he was thirteen years of age;\\nworked on his father s farm until lie was\\nseventeen; emigrated to America and landed\\nin New York July 1, 1852; settled in North\\nEast, Erie county, Pennsylvania, and came\\nwest in 1856. He commenced the lumber and\\ngrain business in Coal Valley, Pock Island\\ncounty. Illinois, and, in 1800, he and Mr. F. C.\\nA. Denkmann bought what was known as th\\nPock Island Saw-Mill, aud organized the part-\\nnership, which has ever since been known as\\nWeyerhaeuser Denkmann. In the latter part\\nof the sixties they bought what was then, and\\nis still, known as the Upper Mill, in Pock\\nIsland, and in the seventies they consolidated\\nthat mill with that of Mr. J. S. Keator, and\\norganized the Pock Island Lumber Manu-\\nfacturing Company. Shortly afterwards they\\nbought out the interest of Mr. Keator, and\\nhave since continued the operations of said\\ncompany. Mr. Weyerhaeuser was married to\\nMiss Elizabeth P.ladel, October 11, 1857. In\\nApril, 1891, he became a resident of St. Paul,\\nwhere he and his family now reside.\\nSAMUEL H. CHUTE.\\nDr. Chute was born at Columbus, Ohio, De-\\ncember C, 1830. His father was Rev. James\\nChute, and bis ancestry is sketched elsewhere\\nin the biography of his brother, the late Rich-\\naril Chute, the eminent citizen whose career\\nwas so prominently identified with the early\\nhistory of Minnesota aud the Northwest. The", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n195\\nDoctor received his scholastic education in\\nthe common schools of Indiana and at Wa-\\nbash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana. After\\nleaving college he, for four years, engaged in\\nthe study of medicine under the tutelage of Dr.\\nC. E. Sturgis, a noted physician and surgeon\\nof Fort Wayne, and as a student in the Ohio\\nMedical College at Cincinnati. From the lat-\\nter institution he was graduated in February,\\n1852. In March following his graduation Dr.\\nChute set out on an overland trip 1 for the\\ndistant Territory of Oregon. After a long and\\ntoilsome journey of over 2,000 miles, occupying\\nseven months and fraught with hardships, in-\\nteresting incidents and adventures, he arrived\\nat the then little village of Portland. Later\\nlie went on horseback from Portland to Yreka,\\nin northern California, where he was engaged\\nin the practice of his profession and in mining\\noperations for about four years. He then de-\\ntermined to leave the Pacific Coast for t In-\\nstates, and after a long sea voyage over the\\nPacific and Atlantic, crossing the Isthmus of\\nPanama en route, arrived at New York City.\\nMaking a short stay in New England, he\\nreturned to Fort Wayne, Indiana, in March,\\n1857, after an absence of five years. Dr. Chute\\nhas been a resident of Minnesota since the\\nspring of 1857. He landed at St. Paul from\\nthe firs! steamboat of the season on May 1 of\\nthat year. (In the same day he came to what\\nwas then called the Falls of St. Anthony,\\nand two months later purchased of John W.\\nNorth the founder of the town of Northtield,\\netc.,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for the consideration of f 10,000. the tract\\nof land known in the records as Block 17 of\\nthe town of St. Anthony Falls. On this tract,\\nin a frame dwelling house which is still stand-\\ning, he look up his abode, and this was his\\nhome residence for more than thirty years.\\nUpon his location at St. Anthony Falls mow a\\npart of Minneapolis) he abandoned the active\\npractice of his profession and engaged in the\\nreal estate business, and with this pursuit,\\nafter more than forty-two years residence in\\nMinneapolis, he is still prominently identified.\\nSubsequent to his location at St. Anthony,\\nhe became so intimately associated in business\\naffairs with his brother, Richard, that in 1865\\nthe copartnership of Chute Brothers was\\nformed, and into the business of this firm t In-\\nmost of the individual interests of the two\\nbrothers were merged. With the early history,\\nand especially with the growth and develop-\\nment, of Minneapolis, from an insignificant\\nfrontier village to a city of metropolitan pro-\\nportions. Dr. Chute has always been intimately\\nand inHueiitially connected and identified. A\\nleading feature of Dr. Chute s identification\\nwith the material interests of Minneapolis has\\nbeen his connection with the development and\\nutilization of the water power of St. Anthony\\nFalls the greatest factor in the city s up-\\nbuilding and greatness. When, in 1850, the St.\\nAnthony Falls Water Power Company was or-\\nganized, his brother, Richard Chute, who had\\nsecured the company s charter, became its\\nagent, and continued in this position until\\nLS68. In that year Dr. Chute, by virtue of a\\npower of attorney, became the agent in place\\nof his brother, and so acted up to 1880, when\\nthe property was sold to .1. J. Hill and others,\\nalthough he continued to serve under the new\\nowners for a year thereafter. At one time tin\\nChute Brothers owned the entire stock of the\\nwater power company, and the Doctor was a\\ndirector in the company for some time before\\nlie became its agent. When the greatest and\\nmost valuable improvements were made in\\nthe falls, Dr. Chute was supervisor of the work\\nof construction and had general charge of the\\nwork; the engineer was .1. T. Stevens. He had\\ncharge of all the improvements until the Gen\\noral Government took charge of the work,\\nwith Colonel Farquhar as superintendent.\\nWhile the work of repairing the great apron\\nin aid of the preservation of tin- falls was in\\nprogress the Doctor, as executive officer of the\\nboard of construction, was in charge, with Mr.\\nJ. T. Stevens as engineer. During the long and\\nactive career of his brother, Richard, the Doc-\\ntor had entire charge of the details of the busi-\\nness of the firm of Chute Brothers. They\\nerected several blocks of business houses, con-\\nspicuously some of the most substantial strut-\\ntures of the kind on the St. Anthony or east\\nside of the river; they graded streets; 1 1 1 1\\nplanted thousands of shade trees, and made", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "196\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nlarge expenditures in establishing other public\\nimprovements of utility and adornment. The\\nfirm is now styled Chute Unit hers Company,\\nand is still regarded as one of the most impor-\\ntant business institutions of the city. Its\\nmembers are Samuel II. Chute, president; Wil-\\nliam Y. Chute la son of Richard), vice-presi-\\ndent; James T. Chute (a brother), secretary\\nand treasurer. Dr. Chute has in time past been\\nprominently connected with the official affairs\\nof his adopted city. As long ago as 1858 he\\nwas supervisor of the poor, serving without\\npay. He served several terms as a member of\\nthe board of aldermen, and for some time was\\ncity treasurer. He was the author of a reform\\nthat was of great and substantial benefit, and\\nwhich saved the county of Hennepin large\\nsums of money, for it was by his personal ef-\\nforts and influence that the county commis-\\nsioners were induced to purchase the county\\npoor farm and erect thereon a poor house for\\nthe support and care of the poor and indigent.\\nHe was also one of the founders of the city s\\npublic school system. For a long time he was\\npresident of the board of education, and he\\nhas always taken an active interest in school\\nmatters. In politics he has always been loyal\\nto the principles of the Republican party, al-\\nthough in early manhood he was a Democrat.\\nHe is known as a high-minded, honorable gen-\\ntleman, a public spirited citizen, always a\\nleader in public affairs, a willing and liberal\\ncontributor to every enterprise for the public\\ngood, and no other man stands higher in gen-\\neral esteem in the great city, which he has\\nhelped so much to build. Dr. Chute was mar-\\nried May 5, 1858, to Miss Helen E. A. Day. He\\nhas a family of three daughters and two sons:\\nMary, Agnes, I Jessie, Louis 1 and Fred B.\\nboth the sons are in the practice of law in\\nMinneapolis.\\nCYRUS NORTHROP.\\nMeasured by the results of his labor the\\ngrowth of the university and the elevation of\\nits educational standard Cyrus Northrop,\\nLL. D., president of the University of Minne-\\nsota, is one of the foremost educators of Amer-\\nica and one of the most influential citizens of\\nthe Northwest. Mr. Northrop is a native of\\nConnecticut, the sou of Cyrus Northrop, a\\nfarmer of that State, and Polly B. Fancher,\\na native of New York. He was born at Ridge-\\nfield, September 30, 1834, on the farm. His\\neducation was carefully supervised from child-\\nhood, and as thorough in its preparation for\\nthe larger duties and more responsible posi\\ntions in life as the best institutions of New\\nEngland could make it. He first attended the\\nprimary common school, and at the age of\\neleven he was placed in an academy at Ridge-\\nfield, under the tuition of H. S. Banks and Rev.\\nChauncey Wilcox, both of whom were gradu-\\nates of Yale. After an attendance of six years\\nin this school, which is remembered with a de-\\ngree of sentiment, because it was held in tin\\nhouse in which Peter Parley was born, he\\nfinished in one year his preparatory work in\\nthe famous Williston Seminary at East Hamp-\\nton, Massachusetts, and in the fall of lSr 2, at\\nthe age of eighteen, entered Yale. His habit\\nof study was so fixed as to render it easy for\\nhim to master the classical curriculum. As\\nevidence of thoroughness it may be stated that\\nhe was graduated third in a class of one hun-\\ndred and eight members. His relish for col-\\nlege life was keen, and his talent sufficiently\\nversatile to appropriate all that it offers for\\nculture and social entertainment, in addition\\nto the regular courses of study. He had mem-\\nbership in four Creek fraternities, and in the\\nrather exclusive Skull and Rones. Re was\\nalso first president of the Brothers of Unity.\\na literary society of high repute and wide pop-\\nularity. Before his graduation, in 1N. 7. Mr.\\nNorthrop had definitely formed the purpose of\\nentering the legal profession, and in pursuance\\nof that purpose he entered the Law School of\\nYale the same year and remained two years to\\ncomplete the regular course of study, mean-\\nwhile discharging the duties of tutor of Greek\\nand Latin in a private school, and preparing\\ntwo classes for the literary course of the uni-\\nversity. On leaving the law school lie con\\ntinned his preparation for practice in the law\\noffice of tin Hon. Charles Ives of New Haven.\\nIt was on the eve of that memorable political\\ncontest between the forces of libertv and slav-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "P.IOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nt q;\\ncry, to be followed immediately by the more\\ndesperate military struggle to determine which\\nof the two policies should have permanent\\nascendancy in the government. Lincoln had\\nsaid, in 1858, with the prevision of a prophet.\\nthat the time would come when the territory\\nof the United States must be either all slave\\nor all free, and however disguised by specious\\nplatform declarations, there was a deep con-\\nsciousness in the people. North and South, that\\nthe sentiment phrased by Lincoln was in some\\nvital sense under Providence, the issue in-\\nvolved in his election to the Presidency. Mo-\\nmentous consequences hinged on the issue.\\nThe tension was inordinate. Capable, edu-\\ncated young men felt the stress and were\\nimpelled to declare themselves. Mr. Northrop\\nparticipated in the campaign with his con\\nscience, his ability and his energy, for liberty\\nand the individual union of all the States.\\nLaw studies were abandoned and future pros\\npects put aside for the graver questions of\\npublic concern. The consideration of National\\npolitics was recognized as the paramount duty\\nof the individual, and active prominence in\\nthe work of the campaign naturally identified\\nMr. Northrop with State affairs for the time\\nbeing. He was first appointed assistant clerk\\nof the Connecticut House of Representatives,\\nand the next year made clerk, and the year\\nafter clerk of the Senate. While this political\\nservice was foreign to his original purpose, it\\nwas compensatory in affording the opportunity\\nto become familiar with practical politics and\\nform an acquaintance with men prominent in\\naffairs. And so it was not surprising that he\\ngave up his law office in 1862 opened at Nor\\nwalk for practice the previous year and en-\\ngaged for one year as editor of the New Haven\\nDaily Palladium, the leading and most influ-\\nential Republican newspaper of the State. The\\nlabor of this position was arduous, but at the\\nsame time it was great in the measure of influ-\\nence, the clear and forcible discussion of the\\ngrave and original questions of public policy\\nraised by the exigencies of the Civil War.\\nWhat was at first intended to be only a tem-\\nporary interruption of his course of life pre-\\nviously determined upon, served at last to\\nchange its current, broaden its sweep and mul-\\ntiply its beneficent influences. In 1863 he was\\ncalled to the chair of rhetoric and English\\nliterature in Yale, which he filled with marked\\nability and distinction for a period of twenty-\\none years. The place came to him without his\\nseeking, and as a result of his superior quali-\\nfications, known to the president and trustees\\nof the university. In 1884 he received a unan-\\nimous call to the presidency of the University\\nof Minnesota, without having in any sense been\\nan applicant for the place, and indeed, without\\nany knowledge of the consideration of his\\nname. Previous to that time he made a single\\ntrip to the Northwest, and that was with his\\nfamily, for pleasure, in 1881. President North\\nrop was admirably qualified for his new\\nresponsibilities by broad and thorough schol-\\narship, by knowledge of the principles of the\\nlaw, by familiar acquaintance with great men.\\nby active participation in political affairs for\\ntwenty-five years, by sympathy with the ambi-\\ntions and aspirations of the young, by com-\\nplete practical understanding of the system,\\nthe aim and method of university education,\\nand by a high order of executive ability.\\nAdded to all these qualifications are the qual-\\nities of mind and heart which attract individ-\\nuals and masses to him. His greeting is\\ncordial, his manner frank, his intercourse dig\\nnified and sincere. He is gifted with the rare\\nand gracious assemblage of faculties by which\\nthe lovable man is enabled to acquire and hold\\nthe affection and confidence of students and\\nothers with whom intimate relations are main-\\ntained. The growth of the University of Min-\\nnesota and its high standing among the great\\nuniversities of the country attest the posses\\nsiiin by its president of the highest capability\\nfor the position. When he was installed the\\ntotal enrollment of students was less than\\nthree hundred; in 1898 it was twenty-eight\\nhundred and ninety. The number of college\\nbuildings has been increased twenty fold, and\\nthe number of departments is adequate to the\\ncomplete functions of a first-class university.\\nfie has a well balanced mind and a well\\nordered life, lie is progressive always. A\\nmember of the faculty of another univer-", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "iqS\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsity says: He is ;i man of great tact, of\\nwarm-hearted disposition, sterling common\\nsense and transparent integrity. Many de-\\nmands arc made upon his time for lectures and\\npublic addresses, and his custom is, whenever\\npracticable, to comply with these demands.\\nHis oratory extends the fame of the university.\\nIn 1886 the degree of LL. D. was conferred on\\nhim by Yale. Dr. Northrop is an orator com-\\nbining the grace and exactitude desirable on\\nthe college rostrum, the polish and amplitude\\nessential to the lecture platform, the logic,\\nhumor and force required on the hustings, the\\nversatility and adaptation which flx his reputa-\\ntion as the most popular after-dinner speaker\\nof the entire Northwest. In Connecticut he\\nwas once a candidate for Congress, and for\\neight years, under Presidents Grant and\\nHayes, he was collector of the port of New\\nHaven. Now, instead of the expenditure of\\npersonal energy in partisan discussions on the\\nstump, his political influence is more widely\\nand effectively exerted through the many thou-\\nsands of young men who come under his in-\\nstruction. Dr. Northrop is a Congregationalist\\nand has been very prominent in the affairs of\\nthat denomination. In 188!) he was moderator\\nof the National Council held that year in Wor-\\ncester, Massachusetts. He was also a delegate\\nto the International Congregational Council\\nheld in London, England, in the summer of\\n1891, and lie was one of the two vice-presidents\\nappointed from America. He was married.\\nSeptember 30, 1862, to Miss Anna Elizabeth\\nWarren, daughter of Joseph Warren of Stam-\\nford, Connecticut. Their eldest daughter, Min-\\nnie, died at the age of ten years and six\\nmonths; their son, Cyrus, Jr., is a graduate of\\nI be University of Minnesota; their daughter.\\nElizabeth, entered the University, but on ac-\\ncount of ill health did not graduate.\\nCHARLES E. VANDERBURGH.\\nThe late Judge Charles Edwin Vanderburgh,\\nof Minneapolis, was born in Saratoga county,\\nNew York, December 2, 1820. He was ex-\\ntracted from thrifty Holland-Dutch stock, and\\nhis father was a tiller of the soil. His child\\nhood was passed on the home farm, where,\\nthrough rural activities, he developed a robust-\\nness of physique befitting as a foundation to\\nthat mental vigor which has made the name\\nof Vanderburgh one of the most distinguished\\nin the history of Minnesota. Beginning his\\neducation in the neighboring country schools,\\nhe took a preparatory course at Homer Acad\\nemy, New York, and in 184!) was ready for\\ncollege. Having decided upon Yale for his\\nalma mater, he entered that institution, grad-\\nuating in the class of 1852 with a full share\\nof the honors. During the next three years he\\nwas engaged as principal of the academy at\\nOxford, New York. Along with his pedagogic\\nduties, however, he found time to pursue a\\ncourse of law-reading under the direction of\\nthe famous attorney, Henry R. Mygatt. In 1855\\nhe was admitted to the bar, and soon after-\\nwards set out for the West, little knowing\\nwhat successes he was to achieve, yet, perhaps,\\nvaguely anticipating them through the subtle\\nsense of power which great abilities give, even\\nto tlie most modest. Tile winter of 1855-6 he\\nspent in Chicago, proceeding in the following\\nApril to Minneapolis. Soon after his arrival\\nthere he entered into a legal partnership with\\nE. R. E. Cornell, who was subsequently Justice\\nof the Supreme Court. Within three years the\\nexcellencies of his character and his work had\\nso enlisted the general confidence and esteem\\nthat, although not yet turned thirty, he was\\nelected Judge of the Fourth Judicial District.\\nThis was in 1859, at the first election after\\nMinnesota had been admitted to the Union,\\nand young Vanderburgh was the first resident\\nof Minneapolis upon whom this compliment\\nwas conferred. The district over which lie was\\nto have jurisdiction at that time comprised\\nfifteen counties, and extended north to the\\nBritish possessions, lie received three re-\\nelections to this post, in 1866, 187:5 and 1880,\\nrespectively, and was for eighteen years the\\nonly judge sitting at Minneapolis. In 1876,\\nhowever, A. II. Young was appointed Asso-\\nciate Justice. In 1S81 Judge Vanderburgh\\nresigned his position as a district functionary,\\nbeing at that time elected to the Supreme", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "2 La_cXa^\\\\^", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nJudgeship. This lie retained until 1S!)4, being\\nre-elected in 1887. In the election of 1892 he\\nwas renominated l y the Republicans, but the\\nPopulists united with the Democrats to swell\\nthat memorable Cleveland wave, and Vander-\\nburgh was defeated, Ruck and Canty being the\\nwinning candidates. But Judge Vanderburgh\\nhad already been upon the bench, District and\\nSupreme, for over thirty-five years, and had\\nmade a record not easy to rival. When he en\\ntered the judicial field the youthful State had\\nas yet no settled code of jurisprudence, and\\nupon Judge Vanderburgh there necessarily\\ndevolved the responsibility of helping to estab-\\nlish precedents for such a code by broad origi-\\nnal research and action. So able and con-\\nscientious was he in this independent work,\\nhowever, that it is said not one of the thou-\\nsands of causes which were brought before him\\nfor adjudication was decided other than to the\\nperfect satisfaction, not only of the winning\\nsnitor, but of the unsuccessful party as well.\\nBut it was in the determining of fine points in\\nequity that his discriminating and adjusting\\nfaculties reached their highest play; and it\\nwas through the superiority of his work in this\\nclass of cases that he gained his broadest rep-\\nutation. Atwater s History of Minneapolis,\\nwhich contains a sketch of the Judge, makes\\nthe following confident assertion: Judge Van-\\nderburgh was the greatest administrator of\\nequity jurisprudence the State ever saw.\\nJudge Vanderburgh was twice married, fir^t,\\nin 1857, to Miss Julia Mygatt, daughter of Wil-\\nliam Mygatt, a wealthy, retired resident of\\nOxford, New York, and second cousin of Henry\\nK. Mygatt, under whom, as a youth, our sub-\\nject had read law. This wife died in 1863,\\nleaving two children, a boy and a girl, and ten\\nyears later the Judge was united in marriage\\nto Miss Anna Culbert, of Broadalbin, Fulton\\ncounty, New York. The only child of this\\nlatter union, Isabella, died in 189?.. Mrs. Van\\nderburgh is still living, and resides in Minne-\\napolis. Of the two children of the former\\nmarriage, the daughter was early deceased.\\nThe son. William H., resides in Minneapolis. On\\nMarch 3, 1898, Judge Vanderburgh passed out\\nof this life, leaving behind him a record of\\nintegrity and professional achievement which\\nwiin for aim exceptional honor while living,\\nand which his contemporaries in Minnesota\\nhold up as a worthy and brilliant example to\\nthe rising generation.\\nMARTIN B. KOON.\\nJudge Martin B. Koon, of Minneapolis, sen-\\nior member of the well-known law firm of\\nKoon, Whelan Bennett, was born January\\n22, 1841, at Altay, Schuyler county, New York.\\nHis ancestry on his father s side is, Scotch,\\nand on his mother s side Connecticut Yankee.\\nHis father, Alanson Koon, was a farmer in\\nmoderate circumstances, in Schuyler county.\\nNew York, a man of sterling Christian char-\\nacter. His mother s maiden name was Marilla\\nWells, and Mr. Koon is wont to speak of her in\\nterms of deep affection and the most profound\\nreverence for her memory. She was a woman\\nof strong character, and deeply impressed\\nherself upon her children. The most valuable\\nlegacy which his parents bequeathed to him\\nwas habits of industry, indomitable persever-\\nance, never-failing energy, and a mind natur-\\nally active and studious. While he was yet a\\nlad his father removed with his family to\\nHillsdale county, Michigan, where Martin\\ngrew T up on a farm. He recalls that the first\\nmoney he ever earned was by riding a horse\\nfor a neighbor while plowing corn. Mr. Koon\\nattended the winter schools, as most farmer\\nboys did in those days, and worked on the\\nfarm in summer. He pursued his studies, how-\\never, with such diligence that, at the age of\\nseventeen, he was prepared to enter Hillsdale\\nCollege. During his college course he supple-\\nmented his limited resources by teaching school\\nseveral terms, but kept up his studies and\\ncompleted his course in 1863. He had, how-\\never, labored so hard as a student as to se-\\nriously impair his health, and in 1864, a change\\nof climate becoming necessary, he made a trip\\nto California by way of the Isthmus. The\\nchange was beneficial, and after remaining\\ntwo years in California, engaged in teaching,\\nhe returned to Michigan to take up the studj", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "200\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nof law in the office of his brother, Ezra L.\\nKoon. In 1867 he was admitted to the bar in\\nHillsdale, Michigan, and soon afterwards en-\\ntered into partnership with his brother, under\\nthe firm name of E. L. M. B. Koon, which\\nassociation continued until 1878. While he\\ndid not go actively into politics, he was elected\\nto the office of prosecuting attorney on the\\nRepublican ticket in Hillsdale county, in 1870\\nto 1874. In ls7: he spent four months in\\ntravel in Europe. In the meantime he had be-\\ncome convinced that Hillsdale did not offer a\\nsufficient field for the exercise of his talent,\\nand, in 1878, he removed to Minneapolis. His\\ncareer since he came to this city is briefly but\\nably summarized as follows, by one who is in\\na position to know Judge Koon, as a lawyer\\nand as a man, as well as any one living:\\nBeginning practice in Minneapolis. Judge\\nKoon almost immediately ascended to the front\\nrank of his profession, and soon came to be\\nrecognized as one of the few leaders at the\\nbar of Minneapolis, and of the State. In 1883\\na vacancy occurred on the District Bench, and\\nat the unanimous solicitation of the Hennepin\\ncounty bar he was appointed to fill this vacan-\\ncy. At the election following he was chosen\\nwithout opposition for the term of seven years.\\nWhen later he decided to retire from the bench\\nhis resignation was regarded as a great misfor-\\ntune by the entire profession and the whole\\ncommunity. During his occupancy of that pi\\nsition he decided some of the most important\\ncases ever tried in his Judicial District, and\\nhis decisions, when appealed, were almost in-\\nvariably affirmed. Possessed of fine legal\\nattainments, with a remarkable ability to de-\\ncide quickly, and an unusually keen sense of\\nthe dividing line between right and wrong,\\nbetween justice and injustice, he combined all\\nthe elements requisite for an able and upright\\njudge.\\nOn retiring from the bench. Judge Koon re-\\nsumed the practice of law, and is now the\\nsenior member of the firm of Koon. Whelan iS.\\nBennett, which enjoys one of the most desir-\\nable and lucrative practices in Minneapolis.\\nJudge Koon is a member of the Minneapolis\\nclub, the Commercial Club, the Chamber of\\nCommerce, and a trustee of the Church of the\\nRedeemer. He was married in November,\\n1873, to Josephine Vandermark of Phelps, New\\nYork. To them have been born two daughters,\\nKatheriue Estelle and Marilla Louise.\\nCHARLES A. PILLSBURY.\\nThe Pillsbury family has borne high honors\\nboth in the civil and military history of New\\nEngland for nearly three centuries, and tin\\nlarger number of its members have discharged\\nHie inconspicuous duties of private life in a\\nmanner alike meritorious and unobtrusive.\\nSome of them have achieved eminence in com-\\nmercial pursuits, and some in politics and\\nstatesmanship in the boundless empire of the\\nNorthwest. The family was transplanted in\\nAmerica by Joshua Pillsbury, who emigrated\\nfrom England and settled in Newburyport,\\nMassachusetts, in 1690. He was there the\\nbeneficiary of a land grant, the title of a por-\\ntion of which has never been alienated, but\\npassed by descent to his children and their\\ndescendants down to the present time. One\\nbranch of the family settled early in New\\nHampshire, and from this branch Charles\\nAlfred Pillsbury descended. He was born at\\nWarner, New Hampshire, October 1842, the\\nson of George A. Pillsbury and Margaret S.\\nCarleton. His maternal ancestors were also\\nPuritans of the staunchest character. His\\neducation was begun in the public schools of\\nhis native town, continued in the New London\\nAcademy, where he was prepared for college\\nat the age of sixteen, and completed in Dart-\\nmouth, from which he was graduated in 1862\\nat the age of twenty. The term completed\\nas applied to education is misleading, since it\\nmeans only the acquirements obtained in the\\nschools. The completion of a course in college\\nis in reality only the preparation for that\\nlarger practical school of life which a man\\nenters after securing his diploma. And this\\nwas eminently so with Charles A. Pillsbury.\\nHaving that strong moral fibre which is the\\nresultant of pure breeding and correct train-\\ning for generations in the best New England\\nfamilies of Puritanic lineage, and equipped\\nwith the best learning of the schools; guided", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n201\\nby a financial and commercial instinct strong\\nenough to dominate his whole life, he began\\nas a merchant s clerk at Montreal. For six\\nrears he remained in Canada at merchandis-\\ning, and then saw afar oh the opportunities\\nawaiting the ambitious and sagacious in the\\nnorthwestern portion of the United Stales.\\nMr. Pillsbury came to Minneapolis, and his\\nlocation in the young city really marked the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2opening of his business career. He saw the\\nenormous waste of power in the waters of\\nthe Mississippi rushing over the Falls of St.\\nAnthony, and looked out upon the vast wheat\\nfields in proximity. The utilization of this\\npower in the manufacture of flour was the\\nproblem in which he became early and deeply\\ninterested. The only available means at hand\\nwas a mill of small capacity and a reputation\\nfor bad flour, which the millers were disposed\\nto charge to the inferior quality of the wheat.\\nHe purchased, on time, a third interest in this\\nmill, agreeing to pay therefor the sum of\\nflfl.OOO. This afforded opportunity for the ex-\\nercise of genius and public spirit, and the\\nultimate gratification of an ambition to be\\nsomething more than a plodder. Mr. Pillsbury\\nwas unwilling lo condemn the wheat with\\nwholesale condemnation, until he should first\\navail himself of the inventor s genius by the\\nintroduction of the best machinery and ap-\\npliances for the rinding of the wheat, the\\nseparation of the different parts of the grain,\\nwhich he deemed essential to the production\\nof pure flour. His efforts were so successful\\nthat the first year demonstrated the wisdom\\nof his expenditure of ten thousand dollars for\\nthe firm in improving the mill s equipment.\\nHe was among the first to adopt the steel\\nrollers as a substitute for the buhrs compris-\\ning the upper and nether millstone of\\nsacred history; but lon^ before this substitu-\\ntion, Pillsbury s flour had gained a wide repu-\\ntation. He found out by actual demonstration,\\nwhat he had at first suspected, that the mills\\nand the millers were responsible for the failure\\nto manufacture first-class flour from spring-\\nwheat. From the beginning, ex-Governor\\nPillsbury was a member of the firm, and, in\\n1872, George A. Pillsbury, father of Charles.\\nwas admitted to the partnership, and subse-\\nquently Fred C. Pillsbury was added to\\nthe firm, which conducted business in the name\\nof Charles A. Pillsbury Co., until all of the\\nlarge mills at Minneapolis were bought by an\\nEnglish syndicate, and consolidated in the\\nname of the Pillsbury- Washburn Flour Mills\\nCompany. Limited, of London. The Pillsbury\\nfamily retained a considerable part of the\\nstock, and Mr. Charles A. Pillsbury continued\\nto manage the business of the combined prop-\\nerties with great success until his death,\\nSeptember 17, 1899. As early as 1882, Mr.\\nPillsbury. for his firm, adopted the policy of\\nsharing profits with his employes, and at the\\nend of eight years he said in a published in-\\nterview, We have divided profits during five\\nyears out of the eight. Continuing the inter-\\nview, he said: I was first led to adopt the\\nsystem of profit-sharing from a desire to enter\\ninto some plan which would more equitably\\ndivide the profits between capital and labor.\\nOf course the continual agitation of the labor\\nquestion called my attention to the subject;\\nImii there was no disaffection among my own\\nemployes, so far as I was aware. On the con-\\ntrary, our relations with our employes were\\nand always have been so harmonious that\\nthere has never been any intimation of a strike.\\nAs to the details of a profit-sharing scheme, I\\nwas not influenced by what others had done,\\nand at thai time knew absolutely nothing of\\nthe experience of others or the results of any\\nkindred experiments. After a trial of many\\nyears, Mr. Pillsbury became convinced that\\nthe system of profit-sharing in a business\\nwhich depends largely upon the carefulness\\nand skill of employes, is profitable to the com-\\npany. It actually enhances the earning capac-\\niiv of the men employed by increasing their\\ninterest in the production due to a conscious-\\nness of proprietorship. It tends to promote\\ngood feeling between capital and labor, and\\nfosters unity of purpose to make the output\\nas large as possible for the mutual advantage\\nof all concerned. His view of the value of\\nlabor differed from the popular idea that the\\nrate of wages should be regulated solely by\\nthe law of supply and demand. He would", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "202\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nconsider the question in its equitable aspect\\nand pay whatever is right what the laborer\\nis worth rather than take advantage of his\\naecessities when (he supply is great and the\\ncompetition severe. There is a plain distinction\\nbetween cooperation and profit-sharing. In\\na business or industry employing large capital\\nand subjected to keen competition, executive\\nability of very high order is required, and\\nwhile co-operation is impracticable, the system\\nof profit-sharing may be introduced with ad-\\nvantage to the capital as well as the labor\\nemployed. Mr. Pillsbury, always a man of\\npublic spirit and devoted to duty as a citizen\\nand a man, never sought political office, but\\nuniformly discouraged all efforts to bring him\\nbefore the public as a candidate. When urged\\nto accept a nomination for Congressman, he\\ndeclared he would not accept the office as a\\ngift. Although pre-eminently qualified by his\\npractical views, the result of successful ex-\\nperience in business and manufacturing, he\\nsaid to intimate friends who urged his accept-\\nance of the honor: I would rather be a first-\\nclass miller than a second-rate Congressman.\\nHe gave liberally to worthy organized chari-\\nties, and assisted the individual cases of\\npoverty that came under his observation with\\na generous hand. Perhaps the crowning glory\\nof his useful life was the disinterested service\\nin behalf of the sufferers from the disastrous\\nforest fires of September, 1S94, in which four\\nhundred square miles of territory were swept\\nby the flames, and more than four hundred\\npersons lost their lives, and more than three\\nthousand lost their homes. As chairman of\\nthe commission of five noble men appointed\\nby the Governor to provide ways and means\\nfor the relief of those who had suffered, Mr.\\nPillsbury set about the work, actuated by\\ncharacteristic philanthropy and qualified by\\ncommanding executive ability. His probity\\nwas a guarantee that every dollar contributed\\nfor relief would be honestly accounted for; his\\npractical experience and sound judgment as-\\nsured the wise and judicious expenditure of\\nevery dollar placed in the hands of the com-\\nmission. He regarded the duty as a sacred\\ntrust, and devoted his time and energy for\\nsix months to carrying out the plans of the\\ncommission. A comfortable house was built\\nfor each family whose home had been de-\\nstroyed, or the equivalent thereof was paid in\\ncash. Every lot on which a new home was\\nbuilt was first made free and clear of mort-\\ngage. If the home had been destroyed on a\\nmortgaged farm, the commission obtained\\nfrom the mortgagee a release of two acres on\\nwhich to build the new home, so that it might.\\nnot be taken for the debt. In this manner the\\nrelief was not only made immediately helpful,\\nbut the beneficence was permanent. All the\\nrelief was rendered, not as charity, but as a\\nmeans of enabling the victims of a misfortune,\\nfor which they were in no wise responsible, to\\nhelp themselves. Rev. William Wilkinson, of\\nMinneapolis, who had charge of the first relief\\nparty sent out after the Are, says: The service\\nof Mr. Pillsbury on that commission cannot\\nbe overstated. The cause was worthy, and\\ngrandly did he measure up to all the require-\\nments. Mr. Pillsbury was an attendant upon\\nthe services of Plymouth Congregational\\nchurch, of Minneapolis, and long a member of\\nits board of trustees. He was married Sep-\\ntember V2, 1866, to Mary A. Stinsou, of\\nGoffstown, New Hampshire, daughter of apt.\\nCharles Stinson. Two sons, Charles Stinson\\nand John Sargent Pillsbury, Jr., are the fruit\\nof that marriage. They are twins, fine, sturdy,\\nyoung men. students in the University of\\nMinnesota at the time of their father s death.\\nDANIEL BUCK.\\nJudge Daniel Buck, late of the Supreme\\nCourt of Minnesota, was born at Boonville,\\nNew York, September 8, 1829, the second of\\na family of six children, whose parents were\\nJonathan and Roxana (Wheelock) Buck. On\\nthe paternal side he is a descendant of Isaac\\nBuck, who, with his wife, Frances Marsh, and\\nothers refused to take the oath of conform\\nity to the Established church, was forcibly\\ntransported from England to Boston in the\\nship Amelia. in October, 1635. Isaac Buck-\\nsettled at Scituate. Massachusetts, and is thus", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Th Qtnlujy Putlisniiiy \u00c2\u00a3nyiwmj Co ChUMpv", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n203\\ndescribed in the history of the town: He\\nwas a very useful man, often engaged in public\\nbusiness, and was the clerk of the town for\\nmany years. He was a lieutenant in King\\nPhilip s War, and repulsed the Indians with\\ngreat loss from Scituate, in March, 1676. He\\ndied in 1695. Isaac Buck s eldest son, Thomas\\nthe Judge s great-grandfather lived in\\nBridge water, Massachusetts, prior to 1712.\\nHis son, Daniel for whom the Judge was\\nnamed was a soldier in the War of the Revo-\\nlution, enlisting twice, first in 1778 or 17711, at\\nthe age of sixteen or seventeen, in Captain\\nBonney s Company of Colonel Portei* s Regi-\\nment; and again in 1780 in Captain Smith s\\nCompany of Colonel Richard s Regiment of\\nMassachusetts State troops. He settled at\\nBoonville, New York, in about 1800, and died\\nin 1843. His son, Jonathan Buck, the father\\nof Judge Buck, was born at Boonville, in De-\\ncember, 1804, and died May 2, 1883. He was\\na prosperous farmer, and spent all his life on\\nthe farm where he was born. His wife, the\\nmother of Judge Buck, Roxana Wheelock (born\\nat Claremont, New Hampshire, in 1799, died\\nNovember 3, 1842), was of Quaker ancestry.\\nShe was a sister of Col. Charles Wheelock,\\nwho during the War of the Rebellion was\\ncolonel of the 97th New York Volunteers, and\\nwas brevetted a brigadier general. Judge\\nBuck was reared to manhood on his father s\\nfarm. He was educated in the common schools,\\nand at Rome and Lowville Academies, New\\nYork. After leaving school he studied law,\\nwas admitted to the bar, and engaged in the\\npractice of his profession with uniform success\\nfrom the first. In the spring of 1857, he came\\nto Minnesota, arriving in the then Territory,\\nMay 15. He pre-empted a homestead near\\nMadelia, in Watonwan county, but the same\\nyear located in Blue Earth, which has ever\\nsince been his home county. The circum-\\nstances personal to himself on his location on\\nthe frontier were fortuitous. He was twenty-\\nseven years of age, a thoroughly equipped\\nlawyer, of fine mental attainments, of splendid\\nphysical proportions, and of striking and a I\\ntractive presence qualities especially admired\\nby the people of a new country. At once he\\nbecame popular and prominent. The following\\nyear he was elected to the Legislature, but\\ncertain circumstances prevented the assem-\\nbling of that body in that year and he did not\\nserve. In 1859, when he had been but two\\nyears in Minnesota, he was the Democratic\\ncandidate for Secretary of State on a ticket\\nheaded by Gen. George L. Becker for Governor,\\nbut the Republicans won. Upon first coming\\nto Blue Earth county, he opened a law office\\nat South Bend, then a flourishing and promis-\\ning village at the southern angle of the great\\nbend of the Minnesota river, four miles west\\nof Mankato. In 1SG5 he removed to Mankato,\\nwhere he has since resided. Judge Buck has\\nbeen the man pre-eminent whom the people\\nof Mankato and Blue Earth county have ever\\ndelighted to honor. They have placed him iu\\npublic positions frequently, and he has always\\nbeen their faithful servant. Yet he has never\\nbeen an office seeker or a place hunter, and\\nhis preferments have always come to him un-\\nsought. In 1805 he was elected to the Legis-\\nlature, and in the session of 18G6, while a\\nmember of the House of Representatives, he\\nsecured the enactment of the law locating the\\nState Normal School at Mankato. He had\\nthe principal charge of the construction of the\\nbuildings of this school, of which he is con-\\nsidered virtually the founder. For five years\\nhe was a member of the State Normal School\\nBoard, and was prominent in the location of\\nand the selection of sites for the schools at\\nWinona and St. Cloud, as well as at Mankato.\\nHe was for four years county attorney of Blue\\nEarth county. In 1878 he was elected to the\\nState Senate for the full term of four years.\\nHe was the author of that most beneficent\\nmeasure, the insolvent law enacted by the\\nLegislature of 1881, and while a State Senator\\nwas a member of the court of impeachment\\non the trial of Judge E. St. Julien Cox. He\\nhas always been a substantial friend of and\\nclosely identified with the moral and material\\ninterests of the city of Mankato, where he has\\nmade his hospitable and pleasant home. He\\nwas city attorney for several years, and for\\nfive years was a member of the city school\\nboard. He was the first president of the Man-", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "204\\nI HOOKA PHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nkato National Bank, and lias been vice-presi-\\ndent and a director of the Citizen s National\\nBank. For many years he was a member and\\nthe secretary of the Blue Earth County Agri-\\ncultural Society, and he has been the owner\\nof some of the best farms in the Slate. As\\na lawyer he has been prominent and distin-\\nguished. Early in his professional career in\\nMinnesota, he was associate counsel for the\\nState in the great legal controversy over the\\nFive Million Loan Bill, and since has been\\ncounsel in a large number of prominent and\\ncelebrated cases. His legal business has\\nalways been large, its success most marked,\\nand its results practical and profitable. His\\nthorough and profound knowledge of the law,\\nhis dignified and high-toned conduct as a\\npractitioner, and his abilities as an advocate\\nand trial lawyer have won for him the sin-\\ncerest confidence and admiration of his\\nbrethren of the legal profession, while his\\npersonal worth has given him the esteem of\\nthe general public. No other man is closer\\nto the people of Minnesota or more securely\\nplaced in their affections, than the man whom\\nmany of them call Honest Old Dan Buck.\\nJudge Buck has always been a member of the\\nDemocratic party, a firm believer in its prin-\\nciples as enunciated and established by\\nJefferson, and maintained by a long list of\\nsucceeding American statesmen. He is of the\\nold school of Democratic tenets, of the Old\\nGuard in their defence, and believes that,\\nthough often violated and their usefulness\\nstifled, they can never perish so long as the\\nConstitution and the Republic shall endure.\\nPrinciples which are elementary and funda-\\nmental can never pass away. As stated, in\\n1859 he was his party s candidate for Secretary\\nof State; in 1888 he was its candidate for\\nLieutenant Governor, but on each occasion\\nwas defeated with his ticket. He was a dele-\\ngate to the National Democratic Convention\\nat St. Louis, in 1870, which nominated Tilden\\nand Hendricks. In 1892 he was nomi-\\nnated by the Democratic and Peoples par-\\nties for Judge of the Supreme Court, and\\nwas elected by a large majority. His official\\nterm was to commence in January, 1894, and\\nto expire in January, 1900; but in October,\\n189:5, he was appointed a member of the court\\nto fill the vacancy occasioned by the resigna-\\ntion of Judge D. A. Dickinson. He served on\\nthe Supreme Bench from October, 189:5, until\\nNovember, 1899, when he resigned. During\\nhis long official career in the service of the\\npeople and the State. Judge Buck has never\\naccepted or used a pass on any railroad or\\ntransportation line, of his career on the\\nbench, a prominent attorney well and truth-\\nfully says:\\nNo man of greater purity of character, none\\nof more integrity, none of a higher sense and\\nlove of justice, none with a more solemn reali-\\nzation of the equality of all men before the\\nlaw, ever sat upon the bench of our Supreme\\nCourt. If it be the end of all law and all courts\\nto decree justice, Judge Buck discharges his\\nduties with the attributes of a great jurist.\\nIf justice be done it matters little by what\\ndisplay of erudition it is accomplished. Judge\\nBuck s greatest worth to the people was his\\nability to do equal and exact justice to all\\nmen and to go straight to the point.\\nJudge Buck is not a member of any religious\\ndenomination, and does not air his pretensions\\nto morality or do his good works to be seen\\nof men. His sympathies are more than with\\nany other religious doctrine largely with the\\nprinciples of those simple, honest folk, the\\nQuakers, of which sect his good mother was a\\nmember. He was married at Elgin, Illinois,\\nctober 25, 1858, to Miss Lovisa A. Wood. Of\\nthis union were born three children, viz:\\nCharles Delos Buck, born February 24, 1S04,\\nand died, while a student in the Slate Univer-\\nsity, at Colton, California, November 27, 1882;\\nAlfred A. Buck, born April 10, 1872; and\\nLaura M. Ruck, born June 15, 1874, and now\\nMrs. W. L. Abbott, of St. Paul. Mrs. Buck\\ndied December 30, 1899.\\nROYAL D. CONE.\\nThe late Royal Day Cone, the memory of\\nwhom is still fresh in the hearts of many citi-\\nzens of Winona, Minnesota, was born Novem-\\nber 8, 1821, in the village of New Berlin,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "AL^cLt", "height": "3215", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n205\\nChenango county, New York. His parents\\nwere Benjamin and Elizabeth (Root) Cone, he\\nbeing their second son. They belonged to a\\nfanning community, and the subject of this\\nmemoir grew up amid rural scenes, helping\\nwith the tilling of the soil between the terms\\nof the district school, at which he acquired\\nhis early education. While still under age,\\nhe accepted a clerical position in one of the\\nstores of New Berlin. After gaining some\\nbusiness experience and a little capital in this\\nsubordinate capacity, he determined to venture\\nin an independent enterprise, and, going to\\nRochester, New York, he engaged in a mer-\\ncantile business, which he continued to conduct\\nin that city until 1855. In the year just men-\\ntioned he came west and located in Winona,\\nwhich was the city of his home for the re-\\nmainder of his life a period of forty-three\\nyears. Soon after becoming a resident of\\nWinona he established himself in the hardware\\nbusiness, on the same site later occupied by\\nthe corporation, founded by him the R. I).\\nCone Company. Winona was scarcely more\\nthan a straggling pioneer settlement at the\\ntime Mr. Cone took his place among her citi-\\nzens, and he was prominently associated with\\nher evolution from that early crudity to the\\ndeveloped and thriving status she presents to-\\nday. Mr. Cone was a man of strictest integrity\\nof principle, which was applied even to the\\nminute details of business; and while lie took\\ncare to do justice to every man with whom\\nhe had dealings, Justice prospered his own\\ninterests. His business grew steadily until it\\nreached, in the natural course of events, the\\ndignity of a corporate institution, with Mr.\\nCone as president. The R, D. Cone Company,\\nwhich was still flourishing when its chief be-\\ncame deceased, was for many years one of the\\nleading wholesale firms of the State. During\\nthe period of his citizenship in Winona, Mr.\\n1 one served in high municipal offices, and was\\nidentified with many and varied lesser public\\nfunctions; and this in spite of the fact that\\nhe was of a nature which shrank at all times\\nfrom publicity, which shows how strongly his\\nabilities and virtues were appreciated in his\\ncommunity. In the early days of his residence\\nin the city, he was persuaded to become a\\nmember of the board of school directors, and,\\nas alderman from the Second ward, he served\\nin the city council. In 18CG he was elected\\nmayor of the city of Winona, and upon the\\nexpiration of his first term was re-elected for\\na second, his administration during both\\nterms being markedly efficient and satisfactory.\\nHe early joined the Old Settlers Association\\nof Winona County, and was one of the most\\nactive members of that organization. He\\nplayed a very energetic and effective part in\\nfurthering the organization of the Winona\\nWestern Railway, and was made a director of\\nthe company. He was, also, at the time of his\\ndeath, one of the directors of the First National\\nBank, and of the Winona Wagon Company.\\nMr. Cone was married in the year 1849, in his\\nnative town of New Berlin, New York, to Miss\\nRuena Merchant. Four children were born to\\nthem, namely: Ida E., Etta M., Frank R. and\\nHattie R, The first-named\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the late Mrs. W.\\nJ. Landon was the only one of the four to\\nsurvive him. Mr. and Mrs. Cone were members\\nand regular attendants of the Central Metho-\\ndist Episcopal church of Winona, of which\\nMr. Cone served as treasurer for nearly a\\nquarter of a century. And apart from the\\nduties of this office, his interest and influence\\nin the general activities of the church were\\nvery constant, and his contributions to its\\nfinancial resources bountiful. Mr. Cone was\\nfor twenty-eight years a widower, the death\\nof his wife having occurred on February 8,\\n1870. During the last few years of his life\\nhis health was in a delicate state, and this,\\ntogether with his advancing age, compelled\\nhim gradually to loosen his hold upon the\\nbusiness and social affairs with which he had\\nfor so long kept closely in touch. Early in\\nthe spring of 1898 he became an inmate of\\nthe Sanitorium at Hudson, Wisconsin, in\\nwhich he had formerly spent some time\\nas a patient. A few weeks later he\\nwas attacked by an acute malady, and\\ndied at the Sanitorium on the 29th of\\nApril, at the age of seventy-six years. Mr.\\nCone was a man of a deeply religions tempera-\\nment, and although he was never one to", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "206\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nobtrude his views upon others, his convictions\\nwere firmly rooted, and the spirit of true\\nChristianity made beautiful his character and\\nthe deeds and influence emanating from it. To\\nhis modesty and single-heartedness, absolute\\nrectitude in all the relations of life seemed no\\nmore than the normal state, and nothing for\\nwhich he deserved especial credit; but it was\\ndeemed otherwise by the many friends he had\\nattached to him in Winona, through southern\\nMinnesota, and at Hudson, Wisconsin, by\\nwhom his loss is still deplored.\\nHENRY A. YOUNG.\\nIn every city, and particularly in our\\nyounger cities of the West, there is a corps of\\nprogressive workers, undefined in number,\\nrelied upon by the community, whether con-\\nsciously or unconsciously, to keep the munici-\\npal wheels, not merely running smoothly, but\\nrunning continuously on the desired upward\\ngrade; and just such a citizen of such an\\nupward-moving municipality is Henry A.\\nYoung, of Lake City, Minnesota. Henry\\nAlbert Young is a native of Germany, born at\\nGailsbach, Wiirtemberg, December 9, 1845.\\nHe is a son of Frederick and Regina (Kiibler)\\nYoung, who were farmer folk of Wiirtemberg,\\nin moderate circumstances. His father was\\nalso a baker by trade; but, although carrying\\non two distinct lines of business, he found\\ntime, and possessed the ability, to participate\\nin the public affairs of his community, and at\\none time served as Burgermeister of the vil-\\nlage of Gailsbach. Henry A. Young, of this\\nbiography, came to the United States in 1S03,\\nbeing then a youth of eighteen years. He\\nmade his way to Minnesota, stopping at the\\ntown of Read s Landing, where he found em-\\nployment in Bullard s Hotel. A brother of\\nour subject the late C. F. Young was at\\nthat time conducting a general store at Read s\\nLanding, and upon leaving his position in the\\nhotel, Henry A. engaged to assist this brother\\nin his business. In 18G5 C. F. transferred the\\nentire management of his store to his young\\nbrother and removed to Lake City; and in the\\nfollowing spring Henry A. closed out the\\nbusiness at Read s Landing and joined him at\\nLake City, where the two brothers for many\\nyears operated another store in the same line\\nof trade. In 1889, in consequence of the death\\nof C. F. Young, the younger brother acquired\\na (nut rolling interest in the business, which\\nhas since been conducted under the style of\\nH. A. Young Co. But the management\\nof this business is with Mr. Young but one of\\nmany interests. Upon the organization, in\\n1898, of the Citizen s Bank, he became presi-\\ndent of that institution, and he had previously\\nbeen for some years a director of the Lake\\nCity Bank. In politics he is a loyal and inter-\\nested member of the Republican party.\\nInning taken a prominent part in several\\nof its county conventions; and he has held\\nhigh official positions. But Mr. Young\\nis not an office seeker, and his purpose\\nin accepting preferment, made evident by\\nhis whole conduct, has been the service of his\\ncity and not the gratification of selfish aims\\na political instance sufficiently rare to be\\nworthy of note. Mr. Young served as mayor\\nof Lake City in 1892, with re-election in the\\nfollowing year, and he has also officiated as\\ncity treasurer for a term of four years. His\\npublic and enterprising spirit has found prac-\\ntical expression in many material benefits to\\nthe city, as, for instance, the establishment of\\nits waterworks, in 1893, which was largely due\\nto his efforts. The electric lights and public\\nhighway improvements were also, as projects,\\npowerfully promoted by his foresight and\\npersonal activity. During the years of Mr.\\nYoung s active citizenship. Lake City has en-\\njoyed a period of unusual development, and\\nit is easy for reflective members of the com-\\nmunity to trace a connection between the two\\nfacts. On February 9, 1872, Mr. Young was\\nmarried to Anna L. Schauble, of St. Paul.\\nThey have two sons: Henry now married\\nand a resident of Lake City, and assisting in\\nthe store, and Albert F. Mr. Young, together\\nwith his family, attends the Episcopal church\\nof Lake City, of which he is treasurer. He\\nalso belongs to the order of Masons, and is\\nan Old Fellow, and Son of Herman.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing Cnj/ravtnj Co Chicaptr\\n/t^-W^^", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n207\\nFRANK H. CARLETON.\\nFrank Henry Carleton, of Minneapolis, is a\\nmember of the well-known law firm of Cross,\\nHicks, Carleton Cross. He was born Octo-\\nber 8, 184!), at Newport, New Hampshire.\\nHis ancestry on his father s side was English,\\nand the family line is traced back to Sir Guy\\nCarlton. On his mother s side his descent is\\nalso from English stock, going back to Joseph\\nFrench, a leading citizen of Salisbury, Massa-\\nchusetts, of a generation prior to the War of\\nthe Revolution. Frank H. is the son of Henry\\nG. Carleton, now and for many years president\\nof the Savings Bank of Newport, New Hamp-\\nshire. For forty years he was one of the\\neditors of the New Hampshire Argus and\\nSpectator. He was for many years one of the\\nleading Democratic editors of New Hamp-\\nshire, and a personal friend of John P. Hale\\nand Franklin Pierce. He has now retired from\\nactive business and is in good financial circum-\\nstances. He has served as a member of the\\nLegislature of the State of New Hampshire,\\nhas been register of probate, and has tilled\\nother important public positions. The subject\\nof this biography was educated in the common\\nschools of Newport, and prepared for college\\nat Kimball Union Academy, at Meridan, New\\nHampshire, where he graduated in June, 1868.\\nHe then entered Dartmouth College and there\\ncompleted the course with the class of 1872.\\nHe took the first prize for English composi-\\ntion during the senior year, and wrote the\\nclass ode for commencement day. During his\\nacademic and college days he was obliged to\\nabsent himself at different times, while he\\nwas engaged as teacher, and, in 1870, he was\\nfor a time principal of an academy for white\\npupils in Mississippi. Mr. Carleton also varied\\nhis experience by assuming the duties of city\\neditor of the Manchester Daily Union, after\\nhis graduation from college, which position he\\nheld for several months. He then decided to\\ncarry out an early plan to seek a location in\\nthe West, and accordingly came to Minne-\\napolis, where he was engaged as a reporter\\nfor the Minneapolis News, then edited by\\nGeorge K. Shaw. This position he held for\\nseveral months, at the same time serving as\\nMinneapolis correspondent for the St. Paul\\nPress. Subsequently he was appointed city\\neditor of the St. Paul Daily Press under Mr.\\nWheelock. After a year s service on tin-\\nPress, Mr. Carleton determined to carry\\nout his original plan of preparing for the prac-\\ntice of law, and accordingly commenced his\\nstudy for that purpose in the offce of Cushman\\nK. Davis and C. I O Brien. While pursuing\\nhis studies he served as clerk of the Municipal\\nCourt of St. Paul, and after holding this posi-\\ntion for five years, he resigned, owing In ill-\\nhealth, and took a six-months trip to Europe.\\nn his return from Europe he was appointed\\nsecretary to Gov. John S. Pillsbury, and ren-\\ndered important service in connection with\\nthe settlement of the repudiated Minnesota\\nrailroad bonds. A complete history of this\\nmemorable struggle against repudiation, led\\nby Governor Pillsbury, is given by Judge Flan\\ndrau in another part of this book. His position\\nas private secretary to Governor Pillsbury\\nwas not merely a clerical one, as Mr. Carleton\\nhad the entire confidence of the Governor, who\\nwas largely dependent upon him for assistance\\nall through that memorable fight, to maintain\\nthe credit and honor of the State. For several\\nyears he was the Minnesota correspondent of\\nthe Chicago Inter Ocean and the New York\\nTimes. In 1882 he removed to Minneapolis\\nand formed a law partnership with Judge\\nHenry G. Hicks and Capt. Judson N. Cross.\\nThis firm still exists, the only change being\\nthe addition of Norton M. Cross, the son of\\nCaptain Cross. From 1883 to 1887, during\\nCaptain Cross three terms as city attorney,\\nMr. Carleton was assistant city attorney of\\nMinneapolis. These were formative days in\\nthe history of the city, and witnessed the in-\\nauguration of important litigation in the\\ndevelopment of Minneapolis. Mr. Carleton had\\npractically the entire management of the\\nnumerous suits in the city courts (many of\\nthem being appealed to the Supreme Court of\\nthe State), which were brought to maintain\\nthe supremacy of the patrol limits ordinance.\\nThe principal was a new and a startling one\\nto the lawyers, and for years, Mr. Carleton", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "208\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwas confronted by the 1 -st legal talent in the\\ncity, in fruitless onsets against its armor, until\\nthe principal had become a permanent one in\\nMinneapolis. Mr. Carleton and the Arm with\\nwhich he is connected lias a large and varied\\npractice in real estate law, probate law and\\nfinancial adjustments, in which he has had\\nmuch experience. There is ample testimony to\\nhis ability in this direction, and the confidence\\nreposed in him, by his frequent appointment\\nas administrator of large estates, executor of\\nwills, and as trustee of funds for individuals\\nand institutions. In the drawing of wills he\\nis considered an expert. In politics, Mr. Carle-\\nton is a Republican, although not an active\\nparticipator in party affairs, preferring to\\ndevote his leisure time to scientific research\\nand literary pursuits. Mr. Carleton is a Mason,\\na member and one of the trustees of the Park\\nAvenue Congregational church, and is one of\\nthe directors of the Home Mission Society.\\nIn 1881 he was married to Ellen Jones, the\\nonly daughter of the late Judge Edwin S.\\nJones, of Minneapolis. They have had six\\nchildren, Edwin Jones, Henry Guy, George\\nPillsbury, Charles Pillsbury, who died in in-\\nfancy; Frank H., Jr., and Fred Pillsbury. Mr.\\nJarleton is a lover of nature, a great cultivator\\nof flowers, an enthusiastic fly-fisher, and much\\ngiven to the pursuit of this fascinating sport\\nin the celebrated fishing grounds that abound\\nin the picturesque regions of northern Minne-\\nsota.\\nDANIEL BASSETT.\\nThe name of Bassett is w T ell known to Minne-\\napolis, partly through the public activities of\\nthe subject of this sketch, even more, perhaps,\\nthrough those of his brother Joel. The native\\nplace of these brothers is Wolfborough, New\\nEampshire, a quiet town on the shore of the\\nbeautiful Lake Winnipiseogee, with its tradi-\\ntion of an island for each day of the year.\\nThey were issued from Quaker stock, their\\ngenealogy being traceable back to the French\\nEuguenots, and were reared in accordance\\nwith the strict yet wholesome precepts of the\\nFriends. Their father, also named Daniel,\\nowned a farm in Wolfborough, and here his\\nfamily of four sons and two daughters grew\\nup. Eventually, however, father and children,\\nwith a single exception, had all come to make\\ntheir home in Minnesota, where the senior\\nBassett died in 1861. Daniel Bassett junior\\nwas born in the year 1819, and to the age of\\nthirty-six continued a citizen of New Hamp-\\nshire. His mature years in his native State\\nwere devoted, not to farming, but largely to\\nfinancial business in the village of Wolf-\\nborough. In 1855 he came to Minneapolis,\\nwhere his brother Joel had then been located\\nfor four years. For a short time the two\\nbrothers followed together the lumber indus-\\ntry. When this was abandoned, Daniel, who\\nhad acquired some means previous to coming\\nWest and still retained an influential connec-\\ntion with a Wolfborough bank, employed such\\ncapital as he had, in real estate investments\\nand loans. But his abilities and integrity of\\ncharacter soon made a demand for his service\\nin public functions. In 185S, when the town-\\nship government was organized, he was elected\\nto the board of supervisors, together with D.\\nII. Richardson, Isaac I. Lewis and Edward\\nMurphy, and R. P. Russell as chairman. To\\nthis position Mr. Bassett was repeatedly re-\\nelected. For three years of the Civil War, he\\nserved, by appointment of General Hancock,\\nas purveyor for the Second army corps, during\\ntwo years of which time, the General and his\\nstaff remained with Mr. Bassett s men. Upon\\nhis return from the war, Mr. Bassett was ap-\\npointed postmaster of Minneapolis, but he soon\\nresigned because of his disapproval of certain\\nschemes of the Johnson administration. In\\npolitics he has always been a Republican, and\\nhe has been several times elected to the Leg-\\nislature of Minnesota. He served on the\\nPublic Land committee in the House of Rep-\\nresentatives of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth\\nLegislatures. Mr. Bassett was among the\\nfirst nibers of (he pari; commission of Minne\\napolis, organized in 1883, and was for several\\nyears retained in this position, his colleagues\\non the board being Governor Pillsbury. George\\nA. Pillsbury, W. S. King, C. M. Loring and", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "RTOTYPE, I BIEHSTf", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nDorilus Morrison. He received appointments\\nto various committees, including those on\\nfinance and improvements, and repeatedly\\nserved on committees specially chosen to\\nsoled new sites for park development. Into\\nall this work he entered with earnest zeal,\\ngiving freely of his time and energies; and in\\nthe care and expenditure of public funds was\\nmost conscientious and wise. Mr. Bassetl is\\na man of plain and frugal speech, but under\\nthe stimulus of strong conviction is capable\\neven of eloquence, as he once proved in an\\naddress opposing a project for making a park\\nof Nicollet island. On the occasion of the\\nIndian outbreak and massacre near Fort\\nRidgely, a hundred citizens, Mr. Bassett one\\nof them, volunteered succor to the imperiled\\nfort. Joining General Sibley, at St. Peter,\\nthey marched forty miles in the night, some-\\ntimes stepping over dead bodies, but reached\\nthe fort in time to rescue three hundred men,\\nwomen and children, who would soon have\\nbecome the victims of savage slaughter. Re-\\nappointment of Governor Fillsbury, Mr. Bas-\\nsett served for many years as a member of\\nthe State board of equalization of taxes, and\\nwhile his work has been excellent in all the\\noffices he has held, it was particularly credit-\\nable in this one, and he was continued in it\\nuntil he requested the Governor to cease re-\\nappointing him. Trior to 1880 Mr. Bassett was\\nfor some time vice-president of the Merchants\\nNational Bank of Minneapolis. He has also,\\nin past years, done duty on the executive com-\\nmittee of the Minneapolis Trust Company.\\nBefore coming West Mr. Bassett was married\\nto Eliza Jane Canney, whose brother, Joseph\\nH. Canney, thus became twice the brother-in-\\nlaw of Mr. Bassett, having previously married\\nhis sister. The two children of Mr. and Mrs.\\nBassett, both daughters, were bom in New\\nHampshire and educated in Minneapolis. One\\nof them married F. B. Hill of Chicago; the\\nother is Mrs. Tyson Mowry, now of Minne-\\napolis, who formerly lived in Texas, where her\\nhusband was engaged in business. Mr. Bas-\\nsett has retired from the active affairs of life,\\nand lives quietly in his substantial residence\\non Hennepin avenue; but through his circle of\\ndevoted friends he keeps well in touch with\\nthe life of the city, for the advancement of\\nwhich he has faithfully and effectively labored.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0WILLIAM WINDOM.\\nThis Nation has been served from genera-\\ntion to generation by many great and good\\nmen, and in our assurance of the permanence\\nof our institutions and our public prosperity\\nit will be so served from generation to genera\\ntion in the future. Among them all, William\\nWindom will always be a marked and admir-\\nable figure, and few will be more secure, in\\nthe ever-changing minds of men and in ever-\\nchanging times, from detraction or neglect.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Hon. William M. Evarts.\\nThe Nation will fondly cherish the recollec-\\ntion of his triumphant career and his distin-\\nguished services, but the heritage of his fame\\nbelongs especially to Minnesota. This was the\\nState of his adoption, and upon this State, in\\na peculiar sense, did he shed the luster of his\\ngreat achievement. He became a citizen of\\nMinnesota in his early and unknown manhood.\\nBy its people was he sent to the National Con-\\ngress for ten successive years; by its Legisla-\\nture was he twice honored with a place in the\\nNational Senate; as the representative of this\\nState he held a most important position in\\nthe councils of two administrations, and as an\\nadopted and honored sou of Minnesota, his love\\nand loyalty were warm and constant and true.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Hon J. W. Tawney.\\nTo the State Mr. Windom was indebted tor\\nunusual opportunities of usefulness. The\\nState owes him much for the conspicuous and\\nmasterly use of those opportunities. William\\nWindom was born in Belmont county, Ohio,\\non the tenth day of the nfth month, lsi 7.\\nHe was the second and youngest child of\\nHezekiah and Mercy Windom. His ancestors\\nwere sturdy English Quakers, who came to\\nAmerica about two hundred years ago and\\nsettled in Virginia and Pennsylvania. During\\nthe minority of his parents, his paternal and\\nmaternal grandfathers, George Windom and\\nNathan Spencer, removed to Ohio and wire\\namong the pioneer farmers of Belmont county.\\nThe home of Hezekiah and Mercy Windom was\\na humble one, but it was a home of purity and\\npeace. The mother always wore the Quaker", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "2IO\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ngarb, and the children as well as the parents\\nused the Quaker forms of speech. After he\\nwas grown to manhood, and as long as his\\nparents lived, Mr. Windom when visiting them,\\nor in writing to them, naturally and easily\\nresumed the thee and thou of his child-\\nhood. In 1837 the family removed to Knox\\ncounty in the same State. This was thence-\\nforth the family home. Here, amid the\\nlimitations, the hard work, and the wholesome\\neconomies of pioneer farm life in the Buckeye\\nState, William Windom spent the remainder\\nof his boyhood and laid the foundations of his\\nsubsequent character and career. In that early\\nday Knox county was far removed from the\\ngreat markets, and although products of the\\nfarm abounded, lack of any adequate means\\nof transportation kept the price of farm prod-\\nacts so low that little money came to till the\\nfamily purse. But the poverty of Hezekiah\\nWindom was the poverty of the frontier,\\nwhich is indeed no poverty; it is but the be-\\nginning of wealth. The lad s early educa-\\ntional advantages were only such as the\\ncountry schools of that day afforded, and the\\neager reading of such books as w r ere to be\\nfound in the small libraries of the neighbor-\\nhood. Probably a lawyer had never been seen\\namong the peaceable Quakers of Knox county;\\nbut in books, young Windom had met some\\nfascinating representatives of the legal pro-\\nfession, and while still a mere lad, had settled\\nin his own mind the question of a career. He\\nwould be a lawyer. To Hezekiah and Mercy\\nWindom this was an alarming declaration.\\nTheir religion had taught them to regard the\\nprofession of law with peculiar disfavor, and\\nhoping to save their son from so worldly and\\niniquitous a calling, they resolved that he\\nshould learn and follow a good honest trade.\\nBut the lad s instincts and ambitions were\\nstronger than parental purposes, and the re-\\nsult was an academic course at Martinsburg.\\nOhio, followed by a thorough course in law in\\nthe office of Judge K. C. Hurd of Mount Ver-\\nnon. In 1850, at the age of twenty-three, Mr.\\nWindom was admitted to the bar at Mount\\nVernon, and at once entered upon the practice\\nof his profession. As may be supposed, this\\nresult was not accomplished without great\\neffort and self-denial. That Mr. Windom s\\nparents finally acquiesced in their son s deci-\\nsion is evidenced by the fact that his father\\nmortgaged his farm to raise a sum of money\\nto assist him while pursuing his studies. This,\\nhowever, was in the form of a loan, and was\\npromptly repaid after he had entered upon\\nthe practice of law. While in the academy,\\nMr. Windom sometimes taught a country\\nschool three months in the winter, keeping\\nabreast of his own class meanwhile, by devot-\\ning all his evenings to study. His summer\\nvacations were spent at home on the farm,\\nwhere he recruited his health and assisted his\\nfather in the work of the harvest field. Also\\nfor a time, while studying law in Mount Ver-\\nnon, he served several hours each day as\\nassistant to the postmaster of the town.\\nThough never boastful of his success in strug-\\ngling with adverse circumstances, Mr. Windom\\nregarded this part of his career with no sense\\nof shame, but rather with a just and manly\\npride. After two years practice in Mount\\nVernon, Mr. Windom was elected prosecuting\\nattorney for the county by a majority of 300,\\nwhich meant a change of 1,300 votes, a strik-\\ning presage thus early in life of the remarkable\\npersonal popularity that was always thence-\\nforward to attend him. In 1855 the new\\nNorthwest was attracting the enterprising\\nspirits of the Eastern and Central States. Mr.\\nWindom felt a desire to identify himself with\\nthe stirring life of the great region then just\\nopening to settlement beyond the upper Missis-\\nsippi, in whose future he saw possibilities\\nwhich subsequently were more than realized.\\nClosing his office in Mount Vernon, and bidding\\nadieu to old friends, he came to Minnesota,\\nthen a Territory embracing thrice its present\\narea, and, after a survey of the field, settled\\nin the practice of law at Winona. Here he\\nmaintained a legal residence until the time of\\nhis death. Mr. Windom was married on the\\n20th of August, 1850, to Ellen Towne, third\\ndaughter of the Rev. R. C. Hatch. The union\\nthus formed was one of unbroken happiness.\\nDestiny had evidently marked Mr. Windom\\nfor a life of public service. In the autumn of", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n21 I\\n1858, at the age of thirty-one, he was elected\\nas a Republican to the Thirty-sixth Congress,\\nand was successively re-elected to serve in the\\nThirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth and\\nFortieth Congresses, a period of ten years,\\nterminating in 1869. In that year he was ap-\\npointed to the United States Senate to fill the\\nunexpired term of Hon. I). S. Norton, deceased.\\nIn 1871 he was elected to the United States\\nSenate by the Legislature of Minnesota for the\\nusual six years term, and was re-elected in\\n1877. In the National Republican Con vent ion\\nof 1880, Mr. Windom s name was presented\\nand during twenty-eight ballots was adhered\\nto by the delegates from Minnesota, as then-\\ncandidate for the Presidency. In March, 1881.\\nhe was appointed Secretary of the Treasury\\nin the Cabinet of President Garfield. Retiring\\nfrom the Treasury upon the death of the\\nPresident and the accession of Mr. Arthur in\\nthe autumn of 1881, Mr. Windom was again\\nre-elected to the United States Senate and\\nserved out tlie term expiring March 1883,\\nmaking an aggregate of twelve years in that\\nbody. In January, 1883, Mr. Windom s name\\nwas again presented to the Legislature, but\\nto the surprise of the country, his re-election\\nwas defeated. The limitation and character\\nof this sketch do not permit a discussion of the\\ncauses which led to this defeat. It is enough\\nto say that they were not in derogation of the\\nhonorable record he had made in his long and\\nfaithful public service, and that Mr. Windom\\nsuffered no loss of prestige in his party on this\\naccount, as was fully shown by subsequent\\nevents. A happy result of this release from\\nexacting duties was an ideal year of foreign\\ntravel with his family. This was almost the\\nfirst respite from work in Mr. Windom s\\nhitherto busy life. After his return from\\nEurope, he devoted himself to his private busi-\\nness, which heretofore had claimed too little\\nof his attention. From this he was called by\\nPresident Harrison to serve again as Secretary\\nof tlie Treasury, the duties of which position\\nhe reassumed March 4, 1889. Entering the\\nHouse of Representatives in the ardor of his\\nyouth, and when the rising tide of anti-slavery\\nreform was reaching its culmination, Mr.\\nWindom threw himself with enthusiasm into\\nthe conflict of ideas which was soon to result\\nin a widespread conflict of arms. Two years\\nlater, and at the beginning of his second term\\nin Congress, the war for the Union opened.\\nand from that time until its victorious close,\\nMr. Windom, though among the youngest of\\nthe men then in the arena of National politics.\\nhelped to render the war period memorable\\nin civic, as it was in martial affairs. Dur-\\ning his long service in the Senate, Mr.\\nWindom was actively identified with many\\nleading measures of legislation. From lsTti\\nuntil he resigned his seat to take the portfolio\\nof the Treasury, in 1881, he occupied the\\narduous and responsible post of chairman of\\nthe Committee on Appropriations, a position\\nthat, amid the legislative complications then\\nexisting, involved herculean labors, all of\\nwhich were patiently and successfully per-\\nformed. When he re-entered the Senate after\\nthe death of President Garfield, he became\\nchairman of the Committee on Foreign Rela-\\ntions. Shortly after 1870 began the agitation\\nin respect to inland transportation. So wide\\nspread, especially among farmers, was the\\ndemand for improved facilities for reaching\\nthe markets of the world, that Congress was\\nconstrained to consider the problem in all its\\nbearings. The Senate appointed a special com-\\nmittee on transportation routes to the sea\\nhoard, of which Mr. Windom was made\\nchairman. After very diligent study of the\\nsubject, during which, accompanied by several\\nmembers of the committee, he visited the chief\\ncommercial centers of the Union, .Mr. Windom\\nwrote in 1874 a report of the committee s in-\\nvestigations and conclusions, which was pub\\nlished in two volumes by order of Congress.\\nThis report was a pioneer publication in the\\nfield which it covered, and has proved Id he\\nan invaluable magazine of carefully digested\\nfads, and just deductions, which have con\\ntributed not a little to shape the legislation of\\nCongress and various State legislatures affect-\\ning the carrying trade of the country. In the\\nUnited States Senate, twelve years after the\\nreport in question was laid before Congress\\nand the country, Mr. Hoar, of Massachusetts.", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "212\\nI KMJKAIMIV OF MINNESOTA.\\nin debating ;i resolution proyiding for a con-\\ntinuance of similar investigations, said:\\nI think Senators who have attended to the\\nsubject will agree generally that the most val-\\nuable Stale paper of modern times by this\\ncountry is the report made by the late Senator\\nand Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Windom,\\nfrom the committee on transportation routes to\\nthe seaboard on the general question of the\\nrelation of the railroads to the commerce of\\nthe country, and the means of controlling the\\nrailroads in the interests of commerce. That\\nmost instructive, valuable and profound report\\nbrings the subject down to the year 187.\\nCongressional Record, March 18, 1885.\\nOne of the direct results of this investigation\\nand report was the deepening of the mouth of\\nthe Mississippi river, a work of incomparable\\nimportance to the South and West. When Mr.\\nWindom took up this work, the relation be-\\ntween land and water routes was wholly\\nmisunderstood, and the ueed of the latter gen-\\nerally denied. His labors transformed the\\nopinion of that small class which studies these\\nquestions, and gradually leavened public opin-\\nion, lie gathered facts and laid down\\nprinciples, which have profoundly affected the\\nconstruction of public works and legislation\\non continental traffic, and thus accomplished\\na most beneficent work in reforming and de-\\nveloping the interior commerce of the country.\\nTt is interesting to trace the connection be-\\ntween Mr. Windom s zeal in this undertaking\\nand the lessons learned in boyhood on his\\nfather s farm, where such commodities as milk,\\ncream, eggs and potatoes, were freely given\\naway, because, owing to the distance from\\nmarket, they possessed no commercial value.\\nMr. Windom brought to every task his full\\ni nergy, and all the knowledge it was possible\\nto obtain. Whatever problem presented itself,\\nhe grappled with it earnestly, and was not con\\ntent until he hail mastered il. Thus he wrung\\nsuccess from situations which to many another\\nwould have yielded only failure. In his brief\\nterm of service under President Garfield, Mi\\nWindom accomplished one of the most valu-\\nable and brilliant achievements in our financial\\nhistory, by his conversion of the public debt\\nat tin unprecedented rate of interest of three\\nand a half per cent. The situation which\\nconfronted Mr. Windom when he took the port-\\nfolio of the Treasury, in March, 1881, is thus\\nexplained by Gen. A. It. Nettleton:\\nThe Congress which adjourned March 3,\\n1881, had failed to provide for the great\\nvolume of maturing bonds, which consisted of\\n$196,378,600 six per cents and $439,811,250 five\\nper cents, a total of $636,189,850, redeemable\\non or before July 1. 1881. For three several\\nreasons it was very important that the failure\\nof ongress to make provision for this great\\nvolume of maturing bonds should not result\\nin their remaining outstanding at the old rate\\nof interest: First, it would have been a cum-\\nbrous, difficult, and expensive task to continue\\npaying interest on scores of millions of coupon\\nbonds from which all coupons had been re-\\nmoved. Second, it would have been a distinct\\nand serious injury to the public credit, if the\\nGovernment had permitted more than six\\nhundred millions of dollars of its debt to pass\\nthe maturity date without protection, and then\\ncontinue to draw rates of interest which had\\nby that time become exorbitant for a nation\\nin the known financial condition of the United\\nStates. Third, the actual money loss involved\\nin continuing to pay five and six per cent per\\nannum on such an amount of debt, as com\\npared with the three and a half per cent per\\nannum at which Secretary Windom believed it\\nshould be floated, would be at the rate of more\\nthan eleven million dollars per annum. With\\nthis threefold stimulus, the Secretary devoted\\nhimself to the task of devising some method\\nwhich, without involving a violation of law.\\nshould virtually take the place of that legisla-\\ntion which Congress had failed to enact. After\\ncareful study of the situation, he matured and\\nput in execution a plan whereby the bulk of\\nthe maturing bonds were continued at the\\npleasure of the government to bear interest at\\nthe rate of three and a half per cent per an-\\nnum, and the residue redeemed at maturity.\\nFor this achievement in governmental finance\\nthere was no precedent, and the announce-\\nment of the Secretary s purpose was met with\\nalmost universal incredulity. The total cost\\nof the process of thus converting government\\nloans aggregating more than $600,000,000\\nbearing five and six per cent interest, into a\\nuniform three and a half per cent loan running\\nat the pleasure of the government, was less\\nthan $2,000, and no money whatever was taken", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n213\\neven temporarily from the channels of business\\nin America or Europe. The general estimate\\nplaced upon the accomplishment of this under-\\ntaking, after it had become history, was all\\nthat Mr. Windom s most ardent admirer could\\ndesire. Quietly and successfully the change\\nwas made. There was no flourish of trumpets,\\nbut no finer achievement is recorded in the\\nhistory of American financiering. Hon.\\nThomas P. P.ayard. The press of the country\\nwas absolutely without stint in its praise. The\\nNew York Tribune summed up by saying,\\nThis operation will rank as the greatest and\\nmost creditable financial triumph in history.\\nThus was Mr. Windom s reputation as a\\nfinancier enhanced at home and established\\nabroad. His ability to administer the Treasury\\nDepartment wisely with reference to the\\nneeds of a great commercial Nation having\\nbeen tested to the utmost, his selection by\\nPresident Harrison to again become the head\\nof that most important department, was wel-\\ncomed by the business community as a guar-\\nanty that the interests of the Nation would\\nbe wisely and courageously guarded. That it\\nwas not disappointed in this expectation is\\nshown by his timely, sagacious and courageous\\nuse of the treasury resources during the clos-\\ning months of 1800. The Secretary s grasp\\nof the situation seemed perfect, and his\\nprompt, decisive, though conservative mens\\nures, in the face of impending paralysis of all\\nbusiness and every industry, restored public\\nconfidence and averted National, if not inter-\\nnational disaster. The official duties of the\\nSecretary, always very exacting, were greatly\\naugmented during the winter of 1890-1891,\\nwhen questions of momentous importance en-\\ngrossed the public mind and the attention of\\nCongress was largely devoted to a discussion\\nand formulation of financial measures. Put so\\nloyal to duty was he. that, regardless of known\\nperil to life, he worked on, meanwhile refusing\\nmost flattering and tempting offers to return\\nto private life and business. The necessity\\nfor husbanding his strength, generally forbade\\nhis attendance upon public entertainments.\\nWhen, however, he received an invitation from\\nthe Board of Trade and Transportation of New\\nYork to attend their annual banquet, making\\nits convenience secondary to his, and cour-\\nteously allowing him to name the date,\\nhe at once accepted, naming January 29.\\nIn reply to some expressions of solicitude lest\\nthis additional tax upon his time and strength\\nmight prove too exhausting, Mr. Windom said\\nthat the occasion would place him among\\nfriends with whom in former years he had\\nlabored in a common cause, and furnish an\\nopportunity which he was unwilling to forego\\nto urge measures which he considered to be of\\ngreat importance to the country. Thus it will\\nlie seen that in responding to this call. Mr.\\nWindom accepted, not simply an invitation to\\na banquet, but a summons to the discharge of\\na duty as distinctly patriotic as any ever laid\\nupon a public-spirited citizen of the Republic.\\nThe world knows the sequel! He fell at\\nthe post of duty as truly as does a- soldier on\\nthe field of battle. The scene was a brilliant\\none. Art and wealth had combined to make\\nthe surroundings beautiful. The assembly con-\\nsisted of representative men from all parts of\\nthe country and leading business men of New\\nYork, and the interest of all was whetted by\\nanticipations of the evening. After an hour\\nof social intercourse, the banquet was served,\\nand then the toastmaster of the evening\\nJudge Arnoux introduced as chiefest among\\nthis brilliant galaxy of guests, the Hon. Secre-\\ntary of the Treasury. Mr. Windom had\\nchosen for his subject Our Country s Pros\\nperity Dependent Upon Its Instruments of\\nCommerce. Of the address itself little need\\nhe said. So competent a judge as Senator\\nHoar, of Massachusetts after alluding to\\nMr. Windom s report on transcontinental\\ntransportation, which he characterized as one\\nof the very foremosf of our stale papers, said:\\nIf it were desired to preserve for future use\\nand study the best specimens of the political\\ndiscussion of our day, this report and the\\npowerful speecb Mr. Windom made just before\\nhis death would have no superiors and few-\\nequals for that purpose. Mr. Windom spoke\\nforty three minutes and closed amid bewilder\\nin\u00c2\u00ab applause. He rose and courteously bowed\\nhis acknowledgments and then, in a moment", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "214\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nof time and while the applause was still ring-\\ning in his cars, without a struggle or conscious\\nness of failing strength or any pain of parting\\nfrom those he held most dear, he passed\\nbeyond earth s vexed problems, into the peace\\nand joy of immortality. The sorrow that was\\neverywhere manifest so soon as the story of\\nthe Secretary s death became known, and the\\nuniversally favorable comment upon the char-\\nacter and career of Mr. Windom by the people\\nand the press of the whole country, without\\nregard to political preferences, serves forcibly\\nto illustrate the fact that there was in his life\\nand work, that which was above and beyond\\nthe zone of partisan interests, and which\\ncommanded the esteem and admiration of the\\nwisest and best of his countrymen of every\\nparty name. To all who knew Mr. Windom\\nfamiliarly, or who had come within the atmos-\\nphere of his rare personality, any estimate of\\nhis character and career would seem purposely\\ndeficient which should omit reference to his\\nstrongly religious nature. In early manhood\\nhe publicly professed his faith in Christ, and\\nthroughout a lifetime of strenuous activity and\\nconflict, covering a period of political agitation\\nand tempest scarcely equaled in the history of\\nmen, he not only bore the white flower of a\\nblameless life, but maintained that inward\\nspiritual calm which conies alone to him whose\\nsoul is anchored in an intelligent Christian\\nfaith. His pure and reverent life, in the midst\\nof masculine activities and political struggle,\\nis an object-lesson to the young which cannot\\nbe too widely studied, lie always dared to do\\nthe thing he saw to be right; he always be-\\nlieved that in the end the right thing would\\nsecure the indorsement of the country that he\\nloved. With a sweetness of spirit which never\\nwearied, there was allied in him a quiet firm-\\nness which none could misunderstand, and\\nwhich revealed the rounded strength of a great\\ncharacter. Singularly devoted to his friends\\nand ever thoughtful of their interests, he nei-\\nther wasted his time nor embittered his genial\\nnature by resentful thoughts of his enemies.\\nMr. Windom is survived by his wife and\\nthree children one son. William Douglas, and\\ntwo daughters, Ellen Hatch and Florence\\nBronson the former being the wife of Bentley\\nWirt Warren of I .oston. The felicities of do-\\nmestic life were his in an unusual degree. All\\nwho came within the sphere of his influence\\nfelt the charm of his personality, but nowhere\\ndid the combined sweetness and strength of\\n.Mr. Windom s nature make itself felt as in his\\nown home. No shadow ever fell across its\\nthreshold, until that fatal night when its light\\nwas so suddenly extinguished.\\nLUCIUS F. HUBBARD.\\nGen. Lucius Frederick Hubbard, of Bed\\nWing, Minnesota, represents two prominent\\nEastern families the Hubbards of New Eng-\\nland and Van Valkenbergs of New York, ne is\\nof English and Dutch extraction, his earliest\\nAmerican ancestors on the paternal side hav-\\ning been George and Mary (Bishop) Hubbard,\\nwho came over from England in the Seven-\\nteenth Century, while his remote maternal an-\\ncestors the Van Valkenbergs and Van Cotts\\nof Holland joined a colony in the valley of\\nthe Hudson in the days of its early history and\\nhave ever since been one of the foremost fami-\\nlies of that locality. Lucius F. Hubbard is the\\neldest son of Charles F. and Margaret (Van\\nValkenberg) Hubbard, and was bora in Troy,\\nNew York, January 26, 1830. His father hav-\\ning died when he was but three years of age,\\nhe was placed under the care of a relative at\\nChester, Vermont, where his childhood was\\npassed, and in whose schools he obtained an\\nelementary education. At the age of twelve\\nyears he was sent to the academy at Gran-\\nville, New York, where he took a three years\\ncourse of instruction. At fifteen hi returned\\nto Vermont and became an apprentice in th\\ntinner s trade at Poultney. His apprenticeship\\nwas completed in 1854, at Salem, New York,\\nto which place he had removed in is. At\\neighteen he went to Chicago, where for three\\nyears he was employed at his trade, then, in\\nthe summer of 1857, he came to Red Wing,\\nMinnesota, where lie has since made his home.\\nII had not looked upon his education as com-\\npleted when he left the academy at Granville;", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "The fcntu/y PuMtshay Diym\\\\ iiu/ Co C/iLcaytr\\na-^S", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "IUOCKAITIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a015\\nindeed, he had regarded his school training\\nas but a theoretic basis upon which he pro-\\nceeded to construct a broad practical educa-\\ntion by means of systematic reading and re-\\nsearch in leisure hours. Accordingly, when he\\ncame to Minnesota, although but twenty-one\\nyears of age, he had arrived at the point where\\nhe could lav aside the tools of the artisan and\\nwork with the more subtle implements of the\\nintellect. His first business venture was the\\npublication of a newspaper the Rod Wing\\nRepublican which lie established and, al-\\nthough without previous journalistic expe-\\nrience, conducted successfully from the start.\\nThe Republican was the second paper in Good\\nhue county, and through that organ Mr.\\nHubbard became known and so popular that\\nin 1858 he was chosen register of deeds for the\\ncounty. In the State campaign of 1861 the\\nRepublicans nominated him as candidate for\\nthe Senate, but failed to secure his election.\\nBy this time, however, the Civil War was in\\nprogress, and Mr. Hubbard was prompt to re-\\nspond to his country s call for defenders. He\\nsold his newspaper in December and imme-\\ndiately enlisted as a private in Company A.\\nof I lie Fifth Minnesota Infantry. On February\\n5, 1862, he was commissioned captain of Com-\\npany A. and on the 20th of March following,\\nwhen the regiment was organized, was pro-\\nmoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In\\nMay the regiment was divided, three of its\\ncompanies being ordered to the frontier of\\nMinnesota, while the remaining seven were\\nsent Smith to join the Second Division. Army\\nof the Mississippi. The first battle in which\\nColonel Hubbard was engaged was that of\\nFarmington, Mississippi, on the 28th of May.\\nAfterwards, in the first battle of Corinth, he\\nwas wounded quite severely, not, however, so\\nas to disable him for further service. In Au-\\ngust, 1N02, he was advanced to the full rank\\nof colonel. In command of his regimenl lie\\nwas engaged in a number of importani battles\\nand participated in the siege of Vicksburg.\\nAfter the fall of that stronghold Colonel Hub\\nhard was given command of the Second Bri-\\ngade, First Division. Sixteenth Army Corps,\\nwhich lie led through numerous conflicts. At\\nthe fierce battle of Nashville. December 15\\nand l(i. lsr.4, the brigade suffered heavy losses.\\nColonel Hubbard had two or three horses shot\\nunder him and was himself wounded; but so\\nbrave and efficient was his conduct throughout\\nthe struggle that he was brevetted brigadier\\ngeneral for conspicuous gallantly. During\\nthe battle the Second Brigade augmented the\\nhonor which it had already won under its able\\ncommander, by capturing several pieces of ar-\\ntillery and stands of colors, and taking prison-\\ners far exceeding in number the brigade itself.\\nGeneral Hubbard s subsequent operations were\\nfor the most part in the vicinity of New Or-\\nleans and Mobile. The total number of battles\\nand minor engagements in which he partici-\\npated during the war exceeded thirty, and his\\nmilitary record is one to which the State of\\nMinnesota may well point with pride. Late\\nin 1865 he was mustered out of service and\\nreturned to his home in Red Wing. His health\\nhad been badly shattered by the strain and\\nprivations of army life and he was compelled\\nto afford himself a season of rest. In 1800,\\nhowever, he became engaged in the grain and\\nmilling business, and gradually increased the\\nscale of his operations until it dominated that\\ninterest on several lines of railroad. Mr. Hub\\nbard s political tenets have been always Re-\\npublican. He represents Minnesota in the\\nNational Committee of that party, and in offi-\\ncial life has rendered valuable service to his\\nconstituency and his State. In 1868 the Sec-\\nond District of Minnesota nominated him for\\nCongress, but he declined to 11111 because of a\\nquestion which arose concerning the genuine-\\nness of the nomination. In 1S72 he was elected\\nto the State Senate, and re-elected two years\\nlater; but in 1876 he declined a second re-elec-\\ntion. During (he last-named year he became\\ninterested in railroad const ruction. His first\\nenterprise in that line was the completion of\\nthe Midland Railway from Wabasha to Zum-\\nbrota. This railroad, which was sold to the\\nChicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Railway, led to\\nthe building and operating of a rival line by\\nthe Chicago iV; Northwestern Railway. Mr.\\nHubbard subsequently successfully projected\\ntwo other lines, viz.: (he Minnesota Central", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "2l6\\nBIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\nRailway, connecting Red Wing and Mankato,\\nand the Duluth, Red Wing Southern Rail-\\nroad, of which latter road he is at present\\nmanager. In 1881 Mr. Hubbard was elected\\nGovernor of Minnesota by a majority of 27,857\\nvotes, which was a1 that time the largest ever\\nreceived by any candidate for the office. Be\\nwas re-elected in 1883, and throughout his in-\\ncumbency of five years he administered the\\nStale affairs with marked efficiency, especially\\nin the management of ils finances. The rale of\\ntaxation was materially reduced. alsi the pub-\\nlic debt, while the trust funds were increased\\nby nearly three millions. Many important\\nmeasures were carried into effect at Governor\\nHubbard s recommendation, among which\\nwere the following: The establishment of the\\nState Board of Charities and Corrections; the\\nSlate Public School at Owatonna; State in-\\nspection of dairy products, and the present\\nsanitary organization for protecting public\\nhealth; the creation of the exist inn railway\\naud warehouse commission; the present sys-\\ntem of grain inspection; the organization of\\na State National Guard; the change from an-\\nnual to biennial elections. Governor Hubbard\\nhas also served on numerous weighty State\\ncommissions. In 18G6 he was a member of\\nthe commission appointed by the Governor to\\nascertain the status of I lie Slate railroad bonds\\nand the terms on which they would be surren-\\ndered by holders; in 1S74. a member of the\\ncommission appointed by the Legislature to\\ninvestigate the accounts of State auditor and\\ntreasurer; in 1879, on the commission, simi-\\nlarly appointed, for (lie arbitration of differ-\\nences between Hie State and State prison\\ncontractors, and in 1889, on that appointed to\\ncompile ami publish a history of the military\\norganizations of Minnesota in the Civil and\\nIndian wars of 1861-65. In the Spanish-Amer-\\nican war Governor Hubbard received I lie\\nappointment of brigadier general. United\\nStates Volunteers, anil served in command of\\nthe Third Division. Seventh Army Corps. Goa\\nernor Hubbard is a member of several mil\\nitary and social organizations, as follows:\\nAcker Tost. (I. A. R., of St Paul, Tom\\nmanderv of ihe Loyal Legion, Minnesota\\nSociety of Sons of the American Rev-\\nolution, Society of the Army of the Ten-\\nnessee, Society of Foreign Wars, Society\\nof American Wars, and Bed Wing Comman-\\ndery of Royal Arch Masons. Governor Huh\\nbard is a man of family, having, in May. 1868,\\nbeen united in marriage, at lied Wing, to .Mis;\\nAmelia Thomas, daughter of Charles Thomas\\nand a lineal descendant of Sir John Moore.\\nGovernor and .Mrs. Hubbard are the parents\\nof two sons Charles P. and Lucius Y. and\\na daughter Julia M. Many are Ihe testi-\\nmonials to the courage and high moral worth\\nof Governor Hubbard which might be quoted\\nfrom army comrades and official and business\\nassociates to swell the volume of this sketch,\\nwere not those traits of his character already\\nsufficiently obvious in the simple record of his\\ndeeds. His has been a life of varied expe-\\nrience; a life full of activity and marked by\\nmany triumphs and some defeats, through all\\nof which he lias borne himself with modest\\ndienitv and an integrity without blemish.\\nCHRISTOPHER C. ANDREWS.\\nGen. Christopher Andrews, soldier and\\npublicist, was born at the Upper Village of\\nHillsborough, New Hampshire, October 11,\\n1829. His ancestors were among the early set-\\ntlers of Massachusetts. His paternal great-\\ngrandfather, Ammi Andrews, was a lieutenant\\nin the American army in the battle of Bunker\\nHill. His maternal grandfather, Elijah Beard,\\nwas a member of the New Hampshire Legisla-\\nture al the time of his death. Gen. Andrews\\nparents were Luther and Xabby (Beard) An-\\ndrews, lie was the youngest of four children\\nand was reared to the age of fourteen on his\\nfather s thirty-acre fat m. In May, 1843, he\\nwent lo Boston and worked in his brother s\\nprovision store, receiving eight dollars a month\\nand his hoard, for his services. He was present\\nal the dedication of the Bunker Hill monu-\\nment, in -111111 1843, when Daniel Webster de-\\nlivered one of his famous oral ions, and in (he\\nPresidential campaign of 1st I he listened to", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n21 7\\ni lie address of John Quincy Adams before the\\nClay Club in Boston. After attending two\\nterms at the Francestown (New Hampshire)\\nAcademy in 1844 he returned to work in the\\nsame store in Boston, and after another term\\nat the Prancestown Academy in the fall of\\n1846 he, the following winter, taught one term\\nof a district school for eleven dollars a month\\nand board. He was admitted to the Massa\\nchusetts bar in 1850 and began practice at\\nNewton, Lower Falls. He was elected and\\nserved on the superintending school commit-\\ntee of Newton. In is. he opened an office in\\nBoston. The great orators of that period, Web-\\nster, Choate, Everett, Phillips, Sumner, he\\noften heard in and out of Faneuil Hall.\\nIn June, 1854, he went to the then Territory\\nof Kansas, which became the scene of great\\nexcitement and turbulence over the question\\nof slavery. He wrote letters to the Boston\\nPost and other Eastern papers commending\\nthe resources of Kansas which were widely\\ncopied. Although he had been opposed to the\\nKansas-Nebraska act, yet it having become a\\nlaw, he upheld its execution under the express\\nprovision that the introduction or exclusion of\\nslavery was for the bona-fi.de citizens of the\\nTerritory to del ermine. In July following his\\narrival, in a public speech at Salt Creek, near\\nFort Leavenworth, he declared his preference\\nthat Kansas should become a free State. In\\nthis speech Mr. Andrews said: I have always\\nbeen an outspoken upholder of the compro-\\nmises of the Constitution; but I am not a\\nNorthern man with Southern principles. I am\\nopposed to the extension of slavery and shall\\nvote to make Kansas a free State. Lieut. R.\\nO Drum (afterwards Adjutant General of the\\nArmy), who was present, said to him after his\\nspeech: You have to-day done the best thing\\nyou ever did. His was the first Free State\\nspeech ever made in Kansas. rovernor Reeder\\ntendered him the position of private secretary,\\nwhich he declined, and in November he went\\nto Washington, intending to stay only during\\nthe short session of Congress; but a severe\\nillness of typhoid fever, contracted in Kansas,\\nreduced his finances and changed his plans.\\nAfter he got up from his sickness, through the\\ninfluence of President Pierce, his former towns\\nman, he was appointed to a $1,400 clerkship in\\nthe Third Auditor s office and transferred to\\nthe office of Solicitor of the Treasury to suc-\\nceed Mr. Hamer of Ohio, who resigned volun-\\ntarily. He entered upon his duties March,\\n1855, and served till May, 1857, when he\\nvoluntarily resigned and settled at St. Cloud,\\nMinnesota, in the practice of law. In 1850 he\\nwas elected as a Democrat to the State Senate\\nfor a term of two years. In 1SG0 he was a\\ncandidate for Presidential Elector on the\\nDouglas Democratic ticket, and held about\\nthirty joint discussions in various parts of the\\nSlate with Mr. Stephen Miller, afterwards Gov-\\nernor. In the spring of 1861, at a war meeting\\nat St. Cloud, he made an address and inscribed\\nhis name as a volunteer. He was nominated\\nby a Union convention for Lieutenant Gov-\\nernor, but the ticket was soon withdrawn and\\nthe Union party was absorbed by the Repub-\\nlican. For a time he edited the Minnesota\\nUnion, which heartily supported Lincoln s\\nadministration in the prosecution of the war.\\nGeneral Andrews will always, perhaps, be\\nmost prominently known for his military rec-\\nord during the War of the Rebellion. There\\nis not space here for this record in full, nor\\neven for a proper epitome. His six months\\nresidence at Fort Leavenworth gave him many\\nideas of military discipline; and the better\\nto tit himself for the military service he spent\\na week at Fort Ripley, Minnesota, in the spring\\nof 1861, practicing the manual of arms and\\nwitnessing drills under Capt. N. H. Davis of\\nthe regular army. He was mustered as a pri-\\nvate October 11, 1801, in Company I, Third\\nRegiment Minnesota Infantry, which he helped\\nto recruit; appointed captain of the same com\\npany the following November; promoted to\\nlieutenant colonel of the Third Regiment in\\nDecember, 1862; colonel in August, 1863; brig-\\nadier general January 4. 1804; also commis\\nsioned, by President Lincoln, major general by\\nbrevet March 9, 1865. He was with his regi-\\nment in nearly all of its movements and oper-\\nations while he was connected with it, and the\\nrecords of the War Department show that dur\\ning the whole term of his service, except while", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "2l8\\nEIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nlie was a prisoner of war, he was not off duty\\non any account more than ten days in all.\\nAt Murfreesboro, Tennessee, July 13, 1862,\\nhe very earnestly opposed the surrender of llie\\nThird Minnesota to the Confederate General,\\nForrest. The next three months he spent in\\ntlie Confederate prison at Madison. Georgia;\\nwas paroled at Libby prison, Richmond; and\\nexchanged in November. On the reorganiza-\\ntion of his regiment, in December, 1862, he was\\nappointed its lieutenant colonel. While with\\nthe regimenl before Vicksburg he was made\\ncolonel. In August and September, isii::, he\\ncommanded the regiment on General Steele s\\ncampaign in Arkansas which resulted in the\\ncapture of Little Rock; and was appointed by\\nGeneral Steele commander of the post of Little\\nRock, and served till the latter part of April.\\nHe received a vote of thanks from the Arkan-\\nsas Free Slate Constitutional Convention. On\\nthe 1st of April, 1864, before his commission\\nas brigadier had reached him. he commanded\\nthe Union force of about L Oil men, mostly of\\nthe Third Minnesota, in an action against 600\\nConfederates under Gen. 1 McRea, near Au-\\ngusta, Arkansas, which engagement is known\\nas the battle of Fitzhugh s Woods. His com-\\nmand was well nigh surrounded by the enemy,\\nbut was well handled, behaved superbly and\\nfought its way through. The result of the\\naction was determined by a charge led 1\\nColonel Andrews. The Confederates were\\nforced to retire, and their loss was three times\\nas greal as that of the Union force. In this\\nengagement Colonel Andrews had his horse\\nkilled under him. A few weeks later he led\\nanother expedition into the country about Au-\\ngusta and captured several prisoners. lie\\nserved seventeen months in Arkansas. After\\nreceiving his commission as brigadier he\\nstarted with a column for Camden. May lil,\\n1.864, assigned to the command of the Second\\nBrigade, Second Division, Seventh Army\\nCorps, with headquarters at Little Rock. A\\nmonth later he succeeded to the command of\\nthe division. He was in command of the post\\nand district at Devall s Bluff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General Steele s\\nbase of supplies from July until in January,\\n1865, during which lime his troops made many\\nsuccessful scouts; also defeated (ien. doe Shel-\\nby in the battle of the Prairies. January 1865,\\nal Morganzia, Louisiana, he took command\\nof nine regiments undergoing reorganization.\\nIn March following he assumed command of\\nthe Second Division of the Thirteenth Army\\nCorps, which he commanded in the Mobile\\ncampaign. His division of over 5,000 veterans\\nof the Western Siaies. on April 9th, partici-\\npated in the assault on Fort Blakeley, near\\nMobile, storming the enemy s works, capturing\\n1,400 prisoners, twelve pieces of artillery, etc..\\nand losing thirty killed and 20(1 wounded, lie\\nwas in command at Selma, Alabama, from\\nApril 27 to .May 12, and of the district of\\nMobile from the latter date until July 4, when\\nhe was sent to Texas. The policy, whether wise\\nor not, Inning been adopted of assigning to dis\\ntrict commands in the South only officers of\\nthe regular army, he was,Augus1 14, following,\\nrelieved from duty as commander of the mili-\\ntary district of Houston, Texas, by Major Gen-\\neral Mower, and a few days later, under a gen-\\neral, order of the War Department, proceeded\\nlo his home at St. Cloud. He was mustered\\nout of the service, to take effect January 15,\\n1866. Although not an original Abolitionist,\\nGeneral Andrews was never a pro slavery man.\\nWhen the War of the Rebellion came he was\\nin favor of the abolition of slavery and favored\\nevery measure of the administration of Presi-\\ndent Lincoln toward that end. In a speech at\\nLil tie Rock in November. 1863, he said he\\nwas heartily glad to see slavery expiring, add\\nin;;: II must and will go under. He advo-\\ncated enlisting the negroes as soldiers, al-\\nthough many oilier Union officers were op-\\nposed to this feature of the administration s\\nwar policy. As a War Democrat he voted for\\nLincoln in 1864. On account of the position\\ntaken by the Democratic party on re-construc-\\ntion and its treatment of the freedmen after\\ni he war he supported the Republican policy\\nand advocated negro suffrage as a means of\\nprotection to the freedmen. lie opposed the in-\\nflation of the currency and upheld the National\\ncredit in speeches in successive campaigns. In\\n1868 he was a delegate to the Republican Na\\nlional Convention al Chicago, when Grant and", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "A", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n219\\nColfax were nominated. Later in the same\\nyear he received the regular Republican nomi-\\nnal ion for Congress in his district. Hon.\\nIgnatius Donnelly classified in Horace Gree-\\nley s Tribune Almanac as the irregular Re-\\npublican candidate was in the field, and, the\\nvote being divided, Hon. Eugene M. ^Vilson of\\n.Minneapolis, the Democratic candidate, was\\nelected. As the representative of the regular\\norganization and of proper methods in politics,\\nGeneral Andrews should have received the full\\nsupport of his party. However, although the\\ncampaign was short, he received 8,598 votes\\nand a majority of the Republican votes in sev-\\nenteen out of twenty four Republican counties\\nin the district. In May, 18(59, he was appointed,\\nby President Grant, Minister to Copenhagen;\\nbut in July was transferred to Stockholm,\\nwhere he served eight years and a half. Re-\\nturning to Minnesota, he took up his residence\\nin St. Paul, May, 1878. As the official repre-\\nsentative of our country at the court of Sweden\\nand Norway, his service was most valuable.\\nOn the part of the United States he concluded\\na treaty for the reduction of postage between\\nthe countries, and his numerous and elaborate\\nreports on a variety of important subjects are\\nyet consulted and regarded as authorities.\\nHis reports on the production of iron, on edu-\\ncation, forestry, agriculture, finance, labor and\\nwages, civil service, etc., were published by the\\nDepartment of State. General Andrews has\\nbeen a writer for the public press since early\\nmanhood. For several years he made the re-\\nsources of Minnesota known to the Eastern\\npublic as correspondent of the Boston Post\\nand of the New York Evening Tost. In 1880\\nhe engaged in journalism as principal owner\\nand editor of the St. Paul Dispatch. He pre-\\nsided over that paper for one year and during\\nthis time Garfield was elected President, the\\nsett lenient of the Minnesota Railroad bonds\\nquestion was effected, and the St. Paul high\\nschool was built. All of these he strongly ad-\\nvocated. He sacrificed $10,000 in his newspa-\\nper venture, but gave the Dispatch a reputation\\nfully equal to that amount. In 1882 General\\nAndrews was appointed, by President Arthur,\\nConsul General for the United States at Rio de\\nJaneiro, Brazil, and served until in 1885, when\\nhe was recalled by President Cleveland. In\\n1895, under the Forest Preservation Act, lie\\nwas appointed Chief Fire Warden of Minne-\\nsota, which office lie still holds. In 1899 he\\nwas made Secretary of the Minnesota State\\nForestry Board, in which position he serves\\nwithout salary. He was influential in the es-\\ntablishment anil location of the State Soldiers\\nHome. General Andrews has done a great deal\\nof valuable literary work. Among other notable\\ncontributions of his to American literature, it\\nmay be stated that he was the author of the\\narticle on Cuba in the Atlantic Monthly for\\nJuly, 1879; of the volume entitled: Brazil;\\nIts Condition and Prospects (D. Apx\u00c2\u00bbleton\\nCo., 1889); of a pamphlel entitled: Adminis-\\ntrative Reform (two editions, in 1877-88);\\nof Minnesota and Dakota, Digest of Opinions\\nof Attorneys General, Treatise on the Revenue\\nLaws, Campaign of .Mobile, etc., of a series of\\npapers on agriculture in Minnesota, published\\nin the St. Paul Pioneer Press in 1894; of a\\nspecial report on wheat culture in the North-\\nwest, published in 1882 by the U. S. Depart-\\nment of Agriculture, etc. He was the\\nprojector and editor of the invaluable military\\nrecords, the two volumes entitled: Minne-\\nsota in the Civil and Indian Wars. His four\\nannual reports as Chief Fire Warden, which\\ntreat mainly of Minnesota s forestry interests.\\nhave been favorably received. He is an earnest\\nRepublican in full accord with the declared\\nprinciples of his parly. Hi favors the gold\\nstandard, and his influence has always been\\nexerted for sound money. General Andrews\\nwas married, December, 1868, to Miss Mary\\nFrances Baxter, of Central City, Colorado (de-\\nceased 1893). In all his twelve years of official\\nservice abroad, this most estimable lady was\\nhis companion and helpmate. His daughter\\nresides with him in St. Paul.\\nFRANK H. PEAVEY.\\nAmong the names which stand most sig-\\nnificantly for the industrial and social prog-\\nress, not only of the State which enrolls them", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "220\\nBIOGRAPHY (\u00c2\u00bbF MINNESOTA.\\nas citizens, but of the whole great Northwest,\\nis that of Frank Hutchison Peavey. He is\\na native of Maine, born in the city of Eastport,\\non the 18th of January, 1850. His paternal\\ngrandfather was Gen. Charles Peavey (a na-\\ntive of New Hampshire), who was prominent\\nin the military a Hairs of the State of Maine\\nand one of the leading merchants and lumber\\nmanufacturers of the State, located at Fast\\nport, lie was highly esteemed for his ability\\nand force of character. During the war of\\n1812, Eastport was captured by the British\\nforces, and General Peavey removed his\\nfamily to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where\\nsome of his children were born. Albert D.\\nPeavey, the father of Frank H., was born am!\\nreared in Eastport, Maine, and when arriving\\nat the age of maturity, became associated\\nwith his father in the very prominent mercan-\\ntile and lumber firm of Peavey Son. Ib-\\ndied in 1859, when our subject was but nine\\nyears of age, leaving also a widow and two\\nyounger children. The maiden name of Mrs.\\nPeavey, the mother of Frank H., was Mary\\nDrew, a daughter of Daniel Drew, a success\\nful merchant of Eastport and a man of vigor-\\nous mind and body. Mrs. Peavey is still\\nliving, in the beautiful home built for her by\\nher devoted son, at Sioux City, Iowa, where\\nshe is highly esteemed for her bright mind,\\nforce of character and many womanly graces.\\nThe five or six years following his father s\\ndeath were uneventful ones to Frank H. He\\nattended the common schools of Eastport,\\nstudied well and played heartily, being blessed\\nwith excellent health and spirits. Nothing in\\nthe external circumstances of his life distin-\\nguished him essentially from the boys with\\nwhom he mingled or pointed to a remarkable\\ncareer for him; but there was an internal cir-\\ncumstance of inherited ambition and persever-\\nance, working like leaven in the uniformed\\ncharacter. His father s death had curtailed\\nthe opportunities which would otherwise have\\nbeen open to him in his native city, at the\\nsame time creating in him an early sense of\\nresponsibility as the male head of the family,\\nand the expanding energy within him yearned\\nfor the roomy region of the West. In April,\\ntsd. i, at the age of fifteen, he set out for the\\nEldorado of his dreams, arriving in due time\\nin Chicago, where he soon secured employ-\\nment as messenger boy in the Traders National\\nBank. He subsequently obtained the position\\nof bookkeeper in the Northwestern National\\nBank, which he retained until compelled by\\nillness to return to his native city for recupera-\\ntion. Within a year he decided upon a move\\nwhich later events proved to have been a\\nmost wise and fortunate one. Returning to\\nChicago he secured a position as head book-\\nkeeper in the large general store of II. D.\\nBooge Company, at Sioux City, Iowa; and\\nbefore attaining his majority he became a\\npartner in the agricultural implement house\\nof Booge, Smith Peavey. which was suc-\\nceeded by the firm of Evans Peavey, and\\nin due time developed into the wholesale\\nhardware house of Peavey Brothers. To their\\nimplement business Evans Peavey added\\nthe buying of grain, and erected a small eleva-\\ntor at Sioux City. Shortly afterwards Mr.\\nPeavey bought out his partner s interest, and\\nthrough negotiations with prominent millers\\nof Minneapolis, obtained authority to act as\\nagent for the purchase of wheat. Thus was\\nformed the nucleus from which, by a process\\nof gradual yet rapid expansion, his business\\nhas developed to its present colossal propor-\\ntions. The modest little elevator at Sioux\\nCity became the progenitor of numerous and\\nmore imposing ones, which mark the course\\nof the Northwestern Railway system through\\nNorthern Iowa, Southern Minnesota and South\\nDakota; the largest, at Duluth, holding 5,000,-\\n(MMI bushels, and the combined capacity of all\\nbeing 35,000,000 bushels. The extension of the\\nbusiness in time necessitated the removal of\\nhis headquarters to Minneapolis, which was\\neffecled in 1884. During the fifteen years\\nsince he established his offices in that city the\\nbusiness of F. II. Peavey Company has made\\nstrides commensurate with the proportions of\\nthe giant it had already become, until now it\\nundoubtedly leads all concerns of its kind in\\nthe world. In contemplating such phenomenal\\ndevelopment of an industry under the guidance\\nof an individual, one is struck with amaze-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n221\\nment that any man can do so much; and, in-\\ndeed, no man can, except as he co-operates with\\nevolutionary forces. The underlying secrel of\\nthe vasi successes of the world s industrial\\nleaders is that deep-seeing and far-seeing\\nfaculty by which they discern the progressive\\n(rend and play into Nature s bands. Having\\nthus watched and studied his business through-\\nout ils growth, Mr. Peavey knows it familiarly\\nin all ils ramifications, and is able to keep his\\naffairs well in hand without giving up his\\nwhole time to them. He has a multitude of\\ninterests, not a few of which are of a philan-\\nthropic character. The Samaritan Hospital at\\nSioux City an institution well worthy of its\\nname owes its freedom from debt and in-\\ncreased usefulness to his bounty and influence.\\nEducational matters lie always near his heart.\\nand he has been for several years a member\\nof the Board of Education of Minneapolis.\\nHe loves his adoptive city, having imbibed to\\nthe full the contagion of pride and enthusiasm\\nwhich characterizes her citizens, and he is a\\nzealous and powerful promoter of her public\\nenterprises. And beyond his city and his\\nState, his interest is extended and his influence\\nfelt, even to the furthest limits of the North-\\nwest. While residing in Sioux City, Mr.\\nPeavey organized and served as president of\\nthe Security National Bank, which is now the\\nleading national bank of that city. He is one\\nof the directors of the Minneapolis, St. Paul\\nSault Ste. Marie Railway, as also of the Minne-\\napolis St. Louis line. Two classes of people\\nwho find in Mr. Peavey a faithful champion\\nare the poor and the young. He is a man of\\nbroad charities not the less so because he\\nfollows the more rational modern method of\\nhelping people to help themselves. He is the\\nauthor of an unique scheme for stimulating\\nthe newsboys of Minneapolis to economy, b\\\\\\ninducing them to deposit regularly a portion of\\ntheir slender earnings in the bank, with an\\narrangement for having the sum doubled from\\nhis own account every three months. This\\nplan has started many a boy. who without\\nsuch a stimulus might have developed habits\\nof indolence or extravagance, on the road to\\na successful business career; for to the im-\\npressionable mind of a boy, quite as much as\\nto his seniors, the possession of property gives\\na sense of dignity and responsible citizenship.\\nSo great is the concern which Mr. Peavey has\\nmanifested for the waif population of Minne-\\napolis, that it has sometimes been called his\\nhobby. Apart from his acts of more direct\\nbenevolence, Mr. Peavey is in himself a con-\\nstant incentive to thrift and prudence, setting\\na wholesome example of industry and ab-\\nstinence from risky speculation. To the army of\\nmen in his employ he pays good salaries, justly\\nand beneficently requiring in return a full\\nequivalent of good service. Loyal as is Mr.\\nPeavey to Minneapolis, and the whole region\\nover which his commercial interests extend, he\\nstill cherishes a deep tenderness for his native\\nNew England. As his Western interests and\\naffections center in Minneapolis, so his Eastern\\nones center in the city of his birth; and East-\\nport, Maine, is indebted to him for its public\\nlibrary, he having several years ago donated\\nfunds for its erection. It is called the Albert\\nPeavey Memorial Building, in honor of his\\nfather, and is at once a rich public boon and\\na splendid filial monument. As he is a lover\\nof nature, so Mr. Peavey is a lover of art\\nnature s reflection in which he is a connois-\\nseur; and he has a large private collection of\\nchoice and rare pieces an ideal retreat from\\nthe prose of business life. A description of\\nMr. Peavey s person would coincide with his\\ncharacter broad, massive, vital, of an easy\\nand agreeable magnetic presence. He looks,\\nas he is, well able to bear his full share of\\nthe world s burdens; but he shrinks from\\nnotoriety with positive aversion, and but\\nreluctantly consents to this portraiture in\\nrecognition of the urgent modern demand for\\nsuch an introduction to the men who stand\\nback of our progressive institutions. One of\\nthe leading bankers of Chicago, who has\\nknown Mr. Peavey intimately during the\\ngreater part of his business career, says of\\nhim:\\nHe is a man of remarkable executive abil-\\nity, especially along the lines of organization,\\nlie has a peculiar faculty for selecting brighi\\nand able men for the component parts of this", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "222\\nBIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\ngreat organization. Those who catch the in-\\nspiration and pull with him are sure of their\\nreward. But there is no place for drones in\\nthe Peavey hive. During his entire business\\ncareer, Mr. Peavey lias made it a point to be\\nprompt, even punctilious, in meeting every\\nfinancial obligation. .More than this he has\\nmany times assisted those in financial straits\\nin times of business depression, by paying his\\nobligations before they became due; he, by\\nhis business sagacity and thrift, having the\\nready money to do so. As a result of his busi-\\nness methods. Mr. Peavey has established his\\nreputation with bankers, from the Atlantic to\\nthe Pacific, as a man of the highest commercial\\nhonor.\\nIn 1872 Mr. Peavey was married to Miss\\nMary D. Wright, eldest daughter of Hon.\\nGeorge G. Wright, one of the most prominent\\nresidents of Des Moines. Iowa. Judge Wright\\nhas been a member, both of the State Legis-\\nlature and the United States Senate; was for\\nfifteen years on the Supreme Court Pench,\\nand for a number of years Chief Justice;\\nfounded the State University Law School, and\\nis one of the founders of the Republican party\\nin Iowa. Mr. Peavey is the devoted father of\\nthree children: Lucia Louisa Mrs. Frank T.\\nHeffelfinger since October, 1895; Mary Drew,\\nwife of Frederick P.. Wells since September,\\n1898, and George Wright Peavey. The sons\\nand sons-in-law are all members of the firm\\nof F. H. Peavey Company, and they vie\\nwith each other in loyalty to the firm and\\nrespect for the founder. Two little represen-\\ntatives of a new generation, Frank Peavey and\\nTotten Heffelfinger. have come to add their\\nsanction to their grandsire s gray hairs and\\na generous contribution to the joy of his do-\\nmestic hearth.\\nOLIVER DALRYMPLE.\\nMr. Dalrymple was born in Warren county,\\nPennsylvania, in 1830. His father was (dark\\nDalrymple, a native of Amherst, Massachu-\\nsetts, and a descendant of the old and dis-\\ntinguished Dalrymples of Scotland. For two\\nhundred years the name of this family was\\nillustrious in the annals of Croat Britain,\\nwhere its members bore the proudest titles.\\ntilled the highest civil and military positions,\\nand were eminent as authors, jurists and\\nstatesmen. The maiden name of his mother\\nwas Elizabeth Shoff. born at Troy. New York,\\nand she was of the well-known Dutch stock\\nthat settled the Hudson and Mohawk valleys.\\nHis grandfathers on both sides fought in the\\nRevolutionary War, and other members of his\\nfamily served in the War of 1812. His educa-\\ntion was completed at Alleghany College,\\nPennsylvania, and at Yale, supplemented by\\na course in the Yale Law School. For a time\\nhe was principal of the Warren Academy, at\\nWarren, Pennsylvania, where he was admitted\\nto the bar in 1855. It was in 1855 now forty-\\nlive years ago when Mr. Dalrymple crossed\\nthe Mississippi river to cast his lot with the\\npioneers of the Great West in their work of\\nthe settlement and development of a vast\\ncountry, the greater portion of which then\\nseemed almost as virgin as the earth when the\\nCreator had made it. Then a few steamboats,\\nchiefly from Southern waters, lined the levee\\nat Si. Louis and made a primary commercial\\ncenter for the West. Railroad men of heroic\\nmould were struggling to connect Chicago,\\n.Milwaukee, and the Croat Lakes with the\\nMississippi river building at the rate of\\nt weiity miles a year. Eastern Iowa and South-\\nern Wisconsin had a few scattered settlements.\\nThe government had recently negotiated the\\npurchase of Minnesota from the Indians. The\\nmap of civilization practically gave out at the\\nPalls of St. Anthony. Where now are North\\nand South Dakota and the States farther to\\nthe westward was a veritable terra incog-\\nnita, with the Indian, the fur trader, and the\\nbison in undisputed possession. To-day. how-\\nchanged! Forty-five years of history have\\nbeen recorded. The sturdy pioneer had done\\nhis work. Magnificent achievements have\\ncome from his industry, prowess, and enter-\\nprise. Eight great States, being in area nearly\\none-fourth of our Republic, have been peopled,\\nopened up to husbandry, checkered with rail-\\nroads, crowned with growing cities, endowed\\nwith institutions of learning, the ordinances\\nof religion, and all that pertains to the great-\\nest advancement of an intelligent, free, and", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nprosperous people. Iu April, 1856, after mak-\\ning a tour of the Northwesl and traveling\\nthrough several States, Mr. Dalrymple settled\\nin Minnesota and opened a law, land, and loan\\noffice, and for several years carried on exten-\\nsive operations in these branches at Chattield,\\nFaribault, and St. Peter, where United Slates\\nland offices were then located. January 1,\\nI860, he removed to St. Paul, where he took up\\nhis permanent residence and entered upon the\\npractice of law. Shortly thereafter he formed\\na law partnership with the late Horace R.\\nBigelow, and soon became known as a success-\\nful lawyer. In 1862 occurred the massacre of\\nnearly 1,000 settlers and the destruction of\\nvast values of property, by the Sioux Indians\\nin Minnesota. Mr. Dalrymple enlisted in the\\ncause of the survivors of the massacre, who\\nhad suffered loss of property, and demanded\\nthat the general government should in-\\ndemnify the loss from the annuity funds held\\nin trust for the hostile Indians under former\\ntreaties. Aided by others, he finally succeeded\\nin obtaining a grant of more than $1,000,000\\nfor the surviving settlers many of them\\nwidows and orphans, made so by the massacre\\nwhose property had been destroyed. .Mr.\\nDalrynrple s tastes and inclinations led him to\\nrural life and agricultural pursuits. In 1866\\nhe withdrew from the practice of law and\\nfor the past thirty-five years he lias been en-\\ngaged in farming. His field of operations for\\nthe first ten years was in the peninsula be-\\ntween the St. Croix and the Mississippi, in\\nWashington county, Minnesota, about fifteen\\nmiles southeast of St. Paul. Here he had\\nthree large farms, which he named the Grant,\\nthe Sherman, and the Sheridan farms, in honor\\nof the three great generals of the Civil War.\\nAnd here he cropped 2,500 acres of grain, a\\nfeat which thirty-five years ago was regarded\\nas well nigh impossible, for farm machinery\\nwas then quite imperfect and every bundle of\\nwheat was bound by hand on the ground. Dur-\\ning the past twenty-five years he has operated\\nextensively in the now far-famed valley of the\\nRed River of the North. In the winter of\\n1875-6, when the country was in a primitive\\nstate, and before there was a railroad station\\nor a dwelling house between Fargo and Bis\\nmarch, he purchased partly from the North-\\nern Pacific Railroad Company and partly from\\nthe government\u00e2\u0080\u0094 75,00(1 aires of the choicest\\nand best located wheat lands in the Red river\\nvalley. Of part of these lauds he was sole\\nowner, and in the remainder he had a half\\ninterest, with Gen. \\\\V. Cass, of New York.\\npresident and director of the Northern Pacific;\\nlion. B. P. Cheney, of Boston, and Grandin\\nBros., bankers, of Tidioute, Pennsylvania.\\nThe Bed river valley was originally regarded\\nas practically worthless. Mr. Dalrymple was\\na farmer and believed in the valley. When\\nhe first visited the country, in the winter of\\n1.875-6, to invest in it, the railroad was built\\nto Bismarck, but the cars did not run for want\\nof business, lie pumped his way into the\\nvalley on a hand car. and cut and boxed sam-\\nples and specimens of the soil. On returning\\nto St. Paul he exhibited these specimens to\\nhis family, remarking that the lands from\\nwhich they had come were intrinsically worth\\n$25 per acre to raise wheat on. regardless of\\nthe effect of the future settlement of the\\ncountry. By using railroad stock at par and\\nIndian scrip, these lands cost from forty cents\\nto three dollars per acre. They are at present,\\nas now improved, salable at an average price\\nof $30 per acre, and have paid twelve per cent,\\non an average, during good and bad years,\\nwhile in cultivation. Starting in 1876 Mr.\\nDalrymple broke up and put under plow 6,000\\nacres per annum each year for five years, con\\nstituting a wheal farm of 30,000 acres,\\nequipped with good farm buildings, teams,\\nmachinery, and elevators, of which he is three-\\nquarters owner and general manager, making\\nMr. Dalrymple the largest wheat grower in\\nthe world. He was the originator and the\\npioneer in bonanza, or wholesale farming,\\nwhich has contributed so much to the settle-\\nment and development of the new Northwest,\\nand given to its author more than a National\\nnotoriety and reputation. Mr. Dalrymple s\\nfamous farm is operated in divisions of 2,500\\nacres each. Over each division is a mounted\\nforeman, with a superintendent over each six\\ndivisions. Mr. Dalrymple himself takes the", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "224\\nI HM KAI IIY OF MINNESOTA.\\ngeneral management, and gives directions to\\nthe superintendents. Each division is equipped\\nwith iis own separate buildings, trains, and\\nmachinery, and is connected with the head-\\nquarters by telephone, while the headquarters\\nconnects with the Western Union telegraph.\\nThe lands of the farm are so level and free\\nfrom obstructions that in plowing, etc., four\\nor six horse teams sometimes make as high\\nas twelve miles in a single round. A bonanza\\nfarm of this size uses in its operation 150\\nseven-foot self-binding harvesters, 150 gang\\nplows, TO eleven-foot gang drills and 1 li extra\\nlarge steam thrashing outfits, with self-feeding\\nand self-stacking attachments, straw being\\nused in the engines for fuel. The farm owns\\nall property used thereon, and also owns its\\nown elevators and hoards and lodges its own\\nlaborers. From 500 to 600 men are employed,\\nand about 000 horses. The farm raises its\\nown horses. Its twelve steam thrashers each\\nturn out from 2,000 to 2,500 bushels of wheat\\nper day, and the farm ships daily, as thrashed,\\ntwo trainloads of grain to Duluth, where a\\nvessel is loaded every other day for Buffalo or\\nNew York. The accounts of this business are\\nkept with the system of a bank, and the farm\\ning operations are carried on with the precision\\nand discipline of a military organization.\\nTrior to the building of railroads, Mr. Dalrym-\\nple, with another gentleman, built and ran a\\nline of boats for several years on the Bed\\nRiver of the North between Fargo and Winni-\\npeg, for the purpose of carrying out their\\nwheat and opening the country to settlement.\\nIn 1871, Mr. Dalrymple married Mary E. Stew-\\nard, the daughter of Hon. John Steward, of\\nPanama. New York. For many years Mrs.\\nDalrymple has been prominent in the benevo-\\nlent and religious societies of St. Paul. Mr.\\nand Mrs. Dalrymple have two sons, William\\nand John, both graduates of the University of\\nMinnesota. William is in the grain business\\nat Duluth and Minneapolis, and also attends\\nto his father s wheat and elevator business.\\nJohn manages his father s estates in the Red\\nriver valley, and spends the winter in St. Paul.\\nMr. Dalrymple is an able and successful busi-\\nness man. He lives in St. Paul, where he has\\nan elegant and comfortable home, and spends\\nhis summers upon his estates, which have been\\nto him a source of enjoyment, owing to hi\\nquiet tastes and habits and his fondness for\\ncountry life. He has never sought official posi-\\ntion, hut has regarded the private station as\\nthe post of honor. Mr. Dalrymple takes some\\nsatisfaction in having for forty-five years been\\none of the pioneers of the West who have\\ncontributed to that development of the coun-\\ntry which has prepared it for its splendid\\npresent and its magnificent possibilities and\\ngrowing future.\\nDELOS A. MONFORT.\\nThe family of Monfort or de Monfort, as the\\nname was originally spelled, originated in the\\nProvince of Brittany, France. Having adopted\\nthe Huguenot faith at the time of the Prot-\\nestant Reformation, they were compelled to\\nhave France soon afterward and seek refuge\\nfrom religious persecution, in Germany. Their\\nproperty was confiscated and given to a\\nyounger branch of the family, who renouncing\\ntheir faith, remained behind. The refugees,\\nsettling in the Province of Baden, near the\\nlake of Constance, founded the town to which\\nthey gave their family name, and here Peter\\nMonfort, a descendant of this family, was born\\nin 1724. In 1750 he removed to the United\\nStates, and locating in the State of New* Jer-\\nsey, became a member of the Assembly of that\\nState, and also one of the original proprietors\\nof a large tract of land near where the city\\nof Trenton now stands. He was the father of\\nfour sons, Abram, Jacobus, John and Peter.\\nAbram Monfort, the eldest son of Peter Mon-\\nfort, was born in New Jersey in 1752, and re-\\nmoved to New York in 1780, settling near the\\npresent site of the city of Rochester, where\\nhis only son, also called Abram, was born, in\\n1783. This son afterward removed to Jeffer-\\nson, New York, and later to the town of\\nPentield, New York. Jared Goodrich Monfort.\\nthe eldest son of Abram Monfort and Eleanor\\nGoodrich Monfort, was born at Jefferson, New\\nYork, in 1810, and later removed to Hamden", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "RIOGRARHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand then to Unadilla, New York, at which\\nlatter place he died in 1864. Delos Abram\\nMonfort, the subject of this sketch, was\\nborn at Haraden, New York, April 6, 1835,\\nand was the eldest son of Jared G. Monfort\\nand Loretta Fuller Monfort, daughter of\\nNathan Fuller and Chloe Williams Fuller, and\\ngranddaughter of Nathan Fuller and Phoebe\\nHarris Fuller, the former being a descendant\\nof John Fuller, one of the earliest settlers of\\nAttleboro, Massachusetts. While still quite\\nyoung Delos A. Monfort removed with his\\nparents to Unadilla, New York, where his\\nfather was for many years a leading merchant,\\nand continued to reside up to the time of his\\ndeath. Here he received his education, and\\nthen, as a youth, he went to Cooperstown, New\\nYork, where he entered the employ of Joshua\\nA. Story, a prominent dry goods merchant of\\nthat place. In 1854, with another young man,\\nhe made quite an extensive trip through the\\nNorthwest, and was very much impressed with\\nthis portion of the country. In 1S57, largely\\nthrough the influence of Judge R. R. Nelson,\\nof this city, who had also been a resident of\\nCooperstown, he decided to settle in St. Raul.\\nHe arrived there in May, 1K57, on the old\\nsteamer Menomonie, which was the first\\nsteamboat to arrive that year, the railroad\\nfrom the East at that time running only as\\nfar as Freeport, Illinois, at which place lie\\ntook the stage for Galena, Illinois, and from\\nthence came by steamer to St. Paul. On\\narriving here he entered the private bank-\\ning house of Mackubin Edgerton as a\\nteller, which bank was then situated in the old\\nWinslow House at the Seven Corners. When\\nthis bank was merged into the Reople s Stale\\nRank a few years later. Mr. Monfort became\\ncashier, and when the bank was finally reor-\\nganized under the national banking system, in\\n1864; after the passage of the National Rank\\nAct, and became the Second National Rank,\\nhe continued in the position of cashier under\\nthe new organization. A few years later he\\nbecame vice-president of the bank, and on the\\ndeath of the president, Mr. Erastus S. Edger-\\nton, in April, 1S93, he became president, which\\nposition he held up to the time of his death.\\nFor several years prior to the time of his\\ndecease he was the oldest banker in the\\nSlate in point of years of service. In I860\\nMr. Monfort married Miss Mary .1. Edger-\\nton, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Erastus\\nEdgerton, of Franklin. New York, and sister\\nof .Mr. Erastus S. Edgerton, one of the orig-\\ninal organizers of the Second National Hank\\nand its predecessors, the People s State Bank,\\nand the private bank of Mackubin Edger-\\nton, and also president of the Second National\\nRank, from its organization until his death.\\nAlthough banking was his life work, Mr. Mon-\\nfort was at one time or another engaged in\\nseveral other lines of business, as side issues.\\nThus he was at various times during his busi-\\nness career actively interested in an insurance\\ncompany, the grocery business, a foundry, and\\na silver mine in the Black Hills, North Dakota,\\nbut during the last fifteen years of his life he\\ndevoted himself exclusively to the manage-\\nment of the Second National Rank. However,\\nhis entire time and attention were by no means\\ndevoted to business, for his was a well rounded\\ncharacter. During his earlier years he was\\nfond of athletics of various kinds. lie was\\nalways fond id horseback riding, an exercise\\nwhich he continued up to within two years of\\nI he lime of his death. He was also very fond\\nof fencing, and became very proficient in the\\nuse of both the foil and broad-sword. He had\\na great natural liking for military men ami\\nthings military. For a portion of the lime\\nduring the Civil War he was captain of a\\nmilitia company, which organization was,\\nhowever, never mustered into active service.\\nFor a long time he took a great interest in\\nthe orders of Free-masonry and Knights\\nTemplar, and was for many years Eminent\\nCommander of Damascus Commandery of St.\\nRaul, and was at one time Grand Commander\\nnl the State of Minnesota, as well as a 32d\\ndegree Mason. He also took much pleasure in\\nlini h the practice and competitive drills, as well\\nas the memorable encampment of Damascus\\nCommandery, at White Rear Lake, during the\\nsummer of 1879, while he was commander of\\nthat organization. It was, however, in his home,\\nsurrounded by his family, his friends and his", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "226\\nCJO ;i; Al IIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbooks, thai lie ever found his truest and great-\\nest pleasure. From his earliest youth be was\\na dose student of men, of affairs and of books.\\nReading and study was with liini a lifelong\\nhabit, and he spent much of his leisure time\\nin this way. Mis reading was very extensive,\\nami covered almost every line of art. science\\nand literature, and having a very retentive\\nmemory, his mind was a vast storehouse of\\ninformation on almost every conceivable sub-\\nject. His library, which is one of the fines!\\nprivate libraries in the Northwest, includes\\nmany old and rare 1 ks, as well as all the\\nstandard authors, and here is carefully pre-\\nserved every book that he ever possessed in\\nhis life. Although never a politician or candi-\\ndate for public office, he always took an active\\ninterest in public affairs, and ever stood\\nstrongly for truth and right. Thus he always\\nserved his country, his State and his city in\\na quiet, unostentatious and unselfish way. He\\nwas one of the early members of the St. Paul\\nChamber of Commerce, and sewed several\\ntimes as treasurer of that organization. He\\nwas for one year president of the Minnesota\\nBankers Association, vice-president of the\\nDual City Bankers League, chairman of the\\nexecutive committee, and afterwards president\\nof the Town and Country Club, president of\\nthe Minnesota Board of World s Fair Commis-\\nsioners for the Columbian Exposition at\\nChicago, in IS!!:!, one of the charter members,\\nand at the time of his death, a member of the\\nboard d governors of the Minnesota Club, and\\nwas also a member of the Commercial Club,\\nthe While Bear Lake Yacht Club, the Society\\nof Colonial Wars, the .Minnesota Historical\\nSociety, and a member of the board id directors\\nof the St. Paul Public Library. Mr. Monfort\\nwas a man who never possessed very great\\nphysical strength. Nevertheless, his erect\\nmilitary carriage and quick elastic step indi-\\ncated a great reserve force of nervous energy.\\nIn 1878, his health being poor, he spent nine\\nmonths abroad. He enjoyed especially the\\nParis Exposition held that year, the great\\nSpring Review at Berlin, the magnificent\\nscenery of the Rhine and of the Alps, and the\\nart treasures and the old historic places of\\nItaly. Mr. Monfort s health had been delicate\\nfor the past two years, but it was only in\\nOctober, L898, that he became seriously ill.\\nlie was confined to the house during the\\nlatter part of the fall, most of the winter and\\nthe early spring. About the first of May he\\nwent East, accompanied by his wife, hoping\\nthat a change of climate migbi benefit his\\nhealth, lb- spent some three weeks in Wash-\\nington, D. O, visiting his daughter and her\\nfamily, and then went to Atlantic City, New\\nJersey, where he improved steadily for two\\nmonths. During the last four weeks he was\\nnot as well, but was not thought to be in an\\nalarming condition. The end came suddenly\\nand painlessly, at six o clock on Saturday\\nmorning, August lid, 1899. He is survived by\\nhis wife, his daughter, Mrs. Edward H. Gheen,\\nwife of Commander Gheen, of the United\\nStates Navy, his son Frederick D. Monfort,\\ncashier of the Second National Bank, St. Paul;\\nhis brother, Mr. Charles J. Monfort, and his\\nsisters, Mrs. John Summers, of this city,\\nand Mrs. James II. Keyes, of Oneonta,\\nNew York. A just and upright man and a\\npatriotic citizen has gone to his reward. A\\ngood husband, a kind brother, a gentle and\\naffectionate father, a thoughtful friend and\\nneighbor, will be missed and mourned by\\nmany, for gentle, courteous and just to all. he\\nhad no enemies and his friends were legion.\\nThe influence and example of such a life can-\\nno! be effaced, and the winds of the greatest\\nof the English poets might truly be applied to\\nhim: His life was gentle, and the parts so\\nmade up in him that nature might stand up\\nbefore the whole world and say, This was a\\nman!\\nTIMOTHY J. SIIEEIIAN.\\nTimothy J. Sheehan, the commander of Fort\\nRidgely, Minnesota, during the Sioux massacre\\nof 1862, is one of the best-known men in the\\nState. He was born in the County Cork, Ire-\\nland, December 21, 1835. He was the son of\\nJeremiah and Ann McCarthy Sheehan, who\\nlived on a farm in that county. Both his\\nparents died in 1838, when he was but three", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "The Century PuMishim/ S Cry rail ny Co Chicaner", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nyears old, and he was reared alums! from in-\\nfancy to young manhood by his paternal\\ngrandfather. He was given the rudiments of\\neducation in the national schools of his native\\nland, being kept at his studies until he was\\nfourteen years of age. In 1850 he came to the\\nUnited States, landing in New York City in\\nthe month of November, and going thence\\ndirectly to Glen s Falls. New York, where he\\nagain attended school for some time, and\\nwhere for two years he was engaged as a\\nmechanic s apprentice. In L855 he went to\\nDixon, Illinois, where he remained two years,\\nat work in a saw-mill in the summer and at-\\ntending school in the winter. In the spring of\\n1857 he came to the then Territory of Minne-\\nsota, arriving May 3, at Albert Lea, then a\\nfrontier village only a year old, and Minnesota\\nlias ever since been his home. n Lake Albert\\nLea, three miles from (he village, he made a\\nhomestead, and for some years worked his\\nclaim. In 1860 he was elected clerk of the\\ntownship of Albert Lea, was re-elected in\\n1861, and held the office until he resigned to\\nenter the Union Army. On October 11, 1861,\\nwhen Hie war of the Rebellion was fairly on,\\nhe left his home at Albert Lea and enlisted as\\na private in Company F, Fourth Minnesota\\nInfantry Volunteers. lie was made a corporal,\\nand soon became so proficient in the duties of\\na soldier and evidenced such tilness generally,\\nthat Gen. John B. Sanborn recommended him\\nfor a commission. February 15, 1862, at Fort\\nSnelling, he was discharged from the Fourth\\nRegiment, by order id Major General Halleck,\\nto accept promotion, and three days later, on\\nFebruary 18, was commissioned by Governor\\nRamsey, first lieutenant of Company of the\\nFifth Regiment, Minnesota Volunteers, then\\nbeing organized. His company was made up\\nvery largely of men from Freeborn county, and\\nLieiiienanl Sheehan recruited sixty-five men\\nfor the company among his neighbors and\\nfriends. After this his military experience\\nwas a very notable one throughout. Upon the\\norganization of the Fifth Regiment, March 20,\\n1862, Company C Lieutenant Sheehan s\\ncompany was ordered to Fori Ripley. Minne-\\nsota. Lieutenant Sheehan s services in Minne-\\nsoia, in 1862, meritorious, conspicuous and\\nvaluable as they were to the Slate, are so fully\\nset forth in the pages of other authentic his-\\ntories thai l hey need noi here be described in\\ndetail, and only certain incidents connected\\ntherewith may be adverted to. On .June is,\\n1862, Lieutenant Sheehan was ordered, with\\nfifty men of his company, to march overland\\nfrom Fort Ripley to Fort Ridgely, a distance,\\nby the route marched, of nearly two hundred\\nmiles. He arrived with his detachment on the\\n28th, and the next day was ordered with the\\nportion of his company present and fifty men\\nof Company B, under Lieut. Thomas P. Gere,\\nto the Yellow .Medicine Indian agency, forty\\nfive miles distant up the Minnesota river, to\\nreport to Agent Galbraith, for the purpose of\\npreserving order and protecting LTnited States\\nproperty during the time of the annuity pay-\\nment, which was expected to take place in a\\nfew days. He was placed in command of the\\nforce, consisting of one hundred men, and took\\nwith him one cannon, a twelve-pound mountain\\nhowitzer. On (he 27th of July, while in service\\nat Yellow Medicine, Lieutenant Sheehan, with\\nfourteen of his soldiers, four cili/.ens, and an\\nIndian guide named Wasu-ho-washte (or\\nGood Voiced Hail) made an expedition from\\nthe agency to the Dakota line west of Lake\\nBenton, after the bloody and merciless Ink\\npa-doo-ta, the leader of the Indians in the\\nSpirit lake and Springfield massacres of 1857.\\nThe Lieutenant set out on the morning of July\\n28, before daylight, and for a week was en-\\ngaged in an unsuccessful search for the wicked\\nbui wily marauder, who. warned id his danger,\\nhad lied swiftly and far into South Dakota.\\nThe troublous times at Yellow Medicine dur-\\ning the month of .Inly and first pari of August,\\n1862, are described in oilier volumes. It niusl\\nsuffice here to say thai the agency was almost\\nconstantly threatened by several thousand\\nwild, turbulent, and hungry Indians, who were\\nready for any desperate undertaking because\\nof the protracted and inexplicable delay of\\nthe annual payment. Nothing saved the\\nagency, iis property and its while occupants,\\nat this time, but I he presence and the brave\\nand intelligent conducl of Lieutenant Sheehan", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "RloGRAI IIY F MINNESOTA.\\nmid his soldiers, who now had two pieces of\\nartillery, When, on August 4th, about eight\\nhundred armed warriors came upon the\\nagency, broke in the door of the government\\nwarehouse, and began plundering it of its\\nstoics, there was do faltering in this gallant\\nband. A mountain howitzer was promptly\\ntrained m the broken doorway by Lieutenant\\nGere. The Indians at once fell away from the\\nrange of the cannon, and through the avenue\\nthus formed Lieutenant Sheehan and Ser-\\ngeant Trescott, with sixteen men, marched\\nstraight to the warehouse and drove out every\\nplundering Indian. Lieutenant Sheehan kept\\nhis men well in hand. If, under the greal\\nprovocation, a single musket had been fired,\\nnot a soldier would have lived to tell the story.\\nA dreadful slaughter was further prevented\\nby Lieutenant Sheehan s success in inducing\\nAgenl Galbraith to give the Indians a moder-\\nate supply of provisions; and when the\\nsavages again became insolent and menacing,\\nhe put his men into position and his guns in\\nbattery in front of the warehouse, and then\\nthe Indians withdrew. The impending storm\\nof carnage and rapine had, however, only been\\nchecked for the time. But it was in the gal-\\nlant defence of Fori Ridgely when and where\\nLieutenant Sheehan so greatly distinguished\\nhimself and rendered such invaluable service.\\nOn the evening of August 11 1862, the Lieu-\\ntenant returned to Port Ridgely from Yellow\\nMedicine with his command; all prosped of\\ntrouble with the Sioux Indians in that quarter\\nhad disappeared. On the 17th he was ordered\\nin march with his detachment back to Fori\\nRipley, and he set out in the early morning of\\nthe next day August IS. The Sioux had\\nbroken out at the Redwood agency and had\\ncommenced one of the most horrible massacres\\nrecorded in the pages of American history,\\nindiscriminately murdering and scalping men.\\nwomen and children, and burning and destroy-\\ning all property in the surrounding country.\\nA i eleven o clock in the forei n the news\\nof the outbreak reached Captain Marsh at\\nFori Ridgely. and he al once determined to\\nmove to the scene of the trouble with 1he\\nlarger portion of his company. At the same\\ntime he dispatched a messenger. Corporal Mc-\\nLean, with the following order to Lieutenant\\nSheehan. who was then on his way to Fort\\nRipley:\\nHeadquarters, Fort Ridgely,\\nAugust IS, 1862.\\nLieutenant Sheehan:\\nIt is absolutely necessary that you should\\nreturn with your command immediately I i\\nthis I ost. The Indians are raising hell at the\\nLower Agency. Return as soon as possible.\\nJOHN S. MARSH,\\nCaptain Commanding I ost.\\nCorpora] McLean did not overtake Lieuten-\\nant Sheehan s detachment until evening, when\\nit was in cam]) near Glencoe, forty-two miles\\nfrom Fort Ridgely. The men had marched\\ntwenty-five miles that hot day and were going\\ninto bivouac for the night, but the lieutenant\\nal once ordered them to about face. and they\\nobeyed cheerfully, and the return march was\\nbegun. Meantime Captain Marsh and twenty-\\nthree of the men had perished in the deadly In-\\ndian ambuscade at the Redwood ferry. Fort\\nRidgely was being filled with citizen refugees\\nmen, women and children many of them\\nwounded, anil all destitute and terror-stricken.\\nThe prairies, the roads, and the little farms\\nwere strewn with mangled bodies; murder and\\nrapine were in the air; the glare of burning\\nbuildings illuminated the sky. The savages\\nhad beset the fort and the surrounding coun-\\ntry. The fort was merely a military post, a\\ncollection of buildings about a square, with\\nnot a stone in place as a fortification, not a\\nspadeful of earth thrown up as a breastwork.\\nAs a garrison to defend the place, there were\\nbut twenty-nine men with muskets, under\\nLieutenant Gere, a young officer only nineteen\\nyears of age. Following is an extract from\\nLieiiicnaiil Gere s account of the situation at\\n1 his I hue:\\nThe Indians, hilarious at the desolation\\nI hey had wrought during the day, were at the\\nagency, celebrating in mad orgies their suc-\\ncesses, and neglected their opportunity to\\ncapture what proved to be the barrier to the\\ndevastation of the Minnesota valley. Tuesday\\nmorning dawned on mingled hope and appre\\nheiision for the coining hours, and when sun", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n229\\nlight shone upon the prairies, every quarter\\nwas closely scanned from the roof of the\\nuighesl building through the powerful tele-\\nscope fortunately at hand. At about nine\\no clock Indians began congregating on the\\nprairie some two miles wesl of the fort,\\nmounted, on foot, and in wagons, where, in\\nplain view of the fort, a council was held.\\nTins council was addressed by Little Crow and\\ntheir movements for the day decided upon.\\nWhile this was in progress, cheers of welcome\\nannounced the arrival at the fort of Lieutenant\\nSheehan with his fifty men of iompany The\\ncourier dispatched by Captain Marsh on the\\nprevious day had reached this command at\\nevening, soon after it had gone into camp.\\nforty-two miles from Fort Ridgely, between\\nNew Auburn and Glencoe. Promptly obeying\\nthe order for his return, Lieutenant Sheehan\\nat once struck tents, and the command cum\\nmenced its forced march, covering during the\\nnight the entire distance traversed in the two\\npreceding days, arriving the first to the rescue\\nand meriting high praise. Lieutenant Sheehan\\nnow took command at Fort Ridgely.\\nThe Lieutenant and his men reached the\\nfori in the nick of time, at ten minutes of nine\\nA. M. on Tuesday morning, having marched\\nforty-two miles in ten hours, and seventy miles\\nin twenty-two hours. There is no parallel to\\nthis great endeavor in the official records of\\nthe War Department, and no account of its\\nhaving been surpassed, is mentioned in history.\\nReaching the fort, he found the place\\nthronged with weeping and sorrowful people;\\nilly supplied with food, water and ammunition;\\nwithout sufficient protection even against the\\nIndians bullets: with but few arms save those\\nof the soldiers, and no prospect of reinforce-\\nment or relief of any sort. Bui when the\\nRenville Rangers arrived, he had then one\\nhundred and fifty brave and resolute men in\\nhis command, three good cannon, and a great\\ninterest at stake, and he determined to defend\\nthe post and its helpless occupants d the last.\\nHe knew that Fort Ridgely was the gateway\\nto the lower Minnesota valley, and that if it\\nwere forced by the savages, not only would\\nthere be one of the greatest and bloodiest\\nbutcheries in history, but the entire beautiful\\nvalley would be desolated with tire and gun\\nand tomahawk. The Indians were present in\\nvastly superior numbers, and were eager to\\nattack him, confident of success. Of the de-\\nfence of Fort Ridgely during its eight full\\ndays of siege and investment by a very largely\\nsuperior force, history speaks; but of the re-\\nsponsibilities upon the young commander, his\\ntrying experiences, his great exertions, there\\ncan be no adequate description. He was\\ngreatly aided and supported by his gallant\\nand faithful subordinate, Lieut. T. P. Gere,\\nand by every soldier, and also by the citizen\\ndefenders, whom he organized into a company,\\nwith Hon. It. H. Randall as their captain. The\\nfirst formidable and concerted attack on the\\nfort by Little Crow and his chief s, with about\\nsix hundred braves and warriors, on August\\n20th, began about two o clock P. M., and did\\nno1 cease until dark It was met and repulsed\\nat every quarter, for the commander was pre-\\npared for if. He had placed his artillery, had\\nbuilt breastworks, and distributed his men t 1\\nthe best advantage, and the result was all that\\ncould be desired. Tn the desperate fight dur-\\ning the afternoon, the Indians were whipped\\nand driven off. The heaviest and. most des-\\nperate attack was made on Fort Ridgely on\\nAugust 22. Little Crow, believing that if Fort\\nRidgely were taken his path to the Mississippi\\nwould be comparatively (dear, resolved to\\nmake one more desperate attempt at its cap-\\nture, his numbers Inning been largely aug-\\nmented. The second and most furious attack\\nwas made at about one o clock P. M. With\\ndemoniac yells the savages surrounded the\\nfort and at once commenced a heavy musketry\\ntire. The garrison returned the fire with equal\\nvigor and with great effect on the yelling\\ndemons. Early in the fight, Little Crow with\\nhis warriors took possession of the government\\nstables, the sutler s store and all outside\\nbuildings, and in order to dislodge the Indians\\nfrom those buildings, Lieutenant Sheehan or-\\ndered them set on lire. Then on came the\\npainted, yelling warriors, tiling volley after\\nvolley, as they charged 011 the garrison. The\\nheroic defenders opened an all-around fire from\\n1 artillery and musketry, which paralyzed\\nfhe Indians and drove them back Thus, after\\nsix hours of continuous blazing conflict, alter-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "2 3\u00c2\u00b0\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nnately lit up by the flames of burning build-\\nings and darkened by whirling clouds of\\nsmoke, terminated the second and last attack\\non Fort Ridgely. Four more days and nights\\nof suspense ensued until, on the morning of\\nthe 27th of August, the fori was relieved\\nby the advance of General Sibley s force. Be-\\nfore the fight the following message was re\\nceived from Hen. c. E. Flandrau, commanding\\nat New I lni\\nNew Ulm, Augusl 20.\\nCommander, Fori Ridgely:\\nSend me 100 men and guns if possible. We\\nare surrounded by Indians and fighting every\\nhour. Twelve whites killed and many\\nwounded. C. E. FLANDRAU,\\nCommanding New Ulm.\\nFlandrau s message was most discouraging,\\nfor it shewed the general situation at New\\nUlm and the surrounding country. But the\\nyoung lieutenant rose to the occasion with the\\naddress of a veteran, although this was his\\nmaiden battle. lie assumed charge of every-\\nthing, and directed the defence in every detail.\\nOn August 31, 1862, he was promoted to cap-\\ntain of his company. lie continued in com-\\nmand of Fort Ridgely until September IS,\\nwhen he was ordered with his company to Fort\\nRipley. After the Sioux massacre in Novem-\\nber, Companies 1! and C were sent to the\\nsouth to join the main portion of their regi-\\nment, from which they had been separated\\nsince its organization, and reached it near\\nOxford. Mississippi, December 12, 1862. at-\\ntain Sheehan served at the head of his com-\\npany in the South during tin war of the\\nRebellion from December, 1862, to September.\\n1865. He participated in several important\\ncampaigns, and was engaged in a number of\\nbattles and skirmishes, prominent among\\nwhich were the siege id and assault on Vicks-\\nburg; the battle of Tupelo, Mississippi, where\\nhe was in command of the portions of the Fifth\\nMinnesota and Eighth Wisconsin present, and\\nother detachments, in all three hundred men;\\ni he action at Abbeyville; i he long and arduous\\ncampaign through Arkansas and Missouri,\\nknown as the Price campaign; the battles\\nalioui Nashville, notably that of December Hi,\\n1864, and the siege of Mobile in the spring of\\n1865. He was discharged from the service al\\nDemopolis, Alabama. September 6, 1865. lb\\nwas frequently mentioned in orders, and on\\nmany occasions distinguished himself. In the\\ngallanl charge of General Hubbard s Brigade\\nat Nashville, which swept away a part of\\nHood s strongest line. Captain Sheehan was\\namong the foremost. His was the \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0color cum\\npany id the regiment. Five color bearers\\nweie shot down. Captain Sheehan seized the\\nflag and charged with his company over the\\nbreastworks, commanding the Confederates to\\nsurrender to the flag. For his conduct on this\\noccasion he was especially mentioned in the\\nreports. September 1, 1865. Captain Sheehan\\nwas commissioned, by Governor Miller, lieu\\nlenant colonel of his regiment. The line sub-\\nstantial monument erected by the State in\\n1896 on the former site of Fort Ridgely, to\\ncommemorate its defence in lst 2, bears upon\\nit a brief history of the memorable engage-\\nment and a life-size bronze medallion of Lieu\\ntenant Sheehan. the commander, as he\\nappeared at the time. The dedicatory inscrip-\\ntion reads. In memory of the fallen, in\\nrecognition of the living, and for the emulation\\nof future generations, and altogether the\\nmonument is a most befitting and appropriate\\nstructure. After his return from the army to\\nhis old home at Albert Lea, Minnesota, Colonel\\nSheehan re-engaged in his former occupation,\\nthat of farming. In 1871 he was elected sheriff\\nof Freeborn county, and at subsequent (dec-\\nlions was reelected live times, holding the\\noffice in all, six terms, or twelve years. In\\nthat position he showed ureal activity, adroit-\\nness and expedition in arresting criminals of\\nvarious kinds, and was a very popular county\\nofficer. February 25, 1885, Colonel Sheehan\\nwas appointed by President Arthur agenl for\\nthe Chippewa Indians of the White Earth\\nagency of Minnesota. This office he held for\\nmore than four years, or until dune. 1889. His\\nservice was of great value and importance,\\nand acceptable both to the governmenl and\\nthe Indians. He took a prominent part in\\nmaking what was known as the Bishop Whip-\\nple treaty of 1886, and the Henry M. Rice", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nW\\ntreaty of 1889, with the Chippewas of Minne-\\nsota. In May, 1890, he was appointed Deputy\\nU. S. Marshal by Col. J. O. Donahower. He\\nhas held the position ever since, under all the\\nchanges of administration, including the\\npresent Republican incumbent, Hon. W. H.\\nGrimshaw. Colonel Sheehan himself lias\\nalways been a Republican. He has made a\\nmost efficient and valuable officer, lias often\\nbeen cut rusted with matters of large responsi-\\nbility, and has always discharged liis entire\\nduties with intelligence and satisfaction.\\nWhile in service as deputy marshal under\\nMarshal O Connor, in October, 1898, Colonel\\nSheehan took a prominent and an active part\\nin the incidents connected with the battle\\nwith the Chippewa Indians at Sugar Point,\\nwhich is described elsewhere in this volume.\\nHis intimate acquaintance with the Leech\\nLake Indians having for four years been their\\nagent and his thorough knowledge of Indian\\ncharacter generally, enabled him to be of greal\\nservice on this occasion. He was first sent\\nup to Leech Lake to arrest the turbulent In-\\ndians who had resisted and who were still\\ndefying the authorities and the law. He ac-\\ncompanied the force under General Bacon and\\nMarshal O Connor that went from Walker to\\nSugar Point, and it was Colonel Sheehan in\\nperson who arrested the first of the lawless\\nBear Islanders for whom warrants had been\\nissued. When the battle began he at once\\nbecame a participant and fought as he did at\\nRidgely. During the fight he was wounded\\nthree times in the right arm, in the hip, and\\nseverely across the abdomen yet lie never\\nleft the field. The wounds he received at Sugar\\nPoint made seven given him in battle two at\\nRidgely, two at Nashville and three at Sugar\\nPoint. In the opinion of the best informed,\\na piece of work performed by Colonel Sheehan\\nin the battle of Sugar Point contributed very\\nlargely to saving the white forces from utter\\ndefeat, if not from annihilation. This was his\\ncharge with a platoon of soldiers and deputy\\nmarshals on the Indian left flank, which was\\nbeing pushed around and threatened to en-\\nvelop General Bacon and his entire command.\\nMr. Will. II. Brill, of the St. Paul Pioneer\\nPress, who has written and published the\\nstandard account of the Sugar Point affair,\\nsays:\\nMeanwhile Colonel Sheehan had taken\\ncharge of the fighting on the right of the flank,\\nand he did wonders with the green men that\\ncomposed his command. He also refused to\\ntake shelter, but kept on walking up and down\\nthe line, encouraging his men and imploring\\nthem to keep cool. After the first two or three\\nvolleys he ordered his men to charge the fence\\non the right, under cover of which the Indians\\nwere pouring in a cross fire. The charge was\\nsuccessful, and the Indians were driven off.\\nIn this charge twelve of his detachment of\\ntwenty men were killed and wounded.\\nColonel Sheehan s conduct in the Sugar\\nPoint fight was the theme of admiring com-\\nment from the public press of the State and\\nthe Nation, and he received numerous letters\\nof congratulations from friends and asso-\\nciates. Ex-Governor McGill wrote him as fol-\\nlows:\\nSt. Paul, October 12, 1898.\\nDear Colonel Sheehan:\\nI congratulate you on the gallant part\\nyou played in the recent battle at Leech Lake\\nwith the hostile Indians, and I am profoundly\\ngrateful that your life was spared. In your\\ncase the hero of 62 has become the hero of\\n98. It has been thirty-six years since your\\nfamous tussle with the red men at Fort\\nRidgely. The lapse of lime seems neither to\\ncool your blood nor modify your courage. You\\nare the same gallant officer you were when I\\nfirst met you at St. Peter after the siege of\\nFort Ridgely. I did not meet you personally\\nthen, but saw yon. and have always since that\\ntime carried you in my mind and heart as one\\nof Minnesota s most gallant soldiers and\\nbravest men. Cod bless you. Colonel, for all\\nyou have done and endured. But don t do so\\nany more. You have won the right to refrain\\nfrom further Indian fighting. Let the younger\\nmen do the rest of it. We want you with u*\\nas long as the rest of us live. Poor Major\\nWilkinson! How sincerely I mourn his death.\\nIt was simply the chance of war that his life\\nwas taken, while yours was spared. Again\\ncongratulating you on your courage and never\\nfailing grit, and again admonishing you to\\nstop fighting, I am sincerely.\\nYour friend,\\nA. R. McGILL.", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "1T,2\\nP.IOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nColonel Sheehan was married in November,\\n1866, to Miss .Icnnic -Judge, who was also born\\nin Ireland. They have three sons, now grown\\nto manhood, and named, Jeremiah, George\\n\\\\Y.. and Edward Sheehan. Mrs. Sheehan is\\nan accomplished and mosl estimable lady, and\\na worthy companion for her husband. She is\\nprominent in church work and other beneficent\\nmovements, and a well-known member of the\\nbest social circles. The historian of Ihis\\nvolume, who has long and intimately known\\nColonel Sheehan, says:\\nAll the world admires a hero. And when\\nhe has been lnave and imperiled himself in a\\nright cause and the fruit of his courage is a\\nsubstantial benefit to his fellow men. he is to\\nbe honored for all lime. With true courage\\ncame the other qualities and elements which\\nconstitute right manhood and make a man\\nworthy of right distinction. As one who fills\\nthis measure as one who has fought the bat\\nties of his State and his Country, and by his\\ninvincible courage and fidelity saved hundreds\\nof valuable lives and a greal area of territory\\nfrom destruction, and as one who. as a citizen,\\nsoldier, and public official has made an 1111\\nblemished record Colonel Sheehan well\\nmerits his place among Minnesota s most hon-\\norable and distinguished men. And it is\\ngratifying and good to say that, with the\\nblessing of Providence, there arc many more\\nyears of distinction and usefulness before him.\\nWell does Colonel Sheehan deserve the gold\\nand bronze medals which adorn his breast.\\nWILLIAM II. DUNWOODY.\\nWilliam Hood Dunwoody, who has long been\\nidentified with the Hour milling interests of\\nMinneapolis, is a native of Pennsylvania, born\\nin Chester county. March 11. 1841. His father\\nwas .lames Dunwoody. whose father, grand-\\nfather and great-grandfather lived in the same\\nvicinity in Chester county, and were all en-\\ngaged in agricultural pursuits. The family is\\nof Scotch ancestry. Mr. Dunwoody s mother\\nwas Hannah Hood, the daughter of William\\nHood, of Delaware county, Pennsylvania,\\nwhose ancestors came to Ihis country when\\nWilliam Peiin founded the colony which took\\nhis name. Mr. Dunwoody s early life was\\npassed upon the farm where he was born.\\nAfter a period of schooling in Philadelphia, he.\\nat i he age of eighteen, entered his uncle s\\nstore in Philadelphia, and commenced what\\nproved to be the business of his lite. His\\nuncle was a grain and flour merchant. After\\na few years Mr. Dunwoody commenced busi\\nness for himself as a senior member of the\\nfirm of Dunwoody Robertson. After ten\\nyears of practical experience in the Philadel-\\nphia flour markets, Mr. Dunwoody came to\\nMinneapolis in 1869, and, for a time, repre-\\nsented several eastern houses as Hour buyer.\\nMilling at Minneapolis was then in a state of\\ntransition. It was the time when the old-\\nfashioned mill stones were giving place to the\\nmodern steel rollers and the middlings purifier.\\nWilli keen perception Mr. Dunwoody saw that\\na greal advance in the milling business was\\nat hand, and in 1871 he embarked as a member\\nof the firm of Tiffany. Dunwoody Com\\npany. He was also a member of the firm\\nof II. Harrow Company, and the busi\\nness of both concerns was under his per-\\nsonal management. Early in his career\\nas a Minneapolis miller Mr. Dunwoody\\ndistinguished himself among his associates by\\ndevising and organizing the Minneapolis\\nMillers Association, which was for a long time\\na most important organization, its object being\\nco-operation in the purchase of wheat through-\\noul the Northwest. It had an important part\\nin the building up of the Minneapolis milling\\nbusiness. Its work was discontinued when the\\ngeneral establishment of elevators and the\\ndevelopment of the Minneapolis wheat market\\nmade it no longer necessary for the millers to\\nwork in cooperation in buying their wheat.\\nAnother important work which Mr. Dun\\nwoody early attempted was that of arranging\\nfor the direct exportation of Hour. It had\\nbeen the custom to sell through brokers and\\nmiddle-men of the Atlantic seaports. In\\nls~7 Governor C. Washburn conceived the\\nidea of introducing spring wheat Hour in the\\nmarkets of the United Kingdom by direct ship\\nmen! from the mills, and in this he was\\nheartily seconded by Mr. Dunwoody. Winn\\nother millers wore solicited to co-operate in", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "M^\\nAv\u00c2\u00a3X", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "I .KHiKAI HV OF MINNESOTA.\\n2 33\\nsuch a project, they promptly declined, offering\\nas a reason that nothing could be accom-\\nplished, and that the money so expended\\nwould be thrown away. Governor Washburn\\nwas not in the least discouraged by this posi-\\nlion of his neighbors and very soon arranged\\nwith Mr. Dunwoody to make a trip to Europe\\nin furtherance of the idea of building up a\\ndirect exporting business. In November, 1877,\\nMr. Dunwoody went to England, and, though\\nhe met with a most determined opposition,\\nsucceeded in arranging for the direct export\\nof flour from Minneapolis, a custom which has\\nsince continued without interruption. Shortly\\nafter the great mill explosion of 1878, Gover-\\nnor C. C. Washburn induced Mr. Dunwoody to\\njoin him in a milling partnership with the late\\nJohn Crosby, and Charles J. Martin. The firm\\nthus formed, Washburn, Crosby Company,\\ncontinued for many years, and was finally suc-\\nceeded by the Washburn-Crosby Company.\\nSince Mr. Dunwoody s connection with the\\nWashburn mills, in 1870. he lias been unin-\\nterruptedly identified with the conduct of Ibis\\nfamous group of mills. It was natural that\\nMr. Dunwoody, as a prominent miller, should\\ntake a large interest in the management of\\nelevators. He has invested largely in elevator\\nproperties, and was one of the organizers of\\nthe St. Anthony Dakota Elevator Company,\\nof which he is president; the St. Anthony\\nElevator Company, and the Duluth Elevator\\nCompany, being vice-president of these com-\\npanies. In addition to these Mr. Dunwoody\\nholds other important interests, and is con-\\nnected with a number of the strongest financial\\ninstitutions of Minneapolis. He is vice-presi-\\ndent of the Northwestern National Dank, a\\ndirector of the Minneapolis Trust Company,\\nand vice-president of the Washburn-Crosby\\nCompany. Mr. Dunwoody is a man of large\\nmeans, and has been actively identified with\\nmany enterprises calculated to benefit the\\nwhole Northwest, as well as the city in\\nwhich he resides. Before coming to Minne-\\napolis, he married Miss Kate L. Patten,\\nthe daughter of John W. ratten, a prom-\\ninent merchant of Philadelphia. Mr. Dun-\\nwoodv s refined tastes have been grati\\nfled in late years by extensive travel. He has\\nspent much time abroad, and delights, above\\nall things, to escape from the cares of business\\ninto the open country with dog and gun.\\nHe is a model citizen, enterprising, methodical\\nand painstaking in business; he is unassum-\\ning, genial and affable in private life, but of a\\nretiring disposition. He has cultivated liter-\\nary and artistic taste, and enjoys refined social\\nintercourse.\\nLLEWELLYN CHRISTIAN.\\nMr. Christian, who has been long and\\nprominently connected with the great mill-\\ning interests of Minneapolis and Minne-\\nsota, was born in Wetumpka county. Ala-\\nbama, June 10, 1841. He is a son of\\nJohn Christian, a native of New York, and\\nthe maiden name of his mother was Susan\\nWeeks. She was born in Wilmington, North\\nCarolina. In his early childhood Mr. Chris-\\ntian s parents removed from Alabama to Wil-\\nmington, North Carolina, and in 1840 came to\\nGeneva, Wisconsin, then practically on the\\nnorthwestern frontier. In 1854 he was sent to\\nChicago, and was at school in that city for\\nfour years. He then went to New York City,\\nand there remained for about fourteen years.\\nMr. Christian has been connected with Minne-\\nsota milling interests since 1872. In that year\\nhe came to Minneapolis and became a member\\nof the firm of Christian, Day Company,\\nwhich operated the Zenith mill. In 1874 he\\nentered into partnership with his two brothers\\nand C. C. Washburn, forming the firm of J. A.\\nChristian Company, proprietors of the\\nWashburn mills. The company continued to\\noperate these mills until the noted explosion of\\nthe Washburn A mill in 1S78. Subsequently\\nhe was connected with the Tettit mill as a\\nmember of the linn of Pettit, Christian\\nCompany. In 1870, in company with his\\nbrothers and C. M. Hardenburgh, he built the\\nCrown Holler Flouring Mills, and was con-\\nnected with their operations until the mills\\nwere sold to the Northwestern Consolidated\\nMilling Company in 1801. After the sale", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "J 34\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nof his flouring mill interests in Minneap-\\nolis, Mr. Christian and Mr. C. E. French\\nbought a mill at Shake-pee, Minnesota,\\nwhich they are still operating in connection\\nwith a grain commission business. No other\\nman is better informed on the flouring mill\\nindustry and the grain interests of the North-\\nwest than .Mr. Christian, lb- is regarded as an\\nauthority on wheat and Hour production in\\nthe Northwest, lb- made two extensive tours\\nof the Old World, mainly in search of informa-\\ntion concerning modes, methods and improve-\\nments in milling, and has long been a student\\nand investigator of the subject. As a citizen\\nof Minneapolis, loyal to the interests of the\\ncity, he is prominent and influential. He is a\\nmember of St. Mark s Episcopal church, in\\nwhich he has been a vestryman for several\\nyears. In 1874 he married Miss E. D. French,\\nof his childhood home. Wilmington, North\\nCarolina. They have no children living. .Mr.\\nand Mrs. Christian have a tine residence at the\\ncorner of Fifth avenue and Eighth street,\\nwhich is one of the most attractive places in\\nthe down-town district. They also have a\\nbeautiful summer home on the shore of Lake\\nMinnetonka, and are well known and popular\\nmembers of society.\\nROME G. BROWN.\\nRome G. Brown is a native of the Green\\nMountain State, and was born at Montpelier,\\nJune 15, 18fi2. His parents were Andrew\\nChandler and Lucia A. (Green) Brown. He\\nwas educated at Harvard University, gradua-\\nting from that institution in 1884. He after-\\nwards entered the office of Hon. Benjamin F.\\nFifield, of Montpelier, and studied law with\\nhim for three years. The Supreme Court of\\nVermont then admitted him to I he bar as an\\nattorney and counsellor at law and solicitor\\nin chancery. This was on the 24th of Octo-\\nber, 1887. Less than two months later, De-\\ncember 7, 1887. he went west, locating in\\nMinneapolis, which city has been his home\\never since. He at once entered the law office\\nof Benton Roberts, composed of Reuben\\nC. Benton and William P. Roberts, at that time\\na well known law firm of Minneapolis. Feb-\\nruary 9, 1888, he was admitted to practice in\\nthe courts of Minnesota. On the first of -Ian\\nnary, 1890, he went into partnership with\\nMessrs. Benton and Roberts, the name- of the\\nfirm becoming Benton, Roberts Brown.\\nThe partnership continued for five years, the\\ndissolution being occasioned by the death of\\nColonel Benton, January 1895, since which\\ntime he has continued in practice alone. n\\nthe 27th of May, 1895, he was admitted to\\npractice in the United States Supreme Court.\\nMr. Brown s practice has been general for the\\nmost part, although he has been attorney for\\nmany business interests and corporations, in-\\ncluding the Great Northern Railway. He has\\nbeen, and still is, extensively engaged in legal\\ncontroversies involving questions of water\\npowers and water rights in lakes and streams.\\nHe is the attorney of the two companies which\\ncontrol the entire water power of the Missis\\nsi|i]ii at Minneapolis, viz., the St. Anthony\\nFalls Water Power Company and the Minne-\\napolis Mill Company. He is also the legal\\nrepresentative of the Crookston Water Works\\nPower and Light Company, the Grand Forks\\nGas and Electric Company, the Minneapolis\\nTribune, and other commercial and manufac-\\nturing concerns. On the 25th of May, 1888,\\nMr. Brown was united in marriage at Marsh-\\nfield, Vermont, to Miss Mary Lee Hollister,\\ndaughter of Samuel D. and Flora (Coburn)\\nHollister. Mr. and Mrs. Brown have two chil-\\ndren. Edwin Chandler, born July 8, 1891, and\\nDorothv. born July 19, 189(5.\\nJAMES H BAKER.\\nGen. dames Ileaton Baker was born in\\nMonroe. Butler county, Ohio, May 1829.\\nlie is the son id Rev. Henry and Hannah\\n(Heaton) Baker. His father was a Methodist\\npreacher and a physician; a gentleman of good\\nliterary attainments, who died at Memphis.\\nTennessee, in 1864, while serving as chaplain\\not ;i regiment in the Civil War. His great\\ngrandfather, William Baker, served in the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "Th antury Puttishitiy Lynn imj Co Ctticaytx", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n235\\nRevolutionary War under Washington. On\\n1 lie maternal side, his great-grandfather, Da-\\nvid Heaton, fought for American independ-\\nence in the battles of Germantown, Princeton,\\nTrenton and others, and Ins grandfather,\\nJames Heaton, was a quartermaster, serving\\nwith General Harrison in the War of 1812-15.\\nWhen James was about two years old (he fam-\\nily moved to Lebanon, in the adjoining county,\\nwhere, in due time, he prepared for college,\\nentering the Wesleyan University at Dela-\\nware, Ohio, in 1847. He graduated in 1852,\\nreceiving the Latin honors of his rlass for su-\\nperior scholarship. He then engaged in teach-\\ning, and was for a short time at the head of a\\nfemale seminary in Richmond, Indiana. In\\n1853 Mr. Laker purchased the Sciota Gazette\\nat Chillicothe, one of the oldest newspapers in\\nOhio. On the organization of the Republican\\nparty, his paper became its champion, and his\\nwritings contributed materially to the growth\\nof the infant party in southern Ohio. In ap-\\npreciation of his services lie was nominated\\nas the Republican candidate for Secretary of\\nState, Hon. Salmon P. Chase heading the\\nticket; the two canvassed the State together,\\nwinning at the October election. At the expi-\\nration of his term of office, in 1S 7. Mr. Baker\\ncame to Minnesota and settled in Line Earth\\ncounty, near Mankato. The following year he\\nwas the Republican candidate for Secretary of\\nState for the State of Minnesota, and was\\nelected. He was re-elected and was still serv-\\ning as Secretary of State when the Civil War\\nbroke out at the South. Feeling it was his\\nduty to go into the military service, he re-\\nsigned, enlisted and received a colonel s com\\nmission from Governor Ramsey. He took\\ncommand of the Tenth Minnesota Infantry, and\\nserved under General Sibley in the campaign\\nof 1862 and 1863, against the Sioux Indians.\\nColonel Baker was in command of the soldiers\\nat the time of the execution of the thirty eight\\ncondemned Indians at Mankato, December 2\\nIstJL After the Indian troubles Colonel Laker\\nwas ordered to the South and reported at SI.\\nLouis, Missouri, October 10, 1S(;:;. and was as-\\nsigned to that post by General Schofleld, but\\nhis command was soon enlarged to that of a\\ndistrict. He was subsequently appointed pro-\\nvost marshal of the department of Mis\\nsouri by Secretary Stanton, and in that im-\\nportant position lie served until the close of\\nthe war. For his fidelity in this important\\ntrust, which virtually made him military go\\\\\\nernor of Missouri, he was brevetted brigadier\\ngeneral of volunteers. Peace being restored,\\nGeneral Laker was mustered out of service,\\nNovember 31, 1865, and was appointed register\\nof the consolidated land offices at Boonville,\\nMissouri, which office he resigned at the end\\nof two years. He returned to his farm in Line\\nEarth county, intending to enjoy the quiet of\\nrural life. In 1S71 President Grant tendered\\nhim the office of commissioner of pensions,\\nand he entered upon the duties of that impor-\\ntant office June 1, of that year. Through his\\ninstrumentality the pension laws, formerly\\nscattered through different volumes of the\\nstatutes, were compiled into one law and very\\nmuch simplified. A tier serving four years\\nwith great credit to himself in the faithful and\\nable discharge of his duties, and to the satis-\\nfaction of the department, he resigned. In\\n1875 General Grant tendered him the office of\\nSurveyor General of the State of Minnesota,\\nwhich office he accepted and served for four\\nyears, after which he retired to his farm in\\nLine Earth county. While holding the office\\nof Surveyor General and living at Mankato.\\nGeneral Laker wrote many letters for publica-\\ntion, which attracted wide attention and con-\\ntributed more largely than any other influence\\nto bring into notice the north shore of Lake\\nSuperior. In 1881 General Baker was elected\\nby the people of Minnesota as railway com-\\nmissioner, to succeed ex-Governor Marshall,\\nand was subsequently re-elected to the same\\nposition. General Baker is an active member\\nof the Minnesota Historical Society, and has\\ncontributed much valuable material to its\\narchives. Among his mosl important works are\\nthe History of Lake Superior and the discov-\\nery of The Sources of the Mississippi, an able\\nand carefully prepared paper, published in\\n1SS7. He also wrote (lie History of the Min-\\nnesota Valley, an interesting and valuable\\ncontribution to the history of Minnesota, pub-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "236\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nIished January 10, 1878 He was the first to\\nbring to light, by a series of public letters, the\\ngreat mineral resources of northeastern\\nMinnesota, and was the author of several pa-\\npers on the International Line. As a member\\nof the Loyal Legion, of which he was com-\\nmander in 1898-9, he contributed many impor-\\ntant papers to their annual publications. His\\nessay on the Military Career and Personal\\nCharacter of Ulysses S. Grant attracted much\\nattention, and liis series of papers on the\\nCharacter of Governor H. H. Sibley were in-\\nteresting and valuable. Besides his published\\nworks, General Baker has prepared and de-\\nlivered many addresses. lie was sent by Gov-\\nernor Hubbard to New Orleans to deliver the\\naddress on Minnesota Day at the Interna-\\ntional Exposition, March 21, 1885, which ad-\\ndress was published in full in many of the\\nleading papers. Another notable address was\\ndelivered by him at the annual reunion of the\\nOld Settlers of LeSueur county. It is no more\\nthan the truth to state that General Baker\\nlias been called upon to deliver a greater num-\\nber of memorial addresses and Fourth of July\\norations than any other man in the State of\\nMinnesota. He has always been a liberal con-\\ntributor to the newspaper and periodical press,\\ntreating on literary subjects, and is an elegant\\nand vigorous writer. As a public speaker he\\nis brilliant and forceful. In personal appear-\\nance General Baker is about six feet in height\\nand symmetrical in proportion. He moves\\nwith a quick soldierly step, indicative of his\\ncharacter. Courteous in demeanor and affable\\nin conversation, he gives close attention to the\\nminutest detail when business is introduced.\\nHe is somewhat incisive in his speech and im-\\npulsive in action. His head is small and well-\\nproportioned and is held firmly erect. His\\nquick moving hazel eyes betoken energy,\\nand his countenance, when animated, indicates\\ngreat intelligence. In repose his face has a\\nquiet, thoughtful, scholarly appearance. As a\\nvalued friend of freedom the name of General\\nBaker must ever be honored among those\\nwho have deserved well of their country.\\nGeneral Baker was married September 25.\\n1S52, to Miss Rose L. Thurston, daughter of\\nReuben H. Thurston, then of Delaware, Ohio,\\nand later of Mankato. She died in Washing-\\nton. March 20. 1873, leaving two children Dr.\\nArthur H. Baker, who died September, 1 s! 7\\nat the age of forty-four years, while occupying\\na position in the Treasury Department at\\nWashington, D. and Harry E. Baker, now\\nresiding in Baker City, Oregon. December 23,\\n1879, General Baker married his present wife.\\nMiss Zula Bartlett, of Mankato. daughter of\\nGeorge W. Bartlett of Paris. Illinois. She is a\\ngraduate of the Normal School and was for-\\nmerly a teacher in the public schools of Man-\\nkato. Her great-great-grandfather was one of\\nHie signers of the Declaration of Independence\\nhis name being the second on that document.\\nThey have one son, James Henry Baker, a stu\\ndent in the Normal School at Mankato.\\nWILLIAM BIERBAFER.\\nCapt. William Bierbauer was born in Ein-\\nselthum, Bavaria, February 26, 1826, and died\\nin Mankato, Minnesota, November 30, 1893.\\nHe was educated in the common schools of his\\nnative country and served three years in the\\nBavarian army. He then became involved in\\nthe German Revolution of 1S4S, with which\\nCarl Schurz, General Siegel and other eminent\\nGerman patriots were identified. After the\\nfailure of that enterprise he was forced to\\nleave his native country and came to America\\nby the way of Switzerland and France, em-\\nbarking at Havre and landing in New York in\\nis 111. He was by trade a cabinetmaker, and\\nlie soon found employment in the furniture de-\\npartment of the car shops in New York City.\\nHe afterwards joined his elder brother, who\\nwas in tin brewery business in Seneca Falls,\\nand later in Utica, New York, where he re-\\nmained until 1855, when he went to Milwau-\\nkee, Wisconsin, and worked in Philip Best s\\nBrewery. In 185(5 he came to Mankato and.\\nin company with his brother Jacob, started a\\nbrewery, commencing on a small scale, and\\ngradually increasing as the business war-\\nranted. In ISO:? Jacob Bierbauer with-\\ndrew from the firm and his brother con-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "1\\nMUo^ ~Q.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n-37\\ntinued the business. In 1862 he changed\\nhis location 1 the present site and laid the\\nfoundation for the magnificent plant, now one\\nof the best breweries in the State of Minnesota.\\nIn 1862, when the Sioux massacre occurred\\nand the neighboring village of New Ulm was\\nassailed, Mr. Bierbauer was among the first to\\nvolunteer his services. He had already gone\\nto St. Paul to get his commission as captain,\\nintending to raise a company to go South to\\ntake part in the Civil War then progressing.\\nWhen the news came of the Indian outbreak,\\nCaptain Bierbauer returned to Mankato, im-\\nmediately raised a company and proceeded to\\nNew Ulm, where he rendered valiant service\\nthrough the week s seige and defense, under\\nthe command of Col. Charles E. Flandrau. Of\\nthe part Captain Bierbauer took in the battle\\nof Now Ulm, his commander, Charles E. Flan-\\ndrau, says:\\nCaptain Bierbauer and his gallant company\\nwere very prominent figures at the battle of\\nNew Ulm, which was fought August 23, 1862.\\nThe bravery of Captain Bierbauer was most\\nconspicuous and produced the best results.\\nDuring the critical period of the fight, when\\nbullets were falling thick and fast from the\\nSioux rifles, I noticed one man, solitary and\\nalone. and in advance of all others, loading and\\ntiring at the Indians, and manfully maintain-\\ning his position. We advanced and ascertained\\nthat it was Captain Bierbauer of Mankato, and\\ndirecting (lie attention of the men to this man-\\nifestation of bravery, they were rallied to as-\\nsist in maintaining the position held by the\\nCaptain. I shall never forget the effect it pro-\\nduced on these men, who had been on the run\\na moment before; when they recognized their\\ncaptain in this exposed position, so coolly hold-\\ning his own, it was electrical. The Stale of\\nMinnesota owes Captain Bierbauer a debt of\\ngratitude, and will ever keep his memory\\ngreen.\\nAfter the battle of New Ulm, Captain Bier-\\nbauer organized another company for frontier\\ndefense, rendering efficient service under Col-\\nonel Flandrau in the Southern Minnesota De-\\npartment. In his prime, Captain Bierbauer was\\na fine specimen of physical manhood. About\\nsix feet in height, he was well formed ami\\nskilled in athletic sports peculiar to the Turner\\norganization. He was a gentleman of excel-\\nlent judgment, broad intelligence and with the\\nhighest sense of integrity and honor. He was\\ngenerous to a fault, and his home was proverb-\\nial for its lavish hospitality. He was public\\nspirited, and freely contributed from his means\\nto every undertaking and enterprise for the\\npublic good. Honorable, conscientious and\\ntruthful, he enjoyed, to a great degree, the\\nconfidence and esteem of his fellows. In every\\nelement that combines to make a high-toned,\\ncourteous gentleman, and a model citizen,\\nWilliam Bierbauer was a man worthy of emu-\\nlation. Mr. Bierbauer was married in 1858 to\\nLouisa Dornberg, daughter of Dr. A. L. Dorn-\\nberg of Mankato. They were the parents of\\nseven children, six of whom are now living,\\nviz.: Albert, Bruno, Rudolph, William, Addie\\nand Ella, all residing in Mankato, excepting\\nBruno, who is practicing medicine in Brooklyn,\\nNew York.\\nMICHAEL DORAN.\\nMichael Doran, a prominent banker and\\nbroker of St. Paul, is a native of Ireland, born\\nin the County Meath, November 1, 1827. At\\nthe age of twenty-three he emigrated to Amer-\\nica, locating in the State of New York for a\\nvein-, and removing thence to Ohio. Here he\\nengaged in agriculture for five years in the\\nvicinity of Norwalk. He then made another\\nmove West, locating this time in Le Sueur\\ncounty, Minnesota, and taking up a tract of\\nGovernment land. He at once interested him-\\nself in the affairs of the community with which\\nhe had cast his lot, and became popular with\\nhis fellow-townsmen. In the year 1861 he was\\nhonored with the office of county treasurer,\\nand entered upon its duties in March of 1862.\\nHe was repeatedly re-elected, holding the office\\ncontinuously for a period of eight years. lie\\nthen, in 1870, formed a partnership with Mr.\\nGeorge D. Snow, and entered the banking busi-\\nness under the name of Snow Doran. This\\nconcern also operated a mill, grain elevators,\\netc. Mr. Snow did not long survive the initia-\\ntion of this enterprise, and for a time the re-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "2 3 8\\nP.TOURAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsponsibilities of the business were thrown on\\nMr. Doran alone. It was not long, however,\\nbefore he associated himself with Mr. E. R.\\nSmith, and the firm of Doran Smith was con-\\ntinued until March, 1891, when the partnership\\nwas dissolved by mutual consent, Mr. Smith\\ncontinuing the business atLeSueur. During the\\ntime from 1877 to 1891 Mr. Doran bad finan-\\ncial interests in St. Paul also. In 1877-7S In-\\ninvested some capital in a banking and broker-\\nage business, owned at that time by Mr.\\nCharles A. Morton, and the firm of Morton\\nDoran was formed. This concern continued\\nfor half a year, wben Mr. Doran purchased the\\nentire business, took in Mr. Smith, his partner\\nat Le Sueur, and established the firm of M. Do-\\nran Company. In 1891 Mr. Smith gave place\\nto James D., the son of Mr. Doran, who became\\njunior member. Mr. Doran is well known and\\nrespected throughout the business ami politi-\\ncal world of Minnesota. He held the office of\\nState Senator for several years, having first\\nbeen elected to it in 1871, and being re-elected\\nseveral times. Always a Democrat and a\\nstrong partisan in polities, he invariably voted\\nwith his party on political questions, but in\\nmatters of general legislation he was uniform-\\nly on the side of economy and straightforward-\\nness, and his rigid integrity and honorable\\nconduct won for him the respect of his asso-\\nciates. During the latter part of his political\\ncareer he has been looked up to as an authority\\non matters of public moment, and was one of\\nthe leading spirits in the Senate, although be-\\nlonging to the party in the minority. Mr. Doran\\nwas a member of the National Convention at\\nChicago in 18 U, when General McClellan was\\nnominated. Since that time, and up to the last\\nNational Democratic Convention in 1896, he\\nhas been in attendance at every one. He is a\\nstrong and intimate friend of President Cleve-\\nland, with whose political convictions he is a\\nhearty sympathizer, and whom he has firmly\\nsupported at every convention in which he was\\nnominated for the Presidency. Mr. Doran has\\nalways been a faithful worker in the interests\\nof the Democratic party. He was chairman of\\nthe Democratic State Central Committee of\\nMinnesota for six years, from 1882 to 1888. He\\nwas one of the National committee from\\nMinnesota in 1888, and again in 1892. He sent\\nhis resignation to the committee just before\\nthe convention in which Bryan and Bewail\\nwere nominated. His services to his party\\nwere always unselfishly rendered. His only\\nrewards have been the approval of his con-\\nscience and the satisfaction of seeing his de-\\nserving friends attain their wishes and ambi-\\ntions. In politics he has done a great deal of\\nwork for others, not a thing for himself. In\\nbusiness he has the reputation of being a man\\nof insight and good judgment, and his advice\\nis often sought by his confreres. His business\\ndealings have been invariably characterized\\nby a high sense of integrity, and when once\\nhis word is given it can always be depended\\nupon. Although he has reached the ripe age\\nof three-score years and ten, Mr. Doran is still\\nwell preserved physically and mentally, and\\nseems as vigorous and capable as most men in\\ntheir prime. Mr. I). W. Lawler, a well-known\\nattorney of St. Paul, says of him:\\nIf one were asked to give the impres-\\nsion which Mr. Doran creates, one would\\nsay that it is one of strength, physical\\nand mental. To muscular power and a\\nrugged physique, is added a quiet and un-\\nmistakable air of moral and mental force.\\nKilling his entire life he has been engaged\\nin business which has required contin-\\nuous and great mental application, but he pre-\\nserves, at an age which is near the allotted\\nspan of human life, a strong and active body.\\nHe asks no odds of younger men. mentally or\\nphysically. In his great political contests, no\\nmatter how bitter or prolonged the struggle,\\nhis splendid physical vitality and well-bal-\\nanced temperament preserve him fresh and\\nactive, while friends and opponents are falling\\nby the wayside. His decisions on all matters\\nare rapid and complete. He goes straight to\\nthe point, and there is no trimming or turning\\nafter his mind has determined on a given line\\nof conduct. He has to-day the buoyancy and\\nself-confidence of youth, and the unfaltering\\ndetermination of manhood at its best stage.\\nThe writer has seen much of Mr. Doran in the\\nfield of public life, and has often beheld and\\nadmired exhibitions of his iron will and un-\\nconquerable spirit. His smile is as genial and\\nhis face as tranquil in a closely balanced con-\\nvention as in one where the vote is unanimous", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a039\\nin his favor. He has not often met personal\\ndefeat, but defeat when it has come has not\\ndepressed his spirits or weakened Ins fighting\\nqualities. Mr. Doran s unbending integrity and\\nabsolute truthfulness are household words in\\nMinnesota. He is open and honest with friend\\nand foe. Slow to promise, once his word has\\nbeen given, it is never broken. Those who are\\nslightly acquainted with him have sometimes\\nconsidered him crusty and abrupt, but those\\nwho know him best prefer his direct and plain\\nyes and no to the equivocations and reserva-\\ntions of smaller men. Possessed of large\\nfinancial means, his struggles have taught him\\nthe value of money, but he is generous to all\\nworthy objects, not ostentatiously; but pri-\\nvately and discreetly. His benefactions are\\nbounded by no creed or color, and his name is\\nblessed in the homes of the humble and the\\npool His grasp of public questions is strong\\nand complete. In matters pertaining to Na-\\ntional finance, he is a recognized authority.\\nIt is a matter of common knowledge that dur-\\ning the extra session of Congress, in l.^il Mr.\\nDoran was called into frequent consultation\\nby Mr. Cleveland and by Mr. Carlisle. Secre-\\ntary of the Treasury. His relations with Presi-\\ndent Cleveland were more intimate and confi-\\ndential than those of any other citizen of\\nMinnesota. The President had absolute confi-\\ndence iu his judgment and his honor. He knew\\nthat Michael Doran could not and would not\\ndeceive him, and he was willing to take Mr.\\nDoran s estimate of friend and enemy alike.\\nMi Doran was first married while engaged\\nin agriculture on his Ohio farm to Miss Ellen\\nBrady. She died in 1862. Three years later lie\\nwas married to Miss Catherine J. O Grady of\\nLe Sueur county, Minnesota. Mr. Doran is the\\nfather of twelve children, his first wife being\\nmother of four, and his second of eight.\\nGEORGE L. BUNN.\\nHon. George L. Bunn of St. Paul, Judge of\\nthe District Court of Ramsey county, was born\\nJune 25, 1865, at Sparta, Monroe county, Wis-\\nconsin, lie is a son of Romanzo and Sarah\\n(Purdy) Bunn, both parents being natives of\\nNew York State, and both of English descent.\\nRomanzo Bunn emigrated to Wisconsin in the\\nearly fifties, and became one of the best known\\nand most influential lawyers of that State. He\\nwas a Judge of the Circuit Court from 1868 to\\n1877, when he was appointed Judge of the\\nUnited States Circuit Court for the Eastern\\nDistrict of Wisconsin, which position he still\\noccupies, at the age of seventy years. The\\nsubject of this sketch was the third of a family\\nof five children, who are all living, three broth-\\ners being- lawyers of ability and prominence\\nin the profession. George L. received his early\\neducation in the public schools of his native\\ncity, and at the age of sixteen entered the\\npreparatory department of the University of\\nWisconsin; two years later he entered the\\nUniversity proper, graduating from the aca-\\ndemic course with the degree of A. B. in 1885.\\nHe then went to La Crosse and studied law in\\nthe office of J. W. Losey, Esq., until the fall of\\n1886, when he returned to Madison and en-\\ntered the law office of S. U. I inney, Esq., of\\nthat city, and at the same time attended the\\nlaw school of the Wisconsin University, from\\nwhich he graduated in 1888, with the degree\\nof LL. B. In September, after his gradua-\\ntion, he came to St. Paul and began the prac-\\ntice of law. He was appointed Judge of the\\n1 Hstrict Court of Ramsey county by Governor\\nlough, January 2, 1897, to fill the vacancy\\ncaused by the death of Judge Kerr, for the\\nterm which expired January, 1899. In 1898\\nhe was nominated by the Democratic county\\nconvention for re-election to the same office,\\nand although the Republican county ticket\\ncarried the county by a large vote. Judge Bunn\\nwas re-elected with a larger vote than any\\nother candidate for the bench. Judge Bunn\\nhas never been a politician. His inclinations\\nare strongly toward the Democratic doctrines,\\nalthough he did not have full sympathy with\\nthe Bryan campaign of 1896. He possesses a\\nconspicuous natural ability for the position of\\njudge. It is frequently said of him, by law-\\nyers who have appeared before him, that when\\nhe first assumed the duties of that position he\\nappeared to have all the ease and confidence\\nof a man of long experience on the bench. He\\ntakes responsibility without complaint, and\\ndecides important questions arising on the\\ntrial of cases, with despatch and with the\\ngreatest simplicity. He has unusual ability in", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "-4\u00c2\u00b0\\nBIOOKAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\ndiscerning points in the cases before him, but\\nis patient and considerate in listening to argu-\\nments of counsel. He is remarkably fearless.\\nand in cases which involve popular prejudice\\nthe people as well as the bar always feel con-\\nfident thai Judge Bunn will hear the facts and\\ndetermine the law., as ii appeals to his mind,\\nuninfluenced by any public clamor. His sense\\nof the duty of a judge is so high and so pure\\nthat no question of personal friendship or at-\\ntachmenf ever occurs to him in his consider-\\nation of causes. A prominent judge and lead\\ning lawyer of St. Paul says of Judge Bunn:\\nI have never known a man so absolutely\\nfree from prejudice. He is so constituted that\\nhe looks at a case from a legal standpoint, and\\nseems to be wholly unable to see it in any other\\nway. He is absolutely uninfluenced by feeling\\nin the trial of a case. He is prompt, clear,\\ndecisive, and always courteous.\\nJudge Bunn is a member of the Minnesota\\nClub, Commercial Club, White Bear Yacht\\nClub, and Town and Country Club.\\nGEORGE C. STONE.\\nGeorge Calvin Stone was bom in Shrews-\\nbury. Worcester county, Massachusetts, No-\\nvember 11, 1822, the son of Calvin R. and\\nSusan (Fitch) Stone. His ancestors on both\\nsides were of English extraction. The father\\nwas a native of .Massachusetts, whose fore-\\nfathers settled in Cambridge, some time in\\n1600. His mother was also a native of Massa-\\nchusetts, whose family were early settlers of\\nSalem. The father was married, and re-\\nsided in Shrewsbury. Massachusetts, where\\nhe kept for a number of years a general\\nstore. George C. was the eldest of a fam-\\nily of live children, only two of whom are\\nnow living. lie attended the common schools\\nof his native place until he was four-\\nteen years of age. In 18: .f he went with\\nhis father to St. Louis, Missouri, where\\nhe attended school one term in Kemper Col-\\nlege. His father, who was then in business\\nin St. Louis, lost his life in April. 1838, leav-\\ning his family to provide for themselves. He\\nwas a passenger on the ill-fated steamboat\\nMoselle, which was blown up at Cincinnati.\\nOhio. George C. entered the store of Alonzo\\nChild as a salesman, where he remained until\\n1845, when he went to Blooniington. Iowa\\nmow Muscatine), and commenced business for\\nhimself in general merchandising and in a\\npork jiacking establishment. Later on he or-\\nganized the private bank of Green Stone,\\nand still later was connected with the Slate\\nHank of Iowa, with branches at Washington\\nand at Muscatine. He built up an extensive\\nbusiness and accumulated, for those days,\\nquite a large fortune. On account of the un-\\ncertain state of the country at the time of the\\nbeginning of the Rebellion, and the conse-\\nquent unstable condition of financial affairs,\\nMr. Si one suspended his banking operations in\\n1861 and removed to Chicago. For some years\\nthereafter he was located for different periods\\nin Chicago, New York and Philadelphia, but\\nwas engaged in no regular business. He\\nwent to Duluth in 1869, where he located,\\nand actively engaged in the building up\\nof that city. He was connected with the pri-\\nvate banking house of George B. Sargent, and\\nafterwards was with the First National Bank\\nof Duluth. When the failure of Jay Cook oc-\\ncurred, Duluth was for a time paralyzed and\\nbusiness was dead. Mr. Stone, with others, lost\\nheavily, and his resources were soon exhausted,\\nlie then engaged in investigating the iron\\ndeposits of .Minnesota, and made many valu-\\nable discoveries. After several years he sue\\nceeded in interesting in the properties Char-\\nlemagne Tower, a very wealthy capitalist of\\nPhiladelphia, who sent his son, Charlemagne\\nTower. Jr. (now United States ambassador at\\nSt. Petersburg, Russia), to Duluth in 1881. lie\\nassisted Mr. Stone in the development and\\nopening up of the iron industry of Northern\\nMinnesota until 1887. They organized the\\nMinnesota Iron Company, and built the\\nDuluth Iron Range Railway. In June. 1887,\\nthey sold out to the H. H. Porter Syndicate,\\nand Mr. Tower s profits in this enterprise were\\nover $3,000,000. Mr. Stone also cleared a\\nhandsome competency. Since then he has been\\nengaged in no regular business, but has spent", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "sZ^zy)A^^ u7^^Z^\\\\", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nHi\\nhis time in the care of his private affairs and\\nin extensive travel. In 1880, he removed from\\nDnlnth to St. Paul, where he has since re-\\nsided. Originally a Whig, when the Republi-\\ncan Party was formed, he became a Repub-\\nlican, and has been with that party ever\\nsince. Mr. Stone was married at Shrewsbury,\\nMassachusetts, September 4. 1s4 .i, to Kate M.\\nBaldwin, daughter of Benry Baldwin. She\\ndied in St. Paul, October 1892, leaving two\\ndaughters: Chara P.., now Mrs. T. L. Blood,\\nof St. Paul, and Ella now Mrs. \\\\Y. A.\\nHardenbergh, of St. Paul.\\nJOHN FARRINGTON.\\nThis well known pioneer of the Northwest,\\nwho has been a citizen of St. Paul and of Min-\\nnesota for practically half a century who has\\nhelped to build up his adopted town from a\\nstraggling frontier village to a city of metro\\npolitan proportions whose career has been\\none of honor and usefulness and who is now\\npassing the evening of his life amid the scenes\\nand sites of his principal labors, surrounded by\\ndear and old friends and all that makes life\\npleasant is now in his seventy-third year,\\nhaving been born in the County Galway, Ire-\\nland, in ISL T. Nearly all of his life lias, how-\\never, been spent in the United States. His\\nparents brought him to this country when he\\nwas hut seven years of age. He was reared\\nto young manhood in the city of New Orleans\\nand was there trained to mercantile pursuits.\\nIn 1849, at the age of twenty-two. he went to\\nChicago, where he remained for one year.\\nand then decided to go to St. Paul, the\\ncapital of the young Territory of Minnesota.\\nAt that day there were no railroads in the\\nNorthwest and the best and most comfortable\\nroute from Chicago to St. Paul was via the\\nIllinois canal and Illinois river to St. Louis,\\nand thence up the Mississippi, by steamboat,\\nand this was the road chosen by the young and\\nadventurous merchant. En route, at St. Louis.\\nhe purchased a stock of goods, designed for\\nthe trade of the new country towards which\\nhe was traveling. Mr. Farrington arrived in\\nSt. Paul dune 17. L850, and has resided there\\ncontinuously ever since. Upon his arrival he\\nestablished a general store and soon acquired\\na good trade. The following year he erected\\nand occupied the first brick si ore building in\\nSt. Paul. The second story of this building\\nwas used by Oapt. Alexander Wilkin, then\\nSecretary of the Territory, as his office, and\\nthe third story was occupied by the printing\\noffice of the Minnesota Times. The building,\\nwhich stood on est Third street, near Frank\\nlin, was subsequently burned. In 1853, when\\nHon. Henry M. Rice was elected delegate to\\nCongress, Mr. Farrington succeeded him in the\\nfirm of Rice, Culver Lowry, which then be-\\ncame Culver, Farrington Company. The\\nbusiness of this firm, which was very exten-\\nsive, was that of dealing in furs and Indian\\nsupplies. For several years it practically con-\\ntrolled the fur trade of the Northwest. It\\nowned numerous trading posts among the\\nIndian tribes the Winnebagoes, Sioux and\\nChippewas and also had establishments in\\nthe Hudson Bay territory under the manage\\nnieiit of the late Norman \\\\Y. Kittson. All of\\nthese posts were supplied from the firm s head-\\nquarters in St. Paul. A partial description of\\nthe method of operations of the old trading\\nfirm of Culver, Farrington Company may\\nnut be out of place iii this connection. The\\nfurs in which they dealt were brought from\\nthe interior in oxcarts, which were usually\\ndriven by half-breed Indians in the company s\\nservice. These carts were made entirely of\\nwood, no bolts, nails, or other iron materials\\nbeing used in their const ruction. Each cart\\nwas drawn by a single ox with a harness of\\nstrips of Buffalo hide and would carry about\\neight hundred pounds. Long trains of these\\ncarts, sometimes numbering from 500 to S00,\\ncame in from the west and north in single\\nfile, each ox tied to the cart in front of him.\\nwith usually one driver to every four carts.\\nThese carts usually made the trip to St. Paul\\nladen with furs and skins, once a year, carry-\\ning back on the return trip merchandise for\\nthe use of the trading posts. Besides the carts\\nowned by the company, there were others\\nwhich belonged to the free traders, or fur", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "242\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ndealers who had posts of their own and who\\nsent furs to Culver, Farrington Company,\\nto exchange for goods. Some of these inde-\\npendent traders had posts at remote distances\\nfrom St. Paul, and did not send down their\\ncarts oftener than once in two years. At Fort\\nGarry (Winnipeg), a distance of five hundred\\nmiles from St. Paul, the company had a dis-\\ntributing point from which the more remote\\nposts in the interior were supplied. The trail\\nfrom St. Paul to Fort Garry ran a great pari\\nof the way through the country of the Sioux\\nIndians, who would raid any train which was\\nnot well protected. The trains were always\\ncorralled at night the carts arranged in a cir-\\ncle, with the oxen inside, and scouts or pickets\\nconstantly on watch. The journeys of the cart\\ntrains were therefore not only toilsome but\\nperilous. The trains usually made their first\\nappearance in St. Paul about June 1, and con-\\ntinued to arrive until August. During that\\nperiod the town was very lively and business\\nwas brisk. This condition lasted until in 1862,\\nwhen the great Sioux outbreak occurred and\\nstopped all travel across the State, except un-\\nder the protection of a sufficient military es-\\ncort. In the early years of Minnesota, the\\nproductions of the country were very limited.\\nNearly all of the butter, eggs, pork, flour and\\ngrain consumed in the Territory was brought\\nin from the towns lower down the Mississippi.\\nPut there was plenty of game, tisli and wild\\nfruit, and the people made the best of the situ-\\nation and were content. Trade conditions were\\nfairly good. In addition to the patronage of\\nthe white settlers of the country. Culver, Far\\nrington Company had for customers the\\nSioux, Chippewas and Winnebagoes up to\\n1803. Then the Sioux outbreak having oc-\\ncurred and the people becoming distrustful of\\nthe Winnebagoes, these two tribes were re-\\nmoved from the State and the Chippewas of\\nthe Mississippi were established on the White\\nEarth reservation. As a matter of history, it\\nmay be stated that the trade of Culver, Far-\\nrington Company in Canada was at the time\\nvery important. It was stopped, however, when\\nCongress placed a high tariff upon furs from\\nthe Hudson Pay country, and the trade then\\nsoughl a market in Montreal and London. Cul\\nvei- Farrington then engaged largely in the\\nreal estate business, and so continued until the\\ndeath of .Mr. Culver, in 1878. No other man\\nhas taken a more active interest in St. Paul\\nenterprises than John Farrington. In early\\ndays he was a stockholder in steamboat and\\nrailroad companies, invested largely in the\\nfirst telegraph line, and aided largely in build-\\ning the .Metropolitan and other hotels. His\\nlast building operation was the erection of the\\nwell known apartment house on Pleasant ave-\\nnue called Farrington Place. For eight years\\nhe was the president of the Farmers and\\nMechanics Bank, which failed in 1877, during\\na period of general business depression. By\\nthe sacrifice of large interests in valuable real\\nestate Mr. Farrington wound up the bank s\\naffairs in ninety days, and in such a manner\\nthat its indebtedness was paid in full without\\nthe loss of a dollar to the depositors. Mr. Far-\\nrington has never held an elective office and\\nwas never a candidate or an aspirant for one.\\nHe was, however, appointed a member of the\\nboard of public works and served seven years,\\nfour years of which time he was president of\\nthe board. These were the days of the city s\\nhistory when to use the expression of Henry\\nM. Pice the emoluments for members of that\\nboard were sixteen dollars in cash and a\\nmillion in kicks! In President Cleveland s\\nfirst administration Mr. Farrington was ap-\\npointed collector of customs for the port of\\nSt. Paul, and held the position four years. At\\nthe close of his term he retired from all active\\nbusiness, public or private. In 1858, when the\\nlate Gen. H. H. Sibley was Governor of the\\nState, he appointed Mr. Farrington a member\\nof his military staff, with the rank of lieuten-\\nant colonel. The other members were John\\nS. Prince, George L. Becker and Dr. A. G.\\nBrisbine. In 1804 he was appointed on the\\nstaff of General Dana, who was in com-\\nmand of the Union Army in Texas. In\\nlSi)!). Mr. Farrington married a daughter\\nof Mai. W. J. Cnllen, at one time superintend-\\nent of Indian affairs for the Northwest. She\\ndied in 180 and some years afterwards he\\nwas again married, this time to the widow of", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "m\\ndAMcf", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n43\\nCapt. Marcus Waterford McCracken, who\\nserved as quartermaster on the staff to Maj.\\nGen. John M. Schofield during the War of the\\nRebellion. She was a daughter of Miron Les-\\nlie, one of the best known and most distin-\\nguished lawyers of St. Louis. Mr. Farrington\\nlias been the father of seven children, only\\nthree of whom are now living, viz.: William\\nC. Farrington, of Buffalo, New York, president\\nof the Great Northern Elevator system and\\nvice-president of the Northern Steamship\\nCompany; Mrs. J. L. Snapp, and Miss Kather-\\nine Farrington, of St. Paul.\\nDAVID T. ADAMS.\\nDavid T. Adams, of Duluth, the well known\\nmining expert, was born in Rockford, Illinois,\\nSeptember 6, 1859. The expression, a self-\\nmade man, is often carelessly used, but as\\napplied to Mr. Adams, it has a peculiarly em-\\nphatic meaning. By the death of his father.\\nMuses Adams, his family was left in an unfor-\\ntunate situation, with limited means, and in\\nstraitened circumstances generally. The. wid-\\now, Mrs. Jane Adams, was unable to support\\nher seven fatherless children, ami they were\\ncompelled to separate and find homes in\\nstrange households. The boy, David, was nine\\nyears old when he was east upon the world,\\nand he has made himself the man he is. Pass-\\ning over the boyhood and early youth of his\\nlife a career of privation, hard work, and\\nrugged experience throughout, but adorned\\nwith honor and embellished with unwearied\\neffort and an honorable ambition to better his\\ncondition it may be stated that at the age of\\ntwenty he came from Oshkosh. Wisconsin, to\\nthe mining regions of the upper peninsula of\\nMichigan, and engaged in exploring for iron\\nore iii the vicinity of Crystal Falls and Iron\\nriver. In this work he derived but little profit\\nin money at the time, but acquired a valuable\\nexperience. Two years later he left the Michi-\\ngan iron fields lor northeastern Minnesota, and\\non June 20, 1882, arrived at Duluth, which\\ncity has since been his home. No other man\\nhas been so personally prominent in discover-\\ning and bringing to development the great iron\\nwealth of northeastern Minnesota as Mr.\\nAdams. His firsl investigation in this quarter\\nwas in the old Vermillion range, and he was\\none of the pioneer explorers of this region. At\\nfirst he was not successful, but he was not dis-\\ncouraged, and kept steadily at work in study\\ning and investigating the situation. In 1801,\\nas the result of his researches, he conceived\\nthe idea of the existence of a vast iron range,\\nsouth of and paralleling the Vermillion, and\\nhe proceeded to explore what is now known\\nto the world as the great Mesaba range. In\\n1894 he compiled and published the first map\\nof this great range. The details of this map\\nwere obtained from actual experience and ex-\\namination in the field, and the map itself is\\nstill regarded as one of the most accurate and\\nbest of the kind ever published. Mr. Adams\\nwas the first to promulgate the theory that\\nthe Mesaba iron range was, at one time, the\\nslime line of a now extinct sea, and his theory\\nis confirmed by certain established geological\\nfacts. In the development of the iron mines\\nof Minnesota Mr. Adams has signally distin-\\nguished himself. He has developed and pro-\\nmoted the interests of the following well\\nknown mines, viz.: the Kanawha, the Cincin-\\nnati, the Adams, the Fowler, the Cloquet, the\\nFayoll, the Lone .lack, the Spruce and many\\nothers in the Minnesota and other iron ranges.\\nAs an authority in Minnesota mining he is\\nrecognized as without a superior, and his opin-\\nions are often asked and his judgment fre\\nquently sought. He has 1 n a town builder,\\ntoo. and the sites of the towns of Virginia and\\nEveleth were originally laid out and platted by\\nhim. Mr. Adams has not only achieved an\\nhonorable and enviable distinction, but he has\\nacquired a substantial competency as well. His\\npersona] record has never been impeached, and\\nhis financial standing is high. A good name\\nis better than riches. but a satisfactory bank\\naccount is not without its advantages. The\\ncareer of Mr. Adams is one of many that may\\nbe considered with profit by American boys\\nnow battling with adversities and struggling\\nalmost without hope in this land of opportuni\\nties and possibilities. Mr. Adams was married", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "^44\\nI .IOORAIMIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nin the fall of L883 to Miss Mary Wetterbeck,\\nof Winona, Minnesota. They have one child, a\\ndaughter, named Lucilla Adams. Mr. Adams\\nis a member of the order of Foresters and of\\ni he Elks, ami is a Republican in politics. Moses\\nAdams, the father of David T. Adams, was a\\nCanadian by birth, lie came from Canada to\\nthe United Siaies in L840 and settled in the\\nState of New York. Several years later lie\\ncame lo the West, and lived for a time ai\\nRockford, Illinois. In 186] lie removed to\\nChilton. Wisconsin, and in the fall of 1865 lo\\nMenasha, in the same State, where he died in\\nthe fall of 1867. lie -was a butcher by trade,\\nlmi engaged in farming in Illinois, and had\\nbeen so engaged in Wisconsin for two years\\nwhen he died.\\nJOSIAH I\u00c2\u00bb. ENSIGN.\\nJudge Josiah Davis Ensign, who for ten\\nyears has been on (he Duluth District Bench,\\nand is now senior Judge of the district, has\\nbeen a resident of the city of Duluth for thirty\\nyears, lie was born in Erie county, New York,\\nMay 14. 1s:;: His father was R. S. Ensign,\\nwho died in 1896, and his mother is at this\\nwriting still living at the age of eighty-nine.\\nOne of his great-grandfathers was a soldier in\\nthe War of the Revolution, ami he conies of\\nan old American family. His education was\\nobtained in the common schools of northeast\\nern Ohio and by a three years attendance at\\nFarmington and Orwell academies, in Ohio.\\nWhen he was only a little past Hie age of fif-\\nteen he began teaching scl I. and taughl dur-\\ning every winter and frequently in summer for\\n-.mii rears, meantime engaging, at intervals,\\nin the study of law. When he was twenty\\ntwo years of age he was appointed auditor of\\nAshtabula county. Ohio, lo serve out an unex-\\npired term. In lSoT he was admitted to the\\nbar. but before commencing the practice he\\nwas elected clerk id I lie Ciniuion Pleas and\\nDistrict Courts of Ashtabula county, lie held\\nthis office for six years, and after the expira-\\ntion of his second term he commenced the\\npractice of ids profession at Jefferson, the\\ncounty seal of that county, in partnership with\\nan old school-mate, Stephen A. Northway, who\\nwas subsequently for eight years a member of\\nongress. Be continued in the practice at -let\\nferson until 1868. Upon the death of his wife.\\nSeptember 4. 1868, he removed to Rochester.\\nMinnesota, where he had previously spent two\\nsummers with his companion for the benefil\\nof her health. He has ever since been a resi-\\ndent of Minnesota. In 1869 he made a brief\\nvisit to Duluth. then a place with the propor\\nlions and character of a frontier village, but\\nremained only a few weeks. Not long after-\\nward he returned, but not with the purpose of\\nbecoming a permanent resident. The owners\\nof I ll! acres of land in Duluth desired to\\nchange the plat to conform to the other\\nportions of the city, and they selected\\nJudge Ensign to receive Hie title of the\\nentire tract, to replat the same and to dis-\\ntribute and convey the lots to the owners\\naccording to the new plat. This work occn\\npied his time for more than a year, and in the\\nmeantime he also engaged in the practice of\\nhis profession. In 1870 he was elected county\\nattorney of St. Louis county and held the\\noffice for two years, continuing in the general\\npractice during his term. In 1872 he associated\\nhimself in partnership with Hon. O. 1 Stearns,\\nand this relation continued until 1X74. when\\nJudge Stearns was appointed to the bench of\\nthe Eleventh Judicial District. He then con-\\ntinued the practice alone for some time, finally\\nforming a partnership with Mr. Daniel (i.\\nCash, under the firm name of Ensign Cash.\\nJanuary 1. 1886, by the admission of Mr. John\\nWilliams, the firm name became Ensign,\\nCash Williams. In 1889 he was appointed\\nJudge of the District Court. He was duly\\nelected to the position ill 1890, and reelected\\nin 1896, and is now senior Judge of the Dis-\\ntrict. His present term will expire by limita-\\ntion in 1903. Of Judge Ensign s character as a\\nlawyer and of his career as a judge, one of his\\nold friends and former law partners says:\\nAs a lawyer he was exceptionally well qual-\\nified and equipped. Gifted with a legal mind.\\noriginal in thought and expression, with an\\nintense love for his profession, and industrious", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "BIOOKAP1IY OF MINNESOTA.\\n2 45\\n;iiid methodical in his business habits, lie de-\\nvoted himself assiduously to the study and\\npractice of his profession, and was well pre-\\npared and confident in every emergency. It\\nwas always a pleasure to listen l his strong,\\neloquent and logical arguments. Since his ele-\\nvation to the bench, his uniformly patient and\\ncourteous treatment of the bar and his careful\\nand conscientious consideration and decision\\nof all matters brought before him, have won\\nthe universal commendation of all who have\\ncome in contact with him.\\nJudge Ensign has always been an active ami\\npublic spirited citizen of Duluth, and al times\\nprominent in its public and official affairs. lie\\nserved on the school board for seven years,\\nwas for eight years a member of the city coun-\\ncil, aud was mayor of the city for two terms.\\nHe has been twice married. His first wife\\nto whom he was married while serving as clerk\\nof the courts in Ohio was Miss Catherine A.\\nJones, a daughter of Col. Lynds \u00e2\u0080\u00a2buns, and i\\nniece of Hon. Joshua R. Giddings, the well\\nknown statesman and pioneer Abolitionist of\\nthe Western Reserve of Ohio. Of this mar-\\nriage there were two daughters: Julia Maria\\nand Mary, the latter now the wife of J. C.\\nHunter, Esq., of Duluth. As has been stated,\\nhis first wife died in 1868, and in December,\\n1872, lie married Miss Rose Watrous, of Bay\\nCity. Michigan. Of the latter marriage there\\nis one daughter, Katherine W. Ensign.\\nDANIEL G. CASH.\\nAs a member of the eld law firm of Ensign\\nash. and subsequently of its successor, En-\\nsign, Cash Williams, the subject of this\\nsketch has long been a well-known citizen of\\nDuluth, Minnesota. Daniel Gilbert Cash was\\nbora at Cleveland, Ohio, February 11, 1st:;.\\nHis father was a native of Bradford county,\\nPennsylvania; the birthplace of his mother\\n(nee Fanny Tooker) was Peru. Huron county,\\nOhio. They were married in 1840, and one child.\\nAgnes F.j was born before Daniel. In 1S45\\nthe father took up a preemption claim on the\\nOntonagon river, the largesl southern tribu-\\ntary of Lake Superior. In addition to a log\\ncabin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the characteristic dwelling of preemp-\\ntion claims\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he erected a spacious frame\\nhouse, and in October, 1S47, set out from\\nCleveland to conduct his family to their new\\nhome. There being then no canal at the Sault\\nSte. Marie, their trip had to be made in two\\ndifferent boats. The voyage to the Sault was\\na comparatively comfortable one. and crossing\\nthe portage, they re-embarked in Lake Supe-\\nrior without serious misgivings; but it was\\nthree long weeks before they entered the On-\\ntonagon. Blinding snowstorms swirled around\\n(he little steamer like a winding sheet, while\\nshe was mercilessly harassed by furious gales.\\nThe waves dashed over her decks until her\\ncabin was flooded; and after most of her cargo\\nhad been consumed as fuel, the machinery and\\npumps gave out, the tires were drowned and\\nall hope was abandoned. But the wreck finally\\nfloated behind an island near the north shore\\nof the lake, where she lay for a week, during\\nwhich time Daniel s father, who was skilled\\nas a machinist, made such repairs that she\\nwas able to venture forth again. After further\\nvicissitudes, and much difficulty and danger\\nin making the harbor and landing, they suc-\\nceeded in reaching their destination. Although\\nDaniel was then lint four years old, the events\\nof those fearful three weeks were indelibly\\nimpressed upon his mind, and to this day he\\ncan relate his experience, even to pathetic or\\nhumorous details. He suffered severely from\\nsea-sickness during the voyage, but, as if that\\ndistressing malady had belonged to the cat\\ngory of children s diseases, the one attack\\nseemed to insure him againsl if for the future.\\nIn his numerous voyages on the lakes and\\nocean since, he has found himself an excellent\\nsailor. The new home of the Cash family was\\ndelightfully located on the bank of the river\\nand not far from the lake, and within a few-\\nyears the lather had cleared and laid out a fine\\nfarm, while the mother had converted the acres\\nimmediately surrounding the house into an\\norchard and flower gardens, until the place\\nhad taken on the aspect of a beautiful south-\\nern homestead. In this fair spot, and living a\\nfree, out-of-door life, the boy grew like file\\nproducts of the fertile soil around him, became", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "246\\nBIOGRAPHY )F MINNESOTA.\\nexpert in swimming and other athletic sports,\\nhelped his mother with her garden and his\\nfather in the fields. Both he and his older\\nsister obtained the rudiments of their educa-\\ntion at home, with their parents for teachers.\\nWhen Daniel was eight years old they were\\nsent to Cleveland, where they attended school,\\nliving with relatives of their mother. After\\ntwo years their parents came to Cleveland, re-\\nmained for three years, then the family\\nreturned to Ontonagon, which by this time\\nsupported a school. For the next few years\\nDaniel attended the home school, helping with\\nthe farm work in summer. At eighteen\\nhe entered the preparatory school at Ann\\nArbor, Michigan, witli a view to taking\\nthe literary course of the University. At\\nthe close of his term of preliminary\\nwork he returned home, for the summer\\nvacation, as lie thought; but the Rebellion\\nwas on and. catching the spirit of the war.\\nhe enlisted, August 4, 1862, in a company\\nwhich was being raised in Ontonagon county\\nand which was assigned to the Twenty-seventh\\nMichigan Volunteers. This regiment later\\nconsolidated with another at Ypsilanti. and on\\n(\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ctober 10, Mr. Cash received the commission\\nof second lieutenant, Company A. In the fol-\\nlowing April the regiment was ordered to the\\nfront and joined the Ninth Army Corps in Ken-\\ntucky. In June they were ordered to Vicks-\\nburg. When that point had capitulated they\\nmoved on to Jackson. Mississippi, then came\\nback to Kentucky and. passing through the\\nCumberland gap. entered Tennessee. Here\\nLieutenant Cash participated in the siege of\\nKnoxville and the campaign of east Tennessee,\\nand. in the spring of 1864, joined the Army of\\nthe Potomac under the command of General\\nGrant. Meantime he had been promoted to\\nfirst lieutenant, then to adjutant; and on May\\ni. 1864, he was advanced to the rank of cap-\\ntain. In the following August Captain Cash\\nwas captured by the rebels and for six weeks\\nconfined in Libhy prison. He was then trans\\nferred to Salisbury, North Carolina. On Octo-\\nber III, while being taken from Salisbury to\\nDanville, Virginia, he gained his freedom by\\nbreaking out of the car and jumping from the\\ntrain. In company with a comrade, who had\\nalso escaped, he made for Mount Airy, Vir-\\nginia; but. although the two fugitives had\\ndisguised themselves by changing clothing\\nwith some negroes, they were recaptured and\\nsent back as spies. Tin- next day, however,\\nthey managed to escape from the guard and\\nsucceeded in reaching a Union settlement.\\nHere they slaid for a week, luxuriating in their\\nsense of freedom and safety, then crossed the\\nmountains to the Union lines at Gauly Bridge,\\nVirginia. Captain Cash next went to Wash-\\nington, obtained leave of absence and, late in\\nNovember, set out for home, where he had\\nsolemnly vowed to eat his Christmas dinner.\\nHe had a hard time getting there, for the boats\\nhad stopped for the winter, and from Green\\nBay, Wisconsin, he had to make the journey on\\na very primitive kind of mail conveyance, and\\nthrough almost bottomless mud. But fortune\\nfavors the brave. and he ate his Christmas\\ndinner at home. Captain Cash returned to the\\narmy and was actively engaged in the opera\\nlions which were consummated by the capture\\nof Petersburg and the surrender of General\\nLee. On April 2, 1865, Captain Cash was\\nmade brevet major, and May 15, following, at-\\ntained to the rank of major. He was mustered\\nout and honorably discharged August 7. 1st;.\\nand, together with comrades from Ontonagon,\\nembarked for home on the steamship .Me-\\nteor. But new excitements and perils were\\nin store for him, for while crossing Lake Huron\\na collision occurred between the Meteor and\\nthe steamer Pewabic. the latter being scut-\\ntled and sunk; and on the following day the\\nMeteor herself took fire at the point of exit\\nfrom the Sault Ste. Marie, and soon her charred\\nbulk lay at the bottom of the canal basin.\\nFortunately the passengers escaped and the\\nsoldiers were reunited witli (heir waiting fami-\\nlies. After a short home visit Major Cash en-\\ntered the Law Department of the University\\nof Michigan. After completing his course at\\nAnn Arbor, he read law for two years in the\\noffice of Newberry Pond, at Detroit. In\\n1868, when Hon. Henry P. Baldwin was for\\nthe first time elected Coventor of Michigan.\\nMa jor ash was appointed as his private seen", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "BIOGUAIMIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n247\\ntary, but before the date for entering upon his\\nduties had arrived, he was summoned to the\\ndeath-bed of his father in New York, who had\\ngone East on business. The daughter also\\ncame and joined her brother there, and togeth-\\ner they cared for their father until his death\\nearly in the new year. Meantime Major Cash\\nhad relinquished his secretaryship to the Gov-\\nernor, and in the spring of 1870 he located in\\nDulu Hi. (if whose bar he has now for thirty\\nyears been an active and honored member. For\\ntwo years he served as city attorney, and for\\nsix years as county attorney. In 1874 he formed\\na partnership with J. D. Ensign, and in 1886\\nEnsign Cash admitted a new member, John\\nG. Williams, thus constituting the firm of En-\\nsign, Cash Williams, which was continued as\\nCash Williams when Mr. Ensign became\\nDistrict Judge, in 1887. Besides his sister\\nAgnes, now Mrs. Porter A. Hitchcock, of Fon-\\ntiac, Michigan, Mr. Cash had another, younger.\\nsister, and several brothers, as follows: Olive\\nand John F., both of whom were deceased in\\nchildhood; Dr. William P. Cash, who died in\\nCalifornia in 1890; James Cash, now of Du-\\nIuth, and Charles T. Cash, of Atlanta, Georgia.\\nOn October 1, 1872, Mr. Cash was married to\\nAlice F Scott, daughter of Dr. John and Mar-\\ngaret Scott, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. A\\nson, Scott Cash, born June 27, 1875, is their\\nonly child.\\nHENRY M. BRADLEY.\\nHenry Martin Bradley, for ten years past a\\ncherished citizen of Duluth, Minnesota, was\\nborn May 7, 1824, at Lee, Berkshire county,\\nMassachusetts. He represents a staunch old\\nPuritan stock, resident in New England since\\n1637, in which year one William Bradley came\\nfrom England and settled in New Haven, Con-\\nnecticut. Henry M. is the son of William (a\\nlineal descendant of the original settler) and\\nLucy (Ball) Bradley, both of whom, like him-\\nself, were natives of Lee, Massachusetts. They\\nwere married in 1810. and became the parents\\nof nine children, of whom Henry M. was the\\nfourth in order of birth. In 1835, when the\\nsubject of this review 7 was eleven years of age.\\nthe father removed with his family to Ohio,\\nlocating in Wellington, Lorain county. Here,\\nas opportunity permitted, the boy continued\\nthe education which he had begun in the pub-\\nlic schools of the old Bay State. When about\\nsixteen, however, he was led by business am-\\nbition to abandon his text books for more prac-\\ntical training, and, going to Seville, in Medina\\ncounty, Ohio, he became an apprentice in the\\n(\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aiding and cloth dressing trade. But he did\\nnot follow the trade as a permanent occupa-\\ntion. Previous to 1855, in which year he lo-\\ncated in Bay City, Michigan, he spent several\\nyears in the towns of Litchfield and Sparta,\\nOhio, being for a considerable portion of this\\ntime engaged in the manufacture of hardwood\\nlumber, which business he conducted in a saw-\\nmill of his own. In Bay City, where he con-\\ntinued to reside for a period of thirty-five\\nyears, Mr. Bradley experienced many phases of\\nbusiness success and ill-fortune. During the\\nfirst three years he was employed as manager\\nof Frost Bradley s mill, which establishment\\nwas later known as N. B. Bradley Sons. In\\n1800 he bought the Catlin mill, in the operation\\nof which prosperity attended him for more\\nthan ten years. But in the crisis of 1873, and\\nthe years of financial depression following, he\\nsuffered severe losses, and although his busi-\\nness had become extensive and apparently se-\\ncure, he was compelled, in 1877, to succumb to\\nthe adverse forces. Tt would be hard to imag-\\nine, however, that his misfortune was due in\\nany degree to negligence or bad management\\non his part, as he has repeatedly and in many\\ncapacities proven himself possessed of a high\\norder of executive ability, and a perseverance\\nwhich would overcome all ordinary obstacles.\\nIt is an ill wind, indeed, that blows nobody\\nany good, and it occasionally happens that it\\nblows the greatest good to the very ones we\\ndeem most hopelessly wrecked by its ravages.\\nMoral forces and all the gentle virtues, so\\nmuch more precious than gold, sometimes\\nflourish most richly in the soil from whence\\nmaterial blessings have been rudely torn away.\\nBut this depends upon the nature of the soil.\\nIt is easy to bloom with the virtues of courage,\\nenergy and geniality in the fair sunshine of", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "248\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nprosperity. It is quite another thing to with-\\nstand ungeared disaster s withering sirocco.\\nYet there are steadfast and trustful souls who\\nrise serene above the desolation of financial\\nruin and, looking abroad with a new under\\nstanding of life s problems and meaning, and\\nan added sense of brotherhood for their strug-\\ngling fellownien, set cheerfully to work again,\\nconteni to do the best they can and leave the\\nrest with Providence. Such was the spirit in\\nwhich Mr. Bradley met liis reverses. He w;is\\nobliged to surrender his mill, but nothing\\ncould deprive him of the practical knowledge\\ngained during his many years of business expe-\\nrience. He first became a dealer in logs, and\\nafter a time engaged in the location of timber\\nand mining lands in Minnesota. In the latter\\nline his work was crowned with a gratifying\\ndegree of success. It was his good fortune to\\nbecome part owner in fee of that hoard of\\nwealth in the Vermillion range well known as\\nthe Chandler Iron Mine; and from his min-\\ning interests alone he has realized a comfort-\\nable competence. Mr. Bradley was identified\\nwith the development of Bay City from the\\nmere village he found it to the thriving mu-\\nnicipality he left in 1890 to take up his\\nresidence in Duluth. He was the first street\\ncommissioner of the youthful town, and served\\nfor several years as chief of the fire depart-\\nment. As a prominent member of the board\\nof education, of which he was for two terms\\npresident, he did important service to the pub-\\nlic schools. He was then, as now, a devoted\\nMethodist, and it was largely at his instiga-\\ntion and through his efforts that the Madison\\nAvenue M. E. Church Society was organized\\nand its fine edifice erected. He was not only a\\nliberal contributor to the funds necessary to\\nthe enterprise, but he personally superintended\\nthe construction, and continued a faithful pro-\\nmoter of the interests of the church, filling at\\nme time or another every office except that\\nof pastor, and rendering especially efficient\\nand valued service as superintendent of the\\nSunday school. In politics Mr. Bradley has\\nnever taken an active part, although always 1\\nloyal Republican and one entertaining well\\ndefined opinions. On January 1. 1846, .Mr.\\nBradley was united in marriage to Mary Eliz-\\nabeth Cook, a daughter of Alva Cook of Oil-\\nford, Medina county, Ohio. Eight children\\nwere born to Mr. and Mrs. Bradley, as follows:\\nAlice A., Alva Elisha I... Charles II..\\nGeorge M., Frank E., Edward L. and Addie\\nMay. Of these Elisha L., George M. and Frank\\nE. are deceased. Of the five surviving all are\\nmarried and have families, and all but one\\nAddie May, now .Mis. Carl Norpell, of Newark.\\nOhio are residents of Duluth. The years of\\nMr. Bradley s residence in Duluth have been\\nthose years of advanced life, during which\\nmany men live in retirement from productive\\nactivities; but here, as in Bay City, he has\\nentered with youthful zest into the general\\nlife, promoting, with both money and effort,\\nnumerous worthy enterprises. For a number\\nof years he has been a member of the board\\nof education; and as a trustee and class leader\\nof the First Methodist church, he has been a\\nfaithful worker. He rendered efficient service\\nas a member of the building committee which\\nsupervised the construction of its splendid\\nedifice, which was completed in the year 1893;\\nand he and two of his sons Alva W. and Ed-\\nward L. were among the largest contributors\\nto the building fund. In the recent campaign\\nfor the payment of the indebtedness of $35^000\\non the property, he led the movement, contrib-\\nuting about one-third of the required amount.\\nBut happy as he is in the general service, his\\nown home fireside is to Mr. Bradley a hallowed\\nspot. Blest in his children and his numerous\\ngrandchildren, blest in the consciousness of\\nhaving earned the right to be called the poor\\nman s friend and the young man s guide, and.\\nabove all. blest in a firm faith in the wisdom\\nand beneficence of the Infinite Father, his de-\\nclining years may rightfully be deemed the\\nrichest and best of his life.\\nMARION DOUGLASS.\\nMarion Douglass. Esq.. of Duluth. Minne-\\nsota, is a native of the State of Maine, born\\nin Dixfield on the 29th of September, 1853.\\nWilliam E. Douglass, the father of Marion,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing i Engraving Co Chicago-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n249\\nwho was born in the year 1810, was also a\\nnative of Dixfield, Maine, and was reared\\nin the rural community of that town, be-\\ncoming in maturity one of its most influential\\nand respected citizens. He is still living, at\\nthe advanced age of four score years. The\\nDouglass family is of Scotch descent, being\\ntraceable to the nobility of Scotland. The\\nmaiden name of the mother of Marion Doug-\\nlass was Mahala Tucker, she being of English\\nextraction. Her death took place in Maine, on\\nSeptember 11, 1879. The subject of this re-\\nview is one of a family of seven children, six\\n(if whom are still living. He is. however, the\\nonly one who has tried his fortunes in the\\nWest. He was reared upon his father s farm\\nin Dixfield and attended the neighboring dis-\\ntrict schools until prepared for more advanced\\nstudy. He then took a preparatory course at\\nthe Academy of Wilton, Maine, and in 1872\\nentered Bates College, at Lewiston, Maine,\\nlie was for four years a student in this institu-\\ntion, graduating in the class of 187fi. Shortly\\nafter his graduation he took a trip to Europe,\\nallured chiefly by foreign educational advan-\\ntages. He went to Paris and spent a year in\\nthe International College of Languages. Fpon\\nhis return to this country, he accepted a posi-\\ntion as instructor in the Normal School at Lee,\\nMaine, where he taught for two years. Having\\ndecided to adopt the legal profession as his\\nlife work, he began reading law with Hutchin-\\nson. Savage Hale, attorneys of prominence\\nin Lewiston. Maine. After about two years of\\nstudy under this excellent tutorage. Mr. Doug-\\nlass was admitted to practice at the Kennebec\\nbar. This was in 1879, and during the same\\nyear he came West, making Minneapolis his\\nobjective point, where, in December, he opened\\nan office for the practice of law. But his stay\\nin Minneapolis was a short one, for. yielding\\nto persuasion, he pushed further Wesl to make\\na tour of the Dakotas and select a location in\\nthat newer section. The point at length de-\\ncided upon was a youthful settlement in Brown\\ncounty. South Dakota, which, in 1881. arrived\\nat the proportions and functions of a town,\\nwith the name of Columbia. Here Mi Doug\\nlass took up his residence, though the first year\\nor year and a half he spent largely in traveling\\nin various plain regions of the West. During\\nthe four years of his residence in Columbia he\\nbuilt up a substantial law practice, and w T as\\nmade Probate Judge, being one of the first\\nelected to this office in Brown county. He re-\\nsigned the office in a short time, as it interfered\\nwith his law practice. In September, lSSfi, he\\nreturned to Minnesota, locating permanently\\nin Duluth, in which city he has since been\\ncontinuously and successfully engaged in the\\npractice of his chosen profession. In 1882,\\nduring his sojourn in South Dakota, Mr. Doug-\\nlass returned to his native State of Maine, and\\non December 19 was united in marriage to\\nMiss Mary E. Brooks, a daughter of Richard\\nBrooks, of noble English ancestry. Mr. Doug-\\nlass is a Mason of the Thirty-second degree,\\nbeing a member of the Duluth Commandery.\\nIn politics he affiliates with the Republican\\nparty, and manifests a lively interest in polit-\\nical matters.\\nWALLACE B. DOUGLAS.\\nWallace Barton Douglas, Attorney-General\\nof the State of Minnesota, was born in Leyden,\\nLewis county, New York, September 21, 1852.\\nHe is the son of Asahel M. and Alma E. (Mil-\\nler) Douglas. He traces his ancestry to Deacon\\nWilliam Douglas, who emigrated from Scot-\\nland in 1640, and set! led in New England, and\\nwhose wife was Ann Mattel. From this union\\nsprung the main branch of the Douglas family\\nin America. The Hon. Stephen A. Douglas of\\nIllinois was a conspicuous member of this fam-\\nily. The early life of Wallace B. was spent\\non his father s farm, where he attended the\\ncommon schools and afterwards received a few\\nmonths instruction at the Cazenovia Seminary.\\nWhen he was fifteen years of age his father\\nremoved to Momence, Illinois, and a few years\\nlater Wallace entered the University of Mich-\\nigan, where he graduated from the Law De-\\npartment in 1875. From 1875 until 1883 he\\npracticed law in Chicago. In 1883, his health\\nrequiring a change of climate, he came to Min-\\nnesota and settled in Moorhead, where he has\\nsince resided, and where he has become emi-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "250\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nnent in the practice of his profession. A Re-\\npublican in politics, he has always taken an\\nactive interest in the affairs of his party. For\\nfive years he served as city attorney of Moor-\\nhead; was county attorney of Clay county\\nfor six years, and is recognized as one of the\\nablest attorneys of northwestern Minnesota.\\nIn the fall of 1S!\u00c2\u00bb4 he was elected to represent\\nthe Fiftieth Senatorial District in the Legis\\nlatnre of 1895, and was re-elected in 1896 in a\\nstrongly Populistic district. During the ses\\nsion he gave efficient aid in securing the pas-\\nsage of the Red river drainage appropriation,\\nand had full charge of this measure after its\\nconstitutionality was attacked. He succeeded\\nin convincing the Senate Judiciary Committee\\nthat this legislation was strictly Constitu-\\ntional, and the law has since been upheld and\\nrespected. He was the author and promoter\\nof the legislation changing the right of appeals\\nfrom the decision of the Board of Railway and\\nWarehouse Commission to the comity wherein\\nthe complainant reside. In 1898 he was\\nelected Attorney-General of the State, which\\noffice he now holds. At the present time he\\nis one of perhaps half a dozen men from\\nvarious sections of the State who are acknowl-\\nedged leaders of the younger and more pro-\\ngressive element in the Republican party. As\\na political speaker he takes high rank, and\\nduring recent campaigns he lias been in con\\nstant demand throughout the northern section\\nof the State. He is a good debater and a hard\\nfighter one whose aid is courted and whose\\nresistance is feared. A prominent business\\nman of St. Paul, who has known Mr. Douglas\\nintimately for many years, says of him:\\nMr. Douglas is an enthusiastic student of\\nall new opinions and decisions especially in\\ncorporation and constitutional law in which\\nhe aims to keep abreast of the times. When\\nserving as prosecuting attorney for Clay conn\\nty lie made a remarkable record in the convic-\\ntion of criminals indicted by the grand jury.\\nDuring his term of six years there were ninety-\\ntwo indictments and but six acquittals.\\nMr. Douglas is an enthusiastic sportsman\\nand a remarkable shot. As an incident of his\\nlove of the forest and the stream, he has ever\\nbeen an ardent game protector, and during the\\nLegislatures of 1895 and 1SU7 he took a promi\\nmiit part in framing the existing game laws\\nof Minnesota, several features of which are\\nconsidered by some to be quite radical and se-\\nvere, but which have been sustained by the\\n-Supreme Court of Minnesota. He had a ver\\\\\\nlucrative practice as an attorney, and it was\\na great financial sacrifice for him to abandon\\nthis for the office of Attorney-General. How-\\never, when (lie matter of increasing the sala-\\nries in his department came before the\\nLegislature, though he recommended that the\\ncompensation of his assistants be increased,\\nhe insisted upon his own salary remaining the\\nsame. His views on this question, which are\\nso rare in modern politics as to be quite re-\\nfreshing, were as follows: He stated that he\\nhad accepted the nomination of his party for\\nthe position, with a full knowledge of the com-\\npensation fixed by law. and by so doing lie\\nconsidered thai lie was under obligations to\\nserve out his term without any increase in\\nsalary.\\nIn 18!) he was the author of the good roads\\namendment to the Constitution of Minnesota.\\nwhich was adopted in the general election of\\n1898. The feature with which he was most\\nclosely connected, in 1897, was a bill which\\nfailed. It had for its object the lessening of\\nfreight rates upon grain and coal. This was\\nthe attempt to provide a statutory rate in the\\nnature of a distance tariff on these products.\\nIn a social way Mr. Douglas is very compan-\\nionable, unselfish and always loyal to his\\nfriends. He is an active member of the Ma-\\nsonic Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias\\nsocieties. Mr. Douglas was married May 19.\\n1881, to Ella M. Smith, daughter of Charles C.\\nSmith, Ohannahon, Illinois. This union has\\nbeen blest with two children. Harold 1!. and\\nLeila L.\\nMOSES E. CLAPP.\\nA big brained, big-hearted man. of an ear\\nnest nature, forcible in action and eloquent\\nof speech, a man of enlarged views and libera!\\nideas, a frank and hearty Westerner with a", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "Th tentury Pu U5fMtej Cnt/txtvmjj Co Chicapo\\nO^ \u00c2\u00a3Lt", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "r.TOGRArnv of Minnesota.\\n251\\nlegion of admiring friends is Moses E. Clapp,\\nthe well-known Minnesota lawyer, ex-Attorney\\nGeneral, and now a prominent attorney of St.\\nPaul. General Clapp, as lie is commonly\\nknown, was horn at Delphi, Carroll county,\\nIndiana, May 21, 1851. His father, Harvey S.\\nClapp came of a New England family. He\\nsettled in Indiana in 1849, hut passed the\\ngreater part of his life in Wisconsin, and died\\nin that State in 1889. General Clapp s mother\\nwas .lane Van Dercook, a native of Ohio, but\\nof New York parents and Knickerbocker an-\\ncestry. He has been most distinguished in\\nlife as a lawyer. His legal studies were pur-\\nsued in the University of Wisconsin, and he\\nbegan the practice in 187:! at Hudson, Wiscon-\\nsin. In 1882 he moved to Fergus Falls, Minne-\\nsota, where he soon became prominent, not\\nonly in his profession, but as an advocate of\\nthe principles of the Republican party, and\\none of its leaders in northern Minnesota. In\\n1886 he was the Republican candidate for At-\\ntorney General, and took a very active part in\\nthe campaign. He was renominated and re-\\nelected in 1888 and again in 1890, and was\\nAttorney General of the State six years in all.\\nUpon retiring from the Attorney General s\\noffice in 1893, he resumed the private practice\\nof the law, talcing up his permanent residence\\nin St. Paul, and forming with Newell H. Clapp\\nand A. E. Macartney, the well-known legal\\nfirm of Clapp Jfc Macartney. The Arm soon se-\\ncured and still has a large general practice,\\nand is most successful in the conduct of its\\nbusiness. As a lawyer. General Clapp has at-\\ntained to more than local distinction. He has\\nbeen called to a large number of important\\ncases, nol only in Minnesota, but in the l a-\\nkotas, and has been more than ordinarily suc-\\ncessful in winning victories. He is perhaps\\nmost effective as an advocate, although he is\\nknown to be thoroughly versed in all the fea-\\ntures of American jurisprudence. His official\\nopinions, while Attorney General, read like ju-\\ndicial decisions, and have the same respect\\nand practically the same authority among law-\\nyers generally. Bui as an advocate, he is, so\\nto speak, in his native element. No matter\\nwhat may be the subject of his plea, he is never\\nuninteresting or dull, is commonly forcible,\\nand often finely eloquent. On the stump he is\\nas effective as at the bar, and his services are\\ndemanded in campaigns oftener than they can\\nbe granted. He is personally very popular\\namong his friends, and for some years his ad-\\nmirers insisted on his becoming the Repub-\\nlican candidate for Governor. At last, in 1890,\\nhe consented to stand for the nomination, as\\nthe leader of the opposition to the then ex-\\nisting State administration. Certain combina-\\ntions defeated him, but he did not sulk in his\\nlent, and again took the stump and canvassed\\nthe State in the interest of the ticket, with his\\nusual loyalty, earnestness and good effect.\\nGeneral Clapp was married in 1874 to Miss\\nEattie Allen, of St. Croix county, Wisconsin,\\nand there are three children living of their\\nmarriage, named Katherine, Harvey and Ella.\\nALVAREN ALLEN.\\nCol. Alvaren Allen, of St. Paul, who was born\\nSeptember 25, 1822, at Morristown, St. Law-\\nrence county. New York, was the eldest son of\\nAaron and Elizabeth Allen. The Allen family\\nhad its origin in the North of Ireland, whence\\nJohn Allen, the father of Aaron, came to\\nAmerica and settled in Connecticut. He served\\nas an officer in the Revolutionary War. Aaron\\nAllen was born at Hartford. Connecticut, and\\nwas reared on a farm. He served in the War\\nof 1812, and while in the service inarched from\\nSacketts Harbor, New York, to Detroit, Mich-\\nigan. After the war he settled in St. Law-\\nrence county. New York, and married Miss\\nElizabeth Gould, of Brownsville, Jefferson\\ncounty, New York. Here he engaged in stock\\nraising, took an interest in local affairs and\\nserved as captain of a company in New York\\nStati- Militia. In 1836 he removed with his\\nfamily to Wisconsin, and took up a claim\\nsituated on the Rock river, twelve miles from\\nJanesville, where he again engaged in raising\\nslock. A short time after he was gored to\\ndeath by a vicious bull, thus placing much of\\nthe responsibility of the management of the\\nfarm upon his son, Alvaren. The early life", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nof young Allen differed in no wise from that\\nof other country boys of pioneer days in the\\nWest. School facilities were extremely lim-\\nited in those days, but such advantages as the\\ncountry could afford were at the disposal of\\nyoung Allen. He made the best of his oppor-\\ntunities, attending the little log school at Ft.\\nAtkinson, Wisconsin, during the winter and\\ndriving a team during the summer months.\\nIn 1843 he entered the first high school in the\\nTerritory, which was located at Beloit. After\\ngraduating from this school he was employed\\nas teacher in the same institution, and later\\naccepted a position in a large general store.\\nHere he continued until 1847, when he went\\nto Milwaukee and engaged as salesman for\\nShepherd, Bonnell Williams, wholesale dry\\ngoods and groceries. At the expiration of six\\nmonths he was promoted to the position of\\nhead salesman, which he held until 1851. Jan-\\nuary 15, 1851, Mr. Allen was married to .Miss\\nLouisa J. Soule, of Schenectady. New York, a\\nyoung lady of French descent, who was left an\\norphan at two years of age. She was reared\\nin the family of an uncle, Nicholas Ehle. In\\nthe spring of this same year Mr. Allen bought\\na team, and, with his wife, drove across the\\ncountry to the Mississippi liver, having in view\\na threefold object: first, to visit the trade in\\nthe interest of Shepherd, Bonnell Williams;\\nsecond, in search of pleasure and recreation;\\nand, third, to prospect for a location that\\nwould offer inducements to one of his ability\\nand ambition. On reaching Dubuque, he found\\nthe steamboat Excelsior at the landing,\\ncrowded with people bound for the Territory\\nof Minnesota. A quick counsel with his wife\\ndetermined him to put the team on board and\\naccompany the throng of emigrants and pros-\\npectors. They arrived at St. Paul on a Friday\\nmorning in the month of May, 1851. Here he\\nwas received by an old friend, Robert Canida,\\nwho was the proprietor of the weather-boarded\\nlog cabin known as the Central House. This\\nbuilding was later used as the first capitol of\\nMinnesota. The following Sunday he, with his\\nwife, drove to St. Anthony and halted on a\\nhill overlooking the falls, where the State\\nUniversitv now stands. Mrs. Allen remarked\\nthat this was the most beautiful spot she had\\never seen, and that it looked like home; to\\nwhich Colonel Allen replied, then we will call\\nit home, as we have nothing special to lake\\nus back to Wisconsin. After spending two\\ndays at St. Anthony his wife asked him if he\\ncould see any way to make a living, lie re-\\nplied that he would make a venture in the\\nlivery business, as his team had been driven\\nto St. Paul the preceding day, for which he\\nreceived a five dollar gold piece, in payment\\nfor transportation, and again the second day\\nbringing in ten dollars. Mr. Allen was quick\\nto see the opportunity and immediately em-\\nbarked in the livery business. In 1S5:! he\\nopened a stage line from St. Paul to Monti-\\ncello and St. Cloud. Colonel Allen was the\\nsecond mayor of St. Anthony, and resigned\\nhis office in the fall of 1S56, when he removed\\nto St. Paul. There he purchased the stage\\nline and mail route of Patterson, Benson\\nWard, but later sold a half interest to C. L.\\nChase, Secretary of the Territory, for $21,00(1.\\nIn 1858 Mr. Chase sold his interest to Col. J. L.\\nMerriam. In 1859, in conjunction with the\\nNorthwestern Express Company, they started\\nthe line from St. Paul to La Crosse, Wiscon-\\nsin, and soon after consolidated their business\\nwith that of J. C. Burbank Company, who\\nowned and controlled all the Northwestern\\nstage lines, the company being known as the\\nMinnesota Stage Company. Colonel Allen fol-\\nlowed the stage business uutil 1868, when he\\nbegan railroading, and built forty miles of the\\nS. M. R. R. He continued railroad building\\nuntil 1S72. June 1, 1873, he purchased Col.\\nJohn Shaw s interest and lease in the Mer-\\nchants Hotel of St. Paul for $40,000, and in 1882\\nhe bought the hotel from Colonel Potter for\\n$275,000. He has made many improvements\\nsince until the present value of the property\\nis not far from half a million dollars, lie has\\nbought and sold a great deal of real estate in\\nthe Twin Cities, and always with a profit to\\nhimself. Colonel Allen, though leaning to-\\nwards the Democratic party, is very conserva-\\ntive in politics. He believes in voting for the\\nbest man, regardless of party, and supported\\nWilliam McKinley for the Presidency in 1896.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "BTOGRArnY OF MINNESOTA.\\n253\\nHe was instrumental in building the market\\nhouse in St. Paul; was chairman of the\\nfinance committee, and gave six months of\\ndiligent and faithful service. He served the\\ncity as alderman for eight .years, and was presi-\\ndent of the council for four years. While on\\na visit to St. Louis in 1S75, during the Carnival\\nof the Veiled Prophet, lie conceived the idea\\nof illuminating the city of St. Paul in like\\nmanner for the coming fall fair, and succeeded\\nin making this a success. These illuminations\\nand decorations have been continued from year\\nto year ever since. He also figured very promi-\\nnently in bringing the Ice Palace into exist-\\nence, which proved so attractive and profitable\\nto the city. Colonel Allen is a Knight Tem-\\nplar, and the only surviving member of Cata-\\nract Lodge No. 2, St. Anthony Falls, organized\\nin 1851 or 1852. There were born to Mr. and\\nMrs. Allen two sons, George Hamilton and\\nEhler, both deceased.\\nEDWARD C. MITCHELL.\\nRev. Edward Craig Mitchell, A. M., of St.\\nPaul, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, July 21,\\n1836. lie was the second of three children, the\\nsons of Edward Phillips Mitchell, of Salem, Ro-\\nanoke county, Virginia, and Elizabeth Tyndale\\nMitchell, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All\\nfour of Mr. Mitchell s grandparents were of En-\\nglish descent. His father s family lived in Vir-\\nginia through six generations. His mother was\\ndescended from a brother of William Tyndale,\\nthe author of the first English translation of\\nthe New Testament, and who suffered martyr-\\ndom for that work. John Tyndall. the scien-\\ntist, belonged to 1 lie same family. In 1841\\nEdward P. Mitchell, the father of Edward C,\\nremoved with his family to Philadelphia, Penn-\\nsylvania, where he was engaged in mercantile\\npursuits and was also president of the Com-\\nmonwealth Bank. His eldest son, James Tyn-\\ndale Mitchell, of Philadelphia, is one of the\\nJustices of the Supreme Court of Penn-\\nsylvania, and was for many years editor\\nof the American Law Register. Edward C.\\nMitchell was educated in Philadelphia, in the\\nCentral High School and the University of\\nPennsylvania. In 1859 lie was admitted to the\\nliar of Philadelphia. In 18G1 Mr. Mitchell en-\\ntered the ministry of Hie New Jerusalem (or\\nSwedenborgiau) church, in Philadelphia. From\\n1860 to 1863 he preached in Philadelphia; from\\nL863 to 1866, in Providence and Pawtucket,\\nRhode Island; from 1866 to 1809, in North\\nBridgewater (now Brocton), Massachusetts;\\nfrom 1869 to 1872, in Detroit, Michigan. In\\nApril, 1872, Mr. Mitchell removed to Minneap-\\nolis, Minnesota, and in 1876 he came to St.\\nPaul, where he has since resided. From 1872\\nto 1880 he officiated in both cities, Minneapolis\\nand St. Paul; but since 1880 he has served the\\nSt. Paul church only. His first preaching in\\nSt. Paul was in the lecture room of the Y. M.\\nC. A., on Third street, near Minnesota street,\\nfrom 1S72 to 1876, when the society purchased\\nand refitted the old First Methodist church on\\nMarket street, between Fourth and Fifth\\nstreets. In 18S7 they built the new and\\npicturesque church at the corner of Virginia\\nand Selby avenues, on St. Anthony Hill. As a\\npreacher, Mr. Mitchell s style is logical, rather\\nthan rhetorical. His aim is to help his hear-\\ners to open their minds to spiritual truths; his\\nearnest effort being directed to unfolding the\\nprofounder meaning of the Scriptures, and to\\napplying such meaning to the practical walk of\\ndaily life, in the belief that all religion relates\\nto life, and that a religious life is in living\\nfrom well-defined religious principles in every\\nrelation of practical daily life. It has been\\nsaid of him that his discourses are clear and\\nforcible written from the head and spoken\\nfrom the heart but the strongest argument\\nthat he makes in favor of his religion is his\\nown daily life. Of strong mental gifts and\\nattributes, Mr. Mitchell is a very accomplished\\ngentleman in all true essentials. He is a\\nscholar, a thinker, a litterateur, a theologian.\\nAs an author, Mr. Mitchell, in addition to many\\nsermons, lectures, etc., has published an octavo\\nwork on The Parables of the New Testament,\\nSpiritually Unfolded, being an interpretation\\nof 1 lie symbolic meaning of the forty parables\\nof the New Testament. Without the semblance\\nof dilettanteism, he is refined and polished.", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "254\\nP.IOCRAPHY OF MINNESOTA,\\nPersonally be is universally esteemed, and no\\nman in the city has stronger friends and ad-\\nmirers. In 1865 Mr. Mitchell was married to\\nMiss Lousia C. Fernald, of Portland, Maine,\\nfor whose health he moved to Minnesota; hut\\nshe did not long survive. In July, 1870. he was\\nmarried to Miss Annie Iungerich, daughter of\\nLouis C. Iungerich, Esq., of Philadelphia,\\nPennsylvania, a well-known merchant and\\nhanker. Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell have one son,\\nWalton, born December 26, 1877, now a med-\\nical student at the University of Minnesota.\\nResides his church work, Mr. Mitchell has al-\\nways been active in charitable and benevolent\\norganizations. For many years he was in the\\nboard of managers, and in the executive com-\\nmitter of the St. Paul Society for the Relief of\\nthe Poor; and for several years was one of\\nthe vice-presidents of the society and chair\\nman of the executive committee. He was the\\noriginator of the Free Kindergartens of Si.\\nPaul, and is still president of the society. He\\nalso organized the St. Paul Day Nursery or\\nCreche, in which lie takes an active interest.\\nHe was for a number of years vice-president\\nof the Humane Society for the prevention of\\ncruelty to children and animals. Mr. Mitch-\\nell is a charter member of the Sons of the\\nAmerican Revolution, and was the chaplain\\nof the society until December, 1898. He is a\\nmember of the Society of the Colonial Wars\\nin the State of Minnesota, and was the chap-\\nlain of the society for the year 1899. He is\\nalso a member of the Society of American\\nWars a member of the American Institute\\nof Civics, and is president of the St. Paul\\nAcademy of Science.\\nTHOMAS SHAW.\\nThomas Shaw, professor of animal hus-\\nbandry in the University of Minnesota, was\\nborn of Scotch parentage, at Niagara-on-the-\\nlake, Ontario, Canada. January 3, 1813. His\\nparents were Robert and Margaret (Carnachan)\\nShaw, both natives of Parr Hill parish, olmo-\\nnell, Scotland. His father came to Ontario in\\n1833, where he married, and raised a family\\nof nine children, of whom Thomas was the\\nfourth child and second son. He was reared\\non his father s farm, and educated in the com-\\nmon schools. At the age of sixteen he com-\\nmenced teaching school, and with the money\\nhe obtained purchased a farm near Hamilton.\\nOntario, and spent twenty-five years in active\\nfarm work on his own account, and achieved\\ndistinction among the most successful farm-\\ners for the intelligent and profitable manage-\\nment of his farm. In 1882, with his brother,\\nthe late Dr. George M. Shaw, he established\\nthe Canadian Live Stock and Farm Journal,\\nwhich he edited for seven years. He was fore-\\nmost in the farmers institute work in Ontario,\\nand in other efforts to promote the farmer s\\nwelfare. He was called to the chair of agri-\\nculture in the College of Agriculture at\\nGuelph, Ontario, in 1888. He wrote eight times,\\nin competitive contests on agricultural sub-\\njects, six provincial and two international,\\nopen only to agricultural colleges, and was\\nawarded eight first premiums. In 1893 he was\\noffered and accepted the chair of animal hus-\\nbandry at the University of Minnesota Experi-\\nment Station. Professor Shaw has long since\\nbecome recognized as an expert authority on\\nmany phases of farm practice and agricultural\\nscience. He was the author, in 1892, of the\\nbook, Weeds and Methods of Eradicating\\nThem, also the article on sheep in Johnson s\\nEncyclopaedia, 1893. Forage Crops, other\\nthan Grasses, is the title of a new book by\\nProfessor Shaw, now in publication by the\\nOrange Judd Publishing Company. Like all\\nhis works, it is practical, scientifically accu-\\nrate, and very thorough. Professor s Shaw s\\nlatest work, The Study of Rreeds, now in\\nthe hands of the same publishers, will doubt-\\nless at once become the accepted authority on\\nall the pedigreed breeds in America, of cattle,\\nsheep and swine. These books are designed\\nas text books for agricultural colleges in all\\nparts of the United States and Canada, and\\nalso for popular use. The book on live stock\\nhe considers as the greatest work of his life,\\nand in its preparation he has spent a large\\npart of his time for twelve years. This work\\nis entirely a new creation, there never having", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "The Century Pitflishim) j; tnymviny Co Chicago-\\n(?7U SL c^t^7 ttc^t^ct\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "P.IOGUAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbeen before an attempt made to systemize the\\nstudy of biccds, to describe their characteris-\\ntics, and the points by which they can be\\njudged. Professor Shaw lias another work just\\nready for the press, entitled Soiling Crops,\\nand the Silo. designed to supply the need of\\nsystematic text-books for the use of colleges\\nin that line. This book is intended to meet\\nthe needs of dairymen, and will be the first\\nlext book that has ever been written on the\\nsubject. The first part of the book is devoted\\nto crops to cut and feed green, more partic-\\nularly in the late summer, when grass is\\nscarce; the latter part of the work treats of\\nthe history of the silo; crops suitable for the\\nsilo; building the silo; curing crops in the\\nsilo, and feeding the silage. Professor Shaw\\nspent three winters in the farmers institute\\nwork in Minnesota, in addition to lectures\\ngiven at the school of agriculture, and has con-\\nducted a large amount of experimental work-\\nin growing and fattening cattle, sheep and\\nswine, and has prepared bulletins, which have\\nbeen issued by the university from time to\\ntime, in regard to this work. The work which\\nProfessor Shaw considers of most importance,\\nsince he came to Minnesota, is the growing of\\npastures for sheep and cattle, other than\\ngrasses, making it possible to double or triple\\nthe ordinary capacity of a farm for the keep-\\ning of stock, and which can be embodied in\\nthe practice of ordinary farming, in a greater\\nor less degree, in every State in the Union. In\\n1890 Professor Shaw, while in Canada, issued\\na bulletin on the rape-plant a plant that was\\npractically unknown in tin United Slates at\\nthat time and its uses and value were\\nbrought to the attention of the American peo-\\nple by the Department of Agriculture at\\nWashington, in the publication, in 1892, of this\\nbulletin, re-written by Professor Shaw. At the\\npresent time it is safe to say that 5,000,000\\nsheep in the United States are fattened on\\nrape alone. At the present time Professor\\nShaw is paying special attention to the grow-\\ning of forage plants in various parts of the\\nUnited States, thorough experiments being\\nconducted by private individuals under his di-\\nrection, and from which source he is receiving\\nmuch valuable information. Professor Shaw\\nwas married July 4, 1865, to Mary Janet Sidey,\\na native of Woodburn, Ontario. They have\\nfour children: Mary Isabella (Mrs. Dr. M. H.\\nReynolds of St. Anthony Park), Robert S. Shaw\\n(Professor of Agriculture in the College at\\nBozeman, Montana), William T. Shaw (a grad-\\nuate of the University of Minnesota), and\\nFlorence \\\\Y., living at home. Professor Shaw\\nis a Republican in politics, a member of the\\nPresbyterian church, and an active worker in\\nchurch and Sundav school.\\nLAFAYETTE G. M. FLETCHER.\\n1\\nLafayette G. M. Fletcher, of Mankato, was\\nborn in Stockholm, St. Lawrence county. New\\nYork, February 13, 1830. His parents were\\nAdolphus and Sarah (Wellington) Fletcher.\\nLoth his parents were of English descent\\nthrough colonial families noted in the early\\nhistory of New England. His father was a\\nnative of Walpole, New Hampshire, born in\\n17115, and served as a private soldier in the\\nWar of 1812. His grandfather, Luke Fletcher,\\nserved through the War of the Revolution,\\nfought at Newton and, wintering at Valley\\nForge, was present at the surrender of York-\\ntown. The Fletcher family came from\\nEngland in 1630 and settled in Lowell, Massa-\\nchusetts. The subject of this biography spent\\nhis younger days on his father s farm, at-\\ntended the common scl 1 and later the St.\\nLawrence Academy, at Potsdam, and the\\nOgdensburg Academy, and taught school win-\\nters from the age of nineteen to twenty four.\\nHis father died at the old homestead in 1851,\\nand his mother in 1873. In May, 1854, young\\nFletcher started out to see the world, and to\\nmake a place for himself, intending to go to\\nCouncil Bluffs, Iowa. He stopped at Dubuque,\\nIowa, for a few weeks, and while there met a\\nparty of government surveyors, and engaged\\nto go with them. He was active, energetic,\\nand quick to learn, and be soon picked up a\\nfair understanding of the work. He was given\\ncharge of a party in townshiping and check-\\ning, a portion of the season of 1854. They", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "*56\\nBIOORAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nstarted the survey July 6, 1854, at the smith-\\ncast corner of Blue Earth county and run\\nwest on the first standard parallel, reaching\\nMankato about August 15, of the same year.\\nMr. Fletcher was so much pleased with the\\ncountry that he concluded to locate there per-\\nmanently, and he was the only one out of a\\nparty of forty men that remained. He imme-\\ndiately made a claim north of the present town\\nsite, where he built a homestead, and where\\nhe has resided for ever forty-five years. While\\nthe country was new he spent much of his time\\nin locating new comers, surveying (hums and\\nmaking out papers. He located the Maple\\nRiver colony and surveyed the land; he also\\nsurveyed and laid out several additions to the\\ncity of .Mankato. He has been engaged in\\nfarming, grain storing, and in the real estate\\nbusiness, and has built some of the substan-\\ntial business blocks of Mankato. He was one\\nof the original incorporators of the Mankato\\nSavings Bank, and has been its president since\\nits organization, with Mr. J. C. Cotton cashier.\\nHe was also one of the directors of the Man\\nkato Manufacturing Company, and has been\\ninterested in many other business institutions.\\nHe was one of the original five who organized\\nthe Republican Party in Mankato, in 185(5, and\\nhe is the only surviving member of that quin-\\ntette. He has been a member of the school\\nboard nearly all the time since I860, and has\\nserved the people faithfully in that capacity.\\nHe helped to build the first school house in\\nMankato in the summer of 1855, and he taught\\nthe first school in the winter of 1855 and 1856,\\nand also in the winter of 1857 and 1858. He\\nwas elected to the State Senate in 1883 and\\nserved for one term. In fact he has always\\nbeen a prominent figure in the history of Man-\\nkato. A prominent citizen who has known\\nhim intimately for many years says:\\nMr. Fletcher has truly been the architect\\nof his own fortune. The capital with which\\nhe started was an abiding ambition to suc-\\nceed, strong hands and a steadfast purpose;\\nlii was gifted with good practical ability, and\\nschooled in industry and in the practice of\\nrigid economy in the husbanding of his re-\\nsources. Success attended his efforts, as a\\nreward for well directed industry, and with it\\nhe secured the confidence and respect of his\\nfellow citizens. Mr. Fletcher is a gentleman of\\ncoirect habits, positive convictions, and strong\\nin friendships. He is a firm and unswerving\\nfriend of the cause of popular education, and\\nfrom his earliest citizenship in Mankato, has\\nearnestly and unselfishly labored to promote\\nits success. For over forty years lie has been\\nidentified with the school interests of Man-\\nkato. and while he has, in the positive declara-\\ntion of his views, incurred opposition, the\\nearnestness and unmistakable honesty of his\\npurpose has commanded the confidence and\\nsupport of his constituency, enabling him to\\nwiidd a large influence in shaping and direct\\ning the policy of the public schools. He has\\nalways been on the side of good government,\\nand for simplicity and econoniv in all public\\naffairs.\\nMr. Fletcher was married in December,\\n1858, to Lucina B. Foot, who died September\\n17, 1870. He married his present wife, whose\\nmaiden name was Susie M. Dyer, May 15, 1872.\\nHis children are: George H. Fletcher a\\nprominent attorney of Minneapolis; Carrie D.\\nMrs. C. J. Rockwood of Minneapolis; Emma\\nA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mrs. W. YV. Davis, Jr., of Mankato;\\nLucine E. (deceased); Ella May teaching in\\nMinneapolis; Jennie D. teaching in Man-\\nkato; Nellie (deceased); Mildred, L. G. M., Jr.,\\nand Edith living at home, in Mankato.\\nMARTIN J. SEVERANCE.\\nHon. Martin J. Severance, a pioneer lawyer\\nof the Territory of Minnesota, a gallant officer\\nof the Union army during the war of the\\nRebellion, and for the past nineteen years the\\nlearned and just Judge of the District Court\\nof the Sixth Judicial District of Minnesota,\\nwas born at Shelburn Falls, Franklin county,\\nMassachusetts, on Christmas Eve, L826. He\\nwas a son of Asa and Calista (Boyden) Sever-\\nance, both of whom, like himself, were born\\nin the old Bay State, and he is descended\\nfrom very old New England stock. His first\\nAmerican ancestor on the paternal side came\\nfrom England to the colony of Massachusetts\\nin 1636. His great grandfather, Martin Sever-\\nance, served through the French and Indian", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "Th teiituryPuMisluitg Eymviry Co Clucaya", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "IWOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n257\\nwar 1756 to 17(33 and also through the war\\nof the Revolution, receiving his discharge from\\nthe Patriot army of the war for indepen-\\ndence at the advanced age of seventy-three\\nyears. He was with Colonel Rodgers\\nRangers when they attacked and destroyed\\nthe town of St. Francis, on the St. Lawrence\\nriver, in Canada. Sunn after, lie was taken\\nprisoner by the French and Indians, carried\\nto Canada, held a captive for two years, and\\nfinally returned by way of France, England,\\nand Quebec. His parents, Asa and Calista\\nSeverance, had a family of ten children, five\\nsons and live daughters, all of whom lived to\\nmaturity, and seven of whom are yet living.\\nOne daughter died at the age of eighteen, and\\ntwo sons were killed in battle during the war\\nof the Rebellion, one at Fair Oaks, Virginia,\\nin lstiL and the other at Port Hudson, Louis-\\niana, in 1863. Another son was severely\\nwounded at the capture of Arkansas Post, but\\nrecovered and is now living in the State of\\nMichigan. The war record of the Severance\\nfamily is particularly good and notable. Asa\\nSeverance was a thrifty farmer, and his son\\nMartin passed his early life in the manner of\\nmany another farmer s boy helping with the\\nchores and farm work, and attending the\\ncommon schools until he was eighteen years\\nof age. His education was completed in the\\nFranklin Academy, at Shelburn Falls, and in\\nthe Williston Seminary now Williston Col-\\nlege at East Hampton, Massachusetts; he\\nwas about six years at school in these insti-\\ntutions. In 1849 he went to Chicopee, Massa-\\nchusetts, and for two years was a law student\\nin the office of Hon. John Wells, who subse-\\nquently became a Judge of the Supreme Court\\nof Massachusetts, and died in office. His legal\\nstudies were completed with the law firm of\\nBeach Bond, of Springfield, Massachusetts,\\nand, in 1854, he was admitted to the bar. For\\ntwo years he was engaged in the practice of\\nhis profession at hicopee, Massachusetts. In\\n1856 Mr. Severance came to Minnesota, arriv-\\ning at St. Paul May 21. Locating at Hender-\\nson, Sibley county, then a little frontier town,\\nhe opened a law office and engaged in practice.\\nHe soon became prominent in the community\\nand in public affairs. He was county attorney\\nof Sibley county for two terms, and in L858\\nwas elected to serve in the Legislature which\\nwas expected to meet in the following Janu-\\nary, but which, owing to certain legal and\\npreventing obstacles, did not convene. In tsiii\\nlie was again elected and served one term.\\nAugust 14, 1862, during the great Southern\\nRebellion, he enlisted as a private in Company\\n1, Tenth Minnesota Infantry. Four days later\\ncame the great Sioux Indian outbreak. He\\nwas with his company when, as a part of the\\nforce under General Sibley, it went to the relief\\nof Fort Ridgely and to the defense of the\\nupper Minnesota valley. Later in the year he\\nattended the extra session of the Legislature\\nas a member, although he was still a private\\nsoldier. In November, 1863, he went South\\nwith his regiment, and for a time was sta-\\ntioned at St. Louis. April 4, 1864, he was\\npromoted to the captaincy of his company, and\\nserved with this rank until he was mustered\\nout with his regiment, in August, 1865, after\\nthe close of the war. His company was a\\nsplendid organization, and although its mate-\\nrial was somewhat remarkable, yet it was\\ntypical and representative of the frontier of\\nMinnesota at the time. It was composed of\\nwhite frontiersmen and mixed-blood Indians\\nin about equal proportion. It made an excel\\nlent record for hard and faithful service ami\\nfor good conduct generally. In May, 1864,\\nCaptain Severance went with his command to\\nColumbus, Kentucky, and thence to Memphis,\\nTennessee. As a part of Gen. A. J. Smith s\\nSixteenth Army Corps, the regiment partici-\\npated in the battles about Tupelo, Mississippi,\\nJuly 13-15, 1864. Later in the same year it\\nwas on the Oxford raid when the town of\\nOxford, Mississippi, was burned in retaliation\\nfor the destruction of the town of Chambers-\\nburg, Pennsylvania, by the Confederates. In\\nAugust it went to Devall s Bluff, Arkansas,\\nand from this post in September it started on\\nthe long and toilsome expedition of Gen. A.\\n1. Smith after the Confederate raiding force\\nunder General Price that had invaded Mis-\\nsouri. The Tenth Regiment marched on this\\nexpedition from Devall s Bluff, through Ar-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "2 5 8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nkansas and Missouri almost to the Kansas\\nliiie, near Kansas City, or until the Confeder-\\nates had been overtaken by General l leasan-\\nton s and General Curtis cavalry commands\\nand defeated at the Little Blue, the Big Blue\\nand Westport, all near the western line of\\nMissouri, in the neighborhood of Kansas City.\\nThen, with the main part of Smith s Corps, it\\nwas sent to Tennessee, arriving at Nashville\\nNovember 30. It took part in the battles ai\\nNashville, December 15 and 10, 1804, and on\\nthe latter day participated in the magnificent\\nand victorious assault on General Hood s\\nConfederate lines. After the victory it took\\npari in the pursuit of Hood s broken army to\\nthe Tennessee river, going into camp for a\\nmonth at Eastport, Alabama. In the early\\nspring of 1805 it was sent to the Gulf of\\nMexico and participated in the capture of\\n.Mobile, April 0, 1805 the last important bat-\\ntle of the war. Captain Severance was mus-\\ntered out with the regiment at Fort Snelling,\\nAugust 19, 1805. During his entire term of\\nlong and active military service, Captain Sev-\\nerance spent but twenty days in the hospital.\\nHe was slightly wounded at the battle of\\nNashville, but he has never applied for a pen-\\nsion. After his discharge from the army,\\nCaptain Severance located at Le Sueur, Minne-\\nsota, and resumed the practice of law. In\\n1870 he removed to Mankato and continued in\\nhis profession. He became very prominent as\\na lawyer, especially in the conduct of criminal\\ncases, and attained to an eminent standing at\\nthe bar of his county, his district, and his\\nState. For one year he was associated with\\nO. O. Pitcher, Esq., in partnership, and subse-\\nquently with Hon. I). A. Dickinson, who later\\nbecame one of the Judges of the State\\nSupreme Court. He removed to St. Paul in\\n1881, and for a short time engaged in law\\npractice with W. I Warner, Esq., of that city.\\nJune 23, 1881, he was appointed by Governor\\nPillsbury, Judge of the Sixth Judicial Dis-\\ntrict. Afterwards he was elected to the\\nposition for three successive terms of six years\\neach his election being effected each time\\nwithout opposition or the drawing of party\\nlines. His service on the bench has been that\\nof an able lawyer, an accomplished jurist, and\\nan honest, kind-hearted man. Of his judicial\\ncareer and his general character, one who\\nwrites with full knowledge of the subject,\\nsays:\\nJudge Severance is a man of wide learn-\\ning, without as well as within the law. He\\nis a great student, and in ancient as well as\\nmodern history has few equals. As a judge\\nhis decisions have been almost universally up-\\nheld by the higher courts. Large hearted ami\\ngenerous though he is, he never allows his\\npersonal feelings to interpose between the\\nsterner demands of justice, and his long years\\nof service on the bench have endeared him to\\nmembers of the bar and citizens generally.\\nHis popularity is best told in the statement\\nthai although a Democrat in politics, he pre-\\nsided on the bench of the District Court, in\\na district overwhelmingly Republican, for\\neighteen years, and during that time he never\\nhad a competitor for the nomination or elec-\\ntion. The Judge is a companionable gentle-\\nman, honored by all who know him and loved\\nby those who best know his great heartedness\\nand warm impulses.\\nIt is well said that Judge Severance is a\\nman of wide learning aside from his profound\\nknowledge of the law. His mind is well stored\\nwith general information. He is of literary\\ntaste and inclination, and is a most clear and\\naccomplished writer. Some of his literary\\nefforts extant are models of composition in\\nstyle, expression, and force. Asa speaker he\\nis able, earnest, polished, often eloquent and\\nalways entertaining and effective. He is a\\nDemocrat in politics, commonly in sympathy\\nwith the declared principles of his party, and\\nuniformly supporting its National and State\\ntickets. In local elections, however, he in-\\nvariably selects his candidate on the basis of\\npersonal ability, integrity and fitness for the\\nposition, no matter to what party he belongs,\\nand he maintains his independence and sus-\\ntains his manhood under all circumstances.\\nJudge Severance was married June 10, 1858,\\nto Elizabeth P. Van Horn, a native of Chi co-\\npee, Massachusetts, and a daughter of Lester\\nVan Horn, of old Knickerbocker ancestry.\\nMis. Severance is descended from David Van\\nHorn, who was one of the seven Vans", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "r\\nirz^z", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n259\\namong the first Dutch settlers of New York\\nCity, and who served on the first grand jury\\nin Manhattan, as the place was called in\\nthe good old days of Dutch dominion and con-\\ntrol in New Amsterdam. The Judge and\\nMrs. Severance have been the parents of three\\nchildren, viz.: Winthrop who died in Man-\\nkato at the age of 39; Frank Q., now residing\\nin Nebraska, engaged in railroading, and Miss\\nNettie J. Severance, an accomplished young\\nlady, who is proud of her membership in the\\nDaughters of the Revolution, and who is at\\nhome with her parents in Mankato.\\nHENRY M. RICHARDSON.\\nHenry Macauly Richardson, of Rochester,\\nMinnesota, was horn in Topshain, Orange\\ncounty, Vermont, March 10, 1844. His parents,\\nJames and Lucinda (Orcutt) Richardson, were\\nfarming people, of Scotch-Irish extraction.\\nAlthough they belonged to a rural community,\\nthey were among its more prominent members,\\nand the father of our subject was known\\nthroughout the State as Major James Rich-\\nardson. Henry M. grew up in his native town,\\nattending the common schools, then the high\\nschool, and. lastly, the Presbyterian Academy,\\nat East Topsham. Before he had completed\\nhis course at the last-named institution, the\\nCivil war broke out and lie enlisted, at the\\nage of eighteen years, in the Fifteenth Ver-\\nmont Regiment of volunteer infantry. The\\ndate of his enlistment was September 15, 1862,\\nand he was mustered out and honorably dis-\\ncharged from service, with the rank of cor-\\nporal, on August 1863. During the period\\nof his service he took part in a good many\\nskirmish engagements, and participated in the\\nfamous battle of Gettysburg. August 3, 1S63,\\nhe returned home from the war on account of\\nthe severe illness of his father, who died De-\\ncember 15. 1863. Tt was then necessary\\nfor him to devote all his time to the man-\\nagement of the farm and the affairs left\\nby his father. In 1867 the home property was\\nsold, and Mi-. Richardson set out for the West,\\nhis mother remaining behind. He located first\\nin Missouri, and, after a brief sojourn iu that\\nState, came to Minnesota and lived for a time\\nat Elgin, then removed to Haverhill, where\\nhe purchased and settled upon a farm. The\\nnext year after he left the East, his mother,\\nalso, came West, joining him at Elgin, Minne-\\nsota. Mr. Richardson resided upon his farm\\nat Haverhill until the fall of 1881, when he was\\nelected sheriff of Olmsted county, and removed\\nto Rochester, the county seat, where he has\\never since resided. The property at Haverhill,\\nhowever, he retained and still owns. Under\\nsubsequent elections, Mr. Richardson served as\\nsheriff for eleven years. Following this lengl liy\\nterm of official life was a short interval of com-\\nmercial business in the grocei 3 line; then, in\\n1893, Mr. Richardson was elected to the State\\nLegislature, and, beginning with 1894, he pre-\\nsided for four years over the council of the city\\nof Rochester. Mr. Richardson has been a\\nstaunch Republican throughout his mature life,\\nand while he has never been conspicuous as a\\npolitician, or an office-seeker, he has stood\\nready to serve, and to serve faithfully, in such\\nhonorable offices as he might be called to till.\\nResides being a veteran of the Grand Army\\nof the Republic, Mr. Richardson belongs to\\nthe various orders of Masons, the Knights of\\nPythias, Odd Fellows and Workmen. On\\nJanuary 11. 1870, Mr. Richardson was married,\\nat Janesville, Wisconsin, to Sarah J. McCrillis,\\nof Salem, Massachusetts. Three children were\\nborn to them: Harold J., William Burdette,\\nwho are students in the Law Department of\\nthe University of .Minnesota, and Edith May,\\na student at Northwestern University, Evau-\\nston, Illinois.\\nBENJAMIN D. WOODMANSEE.\\nBenjamin DeWitt Woodmansee was born\\nin Liberty township, Butler county, Ohio.\\nFebruary 9, 1840, the son of Lorenzo Dow\\nand Mariah (Van Gorden) Woodmansee. The\\nfounder of the family in Butler county was\\nDaniel Woodmansee, a native of New Jersey,\\nwhose father, James Woodmansee, was an\\nofficer of the Revolution, and whose mother", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "260\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwas a Worden, of the family from which\\nLieutenant Worden, of Monitor fame, is de-\\nscended. Daniel Woodmansee, accompanied\\nby his family and parents, came to Ohio in\\n1809, and purchased and settled upon a tract\\nof land called Sugar Valley, in Liberty town\\nship, Butler county, where he passed the\\nremainder of his life. His wife was Rachel\\n(Cushman) Woodmansee, of Pennsylvania, a\\ncousin of Charlotte Cushman, the great his-\\ntrionic genius. Daniel and Rachel Woodman-\\nsee were the parents of seven children, and\\nbecame very prominent in the young commu-\\nnity they had joined, being for years practically\\nthe supporters of its Methodist church, while\\nDaniel figured actively in the official life of\\nhis township and county, and served for ten\\nyears in the State Senate and House of Rep-\\nresentatives. A few years after coining to\\nOhio, he sent East for his brothers and sisters,\\nwho, with their families, joined him in Duller\\ncounty. Benjamin Van Gorden, the maternal\\ngrandfather, came when a young man and set-\\ntled at Princeton, in Butler county. The Van\\nGordens were a highly respected and influen-\\ntial family, strictly Methodist in religion, and\\nBenjamin Van Gorden was one of the leaders\\nin the establishment, in 1835, of a Methodist\\nEpiscopal church at Princeton. The marriage\\nof Mariah Van Gorden to Lorenzo Dow\\nWoodmansee was celebrated in Butler county,\\nin the year 1N27 or 1828. He was a native of\\nPennsylvania, born November HI. 1806, but\\nearly came to Ohio, and soon after his mar-\\nriage settled upon a farm in Liberty township.\\nI!. I). Woodmansee, our subject, was orphaned\\nat the age of two years by the death of his\\nmother, who left, also, four older children.\\nHer death was caused by lockjaw, and the\\ncalamity was felt, not only by her immediate\\nfamily, but by the whole community, its older\\nmembers, after more than half a century, still\\nremembering her with affection and praise.\\nHer death occasioned many changes in the\\nhome. The children were dispersed among\\nrelatives, the little Benjamin, with one sister.\\nbeing received into (he household of his\\ngrandparents, Van Gordon. About two years\\nlater his father took a second wife a widow\\nnamed Williamson, with three sons. Mr.\\nWoodmansee s children were then recalled to\\ntheir home, excepting Benjamin, who remained\\nwith his mother s parents. When he was\\ntwelve years old his grandfather died, and\\ntwo years afterwards the house was consumed\\nby tire; and in this disaster our subject dis-\\ntinguished himself, saving by his presence of\\nmind the life of his grandmother, whose bodily\\nand mental strength had become enfeebled,\\nand that of her aged nurse. Benjamin now\\ntoade his home with his father, who had mean-\\ntime become engaged in the training of tine\\nhorses, the famous pacer, Pocahontas, being\\namong the early triumphs of his training art.\\nAbout 1860, Lorenzo D. Woodmansee sold his\\nfarm and removed to Dayton, Ohio. Meantime\\nhis second wife had died, leaving four little\\n(laughters half sisters to Benjamin. In Day-\\nton the senior Woodmansee conducted another\\ntraining farm until 1868, when he retired from\\nactive business, to spend the remainder of his\\nlife among his nine children, seven of whom\\nwere now married. In 1861, B. D. Woodman-\\nsee, together with an old friend, opened a\\nphotograph gallery at Toledo. Ohio. Mr. Wood-\\nmansee having learned the business at Cin-\\ncinnati during the previous year. At Toledo\\nhe was attacked by hemorrhages of the lungs,\\nwhich later caused his decease. He gave up\\nhis business, returned to Dayton and. respond-\\ning to medical advice, came in February to\\nMinnesota. For several months he was en-\\ngaged at St. Anthony in making steroopticon\\nviews of Minnesota scenery. In the following\\nSeptember he went to Indianapolis, Indiana,\\nand for nearly five years tilled a position there\\nwith Da vies Merritt, photographers. Tn the\\nspring of 1866 he was engaged to construct the\\nMiami valley race course on the Cincinnati.\\nHamilton Springdale turnpike, upon its\\ncompletion he being made superintendent. In\\nOctober, 1866, Mr. Woodmansee was married\\nto Miss Halt ie Davis, at Hamilton. Ohio, which\\nwas also her birthplace. She was born October\\n14, 1843, and lived in that vicinity until her\\nmarriage. In October, 1867, Mr. Woodmansee\\nremoved with his wife s people to St. Paul.\\nMinnesota, where his father-in-law, Mr. Aza-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n261\\nriah Davis, bough! what was then known as\\nthe Larpenteur farm. In 1870 Mr. Davis leased\\nthis farm to the St. Paul Driving Park Asso-\\nciation, which concern eventually purchased\\nit. In 1881 it again changed hands, to Com-\\nmodore Kittson. Mr. Woodmansee, who had\\nbeen manager for the Association, continued\\nas superintendent of the Kittson establish-\\nment until 1880, when failing health necessi-\\ntated a sojourn in California. To his\\ndisappointment, however, the Pacific climate\\ndisagreed with him and, returning shortly to\\nMinnesota, he purchased a home at Anoka.\\nIn the fall of 1893 he sold this home and again\\nwent to California. Early in the spring he\\nstarted to return, but tarried in Arkansas\\nduring the cool months. The climate of that\\nState proved beneficial and, returning to\\nMinnesota with improved health, he spent the\\nsummer at Northtield and Minneapolis. In\\nthe autumn of 1804, he went to Missouri and\\nbought a large fruit farm in the Ozark region\\nnear Republic. For a year his health was ex-\\ncellent, then gradually declined again; and\\nreluctantly disposing of his beautiful home, he\\nreturned once more to Minneapolis, where the\\nlast summer of his life was passed. In the\\nfall of 1800, still in quest of health, he set out\\nfor Phoenix, Arizona, by way of San Antonio,\\nTexas; but he got no further than the latter\\ncity, where he suffered severely from his old\\nenemy, hemorrhage. As soon as his physician\\npronounced it safe to travel, he started home-\\nward, stopping for a visit at Eureka Springs,\\nArkansas, where he arrived on January 4.\\nBut the attack at San Antonio had been the\\ninitiative of a fatal condition and, on the 9th\\nof April, 1897, he passed away, at the age of\\nfifty-seven years. His death was mourned by\\na host of friends, to whom his gentle, warm-\\nhearted nature, as also his fair and open\\nbusiness methods, had endeared him. He is\\nsurvived by Mrs. Woodmansee and one son.\\nAlgernon R., who was born at St. Paul, Octo-\\nber 12, 1867. Another son, Leon, born ten\\nyears later, died in infancy. Two brothers of\\nMr. Woodmansee are living: D. W. Wood-\\nmansee, prominent for some years as traveling\\nmanager for Commodore Kittson, now located\\nat San Diego, California, and A. J. Woodman-\\nsee, a resident of Chester, Ohio. Mrs. Wood-\\nmansee is the only child of Azariah and\\nCaroline (Mondy) Davis, also of Butler county,\\nOhio. In 1X ;7 Hie family removed to Minne-\\nsota, locating at Anoka. Here .Mr. Davis died\\nin 1894, his wife surviving him and being now\\nin her eightieth year. In all the journeyings\\nof Mr. Woodmansee, he was accompanied by\\nhis wife, who rejoiced with him in the tem-\\nporary restoration of his health in their de-\\nlightful Ozark retreat, and soothed the later\\npainful months of his life by her constant\\nministrations.\\nROBERT W. AKIN.\\nIn recording tin 1 events of a life which is\\nstill several years on the hither side of its\\nprime, the biographer necessarily finds himself\\nlacking data for more than a brief sketch. Of\\nmost men under thirty, even of those whose\\ncompleted lives will furnish substantial mate\\nrial for lengthy memoirs, there is little suit-\\naide for record in a work of this kind. The\\nsubject of this sketch has, on the contrary, at\\nthe age of twenty-nine years, a sufficient his\\ntory and business career to entitle him to\\ninclusion among the prominent men of Minne-\\nsota. Robert Wilson Akin was born in Pat-\\nterson, Putnam county, New York, February\\n24. 1871. His father, the late T. W. Akin, was\\na prominent merchant of that place. The\\nmaiden name of his mother was Blauvelt, and\\non the paternal side he traces his ancestry\\nhack to the nobility of England, and on the\\nmaternal side to the early Dutch settlement\\non the island of Manhattan. The death of his\\nfather occurred May 20. 1807. His mother,\\nwho survives, is still a resident of the Empire\\nState. Robert W. was one of three children,\\nof whom himself and a sister are living. His\\ncommon school education, which he obtained\\nin the public schools of his native town, was\\nsupplemented by an academic course in an\\ninstitution at Saxton River, Vermont, from\\nwhich he graduated in 1800. In the following\\nSeptember he came West, located at Cando.\\nNorth Dakota, and accepted a position as", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "2f 2\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbookkeeper in a banking house of that place.\\nhi this position he remained about a year,\\ngaining his initial experience in financial busi-\\nness, in which field of activity he was early\\nto attain to high office. Following this lie\\npurchased an interest in the Michigan City\\nHank, of Michigan City, North Dakota, and\\nwas appointed cashier. In 1896, owing to his\\nfather s ill health, he disposed of his interest\\nin the bank and went East to settle up the\\nhome estate. This task accomplished, he re-\\nturned to the West and settled at Anoka,\\nMinnesota, where he has since made his home.\\nHe accepted the position of cashier of the\\nState Bank of Anoka, which position he still\\nholds. Since leaving North Dakota as a place\\nof residence, he has kept in touch with its\\nfinancial affairs, and is president of a thriving\\nbanking concern of the town of Harvey, in\\nthat State. In politics Mr. Akin is conserva-\\ntive, bul by no means lacking in interest in\\nwhatever pertains to the welfare of his State\\nor the Nation. He is a public-spirited man.\\nand is especially ambitious and enthusiastic\\nconcerning the future of the city of Anoka.\\nSince coming of age Mr. Akin has been a\\nmarried man. having been united, December\\n29, 1892, at Concord. New Hampshire, to Miss\\nBertha E. Gilbert, daughter of the Rev. A. S.\\nGilbert, now of Boston, Massachusetts. Two\\nchildren have been born of their marriage.\\nMr. and Mrs. Akin are regular attendants at\\nthe Baptist church of Anoka. The broad circle\\nof friends which Mr. Akin has attached to him\\nduring the few years of his residence in Minne-\\nsota points to a future of indefinitely increas-\\ning social influence.\\nPETER 15. SMITH.\\nThis subject worthily represents an old\\nPennsylvania family of Smiths, of Scottish\\norigin. His father, Peter J. Smith, was born\\nin 1802, and in 1835 married Eve Pent/., who,\\nlike himself, was a native of Pennsylvania,\\nshe. however, being of (ierman descent. She\\nwas fifteen years the junior of her husband,\\nand bore him the goodly family of seven sons\\nand a daughter. They were farmer folk, their\\nland lying near the town of Wellsville, in the\\ncounty of York. In this rural home. Peter\\nBentz, who was their sixth child, was born\\non February 9, 1851, and here grew in stature\\nand strength of limb while his character de-\\nveloped habits of industry and studiousness.\\nAt the age of seventeen he began to teach in\\na neighboring school. How many young men,\\nafterwards prominenl in business or profes-\\nsional life, have entered their respective\\ncareers from across the platform of the coun-\\ntry school! the explanation being, doubtless,\\nthat the most able and earnest youths of a (lis\\ntrict are naturally sought as its instructors.\\nAt the close of his first term he went to\\nNebraska, securing a position as teacher near\\nBellevue, in Sarpy county. Here he remained\\nfor two terms, then, in 1870, went to Huluth,\\nMinnesota, and entered, at the age of nineteen,\\nthe broad field of industry in which he has\\nsince worked with ever increasing success.\\nlie assisted in the construction of a grain\\nelevator, the first to be built in this section of\\nthe country, and initiated the now flourishing\\ngrain industry, in Duluth, by himself shoveling\\nits first carload of wheat into the new elevator,\\nof which he became manager. C. B. New-\\ncomb, president of the elevator company, was\\nat that time negotiating in wheat, with St.\\nPaul as his headquarters; and after managing\\nthe Duluth elevator for three years, young\\nSmith was summoned by Mr. Newcomb to\\nassist him at St. Paul, and four years later\\n1S7S was admitted to the firm as junior\\npartner. In the autumn of the following year,\\nhowever, the business of this concern was dis-\\ncontinued, and Mi Smith obtained a position\\nin St. Paul in connection with the New York\\ncommission house of David Dows Co., the\\nwell-known name of whose western manager\\nwas .1. Q. Adams. In 1880 he made another\\nchange, associating himself with Barnes\\nMagill. operating from Fargo. Dakota. This\\nfirm was incorporated in the following year\\nunder the style of Northern Pacific Elevator\\nCompany, and Mr. Smith was appointed\\nsuperintendent, becoming also a stock-holder.\\nIn 1SSS he severed his connection with the\\nNorthern Pacific Company, and attained to his", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n263\\npresent responsible position as general man-\\nager of the St. Anthony Dakota Elevator\\nCompany. This colossal corporation owns one\\nhundred and fifty-four elevators, operating\\nalong the line of the Great Northern Railway\\nthrough the three States of Minnesota and the\\ntwo Dakotas. Its place in the grain enterprise\\nof the Northwest is an important one; indeed\\nthere are few that can compete with it in the\\nextent and substantiality of its business. Its\\nannual operations amount to from ten to thir-\\nteen million bushels of grain, ninety per cent\\nof its transactions being based upon actual\\npurchase. Mr. Smith is a man of high repute\\namong his associates; and as thrift and in-\\ntegrity haye given him a clear title to the\\ninfluential position he holds in the business\\nworld, so the corresponding virtues of cordial-\\nity and courtesy make him a welcome presence\\nin social circles. He belongs to various clubs.\\nthe most notable of which are the Minneapolis,\\nthe Minikahda and the Minnetonka: and he\\nis a Mason of the thirty-second degree in the\\nScottish bite, and of the Royal Arch degree,\\nYork bianch of Masons. In July, 1893, Mr.\\nSmith was married to Mrs. Lillie D. Ailes, an\\nOhio lady; and together they preside over the\\nhospitalities of their pleasant home on Six-\\nteenth street, in Minneapolis, and participate\\nin the activities of the Church of the Re-\\ndeemer, of which they are members. It will\\nbe rightly inferred from this sketch that its\\nsubject s path in life has not been a thorny\\none. Indeed, it has been singularly free from\\nthe vicissitudes which so many young men\\nexperience while seeking their place and forte\\nin the world. Determining, while yet in his\\nteens, upon a business that suited both his\\nabilities and his tastes, Mr. Smith steadfastly\\nfollowed along that line, which has led him.\\nin the fullness of his prime, to his present\\ncommanding position.\\nREUBEN S. GOODFELLOW.\\nReuben Simeon Goodfellow, a leading mer-\\nchant of Minneapolis, was born in the village\\nof Hyde, Lancashire. England, October 28,\\n1*10. His parents were Simeon Goodfellow,\\nof Scotch ancestry, and his mother, Mary\\nCheethani-Goodfellow, of English parentage.\\nReuben was the third of six children, of whom\\nfour grew to maturity. The family emigrated\\nto America, in 1841, when Reuben was an in-\\nfant. They first settled in Philadelphia, but\\nsoon after removed to Troy, New York. His\\nfather was a mechanical engineer of an orig-\\ninal and inventive turn of 7nind. He brought\\nwith him one of the first power looms used in\\nthis country, and was the patentee of several\\ninventions, some of which were of considerable\\nutility, but which brought to others more\\nprofit than to himself. The boy attended the\\ncommon schools of Troy until he was nine\\nyears of age, when he was placed in a man-\\nufacturing business, where he remained for\\nfive years. At the age of fourteen he entered\\na general store in the suburbs of Troy, where\\nlie received his first mercantile experience.\\nFrom the country store he entered a dry goods\\nhouse in Troy, where he remained for several\\nyears, passing through all grades of employ-\\nment. In 1850 he entered the dry goods house\\nof Y. S. Quackenbush, and there remained\\nuntil 18(52. He then enlisted, as a private, in\\nthe One Hundred and Sixty-ninth Regiment,\\nNew York Volunteer Infantry, and went to\\nthe front. After his discharge and return to\\ncivil life lie took up his old employment in\\nthe dry goods store of Flagg Company, at\\nTroy, and continued with this firm for four\\nyears. He then engaged with Flagg Frear,\\nalso in the dry goods line, where he remained\\nfour years, occupying the responsible position\\nof buyer as well as salesman. He then became\\na member of the firm of W. C. Winnie Com\\npany, in the retail dry goods trade, which part-\\nnership continued until 1877, when he sold his\\ninterest to Mr. Winnie. Mr. Goodfellow then\\njoined Mr. W. H. Eastman who had been en-\\ngaged in Hie wholesale dry goods business in\\nNew York in a trip to the West, proposing,\\nif a favorable location could be found, to en-\\ngage in business together. Of the many places\\nvisited Mr. Goodfellow was most favorably\\nimpressed with Minneapolis, but they could\\nfind no vacant store in that city. They also\\nconsidered St. Louis a good location, but ex-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "264\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nperienced a like difficulty there. They made\\narrangements in both places to be informed by\\nwire when a vacant store, in a favorable lo-\\ncation, could be obtained. Though Mr. Good-\\nfellow preferred to locate in Minneapolis, his\\nassociate favored St. Louis, so it was agreed\\nto accept whichever location should first offer.\\nOne day in the early part of 1878 a telegram\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a as received at five o clock P. M., announcing\\nthat a store could be had in Minneapolis. At\\nsix o clock of the same evening Mr. Eastman\\nwas en route for that city. Early the following\\nmorning a similar message came from St.\\nLouis. A lease was taken of a store at Nos.\\n243 and 245 Nicollet avenue, where the firm of\\nGoodfellow Eastman commenced in the dry\\ngoods business April 10, 1878. On the 1st of\\nJuly, following, they made a contract for the\\nbuilding of the fine store now occupied by R.\\nS. Goodfellow Company, which was, at that\\ntime, by far the largest and most elegant store\\nin the city, and none now excel it in con-\\nvenience. It was occupied on the 28th of Oc-\\ntober, following. Mr. Eastman retired from\\nthe firm in February, 1885, and Mr. W. S. Hay.\\nwho had been the New York buyer for (he old\\nfirm, became associated with Mr. Goodfellow,\\nunder the present firm name of R. S. Goodfel-\\nlow Company. Mr. Ray died February 11,\\n1893, and Mr. Goodfellow has since continued\\nthe business alone. He has always given his\\npersonal attention to the details of the busi-\\nness, and through industry and prudent man-\\nagement has built up one of the largest and\\nmost influential commercial houses in Minne-\\napolis. With a natural adaptness for trade\\nand strict integrity in all his dealings, he has\\nbeen eminently successful as a business man.\\nand commands the respect and confidence of\\nthe community where he resides. Mr. Good-\\nfellow was married in July, 1866, d Miss\\nSarah 0. Ives of Troy, New York. They were\\nthe parents of five children, of whom two only\\nare now living: Mis. Marion C. Lewis of\\nMinneapolis, and William E. Goodfellow, a\\npracticing attorney in Minneapolis. Mrs. Good-\\nfellow died in 1S74. Mr. Goodfellow married,\\nhis present wife, who was Miss Martha E. Aus-\\ntin, at North Adams. Massachusetts, in 1S77.\\nTheir residence is at No. 1006 Sixth avenue,\\nsouth, one of the attractive dwellings of a city\\nof beautiful homes. Mr. Goodfellow is an\\nactive member of the Episcopal church. He\\nis also a member of the Masonic order in chap\\nter and commandery. At the age of fifty-nine\\nyears he seems to possess the same power of\\napplication and the devotion to business which\\ncharacterized his early life. He has pursued\\nhis business career long after a competency\\nhas been secured from an ambition to employ,\\nfor a useful purpose, the talents which a kind\\nprovidence has endowed him with, rather than\\nfrom love of accumulation. As an evidence\\nof the estimation in which Mr. Goodfellow is\\nheld by his employes if may be stated that\\nsome of them have been with him continuously\\nsince, and even before he first commenced\\nbusiness in Minneapolis, and all speak of his\\nkindness, reliability and close attention to\\nbusiness. In politics he is a pronounced Re-\\npublican, but has never sought or accepted\\npublic office, having no ambition in that direc-\\ntion.\\nFRED O. PILLSBURY.\\nThe late Fred Carleton Pillsbury, of Minne-\\napolis, was born August 27, 1S. 2, and died\\nMay 15, 1802. The span of his life was but\\nforty years, yet within that brief period he\\nachieved such financial success and won such\\nhonor that best of honor which is the loving\\nesteem of one s own community as seldom\\ncrown the gray hairs of three score and ten.\\nHe was the youngest of a group of four men\\nwhose combined achievements in Minnesota\\nhave made the name of Pillsbury one of the\\nforemost of the Slate, and world renowned in\\nconnection with the products of their vast\\nmilling industry. The other three of Ih: 1\\ngroup are. ex-Governor John S. Pillsbury\\nuncle of Fred C. George A. and Charles A.\\nhis father and brother, respectively. The\\nnative place of E. Pillsbury is Concord,\\nNew Hampshire, and it was here that he was\\neducated. His brother Charles was a gradu-\\nate of Dartmouth College, but Fred was eager\\nto engage in business, and soon after his", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "w 6.\\nI", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "IUOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n26\\ngraduation from the high school of Concord,\\nlie came to Minneapolis and entered the em-\\nploy of his uncle, John S. Pillsbury, who was\\nthen conducting a flourishing wholesale and\\nretail trade in hardware. Fred was only\\neighteen, hut he was essentially of what may\\nbe called the business temperament indus-\\ntrious, sensible, courteous, possessing the\\nfine balance which is at once reposeful and\\nalert; and these natural traits, developed and\\ndirected by his uncle, made him at an early\\nage a thorough going business man. Tn 187fi\\nhe became a member of the firm of Charles A.\\nPillshurv Company, the then largest milling\\nconcern in the world, and he had fourteen\\nyears active experience in that concern.\\nUpon the sale of the Pillshurv properties to\\nan English syndicate, and the coincident es-\\ntablishment of the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour\\nMilling Company, Fred C, uniting with other\\nbusiness men of the city, organized the North-\\nwestern Consolidated Milling Company, which\\npromptly took its place as second only to the\\nPillsbury-Washburn Company. Mr. Pillsbury\\nbecame a director and member of the manag-\\ning committee of the Northwestern corpora\\ntion, and was actively engaged in the manage-\\nment of its business until cut off by death.\\nExtensive and absorbing as were his personal\\nbusiness interests, Mr. Pillsbury found time\\nto devote to many other enterprises, both pub-\\nlic and private. Tie was a director of the\\nFirst National Bank of Minneapolis, also a\\ndirector of the Swedish-American Bank; and\\nhe was an influential member of the commit-\\ntee which directed the building and furnishing\\nof the beautiful Minneapolis Club House. His\\nlast day before being stricken down with the\\nmalady which ended his life was spent in the\\ncluli house, in attending to the final details\\nof fitting it for occupancy. Not only in his\\nspecialty of milling, but in general affairs.\\nMr. Pillsbury s judgment was much valued\\nand sought. In agriculture he was broadly\\ninterested. He was for two years president\\nof the State Agricultural Society, and con-\\ntributed freely of his time and personal ac-\\ntivity to the conducting of the State fair. He\\nestablished a model farm at Wavzata, Minne-\\nsota one hundred and twenty acres border-\\ning on Lake Minnetonka which he stocked\\nwith blooded horses and cattle. This farm\\nwas one of the finest in the Northwest, and\\nthe source of much justifiable pride and satis\\nfaction to its proprietor. Mr. Pillsbury was\\na Republican, but never aspired to political\\ndistinction. He felt a deep interest in the\\nvital issues of the day, and was solicitous\\nfor pure government, working with enthu-\\nsiasm for the selection of good and able men\\nmen like himself, had his modesty permitted\\nhim to recognize the fact. As a Mason, Mr.\\nPillsbury was prominent and advanced, being\\na member of the Scottish Rite and a Knight\\nTemplar. He entered with much enthusiasm\\ninto the activities of the order, and was among\\nthe first who became interested in the build-\\ning of the Masonic Temple. Mr. Pillsbury\\nwas married October 10, 1S70\\\\ to Miss Alice\\nCook, daughter of Samuel Cook, of Quincy,\\nMassachusetts. Six children were born to\\nthem, four of whom Harriot, Carleton, Helen\\nand Alice are living. The elegant family\\nresidence, located on Tenth street, in Minne-\\napolis, was built, decorated and furnished\\nunder the personal supervision of Mr. Pills-\\nbury. He was endowed with a fine artistic\\ntaste, and his home was made sumptuous with\\nexquisite and costly works of art. He was\\na most devoted husband and father, and\\ndearly loved his home, which, in all its ap-\\npointments, he made an expression of his\\npersonality. Mr. Pillsbury s death fell like\\na thunderbolt upon this prosperous and har-\\nmonious household; yet his family formed but\\ntlic center of a vast circle of mourners, whose\\nsorrow found expression in many a loving\\ntribute. The Minneapolis Tribune, editorially,\\nsaid in part:\\nFred C. Pillsbury was a citizen by whom\\nMinneapolis and Minnesota set great store.\\nHe was a representative modern business man\\nof the best type, and the many interests with\\nwhich he identified himself were great factors\\nin the prosperity of this region. He was a\\nliberal patron of art and letters, and a man\\nof broad charity. The loss of this big-hearted.\\nprogressive business man will be deeply re-\\ngretted in this communitv.", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "266\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nThe late John Blanchard, of journalistic\\nfame, said in the Minneapolis Times:\\nThe death of Fred C. Pillsbury will be sin\\ncerely mourned by thousands in this city. The\\nyoungest of the famous Pillsbury family, he\\nwas a familiar figure in the city. He was a\\nman of marked individuality, and outside of\\nbusiness hours knew how to enjoy life. As\\na patron of out-door sports he was well known.\\nAmong those who knew him best, no man\\nwas more warmly esteemed or sincerely\\ntrusted. A great deal might be written of the\\nuntimeliness of his taking off. Indeed it is\\none of the first thoughts, when one contem-\\nplates this demise, in the strength of middle\\nage, of a man who had everything to live for,\\nand who gave every promise of making a just\\nand equitable use of the fortune Providence\\nhad showered upon him. His position in life\\nwas assured at an age when most men are\\nstruggling for a competency, but he lies dead\\nat an age when most men just begin to feel\\ntheir power. Surely such an apparent con\\ntradiction of nature s laws must lead back to\\na deeper cause than the casuist sees. The\\nPillsbury family, whose career has been so\\nconspicuous and so honorable in the annals\\nof Minnesota, will have the deepest sympathy\\nof the community in their great sorrow.\\nAnd following are the simple, heart-felt\\nwords of ex-Governor Pillsbury, the uncle\\nwith whom our subject was for years inti-\\nmately associated in business, and who knew\\nhim through and through:\\nFred was a man of uncommon ability and\\njudgment; one of the most strictly honest men\\nthat ever lived in this city. He never swerved\\nfrom anything that he thought was right, and\\nwas perfectly reliable under any and all cir-\\ncumstances. It was impossible to get him\\nto do anything that was calculated to wrong\\nanother person. He was conscientious, kind\\nand affectionate, thinking everything of his\\nwife, children and friends. As a business man\\nhe w r as one of the most safe and reliable in\\nthe State. His mind was evenly balanced, and\\nhis sagacity was something wonderful. I con-\\nsider that he was one of the finest specimens\\nof young business men to be found anywhere.\\nAs a clerk he was popular, and made many\\nfriends; as a member of the milling linn hi\\nwas a man who attended strictly to business,\\nand was always considerate and popular. He\\ntreated everyone courteously, and made a\\nworld of friends and acquaintances. He was\\nalways averse to taking any public position,\\nbut he was competent enough to till any of\\nthem. His modesty showed out prominently\\nat all times. I consider him an example for\\nyoung men to pattern after in this respect.\\nHe was honorable to the letter. He always\\nshowed a great interest and taste for any-\\nthing pertaining to air. and had made a tine\\ncollection of paintings. I believe that this\\ncity has lost one of her best citizens in his\\ndeath.\\nMr. Pillsbury was not a church member,\\nbut he attended, with his family, the First\\nBaptist church of Minneapolis.\\nJOHN T. FANNING.\\nJohn Thomas Fanning. C. E., of Minne-\\napolis, well known as a general civil engineer,\\nand as especially prominent in hydraulic en-\\ngineering, was born at Norwich, Connecticut,\\nDecember 31, 1837. His parents were John\\nH. and Elizabeth iPridde) Fanning, and he\\ncomes of an old and honorable New England\\nancestry. Among his remote paternal ances-\\ntors was Edmund Gilbert Fanning, who, in\\n1652, emigrated from Ireland and settled at\\nGroton, Connecticut, and became the first of\\nthe family in America. He is also descended\\nfrom Lieut. Thomas Tracy, who came to\\nAmerica from England in 1636. Both Gilbert\\nFanning and Lieutenant Tracy, as the printed\\nrecords attest, were of noble ancestry. His\\ngrandfather, Capt. John Fanning, was an\\nassistant surgeon in the American army dur-\\ning the war of the Revolution. Mr. Fanning\\nwas educated in the schools of his native town,\\nand al the outbreak of the war of the Rebel\\nlion, had completed a course of study in\\narchitecture and civil engineering. He has a\\ngood military record. During the great Re-\\nbellion he served in the Third Regiment of\\nConnecticut Volunteers, during its full term,\\nand after the war was a field officer in the\\nConnecticut State .Militia, lie began his pro-\\nfessional work in Norwich, in 1862, and was\\nailing city engineer for eight years, during\\nwhich time he designed the public water sup-\\nply, the cemetery, and other improvements.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "The. C fitwy Pidtistwuj Enyeawig Co Chicane\\n/f^U**/ #a^*.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "BTOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n267\\nHe also planned and supervised the construc-\\ntion of many mills, public and private build-\\nings, bridges, etc., in eastern New England.\\nIn 1872 he removed to Manchester, New\\nHampshire, to supervise the construction of\\nthe public water supply, and while in that, city\\nhe designed the principal church, the opera\\nhouse, and many business blocks and private\\nresidences. As a citizen of Manchester he\\nwas a member of the board of education and\\nchairman of the high school committee. In\\ntime his reputation as a hydraulic engineer\\nhad extended, and, in 1881, he was employed\\nby a select committee to report upon an addi-\\ntional water supply for New York and Brook-\\nlyn, and certain cities of the Hudson river\\nvalley. After investigation, he advised as the\\nsource of the contemplated supply, the upper\\nHudson, where that river emerges from the\\nAdirondacks. He was retained by the Boston\\nwater board and by the Metropolitan water\\nboard of Massachusetts as an expert in their\\ncondemnation cases, and by the Chicago\\nDrainage Commission, and by other cities and\\ncorporations as an expert witness in important\\nlegal cases. Mr. Fanning has been a citizen\\nof Minneapolis since 1886. In 18S5 he re-\\nported on improvements of the water power\\nof the Mississippi at that city, and in 1886 he\\nwas appointed chief engineer and agent of the\\nSt. Anthony Falls Water Power Company.\\nSubsequently he was appointed consulting\\nengineer of the St. Paul, Minneapolis Mani-\\ntoba, and its successor, the Great Northern\\nRailway, and was made vice-president of the\\nMinneapolis Union Railway. Becoming estab-\\nlished in his profession at Minneapolis, Mr.\\nFanning has been actively employed from the\\nfirst. His field of operations has been very\\nextensive. Among the works directed from\\nhis office here have been improvements in\\nvarious water powers and public water sup-\\nplies; a comprehensive plan for the drainage\\nof three thousand square miles of the famous\\nhard wheat land in the valley of the Red\\nRiver of the North, in Minnesota; the con\\nstruction of the great dam, public water sup-\\nply and electric light system of Austin,\\nTexas; the large water powers on the Missouri\\nriver at Great Falls and near Helena, Mon-\\ntana, and on the Spokane river, at Spokane,\\nWashington. His large practical experience\\nin, and his study and investigation of en-\\ngineering science, have brought results im-\\nportant to the world. He is the patentee of\\nvaluable improvements in slow-burning build-\\ning construction, in turbine water wheels, in\\npumping engines, and in steam boilers. He\\nhas written a number of papers and lectures\\non various engineering subjects, and has be-\\ncome distinguished as the author of A\\nTreatise on Hydraulic and Water Supply\\nEngineering. This work is in general use as\\na text-book and reference manual by classes\\nin engineering throughout the country, and,\\nin 1899, had reached its fourteenth edition,\\nand has long been held as a standard author-\\nity. He is a fellow of the American Associa-\\ntion for the Advancement of Science, an\\nex-director of the American Society of Civil\\nEngineers, and an ex-president of the Ameri-\\ncan Water Works Association. Mr. Fanning\\nwas married at Norwich, Connecticut, June\\n14, 1865, to Miss M. Louise Bensley, a daugh-\\nter of James and Maria Bensley. Mr. and\\nMrs. Fanning have three children, a son and\\ntwo daughters.\\nJOHN R. CAREY.\\nOne of the oldest and best-known Minne-\\nsotians, and one of the earliest pioneer resi-\\ndents of Duluth, is Hon. John R. Carey, now\\nretired from the active duties of life, and at\\nthe age of three score and ten passing the\\nafternoon of life in comfort and peace, with\\nthe perfect satisfaction that attends the con-\\nsciousness of a career rightly lived, and of\\nduties and obligations faithfully performed.\\nHe came to Superior in 1855, and to Duluth\\nin 1857, and since the latter year has always\\nbeen a resident of the Zenith City. Mr. Carey\\nwas born at Bangor, Maine, March 1830.\\nBoth his parents were natives of the province\\nof New Brunswick, his father, John C. Carey,\\nbeing of Scotch-Irish, and his mother, whose\\nmaiden name was Julia Terry, of English", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "268\\nP.IOGRAPIIY OF .MINNESOTA.\\ndescent. His father was a lumberman and\\nmerchant, and upon his death, in 1S44, his\\nwidow conducted the business for sonic four\\nyears. During this time her son John at-\\ntended the Bangor public schools, and sub-\\nsequently at tended and graduated from the\\nhigh school at New Britain, Connecticut. In\\n1N. Mr. Carey, then a young man of twenty-\\nthree, formed one of a colony of eighty-five\\nNew Englanders that emigrated from the East\\nto the then new Territory of Minnesota, in-\\ntending to take up and settle upon tracts of\\ngovernment land, and engage in farming. The\\nsite of their settlement was intended to be on\\nthe Cannon river, near the present city of\\nFaribault. They came by way of Chicago and\\nGalena, and at the latter town took passage\\non the steamboat Clarion which in after\\nyears was sunk in the Minnesota river and\\nsoon arrived at their destination. But the\\nwild condition of the country, and its. to\\nthem, uninviting character generally, had\\nsuch a depressing and discouraging effect\\nupon the colonists that two-thirds of them\\nsoon returned to New England They were\\ndisappointed in their expectations of secur-\\ning government lands for their farms, for\\nspeculators and land sharks had secured all\\navailable tracts in the region, and virtually\\nmonopolized that section of the Territory.\\nThose of the colonists who remained, dis-\\npersed themselves through the country. Some\\nof them located in St. Paul. Others went to\\nStillwater, St. Anthony, St. Peter, and else-\\nwhere. Mr. Carey became a clerk and finally\\nforeman in Luke Marvin s wholesale and retail\\nboot and shoe house, on East Third street, in\\nSt. Paul, where he was engaged for some time.\\nM.i.x li\\\\ L855, Mr. Carey left St. Paul for the\\nhead of Lake Superior. He located in the then\\npromising village of Superior, and opened a\\nstore for the sale of a stock of boots and shoes\\nwhich he had brought with him from Chicago.\\nHe made a squatter s claim on the unsurveyed\\nland on the Minnesota side of the bay. between\\nwhat is now Duluth and West Duluth. By\\nvirtue of his ownership of this claim he was\\nconsidered a citizen of Minnesota, and at the\\nOctober election, 1855 which was the first\\nelection in St. Louis county he was one of\\nthe nine Republicans who voted for Mr.\\nWilliam R. Marshall for delegate to Congress:\\nthe total number of votes cast in the county\\nwas one hundred and fourteen. Subsequently\\nhe abandoned his Minnesota claim now worth\\nmillions of dollars and continued to reside\\nand do business in Superior. In 1857 a year\\nof greal business depression throughout the\\nNorthwest and the country generally he was\\ncompelled to leave Superior, and thereupon\\nlocated in what was then called Oneota, now\\na part of Duluth, and engaged in lumbering\\nand farming. In 1859 he was elected Probate\\nJudge of St. Louis county, and served by re-\\nelection four terms, or twelve years, leaving\\nthe office in 1871. Meantime, in 1869, he was\\nelected clerk of the district court, which\\noffice did not conflict with his holding that of\\nProbate Judge. He was clerk of the court\\nfor twelve years, or until 1882. when he re-\\nsigned to take the position of register of the\\nUnited States land office at Duluth. to which\\nhe had been appointed by President\\nArthur. He held the office until after the\\nadvent of the Cleveland administration, in\\n1885. In 1 scu he was appointed Federal court\\ncommissioner by Judge K. Nelson, and this\\nposition he still holds. It may also be men-\\ntioned that while he was clerk of the court he\\nserved one term as city justice of Duluth. His\\nentire public and official service, extending\\nover a period of forty years, constitutes a most\\nenviable record. Mr. Carey has for a long\\ntime been prominently connected with polit-\\nical affairs. Upon reaching his majority he\\nwas a Free Soil Democrat. His first vote was\\ncast for Franklin Pierce for President, in 1S.Y2.\\nand his second for Thomas H. Seymour for\\nGovernor of Connecticut. He became a Re-\\npublican upon the organization of the party.\\nin 1854, and at the spring election in St. Paul\\nthat year, voted for Mr. William K. Marshall\\nfor mayor, against David Olmstead, Demo\\ncrat As stated, he was one of the pioneer\\nRepublicans of the Lake Superior district, and\\nwas one of the nine Republicans of St. Louis\\ncounty who cast their ballots for General\\nMarshall in 1855. In 1864, and again in 1865,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n269\\nhe was a Republican candidate for the Legis-\\nlature, but his district was overwhelmingly\\nDemocratic at the time and he was defeated.\\nHe was always active in maintaining his\\nparty s interests, but since 1885 he has been, to\\nuse a common expression, practically out of\\npolitics. He is of literary tastes and abili-\\nties, and interested in studies and investiga-\\ntions of that character. He was one of the\\nfounders and a charter member of the Duluth\\nHistorical Association, and has contributed\\nmuch valuable literature to its historical sec-\\ntion. He is well known as the author of the\\nHistory of Duluth and Northwestern Minne-\\nsota, a work showing large research and of\\nmuch value as a standard authority on the\\nregion of which it treats. Mr. Carey was\\nmarried in St. Paul in September, 1854, to\\n.Miss Hannah E. Terry, a native of New York\\nState, and who came to Minnesota before her\\nhusband. They have six children Richard,\\nIda, John, Mary. William and Ellen three\\nof whom live in Duluth.\\nROGER S. MUNGER.\\nRoger S. Munger, present Register of Deeds\\nfor St. Louis county, a territorial pioneer of\\nMinnesota, and for years one of the leading\\nbusiness men of the city of Duluth, was born\\nat North Madison, Connecticut, February 25,\\n1830. He is a son of Sherman and Lucretia\\n(Benton) Munger, both natives of Connecticut,\\nand of old New England families. His\\nmaternal ancestors were among the very first\\nsettlers of New Haven county, Connecticut.\\nMr. Munger s boyhood was passed in New\\nHaven, to which city the family had removed.\\nHe was educated in the public schools and\\ncompleted a course at the Hopkins Grammar\\nSchool, preparatory to entering Yale College.\\nAt the age of twenty-one he engaged in busi-\\nness, and for six years had charge of a large\\nmusic store in New Haven. At the end of this\\ntime he came West, spent one year in Iowa,\\nand, in 1857, came to St. Paul, where he en-\\ngaged in the music business with his brother,\\nRussell C. Munger. The Munger Brothers\\nOrchestra was a well-known musical or-\\nganization in the early days of St. Paul, com-\\nprising R. S. Munger, R, C. Munger and\\nWilliam H. Munger. Roger S. was largely\\ninstrumental in securing the capital and or-\\nganizing the company that built the old Grand\\nOpera House in St. Paul, on Wabasha, between\\nThird and Fourth streets. In 18G9 Mr. Munger\\nsettled in Duluth and formed a partnership\\nin the lumber business with Mr. R. A. Gray,\\nwhich continued about six years. In 1872 the\\nfirm of Munger. Markell Nunpan.y was organ-\\nized, consisting of Mr. Munger, Clinton Markell,\\nRussell C. Munger and another brother, Gil-\\nbert Munger, a distinguished American artist,\\nwho for several years has resided in Paris,\\nFrance. The firm built the second elevator at\\nthe head of Lake Superior, known as Elevator\\nNo. 1, and which was burned in 1880. After\\na few years Russell C. and Gilbert Munger\\nwithdrew, and the firm has since been Munger\\nMarkell. Mr. Munger has always been\\nclosely connected with the grain and elevator\\nbusiness of the city. Under the joint manage-\\nment of himself and Col. C. H. Graves, the\\nelevators of the Lake Superior Elevator Com-\\npany, furnishing storage for 8,000,000 bushels\\nof grain, have been constructed. In 1883 the\\nfirm of Munger Markell built the Grand\\nOpera House in Duluth. A favorite project\\nof Mr. Munger s had long been the building in\\nDuluth of a large flouring mill, and his hopes\\nin that direction are now realized in the Duluth\\nImperial Mill. Through his exertions on June\\n1888. the Imperial Mill Company was or-\\nganized and capitalized for $1,000,000, with\\nR. S. Munger, president; T. A. Olmstead, vice-\\npresident, and B. C. Church, secretary and\\nmanager. In September, 1881), the mill began\\ngrinding, with a daily capacity of six thousand\\nbarrels; soon after it was increased to eight\\nthousand barrels, and is now the largest mill\\nin the world. Mr. Munger is also president of\\nthe Duluth Iron Steel Company, which\\nwas organized, in 1898, with a capital of\\n$1,000,000, entirely through his efforts. Its\\nproperty consists of forty acres at West\\nDuluth, having a river frontage of one thou-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "i-o\\nRIOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsand feet on the St. Louis river. The product\\nof these mills will be used in this immediate\\nvicinity, but the country tributary to Duluth\\nis so immense that after this furnace is run\\nning successfully, others will be constructed\\nto supply the demand. Scarcely any large\\nenterprise has in recent years been undertaken\\nin Duluth in which Mr. Munger has not been\\nfinancially interested, and to the success of\\nwhich he has not materially contributed. A\\ndescription of some of the services he has\\nrendered to the material interests of his\\nadopted city were given in an editorial article\\nin the issue of the Duluth News-Tribune, of\\nJuly 11, 1896, at the time of the organization\\nof the Duluth Iron Steel Company. After\\nnoting that the inception of that enterprise\\nwas not the initial effort of that always opti-\\nmistic and resourceful pioneer to promote the\\nindustrial interests of this city; the article\\nproceeds to say:\\nIt is Mr. Munger and Clinton Markell who\\nhave proved that Duluth was destined to be\\nthe great primary wheat shipping market of\\nthe country. To them belong the credit of\\nbringing here the great elevators that line\\nboth shores of the harbor. At that time there\\nwas little money for investment in Duluth or\\nin the country. Mr. Munger went East, and\\nby the indomitable presentation of a worthy\\ncause, he raised the money for the building\\nhere of the first elevator system. The com-\\npany complete, and the warehouses ready for\\ngrain, he made a long campaign out in the\\nWest and actually started the first movement\\nof grain to Duluth. Mr. Muuger s part in the\\nbirth of the flour-making industry is more\\ngenerally appreciated, but the trials he ex-\\nperienced and the difficulties he overcame will\\nnever be fully realized, even by a people\\ngrateful to him for his efforts. Mr. Munger\\nwas the laughing stock of Minneapolis when\\nhe began a campaign for the building of the\\nfirst flour mill here. He finally succeeded in\\nwinning over Mr. B. C. Church, president of\\nthe Imperial Mill Company, and his friends,\\nand the direct result of his efforts is to be\\nseen in the present development in the Hour-\\nmaking industry at the head of the lakes. To\\nMr. Munger and his associates he, chief of\\nall is due the credit of interesting lumber\\nmen in the manufacture of lumber at West\\nDuluth, and for the building of large saw-\\nmills and the development in this city of one\\nof the greatest lumber markets in the eounlry.\\nIn the acquisition of other great industrial\\ninstitutions. Mi. Munger has been very promi-\\nnent, and in fact, to his efforts, no less than\\nto those of any other man, may be ascribed the\\nbuilding of \\\\Yest Duluth and the development\\nof the commerce of the Zenith City as a whole.\\nNo one but a man of nerve and courage would\\nat this time launch this great projeel for the\\nbuilding of a wire nail mill in Duluth.\\nIn 1898, by an overwhelming majority of\\nthe votes cast, Mr. Munger was elected Reg-\\nister of Deeds, which office he now holds. Mr.\\nMunger was married at Yasselboro, Maine, in\\n1858, to Miss Olive Cray. Of this marriage\\nthere are two daughters. Mrs. Munger died\\nin 1894. Roger S. Munger has always as-\\nsisted, with both his influence and his purse,\\nany enterprise that would advance the pros\\nperity of Duluth and the country tributary to\\nthe city. His record of thirty-one years as a\\nresident of Duluth has caused his name to\\nbe known and respected throughout the\\nNorthwest, and he is admired for his enter-\\nprise and ambition, and esteemed and hon-\\nored by all.\\nNote Among the many interesting relics of\\nhis mother s remote ancestors, now in the\\npossession of Mr. Munger, is the will of\\nAndrew Benton, of the count ie of New\\nHaven in the Colonic of Connecticut, which\\ninstrument is dated May 1696. Mrs.\\nMunger was a direct descendant of the testa-\\ntor. A copy of this document is here given,\\nwith the quaint and peculiar phraseology and\\northography of the antique period when it\\nwas made:\\nAndrew Benton Will\\n23 May 1696\\nAndrew Benton of Guilford in the Countie of\\nNew Haven in the Colonic of Connecticut\\nBeing Sicke and Weake in body, but of sound\\nmind and memory, Doe make this my last will\\nand testament as foloweth.\\nFirst. 1 bequeath my soul into the hands of\\nCod my loving Father in Jesus Christ my\\nlord and Saviour and my body to be decently\\nburied by my relations. As for the estate\\nthe lord hath given me, I give and bequeath as\\nfoloweth.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "JftK (flp^^", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n271\\nFirst. I give my loving wife Elizebeth Ben-\\nton and to in v daughter Elezebeth Benton all\\nmy personal] effects viz. my cattell, horses,\\nmy teame and tacling belonging thereto and\\nall my household goods to be devided in equal!\\nproportion betwixt them excepting my arms\\nand anmnilion which I give to my sons viz.\\nto James Benton the gun he hath, to John\\nBenton that he hath to Jabez Benton the\\nmusket and sword to Andrew Benton the im-\\nprovement of my new dwelling house and\\nbarne and my home lot with all the lands ad-\\njoining (hereto and halfe my medow land at\\na place called sawpit lot during her Natural\\nlife and After her death, I give all the houseti\\nbarne the home lot and all the land adjoining\\nas above mentioned (and half my medow land\\nat sawpit lot) to my youngest sons, viz. Jabez\\nBenton and Andrew Benton to be devided to\\nthem in equal! proportion Also I give to my\\nyoungest sons Jabez and Andrew Benton all\\nthat, parcell of land that is laid out to me\\nabove the falls at the East River caled com\\nmonly Andrew Bentons farme to be devided in\\nequall proportion between them and I give to\\nmy son James Benton beside what I have\\nformerly given him the home lot that my son\\nJames hath built his house on with all the\\nappurtenances theireto belonging and all my\\nrights of land in the east creke quarter to-\\ngether with a parsell of land laid out to me\\nfor third devision adjoining thereto. Also I\\ngive to my son James the halfe of my medow\\na place called saw pit lot to be to him his heirs\\nand assignes forever.\\nAlso. I give to my sons John Benton all my\\nrights of land in the east river quarter I give\\nalso to my son John Benton a parsell of\\nmedow land in the east side of the east river\\nall my light of medow theire between Joohn-\\nsons and hubbards medow to be to him and\\nhis heirs and assigns forever, also I give to\\nmy four sons all my rights of land in the\\nfourth devision land to be devided to them in\\nequall proportions besides each ones particu-\\nlar rights as the towne hath granted, also all\\nmy rights in Guilford yet unlaid out to them\\nand their heairs and assigns forever.\\nAlso. I do hereby appoint my loving wife\\nElezibeth Benton and my son James Benton\\nmy executors and administrators to see that\\nall my debts be paid out of my personal] es-\\ntate and to see that this my last will and\\ntestament be discharged, and ettended.\\nIn witnes here unto all the premises within\\nwiiten I do ratifie and continue in all the par-\\nticulars theire of by setting and seall there\\nunto this twentie third of may (1696)\\nrand halfe my medow at saw pit lot enter\\nlined before signeing and seaeling)\\nAndrew Benton, (seal).\\nSigned Sealed in the presense of\\nWilliam Johnson\\nJoseph Seaward\\nHAMILTON M. PEYTON.\\nMr. Hamilton M. Peyton, president of the\\nAmerican Exchange Bank, of Duluth, and well\\nknown in commercial circles over a great por-\\ntion of the Northwest, was born at Geneva,\\nNew York, March 17, 1835. He was the\\nyoungest of six children of Rowzee Peyton,\\nformerly a prominent planter of Virginia.\\nHis ancestors on both sides were of English\\ndescent, and there is no older or more promi-\\nnent family in Old Virginia and the South\\nthan the Peytons. Mr. Peyton s primary edu-\\ncation was obtained in a private school, and\\nby a year s attendance at an academy at South\\nWilliamstown, Massachusetts. Subsequently he\\npassed the freshman and sophomore classes in\\nHobart College, in his native town, and finally\\nwas graduated from Rutgers College, New\\nBrunswick, New Jersey, in the class of 1855.\\nIn the fall of the same year he came to Chi-\\ncago, and for a short time was employed in\\na manufacturing establishment. Early in the\\nspring of 1857 Mr. Peyton came to Minnesota.\\nAfter a brief stay in Minneapolis he went to\\nHudson, Wisconsin, where he remained until\\nthe fall of 1S5S, when he engaged in banking\\nand lumber manufacturing in Superior. In\\nthe summer of 1*74 he removed to Duluth, but\\ncontinued the lumber manufacturing business\\nat Superior. He has been a manufacturer of\\nlumber for forty years, and is now head of the\\nArm of Peyton, Kimball Barber, whose mills\\nare at Superior, Wisconsin, and has other ex-\\ntensive lumber interests in both Wisconsin\\nand Minnesota. In 1880 he was one of the\\norganizers of the American Exchange Bank\\nat Duluth, and has been the president of that\\ninstitution from the first, covering a period\\nof practically twenty years. He has been\\ntwice married. There were no children of the\\nfirst wife, who died in 18(i2. Subsequently he", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "272\\nBIOGRAPHY F MINNESOTA.\\nnun ricd Martha Newton, of Superior, and of\\nlliis marriage were born ten children, eighi of\\nwhom are now living. The family are com-\\nmunicants of St. Paul s (Episcopal) church,\\nof which Mr. Peyton lias been a member and\\nserved as a vestryman for many years. In\\npolitics Mr. Peyton is and always has been\\nconservative and hardly partisan, lie has\\ngenerally voted with the Democrats, but by\\nreason of the financial policy adopted by thai\\nparty in recenl years, he has acted with the\\nRepublicans. One who is familial- with the\\ncharacter and career of .Mr. Peyton, says of\\nhim:\\n.Mr. Peyton is well and favorably known as\\na conscientious and upright citizen, possessing\\nsound judgment, and has been a student of\\nfinance for many years. His capacity ami\\nefficiency were shown all through the financial\\nbanking crisis that occurred a few years ago.\\nIn his manner of living he is plain and simple,\\nvoid of ostentation. He has never courted\\npublic admiration or notoriety, yet withal, it\\nhas been a pleasure to bestow his charities\\nwhere he thought they properly belonged. He\\nhas always been greatly interested in the\\ngrowth and progression of his adopted city\\nand State, and has done his share in giving\\nencouragement to enterprises that contributed\\nmuch to the benefit of the third largest city\\nof the State.\\nJOHN 1). BRADY,\\nJohn Donald Brady, Surveyor General of\\nLogs and Lumber, of Duluth, Minnesota, is of\\nCanadian parentage. His father, Donald\\nBrady, first took up his permanent residence\\nin the United States in 1867, locating in\\nLeSueur county, Minnesota. Here he was for\\na number id years engaged in the business of\\nfarming. In IS!):: he settled in Duluth. where\\nhe at present resides. His son, John D., of\\nwhom this sketch is written, is a native of the\\nState of Michigan, born at Port Huron, July\\n:_ 1858. He attended the public schools of\\nthe locality in which his boyhood days were\\npassed, acquiring a fair common school edu-\\ncation. Ambitious to launch out for himself\\nin life, he at an early age took his place in\\nthe busy ranks of the greal industrial army,\\nand during his career has been engaged in\\nvarious lines of business, gaining from each\\nan increment of practical experience which\\nhelped to qualify him for the duties of his\\npresent responsible post. During fourteen of\\nthe earlier years he was occupied as traveling\\nsalesman, operating from the commercial cen-\\nters of Chicago, St. Paul, Cincinnati and other\\nof our leading Western cities. In 1897 he was\\nappointed to the position of railway mail clerk,\\nhis route lying between St. Paul, Minnesota,\\nand Watertown, South Dakota. He located in\\nDuluth in the year 1893, where he followed\\nmercantile pursuits until his appointment by\\nGov. John Lind as Surveyor General of Loys\\nand Lumber for the district of Duluth. the\\naffairs of which office he is administering with\\nunquestioned efficiency. On June -7, 1888,\\n.Mr. Brady was married to Miss Katherine Con\\nnelly, a daughter of Patrick Connelly, of\\nWatertown, South Dakota. No children have\\nresulted from their union. Mr. and Mrs. Brady\\nare adherents to the doctrines of the Catholic\\nchurch. In politics Mr. Brady has always been\\na loyal Democrat, keenly alive to the interests\\nof his party, and as such is well known and\\nappreciated, not only in Duluth, but at Minne-\\napolis and St. Paul, and, indeed, throughout\\nthe State. He is a man of a kindly and oblig-\\ning nature, and is blessed with the gratifying\\nconsciousness id the fidelity of many warm\\npersona] friends.\\nLUTHER MENDENHALL.\\nOne of the best-known characters in North-\\nwestern financial interests is Luther Menden-\\nhall, now president of the Duluth City\\nRailway Company, and late president of the\\nFirst National Bank of Duluth. Coining to\\nthe city in ls s. when it had nothing of great\\nness but a promise, he has witnessed its won\\ndel ful development, and no man knows its\\nhistory better or is better acquainted with\\nNorthwestern affairs and conditions. Mr.\\nMendenhall is descended from an old Quaker\\nfamilv, and was born in Chester county,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n-73\\nPennsylvania, August 7, 1836, the son of a\\nfarmer named Isaac Mendenhall (who died in\\n1881), and one of a family of five children.\\nHis early education was acquired in the com-\\nmon schools and at an academy at Nbrristown,\\nPennsylvania. In 1857 he entered the Univer-\\nsity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, and after a\\nI luce years classical course, graduated from\\nthat institution in 1860. For a year thereafter\\nhe was a law student in the office of Hon.\\nWayne McVeagh, Attorney General, in 1881,\\nunder President Garfield. In 1801, the first\\nyear of the war of the Rebellion, he enlisted\\nas a private soldier in Company A, First Regi-\\nment. Pennsylvania Reserves. On account of\\nhis peculiar fitness for the work, he was de-\\ntailed on special service in the ordnance de-\\npartment of the army, and was kepi in this\\nservice the greater part of his term, although\\nhe was with his regiment in the second battle\\nof Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Antietam, Get-\\ntysburg, and other important engagements.\\nHe was mustered out in 1864, and again began\\nthe study of law, this time in the office of\\nanother distinguished attorney, who became\\na cabinet official Hon. Benjamin H. Brewster,\\nof Philadelphia, who, under President Arthur,\\nsucceeded Wayne McVeagh Mr. Menden-\\nhall s first legal preceptor as Attorney Gen-\\neral of the United Slates. In 1868 Mr.\\nMendenhall came to Duluth and engaged in\\nthe real estate business, which he has con-\\nducted and operated extensively until the\\npresent time. In 1882 he assisted in organiz-\\ning the Duluth National Bank, was elected its\\npresident, and held that position in the bank\\nuntil its consolidation with the Union\\nNational and the Merchants National and\\nafterwards, in 1889, in the consolidation\\nof the First National, of which institution he\\nwas chosen president the same year, officiat-\\ning until 1897. In 1892 he was elected presi-\\ndent of the City Railway Company, which\\nposition he still holds. Mr. Mendenhall has\\nnever been an aspirant for public office, nor\\nhas he sought notoriety of any kind. In early\\ndays he was a village councilman of Duluth.\\nand in 1891 became connected with the Park\\nCommission of the city, and has ever since\\nbeen president of the board. These are all\\nthe official positions lie has ever held. He\\nseems well satisfied to be considered a good\\nbusiness man with an honorable record, a sol\\ndier who rendered faithful service, a citizen\\nloyal to his city, State and country, and a\\nman of worth and integrity.\\nHANSEN SMITH.\\nThe birthplace of Hansen Smith was in the\\nDuchy of Schleswig, formerly Danish terri-\\ntory, but now a province of the German\\nConfederation. The date of his birth was De-\\ncember 6, 1867. Early in the year 1870, his\\nparents came with him to this country, and\\nwere for a term of years located in Manistee,\\nMichigan. They then removed to California\\niiid settled in thai State, Hansen, however,\\nremaining in Michigan. His circumstances\\nwere such that he found it necessary to be-\\ncome self-supporting at the age of ten years,\\nand his opportunities for obtaining an educa-\\ntion were consequently limited to short win-\\nter terms of school. As he grew older he\\nconceived a strong desire to better acquaint\\nhimself with America by means of travel, and\\nthis desire, together with a natural inclination\\nfor the sea faring life, led him, when about\\nseventeen, to spend a season on the Great\\nLakes. The following winter he passed at\\nGrand Rapids, his time there being profitably\\nemployed in taking a course of instruction at\\nSwensberg s Business College of that city. In\\nthe spring he went East and shipped out of\\nNew York harbor on a sailing vessel bound for\\nSouth America. Entering the Gulf, this ship\\nput into port at Galveston, Texas, and young\\nSmith left it at that point; but he soon after-\\nward embarked upon another vessel, and\\ncontinued to follow the sea for the most of\\nthe time until he was twenty years of age. He\\nleft his last ship at San Francisco, and re-\\nturned overland to Michigan. The business\\ntraining he had obtained at Grand Rapids now\\ncame into practical use. He secured employ-\\nment in a general office capacity, and during\\nthe next four years was occupied in work of a", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "-74\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nclerical nature. This experience in subor-\\ndinate positions opened the way to responsible\\nones, and lie early attained to a secure footing\\nin the business world. In the spring of 18!)2\\nhe again yielded to his love of travel, making\\nan extensive tour of the Puget Sound country.\\nUpon the completion of this trip, he located\\nin Duluth, where lie has since made his home.\\nIn 1895 Mr. Smith established the financial\\nfirm of H. E. Smith Company, and as out-\\ngrowths of the business of this firm, two bank\\ning houses were subsequently organized The\\nWest Duluth Bank, in 1896, and tin- Mer-\\nchants Bank of Duluth, in February, lS lS.\\nMr. Smith is president of both these institu-\\ntions. The firm of H. E. Smith Company has\\nlately been succeeded by the Northern Secur-\\nity Company, of which Mr. Smith is president.\\nIt is extensively engaged in looking after the\\nproperty and investments of its associates and\\nof other concerns. Apart from the affairs of\\nhis own special establishments, Mr. Smith has\\nweighty interests in many corporations and\\nenterprises. He was formerly president of the\\nDuluth Chamber of Commerce and the West\\nDuluth Business Men s Association. He was\\na member of the Charter Commission of 1897;\\nis also a member of the present commission,\\nand is now serving his second term as a mem-\\nber of the board of Water and Light Commis-\\nsioners. Mr. Smith is a member of the Kitchi\\nGamnii Club. In National politics he has\\nalways been Republican. On October 8, 1891,\\nMr. Smith was married to Miss Mary Cecilia\\nWilson, of a Vermont family. Four children\\nhave been born to Mr. and Mrs. Smith Hazel\\nMarguerite, Mildred Etheleen, Ruth Winno-\\ngene, and Inez Lucille.\\nCHARLES H. GRAVES.\\nA citizen of Duluth for well-nigh the past\\nthirty years, and one who has taken a promi-\\nnent part in the phenomenal development of\\nthe city a brave soldier who served his coun-\\ntry for many years and attained distinction by\\nhis conduct on the battlefield a man of\\neminent record in the public affairs of his\\nadopted State a hard working business man\\nof large influence in the commercial affairs of\\ntin Northwest and a gentleman in every\\nsense this is a brief characterization of Col.\\nCharles Hinman Graves. He was bom at\\nSpringfield, Massachusetts, August 14, 1839.\\nHis father, Rev. H. A. Craves, was a noted\\nBaptist minister, and at one period was the\\neditor of a denominational journal of that\\nreligious persuasion, called the Christian\\nWatchman and Reflector, published at Bos-\\nton. The maiden name of his mother was\\n.Mary Hinman, and she was a daughter of\\nScoville Hinman of New Haven, Connecticut.\\nOn both sides of his family he is descended\\nfrom very old New England stock. His\\npaternal ancestors, the Graves, came from\\nEngland to America in 1645. and Royal Hin-\\nman, from whom his mother descended, was\\nan early Colonial Governor of Connecticut.\\nColonel Graves has a military record of which\\nhe ought to be very proud. In July, 1861,\\nwhen the war of the Rebellion was fairly be-\\nginning, he enlisted as a private soldier in the\\nFortieth New York Volunteers. Subsequently\\nand successively he became corporal, sergeant,\\nsecond lieutenant, first lieutenant and captain\\nin that regiment. Then he was made captain\\nand assistant adjutant general, major and\\nassistant adjutant general, lieutenant colonel\\nand colonel in the volunteer service. Entering\\nthe regular army, he became in succession,\\nfirst lieutenant, captain, brevet major, and\\nlieutenant colonel, and by detail and assign-\\nment was inspector general of the department\\nof Dakota. During the war of the Rebellion\\nhe participated in nearly all of the battles in\\nwhich the army of the Potomac and the army\\nof the James were engaged, and was also in\\ntwo important engagements in the North Caro-\\nlina campaign of 18G5. To particularize, he\\nwas in the battles of first Bull Run, Williams-\\nburg, Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, Fredericks-\\nburg, Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, Mine\\nRun, second Bull Run, Chantilly, Gettysburg.\\nDeep Bottom. Petersburg, Fort Fisher and\\nWilmington, not enumerating a number of\\nskirmishes. At Gettysburg he was severely\\nwounded, and for gallantry in the assault on", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY ill 1 MINNESOTA.\\n-V5\\nFort Fisher, North Carolina, he was promoted\\nto the rank of major and assistant adjutant\\ngeneral. His service in the regular army was\\nof honor and credit, as is shown by the record\\nof his rapid promotions in the comparatively\\nshort period of Ins connection therewith. In\\n1870 Colonel Graves resigned his cpmmission\\nin the army, and soon thereafter engaged in\\nthe real estate and insurance business in\\nDuluth, which city lias since been his home.\\nHe wrote the tirst fire insurance policy ever\\ndrawn up in Duluth. Subsequently he became\\nprominent in the development of the material\\ninterests of the city in many different ways.\\nHe was in the wholesale salt and lime trade,\\nthen engaged in the extensive operation of\\ngrain elevators, inaugurating the grain busi-\\nness of Duluth by large purchases and ship-\\nments in 1871. lie has been a director in the\\nSt. Paul Duluth Railroad, an officer in the\\nDuluth Iron Company i which company made\\nthe first pig iron ever cast in Minnesota), was\\nthe first subscriber to and a member of the\\nfirst board of directors of St. Luke s Hospital.\\nIn 1893 he returned to his original business of\\nreal estate and insurance, and is now president\\nof the Graves-Manley Insurance Agency.\\nColonel Graves has performed his full share\\nof the public service. He was elected and\\nserved for two terms as mayor of Duluth. and\\nmade a first-class executive. In 1872 he was\\nelected to the State Senate from a district\\nwhich at the time comprised all of Northeast-\\nern Minnesota, and which was composed of\\nnine counties, and was three hundred miles\\nlong by one hundred miles wide. He was\\nprominent and influential in the passage of\\nthe law creating the first railroad commission,\\nand led the movement which reformed the\\nState Treasury management in 1876, and his\\nservices in the sessions of 1 S7M-74-7r -7 were\\nconspicuous and valuable. In 1SSS lie was\\nelected State Representative. Upon the or-\\nganization of the Legislature, in January,\\n1889, he was chosen Speaker of the House. He\\nused the authority and influence of his posi-\\ntion always for wise and wholesome legisla\\ntion, ami kept the work and business of the\\nHouse over which he presided always well in\\nhand. His record as Speaker added largely to\\nhis general reputation as a publicist, and re-\\nceived the approval of all political parties and\\nclasses. He lias always been a Republican,\\nand since he left the army has been somewhat\\nactive in politics and prominent in the coun-\\ncils and affairs of his party. In 1888 he was\\na delegate-at-large from Minnesota to the\\nNational Republican Convention at Chicago,\\nwhen Harrison was first nominated, and is\\nnearly always a delegate in State and district\\nconventions. Frequently, too, he has taken\\npart as a representative of Duluth in commer-\\ncial conventions, and in the movements for the\\nestablishment of deep water ways from Duluth\\nto the sea coast which have resulted in such\\nincalculable benefit to the Northwest he took\\nan active part. He has also been prominent\\nin certain civic organizations is past com-\\nmander of Willis A. Gorman post, G. A. R., of\\nDuluth; past senior vice-commander of the\\n.Minnesota connnandery of the Loyal Legion;\\nis a member of the Army and Navy Club of\\nWashington, D. of the Minnesota Club of\\nSt. Paul, and is ex-president of the Kitchi-\\nGammi lull of Duluth. Colonel Graves was\\nmarried in 1873 to Miss E. Grace Totten, a\\ndaughter of the distinguished and accom-\\nplished soldier, the late .Major General J. G.\\nTotten. formerly chief of engineers of the\\nUnited States army. Thev have no children.\\nEDWARD S. KEMPTON.\\nEdward S. Kempton, of Duluth, treasurer\\nof the Duluth, Mesaba Northern Railway\\nCompany, was born at Willburton, England.\\nNovember 27, 1848. He is, too, of English\\nparentage and lineage, but an American bred,\\nand of Northwestern training. He came to\\nthe United Stales when a mere lad. His early\\neducation was received in the public schools\\nof Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and he began life\\nwithout any of the advantages of wealth or\\nposition. Whatever of success he has attained\\nin life has been achieved by his individual ex-\\nertions. His competency and efficiency were\\nmanifested very early in life, and he success-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "6\\nUlodKAI llY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfully conducted a large mercantile business\\nin Illinois before he was twenty years of age.\\nHe entered the railway service, in lN74,as clerk\\nand ticket accountant of the Milwaukee. Lake\\nShore Western Railway. In 1877 he be-\\ncame clerk of freight accounts. From L884\\nto 1SSS he was traveling auditor, and from\\n1888 to September, 1893, was chief clerk of\\nthe auditor s office. He then left the Milwau-\\nkee, Lake Shore Western, and from Sep-\\ntember, is 1 to .May, 1895, was chief clerk of\\ni lie treasurer s office of the Duluth, Mesaba\\nNorthern. In May. 1895, he was acting\\ntreasurer, and in February, 1896, was made\\ntreasurer. Ins present position. The gradual\\nand successive promotions which Mr. Kemp-\\nton has received, evidence close and method-\\nical attention to the details of business.\\nfidelity to duly, and a general efficiency in his\\nprofession. There is no royal road to prefer-\\nment in positions devoted to railway manage-\\nment. Competency and capability are the\\ntests, and must be demonstrated before an\\nexecutive officer is entrusted with any respon-\\nsibility. In politics he is a Republican, and\\nendorses President McKinley s administration.\\nMr. Kempton was married at Lombard, Illi-\\nnois, June 14, 1868, to Miss Susan Mink, a\\ndaughter of Reuben Mink, a respectable Illi-\\nnois farmer. Four children, all of whom are\\nliving, were born of this marriage. Mrs.\\nKemptOn, an estimable and worthy lady, re-\\nspected and beloved by every one, a fond wife\\nand an affectionate mother, departed this life\\nApril 17, 1899.\\nPATRICK II. KELLY.\\nPatrick II. Kelly was born in the County of\\nMayo, Ireland. February 2. 1831. He re-\\nceived his early education in his native land,\\nand when sixteen years of age came with his\\nparents to America, locating first near Mon-\\ntreal, Canada, where they remained only four\\nmonths. They then removed to the United\\nSlates and settled in Plattsburg, New York.\\nThe family consisted of five children, all sons,\\nof which Patrick was the third in older of\\nbirth. In 1857, Patrick and his younger\\nbrother, Anthony, came to the Northwest and\\nfinally settled in Minneapolis, where they en-\\ngaged in the retail grocery business for sev-\\neral years. In 1863, Patrick came to St. Paul\\nand formed a partnership with Mr. Beaupre,\\nunder the firm name of Beaupre Kelly, in\\nthe wholesale grocery business. In 1874, Mr.\\nKelly purchased his partner s interest in the\\nfirm and became the sole owner. The busi-\\nness had grown to enormous proportions\\nunder Mr. Kelly s able and aggressive man\\nagement. He then organized the new firm of\\nI II. Kelly Company, taking into partner-\\nship Messrs. A. Dufresne and .lames Gor-\\nman, and later Mr. E. W. Johnson. In ls7. r\\nthey erected the tine structure at the corner\\nof Third and. Sibley streets, which, although\\ndestroyed by tire in 1880, was immediately\\nrebuilt and has ever since been the home of\\nthe firm. In 1883, another change was made\\nby the incorporation of the P. H. Kelly Mer-\\ncantile Company, with Mr. Kelly as presi-\\ndent. The next and last change was the\\nformation of Foley Brothers Kelly Mer-\\ncantile Company, which was incorporated in\\nDecember, 1896, with Timothy Foley as presi-\\ndent, I II. Kelly vice-president and general\\nmanager, M. II. Foley secretary and treasurer.\\nand John F. Kelly assistant general manager.\\nThe Messrs. Foley have not been personally\\nactive in the business, and Mr. P. II. Kelly\\nremains, as he has been for thirty-six years,\\nthe active head of the establishment. In this\\nwork he is ably assisted by John F. Kelly, who\\nhas been with the house twenty-three years.\\nMr. Kelly has always been a Democrat in\\npolitics, but was not an active politician until\\n1SS4. when the Democratic convention met in\\nSi. Paul. He was an ardent supporter of Mr.\\nCleveland for the Presidency, and was a mem-\\nber of the Democratic National Committee\\nMi-. Doran being chairman of the State Com-\\nmittee. After the election of Mr. Cleveland,\\nthe Democratic Slate Committee met and\\nformally voted that all matters relating to\\npatronage of the administration, for the State,\\nshould be left with these two men. Thai gave\\nMr. Kelly greai prominence throughout the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "//fr*", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a077\\nState in tlic political affairs of the Democracy.\\nHe discharged his duties for the best interests\\nof his party, and gave general satisfaction.\\nIn 1802 Mr. Kelly was elected to the House of\\nRepresentatives of the State Legislature, and\\nwas reelected in 1N!I4. He was very active\\nand largely instrumental in procuring the\\npassage of the bill for locating the new\\nState capitol in St. Paul. No other man was\\nso much relied upon by the people, to see that\\nthe bill was put through, and this he ac-\\ncomplished, lie also took an active part in\\nsecuring the permanent location of the State\\nFair in St. Paul, in securing the ground from\\nthe county, and the appropriations from the\\nState for the buildings. Mr. Kelly has always\\nbeen prominently active in all affairs pertain-\\ning to the welfare of St. Paul, in securing\\nappropriations and subscriptions to public\\nenterprises, and also as a leader and organizer\\nof political forces. His success as a business\\nman has been achieved by his own exertions,\\nsolely as a result of his great intellectual\\nabilities and his natural energy of character.\\nHe is public spirited, and in the conduct of\\nhis large business affairs he is eminently\\nsagacious and prudent, and in the discharge of\\nevery obligation and duty he has ever been\\nloyal and faithful. To him the eity of St. Paul\\nand the Stale of Minnesota are largely in-\\ndebted for much faithful service, and he stands\\nhigh in the confidence and good opinion of\\nthe citizens of St. Paul, and in the esteem of\\nthe public generally. Mr. Kelly is a man who\\nhas lived well and has enjoyed living. He\\nhas traveled extensively and made good use\\nof his opportunities. He was at one time a\\ndirector of the First National Bank of St. Paul.\\nof the Chatham National Bank of New York,\\nand of the Sf. Paul Trust Company, and he is\\nat present a director in the St. Paul Title\\nand Trust Company, lie was one of the or-\\nganizers of the Commercial Bank of Sf. Paul\\nand was its vice-president. He was also a\\ndirector of the Minnesota Iron Company. He\\nis a member of the Catholic church. Mr. Kelly\\nwas married September 10. 1861, to Mary A. E.\\nMorley, who died January 29, 1899. She was\\na daughter of Michael and Mary C. Morley, of\\nMontreal, Canada. Her father still survives\\nat the wonderful old age of 107 years. Mr.\\nand Mrs. Kelly were the parents of six chil-\\ndren two sons and four daughters. Only the\\ndaughters are living: Mrs. E. W. Tingle, of\\nPhiladelphia; Mrs. .1. B. Meagher, of Mankato,\\nMinnesota; Catherine and Esther, living at\\nhome.\\nJEREMIAH C. DONAHOWER.\\nJeremiah Chester Donahower has been a\\nMinnesotan since he was eighteen years of age,\\nor for practically forty-five years. He has been\\nwell known as a business man, a soldier, a\\nUnited States official, and he has contributed\\nhis full share to the early history of the State,\\nand has, besides, sustained his character of\\ngood citizenship generally. He comes of good\\n(dd Pennsylvania-German stock, and was born\\nin the Keystone State, near Reading, Berks\\ncounty, January 27, 1837. The Donahower\\nfaniil\\\\ came from Germany and settled in\\nChester county, Pennsylvania, near the\\nForge, in 1732. During the War of the Revo\\nlution. and in the winter of 1777-78, the Cap\\ntain s grandfather. John Donahower, and\\nhis great-grandfather, Jacob Donahower, fur-\\nnished two four-horse teams lone of which\\nJohn Donahower drove himself), which were\\nengaged in hauling supplies to Washington s\\ndestitute army at Valley Forge. The father of\\nour subject. Captain Jacob Donahower, served\\nin the War of 1X12. and was subsequently a\\ncaptain of a troop of cavalry in the Pennsyl-\\nvania militia. His wife, the mother of our sub-\\nject, was Catherine Fritz, of Montgomery coun-\\nty. Pennsylvania, and she also belonged to a\\nprominent Pennsylvania-German family. Cap-\\ntain Donahower was educated in the public\\nschools of Lebanon and Reading, Pennsyl-\\nvania, and in a select school at Beverly, New\\nJersey. He left school and began teaching at\\nthe age of eighteen. But the same year he de-\\ncided to come to St. Paul and join his brother.\\nFrederic A. Donahower, then in the banking\\nhouse of MacKubin Edgerton, but now, and\\nfor many years past, a prominent citizen and\\nbanker of St. Peter, Minnesota. May 10, 185.", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "7 8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nthe Captain landed in St. Paul. For a consid-\\nerable time lie was in the employ of the firm\\nof John R. and B. F. Irvine. In 1860 he made\\na trip through Kansas and Missouri, and on his\\nreturn to Minnesota in November of that\\nvear was chosen teller of the banking house\\nof Edgerton Donahower at St. Peter. When\\nthe War of the Rebellion broke out, Captain\\nDonahower was living in St. Peter. Soon\\nafter Sumter was tired upon, he assisted\\nin recruiting and organizing a company\\nof volunteer, which became Company E,\\nSecond Minnesota Infantry. He was elected\\nsecond lieutenant of the company, June\\n17, 1861, at Fort Ridgely, and was mus-\\ntered into the service July 5. The regi-\\nment was brought together at Fort Snell-\\ning late in September, Company E, during the\\nmonths of July, August and September, being\\nemployed in frontier duty at Yellow Medicine\\nand at the lower agency, with headquarters\\nat Fort Ridgely, where Lieutenant Donahower\\nwas post adjutant. Tn August he led a squad\\nof twelve men to Big Stone lake and recovered\\na number of horses from a large band of\\nmarauding Sisseton Sioux Indians, who had\\njust returned from a raid on the settlement\\nnear Yankton, on the Missouri. In October,\\n1861, he went with his regiment to Kentucky,\\nand was in the battle fought by General\\nThomas at Mill Springs, Kentucky, January\\n1! 1862 the first Union victory of the war\\nwhich freed the central and eastern portions\\nof Kentucky from the Rebel forces, and con\\ntributed to the successful operations against\\nFort Donelson and the later occupation of\\nNashville by General Buell. Tn February, 1862,\\nlie was ordered on detached duty with the\\nUnited States signal corps, but after his pro-\\nmotion to the captaincy of his company, in\\nMay, 1862, he returned to the regiment at\\nCorinth, Mississippi, and was with it there-\\nafter until his resignation, in August, 1864.\\nCaptain Donahower was in command of his\\ncompany through the siege of Corinth, and on\\nthe long and arduous pursuit of General\\nliragg s army through the mountains of Ten-\\nnessee and the State of Kentucky, which cul-\\nminated October is. 1862, in the battle of Per\\nryville, Kentucky. He was present with his\\nregiment in the march toward Tullahoma,\\nstarting from Triune, Tennessee, June 23, 1863,\\nparticipating in the skirmishes and the ardu-\\nous work of that campaign. In August, 1863,\\nthe Second Minnesota Volunteers were with\\nRosecrans when lie started from Winchester,\\nTennessee, crossing the mountains in three\\nwidely separated columns in his strategic\\nmovement to compel General Bragg to evac-\\nuate Chattanooga, which finally resulted in\\nthe memorable battle foughl on the banks of\\nthe Chickamauga. in Georgia, September 1!)\\nand 20, 1863, where the Second Minnesota lost\\nforty-two per cent of its men present on the\\nfield. In November following he was with the\\nregiment at Missionary Ridge when it charged\\nacross the plain in front and captured the line\\nof earthworks at the foot of the ridge and at\\nlast the high crest beyond, and where the Sec-\\nond Minnesota lost twenty per cent of its mem-\\nbers in as many minutes. On Sherman s At-\\nlanta campaign, he participated in what Gen-\\neral Sherman called a continuous battle,\\ncommencing May 6, and including Buzzard s\\nKoost. Etesaca, Kulp s Farm, and other minor\\nengagements, terminal ing in the battles around\\nKenesaw Mountain, in the latter part of June,\\n1SC 4. He was then under orders from (Jen.\\nGeorge II. Thomas, placed on detached service\\nat Chattanooga, to prepare the rolls for the\\nmustering out of enlisted men whose terms\\nwould expire during the months of July and\\nAugust. 1864. During his term he received\\nspecial mention in orders, and made an en-\\nviable record generally. Early in August, 1X( 4.\\nhis resignation having been accepted, Captain\\nDonahower returned North, reaching Minne-\\nsota in November, and resumed his former po-\\nsition as teller in the banking house of Edger-\\nton Donahower, at St. Peter, Minnesota. He\\nwas engaged in the dry goods trade in St.\\nPeter from 1866 until the fall of 1869, and in\\n1871, at its organization, he became the assist-\\nant cashier of the First National Bank of that\\ncity. In 1888, seventeen years later, he was\\nelected cashier. In May, ISitO, he was appointed\\nUnited States marshal for the Federal District\\nof Minnesota, and served four years. When he", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "The C nluru Pubtisfuttg Enurxivmy Co Chi vpo-\\nv.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n279\\nresigned us cashier of the bank at. St. Peter,\\nthe board of directors, by formal resolution,\\nbore testimony, to the courtesy, ability, and\\nfidelity with which lie had discharged the du-\\nties of assistant cashier and cashier, during\\nhis nineteen years service with the bank.\\nThis commendation was accompanied by an\\nelegant silver service. Senator Davis said with\\nreference to the Captain s appointment: Cap-\\ntain Donahower was a distinguished soldier\\nand had testimonials as to his character and\\ncompetency, the like of which have never be\\nfore passed under my hands, in regard to any\\ncandidate for office. Since Captain Dona-\\nhower left the United States marshal s office,\\nlie has not been actively engaged in any\\nbusiness. He has never lost his interest\\nin military matters. In 1883 he was com-\\nmissioned captain of Company I, Second\\nRegiment of the Minnesota National Guard,\\nand in April, 1887, he was commissioned lieu-\\ntenant colonel of the Third Regiment, M. N.\\nG., serving three years, when he resigned to\\nbecome United States marshal. He is a mem\\nher of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a\\nCompanion of the Minnesota Oommandery of\\nthe Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He\\nis the author of an admirable paper on the\\nbattle of Lookout Mountain and Missionary\\nRidge, which was read before the Loyal Legion\\nin December, 1898, and received many compli-\\nments from those who heard it. Captain Don-\\nahower is highly esteemed and admired by flic\\nUnion veterans of the War of the Rebellion,\\nand is also very popular as a private citizen,\\nand has a host of friends in the community\\nwhere he has resided, and is well and favorably\\nknown throughout the State. He was married,\\nAugust 15, 1865, to Miss Emma R. Veitb. of\\nGalesburg, Illinois, a native of Quincy, in that\\nState. They have one child, a daughter, living\\nat home.\\nMARK I). FLOWER.\\nGen. Mark Deloss Flower was born at\\nChagrin Falls. Cuyahoga county, Ohio, March\\n31, 1S42. on what is known as the Western\\nReserve. His father, Marcus T. C. Flower,\\ncame to Minnesota in the Territorial period of\\n1855, settling at Meriden, Steele county. He\\nwas the first settler in that town, and his near\\nest neighbor was at Owatonna, twelve miles\\ndistant. He is in comfortable circumstances,\\nand now lives a retired life in St. Paul, at the\\nadvanced age of eighty-five. M. T. G. Flower s\\nancestors settled in Massachusetts in 1635.\\nHis grandfather, Ozias Flower, served with\\ncredit in the War of the Revolution. A very\\nsimilar ancestral record is that of Gybele\\nBrooks, General Flower s mother. Her grand-\\nfather, Hannaniah Brooks, served three years\\nin the Continental army, during the struggle\\nfor American independence, and her father,\\nGol. John Brooks, of Ohio, served with dis-\\ntinction in the War of 1812. Mark D. Flower\\ncame to Minnesota with his parents in 1855,\\nwhen he was thirteen years of age, and is\\ntherefore one of the earliest settlers in the\\nState. In 1S57, he Mas sent to the Aurora\\nInstitute, at Aurora, Illinois. Tt was an acad-\\nemy of high standing in those days, and he\\nremained there until the 13th of April, 1861,\\nthe day Fort Sumter was fired upon. He would\\nhave graduated in June of that year, but the\\nfeeling of patriotism and the sense of duty\\nwere too strong within for him to remain in-\\nactive. On April 14, the day following the\\nbeginning of hostilities, he enlisted in Com-\\npany G, Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry,\\nI he first regiment raised in Illinois for the War\\nof the Rebellion. When his term of enlistment\\nin the Seventh expired, he re-enlisted for three\\nyears in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer In-\\nfantry. He served in many of the important\\ncampaigns in Missouri. Kentucky. Tennessee,\\nArkansas, Mississippi and Alabama. In De-\\ncember, 1863, General Sherman organized the\\nFirst Brigade of Memphis (Tennessee) Enrolled\\nMilitia, consisting of four regiments of infan-\\ntry, a company of cavalry and one battery- of\\nartillery. This force was enrolled largely from\\nemployes of the quartermaster, commissary\\nand other departments of the Government sta-\\ntioned there, supplemented by citizens of Mem-\\nphis, who were liable to military service that\\ncity being under semi-martial law. Of this\\nforce, General Sherman appointed Mr. Flower", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "28o\\nBIOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nAdjutant-General, with the rank of captain in\\nsaid organization. The brigade was well or-\\nganized and equipped and was very efficient\\nin supporting the regular forces of the Govern-\\nment. In repelling the raid of General Forrest,\\nil rendered signal service, which was acknowl-\\nedged, in special orders, by General Sherman.\\nIn July, 18(i. r General Flower retired from the\\narmy, having served continuously, save, for a\\nbrief period between enlistments, from April\\n14, 1801. His interest in political matters was\\nfirst manifested, when, as a child, he attended\\nthe fervid and inspiring campaign meetings of\\nJoshua R. Giddings and Thomas Gorwin in\\nOhio. He has always been a staunch Repub-\\nlican, and cast his first vote for Lincoln, while\\nin the army. In Minnesota he has been the\\nwarm personal friend, confidant and ally of\\nWilliam Windom, Horace Austin, C. K. Davis,\\nA. R. McGill and Henry A. Castle and others,\\nand has always fought their battles with cour-\\nage, honor and ability. His career as a poli-\\ntician has been honorable and trustworthy;\\nhis position on every political question has\\nbeen frank, courageous and manly, and he\\nranks among the ablest political leaders of the\\nState. In March. 1870. he was appointed Ad-\\njutant-General, by Governor Austin, to suc-\\nceed Gen. II. 1 Van Clove. He served until\\nNovember, 1ST. when he resigned to engage\\nin the grain and transportation business, lie\\nbecame the owner of a steamboat and fleet of\\nbarges, which he operated on the Mississippi\\nand tributary streams until 1877, when all his\\nboat property wms destroyed in a cyclone on\\nthe Yellowstone river, where he was engaged\\non a Government transportation contract.\\nThough he was then quite young, lie had ac-\\ncumulated about $40,00(1 by his own exertions.\\nAs the Yellowstone country was at that time\\ninvolved in war with Silting liull, no insur\\nance could be had, and the whole hiss fell\\nUpon the General, leaving him a financial\\nwreck, and returning to St. Paul, he began\\nlife anew. In 1878 he was elected chief clerk\\nof the House of Representatives, and in 1870\\nhe was appointed deputy collector of customs\\nfor the port of St. Paul which position he\\nfilled with credit and ability. He was removed\\nby President Cleveland, lor offensive parti-\\nsanship (which the General considered no\\ndishonor), and reappointed by President Har-\\nrison as soon as he resumed the reins of gov-\\nernment. In 1886, President A. It. Stickney\\nmade General Flower the general claim agent\\nof the Chicago, Great Western Railway Com\\npany. lie continued in that position until\\nL890, at which time he was elected president\\nand manager of the St. Paul Union Stockyards\\nCompany, which position he still holds. He\\nis a member of the Commercial Club of St.\\nPaul, a director in the St. Paul Chamber of\\nCommerce, secretary and general manager of\\nthe South St. Paul Belt Railroad Company, a\\ndirector and member of the executive com\\nmittee of the Interstate Investment Trust, and\\na director of the United States Savings Loan\\nCompany. He is president of the Great West-\\nern Fertilizer and Manufacturing Company,\\nand vice-president of the Union Stock Yards\\nI Sank. J. J. McCardy, city comptroller, says:\\nI have known General Flower intimately\\nfor nearly thirty years. He was the first man\\nwith whom I formed an intimate friendship\\nupon my arrival in St. Paul, a stranger from\\nthe State of Kentucky. One peculiarity of this\\nfriendship is. that it has continued to grow\\nstronger from that day to this. General\\nFlower and myself are two of a quartet (the\\nothers, Capt. Henry A. Castle, now of Wash\\ninglon, I). C, and Col. H. G. Hicks, of\\n.Minneapolis), who have for twenty-one con-\\nsecutive years eaten our Thanksgiving dinners\\ntogether, without a member of the quartet\\nbeing absent. General Flower is a high-\\nminded, chivalrous gentleman, and the very\\nsold of honor. As one man has tersely put it:\\nMark Flower is pure gold. nis success in\\nbusiness and politics may be attributed to his\\ndogged persistence. He is a fighter who never\\nknows when he is whipped; pugnacious as a\\nbull-dog when aroused, but in daily intercourse\\none of the most genial and companionable of\\nmen.\\nCapt. Henry A. Castle. Auditor of the\\nPost Office Department, Washington, I C, in\\na recent interview, said to the writer:\\nGen. Mark I Flower combines, in a\\nremarkable degree, the qualities which make", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "P.IOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n281\\na successful business man and a popular pub-\\nlic character. In all the numerous official\\npositions which he has held, his administration\\nhas been marked by intelligence, energy, in-\\ntegrity and a conscientious devotion to the\\ninterests of State and National governments.\\nHe has known how to discharge every duty\\nfearlessly and at the same time treat every-\\nbody who had official relations with him so\\ncourteously as to make an abiding and favor-\\nable impression. His business career has been\\nmarked by similar qualities. In different lines\\nof enterprise he has achieved successes which\\nusually come only to persons who have given\\nlife-long attention to a single one of them. His\\nactivity as a Republican has always been ex-\\nerted unselfishly and most influentially in\\nbehalf of friends whom he deemed worthy of\\npromotion. There has scarcely been a State\\ncampaign in Minnesota for thirty years in\\nwhich General Flower has not been active in\\neffort and potential in controlling results. No\\none ever accused him of deserting a friend or\\nsacrificing a principle.\\nWhile stationed at Memphis, Tennessee, in\\nOctober, 1864, General Flower married Miss\\nLena Gutherz, daughter of Henry Gutherz, and\\na sister of Gar! Gutherz, the noted artist. She\\nis an accomplished and most estimable lady,\\nwhose interesting personality brightens the\\nGeneral s beautiful home. They have one\\ndaughter, Grace, the wife of Mr. John T. Oon-\\nley, of St. Paul. Mr. Conley is assistant\\ngeneral passenger agent for the Ghicago, Mil-\\nwaukee St. Paul Railroad Company, a man\\nof fine character and marked business ability.\\nROBERT 0. DUNN.\\nRobert C. Dunn, State Auditor of Minnesota,\\nwas born in County Tyrone. Ireland, February\\n14, 1855. He came to America in April, 1S70;\\nresided with an uncle in Columbia county,\\nWisconsin, for a year; went to St. Louis, Mis-\\nsouri, early in 1871, and learned the printer s\\ntrade in that city; settled in Minnesota, in 1876,\\nand established the Princeton Union, at Prince-\\nton, Mille Lacs county, the same year. He\\nwas married to Lydia McKenzie, of Spencer\\nP rook, Isanti county, in 1887. He still con-\\ntinues to publish the Princeton Union, one of\\nI he best weekly papers in the State. Mr. Dunn\\nheld the office of town clerk of Princeton from\\n1878 to 1880. He was elected, on the Repub-\\nlican ticket, county attorney of Mille Lacs\\ncounty, which position he held from 1884 to\\n1888. His party elected him a member of the\\nLegislature in 1888. He was renominated in\\nL890, and it is claimed by his friends that he\\nwas re-elected, but was counted out by a par-\\nlisan majority of Populists and Democrals.\\nHe was a delegate to the Republican National\\nConvention of 1892, and was an ardent sup-\\nporter of James G. Blaine for the Presidency.\\nHe was again elected to the Legislature in\\n1802. Upon the expiration of his term, he was\\nchosen as the Republican candidate for State\\nAuditor. He was elected in 1804, and was re-\\nelected to the same position in 1808 by the\\nlargest plurality of any candidate on the\\nRepublican State ticket.\\nJOHN A. WILLARD.\\nJohn A. Willard was born in Trenton,\\nOneida county, New York, November 0, 1833,\\nand died at his home in Mankato, Minnesota,\\nDecember 15, 1807. He was the son of Daniel\\nS. and Catherine (Williams) Willard. His\\nfather was a farmer, and also a native of\\nOneida county, where he lived until 1867. He\\nthen removed with his family to Mankato,\\nMinnesota, where he died in 1808, and his wife\\nin 1875. They were the parents of seven chil-\\ndren, of whom their son, John A., was\\nthe eldest. His family, on the paternal\\nside, came from Weathersfield, Connecti-\\ncut, to New York, in 1800, and its\\nmembers were among the first settlers of\\nTrenton, Oneida county. It was descended,\\nthrough six generations, from Maj. Simon\\nWillard, who landed in Boston from Hors-\\nmonden, England, in 1034, and who, in English\\nhistory, traced his ancestry back to the be-\\nginning of the Fourteenth Century. On the\\nmaternal side, Mr. Willard s ancestors came\\nfrom Wales to Philadelphia, in 1800, and soon\\nafter removed to the State of New York. Mr.\\nWillard was educated in the public school of\\nhis native place and in an academy at Holland", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "282\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nPatent, New York, and later in a school con-\\nducted by a maternal uncle, in Utica, New\\nYork. His early youth was similar to that of\\nmust farmers boys of his day. He attended\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2school when he could, and spent the remainder\\nof his time in farm work. He always had an\\nearnest desire for a better education, but his\\nparents, while most willing, were not aide to\\nprovide the means. When seventeen years of\\nage, he commenced teaching district schools\\nduring the winter months and worked on the\\nfarm in the summer seasons. This he con-\\ntinued until he was twenty years of age, when\\nhe commenced the study of law in the city of\\nUtica, and was admitted to practice in all the\\ncourts of New York, in 1855. He then de-\\ncided to go west and seek a location for the\\npractice of his profession. Having a few\\nbooks, and money enough to reach Minnesota,\\nhe located in Mankato, in September, 185 i.\\nHe opened a law office and engaged in the\\npractice until 1870, when he became interested\\nin railroad construction, and was elected presi-\\ndent of the company that built the line from\\nMankato to Wells, and which is now a part\\nof the Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul system.\\nIn IsTi he became interested in the manufac-\\nture of linseed oil, and, in connection with R.\\nD. Hubbard and J. B. Hubbel, organized the\\nMankato Linseed Oil Company. In 1886 he\\nand Mr. Hubbard were among the prime\\nmovers in the organization of the National\\nLinseed Oil Trust, of which he was a director\\nfor nine years. He was interested in many\\nother manufacturing and business enterprises,\\namong which were the Mankato Novelty\\nWorks, the Standard Fiber-Ware Company,\\nthe Mankato Knitting Mills, the St. Paul\\nWhite Lead and Oil Company, also brick yards,\\nlive stock and cattle companies. He was one\\nof the inaugurators, and for over twenty years\\npresident, of the First National Bank of Man-\\nkato; was president of the National Bank\\nof Commerce at Duluth; president of the\\nGranite Falls Bank, Granite Falls, Minne-\\nsota, and was president and director in\\nmany other corporations, and was exten-\\nsively known throughout the State and in\\nfinancial circles of the countrv. He was\\nfor many years the leading spirit and presi-\\ndent of the Mankato Board of Trade. In 1891\\nhe was elected mayor of Mankato without\\nopposition, and served two years, declining re-\\nelection. He was also for several years a mem-\\nber of the board of education, a trustee of the\\nTourtellotte Hospital of Mankato, member of\\nthe library board, and president of the itizens\\nFire Association. During the Indian war of\\n1862 he was United States commissioner, and\\nall cases against soldiers and others for sell\\ning liquor to the Indians were brought before\\nhim. He never sought political preferment.\\nHad his aspirations inclined that way, almost\\nany position in the gift of his fellow-citizens\\nwas within his command. In 1885, Mr. Willard\\nbecame largely interested in real estate in\\nDuluth, and was active in many business en-\\nterprises of that city. Upon his death the press\\nof Duluth paid high tributes to his memory.\\nThe Duluth Herald said:\\nMr. Willard was closely connected with\\nDuluth interests, and he was so frequently in\\nthe city that he was regarded as virtually a\\nDuluth man. and one of the most active forces\\nin the upbuilding of the city. He was a pro-\\nmoter of enterprise, a creator of business\\ninterests, and he freely invested his money in\\neverything which promised to be a success in\\na business way. The Northwest owes much\\nto his enterprise and strong faith in its re-\\nsources and future development, and his death\\nis a distinct loss to all the people of Duluth.\\n1 1 is difficult to fill the place of such a man:\\nenterprising, energetic, broad-minded, and\\nstrictly honest in all his dealings with his\\nfellow men.\\nOf his career and reputation in his home city\\nof Mankato, a local journal, the Mankato Re-\\nview, said among other winds of encomium:\\nIn any and every project, having for its\\nobject the advancement of the material inter\\nests of the locality in which he resided, Mr.\\nWillard always took- an active and leading\\npart. Few men in any community enjoyed\\nmore fully the confidence, respect, and esteem\\nof his friends and fellow-citizens. Personally,\\nhe was a man of fine appearance, impressing\\none immediately with the fail of his substan-\\ntial and solid worth.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n283\\nHis life was a busy one, but amid all his\\nvaried business interests which demanded his\\nunceasing care and attention, he found time to\\ndevote to social and literary affairs, and was\\nwell informed on all subjects of general in-\\niciest. He was a member of the First Presby-\\nterian church of Mankato, was a Royal Arch\\nMason and a Knight Templar, and a Repub-\\nlican in politics. Mr. Willard was married,\\nAugust 23, 1865, to Miss Anna M. Sibley, who\\nwas horn in Pennsylvania and was a daughter\\nof Reuben J. and Maria E. (Eggleston) Sibley.\\nHer father was a native of Vermont and her\\nmother of Ohio. Mr. Sibley came to Mankato\\nin 1856, and was followed by his family a year\\nlater, and this was their home ever after. Mr.\\nSibley died in April, 1864, and Mrs. Sibley in\\nJanuary, 1892. To Mr. and Mrs. Willard were\\nborn seven children, three of whom are now\\nliving, viz.: William 1). Willard, vice presi-\\ndent of the Mankato Mills Company; Harold\\nB. Willard, now in the service of the North-\\nwestern Telephone Exchange Company, of St.\\nPaul, and Robert S. Willard, at Mankato. The\\nother children died in infancy and early child-\\nhood.\\nGEORGE P. WILSON.\\n(Jen. George P. Wilson, a prominent attor-\\nney of Minneapolis, was born at Lewis-\\nburg, Pennsylvania, January 11), 1840. His\\nfather w r as Samuel Wilson, a farmer, of Eng-\\nlish and Scotch descent. He served in the\\nwar of 1812 as a private soldier. His family\\nwere among the early settlers of New Jersey,\\nbefore the war of the Revolution, and took\\npart in the struggle for independence. George\\nP. was the youngest of a family of twelve chil-\\ndren, seven of whom, four brothers and three\\nsisters, are still living. He attended the com-\\nmon schools of his native place, the Lewisburg\\nAcademy, and later entered the Bucknell Uni-\\nversity, at Lewisburg. He afterwards at-\\ntended the Ohio Wesleyan University, of\\nDelaware, Ohio, and later studied law in the\\noffice of Lewis Simpson in Winona,\\nMinnesota. He was admitted to the bar at\\nRochester, Minnesota, in October, 1862. He\\ncommenced the practice of his profession with\\nhis preceptors in Winona, and after the death\\nof Judge Lewis, in 1867, became a member of\\nthe firm, under the name of Simpson Wilson,\\nin the general practice of law. He was elected\\nAttorney General of the State in November,\\n1873; was re-elected in 1875, and during his\\nsecond term removed to St. Paul, and was\\nagain elected to the same office in the fall of\\n1877 for a third term. In 1880, after the ex-\\npiration of his term of service, he removed to\\nFargo, Dakota, then a Territory, where he en-\\ngaged in the practice of law. He was first\\nassociated with Hon. W. F. Ball, under the\\nfirm name of Wilson Ball, and later with\\nJudge Alfred Wallin (now of the Supreme\\nCourt of North Dakota) as Wilson, Ball\\nWallin. He continued practice in Fargo until\\nJuly 1, 1887, when he removed to Minneapolis\\nand there established himself in practice alone.\\nIn about one year he formed a partnership\\nwith Mr. John R, Van Derlip, with whom he\\nhas since continued practice under the firm\\nname of Wilson Van Derlip. General Wil-\\nson has held many official positions. He was\\nassistant secretary of the State Senate in\\n1863-4 and 1864-5; was secretary in 1865-6 and\\n1866-7; county attorney of Winona county from\\n1865 to 1871; government commissioner on\\nSouthern Pacific Railroad in 1871, and member\\nof the House of Representatives in 1872-3 from\\nWinona county. He was elected to the State\\nSenate for the Forty-first Senatorial District\\nat the November election of 1898, for the term\\nexpiring January 1, 1903. He was chairman\\nof the judiciary committee of the House in\\n1872-.*!, was chairman of the committee on re-\\ntrenchment and reform in the Senate of 1899,\\nand was also a member of the judiciary and\\nother important committees. General Wilson\\nbecame well known throughout the State dur-\\ning the session of 189!), in connection with a\\nbill introduced by him, known as the Younger\\nBill, providing for the parole of life prisoners\\nafter continuous service for twenty years, with\\nthe record of continuous good behavior during\\nthat period, which bill passed the Senate by\\na large majority, but was defeated in the\\nHouse. One of the most distinguished men of", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "284\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nthe State (at one time an associate State\\nofficer with the subject of this sketch), who has\\nknown General Wilson intimately for many\\nyears, says: He is an excellent public speaker,\\nhas great force and clearness of statement, ami\\nliis method of putting things is so strong and\\nforcible that he seldom fails to carry convic-\\ntion; in short, he commands (he confidence and\\nrespect of judges and lawyers, and, as a State\\nofficial and a citizen, he is without reproach.\\nAs to his standing as a legislator, the Minne-\\napolis Times, at the close of the last Legisla-\\ntive session, said of General Wilson: In\\nevery debate he is a leader. It is probable that\\nif a vote were taken among the Senators to\\nselect the strongest man among them, the\\ngreatest number of votes would be cast for\\nGeneral Wilson. He has always been a\\nstandi Republican, and has taken an active\\npart in almost every political campaign, his\\nservices being always in demand as a public\\nspeaker. General Wilson was married at\\nWinona, Minnesota, September 26, 1866, to\\nAda Harrington, daughter of William H. Har-\\nrington, a pioneer settler of Winona. They\\nhave one daughter, who is the wife of William\\nB. Sweatt, the president of the Sweatt Manu-\\nfacturing Comr any, of Minneapolis, and two\\nsons. Walter H., connected with the Nelson\\nTut hill Lumber Company, and Wirt Wilson,\\nwho served seven months in the Philippine\\nwar as a member of the Thirteenth Minnesota\\nVolunteer Regiment, and recently graduated\\nfrom the law department of the University of\\nMinnesota.\\nRICHARD T. O CONNOR,\\nRichard Thomas O Connor was born in St.\\nPaul, June 27, 1857, while Minnesota was a\\nTerritory and the town an unimportant place.\\nHis father, the late Hon. John O Connor, was\\na well-known citizen of some prominence as\\na contractor and as a hotel proprietor. He\\nwas an honorable man, and held in rare private\\nand public esteem, and for more than a quar-\\nter of a century was a member of the city\\ncouncil as alderman from the Fourth ward.\\nHe was a native of Ireland, but came to the\\nUnited States in 1845 and located in St. Paul\\nin 1855. He died in St. Paul. January 1883,\\nHis wife, the mother of R. T. O Connor, was\\nborn Catherine Woulfe. She, too, was born in\\nIreland, but came to America when a girl,\\nand for many years lived in Louisville, Ken-\\ntucky, where she was married. She died in\\nSI. Paul August 8, 1899. R. T. O Connor has\\npassed nearly all his life in his native city. He\\nattended the Catholic parochial schools in\\nchildhood up to 1870, wh.*n he was sent to St.\\nJohn s College at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.\\nSubsequently he entered the University of\\nNotre Dame, at South Bend, Indiana, and\\ngraduated in the commercial course of that\\ninstitution in 1S74. when he was but seventeen\\nyears of age. Even when a boy, he was blight.\\nbrave and active, and gave promise of the\\ncareer of prominence which he subsequently\\nfilled. After his graduation he returned to St\\nPaul, and was employed by J. J. Hill in the\\nwood, coal and oil business as office clerk and\\ncollector. This position he held for about three\\nyears, or until the fall of 1877. In 1878 he\\nsecured the position of deputy city clerk,\\nand held it until January, 1887. Mean-\\ntime, in 1883, he was elected to the city\\ncouncil as alderman from the Fourth ward, to\\nfill the vacancy occasioned by the death of his\\nfather. And now St. Paul was fast becoming\\na great city. The population had been 40,000\\nin 1880, but in five years thereafter it was\\nnearly 100,000. A public office had become a\\nplace of importance. Under the laws as they\\nthen were, the most prominent public position,\\nthe one involving the most work and the\\ngreatest responsibility, and withal the most\\nlucrative, was that of clerk of the District\\nCourts. It was an elective office, with a term\\nof four years. In the fall of 1880. the Demo-\\ncratic party selected as one of its brightest,\\nbrainiest, and most popular members, Mr.\\nO Connor, as a candidate for this office, and\\nhe was elected. After four years, or in 1890,\\nwhen the population was 143,000, he was again\\nelected clerk of the courts, after one of the\\nhardest fought political campaigns in the his-\\ntory of Ramsey county. He served as clerk\\nof the courts for eight years, retiring in Jauu-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "n\\n6^C^U/^\\\\", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n285\\nary, 1895, having positively declined another\\nnomination as candidate for the office believ-\\ning, as he said, that he had been given his full\\nshare of the honors of his party, and of the\\npeople in this regard. It was during his terms\\nas clerk of the courts that Mr. O Connor at-\\ntained his great reputation as an honorable\\nDemocratic politician as an organizer and\\nleader of political forces, who never planned\\na had campaign or ever lost a battle. He\\nknew the city and county thoroughly, being\\na resident of them all his life; he probably\\nknew by name more voters in them than any\\nother man; he had a great fund of common\\nsense and practical intelligence, and these\\nqualities, added to his natural courage and\\ndetermined spirit, made him well-nigh in-\\nvincible in politics. He was always in the\\nDemocratic councils, always assisted the com-\\nmittee-men and others in campaigns by voice\\nand effort and purse, until he was recognized\\nas the master spirit of his party, and it was\\nmainly by his aid that the Democrats were so\\nuniformly successful up to 1894. Of course\\nhis political opponents disliked him, but only\\nbecause they feared him; they really admired\\nthe genius of the man who was so able to de-\\nfeat them. They knew that his warfare was\\nalways open and honest, and while denouncing\\nhim and saying all manner of evil things about\\nhim, they knew that he had done nothing dis\\nhonorable, and that not a single charge of\\nillegality could be substantiated against any\\nact of his doing. Mr. O Connor is a Democrat,\\nbecause he believes that the principles and\\npolicies of the Democratic party are best for\\ntlic country. But he knows that principles are\\nof little practical avail unless they are en-\\nforced, and Democratic principles cannot be\\nenforced unless the party in sympathy with\\nthem is in power and position to carry them\\nout. The party cannot obtain and retain power\\nunless it is always supported, and if occasional\\ndifferences of opinion arise among its members\\nas to temporary policies, the minority must\\ndefer to the fairly expressed will of the\\nmajority. Hence, Mr. O Connor is and has\\nbeen a Democrat from principle, loyal to his\\nparty and its candidates on all occasions, and\\ngiving to its men and measures, his willing\\nand faithful support. As clerk of the courts,\\nMr. O Connor was a most faithful and valuable\\nofficial, and made an enviable record. During\\nhis long term of service, lasting eight years, at\\na period when the volume of the business of\\nhis office was far larger than it had ever been\\nbefore, and much larger than it has been since,\\nhe kept the details of his duties well in hand,\\nand managed them with the greatest efficiency.\\nHe was never remiss in his duties never be-\\nhindhand never negligent never at fault.\\nThe Judges of the District Court united in a\\nstrong testimonial to the worth of his services,\\nand the complete success of his administration,\\nand attorneys and litigants never complained.\\nnc incident of his administration, as indicat-\\ning the character of the man, may here be giv-\\nen. One of his subordinates perpetrated a series\\nof forgeries and defrauded the county treasury\\nof twenty-five thousand dollars. The frauds\\nwere detected, and Mr. O Connor forced the\\ncriminal to restore the greater part of his ill-\\ngotten gains. Then he had him prosecuted and\\nsent to the penitentiary. Suit was brought\\nby the county against Mr. O Connor and the\\ncounty treasurer, to compel them to restore\\nthe balance of the missing money. Judgment\\nwas obtained against the county treasurer for\\nsix thousand dollars, but no liability or re-\\nsponsibility was found against the clerk of the\\ncourts, and the case was decided in his favor.\\nThen, after he had been held entirely blame-\\nless and under no sort of obligation for the\\ncriminal acts of his subordinate, Mr. O Connor\\ndrew his check for the money, including the\\namount for which judgment had been rendered\\nagainst the treasurer and thus the county did\\nnot lose a cent in the end. February 21, 1895,\\nPresident Cleveland appointed Mr. O Connor\\nUnited States Marshal for the District of\\nMinnesota, and this position he held until\\nMarch 17, 1899. His duties were discharged\\nthroughout with great efficiency and universal\\nacceptability. It was during his term as\\nUnited States Marshal that the outbreak of\\ncertain lawless Chippewa Indians of the Leech\\nLake band occurred, resulting in what is\\nknown as the battle of Sugar Point. This in-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "286\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ncident is narrated in another part of this\\nvolume, but as it was connected with the busi-\\nness of the United States Marshal s office,\\nwhile Mr. O Connor was the incumbent, addi-\\ntional details may here be given. When the\\ndeputy marshals and the soldiers of the Third\\nUnited States Infantry were sent to Leech\\nLake to arrest Puk-a-ma-ki-shik (or Hole in the\\nDay), and the other Indians who had rescued\\nhim from the officer, Marshal O Connor accom-\\npanied the party. The day before the battle\\nhe visited the locality of the rebellious Indians\\nwith an interpreter, and endeavored to induce\\nthose for whom warrants had been issued to\\npeaceably surrender. They refused, became\\nmenacing and violent, and Anally ordered the\\nmarshal away. When the expedition under\\nGenera] Bacon went to Sugar Point, Marshal\\nO Connor accompanied it. A little time before\\nthe tight began, General Bacon ordered him\\nto return to Walker on one of the small steam\\nboats, and bring back the tents and other\\nbaggage of the soldiers, saying that the com-\\nmand would encamp on Sugar 1 oinl for a few\\ndays. He had hardly reached the boat when\\nthe tiring began. The boat was out some dis-\\ntance in the lake, and the Indians fired into it\\nas long as it was within range. Several per-\\nsons on the boat, Agent Tinker among them,\\nwere wounded; the boat was well peppered\\nwit li shots; there was no safety anywhere, but\\nMi-. O Connor rose to the occasion and ren-\\ndered invaluable service. He visited the camp\\nat the agency, where there were twenty sol-\\ndiers under Lieutenant Humphrey, and tried\\nto induce the lieutenant to go with his squad\\nto General Bacon s re-enforcement, but the\\nlieutenant s orders would not permit this.\\nThen he hurried to Walker, telegraphed for\\nmore help for the soldiers, prepared the boats\\nand barges with barricades and loaded them\\nwith supplies, and hurried to the assistance\\nof General Bacon and his sorely beset and im-\\nperilled force, and soon rescued them. For his\\nvaluable services and good conduct generally\\nin this affair, Marshal O Connor was warmly\\ncommended and thanked by General Bacon in\\nhis official report, and his course received the\\nfull endorsement of his superiors and all others\\nhaving any real knowledge of the circum-\\nstances. But after the battle, and when the\\ncountry was in the greatest excitement and\\nalarm, the Marshal did not forget what he had\\ngone to Leech lake for. He kept on his mis-\\nsion to arrest the offending Indians, and finally\\nsecured the most of them and brought them\\ninto court, as he had been directed. It would\\ntake a bigger battle than that of Sugar Point\\nand more Indians than five hundred to prevent\\nDick O Connor from doing what he consid-\\nered to be his duty. Soon after he retired from\\nthe marshal s office, Mr. O Connor engaged in\\nprivate business affairs. He is president of\\nthe St. Paul Globe Company, and a member\\nof the firm of O Connor Van Bergen, com-\\nmission brokers of St. Paul; also of the firm\\nof Sexton Company, jobbers in the cigar\\ntrade. He is a member of the St. Paul Com-\\nmercial Club, and also of the New York Demo-\\ncratic Club, and popular in both these\\norganizations. Mr. O Connor is a splendid\\nspecimen of physical manhood. He is of stal-\\nwart proportions, of athletic build and\\nstrength, and of notable appearance in any\\nbody of men. He is frank and outspoken, bluff\\nand hearty, a despiser of shams and a hater\\nof hypocrites. All who know him, know just\\nwhere to find him. His word is as good as his\\nbond, and his bond is as good as gold. And\\nall who know him, know that his heart is big\\nin proportion to its herculean frame. It has\\never been touched by an appeal for charity,\\nand a large number of his devoted friends are\\namong the poor and unfortunate, whose advo-\\ncate and helper he has ever been.\\nWILLIAM 0. WILLISTON.\\nHon. William Chapman Williston, of Red\\nWing, Minnesota, is a native of South Carolina,\\nborn at Cheraw, in the county of Chesterfield,\\nJune 22, 1830. His parents were William King\\nand Annis (Chapman) Williston, his father\\nbeing a merchant of Cheraw. The financial\\ncircumstances of the family were moderate,\\nyet William C. was enabled to obtain a sub-\\nstantial common school education. He read", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "h\\nJ\\n1", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n287\\nlaw in Chardon, Geauga county, Ohio, and, in\\n1854, was admitted to the bar of that State.\\nHe practiced law for about two years in Ohio,\\nthen removed to Iowa, where he remained for\\na few months. In 1S 7 he removed to Red\\nWing, and soon became established in his pro-\\nfession; and this city has been his home con-\\ntinuously from that date until the present\\ntime. titling the Civil war, however, he was\\nabsent on military duly much of the time for\\ntwo years. He enlisted, in 1802, as a private\\nin Company G of the Seventh Minnesota In-\\nfantry Volunteers, and was discharged from\\nthe service in 18(54 with the rank of captain.\\nJudge Williston has been a member of two\\nlaw partnerships, the Hist of which was formed\\nin 1859, when he became associated with Hon.\\nE. T. Wilder, of Red Wing. This tirm was\\nsucceeded by another, in which Hon. O. M.\\nHall was the junior partner. During his pro-\\nfessional career. Judge Williston has tilled\\nwith efficiency the offices of both city and\\ncounty attorney; and has been a member of\\nthe bench of Minnesota since 1891, in which\\nyear he was appointed Judge of the District\\nCourt. He was elected in the following year,\\nand again in 1898, and to-day enjoys the repu-\\ntation of being a peer of the foremost judges\\nof the State. As an all-around business law-\\nyer, also, he ranks among the leaders of the\\nbar of Minnesota, his success being attribut-\\nable jointly to superior ability and an unusual\\ncapacity for thorough and continuous work.\\nIn politics the Judge is a Democrat, but con-\\nservative in this as in all other departments of\\nlife. He is, however, a man of strong convic-\\ntions and a deep reverence for justice, and the\\nforce of his character has been recognized and\\nappreciated in public, as well as private, life.\\nJudge Williston has served four years in the\\nState Legislature, having been a member of\\nthe House of Representatives in 187. 4, and\\na Senator during the years 1876-7. Judge\\nWilliston has advanced far in Masonry,\\nhaving at one time been Grand Commander\\nof the Knights Templar of Minnesota. As tin\\nOdd Fellow, also, he has held the position of\\nGrand Master and Grand Representative of\\nthat order in Minnesota. In religious faith he\\nis an Episcopalian, being a communicant of\\nthe church. On April 12, 1854, Judge Willis\\nton was married to Mary Eliza Canfield, of\\nChardon, Ohio. Four children were born to\\nthem two boys and two girls. The sous both\\ndied in infancy; the daughters are: Mrs. John\\nH. Rich and Mrs. L. (J. Phelps, both of whom\\narc residents of Red Wing.\\nRENSSELAER D. HUBBARD.\\nRensselaer Dean Hubbard, of Mankato,\\nprominent as a manufacturer and one of\\nthe strongest and most influential among\\nthe leading business men of Minnesota, was\\nborn on his father s farm in Maryland\\ntownship, Otsego county, New York, De-\\ncember 14, 1837. His father, Oliver B. Hub-\\nbard, was born at Hartford, Connecticut,\\nin 1800, and came with his family to Ot-\\nsego county, New York, in 1809. His an-\\ncestors were residents of Connecticut in\\nColonial times, and some of them were promi-\\nnent characters in early history. His mother,\\nwhose maiden name was Lavinia Chase, was\\nalso a native of Connecticut, and from an old\\nNew England family, several of whose mem-\\nbers were soldiers in the war of the Revolution.\\nOliver B. Hubbard was an honest, industrious\\nfarmer and a good citizen, but he was not\\nacquisitive or thrifty, and his sons were\\nobliged to assist in support of the family, and\\nhad to pick up what education they could\\nbetween the intervals of farm work. His son,\\nthe subject hereof, attended the district school\\nfor several winter seasons, and later was for\\na few months in a select school, which was\\nconducted by Prof. W. F. Perry, who was\\nfor many years superintendent of the public\\nschools ;it Ann Arbor, Michigan. At the age\\nof fifteen he went out to work, securing jobs\\nat anything he could And. His first cash earn-\\nings for six months labor on a farm amounted\\nto fifty dollars, every cent of which he gave\\nto his good mother. After this he worked a\\nmonth for a fanner, for which he was to re-\\nceive eight dollars; but when he had cum", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "2 S8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\npJeted his contract his employer told him he\\nhad no money and offered him a calf in full\\npayment. With a rope about its neck he led\\naway the calf, and after a little time sold it\\nfor eighl dollars. This money he spent on\\nhimself. With a part of it he boughl a pair\\nof hoots, costing five dollars, and the balance\\nlie paid for three months tuition in the select\\nschool mentioned, working nights and morn-\\nings for his board. When his three dollars\\nof capital was exhausted he left school\\nand obtained work with a surveying par-\\nty then engaged in locating the Albanj\\nSusquehanna Railroad now called the Del-\\naware Hudson Canal Company running\\nfrom Albany to Ringhamton. He was nat-\\nurally industrious, plucky, and venturesome.\\nIn the spring of 1854, when a lad of\\nbut sixteen years of age, he joined a party\\ncomposed of seven or eight men who were\\ngoing to California. The party left New York\\nApril 5, and arrived at San Francisco May\\n5, going via the Nicaragua route, by sea. In\\nCalifornia, young Hubbard secured work on\\na farm in Yolo county, in the Sacramento val-\\nley, where he was engaged for two years. At fif-\\nty dollars a month, the prevailing wages in Cal-\\nifornia at the time, he had saved at the end of\\nhis term $1,126, every dollar of which sum he\\nsent home to his parents. He took up a claim\\nand located on a tract of land, where he tried\\nfarming on his own account, but droughty\\nseasons prevented his raising full crops. Tired\\nof farming, he undertook a business venture.\\nIn August, 1857, he purchased a stock of sup-\\nplies in Sacramento and took them over the\\nmountains to the Humboldt river country, and\\nengaged in trading them to immigrants in\\nexchange for exhausted and used up live\\nstock. These broken down animals he fed and\\ncared for until they were in good condition\\nagain, when he would trade them for other\\nworn out stock. Often he would receive\\nthree poor cattle in exchange for one that was\\nfresh and able to travel. He continued in\\nthis business for about four months, when he\\nreturned to his claim. In July, 1858, he went\\nto Fraser river, in British Columbia, at the\\ntime of the gold excitement in that region. He\\nwent by water and landed at Whatcom, on\\nBellingham hay. Here he purchased a small\\nboat, on credit, and loading it with a cargo\\nof provisions which he also bought on credit\\nand with some passengers and their bag-\\ngage, rowed and poled it up the river to the\\nmines. He finally established and operated a\\nline of rowboats to and from Victoria and\\nBellingham bay and to Fort Yale, on the\\nFraser river, for about nine months, when he\\nreturned to California, en route for the\\nStates. He landed in New York on Christ-\\nmas eve, 185!). He was at his old home in\\nOtsego county until in March. 1860, when he\\nagain went to California. In a few mouths\\nafter his return to the Golden State he se-\\ncured a situation in Sacramento as a clerk iu\\na grocery store at fifty dollars a month. After\\nfour months he was in full charge of the store\\nat a salary of one hundred and sixty dol-\\nlars a month. He was in this position\\nuntil January, 1863, when he returned to\\nNew York, intending to enlist in the Union\\narmy, but on the journey lie was prostrated\\nwith a serious attack of pueumonia. As soon\\nas he was able to travel he went home and\\nattempted to enlist, but was rejected on ac-\\ncount of his bad physical condition. He then\\nwent to Sidney Plains, New York, rented a\\npiece of land and engaged in tobacco culture\\nfor about two years. Meantime he acted the\\npart of a good loyal citizen, aided in recruiting\\nsoldiers for the army, and unable to enlist him-\\nself because of his physical disabilities, sent a\\nsubstitute into the service. April 9, 1863, he\\nmarried Miss Mary E. Cook, a daughter of\\nHarvey W. Cook, of his native village. In the\\nfall of 1866 he removed to Corry, Pennsylvania,\\nand established a grocery business, which\\nproved a very profitable venture. Starting\\nwith a capital of $2,000, in less than four years\\nhe had cleared about $30,000. Enough has\\nbeen given of the details of Mr. Hubbard s\\nvaried career to show that he was always a\\nman of parts and resources, and of great ac-\\ntivity and industry. If he could not do some-\\nthing he preferred, he could and did do\\nsomething else. At any rate, he was never\\nidle. Instead of waiting for something to", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "P.IOURAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n289\\nturn up, he went to work and tinned some-\\nthing iij). Whether the iron was hot or cold,\\nlie kept a-hammering, to use one of Abraham\\nLincoln s favorite expressions. In 1870, Mr.\\nHubbard, accompanied by his wife litis time,\\nmade another trip to California by water, and\\narrived at San Francisco at the breaking out\\nof the Franco-Prussian war. He intended en-\\ngaging in banking, and took with him about\\nfl 1)0,0110, the greater part of which sum had\\nbeen entrusted to him by certain friends. But\\non account of the unsettled condition of the\\nmoney market, he decided to forego his in-\\ntention and started on his return to the East.\\nGoing by rail to Omaha and thence to Daven-\\nport, at the latter place he took a boat for\\nWinona, Minnesota. II was in this year that\\nthe Northwestern Railroad was completed to\\nMankato. After traveling over the country\\nfor some weeks he finally decided to locale\\npermanently at Mankato, and did so. He built\\na warehouse and began buying wheat, con-\\ntinuing in that business until March, 1S72,\\nwhen with the late J. A. Willard and J. B.\\nHubbell he organized the Mankato Linseed Oil\\nCompany, of which he was the manager for\\neleven years, going through a period of great\\ndepression, but finally making the enterprise\\nfinancially successful. In 1ST!) he established\\nthe Mankato Milling Company, with himself\\nas president, George M. Palmer, secretary, and\\nWilliam Pierson, genera] manager. For the\\nfirst few months, owing to the radical changes\\nwhich were being made in the milling process,\\nthe business was not profitable. Mr. Hubbard\\npurchased the interests of his associates and\\nhas continued to operate the mill since, first\\nunder the firm name of R. I). Hubbard Cem\\npany, with F. L. Waters as partner, then from\\n1894 to 1807 as the R. D. Hubbard Milling Com\\npany, and since 18!)7 as the Hubbard Milling\\nCompany. The mill was built in 1878 and re-\\nconstructed in 1870, when its character was\\nchanged from the stone system to the roller\\nprocess, with all the latest improved machin-\\nery for flour making. Its present capacity\\nis 1,200 barrels daily, and 1,500,000 bushels\\nof wheat pass through the mill annually. In\\n1882, Mr. Hubbard, with J. J. Thompson, es-\\ntablished a large live stock business in Custer\\ncounty, Montana, taking from Minnesota to\\nthe great ranch 5,500 head of cattle in two\\nyears. About this time, associated with Capt.\\nThomas J (Sere, he established the large lin-\\nseed oil works at Sioux City, Iowa. These\\nmills were of the largest capacity and the best\\nequipped for their purpose probably in the\\nworld. They cost $275,000, and had a capacity\\nof crushing 2,000 bushels of flaxseed per day.\\nThey were operated by Hubbard Gere for\\nthree years, and in 1887 were sold to the Lin-\\nseed Oil Trust. In 1802 he purchased the\\ninterest of Mr. S. H. Grannis, in the firm of\\nGrannis Palmer, and organized the Hub-\\nbard Palmer Elevator Company, which has\\nforty elevators on the Chicago, St. Paul\\nMinneapolis and the Omaha Division of the\\nNorthwestern Railway, chiefly for the purchase 1\\nand storage of grain and for supplying wheat\\nfor the mill at Mankato. In 1807 the business\\nwas incorporated as Hubbard, Palmer Co.,\\nwith Geoi ge M. Palmer president. Mr. Hub\\nbard was born a Democrat, and voted for\\n.lames Buchanan for President in 1856, but\\never since has voted for the Republican candi-\\ndates for National offices. He has always been\\ntoo much occupied with business affairs to give\\nmuch attention to party politics, and is not a\\npolitician. He has served one term in (lie\\nMankato city council, the only public official\\nposition he ever cared to hold. As a citizen\\nhe has always been eminently public-spirited,\\never ready to aid and encourage, with his in-\\nfluence and his money, any enterprise for the\\npublic good. His position and condition in the\\nworld are the result of his own efforts. He\\nis not only the architect but the builder of his\\nfortune, and his entire business career, from\\ntin 1 time he worked for and sold the eight-\\ndollar calf, to his ownership and management\\nof his magnificent manufacturing enterprises,\\nhas been honorable, straight-forward, and\\ncharacterized by the strictest integrity. His\\ncareer exemplifies what may be accomplished\\nby the poorest American boy who will adopt\\nand never depart from a course of industry,\\nperseverance, economy and general honorable\\nconduct. One of his fellow citizens says:", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "290\\nBIOGKAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nMr. Hubbard is a man of fine personal ap-\\npearance, of large form and manly build, and\\nof impressive address. His mind and ambition\\nhave an inclination for great projects, and\\nwhen enlisted in them his tireless industry and\\neconomical tendencies make them successful,\\nfrequently under adverse circumstances. Mr.\\nHubbard is a mau of excellent business\\ncapacity, a hard worker, and gives to his un-\\ndertakings the closest and most exacting per-\\nsonal attention. He makes it a point to\\nunderstand every department of his large busi-\\nness affairs. H\u00c2\u00ab has contributed much to the\\ndevelopment and prosperity of Mankato, and\\nthe big mill, as it is familiarly called, is a\\nmonument to his enterprise, sagacity, and in-\\ndustry.\\nMr. Hubbard s wife died, April 21, 1877,\\nleaving one son, Jay Hubbard, born January\\n8, 1870, now in business with his father. Mr.\\nHubbard was again married October 7, 1S78,\\nto Miss Prank Griffith, stepdaughter of James\\nCannon, of Mankato. They are the parents of\\ntwo daughters Kate and Mary E. The family\\nattend the Presbyterian church, and are promi-\\nnent members of society in Mankato. They\\nhave a lovely and well-appointed home at No.\\n606 Broad street.\\nANDREW R. McGILL.\\nHon. Andrew Ryan McGill, Governor of\\nMinnesota in 1887 and 1888, the years of the\\ngreatest development and general prosperity\\nin the history of the State, was born at\\nSaegertown, Crawford county, Pennsylvania,\\nFebruary 19, 1840. He is of Irish and English\\nancestry. His paternal grandfather, Patrick\\nMcGill, came from County Antrim, Ireland, to\\nAmerica about 1774, when but twelve years\\nof age. He was, with an older brother, con-\\nnected with the American army during the\\nwar of the Revolution, and after the war set-\\ntled in Pennsylvania, first in Northumberland\\ncounty, and later emigrating to the western\\npart of the State, where he secured a large\\ntract of land in what subsequently became\\nCrawford county. This land became the old\\nhomestead of the McGill family, and the first\\nhouse built thereon bv Patrick McGill still\\nstands on a part of the present site of Saeger-\\ntown. Governor McGill s father was Charles\\nDillon McGill, and the maiden name of his\\nmother was Angeline Martin. She was of\\nWaterford, Pennsylvania, a daughter of\\nArinaml Martin, who was a soldier in the war\\nof 1812, and a granddaughter of Charles Mar-\\ntin, of English birth, who served in the Patriot\\narmy during the Revolution and after the war\\nwas appointed by ^Yashingto^ an officer of\\nthe Second United States Infantry. Subse-\\nquently he resigned from the regular army and\\nbecame a major general of Pennsylvania\\ntroops. Governor McGill s mother was a\\nwoman of strong character, of high Christian\\nconduct, and rare mental qualities. She died\\nwhen he was but seven years of age, but not\\nbefore she had impressed some of her char-\\nacteristics upon him, and in effect shaped the\\ncourse of his life. The boy who was to become\\nthe Governor of a great Commonwealth was\\nreared to young manhood in his native valley\\nof the Venango, a rather secluded locality,\\nfar from the madding crowd s ignoble\\nstrife. His education was received in the pub-\\nlic schools and at Saegertown Academy.\\nThese were good schools, practical and thor-\\nough, and he was a good student, studious and\\nindustrious, and made the most and the best of\\nthem. When he was nineteen years of age\\nor in 1859 he set out in life on his own ac-\\ncount. He had not much to begin with aside\\nfrom his education, and he did that which lie\\ncould do best. He went to Kentucky and\\nengaged in teaching school. He was successful\\nas a teacher, but in a year or so, when the war\\nclouds began to lower, Kentucky became an\\nunpleasant place of abode for a Northern man\\nof Union sentiments, and, in the spring of 1801,\\nthe war of the Rebellion having begun, he re-\\nturned to the North. He then decided to go\\nto the Northwest, and June 10, 1861, he arrived\\nin Minnesota. Again he engaged in teaching\\nand became principal of the public schools of\\nSt. Peter. The following year, or August 19,\\n1862, he enlisted in the Union army in Com-\\npany D, Ninth Minnesota Infantry, and was\\nmade orderly sergeant of the company. His\\nmuster in dated from the second day of the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "The Century PitMisrwuj StEnyraviny Co Chtcapa", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n291\\ngreat Indian outbreak, in whose suppression\\nhis regiment took part. A year later, owing\\nIn protracted and serious ill-health, he was\\ndischarged from the service for disabilities.\\nNot long after leaving the military service he\\nwas elected superintendent of schools for\\nNicollet county, and served two terms. He\\nnow became a somewhat prominent public\\ncharacter. In 1865 and 1866 he edited the St.\\nPeter Tribune, a Republican paper with which\\nlie was connected as publisher for several\\nyears thereafter. lie was elected clerk of the\\nDistrict Court for Nicollet county and served\\nfour years, and during this time studied law\\nunder the instruction of Hon. Horace Austin,\\nthen Judge of the District Court, by whom,\\nin 1868, he was admitted to the bar. Two\\nyears later, when Judge Austin became Gov-\\nernor, Mr. McGill was appointed his private\\nsecretary. In 187- he was appointed State In-\\nsurance Commissioner, and by successive re-\\nappointments held the position for thirteen\\nyears. The acceptability of his service and its\\ngeneral efficiency may be inferred from its\\nlength. His reputation as an authority on in-\\nsurance became far-reaching, and his reports\\nare yet regarded as among the most valuable\\never issued on the subject. In 1886 the Re-\\npublicans nominated him for Governor. The\\ncanvass that followed was one of the most\\nactive and the election one of the closest in\\nthe history of the State. The temperance\\nquestion was to the fore, and the Republican\\nparty had declared for local option and high\\nlicense. The friends of the saloon did not want\\na high license system, and the Prohibitionists\\ndid not want a license system at all, and so\\nboth these (dements were against McGill.\\nHis Democratic opponent had the support of\\nall the liquor interests, both inside and outside\\nof the Republican party, as well as that of\\nlarge numbers of the Prohibitionists, who took\\nthis way of resenting the proposition of any\\nState license whatever. McGill was a man\\nof unassailable character and manly deport-\\nment, and conducted his campaign upon a\\ndignified plane. He was elected, and under\\nall the circumstances his election was a great\\ntriumph for the principle he advocated, and\\nfor himself personally. He was one of the best\\nchief executives the State has ever had. His\\nadministration covered a period when the\\nState was being developed and improved as\\nnever before or since, when its business inter-\\nests were being most rapidly advanced, when\\nit was busiest and most bustling. And yet his\\nopponents had loudly and volubly predicted\\nthat if elected he would ruin the State a\\nfamiliar party cry. The records and the history\\nof his term show what was accomplished. One\\nof the most important laws enacted under iiis\\nadministration was what is known as the high\\nlicense law. This aimed at the better control\\nof the liquor traffic and has become the model\\nfor similar legislation in other States. It was\\nthe principle involved in this law on which\\nthe campaign was fought out, and Governor\\nMcGill, having won the election, insisted on\\nthe passage of the law; and it was through his\\nefforts and influence that the legislation was\\nsecured. Of its wisdom and salutary workings\\nit is perhaps sufficient to say that its repeal\\nhas never been attempted. Other important\\nmeasures placed on the statute books during\\nGovernor McGill s administration were the\\npresent railroad laws relating to transporta-\\ntion, storage, and grading of wheat; the\\nwatering of railroad stock, etc.; temper\\nance legislation was materially strength-\\nened and improved; the tax laws were\\nsimplified; contracts detrimental to labor\\nwere abolished; the State Soldiers Home\\nand the State Reformatory were estab-\\nlished; the Bureau of Labor Statistics was\\ncreated, and numerous other important\\nmeasures were inaugurated. Governor Mc-\\nGill may await with unconcern the judg-\\nment of posterity upon his administration.\\nUpon his retirement from the chief executive s\\nchair. Governor McGill became engaged in the\\nbanking and trust business, from which he\\nfinally retired in 1896, on account of ill health.\\nAt present he is not in active business, al-\\nthough he is vice president and director in two\\nactive concerns, one a loan and the other a\\nmanufacturing company. He is also State\\nSenator from the Thirty-seventh Senatorial\\nDistrict of Minnesota, having been elected, in", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "I-\\nP.IOGRAPHY (IF MINNESOTA.\\n1898, for the regular term of four years. lie joined the tidal wave of emigration which se1\\nresides at St. Anthony Park, a suburb of St. in thither. In 1S4! he sailed for California,\\nPaul, where lie has a pleasant home, (lover- going round the horn. The voyagers were\\nnor McGill has been twice married. His first driven from their course by severe storms, and\\nwife was Eliza E. Bryant, a daughter of touched the Cape Verde islands, off the coast\\nCharles S. Bryant, A. M., a lawyer and an of Africa. They then sailed west, stopping at\\nauthor of some prominence, formerly of St. Rio Janeiro, and finally reached San Fran\\nPeter, and whose history of the Sioux War risen just 310 days after leaving New Orleans,\\nin Minnesota is regarded as the best on the Mr. Valentine s fortunes, like those of most\\nsubject. She died in 1S77. leaving two sons, miners, varied, and soon alter the discovery\\nnamed Charles II. and Robert C, and a daugh- of gold in Australia, he visited that country.\\nter named Lida B. McGill. The oldest son, After an eventful life of several years, he re-\\nCapt. Charles II. McGill, served during the turned to the United Slates and located in St.\\nSpanish war as assistant adjutant general, Paul, in the winter of 1855 and In 1865\\nwith the rank of captain. In 1880 Governor Mr. Valentine became heavily interested in the\\nMcGill married Mary E. Wilson, a daughter wheat and elevator business, and was man-\\nof Dr. J. C. Wilson, of Edinborough, Pennsyl- ager of the elevators, and in fact the entire\\nvania. By this marriage there are two sons, business of cereal buying and handling for\\nnamed Wilson and Thomas McGill. The ex- Commodore Davidson for several years. His\\nGovernor is a gentleman of admirable personal success induced him to start the well-known\\nqualities. Plain, unassuming, frank and open, Humboldt farm near St. Vincent, in 1S82, and\\nhe attracts acquaintance and admiration at one he invested quite heavily in orange groves in\\nand the same time. He has a quiet, dignified Florida, where he spent several winters. Ap\\nmanner, but is readily accessible to all. re- predating the commercial importance of St.\\ngardless of rank or station. He is a man of Paul, by reason of his extensive acquaintance\\nlarge information and of sound ideas, a with the vast region tributary to the city, he\\nstaunch friend, and firm in his convictions. He invested largely in real estate, and built the\\ndoes not know how to be a trimmer and a fine block on Wabasha street, known as the\\ntrickster, and does not care to learn. Valentine Block. Mr. Valentine served as\\nalderman of the city for three years, and was\\ncaptain of Company Sixth Minnesota In-\\nfantry Volunteers, until January, 1863, when\\n1IVXIFI H VALENTINE s ig |1,,, l and returned to St. Paul. Up to\\nthe time of his death Mr. Valentine was an\\nDaniel Hillman Valentine was born in Cin- active, energetic business man. and an up-\\ncinnati, Ohio, February l(i, 1SH7, and died in right, conscientious and progressive citizen.\\nSt. Paul, May 15, 1890. He was the son of His many years experience among men in\\nCharles and Alice (Woodmansee) Valentine, distant and rapidly improving portions of the\\nwho were both natives of New Jersey. After world, gave him a knowledge of life which was\\nattending the common schools of his native of incalculable value to him as a business man.\\nplace, he took a course at Woodford College, In 1858 .Mr. Valentine married Miss Amelia\\nin the same city. After leaving college he re- E. Meissner, who was a native of Pennsylvania,\\nmained in Cincinnati until 1S4S, when he went but a resident of Cincinnati at the time of their\\nto New Orleans and found employment as a marriage. To them were born two sons and\\nteacher. He was taught the French language three daughters: Charles, Daniel F., Amelia.\\nby a Catholic priest, anil then took a position Edith and Helen, (hie of the early settlers\\nas tutor in a French family, giving the chil- of St. Paul, who was a member of Captain\\ndreii instruction in the English branches. Valentine s company during the war of the\\nUpon the discovery of gold in California he Rebellion, says of him:", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing Engraving Co Chicago-\\n^r/LtA^u^--", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "P.IOGRAPnY OF MINNESOTA.\\n293\\nBeing a member of Captain Valentine s\\ncompany in the Sixth Minnesota Volunteer\\nInfantry, during his entire service, I had ample\\nopportunity to become acquainted with his\\npersonality and to judge of him as a soldier and\\na man. He was in active service alum! two\\nyears, when he resigned on account of ill\\nhealth. He participated with his regiment in\\nthe battles of Birch Coolie and Wood Lake,\\nMinnesota, and in the march and battles of\\nthe campaign to the Missouri river in 1862 and\\nIn this campaign the total distance\\nmarched was 1,600 miles, besides fighting three\\nor four battles. Captain Valentine was a man\\nof but few words. Though exacting and strict\\niu discipline, he was not a martinet, but was\\nperfectly just to his men. lie took the same\\nrations and discomforts and dangers that fell\\nto the lot of the enlisted men. He was ex\\nceedingly courageous and possessed of the\\ngreatest amount of endurance. A man of the\\nstrictest integrity and high moral character,\\nhe will long be remembered among the sturdy\\npioneers who were identified with the early\\nhistory of the city of St. Paul.\\nTHOMAS CANTY.\\nJudge Thomas Canty, of Minneapolis, was\\nborn in the city of London, April i 1854,\\nof Irish ancestry on both sides. His father,\\nJeremiah Canty, and his mother, whose\\nmaiden name was Anna Stanton, were\\nboth natives of the County Kerry, in the\\nEmerald Isle. His paternal grandfather,\\nThomas Canty, from whom he was named, was\\nat one time a well-to-do Irish farmer; but the\\nsore famine of 1848 impoverished him, as it\\ndid many others, and the children were forced\\nto go abroad. Jeremiah went to London, and\\nhere, while in humble but honorable service,\\nhe met Anna Stanton, another fugitive from\\nthe famine, and married her. In 1856, Jere-\\nmiah Canty came, with his family, to the\\nUnited States, settling in Detroit. .Subse-\\nquently he lived at Lodi, Wisconsin; in Clay-\\nton county. Iowa, and finally he purchased and\\nsettled on a farm in Monona, Iowa, and here\\nhe died in 1S74, leaving a distressed widow\\nwith seven children. Jeremiah Canty, though\\npoor, was honest, industrious, bore a good\\nname, and was at all times desirous of the\\nwelfare of his family. He kept his children in\\nthe public schools when he could, and his son\\nThomas was an apt and precocious pupil. But\\nafter he was nine years of age, the boy had to\\nassist his father, and could attend school only\\na few months each winter. But he was bright,\\nambitious and industrious, and spent all his\\nspare time with his books. He became a good\\nscholar for a lad of his years, and was\\nespecially proficient in mathematics. When\\nhe was but thirteen years of age, there was a\\ncontroversy between his father and the owner\\nof the land on which he was a tenant, in re-\\ngard to the amount of the rent that ought to\\nbe paid. The point in dispute was as to the\\narea of the land occupied, and it was agreed\\nthat the farm should be surveyed. Thomas,\\nin his examination of the surveyor s figures,\\nfound a big error in them, and at once setting\\nout, he walked fourteeu miles through a snow-\\nstorm to the surveyor s house and had the\\nmistake corrected. As the result he saved his\\nfather sixty dollars and prevented a law-suit.\\nWhen he was but a boy, he selected his future\\nvocation. His good mother, a woman of a\\npractical turn of mind, noted that the boy was\\nhandy with tools, and wanted him to become\\na blacksmith a calling for which his stout\\nphysique seemed to adapt him but Thomas\\nalways insisted that he intended to be a law-\\nyer. When he was but fifteen, he passed a\\nthorough examination in Clayton county,\\nIowa, and received a teacher s first-class cer-\\ntificate, allowing him to teach in the public\\nschools of the county, but, of course, so young\\na boy could not get a position. He was not\\ndiscouraged, but in the intervals between his\\nhours of hard work, kept up his studies, mas-\\ntering everything he attempted. In 1ST2, at\\nthe age of eighteen, he left the humble family\\nhomestead and set out for the South, where\\nhe hoped to find a position as teacher. He\\nhad but little money, and when he reached\\nCarbondale, a coal-mining town in Southern\\nIllinois, he found himself penniless and friend-\\nless. Luckily he secured a job, even though it\\ninvolved working sixteen hours a day, ami\\ndriving a refractory mule the motive power\\nof a machine employed in hoisting the laden", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "294\\nlilooKAl IIY ()K MINNESOTA.\\nbuckets out of a coal shaft. At this work he\\nearned enough money to take him to Texas.\\nHe taught school in the Lone Star State for\\nfour years, in the meantime keeping up his\\nstudies and applying himself so diligently that\\nhe secured a better education than the average\\ncollege course would have given him. Mean-\\nwhile his father died, and the faithful son went\\nback In the Lowa farm, to help his mother take\\ncare of the family. He worked hard on the\\nfarm for two years, and now began to employ\\nhis spare time in the study of law. There were\\ncrop failures, and other disasters, and debts\\naccumulated on the farm. These debts young\\nCanty assumed as his personal obligations.\\nHe was determined to pay them, but was just\\nas determined not to pay them out of the\\nprofits of farming. In a contest for the\\nposition of principal of a high school, which\\npaid a good salary, this self-taught young man\\ndefeated two college graduates, one of Har-\\nvard and the other of the University of Wis-\\nconsin. Out of his first year s earnings he paid\\na thousand dollars of his debts, and easily\\nobtained an extension of tin n the balance,\\nwhich he subsequently paid. Ilis private study\\nof law became so extended that in the spring\\nof L880 lie concluded to ^o to Dakota, then\\na Territory, and engage in the practice. He\\nwent to Grand Forks, but did not like the\\nsituation; whereupon he came to Minneapolis,\\nand. on the 1st of October, entered the law\\noffice of Hon. Seagrave Smith, and was ad-\\nmitted to the bar in February following. The\\ncity was full of lawyers, many of them long\\nestablished, of wide reputation, and of emi-\\nnence in the profession. He was young, in-\\nexperienced, unknown, and so poor that for\\nsome time he was obliged to keep bachelor s\\nhall, or board himself. Hut very soon he was\\non the high-road to success, for in law, as in\\nnature, the fittest survive and rise. His fust\\ncase was a contest over the title to a tract of\\nland near Lake .Minnetonka, which had been\\nlost by two prominent attorneys. Canty re-\\nopened the case, adopted a new line of defense,\\nand won his cause. This success gave him a\\nreputation, and other business followed, so\\nthat he was soon actively engaged, and had no\\nlime to cook his own meals. A notable series\\nof cases which he won and which attracted\\npublic attention, were those of certain em-\\nployes against the contractors engaged in\\nopening Sixth avenue, north. Fourteen able\\nlawyers were against him. but he won every\\ncase. The cases were carried to the Supreme\\nCourt, where Mr. Canty won every fight. He\\ncame rapidly into local distinction as one who\\nknew (In- law and how to try a case. At the\\ntime of a noted strike among the street car\\nemployes of Minneapolis, he won great reputa-\\ntion and popular favor, especially among the\\nwinking people, by his successful resistance\\nof the action of the municipal court in sen-\\ntencing to the workhouse certain men who had\\nbeen convicted of unlawful conduct during the\\nstrike, but who, he claimed, were entirely in-\\nnocent. He took these men out of jail by that\\nsublime measure born of American liberty, the\\nhabeas corpus, carried their cases before the\\nDistrict Court, and secured their release. The\\nworking people, always grateful for the serv-\\nices of a friend, came to have an opportunity\\nof rewarding their champion i he next year, and\\nthey did mil let it pass. -Indue Canty was a\\nRepublican until after the passage of the Mc-\\nKinley high tariff bill, in 1890. His first vote\\nwas cast for the Hayes and Wheeler electors\\nin lslli. but he has never believed that they\\nwere fairly elected. Tn local politics he was\\nalways independent, and voted for those he\\nbelieved to be the best men. He had taken\\nsome interest in politics, but was besl known\\nas a sound lawyer of a judicial bent, and was\\nvery popular personally throughout the city.\\nHis public renunciation of the Republican\\nparty, in the summer of 1890, created some-\\nthing of a sensation. The next fall, the\\nDemocrats, then in a hopeless minority in\\nMinneapolis, nominated him for one of the Dis-\\ntrict Court Judges of Hennepin county, and\\nhe was elected for a term of six years. Judge\\nCanty s record on the District Bench was that\\nof a careful, painstaking and efficient jurist.\\nand lure lie won the reputation which made\\nhim a Judge of the State Supreme Court. Tn\\nthe latter eminent position, he has further dis-\\ntinguished himself. Some of his opinions have", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0554.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0555.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "Th ntury Pubustiiitp EnyrQvtuj Co Chicago-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0556.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0557.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0558.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "biography of Minnesota.\\n295\\nbecome established authorities upon original\\npropositions and arc much cited. Ho wrote the\\nopinion of the court in the cause celebre, en-\\ntitled Stevenson vs. The Great Northern Rail-\\nway Company (69 .Minn. Rep., :?58; 72 N. W.\\nRep.. 713), decided in October, 1807, and the\\nauthorship of this opinion would alone make\\nany man famous. The ablest and most astute\\nattorneys of the Northwest argued this case.\\nJudge Canty s opinion, while elaborate and ex-\\nhaustive, so as to cover the entire ground, was\\ninvaluable to the people and an unassailable\\nexposition of the law. It fixed the status of the\\nState Railroad Commission as an authority to\\nbe obeyed and respected, and laid down cer-\\ntain principles to be observed in the regulation\\nof railway charges, which must prove of last-\\ning benefit to the Commonwealth. Tn 1898\\nJudge Canty was the candidate of the Demo-\\ncratic and Feople s parties of the State for re-\\nelection, but he and his learned and able\\nDemocratic associates. Judges Mitchell and\\nBuck, were defeated by the Republican nomi-\\nnees, although Judge Canty ran several thou-\\nsand votes ahead of his ticket, not including\\nits head. Although a bachelor. Judge Canty\\nis well known socially, and has hosts of warm\\npersonal friends. He has attained the thirty-\\nsecond degree. Scottish Rite Mason, and is a\\nMystic Shriner. He is a member of the Odd\\nFellows and of the order of Elks. His integrity\\nand uprightness as a man have never been\\nquestioned, and he has a good name, which\\nis better than riches.\\nJOHN 0. WISE.\\nHon. John Claggett Wise, of Mankato,\\nthe oldest newspaper man in Minnesota\\nin the particular of long and continuous\\nservice, and the founder and present ed-\\nitor and proprietor of the Mankato Review,\\nis a native of Maryland, born at Hagers-\\ntown, September 4. 1834. His parents were\\nRichard and Sarah (Cline) Wise, both na-\\ntive Marylanders. His father was of Scotch\\nIrish descent, an industrious, prosperous citi-\\nzen, well known, and held in esteem in the\\ncommunity where he spent his long and useful\\nlife. He died at his home in Hagerstown, at\\nthe advanced age of ninety-one years. His\\nfamily consisted of nine children six sons and\\nthree daughters John C. being the fifth child\\nand second son. Mr. Wise has been a printer\\nfrom boyhood. Leaving the Hagerstown Acad\\nemy at the age of thirteen, he entered a print-\\ning office as an apprentice, serving four yens.\\nAt seventeen he went to Baltimore and worked\\nas a jour on different papers for nearly a\\nyear. He then returned to Hagerstown and\\npurchased and published a country newspaper\\ncalled the Clear Spring Whig. The paper\\nwarmly supported General Scott, the Whig\\ncandidate for President, in 1852, while its ed-\\nitor lacked three years of being old enough\\nto vote. At the close of the unsuccessful cam-\\npaign, .Mr. Wise sold his newspaper and went\\nto Washington City and worked in the office\\nof the Congressional Globe for a year. He\\nthen went to Cincinnati and worked in the\\ndifferent newspaper offices of the city for about\\neighteen months. He was what was known in\\nthe old days of hand type-setting as a fast\\ncompositor and a correct one. always had a\\nlong string and earned good wages. From\\nCincinnati he returned to Washington and was\\nchief make-up of the imposing room of the\\nCongressional Globe until in the spring of\\n1855. At this period the old-time Democratic\\nparty was in full power, the country was at\\npeace and prosperous, and the Northwest was\\nbeing developed. A company was formed in\\nWashington to lay out and build the city of\\nSuperior, Wisconsin. Its members were W.\\nW. Corcoran, the renowned old banker of\\nWashington; Henry M. Rice of Minnesota;\\nJohn W. Forney, and General Dawson, of\\nPennsylvania; John C. Breckinridge and Sen\\nat or Beck, of Kentucky; Stephen A. Douglas,\\nof Illinois, and many other distinguished pub-\\nlic men, among them several Southern Sen\\nators. They induced Mr. Wise and another\\nyoung man named Washington Ashton to es-\\ntablish a newspaper at Superior. Wise and\\nAshton purchased a printing plant in Phila-\\ndelphia and in due time established and issued\\nthe Superior Chronicle, the first newspaper", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0559.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "296\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nprinted at the head of Lake Superior. The\\nprinting office was in a log building, one of\\nthe first structures built in the place. Wise\\nand Asliton published the Chronicle for liner\\nyears, during which time Superior grew from\\na village with a population of less than 300\\nto a city of more than 3,000 people. In 1858,\\nwhen the effects of the financial panic came\\nwith disastrous force upon the country, Mr.\\nWise disposed of his interests in Superior, re-\\nturned to Washington and again went to work\\nin the Congressional Globe office. In the spring\\nof 1S59 he removed to Mankato and established\\nthe Mankato Record, a Democratic weekly. In\\n1800 he started the Semi-Weekly Record, the\\nfirst twice-a-w eek paper in the State outside\\nof St. Raul. lie sold the Record, in the fall\\nof 1808, to Orville Brown, who changed its\\npolitical character to a Republican journal;\\nafterwards it was merged into the Mankato\\nFree Press. In the spring of 1869, in company\\nwith Mr. E. C. Payne, he started the Mankato\\nReview, becoming sole proprietor and editor\\nthe following year. In 1883 his sons, Charles\\nE. and John C. Jr., were associated with him.\\nIn 1892 they started the Daily Review, and\\nsince have published both a daily and weekly\\nedition. The Review is a strong, well made-\\nup journal, of real influence, and has always\\nhad a large circulation and a profitable patron-\\nage generally. It is commonly believed that\\nthe country papers are the only truly inde-\\npendent journals of the day. They are not\\ncontrolled by outside corporations and com-\\nbined interests, and say what they really be-\\nlieve uninfluenced by powers behind them and\\nnot dictated to by some one with a cinch\\nupon them. The Mankato Review is a model\\npaper of this class. During his long resi-\\ndence in .Mankato, no other man has come\\nto stand higher in the general esteem of his\\nfellow citizens than John 0. Wise. They have\\nalways given him their confidence and tie\\nquently honored him. At the time of the vil-\\nlage incorporation of Mankato he was a\\nmember of the first council. For six years he\\nwas a member of the board of education and\\nits president one year. In 1867 Governor Mar\\nshall selected him as one of ;i committee for\\nthe relief of the settlers of the southwestern\\nportion of the State who had been ruined by\\nhailstorms, and in 1873 Governor Davis ap-\\npointed him a commissioner of the State to\\nrelieve the grasshopper sufferers, lie was one\\nof the original trustees and directors of Tour-\\ntellotte Hospital, superintending its construc-\\ntion, and one of the incorporators of the\\nMankato Board of Trade. In the latter organi-\\nzation he was for twenty six years continuously\\na director and was president for one term.\\nWhen the Whig party dissolved, Mr. Wise be-\\ncame a Democrat, and has steadfastly contin-\\nued in the faith throughout tempest and\\nsunshine, through success and adversity. He\\nwas a delegate to the Baltimore convention\\nthat nominated Horace Greeley, in 1872, and in\\n1884 was a delegate to the Chicago convention\\nthat nominated Cleveland and Hendricks and\\nwas a member of the committee that made a\\nplatform of principles which the voters of the\\ncountry endorsed at the November election fol-\\nlowing. In 1885, and again in 1894. he was\\nappointed, by President Cleveland, postmaster\\nof Mankato, the only Federal office he has ever\\nheld. Mr. Wise was married in September,\\nL857, at Clear Spring, Washington county,\\nMaryland, to Miss Amanda Flory, a daughter\\nof Daniel Flory, a merchant and hotel keeper\\nof Clear Spring. Mrs. Wise died in Mankato,\\nin January. 1885. Mr. Wise s family consists\\nof five children. His two sons. Charles E. and\\nJohn C. Jr., are connected with their father in\\ntlie publication of the Daily and Weekly Re-\\nview. His daughters are: Katherine. now\\nMrs. Edgar Weaver; Nellie E., living at the\\nfaiuilv home; and Florv, a teacher in Duluth.\\nJABEZ A. BRANT.\\nLike many of those who have attained to\\nprominence in the business world, Jabez An-\\nderson Brant, of Minneapolis, was born\\non a farm and had seventeen years of farm\\nlife before commencing the more varied\\nand hazardous ventures thai make or mar\\nthe furl unes of men. He was born at\\nBerlin. Pennsylvania, September 4, 1845. His", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0560.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0561.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "The, Wntuty PubUshaup A Cm/mvmj Co Clucaya-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0562.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0563.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0564.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n297\\nfather, John J. Brant, was also a native of the\\nKeystone State, born August 15, 1818, and\\nalternated between the farm and the store,\\nleaving at times the pursuit of agriculture for\\nventures in merchandising. He left his native\\nState,in ISO and removed to Illinois to engage\\nin farming, and died December 28, 1SS7. Jabez\\nA. Brant s early educational advantages were\\nsuch as are commonly given by the public\\nschools of Pennsylvania, supplemented by pri-\\nvate schools at his home and in Maryland,\\nwhere he fitted himself for teaching. As teach-\\ner and student, he attained a good education,\\nwith which he commenced his business life.\\nIn 1807 and 1808 he was engaged in mercantile\\nbusiness at Lonaconing, Maryland. The follow-\\ning year lie went to Illinois, where for one year\\nhe resumed his vocation as feather. In the\\nfall of 180!) inducements were offered him to\\nengage in the insurance business, to which he\\nwas well adapted. He then located at Pleasant\\nHill, Missouri. After four years of successful\\nwork he changed his location, in 1873, to Ot-\\ntawa, Kansas, and subsequently to Dubuque,\\nIowa He developed rapidly in the business.\\nHis judgment was respected, and his capacity\\nfor field work and as an adjuster were recog-\\nnized by the higher officials. His quick percep-\\ntion of the varied hazards and the application\\nof equitable ratings was appreciated, and his\\nservice became desirable. He was placed in\\nfull charge of an inspection and rating bureau\\nat Dubuque, in January. 1884, which covered\\na large district in northeastern Iowa and north-\\nern Illinois. He continued in this service until\\nJanuary, 1893, when lie was appointed to a\\nsupervisorship that controlled the special in-\\nti rests of companies at Milwaukee. Wisconsin.\\nAfter completing his work under this special\\ncharge with gratifying success, he removed to\\nMinneapolis, called there by an appointment\\nas manager and inspector for the Minneapolis\\nUnderwriters Association, with headquarters\\nin the New York Life building in that city.\\nDuring the War of the Rebellion Mr. Brant\\nwas assigned to duty as a civilian in the ca-\\npacity of an engineer, attached to the Fifteenth\\nNew York Regiment of Engineers. Mr. Brant\\nwas married to Miss Minnie J. Clothier of New\\nYork at Carthage, Missouri, on May 20, 1892.\\nHe is a member of the Minneapolis Mounted\\nCommandery, No. 28, Knights Templar; Zurah\\nTemple of the Mystic Shrine; is a thirty-second\\ndegree Mason, and has membership in the Com-\\nmercial Club of Minneapolis. Mr. and Mrs.\\nBrant worship in the Westminster Presbyte-\\nrian church. Mr. Brant, in the discharge of\\nthe duties assigned to him, has traveled exten-\\nsively in the West, and has made a large and\\nvalued acquaintance. In politics he has always\\nbeen a Republican, and he takes a lively inter-\\nest in the affairs that mark the progress and\\nprosperity of the community in which he re-\\nsides, and bears with an inspiring cheerfulness\\nhis full share of the public burdens. In a vig-\\norous manhood, and with a thorough knowl-\\nedge of all the intricate questions pertaining\\nto insurance, he is well fitted for a life of use-\\nfulness and prosperity. His chosen field in the\\nbusiness of insurance is full of opportunity for\\ntlie employment of business ability and sterling\\nintegrity that characterize his life.\\nROBERT H. PATTERSON.\\nRobert H Patterson, a prominent business\\nman of Minneapolis, was the sixth of a family\\nof eight children, five of whom are living. He\\nis a native of the State of Ohio, and was born\\nin the city of Athens, in the county of the same\\nname. His father, John Patterson, was born\\nin the year 180!), in Washington county, Penn-\\nsylvania, and lived to the age of sixty-five\\nyears, dying in 1874. The education of Robert\\nwas begun in the public schools of Ohio. He\\nwas able to go to school during the winter sea\\nson only, being employed at farming in the\\nsummer. Later he was enabled to enter an\\nacademy in his native town, where he attended\\ntwo terms. He then entered the Ohio Univer-\\nsity at Athens, attending that institution for\\none year. Aftei completing his studies, he vis-\\nited what was then the West Illinois and\\nIowa. He taught school for a year and a half\\nin Towa. but his tastes inclined him to a com\\nmercial life, and accordingly, in 1870. lie went\\nto work in the capacity of an employe under", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0565.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "298\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nhis brother, who had organized a wholesale\\nboot and shot house at Chillicothe, Ohio, under\\nthe firm name of .Miller. Patterson Company.\\nHe remained with this house for eighl years,\\nbeginning with the modest salary of fifty dol-\\nlars per month, and gradually working up. By\\nvirtue of his natural thrift and economical hah\\nits, he succeeded in saving during that time the\\nsum of $5,000. With this hard earned accumu-\\nlation he organized a hat and cap business in\\nthe same town, taking in a partner. He con-\\ntinued in this business for about six years,\\nwhen he sold out and removed to Minneapolis,\\nin February. 1884. He took in as a partner\\nJames Chestnut, and established a business at\\nNo. 204 Nicollet avenue. In 1887 Mr. Chestnut\\nsold out his interest in the firm to a Mr. Dick\\niuson, who came from Cincinnati. Ohio. Mr.\\nPatterson continued in partnership with Mr.\\nDickinson for four years, when he again\\nchanged partners, Mr. Dickinson giving place\\nto Mr. Stevenson, with whom he has been asso-\\nciated ever since, under the firm name of Pat-\\nterson Stevenson. They have built up an\\nenormous trade in hats, caps, gloves and furs.\\ntheir house having the reputation of being one\\nof the largesl jobbing hat and cap firms in the\\nNorthwest. A large measure of Mr. Patter-\\nson s success is due to the fact thai he is a man\\nof systematic habits in business, having a\\nplace for everything and keeping everything\\nin its place. As a result of his methodical hab-\\nits, the smallest details of his business are not\\nneglected, but receive their due attention. He\\nis a modest, unassuming gentleman, not given\\nto ostentation. He has a warm place in the\\nhearts of his numerous friends, many of whom\\nhave been on intimate terms with him. either\\nin business or social relations, for many years.\\nMr. Patterson has been twice married. His\\nfirst wife, to whom he was united June 15,\\nlS7. i. was Miss Estelle De Voss. of Greenfield,\\nOhio. She passed away July 4. 1884. On May\\n15, 1890. he was married to Miss Lavenia De\\nVoss, also of Greenfield. Mr. and Mrs. Patter-\\nson reside on Park avenue, where they take\\npleasure in entertaining their many friends.\\nIn politics Mr. Patterson affiliates with the Re-\\npublicans, although he has never sought any\\npolitical position, lie has been a member of\\nthe Westminster Presbyterian church, Minne-\\napolis, for fifteen years; also a member of the\\nCommercial Club and Board of Trade.\\nJOSEPn R. \\\\Y ATKINS.\\nJoseph Ray Watkins, of Winona, comes from\\na family of Welsh descent which has lived in\\nAmerica for more than two hundred years.\\nThe great-grandfather, Tobias Watkins, was\\nborn in New Jersey in the early part of the\\nEighteenth Century, and during the Revolu-\\ntionary War took contracts for furnishing beef\\nto the army. James Watkins, the grandfather\\nof the subject of this sketch, was also a native\\nof New Jersey. In 1800 he made the journey\\nwestward with an ox-team, crossed the moun-\\ntains of Pennsylvania, and became one of\\nthose sturdy pioneers who opened up the\\ngreal State of Ohio, lie was one of the tirst\\nsettlers in the western part of the State, and\\nlocated on what was known as the Sims pur-\\nchase, at a point then called Fort Washington,\\nwhere the city of Cincinnati now stands. He\\nlook an active part in the development of that\\nregion. By trade he was a blacksmith, and\\nbrought from New Jersey the first nail cutting\\nmachine taken west of the Allegheny moun-\\ntains, in Pennsylvania. The anvil of .lames\\nWatkins is still in the family, and will be\\nhanded down to future generations. -1. R. Wat\\nkins was born at Cincinnati, August 21, 1S40.\\nthe son of the Rev. Benjamin Utter ami\\nSophronia (Keeler) Watkins. The father con\\ntinned his ministerial life in Ohio until 1862,\\nwhen he came to Minnesota, where he re-\\nsided nearly twenty years. Me then moved\\nto the State of Missouri, where he died. The\\nmother was born on the shore of Lake Cham-\\nplain, and came of a family that settled in the\\nnorthern part of the Empire State during\\npioneer days. The subject of this sketch was\\nreared in the State of his nativity and was\\neducated at College Hill. Ohio. In 1862 he\\naccompanied his father s family to Minnesota,\\nand became a resident of Stearns county,\\nwhere soon after they were subject to many", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0566.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0567.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0568.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0569.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0570.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n299\\nhardships brought on by the Indian War. Mr.\\nWat kins was married in 1868 to Miss Mary\\nEllen Heberling, a native of Ohio. They have\\none daughter, Grace Eleanore. In 1868 Mr.\\nWat kins secured from Richard Ward, of Cin-\\ncinnati, the right to manufacture and sell his\\nremedies, and later bought out Mr. Ward s\\nentire business. This was the beginning of\\nwhat has proven to be one of the largest medi-\\ncine and extract business houses in the United\\nStates. Starting with comparatively small re-\\nsources, Mr. Watkins has, through persistent\\neffort and aggressive business methods, in-\\nn-eased the dimensions of his business to such\\na degree that he now has a traveling force of\\ntwo hundred aud fifty men, probably selling\\nmore goods at retail in this line than any con-\\ncern in the country. Mr. Watkins has been a\\nresident of Winona since 1S85. In 18!)0, in order\\nto meet the demands of his increasing trade,\\nhe erected a large, substantial brick building,\\nand in the spring of 1894 completed an addition\\nlarger than the original building, complete in\\nall its appointments, forming one of the best\\nequipped laboratories to be found anywhere.\\nThe organization of which he is the head, now\\nbears the name of J. R. Watkins Medical Com-\\npany, with a capital stock of five hundred thou-\\nsand dollars. While Mr. Watkins has never\\nbeen active in a public capacity, he is a man\\nwho is always alive to the interests of the com-\\nmunity. He has just given evidence of his\\nfaith in (lie future growth and development\\nof Winona by the investment of large sums of\\nmoney in various enterprises. Most laudable\\namong these was his establishment, two years\\nago, of the Winona Morning Independent. At\\nthat time Winona was one of only three cities\\nof its size in the United States that had no\\nmorning paper, and Mr. Watkins, recognizing\\nthe demands of the community, especially for\\nwar news at that time, and its unusually broad\\nheld, invested large sums of money in provid-\\ning an equipment that is modern and complete\\nin every respect, including web-perfecting\\npress, type-setting machines, stereotyping out-\\nfits, etc., with which to carry on the work.\\nThis has resulted in the building up of the\\nlargest daily newspaper in southern Minnesota,\\nits circulation covering the city of Winona\\nfully, and reaching some sixty adjoining cities,\\ntowns and villages.\\nMARSHALL B. WEBBER.\\nThe life history of Marshall Bailey Web-\\nber, of Winona, which covers nearly half\\na century, belongs in nearly equal portions\\nto the two neighbor States of Wiscon-\\nsin and Minnesota. By birth, education\\nand experience, he is a true son of the\\nNorthwest; but genealogical records show\\nhim to be connected, through a long line of\\nNew Englanders, with a remote ancestry in the\\nmother country. Early Webbers, crossing to\\n011 1- shores, figured in the colonial history of\\n.Massachusetts, and both the grandfather and\\nfather of Marshall B. were natives of the old\\nBay State. The grandfather, Loren Webber,\\nwas a Baptist of the strictest Puritan type,\\nand governed his household in consistency with\\nhis faith. His son Samuel, father of our sub-\\nject, was born July 11, 1822, in Holland, Hamp-\\nton county, Massachusetts, grew to manhood\\nin his native State, and was for three years\\nemployed in a cotton factory in the town of\\nSturbridge. In 1837 he came to Wiscon-\\nsin with his father, who then secured a\\nlarge tract of Government land for farming\\npurposes. They settled upon it, in Raymond\\ntownship, Racine county, and for years father\\nand son labored together upon the virgin soil.\\nJanuary 1, 1885, the senior Webber died,\\nat the extreme age of ninety-four years. The\\nmaternal grandfather of Marshall B. Webber\\nwas Jonathan Bailey, a New Hampshire farm-\\ner and school-teacher, who figured as an ardent\\nWhig in the early politics of the Granite State.\\nIn 1841 he, also, emigrated to Racine county,\\nWisconsin, with his family, which consisted of\\na wife and four children. On October 2,\\nL842, one of these children, Sabra Amelia\\nBailey, was married to Samuel Webber, and on\\nAugust 2, 1850, the subject of this sketch was\\nborn. Marshall B. Webber lived, to the age\\nof eighteen, upon the home farm, which was\\na section of the original tract taken up by his", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0571.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "300\\nMIOCRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\ngrandfather, and which was cultivated by his\\nfather until recent years. Samuel Webber,\\nwho now lives in Racine, Wisconsin, is the\\noldest resident of his county, and widely\\nknown as an influential and public-spirited cit-\\nizen. Marshall B. acquired an elementary\\neducation in his native town of Raymond,\\nwhich he later supplemented by a high school\\ncourse at Racine. After finishing at the high\\nschool, he did two years of preparatory work\\nin a private seminary, then went to Michigan\\nand matriculated at Hillsdale College. He\\ngraduated from that institution in 1S75, and\\nin the following autumn came to live in Wi-\\nnona, Minnesota. He entered the office of Hon.\\nW. II. Yale as a student, and after reading law\\nfor about two years was admitted, in the fall\\nof 1877, to the bar of Winona county. He\\nbecame associated in a partnership with Gov-\\nernor Yale, which was discontinued two years\\nlater on the election of Mr. Webber to the\\noffice of prosecuting State s attorney. After\\nthe expiration of his two years term of service\\nas prosecuting attorney, he pursued an inde-\\npendent practice until 1895, in the autumn of\\nwhich year he entered into partnership with\\nEdward Lees, thus forming the present well-\\nknown firm of Webber Lees. Mr. Webber s\\nprofessional career has, from its beginning,\\nbeen characterized by a gratifying freedom\\nfrom reverses. Alike in his partnerships and\\nas an individual practitioner, he has prospered,\\nnot in any phenomenal way, but by slow and\\nsure progression, until to-day he is recognized\\nby the city of Winona as one of the leading\\nmembers of her bar and the State. For many\\nyears he has played a prominent part in the\\nlitigation of the great bulk of important civil\\ncauses in southern Minnesota, and as a trial\\nlawyer in cases of a corporate character he\\nhas had large experience and signal success.\\nMr. Webber is at present counsel for both the\\nMilwaukee St. Paul and the Chicago, Bur-\\nlington Quincy railroads. In politics, al-\\nthough never controlled solely by partisan\\nsentiment, Mr. Webber has been always identi-\\nfied with the Republican party. He has no\\npolitical history in the sense of office holding,\\nbut has always held a prominent place in the\\ncouncils of his party, being for several years\\na member of the State Central Committee. His\\ntime and energies have been very largely ab-\\nsorbed by his professional work. He belongs\\nto the order of Knights of Pythias, and has\\noccupied all the chairs of Winona Lodge No.\\n21, of which he is one of the oldest members,\\nlie belongs, also, to the order of the Good\\nSamaritan, and is a member of the Meadow\\nBrook Golf Club, and interested in healthy\\nathletic sports of all kinds. On January 2,\\n1879, Mr. Webber was married to Miss Allies\\nM. Robertson, of Hillsdale, Michigan. Mr. and\\n.Mis. Webber are regular attendants at St.\\nPaul s Episcopal church of Winona, prominent\\nin social circles, and both in church-directed\\nphilanthropy and in secular enterprise Mr.\\nWebber is loyal in his support of worthy and\\nprogressive measures.\\nREUBEN REYNOLDS.\\nThe late Judge Reuben Reynolds, of\\nCrookston, was a native of New York\\nState, born at Covington, Gonessee county,\\nApril 25, 1821. He was educated in the\\nEmpire State, and prepared for the minis-\\ntry, being ordained in the Methodist-Epis-\\ncopal faith. Subsequently, however, he\\npreached for a number of years as an Uni-\\ntarian. His residence in .Minnesota dates from\\nIS. in which year he came to the State and\\nlocated at Rochester, having meantime relin-\\nquished the clerical in favor of the legal pro-\\nfession. He resided in Rochester for fifteen\\nyears, during which time he served one term\\nas clerk of the District Court and two terms\\nas judge of the Probate Court of Olmstead\\ncounty. During the Civil War he held, also,\\na public office connected with that of the pro-\\nvost marshal. In 1870 he came to northern\\nMinnesota, locating at Alexandria, where he\\nbecame associated in legal practice with Hon.\\nKnute Nelson. In 1872 he took up his resi-\\ndence in Detroit, Becker county, having pre-\\nviously, and after leaving Alexandria, lived\\nfor a short time in Otter Tail county. In De 1\\ntroit, where he remained for four years, he", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0572.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0573.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0574.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "m~\\n^2-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0575.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0576.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n301\\ntilled the post of receiver in the local United\\nStates land office. From Detroit he removed\\nto Minneapolis, where he practiced his profes-\\nsion as one of the members of a law partner-\\nship, doing duty, also, as special judge of the\\nmunicipal court. In 1879, having received from\\nJudge Stearns the appointment of clerk of\\ncourt for Folk county, he settled in Orookston,\\nwhere lie resided continuously for the remain-\\nder of his life. In connection with William\\nM. Walts, Esq., Judge Reynolds practiced his\\nprofession for four years at Orookston, partici-\\npating, it is said, in the trial of the first case\\never decided by a District Oourt in the county.\\nAs soon as an associate justice was permitted\\nfor the district, he was appointed to that office,\\nin which he was still serving when attacked\\nby the painful disorder which eventually ended\\nhis life. His death occurred on March 8, 1889,\\nafter ten years of residence in Orookston. He\\nwas sixty-eight years of age at the time of his\\ndecease, and was lamented by the community\\nat huge, having been much appreciated for the\\nabilities and virtues made manifest in every\\ndepartment of his active life. Always a loyal\\nRepublican, Judge Reynolds was a zealous and\\nefficient campaigner during the many years of\\nhis residence in Minnesota. At the time of the\\nKu Klux reign of terror in Arkansas, the\\nJudge, undaunted, pursued his stump work for\\nGeneral Grant even into the most perilous\\nlocalities. He possessed the gift of ready\\nspeech, his style being simple and direct, but\\nforceful and most convincing. To his tireless\\nefforts, Hon. Knute Nelson, United States Sen-\\nator from Minnesota, was largely indebted for\\nhis first election to Congress, Judge Reynolds\\nbeing, in his case, actuated less by party senti-\\nment than sincere regard for the character of\\nthe man. In behalf of early settlers in Polk\\ncounty. Judge Reynolds labored disinterestedly\\nin the matter of land indemnity; and to the\\ncause of temperance, always and everywhere,\\nhe was a consecrated devotee. Judge Reynolds\\nwas eminently adapted to the judicial fund ion\\nby the very order of his mentality, which was\\nfar-seeing, cautious, discriminating. He was\\nan excellent judge; but he was more and bet-\\nter than a judge; he was a man of high ideals\\nand earnest and true convictions. He lived\\nupon a high plane, toiling for the good of the\\nState, the Nation and humanity. In the year\\n1844, at La Monte, Michigan, Reuben Reynolds\\nwas married to Lucia A. Tucker, of Vermont.\\nEight children were born of their union, four\\nof whom are now living. The two daughters\\nare: Mrs. L. D. Daggett of San Antonio, Texas,\\nand Mrs. Minnie Ellis, who resides in Califor-\\nnia. The two sons are George H. and Fred,\\nboth lawyers, the former at St. Cloud, the lat-\\nter at Duluth, Minnesota.\\nJAMES GILFILLAN.\\nThe Hon. James Gilfillan, for twenty years\\nThief Justice of the Supreme Court of Minne-\\nsota, was born at Bannockburn, in Sterling-\\nshire, Scotland, March 9, 1829, and died, at\\nhis home in St. Paul, Minnesota, December 1G,\\n1894. W^hile he was yet an infant his parents\\nremoved to the United States and he was\\nreared to young manhood in Oneida county,\\nNew York. He studied law in Chenango coun-\\nty, and at the law school of Rallston Spa, and\\nwas admitted to the bar at Albany, in Decem-\\nber, 1850. He then went to Buffalo, and con-\\ntinued a course of legal study and training for\\nsome time, so that he did not begin the active\\npractice of his chosen profession until 1853.\\nlie attained to his profession by hard work\\nand under adverse circumstances. Early in\\nyoung manhood he learned the trade of car-\\nriage painter, in which he became very profi-\\ncient. He even produced some very creditable\\nspecimens of portrait work. The money that\\nenabled him to complete his law studies was\\nearned by painting pianos. In 1S57 he settled\\nin St. Paul, opened a law office, and formed\\na partnership with his brother, Hon. Charles\\nD. Gilfillan, and soon had a remunerative prac-\\ntice. The War of the Rebellion dissolved the\\npartnership. In August, 1862, he enlisted in\\nthe Onion army, and September 1, following,\\nlie was commissioned captain of Company H,\\nSeventh Minnesota Infantry. The first year of\\nhis military experience was spent in service\\nagainst the Indians, under General Sibley. He", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0577.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "302\\nP.IOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwas in the battle of Wood lake, and in the bat-\\ntles of the Sibley expedition into Dakota in\\n1868. Going South with his regiment in the\\nfall of 1863, he was in active service in Mis-\\nsouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi,\\nuntil September 7, ism, when he was commis-\\nsioned colonel of the Eleventh Minnesota In\\nfantry. He was in command of his regiment\\nin Tennessee from November, 1864, until June\\n26, 1865, when, the war having closed, he was\\nmustered out. He was an excellent officer not\\nshowy or demonstrative, but always cool and\\ncollected, intelligent and faithful in the per-\\nformance of his duty, and of calm, sturdy, and\\nunshaken courage. After the close of the war\\nhe returned to St. Paul and resumed the prac-\\ntice of his profession. In July, 1869, a vacancy\\non the Supreme Bench having been created by\\nthe resignation of Chief Justice Thomas Wil\\nson, Governor Marshall, his former regimental\\ncommander in the Seventh Minnesota, ap-\\npointed him to the position, which he held until\\nJanuary, 1870. In March, L875, Chief Jus-\\ntice McMillin (who had been elected United\\nStates Senator) resigned, and Judge Gilfillan\\nwas again appointed to the vacancy, this time\\nby Governor Davis. In November following\\nhe was elected by the people, and he served,\\nby re-election, continuously until his death, in\\nDecember, 1894. He was a jurist of a very\\nhigh order, profound in his knowledge of the\\nlaw and clear in its exposition. His opinions\\nand decisions, voluminous as they are, cover\\nthe held of jurisprudence and are regarded as\\nfully exhaustive and cpioted as highly authori-\\ntative on the questions decided. Like their\\nauthor, they are dignified, yet plain; positive,\\nbut fair; established by reason, and grounded\\nin justice. Upon his death the public press\\nteemed with tributes to his memory. One of\\nhis friends, a former judge of the Supreme\\nCourt, wrote:\\nIn the death of Chief Justice James Gil-\\nfillan the bench of Minnesota loses its most\\nimpressive figure, the State its most distin-\\nguished jurist. He was a lawyer of sound and\\naccurate learning, of excellent judgment, of un-\\nquestioned probity. His talents were those of\\na safe adviser and counselor rather than of a\\nsuccessful advocate. Hence he was regarded,\\nby those who knew him best, as specially\\nfitted for the bench, for the duties of which\\nhe was thoroughly equipped, both by tempera-\\nment and experience. He came West in the\\nearly migration of young Eastern men, who\\nbelieved in the future of the new world. It\\nnever occurred to him that wide culture and\\nhigh character would be out of place in the\\nyoung and vigorous communities that were to\\ntransform the prairie wildernesses into splen-\\ndid Commonwealths. He never found books and\\nscholarship alien to tin 1 region in which indus-\\ntrial and commercial activity were the chief oc-\\ncupations of a struggling and eager people;\\nnor a high sense of moral obligation and public\\nduty incompatible with the legal profession.\\nPromoted to the Supreme Bench by Governor\\nMarshall, he served a generation of men, ably,\\nwisely, honestly, and had he survived a few\\nweeks longer, would have retired from public\\nlife through the expiration of his term, leaving\\na noble record and example for all who shall\\ncome after him. Keen, clear, rigorous, Judge\\nGilfillan was always courteous, considerate,\\nand, above all, just. Neither politics nor per-\\nsonal considerations ever influenced his judi-\\ncial conduct, nor was he ever swayed by any\\nprivate inducement in the performance of his\\npublic duties. Clamor would have disturbed\\nhim less than the passing wind. Favoritism\\nwas alien to his presence. No one could pre-\\ndict in advance of testimony what his decision\\nwould be; the presence of this or that attorney\\nin a case was not tantamount to a judgment.\\nHe had no personal interests to promote out-\\nside his court or by collusion or understanding\\nwithin it.\\nThe lesson which Judge Giltillan s life\\nteaches is that character is the greatest human\\nachievement. It is a larger fact than genius,\\nand about as rare a phenomenon as greatness,\\nand neither are as common factors in busi-\\nness and professional life as they ought to be.\\nIn the best and truest sense Judge Gilfillan was\\na man of character. What he was he became\\nby the inherent force of his own manhood.\\nIt were worthy of the highest cour-\\nage, the extremest sacrifice, the uttermost de-\\nvotion to high ideals to win and leave behind\\nthe distinction, the fair name and high repute\\nof a Gilfillan.\\nAfter the death of the old Whig party Judge\\nGilfillan was always a Republican in politics,\\nbut never an active partisan. Personally he\\nwas of quiet and unassuming manners, and the\\nnobilities of his character were only to be", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0578.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "IWOOKAl llY OF MINNESOTA.\\n303\\nlearned by personal contact with him. Those\\nwho knew him best esteemed him most. He\\nwas a consistent member of the Episcopal\\nchurch, belonged to the military order of the\\nLoyal Legion, and he had a host of personal\\nadmirers and friends. Judge Gilfillan was mar\\nried June 4, 1867, to Miss Martha McMasters,\\ndaughter of Rev. Dr. S. V. McMasters, an emi-\\nnent divine and scholar, who was at one time\\nrector of Christ Episcopal church of St. Paul,\\nand who died in 1875. By this marriage there\\nwere seven children, viz.: James S. Kather\\nine, now Mrs. Samuel Gilbert, of New York;\\nMary, now residing in New York; Caroline,\\nnow Mrs. Trevor McClurg, of St. Paul; Perry,\\nMartha and Russell. The last named is de-\\nceased.\\nJudge ant is a Republican. lie is a member\\nof the Masonic fraternity, of the Knights of\\nPythias, and of the Royal Arcanum. He was\\nmarried at Minneapolis, September 7, 1886, to\\nMiss Carrie E. Graham. They have live chil-\\ndren.\\nWILLIAM A. CANT.\\nJudge William Alexander Cant, of Duluth,\\nis a native of Wisconsin, and was born at West-\\nfield, Marquette county, December l 1863.\\nBoth his parents were natives of Scotland.\\nThey had but two children, and the subject\\nhereof was the elder. John Cant, his father,\\nwas by vocation a farmer, and followed this\\npursuit during the greater part of his life, dy-\\ning in 1868. The early education of Judge ant\\nwas mainly acquired in the public schools of\\nhis native town. At the age of seventeen he\\nleft home and came to Minnesota. He entered\\nthe State Normal School at St. Cloud and was\\ngraduated from that institution in 1883. After\\nleaving school he began the study of law. At\\nthe conclusion of a two years course he was\\ngraduated from the Law Department of the\\nUniversity of Michigan, and the same year was\\nadmitted to the bar. He began the practice of\\nhis profession in Duluth in 1886. In 1894 he\\nwas elected to the Legislature as a Represen-\\ntative from the Fifty fourth Legislative Dis-\\ntrict, comprising the counties of St. Louis, Lake\\nand Cook, and served in the legislative session\\nof 1895. Later in the latter year he was ap-\\npointed city attorney of the city of Duluth. In\\n1896 he was elected to his present position,\\nthat of Judge of the District Court. In politics\\nHENRY Z. MITCHELL.\\nAmong the choice pioneer spirits of the city\\nof St. Cloud, and of Stearns county, the late\\nGen. H. Z. Mitchell will long be a cherished\\npersonality in the memory and tradition of his\\nsurviving fellow citizens. Coming to Minne-\\nsota in the full strength of his prime, well\\nequipped with education, business ability, and\\nexperience in public affairs, he was at once\\nfelt to be a valuable acquisition to the youth-\\nful community in which he had decided to\\nmake his home; and after forty years of sym-\\npathetic and productive activity in its midst,\\nhis removal by death was necessarily felt as a\\ncalamity, even though he had survived the al-\\nlotted age of man by nearly half a score of\\nyears. Henry Zearing Mitchell was born at\\nHarrisburg, Pennsylvania, November 30, 1816,\\nthe son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Zearing)\\nMitchell. His father was born in 178::, in\\nCounty Tyrone, Ireland, but came, when a boy,\\nto this country with his widowed mother, who\\nsettled in Pennsylvania. Joseph Mitchell died\\nnear Harrisburg. in that State, in the year\\n1832. Elizabeth Zearing was a native of Penn-\\nsylvania, born in Lebanon county in 1789. Her\\nmarriage to Joseph Mitchell occurred in 1808;\\nher death in 1859. She was a granddaughter\\nof John Joseph Rupp, who, in 1751, emigrated\\nto Pennsylvania from the Grand Duchy of Ba-\\nden, Germany. Her father, Henry Zearing\\nof whom tile subject of this sketch is the name\\nsake fought in the Revolutionary War under\\nGeneral Washington, having enlisted at the\\nage of sixteen. The childhood and early youth\\nof our subject were passed in the locality of\\nhis birth, where he received what was at that\\ntime counted a very liberal education. At the\\nage of twenty he went to live at Pittsburgh,\\nwhere he entered into business of a mercantile", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0579.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "304\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ncharacter. But he had an order of mind which\\ncould not be absorbed by mere business, and\\ndeveloped an interest in politics and the public\\nweal, which drew him, at an early age, into\\nthe political arena; and the twenty years spent\\nin western Pennsylvania were busy and profit-\\nable ones, lie f i 1st came to .Minnesota in L856\\nto look over the Territory with a view to set\\ntling within it. Impressed with the possibili-\\nties of the region, he returned to his family\\nhaving been married during his residence at\\nPittsburgh and early in 1S 7 returned with\\nthem, and a stock of general merchandise, to\\nhis chosen location at St. Cloud. He procured\\na store building, on Tenth street, for his goods,\\nand soon found himself established in business.\\nA little later he took up a pre-emption claim\\nnear Rockville, Minnesota, on the shore of\\nGrand lake, continuing his family residence.\\nhowever, at St. Cloud. In tin following years\\nlie made two changes in his business location\\nat St. Cloud, the first being to a double store\\nbuilding, one side of which was occupied by\\nthe firm of Miller Swisshelm, and where Mr.\\nMitchell began dealing in both dry goods and\\nclothing. The second change was to the cor-\\nner of Third street and Fiftlt avenue, where\\nhe conducted a prosperous business for many\\nyears. While here, he was appointed, by Presi-\\ndent Lincoln, postmaster of St. Cloud, and\\nserved with ability and faithfulness until sup\\nplanted, for political reasons, upon the acces-\\nsion of Andrew Johnson to the Presidency.\\nIn 1862, at the time of the Indian uprising in\\nthe Northwest, Mr. Mitchell received from Al-\\nexander Ramsey the first constitutional Gov-\\nernor of Minnesota, and an old-time friend of\\nour subject the appointment as Commissary\\nGeneral of the State; and by the title of Gen-\\neral, thus acquired, he was familiarly known\\nduring the remainder of his life. In 1892 he\\ndisposed of his business to his son, Charles S.\\nMitchell, and W. S. Elliott, and retired from\\nthe activities of commercial life, having earned\\nby long years of industry a competency suffi-\\ncient for future needs. From the time of his\\ncoming to St. Cloud to the date of his retire-\\nment, he had been constantly engaged in mer-\\ncantile pursuits, excepting for two brief pe-\\nriods, namely: one in winch he held the posi-\\ntion of salesman for the late Major Murphy,\\nand the other in which he served under Re-\\nceiver Burbank in the local United States land\\noffice. But retirement meant to General\\nMitchell, not, as to so many, the beginning of\\na monotonous and dreary senility, but rather\\nleisure in which to cultivate his literary and\\nsocial tastes. He spent many of his later hours\\nin reading, and having a large acquaintance,\\nincluding many fellow pioneers, the scene of\\nhis former business operations on Fifth avenue\\ncontinued as a rendezvous where congenial\\nspirits met to exchange with him reminiscences\\nof frontier life. In 1841 Mr. Mitchell was mar-\\nried at YVilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, to Eliza-\\nbeth A. Cannon, of Pittsburgh. The ancestors\\nof Elizabeth Cannon were Scotch-Irish Cove-\\nnanters, that devoted sect which suffered so\\nmany privations and persecutions for the sake\\nof its religious faith. Elizabeth and her only\\nsister, who, as Mrs. Jane Gray Swisshelm, be-\\ncame very prominent as a journalist in both\\nPennsylvania and Minnesota during anti-\\nslavery days, were descendants, on their\\nmother s side, of Lady Jane Grey, for nine\\ndays Queen of England. Eight children were\\nburn to Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell, four of whom.\\ntogether with their mother, survive the Gen-\\neral, who passed away on March fi. 1896. The\\ntwo sons an- William 1!., of St. Cloud, and\\nCharles S., now of Alexandria, and the two\\ndaughters, Mrs. Henry C. Burbank, of St. Paul,\\nand Mrs. Jean G. Walton, of Cincinnati, Ohio.\\nGeneral Mitchell was a life-long member, and\\nfor many years an elder, of the Presbyterian\\nchurch.\\nDANIEL A. MORRISON.\\nDaniel Alexander Morrison, of Rochester.\\nex-State Senator from Olmstead county,\\nis a son of Ananias and Mary Gaston\\nMorrison, and was born in Franklin, Ve-\\nnango county, Pennsylvania, November 8,\\n1842. He is of Scotch-Irish descent. His\\ngrandfather, John Gaston, died from a wound\\nreceived in the second war with England.\\nBoth of Daniel s patents were born in Penn-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0580.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0581.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0582.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0583.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0584.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n305\\nsylvania, but removed to Elmira, New York,\\nin 1840. In 1852 the family came West and\\nsettled at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, where the\\nsen received a common school education and\\nalso learned the printer s trade. In 1859-60 he\\n.published the Journal at Markesan, Green\\nLake county, Wisconsin, which was the first\\nenterprise of the kind in that town. This was\\nbefore he was eighteen years of age. In 1862\\nMr. Morrison enlisted in the Thirty-second Wis\\ncousin Infantry, and served until the close of\\nthe war. In March, 1X60, lie came to Rochester\\nand engaged in the mercantile trade. His\\nbusiness tact and executive ability were soon\\nrecognized, and demands were made upon him\\nto participate in the administration of public\\na Hairs. He has been three limes Mayor of the\\ncity, and was elected to the State Senate in\\n1878. While a member of that body he served\\non several important committees, such as hos-\\npital for the insane, State library, engrossing,\\nand internal improvements, and was chairman\\nof the last-named committee. He introduced\\nand carried through the bill locating the sec-\\nond Insane Hospital at Rochester. During the\\ntemporary occupancy of the Lieutenant Gov-\\nernor s chair, at which time he presided over\\nthe Senate, the famous dead-lock over the high\\nlicense bill was broken, and Senator Morrison\\ngained fame and distinction as a presiding\\nofficer. He was re-elected in the fall of 1878.\\nFor thirty years and more Mr. Morrison has\\nlived in Rochester, and during that time few\\nhave been more actively and prominently con-\\nnected with her varied interests. His long and\\ncreditable career in the State Senate con-\\ntributed in no small degree to the prominence\\nRochester and this section of Minnesota has\\nmaintained, and the honors conferred upon the\\nsoldier-statesman have been worthily be-\\nstowed. Mr. Morrison has always been a Re-\\npublican. He is a master Mason, and at one\\ntime was Grand Master of the Odd Fellows of\\nthe State. In July, 1865, he was married to\\nMiss Sarah M. Beeton, of Rochester. They\\nhave had four children, three of whom survive\\nLeulla A., now Mrs. H. C. Stedman; Arthur\\nL., and Minnie. Edwin, the oldest, died in\\ninfancy.\\nALBERT C. WEDGE.\\nAlbert Clark Wedge, M. D., of Albert Lea,\\npioneer settler, and for the past forty-\\nthree years the leading physician of Free-\\nborn county, Minnesota, was born in Lew-\\nis county, New York, August IX, 1834, the\\nson of Albert and Elizabeth (Clark) Wedge.\\nHe is descended from a family of old\\nPuritan stock, prominent in the early history\\nof New England. Thomas Wedge, the founder\\nof the family in America, settled in Litchfield,\\nConnecticut, about the year 1635, and five of\\nhis grandsons were patriot soldiers in the war\\nfor Independence. The Doctor s grandfather.\\nSolomon Wedge, emigrated to New York Stale\\nat the beginning of the Nineteenth Century,\\nand settled on a farm in Lewis county. He\\nwas a member of the New York State Militia\\nand took part in the war of 1X12. His sister\\nmarried William Grant, of Litchfield, Connecti-\\ncut, a member of the family of the ancestors\\nof Gen. IT. S. Grant, and, in 1835, their son,\\nAsahel Wedge Grant, was the first to respond\\nto the call of the Congregational Society of\\nForeign Missions for medical missionaries to\\nthe Nestorians of Persia. He spent several\\nyears -in missionary work in Asia, and died\\nat Mosul, Turkey, where he lies buried by r the\\nRiver Tigris, near the site of ancient Nineveh.\\nAlbert Wedge, the father of Dr. A.\\nWedge, was born in Connecticut, in 1808, of a\\nfamily of eight children. He was educated for\\nthe ministry al Hamilton College, New York,\\nand in 183!) removed with his family to South-\\nern Ohio, where he was engaged in missionary\\nwork. His wife died at Hillsboro, Ohio, in 1840,\\nwhen his son Albert C. was only six years old.\\nIn 1X47, after eight years service in Ohio, the\\nfather removed with his five children to Pen-\\ndleton, Madison county, Indiana, where he re-\\nmained for three years. He then went on a\\nvisit to Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin, where\\nhis father and brothers were then residents, at\\na place called Wedge Prairie. Here he died\\nin 1X51, and, with his wife, now rests in the\\nfamily burying ground at that place. After\\nthe father s death the family, then living in\\nIndiana, was broken up, and Albert went to", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0585.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "306\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nWedge Prairie, to live with his uncle. He at-\\ntended the eoinmon schools, worked on his\\nuncle s farm and taught country school, in\\n1854 he entered Ripon College, as a student,\\nand remained there for three years, after which\\nhe studied medicine with Dr. J. Rodgers at\\nRipon, and later attended the Cleveland (Ohio)\\nMedical College, from which institution he\\ngraduated in February, 1S57. After gradua-\\ntion he returned to Wisconsin, expecting to\\nlocate in Ripon and practice his chosen pro-\\nfession with his preceptor, but one of his\\nuncles, Lucian P. Wedge, had been to Minne-\\nsota and acquired property at Albert Lea.\\nThrough his uncle s persuasion the young phy-\\nsician concluded to locate in Minnesota. His\\nuncle supplied him with money, provisions, a\\nspan of horses and a covered wagon, and in\\nMay, 1857, he drove to Albert Lea, which at\\nthat time consisted of a cluster of four or five\\nlog houses, and about thirty inhabitants. Here\\nhe put up a frame building for an office, hung\\nout his sign, and was ready to prescribe for\\nany who might need his services. At first\\nthere was not much for him to do in a pro-\\nfessional way, but he had his uncle s interests\\nto look after, and he pre-empted land and took\\nan active part in the building up of the young\\ncommunity. As the town prospered and the\\ncountry settled up, his business increased, and\\nfor forty-three years he has continued in active\\npractice, except for short periods when he has\\nbeen engaged in public service. When the\\ntownship was organized, in 1858, he was elected\\nchairman of the first board of supervisors, and\\nsubsequently held the position for several\\nyears. Dr. Wedge was appointed, in 18f!2, as-\\nsistant surgeon of the Third Regiment, Minne-\\nsota Volunteer Infantry, and joined his\\nregiment at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in May,\\nL862. On the 13th day of July he participated\\nin the battle of Murfreesboro, in which the\\nregiment was surrendered to the enemy by the\\ncolonel in command. Dr. Wedge remained for\\na time in the hospital at Murfreesboro helping\\nto care for the wounded, then went to Nash-\\nville and was on duty in the general hospital\\nfor several months. His regiment having been\\nexchanged, he joined it again at Cairo, and\\nwent with it on the campaign through Ken\\nlucky and Tennessee, joining General O rant s\\nmain army at the investment and capture of\\nVicksburg. He was also with General Steele s\\ntones iii the expedition to capture Little Rock,\\nand in all the battles connected with the cam\\npaign in Arkansas in 1864-65 until the close\\nof the war. when he was mustered out with his\\nregiment in September, 18C5, at Devall s Bluff,\\nArkansas. Dr. Wedge was very efficient and\\nfaithful as a surgeon at all times, and had the\\nfullest confidence of the officers and men to\\nwhom he ministered. He performed especially\\nnotable service for the Third Regiment during\\nits stay at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, in the spring\\nand summer of 1864. The regiment was en-\\ncamped in a swampy, unhealthy locality, and\\na violent epidemic of malarial fever broke out.\\nThe result was as tragically disastrous as\\nthough the men had been engaged in battle\\nevery day. A large majority were stricken\\ndown. From May to August fully 150 died.\\nThe Doctor labored incessantly, and but tm\\nhis care and skill many more would have\\nperished. He was without proper medical sup-\\nplies, but did the best he could. When at last\\nhe was prostrated, he could not obtain even a\\ndose of quinine for himself. On the 1st of\\nAugust he was relieved from duty and re-\\nturned with the six companies of re enlisted\\nmen to Minnesota, or perhaps he too would\\nhave been a victim of the fever. After his\\ndischarge from the army Dr. Wedge returned\\nto his home in Albert Lea, and resumed his\\npractice. He served in the lower house of the\\nState Legislature in 1870-71, and as State\\nSenator in 1879-80. He resigned the oflice of\\nSenator in 1881 to take the position of collector\\nof internal revenue under an appointment by\\nPresident Garfield. In this office he served\\ntwo years under President Arthur s adminis-\\ntration. He was a member of the Republican\\nNational Convention of 1880 that nominated\\nGarfield for President. While in the Legisla-\\nture he was chairman of the committee on\\nrailroads, and of the State prison investigation\\ncommittee, and served on several other im-\\nportant committees. He has always been a\\nRepublican in politics, and has taken an active", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0586.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0587.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "cl^v ur efit^L", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0588.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0589.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0590.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n30/\\npart in all National elections, keeping well in-\\nformed on local. State, and National politics.\\nHe was chairman of the Republican Congres-\\nsional Committee of his district one year, and\\nfor several years chairman of the county com-\\nmittee. He was a member of Governor Mer-\\nriam s military staff, and also of Governor\\nNelson s, as Assistant Surgeon General. He\\nwas appointed by Governor McGill a member\\nof the State .Medical Examining Board, on\\nwhich he served for four years, being president\\nof the hoard for one year. In 1880 he was\\npresident of the State Medical Society, and is\\nnow president of the Albert Lea Central Med\\nical Society. He is also a member of the\\nAmerican Medical Association, and of the In-\\nternational Association of Railway Surgeons,\\nof which organization he has been vice-presi-\\ndent, and he is the local surgeon of the Chicago,\\nMilwaukee St. Paul Railway. He has been\\na frequent contributor to the scientific and\\nmedical journals of (he day. and to the secular\\npress. Dr. Wedge has for many years been one\\nof the trustees of the Albert Lea College for\\nWomen. He is a member of the Loyal Legion\\nand of the Masonic fraternity, and is an active\\nmember of the board of trustees of the First\\nPresbyterian church of Albert Lea. Besides\\nhis medical practice, Dr. Wedge lakes a greal\\ninterest in practical scientific farming, and is\\nthe owner of the Oak Park Stock Farm,\\nabout one mile west of Albert Lea, where he\\ngratifies his taste in that direction, and where\\nhe raises fine blooded stock and thoroughbred\\nhorses, making a specialty of shorthorn\\ncattle and high grade, fine hied sheep.\\nIt is said of Dr. Wedge, by those who\\nknow him and his record, that for forty-three\\nyears he has followed the general practice of\\nmedicine and has been the leading physician of\\nAlbert Lea and the surrounding country. He\\nhas been frequently called in consultation, and\\nhas n wide acquaintance. His many patients\\nhold him in the greatest esteem, and he is re-\\ngarded as a model family physician. For a\\nlong time in the pioneer days of Freeborn\\ncounty he was the only practitioner in the\\ncounty, and his professional life was very\\narduous. Often he was compelled to travel\\nconsiderable distances in all kinds of weather\\nand under trying conditions. The roads were\\nthen mere trails or bridle paths, and led\\nthrough deep woods or over almost impassable\\nmarshes and swamp lands. The winters were\\nvery severe and the summers of the open\\nprairies were hot. The settlements were scat\\ntered and his patients were in every direction\\nfrom his office. As time passed and the popu-\\nlation increased, oilier physicians came in, but\\nDr. Wedge s services were always in demand.\\nThe Doctor still continues in active practice,\\nbut does so more from habit and devotion to\\nhis profession than because of his personal\\nneeds, for he has long been in possession of a\\nlarge and well-earned competency. He is of\\nsound mind and body, plain and frank in\\nspeech and manner, of strong will and pro-\\nnounced individuality. In personal intercourse\\nhe is pleasant, quiet, courteous and dignified,\\nand in his practice kind and sympathetic.\\nWhile his professional standing is very high,\\nhe is universally regarded as a useful, enter-\\nprising and public-spirited citizen, and is\\nalways ready to give fully of his means to de-\\nserving charity, and his contributions to edu-\\ncational institutions and church purposes are\\nliberal. His bearing is modest and unaffected,\\nand he is a hearty hater of shams. It is need\\nless to say that upon his record of rigid in-\\ntegrity there is not a single stain. Dr. Wedge\\nwas married October L 1858, to Miss Bessie\\nBlackmer, daughter of Dr. F. Blackmer, of\\nAlbert Lea. They have one daughter, Mary\\nA. (now Mrs. M. M. Jones, of Albert Lea), and\\none grandchild, his namesake, Albert Wedge\\nJones.\\nGEOKOE W. SHERWOOD.\\nGeorge W. Sherwood, pioneer and promi-\\nnent business man of St. Paul, was born at\\nGreenville, Greene county, New York, April\\nIS.-,::, the son of Alfred and Jane (Begordes)\\nSherwood. The Sherwoods are of English\\ndescent and among the early settlers of Con-\\nnecticut. His mother was descended from the\\nBegordes family, who were prominent and", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0591.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "3 o8\\nBIOGRAPHY or MINNESOTA.\\nearly settlers in New York City. His maternal\\ngrandfather served in the war of 1*1:. Alfred\\nSherwood was a sea-faring man in early life,\\nand captain a sailing vessel. He settled in\\nGreenville, New York, where he married and\\ncontinued to reside up to the time of his death.\\nGeorge \\\\V. received a common school educa-\\ntion in his native town, and learned the car-\\npenter s trade. He came to Minnesota in 1855\\nand located in St. Paul, where he followed his\\ntrade and became a contractor and builder. In\\n1S(ii he became engaged in the construction of\\nrailroad bridges, in partnership with Mr. R. II.\\nFittz, and later, and for more than twenty\\nyears was a member of the firm of Sher-\\nwood, Sutherland Company, pile drivers,\\nand builders of bridges, elevators, and\\nrailroad buildings. He has also been, for\\nover twenty years, largely interested in the\\nlumber trade at Anoka. Minnesota, in the firm\\nof Reed Sherwood, manufacturers of lumber,\\nlath, shingles, sash, doors and blinds. About\\nfifteen years ago he purchased 1,300 acres of\\nchoice land near Sheldon, Iowa, where he car-\\nried on a large slock farm, and makes a\\nspeciality of breeding thoroughbred horses, of\\nthe celebrated families of Wilkes and Nut-\\nwood. The Sherwood Stock Farm has become\\nfamous by turning out several champion rac-\\ners; among them are the trotter Lockheart\\nand the pacer La Belle, which have made\\nworld records. He also makes a specialty of\\nraising short-horned cattle, and carries on gen-\\neral farming for supplying the demands of his\\nstock farm. He is also president of the Union\\nHank, of Sheldon, Iowa. In the building up of\\nthe city of St. Paul, Mr. Sherwood has been a\\nprominent factor, and it was he who drove the\\npiles for the foundation of most of the large\\nbuildings constructed at an early day: and he\\nbuilt the first large grain elevators. In poli-\\ntics he is a Republican, but has never sought\\nor occupied public office. He is of a very retir-\\ning and quiet disposition, and thoroughly\\ndomestic in his habits; a man of the most up-\\nright life and of sterling integrity, a worthy\\nand respected citizen. .Mr. Sherwood was mar-\\nried December lit, 1853, to Adaline Hard, of\\nUnadilla, Otsego county, New York. They are\\nthe parents of four children: Jennie Mrs. E.\\nL. Reed, of Anoka, Minnesota; Alvah E. man-\\nager of the Sherwood Stock Farm, at Sheldon,\\nIowa; Addie May wife of W. H. Sleeper,\\ncashier of the Union Hank, of Sheldon, Iowa;\\nand George F. physician and surgeon, and\\nproprietor of a sanitarium at Dassel, Minne-\\nsota.\\nWILLIAM P.. MITCHELL.\\nWilliam Bell Mitchell, who has been a resi-\\ndent of St. Cloud, Minnesota, for oxer forty\\nyears, was born May 14. 1st::, at Wilkinsburg,\\nPennsylvania. He is the oldest son of the late\\nGen. H. Mitchell, a sketch of whose life and\\nfamily history appears in another part of this\\nbook. His mother is Elizabeth (Cannon)\\nMitchell, a younger sister of the late Mrs. Jane\\nI. Swisshelm. who was long prominent as a\\njournalist and reformer. William B. Mitchell\\nattended the academy of his native town to the\\nage of thirteen years, after which he took a\\none year s course in mathematics at Duff s Col-\\nlege, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He then, in\\nthe spring of L857, came to St. Cloud. Minne-\\nsota, with his parents, and for a time continued\\nhis studies in a private school at his new home.\\nAt sixteen, he assisted, as chairman, in the\\nsurvey of a State road from St. Cloud to the\\nRed River of the North, at Breckinridge. This\\nroad, which, throughout its course, runs near\\nthe Great Northern Railroad s line to the\\nPacific coast, became and is still the main\\nthoroughfare between the two points men-\\ntioned. In this work young Mitchell earned\\nhis first dollar, which was carefully treasured\\nfor future investment. Shortly afterwards he\\nbegan working in the printing office of the St.\\nCloud Visitor, thus being enabled to add other\\ndollars to his little slue. His work preventing\\nhim from longer attending school, he continued\\nhis studies for a couple of years under the\\ndirection of a private teacher. After the age\\nof eighteen hi depended for further culture\\nupon general reading and the educational ex-\\nperiences of the printing office. The St. Cloud\\nVisitor, with which he had become connected,\\nwas a very progressive and fearless organ,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0592.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n3\u00c2\u00b09\\nowned and published by his aunt, Mrs. Jane\\n(i. Swisshelm, above referred to. It was de-\\nvoted to temperance, woman s rights, the anti-\\nslavery cause and general reforms. Before\\ncoming to Minnesota, .Mrs. Swisshelm had\\nalready attained to a National reputation\\nthrough a similar organ called the Pittsburgh\\nVisitor. Mr. Mitchell continued in her employ\\nuntil 1S( 4, when he purchased the paper, the\\ntitle of which had meantime been changed to\\nthe St. Cloud Democrat. Upon assuming pro-\\nprietorship, he gave the paper its second re-\\nchristening, and as the St. loud Journal it\\nlived and flourished until 1876. During that\\nyear Mr. Mitchell purchased (he St. Cloud\\nPress, and, consolidating it with the Journal,\\ninitiated the long and prosperous career of the\\nSt. Cloud Journal Press. In 1892 he sold his\\nnewspaper, and since that year has been en-\\ngaged in the real estate business. Like his\\nfather, W il linni P .Mitchell is a staunch Re-\\npublican, and lias been in service as a public\\nofficial. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed\\nhim receiver of the land office at St. Cloud.\\nUnder the ensuing administration, however, he\\nwas removed, after about a year and a half of\\nefficient service. In 1878, by President Hayes,\\nhe was again appointed to the post of receiver,\\nwith reappointment four years later by Presi-\\ndent Arthur, and continued to serve until his\\nremoval, for political reasons, in 1885, by Presi-\\ndent Cleveland. In 1887 he was made a\\nmember of the State Normal School board,\\nand resident director of the St. Cloud school,\\nto which position he has been repeatedly re-\\nappointed and which he still holds. In IS71\\n.Mr. Mitchell was united in marriage to Miss\\nEmily Whittlesey, of Marietta. Ohio. Ten\\nchildren have been born to them, of whom\\neight are living. Mr. Mitchell s father died in\\n1896. His mother is still living, also a brother\\nand two sisters, as follows: Charles S.\\nMitchell, formerly of St. Cloud, now of Alex-\\nandria, editor of the Post-News; Mrs. Henry\\nC. Burbank, of St. Paul, and Mrs. Jeau G. Wal\\nton, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Mitchell s life\\nhas been, in the main, an uneventful one as\\nevents are reckoued; but his work during the\\nlong years of his editorship was a constantly\\nrecurring contribution of wholesome and vital\\nmaterial to the life forces of his home com-\\nmunity. And every act of his public and pri-\\nvate life, likewise, has been characterized by\\nthe true tone which emanates from the true\\ncitizen and man.\\nNILS O. WERNER,\\nHon. Nils O. Werner, of Minneapolis,\\nwas born near Christianstad, Sweden, Jan-\\nuary 111, 1848. In 1868 his father, Ola\\nWerner, removed with his family from Swe-\\nden to America, locating first in Bureau\\ncounty. Illinois, where he engaged in farm-\\ning for nine years; afterwards he removed\\nto Red Wing. Minnesota, where he passed\\nthe remainder of his life. He was the\\nfather of six children, only two of whom are\\nnow living. Mr. Werner was educated in his\\nnative country, in private schools and at the\\ncollege of Christianstad. taking a thorough\\ncollegiate course in the latter institution.\\nSoon after coming to America, in 1868, he de-\\ncided upon the legal profession as his future\\ncareer, and became a student in the law office\\nat Princeton. Illinois, of Hon. James S. Eckels,\\nand remained in his office for nearly two years,\\nwhen, in the fall of 1871), he removed to Red\\nWing, Minnesota. He then resumed his legal\\nstudies under Hon. W. W. Phelps, one of the\\nfirst two ongressineii from the State of Minne-\\nsota. He was admitted to the bar in the spring\\nof 1871, began the practice of his profession\\nin that year, and continued until 1888. Alto\\nget her he was very successful as a lawyer. In\\n1874 he was elected Probate Judge of Goodhue\\ncounty, and held the office for ten years, or\\nfrom 1875 to 1885. The fact that Mr. Werner\\nwas a judge of probate for ten years is evi-\\ndence of the public confidence reposed in his\\nhonesty, fairness and wise discretion. While\\nin Red Wing, Judge Werner was always inter-\\nested in the local welfare, and became popular\\nas a citizen and prominent in public affairs.\\nHe was at differenl periods a member of the\\ncity council and the board of education, and\\nhis service was always acceptable to his fellow-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0593.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "3IO\\nBIOGKAI IIY OF MINNESOTA.\\ncitizens. lit is still remembered and respected\\nby the people of liis former home, in Red Wing.\\nIn 1888 Judge Werner removed to Minneapolis,\\nabandoning his profession of the law, and has\\never since been a citizen of the metropolis of\\n.Minnesota. He assisted in organizing the\\nSwedish-American Bank, and upon the organi-\\nzation of that institution was chosen its\\ncashier. In ls .it he was elected president,\\nwhich position he still holds. Mr. Werner is\\nwell known in financial and business circles\\nthroughout the Northwest. He has a large\\npersonal acquaintance and an extensive busi-\\nness intimacy and a general high standing.\\nHe is regarded as a conservative, prudent man,\\none who studies situations carefully, but when\\nliis mind is made up, is quick to act and is\\nfairly aggressive on occasions in the conduct\\nof business. In politics he has been a lifelong\\nRepublican. He was married August 17, 1872,\\nto Miss Eva Anderson, who, like himself, is\\na native of Sweden. Mr. ami Mrs. Werner are\\nmembers of St. John s Lutheran church, Minne-\\napolis. They have three interesting children,\\nnamed Carl Alexis. Anna Olivia and Nils Olof.\\nCHRISTOPHER C. WASHBURN.\\nOne of the sturdy pioneers of Minnesota, and\\nespecially of Blue Earth county, was the late\\nChristopher Washburn. In 1856 he came\\nfrom Indiana and located a homestead in the\\ntownship of Vernon Center, in that county, and\\nthe following year he brought and located his\\nfamily upon it. He was a farmer and a\\nmechanic, and at the time of his settlement in\\nMinnesota was in comfortable circumstances.\\nHe brought with him a considerable number\\nof horses anil cattle and other property, and\\nwas considered a valuable acquisition to the\\nsettlement. His pioneer home was well known,\\nfor it was always a hospitable shelter to the\\ntraveler, and no stranger within the gates\\nwas ever turned away. It was in his house in\\nthe winter of 1857-8, when the first public re-\\nligious services in that part of Blue Earth\\ncounty were held. They weic held under the\\nauspices of the United Brethren denomination\\nand conducted by Rev. Joseph Casselman, and\\nmany of the pioneer clergymen of Minnesota\\nof different denominations have held services\\nin thai house. For several years the family\\nhad the Winnebago Indians for neighbors, and\\nthey experienced all the discomforts and priva-\\ntions of pioneer life, working hard and per-\\nforming their full share in the development of\\nthe country, which they lived to see trans\\nformed from a condition of primeval wilder-\\nness to one containing all the features of a\\nhigh civilization. They were menaced, but not\\nseriously injured by the Sioux outbreak of\\n1862. At one time they and their neighbors\\nwere, in their isolated condition, in great peril,\\nnot only from the raids of the Sioux, but from\\na threatened uprising of the Winnebagoes,\\nwhose reservation was in the county. Mr.\\nWashburn was born in Southern Ohio, in\\nAugust, 1819. A portion of his early manhood\\nwas passed in Kentucky. His good and faith-\\nful wife, who was Miss Julia Showeii, was a\\nnative of that State. The husband and wife\\nmade the journey of life together for more\\nthan half a century, and Mrs. Washburn is\\nstill living in the full enjoyment of that happy\\ncondition which comes only to those whose\\nlives have been well spent. Mr. Washburn\\ndied, November 8, ISO deeply regretted\\nin the community where he had so long\\nresided, as having been among its most\\nuseful and best esteemed members. Mr.\\nand Mrs. Washburn reared to maturity a\\nfamily of four children, some of whom are\\nprominent in the affairs of life, and all are\\nworthy citizens and respected members of\\nsociety, and who are proud to say that for\\nexamples of diligence, courage, integrity and\\ngeneral right-living, they do not need to go\\nbeyond their parents. The only daughter is\\nMrs. Jennie Webster, of Juniata City, Ne-\\nbraska. One of their three sons. E. W. Wash-\\nburn, has Ions;- been a merchant at Vernon;\\nanother is Rev. F. M. Washburn, of California,\\nand a third is J. L. Washburn, a prominent\\nattorney of Duluth, whose biography appears\\nelsewhere in this volume. Mr. Washburn\\nnever had aspirations for public office, but held\\nmany local positions of trust and responsi-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0594.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0595.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0596.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "-^f^^^^^^W ~h //^3^\u00c2\u00a3^ljw^,", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0597.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0598.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n3\\nbility, and occupied fiduciary relations towards\\nmany of his fellow men, always acceptably.\\nHis best record is that of an honorable citizen,\\na diligent, sincere and honest man.\\nJAMES H. DUNN.\\nLike many of our western pioneers, James\\nand Mary (O Hair) Dunn, came to America to\\nfind a home in a new country, for the purpose\\nof bettering their condition. The greater op-\\nportunities and the more compensating re-\\nwards to industry that this New World gave,\\nwere more promising to them than anything\\ntheir native Ireland could otter. The business\\nof merchandising, in which Mr. Dunn had been\\nengaged, was not successful, and that possibly\\nsuggested the change. They left Dublin in\\n1845, and their allegiance to their adopted\\ncountry is emphasized by the service which\\nMr. Dunn so soon rendered by volunteering in\\nthe American army, and inarching to the Rio\\nGrande. He enlisted as a private soldier. Alter\\nthe war with Mexico, he located for a short\\ntime at Fort Wayne, Indiana. It was here that\\nDr. James H. Dunn, now of Minneapolis, was\\nborn, May 29, 1853. The year following his par-\\nents removed to Minnesota, and in Winona\\ncounty was found the future home, purchased\\nby patriotic service and paid for by the sol-\\ndier s land warrant. In this new farm life James\\nHenry Dunn was given his first lessons in in-\\ndustry. He remained on the farm until the\\nage of fifteen. In the public schools and higher\\ninstitutions of learning in Winona he received\\nhis early education. He graduated at the State\\nNormal School at Winona in the class of 1872.\\nFor better equipment to enter his chosen pro-\\nfession, he placed himself under private\\nteachers in special study of languages that con-\\ntributed most largely to medical science. He\\nmatriculated at Bush Medical College of Chi\\ncago, and in March, 1878, graduated from the\\nMedical Department of the University of New\\nYork. Preparatory to the further pursuit of\\nhis medical studies, he became an instructor\\nin the Second State Normal School, continued\\nin that service during the years 1878 and 187!\\nand afterwards commenced the practice of his\\nprofession. He continued to practice a few\\nyears, but bad ambition to avail himself of the\\nadvantages for study that are offered in special\\ndepartments by the universities of Germany\\nand 1 he hospitals of France and Italy. In 1st::\\nhe went abroad and took post-graduate courses\\nat Heidelberg and Vienna, where laboratories\\nwere found at that time to be more fully\\nequipped and better adapted for instruction in\\ncertain branches of medical science than\\nwere those in America. A season in France\\nwas devoted to the study and observa-\\ntion of French methods and treatments\\nand most approved practice. Next Italy\\noffered opportunity for further investiga-\\ntion, and a short tour of its hospitals was\\nmade. After his return to America, Dr. Dunn\\nlocated permanently at Minneapolis, and soon\\nestablished a large practice. He was elected\\nto the office of city physician, and during the\\nyears 1887 and 1888, while in that office, he\\norganized the City Hospital. At the com-\\nmencement of his practice in Minneapolis, he\\nbecame surgeon to Asbury Hospital, and has\\ncontinued in that service to the present time.\\nSince the foundation of St. Mary s Hospital, in\\n1887, he has been its surgeon in charge; and\\nis also Hie consulting surgeon of the Great\\nNorthern Railway. In the University of Minne-\\nsota he is professor of genitourinary diseases\\nand adjunct professor of clinical surgery. A\\npractice, at first general, has by force of cir-\\ncumstances become somewhat circumscribed,\\nand his lime is now given chiefly to surgical\\noperations and to genitourinary cases and con\\nsuiting calls. Dr. Dunn has a laudable ambi-\\ntion to excel in the great art of clinical\\ndiagnosis and surgical technique. Experi-\\nmental studies for the continuation or refuta-\\ntion of new medical and surgical theories\\ninterest him more than does the pursuit of\\nspecial and original research. For example: a\\nstudy of one hundred and fifty four cases of\\nexperimental work in abdominal surgery, and\\nan original application of a suprapubic cystot-\\nomy for cancers of the urethra, published in\\n18S8 and disputed in Minnesota see Annals of\\nSurgery, 1894. A new method of tenotomy is", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0599.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "3*2\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nnow in preparation. Dr. I Minn is a student, in-\\nvestigator, teacher and practitioner of that\\nwinch lias been discovered and established, and\\nis not absorbed in new theories to the exclusion\\nof the older practice. He has had a wide ex-\\nperience and a large measure of success with\\nall established procedures in general surgery,\\nand is conservative in the adoption of new and\\nlittle-tried discoveries, before their value has\\nbeen unmistakably demonstrated. He has be-\\ncome one of the most trusted and prominent\\nconsulting practitioners in the Northwest, and\\nis a frequent contributor to the leading medical\\nand surgical journals. In social life Dr. Dunn\\nhas attained prominence. In religious faith\\nhe is a devout Catholic. Pie holds membership\\nin the order of Elks, Lodge No. 44; in the\\nMinneapolis Club; the State Historical Society;\\nthe Minneapolis State Medical Association, of\\nwhich he is also an ex president the American\\nMedical Association; and the Association of\\nAmerican obstetricians and Gynecologists.\\nHis library is especially complete in the litera-\\nture, old and new, of American, English,\\nFrench and German surgical authorities, and\\nis one of the most valuable private libraries in\\nthe Northwest. Dr. .lames Henry Dunn and\\nMiss Agnes McDonald were united in mar-\\nriage in 1885. One son, named James L., was\\nborn to them in 1891. Mrs. Dunn is the daugh-\\nter of Hon. J. L. McDonald, formerly Judge of\\nthe Third Judicial District of Minnesota, and\\nnow a practicing attorney in St. Paul.\\nMARCUS D. GROVER.\\nMarcus D. Grover, of St. Paul, Minnesota,\\nwho is well known as general solicitor of\\ntlie Great Northern Railway Company, was\\nborn at Wells. Rutland county, Vermont. He\\nis the son of Allen and Rachel (Crain) Grover,\\nand both his parents descended from old\\nNew England families. His father died in\\nWells, Vermont, in 1865, and his mother at\\nPort Henry, Essex county. New York, in 1887.\\nHe was educated in the public schools of his\\nnative town and in Troy Conference Academy,\\nan institution located in the adjoining town of\\nPoultney. After the completion of his academic\\ncourse he began reading law in the office of\\nHon. 1 E. Nicholson, at Wallingford, Ver-\\nmont, and he was subsequently a law student\\nwith the firm of Tremian Peckham, at\\nAlbany, New York, lie was admitted to the\\nliar in Rutland county, Vermont, and also in\\nSeptember, 1868, to the bar in Schenectady,\\ncounty. New York. His initial experience as\\nan attorney was acquired during the winter of\\n1868-9, in the oflfice of M. P. Norton, at Troy.\\nNew York. In the following May he entered\\ninfo partnership with Hon. R. C. Betts, at Gran-\\nville, Washington county. New York. Mr.\\nBetts was at that time district attorney of the\\ncounty, but was during the greater part of his\\nterm prevented from administering the affairs\\nof his office on account of ill health. Mr. trover\\nwas accordingly authorized to act as prose\\ncuting attorney for the county, and performed\\nthe duties of that office during the period of his\\npartner s disability. While associated with\\nMr. Betts, Mr. Grover resided in his native\\nState, his home town of Wells being near the\\nwestern boundary of Vermont, and only three\\nmiles distant from Granville. He was for four\\nyears a member of the House of Representa-\\ntives of Vermont. During his Legislative ex-\\nperience he was for three years chairman of\\nthe Legislative committee on corporations. In\\nJanuary, 1S74, his partnership with Mr. Betts\\nwas dissolved, and he became a member of the\\nlaw firm of Waldo, Tobey Grover, Port\\nHenry, Essex county, New York. In May, 1878,\\nMr. Tobey died. The firm of Waldo Grover\\nwas then organized, and Mr. Grover remained\\na member of that firm until 1SN7. when he came\\nto St. Paul to assist Hon. W. E. Smith, who\\nwas at that time general solicitor of the Saint\\nPaul, Minneapolis Manitoba Railway Com-\\npany. Mr. Smith was compelled by failing\\nhealth to resign his position. Mr. Grover was\\nappointed his successor January 1, 1888. Two\\nyears later the (ileal Northern Railway Com\\npany leased the line of the Saint Paul, Minne-\\napolis Manitoba Railway Company for along\\nterm of years, and .Mr. Grover was appointed\\ngeneral solicitor of the Great Northern Rail-\\nway Company, and its proprietary lines, which", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0600.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0601.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0602.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "The Century PuXislttry Oyravinp Co Chicago-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0603.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0604.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n313\\npush ion he now holds. He married Miss Vir-\\nginia A. Townsend, a native of Cayuga county,\\nNew York. He has two daughters, namely,\\nVirginia L., now Mrs. H. Oppenheim, of St.\\nPaul, Minnesota, and Myra E. Grover.\\nFRANCIS B. CLARKE.\\nFrancis Byron Clarke, of St. Paul, gen-\\neral traffic manager of the Great North-\\nern Railway, and for nearly thirty years\\nprominently connected with the railroad\\ninterests of the Northwest, was born on\\nhis father s farm in Madison county. New\\nYork, July 1, 1839, the son of Ephraim H.\\nand Angeline (Crumb) Clarke. His father,\\nwho was a native of Rhode Island, was a pros-\\nperous merchant and a leading dairyman and\\noperator in dairy products of the State, and\\nhis mother was a native of Madison county,\\nNew York. His English ancestors were among\\nthe landed gentry of Berkshire. Mr. Clarke\\nwas raised to young manhood on his father s\\nlarge dairy farm. He was educated in the dis-\\ntrict schools and at an academy at Alfred, New\\nYork. In 1859 he came to Minnesota and for\\nabout a year thereafter was a clerk in a gen-\\neral store at Faribault. He then came to St.\\nPaul, and for the next year or more was a sales-\\nman for Benedict, Baker Company, dealers\\nin hats, caps and notions, on Third street. In\\n1802 he went to Hudson, Wisconsin, and be-\\ncame a member of the general merchandising\\nfirm of Clarke, Jefferson Company, and so\\ncontinued for several years. Many of the most\\nprominent and best railroad men of the coun-\\ntry were born farmers boys and passed their\\nearly lives in the country. It was not until\\n1S70 when Mr. Clarke entered upon the career\\nof a railroad man, in which he has become\\nso distinguished. He then became paymaster\\nand land agent of the West Wisconsin Railroad,\\na modest little pioneer railway, exending from\\nCamp Douglas. Wisconsin, to St. Paul. In\\n1871 he became general freight agent, and also\\ngeneral passenger and ticket agent, of the\\nWest Wisconsin, and removed his office from\\nHudson to St. Paul. He was a success as a\\nrailroad man from the first, and steadily ex-\\ntended the field of his labors and the scope of\\nhis usefulness. He was called upon to assist,\\nand did influential and valuable service, in the\\nprojection and construction of the several lines\\nof road which, in 1873, were consolidated into\\nthe Omaha system, and upon the consolida-\\ntion in which he took a prominent part he\\nwas made general traffic manager of the sys-\\ntem. He held this position for sixteen years,\\nand then, by the imperative commands of his\\nphysician, he resigned and spent nearly two\\nyears in Europe. At the time of his resignation\\nhe seemed quite broken down, but the rest and\\nrecreation abroad, amid new and attractive\\nscenes and surroundings, restored his health,\\nand in 1891 he returned to the United States\\nfully fitted to resume his active career. In\\nJune, 1891, he was made vice-president and\\ngeneral manager, and the following year presi-\\ndent, of the Superior (Wisconsin) Consolidated\\nLand Company. Mr. Clarke was connected\\nwith this company for more than four years,\\nand during that time established and built\\nmanufactories, mills, elevators, and other in-\\nstitutions of the aggregate value of millions of\\ndollars. September 1, 1895. he became traffic\\nmanager of the Northern Steamship Company\\nat Buffalo, New York, having full charge of\\nthe passenger and freight business of that com-\\npany, in connection with the Great Northern\\nRailway. In December, 1896, he came to his\\npresent position in the Great Northern. Even\\nin his boyhood and early youth, Frank B.\\nClarke was noted for his active, industrious\\nspirit and his uniformly correct habits and\\nprinciples. These valuable characteristics have\\nimpressed his life course. He has performed\\nan inrmense amount of brain and hand work\\nand is still in harness. As a railroad official\\nhe is known in commercial circles throughout\\nthe continent as sagacious, intelligent, enter-\\nprising and devoted to his duties, and no man\\nin the country is regarded as a better author-\\nity on railroad subjects generally. Since 1871,\\nwhen he came to the city as the agent of the\\nlittle West Wisconsin road, Mr. Clarke has\\nhad his home residence in St. Paul. He is well\\nidentified with the city in every way, and is", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0605.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "314\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nesteemed as one of its best and most valuable\\ncitizens. For eighteen years he has been one\\nof the directors of the First National Bank; he\\nhas also been a director in the St. Paul Real\\nEstate and Title Insurance Company, and of\\nthe St. Paul Trust Company; has been presi-\\ndent of the City Streel Railway Company; was\\none of the live builders, and still one of the\\nowners, of the Metropolitan Opera House, and\\nis a member of the Boston Northwestern\\nReal Estate Company, a corporation which has\\nbuilt and owns several of the largest and best\\nbusiness blocks in the center of the business\\ndistrict of the city. He is a member of Damas-\\ncus Commandery of Knights Templar and other\\ncivic organizations, and is well known socially.\\nHe was vice-president of the Winter Carnival\\nAssociation for two seasons, and is known as\\na good and public spirited citizen, a thorough\\ngentleman, a true friend, and a splendid char-\\nacter throughout. Mr. Clarke was married in\\nSt. Paul, June 17, 1877, to Miss Lena Burton\\nThompson, a daughter of the late James E.\\nThompson, a former president of the First Na-\\ntional Bank, and a well known citizen and\\nfinancier. Mrs. Clarke was reared from girl-\\nhood in St. Paul, where she has always held a\\ndistinguished position in society. She is a lady\\nof rare talents and accomplishments, of many\\npersonal charms and graces, and altogether a\\nfinished type of splendid American woman\\nhood. During the Columbian Exposition of\\n1893, she Mas president of the Minnesota\\nWoman s Auxiliary Board, chairwoman of the\\nWoman s Musical Committee, etc. She has\\nspent much of her time in recent years abroad\\nin superintending the education of her children\\nand is well known in the social circles of both\\ncontinents. The three children are named Eg-\\nbert Thompson, Francis Lloyd, and Lena Bur-\\nton Clarke.\\nCHARLES C. \\\\V EMBER.\\nCharles 0. Webber, of the agricultural im-\\nplement firm of Deere Webber Company,\\nMinneapolis, was born at Rock Island, Illinois,\\nJanuary 25, 185(1. His father. Christopher C.\\nWebber, was a native of New York. His edu-\\ncation was obtained primarily in the Rock Is-\\nland public schools, supplemented by a three\\nyears course in Lake Forest Academy. Mr.\\nWebber lias been connected with the agricul-\\ntural implement trade since early manhood.\\nAt the age of eighteen he engaged in the serv-\\nice of Deere Company, the well known and\\nlong-established manufacturers of agricultural\\nimplements at Moline, Illinois, adjoining his\\nnative town. He was in the employ of the com-\\npany, in their general office and as traveling\\nsalesman, for about three years. In the winter\\nof 1881, as the representative of Deere Com\\npany, he located in Minneapolis, and repre-\\nsented the firm on the road for two years.\\nWhen Deere Company built their large office\\nand warehouse at 312-316 North First street,\\nMinneapolis, Mr. Webber was admitted to a\\npartnership. Later, in 1893, the company was\\nincorporated under the firm name of Deere\\nWebber Company, and .Mr. Webber retained,\\nand still holds his interest in the corporation,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which is admittedly the largest of the kind in\\nthe Northwest. In politics he is a gold standard\\nDemocrat. He is a member of the Minneapolis\\nand Commercial Clubs. Mr. Webber was\\nmarried, September 18, 1S05, to Miss Mary M.\\nHarris, a daughter of Joseph Harris of Monroe\\ncounty, New York, and has one child.\\nJED L. WASHBURN.\\nJed L. Washburn, of Duluth, has been a\\npracticing attorney in the courts of Minnesota\\nfor the past twenty years. He has been in Du-\\nluth since 1890, and for ten years prior to that\\nyear was in the practice at Mankato. Mr.\\nWashburn was born in Montgomery county,\\nIndiana. December 26, 1856. He is the young-\\nest son of Christopher C. Washburn, a retired\\nfarmer and mechanic of Blue Earth county,\\nMinnesota, who was one of tin early pioneers\\nof southern Minnesota, and of whom a brief\\nsketch is given elsewhere in this book. His\\nmother, whose maiden name was Julia Showen.\\nis a native of Kentucky and a woman of strong\\nmoral and religious convictions, and of woman-\\nly worth generally, lie was but a few months", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0606.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0607.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0608.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "jr", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0609.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0610.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n3 5\\nold when his family came overland from the\\nI lousier State, in the spring of 18~)7, and set-\\ntled upon the land which his father had en-\\ntered as a homestead the previous year. His\\nboyhood was passed amid the scenes and Gon-\\ndii ions of pioneer life in southern Minnesota,\\nforty years ago, and he greatly cherishes the\\nmemories of his acquaintance and association\\nwith the old settlers of that period, lie well\\nremembers the great Indian outbreak of 18G2,\\nthe alarms, the terrible stories of murder, mas-\\nsacre and rapine, and especially the partial\\ntermination of the troubles in the hanging of\\nthirty-eight of the worst participants at Mau-\\nkato. Mr. Washburn received an academic ed-\\nucation, including a limited course in literature\\nand language, and a good course in mathemat-\\nics. His education has, however, been mainly\\nself-acquired outside the schoolroom. His\\nreading has been as extensive as his busy life\\npermits, and he and his accomplished wife\\npossess a large and well selected library. When\\na young man he taught school for a number\\nof terms, and while he was a law student was.\\na teacher in the public schools of Mankato. He\\nwas greatly interested in. and somewhat prom-\\ninently connected with the school system of\\nMankato, serving for a number of years on the\\nboard of education, a large portion of the time\\nas president of the board. His study of the\\nlaw was under the instruction of lion.\\nMartin .1. Severance, of Mankato, who for\\nnearly twenty years has been the able\\nand erudite Judge of the Sixth Judicial\\nDistrict. Mr. Washburn was admitted to\\nthe bar in the spring of 1880, although in\\nfact he had considerable experience in law\\npractice prior to his admission. For ten years\\nhe was engaged in his profession at Mankato,\\nand acquired an extensive and valuable prac-\\ntice throughout southern Minnesota. In the\\nbeginning of 1890 Mr. Washburn removed to\\niMiluth, where he has been so continuously suc-\\ncessful that he now has probably as large and\\nas important a law business as any attorney\\nin the State. Mr. William D. Bailey is asso-\\nciated with him. and Hon. Charles L. Lewis\\nwho resigned from the District Bench to enter\\nhis firm left it last fall, preparatory to taking\\na seat on the Supreme Court Bench at the be-\\nginning of the year 1900. During Mr. Wash-\\nburn s career as a lawyer he has been engaged\\nin many important cases, and in a professional\\nway has been connected with numerous large\\nbusiness and financial transactions. His prac-\\ntice has covered a wide range of the various\\nblanches of litigation, but for some years past\\nhe has endeavored to confine himself, as far as\\npossible, to corporation and real estate law.\\nlie is the attorney at Duluth for several rail-\\nway companies, including the Northern Pacific,\\nand the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis\\nOmaha companies, and he has successfully con-\\nducted much difficult railroad litigation. He\\nis counsel for many other corporations and his\\nprofessional duties have taken him to all parts\\nof the country. He has a large acquaintance\\nin the East as well as in the West, although\\nhe is purely a Western man, a thorough and\\nloyal Minnesotan. The substantial and tangible\\nfruits of his industrious and active life work\\nare considerable. He owns valuable property\\ninterests in Duluth, upon the iron ranges and\\nelsewhere. He resides in the suburb of Hunt-\\ner s Park, where he has a beautiful home with\\nample grounds surrounding, in the care and\\nimprovement of which he takes great interest\\nand enjoyment. In politics Mr. Washburn is\\nan independent Democrat, but he has rarely\\ntaken an active part in his party s affairs, hav-\\ning devoted himself assiduously to his profes-\\nsion. Those who know him best say of him:\\nHe is generous to a fault, quick to act, a hard\\nfighter, an incessant worker, an advocate rath-\\ner than a jurist, and he is possessed of a rugged\\nhonesty which makes him at all times a man\\nto be trusted. Mr. Washburn was married,\\nin May, 1882, to Miss Alma J. Pattee, who is\\na graduate of the State Normal School at Man-\\nkato, and was for some time a teacher in that\\ninstitution. Mrs. Washburn is a native of Wis\\ncousin, but of a New England family. She is\\na lady of rare literary ability and is well\\nknown as a frequent contributor of papers on\\ntopics which are the subjects of discussion\\nand consideration in the literary and socio\\nlogical societies and associations of which she\\nis a member. Mr. and Mrs. Washburn have", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0611.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "3i6\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsix children, three boys and three girls. The\\neldest sou, Claude Carlos, now sixteen years of\\nage, is preparing for admission to Harvard\\nUniversity, and the eldest daughter, Julia\\nGenevieve, is being educated in the Maynard\\nschool at Duluth. The other children are\\nnamed: Abbott McC, Mildred, Hope, and\\nJohn Lawrence Washburn. Mr. Washburn lias\\nI wo brothers, one of whom, Rev. Francis M.\\nWashburn, is a Congregational clergyman in\\nCalifornia, and the other, Edward W. Wash-\\nburn, is a merchant at Vernon Center. Blue\\nEarth county. His only sister, now Mrs. Jennie\\nWebster, resides at Juniata, Nebraska.\\nWILLIAM R, MERRIAM.\\nHon. William Rush Merriam, Governor of\\nMinnesota from January, 1889, tc January.\\n181)3, has left behind him an admirable record\\nin that honorable position. He conies of a dis-\\ntinguished ancestry, who settled at uncord,\\nMassachusetts, long before Minnesota was in-\\nhabited by the white man. His father, Hon.\\nJohn L. Merriam. lived at Wadham s Mills.\\nEssex county, New York, where he was engaged\\nin business as a merchant when the subject of\\nthis sketch was born, July 6, 1849. Hon. John\\nL. Merriam was of English descent, and his\\nwife, Mahala Delano, of French ancestry. Gov-\\nernor Merriam traces his ancestry to William\\nMerriam, who was born at Bedford, Massachu-\\nsetts, in 1750, and served as a private in Capt.\\nJonathan Wilson s company of minute men, of\\nthe town of Bedford, Massachusetts. He took\\npart in the fight of Concord Bridge, April 19,\\n1775, and in pursuit of the British forces in\\ntheir retreat from Concord to Charlestown. He\\nwas chairman of the board of selectmen in Bed-\\nford, 1777, and rendered important service in\\nprocuring enlistments to the Continental Army.\\nGovernor Merriam s father came with his fam-\\nily to Minnesota in 1861, and, in connection\\nwith Mr. J. C. Burbank, engaged in the stage\\nand transportation business. It was before the\\ndays of railroads, and their business became\\nan extensive one. The elder Merriam was iden-\\ntified with many enterprises in the develop-\\nment of the State, and took an active interest\\nin politics, serving in the State Legislature\\nand as Speaker in the House of Representa-\\ntives in 1870 and 1871. The subject of this\\nsketch was an ambitious lad and entered the\\nacademy at Racine. Wisconsin, at the age of\\nfifteen. Later he entered Racine College, and\\nupon his graduation was chosen valedictorian\\nof his class, and acquitted himself with honor.\\nWhen he returned to his home in St. Paul he\\ndevoted himself diligently to business, as a\\nclerk in the First National Bank. Here lie\\nrapidly developed unusual ability, and\\nwhen only twenty-four years of age was\\nelected cashier of the Merchant s National\\nRank. This was in 187::. In 1880 he was made\\nvice-president, and four years later became\\nthe president of the bank. In the meantime\\nMr. Merriam had developed an active interest\\nin politics, and had become an active worker\\nin every political campaign. He was chosen\\nto represent his district in the General Assem-\\nbly of Minnesota in 1882, and served his con-\\nstituents with distinguished ability. In 1886\\nhe was again elected to the Lower House of\\nthe Legislature, and was honored with office\\nof Speaker, where his father had presided six-\\nteen years before. lie made an admirable pre-\\nsiding officer, and governed the body with\\ncourteous self-possession and with a firm, yet\\ngenerous authority. He was chosen vice-presi-\\ndent of the State Agricultural Society in 1886\\nand president in 1887, and contributed greatly\\nto the success of the State fair, held under the\\nauspices of that organization. In 1888 Mr.\\nMerriam was nominated by the Republican\\nparty as a candidate for Governor against\\nHon. Eugene M. Wilson, a Democrat of Minne-\\napolis and was elected. Here, in his official\\ncapacity, he applied the business methods to\\nthe administration of public affairs that he has\\nmade so successful in his private interests.\\nHe was honored with a renomination and re-\\nelection in 1890, and served until January,\\nIS March 4, 1S99. lie was appointed Di-\\nrector of the Census by President McKinley.\\nGovernor Merriam is a gentleman of very pleas-\\ning address and cordial manners, and has the\\nfaculty of attaching men to him in warm per-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0612.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0613.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "?n /iriOLc^v~lA~", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0614.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0615.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0616.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n31/\\nsonal friendship. He is a student of affairs,\\nand a financier of recognized ability. His con-\\ntributions to the current literature of the coun-\\ntry on the subject of National finance have\\nbeen important and valuable. He has stood\\nfirmly and ably by his ideas of sound finance\\nand has done much to shape the sentiment of\\nhis party on that important subject in his\\nSlate. Governor Merriam is a member of the\\nUniversity Club of New York, the Metropol-\\nitan Club at Washington, and the Minnesota\\nClub at St. Paul. He is also a member of St.\\nPaul s Episcopal church, in the city of St. Paul.\\nHe was married, in 1872, to Laura Hancock,\\ndaughter of Mr. John Hancock, and niece of\\nthe late Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock, a lady of\\nrare accomplishments and gracious manners,\\nwlio presides over the home of her distin-\\nguished husband with dignity and grace.\\nLEVI M. WILLCUTS.\\nLevi Monroe Willcuts, collector of customs,\\nport of Duluth, Minnesota, was born Novem-\\nber 10, 1861, at Fountain City, Wayne county,\\nIndiana. His parents were Jonathan and Mary\\n(Starbuck) Willcuts both natives of Wayne\\ncounty, and he is of Quaker descent. His\\nfather was a well-to-do farmer and extensive\\ndealer in live stock, and was a much respected\\nand trusted citizen of his community in In-\\ndiana. He died when the subject of this sketch\\nwas eleven years of age, his wife surviving him\\nonly four years. Levi M., who was the fifth\\nin a family of eight children, received his\\nearly education in the common schools of his\\nnative place. In 1883, at the age of twenty-\\ntwo, he removed to Columbia, South Dakota,\\nwhere he engaged in real estate and loans, op-\\nerating largely in farm lands. His business\\nprospered, and in 1886 he formed a partnership\\nwith Maj. M. R. Baldwin, who was subsequent-\\nly elected Congressman from the Sixth Minne-\\nsota ongressional District. In the same year\\nin which they united their interests the part-\\nners located in Duluth, Minnesota, and en-\\ngaged in real estate under the firm name of\\nBaldwin Willcuts; and they did a successful\\nbusiness during the good times of that period.\\nMr. Willcuts at once took a prominent place\\namong the public spirited citizens of the\\nZenith City. He was elected treasurer of the\\nchamber of commerce, which was at that time\\none of the most influential bodies of the kind\\nin the Northwest, and was actively identified\\nwith all the public enterprises for promoting\\nthe welfare of the city of Duluth and vicinity.\\nWhile Mr. Willcuts possessed all of the impor-\\ntant qualifications for success in politics cool\\nuess, keen perception and tact he did not seek\\nprominence in that direction; but it was thrust\\nupon him. He first attained to local distinction\\nin the Duluth city campaign of 1894, when\\nCapt. Ray T. Lewis, the Republican candidate,\\nwas elected mayor. Mr. Willcuts was chair-\\nman of the Republican city committee during\\nthis campaign, winch was a spirited contest;\\nand his ability as a political manager, recog-\\nnized at this time, was, two years later,\\nbrought into urgent requisition, and with most\\ngratifying results to his constituency. The\\nongressional fight of 1896, in the Sixth Minne-\\nsota District, will live in the history of the\\nSlate and, in fact, in the political history of\\nthe country, as one of the most important and\\nstubborn contests of that memorable year.\\nHon. Charles A. Towne, then Congressman\\nfrom the Sixth District, had been elected as a\\nRepublican; but he became favorably im-\\npressed with the free silver theory and was one\\nof its principal champions in the United States,\\nbeing second in prominence only to William\\nJ. Bryan. Mr. Towne s popularity in the dis-\\ntrict was very general, and he and his friends\\nconsidered thai his re-election was assured. He\\ndid not seek the Republican nomination, but\\ncame out as an independent candidate and was\\nafterwards nominated by the Democratic and\\nPopulist conventions. Here was a popular\\ncandidate, in a district which is about evenly\\ndivided between the Republican and fusion\\nforces, with the prestige of his office of Con\\ngressman and the assurance that if Mr. Bryan\\nwere elected, he, Mr. Towne, would be the sec\\nond greatest man in the country, because of\\nhis distinction as a free silver advocate. Such\\nwas the political status in the Sixth District", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0617.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "3i8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwhen the Republican committee east about it\\nfor a chairman. It realized that there never\\nwas a time when so much depended upon the\\ncareful selection of this functionary, and an\\nequally wise choice of candidate to head the\\nRepublican Congressional ticket. L. M. Will-\\ncuts was asked to accept the chairmanship of\\nthe committee, and Hon. Page Morris was\\nurged to step down from the District Bench to\\naccept the nomination for Congress in opposi-\\ntion to the celebrated free silver candidate,\\nwhich he did at the earnesl solicitation of his\\nfriends. The campaign opened early, it being\\na Presidential year, and the political excite-\\nment in all parts of the district, for more than\\nthree months, was tremendous. To many\\nshrewd observers of the situation the outlook\\nwas anything but bright for the success of the\\nRepublican candidate. It is freely admitted,\\nby friends and foes alike, that Mr. Willcuts was\\nthe backbone of the Republican campaign in\\nthat contest. He received superb support\\nfrom his committee, but many Republicans\\nwere disheartened at the seeming odds.\\nThroughout the light, however, Mr. Willcuts\\nmaintained a calm and hopeful exterior, while\\nworking eighteen hours a day. His serene con-\\nfidence was inspiring, and his placid assur-\\nances that Judge Morris would certainly be\\nelected braced up the doubting Republicans,\\nand, in a measure, disconcerted the opposition.\\nMr. Willcuts straightened out seemingly hope-\\nless political tangles with magical ease, and\\nfriction disappeared more quickly than it ap-\\npeared. The power of his expressed convic-\\ntions and the enthusiasm that he inspired, per-\\nmeated the entire district; and the working-\\nloyalty of every member of his committee is\\nstill a matter of frequent remark by him.\\nJudge Morris was elected, and Mr. Willcuts\\nthereafter inundated by telegrams and letters\\nof congratulation. Although he very generous-\\nly endeavored to shift the credit to the com-\\nmittee, Mr. Willcuts can never escape credit\\nfor the success of that campaign. Judge .Mol-\\nlis was the first to congratulate him on the\\noutcome of the long-drawn and bitter contest;\\nand in July, 1897, in his capacity of Congress-\\nman, he submitted the name of L. M. Willcuts\\nfor collector of the port of Duluth, and his\\nappointment was confirmed without even the\\nsuggestion of opposition from any source. Mr.\\nWillcuts has made an excellent record as col-\\nlector of 1 1 lis important lake port. Business\\nand executive ability are reflected in the con-\\nduct of the office. Mr. Willcuts was married,\\nat the age of twenty one. to Miss Rhoda E.\\nMendenhall, daughter of Stephen and Rachel\\nMendenhall, of Richmond, Indiana. The union\\ntook place at Richmond, about a year previous\\nto Mr. Willcuts removal to South Dakota. The\\nmarried life of Mr. Willcuts, which was very\\nhappy, ended- with the death of his wife in\\n1896. Mrs. Willcuts left three children, name\\nh Eva R., Walter R. and Ruth E.\\nWARREN L. BEE BE.\\nWarren Loring Beebe, M. D., of St.\\nCloud, was born at Belpre, Washington\\ncounty, Ohio, March 16, 1848. He is a son\\nof Dr. William Beebe, who was also a na-\\ntive of Ohio of remote English ances-\\ntry, and the maiden name of his mother\\nwas Elizabeth Bathbone. The senior Dr. Beebe\\npracticed his profession for many years in\\nWashington county, Ohio, and was a surgeon\\nof high standing. During the war of the Re-\\nbellion he was surgeon of the One Hundred\\nand Forty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He\\ndied April 15, 1887. Dr. Beebe was educated\\nin the common schools and in the Marietta,\\nOhio, College, from which institution he grad-\\nuated in 1S70. Engaging in the study of medi-\\ncine as his life profession, he graduated from\\nthe Ohio Medical College, at Cincinnati, in\\n1873, with the degree of M. D. In 1876 he\\ngraduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical Col-\\nlege, New York, and soon after began the prac-\\ntice of his profession in his native village of\\nBelpre, where he was engaged for about two\\nyears. In 1878 Dr. Beebe came to Minnesota,\\nand located at St. Cloud, which city has ever\\nsince been his home. No other member is bet-\\nter known to the fraternity of the medical pro-\\nfession in Minnesota than Dr. Beebe, although\\nhe has been in the State only about twenty-two", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0618.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0619.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "The dntury PiMisluiy Cnjravmj Co Chuxvpo-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0620.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0621.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0622.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n319\\nyears. He is a prominent member of the Stale\\nMedical Society, and was its president from\\n1890 to 1891. He is also a member of the\\nAmerican .Medical Association. From the first\\nhe has been highly successful, and now has a\\nlarge and satisfactory general practice. He is\\nI lie local surgeon of the Northern Pacific and\\nthe Great Northern railroads at Si. cloud, ami\\nis considered an expert and authority on all\\ngeneral matters connected with medical and\\nsurgical science. He is altogether devoted to\\nhis profession, is still a student and investi-\\ngalor, and keeps up with the progress and de-\\nvelopment of the age.- For these reasons, and\\nbecause he is naturally gifted with clear and\\nstrong mental qualities, may be attributed his\\nextraordinary success in the treatment of dis-\\nease and his skill in surgery. Dr. Beebe is a\\nRepublican, but has no time to engage actively\\nin political affairs except to vote. He is a\\nmember of the Masonic fraternity, of the Odd\\nFellows, and of the Knights of Pythias. He\\nis of social tastes and has a very large contin-\\ngent of warm personal friends, not only in St.\\nCloud, but throughout the State. He was mar-\\nried, December 28, 1870, to Miss Maria T.\\nHarte, at Marietta, Ohio. They have two sons,\\nnamed William H. and Warren Loring, Jr.\\nWILLIAM C, SARGENT.\\nThe Sargents are New England people, their\\nancestors having, many generations back,\\ncrossed from the mother country and settled\\nthere. William O Sargent was born in Bos-\\nton, Massachusetts, December 1, 1859. He is\\nthe son of the late Hon. George B. Sargent, of\\nDuluth, Minnesota, a sketch of whose life ap-\\npears in another part of this volume. When\\nWilliam C. was four years of age his father\\nlocated in New York City, to engage there in\\nfinancial business, and the boy was sent to the\\npublic schools of that metropolis for a time;\\nthen, at the age of ten years, he became a\\nstudent in the Faribault Military Institute.\\nSubsequently he took a course of instruction\\nat St. John s Seminary, which is situated about\\ntwelve miles from Syracuse, New York. At\\nthe dose of his school davs he began at once\\nto consider, aud to feel responsible for, his\\nfuture maintenance and fortune. His father,\\nwho had in the meantime located in Duluth,\\nwas already one of that city s successful and\\nprominent business men; but the Sargents were\\nplentifully endowed with the Yankee spirit of\\nthrift and independence, which holds to the\\nvirtue of each man s carving out, as far as pos-\\nsible, his own career. William was still in\\nhis teens when he came to .Minnesota, prepared\\nto go to work at whatever task might present\\nitself. Physically he was strong and energetic,\\nand his mental temperament such as qualified\\nhim for pushing his way upward from humble\\nbeginnings. He procured employment as\\nteamster in the logging business, which he fol-\\nlowed for a short time, keeping his eyes always\\nopen for larger opportunities. In 1880 he was\\nappointed superintendent of the Duluth Blast\\nFurnace Company, and in 188(1 he was made\\nmanager of the Lakeside Land Company, which\\nlatter position he held for a period of nine\\nyears. Like his father, Mr. Sargent has a de-\\ncided taste for financiering, and excellent\\ncapabilities. And for the most part his opera\\ntions were successful, and he had laid the\\nfoundation of a substantial fortune; but during\\nthe years of financial depression which\\nculminated in the panic of 1893, with their ac-\\ncompanying depreciation of real estate, much\\nof the property accumulated by him was swept\\naway in the general disaster. Thwarted on\\nthese lines by circumstances beyond his con-\\ntrol, he sought activity and achievement in\\nanother direction that of official life. In his\\npolitical views Mr. Sargent has always been\\nstrongly Republican, and his enthusiasm and\\nenergy in political campaigning, early gained\\nrecognition as a potent force. In 1S9G he was\\nnominated for sheriff of St. Louis county, and\\nelected by a majority of eighteen hundred\\nvotes. He was re-elected in November. 1898,\\nand is now an aspirant for a third term, with\\na fair prospect of proving the county s choice\\nfor the office in 1900. Mr. Sargent is a man of\\nmany social qualities, and belongs to numerous\\nsecret organizations, including all the Masonic\\norders and those of the Elks and Foresters.", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0623.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "320\\nBlooiiAPIIY ()F MINNESOTA.\\nOn January b 1887, Mr. Sargent was married;\\nat Syracuse, New York, to Miss Rhobie L. Peck,\\nof thai city. Three children were the issue of\\ntheir marriage, one of whom is deceased.\\nTHOMAS B. LINDSAY.\\nThomas B. Lindsay, a well-known business\\nman of Minneapolis, is the seventh of a family\\nof ten children. He is of Scotch parentage, his\\nfather, David Lindsay, having emigrated to\\nAmerica from Scotland in 18-41 with six chil-\\ndren. David Lindsay settled in New Y ork\\nCity, and after remaining there for two years,\\nremoved to Dodge county, Wisconsin. Four\\nmore children were born to him in America,\\nand of the ten, seven are now living. David\\nLindsay died in 1849. Thomas B. Lindsay laid\\nI lie foundation of his education in the common\\nschools of Dodge county. He then entered the\\nFox Lake (Wisconsin) Academy, attending that\\ninstitution for two years. At the expiration\\nof that time he determined to prepare him-\\nself for a commercial life, and accordingly\\nwent to Detroit, Michigan, entering a business\\ncollege there. In 1805 he removed to Olmstead\\ncounty, Minnesota, and established a general\\nmerchandising store at that place, lie con-\\ntinued in this line for about five years, and in\\nINTO disposed of his business and engaged in\\nagriculture. While following this calling he\\nwas honored by being elected to the State\\nLegislature, and was a member of that body\\nfrom Olmstead county during the years 1872\\nand 187:!. He also, for five years, held with\\ncredit the office of town treasurer in Olmstead\\ncounty. The public positions which Mr. Lind-\\nsay has held have come to him entirely un-\\nsought, as a recognition of his ability. Mr.\\nLindsay was in the employ of a large Eastern\\nhouse, manufacturers of agricultural imple-\\nments, for ten years, as traveling representa-\\ntive and general agent. While in their employ\\nhe established a reputation for competency and\\nexecutive ability in business affairs. In 1887\\nlie went into partnership with his brother, un-\\nder the style of Lindsay Brothers. lie has been\\nassociated with his brother up to Hie present\\ntime. This firm is located at Xos. 400 to 408\\nFirst street, north. They have established a\\ntrade, the extent of which is neatly coincident\\nwilli the entire Xorl Invest. This has been ac-\\ncomplished mainly through the efforts of Mr.\\nT. B. Lindsay. He has devoted himself\\nto commercial pursuits through the greater\\npart of his life, and his success attests\\nhis thoroughness in business matters. His\\nenergies have been concentrated upon one par-\\nticular line, and consequently he has come to\\nhave a knowledge of agricultural machinery\\nand implements, which is excelled by few if\\nany in the country. Mr. Lindsay has a genius\\nfor friendship, and is counted as a personal\\nfriend by many throughout the State. His wife\\nwas Miss Martha Dye, of Sheboygan Falls, to\\nwhom he was married September 5, 1866. To\\nthem one son has been born, E. H. Lindsay,\\nwho assists his father in the agricultural busi-\\nness. Mr. and Mrs. Lindsay are members of\\nthe Central Baptist church of Minneapolis.\\nEUGENE L. MANN.\\nEugene Langdon Mann, M. D., of St.\\nPaul, is a native of Minnesota, born in\\nMinneapolis, May 20, 1801. His father.\\nEoratio Eugene Mann, and his mother, who\\nbefore her marriage was Mary Augusta\\nWilliams, were both of prominent New Eng-\\nland families. Horatio Mann was born at\\nRandolph, Massachusetts, in 1825, the son of\\nStephen Mann, of Braintree, Vermont. He was\\nof the seventh generation in lineal descent\\nfrom Richard Man (as the name was spelled\\nin England), the founder of the family in\\nAmerica, who joined the Massachusetts Bay\\ncolony and, according to its records, took the\\nOath of Fidelity at Scituate, Massachusetts,\\nJanuary 10, 1044. Horatio Mann studied law,\\nwas admitted to the bar at Albany, New York,\\npracticed for a few years in the East, and\\nfinally located at Minneapolis. He was elected\\nto and served in the first Legislature of Minne-\\nsota, which convened in 1850. He is still liv-\\ning and is now a resident of Daytona, Florida.\\nOf the Williams family, one branch founded", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0624.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0625.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing Qwrtwng Co Chicago*\\nC4^tnz^L", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0626.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0627.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0628.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n7,2\\nWilliams College, a1 Williamstown, Massa-\\nchusetts, and Hoii. C. K. Williams, the mater-\\nnal grandfather of the subject of this sketch,\\nwas at one time Governor of the State of Ver-\\nmont. Dr. Mann obtained all that portion of\\nhis education, which preceded collegiate work.\\nin the public schools of St. Paul, talcing their\\nentire course from the lowest primary grade\\nto the graduating class of the high school,\\nfrom which he passed, in 1S79, to Hobart Col-\\nlege, at Geneva, New York. From the latter\\ninstitution he graduated with the class of 1883,\\nreceiving the degree of B. A., and being elected\\na member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He\\nhad, also, while a student at the college, been\\nan active member of the Kappa Alpha Greek\\nLetter Society. In the autumn of the year in\\nwhich he completed his college course, he en-\\ntered the Hahnemann Medical College al\\nPhiladelphia. He obtained his degree of II. D.\\nin 188G, his class being one of the first to take\\nthe full three years course of instruction at\\nthat institution. After graduating he served\\nfor a year as interne in the Ward s Island\\nHospital. He then, in 1887, came to St. Paul,\\nopened an office for the practice of his profes-\\nsion, and from that time until the present his\\ncareer has been one of continuous success.\\nWhen lie had been about two years in practice,\\nthe Medical Department of the University of\\nMinnesota manifested its confidence in his\\nabilities by calling him to the professorship of\\ndiseases of the nose and throat and of physical\\ndiagnosis, which position he has ever since\\nheld. In 1891 he was made professor of dis-\\neases of the nose, throat, heart and lungs, and\\nsince 1890 his lectures have been confined to\\nthe specialties of nose, throat and ear. Dr.\\nMann is a member of the staff of St. Luke s, of\\nthe City and County hospitals, and belongs\\nto the staff of local surgeons of the Northern\\nPacific Railroad. In 1898 he was elected presi-\\ndent of the State Homeopathic Society.\\nShortly after his election to this post he went\\nabroad, spending several months at the medical\\ncenters of London. Vienna and Germany in\\nprofessional observation and research. lie is\\none who would never be content with anything\\nless than the most thorough professional\\nknowledge and work possible to him, and his\\njudgment and advice are highly valued and\\nmuch sought among the profession. On gen-\\neral as well as special lines, also, he is a man\\nof broad information and culture. His whole\\nlife has been one of unremitting industry,\\nwhich, coupled with his native intelligence and\\nbalance, was bound to yield the gratifying suc-\\ncess he has enjoyed. Although the political\\natmosphere in which he grew up was Repub-\\nlican, Dr. Maun has remained unbiased by\\npartisan feeling. So that men and measures\\nbe wise and just, he cares not from what party\\nthey issue. June If), 1891, Dr. Mann was\\nmarried to Mrs. Clara W. Carpenter, whose\\nfather, the late George W. Wort hen, was a\\nmerchant and old resident of Lebanon, New\\nHampshire. The home of Dr. and Mrs. Mann\\nin St. Paul contains a fine library of historical\\nand literary works which the Doctor has col-\\nlected, and among which he passes most of his\\nleisure hours, his wife joining him with en-\\nthusiasm in the pursuit of knowledge. Dr. and\\nMrs. Mann are regular attendants at the House\\nof Hope Presbyterian church in their home\\ncity.\\nHENRY HUTCHINSON.\\nHenry Hutchinson, M. D., of St. Paul, was\\nboin at Chateau Gay, a small town near Mon-\\ntreal. Province of Quebec, Canada, August HO,\\n1st!). His father. John Hutchinson, emigrated\\nfrom Queen s County. Ireland, and settled in\\nMontreal in about 1830. His occupation was\\nthat of a mason and builder, which he followed\\nfor a number of years in the city of Mont teal.\\nHere he was also married, some time in the\\nearly thirties, to Miss Isabella Patterson, of\\nScotch Presbyterian parentage, whose family\\nhad emigrated from Glasgow, Scotland, and\\nsettled in Montreal about the same time as her\\nhusband. Nothing definite is known of the\\npaternal grandfather of Dr. Hutchinson, ex-\\ncept that he was a respectable fanner in\\nQueen s county. Ireland, of English descent.\\nthe family being, so far as known, of the Meth-\\nodist denomination. The paternal grandmoth-\\ner of Dr. Hutchinson was of Huguenot-French", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0629.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "32-\\nBIOGRAPHY F MINNESOTA.\\nextraction, and his maternal grandmother was\\na native of Switzerland. The latter married\\na Mr. Patterson, an officer in the British\\narmy, who was placed on the retired list after\\nseeing active service in the Peninsular cam\\npaign, and being wounded at Badejos, Spain.\\nWhen Henry was three years of age. his par-\\nents removed from Montreal to Buffalo, New-\\nYork. After living there about three years\\nthey then removed to Painesville, Ohio. Prom\\nthence the family returned to Canada within\\na year, owing to the prevalence in northern\\nOhio at that time of malaria, from which sev-\\neral of the children were suffering. They set-\\ntled in Toronto, Ontario, intending to make\\nthat city (heir future home, but the financial\\ncrisis of 1857, affected business to such an ex-\\ntent that Mr. Hutchinson determined to emi-\\ngrate to the wilds of Minnesota and seek his\\nfortune there. This he did in the spring of\\n1858, and settled on a farm near Northfleld,\\nRice county, of this State. Mrs. Hutchinson\\nfollowed with the family the succeeding year.\\nTo Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson were born thir-\\nteen children, five of whom died in early child-\\nhood. The eight remaining children grew to\\nadult age. and all excepting the eldest son,\\nFrank, are still living. He died in Chicago\\nsome sixteen years ago. In the year 1862 the\\nthree older brothers enlisted in the Sixth Reg-\\niment, Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and\\nserved their adopted country until the close\\nof the War of the Rebellion. Two of them\\nrose from the ranks to commissioned officers,\\nRobert R. being captain and John second lieu-\\ntenant in their regiment. At the time of his\\nbrothers enlistment Henry, then in his thir-\\nteenth year, was a strong, rugged boy, and the\\nnearest to a man in physical strength of any\\nmember of the family left at home. His father\\nhad been crippled by rheumatism and was\\nsomewhat broken in health as well as in spir-\\nits, by his financial losses before leaving Can\\nada. During the years of the war, Henry lived\\non the farm and became accustomed to all\\nkinds of farm labor. During this time he had\\nonly the opportunity of attending school\\nthrough the winter months. A natural desire\\nlor an education, together with his mother s\\nearnest wish that he might attain one, led him\\nin make the most of the meager opportunities\\nai his command. Most of his evenings, and\\nany spare time during the day, were occupied\\nin reading, the careful selection of books be-\\ning directed by his mother. In his seventeenth\\nyear, his father gave him the remainder of his\\ntime until he should reach his majority, in or-\\nder that he might gratify this longing for an\\neducation. The ambitious youth started out in\\nthe world with only a strong and healthy\\nphysique and the inspiration he received from\\nhis mother to rely upon for accomplishing his\\npurpose. By working as a farm hand in the\\nsummer season he was enabled to attend Car-\\nleton College, at Northfleld {which was then\\nbut a preparatory school or academy), during\\nthe winter months. At the same time he paid\\nfor his board by keeping books in a hotel in\\nNorthfleld. Here he remained for about two\\nyears, when, in the strange sequence of human\\nevents, he formed an acquaintance which was\\ndestined to influence the trend of his whole\\nlife. This was in the strong personality of Dr.\\nAllied P. Skeels, a physician of the Homeo-\\npathic school of practice, who had recently\\ncome I here from St. Louis, Missouri, in quest\\nof health. Dr. Skeels took a great personal\\ninterest in the ambitious student, and knowing\\nunder what disadvantages be was striving to\\nobtain a classical education, advised him to\\ndiscontinue his efforts to that end, and induced\\nhim to take up the studj of medicine. The\\ntwo years following were occupied in the pur-\\nsuit of these studies, and incidentally in teach-\\ning school winters, which, however, never in\\nterfered with his medical studies. A certain\\namount of reading was laid out for each day.\\nand this task had to lie accomplished before\\nhe retired at night. In the spring of 1S72 his\\npreceptor died, leaving the young man in whom\\nhe had taken such a kindly interest his library\\nand office appurtenances, with the request that\\nhe should settle up the doctor s business and\\nkeep up his medical studies. In the autumn\\nof that year our subject was enabled to go\\nto Philadelphia to attend his first course of lec-\\ntures, his next older brother, John, advancing\\nthe funds required, above what he had himself", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0630.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nearned and saved for that purpose. In the\\nspring of 1S74 be graduated from the Hahne-\\nmann Medical College of Philadelphia, and at\\nonce returned to Northfleld to establish him-\\nself in practice. Here he remained for four\\nyears and a half, and besides earning sufficient\\nmoney t pay the debts he had incurred, in\\nobtaining his degree in medicine, he was most\\nfortunate in contracting a life partnership,\\nwhich lias ever since 1 n an inspiration and\\na guide to life s best endeavors, viz., his mar\\nriage, in June, isT. i, to .Miss Matilda McCurdy,\\nof Delhi, New York. For two years Dr. Hutch-\\ninson served as deputy coroner of Rice county.\\nIn the autumn of 1878, finding a country prac-\\ntice very laborious, and realizing that he had\\nextended it to its limits in that location, he\\ndetermined to establish himself in a larger\\ncity, and accordingly came to St. Paul. Here,\\nin the course of two or three years, he built\\nup a large and lucrative practice, so that in\\nL887 he felt warranted in going abroad for\\nicst and study. He spent his time principally\\nin the hospitals of London and Paris. In 1890\\nhe again went abroad, visiting London and\\nParis, also Berlin, where the World s Congress\\nof Physicians and Surgeons was in session, and\\nof which organization he was a member. Dr.\\nHutchinson toot an active part in organizing\\nthe Medical Department of the University of\\nMinnesota in 1887, representing the Homeo-\\npathic School on several committees, and oc-\\ncupied the chair of practice in that department\\nfor about five years, when he resigned, lie was\\nlargely instrumental in obtaining the admis-\\nsion of his school of practice, first in St. Luke s\\nHospital, and later in the City and County\\nHospital of St. Paul, lie has been honored\\nwith appoinlnicni on both these stall s, as well\\nas upon that of St. Joseph s Hospital, of SI.\\nPaul. Dr. Hutchinson has been president of\\nthe Minnesota State Institute of Homeopathy;\\na member of the American Institute of Home-\\nopathy; president of the St. Paul Homeopathic\\nHospital Club, and for the past four years has\\nserved as a member of the Minnesota Slate\\nBoard of Health, of which organization he has\\nbeen twice elected vice-president. Dr. Hutch\\ninson is naturallv a student and a great reader.\\nand has always regretted that his eircum\\nstances in early life prevented his (akin- a\\nliterary degree. Besides a very complete pro\\nfessional library, he has also accumulated a\\nlarge miscellaneous library, embracing history,\\ntravels, classical fiction and scientific works.\\nI le is an able writer and has done much to raise\\nthe standard of his school, and the respect\\naccorded it, both in and outside of the proles\\nsion. In 1897 Dr. Hutchinson made a trip to\\nSouth America in the interest of the Orinoco\\nCompany, Limited, to examine into and make\\na report on the iron and other valuable re-\\nsources located on a 12,000,000 acre concession\\nobtained by this company from the Venezuelan\\nGovernment. From his boyhood Dr. Hutchin-\\nson has always been a hard worker, and what-\\never degree of success he has attained has been\\naccomplished by his own personal efforts alone.\\nWhenever congratulated upon this success by\\nhis friends .and associates, he never fails to\\nmention, with much feeling, the kind and care-\\nful instruction and advice he received from his\\nsaintly mother, of whom he is wont to say:\\nshe possessed a gentle and religious nature,\\nand was always seeking to inspire me with a\\ndetermination to be a good and useful man.\\nWhatever success 1 have attained in this\\nworld, and my faith in a life beyond, is the\\ndirect result of this inspiration. One who\\nknows by personal experience whereof he\\nspeaks, says of Dr. Hutchinson:\\nThose who have enjoyed I he professional\\nservices of Dr. Hutchinson, in times of sick\\nness. have no difficulty in determining what\\nare the characteristics that have made him so\\nsuccessful and so beloved. The very sight of\\nhis strong and robust frame entering the sick\\nroom is the beginning of cure. Health seems\\ncatching, as well as disease, and the invalid\\nfeels that strong currents of life are in that\\npowerful physique beside his bed. If this is a\\ngift of nature, the bright and cheerful hope-\\nfulness which characterize Dr. Hutchinson has\\nbeen acquired and maintained through many\\ntrials and disappointments. It is something\\nnot lightly to be regarded, that a physician,\\neven in serious and alarming diagnoses, is able\\nIn sustain his patient s nervous strength and\\nvitality by an air. of confidence and optimism.\\nXol that Dr. Hutchinson lacks the element of", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0631.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "3-4\\nP.IOOKAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nseriousness and permits Iris patients to indulge\\nin vain expectations. But lie has the faculty\\nand tact of explaining the real conditions, se-\\nrious as they may be, without breaking down\\nthe patient s faith in the eventual triumph of\\nnature and medical skill. The kind and sym-\\npathetic heart of the man shows itself always,\\nand one feels that a deep personal interest in\\nthe case insures the best thoughtfulness ami\\nmedical treatment the skilled physician can\\ngive. There are many physicians whose pa-\\ntients prize them for (heir skill and knowledge,\\nwhile they are not drawn to (hem by any warm\\npersonal affection; and there are many physi-\\ncians whose patients love (hem, but do not\\nrank them very high in mental or scientific at-\\ntainment. Dr. Butchinson has the happiness\\nof being loved both for himself and for his\\nprofessional ability. This combination of pow-\\ners has given him an extensive and lucrative\\npractice and a large circle of friends, and these\\nfriends include the principal practitioners in\\nthe Allopathic School of Medicine in the Twin\\nCities.\\nA brother physician has this to say of Dr.\\nHutchinson\\nThe most prominent characteristic of Or.\\nHutchinson is his personal magnetism and\\npower. People instinctively trust him and his\\nmere presence in the sick room is inspiring.\\nHe is a man of broad ideas in medicine. While\\nhe numbers his friends as well among those\\nwho disagree as among those who agree with\\nhis views, he demands the same generosity that\\nhe extends, and is an effective champion of his\\nown cause when attacked. A member of the\\nHomeopathic School of Medicine, he has been\\nlargely instrumental in securing recognition\\nfor that school in the hospitals in St. Paul. Be-\\nsides attending to the duties of an extensive\\npractice, Dr. Hutchinson has found time to\\nmake his influence felt in outside matters. He\\nis an active member of the State Board of\\nHealth, and one of the executive committee of\\nthe National Park Association, and it may be\\ntruly said of him that in whatever he engages,\\nhe throws his whole energy. He is always an\\nactive member, never a passive one, in any\\ngood work that engages his attention.\\nOTTO LUGGEE.\\nOtto Lugger von Hagen, Professor of Ento-\\nmology of the University of Minnesota and\\nSlate Entomologist, was born in Hagen. West\\nfalia, Germany, September 15, ls-U. His father\\nwas Fritz Lugger von Hagen, a professor of\\nchemistry in different educational institutions\\nof Prussia. He was an original investigator\\nin scientific and experimental chemistry, and\\nallied sciences, and became a man of great\\nprominence in scientific and educational cir-\\ncles. His ancestors were mostly officers in the\\nPrussian army, descendants from an old Pros\\nsian family, whose records are traced back In\\nthe Fourteenth Century. His mother s maiden\\nname was Lina von Fischer, also descended\\nfrom an old Prussian family, whose male mem\\nhers were, many of them, officers in the Prus-\\nsian army. Otto Lugger was the oldest of a\\nfamily of four children, and was the only one\\nof the family to come to the United States. He\\nwas educated at the Gymnasium at Hagen,\\nand later at the universities at .Monster, Bonn,\\nand Berlin. He entered the army in a cavalry\\nregiment stationed at Minister, and became a\\nlieutenant in 1864. He left the army to enter\\nthe Polytechnicum at Berlin, and later at\\nHeidelberg. In 1865 he came to the United\\nStates, and almost immediately entered the\\nUnited States engineer service in the lake sur-\\nvey, at Del mil. Michigan, lie remained in that\\nservice for three years, when he becalm- assist-\\nant to the Slate entomologist of Missouri, Pro-\\nfessor Y. Riley, with whom he remained\\nuntil 1ST when he became curator of the\\nMaryland Academy of Science in Baltimore.\\nHe soon afterwards entered the Johns Hopkins\\nUniversity at Baltimore, being at the same\\ntime the naturalist of the public parks in I hat\\ncity. After spending three years in the de-\\npartment of agriculture division of entomol-\\nogy in Washington, he was appointed by the\\nboard of regents of the University of Minne-\\nsota to become professor of Entomology and\\nBotany, at the experiment station, at St. An-\\nthony Park. St. Paul, which important position\\nhe has occupied for eleven years. During this\\ntime he has written a large number of books\\nand bulletins, illustrating his work in the\\nstudy of fish, insects, plants and their diseases.\\nall of which have been published by the State\\nor the State University. Dr. Lugger is. per-\\nhaps, foremost authority on the subject of", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0632.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0633.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0634.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing Cngraviny Co Chicqytr\\nw", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0635.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0636.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n325\\nEntomology in the United Slates, especially as\\napplied I the Northwest. His bulletin on the\\nRocky mountain locust is considered authority\\non that subject. He lias experimented and\\noriginated several different ways of fighting off\\nand exterminating the grasshopper and the\\nchinch bug. He lias also made a special study\\nof the army worm, and his discoveries have\\nbeen of the greatest value to the agriculturist.\\nHe is so thoroughly posted on all native insects\\nand their habits that he knows at once what\\nlo do to fight them off and destroy them. He\\nhas collected a museum of all Hie animals,\\nbirds and insects native to Minnesota, and has\\nstudied their habits to know upon what they\\nfeed at all times of the year to know what is\\nthe friend of the farmer and what are his ene-\\nmies what to encourage and protect, and\\nwhat to discourage and destroy. He also pub-\\nlished a bulletin on entomology in 1893 an\\nillustrated classification of insects, and their\\nrelation to agriculture. He has been for four\\nyears Stale Entomologist, and has issued four\\nvolumes of reports. These works are of great\\nimportance to (he agriculturists, as he treats\\nfully on the subject of insects destructive to\\nfruits, grains, and to animals, chickens, and on\\nother features of great interest to the farmer\\nand fruit grower. Professor Lugger was mar-\\nried, February i 1856, ti Lena Rosowald, a\\nnative of Eserlohn, Westphalia, Germany. They\\nare the parents of two children, Linnea and\\nHumboldt.\\nCLARK W. GILMORE.\\nlark William Gilmore, of Pipestone, was\\nborn at Potsdam, Xew York, -Lily 8, 1852. The\\nremote paternal ancestry is Scottish. His fa-\\nther, William Gilmore, was a native of New\\nHampshire, who was engaged in agriculture\\nduring the greater pari of his life. His deatli oc-\\ncurred at Potsdam, New York, in the year 1878.\\nIn his early years Clark W. attended the coun-\\ntry schools in the vicinity of his home, after-\\nwards taking a four years course of instruction\\nin the normal school at Potsdam. He completed\\nhis studies in 1872, and in the following year,\\nat the age of twenty-one. came to the West.\\nIn 1S74 he located in Rochester, Minnesota,\\nwhere he continued to reside for three years.\\nHe decided to follow the legal profession, and\\nhaving devoted the necessary amount of time\\nto the reading of law, he gained admittance to\\nthe bar in Dodge county. He began his career\\nas a legal practitioner at Mankato, Minnesota,\\nremaining in that city until 1882. It was dur-\\ning the summer of the above year that he set-\\ntled in Pipestone, his present place of\\nresidence, and where, with the exception of\\none year, he has been continuously engaged in\\nthe practice of his profession since first local\\ning there. In politics Mr. Gilmore is a Repub-\\nlican, and is an interested and active member\\nof his party; but, although as a thoroughgoing\\nlawyer and fluent speaker he is well qualified\\nfor public life, he has manifested no aspirations\\nin that direction beyond the professional offices\\nof county and city attorney. He has served\\nfor two terms in the former capacity. He has\\nno need of seeking further duties than those\\nwhich come to him in his legal nook above the\\nPipestone County Bank, duties which he per-\\nforms with an ability and faithfulness that tix\\nhis place among the foremost of the city s law-\\nyers. .Mr. Gilmore took an active interest in\\nthe late Spanish-American war. He recruited\\nCompany M of the Fifteenth Minnesota Vol\\nunleers. of which he was made captain, and\\nwas in camp with the regiment at Camp\\nRamsey, Minnesota, at Camp Mead, Har-\\nrisburg, Pennsylvania, and at Camp Mac\\nkenzie, Augusta, Georgia. His term of\\nmilitary service lasted from July, 1898, un-\\ntil March, 1899, he being honorably dis-\\ncharged by the Government on the 27th of\\nthe last-named month. On February 5th. 1878,\\nat Rochester, Minnesota, Mr. Gilmore was\\nunited in marriage to Miss Carrie A. Mount,\\ndaughter of F. L. V. Mount, of that city. Five\\nchildren have been born of their union; but\\ndeath has been a frequent visitor at the do-\\nmestic hearth of Mr. Gilmore, two of Hie\\nchildren having been taken, and Mrs. Gilmore\\nhaving died on the 26th day of May, 1896. Mr.\\nGilmore is an active member of the Masonic\\nfraternity. He has been master four terms.", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0637.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "326\\nRIOGRARIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand is n member of the Chapter and Comman-\\ndery, and was one time an officer of the Grand\\nLodge of Minnesota.\\nFREDERICK KKIIX.\\nFrederick Kron, whom everybody in Man-\\nkato knows as a successful merchant and\\nthrifty business man, was born in Milwaukee,\\nAugust 1852. His parents were Clemens\\nand Johanna (Armbruster) Kron; both par-\\nents were natives of Baden, Germany. His\\nfather emigrated to America in 1847 and fol-\\nlowed his trade of harnessmaMng in Philadel-\\nphia for a time, and then settled in Milwaukee,\\nwhere he was married, and engaged in the\\nhotel business. In 1853 he went to St. Paul,\\nand thence to Mankato, where he put up a log\\nbuilding being assisted by the Indians in its\\nconstruction and kept a frontier tavern,\\namong the first built in Mankato. The town\\nat that time was only a boat landing and trad-\\ning post. After a few years he put up a frame\\nbuilding on the same site, known as the Minne-\\nsota House. Frederick was only ten months old\\nwhen his parents came to Mankato. His first\\nexperience in school was in a log building on\\n(he site where the union school now stands. He\\nafterwards attended the nunnery school with\\nI he Sisters of Notre Dame, where he remained\\nabout four years. After leaving school he re-\\nmained at home and assisted in the hotel up\\nto the time of his father s death, in 1873. After\\nhis decease. Frederick took charge of the hotel,\\nfor his mother, about two years. He then\\nrented the place and conducted it on his own\\naccount for two years. In 1877 he erected a\\nnew building on a part of the ground where the\\nhotel stood and went into the mercantile busi-\\nness, opening a general store for the sale of\\ndry goods, groceries, etc. After ten years\\nhe sold his slock of goods, leased the store, and\\nretired from business for about five years. Din-\\ning this time he traveled extensively in the\\nWest and South, then returning to Mankato. he\\nopened a store in the same building, which\\nhe still owned, lie boughl a new and superior\\nstock of goods, and built up a very successful\\nbusiness. In 1895, to accommodate his grow-\\ning trade, he erected the elegant brick block\\nhe now occupies. The entire block, fifty by\\none hundred feet, four tloors, is devoted\\nto the different departments groceries and\\nhouse furnishing goods in basement; dry\\ngoods, notions and gents furnishing goods on\\nfirst floor; carpets, curtains, cloaks and milli-\\nnery on the second floor; trunks, linoleum and\\noil cloth and storage on the lop floor. This is\\nthe largest, and in fact the only store of the\\nkind in Mankato. Mr. Kron has been uniform-\\nly successful in his commercial career, owing\\nperhaps, to his close attention to the smallest\\ndetails of his business, and to his knowledge\\nof what the public wants; but more especially\\nto his liberal policy in the treatment of his cus-\\ntomers and his reputation for strict honesty\\nand reliability. Resides his mercantile business,\\nMr. Kron has been largely interested in real\\nestate, buying and selling, building and rent\\ning, and he is a large property owner. He was\\nat one time a director in the Mankato National\\nRank, and is a stockholder in the Mankato\\nState Rank. He is an enterprising, public spir-\\nited citizen. Who has always been ready to aid\\nin any enterprise for the public good. Mr.\\nKron was married, in May. 1875, to Miss Clara\\nUllman, of .Mankato. They have no children.\\nJOHN F. MEAGHER.\\nJohn Ford Meagher was born in County\\nKerry. Ireland. April 11, 1836, and died in\\nMankato. Minnesota, June 18, I SOT. He was\\nthe son of Jeremiah and Catherine Meagher.\\nboth of whom died when he was about ten\\nyears of age. Shortly after their death he and\\nhis elder brother and their sister the only\\nsurviving members of the family came to\\nA merica and settled on a farm in LaSalle coun-\\nty. Illinois. For the ensuing three years of his\\nboyhood he lived on this farm, attending school\\nfor about two years. When he was fourteen he\\nbound himself as an apprentice to learn the\\ntinners trade with a tinsmith at Ottawa, Illi-\\nnois. His apprenticeship lasted three years,-\\nand his wages were thirty dollars for the first", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0638.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0639.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0640.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0641.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0642.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "BIOORAl lTY OF MINNESOTA.\\n3-7\\nyear, forty dollars for the second, and fifty dol-\\nlars for the third. But at the end of his time\\nhe had become so proficient a workman that,\\nalthough he was but seventeen years of age,\\nhe had no difficulty in securing employment\\nat regular journeyman s wages. Upon reach-\\ning the age of twenty-one, when he was his\\nown man. he decided to come to the then Ter-\\nritory of Minnesota. In September, 1857, he\\ntook passage at Dunleith, Illinois, on the\\nsteamer Northern Light for St. Paul. But\\nat Hastings he met a friend, who informed him\\nthat a firm that had just opened a hardware\\nstore at Faribault wanted a practical tinner.\\nSo he went to Faribault, secured the situation\\nand held it until the following spring. In\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tune, 1858, a hardware firm at Hastings de-\\ncided to open a branch store in Mankato and\\nengaged young Meagher to aid in establishing\\nit. and to remain and assist in its man-\\nagement. Three years later, in 1861, he\\nbought out the firm and engaged in business\\nfor himself, and Mankato was ever after his\\nhome. He continued in the hardware busi-\\nness for several years, and was very suc-\\ncessful in his business operations. In time\\nhe became identified with other business inter-\\nests of the town. In 1868 he assisted in the\\norganization of the First National Bank, and\\nwas its vice-president until in 1872, when he\\nand others organized the Citizens National\\nBank, of which he was president during its ex-\\nistence, which terminated in 1892, when the\\nNational Citizens Bank was organized, and\\nMr. Meagher became its president, and held the\\nposition until his death. Mr. Meagher was\\nactive and always interested in all enterprises\\nfor the improvement of Mankato and the wel-\\nfare of Minnesota, and did his whole duty for\\nboth, in peace and in war. When the startling\\nnews of the great Indian outbreak reached\\nMankato, August 19, 18 2, the townspeople of\\nthe place were summoned to the levee by the\\nringing of the big town bell. A company of\\nvolunteers were at once organized to go to the\\nrelief of New TJlm, then sore beset by the sav-\\nages. Mr. Meagher was tendered the captaincy\\nof the company, but declined the honor, offer-\\ning, however, to serve in any other capacity.\\nHe was then made first lieutenant and (he com-\\npany hurried to New Ulm, where, under the\\ncommand of Col. Charles E. Flandrau, it par-\\nticipated in the hard-fought battle which\\nfinally defeated 1 he Indians and caused them to\\nretreat. The gallantry with which the mem-\\nbers of the Mankato company served at New\\nUlm is a matter of notoriety and of recorded\\nhistory, and is referred to elsewhere in this\\nvolume. After active hostilities had ceased in\\n(his quarter a part of the company was sta-\\ntioned at South Bend. Mr. Meagher returned\\nto .Mankato and organized another company\\nfor the defense of the town. Soon after he was\\ncommissioned by Governor Ramsey as captain\\nand placed in immediate command of the post\\nof Mankato. and was in the State military serv-\\nice until the close of the war. In the material\\ninterests of Mankato generally Mr. Meagher\\nbecame actively and substantially interested.\\nAt different periods he was a director in the\\nMankato Brick Company, the Mankato Woolen\\nMill Company, the Mankato Axe Company, and\\nin the Mankato Gas and Electric Light Com\\npany. He was also a director in the Wells\\nbranch of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul\\nRailroad. He became known throughout a\\ngreat portion of the State as identified with a\\nnumber of business and financial institutions.\\nIn Stillwater he was a director in the North-\\nwestern Manufacturing and Car Company. In\\nSt. Paul he was a stockholder in the St. Paul\\nTrust Company, the First National Bank, the\\nNational German-American Bank, the Com-\\nmercial Bank, and in many other enterprises.\\nPolitically, Mr. Meagher was a Democrat. He\\nwas the candidate 1 of his party on several oc-\\ncasions, and although it was in the minority\\nin his section of the State, he was uniformly\\nelected; his personal popularity, with the vot-\\ners who knew him, carried him through. His\\nfirst candidacy was for county treasurer in\\nISC,: ami although no Democrat had been\\nelected in Blue Earth county for years, he was\\nelected by a large majority, while all his as-\\nsociates on I he ticket were 1 defeated. In 1869,\\nwhile he was in the East on a business trip,\\nand without his being consulted, he was nomi-\\nnated as the Democratic candidate for Repre-", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0643.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "32\\n8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsentative in the Legislature. The district was\\nregarded as hopelessly Republican, and no\\nparticular effort was made in his behalf in the\\ncampaign, yet he was elected by a good major-\\nity, and served in the session of 1870. He was\\nre-elected in 1871 by an increased majority. In\\n1N72 he was elected to the State Senate, and\\nwhile in service in this body was a member of\\nthe leading committees, as the committee on\\nfinance, on railroads, on education, etc. His\\nrecord was particularly clean, able, and val-\\nuable in both the House and Senate. His\\nconduct was straightforward, frank and high-\\ntoned, and he numbered among his best friends\\nmen of both political parties who served with\\nhim and were impressed with his honesty of\\npurpose, his ability and his general manly qual-\\nities. In the Tilden-Hayes Presidential cam-\\npaign of 187(i he was a Democratic candidate\\nfor elector at large. In Mankato he served\\nthree years as a member of the city council,\\nand for a time was president of the council.\\nHe was also for one year chairman of the board\\nof county commissioners of Blue Earth county.\\nMr. Meagher held many important positions of\\npublic trust and responsibility by appointment.\\nIn 1881 Governor Hubbard appointed him a\\nmember of the board of trustees for the State\\nHospital for the Insane, and he was re-ap-\\npointed by Governors McGill and Nelson. In\\n1SS7 the Legislature made him a member of\\nthe board of trustees to re-locate the State\\nReform School. In 1888 the same authority\\ndesignated him as one of the commissioners to\\nerect the New Ulm battle monument. In behalf\\nof the commission, Mr. Meagher made the\\npresentation address in turning over the mon-\\nument to the State at its formal dedication.\\nAugust 2:?, 1891. John F. Meagher established\\nhis character and reputation and acquired his\\nprivate fortune by the exertions of his own\\nbrain and muscle. Left a poor Irish orphan\\nlad at ten years of age, he made his way\\nthrough life almost single-handed, without the\\naid of influential friends, without even the\\nadvantage of a good education. He succeeded\\nby going resolutely to work and sticking to it.\\nBy perseverance in the course he marked out\\nfor himself, by an unvarving line of rigid in-\\ntegrity and honorable conduct and an intelli-\\ngence strengthened by the adversities with\\nwhich he had to contend, he earned a fortune\\nof the world s goods and what was better\\nand of more value to him he secured the re-\\nspect and esteem of all who knew him. A\\npersona] friend of Mr. .Meagher says of his per-\\nsonal characteristics:\\nJohn F. Meagher was of commanding pres-\\nence, with pleasing and impressive features.\\nIn height he was about five feet ten inches.\\nwas well built and his weight averaged\\nfrom 225 to 250 pounds. His mind was\\nclear, active, and strong, and in his utter-\\nances and his writing there were an earnest-\\nness, an originality, and a force that carried\\nconviction. His acquaintance among the pub-\\nlic characters and business men of the State\\nwas large; few Minnesotans were more gener-\\nally known or more highly respected. Mr.\\n.Meagher was a fine-looking man personally,\\nand he was a worthy associate of the remark-\\nable men who comprised the pioneers of Minne-\\nsota.\\nMr. Meagher was married, September 14,\\n1866, to Miss Mary A. Battelle, of Brooklyn,\\nNew York. She. too, was a native of Ireland,\\nand a daughter of John Battelle, who came\\nwith his family to America in 1860. She died\\nat Santa Barbara. California, April 24. 1895.\\nMr. and Mrs. Meagher were the parents of sev-\\nen children, viz.: John It., now cashier of the\\nNational Citizens Lank of Mankato, and presi-\\ndent of the Mankato Gas and Electric Light\\nCompany; Alonzo E., who died August 2:\\nissii.ni 1 he age of twenty-one; J. William, who\\ndied March T, 1893, aged twenty-two; Felix\\nK., Katherine F.. Mary B., and Agnes J., the\\nlast four named now residing at Mankato.\\nCHARLES HORToX.\\nThe city of Winona owes its growth and de-\\nvelopment largely to the extensive lumber\\nbusiness that has been its leading industry al-\\nmost from the time that the town was found* d,\\nand which has made the city one of the leading\\nlumber centers of the State. That such a con-\\ndition should exist in this community naturally", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0644.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0645.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "-^J", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0646.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0647.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0648.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "P.IOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n3 2 9\\nreflects credit upon the men who have been\\nidentified with these interests, prominent\\namong whom is the subject of this sketch,\\nCharles Horton. Mr. Horton was born in the\\nState of New York, at Niles, Cayuga county,\\nMarch 31, 1836, the son of Gabriel and Eliza\\n(Corwin) Horton. The father, who was a farm\\ner in moderate circumstances, traced his ances-\\ntry back to the Huguenots who first settled on\\nLong Island. Charles received his early edu-\\ncation in the schools of his native town. In\\n18~ 2 h went to Athens, Pennsylvania, where\\nhe worked in the saw-mills and lumber yards,\\nhandling lumber and running it down the\\nSusquehanna river to Columbia. In 1850 he\\ncame to Winona and found employment in the\\nsaw-mill of Porter Oarlock; and the follow-\\ning winter went to the pineries, where he\\nworked some time for Gen. C. C. Washburn.\\nIn the spring of 1860 the wages that were due\\nMr. Horton were paid by Genera] Washburn in\\nlumber. Towing these logs down the river,\\nMr. Horton brought them to Winona, and, in\\ncompany with L. C. Porter and Andrew Ham\\nilton, he began the manufacture of lumber.\\nThis was the beginning of what has grown to\\nbe one of the most important lumber compa-\\nnies in the State, with Mr. Horton at its head.\\nThe original organization was the Porter, Hor-\\nton Company, which continued until 1865,\\nwhen Mr. Porter sold his interest, and the\\nname was changed to Horton Hamilton. In\\nL880 Mr. Horton bought out Mr. Hamilton,\\nand the Empire I. umber Company was then\\nformed, in connection with 0. II. Ingram,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0lames Kennedy and I M. Dulaney. It was\\nfirst organized under the laws of Wisconsin,\\nbut in the spring of 1899 was reorganized un-\\nder the laws of Minnesota, with Mr. Horton as\\npresident of the company. Other enterprises\\nbeside the lumber business have attracted Mr.\\nMorton s attention, and he is now president of\\nthe Interstate Elevator Company of Winona,\\nand is vice-president and holds a directorship\\nin the First National Hank of Winona. He\\nhas been a lifelong Republican, but never has\\nhad any desire for public prominence. He has,\\nhowever, because of his interest in educational\\naffairs, served for a number of years on the\\nschool board, and has also devoted a good deal\\nof his time to the affairs of the Woodlawn\\nCemetery Association, in which he takes a\\ngreat interest, and of which he has been presi-\\ndent for a number of years. He is senior war\\nden in the Episcopal church, and recently built\\nfur it a rectory, which is a most attractive and\\nsubstantial structure. He was married, in\\nDecember, 1865, to Alice M. Rogers, of Bing-\\nhamton, Xew York. They have five children:\\nKateW.; Helen E.; Frank; Bell R. and Har-\\nriet I., the first four of whom are married. Mr.\\nHorton has lived in Winona for about forty\\nyears. As a business man he has met with un-\\ncommon success, is a man of warm friendships,\\nand as a citizen commands the greatest esteem\\nof the community for whose welfare he has so\\nconstantly and fruitfully labored.\\nHENRY W. LAMBERTON.\\nThe family name of Lamberton is of pure\\nScottish origin, and, like all of the ancient\\nnames of Scotland, territorial in its derivation\\nand associated with the earliest historic times\\nof that country. The name occurs as early as\\nthe reign of Edgar (1097-1107). John de Lam-\\nberton appears on the roll of Scottish nobles\\nand others invited to accompany King Edward\\ninto Flanders, May 24, 1297; and to the letter\\nsent by the Scottish barons to the Pope in 1320.\\ntlie seal of Alexander de Lamberton is ap-\\npended. Perhaps the most famous one of the\\nname in early historic times was William de\\nLamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews from A. D.\\nL298-1328. He was Chancellor of Glasgow in\\n1292, and in the charter was called William de\\nLambyrton. He was elected Bishop in Sep\\ntember. 1297, and was by Pope Boniface VIII.,\\non June 17, 1298, preferred to the episcopate\\nof St. Andrews, and is in the papal rescript\\nstyled Willemo de Lamberton. He was a\\nclose friend of Sir William Wallace, whose in-\\nfluence in Scotland at that juncture was almost\\nunbounded. Lamberton was one of the three\\nbishops who crowned King Robert of Bruce, at\\nScone, March 27, 1306. Only by tradition can\\nthe family name be traced through the long", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0649.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "33\u00c2\u00b0\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nperiod intervening between the time of Brace\\nand the time of the anti-prelacy agitation in the\\nlatter part of the Seventeenth Century. Kill-\\ning the latter period the tradition is distinct\\nand well defined, that in consequence of the\\nreligious persecution some members of the fam-\\nily tied to the North of Ireland, clearly indicat-\\ning the affinity between the two branches of\\nthe family in Scotland and Ireland. Gen. James\\nLamberton, a lineal descendant of Bishop de\\nLamberton, the grandfather of Henry W. Lam-\\nberton, of Winona, the subject of our sketch,\\nwas born in the year 1755. He emigrated, to-\\nward the close of the War of Independence and\\nbefore the definite treaty of peace, and settled\\nin the Cumberland valley of Pennsylvania,\\namongst the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who\\nhad preceded him there in such great numbers.\\nHe arrived at Carlisle in the year 17s::. and for\\nmany years was one of the most successful\\nmerchants and business men of the Cumber-\\nland valley. January 4, 1785, he was\\nmarried to Jane McKeehan, a daughter of\\nAlexander McKeehan, who was a North of\\nIreland immigrant and came oyer early in the\\nEighteenth Century. Mr. James Lamberton\\nwas a conspicuous leader of the Democratic-\\nRepublican party in Cumberland county, as\\nwell as prominent in State politics, having\\nserved two terms in the House of Representa-\\ntives. He was also active in reorganizing the\\nState Militia, in 17!U, and was commissioned\\non February 10, 170J, as major of the First\\nBattalion of Cumberland County Militia, to\\nrank as such from July 28, 1792. A contem-\\nporary of Mr. Lamberton writing of him says:\\nDescended from an old Scotch family, who\\nremoved from their own country to the sister\\nKingdom of Ireland, he inherited the same\\nfearlessness and determination so eminently\\ncharacteristic of the Covenanters. He emi-\\ngrated to this country before the close of the\\nstruggle which resulted in the freedom of the\\nColonies, and from the time he became an\\nAmerican citizen, he was ever found amongst\\nthose who firmly maintained (lie rights of the\\npeople. His upright character soon secured\\nthe respect of his fellow-citizens, and he was\\nplaced in positions in which he was always\\ntrue to his trust. Fearless in the expression of\\nhis sentiments, and as courageous in the de-\\nfense of them, he was awed by no petty con-\\nsiderations of policy into silence, and though\\nso long outliving the allotment of three score\\nand ten. he left a reputation unsullied by a\\ndishonorable act.\\nMaj. Robert Lamberton, son of James, and\\nfather of Henry \\\\Y. Lamberton, was born\\nMarch 17, 17S7. at Carlisle, was educated at\\nDickinson College, and amongst others had for\\na college mate James Buchanan, later Presi-\\ndent of the United Slates, between whom, ever\\nafter, were the strongesl ties id friendship. He\\nwas a student at law. preparing for admission\\nto the Cumberland county bar when the last\\nwar with Great Britain was declared, at which\\ntime Maj. Robert Lamberton was appointed\\npaymaster in the service of the United States.\\nfor the Pennsylvania forces on the Northern\\nfrontier. He accompanied the troops to the\\nfrontier and into Canada. The exposure inci-\\ndent to his service there, brought on chronic\\nrheumatism, which afflicted him through life\\nand ultimately caused his death. On cessation\\nof hostilities. Maj. Lamberton returned to Car-\\nlisle and engaged in mercantile pursuits, and\\nlater was appointed postmaster of Carlisle,\\nwhich position he retained for many years.\\nApril I d, 1815, Robert Lamberton was married\\nto Miss Mary Harkness. daughter id William\\nHarkness, of Cumberland county, who was a\\nprominent character and extensive land owner\\nin that community. William Harkness was born\\nOctober 1, 17. !t. in the North of Ireland, and\\nwhen quite young emigrated with his father\\nand settled among the Presbyterians in the\\ncounty of Lancaster. Pennsylvania. His wife.\\nPriscilla Lytic, whom he married in 1771, was\\nof the same Scotch-Irish stock. The Presby-\\nterian settlers of the Cumberland valley were\\namong the first to actively assert the rights of\\nthe Colonists in the struggle with Great\\nBritain. William Harkness entered the Colo\\nnial service as an ensign, and together with\\nMr. Lylle, his brother-in-law. was, among other\\nconflicts, at Brandywine and Germantown.\\nAt the latter place Lytic was killed at his\\nside. Maj. Robert Lamberton died at Carlisle.\\nAugust. 9, L852, at the age of sixty-five years.\\nHis wife survived him many years. She was\\nbom in April, 1791, and died at Carlisle De-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0650.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n531\\ncember 28, 1880, in the ninetieth year of her\\nage. In many respects she was a remarkable\\nwoman. For sixty-three years she had been a\\nregular attendant and communicant of the\\nFirst Presbyterian church of Carlisle. Tall\\nand comely, of clear, prompt and decided judg-\\nment, of great ability and energy, she permitted\\nnothing to swerve her from the path of duty\\nand the right. She devoted herself to the care\\nand education of her children and to her life\\nof Christian duty and example. No infirmity\\nof age came upon her. Her physical activity\\nand the humor and clearness of her brighi\\nmind remained with her until the last. She\\nleft surviving four sons and two daughters\\nRobert Alexander Lamberton, late presi-\\ndent of Lehigh University, now deceased;\\nAlfred John Lamberton, a prominent mer-\\nchant of Western Minnesota, now deceased;\\nCharles Lytic Lamberton, now a resident\\nof New York City, and who was during\\nhis many years residence in Pennsylvania a\\nleading attorney and prominent in public\\naffairs, representing his district three years in\\nthe State Senate; and Henry Wilson Lamber-\\nton, the subject of this sketch. The two\\ndaughters are Mrs. Mary Lamberton Paulding\\nand Miss Annie Graham Lamberton, who\\noccupy the homestead at Carlisle. Those dying\\nbefore, her were Col. William Harkness Lam-\\nberton and James Finley Lamberton. former\\nprothonotary of Cumberland county and father\\nof apt. Benjamin P. Lamberton of the United\\nStates Navy. Two daughters, Priscilla and\\nJane, and a young son, Robert C, died many\\nyears before. It is worthy of note that apt.\\nBenjamin P. Lamberton, nephew of the subject\\nof this sketch, took a prominent part in the late\\nwar with Spain as Admiral Dewey s Chief of\\nStaff in the battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898,\\nand was soon afterwards captain of the flag-\\nship Olympia. He exhibited exceptional tact\\nand courageous skill in carrying out his orders,\\nand merited the distinction of being one of the\\nablest officers of the war. On the recommenda-\\ntion of the Admiral in his report of the en-\\ngagements, Captain Lamberton was promoted\\nby advancement of seven numbers in rank for\\nbravery in the battle of Manila Bay. Henry\\nWilson Lamberton was born on the Cth day\\nof March, A. D. 1831, in Carlisle, Cumberland\\ncounty, Pennsylvania, when- he received his\\nearly education. He studied law, completed\\nhis course under the tuition of his brother,\\nRobert A. Lamberton, of Harrisburg, and was\\nadmitted to the bar of Dauphin county, Penn-\\nsylvania, in 1852. He engaged in the practice\\nof his profession in Franklin, Venango county,\\nPennsylvania, until the spring of 185G, when,\\nwith his brother-in-law, Hon. Samuel Plumer\\nof the Venango county bar, he removed to\\nWinona, Minnesota, where they continued the\\npractice of law under the firm name of Plumer\\nLamberton. At the first municipal election\\nof the city of Winona in the spring of 1857, Mr.\\nLamberton was elected city attorney, defeat\\ning Hon. Daniel S. Norton, who was later\\nelected United States Senator from Minnesota.\\nBusiness engagements caused Mr. Lamberton\\nto temporarily remove from Winona to Fari-\\nbault and from there to St. Peter, where he\\nwas residing at the time of the Indian uprising\\nand massacre in ls ;2. He was appointed one\\nof the Citizen Mounted Marshals to act in con-\\njunction with the military department in\\nmaintaining order, in the discharge of which\\nduty he was present at Mankato, De-\\ncember 26, 1862, when thirty-eight Sioux\\nIndians, who had been condemned to\\ndeath, were executed. Mr. Lamberton re-\\nturned to Winona in 1863, where he has since\\nresided. In 1866 he was tendered and ac-\\ncepted the position of land commissioner of\\nthe Winona St. Peter Railroad Company, a\\nland grant railroad then under construction\\nfrom Winona and afterwards completed to the\\nBig Sioux river in South Dakota. In 1876 the\\nWinona St. Peter Land Company was or-\\nganized and purchased from the owners\\n500,0011 acres of the land granted by the United\\nStates to the Winona St. Peter Railroad\\nompany. Mr. Lamberton was elected land\\ncommissioner of the company, which position\\nhe still holds. In 1868 the Winona Deposit\\nBank was organized and Mr. Lamberton\\nelected president, which office is still ably filled\\nby him. The success of the bank and the sound\\nfinancial standing of the institution at home", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0651.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "33 2\\nP.IOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand abroad is solely due to the ability of the\\nfinancier at its head. He was elected mayor\\nof the city of Winona, in 1881. and reelected\\nin 1882. Under his administration the present\\nexcellent system of water works was con-\\nstructed and financiered, as well as other\\npermanent public improvements. In is .tt Mr.\\nLamberton was elected president of the\\nWinona Western Railway Company, which\\npurchased the railroad extending from\\nWinona. Minnesota, to Osage, Iowa, 117 miles,\\nand to which has recently been added a branch\\nfrom the main line to Rochester, Minnesota.\\nIn politics Mr. Lamberton is a Democrat, and\\nuntil recently, since his coming to this State,\\nlias always taken an active pari in the coun-\\ncils of his party. In 1880 he was elected a\\ndelegate and attended the Democratic National\\n(invention at Cincinnati, which nominated\\nGen. W. S. Hancock for President. In 1888\\nhe was chosen chairman of the Democratic\\nState Convention, which nominated Hon. E. M.\\nWilson for Governor. In 1893, under a law\\nthat had just passed, providing for the erection\\nof a new State capitol, Governor Nelson ap-\\npointed Mr. Lamberton, without his knowledge,\\none of the board of State Capitol Commission-\\ners, consisting of seven members, one from\\neach Congressional district, to cany out the\\nprovisions of the law, and under whose direc-\\ntion the magnificent capitol building is now\\nbeing erected. Mr. Lamberton was married on\\n.May t. 1852, to Margaret J. l lunier, second\\ndaughter of Arnold l lunier, of Franklin.\\nVenango county, Pennsylvania. Their chil-\\ndren are: Arnold Plainer Lamberton, late\\ndeceased; Charles Harkness Lamberton, Henry\\nMcClelland Lamberton. Mary Ella Lamberton,\\nmarried to John R. Mitchell, and Margaret\\nl lunier Lamberton, married to C. A. Boalt.\\nHon. Arnold l lunier, father of Mrs. H. W.\\nLamberton, was elected to represent his dis-\\ntrict in the Twenty-fifth Congress and again\\nelected to the Twenty-seventh Congress. In\\n1848 he was elected State treasurer of Penn-\\nsylvania. In 1855 he was elected canal com-\\nmissioner. In 1857, Mr. Buchanan, who had\\nbeen elected President in 1856, selected Mr.\\nPlumer as a member of his cabinet and ten-\\ndered him the position of Post-Master General,\\nwhich he peremptorily declined. The condition\\nof his health at the time being so much im-\\npaired as to forbid his undertaking any con-\\ntinuous and exacting labors, and his desire to\\nretire to private life, were imperative reasons\\nfor his unwillingness to accept any further\\npublic office.\\nJAMES A. TAWNEY.\\nThe career of the Hon. James A. Tawney,\\nof Winona. Minnesota, is of more than ordinary\\nbiographical interest. It is a forcible illustra-\\ntion of the value of diligent and persevering\\nmental application, impelled by a determina-\\ntion to succeed. It shows also the value of a\\ncorrect understanding of the experiences of\\nthe greal mass of people, who toil on farms\\nand in shops and factories, and an intelligent\\nsympathy with them. John Tawney. the\\ngreat-grandfather of James, moved over from\\nMaryland and settled on a farm in the vicinity\\nof Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in the latter half\\nof the last century. He is described as a man of\\nupright character and above the ordinary\\nin mental capacity. But dying in middle life,\\nhe left his widow with a very large family, in\\nthe care of which the estate was consumed.\\nAbraham, one of the younger sons, became a\\nblacksmith, and located on a farm near by,\\nwhere he established a shop, which was a fea-\\nture of the neighborhood for more than half\\na century. He was known as a man of great\\nstrength of will, sound understanding and\\nhonesty. His wife possessed such excellent\\nqualities of mind and character as drew to her\\nthe personal esteem and affection of all who\\nknew her. Their oldest son was John E.. the\\nfather of .lames A. lie also became a black-\\nsmith, and succeeded his father in the posses\\nsion of the shop and the farm. His mental\\nand moral qualities needed only proper devel-\\nopment to raise him to prominence. Even with\\nhis lack of other opportunities, by reading, ob-\\nservation and study, his mind became well in-\\nformed; he took an active interest in all public\\nquestions, especially those relating to politics,\\nmorality and religion. lie was a fluent writer\\nand a forcible speaker in the country debating", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0652.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0653.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0654.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3225", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0655.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0656.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "liKXiRATTIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n533\\nclubs and other gatherings. He married a\\nneighbor s daughter, Miss Sarah Boblitz, an\\nexcellent young woman of bright intellect and\\na positive and forceful nature. James A. was\\nborn January 3, 1855. The traditions of his\\nschoolboy days have in them much more of\\nboyish pranks than of study. He seems to have\\nbeen a robust, jolly, fun-loving youth, who had\\nlittle use for anything taught in the school ex-\\ncepl geography. He, too, became a blacksmith,\\nand later a machinist. In the summer of 1877\\nhe came west, looking for work on the way.\\nOn the first day of August he landed at\\nWinona, Minnesota, where he secured a good\\nsituation as a machinist, and there he has re-\\nmained. His new surroundings in this bright,\\nactive, hustling little city served as an inspira-\\ntion. They appealed to his native ambition,\\nwhich, though latent, came into prompt ac-\\ntivity. He resolved to make the best use of his\\nopportunities. He put himself in the way of\\ngood society. He attracted the notice of the\\nJudge of the District Court later and for\\nmany .years on the Supreme Bench who gave\\nhim much encouragement. A good voice and\\ngreat fondness for music soon got him into\\nchurch choirs and other musical organizations.\\nHe became connected with an amateur dra-\\nmatic club, and his acting on the stage at-\\ntracted so much attention that he was urged\\nto follow the stage as a profession. But his\\ninterest had already been awakened in the\\nstudy of law, and he refused to be diverted\\nfrom it. At night when others were asleep,\\nhe was at his studies. Not the law only, but\\nthe various branches of an English education,\\nwere steadily pursued. Thus he spent six\\nyears, working during the day and studying\\nat night, often until long past midnight.\\nFinally, quitting the factory, he entered the\\nlaw office of Bentley Vance, a prominent law\\nfirm of Winona, and was admitted to the bar\\nat Winona July 10, 1882. After this he at-\\ntended the law school of the University of\\nWisconsin, until the death of Mr. Bently.\\nMarch 10, 1883. Mr. Bently s death left him\\nin possession of a large business. This was his\\ngreat good fortune. Unlike most young at-\\ntorneys, he was not obliged to wait for busi-\\nness to come. It was already there. The\\nquestion was, Can he handle it? Will he\\nprove equal to his opportunity? He did; but\\nit was by the most intense and trying applica-\\ntion. From this on his progress in the pro-\\nfession was both rapid and solid. He studied\\nhis cases. All his powers of insight and\\nanalysis were brought to bear on each one. He\\nstudied his books. He made sure of his\\nground; there was no guess work about it.\\nAnd the result was that his success at the bar\\nwas, to say the least, very gratifying to him-\\nself and his friends. From the first he had\\na comfortable income. But in a comparatively\\nshort time he rose to a higher and more lucra-\\ntive grade of practice. His services began to\\nbe sought by people having large business in-\\nterests, and large amounts in litigation; and\\nhis income became correspondingly large. Few\\nyoung men of this northwestern country had a\\nbrighter or more promising outlook before\\nthem, as lawyers, than he had when first nom-\\ninated to Congress. Meanwhile, in 1883, he\\nwas elected Judge Advocate of the Second\\nMinnesota National Guards, and served in that\\ncapacity until January, 1801, when he was\\nmade Judge Advocate General on the staff of\\nGovernor Merriam. In the fall of 1890 he was\\nelected State Senator, notwithstanding a large\\nDemocratic majority in his county. It was\\nlargely the vote of the farmers and other\\nlaboring people that did it. They had known\\nhim as a fellow-laborer, and he had never\\nceased to recognize them with the old familiar-\\nity. To them he was still Jim Tawney, and\\nfor Jim they voted. In the Senate he was\\na member of the judiciary committee, and took\\na leading part in the legislation of that body.\\nFor three years from 1888 to 1891 he was\\nvice-president of the State Republican League,\\nand later served for several years on the State\\nCentral Committee. He was elected to the\\nFifty-third Congress in the fall of 1892, to suc-\\nceed the Hon. W. H. Harries, a Democrat.\\n1 icing in the minority, and a new member, his\\nopportunities in that Congress were limited.\\nHis first speech as a member of that body was\\nagainst the repeal of the Federal elections law.\\nHe made several speeches against the Wilson-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0657.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "334\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nGorman tariff law. But his most effective\\nwork was in connection with the pension leg-\\nislation of that Congress, by which a ruling\\nwas secured that affected some ten thousand\\npensioners, and led to the disbursement of not\\nhss than fl,000,000. He was re-elected to the\\nFifty-fourth, Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Con-\\ngresses by largely increased majorities. In the\\nFifty-fourth he was appointed by Speaker\\nReed a member of the committee on ways and\\nmeans, and as a member of that committee\\ntook part in the preparation of the Diugley\\ntariff bill and in securing its passage. His\\njudicious, energetic and finally successful\\nefforts in behalf of what was known as the\\ntilled cheese and pure flour bills, attracted at-\\ntention all over the country, and prompted the\\ndairy and milling interests to place in his\\ncharge the matter of securing further legisla-\\ntion in their interests. In the Fifty-fifth Con\\ngress, when the treaty for the annexation of\\nHawaii was pending in the Senate, Congress-\\nman Johnston, of Indiana, assailed in the\\nHouse, both the treaty itself and the adminis-\\ntration for favoring it. In a few days Mr.\\nTawney replied in a speech that was at once\\na masterly argument and an eloquent presenta-\\ntion of the subject. These were the first pub-\\nlished speeches on this subject delivered in\\neither House. Subsequently, when it became\\nknown that the two-thirds vote necessary to\\nratify the treaty could not be secured in the\\nSenate, the foreign affairs committee of the\\nHouse reported a resolution for annexation.\\nOwing to the opposition of the speaker, the\\nfriends of annexation could not obtain recog-\\nnition for its consideration. Mr. Tawney, un-\\nwilling to see the resolution defeated in that\\nway, when it was evident that nearly all the\\nRepublican members of the House favored it,\\ncirculated a petition among them, whereby\\neach man who signed it, declared in favor of\\nannexation, and of the immediate considera-\\ntion of the resolution, and also requested the\\nchairman of the Republican caucus to call a\\ncaucus to adopt such means as might be neces-\\nsary to secure its consideration. Rut the\\ncaucus was not called. The speaker, seeing\\nthe unanimous favor accorded Mr. Tawney s\\nproposition on the Republican side of the\\nHouse, agreed to permit the consideration of\\nthe resolution without a caucus. In the or-\\nganization of the Fifty-sixth Congress few\\nRepublican representatives took a more con\\nspicuous part. In the unique and very brief\\ncampaign which resulted in the election of\\nHon. I). B. Henderson of Iowa to the speaker-\\nship of the House, Mr. Tawney s movements\\nshowed him to be an adept in political strategy\\nas well as a determined and tireless worker in\\nwhatever he set his hand to. In this case the\\nsupreme object was to elect a speaker from\\nwest of the Mississippi river, and thus secure\\nto Western Republicans a more adequate share\\nof influence in National legislation and Nation\\nal politics. After the close of the speakership\\ncampaign, Mr. Tawney assisted in completing\\ntlie organization of the House in this Congress,\\nand among other things, advocated the crea-\\ntion of a new committee in the House for the\\npreparation and consideration of legislation\\nfor our new insular possessions. He was in-\\ntrusted by Speaker Henderson with the work\\nof preparing a resolution, amending the rules\\nof the House for this purpose. He did so, and\\ngave to the new committee its name, The\\nCommittee on Insular Affairs. This commit-\\ntee is conceded to have but one superior in\\nrank and influence, and its jurisdiction covers\\nevery possible question pertaining to the Gov-\\nernment and administration of public affairs\\nin our island possessions, except federal rev-\\nenue and appropriations. Owing to the small\\nRepublican majority in the Fifty-sixth Con-\\ngress, Mr. Tawney was selected by the caucus\\nof his party as Whip of the House, a very\\nresponsible position, last filled during the\\nFifty-first Congress by Hon. James Wilson,\\nnow Secretary of Agriculture. He was also\\nappointed a member of the committee on ways\\nand means, and a member of the committee on\\ninsular affairs. This prominence in committee\\nassignments and in the choice of his colleagues\\nis another striking evidence of Mr. Tawney s\\nindustry, of his organizing ability, and of the\\nconfidence and esteem which he has won in\\nsuch large measure from his associates. Mr.\\nTawney was married on the 19th of December,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0658.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0659.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "Tht Century PubUstity Cnymvmy Co Chicago\\na/\\n1^5.\\n\u00c2\u00ab/w-/", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0660.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0661.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0662.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "lUOfiKAl llY OF MINNESOTA.\\n33 1\\n1883, to Miss Eminu B. Newell, of Winona, and\\nis the father of live strong and handsome chil-\\ndren, four sons and one daughter Everett\\nFranklin, .lames Millard, John E., Maud\\nJosephine, and William Mitchell.\\nERNST A. GERDTZEN.\\nErnst Adolph Gerdtzen was born at Ham-\\nburg, Germany, April 28, 1822. He was edu-\\ncated at Kiel and Berlin. After partially\\ncompleting a course in law, he turned his at-\\ntention lo civil engineering and architecture,\\nand pursued his studies in these branches for\\ntwo years. Coming to the New World, like\\nmany of the educated young men who turned\\nfrom the unsatisfactory conditions following\\nthe upheaval of 1S4S. lie lived for a time in\\nWisconsin and later at Davenport, Iowa. In\\n185(3 he came to Winona, where he resided un-\\ntil his death, December 18, 1895. Having taken\\na position in the office of Sargent, Wilson\\nWindoin, he there read law for some time, and\\nprepared himself for the vocation for which,\\nby a thorough education, sound sense, discreet\\njudgment and correct habits, he was eminently\\nqualified. At the establishment of the munici-\\npality of Winona, by the charter election in\\n1857, he was elected first city recorder, a posi-\\ntion which he held for three years. In 1861 he\\nwas elected clerk of the District Court, and for\\na period of seventeen years he administered the\\naffairs of that responsible office with an ability\\nand faithfulness alike creditable to himself\\nand subservient to the best interests of the\\ncommunity. With one exception his was the\\nlongest tenure of office in Winona county.\\nAfter retiring from public office, Mr. Gerdtzen\\npracticed as an attorney, limiting his work to\\nthe Court of Probate. He acted as adminis-\\ntrator of a great number of estates, a fact\\nwhich showed the confidence felt in him by the\\npeople. During all this time he manifested a\\ngreat interest in the common weal, especially\\nin the way of educational matters. For many\\nyears he was one of the directors of the Pub-\\nlic Library of Winona, whose interests he\\nguarded and fostered with a fatherly love.\\nFrom the first, Mr. Gerdtzen identified himself\\nwith the welfare of the German settlers in\\nWinona, and was ever ready to aid them by\\nword and deed. He was one of the founders\\nand chief promoters of the Philharmonic So-\\nciety, whose object was to further and concen-\\ntrate the intellectual interests of the German\\npopulation. For this society he wrote a con-\\ncise but accurate History of the Germans of\\nWinona. In 18C8 Mr. Gerdtzen married Hen-\\nrietta Iline, and the union was blessed with a\\nsou and a daughter, Gerdt A. and Clara- the\\nwife of B. D. Blair, an attorney of Winona.\\nDuring a long and honorable career as a public\\nofficer, counsel and administrator, Mr. Gerdt-\\nzen enjoyed the public confidence in an unusual\\ndegree. Retiring and modest, his disposition\\nwould, superficially, be deemed that of a re-\\ncluse, but more intimate intercourse showed\\nhim to be a delightful scholar, with a mind\\ncritical, yet broad and tolerant. He was a pub-\\nlic spirited citizen, and, what is more, an hon-\\norable man.\\nLEONARD PAULLE.\\nLeonard Paulle, a prominent manufacturer\\nand financier of Minneapolis, is a native of the\\nState of New York, and was born at Buffalo\\nApril 2:5, 1855. His father, Joseph Paulle, was\\na soldier in the army of the first Napoleon\\nduring the War of 1800. He was a manufac-\\nturer of silk at Bavaria, Germany, while\\nliving in Europe, but in 1854 he abandoned\\nthat occupation, and emigrated from Ba-\\nvaria, with his wife and three children,\\nto America, selecting Buffalo, New York,\\nas his new home. Here he engaged in\\nthe dry goods trade, at which he was quite\\nsuccessful, and in which lie spent a large share\\nof his life. During the War of the Rebellion,\\nhe offered his services to the Union cause, but\\non account of his age was not accepted. In\\n1SG9 he removed to St. Paul, Minnesota. He\\ndid not engage in any business here, but re-\\nturned to Buffalo, three years later,- dying in\\nthat city in 1872, when our subject was only\\nfourteen years of age. Although he had reached", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0663.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "3tf\\nBIUGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nthe extreme age of ninety-six at the time of his\\ndeath, lie was remarkably well preserved, and\\nstraight as an arrow. While in this country,\\nnine more children were born to him, of which\\nthree only are living at the present time, viz.,\\nJoseph and Leonard Paulle, and Mrs. Mary\\nPfiffer. Leonard obtained his early education\\nin the public schools of Buffalo, attending them\\nup to the age of twelve. Being then obliged\\nto make his own way in the world, he deter-\\nmined to learn a trade. He was interested in\\ncabinet work, and became thoroughly compe-\\ntent in this line, spending two years and a half\\nin becoming proficient. He afterwards went\\nto Minneapolis, in 1872, and was employed as\\nforeman by .Jesse C opeland Son, manufactur-\\ners of store and office fixtures. In 1873 he en-\\ngaged in the manufacture of show cases and\\nstore fixtures on his own account, remaining\\nin this occupation to the present time. Mr.\\nPaulle started in life with no capital but his\\nnative energy and force, and has succeeded in\\nbuilding up a large trade in manufacturing all\\nsorts of store and office fixtures. He has been\\nenabled to do this by giving close attention to\\ndetails and by his uprightness and honesty in\\nbusiness. He employs a large force of men,\\nand his trade extends through the greater part\\nof the Northwest. Mr. Paulle is a Mason of\\nthe Thirty-second degree. Though he has al-\\nways been a Republican, he voted for Governor\\nbind. He believes in men more than party. In\\n1898 Mr. Paulle was elected president of the\\nMinneapolis Fire and Marine Insurance Com-\\npany. He had served on the board of directors\\na year before this. He has been a director of\\nthe Germania Bank since its organization in\\nis .it. lie has been quite an extensive dealer in\\nreal estate, and built a number of residences\\nand business blocks in Minneapolis. He is a\\nmember of Governor Lind s staff, appointed in\\nAugust. 1899, with the rank of colonel. Mr.\\nPaulle has always taken an interest in matters\\nof public moment, and has aided many a\\nworthy enterprise conducive to the growth of\\nhis city. Mr. Paulle enjoys excellent health,\\nwhich, combined with a large amount of en-\\nergy and push, give promise of a long and suc-\\ncessful life.\\nROBERT R. UDELL.\\nRobert Ransom Udell, of Minneapolis, Min-\\nnesota, was born at Newark, Wayne county,\\nNew York, November 28, 1850. He is the son\\nof -Jesse B. and Maria II. (Ballou) Udell. Both\\nthe Odells and Ballous are old eastern families.\\nThe former having taken root in Westchester\\ncounty. New York, about 1690, while the orig-\\ninal settler on the maternal side, Maturin Bal-\\nlou, emigrated to America half a century ear-\\nlier. Ethan Allen, of Revolutionary fame, was\\nan ancestor of Mr. Udell on his father s side,\\nand his grandfather, Joseph Warren Udell, was\\nprincipal of the Troy Academy. To his grand-\\nmother, nee Susanna Ballon, of Richmond.\\nNew Hampshire, belonged the distinction of\\nhaving been chosen as a representative of the\\nGranite State, to the funeral of George Wash-\\nington, in December, 1799. Mr. Odell is a\\nfourth cousin of President .James A. Garfield,\\nthe maiden name of Mr. Garfield s mother hav-\\ning been Eliza Ballou. The subject of this\\nsketch grew up on his father s thrifty farm in\\nNewark, attending the common schools of the\\ntown, and later, the Newark free school and\\nacademy. After finishing at the academy, he\\nread law with Senator Stephen K. Williams,\\nof Newark, and was admitted to the bar of\\nNew York at Syracuse, January 8, 1875. In\\nthe following September, at Utica, New York,\\nhe gained admittance to practice before the\\nUnited States Circuit Court, in order to bring\\nan action in that court in behalf of the second\\nmortgage bondholders of the S. P. S. R. R.\\nThis case, which involved the sum of $125,000,\\nwas conducted by Mr. Odell to a happy adjust-\\nment of all existing differences. Early in Gc-\\ntober, 1881, Mr. Udell and a friend, Frank F.\\nDavis, came with their families to Minnesota\\nand located at Minneapolis, the two young men\\nat that time becoming associated for the joint\\npractice of the law. This partnership was dis\\nsolved April 1, 1882, and soon afterwards Mr.\\nOdell formed a second, with the late Edward\\nA. Campbell, which continued for over four\\nyears. Among the important litigation with\\nwhich ilr. Odell has been connected during his\\nlong term of practice in Minnesota may be", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0664.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0665.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing fiymvtnp Co Chicaner\\nSSZ^7. /2t^* Z^cP^~*-^~*-^7", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0666.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0667.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0668.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "ISIOORAI IIY OF .MINNESOTA.\\n66/\\nmentioned the Forest Heights rase, calling for\\nredress from excessive taxation; also the crim-\\ninal ease of tile State vs. Claus A. Blizt, in\\nwhich lie was successfully retained by the de-\\nfendant, who was saved from the gallows, and\\nhis aid to the authorities resulted in the exe-\\ncution of the real criminal, Harry T. Hayward.\\nOn December 1881, -Mr. Odell was ap-\\npointed United States Commissioner, which\\noffice he tilled throughout its existence, it be-\\ning abolished by act of Congress June 30, 1S!)7.\\nIn the memorable census struggle of 1890 be-\\ntween .Minneapolis and St. Paul Mr. Odell\\nplayed a conspicuous and creditable part in his\\ncapacity of commissioner. St. Paul threw\\ndown the gauntlet by swearing out warrants\\nagainst Minneapolis enumerators, before one\\nof its own commissioners. This action natur-\\nally incensed the sister city, and resulted in the\\ntransfer of certain cases before a commissioner\\nat Winona, .Minnesota. The fight began in ear-\\nnest when John Campbell, deputy United\\nStates marshal, gathered in about a score of\\nprisoners, whom he brought before Commis-\\nsioner Odell, returning the warrants to him.\\nThese captives were released by Mr. Odell\\nupon heavy bail, backed in each case by promi-\\nnent citizens of Minneapolis. For twenty days\\nand more the war raged in this impromptu\\ncourt, where the best legal talent of the twin\\ncilies was arrayed as hostile forces. Riot and\\ngeneral disgrace became imminent but, al-\\nthough wholly loyal to Minneapolis, Commis-\\nsioner Odell retained a clear sense of official\\nduty, and by his determined action and sang\\nfroid held the antagonists from each other s\\nthroats until a settlement of the whole matter\\ncould be consummated. Until recent years\\nMr. Odell was a Republican. He was a per-\\nsonal friend of .lames G. Blaine, but was ab-\\nsent in England during the Presidential con-\\nvention of 1802, and the news of Mr. Blaine s\\ndefeat was brought to him in the office of the\\nLondon Times. Since 1S02 he has been a Dem-\\nocrat. September 5, 1876, at Newark, New\\nYork, Mr. Odell was married to Carrie C. Vos-\\nbaugh. Their two living children are: Clinton\\nM., who has just attained his majority, and is\\nnow in the University of Minnesota, and\\nCorinne V., aged ten. Our subject has been\\ncalled the lawyer poet. His Ode to the Pells\\nis, perhaps, his best-known production, having\\nbeen copied by the press all over the country,\\nlie also wrote the ode of dedication to the new\\ncourt house and city hall of Minneapolis. .Mr.\\nOdell is a member of Minnehaha Lodge 165,\\nA. F. A. M.\\nTHOMAS M( )NT(1( MERY.\\nMajor Thomas Montgomery, a well-known\\npioneer citizen, soldier and public official of\\nSt. Paul, and very eminent in symbolic Ma-\\nsonry, was born at Mountcharles, Donegal\\ncounty, Ireland, June 1, 1841. His father. Rev.\\nAlexander Montgomery, was a local preacher\\nof the Wesleyan Methodist church in the north\\nof Ireland. His mother, whose maiden name\\nwas Margaret Paskin, was a member of a\\nprominent north of Ireland family. They were\\nmarried in Mountcharles, August 4, 1S40, and\\na few months after his father came to Mon-\\ntreal, teaching school and preaching in the city\\nand vicinity. He established a home in Orms-\\ntown, where his wife and son joined him in\\nSeptember, 1845, and for the following ten\\nyears pursued his vocation in that place and\\nneighborhood. In September. 1S55, he moved\\nhis family to London, Ontario, and in July,\\n1856, to St. Paul. Minnesota, locating soon after\\non some land near Cleveland, Le Sueur county,\\nwhere his son Thomas grew up to early man-\\nhood, assisting, with two younger brothers, in\\nopening up the farm. He received a good com-\\nmon school and practical education, under the\\nsupervision of his father, who was a man of\\nscholarly tastes and of high mental and moral\\ncharacter. His mother and father died at\\nCleveland, in 1888 and 1892, respectively.\\nMajor Montgomery s military title was fairly\\nand meritoriously attained. After drilling all\\nsummer in a company of home guards, he en-\\nlisted, August 10, 1862, in Company K. Seventh\\nRegiment Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and\\nwas appointed a corporal. In June, 1863, he\\nwas elected second lieutenant of his company,\\nbut failed to get his commission, the antici-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0669.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "33\\nP.IOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\npated vacancy not occurring. He participated\\nin the Indian campaigns under General Sibley,\\nin Minnesota and Dakota, in 1862 and 1863. In\\nSeptember, 1863, he went to St. Louis with his\\nregiment, and in January, 1864, was commis-\\nsioned by the President first lieutenant in the\\nThird Missouri Volunteers of A. 1).. and for a\\ntime was engaged in mustering in colored\\ntroops at Benton barracks, St. Louis. For\\nnearly three years lie served as captain in the\\nSixty-seventh and Sixty-fifth Regiments of\\nUnited States Colored Infantry at Fort Hud-\\nson and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He was\\nmustered out of the service, at St. Louis, in\\nJanuary, 1S( 7. He was brevetted major by the\\nPresident for faithful and meritorious serv-\\nices during the war. Upon his retirement\\nfrom the army he returned to Minnesota, and\\nthis State has ever since been his home. From\\nApril. 1867, to January, 1891, he was engaged\\nin the real estate and insurance business at St.\\nPeter. In 1891 he erected a home in, and\\nmoved his family to. Hamline, the well-known\\nsuburban district of St. Paul, where he has\\nsince resided. In 1883 he organized, and for\\neight years commanded, A. K. Skaro Post No.\\n:57, of the G. A. R. at St. Peter, and for twelve\\nyears he was chairman of the Department\\nCouncil of Administration of the G. A. R. At\\npresent he is Chancellor of the Minnesota Com\\nmandery of the Loyal Legion. While he has\\nnever been a politician or an office seeker,\\nMajor Montgomery has held several public po-\\nsitions of honor and responsibility. While he\\nresided at St. Peter he was for eighteen years\\na member of the city board of education, serv-\\ning the greater part of the time either as presi-\\ndent or treasurer. For twelve years lie was\\ncity justice. Since he has lived in St. Paul he\\nhas served four years as a member of the board\\nof aldermen, representing the Tenth Ward,\\nand for two years as vice-president of the\\nboard. He has also held many positions of\\ntrust in the chinch and in several fraternal\\nsocieties. In every position he has filled, as\\nwell as in every work he has been called upon\\nto do. Major Montgomery has always dis-\\ncharged his duty with great acceptability and\\nwith the highest degree of efficiency. He is\\nplain and unassuming, bu1 his innate purity\\nof character and his instinctive and natural\\nintegrity make him a safe man to trust with\\nany responsibility at all times anil under all\\ncircumstances. Major Montgomery has at-\\ntained to prominent distinction in Free Ma-\\nsonry. He received tin- Blue Lodge degrees in\\nConcord Lodge No. 47, Cleveland, Minnesota,\\nin September, 1865, while on leave of absence\\nfrom the army. In 1867 he transferred his\\nmembership to Nicollet Lodge No. i4, at St.\\nPeter, and the following year was elected\\njunior warden. He served as Master and Sec-\\nretary of Nicollet Lodge for several terms, and\\nfor twelve years was District Deputy Grand\\nMaster. He was exalted to the Capitular de-\\ngree in Blue Earth Chapter No. 7, at Mankato,\\nin March, 1873. In April, 1873, he organized\\nSt. Peter Chapter No. 22, and was High Priest\\nof that chapter until July. 1890. He became\\nGrand High Priest in 1S79, and represented\\nhis Grand Chapter at Detroit in 1880, and a1\\nnearly every triennial convocation since held.\\nFor many years he has been president of the\\nGrand Convention of Anointed High Priests of\\nMinnesota. He is a member of Adoniram\\nCouncil Xo. 5, R. and S. Masters, Minneapolis,\\nhaving received the degrees therein January\\n1(1. 1881. He was created a Knight Templar in\\nMankato Commandery No. 4. May S, 1S74, was\\nCaptain General in 1880 and Eminent Com-\\nmander from 1881 to 1885. Passing through\\nseveral minor offices he was installed as Grand\\nCommander of Knights Templar of Minnesota\\nJune 24. 1887, and has since represented Minne-\\nsota at nearly every triennial conclave. In\\nthe Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite he re-\\nceived all the degrees up to the thirty second\\nfrom the renowned Brother Albert Pike, in\\n1879, and fSSO at Mankato and St. Peter. In\\n-Inly, 1880, he assisted in the organization and\\nwas made Junior Warden of Osiris Lodge of\\nPerfection at Mankato. and the same month\\norganized and subsequently was for several\\nyears Venerable Master of Delta Lodge of Per-\\nfection at St. Peter. In April, 1880, he was\\nappointed to and still holds the office of\\nDeputy Inspector General, and in October,\\nisss, was elected Knight Commander of the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0670.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n339\\nCourt of Honor. Upon the death of the vener-\\nable ;uk1 honored Grand Secretary, A. T. C.\\nPierson, in November, 1889, Brother Mont-\\ngomery who had been his assistant for twelve\\nyears was appointed Grand Secretary of the\\nGrand Lodge and Grand Chapter, and Grand\\nRecorder of the Grand Commandery in Minne-\\nsota, and since then has served most faithfully\\nand efficiently in these positions. In 1890 he\\nwas elected Grand Recorder of the Grand\\nCouncil, and is still in service in this office.\\nHe is also foreign correspondent for the last\\nthree named bodies, and is Representative of\\nthe Grand Lodges of Scotland, Ireland, Colo-\\nrado and other Grand bodies. Major Mont-\\ngomery was married September 2G, 1867, to\\nMiss Sarah A. Purnell, a daughter of Edmund\\nPurnell, a merchant of Cambria, Wisconsin.\\nMrs. Montgomery was born in England The\\nchildren of the family are Edmund Alexander,\\nof the law firm of Hale Montgomery,\\nMinneapolis; Cora Belle; Dr. Charles Purnell,\\na dentist of St. Paul; Edith May, a teacher in\\nthe high school. Owatonna; George Damren,\\na student at the State University, late a mem-\\nber of the band of the Thirteenth Minnesota,\\nand lately engaged in active service at Manila\\nand in the Philippines; Thomas Baskin and\\n(\u00e2\u0096\u00a0rant. The Major is a member of the Metho-\\ndist Episcopal church, is president of the board\\nof trustees at Hamline, ami in 1899 was presi-\\ndent of the lay electoral conference of his\\nchurch at Northneld. He was Sunday school\\nsuperintendent at St. Peter for nearly fourteen\\nyears. Tn company with his wife he spent\\nthree months, in 1897, in making a tour\\nthrough Ireland, Scotland and England, also\\nspending a week in Paris, France.\\nPAUL H. GOT/IAN.\\nPaul Harris Gotzian, secretary and treas\\nurer of the old and well-known shoe manufac-\\nturing firm of C. Gotzian Company, of St.\\nPaul, and late lieutenant colonel of the Fif-\\nteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, is a\\nMinnesotian, born and bred. He was born in\\nSt. Paul. June 19, 1866. His father was Conrad\\nGotzian, a native of Germany, born near Leip\\nzig, in 1835, who came to the United States at\\nthe age of seventeen, and three years later, in\\n1855, located in St. Paul. In 1857 he estab-\\nlished what later became the great shoe manu-\\nfactory which has so long borne his name.\\nAfter a long, active and prominent business\\ncareer, he died in 1887, and there is no name\\nmore honored in the annals of St. Paul than\\nthat of Conrad Gotzian. His wife, the mother\\nof Colonel Gotzian, was Caroline Busse, and\\nshe was born in Cincinnati, of German parent-\\nage. They had six children, the subject of this\\nsketch being the only son. Colonel Gotzian s\\neducation was received first in the St. Paul\\npublic schools, and completed in the Shattuck\\nMilitary Academy, Faribault, Minnesota, and\\nat Phillips Exeter Academy (New Hampshire),\\nheaving school at the age of nineteen, he began\\nhis business career as an office clerk, and after\\nthe death of his father he became one of the\\nstock men, to acquire the practical knowledge\\nso essential to success in any business. In\\n1892 he was put in charge of the offices and all\\npertaining thereto. In 1888 he was elected\\nsecretary of Cotzian Company, and, in 1892,\\nwas also made treasurer. He has held this\\ndual position ever since, even during his term\\nof military service. He has discharged his\\nduties efficiently, and his connection with the\\naffairs of the great corporation is most influen-\\ntial. In duly. 1898, during the war with Spain,\\nhe left his business and entered the volunteer\\nservice. Upon the organization of the Fif-\\nteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, he was\\ncommissioned senior major of the regiment,\\nand went with it to Meadville, Pennsylvania,\\nen route, as was presumed, to Cuba, or some-\\nwhere where fighting was to be done. During\\nhis service he was promoted to Lieutenant\\nColonel, and served with the Fifteenth for nine\\nmonths, chiefly at Augusta, Georgia, until it\\nwas mustered out, in 189! Upon his discharge\\nhe resumed his former duties as secretary and\\ntreasurer of the company with which he had\\nbeen so long connected. Colonel Gotzian has\\nattained to the thirty-second degree in Free\\nMasonry, and is a member of several other\\norders, in whose affairs he takes great interest.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0671.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "34Q\\nBIOGRAPHY )F MINNESOTA.\\nHe is a decided Republican in liis political\\nviews, but lias never been a candidate for office,\\nlie was married, in 1889, to .Miss Emma Nelson\\nI .eebe, and has one son, named Conrad Got-\\nzian, tor ins honored paternal grandfather.\\nJOHN MARTIN.\\nAmong the veteran citizens of Minneapolis\\nwho, during the last half century, have been\\nlarge contributors to the development of that\\ncity, must lie counted Captain John Martin,\\nalmost equally well known in connection with\\ntwo of the leading industries of the State of\\nMinnesota lumber and milling. Captain Mar-\\ntin was born Augusl 18, 1820, at IVacham.\\nCaledonia county, Vermont, the son of Eliphe-\\nlet and Martha (Hoit) Martin. Both the Mar-\\ntins and the Hoits are Eastern families, whose\\nresidence in America dates back to the days\\nof the Pilgrim Fathers. The parents of John\\nMartin, coming in early life from Connecticut,\\nsen led upon a farm in Peacham, where they\\nreared a large family of children; and thosewho\\nrealize that farming in rocky New England,\\nhowever picturesque, means a maximum of\\nlabor with a minimum of returns, will readily\\nappreciate that the subject of this sketch, as\\none of ten children to be provided for. started\\nin life with no very brilliant material pros-\\npects. While still a child he began to take a\\npart in the work of the farm, and his educa-\\ntional privileges were limited to winter terms\\na I the school of the district in which he lived.\\nA I a very early age he began to dream of larger\\nopportunities, and while yet lacking two years\\nid his majority, he purchased his time of his\\nfather and left home to seek an independent\\nlivelihood, and, perchance, a fortune. His first\\nposition was that of fireman of a steamboat\\non the Connecticut river, from which humble\\npost he rose to be captain of the boat. Alter\\nfive years of navigation on the Connecticut,\\nthe boat which he commanded was transferred\\nto other proprietorship and sailed for the\\nSouth, Captain Martin going with her; and his\\nnext the years were passed upon the Neuse\\nriver in North Carolina, as captain, successive\\n]y, of the steamboats Wayne and Johnson.\\nThese boats were employed in general com-\\nmerce, taking cargoes of raw turpentine, resin\\nand other farm products down the river, and\\nbringing back shipments of varied merchan-\\ndise. During all this time the young captain\\nwas laying by a goodly margin from his earn-\\nings, which were later carefully invested,\\nmostly in farm lands in his native State.\\nAbout twelve years were spent in steainboat-\\ning, then, after a short sojourn at Peacham, he\\nset out for the Pacific coast, allured, as were\\nso many at that time, by visions of gold. Tak-\\ning the Isthmus route, he arrived in California\\nearly in 1850, and began operations at once in\\na placer mine on the American river. He\\nworked hard for a year, then disposed of his\\nmine and left the diggings for home, with his\\nwell-earned treasure of gold dust. Hut he had\\nacquired a taste for adventure and enterprise\\nwhich would not leave him long content with\\nthe monotony of farm life, and two years later\\nhe journeyed as far as the Middle West and\\nexplored Illinois and Iowa, then, attracted by\\nthe huge rafts of logs on the Mississippi, he\\nwent up the river, tracing the lumber to its\\nsource at St. Anthony. Almost at the first\\nglance of his experienced eye over the ground,\\nhe comprehended the splendid possibilities of\\nthe location for the extensive development of\\nthe lumber industry, and determined to make\\nit his future home. Accordingly, he returned\\nto the East, sold his property in Vermont,\\nand, early in 1X55, became a permanent resi\\ndent of St. Anthony now the beautiful city\\nof Minneapolis. In 1856 a stock company was\\norganized for navigating the upper Mississippi,\\ncapitalized at $30,000. Captain Martin took\\nan active interest in the enterprise, became a\\nstockholder, and subsequently served as cap-\\ntain of the steamer Falls City. About this\\ntime he began operations in the pine groves\\nalong Rum river, purchasing new tracts of\\ntimber land and stumpage as he required them\\nlor working. His enterprise so prospered that\\nhe was soon erecting saw-mills and opening\\nlumber yards the mills at Mission Creek ami\\nthe yards at St. Paul and in due time had his\\nbusiness incorporated under the style of the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0672.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0673.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0674.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "spw\\n^n/^\\nZ rcJXUn,", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0675.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0676.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n341\\nJohn Martin Lumber Company. Great as have\\nbeen his achievements in the lumber industry\\nof Minnesota, however, Captain Martin has\\nplayed a scarcely less important part in the\\ngrain and milling business. He formerly held\\na large proprietary interest in the Northwest-\\nern Flour Mills of Minneapolis, and is now\\npresident of the Northwestern Consolidated\\nMilling Company of Minneapolis, whose Ave\\nmanufactories have an aggregate daily output\\nof over ten thousand barrels of flour. This is\\nthe second largest milling establishment in the\\nworld, being excelled only by the famous\\nPillsbury-Washburn Company. Captain .Mar\\ntin has been effectively interested in extending\\nthe railroad facilities of the Northwest. He\\nserved as vice-president and a director of the\\nMinneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie Atlantic Rail-\\nroad, and was a vigorous promoter of the\\nMinneapolis Pacific enterprise, which, result-\\ning in a mole direct route to the Atlantic coast,\\nand successfully rivaling certain arbitrary\\nrailroad combinations, reacted very favorably\\nupon the milling business of Minneapolis, and.\\nincidentally, upon his individual interests. He\\nwas also instrumental in instituting the Minne-\\napolis St. Louis Railroad, of which he was\\nmade vice-president. Captain Martin s con-\\nnection with the financial business of Minne-\\napolis, too, is a longstanding and honorable\\none. He has been president of the First\\nNational Bank since 1S!)4. having been an ac-\\ntive member of its directory ever since its\\norganization a period of some thirty-five\\nyears. Captain Martin was married, in 1849,\\nto Jane B. Giltillan. Miss Gilfillan, like him-\\nself, was a native of Peacham, Vermont, and\\ntheir marriage was celebrated during his home\\nvisit just previous to his departure for Cali-\\nfornia. Mrs. Martin, who died in 1886, was an\\nestimable lady, who had done full credit to her\\nhigh social position by the side of her promi-\\nnent and influential husband; yet the Martins\\ntook their prosperity modestly, preferring the\\nsimple home comforts to display. A daughter\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mis. Jean M. Brown, of Minneapolis is the\\nonly child of Captain Martin. The Captain\\nhas been a loyal Republican since the founda-\\ntion of that party; and while he has never\\nbeen a seeker after political preferment, he\\nhas wielded a powerful influence towards the\\nbringing about of such measures as he ap-\\nproved. For many years identified with the\\nFirst Congregational church of Minneapolis,\\nCaptain Martin has been one of its most sub-\\nsi ant ial supporters, manifesting a lively in-\\nterest in its various activities. Alike in the\\nchurch society and in the larger community\\nof the city, he has borne himself honorably,\\nenjoying the full respect of his fellow-citizens;\\nand his share in the upbuilding of his home\\nmunicipality is incalculable.\\nJOSEPH H. THOMPSON.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2foseph Hayes Thompson, of Minneapolis,\\nwas born August IT, 1834, at South Ber-\\nwick, Maine. His parents were Daniel G.\\nand Dorcas Allen (Hayes) Thompson. Dan-\\niel G. Thompson was a prosperous farmer,\\nand our subject, during his early years,\\nassisted his father in the farm work. When\\nJoseph was nine years of age, the fam\\nily left their home at South Berwick and\\ntook up their residence on a farm in North\\nYarmouth, Maine. Here he obtained his edu-\\ncation at tlie district school, working on the\\nfaun when not attending to his studies. After\\nthe completion of his school life at North Yar-\\nmouth, he clerked in the general store of\\nGeorge S. Farnsworth at North Bridgeton,\\nMaine. He remained with Mr. Farnsworth for\\nabout a year, and then entered the employ of\\nNathaniel Osgood, of the same place, learning\\nthe tailor s trade with him. During the winter\\nof L851, while at North Bridgeton, he attended\\nthe academy at that place. In the summer of\\nis. he obtained employment as clerk and cut-\\nler for Richard Bosworth, a merchant tailor,\\nof Augusta, Maine. Two years later, in March,\\nis. he entered the employ of -I. IT. and F. W.\\nChisam, of the same town and in the same\\ncapacity. During the winter of 1856 he de-\\ncided lo move west, and after looking awhile\\nfor a location in which to start business on his\\nown account, at length determined to settle in\\nMinneapolis. He opened a tailoring establish", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0677.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "34-2\\nUIOCKAI IIY (IF MINNESOTA.\\nincut there in tlie winter of L856-57, having the\\nwhole field to himself, as there was no other\\ntailor in that locality. Mr. Thompson has been\\nengaged in the same line of business from that\\ntime U]) to the present, and enjoys an extensive\\npatronage. Not only was he the first tailor in\\nMinneapolis, lint he also ran the first express\\noffice in that city, and the first tickets to the\\nEast by steamboats and by rail from Prairie\\ndu Chien were sold by him. In August of 18C2\\nhe participated as a volunteer in apt. Anson\\nNorthrup s company, in the expedition for the\\nrescue of the settlers of Fort Ridgely. Mr.\\nThompson is Republican in his political sym-\\npathies and has rendered his party valuable\\nservice. Fur several years he held the office\\nof supervisor of the town of .Minneapolis, and\\nalso served his ward as an alderman. He cast\\nhis first vote for John Fremont in 1856, and\\nduring September of that year, he took the\\nthree degrees in Ancient Free and Accepted\\n.Masonry, in Bethlehem Lodge, No. 35, jurisdic-\\ntion of Maine. The following November he\\nwas honored with the office of senior deacon of\\nthe lodge. He lias held other important offices\\nas a Mason, and has been for the past twenty-\\none years, and still is, grand treasurer of that\\nfraternity. Mr. Thompson is prominent and\\ninfluential in the business circles of Minne-\\napolis and is a large property owner, lie is a\\ndirector of the Security of Minneapolis and of\\nthe Minneapolis Plow Works, and a stock-\\nholder in the Northwestern Knitting Works,\\nlie was for many years a director in the Minne-\\nsota Loan Trust Company, and has been\\nprominently identified in many other public\\nenterprises. He was united in marriage on the\\nisth of September, 1860, to Miss Ellen M.\\nGould, at Minneapolis. Mr. and Mrs. Thomp-\\nson have had three children, of whom only one\\nsurvives, Mrs. E. 1 Capen, of Minneapolis.\\nHIUAM T. HORTON.\\nHiram Terry Horton. of Rochester, one of\\nthe pioneer settlers of Minnesota, was born\\nApril 27, 1811, at Norway, Herkimer county,\\nNew York. His parents were Luther and\\nClarissa (Forsyth) lloiton, both of English ex-\\ntraction. Luther Horton, a lineal descendant\\nof Barnabas Horton. of Leicestershire, Eng-\\nland, was born and reared on Lonji Island. He\\nwas a carpenter by trade, but also followed\\nagricultural pursuits. He was a soldier of the\\nwar of 1812. Barnabas Horton was the first\\nAmerican representative of the family, he hav-\\ning crossed to Hampton, Massachusetts, about\\n1636. He afterwards lived for a short time in\\nConnecticut, and was one of (he twelve original\\nfreeholders from that State who sailed to Long\\nIsland in 1640 and founded the town of\\nSouthold. These men were the first civilized\\npersons to attempt settlement of the east end\\nof Long Island. The Porsyths, maternal an-\\ncestors of Hiram T. Horton. were among the\\nvery early settlers of this country. His mother,\\nClarissa, was the daughter of William For-\\nsyth, a patriot of the Revolution, who. as a\\nyoung man. lived at Williamstow n, Massachu-\\nsetts. The mother of Clarissa, whose maiden\\nname was Martha Giles, was a daughter of\\nJonathan (liles. of Williamstown, who was a\\nsoldier in both the Colonial and Revolutionary\\nwars. The subject of this sketch attended the\\ncommon schools of his native town of Norway\\nuntil prepared for higher study. He then took\\na course at the academy of Jamden, New York.\\nAs a boy. Mr. Horton displayed a natural taste\\nfor mechanics, and before coming of age he\\nwas actively engaged in business with his\\nfather. Thus he early acquired experience of\\nmen and affairs, and deciding to launch out\\nin independent business, he came west as far\\nas Ohio in 1833, and established himself as a\\ncontractor and builder at Plainesville. In 1837\\nhe removed to Illinois, and for the next four\\nyears he lived on the bank of the Rock river,\\nabout twelve miles below Rockford. Among\\nhis business ventures during this period\\nwas buying stock in the southern part\\nof the State, and marketing it in the vicinity\\nof Rockford; also buying and shipping produce\\nby tlatboat down the Rock river for the St.\\nLouis market. In 1841, on account of the prev-\\nalence of ague, by which nearly all the in-\\nhabitants of that region were prostrated, he\\ndecided to return to Norway. New York. Eere", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0678.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0679.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0680.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "J\\n^-i^K_xy Pt-~0~^4 -i \u00e2\u0080\u0094L.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0681.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0682.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n343\\nhe remained about sixteen years, principally\\nengaged in fanning, in which he was fairly\\nsuccessful. In 1856 Mr. Hortou first came to\\nMinnesota, and in 1858 he located permanently\\nat Rochester, where he has been engaged in\\nthe real estate business ever since, and in spile\\nof his eighty-eight years, he is still active and\\nable to supervise his business affairs, in which\\nhe has been uniformly successful. Mr. Horton\\nhas belonged to the Republican party since its\\norganization, though in his early voting days\\nhe was an active member of the Free Soil party.\\nHe has never been an aspirant for political\\ndistinction, but in the years preceding the\\nCivil War, he was, from the first, an aggressive\\nfactor in the anti-slavery movement. No sub-\\nsequent political issue has ever so stirred his\\nsympathies and zeal. Mr. Horton was married\\nNovember 28, 1832, to Mary Hurd, of Norway,\\nNew York. They are the parents of a daugh-\\nter, Mrs. Mary E. Coon, of Rochester, Minne-\\nsota, and a son, Horace E. Horton, who is also\\nmarried and lives in Chicago. The elder Mrs.\\nHorton, the wife of our subject, is still living\\nat the advanced age of ninety two years, and\\nher faculties are so well preserved that she\\nhas a distinct recollection of incidents of the\\nWar of 1812-15. Mr. Horton is a man of strong\\npersonality and great mental force, and in every\\ncommunity where he has lived, he has been\\nrecognized as a leader of men, and a man of\\naffairs. He is a familiar figure in the city with\\nwhose activities and progressive enterprise he\\nhas been associated for over forty years.\\nGEORGE F. UMLAND.\\nGeorge F. Umland, of St. Paul, is a native of\\nGermany, born in the old Kingdom of Han-\\nover, October 1, 185:?. His parents, Clans and\\nCatherina (Buck) Umland, natives of Hanover,\\nalso, were persons of education and conse-\\nquence, both of whom followed the vocation of\\nschool teaching. They had ten children, near-\\nly all sons, and George F. was both the young-\\nest child and the eighth son. Although himself\\nquite innocent of having won this distinction,\\nit nevertheless won for him the special favor\\nof G ge V., the blind king of Hanover, who\\nbecame his god-father, bestowing upon him\\nseveral of the royal names. The full name of\\nour subject is, accordingly: George Frederick\\nAlexander Charles Ernest August Finland a\\nsomewhat lengthy but thoroughly authentic\\nappellation. Nor was it the king s design to\\nbestow upon his godchild only a name. His\\nroyal patronage was intended to include a col-\\nlegiate course in the University of Hanover,\\nhad not his plans been defeated by those of\\nPrince Bismarck. While young Umland was\\ngrowing up, Bismarck was gathering in, one\\nafter another, the smaller kingdoms of Ger-\\nmany, thus unifying an empire for William,\\nthe old Emperor; and although King George\\nprotested stoutly, preferring an alliance with\\nAustria, if alliance there must be, Hanover\\nwas taken, and, together with most of the other\\nsmall, independent realms of Germany, became\\nincorporated into Prussia. This rendered King-\\nGeorge unable to fulfill his contract with his\\nnamesake, whose common school education\\nw as, in consequence, supplemented, not by\\nan university course, but by private instruc-\\ntion from his elder brothers, several of whom\\nwere school teachers. At eighteen years of\\nage the young man left his home to seek a\\nfortune for himself. Crossing to America, he\\nlanded at New York on July 30, 1871. But he\\nhad relished his taste of ocean life, and, engag-\\ning with a sea-faring crew, he spent two years\\nbefore the mast. He came to Minnesota in\\n1ST: locating at St. Paul, where he was em-\\nployed for the next six years, at first in a book-\\nkeeping position, and subsequently as traveling\\nsalesman. In 1879 he moved to Rush City,\\nMinnesota, where he invested in a drug busi-\\nness, operating it until the spring of 18S7,\\nwhen he returned to St. Paul. Here he pur-\\nchased a finely equipped drug store, of which\\nhe has been the successful proprietor to the\\npresent time. In politics Mr. Umland has al-\\nways been identified with the Democratic\\nparty; yet, though tenaciously adhering to his\\nopinions, it is his allegiance to the principles\\nof his party, which seem to him almost axio-\\nmatic truths, not partisan sentiment, which", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0683.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "344\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nconstitutes li i 1 11 a Democrat, and he never hesi-\\ntates to scratch a ticket which in his judg-\\nment bears the name of an incompetent or\\nunscrupulous candidate, hi the National cam-\\npaign of L896, he supported McKinley while\\nhelping to swell the Populist ballot which\\nmade John Lind Governor of .Minnesota. De-\\ncided in his own views, he is tolerant of these\\nof others, and is recognized as a liberal-minded\\nand exemplary citizen. He has never sought\\npublic office, bul various offices have sought\\nhim. While a resident ol Rush City he served\\non I he board of county commissioners f Chi-\\nsago county, and as justice of (he peace. He\\nwas secretary of the board of education; also\\nserved on the board of equalization and as one\\nof the assessors. In the lasl State Legislature\\nhe rendered efficient service as representative\\nof the Thirty-seventh District of Minnesota.\\nMr. Finland belongs to the German order\\nknown as Sons of Herman, being a valued\\nmember of that fraternity, as he is of the more\\ninclusive community of his home city. A\\nprominent physician of St. Paul says of him:\\nIn his personal characteristics Mr. Uniland\\nis affable and courteous in deportment, de-\\ncided bul agreeable in conduct. He is one of\\nI he few business men who can say no without\\ngiving offense. He can be positively polite and\\npolitely positive, as the occasion demands. In\\nthe esteem of those who have known him long,\\nno man stands higher, and upon his entire life\\nrecord, public and private, there is not a single\\nstain.\\nOn the lth of .Inly, isTti. exactly live years\\nafter his first landing in America. Mr. (Jmland\\nwas married to .Miss Mary Gerke, a native of\\nisconsin. Six children were born to them,\\nthe three of whom new living are: Anna\\nManuehi M. and Mary D. Anna C, the eldest,\\npossesses rare beauty of face and equal love-\\nliness of character. Her title to an entre to\\ni lie best society is unquestioned, and she is\\nadmired and cherished by a large circle of\\nfriends. Miss Uniland is a practical young\\nlady, withal, being a registered pharmacist,\\nand assuming nearly the entire control of her\\nfather s business.\\nJAMES SMITH.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2lames Smith, an old and honored member\\nof the bar of St. Paul, Minnesota, belongs to\\na family which has figured in American his-\\ntory for two centuries. In the year 1700 his\\n.meat grandfather, apt. John Smith of the\\nBritish army, crossed from England and set-\\ntled in Augusta county, Virginia. During the\\nFrench and Indian war he was taken prisoner,\\nand for a long time was held captive. Captain\\nSmith was the father of eight sons, who,\\nspite of the military hardships experienced by\\ntheir sire, all became soldiers of the Revolu-\\ntionary war and were among the patriots who\\nwitnessed the surrender of Cornwallis. The\\none of these eight sons with whom, as the\\ngrandfather of its subject, this sketch is direct-\\nly concerned, was Daniel Smith, distinguished\\nboth as a military colonel and as a jurist. His\\nwife, nee Jane Harrison, was a sister of Col.\\nBenjamin Harrison, of Rockingham county,\\nVirginia. They settled near the town of Har-\\nrisonburg, and, according to the custom id that\\ntime in Virginia, became slaveholders, (if\\ntheir numerous family, two sons, Benjamin\\nand James, feeling the injustice of the institu-\\ntion, liberated the slaves, who fell to their\\nshare, on the death of their father. James,\\nwho was a minister of the Christian church,\\nmarried the daughter of a prominent clergy-\\nman of Virginia the Rev. John Eniinett. In\\nthe year 1805 James and Benjamin Smith re-\\nmoved to Ohio, the latter locating in Fairfield\\ncounty, while James, father of the subject of\\nthis sketch, settled at Mount Vernon, Knox\\ncounty. Here, on October K 1815, the present\\nJames Smith was born, and here spent his\\nchildhood and early youth, attending the com-\\nmon schools of his native county until he had\\nexhausted their resources for instruction. For\\nnearly a score of years the elder Smith served\\nas clerk of the Common Pleas and Supreme\\nCourts of Knox county, and in intervals be-\\ntween school terms, James junior, assisted his\\nfather, and thus acquired a taste and aptitude\\nfor the law. Deciding upon that profession\\nfor his life work, he became a student in the\\noffice of Hon. John T. Brazee, of Lancaster.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0684.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0685.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0686.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0687.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0688.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n345\\nOhio. He was admitted to the Supreme bar\\nof Ohio in 1830, but shortly afterwards was\\nattacked by a serious affection of the eyes,\\nwhich for two years rendered it impossible for\\nhim to read, and which has to this day clung\\nto him, though in a milder form. In 1842 Mr.\\nSmith and Col. Joseph W. Vance formed a law\\npartnership, which, for a period of fourteen\\nyears did a flourishing business at Mount\\nVernon, Mr. Smith becoming individually\\nprominent in municipal affairs, both in his pro-\\nfessional capacity and as a citizen. In 1S5G,\\nwhile absent from his native city on a business\\ntrip to Burlington, Iowa, he visited the region\\nof the Northwest and received so favorable an\\nimpression of the thrifty young city of St.\\nPaul, Minnesota, that he determined to locate\\nthere. Before returning to Ohio he concluded\\narrangements for future mutual practice with\\nthe Hon. Lafayette Emmett, and the following\\nspring brought his family and settled perma-\\nnently in St. Paul. In 1802 Mr. Smith severed\\nhis connection with Mr. Emmett, and formed\\na new firm by associating with himself John\\nM. Oilman. The firm of Smith Oilman was\\nsucceeded, in 1876, by that of Smith Egan,\\nJames J. Egan being junior member. Mr.\\nSmith s political affiliations were, first with\\nthe Whigs, then with the Republicans, and\\nsince 1872 he has been independent in politics.\\nIn 1861, and again in 1876, he was elected State\\nSenator from Ramsey county, and from 1870\\nto 1883 he served as Representative from St.\\nPaul in the General Assembly of Minnesota.\\nDuring his first year in the Senate, Mr. Smith\\nintroduced and promoted the passage of a bill\\nfor incorporating the bake Superior Missis-\\nsippi Railroad Company. In his legal capacity\\nhe helped to organize the company, and from\\n1864 until the year 1S77, when the company\\nwas succeeded by the St. Paul Duluth Rail-\\nroad Company, he served as both attorney and\\na director. Of the new corporation he was\\nfor four years president, has been counsel, and\\nis now advisory counsel, and was a director\\nuntil 1897. Mr. Smith was married January\\n18, 1848, to Elizabeth L. Morton, of Mount Ver-\\nnon, Ohio. She bore him five children, one of\\nwhom, Elizabeth, is deceased. Mrs. Smith died\\nin 1882. The living children of Mr. Smith are:\\nHenrietta Clay, Ella Augusta, James Morton\\nand Alice Morton, all residents of St. Paul.\\nMr. Smith is now retired from the ranks of St.\\nPaul s busy lawyers, leaving his place to\\nyounger talent; and the best one can wish for\\nMia! place is that it may be tilled always with\\nas able and honorable a man. The following\\nhearty words are from the lips of one of the\\nmost prominent jurists of Minnesota:\\nI have known Mr. Smith intimately for\\nforty years. When he was in the active prac-\\ntice of his profession he was considered one of\\nthe best lawyers of the State. He was for\\nmany years in very active and lucrative prac-\\ntice, and stood among the foremost members\\nof the bar. As a member of the House and\\nSenate he was able and aggressive. His in-\\ntegrity was never questioned, and on account\\nof his character and ability, he stood at the\\nvery head. He is one of the most generous\\nand kind-hearted men that I have ever met.\\n1 never knew a man who seemed to get so\\nmuch pleasure out of doing a favor for another\\nas James Smith.\\nWILLIAM B. DEAN.\\nHon. William Blake Dean, for forty years\\na leading business man of the city of St. Paul,\\nand prominently known in commercial, finan-\\ncial and political circles throughout the coun-\\ntry, was born at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in\\n1838. His father was William Dean, and the\\nmaiden name of his mother was Aurelia But-\\nler. On both his paternal and maternal sides\\nhe is a lineal descendant of soldiers of the\\nAmerican Revolution. He was educated in the\\npublic schools of Pittsburg, and at Bolmar s\\nAcademy, West Chester, Pennsylvania. Mr.\\nDean came to St. Paul in 1856, when he was\\neighteen years of age. For a considerable time\\nafter his arrival he was employed as a book-\\nkeeper for the hardware firm of Nicols\\nBerkey. successors to the late ex-Governor W.\\nR. Marshall, who established the house in 1S55.\\nIn 1860, Mr. Dean acquired Mr. Berkey s in-\\nterest, and the firm became Nicols Dean, by\\nwhich style it has ever since been known. On\\nthe death of Mr. Nicols his father-in-law in", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0689.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "34 r\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n1st::, Mr. Dean associated with himself his\\nbrother-in-law, Mr. J. R. Nicols, and the bouse\\nis the oldest, operating under the same name,\\nin Minnesota. Ji dues an exclusively whole-\\nsale business, has an extensive patronage and\\na valuable reputation. Always a strong char-\\nacter, and possessing the confidence of his\\nfellow-citizen, Mr. Dean lias been much in\\npublic life. In St. Paul, he lias been a member\\nof the board of education, and of the boards\\nof fire and water commissions. He was ap-\\npointed by the President a special commis-\\nsioner to examine the portion of the Northern\\nPacific Railroad then under const met ion in\\nIdabo. He lias always been a Republican, and\\ntaken a somewhat prominenl pari in politics,\\nand, in 1884, he was one of the Minnesota\\nPresidential electors on the Blaine and Logan\\nticket. In 1800 he was elected to the Slate\\nSenate from the Twenty-seventh Senatorial\\nDistrict, then composed of the Seventh and\\nEighth wards of St. Paul. He was nominated\\non the Republican, the Democratic and the\\nCitizen s tickets, and elected without opposi-\\ntion. His term lasted four years, and lie de-\\nclined a re-election. In the Legislature. Mr.\\nDean performed invaluable service for his city\\nand State. He was influential in securing cer-\\ntain important amendments to the city charter\\nof St. Paul, and he distinguished himself in\\neffecting the passage of the bill for the erec-\\ntion of the new State capitol building. He\\nwas the Ramsey county member of the com-\\nmittee to which the whole matter was referred\\nby the Senate; wrote the majority report in\\nfavor of the new capitol, and he was the author\\nof the bill as it was substantially and finally\\npassed. For many years. Mr. Dean has been\\ninterested in the subject of reforming the\\nNational currency under a scientific system\\nand upon a solid basis. The St. Paul Chamber\\nof Commerce made him a delegate to the In-\\ndianapolis Monetary Convention of 1897.\\nUpon the organization of the convention of\\nwhich Mr. H. H. Hanna was chairman Mr.\\nDean was elected as a member of the executive\\ncommittee. His associates on the committee\\nwere so impressed with his thorough knowl-\\nedge of the subject, that they made him a\\nmember of the Monetary Commission, although\\nthis distinction came against his earnest pro-\\ntest. The report of the commission, in the\\npreparation of which Mr. Dean assisted, is now\\naccepted as a standard authority on the sub-\\njects of standards, currency and banking. Mr.\\nI ean has substantial conned ions with the gen-\\neral business interests of St. Paul. He is a\\ndirector of the Second National and the State\\nSavings Banks, and is also a director in the\\nMinneapolis, St. Paul Sault Ste. Marie Rail-\\nway. He is a member of the Chamber of\\nCommerce and of the Jobbers Union, and is\\na trustee of Oakland Cemetery. He also be-\\nlongs to the Minnesota and the Commercial\\nclubs, and is a member of the Presbyterian\\nchurch. He was married in I860 to Miss Mary\\nC. Nicols, a daughter of John Nicols, of St.\\nPaul, with whom he was so long associated in\\nbusiness. Mr. and Mrs. Dean have eight chil-\\ndren, six daughters and two sons.\\nDAVID C. SHEPARD.\\nDavid Chauncey Shepard, of St. Paul, the\\nwell-known Northwestern railroad builder,\\nwas born on a farm near the village of Geneseo,\\nLivingston county, New York. February 20,\\n1828. His father was David Shepard. of Col-\\nchester, and before her marriage his mother\\nwas Dolly Olmstead Foote, of Marlborough,\\nConnecticut. His grandparents were Cor-\\nnelius Shepard and Sarah Louise Skinner, and\\nRoger Foote and Eunice Bulkier, and he comes\\nof New England ancestry. He was educated in\\nthe district schools, at Temple Hill Academy,\\nGeneseo, and at Brockport Collegiate Insti-\\ntute, New York. In 1847, when but nineteen\\nyears of age, he was appointed by Governor\\nYoung, of New York, in the engineer corps\\nwhich completed the Genesee Valley Canal,\\nfrom Sonyea to Olean, and was in this service\\nas assistant engineer and draughtsman until\\nin the spring of 1851. In the summer of 1851\\nhe was detailed for work on the Erie Canal,\\nand located the line of the enlarged canal from\\nPort Gibson to Macedon Locks, New York.\\nHe was then employed in the office of the State", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0690.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0691.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0692.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "21\\n^5du,\\nC*-^", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0693.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0694.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n347\\nengineer at Rochester, where lie remained for\\nseveral months. During the five years men-\\ntioned that he had been in the public service\\nof the State, his tenure of position and his\\nchance for preferment and promotion depended\\nupon his pull and outside influences, rather\\nthan upon his ability and general worth.\\nHe was not satisfied with his condition, and\\nresigned in the spring of 1862. For a year\\nthereafter he was in the engineering service of\\ncertain New York railways. His first ex-\\nperience in railroad construction, in which he\\nsubsequently became so distinguished, was in\\nbuilding the Canandaigua Niagara Falls\\nRoad (now a part of the New York Central),\\nfrom Homeoye to the crossing of the Genesee\\nValley Canal, which work he completed in the\\nautumn of 18. j2. In the winter of 1852-3 he\\nwas engaged as assistant chief engineer in\\nsurveying new lines of road from Syracuse,\\nvia Cazenovia and Cherry Valley, to Albany.\\nIn the spring of 1853, Mr. Shepard went to\\nthe State of Ohio and entered the service of\\nthe Cleveland, Zanesville Cincinnati Rail-\\nway. During the following summer he located\\na proposed line of this road, from the Wal-\\nhonding river to Zanesville. The following\\nautumn he became a division engineer of the\\nAtlantic Great Western (now a part of the\\nErie system), and in the spring of 1854 was\\nappointed chief engineer of the road, which\\nextended from Orangeville, on the eastern\\nboundary of Ohio, to Dayton. His health, and\\nthat of his wife, having become much affected\\nwhile living in the malarial district of the\\nMuskingum valley, he resigned in May, 1S56,\\nand removed to Wisconsin. He was appointed\\nchief engineer of the Milwaukee Beloit Rail-\\nroad which was projected to give the old\\nRacine Mississippi (now the Milwaukee\\na short route from Savannah to Milwaukee.\\nThe road was graded, but never fully com-\\npleted. Mr. Shepard has been a citizen of\\nMinnesota since the year 1S57. In June of that\\nyear he was appointed chief engineer of the\\nold Minnesota Pacific (now a part of the\\nGreat Northern), and came to St. Paul, and\\nheld the position until 18G0. Under his admin-\\nistration the line was located from Stillwater\\nto It reckon ridge, and from St. Anthony to\\nrow ^Ving, and the grading completed for\\nsixty-two and one-half miles, from St. Paul\\ntoward St. Cloud. Mr. Shepard had the dis-\\ntinction in May, 1858, on the line near the\\nCatholic cemetery at St. Paul, of turning the\\nfirst sod for a railroad in the State of Minne-\\nsota. There were present on the occasion, be-\\nsides Mr. Shepard, Richard Dunbar, deceased,\\nand Alonzo U. Linton, now of Minneapolis,\\nwho were the representatives of Selah Cham-\\nberlain, the chief contractor for the construc-\\ntion. In 1859, when the sixty-two and one-half\\nmiles of this road, as mentioned, had been\\ngraded and bridged, the loan of the State s\\ncredit tailed, and every railway enterprise in\\nMinnesota collapsed, and all construction was\\nsuspended until 18G2. During this period\\nMr. Shepard engaged extensively in purchasing\\nand shipping wheat to Milwaukee and Chicago.\\nIn 18(i. he was engaged as chief engineer of\\nwhat was then called the Minnesota Central\\nRailroad Company, now a part of the Chicago,\\nMilwaukee St. Paul system. From 1863 to\\n1N71 he was the chief engineer and superin-\\ntendent of all the lines owned and controlled\\nby the Milwaukee St. Paul Railway Com-\\npany, west of the Mississippi river, including\\nthe present river division, the Iowa and Minne-\\nsota, Iowa and Dakota, and the Hastings and\\nDakota divisions. In 1871 Mr. Shepard began\\nhis prominent career as a railroad contractor.\\nResigning his position as chief engineer of the\\nMilwaukee St. Paul, he became interested\\nas a member of the Northwestern Construc-\\ntion Company. Because of his extensive ex-\\nperience as a railroad engineer and his\\nfamiliarity with the cost of construction, he\\nwas made the general manager of the com-\\npany, which was organized to construct the\\nNorthern Pacific across the State of Minne-\\nsota. In 1872 the contract for the construction\\nof the Northern Pacific was completed. Mr.\\nShepard then entered into partnership with\\nR, B. Langdon and A. H. Linton of Minne-\\napolis. During the succeeding twelve years\\nthe firm built thousands of miles of railroad.\\nThe partnership lasted until 1884, the year the\\nChicago, Burlington Northern Railroad was", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0695.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "348\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbuilt. During those rears they executed a\\ngreat many large contracts. The largest single\\ncontract was for 675 miles of the Canadian\\nPacific Railroad, from Oak Lake to Calgary,\\n450 miles of which was constructed by them\\nin one season, the entire contract being com-\\npleted in August, 1883. They also built a gnat\\nmany miles of road for railroad corporations\\nin Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, as well as\\nin Minnesota and Dakota. In 1S84 Mr.\\nShepard formed a new partnership with Mr.\\nPeter Siems, Winston Brothers and others, of\\nMinneapolis. Every year large contracts were\\nexecuted for nearly every railroad corporation\\nin the State of Minnesota and many in adjoin-\\ning States. Among the latter were the Chi-\\ncago, Burlington Northern, from St. Paul\\nto Prairie du Chien; several hundred miles for\\nthe Milwaukee St. Paul system in Dakota;\\npart of the Duluth Iron Range; the St. Paul,\\nMinneapolis Manitoba; Chicago Great West-\\nern; Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis Omaha,\\nand others. In 1884 Mr. Shepard began the\\nmonumental work of his life the building of\\nthe Great Northern Railway. With his asso-\\nciate partners, he constructed nearly the entire\\nmileage of this great line, including the exten-\\nsion from Minot to the Pacific coast, and the\\nSeattle and Montana division extending up the\\ncoast, eighty miles north of Seattle. The ex-\\ntension from Minot to Helena was begun in\\n1887, and was intrusted to Mr. Shepard and his\\nfirm, Messrs. Shepard, Winston Company.\\nThe work that was to be completed in 1887\\nwas to grade five hundred miles of railroad\\nto reach Great Falls, to put in the bridging and\\nmechanical structures on five hundred and\\nthirty miles of continuous railway, and to lay\\nand put in good running condition six hundred\\nand forty-three miles of rail to reach Helena\\ncontinuously, working from one end onh\\\\\\nTrack laying began five miles west of Minot,\\nApril 1, 1887, and was completed to Helena\\nNovember 18, 1887. It was May 10, before the\\nentire force was under employment. The aver-\\nage force on the grading was 3,300 teams and\\nabout S,000 men. From June 10, the progress\\nof the grading was very rapid. From the\\nmouth of Milk river to Great Falls, a distance\\n(if two hundred miles, the work of grading\\nwas done at an average rate of seven miles a\\nday. Writing of this marvelous achievement,\\nCharles Dudley Warner, in Harper s Magazine\\nfor March, 1888, says: Those who saw this\\narmy of men and teams spread over the prairie\\nand casting up this continental highway, think\\nthey beheld one of the most striking achieve-\\nments of civilization. During the month of\\nAugust, one hundred and fifteen miles of track\\nwere laid. October 15, the road was completed\\nto Great Falls, and November 18, the track\\nwas laid to Helena, a distance of ninety-eight\\nmiles from Great Falls, making a grand total\\nof six hundred and forty-three miles, and an\\naverage rate of track laying for each working\\nday of three and one-fourth miles. July 10,\\nseven miles and 1,040 feet, and August 9, eight\\nmiles and sixty feet were laid by the regular\\ngang. It is true that no other railroad was\\nconstructed as rapidly as this, where the work\\nwas carried on from only one end. Moreover,\\nit is very doubtful whether six hundred and\\nforty-three miles of continuous track will ever\\nbe laid again in seven and one-half months, at\\nthe average rate of three and one-fourth miles\\nIter day for each working day, and by one gang\\nof workmen throughout. The last railroad\\nbuilding in which Mr. Shepard engaged was\\nthe extension of the Great Northern from\\nHavre, Montana, to the Pacific coast, at\\nEverett, Washington, and from Seattle north\\nto Fairhaven junction, lie retired from active\\nwork in 1804. During the twenty-four years\\nof his active life as a railway contractor, the\\nseveral firms of which he was a member built\\n7,026 miles of railroad, or an average of nearly\\nthree bundled miles a year. Besides, they\\nexecuted a great number of other contracts,\\nfm- the construction of docks, bridges, culverts,\\nside! racks, depot grounds, lowering and chang-\\ning grades, etc. The miles of railroad built in\\neach State or British province were as follows:\\nIu Ohio, 40; Indiana, 42; Illinois, 217; Iowa,\\n859; Missouri, 01; Nebraska, 43; Wisconsin,\\n236; Minnesota, 1,452; South Dakota, 950;\\nNorth Dakota, 984; Montana, 898; Idaho, 80;\\nWashington, 439; Canada, Northwest Terri-\\ntory and Manitoba, 725; total, 7,026. It is re-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0696.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0697.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing Engraving Co Chicago-\\nA,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0698.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0699.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0700.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "BIOGRArHY OF MINNESOTA\\n349\\nmarkable, also, that all of his operations have\\nbeen successful and profitable. Upon Ibis\\nfeature of his work, he has said:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2I attribute my success as a contractor\\ndirectly to the knowledge of railroad construc-\\ntion, which I acquired during my long ex-\\nperience as a civil engineer. In Ibis capacity,\\nfrom the year 1847 to 1871, I learned what it\\ncost to construct railroads, and how to\\neconomically employ labor and material. I\\nmay add to that reason, industry and dili-\\ngence; and perhaps a reputation for promptly\\nperforming my obligations had something to\\ndo with my success. I have never taken but\\none losing job, and I did that for good reasons,\\nexpecting to lose money.\\nMr. Shepard was married, December 24. 1850,\\nto Frances Aurelia Parsons, a foster daughter\\nof Chauncey and Wealthy Parsons, of Geneseo,\\nNew York. No other citizen has ever been\\nmore interested in the welfare of Minnesota\\nthan Mr. Shepard. He has been not only ac-\\ntive and enterprising, but public-spirited,\\nliberal, and patriotic, to an eminent degree. It\\nought not to be in bad taste to say that he is\\ncharitable and sympathetic towards the unfor-\\ntunate, and his benefactions in this regard\\nhave been numerous and large in the aggre-\\ngate. His subscription to the New Richmond\\ncyclone sufferers in 1899 was $1,000. He is\\nplain, frank, and unassuming in manner, an\\nentertaining, intelligent talker, and altogether\\nan admirable personality. As indicative of\\nthe career of the man, and especially what he\\nhas lived to witness here in the Northwest, the\\nfollowing extract from a paper written by him-\\nself some years since, is of interest:\\nI well remember, when a buy at school,\\nreading of the explorations of Hennepin and\\nNicollet and the discovery of the Falls of St.\\nAnthony, then 1,200 miles away from me, and\\nspeculating as to whether I should live to\\npenetrate that then wilderness. At twenty-\\nnine years of age I came to reside and remain\\nalmost within sound of the falls, and I have\\nwitnessed their transformation from a wasted\\nforce into a mighty aggregation of power,\\ndriving the machinery of the greatest milling-\\ncenter in the world.\\nAgain, when in May, 1858, I was lifting\\nthat first shovelful of sod ever turned on a\\nrailroad in Minnesota, who could have foretold\\nthat that little shovelful of dirt was to fruc-\\ntify until in forty years Minnesota would have\\n0,100 miles of railroad in full operation, and\\na population of 1,800,000. When we seek the\\ncauses which rendered this great growth pos-\\nsible, we find that the railroad graders outfit,\\ntlie steel rail, and the locomotive, as applied\\nand directed by the energy of man, are fore-\\nmost among the moving influences, without\\nwhich the wilderness might yet be unbroken.\\nMy generation lias seen wonders in all lines\\nof invention and in their application to the\\ncomfort, happiness, and well-being of man-\\nkind. Steam, electricity, and the very air we\\nbreathe have been harnessed and made to do\\nthe bidding of man in my time. I doubt if any-\\none coming after me can ever witness in his\\ngeneration, the application of so many and\\nsuch wonderful discoveries for the quick trans-\\nmission of matter, power, intelligence, and\\nsound, as I have had the good fortune and\\nhappiness to witness and enjoy in mine.\\nJOHN M. OILMAN.\\nHon. John M. Oilman, a prominent attorney\\nof St. Paul, has been closely identified with the\\nhistory of Minnesota ever since it became a\\nState. He was born, September 7, 1824, at\\nCalais. Vermont, the son of Dr. John Oilman\\nand Ruth (Curtis) Oilman. Both parents were\\nnatives of New England and of old Puritan\\nstock. The father died when bis son John M.\\nwas only five months old. He was reared on\\na farm and attended I be common school in his\\nboyhood, and graduated from Montpelier\\nAcademy in 1843. After reading law under\\nIliiton Reed, of Montpelier, he was admitted\\nto the bar in 1840. In the same year he re-\\nmoved to New Lisbon, Ohio, where he prac-\\nticed law for eleven years, also representing\\nColumbiana county in the Legislature of Ohio\\nduring 1849-50. In 1857 he married Miss Anna\\nOornwell, a native of New Lisbon, and removed\\nto St. Paul. Here he was first associated with\\nJames Smith, Jr., and later with W. P. Clough.\\nThe latter partnership, which was formed in\\nls72, was dissolved when Mr. Clough entered\\nthe railroad world, and since then Mr. Gilman\\nhas been practicing alone. As a lawyer he\\nwas for many years considered by bench and", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0701.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "35\u00c2\u00b0\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbar as one of the ablest in the State. He\\nargued his cases on purely logical grounds,\\nclear, cogent and concise. He would never\\nurge a cause that he did not consider just and\\nright, and never resorted to any pettifogging\\npractices. Strictly honest and upright, he is a\\nprofound student, thoroughly devoted to his\\nprofession, quiet and undemonstrative, yet al-\\nways earnest in whatever he does. In political\\nlife Mr. Gilman was, for many years, a con-\\nspicuous figure. Iu 1SG0 he was nominated by\\nthe Democratic party for Congress, and made\\na remarkable stumping tour with his opponent,\\nHon. William Windom. In 18G4 ho ran against\\nHon. Ignatius Donnelly for the same high posi-\\ntion. Although defeated in both instances, his\\ncanvass was of a character which left its im-\\npress upon the people, and he was repeatedly\\nelected to the Legislature, in 1865, 1SG7, 18G9,\\nand again in 1876. In the campaign of 1870\\nhe was chosen chairman of the Democratic\\nState Central Committee. There are many in-\\nteresting incidents in the life of Mr. Oilman,\\nno doubt well remembered by those who are\\nstill living, who were in St. Paul in early days.\\nWhen the Civil war broke out, in 18G1, and\\nPresident Lincoln sent out a call for volun-\\nteers, one regiment was asked from Minnesota.\\nPublic sentiment was pulsating, tremulous, and\\nuncertain, and the great question of the day\\nwas, what the Northern Democrats would do\\nor what attitude they would assume. In order\\nto tost the sentiment of the people in St. Paul,\\na meeting was called at the capitol grounds to\\nconsider the raising of a regiment. But the\\nreal purpose was to test the sentiments of the\\nDemocrats. Mr. Gilman, together with Earl\\nS. Goodrich, then editor of the Pioneer, were\\nthe first to put their names to the call, and\\nMr. Gilman made a speech in support of Presi-\\ndent Lincoln and for the prosecution of the\\nwar, which he predicted would be continued\\nuntil the last slave had been liberated. His\\nremarks at the time were considered extrava-\\ngant. Many now living will remember the\\nspeech well. Thereafter he made many more\\nspeeches in support of the prosecution of the\\nwar and the abolishing of slavery. But Mr.\\nGilman became dissatisfied with the ideas ad-\\nvanced by the Republican party in the prosecu-\\ntion of the war, and accused the party of trying\\nto further its own interest. He therefore re-\\nturned to the fold of the Democratic party, and\\nhas maintained his allegiance to the same to\\nthe present day. He is very pronounced in\\nhis view r s, and especially on what he terms to\\nbe the true Jeffersonian Democracy. Perhaps\\nthe most important event in Mr. Oilman s life\\nwas his argument before the Supreme Court,\\nin 1881, in favor of the constitutionality of the\\nLegislative act providing for the adjustment\\nof the old Minnesota State railroad bonds. His\\nargument in that important case has always\\nbeen regarded by lawyers as one of the best\\never presented in any court. Of late years,\\nMr. Gilman has not taken any active part in\\nthe political battles of the State, county or\\ncity. In April, 1877, he lost his two sons, aged\\neighteen and seventeen respectively, by drown-\\ning in the Mississippi river, and this calamity\\nhas heavily weighed upon him, as a result of\\nwhich he has sought retirement from profes-\\nsional life. It was years before he fully re-\\ncovered from this shock, but he steadfastly\\ndeclined after that time to enter public life,\\nlimiting his activity to his law practice. Mrs.\\nGilman died in October, 1895. Two daughters,\\nboth married and residing in St. Paul, are still\\nliving, one being married to L. P. Ordway and\\nthe other to J. P. Elmer, with the latter of\\nwhom he resides.\\nBENJAMIN H. OGDEN.\\nBenjamin Harvey Ogden, M. D., of St. Paul,\\nwas born at Three Rivers, Michigan, February\\n11. 1860, the son of Benjamin and Arietta J.\\n(Skinner) Ogden. Benjamin Ogden, a native\\nof New Jersey, came to Michigan with his\\nparents in an early day. married and settled\\nat Three Rivers, where he became a prosperous\\nfarmer. In 1863 he removed with his family\\nto Minnesota, locating on a farm near North-\\nfield, in Rice county. Here he remained until\\nhis retirement, late in life, when he removed\\nto the village of Northfield, and died there in\\n1808. The grandfather of Dr. Ogden was Rev.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0702.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n351\\nBenjamin Ogden, a distinguished Presbyterian\\ndivine, a graduate of Princeton College, who\\ncome to Michigan as a missionary in an early\\nday. After several years of faithful service\\nin that State, he died there in 1853. The\\nOgdens are of English origin, the first repre-\\nsentatives in this country being John Ogden\\nand three brothers, who came to America\\nabout the middle of the Eighteenth Century,\\nand settled in Connecticut. John Ogden after-\\nwards removed to New Jersey, where he served\\nin the war of the Revolution as a private in\\nthe State troops of New Jersey. It is a matter\\nof record in the Ogden genealogy, that John\\nOgden received the coat of arms, called the\\nOgden Arms, from Charles II. in recognition\\nof faithful service in the protection of his\\nfather, Charles I., from his enemies. Another\\nscion of this family and a lineal descendant\\nof John Ogden settled in Philadelphia, where\\nhe attained prominence, as is attested by his\\nname being perpetuated in Ogden street and\\nOgden square in that city. Dr. Ogden s\\nmother, Arietta Jane Skinner, was born in\\nCanada, but being left an orphan when quite\\nyoung, she came to the United Stales and made\\nher home with a brother, John Skinner, who\\nwas among the early settlers of Valparaiso,\\nIndiana. The Skinners have been a prominent\\nfamily in Indiana, and several members are\\nstill residents of Valparaiso. Mrs. Ogden died\\nin the fall of 1SG1, soon after the family re-\\nmoved to Minnesota. Dr. Ogdeu was reared\\non the home farm, where he acquired those\\nhabits of industry and economy, which have\\nbeen the solid foundation for the majority of\\nour successful business and professional men\\nsince the Republic was formed. He attended\\nthe public schools of Northfield, and then took\\na course at Carleton College, located in that\\nplace. He graduated in 1881 with the degree\\nof A. B., and was chosen valedictorian of his\\nclass. The year following, as a means to an\\nend that of obtaining a thorough medical\\neducation he accepted the principalship of a\\ngraded school, at Stacyville, Iowa. Having\\ncompleted this year s engagement, he went to\\nPhiladelphia and took a three years course\\nat Hahnemann Medical College. Graduating,\\nin 1885, at the head of the class, numbering\\nseventy-five, he then served one year as interne\\nin the hospital, connected with the same insti-\\ntution. In the spring of 18SG, he returned I\\nMinnesota, and located for practice at North-\\nfield. He had been practicing but six months,\\nwhen his office was destroyed by fire; but what\\nwas then regarded as a serious disaster seems\\nto have been but the appearance of his lucky\\nstar. Not being satisfied with the limitations\\nof a country town for the exercise of his abil-\\nities, he determined to cast his lot with the\\nleaders in his profession in the capital city.\\nHe accordingly removed to St. Paul, and\\nopened an office there in the fall of 1880. Here\\nhe has since remained, and though still a young-\\nman not yet forty Dr. Ogden has attained a\\nprominence and standing in his profession that\\nusually requires a lifetime of patient endeavor.\\nThough his practice is general, lie gives special\\nattention to obstetrics, including the surgical\\nrases incident to this branch of practice. Dr.\\nOgden is Professor of Obstetrics in the Medical\\nDepartment of the University of Minnesota.\\nIn 189G he was elected president of the Minne-\\nsota Stale Homeopathic Institute, and has\\nbeen an active member since he began prac-\\ntice. He has been several times elected\\npresident of the city and county medical so-\\ncieties, and is now a member of the medical\\nstaff of St. Luke s Hospital, also the ity and\\nCounty Hospital. Though a Republican, Dr.\\nOgden has never taken an active part in poli-\\ntics, and is not a member of any secret society.\\nThe Doctor and Mrs. Ogden are very much in-\\nterested in church and Sunday school work,\\nand are both members of the Plymouth Con-\\ngregational church. A prominent member of\\nthe profession, who has known Dr. Ogden in-\\ntimately since he came to St. Paul, says of him\\nAn acquaintance with Dr. Ogden that dates\\nback to his boyhood enables me to know\\nand appreciate his personal characteristics.\\nThe traits prominent in his character are\\nsingleness and tenacity of purpose and busi-\\nness integrity; these with industry and thrift\\nhave conspired to make him successful in life.\\nNaturally reserved, he has to be known some-\\nwhat intimately in order to have his best", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0703.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "352\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntraits recognized, and in consequence of this,\\nhis later years have been crowned with a de-\\ngree of success that was not acquired so early\\nas by some of a more aggressive disposition.\\nHis early years were marked with the struggle\\nfor an education that so often we find to have\\nbeen the lot of the best men in our land. Of\\na modest and genial disposition, Dr. Ogden has\\nacquired a social and professional standing\\nthat commands admiration.\\nIn 1S89 Dr. Ogden was married to Miss Alice\\nE. Warner, daughter of Mr. Lucien Warner,\\na well-known business man of St. Paul. To\\nthem has been born one son, Warner Ogden,\\naged five.\\nWILLIAM II. MAGIE.\\nWilliam H. Magie, M. D.. of Duluth, was\\nborn at Madison, New Jersey, of Scotch\\nancestry on the paternal side and of Ger-\\nman ancestry on the side of his mother. His\\nfather, William II. Magie, Sr., was also a\\nnative of New Jersey, but in 1S57 removed\\nto Henderson county, Illinois, and from\\nthence to Chicago, and finally settled at\\nState of Kansas, where he died in 18S3. The\\nsenior W. II. Magie was by occupation, for the\\ngreater part of his life, a farmer. He was a\\nworthy and respected gentleman, active and\\nsomewhat prominent as a citizen; took an\\nearnest interest in political matters, as a strong\\nRepublican, and served one term in the Kansas\\nLegislature. The son was reared to maturity\\nin the States of Illinois and Kansas, about half\\nof the time on his father s farm. His early\\neducation was received in the public schools\\nof Chicago, which he attended until he was\\nabout fifteen years of age, and completed by\\nan academic course at Abington College, Illi-\\nnois. In 1882 he entered the College of\\nPhysicians and Surgeons at SI. Louis, and\\ngraduated from that well-known institution\\nwith the degree of M. D. in 1884. For a short\\ntime he engaged in the practice of his profes-\\nsion in Pittsburg, Kansas. September 10,\\n1NS4, he located in Duluth, where he has since\\nremained. Dr. Magie has become very success\\nfnl in his profession, to which he has always\\nbeen assiduously devoted. He has been a close\\nstudent of medical science and kept himself\\nfully informed in its advancement and develop-\\nment; has had large experience in clinics and\\nhospital treatments in the prominent institu-\\ntions of the country; and these influences,\\nadded to his natural adaptation, account for\\nthe uniform success which has attended his ef-\\nforts during the fifteen years of his profession-\\nal life in the Northwest. He is especially noted\\nas a surgeon, but is well known to the medical\\nfraternity and the public, as a superior all\\nround practitioner. He is a member of\\nseveral medical associations the American,\\nthe International Association of Railway\\nSurgeons, the St. Louis County, and the Minne-\\nsota State Medical Societies, and he is surgeon\\nto St. Mary s Hospital, Duluth. His profes-\\nsional abilities and his personal qualities have\\nsecured for him a legion of warm, influential\\nfriends throughout the entire field of his\\nlabors. Dr. Magie was married at Pittsburg,\\nKansas, January 2, 1S7G, to Miss Josephine\\nShawger, a daughter of Philip Shawger, Esq.\\nTo the Doctor and Mrs. Magie were born four\\nchildren, two of whom are now living. Mrs.\\nMagie died January 12, 1899.\\nWILLIAM C. SHERWOOD.\\nWilliam C. Sherwood, a well-known business\\nman of Duluth and Northeastern Minnesota,\\nwas born at. Dartford, Greenlake county, Wis-\\nconsin, October 1, 1853. His father, Hon. John\\nSherwood, was a prominent and honored\\ncitizen of the State for many years. He was\\nborn in the State of New York, but in 1846\\nremoved to Greenlake county, where he resided\\nuntil his death, more than forty years later, or\\nin 1887. He was a graduate of Hamilton Col-\\nlege, New York, an intelligent Christian gen-\\ntleman, a public-spirited citizen, and a man\\nof many worthy and noble qualities. Largely\\nowing to his individual etforts, the county seal\\nof Greenlake county was located at Dartford.\\nAt an early day he was a member of the State\\nboard of insane commissioners, and his per\\nsonal influence and efforts were most potent", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0704.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0705.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0706.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "Th %7?turif PubUstuiiy \u00c2\u00a3nyravi7ij Co Ovcayor", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0707.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0708.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA\\n353\\nin accomplishing a great reform in the care of\\nthe incurably insane, and in the creation of the\\nextensive system of charitable institutions in\\nWisconsin. For a long time he conducted a\\nlarge flouring mill, and a woolen factory in\\nGreenlake county. He acquired a respectable\\ncompetence, from which he contributed freely\\nand liberally to schemes for the benefit of his\\nfellow-men. In fact he became noted, if not\\nrenowned, for the considerable sums he ex-\\npended upon worthy charities and in the\\npromotion of laudable enterprises. The sub-\\nject hereof was educated in the public schools\\nof Wisconsin, and by a partial course in the\\nRochester (New York) University. After leav-\\ning school lie was for several years bookkeeper\\nand teller in the National State Bank of\\nLa Fayette, Indiana. In 1882 he came to\\nDuluth and engaged in the real estate and loan\\nbusiness, with which he has been most promi-\\nnently identified and is still connected. Mr.\\nSherwood has also been connected with other\\nbusiness interests. He was one of the pro-\\nmoters of the Merchants National Bank and\\none of its directors from the time of its or-\\nganization until it was absorbed by the First\\nNational. He has also been connected with\\nthe iron interests of Northeastern Minnesota.\\nHe was president of the Monarch Iron Com\\npany during its existence. He was one of the\\nfounders of the town of Virginia, and mainly\\nthrough his influence the town was laid out.\\nAt present he is vice-president of the Virginia\\nImprovement Company. He is a leading mem-\\nber of the Presbyterian church, has served on\\nthe board of trustees of the Dubmpie (Iowa)\\nTheological Seminary, and for several yens\\nwas a trustee of McAllister College of St. Paul.\\nIn Duluth he has been a trustee and secretary\\nof the board of the First Presbyterian church,\\nand clerk of the church session for many years.\\nMr. Sherwood was married, May 12, 1880, to\\nMiss Amelia Jacoby, of Springfield, Illinois.\\nHer father, Henry Jacoby, Esq., erected the\\nfirst packing house in Springfield, and had one\\nof the finest stock farms in the State of Illinois.\\nMr. and Mrs. Sherwood have had three chil-\\ndren, only one of whom is now living, a daugh-\\nter, Mary R. Sherwood. The family home is a\\nbeautiful residence, located in Glen Avon,\\nwhich stands on a large and ample site, artis-\\ntically and attractively improved, and which,\\nwith its fine lawns, finished terraces and other\\nimprovements, constitutes one of the most ad-\\nmired residences of Duluth.\\nJOSEPH SELWOOD.\\nAs general superintendent of the American\\nMining Company, of Duluth, the subject\\nof this sketch is prominently identified with\\none of the important industries of the\\nState of Minnesota. And he has well earned\\nwhatever of honor attaches to his position,\\nfor he has worked his way up, literally, from\\nthe bottom of the mine, in whose gloomy\\ndepths he toiled during many years of his\\nearlier life, to his present influential stand-\\ning. Although educated, for the most part, in\\nthis country, and Americanized by many years\\nof earnest citizenship and productive activity,\\nJoseph Selwood is an Englishman, born in\\nCornwall December 5, 1840. He emigrated to\\nthe newer country at a time when the status\\nof our mining industries was a very flourishing\\nand hopeful one; and, t hough a mere boy, he\\nfearlessly entered upon the miner s career,\\nwith all its possible perils and inevitable hard-\\nships. His earliest experience in the business\\nof his choice was gained in the mines at On-\\ntonagon, Michigan, where he was employed for\\nfive years. He then removed to Ishpeming, in\\nthe same State, where he continued similarly\\n(o follow the mining industry for some fifteen\\nyears. During the year 1S85 he opened the\\nColby mine at Bessemer. He first came to\\n.Minnesota in July, 188S, having by this time\\nthe mining business well in hand. He located\\nin Duluth, and opened up the Chandler mine,\\nwhich he operated for a period of five years.\\nIn 1892, Mr. Selwood retired from the active\\noperation of mines and accepted the appoint-\\nment of vice-president of the Duluth Iron\\nRailway. Subsequently he resigned this post,\\nand in the month of April, 1899, he entered\\nupon the duties of his present office as general\\nsuperintendent of the American Mining Com-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0709.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "354\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\npany, the business of which company he con-\\nducts at its headquarters in the American\\nExchange Building at Duluth. Mr. Selwood\\nis recognized as a business man whose energy,\\ngood judgment and general efficiency have giv-\\nen a powerful impetus to the development of\\nthe iron mining industry in this State. Nor\\nis he appreciated only in his relation to min-\\ning interests. His genial and kindly disposi-\\ntion at I aches to him many friends, and as a\\ncitizen he is held in esteem for the practical\\ninterest he takes in whatever effects the wel-\\nfare of his city and State. In politics, as in\\nother interests, his characteristic energy and\\nenthusiasm make themselves felt, and he is\\nvery loyal to the principles of the Republican\\nparty, being particularly fervent in his ad-\\nvocacy of a sound currency. July 31, 1867, at\\nOntonagon, Michigan, Mr. Selwood was mar-\\nried to Miss Ophelia Mathews. To them have\\nbeen born seven children, live of whom are\\nliving. Financially, Mr. Selwood possesses a\\ncomfortable competency while still in his\\nprime, and although the hardships incident to\\nthe miner s life have left something of their\\nmarks upon him, he is in the main well pre-\\nserved, and may reasonably count upon many\\nyears of active labor and enjoyment of the\\nfruits thereof.\\nEDWARD P. TOWNE.\\nEdward Penfleld Towne, of the law firm of\\nTowne Merchant, of Duluth, was born\\nJune 16, 18G7, at Canandaigua, New York.\\nHe is the son of Edward P. and Eliza H. (Eddy)\\nTowne, his mother being a daughter of Ansell\\nD. Eddy, of Newark, New Jersey. Edward P.\\nTowne, senior, for whom the subject of this\\nsketch was named, was a native of New Hamp-\\nshire, who, in 1834, came west with his father,\\nlocating at Batavia, Illinois, where his boy-\\nhood days were passed. He was privileged\\nwith opportunities for a thorough education,\\nand, deciding upon the legal profession as a\\nlife pursuit, he became a student of law, and\\nin due time a practitioner at Chicago. He was\\na member of the whilom prominent firm of\\nWaite, Towne Clarke, whose headquarters\\nwere in Chicago, but whose reputation and\\nservices were extended throughout the State.\\nMr. Towne died in 18G and of the four chil-\\ndren born to him all are now deceased except\\nhis namesake, Edward P., of this sketch. Ed-\\nward I Towne, junior, inherited not only his\\nfather s name, but many of the characteristics\\nthrough which the elder man had achieved\\nsuccess, and he accepted, as if by inheritance,\\nthe profession of paternal choice. Like his\\nfather, too, he was blessed with excellent edu-\\ncational advantages, which he appreciated and\\nturned to good account. As a youth, however,\\nhe could not have been classified as belonging\\nto the book-worm type. He went in for ath-\\nletics and out-of-door sports, and has, at one\\ntime or another, been an enthusiastic member\\nof various athletic clubs. His education was\\nobtained in the Empire State, the elementary\\nportion of it in his native town and at Troy,\\nafter which he prepared for college at the\\nMohegan Lake Academy, at Peekskill. Upon\\nthe completion of his academic course, in 1884,\\nhe entered Union College, at Schenectady, from\\nwhich latter institution he graduated in 1888,\\nreceiving the degree of A. B. Three years later\\nhis Alma Mater conferred upon him, also, the\\ndegree of A. M. His profession he acquired\\nat the Albany Law School, graduating there\\nin 1890 with the degree of LL. B. In the same\\nyear he was admitted to the bar at Albany,\\nthen came west, locating in the city of his\\nfather s old home. For two years he was as-\\nsociated, as managing clerk, with John P. ^Yil-\\nson, Esq., an attorney of National reputation.\\nIn 1892 Mr. Towne left Chicago to come to\\nDuluth, where he entered into partnership\\nwith C. S. Davis, forming the firm of Towne\\nDavis. Five years later this firm was dis-\\nsolved, and subsequently Mr. Towne united\\nhis business interests with those of II. \\\\Y. Mer-\\nchant, the style of which present partnership\\nis Towne Merchant. The location of their\\ncommodious offices is in the Trust Company\\nBuilding, where they are conducting a lucra-\\ntive and growing practice. Mr. Towne is vice-\\npresident, a director and general counsel of\\nthe Duluth Trust Company. He belongs to the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0710.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0711.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0712.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "Tho (Sntury Pulitishnig i Cnyrwrny Co Chicaytr", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0713.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0714.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n355\\nancient order of Masons, being a member of\\nthe Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery, and\\nScottish Kite. He is also a member of the Del-\\nta Phi Greek letter fraternity and the Society\\nof Colonial Wars of Minnesota, and the several\\nclubs of Duluth. Mr. Towne was married, in\\nOctober, L895, to Miss Adaline H. Hunter,\\ndaughter of the late John C. Hunter, of Du-\\nluth. Mrs. Towne died in July, 1896, leav-\\ning an infant son, who was christened Hunter\\nA. Mr. Towne is a Republican, but, al-\\nthough he feels an active interest in political\\nmatters, he has been too much absorbed by his\\nprofession to cultivate any aspirations towards\\npublic office. A specialty of bis business is\\ncorporation law; but whether in special or\\ngeneral practice, he gives the same careful at-\\ntention to all details of the matters intrusted\\nto him; and the financial success and the repu-\\ntation for fineness of legal judgment which he\\nenjoys, while still on the morning side of life s\\nmeridian, have come to him as the natural re-\\nsults of thorough and conscientious work.\\nWILLIAM L. WINDOM.\\nWilliam Lincoln Windom, a prominent at-\\ntorney of Duluth, was born at Sterling,\\nIllinois. June 1, 1800. On the paternal side\\nhe is extracted from Quaker stock, which\\nis traceable to a remote English ancestry,\\nwhile his mother, whose maiden name was\\nRuth II. Lnmm, was descended from a dis-\\ntinguished Virginia family. His father,\\nJonas Windom, was a native of Ohio, and re-\\nmoved, in 1845, to Sterling, Illinois, where he\\ndied in the year 1887. In his lifetime he was\\nan energetic and prosperous business man, and\\nwas an enthusiastic Abolitionist during the\\ntimes of our Civil strife, although never identi-\\nfying himself with politics. His son, William\\nLincoln, of whose life this sketch will now\\ntreat, was reared in his native town of Ster-\\nling, from whose public schools he graduated\\nat the age of eighteen. He then studied law\\nunder Col. William M. Kilgore and Frederick\\nK. Sackett, and at the age of twenty-one was\\nadmitted to practice at the bar of Illinois. But\\nhe was compelled, by a derangement of the\\neyesight, to postpone the pursuit of his pro-\\nfession, and, going west, he led an active out-\\nof-door life until 1887, in which year he located,\\nin a professional capacity, at Ashland, Wiscon-\\nsin, where he enjoyed prompt and abundant\\nsuccess. The last case tried by him in that\\nState was the noted one of Pool vs. Thirty-one\\nSeparate Insurance Companies, which was\\npending for two years. Mr. Windom handled\\nthe case in a masterly manner, securing one\\nof the largest verdicts ever obtained in an\\ninsurance cause in Wisconsin. In 1896 Mr. Win-\\ndom came to Duluth, where he formed a part-\\nnership, which still continues, with M. H.\\nMcMahon; and during the last four years his\\nfirm has built up a very lucrative practice, and\\nbecome conspicuous in its connection with\\nmany distinguished cases. On the criminal\\nside may be mentioned the case of the State vs.\\nFerguson, into which the services of Mr. Win-\\ndom were called after the death sentence had\\nbeen pronounced upon the defendant, and the\\nday of execution set by the Governor. Desper-\\nate as the situation appeared, Mr. Windom did\\nnot despair, and his efforts resulted in the\\nreprieve of the condemned man. On the civil\\ncalendar, our subject has been successful in\\nnumerous cases involving large sums of money,\\nand on the occasion of the application before\\nthe State board for the division of St. Louis\\ncounty he stood as the sole attorney for the\\nopposition, winning the case against heavy\\nodds. October :J, 1893, at St. Paul, Mr.\\nWindom was married to Lotta Cornelia Gard-\\nner, daughter of John E. Gardner. The Hon.\\nWilliam Windom, deceased, late Secretary of\\nthe United States Treasury, was an uncle of\\nWilliam L., and the nephew lias given ample\\nevidence of abilities which qualify him, also,\\nfor high official duties. Heretofore, however, he\\nhas not permitted his name to be proposed as\\ncandidate for any office whatsoever, though\\nfrom present indications it seems probable\\nthat, in the approaching campaign, he may be\\nmade Republican nominee for Congress from\\nthe Sixth District. Whether or not he will ac-\\ncept the compliment, he alone is in a position\\nto determine. Mr. Windom is much in favor", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0715.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": ".V\\n5\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwith the Republican State Central Committee,\\nin whose service he has done most effective\\nwork since 1892. Previously\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in 1894-5\u00e2\u0080\u0094 as\\nchairman of the Ashland County Central Com\\nmil tee of Wisconsin, he endeared himself to\\nins constituency by his sagacious and irre-\\nproachable condud of the campaign to a com-\\nplete victory, the general approbation finding\\nardent expression through the press. As a\\nst mn p speaker Mr. Windoin has few equals in\\nthe State, and his eloquence has been fell on\\noccasions other than political. In a speech de-\\nlivered at Duluth on Decoration Day. L898, he\\npaid a ivivent tribute to the sleeping patriots\\nof our Civil War. according honor and rever-\\nence alike t,i all. regardless of whether their\\nresting places are marked with imposing mon-\\numents or wooden slabs, or are the unmarked.\\nnunn.no trenches. Ho dwelt with touching\\neloquence upon tin- part played by the women\\nof our Nation in Hie great sacrifice, pronounc-\\ning them patriots no less than the brave sol-\\ndims themselves, lie strengthened in his hear-\\ners the realization of their blessings as citizens\\nof the United States\u00e2\u0080\u0094 blessings purchased at\\nthe awful price of seven hundred and fifty\\nthousand lives\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and impressed upon them the\\nmagnitude of their debt to that martyred mul-\\ntitude and to our veterans. Continuing, he said\\nin part:\\nWhen President Lincoln called upon them\\nthey responded, from all political parties, from\\nall walks in life\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one -rand blue line! They\\nknew only one thin-: the Covernmeiit was in\\ndanger; Old Glory had been tired upon.\\nEome was nothing, associations were nothing,\\nlife was nothing. The Union was in danger,\\nwhich had been established by their fathers;\\nand asking Cod s blessing upon their cause,\\ntheir parents, their wives, their children, they\\nleft all. and. amidst the smoke of battle, the\\nshrieks of bursting shell and the diseases of\\nthe camps, hundreds of thousands of men laid\\ndown their lives, until finally Providence\\nsmiled upon our arms, the last shot was tired,\\nAppomattox was reached and the Union was\\nsaved. The Union was saved because the tin s\\nof patriotism had been kept lighted; it was\\nsaved because the spirit of liberty which ani-\\nmated the Revolutionary sire still burned with-\\nin the bosom of the son. And the same spirit\\nis manifest to-day. when our boys in blue again\\ngo forth for freedom and humanity, not in the\\nspirit of conquest, but in the same old cause,\\nliberty, not for themselves they have that\\nnow but for others who have mner enjoyed\\nliberty, and want it. Their time for our honor\\nand praise will soon come; perhaps some of\\nI heir -raves will be included in the decorations\\non next Memorial Day. Put sufficient unto\\nthe day is the evil thereof. The old Veterans\\nnow deserve our undivided attention. All\\nhonor in the past, now and forever, to the dead\\nsoldier martyrs, and the living soldier heroes\\nof the Union arniv!\\nHENRY D. HAWKINS.\\nHenry Hastings Hawkins is a leading citizen\\nand lawyer of the village of Carlton, and coun-\\nty attorney of Carlton county. Minnesota. He\\nis the son of the late Hon. L. R. Hawkins, who\\nfor many years was a resident of this State,\\nand a complete biographical sketch of whom\\nis contained in Major T. M. Newson s book, en-\\ntitled Old Settlers of .Minnesota. Judge Haw-\\nkins, whose remote ancestry was English, was\\na native of Connecticut, but spent many years\\nof his early life in Pennsylvania, in the mean-\\ntime being married to Mary Vose, of Massa-\\nchusetts, and it was at Smithport, Pennsyl-\\nvania, that Henry II.. the subject of this\\nsketch, was born, on the 30th of January,\\n1840. In IS. the boy came, with his parents,\\nto Minnesota, settling upon a farm in Scott\\ncounty. Here he remained to the age of sev-\\nenteen, attending the public schools of his\\nhome locality. He was fifteen when the Civil\\nWar broke out, and two years later hi enlisted\\nas a private in Company L, Second Minnesota\\nCavalry, and served with his regiment until\\nhonorably discharged in 1866. In 1ST7 he lo-\\ncated in the village of Thomson, in the town-\\nship of the same name, Carlton county, Minne-\\nsota. He was at this time engaged in railroad\\nconstruction. Inning first given his attention\\nto that line of business upon his return from\\nthe war. In 1878 he was elected auditor of\\nCarlton county, and gave up railroad construe-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0716.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0717.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0718.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "The Century PiMisMng StEnyravinp Co Chicago-\\nC ^a^t^", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0719.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0720.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n1?7\\ntion to attend to the duties of this office. Dur-\\ning his residence in Carlton, Mr. Hawkins has\\nbeen an almost continuous servant of the pub-\\nlic in one capacity or another. Shortly after\\ntaking up his residence in the village of\\nThomson, the community selected him as its\\nchief official, and lie continued to administer\\nits affairs for ten years. For an equal space\\nof time lie served as district school clerk; for\\nsix years presided as chairman of the board of\\nsupervisors; was for five years a justice of the\\npeace, and for eight years served in the office\\nof town clerk. In fact, he has tilled nearly\\nevery office of importance in Carlton county.\\nFour times he was nominated as a candidate\\nfor the State Legislature, twice for the Senate\\nand twice for the Lower House, but he being\\na Democrat in a district largely Republican,\\nwas defeated by small majorities. Mr. Haw\\nkins career as a lawyer dates from 1880, in\\nwhich year he was admitted to the bar. He\\nhas, since 1878, been county attorney of his\\ncounty eleven years; county auditor six years;\\ncounty superintendent of schools two years;\\ncounty treasurer two years; deputy clerk of\\nthe District Court six years; and register of\\ndeeds six years, having at one time held five\\nof said county offices by election, and in a\\ncounty strongly Republican. Mr. Hawkins was\\nunanimously nominated by his party August\\n7, 1892, as their candidate for Lieutenant Gov-\\nernor, and made a gallant run. In IS!):! he was\\nan applicant under President Cleveland for the\\nappointment of Governor of Alaska, and was\\nindorsed by all political parties of his State.\\nIn all these positions that he has held his serv-\\nice has been disinterested and pure. Through-\\nout his history as a voter, Mr. Hawkins has\\nbeen a loyal Democrat, entering with such\\ninterest and energy into the campaigns of his\\nparty that he has won for himself the name\\nof stalwart and he has long been promi-\\nnently known in all parts of the State as an\\nable and eloquent campaign speaker. He is a\\nman, too, with many personal friends, who\\nhonor him much for the abilities of which he\\nhas given abundant proof, and more for his\\nhigh integrity of character. His services are\\nalways freely given to the laborer, and he is\\nknown throughout northern Minnesota as the\\npoor man s friend. Mr. Hawkins legal prac-\\ntice has grown to proportions sufficient to ab-\\nsorb his undivided attention; but whether he\\nwill be allowed to devote himself exclusively\\nto professional work remains to be proven.\\nPossessing so many active political friends, it\\nseems more than probable that his services\\nwill in the future, as in the past, be solicited\\nfor positions of trust and honor. He is at\\npresent an aide-de-camp, with rank of colonel,\\non the staff of Governor John Lind. Mr. Haw-\\nkins belongs to the Uniform Rank of Knights\\nof Pythias, and is a member of the mutual\\ninsurance organization known as Woodman of\\nthe World. He is a family man, having been\\nmarried, September 22, 1878, at Duluth, Minne-\\nsota, to Miss Emma E. Ruby. A son, Valentine\\nH. Hawkins, is their only child.\\nMELVIN J. FORBES.\\nMelvin Jackson Forbes, president of the Con-\\nsolidated Elevator Company, of Duluth, Minne-\\nsota, was born at Bridgewater, Massachusetts,\\nDecember 31, 1848. He is the son of Andrew\\nJ. and Betsey (Fuller) Forbes, and is descended\\nthrough many generations from one of two\\nbrothers, who, in the year 1635, emigrated from\\nEngland and became the founders of the\\nForbes family on this side the Atlantic. The\\nfather of Melvin J., who was by trade a shoe-\\nmaker, was also a native of Massachusetts, and\\ndied in that State in 1862. The subject of this\\nsketch was the eldest of three children, and\\nas the financial circumstances of his parents\\nwere very modest, he early began to feel the\\nresponsibility of making his own way in the\\nworld. He had acquired the rudiments of an\\nEnglish education in the district school in\\nproximity to which he lived, but was ambitious\\nfor higher study; and it was his good fortune\\nto have been born in the vicinity of an ex-\\ncellent educational institution the old Bridge-\\nwater academy. This he managed to attend,\\nfrom thirteen to seventeen years of age, by\\nspending the summer vacations, not in recrea-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0721.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "358\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nlion, bul in hard work. In his business career\\nIn began ;it the fool of the ladder, as errand\\nboy for a publishing house in Boston. From\\nihis humble situation he climbed, sleji by step,\\nuntil, four years after he entered the employ\\nof the house, he had become intrusted with the\\nfull management of both the wholesale and\\nretail departments of the business. By this\\ntime he was of age, and during the year 1S70\\nhe came west and located in Duluth, Minne-\\nsota. His first venture in this city was an\\nindependent one in the book and stationery\\nbusiness, which he pursued for about four\\nyears. At the end of this time he made a rad-\\nical change in his business arrangements, but\\none which led, more or less directly, to his pres-\\nent responsible and enviable position. He en-\\ngaged as bookkeeper with the Union Improve-\\nment Elevator Company, and continued in\\nthe service of that firm for four years, or there-\\nabouts, then resigning his position to become\\na member of the grain commission house of\\nGeorge Spencer Company. In 1889, however,\\nthis latter firm went out of business; but in\\n1893 Mr. Forbes was appointed receiver of two\\nelevator companies, viz.: the Northern Pacific\\nand the Red Valley, in the settlement of whose\\naffairs he was for some months engaged. About\\nthis time the old Union Improvement Ele-\\nvator Company, whose service Mr. Forbes had\\nentered as bookkeeper nearly twenty years be-\\nfore, effected a consolidation with the Lake\\nSuperior Elevator Company, and of the result\\nof this fusion, which wa s styled the Consoli-\\ndated Elevator Company, Mr. Forbes was\\nelected president. This was in 1NII4, and he is\\nstill presiding officer of the company, the busi-\\nness of which is in a very healthy and flour-\\nishing condition. Eight capacious elevators, in\\nactive operation, for the terminal equipment\\nof the Consolidated Company, at Duluth, while\\nil ow ns some seventy other elevators and ware-\\nhouses distributed along the line of the North-\\nern Pacific Railroad. During the year of 1899\\nalone it handled over forty million bushels of\\ngrain. In political faith Mr. Forbes is an un-\\nswerving Republican, but he has never been\\nambitious to hold public office. In connection\\nwith institutions other than political, however,\\nhe has done good work. In 1885 he was elected\\npresident of the Dululh Board of Trade, which\\npost he filled for two years, and he is at the\\npresent time vice-president of the American\\nExchange Bank, of Duluth, having been\\nelected to that office in 1899. On January 6,\\n1885, Mr. Forbes was united in marriage to\\nMiss Ida M. Raymond, a daughter of S. EL Ray-\\nmond, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, the wedding\\nceremony being performed at Duluth. Mr. and\\nMrs. Forbes have no children.\\nJOHN H. KOOP.\\nJohn Henry Koop, mayor of Brainerd, Min-\\nnesota, is of German birth, Hanover being the\\ncity of his nativity, and the date February 8,\\n1857. His father was William Koop, a promi-\\nnent educator of Germany, and the first few\\nyears of the sun s residence in this country, to\\nwhich he came at the age of eleven, were spent\\nin stud\\\\ in American institutions of learning,\\nlie was first, for a short time, a pupil at St.\\nVincent College, in Westmoreland county,\\nPennsylvania. Then, in 1X 9, he came to Min-\\nnesota and entered St. John s University, in\\nStearns county, which he continued to attend\\nfor about five years. In 1ST! he went to work\\nas clerk in a drug store at St. Paul; but he\\nabandoned this line of business in a compara-\\ntively short time and taught school for two\\nyears in Dakota county, of this State. In 1S77\\nhe accepted a position as manager of the D. II.\\nValentine Elevator Company, in St. Joseph,\\n.Minnesota, and was for the next two years en-\\ngaged in buying grain for the .Minneapolis\\nMillers Association, under the supervision of\\nGeneral Andrews. He first came to Brainerd\\nin 1879, where, with the exception of three\\nyears, he has since resided. Here he devoted\\nhis time to the general mercantile business un-\\ntil his services were enlisted in public affairs.\\nDuring the year 1884-5 he served on the board\\nof city aldermen, and in 1886, under the Cleve-\\nland administration, he received the appoint-\\nment of postmaster of Brainerd, the duties of\\nwhich office occupied him for four years. Upon", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0722.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0723.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0724.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0725.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0726.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n359\\nthe expiration of his term as postmaster he\\nmoved to Staples, Minnesota, and re-engaged\\nin mercantile pursuits, which he continued to\\nfollow after his return, in 18!)3, to Brainerd.\\nIn 18% he was nominated for the State Legis-\\nlature, his election being defeated by a small\\nmajority; and in 189S he became Democratic-\\ncandidate for mayor of Brainerd, and was\\nelected by a majoritywhich all the wards of the\\ncity concurred in swelling to overwhelming\\nproportions, notwithstanding the fact that\\nBrainerd was then strongly Republican. Mr.\\nKoop has taken an active part in many polit-\\nical contests, his power as a speaker making\\nhis campaign work especially valued by his\\nparty. Of late, however, his Democracy lias be-\\ncome somewhat modified. He endorses the\\npolicy of President McKinley, as pursued in\\nboth the Spanish- American war and the pres-\\nent struggle in the Philippines. Mr. Koop is a\\nman of unsual executive ability, which enables\\nhim to successfully conduct a variety of enter-\\nprises at the same time. He is vice-president of\\nthe Northwestern Hardwood Lumber Coin\\npany, at Nary, Minnesota, which concern was\\nthe recent purchaser from the Pillsbury and\\nWalker companies of all their oak timber for\\nthe purpose of manufacturing into railroad\\nlumber; and he operates a hardwood mill of\\nhis own on his farm, which is located on the\\nBrainerd Northern Minnesota Railway, near\\nIsland Lake. In the city of Brainerd, also, he\\nhas under his personal management and con-\\ntrol extensive interests in the dry-goods indus-\\ntry. But with a volume of private business\\nwhich might distract the mind of a man of less\\nbalance, he administers the affairs of his office\\nas mayor with unvarying dignity and repose.\\nOctober 3, 1870, Mr. Koop was married to Miss\\nLena Linneman, a daughter of Hon. John H.\\nLinneman, of St. Joseph, Minnesota. Three\\nchildren have been born to them, viz.: Rosa,\\nLilian and Grover. Mr. Koop belongs to the\\norder of Knights of Pythias and to the Modern\\nWoodmen of America. In religious faith he is\\nCatholic. Between Gov. John Lind, of Minne-\\nsota, and Mayor Koop exist terms of mutual\\ncourtesy and friendship; and in his early prime\\nthe latter has attained to a position, not only\\nof financial security, but of political prestige,\\nwhich paints his future bright with promise.\\nsumner t. Mcknight.\\nThe family of Sumner T. MeKuight, of\\nMinneapolis, is descended from Scottish an-\\ncestry through a line of American progeni-\\ntors beginning in early colonial times.\\nThe name was originally McNaughton, and\\nNew Jersey the point at which it took root in\\nAmerica. Just how and when the transforma-\\ntion from McNaughton to MeKuight occurred,\\nhowever, belongs to the interesting mystery\\nwhich envelopes the evolution of many of our\\nmodern names. Sumner Thomas McKnight\\nwas born in the year 1836, at Truxton, Cort-\\nland county, New York. His early education\\nwas obtained in the public schools of his na-\\ntive town. His father was a merchant of Trux-\\nton, and the boy promptly developed an apti-\\ntude and preference for an active business life.\\nHe was but sixteen when he came to Wiscon-\\nsin and procured a clerical position in a gen-\\neral store at Ripon. Here he remained for two\\nyears, then secured a position of larger oppor-\\ntunities at Wausau, in the same State, in the\\nstore of George N. Lyman, the business of the\\nestablishment being conducted in conjunction\\nwith the lumber trade, in which Mr. Lyman\\nwas also engaged. Before he had been two\\nyears in this position his commercial capabili-\\nties had become so evident that he was made\\ngeneral manager of both the store and the\\nlumber manufactory. He continued in charge\\nof this dual enterprise for about three\\nyears, at the end of which time Mr. Lyman\\ndisposed of his lumber mills and store. During\\nhis managership Mr. McKnight acquired an ex-\\nperience and technical understanding of busi-\\nness matters which was later to prove invalu-\\nable to him in his own commercial operations.\\nIn 1850 he came to Minnesota and established\\nhimself at Blue Earth city in a general store,\\nwhich he conducted until 1862. He then re-\\nmoved to Hannibal, Missouri, and formed a\\npartnership with J. B. Price in the wholesale\\nand retail lumber business. He was associated", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0727.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "3 5o\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nwilli Mi. Trice for six years, and to this part-\\nnership Mr. McKnight was indebted for his\\nconnection, formed in lsyit, with the firm of\\nPorter, Moon Company, lumber manufactur-\\ners at Eau Claire. Wisconsin. The material\\nturned out by the mills ar Eau Claire was\\ntransferred to Hannibal for distribution, which\\nfunction was operated under the style of S. T.\\nMcKnight Company. The enterprise flour-\\nished, and in ls7- the business was incorpo-\\nrated under the nan f the Northwestern\\nLumber Company, Mr. McKnight being made\\nsecretary and treasurer. This position he still\\nholds, and the history of his business career\\nis inseparably identified with the development\\nand achievements of this company. In 1883\\nMr. McKnight assisted in organizing two lum-\\nber companies, viz.: the Barronette and Shell\\nLake, for the erecting and operating of mills\\nat those two points in Wisconsin; and in 1886\\nthe Northwestern Lumber Company bought\\nthe saw-mill at Sterling. Wisconsin, with an\\nadjacent block of timber, which they worked\\nuntil the supply was exhausted a period of\\nabout six years. They then purchased the ex-\\ntensive plant of the Eau Claire Company,\\nwhich comprised not only a broad area of tim-\\nber land and two mills, but valuable property\\nin the city of Eau Claire. In the meantime, in\\n1800, the company had also acquired a con-\\ntrolling interest in the Montreal River Lum-\\nber Company, located at Gile, Wisconsin; and\\nin 1892, the year of their investment in the\\nEau Claire property, Hie Northwestern Coin\\npany built a mill at Stanley, Chippewa county,\\nwhose cutting capacity was 150,000 feet per\\nday, of ten hours. Since 1895 Mr. McKnight\\nhas been associated, as one of its vice-presi-\\ndents and directors, with the Mississippi Val-\\nley Lumbermen s Association, and in 1896,\\nwhen lumbermen from all parts of the country\\nconvened at Cincinnati and organized them-\\nselves to the end of protecting their industry\\nin the matter of tariff legislation, he was one\\nof the twenty-two appointed to go to Washing-\\nton and present the interests of their organi-\\nzation to the Congressional commit lee. Tn\\n1899 he was elected president of the North-\\nwestern Lumber Company of Eau Claire. Wis\\ncousin, and the Montreal River Lumber Com-\\npany of Gile, Wisconsin. .Mr. McKnight has\\nserved as director in several banking houses,\\nand in I he province of financial business no less\\nthan in his lumber operations, he has been\\nhighly esteemed as an able and honorable busi-\\niii ss man. In politics he is a loyal Republican,\\nbut his busy career has included no effort to-\\nwards political prominence. In 1868 Mr. Mc-\\nKnight was united in marriage to Eugenie\\nManville, of Ripon, Wisconsin. Four children\\nwere born io them, of whom the three living\\nare: Harriet E., Caroline E., now Mrs. George\\nI Christian, of Minneapolis, and Sumner T.,\\nJunior.\\nCONRAD GOTZIAN.\\nThe late Conrad Gotzian, of St. Paul, was\\nborn August 15, 1835, at Berke an die Werra,\\na village about fifty miles from Leipsic, in\\nSaxe-Wiemar, Prussia. His early education\\nwas rather elementary, owing to the restricted\\nmeans of the family, not at all to the fault of\\nthe boy, who was naturally ambitious, indus-\\ntrious and persevering. In 1852 he came to\\nseek his fortune in America. He was only six-\\nteen, but he was blessed with a splendid phy-\\nsique, and a sanguine and genial temperament,\\nwhich enlisted the kindly interest of all with\\nwhom he came in contact. His ship landed at\\nPhiladelphia, where, after seeking a while for\\nwork, he became apprenticed to a boot and\\nshoe manufacturer. In three years time he\\nhad become thoroughly skilled in the trade,\\nand in the spring of 1855 he came to Minne-\\nsota, secured employment at St. Paul ill the\\nline of his experience, and, after two years of\\nclose application to work and frugal living,\\nwas able, with the help of friends who had\\nbecome interested in him, to establish himself\\nas a retail dealer in boots and shoes. His loca-\\ntion was on Jackson street, between Fifth and\\nSixth streets. His venture prospered from the\\nfirst, and his business gradually expanded.\\nAfter a few years he became engaged, to a lim-\\nited extent, in jobbing sales, and by 1865 the\\nretail side of his business had been entirely\\nabandoned in favor of jobbing and manufac-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0728.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0729.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0730.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "^J", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0731.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0732.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n361\\nturing, which he conducted on a scale requir-\\ning the employment of thirty-five operatives.\\nDuring a few years his brother, Adam Gotzian,\\nalso a well and honorably known citizen of St.\\nPaul, was associated with him in business. In\\nthe seventies he took into partnership George\\nW. Freeman, one of his employes, under the\\nstyle of C. Gotzian Company. The firm lo-\\ncated on Third street, and its establishment,\\nlarge at the start, was later on increased to its\\npresent extensive proportions. The annual\\nsales of the firm, beginning with $65,000, in-\\ncreased until they were reckoned by millions,\\nwhile nearly five hundred persons were cm-\\nployed in manufacturing the goods. Mr. Got-\\nzian was a thorough business man in the best\\nsense of the word. To his nature the innumer-\\nable tricks of trade by which the sharp man\\ngains advantage over his duller competitors\\nwere wholly foreign and intolerable; and each\\none of his employes perfectly understood that\\nall meanness and deceit, in whatever guise,\\nwere under the severest ban. His success was\\nwon on the basis of absolute integrity, and his\\nbusiness patrons became his faithful friends.\\nHis custom was widely sought, and no citizen\\nof St. Paul enjoyed a higher commercial rating\\nthan he, both at home and in the East. Out-\\nside of business hours, Mr. Gotzian devoted\\nmuch of his time to reading and educational\\nresearch. He had always felt the lack of early\\nschool privileges, and resolved to supply the\\ndeficiency by systematic self culture, lie was\\na lover of books, and a substantial library\\ngrew up in his home, while his fund of general\\nknowledge expanded proportionately. Men\\nsought his advice on matters of moment, and\\nhis cooperation in schemes for the improve-\\nment and advancement of the city. His posi-\\ntion in the community became even more\\nprominent and influential. He was for many\\nyears a director of the German-American Na-\\ntional Bank of St. Paul, and rendered most\\nvaluable service in establishing its policy. As\\nan active member of the Chamber of Com-\\nmerce, Board of Trade and the Jobbers Union,\\nhe labored effectively. He was a Mason of the\\nAncient Landmark Lodge, and a member of\\nthe Minnesota Club. In society he was con-\\ngenial and entertaining. A child s clearness\\nof conscience made possible his child-like ef-\\nfervescence of spirits and humor and hearty\\ngood-fellowship. Occasionally he afforded\\nhimself an interval of complete recreation,\\nmaking hunting or fishing excursions to the\\nprairies and lakes, his usual good fortune at-\\ntending him, even in his sports. Mr. Gotzian\\nhad no aspirations for political preferment,\\nand the only office lie ever held that of mem-\\nber of the State Legislature he consented to\\naccept for the gratification of certain friends,\\nand to aid them in carrying into effect meas-\\nures looking toward the betterment of munici-\\npal conditions. On January 13, 1S59, Mr. Got-\\nzian was married to Miss Caroline Busse, of\\nCincinnati, Ohio. A family of nine children\\ncame to augment the felicity of their union, six\\nof whom, now living, are: Mrs. T. L. Schur-\\nmeier, Mrs. A. B. Driscoll.Paul H. Gotzian, Mrs.\\nAmbrose Tighe, Vallie G. Gotzian and Jessie\\nR. V. Gotzian. In 1877 Mr. Gotzian built his\\nbeautiful residence, under whose roof the fam-\\nily led a united and happy life. Mr. Got-\\nzian Mas strongly domestic in his tastes, and\\nwas a most devoted husband and father, while\\nMrs. Gotzian possessed the womanly and so-\\ncial qualities which combine to make a perfect\\nkeeper of the home and dispenser of its hospi-\\ntalities. Added to his other blessings, was\\nthe superb physical health of Mr. Gotzian. He\\nhad scarcely, in his whole life, known sickness\\nuntil late in the year 1886, when he was at-\\ntacked by the affection of the head and brain\\nwhich, in a few short months, resulted fatally.\\nA change of climate was recommended, and\\nhe spent the early winter months in southern\\nCalifornia. To no avail, however, and as he\\nfelt his end approaching he turned his face\\nhomeward, and died in the bosom of his be-\\nreaved family on the 21st of February, issT.\\nThe estate of .Mr. Gotzian was valued at $1,000,-\\nnut); yet lie had been a man to spend freely\\nfor The comforts of life, and a generous con-\\ntributor to many charities and progressive en-\\nterprises. Mr. Gotzian was a member of the\\nMethodist-Episcopal church of St. Paul, with\\nwhich he had become united in the early days\\nof his residence in the city. He was an earnest", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0733.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "362\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n;ind consistenl Christian gentleman, practicing\\nthe golden rule so effectively thai a1 his death\\nhe had a host of mourning friends, aii l not one\\nenemy.\\nGEORGE M. PALMER.\\nGeorge M. Palmer, of Mankato, was born\\nin Winnebago county, Wisconsin, Novem-\\nber 17, 1S53. His parents were John and\\nCordelia (Morrison) Palmer, both natives of\\nFayette, Maine. They moved to Wisconsin,\\nin 1848, and located the farm where they\\nspent the remainder of their lives. The\\nfather died in 1S(17 and the mother in 1880.\\nOn the paternal side, his ancestors were\\nearly settlers of New Hampshire, of Eng-\\nlish extraction, locating in Maine about 1800.\\nHis mother was of Scotch descent, and the\\nMorrisons were also early settlers of New Eng-\\nland. They reared a family of ten children,\\nthree of whom are now deceased. George M..\\nthe subject of this sketch, went to live with\\nan uncle, when eight years of age, who. with\\nhis family, removed to the State of Maine. He-\\nattended the common school, and later the\\nMonmouth Academy, at Monmouth. Maine,\\nwhere his uncle resided. In 1808 he returned\\nlo .Minnesota and settled in Garden City, Blue\\nEarth county, where he attended the village\\nschool for a time, and then found employment\\nas a clerk in the general store of T. M. Boyn\\nton Company. Here he remained until the\\nbusiness was closed out, in 1872, when he went\\nto St. Paul and attended a business college,\\ntaking the full course. Returning to Garden\\nCity, he immediately engaged as book-keeper\\nwith the Mankato Linseed Oil Company, of\\nwhich Mr. R. D. Hubbard was the manager\\nand treasurer. He remained with them from\\nthe summer of 187:: until (he fall of 1870, when\\nlie resigned, and joined Mr. Hubbard in the\\nbuilding of the Mankato Flouring Mills; since\\nits incorporation Mr. Palmer has been manager\\nof the mill, having entire charge of the office\\nbusiness. In 1888 he formed a partnership\\nwith Mr. S. H. Grannis. in the elevator busi-\\nness, the firm being Grannis Palmer, and\\nbuilt elevators along the line of the Chicago,\\nSt. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway. In\\n1892 Mr. R. D. Hubbard bought Mr. Grannis\\ninterest, and the firm was changed to Hubbard\\nPalmer. In 1807 the business was incorpo-\\nrated as Hubbard Palmer Company. Mr.\\nPalmer has been the manager since the busi-\\nness was first organized, and has been presi-\\ndent of the company since its incorporation.\\nThey have about forty elevators at different\\npoints along the line of the Chicago, St. Paul,\\nMinneapolis Omaha Railway, in Minnesota,\\nSmith Dakota and Iowa, through which they\\nhandle about three million bushels of grain\\nannually, most of the wheal being for the sup\\nply of (he Mankato Mills. They also handle a\\nlarge amount of coal, in which (hey carry on\\nbolh a retail and wholesale business. Mr. Pal-\\nmer has been so much occupied with the de-\\ntails of his extensive business that he has had\\nbut little time to give to public affairs. In poli-\\ntics he is a Republican, and, much against his\\nwishes, he was elected mayor of Mankato in\\nL885. He has also served on the school board,\\nand is a member of the board of trade, and a\\nBlue Lodge Mason. Mr. Palmer was married,\\nin 1881, to Olivia M. Roberts, a native of Man-\\nkato, daughter of William R. Roberts, of Welsh\\nand English descent. They have two children\\nEarl M. and Ruth. Mr. and Mrs. Palmer are\\nmembers of the Baptist church. As a citizen\\nMr. Palmer enjoys an enviable reputation. In-\\ntelligent, clear headed and possessed of excel-\\nlent judgment, strong and vigorous and of good\\nhabits, his capacity for work is very great.\\nThe steadiness and persistency with which he\\nhas followed his favorite pursuits testify to\\nhis great physical endurance. In public affairs\\nhe is liberal and progressive, giving to those\\nduties the same painstaking attention that is\\ngiven to Lis private affairs. As a business man\\nhe ranks aiming the most successful in the\\nState.\\nHORATIO 1 BROWN.\\nHoratio D. Brown, a prominent banker\\nof Albert Lea, and one of the early settlers of\\nFreeborn county, was born in the town of\\nFaluns. Onondaga county. New York, April 15,\\nIS. He is the son of Aimer Brown, a native", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0734.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0735.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0736.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "T^z^T-e", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0737.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0738.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n36.3\\nof Hartford, Connecticut, whoso father emi-\\ngrated to New York and settled in Onondaga\\ncounty in the latter part of the Seventeenth\\nCentury, when the country was a great wil-\\nderness. He served in the War of 1812 against\\nthe mother country, and some of his ances-\\ntors were soldiers in the War of the Revolu-\\ntion. The mother of our subject, Lovina\\nCadwell, was also of old New England\\nstock. Abner Brown was a farmer, and he\\nreared a large family of children, only three\\nof whom are living. The subject of this\\nbiography was raised on the home farm, at-\\ntended the common school and later prepared\\nfor college at the De Ruyter and Cazenovia\\nseminaries, and, iii 1852, entered Union Col-\\nlege at Schenectady, New York, from which he\\ngraduated, in 1855. He came west the same\\nyear, and spent about one year teaching in Illi-\\nnois and Iowa. In 1850 he removed to Minne-\\nsota, and located a claim in the town of Hay-\\nward, Freeborn county, about six miles\\nsoutheast of Albert Lea, w 7 hen there were only\\nabout half a dozen families living in the coun-\\nty. He had brought with him a compass, and\\nwas soon engaged in surveying. In 1857 he\\nwas elected the first county surveyor of Free-\\nborn county, and removed to Albert Lea. He\\nwas soon after appointed deputy clerk of the\\nDistrict Court, and in 1861 was elected to that\\noffice, and held it for ten years. Mr. Brown\\nenlisted, March 9, 1862, in Company C, Fifth\\nMinnesota Volunteer Infantry; was mustered\\nin as second lieutenant, August 31, 1862. His\\ncompany was ordered South in December fol-\\nlowing, and joined the regiment at La Grange,\\nTennessee. He was engaged, with his regi-\\nment, under the command of General Grant,\\nin the action at Jackson, Mississippi, May 14,\\n1S63; at Vicksburg, May 22; at Mechanics-\\nburg, Mississippi, June 3; at Richmond, Loui-\\nsiana, June 15; and participated in the siege\\nof Vicksburg from May 19 until July 4, 1863,\\nwhen the rebel forces capitulated. His regi-\\nment was included in the contingent sent from\\nGeneral Grant s command to the assistance of\\nGeneral Banks in his Red river expedition,\\nand was in the engagement at De Russy, Loui-\\nsiana, March 4, 1804; at Henderson, April 9;\\nat Coulerville, Louisiana, April 23; Bayou\\nRoberts, Louisiana, May 8; Mensura, Loui-\\nsiana, May 15; Yellow Bayou, Louisiana, May\\n18, 18C4. In August, 1864, Mr. Brown was\\ntransferred to Hie Eleventh Minnesota Volun-\\nteer Infantry as adjutant, and was with the\\nregiment during its service in and around\\nNashville, Tennessee. He was mustered out of\\nthe service at St. Paul in July, 1865, and re-\\nturning to Albert Lea, he resumed the duiies\\nof the office of clerk of the District Court. In\\n1871 he resigned that office and organized the\\nprivate bank of H. D. Brown, and later, with\\nD. R. P. Hibbs, the banking house of H. D.\\nBrown Company. This firm continued in\\nbusiness until March, 1892, when the Albert\\nLea National Bank was incorporated, and Mr.\\nBrown elected president, which position lie\\nstill occupies. In 1871 he was elected to the\\nState Senate and served one term. He has\\nalso served his city as mayor, and has been\\nactive and prominent in all matters pertaining\\nto the welfare and building up of his city and\\ncounty. He was president of the Minnesota\\nBankers Association in 1899. In politics, Mr.\\nBrown is a Republican. He was married, De-\\ncember 19, 1861, to Miss Mary L. Peck, daugh-\\nter of Mr. Harris Peck, of Albert Lea. They\\nhave a family of three sons, all married and\\nmen of prominence, and all residing in Albert\\nLea. The eldest, Dr. L. A. Brown, a dentist;\\nHarris N. Brown, of Knatvold Brown, bank-\\ners, and Fred C. Brown, in the Albert Lea\\nNational Bank. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are mem-\\nbers of the First Presbyterian church, of which\\nlie is a trustee. He is also one of the trustees\\nand treasurer of Albert Lea College for young\\nwomen.\\nBENJAMIN B. SHEFFIELD.\\nBenjamin B. Sheffield, a prominent business\\nman, miller and banker of Faribault, was born\\nat Aylesford, Nova Scotia, December 23, 1860,\\nthe son of Millidge B. and Rachel Sheffield.\\nBoth of his parents were natives, of Nova\\nScotia. His mother, whose maiden name was\\nRachel Tupper, was a member of a prominent", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0739.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "3 6 4\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfamily in Nova Scotia, and a first cousin of Sir\\nCharles Tupper, now Secretary of the Domin-\\nion of Canada. She died in Faribault, October\\n5, 1870. Millidge B. Sheffield was born at\\nAylesford May 2, 1S30. He came to Faribault\\nin 1865, bringing his wife, his son Benjamin\\nB. and a daughter Fannie (now Mrs. A.\\nBlodgett, Jr., of Faribault). He first settled on\\nwhat is now the county farm, but later en-\\ngaged in the grocery business in Faribault.\\nHe afterwards purchased an interest in the\\nWalcott Flour Mill, and, in 1880, bought the\\ninterest of his partners, and associated with\\nhimself his son, who had that year graduated\\nwith honors, from the Shattuck Military\\nSchool. Besides his mill property he\\nhad large elevator interests, and was\\nknown as a substantial and successful\\nbusiness man. He was a man of spot-\\nless character, and whose integrity was\\nthe highest. He did much, in an unostenta-\\ntious way, to benefit his city and its people.\\nHe spent a part of each winter in the South,\\nand died in Faribault October 15, 1899. Benja-\\nmin B. Sheffield was less than twenty years old\\nwhen he assumed the management of the Wal-\\ncott Flour Mills for his father. These mills\\nwere at that time four miles from any rail-\\nroad; carried a large indebtedness and had\\nbeen a losing investment for all previous own-\\ners; but in spite of all obstacles young Shef-\\nfield made the project a financial success. Un-\\nder his management the mill was rebuilt; its\\ncapacity enlarged, and after two years he had\\nthe satisfaction of seeing the property on a\\nsound financial basis. In succeeding years he\\ndeveloped the business, brought railroads to\\nthe mill doors, and increased the capacity of\\nthe plant to 1,000 barrels. November 31,\\n1895, the Walcott Mills were destroyed\\nby fire. Mr. Sheffield immediately sent for\\ncontracting agents, and while the mill was\\nstill burning, planned for the construction of\\nnew mills of greater capacity. He organ-\\nized and became president of the Sheffield\\nMilling Company, with a paid up capital of\\n$200,000, and in about six months the new\\nmill was completed and in operation. A\\nlittle later they acquired the plant of the\\nCrown Milling Company at Morristown. In\\naddition to their milling interest they became\\nlargely interested in elevators. Mr. Sheffield\\nis president of the Crown Elevator Company,\\nwhich owns and operates a line of forty-five\\nelevators in Minnesota, North Dakota and\\nSouth Dakota, with offices at Minneapolis. Mr.\\nSheffield has always been closely identified\\nwith the progress of Faribault, always ready\\nto encourage public enterprises with his in-\\nfluence and private funds. He was one of the\\ncharter members of the Security Bank of\\nFaribault, and has been its president almost\\nfrom its foundation. He is a member of the\\nChamber of Commerce of Minneapolis. In\\npolitics he is a Republican. He served two\\nterms as president of the city council, and has\\nbeen twice mayor of Faribault. He was\\nelected the first term by the largest majority\\nin the history of the city, and upon his second\\ncandidacy there was no opposition. During\\nhis term of office the city public library was\\nbuilt, and he has been a member of the library\\nboard since its organization. Mr. Sheffield is\\na member of the board of trustees of the Shat-\\ntuck Military School, and of the Seabury\\nDivinity School. In February, 1900, he was\\nappointed, by Governor Lind, one of the direc-\\ntors of the State Institute for Defectives,\\nincluding the State School for the Feeble-\\nMinded, the State School for the Blind and the\\nDeaf, and is also treasurer for these institu-\\ntions. Mr. Sheffield is active and energetic\\nand a ready speaker. He is a Knight Templar\\nand a thirty-second degree Mason, and is a\\nvestryman in Bishop Whipple s Cathedral\\nParish. Mr. Sheffield was married July 18,\\nL889, in .Miss Carrie A. Crossette, daughter of\\nH. M. Crossette of Faribault. They are the\\nparents of two children, Blanch and Amy\\nTupper.\\nHENRY M. RICE.\\nHon. Henry Mower Rice, pioneer and\\nstatesman, one of the most remarkable men\\nof the Northwest, and a leader in the founding", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0740.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0741.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0742.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "The Century PiiMishing S, Byraviiy Co Chicago", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0743.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0744.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n36;\\nof St. Paul, was, during his life time, prob-\\nably the most popular man in Minnesota, as\\nhe was certainly one of the most useful. Born\\nin Waitsfleld, Vermont, November 29, 181G,\\nhe spent the larger part of his life in Minne-\\nsota, engaged in herculean labors, and died,\\nhonored and lamented. January 15, 1894, at\\nSan Antonio, Texas, whither he had gone in\\npursuit of health. Mr. Rice sprang from the\\nold American stock, identified with colonial\\ntimes and the period of conquest and settle-\\nment. His paternal ancestor, Edmund Rice,\\ncame to this country in 1039. The blood of\\ncolonial pioneers ran in his veins, and 1 lie vir-\\ntues of an energetic and virile ancestry ani-\\nmated his whole career. More than one of his\\nlineage bore arms for their homes and their\\ncountry in the early days. Jedediah Rice, his\\ngrandfather, was a soldier of the American\\nRevolution. The maternal grandfather served\\nin the French and Indian war, and was cap-\\ntured in 1775 at the burning of Royalton, Ver-\\nmont, and afterwards ransomed; while the\\npaternal great-grandfather of Mr. Rice, who\\nalso served in the French and Indian wars,\\nwas captured at Marlborough in 1701, and re-\\ndeemed some years afterwards. The free\\nschools and an academy gave the young man\\nhis early tuition; and at Richmond, Vermont,\\nhe studied law, a preparation which fitted him\\nfor masterly management of affairs, although\\nhe saw little active practice of the profession.\\nIn 1835 Mi\\\\ Rice emigrated to the then fron-\\ntier town of Detroit, Michigan, and first be-\\ncame known to fame in the location of the\\nSault Ste. Marie canal and other public works,\\nauthorized by the State of Michigan./ A dar-\\ning and enterprising spirit prompted Mr. Rice,\\ntwo years later, to shoulder a pack, and make\\nhis way on foot, a distance of two hundred\\nmiles westward, to a country scarcely removed\\nin character from that of an aboriginal wilder-\\nness. He traded throughout that region for\\na time, and, in 1839, settled at Fort Snelliug,\\nas an attache of the sutler s department of\\nthe post. In 1840 he secured appointment as\\nsutler at Fort Atkinson, Iowa, and soon after-\\nward made a highly important connection with\\nthe greatest of the fur-trading houses of the\\nWest, that of Pierre Chateau, Jr., Company,\\nof St. Louis. This brought him in contact with\\nthe Chippewa and Winnebago tribes of In-\\ndians, and Mr. Rice controlled their trade in\\nthe interests of the St. Louis house. A num-\\nber of trading posts were established and\\ncontrolled by him throughout the region, in\\nwhich those tribes hunted the fur-bearing\\ngame, and by courage, coolness, fairness and\\ntact, Mr. Rice came in time to exert a remark\\nable influence, both over the red men\\nthemselves and the white hunters and trap-\\npers of the region. In 1816 the Winnebagoes\\nexhibited their confidence in Mr. Rice by mak-\\ning him a delegate in lieu of a native chief, to\\nrepresent them in the sale of their reservation,\\nin Iowa, to the United States. Mr. Rice not\\nonly negotiated a useful treaty on this occa-\\nsion, but secured the sale and opening to\\nsettlement of yet another reservation. In fact,\\nduring succeeding years, mainly as commis-\\nsioner, in 1847 and in 1851-4 and 1803, Mr. Rice\\naided materially to secure accession to the\\nUnited States of Sioux, Chippewa, and other\\nlands, covering the greater part of the State\\nof ^Minnesota. The history of the Indian\\ntreaties of the Northwest is filled with the\\nstory of Mr. Rice s efforts to protect the In-\\ndians, and while opening the country to settle-\\nment, to initiate a policy toward the Indians,\\nwhich would enable them to become self-sup-\\nporting. Until the day of his death, there was\\nno other white man in Minnesota who had the\\nconfidence and affection of the Chippewa tribe\\nof Indians, to anything like the same extent\\nas Mr. Rice. He was called by them Wan\\nbee-mah-no-min, or White Rice. On Febru-\\nary 20, 1889, he was appointed by President\\nCleveland one of the commissioners to nego-\\ntiate on the part of the United States, a treaty\\nwith the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, for\\nthe cession of certain of their lands. As chair-\\nman of this commission he effected a treaty\\nwhereby over three million acres of desirable\\nland were ceded to the Government. A por-\\ntion thereof, situated on the Red lake reserva-\\ntion, has recently been thrown open to\\nsettlement. The St. Paul Dispatch, in an\\neditorial, said of this treaty:", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0745.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "366\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nFor the successful conduct of these nego-\\ntiations, the chief if not the entire credit,\\nis due to the Hon. Henry M. Rice. His selec-\\ntion as one of the commissioners was the\\nwisest possible choice which could have been\\nmade. It is a singular coincidence that exact-\\nly the same day of the same month, forty-two\\nyears ago, August 22, 1847, Mr. Rice succeeded\\nin successfully concluding a treaty with the\\nsame band, ceding valuable lands to the people.\\nHis courage and experience, combined with his\\nintimate knowledge of Indian character, en-\\nabled him to carry through an undertaking\\nattended by difficulty, which amounted to\\nserious danger of bloodshed, so incensed were\\nthe Indians by their treatment in connection\\nwith the Winnebigoshish dam. The gain\\nwhich is certain to result in the speedy set-\\ntlement of northern Minnesota, and the\\nutilization of the vast tract of millions of\\nacres of valuable land, will soon be felt, and\\nwhat has thus far been practically a wilder-\\nness, will soon rival in wealth and resources\\nthe more favored sections of the State.\\nThrough his early negotiations, Mr. Rice\\nlearned to appreciate the value of land eligibly\\nlocated, and in 1S48 he bought from John R.\\nIrvine, for four hundred dollars, a tract of\\neighty acres, lying between Seven Corners and\\nSt. Peter street, in the city of St. Paul, and\\nfronting on the river, comprising a part of\\nRice and Irvine s Addition to the city. This\\nproperty is now worth millions. Upon it Mr.\\nRice began systematic work for the develop-\\nment of a city, and in a large sense, thus be-\\ncame one of the founders of St. Paul. Streets\\nand blocks were laid out, warehouses, a hotel,\\nstores and houses were built, and all other\\nsteps were taken necessary for the develop-\\nment of a city. With a liberality which did\\nhonor to his heart, as well as credit to his busi-\\nness sagacity, Mr. Rice gave land for sites for\\nchurches, schools, hospitals and parks, and in\\nthe numberless ways suggested by his native\\nfertility of resource, promoted the welfare of\\nthe community which grew into existence\\naround and upon his holdings. To Rice county,\\nnamed after him, he presented a library of\\nhistorical and political works relating to the\\ngovernment, and to the city of St. Paul he gave\\nRice Park. He founded the town of Munising,\\nMichigan, and was also, in 185C, the founder\\nof Bayfield, Wisconsin, on Lake Superior. The\\nsecond brick house ever built in Minnesota\\nwas erected at the corner of Third and Wash-\\nington streets, in St. Paul, by Henry M. Rice.\\nAs means increased, additional land was\\nbought, and a claim of one hundred and twenty\\nacres, which Mr. Rice called his farm, is now\\nworth at least 000 an acre. Upon a portion\\nof this latter tract is situated the home of\\nMaurice Auerback, Esq., Mr. Rice s son-in-law.\\nSeveral mansions were built by him upon The\\nHill in St. Paul, and in later life he occupied\\nan especially beautiful site on Summit avenue.\\nNot only did Mr. Rice toil unceasingly for the\\nwelfare of St. Paul, but for the benefit of\\nMinnesota. The Democrats of the Territory\\nsent him to Congress in 1853, and re-elected\\nhim in 1855; and in Washington he secured\\nmuch public-spirited legislation in aid of set-\\ntlers, including the opening of land offices, the\\nsale of military and Indian reservations, and\\nthe creation of post-offices and post roads.\\nDuring that early period, Mr. Rice was the\\nstrong working influence at the National cap-\\nital in behalf of Minnesota. In 1857 the first\\nland grant railroads in the Territory were\\nendowed, and a surveyor general s office was\\nestablished in St. Paul under acts whose pass-\\nage Mr. Rice secured. He was also the\\nauthor of the law extending the right of pre-\\nemption over the unsurveyed lands in the\\nTerritory, and procured the passage of an\\nact authorizing the training of a State Con-\\nstitution, preparatory to the admission of\\nMinnesota to the Union. The honor of election\\nto the United States Senate, promptly ac-\\ncorded to Mr. Rice by the Legislature of the\\nnew State, was no more than a frank recogni-\\ntion of his immense services to Minnesota. In\\n18G5 he became the Democratic candidate for\\nGovernor of the State, but was defeated by\\nS,47G votes. The Civil War broke out while\\nMr. Rice was in the Senate. John C. Breck-\\ninridge, Robert Toombs, Stephen A. Douglas,\\nClement C. Clay, and other leaders of Southern\\nsentiment, were his intimate friends his in-\\ntimacy with Mr. Breckinridge and Mr. Douglas\\nbeing in part denoted by the fact that with\\nthem he built a row of three brick houses,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0746.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0747.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0748.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "1*m*\\n(^Uu^foi (2\\n,^y", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0749.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0750.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n367\\ncalled Minnesota Row, on the corner of H\\nstreet and New Jersey avenue, then a fashion-\\nable part of the city, Mr. Rice living in the\\nmiddle one. Mr. Rice labored to avert the con-\\nflict of arms, which drenched the sunny South\\nwith blood, and brought sorrow to homes\\nthroughout the land; but, when these labors\\nfailed, Mr. Rice displayed uncompromising\\nloyalty to the Union, and his kindness to the\\nvolunteers will never be forgotten while a\\nMinnesota veteran survives to tell the lair.\\nHis house iu Washington and his purse were\\ninvariably open to Minnesota troops on duty in\\nand near Washington, and personal attentions,\\nmore valuable always than money, were un-\\nstinted. Mr. Rice served on very important\\ncommittees of the Senate, including those on\\nfinance, post-roads, public lands and military\\nall airs. lion. Henry Wilson of Massachusetts,\\nwho was chairman of the committee on Mili-\\ntary affairs, alluded frequently during his life-\\ntime to Mr. Rice s services on that committee\\nin the most flattering manner, saying that at\\nthe time when the army was formed Mr. Rice s\\nknowledge of army matters was of greater\\nservice to the country than that of all other\\nmembers of the committee. The first bill\\nhad been introduced, and the first speech\\nmade in favor of the Northern Pacific Rail-\\nroad in 1858 by Mr. Rice, and he was one\\nof the four Minnesota incorporators of that\\nroad. The unaffected nature of the man\\nwas illustrated after retirement from the Sen-\\nate, by his acceptance for three terms of the\\nposition of treasurer of Ramsey county, Minne-\\nsota, to which he was elected by handsome\\nmajorities. He made many improvements in\\nthe methods of the treasurer s office, but re-\\nsigned during his last term, on account of\\nill health. During nearly all his life he had\\nsuffered from pulmonary troubles, due to hard-\\nships and exposure in early days; and during\\nthe closing years of his life was obliged to\\nspend the winter seasons in the South. His\\nvigorous mind triumphed over physical weak-\\nness, however, to such an exteut, that he lived\\nto the age of seventy-seven. He touched the\\nactive life of St. Paul at many points, and was\\npresident of the chamber of commerce for\\nseveral years, member and president of the\\nboard of public works, president of the first\\nSociety for Relief of the Poor, president of The\\nOld Settlers Association, and a regent of the\\nState University. Mr. Rice took an active in-\\nterest in Masonry, having received the third,\\nor Master .Mason s degree, June 2, 1851. The\\nSenate of the State of Minnesota on Tuesday,\\nApril 11, 1899, adopted the following resolu\\ntion, introduced by the lion. Ililer H. Horton,\\nSenator from the Thirty-sixth District, Ram-\\nsey county:\\nWhereas, By Act of Cougress, approved\\nJuly 2, 1801, provision was made for placing\\nin the National gallery of statuary, in the\\napitoI at Washington, by each State, of the\\nstatues of two of its deceased citizens, illus-\\ntrious for their historic renown or for distin-\\nguished civic or military services, and\\nwhereas, the Hon. Henry M. Rice was, from\\nthe year 181 in which he negotiated a treaty\\nby which a large portion of the territory now-\\ncomprising the State of Minnesota was ac-\\nquired from the aborigines, until his death,\\npre-eminent in its service in the positions of\\nterritorial delegate, first United States Sena-\\ntor, and main other distinguished and useful\\ncapacities, as to entitle him to the commem-\\noration provided for in said act: Therefore,\\nResolved, by the Senate, the House of Repre-\\nsentatives concurring, that the said Henry M.\\nRice be, and he is hereby designated as one of\\nthe persons to be thus honored, and that a\\nsuitable statue to represent him, be placed by\\nthe State in said National Gallery, upon the\\ncondition that said statue be furnished and\\nplaced in position without expense to the\\nState.\\nAdopted. Concurred in and adopted by the\\nHouse, April 12, 1890.\\nOn March 20, 1810, Mr. Rice married Miss\\nMatilda Whitall of Richmond, Virginia. To\\nthem were born one son and four daughters:\\nFrederick D., a lawyer, practicing in St. Paul;\\nLizzie (now deceased), who was the wife of\\nMaj. John B. Rodman, IT. S. N.; Matilda, wife\\nof Mr. Maurice Auerback, and Rachel, wife of\\nMr. Luther E. Newport.\\n[From America s Successful Men, published by the\\nNew York Tribune.]", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0751.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "3 r,8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nDOLSON B. SEARLE.\\nThe life of Judge Dolson Bush Searle, of\\nSt. Cloud, has beeu replete with honorable\\nachievements, material success and social dis-\\ntinction. It was nurtured in the East, his\\nparents having been well-to-do members of a\\nfarming community in western New York,\\nnear the village of Franklinville, where the\\nsubject of this sketch was born, June i, 1S4G.\\nHis father, Almond D. Searle, who was of\\nEnglish ancestry, was a man of more than\\nordinary ability and culture. The family was\\nprominent in the early history of England, the\\nfirst Mayor of London having been a Searle.\\nThe mother of Judge Searle, nee Jane Ann\\nSi nit, is of Scottish extraction and a lineal\\ndescendant of Sir Walter Scott. She is a\\nhighly cultured woman, and is still living, at\\nthe advanced age of four score years. The\\ntwo grandfathers of our subject, both of whom\\nwere pioneer settlers in Whitehall, New York,\\nfought in the War of 1812; while the great\\ngrandfathers participated in the Revolution-\\nary and Colonial wars. The boyhood of Judge\\nSenile was passed upon the home farm and in\\nattendance at the district school of the neigh-\\nborhood. He graduated at the academy of his\\nnative town, and. upon the breaking out of\\nthe Civil War, enlisted as a private in Com-\\npany I, Sixty-fourth Regiment, New York\\nVolunteers. During his term of service, which\\ncontinued for about two years, he was engaged\\nin the following battles, viz.: Fair Oaks,\\nSeven Pines, Gaines Mills, Savage Station,\\nWhite Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, the second\\nbattle of Bull Run and the battle of Antietam,\\nbesides other minor engagements. Soon after\\nhis discharge from field service, which was\\ngranted by reason of disability, he re-enlisted\\nin the regular army, and was detailed for\\nclerical duty in the War Department at Wash-\\nington, D. C. Shortly afterwards he was dis-\\ncharged from the military service, by President\\nLincoln, to accept a civil position in the War\\nDepartment, which he held for several years.\\nDuring the period of this service he attended,\\nand graduated at, the Columbian Law College\\nof Washington. In his clerical capacity, Judge\\nSea ile had charge of an important branch of\\nthe business of the department, and the per-\\nformance of his duties brought him into confi-\\ndential relations with President Lincoln and\\nSecretary Stanton, for whom he came to feel\\na warm affection. He was one of the audience\\nin Ford s theater the night of the President s\\nassassination; and perhaps no one in the\\nwhole assembly was more profoundly im-\\npressed with the incidents of that fatality than\\nthe young department clerk. Upon resigning\\nhis clerkship at Washington he came directly\\nto St. Cloud, which city he has ever since called\\nhome. As soon as located here, he associated\\nhimself with Hon. E. O. Hamlin as a partner\\nin the firm of Hamlin Searle. This partner-\\nship was dissolved a year later, on the occasion\\nof Judge Hamlin s removal to Pennsylvania,\\nafter which Mr. Searle practiced by himself,\\nwith constantly increasing success and broad-\\nening reputation. For six years he filled the\\noffice of city attorney, and gradually his serv-\\nices came into requisition beyond the limits of\\nSt. Cloud. In 1S80, as Republican candidate\\nfor the office of attorney for Stearns county,\\nhe was elected by a large majority, in spite of\\nthe fact that the county ordinarily went strong-\\nly Democratic. Two years later, and before\\nthe expiration of his term of service as county\\nattorney, he was appointed United States dis-\\ntrict attorney for the District of Minnesota.\\nHe received his appointment from President\\nArthur and served until 1885, tendering his\\nresignation in October of that year to Presi-\\ndent Cleveland. In October, 1887, he was ap-\\npointed to the bench of the Seventh Judicial\\nDistrict of Minnesota. He still serves in this\\noffice, having been repeatedly and without op-\\nposition re-elected. In his judicial capacity he\\nis acknowledged to have no superiors in the\\nState. He has won special credit by his decis-\\nions in such causes as those brought against\\nthe notorious Pine Land Rings and the\\nAvon School Case. His declaration in the\\nlatter case was the most direct and emphatic\\never issued by any court in this country, pro-\\nhibiting sectarian prayers and religious in-\\nstruction in the public schools. During his\\nyears of general practice Judge Searle was at-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0752.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0753.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0754.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0755.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0756.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n369\\ntorney successively for the Northern Pacific\\nRailway, the Minneapolis Manitoba, the\\nGreat Northern and the Soo v roads. In poli-\\ntics he figured prominently previous to taking\\nthe bench, and always with loyalty to the Re-\\npublican party. In 1S8G-7 he was a member\\nof the Stale Central Republican Committee,\\nand he played an influential part in the Nation-\\nal campaign of 1884. In 1892 he was nominated\\nfor Congress from the Sixth District, and made\\na notably brilliant campaign, being defeated.\\nhowever, by a very small majority. Judge\\nSearle is a Knight Templar of the Columbia\\nCommandery of Washington, D. C. also a\\nKnight of Pythias; and he belongs to the order\\nof Elks. As a member of the Grand Army of\\nthe Republic he is prominent, having been ap-\\npointed, October 24, 189G, aide-de-camp with\\nthe rank of colonel on the staff of the Com\\nmander-in-Chief of that fraternity. He is now\\nDepartment Commander of the Department of\\nMinnesota, and was last year senior vice-com-\\nmander. On February 1G, 1875, Judge Searle\\nwas united in marriage to Elizabeth Clarke, of\\nWorcester, Massachusetts. The one child\\nborn to them died at the age of five years.\\nBusy as the Judge has been in activities which\\nresulted to his own benefit, his lias, neverthe-\\nless, been far from a selfish life. His attitude\\ntowards his city has been always that of re-\\nsponsible citizenship; and few, indeed, of pro-\\ngressive enterprises have been instituted which\\nhave not received his hearty endorsement and\\nsubstantial support.\\nCHARLES P. NOTES.\\nCharles Phelps Noyes was born April 24.\\n1842, in Lyme, Connecticut, and is descended\\nfrom wholesome English stock. His paternal\\nline is as follows: Rev. William Noyes, rector\\nof the church of Choulderton, Wiltshire, Eng-\\nland, in 1621; his son, Rev. James Noyes, born\\nin 1G08, who emigrated to America in 1G34.\\npreached first at Medford, Massachusetts, in\\n1G35, removed to Newbury, Massachusetts, and\\nwas the first pastor there. His son, Rev. James\\nNoyes, born in Newbury, Massachusetts, in\\n1G40, became the first pastor of the church at\\nStonington, Connecticut. His son, Capt.\\nThomas Noyes, was born in Stonington in\\n1679, and his son, Col. Joseph Noyes, was also\\nborn in Stonington in 1727, and was a colonel\\nin the Revolutionary War. His son. Col.\\nThomas Noyes, was bora in Westerly. Rhode\\nIsland, in 17. 4, and served as a lieutenant in\\nthe Revolutionary War in Washington s New\\nJersey campaign, at the battles of Trenton.\\nPrinceton, et al. He was president of the\\nWashington Bank, of Westerly, Rhode Island.\\nserved as deputy to the Legislature of Rhode\\nIsland, and was Senator for many years. His\\nson, Daniel Rogers Noyes. the father of Charles\\nPhelps Noyes, the subject of this sketch, was\\nborn in Westerly, Rhode Island, August 22,\\n1793. He served as lieutenant in the Third\\nRegiment, Rhode Island Infantry, in the War\\nof 1812, engaged in the defense of the Rhode\\nIsland coast. He was a man of good education\\nand wide reading, and the greater pari of his\\nlife he was engaged in mercantile business at\\nLyme, Connecticut. He married Miss Phoebe\\nGriffin Lord, a woman of rare ability, whose\\nentire life was marked by a pure Chris\\ntian character. She had much to do with the\\nintellectual development of her native town,\\nLyme, and the Phoebe Criftin Noyes library,\\nwhich stands on the site of the house in which\\nMrs. Noyes was born, was dedicated to her.\\nCharles I Noyes belongs to the seventh gen-\\neration of the Noyes family in America. He\\nreceived his primary education at Lyme, and\\nlater was at Williston Seminary, Last Hamp-\\nton, Massachusetts. He then went to New\\nYork City, and entered the banking house of\\nOilman, Son Company, where he remained\\nfor some time, when he came west and located\\nin Port Huron, Michigan. Here he engaged\\nin the general mercantile business. In 1868\\nhe came to St. Paul, and in company with his\\nbrother, Daniel R. Noyes. bought an estab-\\nlished drug business. The firm of Noyes, Pett\\nCompany soon became Noyes Brothers, and.\\nin 1871, Noyes Brothers Cutler, one of the\\noldest landmarks of the city of St. Paul and\\nState of Minnesota. Mr. Noyes served a short\\ntime in the Civil War as a member of the\\nTwenty-second Regiment, National Guard of\\nNew York. During his long and active business", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0757.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "37\u00c2\u00b0\\nRIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ncareer in St. Paul he lias held many positions\\nof trust. At present he is trustee of the State\\nSavings Bank, vice-president of the Capital\\nBank, and a director of the West Publishing\\nCompany. Mr. Noyes is interested in patriotic\\nsocieties. He was one of the incorporators and\\nthe first president of the Minnesota Society of\\nSons of the Revolution; also was one of the\\nincorporators, and is now governor of the So-\\nciety of Colonial Wars in Minnesota, and is\\nalso a member of the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety and the Rhode Island Historical So-\\nciety. He belongs to the Minnesota, the Com-\\nmercial and the Town and Country Clubs.\\nMr. Noyes was married September 1, 1874,\\nto Miss Emily Hoffman Oilman, daughter of\\nWinthrop S. Oilman, of the city of New York.\\nThey have living four children, one daughter\\nand three sons.\\nCHARLES A. SMITH.\\nMr. Charles A. Smith, of Minneapolis, al-\\nthough an American by adoption, is Swedish\\nby birth, having first seen the light of day in\\nOstergottland county, Sweden, December 11,\\n1852. His father was a soldier in the Swedish\\narmy, having served in it for thirty-three\\nyears, after which he emigrated to America\\nwith ha lies and an elder sister. He reached\\nMinneapolis on the 28th of June, 1867, where\\nhe joined two other sons, older than Charles,\\nwho had come there before him. Charles had\\nreceived a part of his education in a rural\\nschool in Sweden, where he was taught the\\ncatechism and Bible history by rote, to the\\nneglect of branches of more fundamental im-\\nportance, such as writing and arithmetic. He\\ntook his first lessons in the English language\\nin Wright county, in the old traditional school\\nhouse, built of logs. Soon after he came to\\nMinneapolis he was boarded out on a farm,\\nwhich is now included within the limits of\\nMinneapolis. His occupation consisted chiefly\\nin herding cattle, for which he was compen-\\nsated by receiving his board and clothing.\\nWhile on this farm he showed his instincts of\\nthrift by collecting a large quantity of hazle-\\nnuts, selling them for seven dollars, and loan-\\ning the money out to his brother at ten per\\ncent interest. He also showed quite a liking\\nfor study, employing all His spare time at his\\nbooks. He was thus enabled to enter the Uni-\\nversity of Minnesota in the autumn of 1872,\\nwhere he studied so hard that his health broke\\ndown, and he was compelled to discontinue his\\ncollegiate work after he had been there only\\na year. After leaving the university he was\\nengaged by J. S. Pillsbury Company, who\\nwere in the general hardware business in\\nMinneapolis. He remained with this firm five\\nyears, and in 1878 launched out for himself in\\nthe grain and lumber business, under the firm\\nname of C. A. Smith Company. With the\\naid of ex-Governor Pillsbury he built a grain\\nelevator at Herman, Minnesota. He continued\\nin this business, together with lumber and\\nfarm machinery, until July, 1884. He then de-\\ncided to begin the manufacture of lumber at:\\nMinneapolis, and returning there, remained\\nin partnership with ex-Governor Pillsbury\\nuntil 1803. In that year the C. A. Smith Lum-\\nber Company was organized and incorporated,\\nMr. Smith becoming president and general\\nmanager, and so continues. The company, lie-\\nsides its regular business of manufacturing,\\nalso operates retail lumber yards in various\\nparts of the State and in the Dakotas. Mr.\\nSmith was early imbued with habits of econ-\\nomy, and to this fact, in great measure, his\\nsuccess is due. Ever since his first commercial\\nventure in hazlenuts, when he was a boy. he\\nhas faithfully followed the advice of Poor\\nRichard, to take care of the pennies and the\\ndollars will take care of themselves. He is a\\ngood specimen of the self-made man. He has\\nalways had more of push than of pull, and\\nthis accounts for his prominence in the com-\\nmercial life of the Northwest. Mr. Smith s in-\\nterests are not limited by those of the firm\\nwhich bears his name; he was one of the\\nfounders of the Swedish American National\\nBank, and other institutions in this city and\\noutside of it. In politics, following the bent\\nof the majority of Swedish Americans, Mr.\\nSmith is a Republican, and he gives as much\\ntime to the interests of his party as his com-\\nmercial activities will allow. He is not an\\noffice seeker, however, and has never held an", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0758.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0759.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0760.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "Xl\\ns m\\\\\\\\", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0761.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0762.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n371\\noffice, being content to be a counsellor of his\\nparty. He has been a member of the city,\\ncounty, State and National conventions, and\\nin 189G was on the ticket as Presidential\\nelector, and was especially honored by being\\nelected to cany the Presidential votes of the\\nState to Washington. In religion he is a Lu-\\ntheran, and belongs to the English Lutheran\\nSalem Congregation, and is one of its trustees.\\nlie was also one of the organizers of that so-\\nciety. Aiming his oilier ecclesiastical activi-\\nties lie has a membership in the board of\\ndirectors of the English Lutheran Seminary of\\nChicago, and holds the office of treasurer of\\nthe Evangelical Synod of the Northwest, lie\\nwas united in marriage, February It, L878, to\\nMiss Johanna Anderson, whose father, Olaf\\nAnderson, served in the Swedish Riksdag for\\nseveral years, and then came to this country\\nwith his family in 1857, locating in Carver\\ncounty. Five children were born of this union,\\ntwo boys: Vernon A. and Carroll \\\\V., and\\nthree girls: Nanna A.. Addie J., and Myrtle\\nE. Smith.\\nBENJAMIN F. NELSON.\\nBenjamin Franklin Nelson is the head of\\nthe Nelson -Tenny Lumber Company, manufac-\\nturers and dealers in lumber at Minneapolis.\\nMr. Nelson is a splendid example of the self-\\nmade man. and an instance in which the mak-\\ning has been well done. He was born of\\nhumble parents in Greenup county. Kentucky,\\nMay 4, 1843. His parents were natives of Som-\\nerset county. Maryland. His father lost his\\nhealth and the support of the family devolved\\nupon the sons. This left Benjamin F. with\\nlittle opportunity for schooling, and when sev-\\nenteen years of age he engaged with a partner\\nin the lumber business. This, after two years,\\nwas broken up by the war, and an attempt at\\nfarming was unsuccessful, for the same reason.\\nKentucky, although a slave-holding State, and\\nsympathizing for the most part with the Con\\nfederacy, was controlled by the strong arm of\\nthe Federal power, and such of her sons as saw\\nlit to enter the Southern army did so from a\\nfirm conviction of right and duty, rather than\\nfrom loyalty to their State. Mr. Nelson was\\nnineteen years of age when he enlisted in Com-\\npany 0, of the Second Kentucky Battalion,\\nand went into active service under the cum\\nmand of the Confederate general, Kirby Smith.\\nHe served successfully under Humphrey Mar-\\nshall, Wheeler, Forrest and Morgan, and par-\\nticipated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mc-\\nInville, Synthiana, Shelby ville, Lookout Moun-\\ntain, Mount Sterling and Greenville, besides\\nnumerous cavalry skirmishes. Mr. Nelson was\\nin the thickest of the fight for over two years.\\nIn 1864, while on recruiting duty in Kentucky,\\nhe ventured into Federal lines as far as the\\nOhio river. He had secured a few recruits and\\nwas returning with them when he was captured\\nand sent to Lexington. While he was confined\\nin prison there, fourteen men were taken out\\nand shot, two of them being recruits captured\\nwith Nelson, and for a time he was in danger\\nof suffering the same fate on suspicion of being\\na spy. He was, however, sent to Camp Doug-\\nlas, in Chicago, where he was held until 1865,\\nwhen he was sent to Richmond and paroled at\\nthe close of the war. Mr. Nelson returned to\\nhis home in Kentucky, where he was employed\\nin a saw mill for a few- months, and then de-\\ncided to try his fortune in the far West. He\\narrived at St. Anthony, Minnesota. September\\n4, 1865, after spending one day in St. Paul. He\\nwas much impressed with the magnitude of\\nthe water power, and believed the falls would,\\neventually, be surrounded by a great city. Mr.\\nNelson went to work at rafting lumber, and\\nwhen the season was over, took up a claim\\nnear Waverly, and built a house; but farming\\ndid not suit him, and he again went into the\\nlumbering business. In 1872, Mr. Nelson\\nformed a partnership with Mr. W. C. Stetson\\nin the planing mill business. Their trade in-\\ncreased until they found it necessary to build\\nanother mill in order to take care of their or-\\nders. At this time they commenced dealing\\nin lumber in a small way, which rapidly in-\\ncreased until 1880, when the partnership was\\ndissolved. In 1881 Mr. Nelson associated with\\nhimself William Teimey and IT. W. McNair,\\nand later, H. B. Frey was admitted to the part-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0763.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": ".c\\nBMKIRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\npersliip. Soon afterwards Mr. McNair with-\\ndrew and W. P. Brooks entered the firm. The\\nbusiness thus established is now conducted\\nunder the name of the Nelson-Tenney Lumber\\nCompany. This concern has two large saw\\nmills, with a capacity of seventy-five million\\nfeet a year. Mr. Nelson is interested in various\\nother enterprises. In 1887 lie bought the Min-\\nneapolis Straw Paper Mill, and in 1888 the Red\\nRiver Paper Mill at Fergus Falls. These were\\nconsolidated under the name of the Nelson\\nPaper Company. In 1890, together with T. B.\\nWalker, he bought the print paper mill in Min-\\nneapolis, and the old and new companies were\\nmerged into the Hennepin Paper Company,\\noperating at Little Falls. Mr. Nelson is also\\na director of the Metropolitan Bank. He com-\\nmands the respect and confidence of his fellow\\ncitizens of Minneapolis in a marked degree,\\nand has held various important public offices.\\nIn 1807 he was elected alderman of the First\\nWard, and was continued in office until 1885.\\nWhen the Park Board was organized Mr. Nel-\\nson was elected to service ill that branch of\\nthe municipal government. For seven succes-\\nsive years he served as a member of the school\\nboard, and in 1894, when the question of the\\nprice of gas was submitted to arbitrators, Mr.\\nNelson was selected by the city as its represen-\\ntative. In the same year occurred the great\\nstrike on the Great Northern railway, and Mr.\\nNelson was selected as one of the committee of\\ncitizens of Minneapolis to arbitrate in that\\ndispute. Mr. Nelson was a member of the orig-\\ninal building committee of the Minneapolis Ex-\\nposition; he nave a .ureal deal of his time to\\npersonal supervision of the construction of the\\nbuilding, and has been on the board of direc-\\ntors of the Exposition ever since, and is now\\none of the owners of the property. Mr. Nelson\\nis a Democrat in politics, but a man of broad\\nand liberal views. He has served his party\\nlocally as an active worker on campaign coin-\\nmil lees, and exerts a large influence in its\\nplans and deliberations. Notwithstanding his\\nextensive business and many public duties, Mr.\\nNelson has found time to see some of the world,\\nhaving traveled extensively in Mexico, Europe,\\nEgypl and the Holy Land. His religious con-\\nnection is with the Methodist church, and his\\neminent business capacity was recognized in\\nhis selection as trustee of the Hainliiie Univer-\\nsity. He has been twice married, first in 18\\nto Martha Boss, who died five years later, leav-\\ning two sons, William E. and Guy II. His\\npresent wife was Mary Fredinburg, who has\\none daughter.\\nALBERT A. AMES.\\nAlbert Alonzo Ames, M. I)., of Minneapolis,\\nbelongs to that city by virtue of many bonds.\\nShe claims him, not only as one of her promi-\\nnent physicians and residents, but as an able\\nparticipant in her official life, an earnest phil-\\nanthropic worker, and a leader in various of\\nher social organizations. His profession may.\\nin a sense, be regarded as an inheritance; for\\nhis father, Alfred Elisha Ames, M. D., prac-\\nticed at Minneapolis before it had been chris-\\ntened with that euphonious name, even before\\nits birth as a town at all, the settlement being\\nthen indefinitely designated as a part of the\\nFort Snelling reservation. Albert A. was not\\nborn here, but at Garden Prairie, Boone coun-\\nty, Illinois, January 18, 1842. He was the fourth\\nof seven sons, and was ten years id age when\\nhis parents removed with their family to Min-\\nnesota. In 1N74 his father died at Minneapolis;\\nbut his mother, Martha A. Ames, although\\naged, is still counted among the city s resi-\\ndents. From ten to sixteen our subject at-\\ntended the common and high schools of the\\nplace, graduating from the latter, which was\\nat that time a department of the Washington\\nschool. Before the completion of his course\\nhe began earning money in the humble capac-\\nity of printer s devil and carrier, for the\\nNorthwestern Democrat, the first Minneapolis\\nnewspaper issued west of the river. In the\\nsummer of the next year. 1858, and soon after\\nhis graduation, he began the study of medicine\\nand surgery, with his father for tutor. This\\ninitiatory work was followed by two prepara-\\ntory and two regular courses in Rush Medical\\nCollege at Chicago, and on February 5, 1862,\\nhe received his degree of M. D. In March fol-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0764.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0765.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0766.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "The C tifu/y Publisftiiiy Enymvnip Co Chi\u00c2\u00a3ayo-\\nCA. CC CLcaa-jl^", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0767.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0768.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n373\\nlowing he returned to Minneapolis and entered\\ninto practice. But the Civil War was iu prog-\\nress, and, responding to the call of President\\nLincoln for troops, he assisted in organizing\\nonipany B of the Ninth Minnesota Regiment,\\nin which he enlisted. This regiment was al-\\nlowed a furlough of two weeks after being\\nformed, in order that the men might adjust\\nI heir home affairs; but serious trouble with\\nthe Indians had broken out on the frontier,\\nand it became necessary to recall the Ninth\\nRegiment and despatch it al once to check the\\nadvance of the red men upon Minneapolis. Dr.\\nAmes bad enlisted as a private, but he was\\nnow made orderly sergeant, and directed to as-\\nsemble his men for active service. Shortly\\nafterward he was commissioned assistant sur-\\ngeon of the Seventh Regiment, Infantry Vol-\\nunteers of Minnesota, with orders to report to\\nthat regiment, then on its way to relieve Fort\\nRidgeley, which was being harassed by the In-\\ndians. Throughout three years of severe serv-\\nice, the young doctor did duty with his\\nregiment, and attained, in July, 1864, to the\\nrank of surgeon major. Like most veterans.\\nDr. Ames feels an enthusiastic interest in all\\nreminiscences and relics of his soldier days,\\nand he still cherishes in his possession the\\nmusket which was presented to him in the cere\\ninony of his appointment as orderly sergeant.\\nAt the close of the war he returned to Minne-\\napolis, but not yet to locate there and await\\nthe development of a medical practice. His\\nthree years of military adventure had not been\\ncalculated to subdue his naturally restless and\\nenterprising spirit; and in 1868 he set out for\\nthe Pacific coast, choosing the circuitous Isth\\nmus route. Arrived in California, he engaged\\nin the newspaper business, and in a short time\\nhad risen to the dignity of managing editor of\\nwhat was then the foremost journal of the\\ncoast, the Alta California. But this enterprise\\nwas abandoned in the autumn of 1S74. when\\nthe death of his father necessitated his return\\nto Minneapolis, in which city he has since made\\nhis home. Here his energies were soon en-\\nlisted in public affairs. From his earliest man-\\nhood lie had taken a lively interest in political\\nmatters, his general news being such as char-\\nacterized those styled War Democrats. As\\nearly as 1867, and before his Pacific sojourn,\\nhe had been elected as a representative of Hen-\\nnepin county to the Slate Legislature on what\\nwas known as the soldiers ticket; and, in\\n1875, after resuming his residence in Minne-\\napolis, he served as a member of the city coun-\\ncil, and in the following year was elected\\ncentennial mayor of Minneapolis. He re-\\nceived two subsequent elections to the office\\nof Mayor, in 1882 and 1886, respectively. In\\nthe last-named year the Democrats nominated\\nhim for Governor of Minnesota, and a vigorous\\ncampaign ensued. By this time he had gained\\na following which, for size and enthusiasm,\\nhas, perhaps, never been equaled by that of\\nany resident of Minneapolis; and, although\\nthere had been a previous record of large Re-\\npublican majorities, the one which now de-\\nfeated Dr. Ames was so small that the result\\nof the election was doubtful for days. His\\nelection to Congress was similarly defeated,\\nas. also, that to the post of Lieutenant Gov-\\nernor. A fortunate result of Dr. Ames can-\\ndidacy for Governor, however, was the\\nfounding of a soldiers home in the State. For\\nthis he had stipulated with the Democratic\\nparty, through its convention, as the condition\\nof his consent to nomination; and although\\nthe Republicans won the day. they supported\\nthe bill proposed by their opponents, which\\nmaterialized in a fine establishment for aged\\nand indigent veterans, beautifully situated at\\nthe junction of the Minnehaha river with the\\nMississippi. Dr. Ames was appointed surgeon\\nof the home, and served as such for over five\\nyears, resigning only under stress of profes-\\nsional duties, by which his time has since been\\nlargely absorbed. His present political stand\\nis independent, yet represents always that best\\n(dement of Democracy which contemplates\\ngreater freedom and equality through the up-\\nlifting of the toil-enslaved masses. Dr. Ames\\nbelongs to the X. Morgan Post, No. 4, G.\\nA. R., and as a Mason, Knight Templar and\\nKnight of Pythias has officiated in the follow-\\ning capacities: Master of Hennepin Lodge,\\nNd. 4. Order of Masons; High Priest of St.\\nJohn s Chapter. No. Eminenl Commander", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0769.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "374\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nof Zion Commandery, No. 2, Knights Templar;\\nGrand Generalissimo of the Grand Command-\\nery, Knights Templar in Minnesota; Chancel-\\nlor Commander of Minneapolis Lodge, No. 1,\\nKnights of Pythias, and Grand Chancellor of\\nMinnesota and Supreme Representative from\\nthis jurisdiction to the Supreme Lodge of the\\nWorld. IL has also been on the charter list\\nof No. 44, Benevolent and Protective Order of\\nElks, and was the first Exalted Ruler of this\\npioneer lodge of the Northwest. Dr. Ames,\\ntogether with liis wife and their daughter\\nMaurine, resides in Oak Parle, a north subur-\\nban section of Minneapolis.\\nWILLIAM II. GRIMSHAW.\\nWilliam Harrison Grimshaw, of Minneapolis,\\npresent United States marshal for the District\\nof Minnesota, was born in Philadelphia, De-\\ncember 6, 1853. His parents were Loth natives\\nof that cily and of English descent. His father,\\nRobert E. Grimshaw, was a prominent con-\\ntractor and builder. The maiden name of his\\nmother was Mary Page Nicholson, and she was\\na descendant of an old and prominent Phila-\\ndelphia family; she died in 1856, when her\\nson William was three years of age. He was\\nthe fourth child of a family of two sons and\\nthree daughters. In 1855 Robert E. Grimshaw\\nremoved with his children to Minneapolis,\\nwhere he subsequently remarried. His son,\\nWilliam, has therefore been a resident of Min-\\nnesota practically since infancy. He was\\neducated in the Minneapolis public schools,\\ngraduating from the high school in 1869. Inher-\\niting the tasle and disposition of his father, he\\nthoroughly educated himself as an architect,\\nopened an office in Minneapolis and was suc-\\ncessful in his profession from the first, becom-\\ning one of the best known architects in the\\nNorthwest. He designed and superintended\\nthe erection of thirteen of the public school\\nbuildings and many private houses, si ore build-\\nings, etc., in Minneapolis and several county\\ncourt houses in different portions of the State.\\nMeantime he was prominent and influential in\\nthe local affairs of the citv. He has alwavs\\nbeen a staunch Republican and has taken an\\nactive working part iu politics. In every po-\\nlitical campaign for the past twenty-five years\\nhis services have been in demand, and he has\\nmade speaking tours throughout the State.\\nIn 1882 he was elected to the Legislature and\\nwas a prominent member of the House during\\nthe session of 1883. He was a member of sev-\\neral important committees, and it was he who\\npresented the name of Hon. C. K. Davis to the\\njoint session as a candidate for the United\\nStates Senate. Mr. Davis was not elected at\\nthis time, however, Hon. D. M. Sabin succeed-\\ning to the honor. Mr. Grimshaw was appointed\\nto his present position by President McKinley,\\nMarch 17, 1899. He has made a most efficient\\nchief constable of the Federal authority, and\\nhis administration has been successful and ac-\\nceptable to an eminent degree. Marshal Grim-\\nshaw is a man of versatile talents and\\naccomplishments. He can look after evil doers\\nwho break the law, design and build a mam-\\nmoth building, make a speech, conduct a polit-\\nical campaign, write an essay all with equal\\nforce and facility. He is of a literary turn, a\\nready and polished writer, and has made many\\nnotable contributions to the public press and\\nthe leading magazines. For the past seven\\nyears he has edited the Chess Columns of\\nthe Minneapolis Journal. He is, too, of scho-\\nlastic tastes and has a reputation for his pro-\\nfound knowledge of mathematics. He was\\nmarried in July, 1879, to Mrs. Marion C. P-liss,\\nof Ionia, Michigan. They have one child, a\\nson, named William Elwood -Grimshaw, who\\nis a student in the State University.\\nCUSHMAN K. DAVIS.\\nThe Honorable Cushman Kellogg Davis is\\nprepared to establish his claim to a Puritan\\nand Pilgrim ancestry unsurpassed by any\\nstrain that ever settled in, or founded a New\\nEngland colony. His lineage through his\\nmother is traced directly to Robert Cushman,\\n(he Puritan financial agent, who procured land\\ngrants in Massachusetts from King James and\\nlilted out the Mayflower and the Speedwell", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0770.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n375\\nfor their historic voyage to the bleak New\\nEngland coast in search of freedom to worship\\nGod. No ship ever landed on an American\\nshore a more famous passenger list than was\\ncarried by those primitive vessels, and no voy-\\nageurs ever exhibited more fortitude on sea\\nor land. Among the passengers of the May-\\nflower, and the last survivor of them all, was\\nMary Allerton, who became the wife of Thomas\\nCushman, son of Robert the Puritan, and a\\nman of strong and sturdy character. Cushman\\nK. Davis was born in Henderson, Jefferson\\ncounty. New York, June 1G, 1838, the son of\\nHoratio Nelson Davis and Clarissa Cushman,\\nwho was a lineal descendant of Thomas Cush-\\nman and Mary Allerton. Before the close of\\nthe year in which he was born, the family re-\\nmoved to the Territory of Wisconsin, so that\\nhis entire life, practically, has been passed in\\nthe Northwest. His father, a pioneer, and a\\nman of ability, became prominent in the affairs\\nof a State to which he had emigrated while it\\nwas still a Territory, serving as Senator sev-\\neral terms in the Legislature of Wisconsin, and\\nalso serving nearly four years as captain in\\nthe Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Regiment during\\nthe Civil War. The early education of Cush-\\nman K. was acquired in the frontier schools\\nof the Territory, and the first one which he\\nattended was in a log school house. That was\\nthe prevailing style of school house in the Ter-\\nritory of Wisconsin fifty-five years ago, and\\nfor some years later. He attended Carroll Col-\\nlege in Waukesha until he had completed the\\nstudies of the junior year, and then entered\\nthe University of Michigan, from whose clas-\\nsical course he was graduated in 1857. Like\\nmany eminent men who achieve greatness for\\nthemselves, he graduated very young in\\nyears, but with the intellectual cultivation and\\npower of mature manhood. Mr. Davis took up\\nthe study of law, and prepared himself for\\npractice, but in 1862 enlisted in the Twenty-\\neighth Wisconsin Infantry, and was elected\\nfirst lieutenant of Company B. His service\\nwas in the Vicksburg campaign, and subse-\\nquently in Arkansas. He was a member of the\\nexpedition that captured Little Hock, and con-\\ntinued to perform his duty in the field with\\na division of the army which had no oppor-\\ntunity for brilliant achievements. His health\\nwas much broken by service in the miasmatic\\nclimate and exposure in the neighborhood of\\nthe pestilential swamps of Arkansas, so that\\nbefore the close of 1864 he tendered his resig-\\nnation and returned to his home. Immediately\\nthereafter he settled at St. Paul, Minnesota,\\nwhich had even then more than local fame as\\na health resort. A stranger, without prestige\\nor adventitious aids, without even letters of\\nintroduction from influential friends, he began\\nthe practice of law. He was favored with nat-\\nural ability, ambition, courage, and the power\\nof strenuous application, and with such facul-\\nties he won his way, step by step, holding\\nfirmly any ground gained by the force of his\\nwill, and that driving, imperious necessity,\\nwhich is sometimes the best capital to insure\\nrapid and permanent advancement. He mas-\\ntered the philosophy and principles of the law,\\nand was faithful to his clients, whether the\\nfees received were large or small. Within i wo\\nyears his opportunity to gain distinction at the\\nbar came to him, in his engagement to defend\\nGeorge L. Van Solen, indicted for murder. It\\nwas a celebrated case, because of the promi-\\nnence of the accused, and the strong network\\nof evidence woven around him by skillful pros-\\necution. Even down to the present time mem-\\nbers of the bar cite the case, and quote it on\\naccount of the interesting and unique features\\ndeveloped during the trial, and the skill dis-\\nplayed by the young lawyer in releasing his\\nclient from the net, and securing a verdict of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2not guilty. The case won him fame and more\\nclients. He continued in the practice with in-\\ncreasing business and marked success, and won\\nadditional renown, in 1878, by his defense of\\nJudge Sherman Page, on trial before the Sen\\nate of Minnesota under articles of impeach-\\nment. In this case he was associated with\\nother able counsel, but the issue extended and\\nbroadened his well-earned fame, especially\\nwhen the defense was both able and success-\\nful. The Judge was acquitted. Mr. Davis has\\nbeen at. all times devoted to the law. He re-\\ngards it not simply as one of the learned pro-\\nfessions, but the greatest of them all in the", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0771.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "37^\\nBIOGRArHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nopportunity it affords for intellectual growth\\nand the exercise of keen analytical powers.\\nAbove all else, he esteems it as the chief\\ninstrumentality for securing justice between\\nman and man, as well as between nations. The\\nsystems of jurisprudence in the States, the\\nlaws of the United States and international\\nlaw, have engaged his profound admiration\\nand for many years commanded his deepesl\\nthought and most strenuous application. That\\nhe has not applied himself to the law simply\\nfor the purpose of acquiring wealth or gaining\\nprofessional renown, is evidenced by the fact\\nthat he has never accepted a salary from a\\ncorporation agreeing to render it exclusive\\nservice, although his talents would have com-\\nmanded an enormous salary at any time\\nduring the last twenty years. lie has preferred\\na general practice, with freedom to accept the\\ncause of the client who first applied for his\\nservices. He has therefore appeared as fre-\\nquently against corporations as for them in\\nthe courts of his State. The records of the Ap-\\npellate Courts disclose the history of his eon\\nnection with the most important litigation\\ncarried on in Minnesota for the past thirty\\nyears. Notwithstanding his long service in\\npublic office, his continuance as the head of the\\nfirm of Davis, Kellogg Severance, shows his\\nstrong preference for the practice of law. Mr.\\nDavis, when yet a very young man, attracted\\nattention, both as an advocate in the forum\\nand a political orator, and in 18(i7 he was\\nelected to the House of Representatives in\\nMinnesota. The following year he was ap-\\npointed United States district attorney, an\\noffice whose duties were in line with his pro-\\nfession, and in harmony with his taste. After\\nserving five years, however, he resigned to ac-\\ncept the nomination for Governor, offered by\\nthe Republican party. He took the initiation\\nin securing the enactment of a statute regu-\\nlating the traffic of railroads, both as to pas-\\nsenger and freight rates. He conceived that\\nthe right of such regulation was inherent in\\nthe State, and proceeded to realize the concep-\\ntion in law. He declined a renomination for\\nGovernor to resume the practice of his profes-\\nsion, which was continued without further\\ninterruption until lie was chosen by the Leg-\\nislature of 1887 to represent his Slate in the\\nSenate of the United States, lie was re-elected\\nin L893, and again in L899, so that he still has\\nai hast live years as Senator. Before the close\\nof his tirst term Senator Davis attracted more\\nthan average attention as a figure in National\\npolitics; and before the close of his second\\nterm he had become famous, both for National\\nand international statesmanship. As chair-\\nman of the Senate Committee on Invalid Pen-\\nsions he was largely instrumental in securing\\nthe enactment of a pension law, so broad and\\njust in its provisions as to receive grateful ac-\\nknowledgment from the soldiers, and com-\\nmand the approval of the taxpayers. This\\nalone is an achievement on which the fame of\\nany statesman might rest securely through\\nthe coming ages. He was the champion and the\\nmost effective instrumentality in securing the\\nimprovement of the Government canal at Sault\\nSte. Marie. It was inadequate to the enormous\\ndemands of the commerce of the Great Lakes,\\nunless the lock could lie speedily constructed\\nand the channel could be broadened and deep-\\nened. The demand was for immediate beginning\\nand early completion. In the emergency Sen-\\nator Davis conceived the idea of having the\\nwork done by contract in advance of an appro-\\npriation, thus pledging the Government to\\nmake from time to time appropriations suffi-\\ncient to cover the contract price, so that it\\nmight be available as needed, and the public\\nwork of so great importance might not be com\\npolled to wait on the humor of Congress for\\npartial appropriations in accordance with the\\ngeneral practice of the Government in con\\nstructing its public works. The work on the\\ncanal was pushed with amazing celerity, and\\nits completion not only relieved the congestion\\nand gave a new impetus to the agriculture,\\ncommerce and manufactures of the Northwest,\\nbut was also a tribute to the genius of the\\nSenator, whose conception saved so much time\\non the w 7 ork of construction. At the beginning\\nof his second term. Senator Davis was placed\\non the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations,\\nand in four years became chairman of the com-\\nmittee. His study of international law and", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0772.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n377\\ndiplomacy was so thorough that he was soon\\nrecognized in the Senate as authority on all\\nquestions affecting the relations of our Gov-\\nernment with other powers, and on the whole\\nsubject of international law. An appointment\\nto the chairmanship of that committee not only\\nconfers distinction, but in times of contention\\nwith foreign nations fixes a responsibility from\\nwhich a timid or a weak man may well shrink.\\nHe opposed the policy of President Cleveland\\ntoward Hawaii, in 1896, in a speech of great\\npower, which attracted favorable notice and\\ncomment throughout the country. His under-\\nstanding of the essence of the issue between\\nGreat Britain and Venezuela, growing out of\\nthe disputed boundary, enabled him to mark\\nthe course and establish the lines on winch the\\ndispute was settled by arbitration and treaty\\nstipulations. As chairman of the com-\\nmittee he had charge of the treaty providing\\nfor the annexation of Hawaii; and when the\\ntreaty failed to receive the votes of two thirds\\nof the Senators, essential to the ratification of\\na treaty, he boldly prepared and secured the\\npassage of a joint resolution which effected\\nthe annexation of the Hawaiian Islands with-\\nout regard to the treaty as a whole. It was a\\ncommendable piece of diplomacy, as the resolu-\\ntion required only a majority of the votes in\\neach House to give it the force of law. During\\nthe period immediately preceding the opening\\nof hostilities with Spain, on account of Cuba,\\nSenator Davis was a busy num. He drafted\\nand offered the report of his committee on the\\nstrained relations of our Government with\\nSpain, due to the destruction of the battleship\\n.Maine. He reported to the Senate the reso-\\nlutions demanding the withdrawal of Spa in\\nfrom Cuba and the adjacent waters, and em-\\npowering the President to employ the military\\nand naval forces of the United States to effect\\nthe removal, if the Spanish government should\\nfail or refuse to comply with the demand. His\\ncourse throughout the critical period was\\nmarked by dignified statesmanship and judi-\\ncial temper, such as to evidence his high\\nqualification for the weightier and yet more\\ndelicate responsibility placed upon him by the\\nPresident in selecting him as a member of the\\nHigh Joint Commission which assembled in\\nParis during the autumn of 1898 to negotiate\\na treaty of peace. He was one of the ablest\\nand most patient members of that commission.\\nThe conferences were sometimes vexatious and\\nthe outlook discouraging; but the Treaty of\\nParis, signed December 10, 1898, by all of the\\nAmerican and Spanish commissioners, is a\\ngrand triumph of brilliant diplomacy and pro-\\ngressive statesmanship on the part of the rep-\\nresentatives of the United States. Senator\\nDavis is a many-sided man. He is author, ora-\\ntor, student of history and of the biographies\\nof Shakespeare and Napoleon. He wrote a\\nbook on The Law of Shakespeare, and his\\nlibrary contains a magnificent collection of\\nXapoleon books and portraits. He has dis-\\ncussed in magazine articles the Government s\\nforeign policy, and the construction of a canal\\naround Niagara Falls by the United States,\\nand a deep waterway thence to the Atlantic.\\nHe is thoroughly an American in lineage, char-\\nacter, instinct and patriotism. As a public\\nservant. Senator Davis works hard and con-\\nscientiously. His committee assignments sug-\\ngest the versatility of his talents, estimated\\nby the body of which he has been a member\\nfor more than a dozen years on the Judiciary,\\non Foreign Relations, on Territories, on Pacific\\nRailroads, on the Census, and on Forest Reser-\\nvations. He is always candid and courageous,\\nnever a time-server. He spoke with timely\\npertinence and unanswerable logic in anticipa-\\ntion of the action of President Cleveland in\\nL894, in sending United States troops to Chi\\ncago to protect the Government s property,\\nand restore public order during the riots inci-\\ndent to the great strike. His patriotism is\\nabove the partisan, as his statesmanship is\\nabove the politician. He has creative ability\\nand constructive genius, and stands in the fore\\nrank of the men relied upon to formulate the\\nNation s policy in the treatment of new ques-\\ntions as they arise. He has the incorruptible\\nintegrity and historic fortitude which gave to\\nthe Puritans character and individuality and\\nsuccess. Mr. Davis is a member of the Grand\\nArmy of the Republic, and worships with the\\nCongregationalists. He was married, in 1880,", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0773.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "37\u00c2\u00a7\\nBIOORAI IIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nid Anna Malcolm Agnew, of St. Paul; A man\\nof prominence in the affairs of (lie State says\\nof Senator Davis:\\nI have lived in the State of Minnesota all\\nmy life, and have known personally all the\\npublic men of both parties. I do nut hesitate\\nto say, that in my opinion, Senator Davis pos-\\nsesses more of the elements of greatness than\\nany other citizen of the Stale, living or de-\\nceased. He is a man of many parts, and in\\nwhatever lighl you view him you are impressed\\nwith his versatility of resources. As an advo-\\ncate before a jury, he ranks with Webster.\\nPierce and Choate, and as an orator and public\\nspeaker he has no rival in the Northwest, lie\\nhas a marvelous literary style, peculiarly his\\nown and distinctly American. It is a source\\nof wonder to his friends how such a busy man\\nas he has been all his life could acquire such a\\nclassical style and literary finish as a writer.\\nHe is an omnivorous reader, and seems to have\\nretained and stored away every little point of\\nhistory, ancient or modern. He is entirely\\nfamilial with the writings of Darwin. Spencer,\\nHuxley and Voltaire, and is a close student\\nof Shakespeare. He is, without doubt, the\\nonly man in the entire Northwest to-day who\\nranks equally high as author, orator and\\nstatesman.\\nHARLAN P. ROBERTS.\\nHarlan P. Roberts, of Minneapolis, is a\\nnative of the State of Ohio, having been\\nborn in Wayne. Ashtabula county, De-\\ncember 5, 1854. His father, the Rev. George\\nRoberts, was born in Cambria county,\\nPennsylvania, and was a minister in the\\nCongregational church for many years, con-\\ntinuing in that profession until the year of\\nhis death, which occurred in 1857. The first\\nwife of Rev. George Roberts was a Miss\\nHughes, of Ebensburgh, Pennsylvania, who\\ndied in the year 1825. His second wife was\\nMiss Ann J. Marvin, to whom lie was united in\\n1820. Twelve children were born to them, of\\nwhom Harlan was the eleventh. One of the\\ncousins of Rev. George Roberts was Samuel\\nRoberts Llanbryn Myr, commonly known\\nin his country as S. R. who was quite a\\nfamous Welsh writer. Before the Civil War\\nhe founded a Welsh colony in Tennessee, but\\nwhen the war broke out they were driven away\\nfrom their adopted Slate, and a number of\\nthem returned to their fatherland. Our sub\\nject commenced his education in the county\\nschools of Ashtabula county, Ohio. At the age\\nof nine, he was sent to Mt. Pleasant. Iowa, and\\nentered Howe s Academy, continuing in his\\nstudies i here for two years, preparatory to col-\\nlege. At the completion of his course in this\\nacademy he returned to his native Stale and\\nmatriculated al Oberlin College, lb- finished\\nthe course here and graduated in 1875. He\\nthen entered the theological department of\\nVale College al New Haven. Connecticut, and\\ncompleted the prescribed course in three years,\\ngraduating in L878. He lost no time in finding\\na field for his ministerial work, and in the\\nsame year of his graduation went to Silverton,\\nCoin ado, where he took charge of the Con-\\ngregational church. His name is identified\\nin that town with the construction of a fine\\nchurch building, which was effected to a great\\nextent by his own personal efforts. In 1879\\nhe was chosen county treasurer of San Juan\\ncounty, Colorado, and held that office until\\n1881. Upon withdrawing from the ministry he\\ndetermined to study law, and accordingly en-\\ntered the office of the Hon. N. E. Slaymaker,\\nwho at that lime was practicing in Silverton,\\nbul who now resides in Detroit, Michigan.\\nAfter leading law with Mr. Slaymaker for\\nabout two years he was admitted to the bar in\\n1883. He remained in Silverton only a year\\nafter engaging in law practice, and from\\nthence removed to Minneapolis, continuing in\\nhis chosen profession in that city. He is in\\nlegal practice at the presenl lime, and has\\nmade a specialty of corporation and real-estate\\nlaw, having built up a large and remunerative\\npractice in thai field, lie is at the present time\\ncounsel for the receiver of the city bank, and\\nis attorney for other large and important in-\\nterests. As might be presumed from his theo-\\nlogical training, his ecclesiastical interests are\\nwith the Congregationalists, and he belongs to\\nthe Park Avenue Congregational church of\\nMinneapolis, engaging in the active work of\\nI hat society. During the season of 181181), he", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0774.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0775.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0776.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "7?i\u00c2\u00a3, (Ztitury Pul/ltsfwtff Cnycavmy Co Chicaner\\nQuU^", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0777.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0778.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n379\\nwas honored with the election to the office of\\npresident of the Congregational Club of Minne-\\nsota. Mr. Roberts was united in marriage to\\nMiss Margaret L. Conklin, of Binghamton, New\\nYork, October 3, 1SSS. Mrs. Roberts is a de-\\nscendant in the direct line from Governor\\nBradford, of colonial fame. Two daughters\\nwere born of this union: Margaret E. and\\nLeslie May.\\nHENRY A. CASTLE.\\nHenry Anson Castle is the son of a New\\nEngland family, but a native of Illinois, born\\nat Columbus, Adams county, August 22, 1841.\\nHis elementary education was supplemented\\nby a course at McKendree College, from which\\nhe graduated in 1862, the honorary degree of\\nA. M. being subsequently conferred upon him.\\nlose upon his graduation, the Civil War being\\nin progress, he enlisted as a private in the Sev-\\nenty third Illinois Infantry Regiment. Four\\nmonths later he was promoted to the post of\\nsergeant major. With his regiment, which be-\\nlonged to Sheridan s division of the Army of\\nthe Cumberland, he participated in some\\nstirring service, which included the Perryville\\ncampaign, the advance on Bowling Green and\\nNashville and the battle of Stone River. In\\nthe latter encounter he was so seriously\\nwounded as to necessitate his discharge from\\nservice. Upon his recovery, however, he pro-\\nceeded to raise a company for the One Hundred\\nand Thirty-seventh Illinois. He was unani-\\nmously elected captain of this company, which\\nhe commanded throughout its service. As a\\ncongenial field of professional activity, Captain\\nCastle adopted the law. He was admitted to\\nthe bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois and\\nbegan practice at Quincy. In connection with\\nhis legal studies and practice he also, at inter-\\nvals, wrote editorially for the Quincy Daily\\nWhig. But his army experience had under-\\nmined his health, and the appearance of the\\nserious symptom of lung hemorrhage deter-\\nmined him to give up his professional work\\nand seek the bracing air of Minnesota. In July,\\n1866, he arrived at St. Paul, where he resolved\\neventually to make his home and engage in\\nbusiness. His period of recuperation, however,\\nhe spent in Anoka and St. Cloud, during most\\nof which time he was connected, as an\\neditorial writer, with the Anoka Union. It\\nwas 1868 when he returned to St. Paul,\\nwith arrangements already consummated for\\nopening a wholesale stove depot for the\\nfirm of Comstock, Castle Company, of\\nQuincy, of which he had become a mem-\\nber. His connection with the Anoka Union\\nhe retained for three or four years after leaving\\nSt. Cloud, and for six years he successfully\\nconducted the stove enterprise. In 1874 he\\nresumed his chosen profession of the law, with\\nhis office at St. Paul. In 1876 a slock com-\\npany was organized which effected a purchase\\nof the St. Paul Dispatch from Mr. H. P. Hall.\\nThe Dispatch was a Republican organ, and\\nCaptain Castle, having become known as an\\nearnest exponent of that party, was made (ires\\nidenl of the company and editor of I he paper.\\nWith the exception of a short time in 1S80,\\nhe maintained this dual relation to the Dis-\\npatch until 1885; indeed, during the last three\\nyears of that period he was its sole proprietor\\n;is well as its editor-in-chief. Meantime he had\\nbecome much interested in real estate, and in\\nfavor of this line of enterprise he abandoned\\nhis journalistic career, in 1886, turning his\\nwhole attention to his new interests, which\\nwere chiefly in suburban property. Captain\\nCastle has held a large number of public offices.\\nFew men come into touch with their commu-\\nnity through, more numerous and various ave-\\nnues. He was a member of the State Legisla-\\nture of 1873, and figured prominently as the\\nchampion of Hon. C. K. Davis in the campaign\\nwhich resulted in his election as Governor.\\nTwo years later Governor Davis appointed\\nCaptain Castle Adjutant General of Minnesota.\\nIn 1883 he was appointed oil inspector by Gov-\\nernor Hubbard. The latter position he held\\nfor four years. In February of 1892 President\\nHarrison appointed him postmaster of St. Paul.\\nAlthough so desirable and lucrative a position,\\nsuch was the general recognition of his party\\nclaims that no other candidates opposed them-\\nselves to him. He held this office until Novem-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0779.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "3 8o\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nber 1, 1S96, although this date was several\\nmonths later than the expiration of his four-\\nyears term. His able and devoted service as\\npostmaster paved the way to his appointment,\\nm May IT, 1897, as auditor for the Post Office\\nDepartment. He removed to Washington,\\nwhere he still resides and performs the func-\\ntions of his high position. Apart from remu-\\nnerative offices. Captain Castle has been an\\nhonorary member of many public organiza-\\ntions, and in many lias done gratuitous service.\\nHe has officiated as president of the Library\\nAssociation of St. Paul, of the Minnesota Edi-\\ntorial Association, and of the Chamber of Com-\\nmerce. He has been commander of the Loyal\\nLegion of Minnesota, Department Commander\\nof the G. A. R., secretary of the State Home for\\nSoldiers Orphans, and was for twelve years\\npresident of the board of trustees of the\\nMinnesota Soldiers Home. In politics Cap-\\ntain Castle has long been a recognized and\\nrespected force throughout the State. His\\nexecutive ability makes him a tine or-\\nganizer, and for nearly ten consecutive years\\nhe was the most active agent of the Republican\\nState Central Committee, on which he served\\nas chairman in 1884, during the memorable\\nBlaine and Logan campaign. His vigorous ami\\naggressive work, both on the stump and in the\\npress, has been a potent influence, determining\\nfor good or ill the fortunes of many men. Al-\\nthough he enjoys a wide personal acquaintance\\nwith the newspaper fraternity, it is not too\\nmuch to say that he is universally regarded by\\nits members with esteem and affection. Of the\\nO. A. R. and Loyal Legion, also, he is a cher-\\nished comrade. In 1897 Captain Castle pub-\\nlished The Army Mule and Other War\\nSketches a series of humorous papers which\\nhe had written some time previously, and\\nwhich had been read at meetings of the Loyal\\nLegion. This book has been highly approved\\nby literary critics and has proven a financial\\nsuccess. On April IS, 1865, at Quincy, Illinois,\\nCaptain Castle was married to Miss Margaret\\nW. Jaquess. Seven children were born of this\\nunion. Of the three sons, the eldest, Charles\\nW., now first lieutenant of the Sixteenth In-\\nfantry, 1 T S. A., graduated in 1894 from the\\nWest Point Military Academy, and rendered\\nefficient service as aide-de-camp to Major Gen-\\neral Brooke during his terms of duty as Gov-\\nernor General of Porto Rico and Cuba.\\n.IESSE M. HODGMAN.\\nThe native place of the late Jesse Monroe\\nHodgman, of Red Wing, Minnesota, was Hart-\\nland, Windsor county, Vermont; the date of\\nhis birth, February 17, 1818. He was reared\\nin Hartland, and, after acquiring an elemen-\\ntary education in the public schools of his home\\ncounty, he went to New Hampshire to attend\\nthe Meriden Seminary. After completing his\\nstudies at that institution, he returned to Ver-\\nmont and took a course of training in the mili-\\ntary school at Norwich, which was conducted\\nunder the auspices of the State. In the fall\\nof 1854 he came west, visited Red Wing and\\nresolved eventually to locate there. His affairs\\nin the East, however, he had left in an unset-\\ntled condition, which necessitated his return\\nfor their adjustment; and if was not until 1856\\nthat he became a permanent resident of Red\\nWing. For about four years after settling in\\nthis city he was engaged in commercial pur-\\nsuits, then, in 1860, he entered into a partner-\\nship with T. P.. Sheldon in the forwarding and\\ncommission business. As a member of the firm\\nthus formed Mr. Hodgman was actively en-\\ngaged for about seven years; but in 1867, the\\nstate of his health having become inconsistent\\nwith the exactions of business life, he retired.\\nIn 1868, however, and again in 1S78, he was\\nelected mayor of the city of Red Wing; and\\nthe manner in which he met the contingencies\\nand fulfilled the trusts of that high office\\nthroughout the years of his incumbency was a\\nperpetual proof of the sound judgment and\\nuntainted conscience which characterized him\\nin all the affairs of life. Mr. Hodgman was a\\nmarried man, having been united to Miss Har-\\nriet Kellogg, at Red Wing, May 13, 1862.\\nLeonard W. Hodgman, of Red Wing, is the\\nonly son of this union. Mr. Hodgman identified\\nhimself with Christ church parish. In 1862 he\\nwas elected a member of its vestry and was an-\\nnually re-elected until Easter, 1S85, when fail-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0780.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0781.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0782.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "J t o~t?\u00c2\u00a3y *W", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0783.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0784.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n38l\\ning health compelled him to decline a re-elec-\\ntion. His death took place at his home in Red\\nWiny on the 11th day of April, 1887, severing\\nhim from many warm friends in the community\\nin which for so many years he had been a\\nbeneficent and cherished factor.\\nERASTUS S. EDGERTOX.\\nThe late Erastus Smith Edgerton, one of\\nthe earliest and most prominent bankers of\\nSt. Paul, was born at Franklin, Delaware\\ncounty, New York, December 9, 181 His\\ngrandfather, Nathan Edgerton, was one of\\nthe pioneers, and the most prominent man\\nin that then newly settled section of the\\ncountry. He came from Franklin, Connecticut,\\nin 1703, after which place lie named the town\\nof Franklin, New York. The father of our sub-\\nject, Erastus Edgerton, was the first white\\nchild born in the township in which the village\\nof Franklin is situated. His great-grandfather\\non his mother s side was Col. Solomon Willis,\\na man of mark in old Colonial days. Inning\\nserved both in the French and Indian War and\\nthe War of the Revolution, in the latter as com-\\nmander of a Connecticut regiment. His grand-\\nfather on his maternal side, Dr. Azariah\\nWillis, also settled at Franklin at a time when\\nalmost the entire country between the head-\\nwaters of the Delaware and Susquehanna riv-\\ners was still an unbroken wilderness, he being\\none of the first associate judges of Delaware\\ncounty. His father dying in 1837, the manage\\nment of a considerable estate devolved upon\\nErastus S., while he was still a minor, from\\nwhich early period dates the commencement\\nof his active business life. In the spring of\\n1S50 he went west, going first to Oshkosh, Wis-\\nconsin, and then, in 1852, to Rockford, Illinois.\\nIn June, 1853. he first visited Minnesota, find-\\ning a village of about three thousand popula-\\ntion at St. Paul, and one of about one thousand\\nat St. Anthony, the west side of the river being\\nstill occupied by the Sioux Indians, and the\\nonly development of the water power at Minne-\\napolis heing an old government saw mill. Lo-\\ncating at St. Paul, and engaging in the banking\\nbusiness with the late Charles N. Mackubin, he\\nsoon became recognized as a financier of more\\nthan ordinary ability, and the firm of Edgerton\\nMackubin soon took rank as one of the lead-\\ning and most responsible houses in the West.\\nIn 1858 the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Ed-\\ngerton continuing the business on his own\\naccount. During the troublous and exciting\\ntimes following the great financial crash of\\nL857, lie exhibited in a marked degree that\\npromptness of decision, energy of action, and\\nunswerving integrity which were prominent\\ntraits in his character. Disposing of real es-\\ntate at almost nominal prices, which has since\\nbecome worth hundreds of thousands of dol-\\nlars, he hesitated at no sacrifice necessary to\\nenable him to meet every obligation and to\\nmaintain the credit of his bank. As a result he\\npassed through the ordeal in safety, redeeming\\nfully the issues of the State Bank, of which\\nhe was the owner, meeting promptly the de-\\nmands of every depositor, and preserving in-\\ntact the credit which afterwards became the\\nfoundation of the large fortune which he sub-\\nsequently accumulated. Naturally conserva-\\ntive in disposition, but sagacious and of a\\nsound and independent judgment, his opinions\\non financial subjects, although frequently op-\\nposed to popular ideas, were usually found\\njustified by results. Believing that the loan of\\nSlate credit to thi .Minnesota laud grant rail-\\nroads, in 1858, as provided for in the so-called\\nfive million loan bill, would be disastrous to\\nthe State credit, he was one of the very few\\nwho vigorously opposed that measure. After\\nthe bill had been passed by the Legislature,\\nand confirmed by an almost unanimous vote of\\nthe people, the event was celebrated by a pa-\\nrade of a number of its most zealous advocates\\nthrough the streets of St. Paul, who, when\\nthey arrived in front of Mr. Edgerton s bank,\\nhalted and caused their band to play the dead\\nmarch for his benefit. He came to the door,\\nthanked the crowd for their polite attention,\\nand told them that while he had opposed the\\npassage of the act which they so unanimously\\nfavored, he expected to live to vote for the pay-\\nment of the bonds to be issued under it, and to\\nsee them just as unanimously voting for their\\nrepudiation, which prediction was eventually", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0785.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "3\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfulfilled to the letter. In 1864 Mr. Edgerton\\norganized the Second National Bank of St.\\nPaul, of which he became the president and\\nlargest stockholder, and which, under his able\\nmanagement, soon became widely known as an\\nexceptionally safe and successfully managed\\ninstitution. He also subsequently became in-\\nterested as a stockholder in banks located in\\nNew York City, Chicago, Virginia, Montana,\\nseveral in Minnesota outside of St. Paul, and\\nseveral in the Dakota s. Many of these he\\nhelped to organize, and in a considerable num-\\nber was a director. In addition to these en-\\nterprises and investments in the line of his\\nspecial vocation as a banker, he was, during\\nthe active portion of his life, not infrequently\\nengaged in other business operations of a dif-\\nferent character and on an extended scale. For\\nseveral years he was one of the principal pro-\\nprietors of the important mail and stage route\\nrunning from Catskill on the Hudson to Delhi\\non the Delaware, which, previous to the build-\\ning of the New York and Erie Railroad, was\\nthe main line of travel between New York City\\nand the entire portion of New York Stale\\nembraced by the Delaware, Susquehanna and\\nChenango valleys. In 1863 he became inter-\\nested in the fur trading and outfitting business\\nin that portion of the Hudson Bay Company s\\nterritory which now constitutes the Province\\nof Manitoba. The operations of the company\\nof which he was a member and the chief finan-\\ncial manager, eventually assumed very consid-\\nerable proportions, and embraced in the direct\\nimportation from England of large quantities\\nof goods, as well as the exchange of goods with\\nthe Indians and the half-breeds for furs and\\nbuffalo robes, and the shipment of the latter\\nto the United States and Europe. While in no\\nsense a politician in the ordinary meaning of\\nthe term, and during his residence in Minne-\\nsota taking no active part in public affairs, his\\nopinion and advice were not infrequently\\nsought by those in official positions, and es-\\npecially in regard to financial questions affect-\\ning the public credit, and upon several occa-\\nsions he, although not a member of that body,\\nwas invited to address the, Legislature upon\\nquestions of that character. Like most men of\\noriginality of thought, Mr. Edgerton s individ-\\nuality was so strongly marked as to leave a\\nlasting impression upon those with whom he\\nwas brought in contact, and there were few\\namong the pioneer business men of St. Paul\\nwho will be longer or more vividly remem-\\nbered. By his kindly assistance a considerable\\nnumber of young men were helped to educa-\\ntional and business advantages which enabled\\nthem to attain to positions which, but for his\\ntimely aid, it is improbable that they would\\never have been able to reach. His charities,\\nwhich were unostentatious and thoroughly\\npractical, w 7 ere numerous and liberal to an ex-\\ntent probably in excess of those of any other\\nperson who ever lived in St. Paul, especially in\\nthe direction of provision and care for the aged\\nand infirm, while his generosity to his relatives\\nwas as exceptional in degree as such liberality\\nis unusual in ordinary experience. In 1814, Mr.\\nEdgerton was married at Cannonsville, New\\nYork, to Miss Eliza Cannon, of that place.\\nTheir only child, a daughter, died at Saint Paul\\nwhile yet an infant. Mrs. Edgerton was a most\\nestimable lady and greatly beloved by all\\nthose with whom she was brought into inti-\\nmate relations. After his retirement from act\\nive business Mr. Edgerton resided in the city\\nof New York, although much time was spent\\nin travel, entirely in this country, however,\\nwith the exception of one trip to Europe. He\\nwas fond of equestrian exercise, and was an\\naccomplished horseman, and his erect and com-\\nmanding figure and beautiful and spirited\\nKentucky horse became familiar objects to the\\nfrequenters of New York Central Park. He\\ndied at his old family home at Franklin, New\\nYork, April 13, 1893. Mrs. Edgerton survived\\nher husband only about one year.\\nTHOMAS H. SHEVLIN.\\nThomas H. Shevlin, a prominent lumber\\nmanufacturer of Minneapolis, and an extensive\\nowner of pine lands and saw-mills, is a native\\nof the State of New York, and was born Jan-\\nuary 3, 1852, in Albany. His parents were of\\nthe sturdy Scotch-Irish stock. In June, 1867,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0786.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0787.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0788.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0789.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0790.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n383\\nwhen he was only fifteen years of age, he en-\\ntered the employ of Messrs. Sage, McGraw\\nCompany, and while connected with this Ann\\nhe acquired a good knowledge of the lumber\\nbusiness. Twelve years later, in 1879, he came\\nwest 1o Muskegon, Michigan, and entered the\\nemploy of Mr. T. \\\\Y. Harvey, a well-known\\nlumber dealer of Chicago. He remained with\\nMr. Harvey only a short time, however, and\\non January 1, 1880, was engaged by S. C. Hall.\\nAbout a year later, in 1881, while carrying on\\nthe business for Mr. Hall, in addition thereto\\nhe went into business on his own account, as-\\nsociating with himself Mr. Davies and others\\nas partners, under the linn name of Shevlin,\\nDavies Company. In 1882, he was chosen\\ntreasurer and manager of the S. C. Hall Lum-\\nber Company of Muskegon, Michigan, which\\nhad just been formed. He was successively\\nchosen treasurer of the Hall Ducey Lumber\\nCompany of Minneapolis, in 1886; manager of\\nthe Hall Shevlin Company (incorporated), in\\n1887; and president of the Shevlin-Carpenter\\nCompany, in 1892. This latter concern was\\nformed by the consolidation of the Hall\\nDucey Company and the Hall Shevlin Com-\\npany, occasioned by the death of Mr. Hall in\\n1888. January 1, 1895, Mr. Shevlin established\\nthe J. Neils Lumber Company of Sauk Rapids,\\nMinnesota, and was elected its president. In\\n1896 he became president of the St. Hilaire\\nLumber Company (incorporated). Mr. Shevlin\\nhas confined himself closely to his chosen busi-\\nness all through life, and this concentration of\\nenergy is one secret of his success. Although\\nhe takes an interest in political affairs, he lias\\nnever sought or held any office of a political\\nnature. Mr. Shevlin was united in marriage,\\nin 1882, to Miss Alice A. Hall, of Muskegon,\\nMichigan. Three children have been born to\\nthem, one boy, Thomas Leonard, and two girls,\\nFlorence and Helen.\\nALPHEUS B. STICKNEY.\\nAlpheus Beede Stickney, virtually the\\nfounder and now president of the Chicago-\\nGreat Western Railway, was born in the vil-\\nlage of Wilton, Franklin county, Maine, June\\n27, 1840. He is a member of one of the oldest\\nNew England families, and belongs to Hie\\nninth generation of the descendants of Will-\\niam Stickney, of Frampton, Lincolnshire, Eng-\\nland, who settled at Holly, Massachusetts in\\n1:l,ll i part of the Seventeenth Century\\nHis father was Daniel Stickney, who was born\\na1 Hallowell, Maine, in 1804. He was in early\\nmanhood a mechanic, and subsequently in suc-\\ncession a school teacher, a CJniversalist clergy-\\nman, and the editor and publisher of the\\nLoyal Sunrise, a newspaper of Presque Isle,\\nMaine, which acquired considerable promi-\\nnence and influence at the outbreak of the War\\nof the Rebellion. The maiden name of his\\nwife, the mother of A. It. Stickney, was\\nI rsula Maria Beede. horn at Sandwich\\nNew Hampshire, in 1813. Mr. Stickney s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2arly life and surroundings were plain and\\nsimple. His ..duration was obtained and\\ncompleted in the New Hampshire common\\nschools and academies of half a century\\nago. He was a poor boy and all the cir-\\ncumstances prevented his obtaining a college\\ntraining. He had to help himself even through\\nthe district school, and the money with which\\nhe purchased his algebra (price 75 cents) he\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0allied by picking up and drying wind fall\\napples from his grandfather s orchard, and sell-\\ning them for two and a half cents a pound,\\nwhile at intervals he worked at shoemaking.\\nBut he was unusually industrious and perse\\nvering, and he acquired very rapidly the rudi-\\nments of a good scholastic education. When\\nhe was but seventeen years of age he began\\nteaching and was thus engaged for two years.\\nIn the second year of his experience as a peda-\\ngogue, lie began the study of law under the\\ninstruction of Hon. Josiah Crosby, of Dexter.\\nMaine, and was so engaged for nearly three\\nyears. In 18G1 Mr. Stickney came to Minne-\\nsota and the same year was admitted to the\\nbar, in Stillwater. He was not able to at once\\nenter upon the practice, however, and for\\nabout two years was employed in his former\\nvocation of school teaching, reading his law-\\nbooks and studying his chosen profession as\\nbest he could in the meanwhile. In 1863 he\\nengaged in active practice at Stillwater and", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0791.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": "3\u00c2\u00ab4\\nP.IOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nso continued for six years, r until 1S09, when\\nhe removed to St. Paul. Not long after his\\nlocation in St. Paul, Mr. Stickney entered upon\\nthe work of building and operating railroads.\\nHis experience in this work lias 1 n so long\\nand so large that the details cannot here be\\ngiven and not even well summarized. He first\\nbuilt the line from Hudson to New Richmond\\nand later to River Falls, which has since been\\nincorporated into the Omaha or Northwestern\\nsystem. In 1872 he took the management of\\na little road called the St. Paul, Stillwater\\nTaylor s Falls, between St. Paul and Cum-\\nberland, Wisconsin, and Stillwater in connec-\\ntion with the line from Hudson to Clayton, and\\nthis road was also, in time, absorbed by the\\nhnaha. In 1880 he was superintendent of con-\\nsi ruction for the St. Paul, Minneapolis Man-\\nitoba, now the Great Northern. In 1882 he\\nbuilt the Cannon Valley line eighty miles in\\nlength in Minnesota, which was owned and\\noperated as a part of the Rock Island system\\nuntil June, 1899, when it was purchased by\\nMr. Stickney, its builder, and became a part of\\nthe Chicago-Great Western. In 1883 he began\\nthe monumental work of his life, the con-\\nstruction of the great American railway sys-\\ntem now called the Chicago-Great Western.\\nOf the magnitude and importance of this mag-\\nnificent enterprise, to the country, this is not\\nthe place to speak. Some of the results may\\nbe mentioned, however, although they are well\\nknown and appreciated. The first passenger\\ntrains on this road between Minneapolis, St.\\nPaul and Chicago, started from their respec-\\ntive terminals on the evening of August 1,\\n1887, and ran through in thirteen hours and\\nthirty minutes. This was the inauguration of\\nthe present fast train service in the Northwest.\\nMr. Stickney s new departure shortened the\\ntime of the round trip to Chicago to two nights\\nand one day the one day being spent in Chi-\\ncago and the other roads had to follow suit.\\nThe Great Western, under Mr. Stickney s man-\\nagement, made other important innovations,\\nwhich in time were adopted and became estab-\\nlished features in railway operating. The re-\\norganization of the Chicago-Great Western\\nwas an original plan of Mr. Stickney s devising,\\nby which the bondholders, having a mortgage\\nlien of about twenty million dollars upon the\\nentire property of the railroad company, ex-\\nchanged their securities for its capital stock,\\nleaving the corporation without a dollar of\\nbonded debt or mortgage. This condition is\\nunique in the entire history of railroading.\\nIn 1886 Mr. Stickney organized in Chicago a\\nrailroad enterprise of inestimable value to\\ntransportation interests. He purchased nearly\\n4,000 acres of land, known as the Stickney\\ntract, near the city, with the design of con-\\ncentrating thereon the interchange of freight\\ntraffic between the railways. This property\\nhe conveyed to the Chicago Union Transfer\\nCompany, at net cost plus six per cent interest.\\nMr. Stickney was also the originator and pro-\\njector, in 1886, of the St. Paul Union Stock\\nYards, at South St. Paul. He is a man of ideas\\nand has an apt capacity for putting them on\\npaper. His published work on The Railway\\nProblem is a standard on the subject and is\\nin use as a text-book in the department of po-\\nlitical economy in many American colleges.\\nHis fifty-page pamphlet on the financial ques-\\ntion, published in 1896, went through three\\neditions and obtained a circulation of 20,011(1\\ncopies. His services as a public speaker are\\nmole often demanded than they can be given.\\nWhile most of Mr. Stickney s time is absorbed\\nin the business enterprises with which he is\\nidentified, he finds ample time for the enjoy-\\nment of his home and the society of his inti-\\nmate friends. He has a large library, and when\\nfatigued and overworked he finds relief and\\nrelaxation in reading. Mr. Stickney was mar-\\nried in 1801 to Miss Kate W. Hall, daughter\\nof Dr. Samuel Hall, of Collinsville, Illinois.\\nOf this marriage there are seven children\\nSamuel C, Katherine, Lucile, Ruth, Charles\\nA., Emily and Jean. Mrs. Stickney died at St.\\nPaul, December 2, 1899.\\nCHARLES A. ZIMMERMAN.\\nCharles Alfred Zimmerman, pioneer, promi-\\nnent business man, artist and photographer of\\nSt. Paul, was born in Strasbourg, France, June", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0792.jp2"}, "793": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0793.jp2"}, "794": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0794.jp2"}, "795": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing SrCnyraviny Co Chicapcr", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0795.jp2"}, "796": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0796.jp2"}, "797": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n38;\\n21, 1844, the son of Edward and Barbara\\n(Schoettel) Zimmerman. His father was a na-\\ntive of Strasbourg, where he was educated and\\ntrained as an expert accountant. During the\\nFrench Revolution, in 1848, he left his native\\nland and came with his family to New York,\\nwhere he resided for a time. He then went to\\nElizabeth, New Jersey, and remained until\\n1854, when he removed to Chicago, Illinois. In\\n1850 he came with his family to St. Paul. He\\nwas in the employ of Auerbach, Finch Schef-\\nfer for several years, served as city school in-\\nspector, and was well known and respected as\\nan upright and worthy citizen. He died in\\nJuly, 1807. His wife, the mother of our sub-\\nject, survived until October, 1872. Their son,\\nCharles A., was educated in the public schools\\nof New York and a private school at Elizabeth,\\nNew Jersey, and as a boy. when eleveu years\\nof age, living in Chicago, he took down in\\nwriting the dictations of Rev. J. V. Watson, a\\nnoted pulpit orator, and editor of the North-\\nwestern Christian Advocate. After coming to\\nSt. Paul he attended the public schools. In\\n1857, with the aid of Comstock s Philosophy,\\nand a treatise on chemistry, lie constructed a\\ncamera obscura, with which he made his first\\nexperiments in picture making. Shortly after\\nthis he entered the employ of J. E. Whitney,\\nthe pioneer daguerreotypist and photographer,\\nwhere he remained until the outbreak of the\\nWar of the Rebellion. The moment he reached\\nthe age of eighteen he enlisted in Company G,\\nSixth Regiment Minnesota Volunteer Infantry,\\nand was with his company in the marches,\\nskirmishes and battles against the Sioux In-\\ndians in Minnesota and Dakota. He went south\\nwith his regiment in June, 1804, to Arkansas,\\nand later to Alabama, participating in the\\nsiege and capture of Mobile. He was mustered\\nout of the service with his regiment at Fort\\nSnelling, August, 1805. He then returned to\\nthe photographic business in St. Paul, and in\\n1807 married Miss Ida Frombau, who was at\\nthat time teaching in the Baldwin School, lo-\\ncated on the present site of the new custom\\nhouse. He became the owner of the Whitney\\nPhoto Studio in 1808, and in 1S72 located at\\nNo. 9 West Third street, remaining there until\\n1894, and building up one of the largest enter-\\nprises of its kind in the country. He also car-\\nried on the sale of photographic materials in a\\nsmall way until 1S7: when lie admitted his\\nbrother, E. O. Zimmerman, into the latter busi-\\nness, which they enlarged, and conducted un-\\nder the firm name of Zimmerman Brothers,\\nwhich is to-day one of the largest houses of\\nthe kind in the Northwest. In 1880 Mr. Zim-\\nmerman went into the transportation business\\non Lake Minnetonka, where he placed the\\nsteamer Nautilus in the passenger line, fol-\\nlowing it in 1881 with The Lotus, Hattie\\nMay, Minneapolis and Saucy Kate. In\\n1882 he formed a partnership with Hon. W. D.\\nWashburn, who added his large steamer City\\nof St. Louis to the fleet. In 1883 he incor-\\nporated the Lake Minnetonka Navigation Com-\\npany, the stockholders being J. J. Hill, Peyton\\nS. Davidson of La Crosse, Wisconsin, and him-\\nself, adding to the fleet the Mammoth Belle\\nof .Minnetonka, Mr. Zimmerman being general\\nmanager of the company. After operating for\\neighteen years in the passenger and excursion\\ntraffic on Lake Minnetonka, during which time\\nnot a single passenger met with injury, the\\ncompany liquidated in L897. During all these\\nyears Mr. Zimmerman conducted his photo-\\ngraphic business, and found time to do much\\nliterary work as well, contributing many tech-\\nnical essays and papers to the photographic\\njournals. He also became well known as an\\nable writer and illustrator for the magazines\\nof the day. His out-door sports with gun and\\ndog, published in Scribner s Magazine. For-\\nest and Stream, and Chicago Field, and pa-\\npers to children, published in St. Nicholas,\\nwere happily writ ten and widely read. The\\nwriter remembers well the pleasure with\\nwhich he first read, over twenty years ago\\n(October, 1879), an article in Scribner s month-\\nly magazine Field Sports in Minnesota\\nwritten and illustrated by Mr. Zimmerman.\\nHe has also become favorably known as an\\nartist in water color painting, having produced\\nnumerous hunting scenes which have become\\ncelebrated, among which The Tight Shell,\\nand Trying for a Double, published in\\nchromo lithograph some years since, are known", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0797.jp2"}, "798": {"fulltext": "3 86\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand admired wherever the true sportsman\\nexists. In his profession, his ability has been\\nfully recognized, and he has kept well to the\\nfront in the development of the photographic\\nscience. He is a true lover of his art, and\\ngives strict personal attention to the details of\\nhis profession. His studio at No. 101 Easl\\nSixth si reel is a repository of priceless his-\\ntorical value, drawn upon largely by news-\\npapers and periodicals for portrait illustration.\\nIn 1900 Mr. Zimmerman sold the copyright of\\nhis water color illustrations to Longfellow s\\nHiawatha to The Taber Prang Company,\\nwho publish it as a Christmas book and panel.\\nPleasant and cordial in manner, progressive in\\nliis ideas, pre-eminent in photography, he is\\nable alike with camera, brush and pen.\\nJACOB BEAN.\\nThis well known old citizen and prominent\\nlumberman of Stillwater, was born in Upper\\nStillwater, .Maine, January 10, 1837. His native\\ntown was quite a lumber center, and in early\\nlife he engaged with his brother in logging\\noperations for about three years. He then\\nwent to California, where he remained a year.\\nReturning to Maine, he was associated in part-\\nnership with his brother and General llersey\\nfor live years. His first business experience,\\nhowever, was in a store, in which he was first\\na clerk, and afterwards one of the proprietors.\\nMr. Bean located in Stillwater, Minnesota, in\\nISO: Almost immediately he became identi-\\nfied with the extensive lumbering firm of Her-\\nsey, Staples Bean, at that time one of the\\nlargest logging, manufacturing and general\\nmerchandise corporations in the Northwest,\\nowning mills and factories and a vast area of\\nstanding pine in the country tributary to the\\nRiver St. Croix. Upon the death of the senior\\npartner, .Mr. Samuel F. Hersey, in 1875, a di-\\nvision of the property of Hersey and Staples\\nresulted in these large interests becoming the\\nproperty of Hersey and Bean, and Mr. Bean\\nbecame their general manager and director.\\nUnder his judicious care they have vastly in-\\ncreased in value, and, making additional pur-\\nchases of standing timber from time to time\\nand turning the same into money, constituted\\na portion of the work to which Mr. Bean de-\\nvoted his time for several years. Mr. Bean\\nhas made other investments in the Northwest.\\nHe has large and valuable mining interests in\\nMontana. Recently he has acquired large in-\\nterests in pine timber in whal was formerly\\nthe Mille Lacs Indian reservation in Minne-\\nsota, and in company with Samuel McClure,\\nof Stillwater, and the firm of Foley Brothers\\nGuthrie, he was one of the incorporators of\\nthe Foley-Bean Lumber Company. Among the\\nmany enterprises with which Mr. Bean is con-\\nnected, no other gives him more satisfaction\\nI han his big lumber plant at Milaca, Minne-\\nsota, which consists of a saw-mill with a\\ncapacity of 40,000,000 feet per season, a planing\\nmill turning out 200,000 feet of lumber daily\\nboth mills being lighted by electricity and run-\\nning day and night a large general store,\\nlumber yards, shops, etc. In its mills and\\npineries the Foley-Bean Lumber Company fur-\\nnishes steady employment to three hundred\\nmen. The past logging season it operated six\\nbig camps. Its logs are landed on upper and\\nlower Rice lakes, and towed by the company s\\nsteamboat from the lake to a point in the How-\\nage, where they are sluiced through the dam.\\nAll the necessary improvements in conned ion\\nwith the dams, the rivers, and the lakes in the\\ncompany s district have recently been made,\\nand are in excellent condition for log driving.\\netc. It is estimated that the company owns\\nsufficient timber to supply its needs for the\\nnext six years at least. The Hersey Bean\\nCompany of Stillwater, Minnesota, is one of\\nthe largest and strongest lumber companies in\\nthe Northwest. It cuts about 25,000,000 feel\\nof logs annually, and manufactures an equal\\namount of lumber at the mills. It employs\\ntwo hundred and fifty men the year round,\\nhas a river frontage on the St. Croix of more\\nthan a mile and a quarter, with complete facil-\\nities for handling its logs and lumber products.\\nBesides his elegant home in Stillwater, Mr.\\nBean has a magnificent residence at Alham-\\nbra, near Los Angeles, California, where his\\nfamily usually resides during the winter sea-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0798.jp2"}, "799": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0799.jp2"}, "800": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing St Dyraving Ci Chicapir\\nJ^ny^", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0800.jp2"}, "801": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0801.jp2"}, "802": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0802.jp2"}, "803": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n387\\nsons, returning to their Minnesota home at\\nthe approach of summer. Of Mr. Bean s per-\\nsonal characteristics, a friend who has known\\nhim long and intimately writes:\\nMr. Bean s life has been one of unceasing\\nactivity and productive of most satisfactory\\nresults. In his declining years, surrounded by\\na charming family and all the agreeable ac-\\ncessories of wealth, he can look back with\\npleasure and pardonable pride upon his record\\nof a stainless life, the imperative duties and\\nobligations of which he has never neglected.\\nHis benefactions to every public and private\\nenterprise, which required and deserved ma-\\nterial aid. are well known; but never has he\\ndesired to stir a little dust of praise. The en-\\ntire course of Mr. Bean exemplifies, in all his\\nlife work, what can be done by any other youth\\nwith ambition to rise above his native environ-\\nment, and whose aims and desires lie in the\\ndirection of rounding out and shaping a noble\\nmanhood.\\nHORACE B. WILSON.\\nof the many men who came to the Territory\\nof Minnesota in its earliest days, and, by their\\nenergy, push and hard work, have done so\\nmuch towards developing its resources, and\\nlaying broad its foundations, resulting in its\\npresent greatness and prosperity in all that\\ngoes to make up what is destined, at no remote\\nperiod, to become one of the first States in our\\nUnion, is Horace I Wilson, of Red Wing. He\\ndescended from a good old Puritan ancestry,\\nwas born in Bingham, Maine, March 30, 1821.\\nHis father, Rev. Obed Wilson, was a leading\\nand influential citizen of that State during its\\nearly history, and intimately associated, for\\nmany years, with its civil and religious aff;iirs.\\nhaving been a member of the Territorial con-\\nvention of .1820 and 1821 that framed the Con-\\nstitution of the State, and a Representative to\\nthe first Legislature that convened after its\\nadoption. Subsequently, he was repeatedly a\\nmember of both House and Senate. Conse-\\ncrated to the ministry in his youth, he became\\na zealous and successful clergyman of the\\nMethodist Episcopal church, labeling early\\nand late for nearly forty years, never sparing\\nhimself, but promptly responsive to every call\\nof human need and Christian charily. He was\\na ready, effective and eloquent speaker, a wise\\nand judicious counselor, and an active and ear-\\nnest worker in various fields of usefulness; a\\ngood man, and a devout Christian, lie gave\\nhis sons as favorable opportunities for securing\\na liberal education as his circumstances ami\\nthe character of the educational institutions\\nof the State, at that time, would allow. One\\nson died at Waterville College, and three were\\neducated at Maine Wesleyan College. Horace\\nIt. graduated from that institution in 1840, and\\ncame west, to Ohio, the next year, where\\nhe was engaged in teaching in the Cin-\\ncinnati graded schools for a time, subse-\\nquently removing to New Albany, Indiana,\\nwhere he organized the first graded schools\\never taught in that city. He continued to re-\\nside there, teaching ami practicing civil engi-\\nneering until the spring of 1858, when he\\nremoved to Red Wing, Minnesota, having ac-\\ncepted the position of Professor of Math-\\nematics and Civil Engineering in Hamline\\nUniversity, then located at Red Wing. He\\ncontinued to discharge the duties of that posi-\\ntion with signal efficiency until the close of the\\ncollegiate year, in June, 1862. Conscientiously\\nbelieving it his duty to assist in suppressing\\nthe Rebellion then raging in the southern por-\\ntion of the Union, he resigned his professorship\\nand enlisted in Company F, Sixth Regiment\\nMinnesota Volunteer Infantry, was elected\\ncaptain, and served as such till the close of\\nthe war. During these three years he rendered\\ndistinguished service in the suppression of\\nthe Indian outbreak in Minnesota in lS(i2, and\\nafterwards in the campaign which resulted in\\nthe capture of Mobile, and the occupancy of\\nMontgomery, the capital of Alabama. At the\\nclose of the war he returned to his educational\\nwork in the Slate, serving as county superin-\\ntendent of schools in Goodhue county for four\\nyears, and as Slate Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction for five years. To this latter office\\nhe brought the rich experience and the admin-\\nistrative ability which he had gained in his\\nformer positions. With this equipment, and\\ndirected by a spirit of strictest integrity and", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0803.jp2"}, "804": {"fulltext": "388\\ntUOOKAI HY OF MINNESOTA.\\npersistent application to hi,s duties, he was\\nselected by Gov. Eorace Austin to take charge\\nof the undeveloped school system of the grow-\\ning State, and entered upon his duties August\\n1. L870. 1 1 is mil easy to comprehend the difti-\\nculties that beset the superintendent of those\\nearly days, in a State covering 83,000 square\\nmill s, with few railroads, with towns scattered\\nand no transportation except by stage. Those\\nwere days when the normal schools were fight-\\ning for a foothold, when high schools were\\nlimited to a few of the larger towns; when\\nthere were tew libraries, and where teachers\\ninstitutes, recently introduced, had yet to be\\nestablished and made efficient. It was to this\\ncondition of affairs that Mr. Wilson applied\\nhimself without stint. Those who have had no\\nacquaintance with the life of a new State need\\nto be reminded that all pioneer life is a life of\\nconquest, in some of its forms, and that only\\nmen of courage, endurance and intellectual\\nvigor, figure with effect, in The result. In full\\naccordance with this law Mr. Wilson asso-\\nciated with himself men like Prof. W. W.\\nPayne, Supt. Sanford Niles, Judge Harwood,\\nAllen J. Greer, and many others of equal fame,\\nand whose life work has become an honorable\\npari of the subsequent history of the State.\\nThese were Mr. Wilson s support in planting\\nthe teachers institutes in remotest hamlets,\\nand, by means of them, gave the teachers of\\nthe State the only available preparation for\\ntheir duties. To illustrate what that work was\\nin those early days the following incident is\\nwell worthy of record: In the spring of 1872\\nan institute had been appointed at Fairmount.\\nMr. Wilson and his associate. Superintendent\\nXihs. were to attend and conduct it. They\\nleft the railroad at Madelia to travel the re-\\nmaining forty mill s by team. The Watonwan\\nriver had overflowed its banks, and was with-\\nout a bridge. They did the only tliinii that\\nmen who never turn back could do, they hired\\na large skill took the buggy apart, ferried (he\\nwheels over, then the body, and came back\\nagain to swim the horses across. They then\\ncrossed I he prairie, to find Plum creek so\\nswollen that they were obliged to stop over\\nnighl and wait for the stream to fall. Such\\ntrips by stage and team were common in those\\ndays. Mr. Wilson was noted for giving his\\npersonal supervision to every department of\\nthe educational service; he visited and lec-\\ntured at all his institutes, and gave instruction\\nin nearly all. He. also, first established the\\nfour weeks training schools, and the legisla-\\ntion which he secured in the interests of\\neducation is still upon the statute books. It\\nmay be said, in brief, that the active interest\\nwhich Mr. Wilson expressed in the common\\nschools of the people, he also showed towards\\nall higher departments. He was, ex-officio,\\nsecretary of the State Normal Hoard, and,\\ndining his administration, was closely and in-\\ntelligently associated with its advancement.\\nHe was. also, ex-officio, a regent of the State\\nUniversity of Minnesota, and always, from\\nprinciple, and through his sympathetic inter-\\nest, assumed his share of responsibility in the\\nconduct of its affairs. He will be remembered\\nfor the work he has done, and as a man repre-\\nsentative of the sterling virtues of sincere\\ndevotion to public interests, and for his perfect\\nintegrity in all his personal relations. In poli-\\ntics Mr. Wilson has always been a Republican,\\nbut never an active partisan. An outspoken\\nadvocate of the principle of excluding National\\nquestions from the domain of purely State and\\nlocal politics, he has never failed, whenever he\\nhas been a candidate for any elective office, to\\nreceive the warm support of a no inconsider-\\nable portion of those whose views upon Nation-\\nal questions were antagonistic to his own. On\\nthe other hand, his sturdy independence and\\nfearless opposition to men and measures of his\\nown political party, has forever kept him out-\\nside and above the schemes and machinations\\nof political managers. In 1S7C he was elected\\nto the House of Representatives of Minnesota\\nfrom the Red Wing District. His familiarity\\nwith the condition and needs of the educa-\\ntional interests of the Slate naturally gave him\\na foremost place among the friends of popular\\neducation in the House. Two important meas-\\nures, prepared and successfully championed by\\nhim, still remain upon the statute books of the\\nState, viz.: the law authorizing towns and\\ncities to establish public libraries, and the", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0804.jp2"}, "805": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0805.jp2"}, "806": {"fulltext": "C^Z^^t^ lJU^ *z^~-\\nr^-Zy^^ k/C", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0806.jp2"}, "807": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0807.jp2"}, "808": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0808.jp2"}, "809": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n389\\ncompulsory education law, requiring par-\\nents to send their children to school for a min-\\nimum term at least. The wisdom and efficiency\\nof these measures have been demonstrated by\\nlong experience, and, although amended in un-\\nimportant details, the existing laws in sub-\\nstance remain as they were prepared by their\\nauthor. In 1878 Mr. Wilson was elected State\\nSenator from the Red Wing District, and\\nserved in that capacity in the Twenty-first and\\nTwenty-second Legislatures including the\\nextra session of 1881. At the close of the first\\nsession he was unanimously elected president\\npro tern, of the Senate, and served in that ca-\\npacity during the remainder of his official\\nterm. The extra session of 1881 is memorable\\nin the history of Minnesota as being the session\\nat which the measures adjusting the repu-\\ndiated State railway bonds were successfully\\ncarried through. It is needless to add that\\nthese measures found in Senator Wilson an\\nearnest and able advocate, and their success\\nwas due much to his tactical skill as a parlia-\\nmentarian, and to the strength of his personal\\ninfluence. It was at the close of this extra\\nsession that articles of impeachment against\\nHon. E. St. Julien Cox, Judge of the Ninth\\nJudicial District, were presented to the Sen-\\nate. The impeachment trial was held during\\nthe winter of 1882, and, owing to the absence\\nof Lieutenant-Governor Oilman. Senator Wil-\\nson presided, almost continuously, over the\\nsessions of the Senate. The trial lasted fifty-\\nlive days, and involved many intricate ques-\\ntions of law and evidence, which tested the\\nskill and knowledge of the presiding officer.\\nSenator Wilson, however, was equal to the\\noccasion, and discharged the arduous duties of\\nhis position with an ability and impartiality\\nwhich evoked much commendation at the time.\\nThe extra session of 1881 and the impeachment\\ntrial were held in the Market House in St.\\nPaul, the capitol building having been de-\\nstroyed by fire while the Legislature was in\\nsession in November, 1881. Senator Wilson\\nand other Senators barely escaped from the\\nbinning building. Mr. Wilson has been twice\\nmarried. His first wife and the mother of his\\nchildren was .Miss Mary J. handler, to whom\\nhe was married in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, in\\n1844. She died at Red Wing in 1887, and in\\n1892 he was married to Miss Flora J. Sargent,\\nof Chicago. Four of his seven children are\\nliving, and are all worthy of their honorable\\nparentage. The eldest, Frank M.. a prominent\\nlawyer of Red Wing, has been a member of the\\nState Legislature of Minnesota, and is well\\nknown in the politics of the day. Miss Mat lie\\nF. is a teacher of the highest reputation in the\\npublic schools of Minneapolis; Alice L. is the\\nwife of Hiram Howe, county treasurer of\\nGoodhue county, Minnesota; and Oliver O. oc-\\ncupies the responsible position of receiving\\nteller of one of the largest banks in the West,\\nthe Security Bank of Minneapolis. Mr. Wilson\\nis now living a life of well-earned ease and re-\\ntirement, among his books and his friends,\\nin the city of Red Wing.\\nNATHAN MVRICK.\\nAmong the very earliest and most prominent\\nsettlers of Minnesota and the Northwest, who\\nare yet living, is Nathan Myrick, of St. Paul.\\nHe came to the Northwest nearly sixty years\\nago, and he has been a resident of St. Paul\\nsince 1S48. His tall, stalwart, and commanding\\nform, unbent and apparently unimpaired by\\nhalf a century of activity and energy, is a fa-\\nmiliar figure, and it is commonly said that of\\nall the early pioneers he is by far the best pre-\\nserved and has the widest acquaintance. Na-\\nthan Myrick was bom at Westport, Essex\\ncounty. New York, July 7, 1822. His father,\\nBarnabas Myrick, was a leading citizen of his\\ncommunity, engaged in various lines of busi-\\nness and somewhat prominent in public affairs,\\nbeing at one time a member of the New York\\nLegislature, and at another State loan commis-\\nsioner, etc. His paternal grandfather was\\nBarzilla Myrick, who was born in Massachu-\\nsetts, and was a Revolutionary soldier. The\\nmaiden name of his mother was Lavina Bige-\\nlow. He was reared in his native village to\\nthe age of eighteen, and was educated in the\\ndistrict schools and at an academy. In young", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0809.jp2"}, "810": {"fulltext": "39\u00c2\u00b0\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmanhood he was set to work in his father s\\nstore and tannery. The work in the tannery\\nwas very distasteful to him, hut there seemed\\nno prospect of release from it until he should\\nbecome of age and be his own master. In the\\nwinter of 1S41, before he was nineteen, he quit\\nhis father s service and prepared to come to\\nthe Northwest, then an almost unknown and\\npractically an unexplored region. His school-\\nmate, the late Maj. E. A. C. Hatch, who\\nbecame a well-known Minnesota citizen and\\nsoldier, intended accompanying him, but was\\ndetained at the moment of young Myrick s\\nsetting out. About the 1st of May, 1841, he\\nleft his New York home, and on the 5th of June\\narrived at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Prairie\\ndu Chien was then little more than a remote\\nfrontier military post, and Wisconsin was a\\nnewly organized Territory. The ensuing sum-\\nmer and early fall were spent by the young\\nadventurer under various forms and conditions\\nof hard luck. His little capital became\\nexhausted, he could obtain no employment,\\nand he had a spell of severe illness. At last,\\nlate in the fall, in association with a Mr. Eben\\nWeld, he obtained a small stock of goods\\nsuited to the Indian trade of the country, and\\nby means of a keel boat loaned him by General\\nBrooke, the commander of the post of Fort\\nCrawford, at Prairie du Chien, conveyed them\\nup the Mississippi to an island opposite the\\nbroad, flat prairie then called Prairie La\\nCrosse. The name was originally given to\\nthe prairie by the French from the circum-\\nstance that the Indians were wont to assemble\\nthere and indulge in the hall game of la crosse.\\nYoung Myrick arrived at the island November\\nIt, and as soon as possible built a double-log\\ncabin for his store. When he was ready for\\nbusiness the amount of cash in his treasury\\nwas a single dollar. But he was quite success\\nful from the first. The Indians of the country\\n(Winnebagoes) patronized him liberally, pay-\\ning cash for all they bought, and he well nigh\\nclosed out his stock in a month. He had nu-\\nmerous adventures, some of them thrilling and\\nperilous. On one occasion he and his partner,\\nMr. Weld, were attacked by some Indians in\\ntheir store, and the red rascals tired through\\nthe windows and well nigh riddled the door\\nwith bullets. At another time an Indian had\\nstealthily drawn his knife and suddenly raised\\nhis arm to stab Mr. Myrick, but the young\\ntrader caught the savage by the wrist just in\\ntime to prevent the deadly thrust. In time,\\nhowever, Mr. Myrick became very popular with\\nthe Indians. He was tall, stalwart, and brave,\\nand these were qualities the Winnebagoes ad-\\nmired, lie dealt honestly with them, and this\\nthey liked. He was a fine rifle shot, and when\\nhe beat the fastest runner of their tribe in a\\ncelebrated foot race, in the summer of 1842. he\\nwas fully established in their general esteem.\\nThe thriving city of La Crosse, Wisconsin,\\nstands and will ever stand as a monument\\nto the genius, sagacity, and enterprise of Na-\\nthan Myrick. For he was its founder, its\\ndesigner, its original proprietor. In the spring\\nof 1842 he abandoned his cabin trading house\\non the island and built and occupied another,\\non the main land, on the Wisconsin side of the\\nliver, where the city now stands. In the pre-\\nvious March the partnership between him and\\nMr. Weld had been concluded, and Mr. Weld\\nleft that section and went up to Fort Snelling.\\nIt was during this season, the spring of 1842,\\nwhen Mr. Myrick laid out the town of La\\nCrosse. The project was his own. He thought\\nthere should be a town there and he founded it.\\nThe site was his claim, which he had regu-\\nlarly pre-empted and on which he had built\\nthe first cabin, anil was the first white settler.\\nNathan Myrick and Auguste Chouteau are the\\ntwo youngest city founders in American his-\\ntory, although Myrick has the greater distinc-\\ntion. Chouteau laid out St. Louis, Missouri,\\nwhen he was only sixteen years of age,\\nbut he did so under the directions of his\\nstep-father, Laclede. Myrick laid out and\\nestablished La Crosse at the age of twen-\\nty, and the enterprise was his own concep-\\ntion and execution. Ira B. Brunson, who\\nsubsequently surveyed the original site of St.\\nPaul, was employed by Mr. Myrick to survey\\nhis town of La Crosse. In the summer of 1842\\n.Mr. Myrick made a brief visit to Fort Snelling\\nand the Falls of St. Anthony, becoming ac-\\nquainted with the country by personal obser-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0810.jp2"}, "811": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n391\\nration. The following summer (1843) he visited\\nhis old home in New York State, and on the\\n17th of August was married to Miss Rebecca\\nE. Ismon. at Charlotte, Vermont. On their re-\\nturn to La Crosse, Mrs. Myrick and her com-\\npanion a Miss Pearson, who became the wife\\nof Mr. Myrick s partner, H. J. It. Miller were\\nthe first white women in the place. The first\\ndeath in La Crosse was that of the first-born\\nchild of Mr. and Mrs. .Mvrick, in 1845. Mr. Mv-\\nrick was the first postmaster, in 1843, and it\\nw T as at his suggestion that the word Prairie\\nwas dropped from the name of the town and\\nthe postoffice, and the town called simply La\\nCrosse. In 1840 he was elected one of the\\ncounty commissioners of Crawford county.\\nWisconsin the county seat being Prairie du\\nChien and served on the board until he left\\nthe country. Mr. Myrick continued in the In-\\ndian trade and was engaged in lumbering in\\nWisconsin for some years. In the winter of\\n1842-43 he disposed of a considerable stock of\\nIndian goods at Fort Snelling. In January,\\n1844, his friend, E. A. C. Hatch, joined him at\\nLa Crosse and clerked for him until 1848, when\\nMr. Myrick came to St. Paul. On the whole\\nhis operations were quite successful. He sus-\\ntained some losses, as was to be expected, but\\nthey were caused by influences which he could\\nnot control. In June, 1848 the year before\\nthe town was incorporated Mr. Myrick left\\nLa Crosse and came with his family to St. Paul.\\nHe has ever since been a resident of this city\\nand State, except at intervals, wdien tem-\\nporarily called away by business demands. He\\nfirst came to Minnesota under a business en-\\ngagement with the late Hon. Henry M. Rice,\\nand for many years was largely engaged in the\\nIndian trade in this Territory and State, and\\nalso in what is now North Dakota. He had\\ntrading houses and stores at Sauk Rapids.\\nSauk Center, Itasca, Traverse des Sioux. St.\\nPeter, Winnebago Agency, Yellow Medicine,\\nRedwood, Big Stone Lake, Fort Ransom, Fort\\nSeward (now Jamestown, North Dakota), Big\\nBend, and Pembina (North Dakota), and at\\nother points. In the great Sioux outbreak of\\n1802 all his stores then in operation were de-\\nstroyed by the Indians, and his brother, An-\\ndrew J. Myrick, who was in charge of the store\\nat the Redwood Agency, was one of the first\\nvictims of the massacre on the morning of\\nAugust 18. On that day Mr. Myrick himself\\nwas above SI. Peter, on his way to the agency,\\nand came near falling a victim to the sudden\\nand terrible outbreak. He saw I lie mangled\\nbodies of some of the murdered settlers, and\\nwarned some of the living and unsuspecting to\\nflee for their lives. One man did not heed the\\nwarning and perished under the gun and toma-\\nhawk. As soon as possible Mr. Myrick went\\nto the Redwood Agency, recovered the body\\nof his brother and buried that of Hon. J. W.\\nLynde. Mr. Myrick s total loss by the outbreak\\nwas fa illy estimated at flOO.OOO. A consider-\\nable portion of this sum was subsequently paid\\nhim by the Government out of the confiscated\\nannuities of the Indians, but thereafter he\\nabandoned the Indian trade in Minnesota. His\\noperations in Dakota were, however, continued\\nuntil 1876, when he retired from the business.\\nHe had been engaged in mining enterprises\\nin various parts of the country and largely in\\nreal estate transactions. He still owns val-\\nuable realty in St. Paul, La Crosse, at San\\nDiego, California, and elsewhere. Altogether\\nhe has been fairly successful and is comfort-\\nably situated in the evening of his long, active,\\nand busy life. His present residence, at the\\nfoot of Wilkin street, St. Paul, stands imme-\\ndiately on the bluff of the Mississippi,\\nand overlooks the great river which has been\\nthe scene of so many of the owner s operations\\nand triumphs. In 1843, as has been stated, Mr.\\nMyrick married Rebecca E. Ismon, a native\\nof New York. Mrs. Myrick, who has always\\nfaithfully borne her part in the life work of\\nher husband since she joined him, and has been\\nhis efficient helpmeet in every respect, is si ill\\nwith him. Her life and that of her husband\\nhas, at times, been one of hardship and\\nprivation in certain respects, but it has always\\nbeen of rare congeniality and domestic felicity.\\nTheir golden wedding, in St. Paul, in 1893, was\\na local event which will long be remembered.\\nThey have now three children, who have at-\\ntained to maturity and honorable stations in\\nlife, viz. Matilda M., the wife of J. W. Shep-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0811.jp2"}, "812": {"fulltext": "39^\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nard, of St. Paul; Fanny Watson, the wife of\\nChampion Brown, of Minneapolis, and William\\nMyrick, Esq., of St. Paul.\\nCHARLES W. BUNN.\\nCharles W. Bunn, of St. Paul, was born in\\nTrempeleau county. Wisconsin, May 21, 1855.\\nHe is the son of Romanzo and Sarah (Purdy)\\nBunn, natives of Now York, and residents of\\nWisconsin since L854. His father lias been for\\nover thirty years one of the most prominent\\njurists of the Northwest, and for twenty-two\\nyears he has served as United States District\\nJudge for the Western District of Wisconsin,\\nwhich position he still occupies. Charles W.\\npassed his early boyhood in Sparta, Monroe\\ncounty. Wisconsin, where he attended the pub-\\nlic schools until he was prepared to enter the\\nUniversity of Wisconsin, in 1870. He completed\\nthe full college course, and received his degree\\nfrom that institution in 1874. and immediately\\nafterwards commenced the study of the law\\nin the office of J. H. Carpenter at .Madison,\\nWisconsin. He afterwards entered the Law\\nDepartment of the University of Wisconsin,\\nand received the degree of LL. B. from that\\ninstitution in 1875. He immediately after-\\nwards entered the office of Cameron Losey,\\nof La Crosse, Wisconsin, as a clerk, and in Jan-\\nuary, 1876, became a partner in that firm un-\\nder the firm name of Cameron, Losey Bunn.\\nHis connection with tliis firm, one of the most\\nprominent in the State of Wisconsin, continued\\nuntil 1885, when he removed to St. Paul, and\\nthere continued the practice of the law as a\\nmember of the firm of Lusk Bunn, his asso-\\nciate being Mr. James W. Lusk. The business\\nof this firm soon assumed large proportions,\\nand in 1890, Mr. Emerson Hadley was admitted,\\nthe firm name becoming Lusk, Bunn Hadley.\\nIn 1892 Mr. Lusk retired from the firm, which\\ncontinued business under the name of Bunn\\nHadley until 1895, when Mr. Bunn gave up\\ngeneral practice and became counsel for the\\nreorganization managers and receivers of the\\nNorthern Pacific Railroad Company; and upon\\n(he completion of the reorganization, became\\nthe general counsel for the new organization,\\nthe Northern Pacific Railway Company, which\\nposition he now holds. The firms of Lusk. Bunn\\nHadley and Bunn Hadley. in addition to\\na large general practice, were I he general conn\\nsel the former firm of the Minnesota North-\\nwestern, and the Chicago. St. Paul Kansas\\nCity Railway companies, now the Chicago-\\ntireat Western Railway Company and the\\nlatter of the St. Paul Duluth Railroad Com\\npany. This concentrated a large and varied\\npractice, embracing a large number of impor-\\ntant litigated cases, many of Them involving\\ncorporate rights, powers and duties which\\noften look Mr. Bunn into the highest State and\\nFederal courts, where he is always listened to\\nwith attention and respect. Mr. Bunn possesses\\nin a high degree those qualifications, qualities\\nand powers, physical, mental and moral, which\\nlead to professional eminence, lie has a sound\\nand powerful physique not one of the least\\nessentials of growth in power that high de-\\ngree of honesty, fidelity and integrity of char-\\nacter, without which no man can become emi-\\nnent in the profession; and constantly increas-\\ning mental scope and strength, enriched by\\nmuch experience for so young a man. He has\\nthat acuteness of mental vision and readiness\\nof diction which enables him to state a case\\nclearly, the analytic or discriminating faculty\\nwhich enables him to separate the vital\\nquestions upon which the case turns, from the\\ndebris which gets more or less into every law-\\nsuit, and the strongly developed logical or\\nreasoning faculty, which enables him to bring\\nto bear tersely and forcibly the considerations\\nwhich hear upon the solution of those ques-\\ntions. The same qualities and powers make\\nhim a wise counselor and useful and efficient\\nin office work and the preparation of the impor-\\ntant papers and documents which are constant-\\nly required by large railroad corporations in\\nconnection with its financing, securities, leases\\nand trackage, traffic and other contracts. One\\nof the leading lawyers and jurists of this State,\\nwho is thoroughly conversant with (he bench\\nand bar of the Northwest, says of Mr. Bunn:\\nI have known him ever since he entered upon\\nthe practice. It is no exaggeration to say that", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0812.jp2"}, "813": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0813.jp2"}, "814": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0814.jp2"}, "815": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0815.jp2"}, "816": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0816.jp2"}, "817": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n393\\nhe is generally, and I think uniformly,\\namong the people professionally, recognized\\nas one of the ablest attorneys in this Slate and\\nin the Northwest, and his personal character\\nis above discussion or question. He is a man\\nof unquestioned ability, and I believe if the\\nquestion was asked to-day of the members of\\nthe bar in the State of Minnesota, who is the\\nmost promising young lawyer in this State, a\\nlarge majority would say, Charles W. Bunn.\\nThese statements are careful and consider\\nate, like their author. Mr. Bunn is a young\\nman, not yet arrived at the maturity of his\\npowers, and it is quite safe to say that among\\nthe younger members of the bar there is no\\none more likely to be the leader of the future\\nbar of Minnesota than he. In 1877, Mr. Bunn\\nmarried Mary Anderson, daughter of Mons\\nAnderson, a prominent citizen of La Crosse,\\nWisconsin. They are the parents of four chil-\\ndren, Helen, Samuel A., Donald C. and Charles.\\nCHARLES S. CRANDALL.\\nNo doubt there are other citizens of Owa-\\ntonna who figure as conspicuously in (lie pub-\\nlic affairs of their community as does the\\nsubject of this sketch; but none are more\\nvitally connected with its development from\\nthe crudeness of a frontier town to its present\\nflourishing maturity than this pioneer settler.\\nCharles Scheretz Crandall was born in Erie\\ncounty, Ohio, January 18, ISM), the son of Dr.\\nCharles Chapin and Caroline i Scheretz) Cran-\\ndall. His father, who was a physician, was a\\nnative of New York State, as were the more\\nimmediate antecedents of Dr. Crandall, though\\nearlier ones hailed hither from England. The\\nScheretz family was, as the name indicates, of\\nGerman origin, but the father of Caroline, John\\nScheretz, fought as an American citizen in the\\nWar of 1812. To the age of seventeen years,\\nCharles S. Crandall lived in the Buckeye State,\\nabsorbing such knowledge and general culture\\nas its common schools afforded. Then, in lsr 7,\\nyielding to the desire prevalent among young\\nmen of his time to seek larger opportunities in\\nthe newer West, he came to Steele county, Min-\\nnesota, where, with his mother and two broth-\\ners, he engaged in farming. Afterwards lie went\\nto Faribault, and was engaged in the printing\\nbusiness at that place for two years. Remov-\\ning to Owatonna, he was given the position\\nof deputy county auditor and register of deeds,\\nand later attained to the higher dignity of\\nregister of deeds. For the first sixteen months\\nhe held the office by virtue of appointment,\\nand for two subsequent terms by election. Mr.\\nCrandall is a Republican in politics, but not of\\nthe partisan type. His interest in political\\nmatters is identical with his solicitude for the\\ncommon weal; and in the various public offices\\nto which he has been called he has acquitted\\nhimself with much credit to both his executive\\nability and his moral purpose. Mr. Crandall\\nhas served as postmaster of Owatonna for\\neight years; has also filled the office of city\\nrecorder and done duty on the school board.\\nHe has served during three terms in the State\\nLegislature in the House in 1874, and in the\\nSenate some years subsequently, being re-\\nelected for a second term in the Upper House.\\nFor a period of eight years Mr. Crandall was\\neditor of the Owatonna Journal, and as such,\\npowerfully stimulated public enterprise, both\\nin his city and other sections of the State.\\nSome of the leading institutions of southern\\nMinnesota are, to a great extent, outgrowths\\nof his journalistic and official work. He was a\\nmember of the board that located and built\\nthe inebriate asylum now the State Hospital\\nfor the Insane at Rochester, and he served\\nfor eight years on the board of managers of\\nthe Reformatory at St. Cloud. He was also\\namong the strongest promoters of the State\\nPublic School at Owatonna, which is devoted\\nte the care and education of dependent chil-\\ndren, and was for ten years president of the\\nboard of managers of the latter institution. To\\nrevert now from his public achievements to his\\nmore personal career as a business man, we\\nfind that Mi Crandall has for eighteen years\\nbeen identified with the hardware trade of\\nOwatonna as head of the firm of Crandall\\nNelson. Recently, however, he lias sold out\\nhis interest in the business to Mr. Nelson, and\\nnew devotes most of his time to the cultivation\\nof his farming land. Mr. Crandall has been", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0817.jp2"}, "818": {"fulltext": "394\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntwice married: first, in February, 1804, to Mary\\nElizabeth Allen, of Owatonna, who died in\\n1892; and the second time 1 Mrs. Irene A.\\nLuers, of Owatonna. Mr. Crandall has two\\ndaughters, born of the former marriage, viz.\\nMary E., now .Mrs. Atwood, of St. Cloud, and\\nreorgia Caroline.\\nASA G. BRIGGS.\\nAmong the younger of Minnesota s enter-\\nprising business and professional men, few\\nhave by their own unaided efforts won so clear\\na title to a permanent record of their achieve-\\nments as lias Asa Gilbert Briggs, of the law\\nfirm of Briggs Morrison, of St. Paul. Mr.\\nBriggs is of remote Welsh extraction, early\\nancestors having crossed from Wales to Mas-\\nsachusetts, where they settled, and from\\nwhence branches of the family took root in\\nother New England States and in New York.\\nThe father of Asa G., Dr. Isaac A. Briggs, is a\\nnative of Vermont, but came, when a young\\nman, to Michigan, where he was married to\\nMiss Elizabeth Briggs (also born in Vermont,\\nat Northfield). In 1858 I hey removed to Wis-\\nconsin. After thirty years of active practice\\nof medicine he retired, in 1881, and three years\\nlater removed to St. Paul, where he lias since\\nresided. Both he and his wife are hale and\\nhearty, the Doctor at the age of eighty-three\\nand Mrs. Briggs at that of eighty-one. Asa G.\\nBriggs was born December 20, 1802, at Ar-\\ncadia. Trempeleau county. Wisconsin. Here he\\nwas reared, and here acquired the basis of his\\neducation, beginning with the district schools,\\nthen continuing his studies in the graded\\nschool of Arcadia, from which he graduated\\nwith the high school class of 1879. During the\\nnexi two years he employed himself variously,\\nto the end of procuring the means to complete\\nhis education. He taught a district school,\\ntook contracts for the moving of buildings,\\neven turned his hand to the arduous labor of\\nfarming. In the fall of 1881 he was able to\\nenter college, and matriculated ai the Univer-\\nsity of Wisconsin, at Madison. He took the\\ngeneral science course, with additional studies\\nin modern classics, graduating in the class of\\n1885. At college young Briggs was not only\\nan ambitious student, but entered with enthu-\\nsiasm into the social and literary functions of\\nthe university, becoming a prominent member\\nof its various organizations. He belonged\\nto the Hesperia literary society, and during\\nhis sophomore year was elected to the joint de-\\nbate team of that organization, which was then\\nconsidered the greatesl honor that the stu-\\ndents could confer upon a class-mate. He was\\nalso a member of the Phi Delta Theta frater-\\nnity, and of other debating and athletic socie-\\nties. For a year and a half he was managing\\neditor of the University Press, was business\\nmanager of the first college annual ever pub\\nlished there, and he was elected by the faculty\\nas one of the orators of the graduating class.\\nNumerous and effective as were his activities\\nin connection with the university, however, he\\nfound some time to turn to immediate practical\\naccount. He was for one session employed in\\nthe engrossing clerk s department of the State\\nLegislature, also for another session in the\\ntranscribing department. Immediately after\\nhis graduation he began reading law in St.\\nPaul, where his parents were now settled, and\\nhis brother Dr. Warren S. Briggs located in\\nmedical practice. In 1880 he returned to Madi-\\nson, Wisconsin, and entered the law depart-\\nment of the university, and, by doing two years\\nwork in one year, graduated with the class of\\n1S87. He then returned to St. Paul without\\nmeans, but well equipped with both natural\\nand acquired abilities to assure success. For\\nfour months he filled a position in the abstract\\ndepartment of the St. Paul Title Insurance\\nCompany, and, with the small capital thus\\nearned, established himself in a modest way\\nin his profession. His office was mere desk\\nroom in the Chamber of Commerce building,\\nand his law library consisted of the Minne-\\nsota Reports and Statutes and a few college\\ntext books. Within two years, however, he\\nhad secured a very lucrative practice. So\\nprompt and abundant a patronage was, of\\ncourse, gratifying, but brought upon him too\\ngreat a strain of work. In 1890 his health gave\\nway. and he was compelled to relax for a little.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0818.jp2"}, "819": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0819.jp2"}, "820": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0820.jp2"}, "821": {"fulltext": "CCd^ /^^po", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0821.jp2"}, "822": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0822.jp2"}, "823": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n395\\nHe was for a short time associated with Hon.\\nGeorge L. Bumi, Judge of the District Court,\\nin the firm of Briggs Bunn. By the spring\\nii 1891, Mr. Briggs was able to resume his\\ncourt practice, and has since been closely de-\\nvoted to his professional work, attaining to a\\nposition which is almost phenomenal for a man\\nof his years. In January, 1894, the Arm of\\nBriggs Countr.yman was formed, M. L. Coun-\\ntryman being junior partner. This partner-\\nship was, for reasons of expediency, dissolved\\nin 1896, Mr. Briggs and Mr. Countryman con-\\ntinuing to share the same offices. Alter about\\ntwo years of individual practice, Mr. Briggs\\nassociated himself, in July, 1898, with J. L. 1).\\nMorrison, in the present firm of Briggs Mor-\\nrison. Mr. Briggs has always cast his vote\\nwith the Republicans, and during 1896 and\\n1897, lie served as president of llie Young .Men s\\nRepublican Club of Ramsey county; but he\\nhas never been a candidate for any political\\noffice. Legal work, in which he has had such\\nsignal success, is his delight. .Mr. Briggs is a\\nmember of the Minnesota. Club, the Commer-\\ncial Club, Masonic Fraternity, and the Royal\\nArcanum. He has a large circle of friends,\\nwho speak with unstinted admiration of his\\nabilities and achievements. The following is\\ngiven as the consensus of opinion of several\\nprominent attorneys who are personally ac-\\nquainted with the subject of this sketch:\\n.Mr. Briggs has been in active practice as a\\nlawyer in all the courts of the Slate of Minne-\\nsota for about a dozen years, and is one of the\\nmost careful and painstaking attorneys that\\nwe have at the St. Paul bar. He has acquired\\na large and varied practice, and represents\\nmany important interests. He is in no sense\\nan office lawyer. He has always had an active\\ncourt practice, and has been successful in a re-\\nmarkably large number of contested cases. As\\na trial lawyer he is vigorous and able; but\\nwhere he particularly excels is as counselor,\\nand in the preparation of his cases. Person-\\nally, Mr. Briggs is a gentleman of excellent\\nhabits. He is quiet, dignified, courteous, popu-\\nlar, and is recognized as a loyal friend. He\\nhas the respect of the community and is bound\\nto make his mark in his chosen profession.\\nIn 1891 Mr. Briggs was married to Miss\\nJessica E. Pierce, daughter of Squier L. Pierce,\\na prominent attorney of St. Paul. Of this union\\nhave been born two sons and a daughter\\nAllan, born August 7, 1892; Paul Austin, born\\nOctober 13, 1894, and Mary Elizabeth, born\\nDecember 5, 1899.\\nARCHIBALD W. McKINSTRY.\\nArchibald Winthrop McKinstry, of Fari-\\nbault, was born in Chicopee, Hampden county,\\nMassachusetts, in March, 1828, the son of Per-\\nseus and Grace (Williams) McKinstry. His\\nancestors on the paternal side were Scotch-\\nIrish, and on the maternal side he is of English\\ndescent. His grandfather, Rev. John McKin-\\nstry, was pastor of the First Congregational\\nchurch in Springfield (now Chicopee), .Massa-\\nchusetts. His father, Perseus McKinstry, was\\na tanner and shoemaker. Archibald received\\nthe rudiments of his education in the common\\nschools, which he attended in the winter, work-\\ning on the farm during the summer, until six-\\nteen years of age. He subsequently attended\\nFredonia Academy. In 1844 he secured a posi-\\ntion as apprentice to the printing business,\\nin the office of his brother, who published the\\nFredonia Censor, at Fredonia, Chautauqua\\ncounty, New York. After serving an appren-\\nticeship of four years, he worked for a time as\\njourneyman in eastern cities, and then formed\\na co-partnership with his brother in the publi-\\ncation of the ensor. In 1st;. he disposed of\\nhis interests in the paper, removed to Fari-\\nbault, Minnesota, and purchased the Faribault\\nRepublican then known as the Central Re-\\npublican of O. Brown, Esq. The first number\\nafter the purchase was issued on December 27,\\n1866, and from that time to the present Mr.\\nMcKinstry has continued the publication of\\nI he paper. In 1877 he served one term in the\\nMinnesota House of Representatives. He has\\nbeen a director in the First National Bank\\nof Faribault since ils organization, and was\\nthe second president of the Minnesota State\\nHorticultural Association. He was also, for\\nfifteen years, secretary and treasurer of the\\nFaribault Gas Light Company. Mr. McKin-\\nstry is one of the leading and public spirited", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0823.jp2"}, "824": {"fulltext": "396\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmen of Faribault. Any subject that arises\\ninvolving action in the interest of the commu-\\nnity is sure to be presented to him for advice,\\nand great reliance is always placed upon his\\njudgment. He is a man who commands and\\nretains the confidence and respect of his fellow\\ncitizens to a marked degree. Mr. McKinstry\\nwas married, September 1857, to Ellen E.\\nPutnam, daughter of Nathan B. Putnam, of\\nFredonia, New York. Mr. and Mrs. McKinstry\\nhave two children. The daughter, Grace E.,\\nis an accomplished artist, who has traveled\\nand studied abroad, and has produced many\\nworks of art, in figure and portrait painting,\\nthat have made her name famous. The son,\\nLinn H., is at the head of the Minneapolis En-\\ngraving Company of Minneapolis. Mr. McKin-\\nstry, with his family, attends the Congrega-\\ntional church.\\nGEORGE W. BATCHELDER.\\nHon. George Washington Batchelder, pio-\\nneer and prominent lawyer of Faribault, was\\nborn at Danville, Caledonia county. Vermont,\\nFebruary 18, 1826. He is of Puritan extrac-\\ntion, the sou of John and Alice (Kittridge)\\nBatchelder, both parents being natives of New\\nEngland of Colonial ancestry. His grand-\\nfather, Jethro Batchelder, was a Revolutionary\\nsoldier who resided at Portsmouth, New\\nHampshire, in early life, and settled in Dan-\\nville, Vermont, in 1797. He was one of the\\npioneers in that town, where he died at the\\nage of ninety-three years. His wife, who was\\nDorothy Mighals, died two years later, at the\\nsame age. This branch of the Batchelder\\nfamily descended from Rev. Stephen Batchel-\\nder, who settled in New Hampshire in early\\nColonial times. Among his descendants were\\nmany illustrious men, as is evidenced by the\\nfollowing quotation from the Springfield (Mas\\nsachusetts) Republican of February 1, 1870:\\nThe Rev. Stephen Batchelder came with\\nhis family from Surrey, England, and settled\\nin Hampton, New Hampshire, as early as 1C38,\\nand was the founder and first minister of that\\ntown. The elder Whittiers, Husseys and\\nBatchelders may be compared with the small\\nScotch lords, not rich in money, but in lands\\nand the respect of their neighbors. They were\\nthe founders of towns and the ancestors of\\nthousands of people now living.\\nDaniel Webster, John G. Whittier and Col. V.\\nB. Green (of Boston) were related by Batch-\\nelder blood. Susannah Hatchelder was the\\ngrandmother of Daniel Webster, from whom he\\ninherited his dark Batchelder complexion. One\\nof the daughters of Rev. Stephen Batchelder\\nmarried a man named Sanborn, and is the an-\\ncestor of all of that name in this country.\\nJohn Batchelder, the father of our subject,\\ndied in Danville, Vermont, in 1845, and Mrs.\\nBatchelder died May 11, 1879, at the age\\nof ninety-five years. George W. Batch-\\nelder, in early life, attended the common\\nschools near his home, and prepared for college\\nat Phillips Academy at Danville. He entered\\nthe University of Vermont in 1847 and grad-\\nuated in 1851, receiving the degree of A. B.\\nand afterwards that of A. M. During his col-\\nlege course he taught school vacations to de-\\nfray his expenses, and upon graduation\\ntook charge of the graded schools at\\nWindsor, Vermont. After one year at Wind-\\nsor he went south, and taught for one\\nyear in the Academy at Tazewell, East Ten-\\nnessee, and for another year he taught the\\nMcMinn Academy at Rogersville, East Ten-\\nnessee. During all this time Mr. Batchelder\\nwas reading law, and in 1854 was admitted to\\nthe bar of Hawkins county. Tennessee, and\\nsoon after returned to Vermont. The follow-\\ning year he came west and located first at\\nJanesville, Wisconsin, where he practiced law\\nfor about one year. He then removed to the\\nTerritory of Minnesota, and in May, 1855, set-\\ntled at Faribault. Since then he has been in the\\n(\u00e2\u0096\u00a0(instant practice of his profession. His first\\nlaw partner was the Hon. John M. Berry, late\\nJustice of the Supreme Court of Minnesota.\\nIn the autumn of 1857, when Mr. Berry took\\nhis seat on the bench, the partnership was\\ndissolved, and Mr. Batchelder became a part-\\nner of Hon. Thomas S. Buckham, now Judge\\nof the Fifth Judicial District of Minnesota,\\nwhich partnership continued until 18S0. He\\nnow has associated with him in the practice his", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0824.jp2"}, "825": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0825.jp2"}, "826": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0826.jp2"}, "827": {"fulltext": "The Century PuPUshimj SttTngmvinp Co chicaycr", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0827.jp2"}, "828": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0828.jp2"}, "829": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n397\\nson, Charles S., under (he firm name of Batch-\\nelder Batchelder. Mr. Batchelder has been\\nfrequently honored by his fellow citizens with\\nnomination and election to public office. He\\nwas the Democratic candidate for Congress in\\n186S for the Southern District of the Stale.\\nbut was defeated with his party. In 1871 and\\nin 1872 he served as State Senator; was mayor\\nof the city of Faribault in 1880 and 1881, and\\nin 1888 was the nominee of liis party for Jus-\\ntice of the Supreme Court. Mr. Batchelder\\nwas for fifteen years chairman of the city\\nboard of education, and has been for upwards\\nof fifteen years president of the Rice County\\nBar Association, and has always taken a\\nprominent and active part in public affairs.\\nHe has been a director of the First National\\nBank of Faribault for seventeen years, and\\nwas for many years a director of the Austin\\nNational Bank. He is a Royal Arch Mason,\\nand when in college was a member of the\\nSigma Phi society, and afterwards became\\na member of the Phi Beta Kappa society of\\nthe University of Vermont, and with his fam-\\nily attends the Congregational church. Mr.\\nBatchelder was married, July 12, 1858, to Miss\\nKate E. Davis, daughter of Cornelius Davis,\\nof Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. They have three\\nchildren: a daughter, Georgia L., and two\\nsons: Charles S., in business with his father,\\nand John D., who was admitted to the bar, but\\nwho is now pursuing a post-graduate course at\\nthe Johns Hopkins University.\\nNATHAN C. KINGSLEY.\\nHon. Nathan Curtis Kingsley, of Austin.\\nMinnesota, was born September 10, 1850, a I\\nSharon, New Milford county, Connecticut. The\\nKingsleys are an old New England family,\\ntraceable back to John Kingsley, who, as early\\nas the year 1036, settled in Dorchester, Mas-\\nsachusetts now one of the beautiful southern\\nsuburbs of Boston and was one of the found-\\ners of the first Congregational church of that\\nold town. The more remote ancestry is Eng-\\nlish. The branch of this family tree with which\\nour sketch is most directly concerned took\\nroot in Scotland township, Connecticut, early\\nin the Eighteenth Century, from whence the\\ngreat-great-grandfather of our subject mi-\\ngrated to Pennsylvania and became one of\\nthose pioneer settlers in Bradford county who,\\nin 1778, were severely harassed by the Indians\\nnear the location of the present Wilkesbarre.\\nThis ancestor built a house on the frontier\\nwhich is the oldest struct are now standing\\nwithin the above-named county. In the course\\nof time the family returned to Connecticut,\\nfrom which State Alonzo and Marilla (Pierson)\\nKingsley parents of the subject of this sketch\\nremoved, in the year 1857, to LaSalle, Illi-\\nnois, Nathan C. being seven years of age at\\nthe time of their migration. The elder Kings-\\nley followed the double vocation of farming\\nand carpentry; but on the outbreak of the\\nCivil War he laid down his tools and enlisted\\nin the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, from which\\nhe was transferred to the Tenth Cavalry, his\\nservice with the two regiments extending\\nthroughout the war. The son received a com-\\nmon school education and was ambitious for\\nhigher study; but the circumstances of the\\nfamily were such that he was obliged to be-\\ncome self-supporting at a very early age. At\\nthirteen he began working as a farm hand,\\nand continued as such until he was eighteen,\\nat which age he came to Minnesota. In this\\nState he found employment of the same kind,\\nwhich he followed for a year, hiring out by\\nthe day or month, as his services were required.\\nHe then, in 1870, engaged to learn the miller s\\nI rade in a custom mill at Orion, in Olmsted\\ncounty, and this latter business he followed\\nuntil 1877. In the meantime, in 1875, he had\\nbegun the study of law. and in the autumn of\\n1876 he was admitted to the bar in Fillmore\\ncounty, having previously moved to Rushford,\\nin that county. In February, 1877, he became\\nassociated with C. N. Enos in the firm of Enos\\nKingsley. This partnership was, however,\\ndissolved in 1878, in which year Mr. Kingsley\\nremoved to Chatfield, Minnesota, to form a new\\nfirm with Rollin A. Case, in connection with\\nwhom he continued to practice until 1881.\\nAfter the dissolution of the latter partnership\\nMr. Kingsley practiced by himself for two", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0829.jp2"}, "830": {"fulltext": "39\u00c2\u00a7\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nyears, then became associated with Russell\\nE. Shepherd. In the spring of 1887, Mr. Kings-\\nley and Mr. Shepherd moved, with their fami-\\nlies, to Austin, where they resumed practice,\\ncontinuing as partners until Mr. Kingsley s ap-\\npointment, on November 26, 1898, to the\\nDistrict Bench. Judge Kingsley s political\\nsympathies arc on the Republican side, and\\nduring his professional career he has rendered\\nefficient service in various public capacities.\\nHe was president of the school board of Chat-\\nfield throughout his residence in that town,\\nand during the two years prior to his appoint-\\nment as District Judge he served on the board\\nof railroad and warehouse commissioners. In\\n18S0 he was made county attorney for Fillmore\\ncounty, which office he filled for four years.\\nJudge Kingsley is a Mason, also a Knight of\\nPythias, an Elk and a member of the Ancient\\nOrder of United Workmen. In the Masonic\\norder he has been Grand High Priest of the\\nState, and at present holds an office in the\\ngeneral Grand Chapter of the United States.\\nIn the year 1873 Mr. Kingsley was married to\\nMiss Clara Smith, a native of New York State.\\nCora Marilla Kingsley is their only child.\\nThe Judge, together with his family, is a reg-\\nular attendant at the Episcopal church. Judge\\nKingsley began life low enough in the business\\nscale, and the success he now enjoys he has\\nearned by faithful and persevering endeavor.\\nBoth at the bar and on the bench he has won\\nthe general esteem, and is counted among the\\nleaders in the legal profession of the State of\\nMinnesota.\\nHUDSON WILSON.\\nHon. Hudson Wilson, banker of Faribault,\\nMinnesota, was born in the town of Concord,\\nLake county, Ohio, November 10, 1830, the son\\nof Orrin and Harriet (Winchell) Wilson. Both\\nhis parents were from old Connecticut fami-\\nlies, who migrated to Ohio in the early settle-\\nment of that State. Orrin Wilson was a farmer,\\nand his son Hudson spent his early life as a\\nfarmer s boy. At the age of sixteen he en-\\ntered the Kirtland Academy, and after com-\\npleting his education he went to Painesville,\\nthe county seat, and engaged in mercantile\\nbusiness. In 1855 he removed to Madison, Wis-\\nconsin, where for two years he engaged in the\\nhardware trade. Early in February, 1857, he\\ncame to Minnesota and settled in Faribault.\\nHere, in company with a cousin, Hiram Wil-\\nson, lie opened a private bank, the firm name\\nbeing H. Wilson Company, which continued\\nfor seven years without change. In 1804,\\nHiram Wilson withdrew, and Zenus S. Wilson,\\na younger brother of our subject, took his\\nplace, and the business continued under the\\nsame name for another seven years. In 1871,\\nthe Citizen s National Bank of Faribault was\\nincorporated, with Hudson Wilson president\\nand Z. S. Wilson cashier, Mr. Hudson Wilson\\nstill retaining the presidency. For forty-three\\nyears Mr. Wilson has been continuously en-\\ngaged in banking in Faribault, and has the\\ndistinction of being longer in the business than\\nany other banker in the State, and his bank\\nhas always been regarded as one of the most\\nsolid financial institutions of the State. Mr.\\nWilson was for thirty-three years a trustee\\nand the treasurer of the State School for De-\\nfectives, and was chairman of the board of\\ncounty commissioners for nine years. In poli-\\ntics he is a strong Republican, but is not a\\npolitician. He was elected a member of the\\nHouse of Representatives in 1888 and served\\none term, but he never sought public office.\\nHe is a man who commands the respect and\\nconfidence of the community, a thoroughly re-\\nliable and trustworthy citizen. He is a member\\nof the Congregational church and a trustee of\\nthat society. Mr. Wilson was married, Janu-\\nary 10, 1855, to Miss Sarah B. Pease, of Fains-\\nville, Ohio. To them were born three daugh-\\nters: Lizzie L. (Mrs. I. A. Barnes, of Minne-\\napolis), Hattie (Mrs. W. E. Blodget, of Fari-\\nbault), and Carrie S., who died in childhood.\\nELIJAH H. BLODGETT.\\nElijah Haskell Blodgett, of Red Wing, like\\nmost of the pioneers of Minnesota, sprang\\nfrom the sturdy yeomanry of New England.\\nHe was born February 10, 1832, at Mathers-\\nfield, Windsor county, Vermont. His father", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0830.jp2"}, "831": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0831.jp2"}, "832": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0832.jp2"}, "833": {"fulltext": "The Centaiy PuDlisniry Crymvmj Co Chicayo-\\ndasn- rz t*\u00e2\u0084\u00a2~", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0833.jp2"}, "834": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0834.jp2"}, "835": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n399\\nwas Ashly Blodgett, a farmer in moderate cir-\\ncumstances. His mother s maiden name was\\nOrel Haskell, the daughter of John Haskell,\\nwho served as a soldier in the Revolutionary\\nWar until taken prisoner by the British forces.\\nThe subject of this sketch was educated in the\\ncommon schools of Montpelier, Vermont. After\\nleaving school he learned the carpenter s trade,\\nand soon developed into a patternmaker, which\\noccupation he followed for ten years. Mr.\\nBlodgett did not serve as a soldier during the\\nWar of the Rebellion, but rendered effectual\\naid in supplying the sinews of war, working\\nin a gun-shop and factory where all sorts of\\ntire-arms were manufactured. lie came to Min-\\nnesota in 1866, and located at Red Wing. He\\nwent into the grain business, and, with T. B.\\nSheldon, huilt the first grain elevator there.\\nThis business has been continued ever since.\\nWhile Mr. Blodgett has devoted most of his\\ntime to his large business interests, he has al-\\nways been a public spirited citizen, and has\\nhad the welfare of the city of Red Wing at\\nheart. He has been called upon repeatedly to\\nshare in the burden of administration, having\\nserved as president of the school board, and\\nhas been a member of the water board. He has\\nalso been a member of the council, and is now\\nmayor of the city, having been elected on the\\nRepublican ticket, of which party he is a stal-\\nwart member. Mr. Blodgett is president of\\nthe Red Wing Sewer Pipe Company, and vice-\\npresident of the Minnesota Stone Ware Com-\\npany. He is also a member of the Transit\\nCompany that operates the highway that\\ncrosses the Mississippi at Red Wing, and con-\\nsists of the bridges that span the two chan-\\nnels, together with the roads between. Mr.\\nBlodgett is not a member of any secret organi-\\nzation, nor does he claim any church connec-\\ntion. He was married, September 17, 1855, to\\nSarah P. Sturtevant, of Hart land, Vermont.\\nThev have no children.\\nTHOMAS C. CLARK.\\nDr. Thomas Chalmers Clark, of Stillwater,\\ntraces the arrival of his ancestors in America\\nfrom the landing of the ship, Mary and John,*\\nfrom England at Dorchester, Massachusetts,\\nin 1630. The first of his paternal family in\\nthis country, William Clark, was one of the\\ncompany which was led by Rev. Thomas Hook-\\ner, and which settled on the Connecticut river.\\nThe descendants of William Clark lived for\\nseveral generations at North Hampton, Mas-\\nsachusetts. On the maternal side the Doctor s\\nfamily line is traced directly to Anne Dudley,\\ndaughter of Thomas Dudley, one of the early\\nColonial Governors of -Massachusetts. She\\nmarried Silas Bradstreet, another Governor of\\nthe colony in ils early existence, and her name\\nis very prominent and celebrated in Colonial\\nhistory. Dr. Clark s father. Rev. Nelson Clark,\\nwas born at Brookfield, Vermont, in 1813. For\\nthirty-five years he was pastor of Congrega-\\ntional churches in Vermont and Massachu-\\nsetts. He removed to Minnesota in 1S74, and\\ndied in this State in L880. His wife, Elizabeth\\nOilman Clark, was a granddaughter of Rev.\\nSamuel Hidden, who for forty-five years was\\npastor of the Congregational church at Tam-\\nworth. New Hampshire. She died at Still-\\nwater, June 16, L899. Dr. Clark was born at\\nQuincy, Massachusetts, April 22, 1853. He\\nbegan his education in the common schools\\nand was graduated from Bristol Academy at\\nTaunton, Massachusetts, in 1870. In the fall\\nof that year he removed to Stillwater, Minne-\\nsota, where he engaged in teaching, and was\\nthus employed until the spring of 1S77. About\\nthis time he commenced the study of medicine\\nwith Dr. W. 11. Piatt, of Stillwater, and he\\nserved as hospital steward of the State prison,\\nfrom the spring of 1S77, to the fall of 1879.\\nHe graduated from Rush Medical College, Chi-\\ncago, in 1881, with the highest honors, and was\\nthe valedictorian of a class of one hundred and\\nseventy two members. After his graduation\\nhe located for the practice of his profession in\\nStillwater, where he has remained almost con-\\ntinuously up to the present time. His standing\\nin his profession is eminent, and he has far\\nmore than a local reputation. He is a mem-\\nber of the county. State and National medical\\nsocieties, and of the Association of Military\\nSurgeons of the United Slates. The Doctor has\\nalways taken an active interest in military", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0835.jp2"}, "836": {"fulltext": "400\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\naffairs, and has spent much of his life in the\\nmilitary service of his adopted Slate and of\\nhis country. As early as 1883, at the time\\nof its organization, he enlisted as a private in\\nCompany K, First Regiment Minnesota Na-\\ntional Guard. He was promoted to first lieu-\\ntenant and assistant surgeon in ISSii. was made\\ncaptain and assistant surgeon in 1894, and be-\\ncame major and surgeon in 1895. He was an\\nefficient surgeon, and a good practical soldier,\\ntoo, and he could handle a rifle as well as he\\ncould wield a scalpel. He was a member of\\nthe First Regiment ritle team, and also of\\nthe State rifle team from 1S85 to 1890. He\\nqualified as a sharpshooter at every encamp-\\nment of the National Guard held from 1884 to\\n1897, and was decorated as a distinguished\\nrifleman in 1890. Soon after the breaking out\\nof the late war with Spain, Dr. Clark entered\\nthe United States military service. He was\\nmustered in. May 4. 1898, as first assistant sur-\\ngeon of the Thirteenth .Minnesota Volunteers,\\nbut two days later was promoted to surgeon\\nof the Twelfth Minnesota. .May 29, following,\\nhe was detailed as acting chief surgeon of the\\nThird Division of the First Army Corps at\\nCamp Thomas, Chickamauga Park, Georgia,\\nand June 10, he was detailed as surgeon in\\ncharge of the Third Division Hospital of the\\nFirst Army Corps. He returned home, sick\\nwitli typhoid fever, September 10, and was\\nfinally mustered out with his regiment, No-\\nvember 0, 1898. Dr. lark is a member of\\nthe board of managers of the .Minnesota So-\\nciety of the Sons of the Revolution. He is\\nalso prominent and active as a member of the\\nMasonic order, and is past master of St. John s\\nLodge, No. 1, past high priest of Royal Arch\\nChapter, No. IT. and past eminent commander\\nof Bayard Commandery, No. 11, of Knights\\nTemplar. He is interested in Christian work,\\nand is a member and elder of the First Pres-\\nbyterian church of Stillwater. In politics the\\n1 octor is an ardent Republican. He was chair-\\nman of the Republican county committee of\\nWashington county in 1890, and an alternate\\ndelegate to the Republican National Conven-\\ntion at Minneapolis in 1892. With the excep-\\ntion of that of coroner, he has never held any\\npolitical office, nor has he desired any. He\\nwas married, in June, 1882, to Miss Sarah A.\\nStephens, of New York City; she died Febru-\\nary 1, 1899, leaving three children.\\nSAMUEL L. CAMPBELL.\\nSamuel Louis Campbell, of Wabasha, one of\\nthe oldest living members of the bar of Minne-\\nsota, was born August 10, 1824. at Columbus.\\nhenango county. New York. He is of Scottish\\ndescent, tracing his paternal ancestry in a di-\\nrect line back to that famous clan, of Argyle,\\nthe clan Campbells of Scotland. His grand\\nfather. Ephraim Campbell, was the founder of\\nthe American branch of the family, having set-\\ntled at Stonington, Connecticut, about the year\\n1872. During the Revolutionary War his home\\nand personal effects were destroyed by the\\nBritish soldiers, and he fled, with his family,\\nto Xew York State. His son, Samuel father\\nof the subject of this sketch was at that\\ntime seven years of age, and he was reared in\\nOtsego county. New York, which was then a\\nfrontier locality. His early education was\\nmeagre and his mode of life primitive; but he\\nwas full of wholesome ambition, and he re-\\nsolved to acquire a knowledge of the law suffi-\\ncient to equip him for legal practice. This he\\naccomplished by himself, in nightly vigils, the\\npage over which he pored being illumined only\\nby the fire on his hearth. With the same de-\\ntermined perseverance he worked his way up\\nto an acknowledged place among the foremost\\nlawyers of the State of New York, and he at-\\ntained to still greater distinction in the realm\\nof statesmanship. During a period of twenty-\\nseven years he was a member of the State As-\\nsembly and Senate, and was colonel of militia\\nin the War of 1812; administered justice from\\nthe bench of the Circuit Court for a term of\\nyears, and was eventually elected to Congress.\\nHis wife, and the mother of our subject, was\\n.Maria (Queen) Campbell, a distant relative of\\nLord Baltimore, the famous early settler at\\nQueeusboro. Blessed with an inheritance of\\nfirm and energetic character, and fortified in\\nhis early years by the high precepts and ex-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0836.jp2"}, "837": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0837.jp2"}, "838": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0838.jp2"}, "839": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing Diymviny Co c/iicqytr", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0839.jp2"}, "840": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0840.jp2"}, "841": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n401\\nample of his parents, Samuel Louis Campbell\\ngrew to manhood. His studies in the common\\nschools of his native county were supplemented\\nby a two-years course in the Clinton Institute,\\nin the Empire State, after which he taught\\nschool for several years. Attracted by the\\nlarger business opportunities afforded young\\nmen in the West, he came to Minnesota, local\\ning at Red Wing in October, 1855. He at first\\ntook up a pre-emption claim, with the intention\\nof cultivating it; but he soon abandoned the\\nagricultural idea in favor of legal study. He\\nremoved to Wabasha, which has since been\\nhis place of residence, becoming associated\\nabout this time with Judge Welch, who was\\nthen Chief Justice of the Territory. Under\\nJudge Welch, Mr. Campbell received the ap-\\npointment as clerk of the District Court, in\\nwhich office he served until the admission of\\nthe Territory as a State. While acting as clerk\\nof court, he began the practice of law, and has\\never since followed the profession. Mr. Camp-\\nbell was the second mayor elected in the town\\nof Wabasha, and he has served as county at-\\ntorney of Wabasha county. He has been in the\\nState Legislature for several years, his term\\nof service being divided between the House\\nand Senate, and in spite of his Democratic\\nprinciples was made chairman of the Judiciary\\ncommittee. Since 1879 Mr. Campbell s practice\\nhas been confined to railroad litigation. For\\na time his services were shared by two con-\\nstruction companies, viz.: the Iron Range and\\nthe Minnesota Southern. Afterwards he was\\nretained by the Great Northern Railroad Com-\\npany, first as assistant solicitor, and later in\\nconnection with the land department. Mr.\\nCampbell belongs to the order of Masons, hav-\\ning been made first master of the local lodge,\\nin which office he served for seven years. On\\nMarch 1, 1848, Mr. Campbell was united in\\nmarriage to Octavia H. Hayward, daughter of\\nDr. Levi Hayward, of Chenango county, New\\nYork. The three children born of their union\\nare: Clarence, Ina C. now the widow of\\nSolon Huff, late of Dubuque, Iowa and Dar-\\nwin H. Mrs. Campbell, though in her eightieth\\nyear, is still hale and hearty as a girl. Her\\nhigh character and attainments have made her\\na worthy companion and helpmeel of her hon-\\nored husband. Mr. Campbell is now, at the\\nage of seventy-six, relaxing his hold upon the\\nmore arduous professional duties; but his\\nname is inseparably associated, not only with\\nthe history of the liar of Minnesota, through\\nhis connection with some of the Stale s most\\nimportant litigation, but also with the political\\nand social life of his community, the welfare\\nof which he has had at heart throughout his\\nforty-five years of active and earnest labor in\\nits midst.\\nJOHN Q. ADAMS.\\nIn the well-filled library of his picturesque\\nhome on Crocus Hill, in St. Paul, whose win-\\ndows overlook a broad expanse of the beautiful\\nMississippi valley, may be found, evening after\\nevening throughout the year, a quiet man, ab-\\nsorbed and content among his books; and this\\nretired student is no other than J. Q. Adams,\\none of the most practical and enterprising busi-\\nness men of the Northwest. A glance over his\\nhistory will show how these diverse; tastes and\\ncapacities have been developed side by side.\\nMr. Adams was born, on April lit, 1837, at\\nCanaan, Litchfield county, Connecticut, the\\neldest child of Dr. L. S. and Eliza (Prentice)\\nAdams. Both the Adams and Prentice fami-\\nlies were typical New England stock, energetic,\\nthrifty, from which stood out in relief here\\nand there some more richly endowed person\\nality. A paternal ancestor was an officer of\\nthe Revolution, especially admired and trusted\\nby General Washington, and who became one\\nof the founders of the Society of the Cincin-\\nnati; while the maternal grandfather was a\\nclergyman and associate of Dr. Beecher and\\nDr. Field. In 1839 the parents of Mr. Adams\\nsettled in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, which\\nplace was, even at that early date, a noted re-\\nsort for people of artistic and literary tastes\\nand acquirements; and in this atmosphere of\\nculture the boy grew up. Gaining a liberal\\neducation at Williams Academy, he next en-\\ngaged himself as amanuensis to the distin-\\nguished English author and litterateur, G. P.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0841.jp2"}, "842": {"fulltext": "4-02\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nA. James, Esq., who at that time resided at\\nStockbridge; and while earning a salary, he\\nwas incidentally adding to his general knowl-\\nedge and culture. At the age of fifteen he\\naccepted a clerkship in the Housatonic Bank\\nat Stockbridge, which he shortly left to be-\\ncome a teller in the Pittsfield Bank, of which\\ninstitution J. D. Adams, his uncle, was for\\nmany years manager. In 1858 he gave up this\\nposition to go abroad, and for nearly a year\\nhe traveled in Europe. Upon his return he\\nentered upon the duties of a position as cashier\\nunder Mr. C. S. Gzowski and Sir David Mac-\\npherson, who at that time had extensive iron\\ninterests in Toronto, Canada. In 1865 Mr.\\nAdams went to New York City, where he was\\nengaged in the banking business for about\\neight years. He came from New York to\\nMinnesota in 1873, and for the following\\nperiod of about fourteen years, first at Oulutli\\nand then at St. Paul, represented the old New\\nYork firm of David Dows Company. .Mean-\\ntime he was acquiring a firm and firmer grasp\\nof commercial and financial affairs in the\\nNorthwest and, in 1887, was made president\\nof the Northern Pacific Elevator Company,\\nwith headquarters at Minneapolis. This cor-\\nporation owns and operates grain elevators\\nextending along the line of the Northern Pa-\\ncific Railway to Puget Sound, and Mr. Adams\\nhad been more or less identified with the de-\\nvelopment of this great industry ever since\\ntlie early days, when the Mississippi river was\\nthe main outlet in the spring for the wheat\\nraised in Minnesota. Mr. Adams continued at\\nthe head of the Northern Pacific Elevator Com-\\npany until 1891, when he resigned. From that\\nlime to the present he has been engaged in the\\ngrain commission business in Minneapolis,\\nwith his son J. TV. Adams as a partner, under\\nthe firm name of J. Q. Adams Company. Mr.\\nAdams is a familiar figure in the Twin Cities,\\nas he goes hither and thither attending to liis\\nnumerous interests; and he is the pioneer resi-\\ndent of Crocus Hill, in St. Paul, a point of that\\ncity marked by its natural attractions and\\ndestined to become a highly developed and\\npopular locality. On May 17, 1865, at Toronto,\\nMr. Adams was married to Ada Walker,\\ndaughter of Artemus B. and Adeline E.\\nWalker. Their children are, a son, John\\nWalker, born in New York, August 30, 1806,\\nand married in 1888 to Miss Priscilla F. Horn,\\nof St. Paul; and an adopted daughter, Char-\\nlotte Belle, since 1888 the wife of Samuel C.\\nSticknev. also of St. Paul.\\nEDWARD P. BARNCM.\\nEdward Phelps Barnum, of St. Cloud, was\\nborn at Stonington, Connecticut, June 16, 1831.\\nHis father, John S. Barnum, was a native of\\nVermont, born in the town of Shoreham, in\\n1804. He followed a sea-faring life, and was\\nfor many years captain of a ship. He died\\nJuly 7, 1852. His wife, the mot her of Edward\\n1 was Hannah (Hobart) Barnum, a native of\\nConnecticut. The subject of this sketch was\\neducated in the public schools and academy\\nof his native town, and four years at Troy Con-\\nference Academy at West Poultney, Vermont.\\nIn early youth he entered into a mercantile\\nand milling business, in partnership with John\\nB. Folsom, of Folsomdale, Wyoming county,\\nNew York, grandfather of Frances Folsom,\\nwho later graced the White House as the\\npopular wife of President Cleveland. Mr. Fol-\\nsom s wife was an own cousin of Mr. Barnum s.\\nIn 1855 Mr! Barnum moved to Iowa, and for\\nabout a year ran a hotel at Des Moines with\\ngood success. While living at Des Moines he\\nlost his only children, a boy of three years and\\na girl of eighteen months. In 1856 he removed\\nto Hastings, Minnesota, erected a saw-mill,\\nforming a partnership with his brother-in-law,\\nC. W. Nash, and for eight years was actively\\nengaged in the lumber business. In 1864 he\\nwas appointed by Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary\\nof War, posi sutler of Fort Abercrombie. He\\nserved in that post for three years, then for\\nan equal period of time, was proprietor of a\\nhotel at Sauk Centre, known as the Sauk Cen-\\ntre House. Subsequently he was for a short\\ntime engaged in the furniture business in the\\nsame town, after which he assisted in forming,\\nand occupied a responsible position in, the\\nBank of Sauk Centre, which he held for some-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0842.jp2"}, "843": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0843.jp2"}, "844": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0844.jp2"}, "845": {"fulltext": "The Century PuMisfitnp Bijmvinj Co Chicago-\\ncy*", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0845.jp2"}, "846": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0846.jp2"}, "847": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n403\\nthing like ten years. Tn 1890 ho purchased\\nthe Sauk Centre Avalanche, a Democratic\\norgan, in the interesl of liis son. F. E. Barnum.\\nThe sen edited it during the first year after\\nits purchase, then Mr. Barnum himself took\\nup the editorial work for a year. The\\nAvalanche is still nourishing, and is now un-\\nder the management of the junior Barnum.\\nMr. Barnum s political principles are well\\nknown as loyally Democratic. He has been\\ntwice complimented by his constituency in\\nMinnesota with a nomination for the position\\nof Lieutenant Governor, the first time on the\\nticket with Edmund Rice for Governor, and\\nthe second with Gen. R. \\\\V. Johnson. He was\\nalso his party s candidate for Congress from\\nwhat was known as the bloody Sixth dis-\\ntrict, during the famous Kindred-Nelson\\ncampaign. In ISTii Mr. Barnum was elected\\na member of the board of county commission-\\ners for Stearns county for three years, and\\nserved one year as chairman of that body. In\\n1891 he was elected enrolling clerk of the State\\nSenate. In the following year, on the resigna-\\ntion of A. L. Cramb, he received an appoint-\\nment to the office of clerk of court. Seventh\\nJudicial District of Stearns county; and in the\\nfall of 1894 he was duly elected to that post\\nfor the regular period of four years by a large\\nmajority, and in 1898 was re-elected without\\nopposition. Mr. Barnum has belonged to the\\norder of Masons for well on to half a century,\\nand the main events of his history in Masonry\\nare as follows: In February of 1857, at Hast-\\nings, Minnesota, he was made a Master Mason;\\nin 1860, a Royal Arch Mason; in 1863, Knighl\\nTemplar in Damascus Commandery of St.\\nPaul; in 1894, a member of the Mystic Shrine\\nin Osman Temple, St. Paul. In 1868 he re-\\nceived from the Grand Lodge the appointment\\nof district deputy, in which capacity he as-\\nsisted in the dissemination throughout the\\nState of the present ritual work; and in the\\nfollowing year he was elected grand junior\\nwarden. In 1893 he was appointed to the\\nboard of .custodians of the work over which\\nhe now presides as chairman. Mr. Barnum\\nwas married April 15, 1852, to Miss Irene E.\\nBarnum. a native of Ypsilanti, Michigan. Her\\nparents were J. Wesley Barnum, of Shoreham,\\nVermont, and Harriet daughter of Col.\\nWilliam Frosl of Michigan, formerly of Gene-\\nsee county. New York. One son. Francis E.\\nBarnum, above referred to in connection with\\nthe Sauk Centre Avalanche, is the only re\\nmaining issue of their union. Mr. Barnum\\nenjoys a wide popularity. His career has been\\none of varied enterprises, and in each he has\\nmade a host of friends and acquaintances.\\nAmong the newspaper fraternity he is held in\\nespecial esteem. His attendance is always\\ncounted upon at the conventions and excur-\\nsions of Minnesota editors, and although he\\nis older than most members of the present\\neditorial staff, his youthful and genial tem-\\nperament make him equally companionable to\\nall. In their annual excursion of September\\nlast, which included a visit to Denver, Colo-\\nrado Springs and the Omaha Exposition, he\\ncontributed a conspicuous share towards the\\nsuccess and enlivenment of the trip. Mrs.\\nBarnum, also, is gifted with many social qual-\\nities, a fact well appreciated by the numerous\\nfriends who have enjoyed the hospitality of the\\nBarnum home circle.\\nWILLIAM I CLOUGH.\\nWilliam Pitt Clough, of St. Paul, was born\\nMarch 2(1, 1845, at Freetown, Cortland county,\\nNew York, lie is the son of William Parks\\nand Sabrina (Vunk) Clough, both of whom.\\nalso, were natives of the Empire State. The\\nYunks were a Dutch family that settled early\\nin this country, while on the paternal side he\\nwas descended from John Clough, who, in the\\nyear IS. crossed from England to Massa-\\nchusetts, in the ship Elizabeth, and settled\\nat Watertown, which has since been annexed\\nto Boston. John Clough was one of the found-\\ners of Salisbury, a town in the northeastern\\npart of Massachusetts, and his numerous de-\\nscendants are now scattered throughout New\\nYork, New England and other portions of the\\nEast. The great-grandfather of our subject,\\nBenjamin Clough, was a soldier of the Revo-\\nlution, who served in the New York division", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0847.jp2"}, "848": {"fulltext": "404\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ndf the Continental army, from 1770 to the cud\\nof the war. His home was in Hampshire\\ncounty, Massachusetts, near the New York\\nline. When William Pitt Clough was three\\nyears of age, his father, who had been a mer-\\nchant in the village of Freetown, took his\\nfamily to Pennsylvania and settled in Erie\\ncounty, where the child grew up and obtained\\nhis early education. As soon as ready for col-\\nlegiate work, he entered the Northwestern\\nState Normal School, at Edinboro, Pennsyl-\\nvania, where he completed the collegiate\\ncourse in 1862. During the next three years\\nlie was chiefly occupied in teaching in Penn-\\nsylvania and in his native State. Then for a\\ncouple of years he was employed in business\\nenterprises en Oil Creek, in Venango county,\\nPennsylvania, meantime filling intervals of\\nleisure with law reading at Edinboro, in the\\noffice of Henry R. Terry, Esq. By the spring\\nof 1867 he was nearly prepared for admission\\nto the liar. But it was the bar of Minnesota\\nthat was to enroll him among its members;\\nfor favorable opportunities opened to him\\nwhich involved his hasty removal to this State,\\nwhere he arrived on the first day of June of\\nthat year. He entered the law office of ex-\\nJudge E. A. McMahon, at Rochester, in the\\njoint capacity of assistant and student, and.\\non .Inly 1868, was there admitted to the bar.\\nHe then united with Judge McMahon in a part-\\nnership, which continued for four years. Since\\nHie summer of is Mr. Clough has been a\\nresident of St. Paul. During his first few years\\nafter locating there he was associated with\\nHon. John M. Gilman, one of the city s oldest\\nand best known counselors. In this connec-\\ntion Mr. Clough gained prominence, and in\\n1880 he received appointment as general west-\\nern counsel for the Northern Pacific Railroad\\nonipany. For nearly seven years he remained\\nin this service, resigning it May 31, 1887. Ou\\nJune 1, he entered the service of the Saint\\nPaul, Minneapolis Manitoba Railway Com\\npany, assuming the position of assistant to\\nPresident .lames .1. Hill, of that company, and\\non December 20, of the same year, he was ap-\\npointed second vice-president. On February\\n1, 181)0, when the (ireat Northern Railway\\nCompany was organized, Mr. Clough was\\nelected to his present position as vice presi-\\nded of this company. Mr. Clough s western\\nlife and married life are co-extensive, he hav-\\ning wedded Miss Dacia Alathea Green, a\\nyoung lady of exceptional attainments, on the\\nday of his departure from the East. The par-\\nents of Miss Green were, by birth, representa-\\ntives of New York and New England, though\\nthe father. Alfred Green, became a contractor\\nand builder of Erie county, Pennsylvania,\\nwhere his daughter was born. Mrs. Clough\\ndied at St. Paul in 1892, and is well remem-\\nbered, as she was well known for the virtues\\nand graces of her character. Mr. and Mrs.\\nClough had two daughters, Margaret S. and\\nBlanche M., the former being now the wife of\\nCharles L. Spencer, clerk of the United States\\nDistrict Court at St. Paul.\\nCHARLES C. WILLSON.\\nCharles Cudworth Willson, of Rochester,\\nwas born October 27. 1829, at Mansfield, Cat-\\ntaraugus county. New York. His father, Gid-\\neon Ilovey Willson, and his mother, Lydia\\nMauley, were both born at Newfane, near Brat-\\ntleboro, Vermont. His grandparents were all\\nborn at Rehobeth, Massachusetts, about thirty-\\nfive miles southwest of Plymouth Rock.\\nFarming was the sole occupation of all these\\nancestors. The subject of this sketch was edu-\\ncated at an academy in Springville, Erie conn\\nty, New York. When eighteen years old he\\nwent to Geneseo, Livingston county. New\\nYork, and there studied law in the office of\\nGen. James Wood. Jr. lie was admitted to\\nHie bar September 1851, at Rochester, New-\\nYork. Soon after he formed a partnership\\nwith William A. Collins, and practiced his\\nprofession at Geneseo until July. 1856. At\\nthat time he sold his interest in the business\\nand removed to Rochester, Minnesota, then a\\nmere hamlet. He at that time bought forty\\ntown lots in the original plat of the town. He\\nwent back and opened a law office in Roches\\nter. New York, but as his investments in Olm-\\nsted county required much of his time, he re-\\nmoved there in June, 1858. and there he has", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0848.jp2"}, "849": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0849.jp2"}, "850": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0850.jp2"}, "851": {"fulltext": "^U2j(s*^, S, 7fci 6", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0851.jp2"}, "852": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0852.jp2"}, "853": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n405\\never since resided. Mr. Willson was for many\\nyears interested in farming. He pursued it as\\na recreation from the labors of his law prac-\\ntice. From 1875 to 1891 he owned and culti-\\nvated a farm of fourteen hundred acres two\\nmiles northeast of the city. In 1878 he had\\none thousand acres of wheal in one field. This\\nwas the largest farm ever held by one man in\\nthai county. In 1891 he sold his farm in par-\\ncels, and has since devoted his entire attention\\nlo the practice of the law. His professional\\nlibrary includes the reports of nearly all the\\nNorthern Slates, the federal reports and all\\nthe English reports of the last fifty years and\\nmany prior volumes. He edited twelve vol-\\numes of Minnesota Reports, viz.: Vols, ts to\\n59, inclusive. Many young men have studied\\nlaw in his office; among them are Hon. John\\nAllen, United Stales Senator from Washing-\\nton, and Hon. Porter .1. McCumber, United\\nStales Senator from North Dakota. He has\\nhad no partner in business since he came lo\\nMinnesota. In 1878-9, he built and still occu-\\npies, on College Hill, the most expensive\\ndwelling house in Olmsted county. The grounds\\ncover twenty acres of elevated land in the\\nwestern part of the city. In politics he was\\na Democrat, until the Chicago platform of\\n1896 estranged him. lie has not since allied\\nhimself with either parly. He has always re-\\nfused to be a candidate for office, believing\\npolitics to be a disappointing and unprom-\\nising vocation. For forty years Mr. Willson\\nhas attended the services of the Episcopal\\nchurch. His wife and eight children are all\\nmembers. He was married, in February, 1862,\\nto Miss Annie Rosebrugh, of Hamilton, On-\\ntario, Canada. He is of light complexion, over\\nfive feet ten inches in height, stands erect,\\nweighs one hundred and ninety pounds, and\\nhas been in such health as lo be up and about\\nhis business every da\\\\ in the last forty years.\\nHe has never joined any church or secret so-\\nciety. He is often in the courts in the southern\\npart of the Stale and in St. Paul. He has been\\nengaged in much of the important litigation\\nin his vicinity and has several times received\\na fee of five thousand dollars or more in a\\nsingle case.\\nCHARLES d AUTREMONT.\\nHon. Charles d Autremont, of Duluth, was\\nborn at Angelica, New York, June 2, 1851. To\\nbe well born, to come of honorable and distin-\\nguished ancestry, is of advantage to any man.\\nOn the paternal side .Mr. d Autremont is de-\\nscended from an ancient and distinguished\\nFrench family. His great-grandfather was Hu-\\nbert d Autremont, a Frenchman who died\\nprior to the French Revolution, leaving a\\nwidow. .Madame Marie Jeanne d Ohet d Autre-\\nmont, and their sons, named Louis Paul, Alex-\\nander Hubert, and Auguste Francois Cecile.\\nThe family were prominent Royalists, and upon\\nthe outbreak of the French Revolution, when\\nso many crimes were perpetrated in the name\\nof liberty, they were in extreme peril. In 1792\\nMine. d Autremont contrived to escape from\\nFrance, and with her three sons came to Amer-\\nica, and settled on a tract of land previously\\nsecured on (he Chenango river, in the State\\nof New York. In a short time, however, they\\nremoved to Asylum, the site of a colony estab-\\nlished by French Royalists on the Susque-\\nhanna river, near the present town of Towanda,\\nPennsylvania. A few years later the oldest\\nson, Louis, returned to France as secretary\\nto the great statesman and diplomat, the inim-\\nitable Talleyrand; subsequently he was sent\\nto England and Portugal as the representative\\nof the French Governmenl at the respective\\ncourts. In 1800. when I he first Napoleon had\\ngranted amnesty to all those who had left\\nFrance during the reign of terror. the colony\\nof Asylum was broken up, nearly all of its\\nmembers returning to their native country.\\nMine. d Autremont, however, with her two\\nsons, went back to their first American homo\\non the Chenango. In 1806 she purchased a\\ntract of land on the Genesee river, and re-\\nmoved with her family to Angelica, New York,\\nwhere very many of their descendants have\\nsince lived. Charles d Autremont, the subject\\nhereof, is directly descended from Alexander\\nHubert d Autremont, who was his grandfather,\\nami whose son Charles retired from active\\nbusiness pursuits in early life, but continued\\nlo reside al Angelica until his death, in 1891.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0853.jp2"}, "854": {"fulltext": "406\\nBTOGRArilY OF MINNESOTA.\\nThe sun was named for the father. Mr. d Au-\\ntremont s mother was a daughter of Judge\\nJohn Collins, of Angelica, a native of Connec-\\nticut, and of Ann Gregory Collins, an English\\nlady. Judge Collins was an officer of the\\nAmerican army during the War of 1812, and\\nafter the close of the war he, with others, pur-\\nchased a large tract of land in Alleghany\\ncounty. New York, and settled thereon with a\\nview of practicing his profession as a lawyer\\nand of disposing of his land. He began his\\nscholastic education at Angelica Academy,\\nand in 1868 entered Cornell University. By\\nreason of continued ill health he was compelled\\nto leave college at the end of his junior year,\\nand went to Lausanne. Switzerland, where he\\nspent some time in attendance at the academy\\nin that historic old town. Upon his return to\\nAmerica in 1S72, he began the study of law in\\nthe office of his uncle. .Judge John G. Collins,\\nat Angelica, and so continued for a year. He\\nthen entered Columbia Law School, from\\nwhich institution he graduated in the spring\\nof 1ST. After a summer in Europe he entered\\nthe law office of Hart McGuire, at Elmira,\\nNew York, but two years later opened an office\\nof his own. In 1S7! he again made a visit to\\nEurope. In the fall of 1882, Mr. d Autremont\\nwas stopping temporarily in Duluth on his re-\\nturn home from a hunting trip out on the little\\nMissouri, in Montana. Missing the lake steam-\\ner, he was compelled to remain over for several\\ndays. This delay enabled him to become ac-\\nquainted with the town and many of its\\npeople, and he became so favorably impressed\\nwith the place that immediately upon reaching\\nhis home at Elmira he closed up his affairs\\nthere and returned with his family to the\\nZenith City of the unsalted sea. The people\\ntook kindly to him, and two years later, or in\\n1884, he was elected county attorney of St.\\nLouis county. Here he has since remained in\\nthe active and successful practice of his pro-\\nfession and in exploring for and developing\\niron mines, in which he is largely interested.\\nMr. d Autremont has always been a Democrat\\nin politics, steadfastly and consistently with-\\nout variableness or shadow of turning. When\\nhe was but twenty-one he took an active part\\nin the Greeley campaign in New York. In the\\nTilden and Hendricks canvass of 1876, he was\\npresident of the Elmira Democratic Club, and\\nhelped carry the Slate for the great statesmen\\nwho were the standard bearers of his party.\\nIn the Hancock campaign of 1880 he was again\\npresident of the Democratic Club, and made\\nspeaking tours through New York and Penn-\\nsylvania in behalf of the ticket. While residing\\nin Elmira he was a member of the board of\\nsupervisors of Chemung county. As mentioned,\\nhe was elected county attorney of St. Louis\\ncounty, Minnesota, in 1884. In 1888, when\\nthere was no possibility of an election in the\\nface of the great Republican majority, he was\\nthe Democratic candidate for Attorney Gen-\\neral of Minnesota, but with his associates on\\nthe ticket, was defeated. In 1896 he was a can-\\ndidate for presidential elector on the regular\\nDemocratic or Bryan and Sewall ticket. He\\nhas made repeated public canvasses for his\\nparty in this State, and his services as a speak-\\ner are often demanded. Tn lS .t2, he was elected\\nmayor of Duluth, and served one term. His\\nelection was really a tribute of his fellow citi-\\nzens to him, and as much of a personal triumph\\nas a party success. His administration justi-\\nfied the expectations of his friends, and was a\\nvaluable one for the city and its interests. Of\\nsocial tastes and in full fellowship with his\\nbrother man, Mr. d Autremont is well known\\nin certain circles. He is charter member of\\nKitchie Gammi Club of Duluth. a Sir Knight\\nof St. Omar s Commandery of Elmira, New\\nYork, a member of the 1 si Upsilon fraternity,\\netc. Mr. d Autremont was married. April 21,\\n1880, to Miss Hattie II. Hart, a daughter of\\nE. 1*. Hart, Esq., long an eminent lawyer of\\nElmira, New York. They have five promising\\nchildren, named Antoinette, Louis Paul,\\nCharles .Maurice, Hubert Hart and Marie Gene-\\nvieve.\\nCHARLES A. TOWNE.\\nCharles Arnette Towne, ex Congressman\\nfrom the Sixth District of Minnesota and a\\nprominent citizen of Duluth, is a native of the\\nState of Michigan, born on a farm in Rose", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0854.jp2"}, "855": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0855.jp2"}, "856": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0856.jp2"}, "857": {"fulltext": "The Cenuiiy Publishing Engraving Co Oucarf(r", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0857.jp2"}, "858": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0858.jp2"}, "859": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n407\\ntownship, Oakland county, November 21, 1858.\\nHe is the son of Charles Judson and Laura\\n(Fargo) Towne, both parents being extracted\\nfrom Puritan stock. On the paternal side, the\\noriginal settlers in America were John William\\nand Joanna (Blessing) Towne, who, in 1636,\\ncame from the west of England to Salem, Mas\\nsachusetts. Our subject is directly descended\\nfrom these emigrating ancestors, and in the\\nintermediate generations have appeared, here\\nand there, men of distinct ability and achieve-\\nment. Among these may be mentioned Gen.\\nSalem Towne, famous for his generalship in\\nthe War of 1812; also a literary Salem Towne,\\nauthor of a series of text books. The grand-\\nfather of Charles A. Levi Towne was a na-\\ntive of New Hampshire who early removed\\nwith his parents to Wyoming county. New\\nYork. Glancing now at the history of the ma-\\nternal side of the house, we find that Laura\\nFargo the mother of Mr. Towne was con-\\nnected through the Mason family with George\\nWashington, and was a descendant, on her\\nmother s side, of the old New England family\\nof Lawrence, to which belonged Amos and Ab-\\nbott Lawrence, famous respectively as philan-\\nthropist and minister to England. Mr. Towne s\\nparents were married in the year 1857. in Wy-\\noming county, New York, and settled prior to\\nhis birth in Michigan. The boy was educated\\nin his native State, graduating from the Uni-\\nversity at Ann Arbor in 1881. In college he\\nshowed decided oratorical power, and was\\nmade class orator for his senior year. Subse-\\nquently he was offered the English professor-\\nship at the Ann Arbor preparatory school.\\nThis he declined, as also the chair of Latin and\\nModern Languages at the Orchard Lake Mili-\\ntary Academy, being attracted to a legal rath-\\ner than a pedagogic career. Soon after leaving\\ncollege, he accepted the position of chief clerk\\nin the Department of Public Instruction at\\nLansing, Michigan, beginning about the same\\ntime the study of law, which he ambitiously\\npursued at night, after completing his day s\\nwork. In April, 1885, he was admitted to the\\nbar in the Supreme Court of Michigan, and in\\nMarch of the following year, commenced prac-\\ntice at Marquette, in partnership with W. S.\\nHill. From his youth Mr. Towne has been\\nmuch interested in politics, and as early as\\n1884 his name was brought into prominence\\nby the Lansing Republican as a candidate for\\nCongress from that district. In 1888, in conse\\nquence of the death of Seth C. Moffat, Con-\\ngressman from the Eleventh District of\\nMichigan, a special election was held to secure\\nhis successor. Mr. Towne was offered a nomi-\\nnation, but declined to run for the position,\\nto which Hon. Henry W. Seymour, of Sault\\nSte. Marie, was duly elected. In the spring of\\n1889 Mr. Towne moved to Chicago, where he\\npracticed his profession until June, 1890. In\\nthe following August he came to Minnesota,\\nlocating in Duluth, where he formed a partner-\\nship with S. L. Smith. At the beginning of\\n1892, the former connection having been dis-\\nsolved, he became a member of the firm of\\nMoer, Towne Harris, which, during the fol-\\nlowing year, was modified by the withdrawal\\nof Mr. Moer, upon his election to the District\\nBench, Mr. Towne thus becoming senior mem-\\nber of the present firm of Towne Harris. Mr.\\nTowne first appeared as a st 11111)1 speaker in\\n1876, and since that year he has been generally\\nactive in politics; but he never accepted a can-\\ndidacy for any public office until the campaign\\nin which he was elected, by a majority of over\\nthree thousand votes over two competitors, to\\nthe Fifty-fourth Congress. He has been\\nbrought into special prominence by the atti-\\ntude which he took, and has consistently sus-\\ntained, in regard to that very vital issue in our\\nNational politics comprehended in the term bi-\\nmetallism. In the fall of ISO. he began a\\nsystematic study of the money question, and\\nas the result of his investigations he came out\\nstrongly in favor of re-opening the mints of\\nour country to the free coinage of silver as well\\nas of gold. The Republican platforms of both\\nL888 and 1892 had been explicitly in favor of\\nrestoring to silver its full dignity as standard\\nmoney; but in the campaign for Congress, in\\n1894, Mr. Towne was even more emphatic in\\nthis direction than the preceding Republican\\nplatforms. After his election to Congress, he\\nstumped various parts of his district in the\\ncause of bimetallism, and after taking his seat", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0859.jp2"}, "860": {"fulltext": "408\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nat Washington he became prominent in the\\nRepublican rebellion against a measure intro-\\nduced by Speaker Reed and other leaders of\\nthe party, which provided for the issuance of\\n$500,000,000 of bonds and the practical with-\\ndrawal of greenbacks from circulation. Mr.\\nTowne was quick to recognize the significance\\nof this movement, and was one of the first to\\ninform the public of the tendency of Repub-\\nlican leaders towards the gold standard. The\\ndecided stand which he took at this juncture\\nbegan the divergence between him and t In-\\nparty leaders, which resulted in bis severance\\nfrom the Republican organization in June,\\n189(1, when, in its National Convention at St.\\nLouis, it adopted a platform virtually renounc-\\ning bimetallism and looking clearly towards\\nan absolute gold standard. Something of what\\nit cost him thus to break away from the party\\nof his early choice and faith will be understood\\nby those who have read his famous speech de-\\nlivered in the House of Representatives on\\nFebruary 8, 1890, in the course of which he\\nsaid:\\nThe Republican party is dear to me. My\\nancestors were Federalists and Whigs of New\\nEngland. My father followed the standard of\\nFremont and Dayton to the glorious defeat of\\n1856. The infancy of the Republican party\\nrocked my own cradle. Since my youth I have\\ntreasured the deathless fame of its great lead-\\ners, studied and professed its doctrines, bene-\\nfited by its policies, and wielded ceaselessly\\nwhat little strength was mine in its strenuous\\ncontests for the confidence of the people. My\\nanxiety that it shall now rise level with the\\nemergency that meets us is greater than I can\\nexpress.\\nThis speech, which was a most forceful pres-\\nentation of the claims of bimetallism and ap-\\npeal for its adoption, produced a profound\\nimpression throughout the country. It was\\nbegun upon a time allowance of half an hour,\\nbut was granted repeated extensions, and\\nfinally time limit was waived altogether. For\\nnearly three hours he held his audience by his\\nearnest eloquence; and this speech, which was\\nsubsequently printed, is said to have been more\\nwidely circulated as a campaign document\\nthan any other ever delivered in Congress. Mr.\\nTowne loved his party; but when he came to\\nthe point where he felt he must choose between\\nparty allegiance and principle, he followed the\\ncourse which the brave, strong men of all ages\\nhave taken, even though it led him. for a time,\\nat least, away from political success and pies\\ntige. He announced thai he could not accept\\na re-nomination for Congress on the Repub-\\nlican ticket. With an unanimous impulse,\\nhowever, the Democrats, Populists and Silver\\nRepublicans of his district adopted him as\\ntheir candidate, and he consented to run in\\nopposition to the Republican platform. In the\\nensuing campaign the most notable in the\\nhistory of the country for the intensity, both\\nof the struggle itself and the general interest\\nit awakened although the normal Republican\\nmajority in Mr. Towne s district was several\\nthousands, the returns showed the meagre\\nmargin of 712 votes against him; and two years\\nlater he was supported by the same combina-\\ntion of forces, which this time failed of elect-\\ning him by a plurality of only 441 votes. In\\nthe month of February, 1N97, together with\\nSenators Henry M. Teller, of Colorado; Rich-\\nard F. Pettigrew, of South Dakota; Fred T.\\nDubois, of Idaho; Frank J. Cannon, of Utah,\\nand Congressman Charles S. Ilartman. of Mon-\\ntana. Mr. Towne initiated the organization of\\nthe Silver Republican party, and became chair-\\nman of the Provisional National Committee.\\nIn the following June the National Committee\\nwas regularly constituted by representatives of\\nthirty-one Stales, and Mr. Towne was made\\nchairman, which post he still fills. Although\\na very busy man, Mr. Towne has clung to his\\nstudent habits ever since his college days. He\\nrealizes that only study deep, earnest, com-\\nprehensive mental toil can qualify a man to\\ndeal with the questions, so complex in their\\nnature, which involve the welfare of State and\\nNation; and he has responded to his call to\\npublic duty with the sincerest conviction and\\nclearest inspiration. Within the last four years\\nhe has delivered addresses in nearly all the\\nimportant cities of the United States, his range\\nof subject matter including finance, imperial-\\nism, trusts, and general political, literary and\\nmiscellaneous topics. On February 22, 1899,\\nbefore the faculty and students of the Univer-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0860.jp2"}, "861": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0861.jp2"}, "862": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0862.jp2"}, "863": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0863.jp2"}, "864": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0864.jp2"}, "865": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAFHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n409\\nsity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, he made an ad-\\ndress from the theme Lest We Forget which\\nwas a most logical and fervent plea for the\\nspirit of universal democracy and brotherhood.\\nHe said in part:\\nThe attempt is made to fire the imagination\\nof the people with much talk of the opportu-\\nnity now presented to us of becoming a world\\npower. Why, my friends, what is it to bo a\\nworld power? Is it not to be a power in the\\nworld? and if so, where is there a greater\\nworld power than the United States, or than\\nshe has been for more than a hundred years?\\nDuring all that time America has carried the\\ntorch that has lighted the pathway of liberty\\nfor the nations of the earth. Our reaction upon\\nEurope has crumbled dynasties to dust, and\\nabove the graves of privilege has reared re-\\npublics and parliaments. Within that century\\nnearly five hundred constitutions have been\\nborn, none of which would have been possible\\nbut for ours. The South American republics,\\nnot coddled into perpetual infancy, but de-\\nfended in natural, self-taught, and therefore\\nsure, progress, have risen up and called us\\nblessed. Wherever representative government\\nhas been planted, wherever new guaranties of\\npersonal security and political rights have been\\nwon, wherever religious liberty has widened\\nand the freedom of the pros* increased, there\\nhas been witnessed the force of American ex-\\nample, which, though gentle as the sweet in-\\nfluence of the Pleiades, speaks louder than\\nthe thunder of our guns and moves with more\\nresistless might than armies. And what can\\nempire offer us for this? A rivalship with\\nswaggering kingdoms, seeking loot and license\\nof their weaker neighbors, snatching our share\\nof plunder that we do not need, marching back\\nthree centuries over the fallen and shattered\\nidols of our storied progress; earning the fear\\nof every victim and the jealous hatred of every\\nrival, where we might have retained the love of\\nthe one and, at least, the respect of the other.\\nOne of the last of the sage observations of the\\ngreat Bismarck was elicited by the prospect of\\nthe Spanish war. He said: The result of the\\nwar cannot be wholesome to Europe or Amer-\\nica. The United States will be forced to adopt\\nan intermeddling policy leading to unavoidable\\nfriction. The American change\\nof front means retrogression, in the high sense,\\nof civilization. This is the main regrettable\\nfact about the war. If. my friends, we do not\\nresist and conquer the forces that are now set-\\nting toward an American empire in the eastern\\ntropics, with its inevitable resultant hnperial-\\nistic modification of our domestic institutions,\\nthe prophecy of Bismarck will surely become\\nthe judgment of history. It will be ours eter-\\nnally to hear the odium of having stopped the\\ncar of progress anil turned it backward. From\\nso melancholy a reproach as that, it is, in my\\njudgment, the duty of every true American to\\nstrive to the uttermost to save his country. To\\nsuch high resolves, what time could give so\\ndeep and strong a sanction as the birthday of\\nWashington? He was an American in every\\nfibre of his being, devoted absolutely to his\\ncountry, hopeful of her future, and profoundly\\nattached to the Union under the Constitution.\\nHe believed in the legitimate growth of the\\nInited States, gave much lime to the study\\nof routes and waterways to the westward,\\nalong which he knew the tide of civilization\\nwas sure to set. and his prophetic vision fore-\\nsaw the gradual assimilation of the continent\\nby the spreading settlements from the earlier\\ncenters of population. Has the movement yet\\nreached its limit? Is congested humanity\\ncrowding us into the sea? Why, my friends,\\nopportunities greater than all the Orient, rich-\\ner than barbaric pearl and gold, await our\\nenterprise, when it shall be disenthralled, with-\\nin the present limits of the Republic. And\\nwhen that shall have been subdued, the rest of\\nthis vast continent is ours by a law as certain\\nin its result as it will be peaceable in its ac-\\ncomplishment. Were Washington alive to-day,\\nhe would be to that extent an expansionist\\nbut we may be sure thai he who left to poster-\\nity the priceless political testament of the\\nFarewell Address would as certainly and\\nsteadily have opposed imperialism in the form\\nof a distant colonial dependency, as he turned\\nhis back upon the offer of kingly power and\\nput away the crown. Ages and ages ago, from\\nthe plains of Asia our Aryan forefathers\\nturned their faces westward and entered upon\\nthat world-march whose record is the story of\\nhuman progress. Their institutions grew as\\ntheir journey lengthened, until at last we, their\\ndescendants, standing by the great sea from\\nbeyond whose farther shore their earth-round\\ncourse began, are dowered with priceless con-\\nstitutional liberties won by the struggles and\\nsacrifices, the strenuous strife of muscle and\\nbrain and spirit, of six thousand years. My\\nfriends, as we cross that ocean returning to-\\nward our ancestral home, what shall be our\\nmessage to the peoples that were left behind?\\nShall it be peace or war. the cruelty and bond-\\nage of the empire or the friendship and\\nfreedom of the Republic?\\nOn April 20, 1887, Mr. Towne was married", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0865.jp2"}, "866": {"fulltext": "4io\\nbiography or Minnesota.\\nto Maude Irene Wiley, of Lansing, Michigan,\\n;i daughter of Washington O. and Mary (Green)\\nWiley, both natives of Cooperstown, New York.\\nMr. and Mrs. Towne have no children. Like\\nevery man who takes a fearless stand for ad-\\nvanced ideals and radical measures. Mr. Towne\\nmakes some enemies, but he wins many loyal\\nfriends who. like himself, represent the van-\\nguard of political and social Reformers. The\\nfollowing sincere words of commendation are\\nfrom George Fred Williams, a prominent legal\\ncounsellor of Boston, Massachusetts:\\nI regard Mr. Towne as one of the aides! of\\nthe political leaders in the United Stales, and\\nmake no except ion whatever in the whole coun-\\ntry in saying that his opportunities for useful-\\nness to the people are not excelled by any\\nother man. He is very prompt and incisive in\\naction, alert in thought, careful in judgment,\\nand wonderfully gifted with the power of\\nspeech. There is no orator in the country who\\nmakes a more marked impression upon me, and\\nthat, perhaps, is the only test which anyone\\ncan apply in forming a judgment of a public\\nspeaker. But above all his qualities, I con-\\nsider Mr. Towne s independence in thought and\\nsincere i*egard for truth and right to be his\\nmost distinguishing qualities. While he is a\\ngood tactician, it is the tremendous energy\\nwith which his sincerity and enthusiasm en-\\ndow him that makes him the power he is among\\nmen. Grant him long life and he will surely\\nbe one of the marked figures in American his\\ntory. The above practically contains my esti-\\nmate of Mr.Towne s strong points as a political\\nleader, not to mention the one which I treasure\\nmost as a friend, viz.. his personal charm ami\\nmagnetism. I think there are few men with\\nsuch force of character who can at the same\\ntime retain the affectionate regard of those\\nwith whom they associate.\\nCol. William -1. Bryan, writing from Austin.\\nTexas, March It, 1900, aptly sums up Mr.\\nTowne s characteristics as follows: Von can\\nquote me as saying that, as a citizen, orator\\nand patriot. Charles A. Towne has no superior\\nin the United States.\\nCORDENIO A. SEVERANCE.\\nThe ancestors of Cordenio Arnold Severance,\\nof St. Paul, were of old New England stock,\\nhis mother s family residing in Connecticut and\\nRhode Island for several generations. His\\nfather s family came to Boston from Ipswich,\\nEngland, in 1637, and lived in Massachusetts\\ncontinuously from that time down to the early\\npart of this century, when the grandfather of\\nCordenio moved to Pennsylvania. Some of the\\nfamily were officers in the colonial wars prior\\nto the Revolution, and the greatgrandfather\\nof Mr. Severance, although an old man, served\\nfor a short time in the Revolutionary War.\\nMr. E. C. Severance, father of our subject, was\\nborn in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania,\\nand engaged in the mercantile business, lum-\\nbering and farming in Pennsylvania and Minne-\\nsota. He came to Minnesota in 1855, and has\\nresided here ever since. He was county auditor\\nof Dodge county, in this State, for six years,\\nand was. about fifteen years ago. State Senator\\nfrom that county. His wife, Amanda J.\\n(Arnold) Severance, was born in Connecticut\\nand reared in Michigan. She died March\\n1894, sincerely mourned by her family and by\\nevery one who knew her. She had lived an\\nearnest Christian life. Cordenio Arnold was\\nborn at Mantorville, Dodge county, Minnesota.\\nJune 30, 1S62. He attended the public and\\nhigh schools in that village, and was for about\\nthree years at Carleton College, Northfield.\\nFor one year while attending Carleton hi was\\npresident of his class. After leaving college\\nhe studied law for a time with Hon. Robert\\nTa.\\\\ lor, of Kasson, Minnesota, and was ad-\\nmitted to the bar on the day he was twenty-\\none years of age. He was examined for\\nadmission two or three months previously, the\\ncourt making an order that he should be ad-\\nmitted as soon as he was old enough to take\\nthe oath. Mr. Severance entered the office of\\nSenator Davis, in St. Paul, in the summer of\\n1885, and in January, 1SST. became his\\npartner. The firm of Davis. Kellogg\\nSeverance was formed the first of October,\\n1S87. This firm enjoys a very large practice.\\nand has handled a large number of important\\ncases in this State. Mr. Severance is a Repub-\\nlican in politics. He has never filled any\\nofficial position, however, and has never been\\na candidate for any. He is a member of the\\nKitchi Canimi Club of Duluth, the Minnesota", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0866.jp2"}, "867": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0867.jp2"}, "868": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0868.jp2"}, "869": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0869.jp2"}, "870": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0870.jp2"}, "871": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0871.jp2"}, "872": {"fulltext": "^J^fe^bcr", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0872.jp2"}, "873": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0873.jp2"}, "874": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0874.jp2"}, "875": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n411\\nClub and the Town and Country Club of St.\\nPaul. He has been one of the board of gover-\\nnors of the Ramsey County Bar Association.\\nJune 26, 18S9, Mr. Severance was married to\\nMiss .Mary Frances Harriman, a daughter of\\nGen. Samuel Harriman. of Wisconsin. To\\nthem one daughter, Alexandra, was born\\nin 1894 and died in 1895. Mr. Severance is not\\na member of any church, but usually attends\\nthe House of Hope Presbyterian church, of\\nwhich Mrs. Severance is a member. Mr. and\\nMrs. Severance reside at 589 Summit avenue,\\nSt. Paul.\\nJOHN A. MATHEWS.\\nHon. John Arnot Mathews, one of the\\nearliest settlers of Winona, Minnesota, and for\\nforty-five years a prominent resident and busi-\\nness man of that city, was born in Elmira, New\\nYork, April 6, 1824. He was the oldest of a\\nfamily of nine children, six of whom became\\ncitizens of Minnesota. His father, Henry H.\\nMathews, who was bom in Chemung county,\\nNew York, was a son of Col. Selah Mathews,\\nwho with several brothers removed from\\nOrange county to Chemung about 1790.\\nColonel Mathews was for many years a promi-\\nnent and well-known citizen of the latter\\ncounty then called Tioga. His brother, (lea.\\nVincent Mathews, was United States district\\nattorney for the Western District of New York,\\nfor many years served in both branches of the\\nLegislature, and was a member of Congress.\\nHe was a prominent lawyer, and tor forty\\nyears was at the head of the Elmira bar. Gen-\\neral Mathews died at Rochester, New York, in\\n1847. In 1819, when a young man, Henry H.\\nMathews entered the store of John Arnot, at\\nElmira. In 1823 he married Isabella M. Arnot,\\na sister of his employer, and a native of Perth-\\nshire, Scotland, who came to America with the\\nfamily about 1803. He then engaged in mer-\\nchandising with Mr. Arnot at Painted Post,\\nNew York, and later, upon the retirement of\\nhis brother-in-law, took entire charge of the\\nbusiness. While at Painted Post, where lie\\nresided for more than twenty years, he became\\na leading citizen, anil held many responsible\\npositions. In 1843 he returned to Elmira, and,\\nin 1849, was appointed by President Taylor\\npostmaster of the city, which position he held\\nfor several years. The original paternal an-\\ncestor of the Mathews family in America came\\nto this country from England with Benjamin\\nFletcher, who was appointed Colonial Gover-\\nnor of New York in 1092, and to whom he was\\nclosely related by marriage. The boyhood da s\\nof John A. Mathews were passed in his native\\ntown and at Painted Post, New York. He be-\\ncame familiar with business methods in his\\nfather s store at the latter town. When he was\\nnineteen years of age, he returned to Elmira,\\nwhere he attended school and worked on his\\nfather s farm for two years. Then, in 1845,\\nhaving reached the age of twenty-one, he went\\nto Tioga. Pennsylvania, where lie was a clerk\\nin the store of I!. Wickham Company for\\nabout two years. The junior partner was T.\\nL. Baldwin, and later .Mr. Mathews purchased\\nthe interest of Wickham, and the firm became\\nT. L. Baldwin ompany. This firm conducted\\nan extensive and successful business, until\\n1853, when he sold his interest to his partner,\\nT. L. Baldwin. In 1854 Mr. Mathews came to\\nthe Northwest in search of a permanent home.\\nHe first inspected the situation at McGregor,\\nIowa; later he explored the pine woods of Wis-\\nconsin, with a view to engaging in the lumber\\nbusiness. At that time there was a United\\nStates land office at Steven s Point, Wisconsin,\\nwhich he visited, and he was al once attracted\\nby the opportunities presented for dealing in\\nland warrants and locating them on credit to\\nactual settlers. There was also a land office\\nat Brownsville, in Houston county, Minnesota.\\nReturning to McGregor to make certain neces-\\nsary preparations, Mr. Mathews came up the\\nriver again, and set out from Brownsville on\\nan exploring tour through Southeastern Minne-\\nsota. From a small stern-wheel steamboat in\\nJuly. 1854, he landed at Winona, then a small\\nfrontier village recently established as a county\\nseat. He was not favorably impressed with\\nthe appearance and surroundings of the place\\nat the time, and continued his trip. From Red\\nWing he journeyed on foot throughout the", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0875.jp2"}, "876": {"fulltext": "412\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsoutheastern part of the theu Territory, as\\nfar west as Faribault. After this thorough and\\ncareful inspection of the country, and having\\nmade several selections from which to choose,\\nhe returned to his native State, and October\\n9, 1855, he was married to Miss Ellen B. Bush,\\na native of Tioga, Pennsylvania, and a daugh-\\nter of A. C. Bush of that place. Their wedding\\ntook place at Tioga, and they at once started\\nfor Winona, where a United States land office\\nhad been located in the spring of that year,\\narriving in time for the first land sales a\\ngreat event in the history of the city. Mr.\\nMathews began at once to deal in land war-\\nrants, to locate lands, and to loan money. His\\nfirst business was done in the office of Berry\\nWaterman, attorneys, on Front street, where\\nthe Winona Mill Company mill was afterwards\\nbuilt; then in Dr. Sheardown s drug store, also\\non Front street, opposite the land office. In\\n1856 Mr. Mathews built an office near by, which\\nwas burned in 1802. He was again burned out\\non the east side of Center street, between Front\\nand Second streets, and removed to Hilberl\\nBlock. In 1887 he fitted up offices in his own\\nbuilding on West Third street, where he has\\nsince remained. For about a year, half his\\ntime was spent in the land office. He did a\\ngood business in these lines until the land office\\nwas removed to Faribault, in January, 1857.\\nMr. Mathews has now been engaged in the loan\\nbusiness for forty-five years, making a specialty\\nof farm loans, and has been fairly successful.\\nHe has always taken an active and practical\\npart in the advancement and the general wel-\\nfare of his adopted city, witli whose interests\\nhe has been identified for nearly half a cen-\\ntury. He was one of the five incorporators and\\nthe first president of the Winona Street Bail\\nway Company, which was organized in 1883.\\nFor four terms he was mayor of the city\\nin 1868-9, 1869-70, 1873-4 and in 1887-8. His\\nofficial services were highly satisfactory to his\\nfellow-citizens. He was true to his convictions\\nof duty, and was always decidedly opposed to\\nthe issue of bonds by the city in aid of\\nrailroads, regardless of the fact that he was\\na stockholder and one of the directors in the\\nWinona Southwestern Railroad Company,\\nat the time such bonds were voted to it. In\\npolitics he has always been a Democrat. He\\nhas never cared to become prominent in the\\ncouncils of his party, but is a firm believer in\\nthe righteousness of its principles, and uni-\\nformly votes its ticket. No other citizen in\\nWinona stands higher in the public esteem\\nthan John A. Mathews. Considerably more\\nthan three score years and ten, he is still\\nactive and well-preserved, and his situation\\ngenerally is one to be envied in view of his\\npublic and private record and the history of\\nhis long and useful life. The happy home of\\nMr. and Mrs. Mathews has always been one\\nof the centers of hospitality of the city. They\\nhave no children. They have, however, reared\\nto maturity two daughters of his brother,\\nHenry E. Mathews, Jennie C, now Mrs. E. S.\\nGregory, of Winona, Minnesota, and Isabella\\nA., now Mrs. E. J. Chamberlain, of Devil s Lake,\\nNorth Dakota.\\nWILLIAM LINDEKE.\\nThe late William Lindeke, of St. Paul, was\\nwell and widely known in connection with the\\ngreat milling industry of Minnesota. Mr.\\nLindeke was born at Seehausen, near Berlin,\\nPrussia, October 1, 1835. The first eighteen\\nyears of his life were spent in his native coun-\\ntry, where he obtained a common school educa-\\ntion and was afterwards employed by his\\nfather. But he early felt the need of larger\\nopportunities than presented themselves to\\nhim at home, and resolved to try his fortunes\\nin America. He arrived at Montreal in June,\\n1854, and made his way directly to Wisconsin,\\nin different towns of which State he was em-\\nployed for about three years. In the summer\\nof 1857 he went to St. Paul, where he found\\nemployment in the saw-mill of Pierre Chou-\\nteau, Jr.. Company, then located at the lower\\nlevee. At the end of a year he secured a trans-\\nfer to the neighboring grist-mill, also owned\\nby Chouteau Company, thus becoming\\ninitiated into the industry in which he was to\\nplay so important a part. As soon as master\\nof the trade, he accepted a position as miller", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0876.jp2"}, "877": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0877.jp2"}, "878": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0878.jp2"}, "879": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0879.jp2"}, "880": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0880.jp2"}, "881": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n41.3\\nwith the firm of Gibbons Marshall, in the old\\nWinslow Mills in the lower town; and upon the\\nerection by Mr. Marshall of his extensive City\\nMills, Mr. Lindeke was engaged as his head\\nmiller. In 18G:i Mr. Marshall retired from\\nbusiness, and Mr. Lindeke rented the mill and\\ncontinued to operate it as Ins own enterprise.\\nA year later he built his fine Union Mill on\\nEast Fourth street, and from this time on suc-\\ncessfully conducted the two establishments.\\nMeantime, with acute foresight, he was secur-\\ning, lot by lot, a neighboring tract of land,\\nwhich by 1SSC became surrounded by railroads,\\nits value in consequence being greatly en-\\nhanced. After rejecting numerous offers of\\nthe Northern Pacific, he finally sold to that\\ncompany a portion of his property for $150,000.\\nThis sale included the Union Mills, which he\\nreserved the privilege of running until the\\ncompletion of his new steam flouring mill on\\nEast Seventh and Brook streets. This mill,\\nthe erection of which was another instance of\\nhis business acumen, is one of the finest and\\nmost completely equipped Hour manufactories\\nin the Northwest. Mr. Lindeke was also\\nprominently identified with the dry-goods busi-\\nness of St. Paul. In 1871 he stocked a retail\\nestablishment in one of his buildings on Third\\nstreet, and conducted it in partnership with\\nhis brother, Albert H. Lindeke, who was al-\\nready an expert in the dry-goods trade. The\\nfirm name adopted by them was A. H. Lindeke\\nBrother, and they carried on the enterprise\\nuntil 1880, then disposed of the business. In\\nthe meantime in 1878 Mr. Lindeke had en-\\ngaged in the wholesale dry-goods and notion\\nbusiness, together with his brother Albert\\nH. Reuben Warner and Theodore L. Schur-\\nmeier, under the style of Lindekes, Warner\\nSchurmeier. Although the enterprise was in-\\naugurated during a period of business depres-\\nsion, it has developed into one of the most\\nextensive and flourishing establishments of the\\nkind, not only in St. Paul, but in the entire\\nWest, its annual sales amounting to five mil-\\nlion dollars. Mr. Lindeke was vice-president\\nand a heavy stockholder of the National Ger-\\nman American Bank of St. Paul. He was also\\na director of the Chamber of Commerce, and\\nserved on the water-works board of the city.\\nHe was for three terms a member of the board\\nof county commissioners, being chairman of\\nthe committee on roads and bridges, the com\\nmittee on county hospital and committee on\\nthe poor; and he performed the duties of this\\noffice with an energy and earnestness possible\\nonly to the public-spirited and philanthropic\\ncitizen. February 8, 1861, Mr. Lindeke married\\nMiss Rose Braebec, daughter of Simon Braebec,\\nof Prague, Austria. Six children were born to\\nthem, of whom four are now living. Mr.\\nLindeke was a prominent member of the Ger-\\nman Evangelical Lutheran St. John s Congre-\\ngation of St. Paul, and was one of those\\nconsistent Christians whose religion finds a\\nconstant practical application outside the\\nchurch. He remembered that he was once a\\npoor hoy, struggling to get a start in the world,\\nand he felt a sincere sympathy with honest\\npoverty everywhere. Making the less prosper-\\nous of his relatives his first care, his bounty\\noverflowed beyond their needs to the relief of\\nmany whose sole claim upon him was that of\\ncommon humanity; and his image is indelibly\\nimpressed upon the memories and affections of\\nall classes of his surviving fellow-citizens. In\\nhis wife Mr. Lindeke had a sympathetic as-\\nsistant in the dispensing of charities; and since\\nhis death which occurred March 9, 1892\\nMrs. Lindeke has continued the good work,\\nand is a familiar figure in the poorer districts\\nof the city, bearing succor to the sick and the\\ndestitute.\\nEDWARD W. DA VIES.\\nProductive and interesting has been the\\ncareer of Edward W. Davies, president of the\\nPipestone County Bank, of Minnesota. Mr.\\nDavies was born in Shropshire, England, but\\nis a thorough American by education and ex-\\nperience. His father, John Davies, is a native\\nof Wales, born in the year 1830. At the age\\nof twenty two he was married to Elizabeth\\nOwens, who, also, was of Welsh birth, and\\nthree years later, on April 5, 1855, the subject\\nof this sketch was born. When he was about\\ntwo years old, his parents came with their", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0881.jp2"}, "882": {"fulltext": "414\\nBIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\nfamily to America, making the voyage from\\nEngland to New York City in a sailing vessel.\\nFrom the coast they made their way to London,\\nCanada, where they tarried for a short time,\\nthen crossed to the United States and located\\nin Milwaukee, Wisconsin. For about a year\\nthey lived in Milwaukee, then removed to the\\nvillage of Afton, in Rock county, of the same\\nState. He remained in Rock county for\\nsomething like ten years, then, in May,\\n1SG9, he removed to Minnesota, and located on\\na farm of 1G0 acres in Jackson county. In\\n1880 he erected a sung little dwelling in the\\nvillage of Jackson, into which he and his wife\\nmoved and where they still reside. Of the five\\nchildren born to them, Edward W., the subject\\nof this sketch, is the only one living. Edward\\nremained with his parents until he was twenty-\\none years of age, and then accepted a clerkship\\nin the general store of J. W. Cowing, of Jack-\\nson. At the expiration of the year for which\\nhe had engaged with Mr. Cowing, he secured\\noccupation in the county service, and after\\nsome two years of deputy work in the treas-\\nurer s and auditor s offices, he entered a posi-\\ntion as manager of one of C. L. Coleman s\\nlumber yards. In August, 1879, Mr. Davies\\nopened up the Lakefield lumber yard on the\\nline of the Milwaukee Railroad, the first in that\\nlocality, which, in consequence, became the site\\nof Lakefield; and it is to him that this\\ntown owes its name, as well as its first build-\\ning. In the following November Mr. Dayies\\nwas transferred to Pipestone, to represent Mr.\\nColeman s interests in that city, and became\\none of the pioneer lumber operators of this\\nplace, also. He opened a lumber yard, erected\\nstorage buildings, and in the seven years dur-\\ning which he conducted the business at Pipe-\\nstone he developed a trade of enormous\\nproportions. In 1S8G, together with S. S. King\\nand T. A. Black, he established the Jasper\\nJournal, a newspaper whose object was to pro-\\nmote the interests and welfare of the village\\nof Jasper and the environing country. It was\\na Republican organ, although Mr. Davies has,\\nfor the most part, affiliated with the Demo-\\ncratic party. His attitude in politics is but\\nlittle affected by partisan sentiment, as was\\nevidenced during the last Presidential cam-\\npaign, when he declined to support the Demo-\\ncratic ballot because of his disapproval of the\\nfree silver plank in the platform of his party.\\nSince 1887 Mr. Davies has been connected with\\nthe Pipestone County Bank, as cashier during\\nthe first four years, and as president for the\\nensuing nine years. He is president, also, of\\nthe State Bank of Jasper, vice-president of the\\nState Bank of Woodstock, Minnesota, and his\\nbusiness relations with various strong finan-\\ncial institutions of the country have resulted\\nwith marked profit to himself, as well as to\\nothers connected with these institutions. Mr.\\nDavies was married in January, 1881, to Nellie\\nG. King, a daughter of W. V. King, of Jackson\\ncounty, Minnesota. Of the children born to\\nthem, four are now living, viz.: Kittie A.,\\nBurr E., Frank E. and Bonnie.\\nGEORGE S. RUBLE.\\nGeorge S. Ruble, the founder of Albert Lea,\\nFreeborn county, Minnesota, was born in\\nKishacoquillas valley, Mifflin county, Pennsyl-\\nvania, August 31, 1822. He was the son of\\nHenry and Mary E. (Simonds) Ruble, both\\nparents being natives of Pennsylvania, railed\\nPennsylvania Dutch. Peter Ruble, who\\nemigrated from Hanover, Germany, in about\\n1730 and settled in Mifflin county, Pennsyl-\\nvania, was the original ancestor of the Ruble\\nfamily in America. He had four sons, viz.:\\nChristian, Peter. Abraham and Mathias; the\\nlatter settled in the east end of Kishacoquillas\\nvalley several years prior to the Revolution,\\nand he also had four sons, viz.: Peter, Mich-\\nael, John and Henry. The latter married Mary\\nE. Simonds, of York county, Pennsylvania, and\\nto them were born four sons Simon, George\\nS., the subject of this sketch; Henry and John\\nall natives of the above-named valley. The\\nfamily removed to Wayne county, Ohio, in\\n1829, settling on a farm in Green township,\\nwhere the father died a few years later, and\\nwhere the subject of this sketch grew to man-\\nhood. He received only a few months school-\\ning, and picked up his education as best he", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0882.jp2"}, "883": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0883.jp2"}, "884": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0884.jp2"}, "885": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing SrOyraviry Co Chicago-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0885.jp2"}, "886": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0886.jp2"}, "887": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n415\\ncould. February 1, 1S49, he married Elethear\\nHumphrey, and removed to Rock county, Wis\\ncousin, settling on a farm three miles west of\\nthe city of Byloit, where he engaged iu farm-\\ning and stock raising. In 1855 he sold out his\\ninterests in Wisconsin, and, accompanied by\\nhis brother John, removed to Freeborn county,\\nMinnesota, where he pre-empted land, put up\\na double log house and prepared to receive his\\nfamily. He then returned to Wisconsin and\\nbrought out his family in the fall of the same\\nyear. He built the dam across the Shell Rock\\nriver, which formed the body of water now\\nknown as Fountain lake. He commenced the\\nbuilding of a saw-mill, which was put in opera-\\ntion in the spring of 1857. To this, the follow-\\ning year, he added a grist mill. He laid out\\nthe village and named it Albert Lea, after Lake\\nAlbert Lea. near which it is situated. The first\\nplat was recorded October 29, 1850, in Dodge\\ncounty, of which it then formed a part. m\\nFebruary 24, 1859, it was duly recorded in the\\nregister s office of Freeborn county. .Mr. Ruble\\nthen put up a small building, which was used\\nby Swineforth Gray for a printing office, the\\nfirst in that region, and where they published\\nthe first newspaper, called the Southern\\nMinnesota Star. Its first issue was July 11,\\n1857; it was a Democratic weekly paper, en-\\ncouraged by the Democratic Central Jommit-\\ntee, through the influence of Mr. Ruble and by\\nthe credit which he gave it. It was afterwards\\nchanged to the Freeborn County Eagle, and\\nbecame a Republican organ under Isaac Bots-\\nford; and still later it became the Freeborn\\nCounty Standard, under the management of\\nMr. Ruble, associated with Joseph Hooker.\\nIn the spring of 1860, there came a great flood\\nwhich destroyed the mill property, but it was\\nafterwards rebuilt and used for milling pur-\\nposes for many years. Mr. Ruble cultivated a\\npart of his land as a farm; he sold city lots at\\na small price, or gave them away to encourage\\nsettlers to locate, and he was always active,\\nenergetic and persevering in the building up\\nof Albert Lea. When the Civil War broke out\\nhe was among the first to respond to his coun-\\ntry s call. He raised and became captain of\\nCompany H, of the First Minnesota Mounted\\nRangers; was mustered in December lstii\\nspent the winter with his company in barracks\\nal Fort Ridgely, and accompanied General\\nSibley in his expedition against the Indians\\nacross the plains of Dakota in the summer fol-\\nlowing. He was mustered out at the expira-\\ntion of his term of service, November 24. L8G3.\\nIn 1864 he re-entered the army as senior tirst\\nlieutenant of Company C, First .Minnesota\\nHeavy Artillery, and went South with that\\norganization. He was commander of the fort,\\non Cameron Hill, at Chattanooga, Tennessee,\\nand from there was transferred to Charleston,\\nTennessee, and placed in command of Fort\\nBishop, lie was mustered out of the service\\nJuly 5, 1865, at tin- close of the war, after\\nwhich he returned to Albert Lea. While in 1 he\\nSouth lie had become impressed with the op-\\nportunity for business development at Chat-\\ntanooga, Tennessee, and decided to locate\\nthere, which he did in 1866. He opened busi-\\nness in the agricultural implement line, and\\ncontinued for a period of twelve years. He\\nmoved his family there in 1868, and built a\\nhouse on Lookout Mountain, called -Ruble s\\nCottage Home. This he ran as a hotel for\\ntwelve years, and it became a famous resort\\nwell known all over the South for good fare\\nand genial hospitality. In 1871 his warehouse,\\nwith all its contents, was destroyed by tire, en-\\ntailing a loss of over $50,000.00. The Cottage\\nHome was sold in 1881, Captain Ruble having\\nreturned to Albert Lea in 1880. His health\\nbegan to fail on account of disease contracted\\nfrom exposure while in the army, and he died\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Inly 2, 1886, and was buried in the family\\nburying ground at Beloit, Wisconsin, where\\nhis wife, who died February 11, 1892, is also\\nburied. In many respects Captain Ruble was\\na remarkable man; of large and powerful\\nphysique, with a fine and commanding figure;\\nhe was a man of great force of will, of in-\\ndomitable energy and perseverance. He\\nstood six feet two and one-half inches in height,\\nand his weight was 27. pounds, and all his\\nbrothers were like him large men. The com-\\nbined weight of the four brothers, before the\\nwar, was 1,265 pounds, and their combined\\nheight was twenty-tour feel and ten inches.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0887.jp2"}, "888": {"fulltext": "416\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nIn politics Captain Ruble was a Republican,\\nbut was not an active partisan. He was ap-\\npointed the first sheriff of Freeborn county.\\nHe was a charter member of the Western Star\\nLodge of Masons, and was one of the first\\nKnights Templar in the State. He left two\\nchildren Charles X. Ruble, who now occupies\\nI he old place in Albert Lea, and Lametta M.,\\nnow the wife of T. 1 Green, of Shelbyville,\\nTennessee. Another child. Simon, died in in-\\nfancy.\\nCLARENCE D. ALLEN.\\nClarence Duane Allen, of the law firm of\\nAllen Pattridge, of Spring Valley, and rep-\\nresentative of the Fifth District in the Legisla-\\nture of Minnesota, is a native of this State,\\nborn in Fillmore county. January 11, 1804. He\\nis a son of Alonzo B. and Laura M. (Farmer)\\nAllen, his maternal grandfather, Hiram F.\\nFarmer, having been one of Minnesota s early\\npioneers, who, in 185S, came to settle in this\\nState from Lake county, Ohio. The Allen\\nfamily is of English extraction, and traces its\\ndescent directly from Ethan Allen one of the\\nmost conspicuous figures of our Revolution.\\nAlonzo B. Allen father of this subject was\\na Union soldier of the Civil War. having served\\nwith Company C of the Third Regiment of\\nMinnesota Volunteer Infantry, and surrendered\\nup his life for his country while in ad ion at Lit-\\ntle Rock. Arkansas. Clarence 1 Allen obtained\\nhis general education in the public schools of\\nSpring Valley, then took a special course in\\nthe University of Wisconsin, at Madison,\\ngraduating from the Law Department of that\\ninstitution with the class of 1887. During the\\nsame year he was admitted to the bar in the\\nUnited States Circuit Courts, after which he\\nentered upon his career as a legal practitioner\\nin the town which has since been his home.\\nHere he associated himself with J. D. Fanner,\\nhis uncle on the mother s side; but the partner-\\nship was ended in 1892 by the death of Mr.\\nFarmer, after which Mr. Allen practiced by\\nhimself for some six years. It was in 1898\\nthat he formed the present firm of Allen\\nPattridge, of which S. C. Pattridge is junior\\nmember. The son of a soldier, and born in\\nwar limes, Mr. Allen has. very naturally, fell\\na lively interest in the military affairs of the\\ncountry. In 1889 he organized the Allen\\nGuards a reserve company of militia assinn\\ning command as captain. After a time the\\nAllen Guards became Company E, Third Regi-\\nment. X. G. M., which, upon the breaking out\\nof our late war with Spain, was enrolled as\\nCompany F, Second Regiment, and despatched\\nto the front for active service. Mr. Allen re-\\ntained his captaincy for a period of ten years,\\nhis term of service having expired in January,\\n1898. Mr. Allen belongs to a number of secret\\norders, being a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, a\\nmember of the order of Modern Woodmen, and\\nalso of the Umited Workmen of America, and\\nis a Good Samaritan. On the 26th of June,\\n1890, Mr. Allen was united in marriage to Miss\\nFlorence B. Shutte, of Fort Wayne, Indiana.\\nFour children have been born of their union,\\nviz.: Bernice, Beatrice, Daniel and Marie, all\\nof whom are living. Through his natural abil-\\nities, supplemented by thrift and perseverance,\\nMr. Allen has attained, while still a young man,\\nto a substantial and honorable position, and\\nhis future is bright with possibilities of even\\ngreater achievement. Throughout his voting\\nyears he has been an interested and active\\nmember of the Republican party; and besides\\nhis political office as a member of the State\\nLegislature, to which he was elected in 1898,\\nhe has done good service during a term of five\\nyears as city attorney for Spring Valley.\\nWILLIAM CONSTANS.\\nWilliam Constans, of St. Paul, was born in\\nDiemoringen, Alsace Lorraine, France, June\\n11 1829. His parents were Christian and Cath-\\nerine (Becker) Constans, both natives of\\nFrance. William s early life was spent on his\\nfather s farm, and in the common schools of\\nhis native place. There he was taught both\\nthe French and German languages, which was\\nthe custom in that province. When William\\nwas eighteen years of age, he came with a\\ncousin, to the United States, stopping first in", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0888.jp2"}, "889": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0889.jp2"}, "890": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0890.jp2"}, "891": {"fulltext": "77i\u00c2\u00a3 Qxituru PuMistuiig kEnutwi itig Co Chicayo", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0891.jp2"}, "892": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0892.jp2"}, "893": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n41/\\nNew Orleans, where his cousin settled perma-\\nnently. He secured a situation as clerk in a\\nhardware store, and remained there until the\\nfollowing July, when he went to Cincinnati,\\nand there found employment in a toy store. In\\nthe spring of 1850 he left Cincinnati and came\\nhy boat to St. Paul, where he entered the em-\\nploy of Slosson Douglas, who conducted a\\ngrocery store, and also a merchant tailor shop,\\nthe first and only tailoring establishment in\\nJ3t. Paul at that time. He remained with this\\nfirm for two years, and then rented a ware-\\nhouse near by and started in business for him-\\nself, receiving, storing and forwarding goods.\\nThis was the first business of the kind estab-\\nlished in St. Paul, and from small beginnings\\nit soon developed into a general forwarding\\nand commission business, large quantities of\\ngoods being left with him for sale on commis-\\nsion. In the fall of 1853 J. C. Burbank joined\\nhim in the business, and the firm became Con-\\nstans Burbank, forwarding and commission.\\nThey remained together for one year, when\\nMr. Burbank withdrew from the firm, and Mr.\\nConstans continued in the same line alone. His\\nbusiness soon became very extensive and was\\nprofitable up to the time when railroads were\\nbuilt; then freighting by water and mule or\\nox teams ceased, and the forwarding business\\ndeclined. He then added wholesale groceries,\\nwhich also developed into a business of large\\nextent. During the years of 1872 and 1873 he\\nput up a brick building at 272 Jackson street,\\nwhich was the first substantial brick building\\nerected in that locality. About this time he\\nclosed out his other business and opened up\\nanother line in the new building, that of\\nbrewers supplies, the first of the kind in the\\nState. This business he conducted until 1890,\\nwhen he sold out to Hauser Sons, who still\\ncontinue in the same line. Mr. Constans re-\\ntired from all active mercantile business and\\ngave his time to his private affairs. For many\\nyears he has made investments in real estate\\nin St. Paul and vicinity, and the improvement\\nand handling of this property occupied most\\nof his time. Mr. Constans was one of the in-\\ncorporators of the National German American\\nBank, and was also one of the incorporators of\\nthe State Savings Bank of St. Paul, and has\\nbeen one of the trustees of that bank since its\\nformation. He was also one of the directors\\nof the Peoples Bank of St. Paul. Mr. Constans\\nwas one of (he charter members of the Cham-\\nber of Commerce, and is a member of the I\\nmercial Club. He has always 1 na Democrat,\\nbut has never taken an active part in local poli-\\ntics or sought or held public office. Mr. Con\\nstans was married April 13, lsii7, to Bertha\\nYon Frankenberg, a native of ieiniany. Tiny\\nare the parents of seven children: Annie B.,\\nWilliam F., Edmond H., Bertha C. (Mrs. W.\\nA. Merriam), Ernie, Otto E., and Elsie.\\nWILLIAM HODGSON.\\nThe subject of (his sketch is senior partner\\nin the law firm of Hodgson, Crosby Lowell.\\nof Hastings, Minnesota. He is of English\\nparentage, his father, Thomas Hodgson, ami\\nhis mother (whose maiden name was Charlotte\\nCurrin, and who was a descendant of John\\nPhilpot Currin, of England), having both emi-\\ngrated in early life to this country and settled\\nin the State of Illinois. William Hodgson was\\nborn May 20, 1847, in Jo Daviess county, Illi-\\nnois. His father followed the farmer s vocu\\ntion, and his financial circumstances were\\nthose of the ordinary fanner of the middle\\nWest. William grew up upon the home farm,\\nand acquired his elementary education in the\\npublic schools of Weston, Illinois. In IS.\\nwhen eight years of age, he removed with his\\nparents to Minnesota, the family locating upon\\na farm in Greenvale, in the southern part of\\nDakota county. Here the boy assisted his\\nfather in the fields during the summer time,\\ncontinuing his education in the schools of that\\nlocality in winter. When advanced far enough\\nfor collegiate work, he entered Hamline Uni-\\nversity, then situated at Red Wing. Minnesota,\\nand continued as a student in that institution\\nuntil it was removed to its present location.\\nIn the fall of 1867 Mr. Hodgson began reading\\nlaw in the office and under the direction of\\nJudge Phelps, of Red Wing. In July, 1870, he\\ngained his admission to the bar of Minnesota,", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0893.jp2"}, "894": {"fulltext": "4 i8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand in the following autumn entered upon the\\npractice of his profession in the town of Farm-\\ning-ton. His residence in Hastings dates from\\n1874, in the fall of which year he came hither\\nin search of a permanent location. During the\\nyears of his practice in this city he has been\\na member in several partnerships, the first\\nbeing with Captain Parliman, formed in ISTti.\\nThis one was of short duration, and was suc-\\nceeded by a partnership with W. H. Adams,\\nentered into, in 1878, and continuing until 1S83.\\nSubsequently Mr. Hodgson was for several\\nyears associated in practice with Albert\\nShaller, their relation being dissolved in 1898,\\nwhen the present firm of Hodgson, Crosby\\nLowell was organized. Mr. Hodgson is a Re-\\npublican, appreciated by his party for his\\nfidelity and active influence, and in the public\\noffices to which he has been elected he has\\ndone efficient service. He was mayor of Hast-\\nings during the years 1S82 and 1883, and is\\nnow serving for the third time in the capacity\\nof attorney for Dakota county. Mr. Hodgson\\nis a veteran of the Civil War, having enlisted\\nas a private in the Union army on December\\n2, 1862. He was mustered out December 2,\\n1865, and, although he had devoted three full\\nyears to his country, it chanced that he had\\nseen but little active service. Besides being a\\nmember of the G. A. R., Mr. Hodgson is a\\nRoyal Arch Mason and an Odd Fellow, and\\nbelongs to the Independent Order of Foresters.\\nHe is not a member of any church society. Mr.\\nHodgson has been twice married; the first time\\nin 1870, to Miss Drucilla Hutchinson, who was\\na daughter of English parents. After a few\\nyears she was separated from him by death,\\nand in 1885 he was united to Belle M. Powner.\\nMr. Hodgson is the father of four children, viz.:\\nLawrence O, by his first marriage, and Chester\\nP., Raymond and Charles E., sons of the pres-\\nent .Mrs. Hodgson.\\nJOHN K. WEST.\\nJohn Kingsbury West, of Detroit, Minne-\\nsota, is a native of Massachusetts, and was\\nborn on the 27th of January, 1847. He was\\nreared in the place of his birth Pittsfield in\\nthe heart of the Berkshire Hills. His father,\\nJohn Chapman West, also a native of the Old\\nBay State, was a man of most admirable char-\\nacter and ability. He was engaged in mercan-\\ntile pursuits in Pittsfield, in one location, for\\nfifty-four years. He became intimately identi-\\nfied with the public affairs of his town during\\ntwenty years of continuous service as chair-\\nman of the board of selectmen. This term\\nincluded the years of the Civil War, when the\\nduties of the office were very arduous. His\\npolitics were pure and liberal, he being a Demo-\\ncrat of the old Jeffersonian type. He was also\\nan active member of the choir of the historic\\nFirst Church of Christ of Pittsfield for a full\\nhalf century. The maiden name of his wife\\nmother of the subject of this biography was\\nMaria L., daughter of Butler Goodrich, of\\nrittsfield. John Kingsbury West attended the\\nschools of his native town until his fifteenth\\nyear, after which he pursued a higher course\\nof study at a boarding school in Lanesboro,\\nMassachusetts. In 18G3 he entered the middle\\nclass of Williston Seminary at East Hampton,\\nMassachusetts. After leaving this institution\\nhe entered the freshman class of Williams Col-\\nlege, and taking a four-years course, graduated\\nin ISfiS. He then went into business as a\\nmanufacturer of woolen goods, which industry\\nhe followed for a period of twelve years, oper-\\nating factories in the three Massachusetts\\ntowns of Pittsfield, Dalton and Chester. Upon\\ncoming west he located in the then diminutive\\nvillage of Detroit, which by his labor and en-\\nterprise he has helped develop to its present\\nstatus. During the first three years or so of\\nhis residence in the place, he followed the lum-\\nber business, but since 1S84 he has been con-\\ntinuously operating in real estate, insurance\\nand loans on real securities. In politics he at\\npresent affiliates with the Republican party.\\nOn October 20, 1875, he was married to Miss\\nJessie, daughter of George Campbell, of Pitts-\\nfield. An interesting fact in the family history\\nof Mr. West is, that his two great-grandfathers\\nwere arrayed against each oilier in the Revolu-\\ntionary War, the maternal ancestor serving as\\na British soldier, and the paternal ancestor as\\nan American patriot.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0894.jp2"}, "895": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0895.jp2"}, "896": {"fulltext": "Ih Century Publishing i Oymiiny Co Chicaner", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0896.jp2"}, "897": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0897.jp2"}, "898": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0898.jp2"}, "899": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n410\\nEDWARD W. RICHTER.\\nEdward Willard Richter, a prominent at-\\ntorney and citizen of Owatonna, is of German-\\nIrish parentage, his father, Ferdinand Richter,\\nhaving been a native and professor of lan-\\nguages of Hamburg, Germany, while his\\nmother, whose maiden name was Catherine\\nKeilly, was born and spent her early years in\\nthe city of Dublin, Ireland. They emigrated to\\nthis country in the year 184!), and became\\npioneer settlers in Waushara county, Wiscon-\\nsin, the survey of that State not having been\\ncompleted by the Government at the time\\nProfessor Richter took up his claim. Here, on\\nthe virgin soil of his father s farm, Edward \\\\Y.\\nwas born and reared, the date of his birth hav-\\ning been March 31, 1851. Tie was the oldest\\nson in a large family of children, and responsi-\\nbility early devolved upon him as such, which\\ncurtailed somewhat the education ambitiously\\nplanned. As a hoy he assisted his father with\\nthe farm work in summer, attending the school\\nof his home district in winter. At sixteen he\\nbecame a student at Ripon College, and con-\\ntinued his studies there for a year, though\\nduring a portion of the time he found it neces-\\nsary to walk to and from the college a matter\\nof eight miles a day. Later on he pursued his\\nstudies at St. Francis Seminary, near Milwau-\\nkee; hut was compelled by lack of funds to\\nabandon his course uncompleted at the end of\\ntwo years. The mental training he had ac-\\nquired, however, proved immediately valuable,\\nand for some years, in the alternating capaci-\\nties of school teacher and farmer, he aided in\\nthe support of the family at home. Eventually\\nhis father decided to leave the Wisconsin farm\\nand locate anew in Minnesota; but he was\\nscarcely more than settled in the new home in\\nDodge county when he met his death by an\\naccident while employed in a lumber camp in\\nthe northern part of that State. This was in\\n1872, when Edward W. was twenty-one years\\nof age; and with his majority there came to\\nhim, also, the full responsibility of the head of\\nthe family. He settled up his father s affairs,\\nami for five years devoted himself to the main-\\ntenance of the home, liv this time others of\\nthe children had grown sufficiently mature and\\ncompetent to relieve him, and, deciding upon\\nthe law for his future career, he associated\\nhimself as a student with the Hon. Will\\nson, of Rochester. Subsequently he continued\\nhis studies with the firm of Start Dove, of\\nthe same city. Upon the completion of his\\npreparation for practical work, he located in\\nOwatonna, where he has since resided and\\npracticed his profession. Mr. Richter has 1 n\\na member of one law partnership only, which\\nhe formed, early in the eighties, with Hon.\\nAmos Coggswell, and which continued for\\nabout one year. Politically, Mr. Richter is a\\nRepublican, and has always shown much in-\\nterest in public affairs. For three years In-\\nfilled the office of city attorney of Owatonna;\\nalso served as county attorney during the two\\nterms included in the years 1895-99. In re-\\nligion he has been a life-long adherent to the\\nRoman Catholic faith. In the month of Sep-\\ntember, 1891, Mr. Richter was married to Miss\\nJ. O Connor, of Owatonna. Four children\\ntwo sons and two daughters have been born\\nto them, of whom the three now living are\\nnamed, respectively, Edward M., Mary and\\nNellie.\\nODIN HALDEN.\\nOdin Haldeu, auditor of St. Louis county.\\nand for nearly twenty years a resident of\\nDuluth, was born in Norway on the 6th of\\nMay. 1S( 12. His father was also a native Nor-\\nwegian, and the father of six children, all of\\nwhom are living. The subject of this bi-\\nography was reared in the rugged home\\ncountry, and educated in its public schools.\\nAmbitious, however, for larger business op-\\nportunities than were open to him in the\\nfatherland, he came, at the age of nineteen, to\\nthis country, locating in Grove City. Mimic\\nsola. Possessing hut small means, and no in-\\nfluence, he was obliged to work his way up\\nfrom humble beginnings. He soon secured\\noccupation on a farm in the outskirts of the\\ntown, for which he was paid eighteen dollars\\nper month. After about a year in 1NS2 he", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0899.jp2"}, "900": {"fulltext": "420\\nbiography of Minnesota.\\nl.-f i Grove City for Wilmar, Minnesota, where\\nhe procured another fanning position. In this\\none his duties included the care of the stock\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094milking the cows, caring for the horses, etc.\\nHi slaved but a short time on the Wilmar\\nfarm, for it was in the spring of 1882 that he\\ncame to Duluth, which city he decided to make\\nhis permanent location. Here his farming ex-\\nperience could serve him but little, and he was\\ncompelled si ill for awhile to content himself\\nwith undesirable work and small wages. First\\nfinding employment at the docks, he later en-\\ngaged with a force of lumbermen and worked\\nfor a short time in the woods, and after this\\nbecame a sub-contractor and employe of the\\nDuluth Iron Railroad. In the fall of iss:i\\nMr. llalden entered upon what proved to be\\na somewhat lengthy career in a line of busi-\\nness quite different from any of his former\\noccupations. He accepted a clerical position\\nin one of the grocery stores of Duluth. in which\\nhe worked as an employe for about a year\\nand a half, laying by in the meantime a suffi-\\ncient amount of money to venture into business\\nfor himself. Finding his employer willing to\\ndispose of the business, he purchased it. and\\nduring the next seven years was the proprietor\\nof this retail grocery store. In politics Mr.\\nllalden is loyally Republican, having cast his\\nfirst vote for President Garfield, and he enters\\nwith enthusiasm into all the interests of his\\nparty. Mr. Halden was first made deputy\\nauditor of St. Louis county, and after doing\\nduty in that secondary capacity for something\\nlike six years, he was elected to the office of\\nAuditor, in which he has now completed his\\nI bird term of service. In 1891, -Mr. Halden was\\nmarried to .Miss Jennie Hanson, of La Crosse,\\nWisconsin. After a very short period of\\nwedded happiness, however, he was bereft of\\nhis wife by death, and he has since remained\\nsingle. Mr. llalden is a member of the Luth-\\neran church.\\nBARLOW II. BONNIVILLE.\\nHarlow Horace Bonniville, Esq., of Hutchi-\\nson, Minnesota, was horn at Nequon, Ozaukee\\ncounty. Wisconsin. May 13, L860. He is a son\\nand the only surviving child of William T.\\nBonniville, who in the spring of 1866 settled\\nwith his family in Hutchison, and followed the\\njoint industry of farming and milling in this\\nState until compelled by failing health to retire\\nfrom strenuous business pursuits. The senior\\nBonniville was a man whose strict rectitude of\\ncharacter made him cherished as a citizen, and\\nhis loss by death in 1891 was deeply regretted\\nin the community. The subject of this sketch\\nwas fundamentally educated in the public;\\nschools of Hutchison. At the age of eighteen\\nhe became a student in the University of\\nMinnesota, and, taking a three-years course,\\ngraduated with the class of 1881. In connec-\\ntion with his first year of college work he read\\nlaw in the office of Gilfillan Lochren, at\\nMinneapolis, and he subsequently continued\\nhis legal studies under the direction of Hon.\\nC. J. Smith, of the same city, with whom he\\nwas associated for a year and a half. In the\\nfall of 1881 he entered the Law Department\\nof the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor,\\nand two years later received his degree at that\\ninstitution. In the year 1887 he opened an\\noffice at Hutchison for the practice of his pro-\\nfession, in which he has since been continu-\\nously occupied. He has been very successful,\\nparticularly in the department of criminal law,\\nwhich he has to some extent made a specialty.\\nIn conducting a case, he marshals his forces\\nof facts and arguments with the skill and\\neffectiveness of an able general in battle, and\\nto those who witness these legal contests it is\\nno marvel that he is so frequently the victor.\\nMr. Bonniville has been a life-long Democrat,\\nand is counted a stalwart of his party, in whose\\npolitical campaigns he has been a zealous par-\\nticipant. He is the present Democratic chair-\\nman of the Third Congressional District of\\nMinnesota, and in his early prime enjoys a\\nreputation, both professional and political,\\nwhich extends throughout McLeod county,\\nand. indeed, the entire State. He has not\\nsought political preferment, being well con-\\ntent with his legal work, in which he has main-\\ntained an unswerving integrity. He has given\\nhis services to many an impecunious client,\\nwhose gratitude was his only reward; and in", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0900.jp2"}, "901": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0901.jp2"}, "902": {"fulltext": "The Ovitury Puttistmu/ A Cru/imiity Co Clucaytr", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0902.jp2"}, "903": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0903.jp2"}, "904": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0904.jp2"}, "905": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n4-21\\nthe more favored circles of society he has\\nmany friends who are indebted to him for the\\npleasures afforded by his rare social qualities.\\nHe is a member of the Masonic order, and\\nbelongs, also, to the United Workmen of\\nAmerica. On April 25, L884, .Mr. Bonniville\\nwas married to Miss Mary Frankinsid, of Hen-\\nderson, Minnesota. Mr. and Mrs. Bonniville\\nhave two children.\\nFRANK M. NYE.\\nFrank Mellen Nye, of Minneapolis, was born\\nMarch 7. 1852, at Shirley, .Maine. His parents\\nFranklin and Eliza M. (Loring) Nye were\\nalso natives of the Pine-tree State, where\\nhis father followed the lumber industry until\\n1853. In that year the family removed to Wis-\\nconsin, settling upon a farm near the town of\\nRiver Falls. Here Frank M. Nye spent his\\nearly years, attending the common schools, and\\nsubsequently the academy, of River Falls.\\nChoosing the legal profession as a congenial\\nfield of labor, he promptly set about acquiring\\nit. Like many other ambitious young men. he\\nfound himself handicapped by insufficient\\nmeans, and earned his way to the bar by teach-\\ning school during several terms. He was ad-\\nmitted to the bar at Hudson, Wisconsin, in\\nthe year 1S78, but decided to locate in Polk\\ncounty, whither he went and opened an office\\nfor professional practice. He remained in Polk\\ncounty for five or six years, meantime being\\ndrawn to some extent into public functions.\\nHe served as district attorney for two terms,\\nand in the fall of 1S84 was elected as a Repre-\\nsentative from tlie county to the State Legis-\\nlature. Early in 1886 he changed his location\\nto Minneapolis, where he lias since resided, and\\nin which larger held his abilities won prompt\\nrecognition. He entered into political affairs\\nwith an enthusiasm which was made doubly\\neffective by his natural gift for public spoa ic-\\ning; and upon the election of Robert Jamison\\nto the position of county attorney, Mr. Nye\\nreceived from him the appointment as assis-\\ntant. In 1S02 Mr. Nye was himself elected\\ncount v attornev. and two years later was re-\\nelected to the same office. Mr. Nye s profes-\\nsional career lias been one of marked success,\\nparticularly in the line of criminal law. wind,\\ndepartment lias claimed the greater share of\\nhis attention; and his reputation has been ex-\\ntended beyond the limits of his own State by\\nhis skill in conducting the prosecution of im-\\nportant cases. In the celebrated Hayward\\ncase, also in that of the Harris murderers, be\\nwas prosecuting attorney and secured convic-\\ntion of the defendants, in the latter case under\\nextraordinary difficulties. Mr. Nye s services\\nhave been called into requisition in distant\\ncourts, the trial of Myron Kent for wife mur-\\nder in North Dakota being an instance in which\\nhe was retained by that State with successful\\nresult. In the civil causes of his home county,\\nalso, he has done important and appreciated\\nwork, and has been solicited to accept advance-\\nment in the public service; but he remains\\ncontentedly absorbed in his professional work,\\nseemingly indifferent to preferment. In 1876\\nMr. Nye was married to Carrie M. Wilson, of\\nRiver Falls, Wisconsin. Six children have been\\nborn to them, of whom four are now living, as\\nfollows: Belle Agnes, wife of A. B. Carter;\\nIva Dell, Edgar W. and Frances Marie. In\\npolitics Mr. Nye has always been a Republican.\\nand in late campaigns has done very effective\\nwork upon the stump in his own and neigh-\\nboring States.\\nWILLIAM W. PENDERGAST.\\nWilliam Wirt Pendergast, of Hutchinson,\\npresident of the Minnesota State Horticultural\\nSociety and ex-superintendent of Public In-\\nstruction of this State, was born January 31,\\nis:;:;, at Packers Falls, Durham, New Hamp-\\nshire. His parents were Solomon and Lydia\\n(Wiggin) Pendergast, and he is descended,\\nthrough three intervening generations, of New\\nEnglanders, from Stephen Pendergast, who, in\\n1673, came from Wexford, Ireland, to the then\\ninfant settlement of Durham. He built a gar-\\nrison house at Packers Falls, which became\\nthe birthplace of the line of Pendergasts above", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0905.jp2"}, "906": {"fulltext": "-P-\\np.Tor.RArnY of Minnesota.\\nreferred to, including the subject of this sketch.\\nThe wife of tin pioneer ancestor was. before\\nmarriage, Jam Cotton, and was related to John\\nCotton, of historic fame; and Edmond Pender-\\ngast, Jr.. grandfather of William W., was a\\nsoldier of the Revolution who participated in\\nthe capture of Burgoyne. William grew up on\\nthe home farm, attending the nearest district\\nschool. He was one of a large family of chil-\\ndren, and although his father was a man of\\nacademic education, his financial resources\\nwere restricted, which made it necessary for\\nWilliam to earn the means for his preparatory\\nand collegiate courses. This he accomplished\\nby intervals of school teaching. He graduated\\nfrom the academy at Durham in 1850, and in\\nthe same year entered Bowdoin College, where\\nhe was a classmate of ex-Senator W. D. Wash\\nburn, of Minnesota. Like most students who\\npay their way through college, young Pender-\\ngast studied hard and to good purpose; but\\noutside the prescribed routine, his super-\\nabundant vitality sometimes found expression\\nin activities which are as certainly a part of\\nthe collegiate programme, although conducted\\nunder the auspices of frisky students and but\\nsparingly appreciated by the more sedate\\nfaculty. His period of college life was followed\\nby three years of teaching in Massachusetts\\ngraded schools one year in Amesbury and\\ntwo ill Essex during which time he gained\\ngood experience as an educator, and an en-\\nviable reputation as well. In the spring of\\n1856, Mr. Pendergasl came to Minnesota, took\\nup a claim in MoLeod county, and, together\\nwith the Hutchinson family, whom he had\\ndissuaded from their contemplated location in\\nKansas, became a pioneer of the now thrifty\\ni own of Hutchinson. Mr. Pendergasl built the\\nfirst school house in Hutchinson, and taught\\nI he young people of the little village until his\\nbuilding was destroyed by the Indians in the\\nSioux massacre of 1862. During this outbreak\\nmany of 1 he inhabitants of Hutchinson suffered\\nheavy losses of property. Their lives were\\nrendered secure, however, by Mr. Pendergast s\\nforesight in organizing a military company of\\nthe men, who built a fort and thus defended\\nthemselves and their families without help\\nfrom the United Stales army. Shortly after\\nthis crucial experience our subject moved back\\nto New England, and remained East for three\\nyears, during which he filled the position\\nof principal of the high school at Amesbury,\\nMassachusetts. In IStiti, after his return to\\nHutchinson, he became principal of its new\\npnblic school, and labored as such for some\\nfifteen years, meantime serving for eight years\\nas county superintendent of schools. In 1881\\nhe was appointed assistant superintendent of\\npublic instruction, which position he filled for\\nseven years. Upon the organization, in 1S8S,\\nof a School of Agriculture as a department of\\nthe State University. Mr. Pendergast was ap-\\npointed principal. This post he resigned in\\nSeptember, 1893, to accept that of State\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction. After\\nfive years and more of efficient work as the\\neducational head of the State, and feeling the\\nneed of the retirement of home life. Superin-\\ntendent Pendergast announced his disinclina-\\ntion for further appointment, upon which he\\nwas almost immediately elected to his present\\nposition as president of the Minnesota State\\nHorticultural Society. Professor Pendergast\\naffiliates with the Republican party, but his\\npolitics are not of the partisan type. He is\\nan educator in the best sense of the word\\nnot merely by profession, but by instinct and\\nprinciple. He feels a profound concern for the\\nintellectual growth of the people, and, as such\\nan educator, he has developed a universality\\nof sympathy wholly inconsistent with the par-\\ntisan spirit, which, whether in the political or\\nother realms, is always allied to narrowness\\nof vision and bias of judgment. He is a Mason,\\nhaving, in 1866, become the First Worshipful\\nMaster of Temple No. 49, in Hutchinson. On\\nthe 9th of August, 1857, Mr. Pendergast was\\nmarried to Abbie L. Cogswell, of Essex, Massa-\\nchusetts, with whom he had become acquainted\\nduring his early teaching days. The wedding\\nwas celebrated at Essex, in the home of the\\nbride, which was also her birthplace. Nine\\nchildren have been born to Professor and Mrs.\\nPendergasl. the six of whom now living are:\\nElizabeth C, Edmond K\u00e2\u0080\u009e Mary A., Perley P.,\\nSophie M., and Ellen M.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0906.jp2"}, "907": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0907.jp2"}, "908": {"fulltext": "The (biituty Pulitishuig Enymuiitj Co Cliicapv\\nI I", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0908.jp2"}, "909": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0909.jp2"}, "910": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0910.jp2"}, "911": {"fulltext": "Tha dthuy PtMislmy icEnyravmg Co Clucayo-\\n^\u00c2\u00a3rtc^ uj C$. VOAjuvjtiA/.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0911.jp2"}, "912": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0912.jp2"}, "913": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n423\\nHENRY W. BREWSTER.\\nHenry Webb Brewster, Principal of the\\nSchool of Agriculture and Professor of\\nMathematics in the College of Agriculture, of\\nthe University of Minnesota, was born on a\\nfarm near New Lisbon. Wisconsin, June 19,\\n1853. His father was John Brewster, a de-\\nscendant of the Brewsters of early New Eng-\\nland history. He emigrated to Wisconsin in\\n1852, and became a prosperous farmer and a\\nprominent man of local affairs. The mother\\nof our subject was Charlotte Rhines, a native\\nof Schoharie county, New York. Her ances-\\ntors were also early settlers of New England.\\nMembers of the family on both the father and\\nmother s side were patriot soldiers in the War\\nof Independence. Henry was the fifth of a\\nfamily of six children. His oldest brother died\\na soldier in the Civil War. All the rest have\\nbeen school teachers, and all are living except\\none sister. His early education was procured\\nat the district school while living on the farm,\\nworking summers and teaching school winters.\\nWhen Henry was twenty years old the home\\nfarm was sold and the family moved into the\\nvillage of New Lisbon. He then attended the\\nState Normal School at Whitewater, Wiscon-\\nsin, and graduated from the elementary course\\nin 1875. After this he taught graded schools\\nin Wisconsin and Minnesota until 1885, when\\nhe entered the University of Minnesota as a\\nstudent, and graduated from the classical\\ncourse with the degree of A. B. in the summer\\nof 1887. He then taught the high school at\\nLittle Falls, Minnesota, for one year. October\\n18, 1888, the State School of Agriculture was\\nopened and Mr. Brewster was made assistant\\nprincipal, which position he held for five years,\\nwhen the principal, Professor Pendergast, re-\\nsigned and Mr. Brewster was made principal.\\nThis position lie has ably tilled since that time.\\nMr. Brewster is a man of broad practical ideas,\\noriginal and thorough in his work. He keeps\\nhimself in close touch with the student and\\nthe farmer, and this trait has contributed much\\nto the success of the school. He has made a\\ncareful study of what would benefit and be\\nhelpful to the student. He makes himself the\\nstudent s friend, and knows (hem all indi-\\nvidually. Besides his professional duties he\\nhas found lime to write many essays on educa\\ntional subjects, some of which have been pub-\\nlished and have attracted marked attention.\\nIn 1803 he wrote a thesis for die degree of\\nrh. D., which was conferred on him the pre-\\nvious year. This thesis was published by the\\nUniversity, entitled Sensation and Intellec-\\ntion; their character and their functions in the\\ncognition of the Heal and the Ideal. In 1891\\nDr. Brewster was chairman of the committee\\non spelling reform at the meeting of the\\nNational Educational Association at Toronto,\\nCanada. Dr. Brewster was married September\\n11, 1880, to Florence A. Leach, daughter of\\nC. E. Leach, a prominent business man of New\\nLisbon, Wisconsin. She has been of great help\\nto her husband in his work; acting for some\\nyears as matron of the School of Agriculture,\\nher hand has done much to shape the home\\nlife of the institution. She made a special sub-\\nject of cheering and helping the sick student,\\nacting often in the capacity of nurse and\\nmother. She resigned as matron in 1892, and\\nsince that time has been librarian, but the\\nstudents still look up to and appeal to her as\\na mother and friend. Together Dr. and Mrs.\\nBrewster have followed the practice of giving\\neach class in the school a reception at the be-\\nginning of the school year, and have also en\\ncouraged and assisted them to give, later in\\nthe year, receptions of their own. The social\\nvalue of these gatherings, together with Mrs.\\nBrewster s constant personal work, have made\\nher influence and value of great weight to the\\nentire student body.\\nKNUTE NELSON.\\nHon. Knute Nelson, United States Senator\\nfrom Minnesota, and ex-Governor of the State,\\nwas born at Yoss, Norway, February 2, 1843.\\nHis life has been an exceptionally eventful\\none, and furnishes material worthy of more\\ncomprehensive and dramatic treatment than\\nthe scope of this work permits. We can but\\nsketch it in outline, leaving it to be filled in", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0913.jp2"}, "914": {"fulltext": "424\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nby the imagination of the reader. The home\\nof his birth and earliest years was located in\\na rugged, picturesque snot on the western\\ncoast of Norway, near the city of Bergen. Here\\nhis ancestors, a thrifty agricultural people,\\nhad dwelt and toiled for generations. f this\\nhome, however, our subject can have retained\\nlint a shadowy remembrance, his mother hav-\\ning brought him to this country when lie was\\nonly six years of age. His father had died\\nthree years earlier, happily for the child before\\nhe had come lo realize and depend upon the\\npaternal love and guidance, of which\\nhe would he henceforth bereft Crossing\\nto America, mother and son made their\\nway to Chicago, arriving, as it chanced,\\nat a most unfortunate time. It was mid-\\nsummer of the year 1849, when the epi-\\ndemic of cholera was devastating the city.\\nLittle Knute fell a victim to the dread disease,\\nhut his constitution, hardy with the invigorat-\\ning breezes of his native hills, withstood its\\nravages. In the autumn of 1850 his mother\\nremoved with him to Walworth county, Wis-\\nconsin, and thence in a short time to Dane\\ncounty, where she made her home and where\\nKnute grew up. The restricted means of Mrs.\\nNelson made the education of her boy a\\nproblem a problem, however, which was half\\nsolved by his aptness and ambition. There are\\nfew boys who have an earnest desire and de-\\ntermination to become educated but will find\\nthe means to that end; and often their educa-\\ntion is a better one, containing a larger element\\nof the practical knowledge which results from\\nbroad thought and observation, than that of\\nthe more pecunious and thoroughly schooled\\nyouth. After wrestling with many obstacles,\\nKnute was able, at the age of fifteen, to enter\\nAlbion Academy; but three years later, and\\nbefore the end of his course, the Rebellion\\ncame on, and young Nelson, together with\\nseveral of his fellow-students, abandoned his\\nhooks and took up arms for his country, en-\\nlisting in the Fourth Wisconsin Infantry.\\nThis was in May, 1861, and he served with his\\nregiment, as a private and non-commissioned\\nofficer, until the autumn of 1804, and during\\nthose years saw all the hardships, perils and\\nhorrors of civil warfare. He assisted at the\\ncapture of New Orleans, participated in the\\nsiege of Vicksburg, fought at Baton Rouge and\\namp Bisland; was also one of the besieging\\nforce at Port Hudson. Louisiana, in 18( and\\nin the famous charge of June 14, he was\\nwounded, captured and retained as a prisoner,\\nbeinji released June on which date the fort\\nsurrendered. When the war was over, Mr.\\nNelson returned to Wisconsin and completed\\nhis academic course at Albion. Soon after\\ngraduating he began reading law in the office\\nof Senator William F. Vilas, at Madison, Wis-\\nconsin, and in the spring of 1867 was admitted\\nto the bar. He commenced practice without\\ndelay, and soon gained a foothold in the pro-\\nfession, as also in public affairs, lie served\\nas a member of the State Assembly during\\nthe terms of 1868 and 1869, being honored with\\na re-election to that body. Upon the expira-\\ntion of his second term he came to Minnesota,\\nlocating in Douglas county. In this region he\\nnaturally felt a home atmosphere, for the pop-\\nulation of Douglas county, and. indeed, of the\\nwhole northwestern section of the State con-\\ntained a large constituency of Norwegian and\\nSwedish people. He selected a tract of land\\nwithin a United States homestead, and in the\\noutskirts of Alexandria, and, laying out a farm,\\nentered upon the double role of farmer and\\nattorney-at law. Nature had designed him\\nfor a leader, and he soon found his place in the\\nvanguard of local affairs. He was inspired by\\na double patriotism, and labored at once to\\npromote the welfare of his fellow-countrymen\\nand that of the State where he and they had\\ncast their lot. From 1872 to 1874, inclusive,\\nhe served as county attorney for Douglas coun-\\nty, and from 1875 to 1878, inclusive, as State\\nSenator from the Thirty-ninth Legislative Mis\\ntrict. His influence and popularity grew apace,\\nand in the Presidential campaign of 1880 his\\nname appeared on the Garfield electoral ticket.\\nFrom February 1, 1882, to January 1. 1893, In-\\nserved the Stale University as a member of its\\nboard of regents. In 1882 the Republicans of\\nthe then Fifth Congressional District of Min-\\nnesota nominated Mr. Nelson for Congress, and\\nafter an exceedingly fierce contest his election", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0914.jp2"}, "915": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0915.jp2"}, "916": {"fulltext": "Thi Century Publishing SrCnymvinp Co chicaner", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0916.jp2"}, "917": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0917.jp2"}, "918": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0918.jp2"}, "919": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n425\\nwas secured by a plurality of 4,500 votes. In\\n1884 he was re-elected, this time by a plurality\\nof above 10,000 votes, and in 1886 ran success-\\nfully for a third term, receiving a ballot of\\n43,937, as against 1,230 votes cast for his single\\nantagonist, a Prohibition candidate. In Con-\\ngress, Mr. Nelson s attitude was aggressive and\\nself-reliant, and made him respected as a strong\\nand progressive member, even by those whose\\nviews differed from his. Largely through his\\ninstrumentality, bills wore passed to open up\\nreservations, which definitely solved the Indian\\nproblem in Minnesota. As an enthusiastic ad-\\nvocate of tariff reform, he was the author of a\\nmeasure which contemplated the complete\\nabolition of the tariff on various articles; aud\\nhe even exerted his influence to secure the pas-\\nsage of the Mills bill. Radical though he was,\\nhowever, he inspired the general confidence,\\nand his re-nomination in 1888 was regarded as\\na foregone conclusion. But he declined to run\\nfor a fourth term, and on the expiration of his\\nduties at Washington he returned to Alexan-\\ndria and resumed his private legal practice and\\nhis farming. So retired a life was not long to\\nbe permitted him, however. The public had\\ntested his official work and demanded its con-\\ntinuance. In 1892, his party unanimously nom-\\ninated him for Governor of Minnesota, and his\\nelection duly followed, by a plurality of 14,020\\nvotes. Two years later, a plurality of 00,000\\nemphasized his re-election, but a still higher\\nhonor awaited him. His second term as Gov-\\nernor had scarcely begun when he was elected\\nUnited States Senator, and he resigned the\\nlesser office to enter the greater, in which he\\nis still serving in a manner which redounds to\\nhis credit and the good of his country. His\\nterm of office will expire in March, 1001. Mr.\\nNelson s experience corroborates the familiar\\nsaying, that there is always room at the top.\\nHe is made of the stuff that is needed in the\\nhigh places of the earth, and is drawn as by\\nunseen forces, even from the depths of poverty\\nand obscurity, to fill such places. There is not\\nonly an opportunity in America for young men\\nof the stamina of Knute Nelson there is an\\nimperative demand for them. Mr. Nelson is\\nmarried and has two children one son and\\none daughter. His mother is still living in\\nWisconsin. His public successes enable him to\\nchoose his friends from among the foremost,\\nand give him free entre to the most select so-\\ncial circles.\\nMAHLON N. GILBERT.\\n(BY REV. C. A. POOLE.)\\nBishop Mahlon Norris Gilbert was the\\nyounger son of Norris Gilbert and Lucy Todd.\\nThe Gilbert family were of Connecticut stock,\\nand were represented in the Continental Army\\nduring the war of the American Revolution.\\nNorris Gilbert removed to New Y~ork and set-\\ntled first at Laurens, in Otsego county. There,\\nin the year 184S, on the 23rd of March, was\\nborn the subject of this sketch. Six years later\\nthe family removed to Morris, in the same\\ncounty, and on a beautifully located farm in\\nthe Butternut valley, took up their permanent\\nabode. Here the boy. Mahlon. grew up under\\nmost wholesome influences of family, school\\nand church. His father was for many years\\nwarden of Zion Episcopal church. His grand-\\nfather and grandmother had been church folk-,\\nand were confirmed by Bishop Griswold, of\\nConnecticut. When Mahlon was fourteen, the\\nRev. Daniel Sylvester Tattle became the rector\\nof Zion church. And it is probable that this\\nevent had much to do with shaping the future\\ncareer of young Gilbert. He was educated in\\nthe school house near his father s farm, and at\\nFairfield Seminary, entering Hobart College in\\nthe class of 1870. At college he was distin\\nguished for his warm comradeship. Ill health\\ncompelled him to abandon his college course\\nand seek a milder clime, after the conclusion of\\nhis sophomore year. He decided to go south,\\nand passed the next two years as a private\\ntutor in Florida. The writer of this first saw\\nGilbert after his Florida experience; from\\nwhich time began an acquaintance which ri-\\npened later, in seminary days, and in the work\\nof the ministry, into the warmest friendship,\\nand it is a pleasure to bear record that his loy-\\nalty and devotion to his friends was unwaver-\\ning and steadfast. Gilbert was then about to", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0919.jp2"}, "920": {"fulltext": "426\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntake a position under bis old rector, who had\\nbecome Bishop of Utah, Montana and Idaho,\\nat Ogden, as principal of the second Gentile\\nschool established in Utah. Thus a remark of\\nMr. Tattle, when he was made Bishop, You\\nwill come out and work with me some day.\\nwas fulfilled. And here were renewed the cor-\\ndial and fraternal relations between ltishop\\nTuttle and Mahlon Gilbert which bound them\\nto each other till death came to terminate one\\npart of the compact. In the autumn of 1872,\\nMr. Gilbert became a student at Seabury Di-\\nvinity School. Faribault his health being so\\nmuch restored that he felt equal to the work,\\nif he could remain in the West where the cli-\\nmate left him free from bis old complaint,\\nweakness of the lungs. Ho was graduated from\\nthe Divinity School in 1875, and after a visit\\nto his parents in Morris, returned to take\\ncharge of a mission at Deer Lodge, Montana.\\nBishop Tuttle said to him. I have put you in\\nthe hardest field I have. The life here was a\\nlonely one. and yet it had its pleasant features.\\nIt was a mining town, and the hall in which\\nservices were held was within earshot* of\\nthe noise and revelry of the dance hall and the\\ngambling house, which paid no regard to the\\nfunctions of the church. Yet these same rough\\nminers opened their jackpots to contribute\\none hundred dollars for the parson s vacation.\\nIn Deer Lodge the Rev. Mr. Gilbert erected a\\nstone church at a cost of $5,000, the money be-\\ning raised partly by subscription from the\\nminers and partly by a genuine sale of articles\\ncontributed by the ladies. The last $2,000 not\\nbeing in sight, the church completed, and the\\ntreasury empty, in order that the workmen\\nmight lie promptly paid, Mr. Gilbert went to\\nthe bank and asked for a loan of $2,000 on his\\npersonal note, and without endorsement. The\\nbanker thought a moment and said, You can\\nhave it. How much interest will you charge\\nme? said Gilbert. Not a cent, said the\\nbanker. A man who has the grit to ask for\\n$2,000 without au endorser, and for an indefi-\\nnite period, can have it without interest. In\\nless than a year the note was paid. After\\nthree years residence in Deer Lodge, Rev. Mr.\\nGilbert was called to Helena, and he accepted\\nthe rectorship of St. Peter s church at that\\nplace. There, also, he erected a new stone\\nchurch, at a cost of $1,200. Part of the church\\npeople lived on the east side, and part on the\\nwest side of the gulch which ran through the\\ntown. They could not decide on which side\\nto put the church. Mr. Gilbert made it a con-\\ndition of accepting the call that they should\\nsettle where the church was to be. The east\\nside was fixed upon, and the westerners gave\\nnothing to building the church, but paid to-\\nwards the salary of the rector. W* hi 1 Key.\\nMr. Gilbert was rector of the church at He-\\nlena he was married to Miss Fanny Pierpont\\nCarvill, a charming young lady of Faribault,\\nMinnesota, whom he had met and courted while\\na student at the seminary. Her father was\\nGeorge G. Carvill, of English descent, and a\\nnative of New York. He was a man of sterling\\nintegrity. Retiring from active business, he\\nmoved to Faribault at an early day and died\\nthere. Her mother was Ann Augusta Brown,\\na lineal descendant of Major Hackahiah\\nBrown, of Westchester, who took an active\\npart in the Colonial wars, and was himself\\ndescended from Sir Anthony Brown, who was\\nknighted at the coronation of Richard II. Miss\\nI arvill completed her school days at St. Mary s\\nHall, under the regime of Miss Sarah Darling-\\nton. Her father and mother were both dead,\\nand she was living with an aunt in Philadel-\\nphia when her marriage to Rev. Mr. Gilbert\\nwas celebrated. The ceremony took place in\\nHoly Divinity church, Philadelphia, and was\\nperformed by Rev. C. A. Poole, an old friend\\nof both bride and groom, now professor in Sea-\\nbury Divinity School. The Rev. Mr. Gilbert\\nbecame rector of the church in Helena in July,\\n1S7S. He received an invitation to the rector-\\nship of St. Mark s, Minneapolis, two years later,\\nbut felt obliged to decline the honor, as his\\nwork in Helena was not done. In November,\\n1880, another call from Minnesota came. This\\nlime from the vestry of Christ church, St. Paul.\\nThis invitation he felt he could accept without\\nharm to the work of building in Helena, and\\nin January, 1881, Rev. Mr. Gilbert and his wife\\ntook up their residence in St. Paul. Christ\\nchurch needed just the vigorous and inspiring", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0920.jp2"}, "921": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n427\\nleadership of such a rector as the congregation\\nsoon found in Mr. Gilbert. Full of zeal for all\\ngood works, and wise in his leading, he very\\nsoon won the confidence and warm friendship\\nof the people of his Hock. Here, in 1883, he\\nbuilt a rectory next the church, costing $7,500.\\nIn 1885, a mission church was erected, corner\\nof View and Randolph streets, at a cost of\\n$2,500. About this time Mr. Gilbert was given\\nan assistant to aid in carrying on the rapidly\\ngrowing work of the parish. He was fortunate\\nin securing the Rev. S. G. Jeffords, a graduate\\nof Seabury. A mission was started at Merriam\\nPark, and in 18S0 the corner stone of a church\\nat that place was laid. On the 10th of June,\\n1886, in Gethsemane church, Minneapolis, (lie\\nsuccessful rector of Christ church, SI. Paul,\\nwas elected as assistant Bishop of the church\\nin the Diocese of Minnesota. Up lo this time\\nhe had taken a leading part in the church\\ncouncil and in the missionary work of the dio-\\ncese. The Council made no mistake in its se-\\nlection of one to ease the increasing burdens\\nof the senior Bishop, as fourteen years of ardu-\\nous labor in the Episcopal office have\\nabundantly shown. The Bishop-elect was con-\\nsecrated in St. James church, Chicago, Octo-\\nber 17. 1886, the eleventh anniversary of his\\nordination to the priesthood, which took place\\nat Deer Lodge, at the hands of Bishop Tuttle.\\nHe had been made deacon in June, 1875, by\\nBishop Whipple, whom he was now to assist\\nin the more responsible work of the Episco-\\npate. Nine bishops of the church took part in\\nthe consecration, viz.: Iowa, Minnesota, West\\nern New York, Albany, Missouri, Montana,\\nIndiana, New York, Central Pennsylvania; or\\nto give the names of the bishops: Lee, Whip-\\nple, Coxe, Doane, Tuttle, Potter, Knickerbock-\\ner, Ralison and Brewer. In 1888, a number\\nof Bishop Gilbert s friends and admirers in SI.\\nPaul presented him the handsome sum of sill.\\n000, with the purpose of providing him a home.\\nHe became permanently a resident of St. Paul,\\nat No. 18 Summit court. During the nearly\\nfourteen years of his Episcopal labors, Bishop\\nGilbert maintained his record as the foremost\\nmissionary in his diocese. Among the Indians,\\nin the sparsely settled counties of the State, lie\\ngave new impetus lo the work of the church.\\nTo him belongs very largely the credit of pro-\\nmoting and fostering the effort to save from\\nhopeless division the very large number of\\nSwedish Episcopalians who have settled in\\nMinnesota, by affiliating them with the church\\nof the English people, an effort which has been\\neminently successful. Bishop Gilbert s life\\nand energies have been entwined with all the\\nimportant interests of the Diocese of Minne-\\nsota. No part of its work but has felt the pow-\\ner of his courage, the inspiration of his hope-\\nfulness, the sympathy of his large-hearted and\\nwatchful interest. The church schools at Fari-\\nbault, founded by the great Bishop Whipple,\\nhave been cherished and strengthened by the\\nloving care and counsel of Bishop Gilbert. At\\nthe same time he has shown an interest, and\\noften from the help of his attractive eloquence,\\nto the promotion of manifold works of charity\\nand beneficence. He was an eloquent preacher,\\nand fearless in maintaining any cause which he\\nadvocated. While standing for the principles\\nof his church, he was no narrow ecclesiastic,\\nbut commended his gospel to people of olher\\nfolds by the breadth of his sympathy and the\\nlargeness of his charity. Bishop Gilbert was a\\nborn leader, and yet modest in his self esti-\\nmate. Almost his last public utterance was an\\nexpression of his native humility I know my\\nlimitations, he said, but I think I can do this\\nmuch: I can go out to some despondent church\\nor mission and recharge the batteries. He\\nwas the president of (he Sons of the American\\nRevolution at the time of his death; a member\\nof the Society of Colonial Wars; a member,\\nalso, of the Masonic order. Bishop Gilbert\\ntwice visited Europe, the last occasion being\\nthe meeting of the Lambeth conference, in the\\nsame year as the Queen s Jubilee. His death\\noccurred after a brief illness from pneumonia,\\non .March 2, 1000, at his residence in St. Paul.\\nHis life-long friend, Bishop Tuttle, officiated at\\nhis burial, assisted by Bishops Edsall, of North\\nDakota, and Millspaugh, of Kansas. The body\\nlay in state in Christ church for several hours,\\non Tuesday. March (Kit, and was buried in the\\nfamily lot in Oakland cemetery, St. Paul. Bish-\\nop Gilbert had two children: Frances Carvill", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0921.jp2"}, "922": {"fulltext": "428\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand Lucy Fierpont, aged at the time of his\\ndeath fourteen and eight rears. Memorial\\nservices were held and addresses made in many\\nof the churches of the diocese in commemora-\\ntion of his noble life and example as a bishop\\nin the Church of God. Perhaps no event rivals\\nso emphatically the widespread sorrow felt at\\nhis death, and the high esteem in which he was\\nheld by all who knew him as a man, a citizen,\\nand a bishop, as the gathering in St. Paul, at\\nthe People s church, on Tuesday, March 20,\\n1900. The call was issued by twenty-five rep-\\nresentative men of the State, including Gov-\\nernor John Lind, Archbishop Ireland, and\\nmany of the prominent members of St. Paul\\nand leading business men. Addresses were\\nmade by Rev. C. D. Andrews, rector of Christ\\nchurch, Archbishop Ireland, and others of note.\\nBishop Gilbert received from Hobart College\\nhis Alma Mater in 1873, the honorary degree of\\nA. M., and from the same institution, after he\\nwas made bishop, the degree of S. T. D. and LL.\\nD. Seabury Divinity School conferred upon\\nhim the degree of D. D., and he received the\\nsame degree from Racine College.\\nJARED W. DANIELS.\\ni\\nJared Waldo Daniels, M. D., was born at\\nStratford, Coos county, New Hampshire, June\\n15, 1827, the son of Joseph and Roxana (Hatch)\\nDaniels. His paternal grandfather came from\\nMendon, Massachusetts, and settled in Strat-\\nford, New Hampshire, where he followed farm-\\ning. He also owned and operated lumber and\\nflour mills. He was a man of prominence in\\nlocal affairs, and served as a private soldier in\\nthe War for American Independence. Joseph\\nDaniels, the father of our subject, was also a\\nfarmer. He had two sons and one daughter.\\nOne of the sons, Dr. A. W. Daniels, has been\\nfor many years a prominent physician in St.\\nPeter, Minnesota the other son is the subject\\nof this sketch. Jared W. Daniels was bound\\nout to a farmer when he was seven years of\\nage, his father having died when he was four\\nyears old. His mother lived to the good old\\nage of eighty four years, and died at St. Peter,\\nMinnesota. When Jared was eleven years of\\nage he left the farm and learned the trade of\\ncabinet-making. He attended the common\\nschool and spent six years in an academy,\\nworking at his trade to pay his way. After\\nleaving the academy, he went to Boston and\\nstudied medicine with his uncle, Dr. B. F.\\nHatch. He then attended medical lectures,\\nand afterwards graduated at the Bellevue Med-\\nical College, in New York City. In March,\\n1855, he came to Minnesota, and while visiting\\nhis brother, who was a physician at the lower\\nSioux agency, was appointed to the upper\\nSioux agency at Yellow Medicine, Minnesota.\\nHe was the first physician to the Sioux Indians\\nat thai agency, and to the United States troops\\nwho were afterwards stationed there, and he\\nremained at this agency about seven years.\\nIn 1802 he was appointed assistant surgeon in\\nthe Sixth Minnesota Infantry, and was with\\nthat regiment under General Sibley in the cam-\\npaign of that year. He was the only physician\\nin the command of Col. Joseph R, Brown at\\nthe battle of Birch Coulie, where over one-third\\nof the command was killed or wounded before\\nre-enforcements came to their relief. He was\\nalso in the battle of Wood Lake. Hon. Charles\\nW. Johnson, who was present at the battle of\\nBirch Coulie, made the following statement,\\nwhich appears in the official record of that en-\\ngagement\\nAssistant Surgeon, Jared W. Daniels, had\\naccompanied Company A to Birch Coulie, and\\nno man on any battle-field displayed more her-\\noism. On the morning of that fateful 2nd of\\nSeptember he is remembered as going about,\\nbare-headed, examining and binding up the\\nwounds of thi- men. He was in great personal\\ndanger, but seemingly unheedful of it all, he\\nnever flinched for a moment, and for thirty-six\\nhours he never ate a morsel of food nor closed\\nhis eyes for sleep, so great was the demand\\nupon him.\\nIn 1863 Dr. Daniels crossed the plains with\\nGeneral Sibley to the Missouri, and partici-\\npated in the battles of Big Mounds, Buffalo\\nLake and Stony Lake. On his return he was\\npromoted to surgeon in the Second Minnesota\\nCavalry, and again crossed the plains in 1804,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0922.jp2"}, "923": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0923.jp2"}, "924": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0924.jp2"}, "925": {"fulltext": "The, Century PublisMy engraving Co. Chicago-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0925.jp2"}, "926": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0926.jp2"}, "927": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n429\\njoining General Sully on the .Missouri river,\\nand was with him on the march to the Yellow-\\nstone. He was present at the battles of Kill\\nDeer Mountain and Bad Lands. On his return\\nhe was stationed at Fort Snelling until he was\\nmustered out in the fall of 1865. Soon after,\\nhe located at Faribault for the practice of his\\nprofession. In 1868 Bishop Whipple had mon-\\ney placed in his hands by an act of Congress\\nfor the benefit of the Indians al Fort Wads-\\nworth. Dr. Daniels being well acquainted with\\nthese Indians, was selected by Bishop Whipple\\nto go to Fort Wadsworth and lake charge of\\nthe distribution, and to look after the relief of\\nthe Indians. At that time the Indians were\\nscattered and very poor having very little\\nclothing except breech-clouts and leggings\\nand they had to be gathered together at the\\nagency and cared for. In 1869, I r. Daniels was\\nappointed, by the President, as Indian agent af\\nSisseton. Under his charge they were required\\nto work for themselves, or at the agency, for\\neverything they received from the Government,\\nso that when he left them, in 1871, they all had\\nland under cultivation, were dressed like white\\npeople,- and many of them living in houses of\\ntheir own building; schools were established\\nand they were in the way of becoming self-\\nsupporting. Dr. Daniels provided a code of\\nlaws, and established the first police force,\\ncomposed of Indians, in the history of the\\nGovernment, to patrol the reservation and the\\nfrontier, and to suppress the importation and\\nthe sale of whiskey. He remained in charge of\\nthe Sisseton agency until December, 1871. He\\nwas then transferred by General Grant to the\\nRed Cloud agency, in Wyoming, to pacify the\\nSioux and other hostile tribes. Here he found\\nabout 5,000 Indians, consisting of Sioux, Chey-\\nennes and Arapahoes, the greater portion of\\nthem being in a turbulent state and hostile to\\nthe Government. Under the influence of the\\nDoctor s generous treatment, the number in-\\ncreased, by others coming in from the north\\nand the south, until there was something over\\n8,000 Indians at the agency. There were no\\nwhite people at the agency except those in\\nDr. Daniel s employ. He remained at the Red\\nCloud agencv until the fall of 1S7: when he\\nwas appointed inspector of agencies, in which\\ncapacity he traveled all over the western\\ncountry, visit ing the different Indian agencies\\nin Montana, Idaho, Washington, New .Mexico\\nand Arizona. In July, 1875, he was sent alone\\nto make a treaty with the Sioux, after the In-\\ndian Department with a delegation of Indians\\nin Washington had failed, by which they were\\nto give up their hunting rights south of the\\nPlatte river, when il was the only place where\\nthe buffalo could be found. He not only made\\nthe treaty but dictated to the Indians what\\nthey should receive, giving I hem wagons, har-\\nnesses and cattle instead of guns and ammuni-\\ntion, which they most urgently demanded. In\\nSeptember of the same year, he was appointed\\nas a commissioner to treat with the Indians\\nfor the cession of the Black Hills. In 1876 he\\nwas appointed on another commission to treat\\nwith the same Indians, and effected the treaty\\nby which the Black Hills was ceded to the\\nUnited States. In 1886 he was again appointed\\non a commission to make a treaty with the\\nIndians in North Dakota, and with all the\\ntribes in Montana, northern Idaho and eastern\\nWashington, and they effected treaties with all\\nthese tribes. In L887 he left the Government\\nservice and returned to Faribault, where he\\nhas since resided, having retired from the act-\\nive practice of his profession. Dr. Daniels had\\nformed an acquaintance with marly all the\\nIndian tribes in the Northwest, and could\\nspeak the Sioux language. He had known\\nthem intimately in peace and in war, in plenty\\nand in poverty, in time of sorrow and in time\\nof joy. He had sympathized with their troubles,\\nhealed their sick and taken part in their fes-\\ntivities, until he was loved as one of their own\\npeople, owing to his just treatment of them\\nunder all circumstances. This was the secret\\nof his success with them. He could go in\\nsafety where no other white man dared, and\\nthough he had many narrow escapes, he re-\\nceived no injury, and he never carried arms to\\nprotect himself. His influence was greater\\namong the Indians than that of any other white\\nman, and his life was safe when that of another\\nwould be in jeopardy. Within a few months\\nafter taking charge of the Red Cloud agency,", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0927.jp2"}, "928": {"fulltext": "43\u00c2\u00b0\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nDr. Daniels was ordered by tlie Indian Depart-\\nment to take a delegation of Indians to Wash\\nington. In complying he selected Red Cloud\\nthe great war chief who had fought the United\\nStates troops for three years without being\\nconquered and twenty-eight of his leading\\nbraves. He took them to the Capital. New\\nYork and Philadelphia, that they might more\\nfully appreciate the power of the Government.\\nWhen the Milwaukee railroad desired to ex-\\ntend its line through South Dakota the Iu-\\ndians would not permit the surveyors to cross\\ntheir reservation. Dr. Daniels was employed\\nto get their consent, which they readily\\ngranted when he explained to them the bene-\\nfits to be derived from it. From the Pioneer\\nPress (1872) we quote the following:\\nDr. J. W. Daniels, recently in charge of the\\nIndian agency at Lake Traverse, paid a visit\\nto his wards in that region prior to his depart-\\nure for the Fort Laramie agency, to which he\\nhad been appointed. The second night after\\nhis departure for St. Paul, he was overtaken\\nby one of the scouts or messengers, who\\nhanded him the following curious certificate\\nof good character, which is an exact copy of\\nthe original drawn up in the handwriting of\\nGabrel Renville: Dr. J. W. Daniels has been\\nour agent for three winters, and in all his busi-\\nness with us he has always been honest and\\nupright. We are very much attached to him,\\nand regret very much that he is going to leave\\nus. We seldom praise a white. man we always\\nhave some fault to find with him; but we know-\\nthat this man is an honest and a very good\\nman. and we want the wise men at Washington\\nto know this, and that when we say this, we\\nspeak nothing but the truth. We. the chiefs\\nand head men of the Sisseton and Wahpeton\\nbands of Sioux Indians, write this.\\nSigned,\\nGabrel Renville, Wicaurpinoufra,\\nYacaudupatotanka. Hokxedanwaxte,\\nEcauapleka, !antelyapa,\\nWakanto, Akicitanapie.\\nWaxicanmaza,\\nIn politics. Dr. Daniels has always been a\\nRepublican. He belongs to the G. A. R. and\\nthe Loyal Legion, and is a member of the Epis-\\ncopal church. lie was married, June -2 1850,\\nto Miss Hortense Eugenie Beardsley, of Ocono-\\nmowoc. Wisconsin. Thev had four children.\\nof whom two are living: Hortense Y. (Mrs. H.\\nB. Hill, of Faribault), and Asa Wilder Daniels.\\nliving at Placerville, California. Mrs. Daniels\\ndied in 1869, in St. Peter. Dr. Daniels was\\nagain married. October 11. 1882, to Mrs. Ella\\nW inslow (nee Norcross), of Faribault.\\nMORTIMER H. STANFORD.\\nMortimer Hira Stanford, a leading member\\nof the bar of Duluth and northeastern Minne-\\nsota, was born at Ogden, near Brockport, Mon-\\nroe county. New York, January 7, 1848. His\\nancestors were English, but have lived in this\\ncountry since Colonial times. His father s fam-\\nily were among the early settlers of the eastern\\npart of the State of Xew York. His mother s\\nfamily, the Richmonds. were the original set-\\ntlers of Chittenden county, Vermont. From\\nthe proper age until his fourteenth year Mr.\\nStanford attended the public schools of Fen-\\nton, Michigan. In 1864, during the War of the\\nRebellion, he attempted to enlist in the Union\\nservice as a member of the band in General\\nt uster s cavalry brigade, but was rejected be-\\ncause he was two years under the required age.\\nA second attempt the same season was more\\nsuccessful, and he became a regularly enlisted\\nmember of the brigade band of General Til-\\nson s Fourth Division, Twenty-third Army\\nCorps, Department of the Cumberland, then\\non duty in Tennessee. From the summer of\\n1864 until March, 1865, this was the post band\\nat Knoxville, Tennessee. When General Stone-\\nman arrived at Knoxville. in the early spring\\nof ISC). on his famous expedition against the\\nConfederates in eastern Tennessee and North\\nCarolina, he ordered the organization to accom-\\npany him. The band was with General Stone-\\nman on his noted raid, and was thereafter in\\nhis division until the close of the war. In 1865,\\nupon his discharge from the army, Mr. Stan-\\nford returned to his home in Fenton, Michigan,\\nand attended the high school of that town, and\\nat Ann Arbor, preparatory to entering college.\\nIn September, 1866, he entered the University\\nof Michigan at Ann Arbor, but during his\\nsophomore year left college, returned to", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0928.jp2"}, "929": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0929.jp2"}, "930": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0930.jp2"}, "931": {"fulltext": "t .A/.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0931.jp2"}, "932": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0932.jp2"}, "933": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n43\\nFenton ami began the study of law. He con-\\ntinued his private studies until the fall of 1869,\\nwhen he entered the Law Department of the\\nUniversity of Michigan, from which lie was\\ngraduated after a two years course, in 1871.\\nIn April, 1871, he was admitted to the bar in\\nthe Supreme Court of Michigan at Detroit, and\\nfor a year thereafter was engaged in the prac-\\ntice at Fenton. In the fall of 1872 he removed\\nto Midland, Michigan, and remained in the\\npractice for twenty years. During this period\\nhe was for three years city attorney of the town\\nof Midland, and was prosecuting attorney of\\nMidland county for one term. Mr. Stanford re-\\nmoved to Duluth in 1892. A large number of\\nhis Michigan clients had transferred their in-\\nterests and operations to Duluth and vicinity,\\nnecessitating his removal. He still represents\\nthis clientage and has acquired much other\\nbusiness. He has been a successful lawyer and\\npractitioner from the first, and now has a large\\nand lucrative practice. He is regarded as an\\nable counsellor and of sound judicial qualities\\nAnd attainments as well. From time to time\\nhe has conducted successfully many large and\\nimportant cases. His business is now confined\\nlargely to matters incident In lumbering oper-\\nations, iron mines and corporations, including\\nlitigation involving titles to pine and mineral\\nlands. Mr. Stanford s family consists of a wife\\nand two children, lie has attained to the\\nKnight Templar s degree in Free Masonry. He\\nwas formerly a Cleveland Democrat, but a I\\npresent is conservative and independent in his\\npolitical views.\\nDANIEL A. ROBERTSON.\\nCol. Daniel A. Robertson, a pioneer news-\\npaper man of St. Paul, and at one time\\na prominent journalist of Ohio, a leading-\\npolitician and one of the strongest charac-\\nters of the NorthStar State, was born at Pictou,\\nNova Scotia, May 13, 1812. He was of High-\\nland-Scotch ancestry, with many of the charac-\\nteristics of that sturdy race. When he was\\neighteen years of age he removed to New York\\nCity, where his education was completed and\\nwhere he grew to mature manhood He stud-\\nied law, was admitted to the liar, and lor a\\ntime engaged in the practice, but eventually\\nabandoned the legal profession for literary\\npursuits. Going to the State of Ohio, lie en-\\ntered upon a journalistic career as a Democral\\nic newspaper man, and became the editor and\\nproprietor of the Mount Vernon Banner, Ohio\\nEagle of Lancaster, the Guernsey County News\\nand one of the editors of the Cincinnati En-\\nquirer. In 1844 he was appointed United States\\nmarshal for the Federal District of Ohio, and\\nserved four years. In 1850 he was elected, from\\nFairfield county, a member of the State Con-\\nstitutional Convention, but resigned after three\\nmonths to come to the Northwest. Late in the\\nfall of 1850, Colonel Robertson came to Minne-\\nsota, and in December of that year established,\\nat St. Paul, the historic old pioneer newspaper,\\nthe Minnesota Democrat. He conducted the\\npaper until June, IS. when he sold it to Da-\\nvid Olmsted, and it was finally merged with\\nthe Pioneer. Under the regime of its accom-\\nplished editor, the Democrat was a potent fac-\\ntor in the growth and development of the fron-\\ntier town. It received but little official\\npatronage and attained its success and influ-\\nence because of its high, pure tone, its able\\neditorials and its general character as a re-\\nliable and well made up journal. Retiring from\\nthe editorial profession, Colonel Robertson en-\\ngaged in other pursuits, and soon became\\nthoroughly identified and prominent in the\\ngeneral affairs of St. Paul and the State. In\\nthe spring of 1859, he was elected mayor of St.\\nPaul, and the following October was elected to\\nthe Legislature, serving in the session of 1859-\\n(il). In 1862 lie was elected sheriff of Ramsey\\ncounty, and by re-election, served four terms.\\nFor several years he was a member of the city\\nboard of education, and performed much val-\\nuable service for the public schools. He was\\nfor many years a director of the public library,\\nand was a well known member of the State\\nHistorical Society, with whose work he always\\nhad great and active sympathy. He was col-\\nonel of a State militia regiment before the\\nCivil War, of which the famous Pioneer Guards\\nand the Shield Guards were companies. Col-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0933.jp2"}, "934": {"fulltext": "432\\nBIOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nonel Robertson was a man of enlarged views\\nand of great strength of mind and character.\\nHe was a discriminative and close reader in-\\ndeed, he was a persistent and untiring student\\nand his generous nature made him desirous\\nof accomplishing something for the benefit of\\nsociety and his fellow men. Greatly and prac-\\ntically interested in agricultural matters, he\\ndid very much by his writings and his other\\nefforts for the promotion and welfare of the\\nfarming interests, not alone of the State of\\nMinnesota, but of the whole country. He was\\none of the founders of the Minnesota State\\nHorticultural Society and its first president.\\nPerhaps his greatest distinction in connection\\nwitli his labors for the bettering of the farm-\\ners interests was his prominent identification\\nwith the farmers secret order of the Patrons\\nof Husbandry, or the grange movement, as\\nit was often called. He organized the very\\nfirst grange of the order in the United States,\\nand subsequently presented it with a valuable\\nlibrary. He always retained his earnest inter-\\nest for the welfare of the order, and continued\\nto work for it even after his retirement from\\nactive life. He devoted much time to scientific\\ninvestigation, and for many years was a promi-\\nnent member of the National Scientific Asso-\\nciation, and of the American Geographical So-\\nciety of New York City. As before stated,\\nColonel Robertson was a great reader, and he\\nwas a great thinker. He had traveled exten-\\nsively through the United States and Europe,\\nand he acquired a very large and valuable li-\\nbrary, whose contents he fairly mastered.\\nMoreover, he had an apt faculty for putting\\nhis knowledge and his thoughts on paper. At\\nintervals in his later life he wrote a number\\nof works the manuscripts of which have never\\nbeen published, but are in the custody of the\\nState Historical Society. Engaging in busi-\\nness, chiefly in real estate operations, he ac-\\nquired a considerable competence, a liberal\\nportion of which he expended in the purchase\\nof his books and in the pursuit of knowledge\\ngenerally. A portion of his library is now in the\\npossession of the State University, and a part in\\nthe library of the State Historical Society, and\\nare among their most valuable and best appre-\\nciated treasures. In person, Colonel Robertson\\nhad a splendid physique. He was erect and\\ndignified, with a military bearing, and alto-\\ngether was of commanding and striking\\npresence. He was of correct social tastes, per-\\nsonally popular, public spirited and patriotic,\\nand in every respect a good citizen, neighbor\\nand friend. In politics he was always a Demo\\ncrat, and in his younger life and during ma-\\nturity, took an active interest in the affairs of\\nhis party. As a political writer he was strong\\nand terse and a most dangerous antagonist in\\na controversy. His style was clear, scholarly,\\nand pleasing, at the same time vigorous and\\nforcible. Colonel Robertson died in St. Paul,\\nMarch lti, 1895, in the eighty-third year of his\\nlife, leaving, besides a widow, three sons:\\nWilliam C Victor and Mcintosh Robertson,\\nand three daughters: now Mrs. E. R. Langford\\nand Mrs. L. B. Stevenson, of St. Paul, and Mis.\\nHoward Morris, of Milwaukee. Colonel Rob-\\nertson was married. May 28, 1844, to Julia An-\\nnie Bell, of Mount Vernon, Ohio, and, in 1894,\\nthe golden wedding of this always felicitous\\nand congenial union was an incident long to be\\nremembered in the social circles of St. Paul.\\nWILLIAM S. KING.\\nUnique in the history of the Northwest was\\nthe place filled for over forty years by this pio-\\nneer Minneapolitan, whose decease, even at an\\nage surpassing that allotted as the natural\\nlimit of man s life, is felt as an irreparable\\nloss. William Smith King was born at Malone,\\nFranklin county, New York, December Hi,\\n1828. His childhood was better acquainted\\nwith work than play, and his opportunities for\\nschooling were meager. At eight he was set to\\nwork, with his brothers, to help clear a trad\\nof farm land upon which the family had set-\\ntled. Four years later his mother died, the\\nhome was broken up, and William, at the ten-\\nder age of twelve, set out to seek his fortune.\\nFor six years he worked at farming and team-\\ning in the vicinity of the home place, then, at\\neighteen, went to Otsego county and secured a\\nposition as solicitor for insurance companies of", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0934.jp2"}, "935": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0935.jp2"}, "936": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0936.jp2"}, "937": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing Engraving Co Chicago-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0937.jp2"}, "938": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0938.jp2"}, "939": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n433\\nthe mutual order, which was then just spring-\\ning into popularity in the rural East. But he\\nhad energies and aspirations which could not\\nlong be commanded by so limited and servile\\na sphere of action. He became an eager reader\\nof the newspapers, and speedily there devel-\\noped in him that public ideal which actuated\\nthe powerful achievements of his later years.\\nThe anti-slavery movement was just beginning\\nto engage general attention. In 1S52 the for-\\nlorn little Free Soil party nominated John\\nHale for President and George W. Julien for\\nVice-President; and young King, who by both\\nnatural sentiment and early training, leaned\\ntoward radical reform, instituted, in Coopers-\\ntown, a campaign paper styled the Free Demo-\\ncrat, to support this Abolition ticket. The fol-\\nlowing year he organized a Young Men s\\nRepublican Club at Cherry Valley the first\\norganization known to assume the name Re-\\npublican which nominated a local ticket.\\nand, to the amazement of conservative con-\\nstituencies, elected some of its candidates.\\nDuring these days our youthful editor mingled\\nwith radical political leaders who habitually\\nassembled at Albany, where his force as a\\nspeaker and worker made itself felt; and he\\nacquired the title of Colonel, which ever\\nafterward clung to him, through his appoint-\\nment on the staff of General Burnside of the\\nState militia. When Colonel King came to\\n.Minneapolis, in 1858, the political affairs of\\nthe State were in a condition affording ample\\nscope for the exercise of his journalistic pow-\\ners. He procured a printing-press and, early\\nin 1859, began issuing tin- Slate Atlas, a week-\\nly newspaper in whose columns his caustic pen\\nmercilessly branded the political forces from\\nwhich emanated, among other doubtful meas-\\nures, one for the issuance to certain railroads,\\nwithout sufficient security, of State bonds to\\nthe amount of .$5,000,000. His editorials, which\\npredicted the repudiation of the bonds and held\\nthe Democratic party responsible for a colossal\\nswindle of the people, produced an impression\\nwhich was felt even in eastern markets, and\\nthe agitation culminated in the total collapse\\nof the deal. Meantime the antagonism to sla-\\nvery was becoming more and more intense,\\ninflamed by the arrogant aggression of its ex-\\nponents in the South and its political support-\\ners elsewhere. o n this question, also, the\\nAtlas took an extremely radical position, de-\\nnouncing the system and its abettors in 11c\\nmost scathing terms. Indeed, Colonel King s\\ntitle to the palm for power of verbal chas-\\ntisement was unquestioned in Minnesota. And\\nfrom these two issues resulted such a revulsion\\nof political sentiment thai in the election of\\nNovember, 1859, the Slate government, which\\nhad been conducted on a Democratic basis,\\nbecame Republican in all its departments.\\nApart from his role of editor, the Colonel, as\\none of the enthusiastic Wide Awakes, played\\nalso a prominent personal part in the Repub-\\nlican campaigning. Wherever Colonel King\\nsaw injustice looming before him, he threw\\nhimself against if, absolutely fearless of conse-\\nquences to himself. On one occasion, so tierce\\na stand did he take in defending the rights of\\na slave, who was serving a Mississippi family\\non the anti-slavery territory of Minnesota, thai\\nhis friends found it expedient to constitute a\\nguard, which was stationed till night behind\\nthe barricaded doors of the Atlas office. The\\nsweeping victory of I he Republicans was rec-\\nognized as largely resulting from the work of\\nColonel King, which invested him with the\\nprestige and authority of a great party leader.\\nOn the breaking mil of the war Colonel King\\nwent to Washington, where together with\\nWilliam Windom and Colonel Aldrich he un-\\nsparingly devoted both money and personal\\nservice in ministrations to the needs of the\\nMinnesota soldiers encamped there, awaiting\\norders to the front. Upon the organization, in\\nJuly, 1861, of the first War Congress. Col-\\nonel King was chosen postmaster of the House\\nof Representatives, in which position, with the\\nexception of a single Congress, he served for\\ntwelve consecutive years, passing the intervals\\nbetween the sessions in Minneapolis. During\\nhis residence in Washington, his acquaintance\\nwith public men, which had been large since\\nhis early journalistic experience in New York.\\nbecame extended to include practically everj\\nbody prominent in (he public affairs of the\\ncountrv. Although called to the duties of a", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0939.jp2"}, "940": {"fulltext": "434\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nNational post, however, and possessing a pres-\\ntige and natural gifts which seemed to pro-\\nclaim for him a brilliant political career, the\\nwelfare of his home city was an ever-cherished\\nand powerfully promoted cause. Among the\\nmany institutions for which Minneapolis is\\nlargely indebted to his influence or substantial\\nsupport are, its street railway, Lakewood cem-\\netery and the Harvester works. The enterprise\\nof the Mechanical and Agricultural Associa-\\ntion, also, beginning under the control of a\\ncorporation, was later conducted by Colonel\\nKing individually. His extensively exploited\\nfairs, with their choice exhibits and original\\nand striking devices for entertainment which\\nearned for him the sobriquet of Old Thauma-\\nturgus drew people from all parts of the\\ncountry to Minneapolis, where not a few took\\nup their permanent abode, did more than any\\nother thing to advertise the city and facilitate\\nits growth. Colonel King exerted his influence\\neffectively toward the establishment of the\\npublic park system of Minneapolis, and ex-\\ntended it by generous donations of valuable\\nland. The first section of the Northern Pacific\\nEailroad, extending across Minnesota between\\nthe St. Louis and Red rivers, was constructed\\nunder a contract assumed by Colonel King ami\\nother residents of the Twin Cities. Put prob-\\nably of all his work, that in connection with\\nthe press effected the deepest and most far-\\nreaching results. lie furthered the establish-\\nment of the Minneapolis Tribune and was a\\nheavy stockholder in the Pioneer Press, whose\\nMinneapolis side he conducted for a number of\\nyears with his characteristic zeal for justice\\nand progress. Upon the expiration of his serv-\\nice as postmaster in the House of Representa-\\ntives, he was elected to Congress from the\\nFourth District of .Minnesota. lie entered this\\noffice with the most auspicious outlook; but\\nthe tranquillity of his course was interrupted\\nby the action of political enemies, who incrim-\\ninated him in connection with the passage of a\\ncertain subsidy measure, lie was exonerated,\\nhowever, by the investigating committee, ami\\nby the unanimous vote of both House and Sen\\nate. In his later days. Colonel King served as\\nsecretary of the Minneapolis Board of Trade;\\nand he had at a previous period filled for sev-\\neral years the office of Surveyor General of\\nlogs and lumber for the Second District of\\nMinnesota. The Colonel delighted in every-\\nthing pertaining to rural life; and while still\\nin Washington he began to acquire lands about\\nlakes Calhoun and Harriet, where he estab-\\nlished the famous Lyndale stock farm. Event-\\nually, this property becoming involved, he\\ntransferred it to his friend, Philo Remington,\\nof New York, who undertook to clear it of\\nclaims. Later, complications arose which led\\nto the noted King-Remington equity suit, in\\nthe settlement of which, properties to the\\namount of $2,000,000 reverted to Colonel King.\\nBut he was too generous hearted in public en-\\nterprise and private friendship to continue rich\\nin worldly goods. Colonel King was twice\\nmarried: the first time to Mary Elizabeth\\nStevens, of Ilion, New York. The second Mrs.\\nKing, who survives her husband, was Caroline\\nM. Arnold, also of Ilion. The two children of\\nColonel King are: a daughter, who, with her\\nfamily, lives iu the King residence on Nicollet\\nisland, and a son, Preston King, of Minneap-\\nolis. Colonel King s was a remarkable person-\\nality. His boundless energy seemed to infect\\nwith vitality all men and enterprises with\\nwhich he came in contact. Such magnetism\\nis a tremendous force for good or evil, and his\\ndetermined for good. A pronounced individ-\\nuality, he was no egotist. It was ever the\\nrighteous, unpopular cause which he espoused,\\nforgetful of personal advantage or even secur-\\nity. He was reckoned a poor business man;\\nbut with the power he wielded there is no\\ndoubt that, had he made it his life purpose, he\\ncould have become a great capitalist. The\\namassing of wealth, however, would have\\nseemed to him a petty and unworthy end for\\nwhich to strive. He had his faults; but they\\nwore of that vigorous and open type, easy to\\ncondone. He was a good hater, but he never\\nplayed foul; and it seems something incon-\\ngruous, even, that the death angel should have\\ncome to reckon with him in the darkness of\\nthe night. It was some hours before dawn on\\nFebruary 24. 1!)00, that Colonel King put off\\nmortality and followed the grim messenger", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0940.jp2"}, "941": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0941.jp2"}, "942": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing tnjmviny Co Chicago-\\n^o^a", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0942.jp2"}, "943": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0943.jp2"}, "944": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0944.jp2"}, "945": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n435\\nhence; and the discarded earthly garb fittingly\\nrests in Lakewood, from which fair spot\\nstretches in all directions portions of the noble\\npark system which was tirst fostered as one\\nof many ideals in his ureal soul.\\nJAMES M. l .ONYLEH.\\nMaj. James Madison Bowler was born Jan-\\nuary 10, 1838, at Lee, Maine, lie comes of old\\nNew England stock on both sides, liis ancestors\\nhaving been among the early pilgrims, and sev-\\neral of them served in the Revolution and the\\nWar of 1812. Edward Howler, the father of\\nour subject, was born at Palermo. Maine, Sep\\ntember 3, 1811. He was engaged in mercantile\\npursuits, the lumber business and farming, and\\nwas a member of the Maine Legislature. He\\nmarried Clara Augusta Smith, of Litchfield,\\nMaine. James M. received his early education\\nin the common schools and the Normal Acad-\\nemy of his native town, and later attended\\nWest brook Seminary at Stevens Plains, Maine.\\nHe began life as a school teacher in his own\\nState, and in 1857 came west and located at\\nHale s Corners. Milwaukee county, Wisconsin,\\nwhere he again taught school for one\\nyear. In 1858 he removed to Minnesota ami\\nlocated at St. Anthony, where he remained for\\nabout one year. He then went to Nininger.\\nMinnesota, and once more resumed his old vo-\\ncation, school teaching. In 1871 Mr. Bowler\\ntook up a homestead claim at Bird Island, Min-\\nnesota, where he has since resided. He followed\\nfanning almost exclusively until 1N7S; about\\nthree years later he was engaged as traveling\\ncollector for the N. W. Mfg. Car Co., also\\nsubsequently the Minneapolis Harvester Com-\\npany. He was also identified with the pur-\\nchasing of the right of way for the M. N. W.\\nR. R. Since 1887, he has been engaged in the\\nreal estate and loan business. With the busi-\\nness and local affairs of the State. Major Bow-\\nler has long been prominently identified.\\nEminently public spirited, he has taken part\\nin the public improvements, and contributed\\nhis share to the success of every enterprise hav-\\ning for its object the good of the community;\\nand has been conspicuous in the public service\\nof his adopted Slate. He was a member of the\\nLegislature in ls?s. and ran for Congress on\\nthe Populist ticket in 1S!U; was a candidate\\nfor Lieutenant Governor on the Fusion ticket\\nin 1896 and in L898. He has tilled several pub-\\nlic offices and educational positions in both\\nNininger and at Bird Island, his present home.\\nThe Major is well informed in all agricultural\\nmatters, and has given the subject much inves-\\ntigation, though! and attention. His appoint\\nment to the office of State Dairy and Food\\nCommissioner, January 6th, 1899, was not only\\na recognition of his fitness for tin place, but a\\ncompliment to his enterprise, liberality, and\\ngeneral worth as a citizen and a man. A fellow\\ncitizen of high standing, who has known Major\\nBowler long and intimately, says of him:\\nHe is a man of keen perceptions, quick ac-\\ntion and strong will; very decided in his ways\\nin all business matters. He can be very stern\\nwhen the occasion demands, and yet his dispo-\\nsition is naturally mild. He is a man of re-\\nmarkable tact and will power, and as a father,\\nhusband, and friend he is kind, gentle and lov-\\ning.\\nMajor Bowler served four years and eight\\nmonths in the Rebellion and the Indian War.\\nHe enlisted first in Company E, First Minne-\\nsota, in April, 1861. September 1, of the same\\nyear, he enlisted in Company F. Third Minne-\\nsota, as a private. He was promoted to\\ncorporal, sergeant, second lieutenant, and was\\nappointed captain December 1. 1862, at the age\\nof twenty-three. He was taken prisoner at\\nMurfreesboro, Tennessee, July 10, 1802, and\\nparoled at McMinnville, from which place un-\\nder a Confederate officer he was marched back\\nto Murfreesboro, and later sent to Benton Bar-\\nracks. St. Louis. Missouri, where he remained\\nuntil called for service in the Indian campaign.\\nHe was a company commander at the baffle of\\nWood lake, of which the Third Regiment and\\nRenville Rangers bore the brunt. Though this\\nbattle did not terminate the Indian War,\\nif was very important in its results, and in\\nsome respects it was decisive. It effected the\\nrelease of about three h lred captives which\\nthe Indians held, and of whom one hundred", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0945.jp2"}, "946": {"fulltext": "436\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand fifty were while women and children\\nmany of them refined and educated women and\\nteachers, who were being subjected to barbar-\\nous treatment. Ii also effected the surrender\\nof 1,500 Indians, including four hundred war-\\nriors, among whom were those afterward con-\\nvicted aud executed for having perpetrated\\nsome of the massacres. Of the other battles in\\nwhich the Major took part, the siege of Vicks-\\nburg is perhaps the most important. April 1,\\n1865, he was commissioned major of the 113th\\nU. S. C. I., aud was mustered out of the service\\nApril 9, 1866. Major Bowler is a member of\\nthe G. A. B. and Loyal Legion, and of his mili-\\ntary service he says: Of no part of my life\\nam I prouder than of that portion which I gave\\nto my country to aid in the preservation of its\\nexistence. Although Major Bowler is not a\\nmember of any religious denomination, he is a\\npatron of churches, and well known as a gen-\\ntleman of strict morality and rectitude. He is\\na member of the Eastern Star Lodge and is a\\nFree Mason; he is regarded not only as a\\nworthy member of that ancient and honorable\\ncraft, but as an exemplary member of\\nsociety, and of the community in which\\nhe lives. November 1. 1862, Major Bowler was\\nmarried to Lizzie S. Caleff, of Penfield, New\\nBrunswick, who is a descendant of Dr. Caleff,\\na noted surgeon in the English Army. They\\nhave had ten children, eight of whom are still\\nliving, and two deceased. Those living are Vic-\\ntoria A. (now Mrs. W. T. Law, of Northfield,\\nMinnesota I. Burton If., Amy G., Kate C., Mad-\\nison C., Frank L., Josie A\u00e2\u0080\u009e and Edna B., all\\nresidents of Bird Island. Minnesota.\\nROBERT A. SMITH.\\nKoberl Armstrong Smith, of St. Paul, was\\nborn in Booneville, Warrick county. Indiana,\\nJune 13, L827. His father, William Smith, was\\na native of England, and his mother, whose\\nname was Elizabeth Graham, was a member\\nof an old and prominent Virginia family. Mr.\\nSmith was reared to manhood in his native\\nStale, and completed his education at the Uni-\\nversity of Indiana, graduating from the Law\\nDepartment of that institution in 1850. He\\nwas married, in 1851, to Miss Mary E. Stone,\\nof Bloomington, Indiana, and in 185:1 came\\nwest to the Territory of Minnesota, and located\\nat St. Paul. Mr. Smith is known to everyone\\nas a prince among men. He has been through\\nas much, perhaps, of the exciting and disa-\\ngreeable experiences of political life as any\\nman in Hie State; but when the battle has\\nbeen fought, no matter how severe or unwar-\\nranted might lie the things said of him person-\\nally or politically, they were all forgotten, and\\nthe same genial, generous smile and handshake\\nwhich are so entirely part of the man, were\\ngiven to friend and foe alike. A more surpris-\\ning career of popularity and public favor than\\nthat of Robert A. Smith it would be hard lo\\nfind in the entire political history of the coun-\\ntry. A brief resume of that career, so far as\\nit relates to public affairs, will easily establish\\nthis proposition. He began his public service\\nbefore he was fairly out of college, having\\ngraduated at twenty-three. He was elected\\nauditor of Warrick county. Indiana, and had\\nserved four years before he resigned and set\\nhis face toward the west, landing in St. Paul\\nMay 1, 1853. Mr. Smith started out in life with\\nno capital to speak of. except his education\\nand his determination to advance himself in\\nevery legitimate way within his reach. Shortly\\nafter his arrival in St. Paul, he was appointed\\nsecretary to Governor Gorman, and acted as\\nTerritorial librarian up to 1856. He was in\\nthat year elected treasurer of Ramsey county,\\nand held that office for twelve consecutive\\nyears, till 1868, when he was elected alderman\\nof the city of St. Paul. He was elected presi-\\ndent of the common council and presided over\\nthat body for a period of three years. He was\\nthen elected as a member of the Lower House\\nof the Legislature and served for a term of two\\nyears. This was followed by his election as\\nmayor and Stab- Senator, and served in both\\noffices together. For seven and one-half years\\nhe officiated as mayor of the city, and four\\nyears as State Senator. Since the organization\\nof the Stale Reformatory board Mr. Smith has\\nserved as president of that body. Be was never\\ndefeated for public office but once, and he re-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0946.jp2"}, "947": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0947.jp2"}, "948": {"fulltext": "The Century PiWlishtng i Dtomiinp Co Chicago-\\nc_-^v -^^Cx^-^", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0948.jp2"}, "949": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0949.jp2"}, "950": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0950.jp2"}, "951": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n437\\ntrieved himself the next election by being once\\nmore elected to act as the city s chief magis-\\ntrate, lli.s selection as postmaster of St. Paul\\ncompletes the term of forty-eight years, during\\nwhich he has been engaged in official life, most\\nof the time serving the public in one or an-\\nother capacity, and all the time al serious loss\\nand inconvenience to himself and bis business\\nrelations. In 1866 Mr. Smith engaged in the\\nbanking business in St. Paul, as a member of\\nthe Arm of Dawson, Smith Reed, and was\\none of the incorporators of the Bank of Minne-\\nsota, and is now one of its vice-presidents. He\\nis rated as a financier of great ability. There\\nnever was a more generous man in his natural\\nimpulses than Robert A. Smith. His sympa-\\nthies have ever been enlisted in behalf of dis-\\ntress and sorrow, and as bis sympathies have\\ngone forth so, too, have the more substantial\\nexpressions of regard been frequent with him.\\nThrough bis kindly nature he has often been\\nimposed upon by the undeserving, but to his\\ncredit, be it said, there has been no lessening\\nof bis faith in human nature or of his deep\\nsympathy with human distress. X citizen of\\nSt. Paul has a higher standing in all that\\nmakes for manhood, integrity, ability and so-\\ncial attractions. Of the five children born to\\nMr. and Mis. Smith, three survive, two daugh-\\nters ami one son.\\nALEXANDER T. BIGELOW.\\nAlexander Thompson Bigelow, D. D. S., of\\nSt. Paul, was born April 5, 1841, al Ryegate,\\nVermont. His parents were John and Mary\\n(Thompson) Bigelow, both natives of Ver-\\nmont, and of New England parentage, whose\\nancestors figured prominently in early Colonial\\nhistory and in the War for Independence. Dr.\\nBigelow is a son of the Revolution on the pa-\\nternal side, through Maj. Jabez Bigelow and\\nCapt. Ebenezer Mcintosh. The latter was con\\nspicuous in pre-revolutionary times, and was\\none of the immortal tea party. Alexander,\\nthe subject of this sketch, spent his boyhood\\non his father s farm among the hills of Ver-\\nmont. Here he attended the common school\\nand the Academy at Mclndoe. He afterwards\\nwent to Hovel-. New Hampshire, where he\\nfound employment as a clerk in a book and\\ndm- store, lie remained in this employment\\nuntil 1862, when he enlisted in the Fifteenth\\nVermont Infantry, under Col. Redtield Proctor,\\nand went with his regiment to the front. A i\\nthe organization of the company he was made\\nsergeant and was afterwards promoted to\\nlieutenant. His regiment participated in the\\nbattle of Gettysburg and gallantly performed\\nits duty during the term of service. In August,\\n1863, he was mustered out, and went to Boston\\nin a clerical capacity, and continuing his inter-\\nest in military matters, after a competitive\\nexamination, was commissioned captain of\\nCompany II, Second Massachusetts Militia, by\\nGov. John A. Andrew. He commenced tin\\nstudy of dentistry, in 1865, with Doctors Pisk\\nand Ingalls at Clinton. Massachusetts, and al\\nthe end of two years went into partnership\\nwith Dr. Ingalls, one of his preceptors. He\\npracticed his profession for several years and\\nattended lectures at the Boston Dental Col\\nlege, where be graduated in 1873 as valedic-\\ntorian of his (dass, and was elected secretary\\nof his Alma Mater. After his graduation he\\nopened an office in Boston, where he practiced\\nfor about four years. On account of too (lose\\napplication he was obliged to take a rest and\\nseek a change of climate. In July. 1876, he\\ngave up his Boston office and located at Bis\\nniarck, Dakota, where he had a large and re-\\nmunerative practice, mostly among the officers\\nof the frontier posts and their families. He left\\nthere in October, 1884, and removed to St.\\nPaul, where he opened dental rooms, and\\nwhere he has continued in practice ever since.\\nThat Dr. Bigelow slands at the bead of his\\nprofession is evidenced by his clientele, which\\nincludes many of the most prominent people\\nof the Stale. He is of a literarx turn of mind;\\nhas written a number of pleasing sketches of\\ntravel, and many aide articles on subjects per-\\ntaining to his vocation. some of which have been\\npublished in magazines and attracted marked\\nattention, while others have been read before\\nmeetings of Dental Associations. The Doctor\\nis an ardent and skillful microscopist. He is a", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0951.jp2"}, "952": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00ab8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmember of the State Dental Association, of the\\nMilitary Order of (lie Loyal Legion, a Son of\\nthe American Revolution, a high Mason, being\\nP. H. P. of R. A. Chapter and P. E. O. of\\nKnights Templar; is a charter member of the\\nSt. Paul Chess and Whist Club, and an expert\\nplayer. Was one of its early presidents, also\\none of the originators and the first president of\\nthe Slate Chess Association. He is a man of\\ntine physique, a lover of athletic sports, and\\nfond of hunting and fishing. Dr. Bigelow was\\nmarried, November 26, 1883, to Edna A. Kel-\\nley, a native of Marshall, Wisconsin.\\nHENRY P. IPHAM.\\nHenry Pratt Upham, president of the First\\nNational Bank of St. Paul, comes of a family\\nprobably as ancient as any in England. The\\nname is found recorded in the Domes-day book,\\nprior to the Norman conquest. The first of the\\nUpham family who settled in America was\\nJohn Upham, who landed at Weymouth. .Mas-\\nsachusetts, in 1635. His descendants took a\\nprominent pari in the stirring events of the\\nColonial period, participating in the various\\nwars from that of King Philip to the Revolu-\\ntion. Mr. Upham is ninth in the line from the\\noriginal John, the emigrant. His father. Joel\\nW. Upham, was a native of Brookfield, Mas\\nsachusetts. He married Miss Seraphine Howe,\\nalso of an old Colonial family, who died in 1839.\\nMr. Upham. who was one of the pioneer manu-\\nfacturers of the famous turbine water wheels.\\ndied at Worcester in 1879. Their son, Henry\\nI Upham, was born in Milbury, Massachu-\\nsetts, on January 26, ls:;7. He was educated\\nat the public schools of Worcester, Massachu-\\nsetts, and in 1856, after quitting school, came\\nwest to seek his fortune in the then almost un-\\nknown Territory of Minnesota. Mr. Upham\\nreached St. Paul on March PI. 1S57. It was\\nthen a straggling village, with little about it\\nto indicate its future importance. Though not\\nyet of age, Mr. Upham confidently embarked\\nin business, forming a partnership with Chaun-\\ncv W. Griggs. The firm engaged in the lum-\\nber trade and continued for some years with\\nsuccess, fn L863 Mr. Upham became teller in\\nthe bank of Thompson Brothers, then the lead\\ning institution of its class in the city. When\\nthese gentlemen organized the First National\\nBank of St. Paul, Mr. Upham became its teller\\nand later its assistant cashier. In 1869 he took\\npart in the organization of the City Bank of\\nSt. Paul, of which he was cashier. Four years\\nlater it was deemed advantageous to merge\\nthat bank with the First National, and Mr. Up-\\nham became cashier of the consolidated insti-\\ntution, and in 1880, upon the death of Horace\\nThompson, he was elected president. As the\\nhead of one of the leading financial institutions\\nof St. Paul, Mr. Upham has been a conspicuous\\nfigure in the commercial life of that city for a\\nscore of years. On September 2:- ISliS, Mr. Up-\\nham married Miss Evelyn G. Burbank. daugh-\\nter of the late Col. Simeon Burbank. They\\nhave three children, Gertrude, Grace and John\\nPhineas. The fondness for books and reading,\\nwhich Mr. Upham has indulged to the extent\\nof collecting a large private library, has also\\nbeen recognized by his election to various so-\\ncieties of a literary, historical and genealogical\\ncharacter. He is regarded as one of the most\\nthorough genealogical scholars in the United\\nStales. For several years he was director of\\nthe St. Paul Public Library. Mr. Upham is a\\nvalued member of the American Antiquarian\\nSociety and the Society of Antiquity of Wor-\\ncester. Massachusetts, of the Minnesota His-\\ntorical Society, of the Minnesota Club, of the\\nRamsey County Pioneer Association, of St.\\nPaul Chamber of Commerce, and of the Ma-\\nsonic and Knights Templar orders.\\nKENNETH CLARK.\\nKenneth Clark, president of the Merchants\\nNational Bank of St. Paul, was born in Fort\\nPlain, New York. August 18, 1847, the son of\\nWilliam and Anna M. (Neukerck) Clark. Will\\niam Clark was prominent in local affairs and\\nserved in the House of Representatives and\\nState Senate of New York. Kenneth Clark\\nreceived his education first at Russell s school\\nin New Haven and later attended Union Col-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0952.jp2"}, "953": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0953.jp2"}, "954": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing tnymiiny Co Chicago-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0954.jp2"}, "955": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0955.jp2"}, "956": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0956.jp2"}, "957": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n439\\nlege, at Schenectady, New York, being a mem-\\nber of the class of 1869. Mr. Clark came to St.\\nPaul in 1870, and at once began a business ca-\\nreer which has been marked by continual suc-\\ncess. He first entered (he law office of W. P.\\nWarner, with whom he remained two rears. In\\n1872 he, with Mr. De Coster, established the\\nwell known furniture house of De Coster\\nClark, on Jackson street, and remained active-\\nly connected with the firm until 1892, a period\\nof twenty years. In the latter year, Mr. Clark\\nretired from this firm as an active member.\\nIn 1890 Mr. Clark was chosen vice-president of\\nthe Capital Bank of St. Paul; in January, 1897,\\nhe resigned to accept the vice presidency of the\\nMerchants National Bank of St. Paul, and in\\nFebruary was elected its president. He is also\\na trustee of the St. Paul Gas Light Company;\\nis president of the Edison Electric Light Com-\\npany; a trustee of the State Savings Bank, ami\\na special partner in the firm of Sharood\\nCrooks, manufacturers of and dealers in boots\\nand shoes. These many enterprises fully occu-\\npy his time and talents, but he is able to cope\\nwith all the requirements which these varied\\ninterests place upon his shoulders. For several\\nyears Mr. Clark has taken time from his busi-\\nness to act as a member of the hoard of fire\\ncommissioners, in which capacity he has also\\nserved with ability and with an eye to the in-\\nterests of the city, and is now president\\nof the fire board. One of the important posts\\nwhich he has filled was as treasurer of the\\nHinckley fire relief committee, having been ap-\\npointed to the committee by Governor Nelson\\nwhen the well-remembered calamity fell upon\\nthe State. In this capacity Mr. Clark had the\\ndistribution of $200,000 in money, not to speak\\nof the large amount of stores and supplies,\\nand the excellent manner in which this great\\ntrust was performed is best shown by the final\\nreport made by the relief committee, after the\\nsufferers had all been taken care of in proper\\nmanner and given a new start in life. Mr.\\nClark is also president of the St. Paul Bethel,\\na worthy charity, which is doing much good\\nalong its own lines. He is a member of the\\nMinnesota Chapter of the Loyal Legion by in-\\nheritance. Mr. Clark is always in the fore-\\nmost ranks of those who have the welfare of\\nthe city at heart, and ever ready to further\\nsuch movements as tend to the advancement of\\nSt. Paul. Withal, he is a man who dislikes\\nnotoriety, being content to work along those\\nlinos which he has laid out for himself, and\\nhas never sought political preferment or office\\nof any kind. In 1872, Mr. Clark married Alice\\nGilchrist, of Brooklyn, New York.\\nJAMES DOBBIN.\\nTo those who are well acquainted with the\\nwork and ideals of the Shattuck school, at\\nFaribault, the biography of its rector\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\nRev. James Dobbin, D. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 will be of especial\\ninterest; for during the last third of a century\\nhe has been the responsible head and manager\\nof that highly-reputed institution. Dr. Dobbin\\nis a native of New York State, born in Salem.\\nWashington county, June 29, 1833. He is of\\nScotch-Irish extraction, his two grandfathers.\\nWilliam and John Dobbin, having come from\\nthe north of Ireland to our shores soon after\\nthe Revolutionary War and established the\\nfamily here. Joseph Dobbin son of William\\nand father of our subject was a lm\\\\ at the\\ntime of this migration. He later became en-\\ngaged in agriculture, following that industry\\nfor many years in the Empire Stale. lie mar-\\nried Martha Dobbin, daughter of John\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\nother original settler and reared a family of\\nsix children, James, of our sketch, being the\\nsecond in order of birth. James grew up on\\nhis father s farm, assisting with its work and\\nattending the country schools to the age of\\nseventeen years. He then entered the Wash-\\nington Academy, in his native town of Salem,\\nfrom which he passed to the Argyle Academy,\\nin this latter institution finishing his prepara-\\ntion for collegiate work. Before proceeding to\\ncollege, however, he spent two years 1855 to\\n1857 in charge of the school at Argyle. He\\nthen became a student at Union College with\\nan advanced standing; and at the end of two\\nyears graduated with the degree of A. P.. Tt\\nwas in 1859 his graduation year that Mr.\\nDobbin first came to Minnesota. Locating at", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0957.jp2"}, "958": {"fulltext": "440\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nFaribault, he taught for a year in the Mission\\nschool established a few months previously by\\nRev. J. Lloyd Breck, 1 I). In 1860 he returned\\nto New York and to his old position in the\\nArgyle Academy, in which he officiated for\\nanother year, (hen went to Greenwich, New\\nYork, to assume charge of the academy at that\\nplace. This he conducted until 1864, then re-\\nturned to Faribault and entered Seabury Di-\\nvinity School as a student of theology, at the\\nsame time resuming his duties as assistant to\\nDr. Breck. At Easter, 1867, he succeeded Dr.\\nBreck as resident head of Seabury Hall and\\nrector of the Grammar department, which was\\nafterward named Shattuck School, and entered\\nupon his long and useful career, throughoul\\nwhich his fitness for the duties of his respon-\\nsible post has been abundantly attested by the\\ncontinuously flourishing condition of the\\nschool. He was ordained to the diaconate\\nTrinity Sunday 1867, and advanced to the\\npriesthood Trinity Sunday 1868 by Bishop\\nWhipple. A man of marked executive ability\\nand keen foresight, he has succeeded where\\nmany fail, in beginning with no resources and\\nlaying a strong, permanent foundation of a\\nhigh class institution for the training and edu-\\ncation of boys. His incessant labor for the past\\nthirty-three years has been inspired and stimu-\\nlated by an enthusiastic appreciation of the\\nvalue of the school, assembling, as it does, from\\nall parts of the country, boys at the critical,\\nformative age when thorough and wholesome\\nintellectual and personal training may make\\nall the difference between a noble manhood\\nand a weak or vicious one. Although wholly\\ndependent for support on its earnings from\\nits inception, Shattuck has such superb natural\\nadvantages and lias been so wisely adminis-\\ntered, that it is to-day one of the best of church\\ntraining schools, and may be favorably com\\npared with many an institution of extensive\\nindependent resources. Feeling, however, the\\npressure of the ever-increasing demand for\\nsuch training as it affords, it is now taking\\nmeasures with a view to greatly extending its\\ncapacity and facilities, confident that it but\\nawaits a suitable endowment to permanently\\nestablish its place as the foremost preparatory\\nschool of the great West, and make it an as-\\nsured boon to an indefinite succession of gener-\\nations to come. And one of its strongest\\nguarantees of future greatness is realized in\\nthe personality of its rector. li is written of\\nDr. Dobbin by one who is in a position to esti-\\nmate his character authoritatively: The rec-\\ntor of Shattuck School has especial fitness for\\nhis work. To a varied scholarship, with an in-\\nherited tenacity of purpose, and a refined taste,\\nare added a demeanor that is dignified yet not\\nstill and a firmness of discipline which is un-\\nbending, yet coupled with ease of manner and\\na cordiality which wins all hearts. His inllu\\nence n the students is refining and elevating.\\nHe is a Christian gentleman of the noblest\\nelass. lie received his degree of D. 1)., in the\\nyear 188S, from Trinity College, Hartford, Con-\\nnecticut. Dr. Dobbin is a family man, having\\nbeen first married on December 12, 1860, to\\nFannie I. Leigh, daughter of Jesse S. Leigh,\\nof Argyle, New York. Five years later his\\nwife died, leaving one daughter Jessie. On\\nApril 1N74, he married Elizabeth L. Ames.\\nof Niles, Michigan. Of the second union was\\nborn a son, Edward S. Dobbin, a recent grad-\\nuate of Trinity College.\\nJARED HOW.\\nJared How, senior member of the well-\\nknown law firm, How Taylor, of St. Paul,\\nwas born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, Decem-\\nber 9, 1857, the son of Phideas Berkeley How\\nand Abby (Clark) How. He is descended on\\nhis father s side from a family well known in\\nthe commercial and legal life of Massachusetts,\\nwhich settled in Ipswich, Massachusetts, prob-\\nably in about 1630; and on his mother s side\\nfrom a family of which Judge Greenleaf Clark\\nis a member. He was educated at private and\\npublic schools until 1871. when lie entered\\nHighland Military Academy of Worcester,\\nMassachusetts, from which he was graduated\\nin 1876. In October, 1877, he started to pre-\\npare for Harvard College, and completed his\\npreparation in a period of eight months. He\\nwas graduated from Harvard with a degree of", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0958.jp2"}, "959": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0959.jp2"}, "960": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0960.jp2"}, "961": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0961.jp2"}, "962": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0962.jp2"}, "963": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n441\\nA. B. in 1881, and in December of the same\\nyear entered the Harvard Law School as a\\nspecial student. His work in the first year\\nwas sufficient to qualify him as a regular stu-\\ndent for the second year, but he left at the end\\nof the second .year without applying for a de-\\ngree, and came to St. Paul in August, 1883. He\\nstudied law in the office of Bigelow, Flandrau\\nSquires until 1885, when the firm of Clark,\\nEller How, consisting of Greenleaf Clark.\\nthe late Homer Eller and himself, was\\nformed. This firm was dissolved January 1,\\n1888, by Hie withdrawal of Judge (Mark from\\nactive practice, and the firm of Eller How\\ncontinued until 1896, when Pierce Butler was\\nadded to it, the firm name being Eller, How\\nButler. Upon the decease of Mr. Eller, soon\\nafter, the firm became How Butler, and so\\ncontinued until the first of September, 1899,\\nwhen if was dissolved by the withdrawal of\\nMr. Butler from general practice, and the new\\nfirm of How Taylor, consisting of the subject\\nof this sketch and Carl Taylor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 then first as-\\nsistant corporation counsel of the city of si.\\nPaul was formed, and still continues the gen-\\neral practice of law. This is the bare outline\\nof the life and professional career of Mr. How.\\nFor those who are acquainted with the charac-\\nter and professional attainments of his former\\nand present associates, this is sufficient. To\\nhave been so intimately associated witb Green-\\nleaf Clark and Homer C. Eller speaks more\\nconvincingly of Mr. How s character and stand-\\ning at the bar than any words we could write;\\nnot that he has shone by their reflect ed light,\\nbut that such connections are a sure index of\\nhis own high character and ability. Mr. How\\nundoubtedly possesses all of the qualities thus\\nindicated. He is universally regarded as one\\nof the leaders of the bar of St. Paul, a learned\\nlawyer, safe counselor, forcible and convincing\\nadvocate. His mind is clear and discrimina-\\nting, and his power of applying the law to the\\nfacts of the particular case singularly un-\\nerring. He has been employed in very many\\nof the most important cases in the courts of\\nthis State, and enjoys the respecf and confi-\\ndence of the judges to an unusual extent. His\\npresent firm has an extensive practice. But\\nthe distinguishing feature of .Mr. How s char-\\nacter may lie said to be his strict sense of pro-\\nfessional as well as personal integrity. lie is\\nhimself hones! beyond suspicion, both in his\\nprivate life ami in the practice of his profes\\nsion, and is intolerant of deceit in others and\\na foe to dishonesty or meanness wherever he\\nsees or suspects if. He measures others by his\\nown high standard, and this occasionally leads\\nhim to be over severe and critical. Mr. How\\nhas nevei married. He lives in comfortable\\nbachelor apartments, is fond of books and of\\nclub life. His library is his pride and the envy\\nof his friends, lie is a member of the Minne-\\nsota Club, Town and Country Club of St. Paul,\\nand the University Club of New York.\\nTHEODORE L. SCHURMEIER.\\nTheodore Leopold Schnrmeier, of the firm of\\nLindeke, Warner Schurmeier, wholesale dry\\ngoods dealers, St. Paul, was born at St. Louis,\\nMissouri, March 14, 1852, the son of Casper H.\\nand Caroline Schurmeier. His parents emi-\\ngrated to America from Germany, their native\\nland, and settled first in St. Louis. In 1855\\nCasper Schurmeier removed with his family to\\nSt. Paul, where he made considerable invest-\\nments, and became a well-known business man\\nand a universally esteemed citizen. Theodore\\nL. was educated in the St. Paul public schools\\nand at Baldwin University. Berea, Ohio. In\\n1870, under the patronage of J. J. Hill, he en-\\ntered the service of the old Manitoba (now the\\nGreat Northern) Railway Company, where he\\nremained for three years. He then entered the\\nFirst National Rank as a bookkeeper; later\\nhe was made teller, and held that position until\\n1878. The original firm of Lindeke, Warner\\nSchurmeier was organized July 1, 1878, and\\nTheodore Schurmeier was one of the con-\\nstituent members. He has been in charge of\\nthe finances and credits of the firm from the\\nfirst. He is held in high esteem by his business\\nassociates for his sound judgment and his care-\\nful and conservative handling of the Arm s\\nvital interests, and its high character and pros-\\nperity are very largely due to his intelligent", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0963.jp2"}, "964": {"fulltext": "442\\nBTOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmethods, his sagacious conduct, and his fidelity\\nto his duties. His rare personal qualities make\\nhim universally popular among the firm s pa-\\ntrons. He is always accessible and courteous,\\nfrank and lair, and as faithful to a business\\nobligation as to a sworn oath. Mr. Schurmeier\\nhas grown with the city of St. Paul and the\\nSi ale of .Minnesota from their immaturity to\\nI heir present development, and has always been\\ninterested in their affairs and active in their\\nadvancement. He has been connected with\\nvery many public enterprises. In recenl years\\nhe has been much interested in the work of\\ninducing immigration into .Minnesota and the\\nNorthwest. From the inception of the organ-\\nized movement to that end, he lias been promi-\\nnently identified with it. has spent his time\\nand money for it, and aided it in every way.\\nIn the summer of L895 he was practically given\\ncharge of the project. He has been president\\nof the Minnesota Immigration Association, and\\nfor several years has been president of the\\nNorthwestern Immigration Association t he\\nlatter organization including the States of Wis-\\nconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Montana,\\nIdaho, Washington and Oregon, and the\\nProvince of Manitoba. In the discharge of his\\nduties he has visited various portions of tic\\nStates named, presiding over meetings, conven-\\ntions, etc., incidentally doing a great deal of\\nhard work, incurring large personal expenses,\\nbut accomplishing great and lasting good for\\nthe country. He is thoroughly identified with\\nthe interests of St. Paul. He is a director in the\\nFirst National Bank and in the St. Paul Trust\\nCompany; is president of the Schurmeier Land\\nand Improvement Company, and vice-presi-\\ndent of the C. Gotzian Company corpora-\\ntion; is a trustee of St. Luke s Hospital and of\\nthe Oakland Cemetery, and holds memberships\\nin the Minnesota, the Commercial, and the\\nTown and Country Clubs of St. Paul, and in\\nthe Chicago (Tub. He combines social and re-\\nfined tastes with business qualities and public\\nspirit lo a happy degree. Though lie depre-\\nciates and half conceals his generous disposi-\\ntion, those who are informed on the subject\\nknow that .Mr. Schurmeier is a liberal and sub-\\nstantial friend and patron of works of charity\\nand benevolence, and thai the deserving poor\\nhave no belter friend. He has been a member\\nof the Republican party ever since he could\\nvote. Always refusing to be a candidate tor\\nany office, although often solicited, he has per-\\nformed a great deal of valuable service for his\\nparty, asking no other reward than the tri-\\numph of its principles. In the Presidential\\ncampaign of 1896 he was chairman of the Ram-\\nsey County Republican Committee, and so or-\\nganized tlie sound money forces and conducted\\nthe campaign as to win a Republican victory\\nunprecedented iii the history of the county and\\ntlie city of St. Paul. The previous spring he\\nled the parly to a most complete triumph in\\ntlie municipal campaign. In November, 1882,\\nMr. Schurmeier married Miss Caroline Gotzian,\\na daughter of Conrad Gotzian, deceased, whose\\nbiography appears elsewhere in this volume.\\nMrs. Schurmeier was born and reared in St.\\nPaul. To Mr. and Mrs. Schurmeier have been\\nborn three daughters, whose Christian names\\nare Conradine, Theodora, and Hildegarde. The\\nimposing and beautiful family residence on\\nCrocus Hill, St. Paul, is a model of architec-\\ntural elegance and the home of a refined and\\nintelligent household.\\nHASCAL R. BRILL.\\nThere are many able, fearless and conscien-\\ntious men in the judiciary of the State of Min-\\nnesota, but there is none who is held in higher\\nesteem by the people of his district, than Judge\\nHascal R. Brill, who has occupied the District\\nBench of St. Paul for over a score of years.\\n.Judge Brill s ancestors were Holland Dutch,\\nwho settled in Dutchess county. New York.\\nHis grand ia rents removed to Canada, just over\\nthe Vermont line, shortly after the Revolution\\nary War. and took up land and opened farms\\non which some of their descendants slill live.\\nHascal R. was born at Phillipsburg, in the\\nProvince of Quebec, August II). 1846; the son\\nof Thomas Russel (who was a farmer by occu-\\npation) and Sarah Sagar Brill. When thirteen\\nyears of age he came to Minnesota with his\\nparents, who settled on a farm near Kenyon,", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0964.jp2"}, "965": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0965.jp2"}, "966": {"fulltext": "The, c rtfajy Publi5/U3ty Enytnvmy Co Chicago-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0966.jp2"}, "967": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0967.jp2"}, "968": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0968.jp2"}, "969": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n443\\nin Goodhue county. Here young Brill lived\\nuntil he was twenty-one years of age. winking\\non the farm, attending school in the winter,\\nand sometimes teaching. His early education\\nhe received in the district school, and prepared\\nfor college in Hamline University, which he\\nattended irregularly for four years. He then\\nentered the University of Michigan, but re-\\nmained only one year. In December, 1S67, he\\nwent to St. Paul for the purpose of taking up\\nthe study of law, and entered the office of\\nJudge Palmer and Morris Lamprey. He was\\nadmitted to practice, December 31, 180! and\\nformed a partnership with Stanford Newel.\\nAfter a practice of about three years, he was\\nelected Probate Judge for Ramsey county,\\nwhich office he held in 1873 and 1874. On the\\ndemise of William S. Hall, first Judge of the\\nCourt of Common Pleas in Minnesota, Gov-\\nernor Davis appointed Judge Brill, March 1,\\n1875, to fill the vacancy. A few months later\\nhe was elected to the same office for a term of\\nseven years. At the first session of the Legis-\\nlature in 187G, the Court of Common Pleas w as\\nmerged into that of the District Court for the\\nSecond Judicial District, Judge Brill occupy-\\ning the bench, and he has held that office ever\\nsince. To place Judge Brill ahead of his asso-\\nciates on the bench is not making any invidious\\ncomparisons, for he had earned his pre-emi-\\nnence by years of hard judicial service. The\\nfact that Judge Brill received his re-nomina-\\ntions to the bench at the hands of both the\\ngreat political parties is significant of the es-\\nteem in which he is held. Although a Repub-\\nlican in principle, Judge Brill has not taken\\nany active part in politics since his elevation to\\nthe bench. The Judge has held numerous\\nchurch offices, and at present is chairman of\\nthe board of trustees of the First M. E. Church\\nof St. Paul, of which church he has been an\\ninfluential member ever since he located in\\nthat city. He was a member of the last two\\ngeneral conferences of the Methodist church,\\nand served as chairman of the judiciary com-\\nmittee. In the quiet of his own home, freed\\nfrom the vexations of his judicial duties, Judge\\nBrill seeks to satisfy his taste for literature;\\noccasionally he has delivered a lecture or an\\naddress on literary and historical subjects,\\nand also on topics of current public interest.\\nHe has been trustee df Hamline University for\\nmany years, and was president of the board\\nfor some time. He was married, August 11.\\n1873, to Cora A. dray, of Suspension Bridge,\\nNew York. Of iliis marriage liave Keen born\\nsix children.\\nLEONARD A. ROSING.\\nLeonard August Rosing, a prominent busi-\\nness man of Cannon Falls, now serving as\\nprivate secretary to Governor Lind, was born\\nin Malmo, Sweden. August 1 1861. He is the\\nson of August and Marie Charlotte (Flint-\\nberg) Rosing. His mother, who died in 1894,\\nwas also a native of Sweden, her birthplace\\nbeing the capital city of Stockholm. August\\nG. Rosing left his native country to seek his\\nfortune in the new world in 1868. He settled\\non a farm in Goodhue county, Minnesota, and\\nthe family followed a year later. About twelve\\nyears ago he retired from farming, and re-\\nmoved to Red Wing. Though seventy-seven\\nyears of age, he is still in active business, being\\nsecretary of the Scandinavian Relief Associa-\\ntion of Red Wing. Leonard A. was a lad of\\nseven when the family settled in Minnesota,\\nand this has been his residence ever since. His\\nonly educational advantages were the district\\nschools of Goodhue county, which he attended\\nduring the winter months. He was employed\\non his father s farm until twenty years of age,\\nwhen, becoming tired of the incessant toil with\\nthe uncertainty of fair returns for his labor,\\nhe determined to give up farming and fit him-\\nself for mercantile business. He took a posi-\\ntion as clerk in a general store at Cannon\\nFalls, which position he held until 1888.\\nThough his compensation was very small at\\nfirst, he was active and energetic, winning pro-\\nmotion and increase in salary from year to\\nyear. Naturally genial and courteous in man-\\nner, he seemed to be a natural salesman. He\\nwas ambitious and saving, and after seven\\nyears service as a clerk, he was able to engage\\nin business for himself. He formed a partner-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0969.jp2"}, "970": {"fulltext": "444\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nship with H. A. Van Campeii and opened a\\nboot and shoe store in Cannon Falls, the Ann\\nname being Van Campen Rosing. In 1893\\nMr. Van Campen sold his interest to Samuel\\nKraft, and the firm became Rosing Kraft,\\nwhich still continues. In politics Mr. Rosing\\nwas a Republican until 1888, but in the cam\\npaign of 1890, he gave his support to the Demo-\\ncratic candidates, as being more in accord with\\nhis principles on important National questions.\\nSince 1890 he has been an active participant\\nin every campaign, and his popularity was\\nshown by his election as chairman of the Dem-\\nocratic Stale Central Committee for the cam-\\npaign of 1890. He managed this campaign\\nwith such skill and aggressiveness that Hon.\\nJohn Lind came within 3,300 votes of being\\nelected Governor. By unanimous consent he\\nwas retained as chairman for the notable cam-\\npaign of 1898, which has passed into history\\nas the first instance in which the regular Re-\\npublican candidate for Governor of Minnesota\\nhas been defeated. In speaking of Mr. Rosing s\\nability as a political leader, one high in the\\ncounsels of the party says:\\nAfter the Chicago convention in 1890 most\\nof the old leaders of the Democratic party in\\nMinnesota refused to accept the platform that\\nparty adopted, and younger and newer leaders\\nbecame necessary. Mr. Rosing was chosen\\nchairman of the State Central Committee, and\\nimmediately entered upon the work of organiz-\\ning the Democratic party of Minnesota on as\\nbroad lines as possible. This work of organiza-\\ntion it was impossible to complete dining the\\ncampaign of 1896, and the party was again de-\\nfeated in Minnesota, as it had been during the\\nprevious thirty-eight years. Notwithstanding\\nthat fact, Mr. Rosing continued the work of or-\\nganization with unabated vigor, and notwith-\\nstanding the lack of funds and a great many\\nother obstacles, succeeded so well that in 1898\\nthe Democratic .and People s parties succeeded\\nin electing their joint candidate as Governor,\\nand the fusion element in the Legislature was\\nlargely increased. Mr. Rosing is peculiarly\\nwell qualified for the leading position he occu-\\npies in politics. He is an indefatigable worker,\\nand an enthusiastic believer in the principles\\nhe advocates. He has a wide knowledge of\\npublic affairs, is an excellent judge of human\\nnature, a man of unimpeachable integrity, and\\nwhile full of kindly instincts, has the ahilitv to\\nsay no, and is inexorable where a question of\\nprinciple is involved. He possesses also the\\nfaculty of being absolutely loyal to his friends,\\na quality very desirable in a political leader.\\nIn his private and domestic life, .Mr. Rosing\\nis peculiarly happy, his pronounced integrity\\nand domestic virtues making this necessarilv\\ntrue.\\nWhen Mr. Lind was inaugurated Governor,\\nhis appreciation of Mr. Rosing s ability was\\nshown by his selection as private secretary\\nto the Governor. Coming to the State Capitol,\\na comparative stranger to the people of St.\\nPaul, he has, by his ability, tact and good judg-\\nment, won the confidence and esteem of busi-\\nness men, regardless of party. Mr. Rosing has\\ntaken an active part in masonry since 1885.\\nThis is the only secret society of which he is\\na member. In 1880 Mr. Rosing was married to\\nMiss May Belle Season, daughter of Mr. John\\nSeason, an early settler of Minnesota, and a\\nresident of Cannon Falls since 1855. To Mr.\\nand Mrs. Rosing have been born three children\\nGeorge Leonard, aged twelve; Marguerite,\\nnine, and Willis Season, three.\\nGEORGE M. SMITH.\\nGeorge M. Smith, general agent for the Chi-\\ncago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Rail-\\nroad at Duluth, was born in Jefferson county,\\nWisconsin, August 25, 1850. His father, J.\\nTatman Smith, a native of Ohio, was a mer-\\nchant by occupation. He is descended on the\\npaternal side from Pocahontas, the Virginia\\nIndian princess of historic renown, and his\\nmaternal ancestors were from Canada. His\\nearly education was obtained in the public\\nschools of Superior, Wisconsin, which he at-\\ntended up to his seventeenth year. Mr. Smith\\nbegan his business career when quite young\\nas a clerk at very small wages in a general\\nstore at Superior, where he was employed for\\nabout three years. In the fall of 1869 he came\\nto Duluth and remained a year. Returning to\\nWest Superior, he engaged in business for him-\\nself in a grocery and provision store, which he\\nconducted for about five vears. In the fall of", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0970.jp2"}, "971": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0971.jp2"}, "972": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0972.jp2"}, "973": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0973.jp2"}, "974": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0974.jp2"}, "975": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n441\\n1ST4, he returned to Duluth and continued in\\nthe grocery trade until in the winter of L881,\\nwhen he engaged to supply the Chicago, Port-\\nage and Superior Railroad and Constructing\\nCompany with all of their supplies and the\\necpiipment of the road in the construction de-\\npartment. The company failed, and all of Mr.\\nSmith s accumulations for twelve years or\\nmore were swept away. He then engaged in\\nrailroading with the Chicago, St. Paul, Minne-\\napolis and Omaha, and was appointed general\\nagent for that company, his present position.\\nHe has discharged his duties efficiently and has\\ncome to be one of the best known railroad men\\nin the Northwest. An incident in Mr. Smith s\\nlife which he well remembers was the bringing\\nof the great capitalist and speculator, Jay\\nCooke, from Superior to Duluth on the occa-\\nsion of Mr. Cooke s first visit to the cities at\\nthe head of the lakes. The same year Mr.\\nSmith took the first corps of engineers from\\nSuperior that made the preparatory survey\\naround the Falls of St. Louis for the old Lake\\nSuperior and Mississippi Railroad which is\\nnow the St. Paul and Duluth. When George\\nB. Sargent whose biography appears else-\\nwhere in this volume came to Duluth to begin\\nhis extensive and valuable operations in the\\ncity, Mr. Smith was his guide and advisor. For\\nabout three months he accompanied Mr. Sar-\\ngent, the greater part of the time in a row boat\\non the lake, on his tour of investigation in aud\\nabout the city. He gave the great investor\\nmuch valuable information concerning impor-\\ntant building sites and helped him in other\\nways when he began his work of building up\\nDuluth. Mr. Smith witnessed the location of\\nthe two big hotels constructed by .Mi Sargent.\\nthe first of the kind built in Duluth. Mr. Smith\\nhas always had a liking for and faith in his\\nadopted city. He has done what he could and\\nhas been willing to do more in promoting its\\ninterests. He is and has always been a staunch\\nRepublican in politics, is a member of the Ma-\\nsonic order, and is a worthy and popular citi-\\nzen. He was married at Norwalk, Ohio, Sep-\\ntember 28, 1875, to Miss Fannie B. Brown, a\\ndaughter of Edwin H. Brown, Esq. Three chil-\\ndren have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Smith\\ntwo sons ami a daughter, all of whom are\\nliving. .Mr. and Mrs. Smith are communicants\\nof the First Presbyterian Church of Duluth.\\nANSEL L. HILL.\\nThe laic Ansel L. Hill, of Faribault, Minne-\\nsota, was born of English parents in Williams-\\nburgh, Hampden county, -Massachusetts, on the\\n2nd of April, 1830. Fourteen months after his\\nbirth his father died, and his mother (whose\\nmaiden name was .Magdalene Siinason) reared\\nthe boy in his native town, sending him to the\\nneighboring common schools. At sixteen he\\nbegan to learn the machinist s trade al Hay\\ndenville, Massachusetts, and was afterwards\\nemployed for a short time in the Ames estab-\\nlishment at Chico] When about eighteen\\nyears of age\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in 1*48\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he came west to F 1\\ndu Lac, Wisconsin, where he started the pio-\\nneer machine shop of the place, operated by\\nhorse power. Early in 1852 he went to Califor-\\nnia, where he sojourned for some two years,\\nmaking the round trip by water. Upon his re-\\nturn to Fond du Lac, he followed the lumber\\ntrade for about a year, then, in 1855, came to\\nMinnesota and established himself in the man-\\nufacture of furniture, in which business he\\ncontinued in Faribault during the remainder\\nof his life, and was sole proprietor of the A. L.\\nHill Manufactory, lie began on an humble\\nscale, on Willow street, his motor being a sin-\\ngle blind horse on a tread wheel, and but one\\nmechanic being employed. In 18C8 he trans\\nferred his plant to a larger building on the\\ncoiner of Willow and Third streets, introduced\\nsteam power and facilities for over twenty op-\\neratives. In 1S72 this property was completely\\ndestroyed by lire; but, undismayed, Mr. Hill\\nrebuilt almost immediately, the ill-fated estab-\\nlishment being in six months succeeded by a\\nmuch larger one, substantially built of brick\\nand furnished with a greatly improved equip-\\nment. Again, on December 30, 1880, his\\npremises were devastated, the engine house\\nalone being preserved intact. The loss involved\\nin the second fire was about $35,000, and sixty\\nmen were thrown out of employment. But,", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0975.jp2"}, "976": {"fulltext": "446\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nstill undaunted, Mr. Hill proceeded to erect the\\npresent works, which stand as a stalwart tes-\\ntimonial to his business energy and courage\\nand his faith in the future. It would be im-\\npossible to estimate the benefit which Fari-\\nbault has realized from the citizenship of A.\\nL. Hill. His loyalty to the city of his adoption\\nwas proverbial, and his enthusiasm for her fu-\\nture contagious. Although harassed by the\\nfire fiend, his indomitable perseverance and\\nbusiness sagacity were rewarded by a hand-\\nsome fortune; but he was deaf to every over-\\nture of speculative venture outside of his\\nbeloved city, investing all his surplus funds in\\nenterprises contemplating her advancement.\\nHe was probably a larger owner of city real\\nestate than any other resident of Faribault.\\nAmong the noblest monuments to his enter-\\nprise may be mentioned his fine business block\\non Main street, of which the third story was\\nfinished as an opera house, and for years fur-\\nnished the citizens with a superbly-equipped\\nplace of entertainment; also the three-story\\nUnion block, with its spacious auditorium,\\nerected by Mr. Hill and W. D. Fox, jointly. Mr.\\nHill was a staunch Republican, but he had no\\naspirations for public life, being wholly de-\\nvoted to business achievement. He was eco-\\nnomical and provident, and possessed a deter-\\nmination that no ordinary calamity could\\nthwart. During the three or four years of\\nbusiness depression following the panic of\\n1893, at some period of which nearly every\\nfurniture factory in the country was sus-\\npended, Mr. Hill s establishment was not shut\\ndown for a single week day, and his employes\\ninvariably received their pay on Saturday\\nnight. Apart from his principal business, Mr.\\nHill also conducted an undertaker s establish-\\nment during nearly his entire residence in Fari-\\nbault, this being for many years the only one\\nin the place. Mr. Hill was twice married. The\\nfirst wife, Betsey Miller, whom he married in\\n1SG0 at Springfield, Massachusetts, died nine\\nyears later; and in 1872 he was united to\\nCornelia J. Gifford, daughter of Ezra D. and\\nLydia Ann Gifford, pioneer settlers of Fari-\\nbault. Mr. Hill s death occurred on February\\n21, 1897, and, after impressive services, the\\nbody was laid at rest in Maple Low cemetery,\\nof the corporation controlling which the de-\\nceased had for many years been treasurer and\\nan active manager. He leaves no children,\\nbut Mrs. Hill survives him, also two sisters,\\nviz.: Mrs. A. Root, of Northampton, Massa-\\nchusetts, and Mrs. Leach, of Oshkosh, Wiscon-\\nsin. Mr. and Mrs. Hill attended the Episcopal\\nchurch, and were among its most substantial\\nsupporters, contributing, also, generously but\\nwith discrimination, to many other institutions\\nand enterprises. Mr. Hill s loss is the regret\\nof a wide circle of friends in Rice county, who\\nremember him as a leader in the progress of\\nFaribault, and a man whose character, com-\\nmercial and private, was beyond reproach. He\\nwas a man of thoroughly domestic habits, and\\nhis memory abides in the lives of those who\\nknew him most intimately as a true and gra-\\ncious presence.\\nJOSEPH B. COTTER.\\nRt. Rev. Joseph Bernard Cotter, D. D., Bish-\\nop of the Diocese of Winona, Minnesota, was\\nborn in Liverpool, England, November 19, 1844.\\nHe is the son of Lawrence P. and Anne Mary\\n(Perrin) Cotter. The family came to America\\nin 1850, and located at Cleveland, Ohio, where\\nthey remained for about five years. In the\\nautumn of 1855 they removed to St. Paul,\\nMinnesota. The father of Bishop Cotter was a\\njournalist by profession, and during his resi-\\ndence in St. Paul served for several terms as\\ncity clerk. He was the incumbent of that office\\nat the time of his death in 1862. The funda-\\nmental education of Bishop Cotter was ob-\\ntained in private academies in the cities of\\nCleveland and Freemont, Ohio, and after the\\nremoval to St. Paul he continued his studies\\nin the Cathedral school of that city. Later on\\nhe went to Pennsylvania and entered St. Vin-\\ncent s College, and on completing the work for\\nwhich he had gone thither, he returned to Min-\\nnesota and was for a time a student at St.\\nJohn s College. The latter two institutions he\\nattended for classical, philosophical and theo-\\nlogical courses. On May 21, 1871, in the Cathe-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0976.jp2"}, "977": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0977.jp2"}, "978": {"fulltext": "taXtt", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0978.jp2"}, "979": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0979.jp2"}, "980": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0980.jp2"}, "981": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n447\\ndral of St. Paul, onr subject was ordained\\npriest by Rt. Rev. Thomas Langdou Grace, D.\\nD., aud on June 9th following he assumed\\ncharge, by virtue of official appointment, of St.\\nThomas church, in Winona, Minnesota, of\\nwhich city he in that month became, and lias\\nsince remained, a resident. From his church\\nin Winona as center, he attended the missions\\nof St. Charles, Lewiston, Ridgway and Hart,\\nup to the year 1882. In 1872 he founded the\\nFather Mathew Society of Winona; and sub-\\nsequently was for several years president of\\nthe Catholic Total Abstinence Union of Amer-\\nica, for which organization, in 1887, he did\\nduty in the capacity of lecturer, visiting for\\nthis purpose some of the leading cities of tin-\\nStates of New York, Massachusetts, Connec-\\nticut, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana,\\nIllinois, Wisconsin aud Minnesota, and secur-\\ning, as a gratifying result of his labors, about\\nsixty thousand pledges of total abstinence. In\\n1889 he was elected Bishop of Winona; and,\\nDecember 27, of the same year, in the Cathe-\\ndral of St. Paul, he was consecrated first Bish-\\nop of Winona by Archbishop John Ireland, as-\\nsisted by Archbishop Grace and Bishop Marty.\\nThe diocese over which Bishop Cotter presides\\nembraces (lie two southern tiers of counties of\\nMinnesota, together with Wabasha county on\\nthe third tier. This diocese, which on the date\\nof its erection, in the year 1889, comprised\\nforty-five priests, eighty churches, two acade-\\nmies for girls, twelve parochial schools, one\\nindustrial school for boys and two hospitals,\\nhas had a rapid growth, and shows a present\\nstatus of seventy priests, one hundred and\\ntwenty churches, and fifteen chapels, three\\nacademies for young ladies, twenty parochial\\nschools furnishing education to about four\\nthousand children three hospitals and an or-\\nphan asylum; and its total membership ex-\\nceeds forty-five thousand souls.\\nDONALD GRANT.\\nDonald Grant, of Faribault, president of the\\nOrinoco Company, and for many years well\\nknown for his conspicuous part in the railroad\\nconstruction of (he Northwest, was born De\\ncember in, L837, in Glengary county, Ontario.\\nHe is the son of Alexander B. and Catherine\\n(Cameron) Grant, both Scotch Bighlanders,\\nand his father served for thirty years as sheriff\\nof Glengary county. Donald grew up on lie\\nhome farm, surrounded by some of the mosl\\npicturesque of Canadian scenery, and attended\\nthe neighboring school to the age of nineteen.\\nIn 1857 lie came over to the United Stales and\\nengaged as a farm hand in Ohio, lie worked\\nindustriously and proved the truth of I lie old\\nadage: Take care of the pennies and (lie dol-\\nlars will take care of themselves. In due time\\nhe returned to his home in Ontario with sev-\\neral hundred dollars of his earnings, but dis-\\ncovered too late that the money was the issue\\nof wild-cat hanks which had already failed.\\nBut undaunted, he returned to Ohio, after a\\ntwo-months visit at home, and resumed his\\nrural occupations, gradually working into the\\nbusiness of stock-trading. In 1863, his health\\nhaving become undermined, he soughl (he in-\\nvigorating air of Minnesota, securing employ-\\nment on a farm in the out skirls of Faribault.\\nHere his health improved rapidly, and in L864\\nhe entered upon his remarkable career in rail-\\nroad construction. His first contract was for\\napplying lies on the .Minnesota Central now\\nthe Iowa Minnesota division of the .Milwau-\\nkee road; and for twelve years he was em-\\nployed upon some part of the Chicago, Mil-\\nwaukee St. Paul system, this lengthy period\\nbeing followed by a shorter one on the Wiscon-\\nsin Central. In 1881, in company with Lang-\\ndon, Shepard Company, he began the Cana-\\ndian Pacific, constructing the first 1,066 miles\\nof continuous line westward from Winnipeg to\\nthe summit of the Rocky mountains. This\\nstrenuous task accomplished, he worked upon\\nminor lines until April, 1887, between which\\ndate and the 27th of November following, to-\\ngether with Shepard, Winston Company,\\nhe extended the line of the Great Northern\\nfrom Minot, North Dakota, to Helena, Mon-\\ntana, a distance of about seven hundred miles\\nthe most rapid construction on record. In\\n1890 he organized a company for an English\\nsyndicate and ran a line of 21(1 miles from", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0981.jp2"}, "982": {"fulltext": "44 8\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nMontana to Lethbridge, in the British north\\nwest territory. The Duluth Winnipeg and\\n1 he Missabe, also, besides numerous other lines,\\nhe has assisted in constructing. For over thir-\\nty years Mr. Grant has been engaged in this\\nwork, the first half of this time with varying,\\nthe last half with unvarying and remarkable\\nsuccess. Many of his lines he has threaded\\nthrough vast forests, making openings into\\nwhich civilization has quickly pressed. The\\nwilderness and the frontier are familiar scenes\\nto him, and he knows well the meaning of the\\nphrase roughing it. The thrift and economy\\nwhich he found so necessary at the outset he\\nhas practiced all along the way, and these\\nhabits, combined with his rare business sagac-\\nity have enabled him to accumulate a large\\nfortune. This fortune he has invested freely\\nin a variety of enterprises, not a few of which\\nhave contemplated the advancement of his\\nhome city. The opera house of Faribault, the\\ncanning works, driving park and the boot and\\nshoe manufactory, are among the enterprises\\nwhich he has substantially promoted. He is a\\ndirector of the Citizens National Bank of Fari-\\nbault, and is president, also, of two banking\\ninstitutions in South Dakota. Mr. Grant be-\\nlongs to the Republican party, but he has been\\ntoo much absorbed in his chosen industry of\\nrailroading to feel strongly the attractions of\\npublic life. Although never seeking office, he\\nhas, however, served two terms 18112 and 1893\\nas mayor of Faribault, being the unanimous\\nchoice of the citizens without reference to\\nparty sympathy; and this general confidence,\\nwhich he inspires also in the business world,\\nhas been one of the factors determining his\\nsuccess. Although so prosperous in the main,\\nMr. Grant s career has not been wholly without\\nvicissitudes. He was at one time heavily inter-\\nested in a flouring establishment, which him-\\nself and a partner had built, but owing to the\\nexcessive expenditure necessitated by the\\nintroduction of the roller system, which was at\\nthat time replacing more primitive methods of\\nmilling, the enterprise proved a failure, Mr.\\nGrant s share of the loss amounting to one hun-\\ndred thousand dollars. Soon after his return\\nto railroad construction, however, he was able\\nto cancel all liabilities incurred in the hapless\\nventure. Mr. Grant is the most prominent fig-\\nure connected with the splendid Venezuelan\\nconcession to the Orinoco Company, Limited,\\nbeing not only president of the company, but\\nprincipal proprietor in the concession. He is\\nalso president of the Rio Verde Canal Com-\\npany of Arizona, in which, likewise, he holds a\\nlarge proprietary interest. The Orinoco Com-\\npany is capitalized at $30,000,000; the Rio\\nVerde Company at $3,600,000. The latter en-\\nterprise contemplates the building of a dam\\nto reservoir water from the mountains su In-\\ndent to irrigate the greater portion of the 450,-\\n000 acres of land acquired by the company.\\nDecember 25, 1800, Mr. Grant was married\\nto Mary Cameron, daughter of Samuel Camer-\\non, of Kingston, Ontario. Seven children have\\nbeen born to them, of whom two daughters,\\nMary and Margaret Jane, are deceased. The\\nonly son, Samuel, has for years assisted his\\nfather in railroad construction, and is a promi-\\nnent business man of Faribault. There are four\\nliving daughters, viz.: Ella (Mrs. N. S. Erb, of\\nFaribault), Isabella (Mrs. H. H. Batcheler, of\\nNew York City), Catherine and Emma, who\\nreside at home.\\nJOHN H. NILES.\\nJohn H. Niles, one of the most successful\\nlawyers of Anoka, Minnesota, was born in Al-\\nbany county. New York, November 22, 1857.\\nHis father, John H. Niles, senior, of whom he\\nis the namesake, was also a native of the Em-\\npire State, who died when the subject of this\\nsketch was a child of four years. John II.,\\njunior, was reared in the State of his birth,\\nattended the common schools, and later the\\nhigh school, of the city of Albany, then went\\nto New Hampshire and became a student at\\nDartmouth College. He took a classical course,\\nand graduated from the institution in 18S0.\\nUpon leaving college, he returned to Albany\\nand read law for two years in the office of\\nHand, Hole Bradley, a prominent legal firm\\nof that city. Soon after he came west, and\\ntook a course of instruction in the Law De-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0982.jp2"}, "983": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0983.jp2"}, "984": {"fulltext": "The Century PuMishinq 1 Engrcvmy Co Chicayer\\nJ^Uji", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0984.jp2"}, "985": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0985.jp2"}, "986": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0986.jp2"}, "987": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0987.jp2"}, "988": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0988.jp2"}, "989": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n449\\nparturient of the University of Iowa. After\\nobtaining his degree at the university, he came\\nto Minneapolis and practiced liis profession for\\na short time. During the summer of ISSo he\\nlocated in Anoka, announced his professional\\ncapacity, was immediately recognized as an\\nenterprising and thorough young lawyer, and\\nsoon found himself established in a lucrative\\nand growing practice. In connection with the\\nregular duties of his profession, he adopted, as\\na side issue, the specialty of abstracting titles;\\nand the demand for his services in this line\\nincreased until his work as an abstract attor-\\nney formed an important and profitable de-\\npartment of his business. Indeed, for many\\nyears he has had the exclusive control of the\\nabstracting for Anoka county. The political\\nviews of Mr. Niles are Democratic, in the larger\\nsense of the word he is a Democrat in prin-\\nciple rather than in party prejudice. He has\\nentertained no aspirations towards public\\noffice, but he is always ambitious to see the\\nhigh places of the land filled with men of high\\nability and character. Mr. Niles is a thorough-\\ngoing business man, and in the prime of life\\npossesses a handsome competency; but he is\\nalso a man of kindly impulses and deeds, and\\nwhile traveling the road of financial success\\nhe has made warm friends all along the way.\\nMr. Niles was married, on November 22, 18S7,\\nat Anoka, to Miss Zole Ticknor, a daughter of\\nH. L. Ticknor, of that city. One child has been\\nborn to Mr. and Mrs. Niles.\\nWILLIAM E. TODD.\\nHon. William Elmir Todd, of Albert Lea, a\\nwell known public man of southern Minnesota,\\nwas born at Geneva, Kane county, Illinois, Au-\\ngust 14, 1853, and died at Mankato, Minnesota,\\nNovember 11, 189!). His sudden and untimely\\ndeath was a great shock to his legion of friends,\\nand a great loss to the community and the\\nState. Mr. Todd was in the prime of his man-\\nhood and his usefulness, and he was, withal,\\na man of strong parts and rare accomplish-\\nments, a brilliant lawyer, a faithful public offi-\\ncial and a knightly gentleman. His father,\\nRev. Miles G. Todd, was a LTniversalist minis\\nter, born at Homer, New York, and descended\\nfrom Scotch-Irish ancestors who were early\\nsettlers of New York State. Before her mar-\\nriage, his mother was Helen M. Parker, and\\nshe was also a native of New York State.\\nReverend and .Mis. Todd were married\\nin Illinois, in September, 1852. In 1855 they\\nmoved to Wisconsin, first locating at Merri-\\nmac, and two years later at Lodi. On his re-\\nmoval to Lodi, Mr. Todd began teach-\\ning, but later was called to the pastorate\\nof the LTniversalist church. While in the\\nministry at Mazomanie, he entered the\\narmy as chaplain, and served until the close\\nof thi war. After his discharge he returned\\nto Mazomanie, and for the next twenty years\\nwas in charge of the Universalis! church, suc-\\ncessively at Columbus, shkosh, Columbus\\nagain, and Lodi. II,- died suddenly of hemor-\\nrhage of the brain at Mason City, Iowa, in\\n1888. William E. Todd was naturally a stu-\\ndent and of scholarly tastes. After attending\\nthe high school at Columbus, Wisconsin, he, in\\n1869, entered the Jefferson Liberal Institute,\\na Universalis! school at Jefferson, Wisconsin,\\nwhere he remained two years, paying his way\\nthrough school by outside work. He taught\\ncountry schools in 1871 and 1872, and in the\\nspring of the latter year entered the Wiscon-\\nsin State University. The next fall, however,\\nhe left the university, returned to the Jefferson\\nInstitute, and taught Latin and mat hematics\\nin that institution; the follow-big year he\\ntaught in the town of York. In the fall of 1871\\nhe again entered the University of Wisconsin,\\ntaking a modem classical course, and grad\\nuated with honors in 1877. While in college\\nhe was noted for his proficiency in Latin and\\nhistory, and a portion of the time he was assist-\\nant instructor in chemistry. A few months\\nafter his graduation .Mr. Todd assumed the\\nprincipalship of the public schools at Lodi,\\nWisconsin, and in connection with his school\\nwork began the study of law. February 22.\\n1880, he married Miss Alice I. Coapman. who\\nwas at the time a teacher in the Lodi schools.\\nThe following summer he entered the law office\\nof A. J. Cook, Esq., of Columbus. Wisconsin,", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0989.jp2"}, "990": {"fulltext": "45\u00c2\u00b0\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand continuing his legal studies for a year, was\\nthen admitted to the bar at Portage. In the\\nfall of 1881 Mr. Todd removed to Albert Lea\\nand formed a law partnership with the late\\nJudge E. C. Stacy. His total income the first\\nyear was only about four hundred dollars, but\\nhis ability and application to business were\\nrecognized and appreciated, and his business\\nincreased in due time. He continued in part-\\nnership with Judge Stacy for about two years.\\nwhen lie became associated with the late Judge\\nJohn Whytock. This association was dissolved\\nin a comparatively short time, and thereafter\\nMr. Todd engaged in the practice on his own\\naccount, until L897, when he formed a partner-\\nship with Henry 0. Carlson, under the Arm\\nname of Todd Carlson. Mr. Todd early be-\\ncame prominently identified with the interests\\nof Albert Lea. He had not been in the city\\nvery long when he became a member of the\\nschool board, and was its clerk for fifteen\\nyears, retiring in 1897, after positively declin-\\ning a re-election. Though this position was not\\nat all remunerative or distinguished, he re-\\ngarded it as a place of high responsibility and\\none of great honor and trust. He would not\\nhave exchanged it for any other position with-\\nin the bestowal of his fellow citizens, and he\\ndid not retire from it until, largely by his ef-\\nforts and influence, the schools were running\\nunder a perfect system, and his increasing per-\\nsonal duties made it imperative upon him to\\nresign the routine work to others. In 1886,\\nafter serving two terms as city attorney of\\nAlbert Lea, he was elected county attorney\\nof Freeborn county; he was re-elected in 1888,\\nholding the office for two terms. It is needless\\nto say that his service in both positions was\\nmost faithful and of the highest proficiency.\\nHe was not an office seeker, or he might have\\nbecome distinguished in public positions.\\nFor he was an enthusiastic Republican and\\ntook an active interest in the affairs of his\\nparty, wdiich during his residence in Minnesota\\nwas dominant in Freeborn county and the\\nState. He was frequently a delegate to his\\nparty s conventions, often took part in political\\ncampaigns, was a noted public speaker, and at\\nthe time of his death was an executive member\\nof the Republican State Committee. Rut Mr.\\nTodd s chief ambition was to excel in his\\nchosen profession of the law. As he grew in\\nit, its governing principles fascinated him, and\\nhe was a student until the hour of his death.\\nHe literally died in the harness, being strick-\\nen down by apoplexy while in the Federal\\ncourt room at Mankato, engaged in the trial of\\na case. Mr. Todd had secured a large clientage\\nand a lucrative practice; was the attorney for\\nnumerous business firms and associations, a\\nnumber of railroad corporations, and had an\\nextensive general practice as well. He was a\\nprominent member of the State Bar Associa-\\ntion, and for three successive years this or-\\nganization sent him as a delegate to annual\\nconventions of the National Bar Association.\\nA brother lawyer thus describes Mr. Todd s\\nprofessional character:\\nHis knowledge of the law was reinforced by\\nan almost intuitive understanding of human\\nnature, and these qualifications were the real\\nfoundation of his success as a practitioner in\\nthe District and Supreme Courts of Minnesota,\\nWisconsin and South Dakota. His analytic\\nmind rarely failed to discover the flaws in the\\ntestimony of a witness or the weakness in the\\nargument of an opposing counsel, and his ear-\\nnest manner and persuasive voice impressed\\nthe logic of his case upon the hearer with con-\\nvincing force. The office of county attorney\\nmade him acquaintances, and his practice grew\\nrapidly until he not only represented almost\\nevery important business interest in Freeborn\\ncounty, but was often called to far distant\\npoints to conduct important cases. He always\\ntried his cases promptly and fairly. Despite\\nhis liberal donations to charity and public en-\\nterprises, his expenditures in the purchase of\\na large and valuable law and private library,\\netc., his accumulations were considerable, and\\nhe left a comfortable estate.\\nThe personal qualities of William Elmir\\nTodd were most striking. He was a man of at-\\ntractive presence, bright, spirited and debonair.\\nHis large warm heart matched his active, intel-\\nligent brain. From his boyhood his character\\nwas pure and noble. As has been stated, Mr.\\nTodd was married February 22, 1S80, to Miss\\nAlice I. Coapman. Mrs. Todd and her daugh-\\nter, Liela, are living in Albert Lea. Other", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0990.jp2"}, "991": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n45\\nsurviving members of Mr. Todd s family are\\nIris mother, Mrs. Helen M. Todd; two sisters,\\nMrs. Eugene C. Chrisler, of Albert Lea, and\\nMrs. Eenry Mead, of Shell Lake, Wisconsin;\\nalso four brothers Charles, Lewellyn and Wil-\\nlard Todd, of Merrimac, Wisconsin, and Miles\\nTodd, of Thief River Falls. Minnesota.\\nCLARENDON I). BELDEN.\\nIn (his cosmopolitan age, few of our citizens\\nare able to trace so extended and so honorable\\nan American lineage as is Mr. C. 1). Belden,\\nof Austin, Minnesota. He is a Yankee of the\\nmosl thoroughbred type, the family stock on\\nboth sides being a distinctively New England\\nproduction, and the paternal and maternal\\ngenealogies together including four Revolu-\\ntionary soldiers and three of the Mayflower\\npilgrims, viz.: John Alden, George Soule and\\nRichard Warren. The parents of Clarendon D.\\nwere Stanton and Antoinette (Manchester) Bel-\\nden. and his paternal grandmother Prudence\\nAnn Sholes. of Groton, Connecticut, was the\\ndaughter of Nathan Sholes, a patriot of the\\nRevolution who was killed while defending\\nPort Griswold. Stanton Belden was a native\\nof Massachusetts, horn and reared in Saudis\\nheld. He graduated from Yale College with\\nthe class of 1833. and was for thirty live years\\nprincipal of the Fruit Hill Classical Seminary\\nnear Providence, Rhode Island. Antoinette\\nPercival Manchester was, also, a native of the\\nOld Bay Stale, Fall River being her early\\nhome; and the Manchester lineage is directly\\ntraceable to Benjamin Church, distinguished\\nin King Philip s war as commander of the Hi-\\nde force by which the chief was slain. Claren-\\ndon Dwight Belden was horn on May 1848,\\nat Fruit Hill, above referred to as the location\\nof his father s academy, and aptly named, since\\nI he hill comprised a line fruit farm of some ten\\nacres. Here the boy grew up, acquiring the\\nrudiments of his education in the home insti-\\ntute and at Lyons University Grammar School,\\nProvidence. Rhode Island. In LS64 he matricu-\\nlated for a classical course at Brown Univer-\\nsity, from which institution he graduated with\\nthe degree of It. A. in 1868, the higher degree\\nof M. A. being subsequently conferred upon\\nhim by his Alma Mater. In college he became\\na member of each of the Greek letter fraterni-\\nties\u00e2\u0080\u0094Delta Upsilon and Phi Beta Kappa.\\nYoung Belden inherited his father s taste and\\naptitude for pedagogy, and on leaving college\\nhe accepted a position as principal of a New\\nEngland graded village school, which he filled\\nfor three years. He then became a student at\\nthe Crozer Theological Seminary at Upland,\\nPennsylvania. He graduated here in 1874, and\\nin May of the same year was ordained by a\\ncouncil assembled by I he Memorial Baptist\\nchurch of Philadelphia. Tn the following au-\\ntumn he came to Minnesota, locating as pastor\\nat Austin. For seven and a half years he\\nlabored in this held, and with gratifying re-\\nsults; but in the spring of 1882, he resigned his\\npastorate to assume new duties as superin-\\ntendent of schools of Mower county, having\\nbeen elected in the preceding November. This\\npost he filled until the beginning of 1891. and\\nduring the nine years of his incumbency he\\ndeveloped a complete graded system in the\\ndistrict schools of the county, meantime serv-\\ning for one year as president of the Minnesota\\nCounty Superintendents Association. In Oc-\\ntober, 1891, Mr. Belden responded to a sum-\\nmons to the Baptist church in Windom,\\nMinnesota, and during the year that he\\nofficiated as pastor of the congregation its new\\nmeetinghouse was finished and dedicated and\\na heavy debt liquidated. The fall of 1892 found\\nhim again in Austin, to enter upon his duties\\nas associate editor of the Mower County\\nTranscript, in which he purchased a half in-\\nterest a year later. In December, 1898, he\\nacquired full proprietorship of the paper, to\\ntin management of which he now devotes the\\ngreater part of his time. The Transcript is\\none of the leading Republican newspapers of\\nSouthern Minnesota, but Mr. Belden is a man\\nof very broad and liberal views, and is an\\nearnest worker in (he cause of non-partisan\\nmunicipal reform and the kindred one of im\\nproved citizenship. Mr. Belden has done much\\nto promote the editorial associational move-\\nment, having been for a number of years the", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0991.jp2"}, "992": {"fulltext": "452\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nMinnesota member of the executive committee\\nof the National Editorial Association. Mr.\\nBelden lias also written much for religious\\npublications. In fact, during the past twenty\\nyears lie has contributed frequently and richly\\nto both the secular and the religious press.\\nMr. Belden is a man of many-sided capability.\\nlie was one of those who. in 1893, organized\\nthe Austin Co-operative Creamery Association,\\nof which lie became and still continues general\\nmanager. Along this same line he did duty\\nin ls .is as president of the Minneapolis Dairy\\nHoard of Trade, and in the present year of\\n1900 he has been elected vice-president for\\nMinnesota of the National Buttermakers As-\\nsociation. And Mr. Belden has everywhere\\nand always been deeply interested in educa-\\ntional work. As clerk of the Austin board of\\neducation he has done good service, and he\\nhas. lor a number of years, acted on the exani-\\nining board. Willi all his other interests he\\nhas kept in close touch with the activities of\\nthe Baptist denomination, laboring in his office\\nof clergyman as opportunity has permitted.\\ntmleed, in his capacities of educator, progres-\\nsive journalist and spiritual guide, he has been\\na three-fold blessing to his community. On\\nJune 27, 1ST Mr. Belden was married to Mrs.\\nFrancelia L. Crandall, of Austin. They have\\na daughter, born to them on June 24, 1882,\\nnamed Antoinette Griffith Belden. Our sub-\\nject is a Royal Arch Mason, and much devoted\\nto the order. He is also past chancellor com-\\nmander of the Knights of Pythias.\\nROBEUT REED.\\nThis family of Reed is easily traceable to a\\nScotch-English ancestry, although the imme-\\ndiate progenitors of our subject were born in\\nthis country, his great-grandfather having\\nserved under the American Hag in the War of\\n1812. His father devoted (he greater part of\\nhis life to agriculture, and died in Iowa in the\\nyear L855. Robert Reed, who is a native of\\nPittsburg, Pennsylvania, was barely ten years\\nof age at the time of his father s decease, the\\ndale of his birth having been March 2, 1845;\\nand thus early orphaned, he was constrained\\nto put aside childish things and look out upon\\nlife through the serious eyes of responsible\\nyears. Previous to his father s death, and for\\na year or two afterwards, he attended the dis-\\ntrict schools of Iowa. He then obtained em-\\nployment, at five dollars a week, which\\noccupied him for a year. When the Rebellion\\nbroke out, he enlisted, although but fifteen\\nyears of age, in the Fourteenth Iowa Regiment\\nof Infantry, from which he was subsequently\\ntransferred to the Forty second Iowa Regi-\\nment. Upon the expiration of his term of\\nservice he re-enlisted in the Seventh Iowa\\nCavalry, with which he did duty on the west-\\nern plains in protecting the lives and property\\nof the frontier settlers against the Indians.\\nThus at a time of life when so many youths,\\nwithin the shelter of the parental roof, are\\namusing themselves with thrilling tales of In-\\ndian warfare, young Reed was experiencing its\\nactual perils and strife. He took part in many\\nhard skirmishes, and in numerous instances\\naccomplished the rescue of men or women who\\nhad been taken captive by the redmen. At\\nlength he was made assistant quartermaster,\\nin which capacity he displayed such ability\\nthat he was promoted to a clerkship in the\\npaymaster s department of the Northwest.\\nThis post he retained until June 4, 1800, when\\nhe was honorably discharged by the Govern-\\nment, after five years of loyal service. He re-\\nturned to his home in Iowa City, Iowa, and in\\nAugust of the following year he removed to\\nMinneapolis and engaged in the jewelry\\nbusiness, which he conducted for many\\nyears. Later on he established the whole-\\nsale jewelry firm of Reed Daily, which\\nwas subsequently modified, by the admittance\\nof a new partner, to Reed. Daily Betman.\\nAfter five years of successful operation the\\nfirm was incorporated as the Reed-Deman\\nJewelry Manufacturing Company. Eventually\\nMr. Reed withdrew from this corporation and\\nestablished a new wholesale house the Reed-\\nBennett Company which does a flourishing\\nbusiness, and is well known throughout the\\nNorthwest. Mr. Reed is a prominent member\\nof the G. A. R., being present commander of", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0992.jp2"}, "993": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0993.jp2"}, "994": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0994.jp2"}, "995": {"fulltext": "TTie- Centuiy Publishing Enjmvinj COChicapo-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0995.jp2"}, "996": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0996.jp2"}, "997": {"fulltext": "BIOGRArHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n453\\nthe Butler Post, No. In politics he is a\\nDemocrat. On October 18, L873, Mr. Reed was\\nmarried to Miss Julia A. Enke. Of the four\\nchildren born to them, two sous and a daughter\\nare living. Mr. and .Mrs. Reed arc members of\\nthe Methodist Episcopal church.\\nALBERT SCHALLER.\\nHon. Albert Schaller, of Hastings, present\\nState Senator from the Thirtieth District of\\n.Minnesota, and a well-known lawyer of the\\nState, was born in Cook county, Illinois. May\\n20, 1856. He is a son of Michael and Barbara\\n(Klein) Schaller, and his immediate family is\\nof French origin, his father having been born\\nat Mittelwihr, in the former French province\\nof Alsace. At the time of the French Revolu-\\ntion Senator Schaller s grandfather was\\neighteen years of age. lie enlisted in the\\nFrench army and saw his lirst active service\\nunder Napoleon in the Army of Italy when\\nthe young commander made the memorable\\ncampaign against the Austrians which first\\nestablished his military fame and reputation.\\nMr. Schaller accompanied the great conqueror\\ninto the principal capitals of central Europe,\\nserved with him through the Russian ram\\npaign, and finally fought under him at the\\nbat lie of Waterloo. Subsequently one of his\\nsons enlisted in the French navy, in which he\\nserved several years, making several long voy-\\nages and crnises, on one of which his ship\\nvisited the West Tndies. Michael Schaller\\nwould have been made a soldier had he nor,\\nunder the French law, been exempt from mili-\\ntary duty by reason of the fact that his brother\\nwas in the navy. When at the close of his\\nnaval service the sailor brother returned to his\\nAlsatian home, he induced the remainder of\\nhis family to emigrate to America. In 184S\\nthe senior Mr. Schaller, with his family of\\nthree sons and a daughter, came to the United\\nStates and settled in Cook county. Illinois.\\nMichael Schaller. the father of the subject here-\\nof, had served an apprenticeship in Strasburg\\nas a brewer and cooper, but did not engage in\\nhis vocation at once on coming to this country.\\nThe year following his arrival, news of the\\ndiscovery of gold in California reached the\\nSlates. and he caught the gold fever. In 1849\\nhe stalled from New York City on a steam-\\nship for California, by way of Cape Horn. But\\non reaching Savannah, Georgia, certain legal\\nproceedings caused the steamer s return to\\nNew York. Here he embarked on a sailing\\nvessel, and after a long and tedious voyage\\naround the Horn, landed in San Francisco.\\nHe went at once to the gold diggings, and after\\nsome years experience in mining and life on\\nI he golden coast, acquired considerable wealth.\\nHe returned to Chicago by way of Panama,\\nand in July, 1856, when his son Albert was but\\na few months old, he came to Minnesota and\\nlocated at Hastings. Here he established a\\nbrewery, the first in the town, and became a\\nleading and respected citizen. Michael\\nSchaller died at Bastings in 1864. Albeit\\nSchaller has lived in Hastings since his\\nfather came to the place in 1s. P ii. His\\nearly education was received in the Hastings\\npublic schools. Subsequently he attended St.\\nVincent s College, at Cape Girardeau, Missouri,\\nfrom which institution he graduated in 1870.\\nIn 1871, during the last months of the Franco-\\nPrussian war, and in 1872-73, he was a student\\nat St. Hypolite, in France. In 1873 he re-\\nturned to Hastings, and for two years was\\nengaged in his stepfather s store. For a short\\ntime he was engaged in the newspaper busi-\\nness. He then began the study of law in the\\noffice of Claggett Searles. In 1S77 he went\\nto the St. Louis Law School, from which he\\nwas graduated in 1879. The same year he was\\nadmitted to the bar at Hastings. At the en-\\nsuing fall election he was elected county\\nattorney of Dakota county, and held the office\\nfor two years, or until January, 1801; there-\\nafter, until 1899, he was city attorney of\\nHastings; from 1895 to 1899 he was also city\\nattorney of South St. Paul. It is remarkable\\nthat while holding his first official position,\\nthat of county attorney of Dakota county. Mr.\\nSchaller. although fresh from school, and with-\\nout much practical experience as a lawyer,\\nmade an unusually good record. One of his\\nofficial duties was the prosecution of criminal\\ncases, and of thirteen such cases tried in Janu", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0997.jp2"}, "998": {"fulltext": "15!\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nary, 1880, he secured convictions in eleven, and\\nin the two other rases the accused pleaded\\nguilty. In 1894 he was elected to the State\\nSenate from the Twenty-fourth Senatorial Dis-\\ntrict, and was re-elected in 1898, still holding\\nthe position. Although a Democrat, as he has\\nalways been since he became a voter, and the\\nLegislatures in which he served were very\\nlargely Republican, no other member had more\\ninfluence in them, or made a better record\\ngenerally, than Senator Schaller. He was the\\nleading and master spirit in securing the loca-\\ntion of the Hospital for the Insane at Hast-\\nings. He was the author of the bill providing\\nfor normal instruction in the public schools.\\nand an influential champion of the school\\nteachers- certificate bill, lie was invariably on\\nthe side of the people, as against the corpora-\\ntions, and was largely instrumental in putting\\nthrough the Senate the pine lands bill and the\\npresent insurance code, including the valued\\npolicy act. Senator Schaller is an able lawyer,\\nwell versed in the principles and practice of\\nthe law. and effective as an advocate. He is\\nan accomplished speaker at the bar or on the\\nhustings, with a large fund of humor and a\\npleasing style generally. He is of decided\\nviews and opinions, and a positive character\\nthroughout. He was married May 24, 1881, to\\nMiss Kate E. Meloy, a daughter of John C.\\nMeloy, who was a prominent early settler of\\nHastings. Mr. and Mrs. Schaller have four liv-\\ning children, named Rose Marie, Carl A..\\nJosephine M., and Marion E.\\nALEXANDER FA RIBAULT.\\nThe late Alexander Faribault, founder of\\nthe town of Faribault, Minnesota, was born in\\nPraire dn Chien, Crawford county. Wisconsin,\\nJune, 1806, but as his certificate of baptism\\nbears the same date, and as during life he dis-\\ntinctly remembered the latter event, we con\\nelude he must have been born as early as 1802\\nor ISO:!. His grandfather, Bartholomew Fari-\\nbault, came over from Paris, France, to\\nCanada, in 1757. as secretary of the French\\narmy. He was the son of Bernard Faribault\\nand Magdalena Hamon, the former of whom\\ntilled an honorable position at the Court Royal,\\nand an officer in the Royal Huissiers, and died\\nin Paris May 8, 1741. Bernard Faribault was\\na highly esteemed gentleman, and his son,\\nBartholomew, was born in Paris, where he was\\nnotary public. Two years after his arrival in\\nCanada, after the defeat of the Canadians by\\nthe French, in 1759, he went to Berthier, where\\nhe continued his profession as notary public.\\nHe was married to a lady by the name of Ver-\\nroneau. He died in Berthier, June 20,\\n1801, and his wife survived him but ten days.\\nThey left nine children, the seventh, Jean Bap-\\ntiste, being the father of Alexander Faribault.\\nHe was born at Berthier on the 19th of October,\\n1775, married Pelagic Haines, and died on the\\n20th of August, 1860, in Torab. When a child\\nAlexander was very fond of hunting, and re-\\nmembered that while on a pigeon hunt, the\\nBritish troops and Indian allies attacked the\\nplace. This must have been during the War of\\n1812. In the spring of 1821, he in company\\nwith the old trader, P. La Blan, came up the\\nMississippi to the Minnesota river, and the lat-\\nter established a trading post where Le Sueur\\nnow is. In the fall Mr. Faribault was given the\\nescort of two Frenchmen, and returned to the\\n.Mississippi at the present site of Hastings and\\ntraded during the winter. The following\\nspring they went to Fort Snelling, which Mr.\\nFaribault had visited on his previous trip.\\nHis father soon after became established on\\nBig Island, at Mendota, as a trader, and\\nwhen the Indian chief, Wanata, or Cut Head,\\nliving where Fort Abercrombie was subse-\\nquently built, was wanted at Washington, he\\nwas dispatched for him, having for companions\\nJo Snelling. son of the Colonel, and two French\\nguides. They took a pack horse and made\\nthe journey on foot, but when arriving there,\\npurchased of the Indians a pony, which Jo\\nSnelling and Mr. Faribault took turns in riding\\nback. The latter was appointed by Major\\nTaliaferro, United States agent at Fort Snell-\\ning, and held the office until 1825. He was\\nmarried in the latter year to Miss Elizabeth\\nGraham. Her father. Duncan Graham, was\\nan ex-army officer, of the Graham and Duncan\\nfamilies of Scotland, and her mother, a half-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0998.jp2"}, "999": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_0999.jp2"}, "1000": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1000.jp2"}, "1001": {"fulltext": "SI\\n-r*\\nV\\nALEXANDER FARIBAULT", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1001.jp2"}, "1002": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1002.jp2"}, "1003": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n455\\nbreed, was a descendant of the earliest ex-\\nplorers of Minnesota. The same year of his\\nmarriage, Mr. Faribault established a trading\\npost directly opposite the present city of St.\\nPeter, on the Minnesota river bottom, and the\\nlocality became known as We-we, or Wet\\nLand. He lived there in a log house during the\\nwmter of 1825-6. As the southern Indians\\ndesired a nearer trading post, he, with a guide,\\nin July, 1826, crossed the Cannon river at the\\npresent site of Northfleld,and encamped where\\nthe city of Faribault now stands. He con-\\ntinued his journey through the present site\\nof Waterville, and about nine miles southeast,\\nto a place now known as Okaman, Waseca\\ncounty, where he concluded to locate. He\\nmarked the place by putting up three stacks\\nof hay and returned to Mendota. In the fall\\nof 1827, with seven ox carts and seven French\\nassistants, he made his way back through the\\nwilderness to the post he had selected. He re-\\nmained at the post three winters, living at\\nMendota during the summers. In the fall of\\n1830, Mr. Faribault erected a trading post at\\nLake Sakata, near where Waterville now is.\\nThe following fall he moved to the east end of\\nthe lake in the present town of Morristown,\\nRice county. In is:::?, Mr. Faribault followed\\nthe Indians south to their hunting grounds,\\nlocating in the present county of Faribault.\\nThe place had an Indian name, signifying\\nChained Lakes. He then traded in what is\\nnow Steele county, where St. Mary s is now\\nlocated. In 1835, he came to the present site\\nof Faribault and put up a log house, fifteen\\nby twenty-five feet, located on the east side\\nof Straight river. Ever since he fusl encamped\\nthere, in 1826, it had been his intention to se-\\ncure the location if the land came into the\\nmarket. He remained al this post during the\\nwinter months, and lived with his family in\\nMendota during the summer, employing two\\nFrenchmen to look after the stock of goods at\\nthe post. The flat on the west side of the river\\nhad previously been cultivated by the Indians,\\nand Mr. Faribault plowed most of the land\\nlying between what is now Willow street and\\nthe river north of Third street, and planted\\nwheat and corn, the Indians receiving the\\nbenefit, as they would take the wheat from\\nthe stacks and thresh it in their blankets, to\\nall of which they were welcome. Mi Fari-\\nbault then owned about thirty horses, one hun-\\ndred head of cattle, and from twenty to forty\\nhogs. In the spring of is.-,:; he employed twelve\\nmen in cutting timber in the w Is and hauling\\nlumber from St. Paul. He, during the summer,\\nerected a commodious frame residence, which\\nwas the first frame building erected in the\\ncounty. Mr. Faribault was a member of the\\nSecond Legislature in 1851, from the Seventh\\nDistrict. After that he would not enter into\\npolitics, with the exception of helping his old\\nfriends, General Sibley and Hon. William\\nWindom, in their campaigns. He was at one\\ntime called on by a delegation at Faribault,\\nurging him to become a candidate for Repre-\\nsentative, but he positively declined, saying his\\nexperience had demonstrated that political of-\\nfice was not to his taste. Mr. Faribault was\\nconsidered a wealthy man for those days, but\\nhis generosity ruined him financially. The\\npanic through the country in 1857 caused him\\nheavy losses by the failure of Borup Oakes in\\nSt. Paul, in which he, General Sibley and Gen-\\neral Dana were the principal stockholders.\\nAll his investments in St. Louis, Missouri, and\\nthe depreciation in land values, of which he\\nheld considerable, alarmed him, and attempt-\\ning to retrieve himself financially, he entered\\ninto, the milling business. He built the\\nStraight River stone mills, in Faribault, and\\nlater two others, all of which he operated.\\nMr. Faribault was the father of ten children, of\\nwhom only three are living, viz.: Daniel, Will-\\niam R. and Alexander Leon. His wife, Eliza-\\nbeth Faribault, died in Elizabethtown, near\\nFergus Falls, in 1875. Mr. Faribault served in\\nthe battle of Birch Coulie in 1862. He died in\\nFaribault, December 28, 1882.\\nJOSEPH B. COTTON.\\nMr. Joseph Bell Cotton, of Duluth, Minne-\\nsota, is a native of Indiana, born on a farm\\nnear Albion, in Noble county, January 6, 1865.\\nHe is the son of Dr. John and Elizabeth .1.\\n(Riddle) Cotton. His parents (who are now", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1003.jp2"}, "1004": {"fulltext": "456\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ndeceased) were both unlives of Ohio, and Dr.\\nCotton was a graduate of Rush Medical Col-\\nlege, Chicago. On his father s side Joseph\\nB. is related to the late Rev. Phillips Brooks,\\nD. D., long the distinguished pastor (if Trinity\\nchurch, Boston, Massachusetts. The subject\\nof this sketch was reared upon the home farm\\nin Indiana, in the work of which he partici-\\npated until sixteen, since which age he has\\nmade his own way in the world. His educa-\\ntion was begun in Hie school of the district in\\nwhich he grew up, and continued in the high\\nschool at Albion, lie next became a student\\nin the Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical\\nCollege, at Lansing; and during his college\\ncourse he distinguished himself by his ora-\\ntorical gift, being chosen class orator for both\\nhis junior and senior years, and being, also,\\none of the eight commencement orators se-\\nlected by the faculty from the graduating class\\nwith reference to scholarship and general rank.\\nHe graduated from this institution, with the\\ndegree of B. S., in the class of 1886; but being\\noffered by his alma mater a position as tutor\\nin mathematics, he remained in Lansing for\\ntwo years longer, meantime leading law under\\nthe direction of Hon. Edwin Willits, then presi-\\ndent of the college and a former member of\\nCongress from Michigan. June 13, 1888, be-\\nfore the Supreme Court of Michigan, Mr. Cot-\\nton was admitted to the bar; and shortly after-\\nwards came to Duluth and located for profes-\\nsional practice. It was during the heat of the\\nHarrison campaign that he arrived in Duluth,\\nand, catching the spirit of the occasion, he\\nplunged at once into politics, soon becoming\\nvery popular with the Republican constituency.\\nIn the fall of 1892 he was nominated by accla-\\nmation for Representative from St. Louis. Lake\\nand Cook counties, to the Stale Legislature,\\nand was duly elected, receiving the heaviest\\nballot of any candidate from that district. A\\nstrong incentive for entering the Legislature\\nwas his interest in securing a third judge for\\nthe Eleventh Judicial District. He accordingly\\nintroduced the desired measure, and was\\nchiefly instrumental in its passage. He also\\ntook an effectual part in putting through the\\nbill which secured the new State capitol, and\\nparticipated with equal force in the defeat\\nof the proposed terminal elevator bill. While\\nin the House he served on numerous commit-\\ntees, including those on the judiciary, munici-\\npal corporation, grain, warehouse, tax and\\ntax laws. His power as an orator was brought\\ninto full play in a fervent and eloquent speech\\nwhich nominated Senator C. K. Davis for re-\\nelection, and wiin new laurels for himself. In\\n189] Mr. Cotton became a member of the law-\\nfirm of Cotton Dibbel, recently changed by\\nHie admission of a new member to Cotton,\\nDibbel Reynolds; and upon the completion\\nof his term of office in the State Legislature,\\nhe accepted the position, which he still holds,\\nof attorney for the Duluth. Missabe North-\\nern Railway Company, and for the Lake Su-\\nperior Consolidated Iron Mines. He is also\\nvice president and managing owner of the Bes-\\nsemer Steamship Company, besides being vice\\npresident of several companies operating mines\\non the Missabe range. For the last three years\\nMr. Cotton s practice has been exclusively in\\nthe department of corporation law, and he has\\nbeen connected with much important litiga-\\ntion, both in this State and in Wisconsin. In\\nthe case, brought in the United States Circuit\\nCourt, of McKinley vs. Lake Superior Consoli-\\ndated Iron Mines, which involved the McKinley\\nmine on the Missabe range, he was one of the\\ncounsel for the defense, as also in the cele-\\nbrated case of Meil itt VS. Rockefeller, which\\ndeveloped from mining transactions on the\\nMissabe and Gogebic ranges immediately pre-\\nceding and during the financial crisis of 1893,\\nand is still pending in the United States courts.\\nMr. Cotton is a Knight Templar and member\\nof the Mystic Shrine, having attained to the\\nthirty-second degree in Masonry. He also be-\\nlongs to the order of Elks, and to that of the\\nRed Cross of onstantine. Mr. Cotton has been\\nmarried, but has no children.\\nSHELDON L. FRAZER.\\nSheldon Lord Frazer, of Duluth. was born\\nat Steubenville, Jefferson county. Ohio. Octo-\\nber 8, 184. His early education was received", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1004.jp2"}, "1005": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1005.jp2"}, "1006": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1006.jp2"}, "1007": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1007.jp2"}, "1008": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1008.jp2"}, "1009": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n457\\nin tilt- Cincinnati public schools, which be at-\\ntended until he was fifteen years of age. After-\\nwards lie was sent to a military school in New\\nJersey. During the War of the Rebellion some\\nof the members of this school were received by\\nthe Government in the military service and\\nperformed much valuable work without pay.\\nMr. Frazer was one of these patriotic young\\nstudents. Although but a mere youth he\\nserved his country, during his school vacations,\\nin several responsible positions. For a tine\\nhe was a member of the military staff of Major\\nGeneral Irvin McDowell. ruder Colonel\\nWeisell, of Ohio, he served with the Union\\nforces during General Kirby Smith s raid into\\nKentucky, in 1862, when southern Ohio was\\nseriously threatened with Confederate inva-\\nsion, and in the summer of 1863 he partici-\\npated in the pursuit of General John Morgan,\\nwhen that bold rebel raider and his rough\\nriders and fierce fighters made their raid\\nthrough Ohio. He was also in the second battle\\nof Fredericksburg, Virginia, under General\\nSedgwick. In 1865, the year the war closed,\\nhe was engaged with his father in the whole-\\nsale grocery trade in Cincinnati and in 1868\\nbecame a member of the firm. In 1883 he en-\\ngaged in the grain business at Toledo. Ohio;\\nsubsequently he represented the interests of\\nIris firm at Kansas City, Missouri. In the\\nspring of 1857, Mr. Frazer located in Duluth as\\nthe general agent in the Northwest for the\\nDiebold Safe and Lock Company, manufactur-\\ners of fire and burglar proof safes. In 1890 lie\\nleft this position to become receiver of the\\nUnited States land office at Duluth, serving\\nuntil 1895. Subsequently he engaged in his\\npresent vocation, that of land attorney, in\\nwhich he has been most successful. He has\\nparticipated in the litigation of some of the\\nmost important land cases ever adjudicated in\\nthe State, and in his professional specialty\\nhas attained a reputation that is well nigh\\ninvaluable. Mr. Frazer is a well and popularly\\nknown citizen of Duluth. He has been a mem\\nber of the city public school board for two\\nyears, and takes a prominent part in the active\\naffairs of the municipality generally. During\\nhis residence in Cincinnati he was for two years\\na member of the board of commissioners of\\nthe Cincinnati Exposition. Mr. Frazer is promi-\\nnent in the affairs of various secret orders,\\nnotably in Free Masonry. In 1866, when he\\nhad reached his majority, he became a mem\\nber of Magnolia Lodge No. 83, I. o. F.. ;l t\\nCincinnati, and held certain minor offices in\\nthe lodge. In 1869 he was one of the charter\\nmembers and the first K. of R. and S.. of Cres-\\ncent Lodge, No. 42, of the Knights of Pythias,\\nOhio. In symbolic masonry, he was made a\\nMaster Mason in Vattier Lodge, No. 386, Cin-\\ncinnati. May 21, 1871. Upon locating in Duluth\\nhe joined Palestine Lod.uc No. Til, in 1888. In\\n1889 he organized Ionic Lodge, No. 186, Du-\\nluth, and served as secretary until in Decem-\\nber. 1892, when he was elected S. W. In\\nDecember, 1893, he was elected master, and\\nfor the past five years has been a trustee, and\\nfor three years chaplain of the lodge. He\\nhas been a member of the Masonic Veteran\\nAssociation of Minnesota since January 12,\\n1893. In 1889. when the Scottish Rite bodies\\nwere organized in Duluth, he took the degrees\\nand was one of the charter members of the\\norganization. When Zenith Council, No.:;, was\\ninstituted January 2. 1890, he was elected\\nSecond Lieutenant, and in 1893 became First\\nLieutenant. October IS. 1893, he was made,\\nby the Supreme Council, a Knight Commander\\nof the Court of Honor, and October 20, 1899,\\nthe Council in session at Washington, D. C,\\nmade him an Inspector General honorary of\\nthe thirty-third degree, and an honorary mem-\\nber of the Council. He has held various other\\noffices in the several bodies of the Rite and\\nhas taken an active part in its work. Upon\\nthe organization of the Masonic Library Asso\\nrial ion, in 1899, he was made a member of the\\nboard of control, secretary and librarian, [n\\nJanuary, 1893, he became a member of Osman\\nTemple of the Mystic Shrine, at St. Paul, and\\nsince, in January, 1897, has been District Dep\\nuty Grand Master. Mr. Frazer was married\\nOctober 2 1S74, to .Miss Elise McDowell\\nBackus, of Toledo, Ohio, and they have one\\nchild, a daughter, named Elisabeth Frazer.\\nMr. and Mrs. Frazer are members of St. Paul s\\nEpiscopal church at Duluth.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1009.jp2"}, "1010": {"fulltext": "45\u00c2\u00a7\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nMr. Frazer s father, Aimer Lord Frazer, is\\nsi ill living. His remote ancestors came to)\\nAmerica early in the Seventeenth Century and\\nlie is n descendant of the distinguished Eng-\\nlish general of his family name. He was born\\n;il Columbus, Ohio. January 21, isi l. His\\nmother s maiden name was Betsy Lord. He\\nwas reared by his step-father, Hon. Benjamin\\nTappan, who was at one time United States\\nDistrict Judge for the Eastern District of Ohio\\nand subsequently represented the State in\\ni he United States Senate. He was educated at\\nKenvon College, Gamhier, Ohio. Adopting\\nthe profession of civil engineer, he located the\\ncanals and certain railroad lines in North-\\nwestern Ohio, and a division of the Steuben-\\nville Indiana Railroad from Newark, Ohio,\\nto Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, now a part of the\\nPennsylvania system, completing his work in\\nrailroad surveying on a line now a portion of\\nthe Chesapeake Ohio. In 1856, he removed\\nto Cincinnati, and became associated with his\\nbrother in the wholesale grocery trade, con\\ntinuing until 1887, when he retired from active\\nbusiness. His life record is an enviable\\none. He has been a useful, honorable citizen\\nand a doer of good works all his days. He\\nhas been a member of the Episcopal church\\nsince boyhood and was a senior warden of the\\nchurch for thirty years. For many years lie\\nwas the superintendent of the Sunday school of\\nSt. John s church, Cincinnati. A humanitarian\\nby nature, he has done his part for the fallen\\nami unfortunate and every worthy charitable\\nenterprise has always found in him a promoter\\nand a liberal friend. He was president of the\\nHumane Society of Cincinnati for a long time.\\nA sincere and devout Christian, he has always\\ntaken a deep interest ant! an active part in re-\\nligious matters. He has been public spirited\\nto an eminent extent and offered the original\\nresolution in the Cincinnati Chamber of Com\\nmerce for the establishing of the city s famed\\nexposition; he was the tirsl secretary of the\\nexposition board of commissioners. Always\\na close student, his mind is well stored and is\\nyet clear and active. He is an able and effec-\\ntive writer and a recent article from his pen\\non The Christian Observance of the Opening\\nof the Twentieth Century attracted much\\nfavorable attention and admiring comment.\\n.Mr. Frazer is spending the evening of life at his\\nlong-time home in Cincinnati. In many per-\\nsonal characteristics his son, Sheldon L, re-\\nsembles him verv closelv.\\nALLEN F. FERRIS.\\nAllen Frank Ferris, president of the First\\nNational Bank of Brainerd, Minnesota, is a\\nnative of New York, born at Perrysburg, Cat-\\ntaraugus county. July 22. 1865. His father.\\nWilliam Ferris, was born in Olto, New York,\\nAugusl 1, 1827, and secured work in a store at\\nGowanda, New York, when only fifteen years\\nold. While living at Gowanda he was married\\nto Miss Buelah A. Allen, a native of that place,\\nand daughter of Judge Daniel Allen, of the\\nDistrict Court. Judge Allen was a prominent\\nman in his State, and was once nominated for\\nthe Governorship, but declined to run. He was\\na native of Massachusetts, and his wife was\\nEsther Manley, daughter of Capt. John Man-\\nley, of Connecticut. William Ferris was for\\nlift een years agent of the Erie Railroad at\\nPerrysburg, New York, and it was at that place\\nthat his son, Allen, was born, July 22, I860.\\nIn 1872, Mr. Ferris moved to Minnesota and\\nestablished himself at Brainerd as agent of\\nthe Northern Pacific Railroad and of the\\nUnited States Express Company. In 1881 he\\norganized the First National Bank of Brainerd\\nand was president of the bank at the time of\\nhis death in 1882. Young Allen was only seven\\nyears old when his parents removed to Minne-\\nsota. He attended the common schools at\\nBrainerd and took two years at Carleton Col-\\nlege at Northfield. In 1885, when twenty years\\nof age, he entered the First National Bank as\\nteller and during the following year was\\nelected cashier. In 1892 he was made presi-\\ndent and still occupies that position. Mr. Fer-\\nris has taken a prominent part in the public\\naffairs of his city. He was elected an alder\\nman in 1891, and was made vice president of\\nthe city council. In 1892 and 1893 he was re-\\nelected. In 1894 he was elected as a member", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1010.jp2"}, "1011": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1011.jp2"}, "1012": {"fulltext": "Th Qmtury Pu Us/wtp Eru/mvivy Co Chlcapor", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1012.jp2"}, "1013": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1013.jp2"}, "1014": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1014.jp2"}, "1015": {"fulltext": "IHOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA.\\n459\\nof the Lower House of the State Legislature.\\nHe took a very active part in the legislation of\\nthe ensuing Legislative term, and as chair-\\nman of the railroad committee of the House\\nof Representatives, was influential in shaping\\nimportant legislation. He was the author of\\nthe seed bill, which formulated a plan for aid-\\ning the farmers who losl everything by the\\nforest fires of 1894, and needed seed for sowing\\nin the spring, in order that they might get a\\nfresh start. The work of Mr. Ferris in the\\nHouse was rewarded by a re-election in 1896.\\nDuring his third term in the Legislature, he\\nwas chairman of the joint reapportionment\\ncommittee in the House and Senate, and during\\nhis last term he was chairman of the railroad\\ncommittee. Governor Merriam appointed Mr.\\nFerris to the Game and Fish Commission in\\n1891, and for five years he was secretary of\\nthat body. Mr. Ferris is president of the Chen-\\nquatana Club of Brainerd, vice president of the\\nBoard of Trade, captain of the Brainerd divi-\\nsion, No. 7, U. R. K. P., a member of the\\nMasonic body, of the Knights of Pythias and\\nof the Improved Order of Red Men. On June\\n8, 1888, he was married to Miss Annie M.\\nStegee. They have one child, Frank W. Ferris,\\nborn June 12, 1S89.\\nJONATHAN L. NOYES.\\nJonathan Lovejoy Noyes, A. M., of Fari-\\nbault, is from a sturdy stock of New England\\ners whose ancestry may be traced back\\nthrough the mother country to a remote Nor-\\nman origin, the present name of Noyes being\\na modification of the Norman Noye. The fam-\\nily was introduced into this country in 1634,\\nin the persons of two brothers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rev. -lames\\nand Nicholas Noyes, sons of a clergyman of\\nChoulderton, Wiltshire county, England. Rev.\\nJames Noyes, the elder brother, had been an\\nEnglish teacher, educated at Oxford, and pur-\\nsued his profession in Newbury, Massachu-\\nsetts, where he located. The subject of this\\nsketch is a lineal descendant of Rev. -lames.\\nand a grandson of Moses Noyes. who was a\\nsoldier of the French and Indian and the Revo\\nlutionary wars, having served in the latter as\\norderly sergeant and participated in the fa\\nmous conflict at Concord. In 1781 he settled in\\nWindham, Rockingham county, New Hamp-\\nshire, removing thither from Massachusetts;\\nand here, nearly half a century later on June\\n13, 1827 Jonathan L., of our sketch, was horn.\\nthe son of James and Abigail (Lovejoy) Noyes.\\nHe was reared upon the home farm, and at the\\nage of fourteen was sent to rhillips Academy,\\nAndover, Massachusetts. His father paid his\\nway for one year, 1ml felt unable to continue,\\nowing to the numerous other demands upon\\nhim. Besides Jonathan, there were seven other\\nchildren to be provided for, and he had been\\nthe mainstay of his parents in their declining\\nyears, paying off a heavy debt which had long\\nburdened the old homestead. So Jonathan,\\nwith a thrift that paralleled his sire s, assumed\\nhis own support and education. Connecting\\nhimself with the teachers seminary at An-\\ndover, he arranged for an opportunity to teach\\nduring three winter terms, spending his sum-\\nmers as a farm toiler. Furnished thus with\\nfunds, he returned to Phillips Academy, where\\nhe pursued his studies for three years longer.\\nHis academic course completed, he taught for\\none year in Andover, then, in 1848, entered\\nYale College. He graduated in 1852 and en-\\ntered at once upon an engagement to teach at\\nPhiladelphia in the Pennsylvania Institution\\nfor the Deaf and Dumb. It was his intention\\nlater to study for the ministry; but he had\\nbeen forced to incur indebtedness while in col-\\nlege, and accepted this position with a view to\\ncanceling same. His work among the unfortu-\\nnates in this institute, however, so enlisted his\\ninterest and sympathies that he resolved to\\nmake their instruction and culture his life\\nwork. For six years he taught in Philadelphia,\\nthen for two years\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1858 to 1800\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in a similar\\ninstitution at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Mean-\\ntime the anti-slavery protest was stirring up\\na feeling in the South which made more and\\nmore uncomfortable and incongruous the posi\\ntion of a resident, with the broad humanitarian\\nsympathies and frank, free New England spirit\\nof Prof. Noyes. Returning North, he engaged\\nto fill a position as instructor in the American", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1015.jp2"}, "1016": {"fulltext": "460\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nAsylum at Hartford, Connecticut, where be\\nfaithfully labored for six years. In 18CC be\\ncame to Faribault, in response to bis appoint-\\nment as superintendent of tbe Minnesota\\nSchool for tbe Deaf and the Blind. He had\\nbeen comfortably established at Hartford, and\\nthe new field of labor opened to him on the\\nborderland of civilization was a crude if not a\\nperilous one, offering strenuous toil as its\\nchief attraction. But in the veins of Prof.\\nNoyes flowed an inheritance from pioneer an-\\ncestors which well adapted him to cope with\\nthe conditions of the frontier. Under his\\nefficient superintendency, tbe Minnesota insti-\\ntution has been developed from a primitive es-\\ntablisbment conducted in a wooden structure\\nwhich, in its prime, had done duly as a store,\\nto the present spacious aud magnificently\\nequipped institute. Tbe building, like the en-\\nterprise it houses, was a gradual growth, the\\nnorth wing being founded during the first year\\nof Prof. Noyes management, the south wing\\nfive years later, and the main structure com-\\npleted in 1878. The conveniences and beauties\\nof its interior are expressions of tbe solicitude\\nand taste of Prof. Noyes. Its entire cost was\\nsome |175,000, aud it is conceded to be the\\nfinest State building in Minnesota. Another\\nphilanthropic institution the Minnesota\\nSchool for Imbeciles at Faribault lived as a\\nproject in the fertile brain and devoted heart\\nof Prof. Noyes years before it became a ma-\\nterial fact. Prof. Noyes presided over the\\nactivities of the School for tbe Deaf for thirty\\nyears continuously, maintaining throughout a\\nsingle-hearted view to the interests of his pu-\\npils. He was held ever in a progressive atti-\\ntude of mind by his sympathetic desire to\\ndiscover every possible improvement of meth-\\nod for tbe development of the boys and girls\\nin his charge. At length the constant drain\\nupon his vital energies made such inroads\\nupon bis general health as to render impera-\\ntive his resignation, which was even then ac-\\ncepted with reluctance by the board. Since\\n1867 Prof. Noyes has been a trustee of Carleton\\nCollege, at Northfield, Minnesota, having for\\ntwenty-five years served as president of the\\nboard. On July 21, 1862, Prof. Noyes was\\nmarried to Eliza H. Wadswortb, of Hartford, a\\ndescendant of Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth, to\\nwhom the Charter Oak owes its fame, it hav-\\ning been he who concealed the historic docu-\\nment within its protecting bosom. Mrs. Noyes\\nis a highly refined and cultivated woman, and\\na most admirable character. Always fully in\\nsympathy with her husband s noble ideals and\\nwork, she possesses abilities which have quali-\\nfied her to co-operate with him. She was for\\nseven years an instructor in the American\\nAsylum, a position to which she was peculiarly\\nadapted by her skill in reading human nature\\nand her profound sympathy for misfortune.\\nProf, and Mrs. Noyes are the parents of one\\ndaughter, named Alice Wadswwth. Like her\\nillustrious father, Mrs. Alice Noyes-Smith has\\nshown marked ability as a teacher and has\\nbeen engaged in that profession for the past\\nten years in the Faribault Institution. She is\\na member of the Daughters of the Revolution,\\nthrough both her parents ancestry. The fam-\\nily attend service at the Congregational church\\nof Faribault, in which the Professor is a dea-\\ncon. The Minnesota School for the Deaf stands\\nas a perpetual testimonial to the noble ideals\\nand achievements of its long-time Superinten-\\ndent; but tbe true depths of a soul like his\\ncan be sounded, and tbe boundaries of its influ-\\nence fixed, only by the Infinite mind.\\nTHOMAS S. BUOKHAM.\\nThomas Scott Buekbam. LL. I)., for over\\ntwenty years Judge of the Fifth Judicial Dis-\\ntrict, was born in Chelsea, Orange county, Ver-\\nmont, January 7, 1837. He is the son of Rev.\\nJames and Margaret (Barmby) Buekbam. His\\nfather, a native of Kelso, Scotland, was edu-\\ncated to tbe ministry in tbe old Calvinistic\\nschool. He lived and preached in England for\\nseveral years; came to America in 1836, and\\nsettled at Chelsea, Vermont. He later removed\\nto Burlington, Vermont, where he continued\\nto preach until he was seventy-five years of\\nage. He was a fine classical scholar, a man\\nof strong mind and a true Christian. He died\\nin Burlington, in 1885, at the good old age of\\nninety-four years. His wife, Margaret Barm-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1016.jp2"}, "1017": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1017.jp2"}, "1018": {"fulltext": "The Century PiMisMy S, Cnjravtny Co Ctucapo-\\n^Z7lX^r^ ^AZ^", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1018.jp2"}, "1019": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1019.jp2"}, "1020": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1020.jp2"}, "1021": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n461\\nby, was a native of Hull, Yorkshire county,\\nEngland. She died in Burlington, Vermont, at\\nthe age of seventy-six. They were the parents\\nof ten children, of whom three sons and one\\ndaughter are yet living. One of the sons lias\\nbeen for twenty-five years president of the Uni-\\nversity of Vermont, at Burlington. Another\\nson is principal of the State Normal School at\\nMonmouth, Oregon, which position he lias\\noccupied for the last five years. Previous to\\nthat time he was for many years president of\\nthe State Normal School at Buffalo, New York.\\nThe daughter is Mrs. Martha B. Benedict, wife\\nof B. L. Benedict, Clerk of the United States\\nDistrict Court and Circuit Court for the East-\\nern District of New York, residing in Brook-\\nlyn. The other son is the subject of this\\nsketch. Thomas Scott Buckham received his\\npreparatory education from his fattier and en-\\ntered the University of Vermont, where he\\ngraduated from the classical course in L855.\\nSince then the University has conferred on him\\nthe degree of LL. D. After graduation he\\ntaught Latin and Greek for one year in the\\nseminary at Mexico, Oswego county, New\\nYork. In the summer of 1850 he came to Min-\\nnesota and settled in Faribault, where he has\\never since resided. He had read law while in\\ncollege and while teaching. As soon as lie was\\nsettled in Faribault he was admitted to the bar\\nof all the courts. He first commenced t lie prac-\\ntice with George W. Batchelder, which part-\\nnership continued until he was appointed to\\nthe bench in 1880, by Gov. John S. lMllsbury,\\nas Judge of the Fifth Judicial District, which\\noffice he has continued to hold by reelection\\nwithout opposition, until the present time. He\\nis now serving his fourth term. Before he was\\nappointed to the bench he served as county at-\\ntorney for two years and was county superin-\\ntendent of schools for six years. He was also\\nmayor of Faribault for one term, and was for\\ntwelve years on the board of regents of the\\nState University. He served as State Senator\\nin 1873-71, and was chairman of the judiciary\\ncommittee both terms, and a member of the\\nrailroad committee. It was he who drew up\\nthe first bill that became a law. for the regu-\\nlation of railroads in Minnesota. Judge Buck\\nham was married in Brooklyn, New York, No\\nvember 25, L866, to Anna M. Mallary, a native\\nof New York. Mr. and Mrs. Buckham attend\\nthe Congregational church, of which Mrs.\\nBuckham is a member. They have no children.\\nALBERT W. STOCKTON.\\nAlbeit William Stockton, State Senator\\nfrom the Twentieth District of Minnesota, a\\nprominent business man and manufacturer of\\nFaribault, was horn March 30, 1844, in\\nKosciusko county, Indiana, lie is the son of\\nJohn C. and .Martha J. (Sippy) Stockton. His\\nfather was of English descent and his mother\\nof French extraction. His parents removed to\\nRichland county, Wisconsin, in the fall of 1854,\\nwhere his father was engaged in farming and\\nwhere he passed a quiet, uneventful life, in\\ncomfortable circumstances, honored and re-\\nspected by his neighbors. He died at Richland\\nCenter, Wisconsin^ in July, 1886. Albeit W.\\nwas retired on his father s farm and received\\na common school education. August 22, 1862,\\nhe enlisted in Company B, Twenty-fifth Wis-\\nconsin Volunteer Infantry, going into camp at\\nLa Crosse, Wisconsin. In September, the regi-\\nment was ordered to Fort Snelling to partici-\\npate in the Indian War. The regiment was di-\\nvided, and the company in which Mr. Stock-\\nton wtis serving, was stationed at Alexandria,\\nMinnesota. In December it was ordered to re-\\nport at Fort Snelling. and from there went to\\nCamp Randall, Madison. Wisconsin. In Feb-\\nruary the following year his company went\\nSouth to Columbus, Kentucky, and afterwards\\nparticipated in all the marches and engage\\nments of the regiment. Mr. Stockton served\\nwith his company continuously, and was in all\\nthe battles in which the company was engaged\\nuntil June II, L864, when he received a severe\\ngunshot wound in the right thigh, while en-\\ngaged in the battle of Peach Tree Orchard, in\\nfront of Kenesaw Mountain, Georgia. Like\\nthousands of others he experienced serious\\ntrouble in the healing of his wound and was\\nconfined in various hospitals, where he was an\\ninvalid for nearly a year. In June, 1865, he\\nwas discharged with his regiment at Madison,", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1021.jp2"}, "1022": {"fulltext": "462\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nWisconsin. Returning home he was for sev-\\neral years engaged as a clerk in a general store.\\nIn August, 1872, he removed to Faribault,\\nMinnesota, where he has since resided. He\\nserved as deputy county auditor of Rice county\\nfor twelve years, after which he was assistant\\ncashier of the First National Bank for two\\nyears. In 188C he formed a partnership with\\nJohn Hutchinson, purchased the Faribault\\nRoller Mills and built the Faribault Furniture\\nFactory, both located at Faribault, and lias\\nsince been largely engaged in the manufacture\\nof flour and furniture. Mr. Stockton has al-\\nways taken an active interest in every enter-\\nprise tending to build up and promote the best\\ninterests of his city and county. For ten years\\nhe has served as chairman of the board of\\ncounty commissioners of Rice county. In 1890\\nhe was honored by the citizens of his district\\nwith an election to the State Senate, and was\\nre-elected in 1891 and again in 1898. He is\\nnow serving his twelfth year in the State Sen\\nate, of which body he was elected president\\npro tern, in the session of 1899. He has been\\nan active and influential member of the Legis-\\nlature, having served on various important\\ncommittees. In 1895 he was chairman of the\\nrailroad committee each term. Senator Stock\\nton is a staunch Republican in politics, is a\\nKnight Templar and a member of several oth-\\ner fraternal societies. He was married in Fari-\\nbault, November 10, 1868, to Miss Belle Frink.\\ndaughter of Calvin Frink, late of Faribault.\\nShe died May 8, 1876. He was again married,\\nSeptember 10, 187S, to Miss Julia Andrews,\\nof Faribault. They are the parents of one\\ndaughter, Glen B. Stockton, a student in the\\nSlate University, and a son, Charles Murray\\nStockton, now attending the Shattuck School.\\nMr. and Mrs. Stockton attend the Congrega-\\ntional church.\\nRENSSELAER R. NELSON.\\nThe occupation of a Federal District Bench\\nfor a period of thirty-nine years is an honor\\nwhich few men are privileged to point to as\\ntheir record in the public service. Minnesota,\\nsince its admission to Statehood, has had\\nas its representative on the United States Dis-\\ntrict Bench, Judge Rensselaer Russell Nelson,\\nwho exercised jurisdiction over his district un-\\ntil 1890, when he resigned. But Judge Nelson is\\nnot the only member of his family who has\\nbeen prominent in the judiciary of the United\\nStates. His father, Samuel Nelson, was for\\nmany years and until his death, an Associate\\nJustice of the United States Supreme Court,\\nwhile Judge Nelson, of Brooklyn, who tried the\\nfamous Tilton-Beecher trial in 1875, was a\\nsecond cousin, this branch of the family spell-\\ning their name Neilson. Rensselaer Russell\\nNelson, of St. Paul, was born in Cooperstown,\\n)l sego county, New York, May 12, 1820. He is\\nof Irish descent on his father s side and of Eng-\\nlish and Irish on his mother s side. His pater-\\nnal great-grandfather, John Nelson, came from\\nBallibay, Ireland, in 1701, when his grand-\\nfather, John Rogers Nelson, was a child, and\\nsettled in Washington county, New York. Here\\nSamuel Nelson, father of Rensselaer, was born,\\nNovember 10, 1702, and died at Cooperstown,\\nNew York, in December 1873. He served in\\nthe War of 1812, and the land warrant given\\nhim for his services to his country at that time\\nwas located by his son, Rensselaer, on the\\nlands in Minnesota. Young Nelson prepared\\nfor college in his native town. When but six-\\nteen years old he entered Yale College, and\\nwas graduated from that institution in 1846.\\nHe had decided to follow in the footsteps of\\nhis father, and at once began reading law in the\\noffice of James R. Whiting, of New York City\\nwho sat at one time on the Supreme Bench\\nof the State of New York and was admitted\\nto the bar in his native town in 1849. He be-\\ngan practice there, but within a short time\\nremoved to Minnesota, locating at St. Paul in\\n1850. He continued his practice in that city\\nfor three or four years, then removed to West\\nSuperior, Wisconsin. While there, from 1851\\nto 1850, he served as district attorney of\\nDouglas county. In 1857 he returned to St.\\nPaul and was appointed a Territorial Judge\\nfor Minnesota by President Buchanan. Minne-\\nsota was admitted to the Union the following-\\nyear and Judge Nelson was appointed United", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1022.jp2"}, "1023": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1023.jp2"}, "1024": {"fulltext": "The Century PublisMy i CryraUny Co Chicago-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1024.jp2"}, "1025": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1025.jp2"}, "1026": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1026.jp2"}, "1027": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n46\\nStates District Judge, the circuit over which\\nhe had jurisdiction taking in the whole of the\\nState of Minnesota. By reason of the great\\nextent of this circuit, lie having to preside\\nalone at many terms of court, and also the fact\\nthat for many years the criminal laws of the\\nUnited States were almost exclusively admin\\nistered by the District Court, Judge Nelson s\\nduties have been of a very laborious and com-\\nplex character. But he was a hard worker\\nand seldom took leave of his chambers. His\\nlong judicial experience on the District Bench,\\nand his early and complete training in the doc-\\ntrines of the common law, have made him one\\nof the leading expounders of the statutory\\nlaws in the United Stales. He made law\\nand jurisprudence his life study, hence\\nhis high standing as a jurist. His decisions\\nwere always marked by I lie strictest impar-\\ntiality, his judgment in his charges to juries\\nexhibiting a rare judicial instinct to quickly\\nwade through immaterial details to the essen-\\ntial points, and were so finely balanced that his\\ncourt was seldom brought into conflict with\\nother courts. After a service on the bench\\nof thirty-nine years, Judge Nelson, in 189G,\\nresigned the office which he had so hon-\\norably filled, to pass the balance of his days\\nfreed from the onerous duties and worries of\\njudicial life and to enjoy well-earned retire-\\nment. He carries with him the knowledge thai\\nduring his term of office he had the unqualified\\nconfidence and respect of both the bar and the\\npeople of the State. In politics Judge Nelson\\nhas been a life-long Democrat, but he has never\\nbeen a strong partisan. The 3d of Novem-\\nber, 1858, he was married to Mrs. Emma F.\\nWright, nee Beebee, of New York. To them\\nwere born two children, Emma Beebee and\\nKate Russell. The latter died when eight\\nyears old.\\nWILLIAM MORIN.\\nThe late William Morin, of Albert Lea, was\\nborn in the year 1827, at Maryborough, Ire-\\nland. He grew up in his native country, where\\nhe acquired a fair common school education,\\nwhich was supplemented by the special train-\\ning of a civil engineer. He was about twenty\\nyears of age when lie came America, and his\\nfirst five years in this country were spent in\\nNew York, lie secured the position of chief\\nengineer on the Niagara Gorge Railway, and\\nwas engaged upon this and other lines of rail-\\nroad until 1856, the year in which he came\\nwest. After some lime spent in deciding upon\\na favorable location, Mr. Morin eventually set\\ntied in Freeborn county, Minnesota, where he\\ninvested in large tracts of land and became\\none of the founders of the town of Albert Lea.\\nlb owned about one-half of the present town\\nsite, and at the time of his death, which oc-\\ncurred March 17, 1887, was the largest land\\nowner in Freeborn county. He was an ener-\\ngetic and public-spirited man, and played a\\nprominent part in developing the material in-\\nterests of his city and county. He was a mem\\nber of the first city council of Albert Lea, and\\nserved continuously up to the time of his de-\\ncease. He was the first county auditor and\\nthe first register of deeds of Freeborn county.\\nHe was also a member of the board of county\\ncommissioners, being one of those appointed\\nby the Governor to locate the State School for\\nIndigent Children. During the Civil War. Mr.\\nMorin served as deputy United Slates assessor\\nand deputy United States marshal. In 1860\\nMr. Morin was married to Margaret E. Wedge,\\nsister of Dr. A. C. Wedge, of Ohio. Two chil-\\ndren were born to them, viz.: William A. and\\nMargaret Bell (now the wife of M. D. Purdy,\\nof Minneapolis, assistant United States dis-\\ntrict attorney!. Mr. Morin was a Knight Tem-\\nplar, and as a staunch Republican exerted an\\nactive influence in politics. He was never a\\nplace-hunter, but his prominent characteris-\\ntics of quick perception, common sense ami\\nsound judgment and integrity, made him in\\ndemand for public office, and he accepted the\\nproffered honors out of loyalty to the State\\nand particularly to the city of Albert Lea. In\\nhis latter days, Mr. Morin bought a tine winter\\nresidence in Los Angeles, California, and it\\nwas here that he passed away. At the news\\nof his death a great wave of regret swept\\nthrough his home community, and the follow\\ning is quoted from the local press of that time:", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1027.jp2"}, "1028": {"fulltext": "464\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nMr. Morin was a commissioner of the\\nState Indigent School, at Owatonna, a mem-\\nber of the county board and the city council,\\nand for over twenty-five, years he was a lead-\\ning, if not the most prominent factor in the\\nprosperity and progress of Albert Lea and\\nFreeborn county. He was a man of remark-\\nable executive ability, and in the business\\nworld few with his opportunities have been\\nmore capable or successful. He was an up-\\nright man, and in his habits and example a\\nmodel man and citizen. Honest, honorable,\\ncharitable, kind and true, the ending of his\\ncareer in the prime of his manhood was a pub-\\nlic sorrow.\\nWilliam A. Morin, only son of the de-\\nceased, was born at Albert Lea on July 2 J.\\n1864. He obtained his fundamental education\\nin the public schools, and at fifteen entered\\nI illshury Academy at Owatonna, Minnesota,\\nfrom which he graduated with the class of\\n1884. Upon leaving school he became associ-\\nated with his father in his extensive real es-\\ntate operations in Albert Lea. and soon became\\nprominent in business and public affairs. For\\nseveral years he served as county surveyor,\\nand at a later period as county commissioner;\\nand he succeeded his father on the board of\\ncity aldermen. Mr. Morin is a director in nu-\\nmerous institutions, as follows: The Albert\\nLea National Bank, Albert Lea Milling Com-\\npany. Duluth, Eed Wing Southern\\nand the Albert Lea Southern Railroad\\ncompanies (both in process of construc-\\ntion), and the Consolidated Fire Marine\\nInsurance Company of Albert Lea. Mr. Morin\\nis president of the A 11 pert Lea Hotel Company,\\nwhich was organized by him. and is the pro-\\njector of the new Hotel Albert a splendid,\\nthree-story brick structure erected at a cost of\\n$50,000, and furnished at $10,000, being\\nequipped with all the modern improved accom-\\nmodations. The junior Morin is, also, a Repub-\\nlican, and like his father, takes his share as a\\nresponsible citizen in the local politics, with-\\nout persona] ambition for publicity. He, too. is\\na Knight Templar and member of the Mystic\\nShrine. On the 10th of August, 1893, at\\nWaverly, Iowa, Mr. Morin was married to\\nKatherine Truesdell, a native of the above\\nState. Mr. and Mrs. Morin are the parents of a\\nson William T. now six years of age.\\nHENRY H SIBLEY\\nOne of the men most prominently and most\\nhonorably identified with the early history of\\nMinnesota was he whose name heads this brief\\nand imperfect sketch. Only the most concise\\naccount possible of his life career may be given\\nwithin the present limits, since his personal\\nhistory is already well known. His fame is a\\npart of that of the commonwealth he did so\\nmuch to establish, and his name is a household\\nword within its borders. Henry Hastings Sib\\nley was born at Detroit, Michigan. February\\n20, 1811. He was a son of Judge Solomon\\nSibley, a native of Massachusetts, who became\\na distinguished citizen of the Northwest, and\\ndied in 1846. His mother was Sarah W. Sproat.\\na daughter of Col. Ebenezer Sproat, who was\\nan officer in the Patriot army in the War of the\\nRevolution, and her maternal grandfather was\\nCommodore Abraham Whipple, of the Amer-\\nican navy. General Sibley was educated in a\\nprivate school and at an academy in Detroit.\\nAt one time in his youth it was designed that\\nhe should be sent as a cadet to the LTnited\\nStates Military Academy at West Point and\\neducated to the profession of a soldier, and he\\nundertook a course of study preparatory there-\\nfor; but at last he resigned this prospect in\\nfavor of an elder brother, Ebenezer S. Sibley,\\nwho graduated at West Point and in time be-\\ncame a colonel in the regular army. His father\\nthen wished him to become a lawyer, and he\\nbegan reading Blackstone at the age of fifteen.\\nIn about two years, however, he gave up his\\nlegal studies, and when but seventeen years of\\nage went to the military post at Sault Ste.\\nMarie, where he engaged as clerk in the sutler\\nstore of one John Hulbert. The next year he\\nengaged as a clerk with the American Fur\\nCompany s establishment at Mackinaw. He\\nwas at Mackinaw in this capacity about five\\nyears. From 1832 to 1834 he was purchasing\\nagent of the company at the Mackinaw station.\\nIn 1834 he formed a partnership with Hercules", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1028.jp2"}, "1029": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n465\\nL. Dousman and Joseph Rolette, in the Amer-\\nican Fur Company of New York, of which\\ncorporation Ramsay Crooks was president. By\\nthe terms of the agreement Dousman and Ro-\\nlette were to continue in charge of the com-\\npany s siat ion a1 Prairie du Chien, and Sibley\\nwas given control of the country above Lake\\nPepin, to the headwaters of the streams flow-\\ning into the Missouri and north to the British\\nline, with his headquarters at St. Peters, as\\nthe locality at the mouth of the Minnesota was\\nthen called. He at once set out for his new-\\nfield and arrived at Fort Snelling November\\n7, 1834. The trip from Prairie dn Chien to the\\nfort, three hundred miles, was made on horse-\\nback with Alexis Bailly and two French-Ca-\\nnadian employees. lie lived at Mendota for\\ntwenty-eight years, or until 1862, and during\\nthis period was, by territorial changes, with-\\nout a change of residence, successively a citi-\\nzen of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa Terri-\\ntories, and of the Territory and State of Minne-\\nsota. In his isolated situation, for many years\\nhis companions and associates were the mem-\\nbers of the garrison at Fort Snelling, the trad-\\ners and clerks of the fur company, and the\\nIndians. From time to time, however, came\\ntravelers and prominent personages as\\nSchoolcraft, Nicollet, Feathers! onhaugh,\\nMarryat, Catlin, Fremont, el id genus omm\\nand these were always his guests. He became\\nthe chief factor of the fur trade, thoroughly\\ninformed in the general character of the coun-\\ntry, and an authority upon its geography, its\\noccupants, and its resources. With the In-\\ndians he became thoroughly acquainted. He\\nnot only traded with them, but he learned their\\nlanguage, exchanged visits with them, ate with\\nthem, slept in their lodges, hunted with them,\\nand was given by them an Indian name, Wah-\\nze-o-man-nee (Walker in the Pines), in addi-\\ntion to his general designation, Wah-pe-ton-\\nhouska (The Tall Trader). He spoke and\\nwrote the Sioux and French languages as flu-\\nently as the English. From the date of his\\nadvent into it, until Minnesota became a Ter-\\nritory, he was by all odds the most prominent\\nand influential character in the country. From\\nthe first he became connected with its public\\naffairs. He was appointed by Governor Cham-\\nbers, of Iowa Territory, in 1838, the first jus-\\ntice of the peace west of the Mississippi in the\\npresent .Minnesota, his jurisdiction extending\\nover what now forms the whole of the State\\nwest of the river, a portion of Iowa, and the\\ngreater portion of the two Dakotas. He was\\nthe first foreman of a grand jury within the\\nsame limits. In 1842, Governor Chambers\\ncommissioned him a captain in the Iowa\\nmilitia, and he raised and drilled a company of\\nseventy-five mounted riflemen. In 1848 he was\\nelected a delegate to Congress from the coun-\\ntry left over from the former Wisconsin Ter-\\nritory upon the admission of the State, and\\nafter some delay was admitted to a seat. Dur-\\ning his first session he introduced and secured\\nthe passage of the act organizing Minnesota\\nTerritory. In the fall of 184!) he was elected\\nto represent the new Territory and re-elected\\nin 1851. His services in Congress were inval-\\nuable to his constituents and their Territory.\\nIn 1857 he was elected president of the Demo\\neratic branch of the Constitutional Conven-\\ntion, and in 1858 was elected the first Governor\\nof the State. He served a term in the Legis-\\nlature in 1871, was one of the original board\\nof regents of the State University, was presi-\\ndent of the hoard for several years, and still a\\nmember at his death. For two years he was\\npresident of the State Normal School board.\\nHis military services during the Indian wars.\\nfrom 1862 to 1865, gained for him a reputation\\nand renown which will never perish, though\\nperhaps never be fully appreciated. The next\\nday after the sudden and disastrous uprising\\nof the Sioux of .Minnesota, August 18, 1862, he\\nwas commissioned colonel, commanding the\\nexpeditionary force ordered against them.\\nThat evening he planned his campaign, and\\nafterwards carried it out with hardly an un-\\nimportant deviation from the original designs.\\nHow well he executed his mission history tells,\\nand nearly everbody who will read these pages\\nknows. His little force, hastily organized and\\ninsufficiently equipped, was not only an army\\nof offensive invasion, but an army of libera-\\ntion and salvation. Finally, at Wood lake,\\nSeptember 23. it assaulted the savages at their", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1029.jp2"}, "1030": {"fulltext": "466\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nmost formidable stand, defeated them com-\\npletely and drove them, howling in terror\\nand dismay, from the country. Then it made\\nprisoners of nearly two thousand of the fugi-\\ntive redskins, and won the crowning feature of\\nits work in the rescue from a bondage nearly\\nas terrible as death of two hundred captives,\\nnearly all women and children. Six days after\\nthe battle of Wood lake the President com-\\nmissioned Sibley a brigadier general. He\\ncontinued in service until April, 1866, retiring\\nwith the rank of brevet major general. During\\nthis period he led the so-called Sibley Expedi-\\ntion of 1863 against the Sioux of Dakota,\\ndefeated them in three battles and drove them\\nacross the upper Missouri. In 1864-5 he was\\nin command of the military district of Minne-\\nsota, from which he was relieved in August,\\n1865, and detailed on a commission with Gen-\\neral Curtis and others to conclude treaties\\nwith the hostile Indians of the Missouri.\\nMeantime, in 1862, he removed from Mendota\\nto St. Paul, where he ever after resided. His\\nconnection with the business interests of the\\ncity and State became very intimate and\\nprominent. At various periods he was presi-\\ndent of the Chamber of Commerce, director in\\nthe First National Bank, and in the St. Paul\\nSiimx City Railroad, president of the St. Paul\\nGas Company, of the board of regents of the\\nState University, of the State Historical So-\\nciety, of the Oakland Cemetery Association,\\netc. In 1888-9 he was commander of the Min-\\nnesota Commandery of the Loyal Legion. The\\ncounty of Sibley, the city of Hastings, Sibley\\nstreet, and the Sibley school were named for\\nhim, circumstances which indicate his promi-\\nnent connection with public affairs and his\\nhigh regard in the public estimation, lie was,\\nby nature, kind-hearted, generous and liberal,\\neven to prodigality, and he probably gave\\nas much to public and private charity\\nas any other citizen of the State.\\nNaturally he was intellectual, and was\\na good writer and speaker. His literary\\ntasies were quite marked. After his death\\nhis papers were turned over to the Historical\\nSociety, examined, selected, and tiled. It was\\nfound that he had preserved, with scrupulous\\ncare, probably every letter and every other pa-\\nper that he had received from the age of six-\\nteen to within a few months of his death.\\nOver three thousand of his letters and papers\\nof historic character are now on tile in the\\nvaults of the society. After a long life of use-\\nfulness, prominence, honor and distinct inn.\\nGeneral Sibley died, at his residence on Wood\\nward avenue, St. Paul, February 1S, 1891, with-\\nin two days of his eightieth birthday. His death\\nwas an event in the history of the city, and all\\nproper public and private honors were paid to\\nhis memory. He left many sincere friends\\nwho admired him almost to reverence for his\\nnoble qualities, his many generous actions, and\\nhis pure and exalted character. General Sib-\\nley married, May 2, 1S-43, Miss Sarah J. Steele,\\ndaughter of (Jen. James Steele, of Pennsyl-\\nvania. Mrs. Sibley was a lady of very superior\\ntraits of character and general worth, a most\\nbefitting companion for her gallant and dis-\\ntinguished husband, and beloved by all who\\nknew her. She died, after twenty-six years of\\nunusually felicitous domestic life, in May, 1869,\\nleaving four children Augusta, now Mrs. Au-\\ngusta A. Pope, relict of Captain Douglas Pope,\\nIT. S. A.; Sarah, now Mrs. E. A. Young, of St.\\nPaul; Charles Frederic, of Washington, D.\\nG, and Alfred Brush Sibley, of St. Paul.\\nJOHN B. WHEELER.\\nJohn Brown Wheeler, of Faribault, is a na-\\ntive of Massachusetts, born at Northbridge,\\nWorcester county, on the 8th of May, 1822.\\nHis parents, Benjamin and Rhoda (Aldrich)\\nWheeler, were both Quakers of old New Eng-\\nland stock, who followed an agricultural life,\\nand the subject of this sketch was reared amid\\nrural scenes. He was educated at the Friends\\nschool in Providence, Rhode Island, where, as\\nwell as in his home, he was imbued with the\\nvirtues of simplicity, honesty and thrift. He\\ntaught school during a few winter terms, and.\\nresponding to an early demand for his service\\nin the public affairs of his native town, offici-\\nated as assessor and on the school board for\\nseveral years. In 1850, Mr. Wheeler visited\\nIllinois, in which State he remained for about\\na year, occupied with teaching, in a school", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1030.jp2"}, "1031": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1031.jp2"}, "1032": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1032.jp2"}, "1033": {"fulltext": "The Century PiMistiiy t Byraviny Co Chicajtr", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1033.jp2"}, "1034": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1034.jp2"}, "1035": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n467\\nnear Chicago during the winter season, and\\n1 lie following summer at a point further west,\\nafter which lie returned to liis homo in Massa-\\nchusetts. Three yours later, his health be-\\ning in an unsettled state, ho was induced to\\ntry the climate of Minnesota, and again com-\\ning west, he located, in May, 1856, at Fari-\\nbault, which lias ever since been his place of\\nresidence und business. He opened a drug\\nstore on the corner of .Main and Second streets,\\nand proceeded to erect the store building\\nwhere his business was located for forty-two\\nyears. His stock at first consisted of a fine\\nassortment of drugs and fancy goods, to which\\nhe afterwards added a large supply of grocer-\\nies, crockery, etc. He conducted both a whole-\\nsale and a retail trade; and being a pioneer\\nmerchant of the town, with a widely various\\nstock of goods, he commanded an extensive\\npatronage and realized good success. In 1899\\nMr. Wheeler sold out his mercantile business,\\nand is now living in retirement from active\\naffairs. Side by side with his individual inter-\\nests. Mr. Wheeler has performed the part of a\\nwide-awake citizen in public activities, hav-\\ning filled many local offices, besides serving\\nfor a number of years en the board of county\\ncommissioners. He was one of the builders of\\n(he Brunswick Hotel, and for a term of years\\nwas a director of the Citizens National Bank,\\nof Faribault. Mr. Wheeler is a man of ex-\\nemplary habits and perfect integrity of char-\\nacter. Throughout his lengthy business career\\nand in his capacity of public official he has\\nproven thoroughly reliable, and his standing\\nhas always been high in the estimation of the\\npeople of his home city and the larger com-\\nmunity of the county. In tin- year 1853 Mr.\\nWheeler was united in marriage to Miss Clara\\nL. Sloconib, daughter of Horatio Slocomb, of\\nSutton, Worcester county, Massachusetts.\\nThree children were born of their union, one\\nof whom John Franklin died in 1864, at the\\nage of four years. The two now living are:\\nWilliam Henry, a resident and grain operator\\nof Minneapolis, and Mary S., now the wife of\\nEdmond K. Clements. 1). I S.. of Faribault.\\nA new generation has at present four prom-\\nising representatives a sun and daughter of\\nWilliam Henry Wheeler and two daughters of\\nMrs. Clements\u00e2\u0080\u0094 who add fresh interest to the\\ndeclining years of our subject. In 1874 Mr.\\nWheeler built a line house in Faribault, which\\nis still the family residence; and within its\\ncomfortable shelter he enjoys the society of\\nrelatives and friends and the serene conscious-\\nness of having lived an honorable and useful\\nlife.\\nRODNEY A. MOTT.\\nHon. Rodney Alonzo Mott, ex-mayor of Fari-\\nbault, was born in Warsaw, New York, De-\\ncember (i. 1825, the son of Daniel Mott, who\\ndied when his son Rodney was only about two\\nyears old. His mother, whose maiden name\\nwas Hannah Frank, was of a family who were\\nprominent in the early history of New York,\\nher father being Col. Nathaniel Frank, who\\nserved with distinction in the War of 1812.\\nIn April, 1835, our subject removed with his\\nmother to Chicago, and took a preparatory\\ncourse in Baker Academy, at Lockport, Illi-\\nnois. In 1846 he entered Knox College, at\\nGalesburg, where he remained until 1848. He\\ncommenced the study of law in Chicago, in the\\noffice of Judge James H. Collins. He had sup-\\nported himself through his literary and legal\\nstudies by teaching school and by work in the\\nharvest field. In 1850 he went overland to\\nCalifornia, and returned, by the water route,\\nin the summer of lsr L\\\\ In October of the same\\nyear he married Miss Mary Ripley, daughter\\nof Rev. David Bradford Ripley, of Pomfret,\\nConnecticut. Soon after this he established\\nwhat was known as the Crete Normal Acad\\ncmy, a training school for teachers, which he\\nconducted for several years. In the spring of\\n1856 he came to Minnesota and taught the first\\npublic school at Faribault. In December, fol-\\nlowing, he took charge of the first newspaper\\npublished in Faribault. called the Rice County\\nHerald, changing its name to the Faribault\\nHerald (now the Faribault Republican). In\\n1858 he sold the paper to Mr. Brown, was\\nadmitted to the bar, and immediately began\\npracticing law. He was elected county at-\\ntornev the same year and served two terms.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1035.jp2"}, "1036": {"fulltext": "468\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nHe was also appointed county superintendent\\nof schools, and served in that capacity for\\nseveral years. In L880, he was elected to the\\nState Legislature. He served as chairman of\\ni lie committee on education; helped to pre-\\npare, drew up and presented the report for\\nthe amendment of the high school act, whieh\\nbecame a law in 1881. Mr. Mott was also on\\nother important committees during the time\\nhe served in the Legislature, and he took an\\nactive and influential part in the deliberations\\nof the house. Mr. Molt has been connected\\nwith the State institutions at Faribault, as\\ndirector and secretary of the board of man-\\nagers since they were founded. In 1S88 he\\nwas elected Judge of 1 robate for Rice county,\\nand held that office until 1898. He has also\\nbeen a member of the library board since its\\nfirst organization. He was elected mayor of\\nFaribault in April. 1899. To Mr. and Mrs.\\nMott were born live children, all daughters, of\\nwhom two are now living. Millie, who became\\nthe wife of Prof. \\\\Y. M. West, of the Minne-\\nsota State University, died December 6, 1807.\\nMary E. and Martha are also deceased.\\nThose living are Alice J. and Louise. Mr.\\nMott and his family are members of the Con-\\ngregational church, take an active part in Sun-\\nday-school work and take more than an ordi-\\nnary interest in literary pursuits.\\nCHARLES A. POOLE.\\nThe Rev. Charles Augustus Poole, S. T. D.,\\nwas born on the 12th of December, 1849, at\\nCape Vincent, Jefferson county, New York.\\nHis father, Calvin Keith Poole, counted among\\nhis American ancestors Lieut. Samuel Poole,\\nwho played a patriot s pari in the struggle for\\nindependence, and traced his lineage farther\\nback to Edward Poole, of Weymouth, England,\\nwho, together with other residents of the same\\nplace, crossed the Atlantic to Massachusetts\\nBay in the year 1635 and founded the town of\\nWeymouth, Massachusetts. The maiden name\\nof Calvin Poole s wif. mother of tin- subject\\nof this sketch\u00e2\u0080\u0094was .lane Susan Williams, and\\nshe was descended from Capt. Judah Williams,\\nof Massachusetts, commander of a company\\nin the Revolutionary War. Dr. Poole obtained\\na preliminary education in the public schools\\nof his native county. Then, at the age of ten\\nyears, he became a pupil in a private school.\\nFive years later he took up his residence at\\nOswego, New York, with a view to securing\\nthe greater advantages there afforded for ad-\\nvanced study. He graduated from the high\\nschool at Oswego in 1868, and in the following\\nautumn entered Ilobart College. During his\\ncollege days he distinguished himself by his\\nproficiency in the languages and for his ora-\\ntorical powers, winning prizes for the excel-\\nlence of his essays in Greek, Latin and Eng-\\nlish, and being selected as the salutatorian of\\nhis class at commencement. After the comple-\\ntion of his collegiate course, he accepted a\\nposition to teach in Oxford Academy, at Ox-\\nford, New York, where he remained for a year,\\nat the head of the departments of natural\\nscience and ancient languages. He resigned\\nhis post in this institution to become a student\\nof theology in the Seabury Divinity School, at\\nFaribault, Minnesota, where he graduated in\\nthe year 1876. He was ordained deacon and\\npriest by Bishop Huntington, and promptly\\nen i ered upon the duties of his high vocation.\\nDuring seven years he was engaged fn minis\\nterial labor in New York State, presiding over\\nthree successive parishes in the respective\\ntowns of Camden. Turin and New Berlin. In\\nNovember, 1883, he returned to Minnesota in\\nresponse to a call to the rectorate of St. Paul s\\nchurch at Duluth. While in charge of the\\nDuluth parish, in addition to his regular duties\\nas rector, he was very active in introducing\\nneeded improvements and instigating noble\\nenterprises. A hue rectory was built and the\\nchurch building enlarged, and the first pipe\\norgan in the city was constructed under his\\nrectorship. He was also the projector and\\nfounder of a mission near Rice s Point, in the\\nwestern pari of the city, from which St. Luke s\\nchurch has since been evolved. In 1888 Dr.\\nPoole was elected to the chair of Systematic\\nTheology in Seabury Divinity School, his pro-\\nfessorship being an associate one to that of\\nthe Rev. Dr. J. S. Kedney. On October L", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1036.jp2"}, "1037": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1037.jp2"}, "1038": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing Engraving Co Chicapa\\n4", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1038.jp2"}, "1039": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1039.jp2"}, "1040": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1040.jp2"}, "1041": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n469\\n1878, Dr. Poole was united in marriage to\\nMaria Edna Kedney. daughter of Rev. J. S.\\nand Elizabeth (Cooke) Kedney, her mother be-\\ning issued from the Cooke family of Catskill,\\nNew Yoik. Dr. Kedney. who himself belongs\\nto a New York family, has been a professor in\\nSeabury Hall for the past twenty nine years.\\nFour children, all of them daughters, have\\nbeen born to Dr. and Mrs. Poole. The degrees\\nof A. It. in course, A. M. and S. T. I)., were all\\nconferred upon our subject by Hobart College,\\nhis alma mater. Dr. Poole is still connected\\nwith Seabury Divinity School, where he has\\npassed twelve years of happy usefulness.\\nHENRY R. WHIPPLE.\\nThe Righl Rev. Henry Benjamin Whipple,\\nD. D., LL. D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of\\nthe diocese of Minnesota, was born in Adams,\\nJefferson county. New York. February 15,\\nIsl 2. Of his family history and early life, we\\ncannot do better than quote the following from\\nhis book, Lights and Shadows of a Long\\nEpiscopate (1899), published by the Mac-\\nMillan Company, New York and London: I\\nhave paid very little attention to the subject\\nof genealogy. I know that in the history of\\nmy family it has numbered a goodly line of\\nGod-fearing men and women, who have been\\nloyal and useful in their devotion to church\\nand State. Sixteen of my kinsfolk were officers\\nin the Colonial and Revolutionary wars.\\nBrigadier-General Whipple was one of the\\nsigners of the Declaration of Independence.\\nThe mother of Stephen Hopkins, another\\nsigner of the Declaration, was a Whipple. My\\ngrandfather, Benjamin Whipple, was in the\\nnavy of the American Revolution, which was\\nthen in its infancy, but honored by the heroic\\nbravery of Paul Jones and his associates. He\\nwas taken prisoner and confined in the prison\\nship Jersey, and came out of it a paralytic.\\nMy father, John H. Whipple, was born in\\nAlbany, New York. He married Elizabeth,\\ndaughter of the lion. Henry Wager, one of\\nthe electors of Thomas Jefferson. My child-\\nhood was as happy as a tender mother and a\\nblessed home could make il. I owe much to\\nmy holy mother, from whom 1 learned the\\nblessedness of (iod s word, and whose unfal-\\ntering voice, iii speaking of divine truth, saved\\nme from scepticism. I received my education\\nin private schools of New York. At ten years\\nof age I was sent to the boarding school of\\nthe late Professor Avery, in Clinton, and next,\\nto the school under the charge of the Rev. Dr.\\nBoyd and the Rev. John Covert. When a\\nstudent at Oberlin I resided with my uncle,\\nthe Rev. George Whipple, Professor of Mathe-\\nmatics. While pursuing my studies my health\\nfailed, and by the advice of my physician, T\\naccepted an offer from my father and for a\\ntime was connected with him in business.\\nFrom earliest youth I had been deeply inter-\\nested in political affairs. My father belonged\\nto tin old Whig parly, but I became a Demo\\ncrat of the conservative school. Through the\\ninfluence of Governor Dix, I was appointed by\\nGovernor Marcy, division inspector with the\\nrank of colonel on the staff of Major -General\\nCorse, having been previously appointed .Major\\nby Gov. William L. Bouck. ft a horded many\\npleasant hours of recreation with the fuss and\\nfeathers of military equipage. My last serv-\\nice in the political Held was as secretary of\\na State convention. Thurlow Weed and Edwin\\nCroswell said, when they heard that Mr. Whip-\\nple had become a candidate for Holy Orders.\\nthat they hoped a good politician had not been\\nspoiled to make a poor preacher. During\\nan attack of illness, when confined to his room,\\n.Mr. Whipple decided to prepare himself for\\nHoly Orders, receiving from his father and\\nBishop De Lancey their hearty sympathy. He\\nreceived his theological training under the\\neminent scholar, the Rev. Dr. W. D. Wilson,\\nProfessor in Cornell University. In August,\\nist!\u00c2\u00bb. he was ordered deacon by Bishop De\\nLancey, in Trinity church, Geneva, New York.\\nHe was ordained priest by Bishop De Lancey\\nin Christ church, Sackett s Harbor, the fol-\\nlowing February, lie was immediately called\\nto Zion church. Koine. New York, and during\\nhis rectorship there he became an advocate of\\nthe free church system a fad which after-\\nwards influenced his election as Bishop of", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1041.jp2"}, "1042": {"fulltext": "4~o\\nBTOGRArriY OF MINNESOTA.\\nMinnesota. He married the eldest daughter of\\nthe Hon. Benjamin Wright, of Jefferson\\ncounty, New York. Although Mr. Whipple,\\nafter building up a fine parish and erecting a\\nstone church in Rome, received five or six calls\\nto flourishing city churches, he did not feel that\\nhe had received a call in ils true sense until\\nhe was asked lo go to Chicago, where there\\nwas no free church, but hundreds of clerks and\\nrailway men waiting for a shepherd, (living\\nup a devoted parish, a pleasant rectory and a\\ngood salary, he went to Chicago, with Bishop\\nDe Lancey s assurance that he \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2would starve\\nif he went. and plunged at once into his work\\nby visiting the railroad shops and saloons and\\ninviting the men to attend his church. His\\ncongregation rapidly grew, and he showed the\\ntact which he possessed in reaching the hearts\\nof the people. The remarkable success which\\nattended his work attracted attention. Men\\nlike Generals Burnside and Banks became\\nmembers of his congregation and his devoted\\nfriends. In the year 1859 he was elected to the\\nepiscopate with a unanimous vote by the con\\nvention of the Diocese of Minnesota, which\\nmet at St. Paul. He was consecrated first\\nBishop of Minnesota, October 13, of the\\nsame year, at the session of the General Con-\\nvention at Richmond, Virginia. Soon after\\nthe close of the convention he visited Minne-\\nsota in the discharge of the duties of his office.\\nThe following spring he made Faribault his\\nhome, believing it to be the best center for\\nthe building up of his schools. At this time\\nthe Rev. -I. L. Brock had a small parish school\\nin Faribault. Tin- Bishop laid the cornerstone\\nof the Cathedral, at Faribault, on the 16th of\\n.Inly, 1862. This was the first Protestant\\nCathedral erected in the United Stales. The\\nBishop laid the cornerstone of Seabury Divin-\\nity School the following day, the 17th of July.\\nThe Bishop Seabury Mission was incorporated\\nMay, 1860, with a board of trustees, of which\\nthe Bishop of the diocese is ex-ofticio president.\\nThere were at that time twenty thousand In-\\ndians in Minnesota, and with the determina-\\ntion that the heathen close at hand should not\\nbe neglected, the Bishop became the spiritual\\nfather of the Red Men. In addition to the\\nwork among the Chippewas, a new mission\\nwas established in the fall of the same year\\namong the lower Sioux on the Minnesota\\nriver. On the breaking out of the Civil War,\\nin 1861, the Bishop interested himself in the\\nwelfare of the soldiers, and was elected chap-\\nlain of the First Regimenl of Minnesota Vol-\\nunteers an honor which he necessarily\\ndeclined. He often visited them in camp, and\\nactively promoted the labors of the sanitary\\ncommission in behalf of the sick and wounded.\\nSubsequently he aided in many ways in the\\nrelief of the widows and orphans of those who\\nhad fallen in the war. When he came to\\nMinnesota there was not a mile of railroad in\\nthe State. His journeys were all made by\\nstage, canoe or with his own horses, and dur-\\ning the first year, besides his visits to the\\nIndian country, he preached from one to three\\ntimes in every hamlet of the State. In 1862\\noccurred the Indian outbreak of which the\\nBishop had already given warning. He was\\namong the foremost to care for the wounded\\nand mutilated, many of whom had been known\\nto him and whose hospitality he had enjoyed\\nin his missionary journeys on the frontier. At\\ngreat personal hazard he raised his voice\\nagainst the cry for indiscriminate extermina-\\ntion, and visited Washington in behalf of the\\ninnocent members of this deeply injured and\\nlong suffering race. He began his pleas with\\nthe government for Indian rights in 1859, and\\nhas not ceased even to the present time. His\\nefforts were not without success, and, in ISO.\\nhe was appointed a commissioner with Bishop\\nGrace of St. Paul and Dr. Williamson of the\\nPresbyterian mission to visit the several In-\\ndian tribes with a view to improving their\\ncondition. In the fall of 1864 ill-health from\\nover-work compelled Bishop Whipple to seek\\nrest. He accordingly visited England, where\\nhe made warm friends, among whom were\\nBishop Wilberforce, Dr. Longley, Archbishop\\nof Canterbury, and Dr. Tait. Bishop of Lon-\\ndon. From the two latter, who had been head-\\nmasters at Harrow and Rugby, the Bishop\\nreceived valuable counsel concerning the or-\\nganization of his schools. He extended his\\njourney to the continent and the Holy Land.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1042.jp2"}, "1043": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n471\\nTo supply a long-felt need in his educational\\nscheme, Bishop Whipple decided to open a\\nschool for girls. Mrs. Whipple entered into\\nthis plan, and, in 1860, the school was opened\\nin the Bishop s own house, which was re-\\nmodeled the Bishop undertaking the entire\\nexpense. The number of pupils was at first\\nlimited to thirty. For several years Mrs.\\nWhipple discharged the office of house mother,\\nuntil St. Mary s Hall had secured by its ex-\\ncellent management the entire confidence of\\nthe public. In the summer of 1807 the Cathe-\\ndra] of Our Merciful Savior was completed and,\\nby the Bishop s invitation, was consecrated\\nby Bishop Kemper. Phelps Library was also\\nbuilt in this year, afterwards remodeled and\\nused as a cottage for the cadets, and later in\\nthe year Shattuck Hall was completed. Shat-\\ntuck School was named in honor of George\\nShattuck, M. D., of Boston, a dear friend and\\na liberal contributor to the Bishop s work.\\nDr. Shattuck was the founder of St. Paul s\\nSchool, Concord, New Hampshire. When Con-\\ngress authorized the detail of army officers to\\nschools of a certain grade, Bishop Whipple\\nwas first to apply for a detail for Shattuck,\\nbelieving it a better means of discipline than\\nflogging, and it was through his influence at\\nWashington that Shattuck has been so fav-\\nored in its military instructors. Mrs. Augusta\\nM. Shumway, afterwards Mrs. Huntington,\\nanother of the Bishop s friends who became\\ninterested in his work, gave him the money\\nwith which to erect the Shumway Memorial\\nchapel for the use of Shattuck School, seating\\ntwo hundred and fifty persons. This chapel\\nwas ready for consecration in 1873. At her\\ndeath it was found that Mrs. Huntington had\\nleft a legacy to the school of about f300,000,\\nwith a part of which Shumway nail was\\nerected for general school purposes, and also\\nJohnson Hall, which contains a fire-proof\\nlibrary for the Seabury Divinity School. In\\nFebruary, 1871, the foreign committee of the\\nBoard of Missions requested Bishop Whipple\\nto visit their mission at. Hayti. He was de-\\ntained in Havana, where, in spite of the cold-\\nness existing between Spain and the United\\nStates, he held the first public Protestant\\nservice ever held in Cuba, holding confirma-\\ntions and celebrating Holy Communion. The\\nsame year lie was offered by the Archbishop\\nof Canterbury the bishopric of the Sandwich\\nIslands, as the King had asked for a bishop\\nof the Anglican church. This offer was de-\\nclined in the interest of his schools and be-\\ncause he believed that it might imperil the\\nwork in the white and Indian fields. No brief\\nsketch can describe the character of Bishop\\nWhipple. Dr. Lyman Abbott spoke truly\\nwhen he said, Bishop Whipple is a genuine\\nstatesman in his grasp of fundamental prin-\\nciples and his readiness of application to\\nspecial circumstances. Substantially all the\\nconclusions which modern statesmanship has\\nreached respecting the true solution of the\\nIndian problem were distinctly formulated by\\nBishop Whipple forty years ago. Whether\\nin his churchmanship, in his dealing with the\\nIndian question, or in the handling of educa-\\ntional work and in a marked degree his\\naction in regard to the Swedish church ques-\\ntion in his diocese his statesmanlike methods\\nhave ever been exhibited, and it is to these\\nhigh qualities that the diocese of Minnesota\\nowes its proud position. Bishop Whipple s\\nnoble type of face, which in youth was of\\nsingular beauty, is clear-cut and ecclesiastical,\\nand with his commanding figure, over six feet\\nand two inches in height, he is regarded as the\\nmost picturesque figure in the Anglican\\nchurch. He is a born orator, his action grace-\\nful and impressive, his voice melodious and\\nimpassioned, and with a keen sense of humor\\nhis personality is fascinating. He has the\\nfaculty of ready extemporaneous discourse,\\nwhile his composition has oftentimes a rhyth-\\nmic tiow. His power of remembering names\\neven after an interval of many years is rare.\\nWith a ready tact he is eminently fitted to\\npreside over a deliberative body, and his power\\nin this regard has been exercised on many\\ndelicate occasions. His presentation of a ques-\\ntion to a deliberative body is clear and judi-\\ncious, and he has served on many important\\ncommittees. But the greatest of all these gifts\\nis the charity which has so signally marked\\nhis life and work. In the administration of", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1043.jp2"}, "1044": {"fulltext": "472\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nhis diocese be lias broughl together men of\\ndiverse schools of theological thought, who\\nhave been of one mind in the household of\\ngood winks. Moreover, he lias been active in\\nthe effort i promote church unity. His in-\\nterest in the McCall mission in Paris was open\\nand hearty. The Society of Friends has given\\nhim its aid and confidence; while the moder-\\nator of the General Assembly of the Presby-\\nterian church in Scotland sent him assurances\\nof sympathy in the darkest period of his\\nIndian missions, and he was invited, in 1890\\n(by the moderator of the Presbyterian church\\nin Scotland), to address their General Assem-\\nbly. His life has been too busy for much\\nliterary work so-called. This has been con-\\nfined to sermons and addresses, to newspaper\\narticles upon the Indian policy, and to his\\nvaluable and charming Lights and Shadows\\nof a Long Episcopate. Even his vacations\\nhave few leisure moments, and much of his\\nuseful work has been accomplished in these\\nseasons of so-called leisure. In 188G the elec-\\ntion of an assistant bishop brought him help\\nin the care of his large diocese, with its con-\\nstantly increasing population, but his activity\\nin the interest of his schools and diocesan work\\nis unabated. Bishop Whipple has had a wide\\nacquaintance and friendship with famous men\\nof the last half century, both in England and\\nAmerica. He has been brought in contact\\nwith all sorts and conditions of men, but in\\nthe fifty years of his priestly and episcopal\\ncareer he has borne himself with equal ease\\nand dignity in the wigwam, the lumber camps\\nof the frontier, and in the courts of Europe\\nalways an American gentleman. Love of God\\nand love of man has been the burden of his cry.\\nIn 1888 he attended the Pan- Anglican council\\nin London, and preached the opening sermon\\nin Lambeth Palace. He is a leading member of\\nthe House of Bishops of the Episcopal church\\nin the United States. He is a recognized au-\\nthority on all questions relating to the Indian\\nproblem. He has been a member of several\\nimportant Indian commissions sent by the\\nGovernment to make treaties, and, in 1868,\\nwithout his knowledge, Congress appropriated\\nforty-five thousand dollars for the Sisseton and\\nWahpeton Indians on the condition that the\\nmoney should be expended by him. His fear-\\nless report on the condition and treatment\\nof [he Indians, delivered at the request of Mv.\\nCooper, in Cooper s Institute, and in Calvary\\nchurch, New York, led to the organization of\\nthe Indian Peace Commission. In 187. Bishop\\nWhipple was elected a trustee of the Peabody\\nFund for Education in the South, whose first\\npresident, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, was suc-\\nceeded by Hon. William M. Evarts. Bishop\\nWhipple and Chief Justice Fuller are the two\\nvice-presidents of I his brilliant body of men.\\nBishop Whipple was the acting presiding\\nbishop of the American chinch in England at\\nthe Lambeth Conferences of 1888 and 1897.\\nHe has preached on several occasions the\\nspecial sermons before the Universities of\\nCambridge, Oxford, and Durham, having re-\\nceived the honorary degrees of LL. D. and U.\\nD. from these universities. Iu 1899 he was\\nasked by the Foreign and Domestic Mission-\\nary Society of England, and also by the Board\\nof Missions, to attend the centenary of the\\nformer society and deliver addresses, as the\\nrepresentative of the Episcopal church in\\nAmerica. Bishop Whipple is Chaplain-General\\nof the Societies of the Sons of the Revolution\\nand the Colonial Wars of the United States.\\nHe was fittingly selected at the first patriotic\\ncelebration of Washington s birthday in\\nPuerto Rico, February 22, 1900, to deliver the\\naddress lief ore an audience of several thou-\\nsand, on Our Country. Bishop Whipple s\\nsecond marriage was most blessed. In a\\nbeautiful but brief tribute to his wife, in his\\nrecently published work, he says: It was\\nthe loving Providence of Cod which made one\\nwho is now my helper in all His work my\\nparishioner. Her love and sympathy for the\\nsorrowful and heavy-laden, and her deep in-\\nterest in the brown and black races who have\\nso long held a place in my heart, drew us to-\\ngether. And in this gift my Heavenly Father\\nhas overpaid me for the burdens which I have\\ncarried for His children. At the request of\\nthe Board of Missions, Bishop Whipple visited\\nPuerto Rico, February, 1900, to examine the\\nheld for church work. The first Protestant", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1044.jp2"}, "1045": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1045.jp2"}, "1046": {"fulltext": "JEAN B. FARIBAULT", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1046.jp2"}, "1047": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1047.jp2"}, "1048": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1048.jp2"}, "1049": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n473\\nAmerican bishop to set foot on this new pos-\\nsession of the United Slates, he was received\\neverywhere in his journey through the island\\nwith great warmth and enthusiasm. The name\\nof the first great Bishop of Minnesota is one\\nthat will ever stand for all that is highest and\\nbest. His grand life and work are inwrought\\nin the history of the noble State of Minnesota.\\nJEAN B. FARIBAULT.\\nJean Baptiste Faribault was born October\\n19, 1775, at Berthier, Canada. His grand-\\nfather was an officer in the Royal Iluisiers.\\nHis father was Bathelemi Faribault, who was\\nborn in Paris, and came to Canada as secre-\\ntary of the French army in 1757. Jean Bap-\\ntiste Faribault received an excellent education\\nand early in life began business in the employ\\nof a merchant by the name of Thurseau, at\\nQuebec. After two years he entered the\\nservice of Messrs. McNides Company, im-\\nporters. Of an adventurous disposition, he\\nchafed under such close confinement, and was\\nabout to go to sea, wishing in that way to see\\nmore of life and of the world. His family so\\nstrongly opposed this resolution that he finally\\ngave it up. About this time the Duke of Kent,\\nthe father of Queen Victoria, was stationed\\nin Canada, with his regiment of Fusiliers, of\\nwhich he was in command. Young Mr. Fari-\\nbault, being much impressed with the brilliant\\nmilitary display of the Duke s command,\\nthough never having taken lessons in art, drew\\na cartoon which was much commented upon\\nfor its excellent representation, and praised\\nfor the exhibition of his talent. The officers\\nof the regiment communicated this to the\\nPrince, and wishing to judge for himself, he\\nsent for young Faribault. This led to an ac-\\nquaintance and friendship, and in time tin-\\nPrince offered him a commission as an officer\\nin his regiment. His family again interposed\\nagainst his desire to enter the life of an army\\nofficer, a fact to which he often referred in his\\nlater days as regretting the opportunity he lost\\nthrough his devotion to his parents. The\\nPrince, however, permitted young Faribault\\nto select one of his young friends to whom he\\nwould like the commission to be given. The\\nNorthwest Company having announced that\\nthey needed three or four active young men to\\ntrade with the Indians, Faribault offered his\\nservices. His parents now pleaded with him\\nin vain not to leave the parental roof. Fas-\\ncinated with the prospects of a life of adven-\\nture in the wilds of the far West, he was this\\ntime insensible to their remonstrances. Fari-\\nbault left Montreal in the month of June, 1790,\\nin company with three others and two agents\\nof the Northwest Company, their destination\\nbeing Mackinac. They were two weeks on\\ntheir journey, and encountered many hard\\nships and difficulties. They met with no\\ntravelers on their route, and were obliged to\\nmake many portages on numerous rapids\\nthat is to say, they carried on their shoulders\\ntheir canoes, baggage and provisions. On their\\narrival at Mackinac, Faribault was commis-\\nsioned to open a post to trade at Kankakee,\\non the river of that name not far from the\\npresent site of Chicago. Faribault, accom-\\npanied by a Pottowatomi Indian guide, set\\nout for Port Vincent, on the Wabash river,\\nwhere lived Governor Harrison, acting su-\\nperintendent of Indian affairs in or-\\nder to obtain license to trade. Governor\\nHarrison received him cordially, en-\\ntertained him with kind hospitality, and\\nacceded favorably to his request. Returning\\nto his post, Faribault had calculated on meet-\\ning at the mouth of the St. Joseph river, four\\nCanadian voyageurs, who were to pass the\\nwinter at Kankakee; however, he found only\\nthree, the other having unhappily perished\\nduring the voyage. After a careful survey,\\nFaribault decided to build his post at the\\nmouth of the Kankakee. His merchandise\\nbeing delayed on the way, he and his com-\\npanions occupied their time in erecting their\\nwinter quarters, and soon commenced an active\\ntrade with the Pottawatomies. Faribault re-\\nmained at this post during four years in almost\\ncomplete solitude. Though he felt a strong\\nattachment and kindly feeling towards the\\nIndians, he was often at the risk of his life\\nat their hands, and on one occasion was nearly", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1049.jp2"}, "1050": {"fulltext": "474\\nBTOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nassassinated by a half-breed. This region\\nabounded with wild animals, such as otter,\\nbearer, wolves, bear and other fur-bearing\\nanimals, and inhabited by the Sioux, Sacs and\\nFoxes, lowas, and other tribes. His term of\\ncontract expiring, he decided to continue with\\nthe Northwest Company, and went to open a\\nnew post on the St. Peter s river (now Minne-\\nsota river), which he named the Little\\nRapids, where he was rewarded with a lucra-\\ntive business with the Sionx. A few years\\nafter opening up the post and establishing suc-\\ncessful trade with the Indians, he was married\\nto .Mrs. Pelagie Haines. In 1805 Faribaull met\\nand made the acquaintance of Lieutenant Pike,\\nwho visited his post. After ten years with Hie\\nNorthwest Company, Faribault decided to go\\ninto the same business on his own account, and\\naccordingly located at Prairie du Chien. At\\nthis post he was attacked and seriously\\nwounded by a Winnebago, to whom he had\\nrefused to give liquor. When the War of\\n1812 was declared, the English authorities.\\nknowing the influence some of the Canadians\\nheld over the Indians, offered them commis-\\nsions as officers to induce the Indians to take\\nsides with them. Many accepted, but among\\nthose who refused these otters were Faribault\\nand Louis Provencal, one of his associates,\\nwho declared themselves in sympathy with the\\nUnited States. The British Colonel, McCall,\\nhearing of the refusal of Faribault to serve\\nunder the English flag, had him put under\\narrest and brought on board the gunboat com-\\nmanded by Captain Anderson. On the attempt\\nto force Faribault to row, he positively refused\\nto obey the order, claiming that, being brought\\nup as a gentleman, he would under no consid-\\neration serve as a common oarsman. Captain\\nAnderson reported to Colonel McCall this posi-\\ntive declaration of their prisoner. The latter,\\ninstead of punishing Faribault, expressed his\\nadmiration of such pluck and firmness, sent\\nfor him to be brought before him, and treated\\nhim with much hospitality. During this time,\\nMrs. Faribault, not knowing her husband was\\na captive in the hands of the English, left\\nPrairie du Chien for what is now Winona, fear-\\ning the place would be attacked by the\\nEnglish. The Indians, in the meantime, de-\\nstroyed their home and sacked all their wealth\\nand merchandise, valued at $15,000. They also\\ncarried away all the lead he had stored at\\nwhat is now Dubuque. Shortly afterward Mr.\\nFaribault, being an ardent admirer of Ameri\\ncan institutions, was naturalized as an\\nAmerican citizen, helped to organize a com-\\npany and was made first lieutenant. The\\nNorthwest Company, being unable to obtain\\nlicense to continue operations in American\\nterritory, sold out the American branch of\\ntheir company, and Joseph Rollette was made\\nagent, and Faribault made arrangements with\\nhim foe a supply of merchandise to carry on\\nhis trade. He remained at Prairie du Chien\\nfor three years more, trading with the Indians.\\nAbout this time Colonel Leavenworth was on\\nhis way to what is now Fort Snelling with\\ntroops. Meeting Faribault at his post, and\\nbeing struck with the knowledge he possessed\\nof the vicinity of the proposed new fort, and\\nhis extensive acquaintance with the Sioux\\nnations and his influence over them, he soli-\\ncited Faribault to remove his post to the\\njunction of the Minnesota and the Mississippi\\nlivers. As there were more Indians at the\\nlatter place than about Prairie du Chien, he\\nimmediately decided to accompany Colonel\\nLeavenworth. In 1820 Colonel Leavenworth\\nassembled all the principal chiefs, and con-\\ncluded a treaty in which the Indians stipulated\\non certain conditions, that the island called\\nPike s island and sometimes known as Fari-\\nbault island containing some 300 acres,\\nshould be ceded to Faribault s wife, Pelagie\\nFaribault, and her heirs. Faribault located\\non this island, and later the high water in the\\nspring carried off all his belongings, and he\\nwas rescued with difficulty by Colonel Snell-\\ning s soldiers. Faribault then established\\nhimself with his family at Mendota, where he\\nbuilt a stone house and stone powder house,\\nbut did his trading with the Indians at Little\\nRapids on the Minnesota river.\\n[Note. It is claimed that General Sibley\\nwas the first one to build a stone house in the\\nthen Territory of Minnesota, but this must\\nbe an error of his biographer. The older", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1050.jp2"}, "1051": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1051.jp2"}, "1052": {"fulltext": "7fcw )?*(Pat? Uunx.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1052.jp2"}, "1053": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1053.jp2"}, "1054": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1054.jp2"}, "1055": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n475\\ngrandsons of Jean 11 Faribault claim that the\\nSibley house was put up later which fact is\\nborne out by a Utter recently received from\\nMonseigneur Eavoux, of St. Paul, in which he\\nwrites that it was his impression that Mr.\\nFaribault s house was (lie older. Sibley s\\nbiographer is certainly mistaken in his state-\\nment that Alexander Faribault built a stone\\nhouse similar to Sibley s two years later. The\\nfact is, Alexander Faribault never built a stone\\nhouse in Mendota. He erected a large white\\nframe house further down the river, which was\\nlater torn down by the Chicago, Milwaukee\\nSt. Paul Railroad Company, as it stood near\\ntheir line when being graded.]\\nMr. Faribault went through many danger-\\nous adventures at the hands of the wild Sioux,\\nand was severely wounded several times; but\\nof vigorous constitution and temperate life,\\non each occasion he soon recovered. He was\\na devout Catholic, and was of considerable as-\\nsistance in later years to the missionaries who\\nbraved the dangers of life among the Sioux\\nby the influence which he obtained over the\\nsavages, through his honesty in his dealings\\nwith them and by his bravery. The L Abbe\\nRavoux, in one of his contributions to the\\nMinnesota Historical Society, mentioned Fari-\\nbault and his son Alexander in complimentary\\nterms and with gratitude for their friendship\\nand hospitality. Jean Baptiste Faribault died\\nat Faribault, Minnesota, August 20, 1S60.\\n[The above biography is taken from Les\\nCanadiens de L Ouest, by Joseph Tasse,\\ntranslated from the French, condensed and\\nrevised by Mr. W. R. Faribault, of St. Louis,\\nMissouri, a grandson of the subject.]\\nWILLIAM F. DAVIDSON.\\nWilliam Fuson Davidson, better known and\\nremembered throughout the Mississippi val-\\nley as Commodore Davidson, was born in\\nLawrence county, Ohio, February I, 1S25, and\\ndied in St. Paul May 2 1887. His father. Rev.\\nWilliam Davidson, who was of Scotch Irish\\ndescent, and whose parents were among the\\nearly settlers of Ohio, was a local Baptist\\npreacher, but also engaged in flat-boating on\\nthe Ohio river; his wife, the mother of Com\\nmodore Davidson, was Sara Short. .Mr.\\nDavidson was reared a pioneer boy and had\\nlittle opportunity to acquire a scholastic\\neducation. Very early he exhibited a fond\\nness for life on the river and an adaptation\\nio i he vocation of a boatman. He assisted his\\nfather in his voyages on the Ohio, which were\\nchiefly between the port of Ironton, in his\\nnative county, and Cincinnati, and soon be-\\ncame very proficient. About the year 1840\\nLawrence county, Ohio, became prominent in\\nthe production of pig iron, and nearly all of\\nthis product was sent to Cincinnati in flat\\nboats or keel-boats, which were sometimes\\ntowed by steamboats, but more commonly\\nwere propelled by the oars and sweeps of the\\ncrew. The work of a flat-boatman was toil\\nsome, but it was adventurous and often ex-\\nciting, and had a certain charm for the young\\nmen of 1he country. Davidson was not only\\nan accomplished boatman, but he possessed\\nrare natural business qualities. He advanced\\nsteadily in his vocation, and at a comparatively\\nearly age he was the owner of several steam-\\nboats and other river craft on the Ohio. In\\n1854 he came to St. Paul, bringing with him\\nthe Frank Steele, a staunch steamboat\\nnamed for Hon. Franklin Steele, the well-\\nknown pioneer business man of Minnesota.\\nDavidson at once began the work of navigat-\\ning the Minnesota river, being chiefly engaged\\nin transporting the supplies and productions\\nof the Indian trading posts on that stream.\\nLater he added other river craft to his force\\nand organized a steamboat company to run\\nboats on i he upper Mississippi, and this re-\\nsulted, iu 18C0, in the formation of the La\\nCrosse Minnesota Packet Company, which\\nhe controlled. The line was extended to\\nDubuque. Subsequently he organized the\\nNorthern Union Packet Company, and he then\\nhad under his control a fleet of fifteen boats on\\nthe upper Mississippi, of which he. was virtual-\\nly the commodore. During the boating seasons\\nof 1868-69 other river transportation lines be-\\ncame important competitors of tin- Northern\\nL T niou. After due negotiation between the re-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1055.jp2"}, "1056": {"fulltext": "476\\nBIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\nspective interests a consolidation of the sev-\\neral lines was effected under the corporate\\nname of the St. Louis St. Paul Packet Com-\\npany, of which Commodore Davidson was the\\npresident and leading spirit. An immense\\nbusiness was done by this company for several\\nyears, and it practically controlled the traffic\\nof the upper river. In the spring of 1ST0 Mr.\\nDavidson, in the interest of the better execu-\\ntion of his duties, removed to St. Louis, where\\nhe remained about ten years. He then re-\\nturned to St. Paul, where he continued to re-\\nside up to the time of his death. Meanwhile\\nhe had become engaged in other interests. At\\nthe close of the Civil War his attention had\\nbeen attracted to the probabilities of profitable\\nresults from investments in St. Paul realty.\\nFrom time to time thereafter he purchased a\\ngreat deal of city property, which he retained\\nand which in 1876 he commenced to improve.\\nAmong the many important structures he\\nerected in the city beginning in 1876 were\\nthe brick block on the corner of Fourth and\\nJackson streets, which still bears his name,\\nalthough it was once burned and was subse-\\nquently rebuilt; the Union Block, at Fourth\\nand Cedar; the Grand Opera House Block, on\\nWabasha, between Third and Fourth; the\\nCourt Block, on Fourth, between Wabasha\\nand Cedar, and a block on the corner of Sixth\\nand Jackson. He was interested with others\\nin the old Music Hall Association, and built\\nthe first opera house proper in St. Paul. Dur-\\ning the later years of his life Mr. Davidson\\npaid but little attention to the river traffic,\\nowing to his large real estate interests, which\\ndemanded so much of his time and personal\\noversight. At the time of his death he was one\\nof the largest real estate holders in St. Paul.\\nHe had other important interests to care for\\nbesides his landed property. He was one of\\nthe original and prominent stockholders in the\\nold St. Paul Sioux City Railroad, and was\\nconnected with its successor corporation, now\\nknown as the Omaha. He was largely in-\\nterested in the First National Bank of St. Paul,\\nand in the St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance\\nCompany, and was a prominent member of the\\nChamber of Commerce. Mr. Davidson was\\nnever an aspirant for public office. In politics\\nhe was a Republican. All through the War of\\nthe Rebellion he rendered valuable service to\\nthe Union cause by the use of his steamboats,\\nwhich were always at the service of the Gov-\\nernment whenever wanted. He was emphat-\\nically a plain, matter-of-fact man, accustomed\\nfrom his youth to hard work and constant ex-\\nertion. His tastes were simple, and he was\\naltogether void of ostentation or a desire for\\nvain glory. Although he made a reputation\\nfor his business enterprises in St. Paul, Mr.\\nDavidson s chief distinction will rest for all\\ntime upon the history of his prominent con-\\nnection with the navigation interests of the\\nupper Mississippi between St. Louis and St.\\nPaul. His large operations in this traffic con-\\ntributed to an important extent to the up-\\nbuilding of St. Paul, and gave the city its first\\nreal commercial prosperity. At the age of\\nfifty years Mr. Davidson was converted to a\\nbelief in the truths of revealed religion, and\\nunited with the Baptist church. Thereafter\\nhis conduct was consistent with his profes-\\nsions. By his orders, which he caused to be\\nrigidly enforced, the sale of liquor and all\\nforms of gambling were abolished on every\\nsteamboat he controlled. By precept and ex-\\nample he encouraged moral and religious re-\\nform in every manner possible in his adopted\\ncity and among his fellow-men generally,\\nalthough he never paraded his virtues or did\\nhis good deeds purposely that they might be\\nseen of men. He was practically public-\\nspirited in the best sense of the term. From\\nhis first advent into the country lie believed\\nin the future of St. Paul, and proved his faith\\nby his works. Perhaps a million dollars would\\nnot fairly cover the sums he expended from\\nlirsl to last in the construction of his various\\nbusiness blocks. He was a pioneer in this\\ngreat work of developing and improving the\\ncity at a time when other men of means hesi-\\ntated and were apprehensive. After he had\\ndemonstrated the wisdom of his confidence and\\nopened tlie way, it was easy for others to\\nemulate his example. Commodore Davidson\\nwas married in 1856 to Sarah A. Johnston, a\\ndaughter of Judge Benjamin Johnston, a well-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1056.jp2"}, "1057": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1057.jp2"}, "1058": {"fulltext": "1\\nFt*\\ny\\n1 s\\nHt 5 ^H\\n7fa Centuiy Publishing Eiyravtny Co Chic ay ir", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1058.jp2"}, "1059": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1059.jp2"}, "1060": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1060.jp2"}, "1061": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n477\\nknown citizen of Southern Ohio. His widow is\\nsi ill living, and there are two surviving chil-\\ndren of the marriage, Edward E. Davidson and\\nSarah M., the latter now .Mis. Watson P. Dav-\\nidson, tff St. Paul.\\nJOSHUA B. CULVER.\\nThe late Col. Joshua B. Culver was an old\\nand honored resident of the city of Duluth.\\nTie was born on the 12th of September, 1830,\\nin the quiet old town of Armenia, New York.\\nHis father, John !ulver, was also a native of\\nthe Empire State, ami for many years one\\nof the more prominent citizens of Armenia.\\nJoshua IJ. Culver, passed his childhood in\\nthe place of his birth, attending the public\\nschools of the vicinity. At the early age of\\nthirteen years he left his home in quesl of the\\nopportunities afforded by newer sect ions of the\\ncountry. His first location in the West was\\nat Fort Atkinson, Iowa, and he subsequently\\nlived in a number of different places, and tried\\nhis hand, now with greater, now with less sue\\ncess, at various enterprises. Il was not until\\nafter the Civil War, in which he did duty from\\nbeginning to end, that he took up his perma-\\nnent abode in Duluth. In 1854 he became nsso-\\nciated with the American Fur Trading\\nCompany, at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, ami two\\nyears later he engaged in the mercantile busi-\\nness in the two cities of St. Paul, .Minnesota,\\nand Superior, Wisconsin. In L858 lie received\\nthe appointment of Receiver in the land office\\nat Buchanan, Minnesota, and upon the expira-\\ntion of his term of service in that capacity, he\\nlocated at Duluth, and followed the lumber\\nbusiness temporarily at that point, removing\\nheme to Kalamazoo, Michigan. Upon the\\nbreaking out of the Civil War he enlisted in\\nthe Union army, and soon after entering the\\nservice was appointed first lieutenant and\\nadjutant of the Thirteenth Michigan Infantry.\\nLater, in the year 18 !2. he was advanced to the\\nrank of major, and in the following year re-\\nceived two promotions, to the respective ranks\\nof lieutenant colonel and colonel. During the\\ncourse of the Rebellion Colonel Culver hail\\nthorough experience of the hardships of war-\\nfare, and the excitements and dangers of active\\nservice. The numerous engagements in which\\nli participated are given below in the order\\nin which they occurred. During the year L862\\nhe fought in the battle of Shiloli, Tennessee;\\nthose of Farmington, Owl Creek and Corinth,\\nMississippi, helping, also, to sustain the lane\\nous siege of Corinth from .May liitli to 31st;\\nStevenson, Alabama; Munfordsville, Perry-\\nville and Danville, Kentucky; Gallatin, .Mill\\nCreek, Lavergne, Stewart s Creek and two en\\ngagements at Stone River, Tennessee. In the\\nyear L863: two more bailies at Stone River,\\nand one each at Eaglesville, Pelham, Lookout\\nValley and Lookout .Mountain. Tennessee; the\\nthree days of hard fighting at Chickamauga,\\nGeorgia; Chattanooga and .Missionary Ridge,\\nTennessee. lstif; Florence, Alabama, and\\nfour days of conflicl at Savannah. Georgia. In\\nL865: Catawba Liver, South Carolina; Averys\\nboro and Bentonville, North Carolina. Colonel\\nCulver was mustered out with his regiment\\nand honorably discharged from the service on\\nthe 25th of .Inly, 1865. Two days later the\\nThirteenth Michigan arrived at Jackson, in the\\nState it represented, where it was paid oil and\\ndisbanded. Colonel Culver had been mar-\\nried, in the year 1852, at Prairie du Chien, to\\n.Miss S. V. Woodman. Eight children were\\nborn of their union, all of whom are living.\\nColonel Culver was the first mayor of the city\\nid Duluth, and so w isely did he administer the\\nmunicipal affairs as to win the general esteem\\nand affection of the community. He felt much\\njustifiable pride in the city which he had\\nchosen lor his home and field of labor, and is\\nremembered by its residents as a loyal veteran\\nof the Grand Army and a true hearted citizen\\nand official of Duluth.\\nGEORGE W. FREEMAN.\\nGeorge W. Freeman, president of the C.\\nGotzian Company boot and shoe manufac\\ntory, of St. Paul, is an Englishman by birth.\\nthe time and place of his nativity having been\\n.May L l. 1845, and St. Ives in Ilnntingtonshire.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1061.jp2"}, "1062": {"fulltext": "478\\nBIOGKAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nThe first eight rears of his life were passed\\nin his native country, at the close of which he\\nemigrated to the United States with his\\nparents, Joseph and Sarah (Kingston) Free-\\nman. The first location of the family was\\nCleveland, Ohio, where they remained for two\\nyears; but the father s pioneer spirit was at-\\ntracted by the possibilities of the great north-\\nwestern frontier region, and, in 1855, he pushed\\non to Minnesota. He purchased and settled\\nupon a large section of land in Ramsey county,\\nto the cultivation of which he devoted himself\\nfor the remainder of his life. His death oc-\\ncurred in the year 1862. The early education\\nof George W. Freeman, which had been begun\\nin the mother country and continued in Ohio,\\nwas completed in the public schools of St.\\nPaul. Ambitious to enter upon his business\\ncareer, he laid aside his text books at the age\\nof sixteen in favor of practical work. His\\nyouthful energies were not, as is too frequently\\nthe case, dissipated by years of discouraging\\nendeavor to adapt himself to incongenial or\\nimpracticable lines of business. Hitting at the\\nstart upon an industry which he was satisfied\\nto follow as a life work, he began at once to\\naccumulate the experience which has enabled\\nhim in later years to become so successful a\\nmanager of business interests on a large scale.\\nHis first position, which he entered in 1861,\\nwas in connection with Lewis Semper, a boot\\nand shoe dealer on Third street, St. Faul. He\\nremained with Mr. Semper for nine years, leav-\\ning him at the end of that period to avail him-\\nself of the larger opportunities offered him by\\nthe Conrad Gotzian boot and shoe manufactur-\\ning establishment. This latter house he repre-\\nsented upon the road for some eight years, and\\nwas then taken into partnership by Mr. Got-\\nzian. Upon the death of the senior member\\nof the firm, in 1887, Mr. Freeman was made\\npresident and general manager of the C. Got-\\nzian Company, which position he has filled to\\nthe present time. No better idea of the abil-\\nities of Mr. Freeman can be conveyed than\\nthat revealed by the development of the busi-\\nness over which he has presided. It was\\nalready in a flourishing condition at the time\\nhe left the road to become a member of the\\nconcern, its sales amounting to about $65,000\\na year; but this seems a very modest status\\nwhen compared with the present one, which is\\ncomputed in millions, while to meet this enor-\\nmous demand for the goods of the C. Gotzian\\nCompany, whose reputation is established as\\nthe most progressive boot and shoe houses\\nin the Northwest. Nearly six hundred per-\\nsons are regularly employed in its factories.\\nMr. Freeman has devoted himself assiduously\\nto the management of the business, his atten-\\ntion not having been diverted by other enter-\\nprises of magnitude or by political aspirations.\\nHe has, however, been a member of the fire\\nboard for quite a number of years, having for\\nfive years served as its active president; and\\nhe has found time, inclination and means to\\nmaterially promote numerous public projects\\nlooking toward the advancement of the city of\\nSt. Paul. Mr. Freeman was married on Sep-\\ntember 24, 1868, to Mary I. Doney, of St. Paul.\\nSeven children were born to them, whose\\nnames, in the order of their birth, are as fol-\\nlows: Stella M., George J., Olive L., Maud V.,\\nJharlie I)., Clarence K. and Harold C. Mr. Free-\\nman is a Mason of the thirty-second degree,\\nand is also a member of the order of Elks.\\nWILLIAM D. LOWRY.\\nAlthough he who bore this name has been\\ndeceased since the year 1863, it is still a\\nfamiliar and honored one to those older citi-\\nzens who are acquainted with the early history\\nof the city of Rochester, Minnesota for the\\nsubject of this sketch was to a large degree\\nidentified with that history, and with the very\\nfoundation of the frontier settlement from\\nwhich has been developed the present nourish-\\ning municipality. William Dundas Lowry was\\nborn in 181!l at Watson s Run, Crawford\\ncounty, Pennsylvania. His paternal ancestors\\na few generations back, escaping from the ter-\\nrors of religious persecution, had emigrated to\\nthe State of his nativity from their home in\\nthe north of Ireland. His great-grandfather\\nhad been beheaded for loyalty to his convic-\\ntions, and the wife of this martyr, being a", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1062.jp2"}, "1063": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1063.jp2"}, "1064": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing S tiyraviny Co C/ucayo-\\n(MrQ t LUThy", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1064.jp2"}, "1065": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1065.jp2"}, "1066": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1066.jp2"}, "1067": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n479\\nwoman of means and determination, fitted out\\na ship and, together with her eleven sons,\\ncrossed to our shores, settling 011 a large tract\\nof land in the northeastern part of Pennsyl-\\nvania, which had been ceded to her. But a\\nfamily of Hollanders, as it appears, had se-\\ncured a claim to this same property at a\\nprevious time, and there ensued a struggle over\\nits proprietorship, which was still rife in the\\nboyhood of our subject s father, Morrow\\nLowry, who, at the climax of the trouble en-\\ndeavored to escape down a hill, concealed in\\na rolling barrel. This migrating barrel was\\ncaptured on suspicion, however, and its hap-\\nless contents taken in custody to Philadelphia.\\nA bolder and more successful plan of escape\\nwas adopted by the mother of Morrow, who,\\nleaving her baby behind, swam across the\\nMonongahela river and made her way to Phila-\\ndelphia, where she laid the facts before\\nPresident Jefferson and won the release of her\\nfamily. Tins episode enhanced the promi-\\nnence of the Lowrys in Pennsylvania, and\\nJefferson Lowry, one of the sons of Morrow,\\nwas for many years a man of public affairs,\\nholding the office of judge up to the time of\\nhis death, while other members of the family\\nwere figures of about ecpial importance in the\\nState. William D. Lowry, however, did not\\nremain at home to take advantage of historic\\nprestige, but set out to shift for himself at\\nthe age of twelve years, and worked for a\\nnumber of years on boats that plied back\\nand forth on tin 1 great lakes. As early as 1849\\nwhen about thirty years of age he located\\nin Wisconsin, after which he returned to\\nthe East. But he had acquired a taste for\\nWestern life, and in the year 1854 came to\\nMinnesota. He settled in Olmstead county,\\nof which the city of Orinoco was then the\\ncounty seat, and purchased a tract of land,\\nwhich was a portion of the site of the present\\ncity of Rochester. There was then no sugges-\\ntion of the city of to-day at this point, some\\nthree or four houses being the sum total of\\nhuman habitations, constituting the nucleus\\nof a village. Mr. Lowry was speedily drawn\\ninto the public affairs of Minnesota, and ac-\\ncepted a nomination for the Legislature. His\\nseat was contested, on the ground that he was\\nnot qualified by a sufficiently long residence\\nwithin the State; but this objection was over-\\nruled, and in the following autumn he was\\ndeclared elected State Representative. While\\nin the House he introduced a bill for the trans-\\nfer of the county seat from Orinoco to Roches-\\nter, ;i proviso of which, was that the Winona\\nSt. Peter Railroad should run through I lie\\nlatter town. Mr. Lowry took a deep and many-\\nsided interest in the place of his residence.\\nand freely expended both money and personal\\neffort in promoting its development to a place\\namong the most thrifty and progressive towns\\nof the Slate. Another town site in which Mr.\\nLowry took an active interest was that of St.\\nPeter, and he was instrumental, also, in secur-\\ning the passage of a bill for the location of the\\ncapitol at that place, which bill after its\\npassage was stolen by Joe Roulette of his-\\ntoric fame. Mrs. Lowry wife of Wil-\\nliam D. was formerly Miss Elmira Cora\\nCutler, a native of Pennsylvania. Five chil-\\ndren were born of their marriage, as follows:\\nMilnor R., Stewart R., Ella S., William 1)., Jr.,\\nand George B. Of these all are residents of\\n.Minnesota with the exception of Stewart R.,\\nwho lives at Spokane, Washington. The\\nhomes of Milnor R., George II. and Ella S. (now\\nMrs. Allen) are at Fergus Falls, while the\\nnamesake of our subject resides in Minne-\\napolis.\\nWILLIAM G. WARD.\\nThe Hon. William Grosvenor Ward, who for\\nmore than a quarter of a century was a promi-\\nnent citizen of Southern Minnesota, was born\\nin Oneida county, New York, December 26,\\n1S27, and died at his home in Waseca, Minne-\\nsota, September 21, 18112. His early years\\nwere passed on a farm. He was educated\\nmainly in a select school at Booneville, New\\nYork, completing an advanced course by the\\naid of the salary which he received as a tutor\\nin the primary departments of the school.\\nFrom boyhood he was of scholarly tastes, and\\nhe spent eight years in the study of the Greek", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1067.jp2"}, "1068": {"fulltext": "480\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nand Latin classics, although his favorite study\\nwas mathematics, in which science he was\\nnotably proficient. When he was a mere boy,\\nor at the age of seventeen, he commenced liis\\ncareer in civil engineering with 8. B. Williams\\non the Black River Canal, in New York, and\\nremained with Mr. Williams and his successor,\\nD. C. Genney, for live years and three months,\\nengaged in canal work. At that period the\\ncanals of New York were under the control of\\nthe State government, and the engineers on\\nthese public improvements were political ap-\\npointees. Young Ward was a Whig, and when\\nthe State administration became Democratic\\nhe was discharged. A great part of his after\\nlife was spent in railroad building. Soon after\\nleaving canal work he became chief engineer\\nand roadmaster of the Long Island Railroad,\\nand held these positions for several years, dur-\\ning which time he built the Hempstead and the\\nHicksville branches. For two years he was\\nsuperintendent of car and engine repairing for\\nthe entire system, with his office at Brooklyn,\\nwhile the shops were at Jamaica Plains. Leav-\\ning the Long Island he engaged with the Lake\\nOntario Auburn road, and was first assistant\\nengineer to his former superior in the canal\\nservice, Mr. S. B. Williams. A year later he\\nwent to the Utica Black River road as first\\nassistant engineer to another former chief, Mr.\\nD. C. Genney. In 1S56 Mr. Ward resigned from\\nthe Utica Black River on account of pro-\\ntracted ill-health, and went to Wisconsin. The\\nsame year he became chief engineer of the old\\nWatertown Madison Railroad, now a part of\\nthe Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul system.\\nSubsequently he had charge of the construc-\\ntion of the Oconomowoc Columbia road, but\\nin 1858, owing to the financial panic of the\\nprevious year, all railroad building in the\\nNorthwest was suspended. Mr. Ward now\\nbegan the study of law. After six months of\\nreading with a law firm at Madison he con-\\ntinued his studies under such accomplished\\ninstructors as Judge George B. Smith and\\nSenator Matt. H. Carpenter, and was finally\\nadmitted to the bar by Judge Harlow S. Orion;\\nthe clerk of the court when he was admitted\\nwas Lucius Fairchild, afterwards a general in\\nthe army, Governor of the State, etc. Imme-\\ndiately upon his admission Mr. Ward began\\nthe practice. He was engaged in defending\\na man charged with murder when the news\\ncame that Sumter had been fired on. Amid\\nthe excitement occasioned by the war news\\nthe court adjourned, and the trial was never\\nfairly finished. Mr. Ward, however, secured\\nthe pardon of his client, as the story is told,\\nalthough it is more probable that the case\\nagainst him was dismissed, and this ended Mr.\\nWard s experience as a lawyer in Wisconsin.\\nLater, in 1801, he was appointed chief clerk of\\nthe Madison postoffice, under Hon. E. W. Keys,\\nand held the place for three years. He was\\nexempt from military duty, but he did good\\nwork for the Union cause by securing volun-\\nteers for nearly every regiment and battery\\nthat went to the front from Wisconsin. In\\n1804 he, in company with Maj. John W. Blake,\\nbuilt and for fourteen months operated a saw-\\nmill on the Little Wolf river in Wisconsin,\\nfinally selling the mill to the Wisconsin Manu-\\nfacturing Company. Mr. Ward came to\\nMinnesota late in the year 1865, and took\\ncharge, as chief engineer, of the construction\\nof the Winona St. Peter Railroad, which\\nwork he pushed to its completion in 1868. He\\nlocated at Waseca, and from the laying out\\nof the town this was ever after his home. Be\\nwas one of the original proprietors of t he town,\\nbecame identified with it and invested largely\\nin its realty and its other material interests.\\nHe was one of the organizers of the People s\\nBank and its president from its organization\\nuntil his death. He was also among the first\\nstockholders of the First National Bank of St.\\nPaul, and an intimate friend of its president,\\nthe late Horace Thompson; was one of the\\nfirst to engage in manufacturing in Waseca,\\nand built the first flouring mill and operated\\nit for some years. For a time he edited the\\nWaseca Radical. His ability and general\\nworth were appreciated and recognized by his\\nfellow-citizens, and in due time he was called\\nto public positions. For a long time he was\\na member of the city council of Waseca. In\\n1872 he was elected to the State Senate for\\na term of four years. In 188G he was again", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1068.jp2"}, "1069": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1069.jp2"}, "1070": {"fulltext": "The- Century PubUshUv/ Bymi iny Co Chicago-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1070.jp2"}, "1071": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1071.jp2"}, "1072": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1072.jp2"}, "1073": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n481\\nelected and served another term, which ex-\\npired in 1800. While in his Legislative posi-\\ntion he was prominent and influential and did\\nexcellent service for his constituents and his\\nState. In 1SS0 he was the Republican candi-\\ndate for Congress from his district, but owing\\nto dissension in his party he failed of election,\\nalthough he carried his home county, Waseca,\\nby a good majority, lb- was popular with all\\nparties, and at one time was solicited by the\\nDemocrats to become their candidate for an\\nimportant State office, although he was always\\na pronounced Republican. He was active in\\npolitics, and a frequent and effective speaker\\nin political campaigns. .Mr. Ward was an en-\\nterprising citizen, and managed his personal\\naffairs intelligently and successfully. At his\\ndeath he was one of the largest real estate\\nowners in Waseca county. His large farm of\\n71)0 acres, west of the city of Waseca, is still\\nowned by his family. He took great interest\\nin agricultural affairs, ami was proud to call\\nhimself a farmer. He hail a large acquaint-\\nance, and few men were as well known\\nthroughout the State. Personally, Senator\\nWard was of striking presence, lie was about\\nsix feet in height, of symmetrical build, and\\nhis average weight was about 180 pounds. His\\ncomplexion was fair, his eyes blue, and his\\nhair dark brown. He was a ripe scholar, a man\\nof large information, and was a fluent conver-\\nsationalist and a forcible public speaker. Of\\nhis characteristics as a man no better descrip-\\ntion may be made than that given by his friend,\\nMaj. John W. Blake, now of Dalton, Georgia,\\nwho knew him personally for more than thirty\\nyears. Major Blake writes:\\nI believe that no man of more noble and\\ngenerous impulses, or more kindly heart, or\\ngreater sympathy for the unfortunate, or char-\\nity for the erring, ever lived; and these were\\nnot merely sentimental trails, for whenever a\\ngood cause sought his aid his heart always\\nmade generous drafts upon his pocket. He\\nwill long live in the memory of many of the\\npoor and unfortunate, who will ever count him\\nas the kindliest friend of their lives. He was\\nstraightforward, plain-spoken, resolute and\\nbrave in every sense of the word he hated all\\nshame, meanness and hypocrisy, and resorted\\nto no devious ways to accomplish his purposes,\\nbut always acted the manly part. His friends\\nwere legion; his enemies few, and those few\\nhe fought in the open and fought fair, striking\\nstraight from the shoulder and full in the face.\\nHe possessed a good classical and scientific\\neducation, and throughout an active and busy\\nlife remained an ardent student, especially iii\\nthose lines relating to his profession, that of\\na civil engineer, in which he ranked high. He\\nread widely, and was intelligent upon all im-\\nportant matters of his time. He was patriotic,\\npublic-spirited, a steadfast friend through sun\\nshine and darkest storm. He was an honest\\nman. Could words give greater praise I could\\ntruthfully add them.\\nMr. Ward was twice married. His first mar-\\nriage was in December, 1852, to Miss Martha\\nE. Dodge. She died at Jefferson, Wisconsin,\\nin November, 1865, leaving two children,\\nnamed Clarence T., now of Redwood Falls,\\nMinnesota, and Annie L., now Mrs. E. A. Hen\\ndrickson, of SI. Paul. On December 14, 1867,\\nhe married Miss Ella Trowbridge, daughter\\nof Hon. I. C. Trowbridge. Surviving this mar-\\nriage are I he widow and four children. The\\nnames of the latter are Mattie E., now Mrs.\\nD. S. Cummings, of Waseca; Roscoe Percy\\nWard, cashier of I he People s Bank of Waseca;\\nFlorence T., now Mrs. II. Watson, of\\nWaukesha, Wisconsin, and Earl W. Ward, of\\nWaseca.\\nPIERCE BUTLER.\\nWhile still in his early prime, the subject of\\nthis sketch has attained to a prestige in the\\nlegal circles of the Northwest which makes\\nhis brief history well worthy of permanent\\nrecord. Pierce Butler, Esq., is a native of\\nMinnesota, born in Dakota county on the 17th\\nof March, 1866. He is the son of Patrick and\\nMary (Gaffney) Butler, both of whom were\\nnatives of Ireland, but who came to this coun-\\ntry about the middle of the passing century\\nand located in Minnesota, the elder Butler\\nbeing one of the pioneer farmers of this State.\\nPierce acquired a fundamental education in\\nthe public schools of his home county, and in\\ndue time became a student at Carleton College.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1073.jp2"}, "1074": {"fulltext": "482\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nHe graduated from this institution in June,\\n1887, and in the month of October of the fol-\\nlowing year was admitted to the bar iu the\\nState of Minnesota. Early in 1891 Mr. Butler\\nwas appointed assistant county attorney for\\nRamsey county by T. D. O Brien, of St. Paul.\\nHe did duty in tins capacity for two years,\\nthen, in November, 1892, he was elected to the\\nmore responsible post of county attorney, and\\ntwo years later was re-elected to the same\\noffice; and during this double term he distin-\\nguished himself for the efficiency of his service.\\nIn the year 181X5, Mr. Butler entered into a\\npartnership with Homer C. Eller and Jared\\nHow, under the style of Eller, How Butler.\\nAfter the senior partner died, the firm, as How\\nButler, continued and flourished until Sep-\\ntember 1, 1899, being dissolved on that date in\\nconsequence of Mr. Butler s appointment to the\\nposition of general attorney for the Chicago,\\nSt. Paul, Minneapolis Omaha Railway,\\nwhich he holds at the present time. Mr. But-\\nler is a family man, having been married, on\\nthe 25th of August, 1891, to Miss Annie M.\\nCronin, of St. Paul. Six children four sons\\nand two daughters have come to add to the\\njoys and responsibilities of our subject, whose\\nnames in the order of their birth are as fol-\\nlows: Pierce, William, Mary, Leo, Margaret\\nand Francis. The enviable position and repu-\\ntation which Pierce Butler enjoys to-day have\\nbeen to a very large degree won through his\\nown earnest efforts to make the most of his\\nnatural abilities, and the following commenda-\\ntory words of Judge Brill, of St. Paul, but\\nvoice the general estimate of his capacities and\\nachievements: Mr. Butler is considered by\\nthe bar and members of the profession as one\\nof the ablest young attorneys of the North-\\nwest, and as the most efficient county attorney\\nthat Ramsey county has ever had. He is a\\ngood trial lawyer, before either judge or jury.\\nWILLIAM L. KELLY.\\nWilliam Louis Kelly, one of the judges of\\nthe District Court of Minnesota for the Second\\nDistrict, was born August 27, 18: .7, at Spring-\\nfield, Washington county, Kentucky. He\\ncomes of a long line of distinguished jurists.\\nHis father, Col. Charles C. Kelly, of that pro-\\nfession, was clerk of the Circuit Court of his\\ncounty, and in 1849 sat in the Constitutional\\n(invention of Kentucky. His grandfather,\\nHon. William Louis Kelly, an Irish exile of\\n1787, settled in Kentucky in 1802, and two\\nyears thereafter was elevated to the Circuit\\nBench, where lie presided for thirty-three\\nyears. His grandmother was a sister of the\\nHon. John Rowan, of Louisville, one of Ken-\\ntucky s most distinguished jurists, and some\\ntime a Senator in Congress from that Stale.\\nOn his mother s side he is descended, through\\nMajor George Bourne, from an old Maryland\\nfamily, settled there in the days of Lord Balti-\\nmore. Judge Kelly received a good education,\\nliterary and classic, primarily at home from\\nhis father and mother, seconded by the ad-\\nvantages of an excellent village school. In\\n1854 his father s early death called him to\\nthe head of the family. Removing to Louis-\\nville in 1855, he found employment in the\\nChancery Court and soon after in the post-\\noffice. In the fall of 1855, he was made assist-\\nant postmaster, which position he held until\\n1864, when he resigned to enter the postal mili-\\ntary service. Meanwhile he managed to read\\nlaw, and in 185!) was graduated from the Law\\nDepartment of the University of Louisville.\\nIn 18(54, Mr. Kelly was commissioned a special\\nagent of the post-office department and placed\\nin sole charge of the mail service in the mili-\\ntary division of the .Mississippi. In this ca-\\npacity he was with General Sherman on the\\nAtlanta campaign, and saw constant service\\nin the field until the close of the war. His\\nduties called him into and through the States\\nof Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama.\\nMississippi and Louisiana, and, after the war\\nclosed. Texas. As the Judge puts it. he was\\nwith the army but not of it and, though with-\\nout military rank, had under his command\\nnearly a regiment of men. Having married\\nRosi Warren, a Kentucky girl (still beside\\nhim, an honored wife and mother), in 1865 In-\\nsettled in Minnesota. For three years he lived\\non and cultivated a farm upon Lake Harriet.", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1074.jp2"}, "1075": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n#3\\nIn 1869 be removed to St. Paul, where lie was\\nengaged, for the most part, in literary pursuits,\\namong other things as editor of the North-\\nwestern Chronicle. In 1878 he began to prac-\\ntice law as an exclusive occupation. In 1887\\nhe was appointed by Governor McGill, to a\\nvacancy upon the Ramsey county District\\nBench and has been twice reelected by\\nthe people. He is known as a conscientious\\nand fearless judge as well as a persistent and\\ncareful worker. He lias a good record for\\nnumber and importance and usual correctness\\nof his decisions. Like all men he makes some\\nmistakes, but is always glad to have his rul-\\nings and decisions reviewed, and errors, if any,\\ncorrected by the Supreme Court. His decisions\\nhave embraced every branch of the law. Some\\nof them have attracted more than ordinary at-\\ntention notably in this respect his judgment\\n(approved by the United States Supreme\\nCourt) enjoining and forbidding the proposed\\nconsolidation and absorption of the Northern\\nPacific Railway with and by the Great North-\\nern, in the case wherein the Slate of Minnesota\\nwas the plaintiff and the latter corporation the\\ndefendant. Among the trials of more than\\nlocal public interest at which he has presided\\nmay be mentioned those of the so-called bank\\nrobbers, Fleury and others, in 1893, and re-\\ncently of Rose, the notorious forger and direc-\\ntory swindler operating in ilie Twin Cities.\\nThese and other criminal cases tried by him\\nshow him to be merciful and tender with the\\nsimply erring, bul prepared to handle the pro-\\nfessional rascal without gloves.\\nTHOMAS I O BRIEN.\\nThomas Dillon O Brien, of St. Paul, was\\nborn at La Point, Madeline Island, Lake Su-\\nperior, Wisconsin, February 14, 1859, the son\\nof Dillon and Elizabeth (Kelly) O Brien. His\\nancestors on both his father s and mother s\\nside were Irish, people of education, refinement\\nand good standing. In 1863 his parents, with\\ntheir family, moved to St. Anthony. Minne-\\nsota, and after a residence there of two years,\\nremoved to St. Paul. Thomas attended the\\npublic schools and also received instructions\\nfrom his parents, and in April, 1877, began the\\nstudy of law with Young Newell at St. Paul,\\nand was admitted to the bar of the Supreme\\nCourt of the Slate April 17, 1880. Shortly\\nafterwards he became a member of the firm of\\nO Brien, Eller O Brien, composed of John D.\\nO Brien, Homer C. Eller and T. D. O Brien.\\nSubsequently he withdrew from the firm and\\nformed a co-partnership with his brother, C. D.\\nO Brien, under the firm name of C. D. Thos.\\nD. O Brien. Mr. O Brien was assistant city\\nattorney of St. Paul for several years, while\\nW. 1 Murray held the office of city attorney.\\nHe was elected county attorney of Ramsey\\ncounty in 1890, and served from January 1,\\n1891, to January 1, 1893, when he returned to\\nhis private practice, having declined a re-elec-\\ntion. Mr. Hi itii has taken an active interest\\nin the militia of the State, and was for two\\nyears captain of Battery A, of the Minnesota\\nNational Guard. In politics he is a Democrat\\nand an active participant in the promotion of\\nthe interests of his party. A prominent citizen\\nwho has known Mr. O Brien intimately for\\nmany years says:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2As a lawyer, Mr. O Brien is careful and pru-\\ndent in the direction of his client s affairs, as\\nwell as adroit, persuasive and forcible in the\\ntrial of I heir cases. A high sense of justice\\nenables him to know and to state the law with\\naccuracy and directness. The fairness of his\\nconcessions readily and cheerfully made to\\nhis opponents on all points not in serious con\\ntroversy, frequently wins favor for him with\\njudge and jury. He has conducted many trials\\nof importance which have attracted great pub-\\nlic attention and has on many occasions dis-\\nplayed unusual powers as an advocate. He is\\nalways candid with the court and courteous in\\nhis intercourse with other members of the bar\\nand is held in high esteem by both. He is\\nactive in politics, but is not a place-seeker or\\nspoilsman. He seeks the public welfare by the\\nbest methods. He tries to persuade and con-\\nvince the voters (hat his party s cause is right\\nand best for I he country, but never attempts\\nto cheat or deceive them. His toleration of the\\nviews of those who disagree with him. as to\\nmen or measures, enables him to judge ac\\ncurately of the tendency and strength of public\\nopinion. His advice, therefore, is valuable and", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1075.jp2"}, "1076": {"fulltext": "4*4\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nis often soughl by politicians and public men.\\nMori againsl his will than otherwise, he con-\\nsented to become the Minnesota member of the\\nNational Democratic Committee in 1896, and\\nas such directed a clean and vigorous eontest\\nin the campaign of that year, and his efforts\\nand advice contributed much to make the suc-\\ncess of his party in the State election of L898.\\nPersonally he is genial and attractive. His\\nfondness for his friends and his hospitality are\\nwell known. No man has a kindlier heart or\\na higher sense of honor.\\nMr. O Brien was married April lit, 1888, at\\nPhiladelphia, to Miss Mary Cruice, daughter of\\nDr. W. E. Cruice, of that city. They have four\\nchildren, Eleanor, Dillon, Louise and William\\nR. They are members of the Roman Catholic\\nchurch.\\nJOHN H. STEVENS.\\nThe first settler on the west bank of the\\nMississippi, on the site of the city of Minne-\\napolis, was t ol. John H. Stevens. Since he\\ncame to Minnesota and took up his farm over-\\nlooking the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1849, he\\nhas been one of the most conspicuous and\\ninteresting figures in Minneapolis affairs. Few\\nmen have the privilege of seeing great cities\\nbuilt up on the sites of their modest frontier\\nhomesteads. Colonel Stevens has not only\\nseen this, bu1 he has been an active partici-\\npant in the upbuilding process. Colonel Ste-\\nvens is a native of Canada, though his parents\\nand ancestors for generations were New Eng-\\nland people. He traces his line back to Cap-\\ntain Stevens, who served with honor iu King-\\nPhilip s war during the early Colonial times.\\nGardner Stevens, Colonel Stevens father, was\\na native and a citizen of Vermont. He mar-\\nried Deborah Harrington, also of Vermont,\\nwho was the only daughter of Dr. John Har-\\nrington, who was a surgeon in the Colonial\\narmy during the Revolution. John was their\\nsecond son. He was born on June 13, 1820.\\nThe boy was educated at the common schools\\nin the East, and in the public schools in Wis-\\nconsin and Illinois, in which latter State he\\ncast his first vote, in 1842. During his early\\nmanhood the Mexican War broke out. and\\nColonel Stevens enlisted and served through-\\nout the war. For a year or so after the close\\nof the war he remained in Wisconsin and Illi-\\nnois, and in 1st!) came to Minnesota. Upon\\narriving at the Falls of St. Anthony, Colonel\\nStevens formed a business partnership with\\nFranklin Steele, who had a store at the little\\nhamlet on the east bank of the river. But the\\nyoung man saw clearly the advantages of a site\\non the west bank. This ground was then a\\nmilitary reservation, and repeated attempts to\\nsecure permission to settle upon it had been\\nunsuccessful. Colonel Stevens, however, final-\\nly secured official leave, and at once took up\\na farm on the site now covered by the heavy\\nbusiness portion of Minneapolis and the great\\nflour milling district. The following year he\\nbrought a young wife from Illinois to this new\\nfarm and established the first home in Minne-\\napolis proper, or the original Minneapolis. For\\na time Colonel Stevens worked this riverside\\nfarm, but it soon became evident that the\\nground was needed for a town. He was a\\npractical surveyor, and with generous public\\nspirit he platted the laud to which he had\\nalready become attached, laid out city lots and\\nblocks, and subsequently gave away many of\\nthem to people who would occupy them. From\\nthat time on Colonel Stevens was for many\\nyears foremost in furthering the interests of\\nthe city and State, lie took a lively interest\\nin the promotion of immigration and the explo-\\nration and settling of the country west of\\nMinneapolis, in those days an almost unbroken\\nwilderness. Many incidents in his long life in\\nthe State are of absorbing interest. For sev-\\neral years after he built his house on the river\\nbank it was the center of the life of the young\\ncommunity. A liberal hospitality was dis-\\npensed. Immigrants, neighbors, hunters and\\nexplorers, and often the Indians themselves,\\nwere entertained at that old house. In it\\nchurches, societies, lodges and boards were or-\\nganized. The old building, after being moved\\nfrom place to place as the city developed, has\\nat last found a resting place, appropriately,\\nnear the Falls of Minnehaha, in the beautiful\\npark now belonging to the city, whither it\\nwas moved by the school children of Minneap-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1076.jp2"}, "1077": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1077.jp2"}, "1078": {"fulltext": "f\\n-p", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1078.jp2"}, "1079": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1079.jp2"}, "1080": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1080.jp2"}, "1081": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n48S\\nolis in the spring of L896. Colonel Stevens\\nlove for agriculture and everything pertaining\\nto the farm, was of enormous benefit to the\\nyoung farming community of Minnesota. His\\ninfluence was felt in the establishment of the\\nagricultural and horticultural associations,\\nand in the promotion of good methods of farm-\\ning and stock raising. He was the first man\\nto bring thoroughbred stock into the State.\\nAfter his farm at the Falls was made a city\\nsite, he carried on farming at other places, at\\none time having a large establishment at Hen-\\ncoo, Minnesota. His lifelong devotion to agri-\\nculture was honored by his election to the\\noffice of president of the .Minnesota State\\nAgricultural Society. Though never seeking\\noffice, Colonel Stevens was in earlier times\\ncalled to serve the public in several official\\ncapacities. He was the first register of deeds\\nof Hennepin county, and served for several\\nterms in both branches of the State Legisla-\\nture. During the Indian uprising, as brigadier\\ngeneral of the militia, he commanded troops\\nand volunteers sent to the front. With all his\\ncares and duties he has, during his busy life,\\nfound time to do a great deal of writing, and\\nhas owned a number of papers. Among those\\nwhich he lias conducted or edited were the\\nSt. Anthony Express, The Chronicle, Glen-\\ncoe Register, Farmer and Gardener, Farm-\\ners Tribune, and Farm, Slock and Home.\\nIn 1890 he published a book entitled Per-\\nsonal Recollections of Minnesota and Its\\nPeople, and Early History of Minneapolis.\\nHe also contributed several chapters to the\\npublication known as Atwater s History of\\nMinneapolis. Colonel Stevens was married,\\non May 1, 1850, to Miss Frances Hellen Miller,\\na daughter of Abner Miller, of Westmoreland,\\nNew York. They were married at Rockford,\\nIllinois. They have had six children. Mary\\nElizabeth, the first white child born in Min-\\nneapolis, died in her seventeenth year, Catk-\\nrine D., the second child, is the wife of 1 1\\nWinston. The third daughter. Sarah, is de-\\nceased. Gardner, the fourth child, and only\\nson. is a civil engineer. Orma, the fifth, is\\nnow Mrs. Wm. L. Peck. The sixth, Frances\\nHelen, is married to Isaac II. Chase,\\nof Rapid City, South Dakota. It is character\\nistic of Colonel Stevens that, though comfort-\\nably off at the present time, he has never made\\nhis wonderful opportunities for personal profit\\na means of amassing wealth. The public spirit\\nand broad generosity of the man have made\\nsuch a course practically impossible for him.\\nMILLEDGE B. SHEFFIELD.\\nThe late Milledge Benjamin Sheffield, of\\nFaribault, president of the Sheffield Milling\\nCompany, was born in Cornwallis-, Nova Sen\\ntia, on the 2nd of May, 1830. lie was extracted\\nfrom sturdy stock mingled English and\\nScotch on each ancestral line and his phys-\\nical inheritance, to start with, was a magnifi-\\ncent one. The Sheffield family, of which there\\nwere numerous representatives in the little\\nNortheastern peninsula, was distinguished for\\nits tall and nobly developed specimens of man-\\nhood; and the subject of this sketch was no\\nexception to the rule. Measuring over six feet\\nin height, finely proportioned, dignified in car-\\nriage and manners, and wearing his dark,\\nruddy beard full and flowing, the keen glance\\nof his grey eye completed the effect of an unu-\\nsually commanding presence, causing him to\\nbe frequently referred to as a gentleman of\\nthe old school. His parents, Benjamin IS. and\\nFanny (Steadman) Sheffield, were also natives\\nof Nova Scotia; and the father was a man of\\nconsequence in the home community. He was\\nwell-to-do, being the owner of a variety of\\nproperties, including mills, foundry, machine\\nshops and farm lands. His ambitions were\\nmodest, however, and he never sought nor\\nfilled public office; but he was held in highest\\nesteem for his native ability and absolute\\nrectitude of character. Blessed in such a fa-\\nther, and surrounded by elevating and refining\\nhome influences, Milledge B. Sheffield grew to\\nmanh 1. His school training was but medi-\\nocre, being limited to the common-school\\ncourse of his native town; but. all things\\nconsidered, he had a far safer and surer equip-\\nment for a successful life battle than has the\\naverage college bred man. In June, 1865, Mr.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1081.jp2"}, "1082": {"fulltext": "4 86\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nSheffield, who had now been married for some\\nyears, came, with his family, to Minnesota to\\njoin his brother, Sumner A. Sheffield, who\\nsome two years prior to this time had located\\nupon a tract of land mow the county poor\\nfarm) near Faribault. Milledge B. remained\\nwith his brother but a short time, however,\\nsoon moving into the city and establishing\\nthere a retail grocery business. In Faribault\\nlie quickly gained a reputation as a thorough-\\ngoing, honorable and generous business man,\\nand his honesty proved a very good policy in-\\ndeed. The small capital which he had brought\\nto the West expanded until he was able to\\npurchase an interest in the Walcott Flour\\nMills, located about four miles from Faribault.\\nA little later he bought out his partners, took\\nhis son into partnership and enlarged and im-\\nproved the mills, which were operated for a\\nnumber of years. November 31, 1895, the\\nWalcott mills were destroyed by fire, and\\nwere not rebuilt on the old site; but Mr. Shef-\\nfield erected at another point a large mill, and\\nwith his son organized the Sheffield Milling\\nCompany, of which he became president, and\\nof whose stock he was nearly exclusive own-\\ner. These mills, which were equipped with\\nthoroughly modern machinery, had a daily\\ncapacity of one thousand barrels of Hour,\\nand furnished employment to a small army of\\nmen; and they speedily became the nucleus of\\na village, called Sheffield Mills, which sprang\\nup to furnish convenient homes for the em-\\nployes and their families. Nor was this the\\nextent of Mr. Sheffield s enterprise in the flour\\nindustry. He acquired from the !rown Milling\\nCompany their plant at Morristown, becoming\\ninterested, also, in the construction of grain\\nelevators along railroad lines through south-\\nem Minnesota. Iowa and South Dakota. Mr.\\nSheffield was a man of large interests and\\nsuccessful achievement; but business did not\\nabsorb the whole man, or even the best of him.\\nHe had a deep, loving nature, most perfectly\\nenshrined in the home sanctuary. To many\\nmen marriage is a mere incident among others;\\nbut marriage and the founding of home was\\nto him the golden event of his life. That event\\nwas consummated on the 8th of March. I860,\\nthe woman of his choice being Rachel Tup-\\nper, own cousin of Sir Charles Tupper,\\nsecretary of the Dominion of Canada. The\\nTupper family was then, as now, very promi-\\nnent in Canada, and the culture and refine-\\nments of Rachel, which had graced the position\\nin which she had been reared, shone no less\\nbrightly in her wedded home. Three children\\nBenjamin B., Frances and Harold came to\\nbless this union, but dark wings soon hovered\\nover the happy family. Shortly after their re-\\nmoval to Faribault Harold died, and upon the\\n5th of October, 1870, Mrs. Sheffield was taken,\\nat the age of thirty-three, leaving her fond\\nhusband mateless, for her sake, to the end of\\nhis life. Mr. Sheffield took but slight interest\\nin politics, and none whatever from the stand-\\npoint of personal ambition; but he read much\\nand possessed a large fund of general informa-\\ntion. He was fond of travel, too, and indulged\\nthis taste to a considerable extent after the\\nloss of his wife. He first took his children\\nback to the old home in Nova Scotia, where\\nthey remained at school for a couple of years,\\nthen returned with them to Faribault, and\\nafter keeping them in school here for two\\nyears he took them to California for a sojourn\\nof equal length. Again returning with them\\nto Faribault, he made this city his abiding-\\nplace to the end, with the exception of a few\\nwinters spent in the South. He died on Octo-\\nber 15, 1899, in his seventieth year, at the\\nhome of his daughter, Mrs. Alson Blodgett,\\nof Faribault. He had lived in retirement from\\nactive business during the last few years, his\\nson, ex-Mayor B. B. Sheffield, taking charge of\\nhis milling interests. He had never ceased to\\nmourn for his wife, but his children, to whom\\nhe was passionately devoted, tempered his sor-\\nrow, which brooded over his spirits as a\\ngentle melancholy without embittering or es-\\ntranging him from his fellow-men. The fol-\\nlowing extract is from an editorial in the local\\npress at the time of his death:\\nMr. Sheffield was a man for whom every ac-\\nquaintance had the highest respect, every\\nfriend the most abiding friendship, and every\\nmember of his household the most sincere af-\\nfection. Faribault has had many citizens more", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1082.jp2"}, "1083": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1083.jp2"}, "1084": {"fulltext": "The Century Publishing S. Engraving Co Chicago-", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1084.jp2"}, "1085": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1085.jp2"}, "1086": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1086.jp2"}, "1087": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n487\\npretentious, many whose passing ereated more\\nstir in the waves that surge about us; but il\\nnever had a more useful citizen one who did\\nmore in a solid, unostentatious way to benefit\\nthe city and its people than Milledge B. Shef-\\nfield.\\nFRANK A. BLACKMER.\\nAmong the medical pioneers of Albert Lea,\\nMinnesota. Frank Amos Blackmer, M. D., is\\none of the most prominent, enjoying also a\\nhigh standing in the profession as a present\\npractitioner. He is a native of Ohio, born at\\nAmherst, January 10, 1847. The Blackmers\\nare of English descent, emigrating ancestors\\nhaving settled in New York State at an early\\nperiod; and three uncles of Dr. Blackmer were\\nsoldiers in the War of 1812. His parents were\\nFranklin and Minerva (Wilkins) Blackmer, his\\nfather having been a physician of wide reputa-\\ntion who was in active practice for over forty\\nyears. In 1858, Dr. Franklin Blackmer took\\nup a claim of Government land in Freeborn\\ncounty, Minnesota, and in the following year\\nmoved his family hither. His farm lay about\\na mile from the city of Albert Lea, which has\\nsince expanded to such an extent that it now\\ncovers a portion of the original Blackmer\\nclaim. After settling in Albert Lea, Dr. Black-\\nmer, the elder, followed his profession only\\nduring the Civil War. when Dr. Wedge then\\nthe sole practicing physician in that section\\nof the State temporarily transferred to him\\nthe business and enlisted as surgeon in the\\narmy. Dr. Franklin Blackmer and his wife\\nboth died at Albert Lea. each at the age of\\nabout seventy-five years, and the farm home-\\nstead is now the property of the junior Dr.\\nBlackmer. The subject of this sketch obtained\\nfirst a common-school education in the public\\ninstitutions of Albert Lea, then in 1863 en-\\ntered Oberlin College, where he pursued a\\nfive-years course of study. Upon leaving col-\\nlege, he became a student in the medical school\\nat Cleveland, Ohio, now known as the Cleve-\\nland Medical College, from which institution\\nhe graduated in February, 18G8, having but\\njust attained his majority. Returning to Al-\\nbert Lea, our youthful doctor of medicine en-\\ntered, a month later, upon his professional\\ncareer, which has been continuous both in time\\nand in prosperity with the exception of one\\nyear, when he was incapacitated for active\\nwork by the effects of a wound received during\\na short term of service in the Civil War. He\\nhad enlisted on February 14, 18G2, in Com-\\npany C, Fifth Minnesota Infantry, was mus-\\ntered in as sergeant, and, with his company,\\nstationed at Fort Ripley. During the follow-\\ning summer he was present at the payment\\nof the Indians at YeTlow Medicine, and, August\\n22, participated in the battle of Fort Ridgely,\\nreceiving a severe gun-shot wound through the\\nface, jaw and tongue. In consequence of be-\\ning thus disabled, he received his discharge\\nfrom the service in October of the same year.\\nOn the 15th of October, 1872, Dr. Blackmer\\nwas married to France E. Wedge, of Fond du\\nLac, Wisconsin; and on November 11, 1873, a\\nson their only child was born to them. This\\nson, Roy C. Blackmer, was deprived of his eye-\\nsight by an accident at the age of fourteen,\\nand was for a time an attendant at the State\\nschool for the blind at Faribault. He is, how-\\never, a high school graduate, and is well\\nknown in Albert Lea as the founder, proprietor\\nand editor of the Freeborn County Times. Dr.\\nBlackmer, with his family, attends the Pres-\\nbyterian church, to the support of which he\\ncontributes in proportion to his means. The\\nDoctor is a Republican, but has never been an\\naspirant for political honors. His professional\\nduties are exacting. One of the first physi-\\ncians to locate in Albert Lea, he has built up\\na visiting practice which covers an extensive\\narea of the country, in the widely dispersed\\nhomes of which his patients listen for the\\nsound of his horse s feet, heralding the auspi-\\ncious event of their weary day.\\nWILLIS E. DODGE.\\nWillis Edward Dodge, of Minneapolis, is of\\nEnglish descent, his ancestors having come to\\nthi* country from England in 1670. Three\\nbrothers emigrated together, and their de-\\nscendants took an active part in the Revolu-", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1087.jp2"}, "1088": {"fulltext": "488\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntion, in which they were known as the\\nManchester men. Andrew Jackson Dodge,\\ngrandfather of Willis Edward, settled in Mont-\\npelier, Vermont, in 1812. The subject of this\\nsketch was born at Lowell, Vermont, May 11,\\n1857, the son of William Baxter Dodge and\\nHarriett (Baldwin) Dodge. William B. Dodge\\nwas a farmer in ordinary circumstances. Wil-\\nlis E. began his education in the public schools\\nof Vermont, and later attended St. Johnbury\\nAcademy, where he took the classical course,\\npreparatory for Dartmouth College. He did\\nnot, however, lake a college course, but began\\nthe study of law with Hon. W. W. Grout, a\\nmember of Congress from the Second Vermont\\nDistrict, and also read law with Hon. F. W.\\nBaldwin, of Barton, Vermont, in 1879 and 1880.\\nHe was admitted to the bar in September, 1880,\\nin Orleans county, Vermont. In October of\\nthat year he came west in search of better\\nopportunities and settled at Fargo, North Da-\\nkota. Subsequently he removed to Jamestown,\\nNorth Dakota, where he was appointed attor-\\nney for the Northern Pacific Railroad, and held\\nthat office until July, 1887. He was then ap-\\npointed attorney for the St. Paul, Minneapolis\\nManitoba Railway Company for Dakota, and\\nreturned to Fargo, where he lived for some\\ntime. Colonel Dodge, as he is familiarly\\nknown, has become distinguished for those\\nstrong personal and intellectual qualities inher-\\nited from his ancestors, who have been for a\\nlong time representative of the sturdy and\\nbrainy Green Mountain type. He is a man of\\nextraordinary physical and mental energy, of\\nintense powers of application, and one whose\\nintellect is distinguished for its natural keen-\\nness and powers of discrimination. These nat-\\nural qualities, together with his experience in\\nliot li the political and judicial arenas in the con-\\nllicls which resulted in the building up of the\\ngreat States of North and South Dakota,\\nbrought him to the front, even at an early age,\\nas one of the ablest lawyers of the Northwest.\\nFrom the front rank of the lawyers of the then\\nnew State of North Dakota, he came, in 1S0O,\\nto the Twin Cities and took up his residence\\nin Minneapolis, where his abilities at once re-\\nceived deserved recognition from both the\\ncourts and legal fraternity. He continued to\\nact as attorney for the Great Northern Railway\\nCompany, formerly the St. Paul, Minneapolis\\nManitoba Railway Company, in Minneapolis\\nuntil January 1, 1900, when he was promoted\\nto the position of general attorney for the com-\\npany, and removed to the general office build-\\nings of the company in St. Paul. While chiefly\\nengaged in railroad litigation, his practice has\\ncovered a large field and has involved all the\\nvaried work which is imposed upon a general\\npractitioner. In the defense and prosecution\\nof cases of immense importance, few lawyers\\nof the State have had an experience which\\nequals his, either in extent or variety. Mr.\\nDodge has always been a Republican, and\\nwhile a resident of North Dakota was made\\na member of the State Senate in 1886 and 1887.\\nDuring his residence in Jamestown he served\\nthat city as its corporation counsel for eight\\nyears. March 27, 1882, Mr. Dodge married\\nHattie M. Crist, of Vinton, Iowa. They have\\ntwo children, Dora Mae and William E.\\nJOHN BLANCHARD.\\nThe late John Blanchard, of Minneapolis,\\nwas born at Sandusky, Ohio, March 31, 18-12.\\nHe was descended from Huguenot stock. His\\nfather. Rev. Benjamin Waite Blanchard. was\\nfor twenty years a Methodist circuit rider. In\\nis It, he removed to Canada, and finally set-\\ntled at Brockville. where John was educated,\\ngraduating from Albert College at a very early\\nage. In 1862, when but twenty years old,\\nhe made his first visit to Minnesota. It was\\nduring the war. and 1). C. Shepard. of St. Paul,\\nwho was constructing the Iowa and Minnesota\\ndivision of the Milwaukee railroad, had trouble\\nin securing men. They advertised for men in\\nthe Canadian papers, and Mr. Blanchard un-\\ndertook to secure a force of two hundred. He\\naccompanied them to Minnesota, and was\\nabout to return to Canada. When those he\\nhad conducted to the wilds of .Minnesota saw\\nhim preparing to depart they too made ready\\nto accompany him. They reasoned that the\\nwar was on, and that they might be impressed", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1088.jp2"}, "1089": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n489\\ninto the army. At this point Mr. Shepard\\ntold him that he could not go, as the\\nmen would not stay unless he remained.\\nIn order that the contractor might have\\nthe services of the men imported, Mr.\\nBlanchard consented to remain nominally in\\ncharge of the men, but really with little to do\\nbeyond amusing himself. It was at this time\\nthat he was offered a farm in I he vicinity of\\nNicollet avenue and Seventeenth street for a\\nmonth s salary, but after looking the field over\\nhe concluded that he would rather have the\\nmoney. It was while engaged in this work\\nthat he did his first writing for the newspa-\\npers, and his letters to the Ottawa papers,\\nrelative to the Northwest, had much to do\\ntoward directing Canadian immigration in this\\ndirection. In the fall of the year, much against\\nMr. Shepard s wishes, he returned to Canada.\\nWhile there he received several communica-\\ntions urging him to return to Minnesota, but\\nhe declined the tempting offers. He married\\nMiss Sarah Young at Norham, December 24,\\n1SC2. Soon after this he went to New York\\nand connected himself with a firm of publish-\\ners. His duties required him to visit every\\npart of the country, and he kept up a continu-\\nous correspondence with the Canadian papers,\\nparticularly those at Ottawa. It was this work\\nthat created in him a desire to engage perma-\\nnently in newspaper work. The opportunity\\nsoon came. In 1871 he spent some time with\\nMrs. Blanchard s relatives at Monticello, Iowa.\\nHe was a total stranger, but it was not long\\nbefore he became quite well known. In some\\nmanner he was drawn into a controversy in\\nthe columns of the Monticello Express with a\\nmost orthodox theologian. The Bible was un-\\nder discussion, and the strong articles from\\nhis pen soon attracted Slate wide attention,\\nand his authorship was acknowledged. As\\nsoon as this became known he was besieged\\nby leading men of Monticello to purchase the\\nExpress. Capitalists supported him in the en-\\nterprise and he soon became owner of the pa-\\nper. From that time his reputation as a writer\\nincreased, and the Monticello Express became\\nknown as one of the strongest papers in the\\nState of Iowa. It was while at Monticello that\\nhe was made postmaster, by President Ha.\\\\es.\\nAfter publishing the Express for thirteen\\nyears, he removed to Dubuque in 1881 and\\naccepted the position of editor of the Du-\\nbuque Times, and in a short time became part\\nowner of that paper. At the time of his arrival\\nDubuque was a great Democratic stronghold,\\nand General 1). I!. Henderson, now Speaker\\nof the National House of Representatives, was\\na candidate for Congress. The fight was a hot\\none perhaps the hottest the State of Iowa\\nhas ever seen, and the credit of General Hen-\\nderson s victory, for he was elected, was\\ngiven to the Dubuque Times editorials. Mr.\\nBlanchard was intimately acquainted with\\nall the great politicians and other prominent\\nmen in the State, and partly as a reward for\\nhis great services in the Republican party,\\nwith which he was then allied, he was made\\nState oil inspector by Governor Larrabee. In\\nthe spring of 1889 he disposed of his interest in\\nthe Dubuque Times and came to Minneapolis,\\nwhere he engaged in some business ventures;\\nbut the old liking for newspaper work was too\\nstrong to be withstood, and in the fall of the\\nyear he became a member of the staff of the\\nMinneapolis Times. At first he occupied a\\nsubordinate position as editorial writer, but it\\nwas not long before he became editor of the\\nTimes, which position he filled to the time\\nof his death. It is doubtful if there was ever\\na harder working newspaper man in Minne-\\napolis. Mr. Blanchard was a glutton for work.\\nHe never knew when to stop, and from early\\nin the day until late at night he was to be\\nfound at his desk. He had the courage of his\\nconvictions. What he thought was right he up-\\nheld, and what he thought was wrong he\\ntiever hesitated to oppose. It is true that he\\nmade enemies, but his enemies admitted that\\nhis position was honestly taken. Generous\\nto a fault, a hard-luck story always moved\\nhim, and there were many recipients of his\\ngenerosity who will sorely miss him. Every\\nnewspaper man was his friend, and among his\\nassociates on The Times, as well as his inti-\\nmates employed on the other Minneapolis pa-\\npers, he was affectionately known as Uncle\\nJohn. Courteous to all, this virtue was", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1089.jp2"}, "1090": {"fulltext": "4QO\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsometimes taken advantage of by well-\\nmeaning friends, but if they called when\\nhe was crowded with work he always\\nfound time to chat with the caller if it\\nwas a friendly visit, or to give aid and coun-\\nsel if one was in trouble. All this he did,\\nand the caller never knew that frequently he\\nwas delaying pressing work or interrupting\\nthe thread of an important editorial. Mr.\\nBlanchard died at his home in Minneapolis,\\nSeptember 12, 1899. He is survived by his\\nwife, a son. Clarence J. Blanchard, a daughter,\\nMiss Evangelin Blanchard, and an adopted\\nson, Shelley Blanchard, and three brothers.\\nOf the many loving tributes paid to his mem-\\nory by the press and prominent men of the\\nState, we have space for only one that of\\nMayor James Gray, of Minneapolis which\\nseems to voice the universal sentiment of those\\nwho knew him best:\\nJohn Blanchard was a man whom his\\nfriends loved. No man had in larger degree\\nthat fine faculty of making men attach them-\\nselves to him with bonds nearer and dearer\\nthan friendship. So his death is an inexpres-\\nsible grief to those who knew him and had\\nmade themselves part of him. It is hard to\\nsay anything in the presence of such a sorrow.\\nIt would be better to nurse it iu the heart,\\nthere to do good, for a vivid remembrance of\\nJohn Blanchard can be nothing less than an\\nincentive to a hearty intellectual independence.\\nHe loved his friends so ardently that his mon-\\nument should be an intangible but altogether\\nreal uplifting of all those who ever came un-\\nder his influence.\\nAs an editor, Mr. Blanchard was moved al-\\nways by a high sense of justice. He was an\\neditor of the Greeley and Sam Battles type\\nand, frankly, I do not believe he was inferior\\nin either in professional gifts. It may be\\npointed out that Greeley was more prominent\\nin the profession, but it does not argue that\\nhe was necessarily greater. It can be said of\\nboth that they rose to their opportunities and\\ndischarged their duties without fear. Mr.\\nBlanchard had a wider sympathy than any\\nmodern editor. He wrote powerfully on poli-\\ntics, entertainingly on aesthetics, sympathetic-\\nally on religion. He touched no subject that he\\ndid not adorn with dignified thought and fe-\\nlicitous expression. lie lived to see Ids paper\\ndiscussing the high topics of life and always\\nbelieved that the people were thinking of the\\ngood, the true, the beautiful, as well as upon\\nthe great enterprises and the violent struggles\\nof the world.\\nHis editorials would fill many volumes, but\\nthey would be found directed always to one\\nend freedom of thought and independence of\\naction. Like all men of genius and earnest life,\\nMr. Blanchard occasionally permitted himself\\nto be playful, and when he wrote to be amus-\\ning, he touched a vein of humor that bubbled\\nlike a pure spring out of a mountain.\\nHe is gone, perhaps he will be forgotten.\\nNewspaper work is not conducive to immor-\\ntality. Ir is not intended to be permanent,\\nexcept as it is based on truth, and truth often\\nforgets to name the individual who was its\\nservant. But who of those who knew him\\nwould exchange his smile, his greeting, his\\nhuman interest for the privilege of gazing on\\na marble column. Sweet, kind soul pure and\\nguileless heart, it cannot, it should not have\\nnone.\\nJOSEPH A WHEELOCK.\\nThe name, Joseph A. Wheelock, editor-in-\\nchief of the Pioneer Press of St. Paul, is fa-\\nmiliar to every one conversant, to any degree,\\nwith the personnel of American journalism.\\nAssociated with the newspapers of Minnesota,\\nduring the latter half of the century, he has\\ngiven To Northwestern journalism, through\\nthe paper of his creation, a standard which has\\nbeen and continues to be invaluable. The main\\nposition taken by a prominent newspaper,\\nwhich speaks at once to and for the people, is\\nvastly important; and an adequate study of\\nthe development of any given section must\\nnecessarily include a review of the attitude\\nmaintained by its leading newspaper. There-\\nfore, although not conspicuously identified by\\nname and office in public affairs of the North-\\nwest, Mr. Wheelock is nevertheless bound by\\nthe closest and finest ties to its history. The\\npioneer among Western editors, he is to be\\nrated among the makers of the State as truly\\nas the men who did their work in the Legisla-\\nture or the more conspicuous field of the ad-\\nministrative government. Joseph A. Whee-\\nlock was born at Bridgtown, Nova Scotia.\\nFebruary 8, 1831. He was educated at Sack-\\nville Academy, and came to Minnesota in 1850,\\nat the aye of nineteen. He began his business", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1090.jp2"}, "1091": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n49 1\\nlife as a clerk in a suttler s store at Fort Snell-\\ning, then a lively trading post. In 185G, he be-\\ncame editor of the Real Estate and Financial\\nAdvertiser, published in St. Paul, and in 1858\\nhe was attached to the editorial staff of the\\nSt. Paul Pioneer, where he remained for two\\nyears. In 1801 he was appointed commissioner\\nof statistics for Minnesota, being the first to\\noccupy that position. The report compiled by\\nhim during his two years service in this ca-\\npacity was the first important collection of\\nMinnesota statistics ever published, and is still\\na valuable work of reference, containing, as it\\ndoes, an analysis of Minnesota s position in\\nthe plan of continental development, a careful\\noutline of its physical characteristics and\\ncomparative geography and an exhaustive\\nstatement of its resources as ascertainable at\\nthat time. The character of ibis book is some-\\nthing more than statistical, for it reveals the\\ndiscrimination and far-seeing judgment of the\\nman, who saw Minnesota s greatest possibili-\\nties and from them augured her mighty future.\\nIn 1861 Mr. Wheelock was married to Miss\\nKate French, daughter of Theodore French,\\nof Concord, New Hampshire. At about the\\nsame period, he, in association with Hon. Will-\\niam R. Marshall, founded the St. Paul Press,\\nand thus began his actual editorial career. He\\ncontinued editor-in-chief of the Press up to the\\ntime and after its union with the Pioneer, and\\nhis work in this capacity established his repu-\\ntation in journalism and gave the Northwest\\nits first great newspaper. The stanch Repub-\\nlican position adopted and maintained by the\\nPress at the beginning of the war was the\\nkey-note of its future. From 1871 to 1875, Mr.\\nWheelock held the office of postmaster at St.\\nPaul. Although, with the exception of this\\nterm and the appointment as commissioner of\\nstatistics, he has not held office in the State\\nof his adoption, he nevertheless figured ac-\\ntively in some of the exciting crises of St.\\nPaul s early history. In those days, which\\ntest the mettle of a community and frequently\\ndecide whether brute force or intelligence shall\\nrule, the young Nova Scotian stood with his\\nassociates for the finer element in public af-\\nfairs. The force of his personality proved in-\\ncisive and indomitable and made a lasting\\nimpression upon his contemporaries. Although\\nhe enjoyed the advantages of education and a\\nfavorable environment in youth, he is yet to\\nbe regarded as a self-made man in the best\\nsense, namely, through native ability, integrity\\nand force. Among the important services Mr.\\nWheelock has rendered to St. Paul outside his\\nprofession, is his work on the park board of\\nthe city, in which he has been an active mem\\nber for years. To his untiring and judicious\\ninterest St. Paul owes some of the most im-\\nportant improvements in its admirable park\\nsystem. Into the paper whose fortunes he has\\nmoulded, however, Mr. Wheelock has put his\\nlife-work. In its history we read the character\\nof the man. The qualities which have made him\\na marked figure in the history of this city and\\nState, are honesty, fearlessness, confidence\\nhonesty of mind, fearlessness of conviction,\\nconfidence in the cause of right. These attri-\\nbutes, backed by a remarkable intellectual\\nequipment and combined with literary discern-\\nment and independence, are the essentials of\\ncreative journalism. As a thinker, Mr. Whee-\\nlock is logical, clear and incisive. As a writer\\nhe has a trenchant polished style, rising to elo-\\nquence at times and touched not infrequently\\nwith needful sarcasm. He is as fearless a\\nfighter of shams as ho is a supporter of the\\ntruth. Stanchly Republican in his convictions\\nhe is as an editor broad in his sympathies and\\ncandid in his appreciation of his opponent s\\nclaim. Both as an editor and citizen his labors\\nin the community have had an indelible influ-\\nence for progress and enlightenment. The his-\\ntory of the Pioneer Press involves the history\\nof its predecessors and progenitors. The Pio-\\nneer, of Democratic traditions, was founded in\\n1849 and had James M. Goodhue and Earl S.\\nGoodrich as its successive editors. The Press,\\na few months after its birth, January, 1861, ab-\\nsorbed the Minnesotian, which was founded iu\\n1852. The consolidation with the Pioneer was\\neffected in 1875, the first number appearing\\nApril 11. The political history of the paper\\nis identical with that of the Republican parly\\nin the Northwest. It has given the dominant\\nnote to Northwestern Republicanism, as well", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1091.jp2"}, "1092": {"fulltext": "492\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nas Northwestern journalism. Its political tone\\nLas been high and clean; its policy broad and\\ncandid. As a teacher of sound finance, it is\\nnot too much to say that the Pioneer Press has\\nstood abreast with the oldest and ablest papers\\nin the United States. It has done more than\\nany one agency in the Northwest to combat er-\\nratic and superficial financial doctrines. It is\\nequally sound on sociological questions, and in\\nall religious and philanthropic issues it has\\nmaintained a dignified and tolerant position.\\nLocally it has been a powerful agent in the\\ndevelopment of the city, and has been constant\\nin its advocacy of municipal reforms and pub-\\nlic improvements. Mr. and Mrs. Wheelock\\nhave three children, Katrine, Mary Ellen and\\nWebster.\\nCHARLES I). GILFILLAN.\\nHon. Charles Duncan Gilfillan, of St. Paul,\\nwas born at New Hartford, Oneida county,\\nNew York, July 4, 1831. His parents, James\\nand Agnes Gilfillan, were both natives of Ban-\\nnockburn, Scotland. They emigrated to Amer-\\nica in 1830, and their son Charles, the subject\\nhereof, was the only member of their family\\nborn in the United States. He was left an\\norphan at. a tender age, and when he was\\neleven years old went to Chenango county,\\nNew York, where he spent about five years in\\nattendance at district schools in the wilder sea-\\nsons and working on a farm and in a sawmill\\nthe remainder of the time. His education was\\nfinished at Homer Academy and at Hamilton\\nCollege. He entered the latter institution in\\n1848, and remained about two years. In 1850\\nhe came to Missouri, and taught school the en-\\nsuing fall and winter at Potosi, in the iron\\nregion, south of St. Louis. In the spring of\\n1851, Mr. Gilfillan came to the then new Ter-\\nritory of Minnesota and located at Stillwater.\\nHere, for the ensuing eighteen months, he en-\\ngaged in teaching, spending his spare time in\\nthe study of law under the instruction of Hon.\\nMichael E. Ames. He was admitted to the bar\\nin 1853, and soon after formed a law partner-\\nship with Mr. Gold T. Curtis. In the spring of\\n1854, at the first municipal election in Still\\nwater, he was elected town recorder, bu1 in\\nthe succeeding fall resigned and moved to St.\\nPaul. In 1857, he formed a partnership in the\\npractice with his brother the late Hon. James\\nGilfillan, a former eminent Justice of the State\\nSupreme Court, and this association continued\\nuntil 1803, when Mr. Gilfillan retired and prac-\\ntically abandoned the practice of his profes\\nsion. Mr. Gilfillan has been connected with\\nthe varied interests of St. Paul during his resi-\\ndence here, to a prominent degree. He was\\nthe founder and practical proji tor of the\\nwater works system of the city. ier due\\nstudy and investigation be commenced, in\\n1868, practically singl handed, although a so\\ndated with some other,-, to construct the sys\\ntern, and with what mon. he had of his own\\nand what he could borrow, pushed the enter\\nprise to successful completion, ami on Augusl\\n23, 18(10, the water was introduced and began\\nto flow. The old St. Paul Water Company was\\nchartered in 1857, but nothing was done under\\nthe franchise until Mr. Gilfillan secured it Be\\nwas the president and secretary of the com-\\npany and its leading and master spirit from\\nthe time he assumed its control until the sale\\nof the system to the city, in 1882, and was for\\nseveral years thereafter a member of the board\\nof water commissioners. In 1S82 he built the\\nwell-known block which bears his name at\\nFourth and Jackson streets the pioneer build-\\ning of its proportions and character in the\\ncity. He has operated largely in city real\\nestate, has been connected with the banking\\ninterests, and has held many positions of pub-\\nlic and private trust and responsibility. His\\nprivate interests are large and somewhat\\nvaried, and have required much of his time and\\nattention. He owns and operates a splendid\\nfarm at Morgan, Redwood county, which is\\npronounced the best and largest stock farm in\\nthe State. His farm house has been his resi-\\ndence a great portion of the time for several\\nyears. Though so busily engaged with mate-\\nrial affairs, he has found time for attention to\\nother matters. He has traveled extensively,\\nand at intervals and for considerable periods\\nhas resided abroad, where the education of his", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1092.jp2"}, "1093": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n493\\nchildren has been completed. Mr. Gilfillan has\\nalways been a Republican since the founding\\nof that party. He participated in its formal\\norganization in Minnesota, in 1855, and was\\nthe first chairman of the Territorial central\\ncommittee, holding the position for four years.\\nIn 1860 he was the Republican candidate for\\nmayor of St. Paul, but was defeated by the\\nlate Hon. John S. Prince, by fifteen votes. He\\nhas served in both houses of the State Legis-\\nlature, altogether for a period of thirteen\\nyears. Prom 1878 to 1885, inclusive, he was a\\nmember of the State Senate. No other citi-\\nzen in the State has taken more interest in the\\npreservation of its history or in its general\\nwelfare. He was chairman of the Birch Coulie\\nMonument Commission, that built the shaft\\nat Morton, which commemorates the notable\\nincident of the Indian battle, and he is presi-\\ndent of the Minnesota Valley Historical So-\\nciety, which has already done much and\\npromises to do more along the same lines. His\\npublic spirit and generous disposition have\\nbeen of great value, not only to this society,\\nbut to other societies and organizations with\\nwhich he has been connected. Mr. Gilfillan has\\nbeen twice married. His first wife whom he\\nmarried in 1859 was Miss Emma C. Waage,\\ndaughter of Rev. Fred Waage, a Lutheran\\nclergyman. She died in 1863, and in 1865 he\\nmarried her sister. Miss Fanny S. Waage. By\\nthe latter marriage there are four children,\\nwhose Christian names are Emma Fannie\\nW., Charles O. and Frederick J.\\nWILLIAM H. LAIRD.\\nWilliam H. Laird, of Winona, was born\\nin Union county. Pennsylvania, in 1833.\\nHis father, Robert Hayes Laird, was of\\nScotch-Irish ancestry, and his mother, Maria\\nNevins, of Holland Dutch descent. In\\nearly manhood William H. came to Min-\\nnesota, and having canvassed the oppor-\\ntunities to his satisfaction, settled in Winona\\nin 1855. On June 1, of that year, he associated\\nhimself with his brothers, J. C. and M. J. Laird,\\nin the lumber business, the firm name being\\nLaird Brothers. In the fall of 1856 Messrs.\\nJames L. and M. G. Norton became partners\\nin the business and the style of the firm was\\nchanged to Laird. Norton Company. This\\nwas the origin of what is perhaps the oldest\\nand most successful business house in the city\\nof Winona, long since incorporated as the\\nLaird, Norton Company. Mr. Laird s life in\\nWinona, now about forty-four years in dura-\\ntion, has been crowded with activity, and his\\ninterest in all the affairs of the city has been\\nconstant and fruitful. At the present time,\\nhe is president of the Laird, Norton Lumber\\nCompany, one of the largest lumbering con-\\ncerns in the State; president of the Winona\\nLumber Company, also of the Second National\\nBank, and one of the leading officers of\\nI he First Congregational church; of Wood-\\nlawn Cemetery Association, and of several\\nother public societies. The new Winona Li-\\nbrary building, which has recently been built\\nat a cost of $50,000, was the gift of Mr. Laird\\nto the city. This building is the first direct\\npersonal gift which Mr. Laird has made to\\nthe community, but his contributions to all\\nworthy causes have been numerous and large\\nfor many years. He has for a long time been\\none of the trustees of Carlton College at\\nNorthfield, the Congregational school of the\\nState, and a liberal contributor to its finances.\\nFor the First Congregational Society of\\nWinona he built, in 1890, the parsonage build-\\ning adjoining the church, it being presented\\nas a memorial to his deceased wife, Mary Wat-\\nson Laird.\\nCHARLOTTE O. VAN CLEVE.\\n.Mis. Charlotte Ouisconsin (Clark) Van Cleve,\\nwidow of the distinguished soldier, the late\\nMaj. Gen. H. P. Van Cleve, was born July 1,\\n1819, at old Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien,\\nWisconsin (then spelled Ouisconsin). The orig-\\ninal Indian name was perpetuated in naming\\ntheir infant child. Her father, Nathan Clark,\\nwas then a lieutenant in the Fifth Regiment\\nof Infantry, U. S. A., which was on its way to\\nbuild a fort at the mouth of the St. Peters", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1093.jp2"}, "1094": {"fulltext": "494\\nRIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nriver (now Minnesota). As .soon as proper\\npreparations were made, the troops ascended\\nthe Ouisconsin river to that point, and in the\\nspring of 1820 a post called Fort St. Anthony\\nwas located. In August of the same year, Col.\\nJoshua Snelling arrived, and changed the site\\nand the name to Fort Snelling. Of her early\\nlife, Mrs. Van Cleve says: As the child of a\\nsoldier, I have lived in many places, and in\\nNashville, Tennessee, our family boarded in\\nthe same house with General Jackson at the\\ntime of his election as President. However,\\nnearly all of her eighty years of useful and\\nworthy life has been spent in Minnesota, and\\nshe is the oldest living settler in the State.\\nFrom a characteristic sketch of Mrs. Van\\nCleve, by Mary D. McFadden, published in the\\nMinneapolis Times, we quote the following:\\nThe venerable lady is living at her home in\\nsoutheast Minneapolis. A sweet motherly old\\nface is crowned by a silken aureola of snowy\\nhair. The dear old lady uses an ear-trumpet\\nnow, but when one speaks of the old days at\\nFort Snelling, she is eager to listen to all ques-\\ntions, and is ever an eloquent talker. She\\nhas written for the State Historical Society her\\nmemoirs in a charming book, Three Score\\nYears and Ten. Mrs. Van Cleve\\nwas but a few weeks old when her father.\\nMajor Clarke, arrived at the fort with Colonel\\nLeavenworth s command. She was born en\\nroute to the fort, one hour after the party had\\nstopped to rest at the half-breed village of\\nPrairie du Chien, in July, 1819. She remem-\\nbers her mother s stories of her baby days at\\nthe fort. How she was borrowed by friendly\\nIndians and fondled, always under the watch-\\nful eyes of a guard, and returned to the arms\\nof her parents, loaded with exquisite Indian\\nornaments, the consummate art of the bead\\nembroiderer. With her beloved brother Mal-\\ncolm (who was afterwards treacherously mur-\\ndered by Indians in Montana), the Snelling\\nchildren and other little ones, she studied in\\nthe little stone school house which was lo-\\ncated to the left of the entrance of the old fort.\\nHer eyes grow dim as she tells of those happy\\ndays, three-quarters of a century ago. She re-\\nmembers Minnehaha falls as described in im-\\nmortal verse by Longfellow, and she sighs over\\nthe desecration brought upon it by the vandal,\\ncivilization. Even the old walls surrounding\\nthe fort have been ruthlessly torn down, and\\nmuch of its picturesque beauty destroyed by\\ntheir loss. And the clinging ivy has been torn\\nfrom the ancient round tower. Mother Van\\nCleve is known and loved by the Fort Snelling\\nsoldiers as the Mother of the Regiment, just\\nas she was known by the Seventh in early\\ndays, as the Daughter of the Regiment.\\nThe evening gun booms solemnly\\nacross the plains just as of old. The brave flag\\nis raised and lowered, saluted and cheered as\\nit was in the long ago: reveille wakes the tired\\nsoldier and ushers in the morning in the same\\nold way, but only one i.- ho to\\nthe evening gun. ;hes wit] I\\ndimmed eves the old flag rise and fall, wh.\\nthe first flag raised an heard the first salute\\nfired into the twilight. SI nappy and be-\\nloved, and bids fair to prolong the sunset time\\nof life, and amid the memories ol p vouth,\\nand the evidences of wonderful progres made\\nby her below, 1 Stale. The eighty win,\\nwhich have silvered the golden hair of the\\nbaby of the regiment have mellowed with age\\nthe old stone buildings. .Many new ones have\\nbeen added since the days of Colonel Snelling,\\nbut the school house and the old wall will not\\ngreet the eyes of the next generation, and will\\nsoon pass from memory into history. Fort\\nSnelling in history is a relic of the past, a\\nreality of the present and a promise of the fu-\\nture.\\nJAMES J. HILL.\\nJames Joseph Hill, of St. Paul, president of\\nthe Great Northern Railway, is a native of the\\nprovince of Ontario, Canada, the son of Scotch-\\nIrish parents. His mother was a member of\\nI he famous Dunbar family of Scotland, whose\\nlineage is traced to the Stuarts, and his father\\nemigrated from the north of Ireland with his\\ngrandfather s family while still a lad. The\\nfamily settled on lands of the Canada Com-\\npany well to the frontier, early in the present", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1094.jp2"}, "1095": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA.\\n495\\ncentury-lands subsequently included within\\nthe boundaries of Wellington comity. Janus\\nJ Hill was born on this frontier farm, near\\nEockwood, September 16, 1838. In boyhood\\nhe attended the academy at Eockwood,\\nwhere he acquired a good English education,\\nsome knowledge of Latin and excelled in\\nmathematics. In his early youth his fathei\\ndied, and, obliged thenceforward to rely upon\\nMs own resources, he engaged as clerk in a\\ngeneral store, where lie remained two years,\\ncontinuing his reading and study meanwhile.\\n\\\\t eighteen he was well enough informed to\\nappreciate the m. -e favorable conditions in\\nthe United B1 r the advancement of a\\na i ition, energy and industry.\\nHe the) l ada for St. Paul, where\\nhe i oca ted i July, 1856. For the first\\nfou, years Hill was employed\\nfly as shipping clerk by several river\\ntransportation firms, and for the second\\nperiod of (our years by a St. Paul agency for\\nthe Galena Packel Company and the Davidson\\nof steamers. Here he gained the first in-\\nBight and practical knowledge of a business\\nwhich has mad,- him famous-the business of\\ncarrying the products of agriculture and manu-\\nfactures and the articles of -commerce from\\nthe producer to the consumer and the trades-\\nman His first experience was on the water\\nroutes, but he learned the principles ot- trans-\\nportation business and familiarized himself\\nwith all the details of management, so that it\\nwas easy subsequently to apply his knowledge\\nto other systems ou a larger scale. In 1865 he\\nwas appointed agent of the Northwestern\\nPacket Company, and managed its business\\nfor two years, at the end of which he engaged\\non his own account in a general transportation\\nand fuel supply business, which was continued\\nafter two years by the firm of Hill Briggs\\nCompany, of which he was the head. Mr. Hill\\nhad become possessed of large interests on the\\nRed river, which in 1871 were combined with\\nthose of Norman W. Kittson, St. Paul agent\\nof the Hudson Bay Company, of which Donald\\nA. Smith, the Canadian diplomat and states-\\nman, was the managing commissioner. The\\nassociation proved most fortunate for both\\nparties, as it united diversified interests in the\\ndevelopment of an enterprise of vast impor-\\ntance and value to all of them, increasing the\\ncredit and commanding capital essential to the\\nsuccess of the undertaking. Mr. Hill s pene-\\ntration foresaw the incalculable advantage of\\nbeing first to occupy the immense and fertile\\nvalley of the Red river with a line of railroad,\\nwhich would aid in opening for settlement\\nmillions of acres of unfilled lands, whose prod-\\nucts would supply profitable business for a\\ntransportation system. The opportunity was\\nopened to him by the failure of the St. Paul\\nand Pacific Railroad Company to meet the in-\\nterest on its bonds in 1873. He aspired to the\\npossession of this company s indebtedness,\\namounting to $33,000,000, in order to gain con-\\ntrol of the franchise and real property, so as\\nto complete the work of construction and reap\\nthe benefits. The foreign holders of the bonds,\\nalarmed by the seemingly hopeless outlook\\nfor the property, were glad to sell them at a\\nlarge discount. Sir Donald Smith was a for-\\nmidable ally of Mr. Hill, and George Stephen,\\npresident of the Bank of Montreal, also in-\\nterested in the Hudson Bay Company, was an\\nimportant factor in effecting the purchase of\\nthe bonds. The defaulting company was in\\na receiver s hands, who took charge of the un-\\nfinished road, and under direction of the court,\\nextended the main line to St. Vincent. The\\nbondholders finally foreclosed their mortgages\\nin 1879 and secured possession of all the prop-\\nerty. A reorganization was at once effected\\nunder the name of the St. Paul, Minneapolis\\nand Manitoba Company, with George Stephen\\nof Montreal as president, and James J. Hill of\\nSt. Paul as general manager. In 1882 Mr. Hill\\nwas elected vice-president and in 1883 was\\nelected president. From that time to the pres-\\nent he has had the executive control and man-\\nagement. Mr. Hill was one of the originators\\nof the scheme to construct the Canadian Pa-\\ncific Railway and one of the incorporators of\\nthe company, in connection with Ms asso-\\nciates, George Stephen and Sir Donald Smith,\\nand some London capitalists, including E B.\\nAngus and Morton, Bliss Company. On his\\nelection to the presidency of the St. P., M. M.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1095.jp2"}, "1096": {"fulltext": "496\\nBIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA.\\nroad, which is now commonly known as the\\ndeal Northern, Mr. Hill disposed of his inter\\nest in the Canadian Pacific, and, having pre-\\nviously sold his interests in the Northwestern\\nFuel Company and the Red River Navigation\\nCompany, he was free to concentrate his crea-\\ntive genius and powerful energies in the en-\\nlargement of the Great Northern system and\\nits executive management. The results\\nwrought by this concentration are unparal-\\nleled in the history of railroad construction in\\nany part of the world. Out of the single line\\nfrom St. Paul to St. Vincent has grown a great\\nsystem embracing 5,000 miles, extending from\\nDuluth to Yankton. South Dakota, and from\\nSt. Paul and Minneapolis to Paget Sound,\\nwith numerous connecting links and short\\nlines traversing the rich farming districts.\\nThe achievement is all the more marvelous\\nwhen it is understood that every mile of the\\nvast system, except about six hundred miles of\\nthe original line in Minnesota, was constructed\\nwithout a land grant or bonus of any kind\\nbuilt and equipped without overcapitalization\\nor excessive bonding the entire capitalization\\nin stock and bonds not exceeding $28,000 per\\nmile. Having by his railroad connected the\\ntide water of the Pacific with the head-waters\\nof the great lakes, Mr. Hill has extended his\\ntransportation system eastward a thousand\\nmiles by establishing on the chain of lakes a\\nline of magnificent steamers for freight and\\npassengers, running on a regular schedule be-\\ntween Duluth and Buffalo during the period of\\nnavigation. Two of these, the Northland\\nand the Northwest, are the most superb\\nsteamships ever constructed for inland waters.\\nThe ability of Mr. Hill as an economist, and\\nhis success as a financier, have established his\\ncredit in the commercial centers and financial\\nmarkets of the world, so that his request for\\na hundred millions to be expended in the (level\\nopment of any undertaking approved by his\\njudgment and managed by himself would read-\\nily be honored. He was consulted by the sec-\\nretary of the United States treasury and by\\nPresident Cleveland, when the National credit\\nwas threatened and the advice of the wisest\\nfinanciers was needed. The strongest man un-\\nder the stress of perplexing cares and enor-\\nmous responsibilities would break and fail in\\na few years, if his labors were unremitting.\\nHe must have diversion and seasons of rest,\\nduring which he may throw off care as a gar-\\nment, and have his mental and physical pow-\\ners recreated. Mr. Hill appreciated this neces-\\nsity and provided for it. Long ago he\\npurchased and improved a fine stock farm,\\nsituated a few miles from St. Paul, which,\\nwhile serving him as a means of recreation,\\nhas also furnished the farmers of the State\\nwith the seed for improving their live-stock.\\nOn this farm are bred some of the choicest\\nstrains of stock, from which selected animals\\nhave been given without charge to progressive\\nfarmers, and in this way hundreds of domestic\\nherds have been improved. Another method\\nof recreation, in favor of Mr. Hill, is the grati-\\nfication of a natural and cultivated taste for\\nart. He has collected in his private gallery\\nfrom the best studios and most renowned gal-\\nleries of Europe the rarest works of old and\\nmodern masters, so that his collection is not\\nexcelled in value or variety by that of any\\nprivate citizen s gallery in the country.\\nMr. Hill s public spirit has shown itself\\nin many ways. His contributions for the\\nbuilding of churches and schools and for\\nthe foundation of charities have been very\\nlarge. For the endowment of one institu-\\ntion and the erection of its buildings his\\ngifts have aggregated half a million. This\\ninstitution is for the professional training\\nof candidates for the priesthood in a great re-\\nligious sect to which Mr. Hill does not himself\\nbelong. This school will preserve the good\\nAmerican citizenship of its students, while\\nmaking them good theologians. In all coun-\\ntries the clergy is the largest single force for\\nthe molding of public opinion and the con-\\ntrolling of public action. Hence a monarchy\\ncannot be the best place for training the clergy\\nof a republic. The men who give their money\\nto provide American schools for training\\nAmerican clergymen are benefactors of the\\nAmerican people. Mr. Hill may be classed\\ndistinctly with the optimists the progressive\\nmen of to-day who affirm that the present is", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1096.jp2"}, "1097": {"fulltext": "RIOGRArHY OF MINNESOTA.\\n497\\nbetter than any pasl age, bu1 the highest ex-\\ncellence lias not ye1 been reached. He believes\\nthe opportunities of the future in the United\\nStates for young men who are ambitious,\\ncapable, honest and industrious, are just as\\ninviting and promising as they have been at\\nany time. The country is new; its resources\\nare only partially developed. The problems of\\narchitecture, engineering and invention, and\\nthe practical application of occult forces to the\\nvastly multiplied operations of industry and\\ntransportation afford ample scope for product-\\nive genius. It is only necessary that the\\nvoir man, having other essential qualiflca-\\nti shall aspire; that he shall have con-\\ntly in view the Main chance, and then\\nwork while tie waits. II is among Mr. Hill s\\ngreatesl pleasures to advance capable and de-\\nserving young men. He also takes a thought-\\nful interest in public affairs and questions of\\nNational policy, in which his sympathy has\\ngenerally been with the Democratic party. He\\nwas happily married early in life, and he is\\nthe head of a family comprising three sons\\nand six daughters, who have been carefully ed-\\nucated. The sons have been trained to the\\nbusiness in which the father has achieved\\ngreatness; James N. has the supervision of the\\noperating and engineering departments of the\\nGreat Northern; Lewis W. is the vice-presi-\\ndent of the Eastern Railway of Minnesota. One\\ndaughter married Samuel Hill, president of\\none of the branches of the Great Northern.", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1097.jp2"}, "1098": {"fulltext": "3", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1098.jp2"}, "1099": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1099.jp2"}, "1100": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1100.jp2"}, "1101": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1101.jp2"}, "1102": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1102.jp2"}, "1103": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1103.jp2"}, "1104": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3153", "width": "2238", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1104.jp2"}, "1105": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3183", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1105.jp2"}, "1106": {"fulltext": "1\\nii\\n11\\nstill 1\\n111\\nII\\ni\\nI\\nI\\nI", "height": "3301", "width": "2481", "jp2-path": "encyclopediaofbi00cent_1106.jp2"}}