PP 2095 M3 Copy 1 ECTION5 IN FATHERS MALONEY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap. Copyright Ho... Shelf___F_AlO^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. SELECTIONS FROM THE LATIN FATHERS WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY BY EDWARD R. MALONEY >XKc Boston ALLYN AND BACON 1900 66529 Library of Congress **wu Copies Received OCT 26 1900 Copyright wrtry SfcCOND COPY. Ot-.t/Lt O'A'tSION. OCT 30 1900 COPYRIGHT, 19 00, BY EDWARD E. MALONEY. Norton oti $rrss J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Norwood Masa. U.S.A. PREFACE The selections given here have been chosen care- fully as characteristic specimens of the styles of the different periods they represent, in order to afford a basis for comparison, not only between the different periods of the early church, but between the Christian writers and those of classic times. The Introduction attempts to trace the origin and growth of Christian Latin, and the brief biographies in the Notes aim to give the student some idea of the life and influence of the writer he is studying. The book has been prepared in response to an urgent demand for a volume of representative selec- tions from the Latin Fathers. It is to be hoped that those with whom the demand arose will find these selections not only representative, but efficient in promoting, by contrast with the teachings of classic mythology, the very highest ideals of conduct and of life. E. R. M. Cambridge, Mass., September, 1900. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ........ vii Text: Tertullianus de Origine Spectaculorum 1 St. Cyprianus de Idolorum Yanitate . 5 Lactantius de Mortibus Persecutorum 9 St. Hieronymus ad Magnum Oratorem Urbis Ror nae . 15 St. Ambrosius contra Symmachum . 21 St. Augustinus de modo Juventutis Erudiendae . . 26 Notes : Tertullian . 31 . 34 Lactantius ........ . 36 St. Jerome . 38 St. Ambrose . . . . . . 40 St. Augustine . 42 Vocabulary ... 1 INTRODUCTION - The language in which these selections from the Latin Fathers is written is that of the post-classical period of Latin literature, and varies to a marked degree from that used by the classical writers. This post-classical, or Christian, Latin had its origin in the adoption by the Church of Latin as its official lan- guage, and grew out of the classic or pagan Latin, not by destroying and supplanting, but by reviving and purifying it. Thus the early Fathers did not — as they might so easily have done — destroy the entire body of a litera- ture, which was to them a mass of impurity and error. This would have been to kill a language in which they saw broad possibilities for usefulness and good. In speaking of the Christian use of the Latin language, Ozanam says : — " With the adoption of the language by the Church came the beginning of the changes which were finally to alter it so much. From a high degree of artifi- ciality, the Fathers turned back to the utmost direct- ness and simplicity. Their effects they gained not through studied eloquence, but through the earnest- vii viii Introduction ness, strength, and simplicity of their language. With the change in style came inevitable changes in the language itself. New ideas and new methods of thought caused changes in the meanings of estab- lished words, and the coining of words entirely new." These changes were perhaps most marked at the beginning of the period, for the men who first wrote and preached in Latin were nearly all trained in pagan schools of rhetoric. They, in changing their language to correspond with the complete change in their ways of thought, swung at once far to the other extreme. The Christian Apologists — Minucius Felix, Tertul- lian, Cyprian, and Lactantius — were all trained in pagan schools, and soon learned to bombard heathen enemies with their own artillery. Their contempo- raries and successors sprang up rapidly, from Spain, Gaul, Africa, and Italy ; Hilary, Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine were soon actively engaged in defend- ing the new religion. The Middle Ages brought St. Bernard, Albertus Magnus, St. Thomas Aquinas, and other dialecticians, theologians, and controver- sialists, who firmly established Latin- as "the learned tongue." Were there no other reason, then, these writers, who changed the character of a great language and made an epoch in its literature, should have a place in modern school and college curriculums. These changes in language and literature, too, are the re- flections of the more important changes that were Introduction ix taking place as these men wrote, changes in human thought, belief, and history. In reading these selec- tions the student cannot but gather some knowledge of the spirit that inspired the men who wrote them, and be moved to emulation of worthier heroes than those of Ovid or Virgil. TERTULLIANUS DE OEIGIKE SPECTACULOKUM I. De originibus quidem ut secretioribus et ignotis penes plures nostroruni altius nee aliunde investigan- dum fuit, quam de instrumentis ethnicarum literarum. Exstant auctores multi, qui super ista re commenta- rios ediderunt. Ab his ludoruni origo sic traditur. 5 Lydos ex Asia transvenas in Etruria consedisse, ut Timaeus refert, duce Tyrrheno, qui fratri suo cesserat regni contentione. Igitur in Etruria inter ceteros ritus superstitionum suarum spectacula quoque reli- gionis nomine instituunt. Inde Komani accersitos 10 artifices mutuantur, tempus, enuntiationem, ut ludi a Lydis vocarentur. Sed etsi Varro ludos a ludo, id est a lusu interpretatur, sicut et Lupercos ludos appel- labant, quod ludendo discurrant: tamen eum lusum iuvenuro. et diebus festis et templis et religionibus 15 reputat. Nihil iam de causa vocabuli, cum rei causa idololatria sit. Nam et cum promiscue ludi Liberalia vocarentur, honorem Liberi patris manifeste sonabant. Libero enim a rusticis primo fiebant ob beneficium quod ei adscribunt pro demonstrata gratia vini. Ex- 20 inde ludi Consualia dicti, qui initio ISTeptunum honora- 1 Tertullianus bant. Eundem enim et Consum vocabant. Dehinc Equiria Marti Eomulus dixit ; quainquam et Consualia Eomulo defendunt, quod ea Conso dicaverit deo, ut volunt, consilii, eius scilicet, quo tunc Sabinarum vir- 5 ginum rapinam militibus suis in matrimonia excogi- tavit. Probum plane consilium et nunc quoque apud ipsos Eomanos iustum et licitum, ne dixerim, penes deum. Eacit etenirn ad originis maculam, ne bonum existimes, quod initium a malo accepit, ab impudenti, 10 a violenti, ab alio deo, a fratricida, institutore, a filio Martis : et nunc ara Conso illi in circo defossa est ad primas metas sub terra, cum inscriptione huiusmodi : CONSUS CONSILIO MARS DUELLO LARES COMITIO PO- tentes. Sacrificant apud earn nonis Iuliis sacerdotes 15 publici, XII. Kalend. Septembres flamen Quirinalis et virgines. Dehinc idem Eomulus Iovi Eeretrio ludos instituit in Tarpeio, quos Tarpeios dictos et Capito- linos Piso tradidit ; post hunc Numa Pompilius Marti et Eobigini [fecit] (nam et Eobiginis deam fmxerunt) ; 20 dehinc Tullus Hostilius, dehinc Ancus Martius et ceteri, qui quotque per ordinem et quibus idolis ludos instituerint, positum est apud Suetonium Tranquil- lum, vel a quibus Tranquillus accepit. Sed haec satis erunt ad originis de idololatria reatum. 25 II. Accedit ad testimonium antiquitatis subsecuta posteritas, formam originis de titulis huius quoque temporis praeferens, per quos signatum est, cui idolo et cui superstitioni utriusque generis ludi notarentur. Megalenses et Apollinares, item Cereales et Neptunales De Origine Spectaculorum 3 et Latiares et Morales in commune celebrantur; reli- qui ludorum de natalibus et sollemnitatibus regum et publicis prosperitatibus et municipalibus fastis super- stitiosis caussas origin is habent. Inter quos etiam privatorum memoriis legatariae editiones parentant; 5 id quoque secundum institutionis antiquitatem. Nam et a primordio bifariam ludi censebantur, sacri et fune- bres, id est diis nationum et mortuis. Sed de idolola- tria nihil differt apud nos, sub quo nomine et titulo, dum ad eosdem spiritus perveniat, quibus renuntia- 10 mus, licet mortuis, licet diis suis faciant. Proinde mortuis suis ut diis faciant : una conditio partis utrius- que est, una idololatria, una renuntiatio nostra adversus idololatriam. III. Communis igitur origo ludorum utriusque ge- 15 neris, communes et tituli, ut de communibus caussis, proinde apparatus communes habeant necesse est de reatu generali idololatriae conditricis suae. Sed cir- censium paulo pompatior suggestus, quibus proprie hoc nomen pompa : praecedit, quorum sit in semetipsa 20 probans de simulacrorum serie, de imaginum agmine, de curribus, de thensis, de armamaxis, de sedibus, de coronis, de exuviis. Quanta praeterea sacra, quanta sacrincia praecedant, intercedant, succedant, quot col- legia, quot sacerdotia, quot officia moveantur, sciunt 25 homines, illius urbis, in qua daemoniorum conventus consedit. Ea si minore cura per provincias pro mi- noribus viribus administrantur, tamen omnes ubique circenses illuc deputandi, unde et petuntur, inde in- Tertullianus quinantur, unde sumuntur. Nam et rivulus tenuis ex suo f onte et surculus modicus ex sua f ronde qualitatem originis continet. Viderit ambitio sive frugalitas eius, quod deum offendit qualiscunque pompa circi : etsi 5 pauca simulacra circumferat, in uno idololatria est; etsi imam thensam trahat, Iovis tamen plaustrum est ; quaevis idololatria sordide instructa vel modice locu- ples, splendida est censu criminis sui. ST. CYPRIANUS DE IDOLORUM VANTTATE Quod Idola Dii non sint et quod Deus Units sit et quod %)er Christum Salus credentibus data sit. I. Deos non esse, quos colit vulgus, hinc notum est. Reges olim fuerunt, qui ob regalem memoriam coli apud suos postmodum etiam in morte coepernnt. Inde illis instituta tempi a, inde ad defunctoruni vultus per imaginem detinendos expressa simulacra, et immo- 5 labant hostias et dies festos dando honore celebrabant. Inde posteris facta sunt sacra, quae prim is fuerant assumta solatia. Et videamus, an stet liaec apud singulos Veritas. II. Melicertes et Leucothea praecipitantur in maria 10 et fiunt postmodum maris numina; Castores alternis morhmtur, ut vivant ; Aesculapius, ut in deum surgat, f ulminatur ; Hercules, ut bominem exuat, Oeteis igni- bus concrematur. Apollo Admeto pecus pavit; La- omedonti muros Neptunus instituit nee mercedem 15 operis, infelix structor, accepit. Antrum Iovis in Creta visitur, et sepulcrum eius ostenditur, et ab eo Saturnum fugatum esse manifestum est ; inde Latium de latebra eius nomen accepit. Hie literas imprimere, 5 6 St. Cyprianus hie signare nummos in Italia primus instituit; inde aerarium Saturni vocatur. Et rusticitatis hie cultor fuit; inde falcem ferens pingitur. Hunc fugatum hospitio Ianus exceperat, de cuius nomine Ianiculum 5 dictum est, et mensis Ianuarius institutus est. Ipse bifrons exprimitur, quod in medio constitutus annum incipientem paritur et recedentem spectare videatur. Mauri vero manifeste reges colunt nee ullo velamento hoc nomen obtexunt. 10 III. Iude per gentes et provincias singulas varia deorum religio mutatur, dum non unus ab omnibus Deus colitur, sed propria cuique maiorum suorum cultura servatur. Hoc ita esse Alexander magnus insigni volumine ad matrem suam scribit, metu suae 15 potestatis proditum sibi de diis hominibus a sacerdote secretum, quod maiorum et regum memoria servata sit, inde colendi et sacrificandi ritus involverit. Si autem aliquando dii nati sunt, cur non hodieque nascuntur ? 20 IV. Cur vero deos putas pro Romanis posse, quos videas nihil pro suis adversus eorum arma valuisse ? Romanorum enim vernaculos deos novimus. Est Romulus peierante Proculo deus factus et Picus et Tiberinus et Pilumnus et Consus, quern deum fraudis 25 velut consiliorum deum coli Romulus voluit, postquam in raptum Sabinarum perfidia provenit. Deam quo- que Cloacinam Tatius et invenit et coluit, Pavorem Hostilius atque Pallorem. Mox a nescio que Febris dedicata et Acca et Flora meretrices. Hi dii Romani. De Idolorum Vdnitate Caeterum Mars Thracius et Iupiter Creticus et Iuno vel Argiva vel Samia vel Poena et Diana Taurica et deorum mater Idaea et Aeg) T ptia portenta, non numina; quae utique, si quid potestatis habuissent, sua ac suorum regna servassent. Plane sunt apud Romanos 5 et victi penates, quos Aeneas profugus advexit ; est et Venus calva, multo hie turpius calva, quani apud Homerum vulnerata. V. Regna autem non merito accidunt, sed sorte variantur. Caeterum imperium ante tenuerunt et 10 Assyrii et Medi et Persae, et G-raecos et Aegyptios regnasse cognovimus. Ita vicibus potestatum vari- antibus Romanis quoque ut et caeteris imperandi tempus obvenit. Caeterum si ad originem redeas, erubescas. Populus de sceleratis et nocentibus con- 15 gregatur, et asylo constituto facit numerum impunitas criminum ; nunc ut rex ipse principatum habeat ad crimina, fit Romulus parricida atque, ut matrimonium f aciat, rem concordiae per discordias auspicatur ; rapi- unt, ferociunt, fallunt ad copiam civitatis augendam, 20 nuptiae sunt illis rupta hospitii foeclera et cum soceris bella crudelia. Est et gradus summus in Romanis honoribus consulatus. Sic consulatum coepisse vide- mus, ut regnum ; filios interficit Brutus, ut crescat de suffragio sceleris commendatio dignitatis. Non ergo 25 de religionibus Sanctis nee de auspiciis aut auguriis Romana regna creverunt, sed acceptum tempus certo fine custodiunt. Caeterum et Regulus auspicia serva- vit et captus est, et Mancinus religionem tenuit et sub 8 St. Cyprianus iugum missus est ; pullos edaces Paulus habuit et apud Cannas tamen caesus est. C. Caesar, ne ante brumam in Africam navigia transmitteret, auguriis et auspiciis renitentibus sprevit, eo facilius et navigavit et vicit. Horum autem omnium ratio est ilia, quae fallit et decipit et praestigiis coecantibus veritatem stultum et credulum vulgus inducit. LACTANTIUS DE MOKTIBUS PEESECUTOEUM I. Audivit dominus orationes tuas, Donate caris- sime, quas in conspectu eius constitutus fundere soles, imo et preces sanctissimorum martyrum, qui gloriosa confessione sempiternam sibi coronam pro fidei suae meritis quaesierunt. Ecce, deletis omnibus adversa- 5 riis et restituta per orbem tranquillitate, profligata nuper Ecclesia rursum exsurgit, et maiore gloria tem- plum Dei, quod ab impiis fuerat eversum, misericordia domini fabricatur. Excitavit enim deus principes, qui tyrannorum nefaria et cruenta imperia resciderunt 10 et huniano generi providerunt, ut iam quasi discusso transact! temporis nubilo, mentes omnium pax incunda et serena laetificet. Nunc post tantae tempestatis vio- lentos turbines, placidus aer et optata lux refulsit; nunc placatus servorum suorum precibus deus iacentes 15 et afflictos coelesti auxilio sublevavit ; nunc moeren- tium lacrymas, exstincta impiorum conspiratione, de tersit. Qui illuctati erant deo, iacent ; qui templum sanctum everterant, ruina maiore ceciderunt; qui iustos excarnificaverant, coelestibus plagis et cruci- 20 atibus meritis nocentes animas profuderunt. Sero id quidem, sed graviter ac digne. Distulerat enim 9 10 Lactantius poenas eorum deus, ut ederet in eos magna et rnirabilia exempla, quibus posteri discerent, et deum esse unum, et enndem vindicem digna videlicet snpplicia impiis ac persecutoribus irrogare. De quo exitu eorum tes- 5 tificari placuit, ut omnes, qui procul moti fuerunt, vel qui post nos futuri sunt, scirent, quatenus virtutem ac maiestatem suam in exstinguendis delendisque nominis sui hostibus deus summus ostenderit. Nunc tamen satis est si a principio, ex quo est ecclesia constitute, 10 qui fuerint persecutores eius et quibus poenis in eos coelestis iudicis severitas vindicaverit, exponam. II. Extremis temporibus Tiberii Caesaris, ut scrip- turn legimus, dominus noster Iesus Christus a Iudaeis cruciatus est, post diem decimum kalendarum Apri- 15 lium duobus Geminis consulibus. Cum resurrexisset die tertio, congregavit discipulos, quos metus compre- hensions eius in fugam verterat, et diebus quadra- ginta cum bis commoratus, aperuit corda eorum, et scripturas interpretatus est, quae usque ad id tempus 20 obscurae atque involutae fuerant ordinavitque eos et instruxit ad praedicationem dogmatis ac doctrinae suae, disponens testamenti novi solemnem disciplinam. Dein officio repleto, circumvolvit eum procella nubis, et subtractum oculis hominum rapuit in coelum. Et 25 inde discipuli, qui tunc erant undecim, assumtis in locum Iudae proditoris Matthia et Paulo, dispersi sunt per omnem terrain ad evangelium praedicandum, sicut illis magister dominus imperaverat, et per annos XXV. usque ad principium Neroniani imperii, per De Mbrtibus Persecutorum 11 oinnes provincias et civitates ecclesiae fimdamenta miserunt. Cumque iam Nero imperaret, Petrus Eomam advenit, et eclitis quibusdam miraculis, quae virtute ipsius Dei, data sibi ab eo potestate, faciebat, con- vertit multos ad iustitiam, Deoque templum fidele ac 5 stabile collocavit. Qua re ad Neronem delata, cum animadverteret, non modo Romae, sed ubique quotidie magnam multitudinem deficere a cultu idoloruin, et ad religionem novam darnnata vetustate transire, ut erat exsecrabilis ac nocens tyrannus, prosilivit ad ex- 10 cidendura coeleste templum deleudamque iustitiam, et primus omnium persecutus Dei servos, Petrum cruci affixit et Paulum interf ecit. Nee tamen liabuit impune. Respexit enim deus vexationem populi sui. Deiectus itaque fastigio imperii ac devolutus a summo 15 tyrannus impotens, nusquam repente comparuit, ut ne sepulturae quidem locus in terra tarn malae bestiae appareret. Unde ilium quidam deliri credunt esse translatum ac vivum reservation, Sibylla dicente ma- tricidam profugum a finibus terrae esse venturum, ut 20 quia primus persecutus est, idem etiam novissimus persequatur et antichristi praecedat adventum, quod nefas ^st credere. Sicut duos propbetas vivos esse translates et ultimo eos tempore ante iudicium Cliristi sanctum ac sempiternum, cum descendere coe- 25 perit (redituros Sibyllae), pronuntiant ; eodem modo etiam Neronem venturum putant, ut praecursor dia- boli ac praevius sit venientis ad vastationem terrae et bumani generis eversionem. 12 Laetantius III. Post hunc interiectis aliquot annis, alter non minor tyrannus ortus est, qui cum exerceret invisam dominationem, subiectorum tamen cervicibus incuba- vit quam diutissime, tutusque regnavit, donee impias 5 manus adversus dominum tencleret. Postquam vero ad persequendum iustum populum instinctu daemo- num incitatus est, tunc traditus in manus inimicorum luit poenas. Nee satis ad ultionem fuit, quod est interfectus domi; etiam memoria nominis eius erasa 10 est. Nam cum multa miribilia opera fabricasset, cum Capitolium aliaque nobilia monumenta fecisset, sena- tus ita nomen eius persecutus est, ut neque imaginum, neqne titulorum eius relinqueret ulla vestigia, gravis- simis decretis etiam mortuo notam inureret ad igno- 15 miniam sempiternam. Eescissis igitur actis tyranni, non tantum in statum pristinum ecclesia restituta est, sed etiam niulto clarius ac floridius enituit : secutisque temporibus, quibus multi ac boni principes Eomani imperii clavum regimenque tenuerunt, nullos inimico- 20 rum impetus passa, manus suas in orientem occi- dentemque porrexit; ut iam nullus esset terrarum angulus tarn remotus, quo non religio Dei penetrasset, nulla denique natio tarn feris moribus vivens, ut non suscepto dei cultu ad iustitiae opera mitesceret. Sed 25 enim postea longa pax rupta est. IV. Exstitit enim post annos plurimos exsecrabile animal Decius, qui vexaret ecclesiam ; quis enim ius- titiam, nisi nialus, persequatur? Et quasi liuius rei gratia provectus esset ad illud principale fastigium, De Mortibus Persecutorum 13 furere protinus contra deum coepit, ut protinus cade- ret. Nam profectus adversum Carpos, qui turn Daciam Moesianique occupaverant, statimque circumventus a barbaris et cum magna exercitus parte deletus, ne sepultura quidem potuit honorari; sed exutus ac 5 nudus, ut hostem dei oportebat, pabulum feris ac volucribus iacuit. V. ]STon multo post Yalerianus quoque non dissimili furore correptus, impias manus in deum intentavit, et multum, quamvis brevi tempore, iusti sanguinis fudit. 10 At ilium deus novo ac singulari poenae genere affecit, ut esset posteris documentum, adversarios dei semper dignam scelere suo recipere mercedem. Hie captus a Persis non modo imperium, quo fuerat insolenter usus, sed etiam libertatem, quam ceteris ademerat, perdidit 15 vixitque in servitute turpissime. Nam rex Persarum Sapor, qui eum ceperat, si quando libuerat aut vehicu- lum asscendere, aut equum, inclinare sibi Komanum iubebat ac terga praebere, et imposito pede super dor- sum eius, illud esse verum dicebat, exprobrans ei cum 20 risu, non quod in tabulis, aut parietibus Komani pin- gerent. Ita ille dignissime triumpliatus, aliquamdiu vixit, ut diu barbaris Eomauum nomen ludibrio ac derisui esset. Etiam hoc ei accesit ad poenam, quod cum filium haberet imperatorem, captivitatis suae 25 tamen ac servitutis extremae non invenit ultorem, nee omnino repetitus est. Postea vero quam pudendam vitam in illo dedecore finivit, derepta est ei cutis et exuta visceribus pellis infecta rubro colore, ut in ] 4 Lactantius templo barbarorum deorum ad memoriam clarissimi triumphi poneretur, legatisque nostris semper esset ostentui, ne nimium Romani viribus suis iiderent, cum exuvias capti principis apud deos suos cernerent. 5 Cum igitur tales poenas de sacrilegis deus exegerit, nonne mirabile est, ausum esse quemquam postea non modo facere, sed etiam cogitare adversus maiestatem siugularis dei, regentis et continuentis universa ? VI. Aurelianus, qui esset natura vesanus et prae- 10 ceps, quamvis captivitatem Valeriani meminisset, tamen oblitus sceleris eius et poenae, iram dei cru- delibus factis lacessivit. Veram ille ne perficere quidem, quae cogitaverat, licuit, sed protinus inter initia sui furoris exstinctus est. Nondum ad provin- 15 cias ulteriores cruenta eius scripta pervenerant, et iam Coenofrurio, qui locus est Thraciae, cruentus ipse bumi iacebat, falsa quadam suspicione ab amicis suis inte- remtus. Talibus et tot exemplis coerceri posteriores tyrannos oportebat : at hi non modo territi ncn &unt, 20 sed audacius etiam contra deum confiderj^rasque fecerunt. ST. HIERONYMUS AD MAGNUM ORATOKEM URBIS ROMAE I. Sebesium nostrum tuis monitis profecisse, non tam Epistola tua, quam ipsius poenitudine didicinms. Et mirum in modum plus correptus placuit, quam errans laeserat. Certaverunt inter se indulgentia pa- rentis, et filii pietas : dum alter praeteritorum non 5 meminit, alter in futurum quoque officia pollicetur. Unde et mutuo nobis tibique gaudendum est : quia nos filium recepimus, tu discipulum comprobasti. II. Quod autem quaeris in calce Epistolae tuae, cur in opusculis nostris saecularium litterarum interdum 10 ponamus exempla, et candorem Ecclesiae, Ethnieorum sordibus polluamus; breviter responsum habeto. Num- quam hoc quaereres, nisi te totum Tullius possideret; si Scripturas sanctas legeres, si Interpretes earum, omisso Volcatio, evolveres. Quis enim nesciat et in 15 Moyse, et in Proplietarum voluminibus quaedam assumpta de Gentilium libris, et Salomonem Philoso- phis Tyri et nonnulla proposuisse, et aliqua respon- disse ? Unde in exordio Proverbiorum commonet, ut intelligamus sermones prudentiae, versutiasque ver- 20 borum, parabolas, et obscurum sermonem, dicta sapien- tum, et aenigmata (Prov. 1), quae proprie dialecticorum 15 16 St. Hieronymus et philosophorum sunt. Sed et Paulus Apostolus Epiraenidis Poetae abusus versiculo est, scribens ad Titum : " Cretenses semper mendaces, malae bestiae, ventres pigri" (Tit. i. 22). Cujus heroici hemi- 5 stichium postea Callimachus usurpavit. Xec minim si apud Latinos metruin non servet ad verbuni ex- pressa translatio, cum Homerus eadem lingua versus in prosam, vix cohaereat. In alia quoque Epistola, Menandri ponit senarium : " Corrumpunt mores bonos 10 confabulationes pessimae." Et apud Athenienses in Martis curia disputans, Aratum testem vocat. " Ipsius enim et genus sumus," quod Graece dicitur. Tov yap koL yeVo? ea-fxiv ; et est clausula versus heroici. Ac ne parum hoc esset, ductor Christiani exercitus, et orator 15 invictus pro Christo causam agens, etiam inscripti- onem fortuitam, arte torquet in argumentum fidei. Didicerat enim a vero David, extorquere de manibus hostium gladium, et Goliae superbissimi caput proprio mucrone truncare. Legerat in Deuteronomio (Cap. 20 21) Domini voce praeceptum, mulieris captivae raden- dum caput, supercilia, omnes pilos, et ungues corperis amputandos, et sic earn habendam in conjugio. Quid ergo mirum, si et ego sapientiam saecularem propter eloquii venustatem, et membrorum pulchritudinem, de 25 ancilla atque captiva Israelitidem facere cupio ? III. Cyprianus vir eloquentia pollens et martyrio, Eirmiano narrante, mordetur, cur ad versus Demetri- anum scribens, testimoniis usus sit Prophetarum, et Apostolorum, quae ille ficta et commentitia esse dice- Ad Magnum Orator em 17 bat, et non potius Philosophorum et Poetarum, quo- rum auctoritati, ut Ethnicus, contraire non poterat. Scripserunt contra nos Celsus atque Porphyrins : priori Origenes, alteri Methodius, Eusebius, et Apolli- naris fortissime responderunt. Quorum Origenes octo 5 scripsit libros : Methodius usque ad decern millia pro- cedit versuum : Eusebius, et Apollinaris viginti quin- que, et triginta volumina condiderunt. Lege eos, et invenies nos comparatione eorum imperitissimos : et post tanti temporis otium, vix quasi per somnium 10 quod pueri didicimus, recordari. Julianus Augustus septem libros in expeditione Parthica, adversum Christum evomuit ; et juxta fabulas Poetarum, suo se ense laceravit. Si contra hunc scribere tentavero, puto, interdices mihi, ne rabidum canem, Philosopho- 15 rum et Stoicorum doctrinis, id est, Herculis clava per cutiam quanquam Nazarenum nostrum et (ut ipse, solebat dicere) Galilaeum, statim in praelio senserit; et mercedem linguae putidissimae, conto ilia perfossus acceperit. Josephus antiquitatem approbans Judaici 20 populi, duos libros scripsit contra Appionem Alexan- drinum Grammaticum : et tanta saecularium prof ert testimonia, ut mihi miraculum subeat, quomodo vir Hebraeus, et ab infantia sacris Litteris eruditus, cune- tam Graecorum Bibliothecam evolverit. Quid loquar 25 de Philone, quern vel alteram vel Judaeum Platonem critici pronuntiant? IV. Curram per singulos : Quadratus Apostolorum discipulus, et Atheniensis Pontifex Ecclesiae, nonne 18 St. Hieronymns Adriano Principi, Eleusinae sacra invisenti, librum pro nostra religione tradidit ? Et tantae admirationi omnibus fuit, ut persecutionem gravissimam, illius excellens sedaret ingenium. Aristides Philosophus, 5 vir eloquentissimus, eidem Principi Apologeticum pro Christianis obtulit, contextum Philosophorum senten- tiis: quern imitatus postea Justinus, et ipse Philo- sophic, Antonino Pio et filiis eius, Senatuique librum contra Gentiles tradidit, defendens ignominiam crucis, 10 et resurrectionem Christi tota praedicans libertate. Quid loquar de Melitone Sardensi Episcopo ? quid de Apollinario Hierapolitanae Ecclesiae Sacerdote, Dio- nysioque Corinthiorum Episcopo, et Tatiano, et Barde- sane, et Irenaeo Photini Martyris successore : qui 15 origines haereseon singularum, et ex quibus Philo- sophorum fontibus emanarint, multis voluminibus explicarunt ? Pantaenus Stoicae sectae Philosophus, ob praecipuae eruditionis gloriam, a Demetrio Alexan- driae Episcopo missus est in Indiam, ut Christum 20 apud Brachmanas, et illius gentis Philosophus prae- dicaret. Clemens Alexandrinae Ecclesiae Presbyter, meo judicio, omnium eruditissimus, octo scripsit Stro- matum libros ; et totidem viroTv-n-uia-ewv, et alium contra Gentes, Paedagogi quoque tria volumina. Quid in 25 illis indoctum? imo quid non de media Philosophia est? Hunc imitatus Origenes, decern scripsit Stroma- teas, Christianorum et Philosophorum inter se senten- tias comparans : et omnia nostrae religionis dogmata de Platone et Aristotele, Numenio, Cornutoque con- Ad Magnum Orator em 19 firmans. Scripsit et Miltiades contra Gentes volnmen egregium. Hippolytus quoque, et Apollonius, Ro- manae nrbis Senator, propria opuscula condiderunt. Exstant et Jnlii Africani libri, qui teinporum scripsit historias ; et Theodori, qui postea Gregorius appelatus 5 est (S. Gregorius Thaumaturgus), viri Apostolicorum signorurn atque virtutum ; et Dionysii Alexandrini Episcopi: Anatolii quoque Laodicenae Ecclesiae Sa- cerdotis ; nee non Presbyterorum Paniphili, Pierii, Luciani, Malchionis, Eusebii, Caesariensis Episcopi, et 10 Eustathii Antioclieni, et Athanasii Alexandrini : Euse- bii quoque Emiseni, et Triphilii Cyprii, et Asterii Scythopolitae, et Serapionis Confessoris : Titi quoque Bostrensis Episcopi: Cappadocumqne Basilii, Grego- rii, Amphilochii : qui omnes in tantum Philosophorum 15 doctrinis atque sententiis suos resarciunt libros, ut nescias quid in illis primurn admirari debeas, erudi- tionem saeculi, an scientiam Scripturarum. V. Veniam ad Latinos. Quid Tertulliano eruditius, quid acutius? Apologeticus ejus, et contra Gentes 20 libri, cunctam saeculi obtinent disciplinam. Minutius Felix causidicus Bomani fori, in libro, cui titulus Octavius est; et in altero contra Matliematicos (si tamen inscriptio non mentittir auctorem) quid Gen- tilium scripturarum dimisit intactum ? Septem libros 25 adversus Gentes Arnobius edidit, totidemque discipu- lus ejus Lactantius, qui de Ira quoque, et Opificio Dei duo volumina condidit : quos si legere volueris, dialo- gorum Ciceronis in eis eTnro/x^v reperies. Victorino 20 St. Hieronymus Martyri in libris suis, licet desit eruditio, tamen non deest eruditionis voluntas. Cyprianus, Quod idola dii non sint, qua brevitate, qua historiaruin omnium sci- entia, quorum verborum et sensuum splendore per- 5 strinxit? Hilarius meorum Confessor temporum et Episcopus, duodecim Quintiliani libros et stylo imita- tus est, et numero: brevique libello, quern scripsit contra Dioscorum Medicum, quid in Uteris possit, ostendit. Juvencus Presbyter, sub Constantino his- 10 toriam Domini Salvatoris versibus explicavit: nee pertimuit Evangelii majestatem sub metri leges mit- tere. De caeteris vel mortuis, vel viventibus taceo : quorum in scriptis suis et vires manifestae sunt et voluntas. 15 VI. Nee statim prava opinione fallaris, contra Gen- tes hoc esse licitum, in aliis disputationibus dissimu- landuru, quia omnes pene omnium libri, exceptis his qui cum Epicuro litteras non didicerunt, eruditionis doctrinaeque plenissimi sunt. Quanquam ego illud 20 magis reor, quod dictanti venit in mentem, non te ignorare quod semper a doctis viris usurpatum est ; sed per te mihi proponi ab alio quaestionem, qui forte propter amorem historiarum Sallustii, Calpurnius cog- nomento Lanarius sit. Cui quaeso ut suadeas, ne 25 vescentium dentibus edentulus invideat, et oculos ca- prearum, talpa contemnat. Dives, ut cernis, ad dispu- tandum materia; sed jam epistolaris angustia fmienda est. ST. AMBROSIUS EPISCOPUS BEATISSIMO PRINCIPI, ET CLEMENTISSIMO IMPERATORI VALENTINTANO AUGUSTO I. Cum vir clarissimus praefectus urbis Symmachus ad clementiam tuam retulisset, ut ara quae de urbis Romae curia sublata fuerat, redderetur loco; et tu, imperator, licet adliuc in minoris aevi tirocinio floren- tibus novus annis, fidei tamen virtute veteranus obse- 5 crata gentilium non probares ; eodem, quo comperi, puncto libellum obtuli : quo licet cornprebenderim, quae suggestioni necessaria viderentur ; poposci tamen exemplum mihi relationis dari. II. Itaque non fidei tuae ambiguus, sed providus 10 cautionis, et pii certus examinis, hoc sermone rela- tionis assertioni respondeo, hoc unum petens, ut non verborum elegantiam, sed vim rerum exspectandam putes. Aurea enim, sicut Scriptura divina docet (Eccl. vi. 11), est lingua sapientium literatorum, quae 15 phaleratis dotata sermonibus, et quodam splendentis eloquii velut coloris pretiosi corusco resultans, capit animorum oculos specie formosi, visuque perstringit. Sed aurum hoc, si diligentius manu tractes, foris pretium, intus metallum est. Volve, quaeso, atque 20 21 22 St. Ambrosius excute sectam gentilium: pretiosa et grandia sonantj vero effeta defendunt: Demn loquuntur, simulacrum adorant. III. Tria igitur in relatione sua vir clarissimus 5 praefectus urbis proposuit, quae valida putavit : quod Eoma veteres, ut ait, suos cultus requirat, et quod sacerdotibus suis virginibusque Vestalibus emolumenta tribuenda sint, et quod emolumentis sacerdotum nega- tis, fames secuta publica sit. 10 IV. In prima propositione, flebili Eoma quaestu sermonis illacrymat, veteres, ut ait, cultos ceremoni- aruin requirens. Haec sacra, inquit, Annibalem a moenibus, a Capitolio Senonas repulerunt. Itaque dum sacrorum potentia praedicatur, infirmitas prodi- 15 lair. Ergo Annibal diu sacris insultavit Eomanis, et diis contra se dimicantibus, usque ad muros urbis vin- cendo pervenit. Cur se obsideri passi sunt, pro quibus decorum suorum arma pugnabant ? V. Nam de Senonibus quid loquar, quos Capitolii 20 secreta penetrantes Eomanae reliquiae non tulissent, nisi eos pavido anser strepitu prodidisset ? En quales templa Eomana praesules habent. Ubi tunc erat Jupiter ? An in ansere loquebatur ? VI. Verum quid negem sacrorum ritus militasse 25 Eomanis? Sed etiam Annibal eosdem Deos colebat. Utrum volunt igitur, eligant. Si in Eomanis vicerunt sacra, in Carthaginensibus ergo superata sunt : si in Carthaginensibus triumphata, nee Eomanis utique profuerunt. Contra Symmaehum 23 VII. Facessat igitur invidiosa ilia populi Romani querela: non banc Roma mandavit. Aliis ilia eos interpellat vocibus : Quid roe casso quotidie gregis innoxii sanguine cruentatis ? Non in iibris pecudum, sed in viribus bellatorum tropaea victoriae sunt. Aliis 5 ego disciplinis orbem subegi. Militabat Camillus, qui sublata Capitolio signa, caesis Tarpeiae rupis tri- uinphatoribus, reportavit: stravit virtus, quos religio non removit. Quid de Atilio loquar, qui militiam etiam mortis impendit? Africanus non inter Capi- 10 tolii aras, sed inter Annibalis acies triumphum invenit. Quid inihi veterum exempla profertis ? Odi ritus Nerorum. Quid dicam bimestres iinperatores, et ter- minos regum cum exordiis copulatos ? Aut forte illud est novum, barbaros suis excessisse fmibus ? 15 Numquid etiam illi christiani fuerunt, quorum miser- abili novoque exemplo alter captivus imperator, sub altero captivus orbis, fefellisse quae victoriam promit- tebant, suas ceremonias prodiderunt? Numquid et tunc non erat ara victoriae ? Poenitet lapsus : vetusta 20 canities pudendi sanguinis traxit ruborem. Non eru- besco cum toto orbe longaeva converti. Verum certe est quia nulla aetas ad perdiscendum sera est. Eru- bescat senectus, quae emendare se non potest. Non annorum canities est laudata, sed morum (Sap. iv., 25 ix.). Nullus pudor est ad meliora transire. Hoc solum habebam commune cum barbaris, quia Deuni antea nesciebam. Sacrificium vestrum ritus est besti- arum cruore respergi. Quid in mortuis pecudibus 24 St. Ambrosius quaeritis Dei voces ? Venite, et discite in terris coe- lestem militiam : hie vivimus, et illic mil it am us. Coeli my sterium doceat me Deus ipse, qui condidit : non homo, qui se ipsum ignoravit. Cui magis de Deo, 5 quam Deo credam? Quomodo possum vobis credere, qui fatemini vos ignorare quod colitis? VIII. Uno, in quit, itinere non potest perveniri ad tarn grande secretum. Quod vos ignoratis, id nos Dei voce cognovimus. Et quod vos suspicionibus quae- 10 ritis, nos ex ipsa sapientia Dei et veritate compertum habemus. Non congruunt igitur vestra nobiscum. Vos pacem diis vestris ab imperatoribus obsecratis, nos ipsis imperatoribus a Christo pacem rogamus. Vos manuum vestrarum adoratis opera, nos injuriam 15 ducimus omne quod fieri potest, Deum putari. Non vult se Deus in lapidibus coli. Denique etiam ipsi philosophi vestri ista riserunt. IX. Quod si vos ideo Christum Deum negatis ; quia ilium mortuum esse non creditis (nescitis enim quod 20 mors ilia carnis fuerit, non divinitatis, quae facit ut credentium jam nemo moriatur) quid vobis impruden- tius, qui contumeliose colitis, et honorifice derogatis ; vestrum enim Deum lignum pntatis. contumeliosa reverentia ! Christum mori potuisse non creditis. 25 honorifica pervicacia ! X. Sed vetera, inquit, reddenda sunt altaria simu- lacris, ornamenta delubris. Eeposcantur haec a con- sorte superstitionis : christianus imperator aram solius Christi didicit honorare. Quid manus pias et ora ride- Contra Symmachum 25 lia ministerium suis cogunt sacrilegis exhibere ? Vox imperatoris nostri Christum resultet, et ilium solum, quern sentit, loquatur; quia cor regis in manu Dei (Pro v. xxi. 1). Numquid imperator gentilis aram Christo levavit ? Dum ea quae fuerunt, reposcunt, 5 exemplo suo admonent quantum christiani impera- tores religioui, quam sequuntur, debeant deferre reve- rentiae ; quando gentiles superstitionibus suis omnia detulerunt. XL Dudum coepimus, et jam sequuntur exclusos. 10 Nos sanguine gloriamur, illos dispendium movet. Nos haee victoriae loco ducimus, illi injuriam putant. Numquam nobis amplius contulerunt, quam cum ver- berari christianos atque proscribi ac necari juberent. Praemium fecit religio, quod perfidia putabat esse 15 supplicium. Videte magnanimos. Per injurias, per inopiam, per supplicium nos crevimus : illi ceremonias suas sine quaestu manere posse non credunt. ST. AUGUSTINUS DE MODO JUVENTUTIS ERUDIENDAE I. Quid auteru erat causae cur graecas litteras oderam, quibus puerulus imbuebar, ne nunc quidem mihi satis exploratum est. Adamaverani enim latinas, non quas primi magistri, sed quas docent qui gramma- tici vocantur. Nam illas primas ubi legere et scribere et numerare discitur, non minus onerosas poenalesque habebam, quam omnes graecas. Unde tamen et hoc nisi de peccato et vanitate vitae, quia caro eram, et spiritus ambulans et non revertens ? (Ps. lxxvii. 39.) 10 Nam utique meliores, quia certiores erant primae illae litterae, quibus fiebat in me, et factum est, et habeo illud ut et legam si quid scriptum invenio, et scribam ipse si quid volo, quam illae quibus tenere cogebar Aeneae nescio cujus errores, oblitus errorum 15 meorum ; et plorare Didonem mortuam, quia se occidit ob amorem, cum interea meipsum in his a te mori- entem, Deus vita mea, siccis oculis ferrem miserrimus. II. Quid enim miserius misero non miserante seip- sum, et flente Didonis mortem, quae fiebat amando 20 Aeneam ; non flente autem mortem suam, quae fiebat non amando te, Deus lumen cordis mei, et panis oris intus animae meae, et virtus maritans mentem meam 26 Be Modo Juventutis Erudiendae 27 et sinum cogitationis meae ? Non te amabam, et for- nicabar abs te, et fornicanti sonabat undique, Euge, euge. Amicitia enim nmncli hujus, fornicatio est abs te ; et Euge, euge dicitur, ut pudeat si non ita homo sit. Et haec non flebam, sed fiebam Didoneui ex- 5 stinctam, ferroque extrema secutam (Aeneid, VI 4:56), sequens ipse extrema condita tua, relicto te, et terra iens in terrain : et si prohiberer ea legere, dolerem, quia non legerem quod dolerem. Talis dementia honestiores et uberiores litterae putantur, quam illae 10 quibus legere et scribere didici. III. Sed nunc in anima mea clamet, Deus meus, et Veritas tua dicat mihi : Non est ita, non est ita ; melior est prorsus doctrina ilia prior. Nam ecce paratior sum oblivisci errores Aeneae, atque omnia 15 ejusmodi, quam scribere et legere. At enim vela pendent liminibus grammaticarum scholarum: sed non ilia magis honorem secreti, quam tegumentum erroris significant. Non clament adversus me, quos jam non timeo, dum confiteor tibi quae vult anima 20 mea, Deus meus, et acquiesco in reprehensione mala- rum viarum mearum, ut diligam bonas vias tuas. Non clament adversum me venditores grammaticae vel emptores : quia si proponam eis, interrogans utrum verum sit quod Aeneam aliquando Carthaginem ve- 25 nisse Poeta dicit ; indoctiores se nescire respondebunt, doctiores autem etiam negabunt verum esse. At si quaeram quibus litteris scribatur Aeneae nomen, omnes mihi, qui haec didicerunt, verum responde- 28 St. Aucfustinus bunt; secundum id pactum et placitum, quo inter se homines ista signa firmarunt. Item, si quaeram quid horum majore vitae hujus incommodo qnisque oblivis- catur, legere et scribere, an poetica ilia figmenta ; 5 quis non videat quid responsurus sit, qui non est penitus oblitus sui? Peccabam ergo puer cum ilia inania istis utilioribus amore praeponebam, vel potius ista oderam, ilia amabam. Jamvero unum et unum duo, duo et duo quatuor, odiosa cantio mihi erat; 10 et dulcissimum spectaculum vanitatis equus ligneus plenus armatis, et Trojae incendium, etque ipsius umbra Creusae (Aeneid, II.). IV. Cur ergo graecam etiam grammaticam oderam talia cantantem? Nam et Homerus peritus texere 15 tales fabellas, et dulcissime vanus est, et mihi tamen amarus erat puero. Credo etiam graecis pueris Vir- gilius ita sit, sum eum sic discere cogimtur, ut ego ilium. Videlicet difficultas, omnino ediscendae pere- grinae linguae, quasi felle aspergebat omnes suavitates 20 graecas fabulosarum narrationum. Nulla enim verba ilia noveram, et saevis terroribus ac poenis ut nossem instabatur mihi vehementer. Nam et latina aliquando infans utique nulla noveram; et tamen advertando didici sine ullo metu atque cruciatu, inter etiam blan- 25 dimenta nutricum, et joca arridentium, et laetitias alludentium. Didici vero ilia sine poenali onere urgentium, cum me urgeret cor meum ad parienda concepta sua, quae non possem, nisi aliqua verba didi- cissem, non a docentibus, sed a loquentibus, in quorum De Modo Juventutis Erudiendae 29 et ego auribus partiiriebam quidquid sentiebam. Hinc satis elucet majorem habere vim ad discenda ista libe- ram curiositatem, quam meticulosam necessitatem. Sed illius fluxum haec restringit legibus tuis, Dens, legibus tuis a magistrorum ferulis usque ad tenta- 5 tiones martyrura, valentibus legibus tuis miscere salu- bres ainaritudines, revocantes nos ad te a jucunditate pestifera, qua recessimus a te. V. Sed vae tibi, fliimen moris liurnani ! Quis re- sistet tibi ? quamdiu non siccaberis ? quousque volves 10 Evae filios in mare magnum et formidolosum, quod vix transeunt qui lignum conscenderint ? Nonne ego in te legi et tonantem Jovem et adulterantem ? Et utique non posset haec duo ; sed actum est, ut haberet auctoritatem ad imitandum verum adulterium, lenoci- 15 nante falso tonitruo. Quis autem penulatorum magis- trorum audit aure sobria, ex eodem pulvere hominem clamantem et dicentem : Fingebat haec Homerus, et humana ad Deos transferebat ; divina mallem ad nos? (Cicero, Tuscul. i.) Sed verius dicitur quod fingebat 20 haec quidem ille; sed hominibus flagitiosis divina tribuendo, ne flagitia flagitia putarentur, et ut quisquis ea fecisset, non homines perditos, sed coelestes deos videretur imitatus. VI. Et tamen, o flumen tartareum, jactantur in te 25 filii hominum, cum mercedibus ut haec discant; et magna res agitur, cum hoc agitur publice in foro, in con- spectu legum supra mercedem salaria decernentium ; et saxa tua percutis et sonas dicens : Hinc verba dis- 30 St. Augustinus cuntur, hinc acquiritur eloquentia rebus persuadentis sententiisque explicandis maxim e necessaria. Non accuso verba, quasi vasa electa atque pretiosa ; sed vinum erroris quod in eis nobis propinabatur ab 5 ebriis doctoribus : et nisi biberemus, caedebamur, nee apellare aliquem judicem sobrium licebat. Et tamen ego, Deus rneus, in cujus conspectu jam secura est recordatio mea, libenter haec didici, et eis delectabar miser, et ob hoc bonae spei puer appellabar. NOTES TERTULLIAN (150-about 230 a.d.) Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus was born at Carthage, — a city then and afterward of the greatest im- portance as a centre of Latin Christianity. His father was a centurion in the Roman army. Tertullian studied law, and afterward taught rhetoric in Carthage, until about the year 192, when he became a Christian. From that time to the end of his life he devoted himself unwaveringly to the promulgation of the doctrines of his religion. His life was one of tireless effort and the most rigid asceticism. He crushed remorselessly all his desires and affections, however high and noble, except those purely spiritual. Even his love for his wife, to whom two of his finest treatises are addressed, he sternly repressed, leaving her that he might lead a life of greater devotion. Until the year 201, he preached and wrote incessantly in defence of Christianity. Then he joined the Montanists, — a sect that claimed to have reached to the highest spiritual gifts through the severest austerity of life. With them he re- mained but a short time; and when he left them, he took with him a small number of followers, whom he instructed, and upon whom he enforced his most extreme principles of bodily mortification. Beyond the statement of St. Jerome that he lived to " a decrepit age," we have little or nothing to fix the time of his death. On account of his early zeal, Tertullian is considered, in 31 32 Notes [Page 1 spite of his heresy, the first Father of the Latin Church. His attitude was always militant and aggressive, and his war was unceasing on everything that made against religion, whether it was human desires and passions in the hearts of his followers, or the opposition of unbelievers. He taunted the pagans, in stinging, scornful words, for their customs, philosophy, and religion. Against anything savoring of compromise, Tertullian thundered as loudly as against pa- ganism itself. Origen, the first of the Christian Greek writers, sought to reach the pagans through points of con- tact between their belief and his ; to Tertullian the two beliefs were utterly antagonistic, and he refused to come to close quarters with his enemy at any point, but stood afar off and hurled his bolts, each one with all the force he could command. As Pressense points out, the contrast extends also to the styles of the two writers. " The eloquence of the one" (Origen), he says, "is as large and limpid as his genius ; it is as a beautiful river, abundant and majestic ; that of the other is a mountain torrent. Origen lightens, Tertullian thunders. Origen speaks to Christian philoso- phers like a Christian philosopher ; Tertullian is a tribune of the people, who has gone down to the forum and the cross-roads to kindle the minds of the crowd." The selection given is Chapters V-VII from the De Spectaculis. The treatise was called forth, probably, by the public shows given by the Emperor Severus in honor of his victory over Albinus. Tertullian's argument is that shows are idolatrous in origin and character. Page 1. 1. De originibus, etc.: sc. spectaculorum ; touch- ing the origin of shows as being somewhat obscure and unknown amongst the greater part of our (Christian) brethren, we must carry our search higher, Page 3] Tertullian 33 5. Ab his: sc. scryptoribus or auctoribus. 6. in Btruria consedisse : settled in Etruria. 8. contentione : B. 226 ; G. 397 ; Y. 124 ; S. 226 ; H. 480 ; A. and G. 253. 11. tempus : the season (of the games). ut ludi a Lydis vocarentur : so that they were called from the Lydians, ' ludi.'' 14. ludendo : while playing. The Ablative of the Gerund, besides cause, manner, etc., may denote time, separation, re- spect, etc. tamen . . . reputat : yet he accounts this sport of the young men as belonging to holy days, temples, and solem- nities. 16. vocabuli : of the name. 20. pro . . . vini : for discovering to them the gift of wine. Page 2. 3. ut volunt : as they (the Pagans) will have it. 5. in matrimonia : matrimonia, in post-Augustan Latin, signifies wives. 7. penes Deum : in the eyes of God. 8. Facit . . . maculam : for this also helps to stain the origin. 11. ad primas metas : i.e. at the head of the course. 13. Duello : old form for bello. Potentes : masculine plural, agrees with Consus, Mars, and Lares, and here means lords, rulers. 14. apud earn : sc. aram. 26. de titulis : on the very face of the titles. 28. utriusque generis : i.e. the theatre and the circus. 29. Megalenses, etc. : with these names, ludi must be supplied. Page 3. 9. apudnos: i.e. Christians. 17. de reatu generali : derived from the common guilt of idolatry. 20. praecedit : i.e. before the games themselves. 21. de imaginum agmine : by the long line of images (of the gods). 22. de sedibus : sc. deorum. c c«rc 34 Notes [Page 4 23. de exuviis : by the robes. Tertullian uses this word for the splendid apparel of the gods. sacra : rights. 24. praecedant, intercedant, succedant : go before, come between, and follow after. 26. illius urbis : i.e. Rome. 27. minore cura : with less (care) pomp. pro minoribus viribus : in proportion to their inferior means. Page 4. 5. in uno : even in one. 7. quaevis idololatria . . . criminis sui : every idola- trous show, however meanly or frugally furnished, is sumptuous and gorgeous in the amount of its sinfulness. ST. CYPRIAN (200-258 a.d.) Thascius Cecilius Cyprianus was born at Carthage. His parents were wealthy and distinguished, and Cyprian re- ceived a thorough education in philosophy. For many years, until the time of his conversion to Christianity, he taught rhetoric. He was baptized in the year 246, and two years later he was ordained a priest. In his preaching and ministrations, his charity and humility so won the hearts of his hearers that, in spite of his remonstrances, he was elected Bishop of Carthage. During the persecution of the Christians by the Emperor Decius, in the year 249, the life of Cyprian, as the leader of the Church in Africa, was particularly sought. He fled from Carthage, returning the following year, when the rigor of the persecution had abated. When the plague swept over the city in 252, Cyprian was constantly active in his ministrations to the sick and dying. He was aided in this work by rich and poor, Christians and pagans, whom he organized into a society for nursing the sick and burying the dead. Page 6] St. Cyprian 35 Some five years later, under the persecution by Valerian, Cyprian was banished from Carthage. In less than a year, however, he was brought back, tried before the proconsul, sentenced to death, and beheaded. In his method and lines of thought he followed closely in the footsteps of Tertullian, whom he called his master. His style, however, is very different from Tertullian's. Sarcasm, invective, or abuse he never used, but established his points firmly by means of logic and clear reasoning. His argu- ments gained power from the example he set in his own life, which was always of the utmost simplicity and purity. The purpose of the tract On the Vanity of Idols, from which this selection is made, is to show that the gods were no more than deified men. His argument is essentially the same as that of Euhemeros, Tertullian, and Clement of Alexandria. This tract is, as Farrar says, " St. Cyprian's farewell to hea- thendom as a religious system." The work is a careful analysis of mythologic beliefs, by one who was a witness of their practice, and, to a certain extent, of their decay. Page 5. 1. vulgus : the common people. 3. suos : sc. populos. 6. hostias : sc. Mis. 7. Inde posteris . . . solatia : and what at first were in- vented as consolations, became sacred rights in the generations after. 8. an stet . . . Veritas : whether this truth is sustained in individual instances. 18. manifestum est : it is notorious. inde Latium, etc.: and that Latium received its name from being latent there. 19. Hie = Saturn. Page 6. 1. primus instituit : B. 241. 2 ; G. 325. 7 ; Y. 137. 4 ; S. 237. 2 ; H. 497. 3 ; A. and G. 191. 36 Notes [Page 7 2. rusticitatis . . . cultor : maintainer of the country life. 3. pingitur : Saturn is painted as an old man bearing a sickle. fugatum : driven into exile. 20. Cur vero . . . valuisse ? Why again do you think that the gods can do all for the Romans, when you see them availing nothing for their own nations against the Roman arms ? 22. vernaculos : Newman translates this word home-born. Est : belongs with factus. 23. et Picus, etc.: and so were Picus and Tiburinus. 7. 3. Idaea : at Ida. 6. est et Venus . . . vulnerata : and they have a Venus the Bald, more dishonored by her baldness in Rome, than by her wound in Homer. 19. rem concordiae, etc. : an affair of a peaceful nature, he enters upon by deeds of quarrel. LACTANTIUS (about 250-330 a.d.) Lactantius was born near the middle of the third century, probably, at Firmum, in Italy. Very little is known of his life. He embraced Christianity from conviction, and de- voted his life and talents to its defence. Such was his repu- tation for learning that Constantine appointed him, in the year 313, preceptor to the prince, Crespus. Jerome refers to him as " the most learned man of his time." The clearness, force, and beauty of Lactantius' style, the classic quality of his Latin, and his skill in argument, have frequently led men to compare him with Cicero. The selection given here is from the Book on the Death of Persecutors. It deals with the persecution under Diocle- tian, of which Lactantius was a witness. Page 13] Laetantius 37 Page 9. De Mortibus : The word mors is used in the plural when it means the death of more than one person. Praeclarae mortes sunt imperatorum (Cicero, Fin. I. 30). 5. mentis : used here in an active sense ; used further on with a passive meaning. omnibus adversariis : these are : Severus, who died 307 ; Maximinus Hercules, 307 ; Galerius, 311 ; Maxentius, 312 ; Maxhninus Dai'a, and Diocletian, 313. 7. templum Dei : the church. 9. principes : Constantine and Licinius, the signers of the Edict of Milan. 10. resciderunt . . . providerunt : an example of asynde- ton, a favorite figure with Laetantius. 14. lux refulsit : St. Cyprian expresses the same idea at the beginning of the tract De Lapsis. Page 12, 27. animal : used as a term of reproach, monster. Cicero, in speaking of Clodius, says (Pis. 9), Funestum illud animal. 28. persequatur : B. 277 ; G. 265 ; Y. 189. Page 13. 2. Carpos : colony of Germania Transvistulam, established probably on Carpates Mons. 8. multo post : Valerian came to the throne in 253, and commenced the persecution in 257. Among the illustrious victims of this persecution are Pope Sixtns II., St. Laurence the Deacon, and St. Cyprian. 19. ac terga praebere : this was the practice of the oriental kings toward captives. There are several Scriptural passages which allude to the custom ; e.g. Donee ponam inimi- cos tuos scahellum pedum tuorum. 22. triumphatus : triumphare is only found in a transitive sense in post-Augustan Latin. aliquamdiu = ten years, from 259-269. 25. filium : Gallienus, the profligate who was slain by his own soldiers in 268. 28. derepta est ei cutis : Ovid (Met. VI. 387) has : Cla- manti cutis est summos derepta per artus. 38 Notes [Page 15 ST. JEROME (331-about 422 a.d.) St. Jerome (St. Hieronymus) was born at Stridon, a little town on the borders of Dalmatia. The wealth of his father, Eusebius, placed the best educational resources of the time at his disposal. In Rome he studied the classics under Donatus, and it is commonly believed that he afterward studied law. It was while studying in Rome that Jerome fell a prey, as he tells us, to the temptations of which the city was so full at the time. Finally, however, he rose above them, and in 360 he was baptized. His baptism was fol- lowed by a period of travel, during which he visited Aquilea, Treves, Antioch, and Syria. On his return he was long occupied in the study of the Scriptures and the revision of the Latin Gospels, — a task intrusted to him by Pope Damasus. In 385, after a pilgrimage through the Holy Land, Jerome settled at Bethlehem, where a monastery was built for him. Here he translated the Old Testament from Greek into Latin. This translation occupied him up to 405, some fifteen years in all, and was his last important work. It was while he was engaged on this work that his friendship of twenty-five years' standing with Rufinus was broken by religious controversy. He died and was buried at Bethlehem, but his body was afterward removed to Rome. Jerome was a deeply learned man, and some of his works on subjects outside his chosen field, notably geography and history, were of real importance in advancing the learning of his time. In life he practised the austerity which he so earnestly preached ; his discourses were always most eloquent in rebuking luxury, effeminacy, vanity, and avarice. Farrar says that Jerome stands far higher than Lactantius, in Page 18] St. Jerome 39 genius, individuality, and force, though his style may not be so purely classical. Page 15. 1-8. St. Jerome thanks Magnus, a Roman ora- tor, for giving salutary advice to a young man named Sebesius, who had committed some fault. 3. Et mirum : and strange to say. 4. Certaverunt . . . pietas : there has been indeed a con- flict between indulgence in the father and affection in the son. 5. praeteritorum non meminit : B. 206. n.j G. 376; Y. 156 ; S. 216 ; H. 454 ; A. and G. 219. 6. officia : dutiful behavior. 9 ff. St. Jerome defends his use of pagan writings by the example of the Fathers. 11. Ethniconim sordibus : with the foulness of heathenism. 15. omisso Volcatio : having put aside {the reading of) Volcatius. 18. nonnulla proposuisse. et aliqua respondisse : that Solomon proposed questions to the philosophers of Tyre and answered others {put to him by them). 22. aenigmata : dark sayings. Page 16. 12. Tov -yap kcu -ye'vos ecrp-e'v : see Acts xvii. 28. 15. inscriptionem fortuitam : a chance inscription. 16. arte torquet : skilfully turns. fidei : Acts xvii. 22. 27. Firmiano narrante : so Lactantius tells us. Page 17. 4. Methodius. Eusebius, and Apolliuaris : Apologists of the fourth century. Their works have perished. 17. quanquam : it is true. 28 ff. This paragraph enumerates many of the Christian writers who profited by pagan literature. 28. Curram per singulos : Let me run through the list of our own writers. Page 18. 8. Antonino Pio et filiis eius : Marcus Aure- lius and Lucius Verus. 22. Stromatum : aTpa/mareis, Miscellanies. 23. vTroruir»o-€tirchaser. en, interj., lo ! behold! sec! enim, conj.,/or, indeed, truly. eniteo, ere, ui, to shine forth, gleam, brighten. ENORMITAS 17 EVOLVO enormitas, atis, f., hugeness, enormous size ; enormity. ensis, is, m., a sword. enuntiatio, onis, f., a decla- ration, enunciation, a name. Epicurus, I, m., Epicurus. Epimenides, is, m., Epimen- ides, a Greek poet and prophet. episcopus, I, m., a bishop. epistola, ae, 1, a written communication, a letter, an epistle. epistolaris, e, adj., epistolary, pertaining to a letter. Equiria, orum, n. pi., the an- nual horse-race in the Cam- pus Martius, in honor of Mars. equus, I, m., a horse. erado, ere, si, to scratch out, erase, remove, eradicate. ergo, adv., therefore, conse- quently, accordingly. erro, are, avi, atum, to wan- der about, lose one's self; to err, make a mistake. error, oris, m., a wandering or straying about ; wavering, departure from the right way, error, delusion. erubesco, ere, erubui, to grow red, blush, be ashamed. erudio, ire, Ivi, ltum, to pol- ish ; educate, teach, instruct, bring up. eruditio, onis, f., learning, knowledge, instruction, eru- dition. eruditus, a, um, part, adj., learned, well-informed, expe- rienced, skilled. et, conj., and; et . . . et, both . . . and. etenim, conj., for, truly, be- cause, since. ethnicus, a, um, adj., heathen, pagan. etiam, conj., and also, further- more, even, besides. Etruria, ae, f., Etruria, a country on the western coast of Italy. etsi, conj., though, although, even, if. euripus, I, m., strait, canal, conduit. Eusebius, I, m., Eusebius, a learned bishop of Caesarea. Eustathius, I, m., Eustathius, bishop of Antioch at the time of the Nicene Council. Eva, ae, f., Eve, the first woman. evangelium, I, n., the Gospel ; good news. eversio, onis, f., an over- throwing, destruction. everto, ere, everti, eversum, to overthrow, overturn, up- set, agitate, disturb. evolvo, ere, volvi, volutum, to unroll, unfurl; to read, peruse. EVOMO 18 EXPROBRO evomo, ere, ui, itum, to vomit forth ; put or send forth. examen, inis, n., a weighing, an examination, an investi- gation, a consideration. excarnifico, are, atum, to torment, torture, to cut to pieces. excedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to go away ; to exceed, over- step, go beyond, transgress. excello, ere, celsum, to rise, elevate ; to be eminent, to dis- tinguish one's self, to excel. excido, ere, cidi, to fall from, fall out, slip out from, es- cape. excido, ere, cidi, cisum, to cut down, raze, demolish, lay ivaste, destroy. excipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, to take out, except, make an exception to; to take, re- ceive. excito, are, avi, atum, to wake up, arouse, excite. excludo, ere, clusi, clusum, to shut out, except, exclude, cut off, separate. excogito, are, avi, atum, to devise, contrive, invent. excutio, ere, cussi, cussum, to cast or drive out, search, investigate, examine. exemplum, I, n., an example, a pattern, model, sample, a copy of a book. exerceo, ere, exercui, exer- citum, to superintend, work, exercise, practice. exercitus, us, m., an army. exhibeo, ere, ui, itum, to hold out, tender, present, deliver, give up ; to show, exhibit. exigo, ere, egi, actum, to demand, require, exact. exinde, adv., thence, next, after that. existimo, are, avi, atum, to judge, consider, think, esteem. exitus, us, m., end, death, departure. exordium, T, n., the begin- ning, commencement, intro- duction. expeditio, onis, f., an expedi- tion, a campaign. explico, are, avi, atum, orui, itum, to unfold, unroll, ad- just, regulate, explain. exploro, are, avi, atum, to search out, seek, examine, explore, discover, find out, learn, know. expono, ere, posui, positum, to set forth, explain; relate, publish, tell. exprimo, ere, pressT, pres- sum, to press out, hence to model, form, sculpture, por- tray. exprobro, are, avi, atum, to upbraid, reproach. EXSECRABILIS 19 FERO exsecrabilis, e, adj., accursed, detestable. exsequor, sequi, secutus, dep., to treat of, describe, carry out, follow to the end. exsisto, ere, exstiti, exsti- tum, to step out, come forth, appear. exspecto, are, avl, atum, to look for, wait for, expect. exstinguo, ere, exstinxi, ex- stinctum, to put out, extin- guish ; abolish, destroy, kill, slay. exstS, are, to be extant, to exist, to be. exsurgo, ere, surrexi, to rise up, rise, recover strength or power. extorqueo, ere, si, turn, to twist out, dislocate, to wrench out, take away by force. extremis, a, um, utmost, ex- treme, farthest, last, end. exuo, ere, ui, utum, to put off, put away, lay aside; to strip, despoil, deprive. exuviae, arum, f. pi., robes, clothing ; arms, equipment. fabella, ae, f., a brief narra- tive, a story, a poem. fabrico, are, avi, atum, or fabricor, arT, atus sum, to frame, construct,. build, make, make up, fabricate. fabula, ae, f., a story, a poem, a narrative. fabulosus, a, um, fabulous. facesso, ere, cessi, itum, to do earnestly, to despatch, to go away, retire, depart. facilius, adv., more easily, more readily. facio, ere, feci, factum, to do, make, create, effect, produce, bring to pass. factum, I, n., a deed, an act. fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, to deceive, cheat, disappoint. falsus, a, um, deceptive, false, spurious. fames, is, f., hunger, famine, poverty. fastigium, i, n., the roof, top, summit. fastus, a, um, part., fixed; with dies, festival, feast-day. fateor, fateri, fassus (fati or fari), dep., to confess, ovm, acknowledge. febris, is, f., a fever ; deified, Fever. f el, fellis, n. , the gall-bladder, gall ; poison; anger. Felix, icis, m., Minucius Fe- lix, a Roman lawyer of the second century. Feretrius, I, m., Feretrius, a surname of Jupiter. fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irreg., to bear, carry, bring, convey ; allow, permit. FEROCIO 20 FRATRICIDA feroclo, ire, Ivi, Itum, to rage, be fierce, do violence. ferula, ae, f., a cane, a rod, a stick. ferus, a, urn, ivild, untamed, barbarous. festus, a, um, holy, solemn, festal. flctus, a, um, part, adj., ficti- tious, false. fidelis, e, adj., trusty, faithful, reliable. fides, el, f., faith, confidence, trust, belief. fldo, ere, fisus sum, semi- dep., to trust in, have confi- dence in, confide in, believe. flgmentum, I, n., an image, a fiction. films, 1, m., a son. fingo, ere, flnxl, flctum, to shape, form, make, invent. flnio, ire, Ivi, Itum, to finish, end, close, cease. finis, is, m., a boundary, limit, border. flo, fieri, f actus sum, used as pass, of facio. See facio. FIrmianus, i, m., Firmian. firmo, are, avi, atum, to make firm, establish, steady, settle. flagitiosus, a, um, shameful, disgraceful, wicked. flagitium, I, n., a crime, a shameful or disgraceful act. flamen, inis, m., a priest of one particular deity. flebilis, e, adj., tearful, dole- ful, lamentable. Floralis, e, adj., Floralian. florens, entis, part, adj., blos- soming ; fresh, young. floridus, a, um, blooming, flourishing. fluo, ere, fluxl, fluxum, flow, roll, flood. fluxus, a, um, floiving, weak, effeminate, debased. fluxus, us, m., flood, flow, deluge. foedus, eris, n., a treaty, an agreement, a contract. fons, fontis, m. , a spring, foun- tain, source, origin, cause, uprising. foris, adv., outside, without, out of doors. forma, ae, 1, form, outline, character, manner. formosus, a, um, adj., beau- tiful, well-formed. As a subst., formosus, i, m., beauty, gracefulness. forte, adv. , perhaps, perchance, indeed. fortissime, adv., venj strongly, very powerfully. iortmtus, a,um,chance,casual, accidental. forum, I, n., the forum, market- place, public-place. frater, tris, m., a brother. fratricida. ae, m., the mur- derer of a brolhei', a fratricide. FRAUS 21 GRAVIS fraus, fraudis, f., treachery, fraud, deceit. frigeo, ere, to be cold, dull, lifeless, languid. frons, frondis, f., a tree, leafy branch, foliage. fructus, us, m. , fruit, produce, profit. frugalitas, tatis, f., cheapness, frugality. fuga, ae, f., flight, escape. fugo, are, avi, atum, to put to flight, chase avmy, expel. fulmino, are, to lighten, to hxirl lightnings ; pass., to be struck by lightning. fundamentum, I, n., founda- tion, groundwork, basis. fundo, ere, fudi, fiisum, to pour, pour out, shed ; to pour forth, utter. funebris, e, adj., funereal, deathly. furo, ere, to be mad, be furi- ous, to rage. furor, oris, m. , rage, madness. fury. futurus, a, urn (part, of sum), about to be, future. Galilaeus, a, um, Galilean. As a subst. , in. , a Galilean. gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum, semi-dep., to rejoice, be glad, take pleasure in. Geminus, i, m., Koman family name. Plu., Gemini, orum, the twin constellation, Castor and Pollux. generalis, e, adj., universal, all. gens, gentis, f., a nation, people, class; a foreigner, a Gentile. Gentilis, e, adj., Gentile, hea- then, pagan. genus, eris, n., species, kind, sort, race. gero, ere, gessi, gestum, to accomplish, to do, carry out, perform. gladius, I, m., a sivord. gloria, ae, f., glory, renown, praise, fame. glorior, ari, atus sum, to glory, boast. gloriosus, a, um, glorious, renowned. Golia, ae, m., Goliath. Graecus, a, um, Grecian, Greek. Graece, adv., in Greek. grammatica, ae, f., grammar ; literature, philology. grammaticus, i, in., a gram- marian, rhetorician, teacher. grandis, e, adj., full-grown, large; grand, great; lofty, sublime. gratia, ae, f., gift, favor, kind- ness ; with gen. , for the sake of. gravis, e, adj., heavy, harsh, severe, important. GRAVITER 22 IACEO graviter, adv. , heavily, severely, violently. Gregorius, I, m., Gregory. grex, gregis, m., flock, herd, drove, crowd. habeo, ere, uT, itum, to have, possess, hold. habitus, us, m., character, na- ture, appearance, disposition, Hannibal, alis, m., Hannibal, leader of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war. Hebraeus, i, in., a Hebrew. hemistichium, I, n., a hemi- stich, one-half a line. Hercules, is, m., Hercules, the god of strength. hereseon, I, n., heresy. Hermateles, is, m., Herma- teles. hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this. Hieronymus, 1, m., Jerome. Hieropolitanus, a, um, Hie- ropolitan. Hilarius, I, m., Hilary, bishop of Poictiers ; defended the faith against Arianism. hinc, adv., from this source, cause, place, time ; hence. Hippolytus, 1, m.,Hippolytus, the first anti-Pope. historia, ae, f., a narrative of past events, history. hodie, adv., to-day, at the present day. hodieque, for hodie quoque, to this day, still, now. Homerus, I, m., Homer, the famous Greek poet. homo, inis, m., a man, a human being. honor, oris, m. , respect, honor, repute, esteem; reward, rec- ompense. honorifica, ae, i, honor, re- spect, esteem, worship. honorifice, adv., in an honor- able or respectful manner, honorably. honorificus, a, um, that which does or confers honor ; hon- orable, respectable. honoro, are, avi, atum, to honor, respect, esteem. hora, ae, f., an hour, time. hospitium, I, n., hospitality. hostia, ae, f., victim, sacrifice, Hostllius, i, m. , Hostilius, king of Rome. hostis, is, m. orf., an enemy (public). htijusmodi (gen. of hie and modus), indecl. adj., of this sort, of this kind, such. humanus, a, um, human, mor- tal. humus, 1, m., the earth, the ground, the soil. iaceo. ere, cui, to lie. lie sick, to be ill, to lie prostrate ; to be IACIO 23 IMPERIUM neglected; to be cast down, dejected. iacio, ere, ieci, iactum, to throw, cast, fling, hurl. iacto, are, avi, atum, to throw, cast, hurl, scatter. iam, adv., already, now, at length. Ianiculum, I, n., one of the seven hills of Rome. Ianuarius, 1, m., January. Ianus, I, m., the sun-god, Janus. Ida, ae, f . , Ida, a mountain in Crete. Idaeus, a, um, of or belonging to Ida. idem, eadem, idem, pron., the same, this same. ideo, adv., for that reason, on that account, therefore. idololatria (idolatria), ae, f., idolatry, idol-worship. idolum, 1, n., an idol, image. Iesus, I, m., Jesus. igitur, adv., then, therefore, accordingly, thereupon. ignis, is, i.,fire. ignominia, ae, f., disgrace, dishonor, ignominy. ignoro, are, avi, atum, to be unacquainted with, ignorant of, not to know. ignotus, a, um, unknown, un- acquainted. ilia, ium, n. pi. , the flank, the vitals; the entrails of animals. illacrimo, are, avi, atum, also illacrimor, dep. , to weep, be- wail, lament, complain. ille, ilia, illud, pron. , that (yon- der) ; well known, famous. illic, adv., there, in that place. illuc, adv., thither, thereto, there. imago, inis, f., an image, statue, likeness. imbuo, ere, ui, utum, to wet, soak, saturate ; to impress on, imbue, instruct, teach. imito, are, avi, atum, and imitor, are, atus sum, to imitate, copy, follow, feign, pretend, counterfeit. immo (or imo), adv., (1) in contradiction or denial, no indeed, by no means ; (2) in general, assuredly, nay rather, by all means. immolo, are, avi, atum, to offer sacrifice, to immolate. immundus, a, um, unclean, impure, filthy. impended, ere, to hang over, overhang. impends, ere, di, sum, to spend, expend; to give, de- vote, render up. imperator, oris, m., emperor, general, ruler, leader. imperitus, a, um, unskilled, ignorant, without experience. imperium, i, n., empire, gov- ernment. IMPERO 24 IXOLESCO impero, are, avi, atum, to com- mand, order, govern, rule. impetus, us, m., an attack, assault, onset, impulse. impius. a, urn, irreverent, un- godly, wicked, impious. impono, ere, posui, positum, to place, put, set or lay into, on, upon, or in. impotens, entis, part, adj., powerless, impotent, weak, feeble, violent, despotic. imprimo, ere, pressi, pres- sum, to print, mark, impress, press. imprudens, entis, part, adj., unexpecting, thoughtless, un- conscious, unforeseeing. impudens, entis, f., shame- lessness, impudence. impune, adv. , without punish- ment, safely, with impunity. impunitas, atis, i., impunity. in, prep., (1) with ace, into, in ; (2) with abl., in, within. inanis, e, adj, empty, void, worthless, poor. incendium, I, n., a burning, fire, conflagration. incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, to begin, commence. incito, are, to hasten, urgefor- ivard, rush ; to incite, arouse, stir up. inclino, are, to bend, bend down, stoop. incommodum, i, n., an incon- venience, trouble, disadvan- tage. incubo, are, ui, itum, to lie in or upon, to abide, dwell in. inde, adv., thence, from that place; since, afterwards. India, ae, f., India. indoctus, a. um, untaught, unlearned, ignorant. induco, ere, duxi, ductum, to lead, bring, conduct. indulgentia, ae, f., indul- gence, complaisance, tender- ness, forbearance. Tnfans, fantis, m. or 1, a child, an infant. infantia, ae, 1, infancy, early childhood. Tnielix, Icis, adj., unfortunate, unhappy. inficio, ere, feci, fectum, to stain, dye, color, tinge. infirmitas, atis, f., vjeakness, feebleness, infirmity. ingenium, l, n., (1) nature, constitution ; (2) genius, abil- ity, talent, intellect. initium, I, n. .beginning, com- mencement ; abl. sing, (used adverbially), in the begin- ning, at first. iniuria, ae, f., a wrong, a loss, an injury, offence, insult. innoxius, a, um, harmless, blameless, innocent. inolesco, ere, evi, itum, to grow up in, or on. IXOPIA 25 IXTERPRES inopia, ae, f., want, needy lack, scarcity. inquam, defective verb, to say. inquinamentum, I, n., corrup- tion, defilement. inquino, are, to defile, pollute, corrupt, spoil. inquio, rarer form for inquam. See inquam. inrogo (irrogo), avi, atum, to impose, inflict, bestow. mscriptio, onis, f., an in- scription, motto, a title. Insignis, e, adj., remarkable, distinguished, extraordinary. insolenter, adv., unusually, proudly, insolently. instinctus, us, m., an instiga- tion, an impulse. instinguo, ere, nctum, to instigate, incite, impel. Instituo, ere, ui, utum, to es- tablish, found, institute, ap- point. institxitio, onis, f., custom, manner. institutor, oris, m., a builder, a founder, erector, contrac- tor. insto, are, stiti, to stand in or upon ; draw nigh, approach ; to urge, press on. instrumentum, 1, n., a mate- rial, a tool, an implement. instruo, ere, uxi, uctum, to build, erect; prepare, teach, instruct, provide, furnish. insulto, are. avi, atum, to spring or leap at or upon; to scoff at, abuse, revile, insult. intactus, a, um, untouched, uninjured, intact. intelligo, ere, exi, ectum, to perceive, discern, compre- hend, understand. intento, are, to stretch out, extend or direct toward or against. inter, prep, with ace. , between, among, amidst, with. intercedo, ere, cessi, ces- sum, to go or come between, to intervene. interdico, ere, dixi, dictum, to forbid, prohibit, interdict. interdum, adv. , sometimes, oc- casionally, meanwhile, in the meantime. interficio, ere, feci, fectum, to kill, slay, murder. intericio, ere, ieci, iectum, to throw between; to set, place or put between, to inter- mix. interimo, ere. emi, emptum, to abolish, destroy; to slay, kill, murder. interpello, are, to interrupt, disturb, hinder, molest, stop. interpres, etis, m. or f., ne- gotiator, interpreter, trans- lator. INTERPRETER 26 IUGUM interpretor, arl, atus, clep., to explain, expound, inter- pret. interrogatio, onis, f., a ques- tion, an inquiry. interrogo, are, to ask, ques- tion, interrogate. intro, are, to go into, to en- ter. intus, adv., on the inside, within. invenio, ire, veni, ventum, to invent, discover, learn, find out, find. investlg5, are, to search into, to investigate. invictus, a, urn, part., un- conquered, invincible, un- vanquished. invideo, ere, vidi, visum, to look at askance, to envy, to grudge. invidiosus, a, um, envious, invidious, hateful. inviso, ere, si, to look after, go to see, to visit. invisus, a, um, unseen, secret, invisible. involutus, a, um, involved, intricate, obscure. iocus, I (pi., also ioca, orum), m., a jest, joke. losephus, I, m., Josephus, a Jewish historian horn at Jerusalem, a.d. 37. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, dem. pron., self, very, own. Ira, ae, f., anger, wrath, rage, ire. Irenaeus, i, m., Irenaeus, a hishop of Lyons. is, ea, id, dern. pron., that; also ; he, she, it. Israelites, idis, m., an Isra- elite. iste, a, ud, dem. pron., that (yonder). ita, adv., in this manner, in this wise, accordingly, so, just. itaque, conj., and so, and thus, therefore, consequently. item, adv., in like manner, likewise, also. iter, itineris, n., a walk, a way, a journey, a march, a route. iubeo, ere, iussi, iussum, to order, bid, tell, command. iucunditas, atis, f., pleasure, delight, enjoyment, agree- ableness. iucundus, a. um, adj., pleas- ant, agreeable, delightful. Iudaei, orum, m. pi., the Jews. Iudaeus, a, um, Jewish. Iudas, or Iuda, m., indecl., Judas (Iscariot). iudex, icis, m. or f., a judge, a decider, an umpire. iudicium, I, n., judgment, opinion, trial, investigation. iugum. I, n., a yoke. IULIANUS 27 LEX Iulianus, I, m., Julian, the Apostate. Iulius, I, m., July; Julius (Africanus), a historian. Iuno, onis, f., Juno, sister and wife of Jupiter. Iupiter, gen. Iovis, m., Jupi- ter, or Jove, king of the gods. iustitia, ae, f., justice, equity, uprightness. iiistus, a, um, right, lawful, just. Iuvencus, 1, m., Juvencus, a Spanish Christian writer of the fourth century. iuvenis, is, m., a young man, a youth. iuxta, adv., nigh, near to, close to, by the side of; prep, with ace, near, near to, next to, like, approaching to, just as. K, see C. L lacero, are, to tear to pieces, ciit, mangle. lacesso, ere, Ivi, Itum, to ex- cite, provoke. lacryma, ae, f., a tear. Lactantius, I, m., Lactantius. laedo, ere, si, sum, to injure, hurt, offend. laetifico, are, to cheer, glad- den, delight. laetitia, ae, f., joy, gladness, pleasure, delight. Laodicinus, a, urn, Laodi- cene, pertaining to Laodi- cea. Laomedon, ontis, m., Laome- don, father of Priam. lapis, idis, m., a stone. latebra, ae, f., a retreat, a dark place, a hiding place. Latiaris, e, adj., Latiarian. Latine, adv., in Latin. Latinus, a, um, adj., Latin. Latium, i, n., Latium, a coun- try of Italy. laudatus, a, um, part, adj., esteemed, praiseworthy, ex- cellent. laudo, are, to praise, com- mend, extol. legatarius, a, um, enjoined by a last vjill and testament. legatus, 1, m., an ambassador, a legate, lieutenant. lego, ere, legl, lectum, to read, to read out, to read aloud; to arrange, choose, select. Lenarius, I, m., Lenarius Calpurnius. lenocinor, ari, dep. , to pander, flatter, serve, promote. Leucothea, ae, f., Leucothea, a sea-goddess. levo, are, to make light, re- lieve, ease; to elevate, build, to raise up. lex, legis, f., a law, precept rule. LIBELLUS 28 LUPERCUS libellus, 1, in., a little book, pamphlet, a treatise ; a peti- tion. libenter, adv., willingly, gladly, freely. liber, era, erum, adj., free, unrestrained. Liber, eri, m., an Italian deity, afterward identified with Bacchus. liber, libri, m., a book, a treatise. Liberalia, ium, n., festival in honor of Bacchus. Hberi, orum, m., children. libertas, atis, f., liberty, free- dom, license. libet, libere, libuit, libitum est, impersonal verb, it pleases; with dative, I like, I am pleased. licet, licere, licuit, and lici- tum est, (1) impers. verb, it is allowed, it is lawful, per- mitted ; (2) conj., although. licitus, a, um, lawful, allowed, permitted. ligneus, a, um, of wood, wooden. lignum, l, n., wood; in plural, firewood. limen, inis, n. , door, threshold, entrance. lingua, ae, f., the tongue; speech, language; calumny. Htera, ae, f., a letter of the alphabet, a mark, character. literae, arum, a letter, cor- respondence, writing ; the Scripture. Hterarius, a, um, pertaining to reading or writing. literatus, a, um, part, adj., learned, educated, studious. locuples, e, gen. etis, adj., rich, wealthy, sumptuous. locus, I, m., a place, spot, locality ; loca, orum, n. pi., places connected with one another ; loci, orum, m. pi., separate or different places. longaeva, ae, f., old age. longaevus, a, um, of great age, old, aged, ancient. longus, a, um, long. loquor, loqui, locutus, dep., to speak, talk, say, de- clare. Lucianus, I, m., Lucian, a presbyter of Antioch. ludibrium, I, n., mockery, derision, scoff, abuse. ludo, ere, si, sum, to play, amuse one's self with, to play games. ludus, I, m. , a spectacle, show, game, public game. luo, ere, lui, to pay a debt or penalty, to suffer or undergo punishment. Lupercus, I, m., Lupercus, a god who protected the flocks from wolves. LUSUS 29 MEGALEXSIS lusus. us, m. , a sport, a play, a game. Lydus. a. urn, Lydian ; m. as subst., a Lydian. M macula, ae. f., a spot, blemish, stain. magis, adv., in a higher de- gree, more, rather. magister, tri, in., master, su- perior, director. magnanimus, a, um, whole- souled, generous, kind. Magnus, 1, in., Magnus, a Roman orator. magnus, a, um, large, great, grand. maiestas, atis, 1, majesty, power, dignity. maior, us, comparative of magnus. maiores, um, m. pi., ances- tors, forefathers, elders. Malchion, orris, m., Malchion, a presbyter of Antiocb. malo, malle, malui, to choose rather, wish rather, to prefer. malum, 1, n., an evil, an in- jury. malus, a, um, evil, wicked, had. Mancinus, I, in., JIancinus, a Roman proper name. mando, are, to commission, to order, command. maneo. ere, mansi. mansum, to stay, remain, continue. manifeste. adv., clearly, evi- dently, manifestly. manifestus, a, um, clear, plain, evident, manifest. manus. us. f.. the hand. Abl. as adv., manu, carefully. mare. is. n.. the sea. Mars. Martis. m., Mars, the god of war. Martius. I. m.. Martins. martyrium, I, n., martyrdom. martyrus. I, m., a martyr. mater, tris, f.. a mother. materia, ae, 1, material, mat- ter ; subject-matter, a topic. mathematicus, I, m.. a mathe- matician, an astrologer. matricida, ae, m., a matri- cide, the murderer of his own mother. matrimonium, I, n., mar- riage, matrimony ; in plural, wives. Matthia, ae, m., St. Matthew, the Apostle. Mauri, orum, m. pi., the Moors. maxime. adv.. in the highest degree, most of all, especially, exceedingly, very. Medi, orum, m. pi., theMedes. medicus, I, m.. physician, doc- tor, surgeon. medius, a, um, in the middle, middle, centre. Megalensis, e, adj., Megalen- MELICERTES 30 MISERABILIS Melicertes (or Melicerta), ae, m., Melicertes, a son of Ino. melior, ius, comp. adj., bet- ter. Melito, orris, m., bishop of Sardis. melius, comp. adv., better. membrum, I, n., a limb, apart of the body, shape of the body. meminl, isse, to remember, re- call, recollect. memoria, ae, f., memory, rec- ollection. Menander, dri, m.,Menander, a Greek comic poet. mendax, acis, m., a liar. mens, mentis, f., the mind, the disposition, the soul. mensis, is, m., a month. mentior, m, Itus sum, dep., to deceive, speak falsely. merces, edis, f., pay, wages, salary. meretrix, icis, f., a prostitute, a harlot, a courtesan. meritum, i, n., a reward, a gift- meritus, a, um, deserved, due, fit, right. Messiae, arum, f. pi., the Messiae, deities presiding over the harvest. messis, is, f., harvest, reaping time. meta, ae, t, a goal, an end. metallum, 1, n., a metal. Methodius, 1, m., Methodius, author of the " Symposium." meticulosus, a, um, fearful, frightful, terrible. metrum, I, n., a metre, a measure. metus, us, m., fear, dread, anxiety. miles, itis, m., a soldier. militia, ae, f., military service, warfare, war. milito, are, avi, atum, to be a soldier, perform military ser- vice, to fight. mille, pi. milia, card, num., a thousand. Miltiades, is, m., Miltiades, a Christian writer of the reign of Commodus. ministerium, i, n., the ofilce of a ministry, service, ministry. minor, us (coinpar. of par- vus), less, smaller, younger. Minutius, I, m., Minutius Felix. mlrabilis, e, adj., wonderful, marvellous, strange. miraculum, I, n., a miracle, a wonder, a marvel. minis, a, um, adj., admirable, wonderful. misceo, ere, miscui, mixtus, to mix, mingle, blend. miser, era, erum, wretched, u nfortunate, miserable. miserabilis, e, adj., pitiable, deplorable, wretched. MISERICOKDIA 31 XAKKATIO misericordia, ae, f . , pity., com- passion, mercy. mitesco, ere, to grow ripe, become soft, gentle, calm. mitt 6, ere, misi, missum, to let go, send, despatch; yield, furnish, export. modice, adv., meanly, mod- erately, modestly. modicus, a, um, moderate, small, little. modo, adv., but only, merely, solely. modus, I, m., measure, man- ner. moenia, um, n. pi., icalls, towns, ramparts. moereo, ere, to be sad or mournful, to mourn, grieve, lament. Moesia, ae, f., Moesia, a country near Thrace. monitum, i, n., admonition, advice, warning. monumentum, I, n., a monu- ment, memorial. mordeo, ere, momordi, mor- sum, to bite, attack, as- sail. moriens, entis. part., dying. morior, rnori, mortuus sum, dep., to die, perish, decay, pass away. mors, mortis, f., death. mortuus, a, um, dead ; m. as subst., a dead man or person. mos, moris. in., manner, cus- tom, conduct. Moses or Moyses, is, m., Moses. moveo, ere, movi, motum, to move, stir up, set in motion, arouse, excite. moz, adv., soon, presently, by and by. mucro, onis, in., a sharp point, a blade, a sivord. mulier, eris, f . , woman. multitudo, inis, f. , a multi- tude, a crowd. multo, adv., much, by much, by far, a great deal. multus, a, um, much, many. municipals, e, adj., muni- cipal. murus, I, m., a ivall. muto, are, avi, atum, to move, alter, change. mutuor, ari, dep., to borrow, take. mutuus, a. um, borrowed, lent; reciprocal, mutual. Myrtia. ae, f., Jlyrtia, an epi- thet of Venus. mysterium, l, n. , a mystery, a secret thing, a divine mystery. N nam, causal or explanatory conj., for, for example, thus, inasmuch as. narratio, onis, f., a narration, a narrative. NARRO 32 NOSCO narro, are, to tell, narrate, relate ; to say, affirm, assert. nascor, I, natus sum, dep., to be bom, be begotten. natalis, is, m., a birthday. natio, onis, f., a nation, a people. natura, ae, f., nature, natu- ral disposition, inclination, habit. navigo, are, to sail, set sail, navigate. ne, conj., enclitic, as an in- terrogative particle, not, that not, lest. nee, adj. and conj., and not, also not, nor. necessarius, a, um, neces- sary, unavoidable, indispen- sable. necessitas, atis, f., necessity, fate, destiny. neco, are, to kill, slay, put to death, destroy. nefarius, a, um, impious, abominable, heinous. nego, are, to say no, deny, refuse. negotium, 1, n., ivork, occupa- tion, affair, business. nemo, inis, ra. or f., no one, nobody. Neptunalis, e, adj., Neptuna- lian, pertaining to Neptune. Neptunus, 1, m., Neptune, a god of the sea, brother of Jupiter. neque, adv. and conj., and not; neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor. Nero, onis, m., Nero, a Roman surname." Neronianus, a, um, Neronian, tyrannical. nescio, ire, ivi, not to know, be ignorant of, be ignorant. nihil, n., indecl., nothing. nimium, adv., too much, too, very. nisi, conj., if not, unless, ex- cept. nobilis, e, adj., icell known, noted, renowned, distin- guished. nocens, entis, part., injurious, bad, wicked; m. as subst., a guilty man, a criminal. nomen, inis, n., a name. non, negative adv., not, no. Nonae, arum, f. pi., the nones, the ninth day before the ides of a month. nondum, adv., not yet. nonne, interrog. adv., (1) in direct question, not (expects affirmative answer) ; (2) in indirect question, if not, whether not. nonnullus, a. um, some, several. nos. nostrum, pi. of ego, we, us. nosco, ere, n5vi, notum, to learn, Jind out, know. NOSTER 33 OCCIDEXS noster, nostra, nostrum, pron. adj., our, our own, OU7'S. noto, are, to mark, to dis- tinguish by a mark, to stamp. notus, a, um, known, well- known, famous. novus, a, um, new, young, fresh, recent, unprecedented. nubes, is, f., a cloud, a cloud of dust. nubilum, 1, n., a cloud, cloudy sky, cloudy weather. nudus, a, um, naked, bare, uncovered, exposed. nullus, a, um, no, not any, none. num (or numquid), adv., in- terrog. part, used when a negative answer is expected. In indirect question, whether. Numa, ae, m., Numa, a Roman proper name. numen, inis, n. , divine will, a divinity, a god, a goddess, a deity. Numenius, I, in., Numenius, a neo-platonic and Pytha- gorean philosopher. numero, are, to count, reckon, number. numerus, I, m., a number, a quantity. nummus or numus, 1, m., a coin, piece of money, money. numquid, see num. nunc, adv., noiv, at present, at this time. nunquam, adv., at no time, never. nuper, adv., lately, recently, not long ago. nuptiae, arum, f. pi., nuptials, marriage, wedding. nusquam, adv., nowhere, in no place. nutrlx, icis, 1, a nurse, a guardian. O, interj., expressing surprise or emotion, ! oh ! ob, prep, with ace, on account of, for, with regard to ; there- fore, because, obeliscus, I, m., an obelisk. obliviscor, I, litus sum, dep., to forget. obscurus. a, um, dark, shady, unintelligible. obsecro, are, to beseech, en- treat, implore. obsideo, ere, sedl, sessum, to sit, remain; besiege, in- vest, blockade. obtineo, ere. tinui, tentum. to obtain, possess, have, hold. obvenio, ire, veni, ventum, to come, to join ; to happen to. occidens, entis (part, of occido), adj., falling, going down ; as subst., the icest, the place where the sun goes down. OCCIDO 34 OVUM occido, ere, cidi, clsum, to strike down, kill, slay, to torture. Octavius, I, m., Octavius, an apologistic dialogue. octo, card, num., eight. oculus, 1, m., the eye. odi, odisse (used only in the perfect tenses, but with an imperfect signification), to hate, to dislike. odiosus, a, um, odious, hate- ful, annoying. Oeta, ae, f., the mountain range between Thessaly and Aetolia. offer o, ferre, obtuli, obla- tum, to bring before, present, offer. officium, l, n., service, duty, office. olim, adv., formally, once upon a time, once. omitto, ere, mlsi, missum, to let go, let loose, let fall, neglect. omnino, adv., altogether, toholly, entirely. omnis, e, adj., all, every. onerosus, a, um, burdensome, oppressive. onus, eris, n., a load, a bur- den, a loeight. opinio, orris, f., opinion, sup- position, belief. oportet, ere, oportuit, impers., it is necessary, proper, right. optatus, a, um, wished, de- sired, pleasing. opto, are, to wish, ivish for, desire. opus, eris, n., ivork, labor, toil. opusculum, I, n. (dim.), a little work; treatise, pam- phlet. oratio, onis, f., a speech, a prayer, supplication. orator, oris, f., m., a speaker, an orator. orbis, is, m., surface, or- bit, circle, the earth, the world. oriens, entis (part, of orior), adj., rising; m. as subst., the orient, the east. Origen, irris, m., Origen. origo, irris, f., origin, birth, source, beginning. orior, Iri, ortus sum, dep., to rise, become visible. ornamentum, I. n.. an equip- ment, an ornament, a decora- tion. 6s, oris, n., the mouth, lip, tongue. ostendo, ere. di, turn, to show, set forth, exhibit, dis- play. ostentus, us. m., a display, a sight, a spectacle. otium, I, n., ease, leisure, in- activity, idleness. ovum, I, n.j an egg. PABULUM 35 PECCO pabulum, 1, n., food, fodder, nourishment. pactum, I, n., an agreement, contract, treaty, compact. pactus, a, um, agreeable, agreed upon, contracted. Pallor, oris, in., Pallor or Paleness, the god of Fear. Pamphilus, I, m., Pamphilus, founder of the famous library at Caesarea. pando, ere, pandl, passum, to spread out, extend; to unfold. Pantaenus, I, m, Pantaenus, a Stoic philosopher, converted to Christianity. parabola, ae, f., an allegory, a parable. paratus, a, um, part, adj., pre- pared, ready, fitted. parens, entis, m. or f., a parent, a father, a mother. parents, are, to pay funeral honors, to offer solemn sac- rifice in honor of deceased relatives. pareo, ere, ui, to appear, be visible, come forth. paries, etis, m., a wall (of plaster), hence also, plaster. pario, ere, peperi, partum or paritum, to bring forth, bear, give birth to. pariter, adv., equally, in the middle, midvjay, in an equal degree. parricida. ae, m., a parricide, a murderer of a near kins- man. pars, partis, f., side, part, piece, portion. Parthicus, a, um. Parthian. parturio, ire, Ivi, to be in la- bor ; to bring forth, produce. partus, us, m., a bearing, a bringing forth, a birth. parum, adv., too little, not enough, not sufficient. pasco, ere, pavi, pastum, to feed, pasture, tend; drive to pasture. pater, tris, m., father, sire. patior, pati, passus sum, dep., to suffer, bear, allow, permit. paucus, a, um./ew, little, brief. paulus, a, um, little, small; abl. sing, with comparatives, by a little, a little, somewhat. Paulus, 1, m., Paul or Paulus, a Roman surname. pavidus, a, um, alarmed, frightened, terrified. Pavor. oris, m., Pavor, Fear, the god of Fear. pax, pacis, f., peace, tran- quillity. peccatum, I, n., a fault, an error, a transgression, sin. pecco, are, to sin, mistake, err, go wrong. PECUS 36 PERSUADEO pecus, pecoris, n., a herd, a flock; cattle. pecus, udis, f., a single head of cattle, a beast, a brute, an animal. pedagogus (paedagogus), I, m., a teacher, a tutor; the Pedagogue of Clement of Alexandria. peiero (periuro), are, to per- jure one's self, to swear falsely, to lie. pellis, is, f., the skin, a hide. Penates, ium, m., the Penates, the household gods ; a dwell- ing, a hearth. pendeo, ere, pependi, to hang, hang down, be suspended. penes, prep, with ace, with, among, in the presence of, in the hands of. penetro, are, to put, place or set into; to make one's way into, to penetrate, en- ter. penitus, adv., inwardly, inter- nally ; completely, wholly, entirely. penulatus (paenulatus) , a, urn, wearing a penula, gowned, in travelling dress. per, prep, with ace., through, for, by, during, in. percutio, ere, cussi, cussum, to strike, hit, pierce, stamp. perdisco, ere, didici, to learn thoroughly, get by heart. perditus, a, um, part., hope- less, ruined, lost, abandoned. perdo, ere, didi, ditum, to root out, do away with, ruin, destroy ; lose irrecoverably. peregrinus, a, um, strange, foreign. perficio, ere, feci, fectum, to finish, perform, accomplish, perfect. perfidia, ae, f., unbelief, dis- honesty, treachery, perfidy. perfodio, ere, fodi, fossum, to dig, pierce or thrust through, transfix. periclitor, ari, atus sum, dep., to endanger, risk, to be ex- posed to. periculum, I, n., danger, risk, peril. peritus, a, um, skilled, prac- tised, experienced. Persae, arum, m., the Per- sians. persecutio, onis, f., a pursuit, persecution. persecutor, oris, m., a perse- cutor (of the Christians). persequor, qui, secutus sum, dep. , to follow, pursue, perse- cute. perstringo, ere, nxi, nctum, to bind or tie tightly; to blind, dazzle; to blame, cen- sure ; to touch slightly. persuadeo, ere, suasT, sua- sum, to convince, persuade. PERTIMESCO 37 POEXITEO pertimesco, ere. mui, to be- come very much frightened, to fear greatly, shrink from. pertineo, ere, ui, to belong to, be related to, to pertain to. pervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, to come to, arrive, reach,' to appertain to. pervicacia, ae, f., stubborn- ness, obstinacy, perversity. pes, pedis, m., afoot. pessimus, a, um (super, of malus) , worst, very bad, very evil, most icicked. pestifer (rarely pestiferus), era, erum, pestilential, de- structive, deadly. pet 6, ere, Ivi or ii, itum, to seek, obtain, derive, beg. Petrus, 1, m., Peter. phaleratus, a, um. decorated, ornamented, glittering. Fhilo, orris, m., Philo. philosophia, ae, f., philos- ophy. philosophus, I, in., a philoso- pher, logician. Picus, I, m., Picus, a son of Saturn. Pierius, I, m., Pierius. pietas, atis, f., piety, duty, affection, love. piger, gra, grum, sloiv, indo- lent, lazy, sluggish. Pflumnus, I, m., Pilumnus, a god of the Latins. pilus, I, m., a hair. pingo, ere, pinxi, pictum, to paint, represent. Piso, onis, in., Piso. pius, a, um, pious, honest. Pius, I, in., Pius. placeo, ere, ui, citum, to please, to satisfy. placidus, a, um, still, calm, peaceful, placid. placitus, a, um, pleasing, agreeable. placo, are, to appease, to reconcile. plaga, ae. f. , a blow, punish- ment, wound, a plague. plane, adv., clearly, plainly, distinctly. platea. ae, f., a street, a broad way. Plato, orris, m., Plato, a cele- brated Athenian philoso- pher. plaustrum, l, n., a icagon, a carriage. plenus, a, um, full, filled up, abundant, rich. plurimus. a, um, most, very many. plus, pluris (comp. of mul- tus), more, a greater part. poena, ae, f., penalty, punish- ment, torment, pain. poenalis, e, adj., painful, op- pressive, burdensome. poenite5, ere. ui, to cause to repent, to displease, to be sorry, to repent ; used imper- POENITUDO 38 POTIUS sonally, to cause sorrow, re- morse, repentance ; with dat., I repent, mourn. poenitudo, inis, f., penance, punishment, satisfaction. Foenus, a, um, Punic, Cartha- ginian; m. as subst., a Car- thaginian. poeta, ae, m., a maker, a poet. poeticus, a, um, poetical, poetic. pollens, entis, part, adj., strong, able, powerful, re- nowned. polliceor, eri, icitus sum, dep., to proffer, promise, pledge. polluo, ere, ui, utum, to soil, defile, pollute. pompa, ae, t, parade, displaij, pomp. pompatus, a, um, pompous, ostentatious. Pompilius, I, m., Pompilius. pono, ere, posui, positum, to put, place, set ; to use ; to set forth, explain, relate. pontifex, icis, m., a pontiff, high priest, bishop. populus, 1, m., a people, the people. Porphyrius, I, m., Porphyry, a neoplatonist writer. porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, to spread out, to extend. portentum, I, a monster, a demon, an omen. posco, ere, poposci, to de- mand, beg, request, desire. possideo, ere, sedi, sessum, to have, possess, occupy. possum, posse, potui, can, to be able. post, adv., and prep, with ace, afterwards ; after, behind. postea, adv., after this, after that, afterwards. posteritas, atis, f., posterity, futurity, future time. posterus, a, um, coming, fol- lowing, future ; m. plural as subst. , posterity, descendants. postmodum, adv., aftervmrds, presently, shortly, subse- quently. postquam, conj., after that, as soon, as when. potens, entis, part, adj., able, mighty, powerful; in. as subst., a god, a ruler. potentia, ae, f., might, force, power, ability. potest as, atis, f., power, force, ability, authority. Pothinus, i, in., Pothinus, a martyred bishop of Lyons in the time of Marcus Aurelius. potior, ius, comp. adj., more powerful, hotter, preferable, potissime or potissimum, adv. sup., chiefly, principally, above all, most of all. potius, adv., rather, prefer- ably, more. PRAEBEO 39 PRIXCIPATUS praebeo, ere, ui, itum, to present, offer ; permit, allow. praecedo, ere. cessi. cessum, to precede, go before. praeceps, cipitis, adj., swift, headlong, hasty, headstrong. praeceptum, I, n., a rule, a precept, command. praecipito, are, to precipi- tate, to throw down, to hurl down. praecursor, oris, m., a fore- runner, a precursor. praedicatio, onis, f., a public proclamation, publication, preaching. praedico, are, avi, atum, to preach, publish, proclaim. praefectus, 1, m., prefect, over- seer ; director, commander. praefero, ferre, tuli, latum, to carry before, show, dis- play. praemium, I, n., reward, profit, gain, advantage. praepono, ere, posul, posi- tum, to put or set before, to place first, prefer. praescriptio, onis, 1, precept, order, lavj, proscription. praesideo, ere, sedi, to pre- side over, to direct, to com- mand. praestigium, I, n., a trick, a delusion, an illusion. praesul, ulis, in., prefect, guard, protector. praeterea, adv., besides, more- over, henceforth. praeteritus, a, um, gone by, past, departed; n. plural as subst., things past or gone by, the past. praevenio. ire, veni, ventum, to anticipate, come before ; go before, prevent. praevius, a, um, going before, leading the way, previous, beforehand. pravus, a, um, crooked, dis- torted, wrong, mistaken. presbyter, eri, m. , a presby- ter, a priest. pretiosus, a, um, costly, valu- able, precious. pretium, I, n., price, worth, value; wages, reward. prex, ecis, f., a prayer, re- quest, entreaty. prima, orum, n. pi., the begin- ning, the first part. primordium, I, n., beginning, origin, commencement. primus, a, um, first, fore- most. princeps, ipis, m., emperor, prince, ruler, leader. principalis, e, adj., principal, first; princely, imperial. principaliter, adv., princi- pally, chiefly. principatus, us, m., the first place, preference, preemi- nence. PRINCIPIUM 40 PROPRIE prlncipium, 1, n., beginning, commencement, origin. prior, prius, oris, compar. adj., former, previous, prior. pristinus, a, urn, former, early, primitive. privatus, a, um, private, pri- vate citizen. pro, prep, with abl., before; in proportion to ; according to ; in behalf of, for. probo, are, to try, test, judge of; to approve, consent to; to prove, show, demonstrate. probus, a, um, upright, vir- tuous, honorable. procedo, ere, cessi, to pro- ceed, go forward ; to advance, to extend; to happen. procella, ae, f., a violent wind, hurricane, whirlwind. procul, adv., at a distance, a great way off, far away, re- mote. Proculus, I, m., Proculus, a Roman surname. proditor, oris, m. , a betrayer, a traitor. prodo, ere, didl, ditum, to put or bring out, show, ex- hibit; to betray, reveal, pub- lish, report. proelium, I, n., a battle, a combat. profero, ferre, tuli, latum, to bring or carry out, bring forth, bring forward. proficio, ere, feci, fectum, to finish, perform, accom- plish, perfect. profligatus, a, um, overcome, oppressed, destroyed. profugus, a, um, fugitive, wandering, exile; m. as subst., an exile, a fugitive. profundo, ere, fudi, fusum, to pour forth; pour out; speak, utter. proinde, adv., just so, in like manner; hence, therefore, for the same reason. promiscue, adv., in common, commonly, generally, indis- criminately. promitto, ere, mlsi, missum, to let go forward, to send forward; to assure, promise, vow; to neglect. pronuntio, are, to proclaim, announce. propheta, ae, m., one who pre- dicts, a prophet. propino, are, to drink to a person's health; to give, deliver. propono, ere, posui, posi- tum, to put or place before, to set before, to propose, offer. propositio, oiiis, f., a propos- ing, intention, a proposition. propositum, 1, n., a plan, a design. proprie, adv., properly, espe- cially. PROPRIUS 41 QUAERO proprius, a, woo., proper, pecul- iar to a person, one's own, own. propterea, adv. , therefore, for that reason, on that account. prorsus, adv., forward, far ahead, straight on, straight- way, far. prosa, ae, L, prose. proscribo, ere, scrips!, scrip- turn, to publish in writing, to announce publicly; to proscribe, to outlaw. prosilio, ire, ui (less freq. ivi, or ii), to spring forth, burst forth, start out. prosperitas, atis, f., good for- tune, success, prosperity. prostituo, ere, ui, utum, to place before or in front, to expose. prosum, prodesse, proml, to be of use, to be useful to, to do good, benefit, profit. protinus, adv., directly, imme- diately, at once. provectus, a, um, part, adj., advanced, raised, elevated. provenio, ire, veni, ventum, to come forth, appear, happen. proverbium, I, n., an adage, a proverb. provides, ere, vidi, visum, to look out for, provide for, look after, care for. providus, a, um, foreseeing, cautious, prudent. provincia, ae, f., a province, a command. prudentia, ae, f., forethought, prudence, judgment. publice, adv., publicly, com- monly, [mon. publicus, a, um, public, com- pudendus, a, um, shameful, disgraceful, abominable. pudeo, ere, ui, or puditum est, to make or be ashamed; impers. with dat., it causes shame to, lam ashamed. pudor, oris, m., shame, dis- grace, ignominy. puer, eri, m., a boy. puerulus, i, ra., a little boy, a little slave. pugno, are, to fight, contend, struggle. pulchritudo, inis, f., beauty, excellence. pullus, I, in. (a young animal), a chicken, a sacred chicken. pulvis, eris, m., dust, sand, earth. putidus, a, um, rotting, de- caying, foul, disgusting. puto, are, to think, consider, believe. quadraginta, ae, a, ord. num., forty. quaero, ere, sivi, situm, to seek, search for ; to get, ob- tain ; to ask, beg, inquire. QUAESTO 42 RAPIO quaesto, ere, to beg, ask, pray, beseech. quaestus, us, m., a search, gain, profit, contribution; an advantage. qualis, e, adj.,pron. correl. to talis, of what sort, kind, or nature. qualiscumque, qualecum- que, adj., of whatsoever quality, kind, or sort. qualitas, atis, f., quality, property, state, condition. quam, adv. of comparison, than, as. quamquam (or quanquam), conj., though, although, yet. quamvis, adv. and conj., ever so much, although. quamdiu, adv., as long as, until; interrog., how long? quando, (1) adv., at what time, when, whenever; (2) conj., since, because. quanquam, see quamquam. quantus, a, um, adj., what, how great, how much; with correl. as tantus, as, such as. quasi, adv., as if, just as if. quatenus, adv., how far, to ivhat extent, how, quatuor, card. num. , four. quemadmodum, (1) interrog. adv., how, in what manner? (2) rel. adv., as, just as. querela, ae, f., a complaining, a complaint. questus, us, m., a complaint. qui, quae, quod, rel. and inter- rog. pron., who, which, what. quia, conj., because. quidam, quaedam, quod- dam, indef. pron., certain, a certain one, somebody. quidem, adv., indeed, cer- tainly, in truth. Quintilianus, i, m.,Quintilian. Quirmalis, e, adj., of Bomu- lus. quis, quae, quid, pron. , inter- rog., who? ivhich? what? indef., any one, anything. quivis, quaevis, quodvis and quidvis, indef. pron., who or what you please, any whatever, any, every. quo, adv., whither, to what place, why. quod, conj., that, because. quomodo, adv., in ichat man- ner, in what way, how. quoque, conj., also, too. quot, indecl, adj., how many, all, every. quotidie, adv., daily, every day. quousque, adv., until what time, till when, how long. quum (also cum), when. rabidus, a, um, rabid, mad, savage. rapio, ere, pui. ptum, to cerry off, steal, rob. RAPTUS 43 REPENTE raptus, us, m., a carrying off by force, rape, abduction. ratio, orris, i., reasoning, prin- ciple, manner, method. reatus, us, m., guilt, impeach- ment; conviction. recedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to go back, retire, recede, fall back, fall away. recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, to take back, receive again, recover. recognosco, ere, gnovi, gni- tum, to recollect, observe, recognize. recordatio, orris, f., a recall- ing to mind, a recollection, a remembrance. recordor, ari, dep., to think over, to remember, to recol- lect. reddo, ere, didi, ditum, to put back, give back, return. redeo, ire, il, itum, to go back, return, recur. refero, ferre, rettuli, rela- tum, to carry, bring, draw, or put back; hence, to reply, answer, ask, petition. refulgeo, ere, si, to shine forth, glitter, reflect. regalis, e, adj., kingly, royal, regal. regimen, inis, n., a rudder ; a guiding, a government. regno, are, avi, atum, to rule, reign, hold sway. regnum, I, n., a kingdom. rego, ere, rexi, rectum, to guide, govern, to rule. Regulus, i, m., Regulus. relatio, orris, f., (1) a motion, a proposal, a report ; (2) (St. Ambrose) the Memorial of Symmachus. religio, onis, f., religion, pi- ety, religious obligation, re- ligious custom, solemnity. relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, to leave behind, leave, move away from. reliquiae, arum, f. pi., the re- mainder, leavings, remnants, fragments. reliquus, a, um, rest, remain- ing. removed, ere, movi, motum, to move or draw back ; to re- pulse ; to remove, take away. renitor, niti, dep., to with- stand, oppose, resist. renuntiatio, onis, 1, renounce- ment, declaration. reniintio, are, to retract, re- voke, renounce. reor, reri, ratus sum, dep., to think, suppose, imagine. repello, ere, reppuli, repul- sum, to drive or push back, to reject, repel. repens, entis, adj., sudden, hasty, unexpected. repente, adv., suddenly, un- expectedly. REPERIO 44 ROMULUS reperio, ire, repperi (reperl), repertum, to find, discover, ascertain. repetS, ere, ivi, Itum, to go back, recall, to seek again. repleS, ere, evi, etum, to fill again, fill up, replenish. reporto, are, avi, atum, to carry or bring back, to re- turn ; to rumor, report. reposco, ere, to demand back, ask for again. reprehensiS, Snis, f., repri- mand, censure, condemna- tion. requirS, ere, sivi, situm, to seek again, look after, ask for. res, rei, f., a thing, matter, an object, a being. resarciS, ire, sartum, to patch, to interweave, to restore. rescindo, ere, scidl, scissum, to break down ; to annul, abrogate, repeal, rescind. reservS, are, avi, atum, to reserve, keep, preserve. respergS, ere, si, sum, to sprinkle over, to wet. respicio, ere, exi, ctum, to look at, look back at, con- sider. responded, ere, di, sum, to promise, answer, reply, re- spond. responsum, I, n., an answer, a reply, a response. restituo, ere, ui, utum, to set up again, restore, reestab- lish. restringo, ere, ctum. to bind fast, bind to, restrain. resulto, are, atum, to spring back, rebound; to resound, reecho. resurgS, ere, surrexi, surrec- tum, to raise one's self, to rise ; to appear again. resurrectiS, onis. f.. a raising one's self, a getting up; a resurrection. retracto, are, avi, atum, to reconsider, discuss again, re- vise. reverentia, ae, f., respect, re- gard, reverence. revocS, are, avi, atum, to call back, recall. rex, regis, m., a king. rhetor, oris, in., a teacher of oratory or of rhetoric, a rhet- orician. rideo, ere, risi, risum, to laugh, laugh at. ridicule. ritus, us, m., a religious cus- tom, ceremony, rite. rivulus, i, m., a small brook, a rivulet. RSblgS, inis. m., Rubigo. rogS, are. avi, atum, to ques- tion, ask, interrogate. Roma, ae. f.. Borne. RSmanus. a, um, Roman; m. as subst., a Roman. RSmulus, 1, m., Romulus. RUFINUS 45 SCELERATUS Rufinus, i, m., Rufinus. ruina, ae, f., a tumbling down, a fall, a ruin. rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, to burst, tear, break. riipes, is, f., a rock, a stone. ruptus, a, um, broken, vio- lated, ruptured. rursus, or rursum, adv., again, anew, back again. rusticitas, atis, f., country manners, rustic behavior, rudeness. rusticus, a, um, rustic, rural ; m. as subst., a countryman, a peasant, farmer. Sablnus, a, um, Sabine; as subst., a Sabine. sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., holy, sacred. sacerdos, oris, m. , a priest, a priestess. sacerdotium, I, n., the priest- hood. sacrificator, oris, a sacrifi- ce^ a worshipper. sacrificium, I, n., a sacrifice. sacrifico, are, avi, atum, to offer sacrifice, to sacrifice. sacrilegium, 1, n., a sacrilege. sacrilegus, a, um, sacrile- gious. sacrum, I, n., a holy or sacred thing, a religious act or rite. saevus, a, um, fierce, cruel, barbarous. salarium, I, n., pension, sal- ary, stipend. Sallustius, I, m., C. Sallustius Crispus, a celebrated Roman historian. Salomon, onis, m., Solomon. salubris, e, adj., healthful, sa- lubrious, salutary. salus, utis, f., salvation, deliv- erance, safety. Salvator, oris, in., the Saviour. Samius, a, um, Samian. Samothraces, ium, m. pi., the inhabitants of Samothrace. sanctus, a, um, pure, holy, sacred. sanguis, inis, m., blood. sapiens, entis, part, adj., wise, sensible, well advised; as a subst., a wise or sensible man. sapientia, ae, f., wisdom, dis- cretion, prudence. Sapores, is, m., Sapores, a king of the Persians. Sardensis, e, adj., Sa7'dis, Sardian. Satanas, ae, m., Satan, an adversary, the Devil. satis, indecl. adj., enough, suf- ficient, satisfactory. Saturnus, I, in., Saturn, the god of civilization. saxum, I, n., a rock, a stone. sceleratus, I, m., a profligate, a bad or wicked person. SCELUS 46 SEPTEMBER scelus, eris, n., crime, a wicked deed, wickedness. schola, ae, f., a school, a sect. scientia, ae, t, knowledge, science, skill. scilicet, adv. , it is known, it is understood; of course. scio, ire, ivi, ltum, to learn, understand, know. scrlbo, ere, scrips!, scrip- turn, to write. scriptor, oris, m., a writer, a scribe, an author. scriptum, I, n., a written law, an order, an edict. scriptura, ae, f . , a writing, an inscription. scriptus, a, um, part, adj., written, composed; drawn. Scythopollta, ae, f., Scythop- olis. secerno, ere, crevi, cretum, to separate, hide, conceal. secretior, ius, adj., more se- cret, more obscure, more con- cealed. secretum, I, n., a mystery, a secret. secretus, a, um, separate, apart, private, secret. secta, ae, f., a school or sect of philosophy . secularis (saecularis), e, adj., pertaining to age, secular. seculum, I, n., race, genera- tion; hence, world. secundum, adv. and prep, with ace., after, behind; after, according to. securus, a, um, secure, safe, quiet. sed, conj., but. sedes, is. 1, a seat, a chair. sedo, are, avi, atum, to set- tle, appease, check, stop. sementatio, onis, f., the sow- ing of the seed, a sowing. semper, adv., ever, always, at all times. sempiternus, a, um, everlast- ing, perpetual, eternal. senarius, I, m., a line, a verse of six feet. senator, oris, m. , a senator. senatus, us, m., the senate, a council. senectus, utis, f. (used only in sing.), old age. senesco, ere, ui, to grow old, to become aged. Senones, um, m. pi., the Senones, a very powerful and warlike people of Gaul. sensus, us, m., the faculty of feeling, of perception, a sense. sententia, ae, f., opinion, de- cision, sentiment. sentio, Ire, sensi. sensum, to perceive by the senses, to see, hear, feel, suffer, etc. , to discern. septem, card, num., seven. September, bris, m., the month September. SEPULCHRUM 47 SORDES sepulchrum, I, n., a grave, a tomb, a sepulchre. sepultura, ae, f., a burial, an interment, a sepulture. sequor, qui, secutus, dep. , to follow, come or go after, suc- ceed. Serapeum, 1, m., Serapis, an Egyptian divinity. Serapio, onis, m., Serapion, an Egyptian bishop. serenus, a, um, clear, bright, fair, serene. serus, a, um, adj., late, too late. servitus, utis, f., slavery, serf- dom, servitude. servo, are, avi, atum, to save, preserve, keep, watch. servus, I, m. , a servant, slave. Sessiae, arum, f . pi. , the Ses- siae, deities presiding over the sowings. severitas, atis, f., severity, sternness. si, conj., if Sibylla, ae, f., the Sibyl. sic, adv., in this manner, so, thus. sicco, are, avi, atum, to make dry, dry up, to drain. siccus, a, um, dry, insipid. sicut, adv., so as, just as, as. signified, are, avi, atum, to show, point out, indicate ; to mean, signify. signo, are, avi, atum, to mark, mark with a seal, stamp, sign, designate. signum, i, n., a standard, a banner; a mark, token, sign, proof ; a miracle. simplex, icis, adj., simple, honest, open, frank. simulacrum, i, n., a likeness, an image, a form, statue, an idol. sine, prep, with abl. , without. singularis, e, adj., single, singular ; extraordinary. sive, conj.. or if ; sive . . . sive, whether . . . or. sobrius, a, um, sober, mod- erate, temperate, prudent. socer, eri, m., a father-in-law ; pi., parents-in-law. sol, solis, m., the sun. solatium (solacium), 1, n., consolation, comfort, relief. solemnis (soil-), e, adj., estab- lished; solemn, religious, festive. solemnitas (soil-), atis, f., a solemnity, a festival, a cele- bration day. soleo, ere, solitus sum, to be wont, be accustomed to. sSlus, a, um, alone, only. somnium, 1, n., a dream, a fancy. sono, are, ui, itum, to speak, utter, call, cry out. sordes, is, f., dirt, filth, nasti- ness, foulness. SORDIDE 48 SUBJECTUS sordide, adv., meanly, poorly, basely. sors, sortis, f., a lot, chance, luck. spatium, 1, n., a room, a space. species, ei, 1, sight, seeing, appearance, look, view ; sort, quality, species. spectaculum, 1, n., a public show, a sight, a spectacle. spectator, oris, m., a spec- tator, an onlooker. specto, are, avi, atum, to look, gaze at, watch, observe. spes, spei, f., hope, an object of hope. spiritus, us, m., a spirit, a soul, a mind. splendens, entis, part, adj., glittering, shining, bright. splendeo, ere, to shine, glitter, be bright, sumptuous. splendidus, a, um, brilliant, gorgeous, sumptuous, showy. splendor, oris, m., brightness, splendor, brilliance, lustre. stabilis, e, adj., firm, steady, stable, steadfast. stabulum, I, n., a dwelling. statim, adv., immediately, at once, instantly. status, us, m., position, state, condition. sterno, ere, stravi, stratum. to spread out, strew ; to throw down, knock down, lay low. sto, are, steti, statum, to stand, stand firm, remain, persevere. strepitus, us, m., a noise, clattering, crackling. stromates, um, f. pi., miscel- lanies. structor, oris, m., a builder, a carpenter. stultus, a, um, foolish, silly. stylus (stilus), I, in., a style, manner, mode. suadeo, ere. si, sum, to advise, recommend, exhort, urge, persuade. suavitas, atis, f., sweetness, pleasantness, agreeable ness. sub, prep, with abl. and ace, under, below, beneath. subeo, ire, ivi, itum, to come or go under, to succeed, come tip, spring up; to come to mind, to occur. subfero (suffero), ferre. sus- tuli, sublatum, to carry under, take away, to hold up, support, sustain; to bear, endure, suffer. subigo, ere, egi, actum, to bring or get under, up or up to; to put down, subdue, subjugate; to raise, culti- vate. subjectus, a, um, under, sub- ject to, subjected; m. as subst., a subject, a depend- ent. SUBLEVO 49 TALIS sublevo, are, avi, atum, to lift up, raise up, support, assist, encourage. subsequor, qui, 'secutus, to follow, to follow close after. subtraho, ere, traxi, trac- tum. to draw under, take away, carry off, remove. succedo, ere, cessl. cessum. to succeed, come or go after. successor, oris, m., a follower, a successor. Suetonius, T, m., Suetonius, the name of a Roman gens. suffragium. 1, n., approval, applause, approbation. suggestio, onis, f., a sugges- tion; suggestion, a figure on which a question is asked and answered. suggestus. us, m., a platform, a stage, an outfit. sui, sibi, se or sese, reflex, pron., himself, herself, itself themselves. sum, esse, fui, to be. summus, a, um. uppermost, highest, most important. sumo, ere, sumpsi, sump- tum, to borrow, take, se- lect. super, adv. and prep, with ace. and abl. (1) adv., above, on top ; (2) prep., over, above, upon, on. superbus, a, um, haughty, proud, insolent. supercilium, I, n., an eyebrow. supero. are. avi, atum, to go over, overcome, surpass. superstitio. onis, f., supersti- tion, unreasonable belief. superstitiosus, a, um, super- stitious. supplicium, l, n.,pain, punish- ment, judgment, torture. supra, (1) adv., before, for- merly ; (2) prep, with ace., above, over, beyond. surculus, I, m., a little twig, a branch. surgo, ere. surrexi, to raise, elevate ; to ascend, climb. suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, to take up, support, sustain, acknowledge. suspicio, onis, f. , mistrust, distrust, fancy, suspicion. sustineo, ere, tinui, tentus, to support, to keep up, to maintain. suus, a, um, poss. adj., his, his own. Symmachus, I, m., Symma- chus, a Roman statesman and orator. tabula, ae, f., a plank, a board, a writing tablet. taceo, ere, cui, citum, to be silent, say nothing, be still. talis, e, adj.. such, of such a kind, quality. TALPA 50 THRACIUS talpa, ae, f. (often masculine), a mole. tam, adv. and dein. particle, denoting equality ; employed in comparisons with quam, atque, ut, qui, or quasi, so, so far, equally, to such a degree. tamen, conj., yet, nevertheless, notwithstanding. tantus, a, um, such, so great measure. Correl. with quan- tus, as great . . . as, as large . . . as. Tarpeius, a, um, Tarpeian. Tarpeius, I, m., Mons Tar- peius, a rock on the Capi- toline hill, from which crim- inals were thrown. tartareus, a, um, hellish, in- fernal, Tartarean. Tatianus, I, m., Tatian. Tatius, I, m. , Tatius, a king of the Sabines. Tauricus, a, um, of Taurus, Tauric, Taurian. tectum, I, n., a roof, a cover, a shelter. tegumentum, i, n., a cover- ing. tempestas, atis, f., time; tempest, a storm. templum, I, n., a temple, a sacred house. tempus, oris, n., a time, time, a period of time. tendo, ere, tetendi, tentum, or tensum, to stretch, extend, direct. teneo, ere, tenui, to hold, have, possess. tentatio, onis, f., proof, test, trial, temptation. tento, are, avi, atum, to try, attempt; attack, assail. tenuis, e, adj., little, shallow, narrow. terminus, I, jr., end, boundary, limit. terreo, ere, ui, itum, to frighten, alarm, terrify, dis- may. terror, oris, m. , a great fear, fear, dread, alarm. Tertullianus, I, m., Tertullian. testificor, ari, atus sum, dep., to testify, show, exhibit. testimonium, I, n., evidence, testimony, a proof, a quota- tion, a passage. texo, ere, ui, xtum, to weave, join or fit together. Thaumaturgus, i. m., the "Wonderworker," St. Greg- ory. theatrum, 1, n., a playhouse, theatre. thensa (tensa), ae, f., a sacred carriage. Theodorus, I, m., Theodore. Thracia, ae, f., TJirace, a country bordering on the Danube. Thracius, a, um, Thracian. TIBERIUS 51 TROPAEUM Tiberius, I, m., Tiberius, a Roman praenoinen. Tiberinus, I, m., Tiber or Tiberinus. Timaeus, I, m., Timaeus, a Greek historian. timeo, ere, timui, to fear, dread, apprehend. tirocinium, I, n., the first trial or attempt; rawness, inex- perience. titulus, i, m., inscription, title, name, labor. Titus, i, m., a Eoman prae- nomen. tonitrus, us, m., ortonitrum, i, n., thunder. tono, are, ui, to thunder, to make a loud noise, to roar. torqueo, ere, torsi, sum, to turn, twist, bend. tot, num. adj., so many. totidem, num. adj., just so many. totus, a, um, all, whole, entire. tracto, are, avi, atum, to touch, handle, manage; to examine. trado, ere, didi, ditum, to deliver, address, hand down, surrender, transmit. traho, ere, traxi, tractum, to draw, drag, drag along. tranquillitas, atis, f., peace, quietness, tranquillity. Tranquillus, i, m., Tranquil- lus, a historian. transactus, a, um, adj., finished, completed; of time, past. transeo, ire, ii (Ivi), itum, to go over, cross over, overpass, to go over to, to pass over to. transfer 6, ferre, tuli, latum, to carry over, convey over, to transfer, remove. transigo, ere, egi, actum, to finish, complete, perform. translatio, onis, i, a shifting, a transferring ; a version, a translation. transmitto, ere, misi, mis- sum, to send over, transmit, despatch. transvena, ae, m., stranger, newcomer, foreigner. tres, tria, card, num., three. tribuo, ere, ui, utum, to dis- tribute, assign, allot. triginta, card, num., thirty. trim, ae, a, distributive num., a set of three, triple, threefold. Triphylius, i, m., Triphyllius, a famous lawyer of Berytus, converted to Christianity by Spyridon, a bishop in Cyprus. triumpho, are, avi, atum, to triumph over, conquer, to win a victory. triumphus, I, m., a triumphal procession, a triumph, a vic- tory. tropaeum, i, n., a trophy, a sign or memorial of victory. TRUNCO 52 UTILIS trunco, are, avi, atum, to cut off, shorten, mutilate. tii, pron., 2d pers. sing., thou, you. Tullius, 1, m., Tullius or Tully, the name of a Roman gens. Tullus, 1, m. , Tullus, a Roman proper name. tunc, adv., then, at that time. turbo, inis, f., a whirlwind, hurricane, tornado. turpis, e, adj., dishonorable, disgraceful, shameful, infa- mous. tutela, ae, f . , protection, guar- dianship, care. Tutelinae, arum, f. pi., the Tutelinae, the deities pro- tecting the fruits. tutus, a, um, safe, secure, out of danger. tyrannus, I, m., a cruel, savage, or illegal ruler, a despot, a tyrant. Tyrrhenus, T, m., Tyrrhenus, a Greek historian. Tyrus, l, m., Tyre, a famous commercial city of the Phoe- nicians. U ubi, adv., in which place, in what place, where ; when, whenever, as soon as. ubique, adv. , everywhere, any- where, wheresoever. ullus, a, um, dem. adj., any, any one. ulterior, ius, comp. adj., far- ther, further, longer. ultimus, a, um, furthest, most distant, extreme, last. ultio, orris, f., a talcing ven- geance, an avenging, revenge. ultor, oris, m., a punisher, an avenger, a revenger. umbra, ae, f., a shade, a shadow. unde, adv., where, from what or which place. undecim, card, num., eleven. unguis, is, m. , a nail, a finger or toe nail. universus, a, um, universal, general, common to all. unus, a, um, card, num., one. urbs, urbis, f. , a walled town, a city. urgeo, ere, ursi, to press, push, force, drive, impel, urge. usque, adv., all the way, as long as, as far as, until, to, up to, even to. iisurpo, are, avi, atum, to use, make use of, employ, practise, exercise; usurp. ut or uti, adv. and conj., in what manner, how, as; so that, in order that, that. uter, utra, utrum. pron., which of two, which, either. utilis, e, adj., useful, ser- viceable, advantageous, fit, proper. UTIQUE 53 VESCOR utique, adv., anyhow, at any rate, by all means. utor, uti, usus, dep., to use, make use of, exercise. utrum, adv., whether. vae, interj., an exclamation of pain, fear, or dread, ah! alas! Valerianus, 1, m., Valerian. Valentinianus, 1, m., Valen- tinianus, Valentinian. validus, a, um, strong, stout, powerful, able, forcible. vanitas, atis, f., vanity, decep- tion. vanus, a, um, empty, void, vain, vacant. varius, a, um, different, various, changing. vas, vasis, n. (pi. vasa. orum), a vessel, a dish, vase, bowl, utensil. vastatio, onis, f., a ravaging, a devastation. vehementer, adv. , eagerly, vehemently, violently. vehiculum, I, n., a carriage, a vehicle. vel, conj., or. vel . . . vel, either . . . or. velamentum, 1, n., a disguise, a covering, a concealment. velum, 1, n., a covering, a veil, a curtain. velut, adv., even as, just as, as if, like as. venditor, oris, in., a seller, a vender. venefica, ae, f., a poisoner, a sorceress, an enchantress. venio, ire, veni, ventum, to come, come to, arrive. venter, ventris, in., the belly, stomach. Venus, eris, f., Venus, the goddess of love. venustas, atis, f., loveliness, charm, grace, beauty. verbero, are, avi, atum, to lash, scourge, whip, flog. verbum, I, n., a word; pi., words, expressions, language. Veritas, atis, f. , truth, reality. vero, adv., in truth, certainly, surely, assuredly. versiculus, I, m. , a little line, a verse. versus, us, m., a verse; a line; a row, a furrow. versus, adv. and prep. : (1) adv., turned in the direction of, toward; (2) prep. with. ace., toward, against. verto, ere, ti, sum, to turn, turn around ; change. verum, I, n., the truth. verum, adv., truly, just so, even so, but, but yet. vesanus, a, um, mad, insane, ivild. vescor, I, dep.. to fill one's self with food, to eat, feed; to enjoy, make use of, have. VESTALIS 54 voco vestalis, e, adj., pertaining to Vesta, vestal ; f . as subst. , a priestess. vester, tra, trum, pron. adj., your. vestigium, I, n., a footprint, a trace, clew, vestige. veteranus, a, um, old, experi- enced, veteran; m. as subst., a veteran. veteres, um, m. pi., forefath- ers, ancients, ancestors. vetus, eris, adj., old, aged, ancient. vetustus, a, um, old, aged, ancient. vexatio, onis, f., a shaking ; discomfort, vexation. vexo, are, avi, atum, to shake; to injure, to vex, to molest. via, ae, f., a way, a road, a street. vicis (gen. ; nominative singu- lar does not occur), f., a change, an alteration, a vi- cissitude. victoria, ae, f., victory, suc- cess. Victorinus, I, m., Victorinus, a Roman author of the fourth century. videlicet, adv., it is clear, evi- dent, clearly, evidently, in truth. video, ere, vidi, visum, to see, look at, view. viginti, ae, a, card, num., twenty. vine 6, ere, vici, victus, to conquer, overcome. vindico, are, avi, atum, to lay legal claim to ; to re- venge, avenge, punish; to vindicate. vinum, I, n., urine. violentus, a, um, forcible, violent, impetuous. vir, viri, m., a man. Virgilius, I, m., Virgil. virgo, inis, f., a virgin, maid. virtus, utis, f., valor, virtue, courage, manliness. vis, vis, f. (pi. vires, ium), power, ability, force, strength. viscus, eris, also viscera, um, n. pi., the internal organs, the vitals, the flesh. vis 6, ere, visi, visum, to see, look at, behold. visus, us, m., the sight, vision, appearance. vita, ae, f., life. vivo, ere, vixi, to live, have life, be alive, be lively, be rough. vivus, a, um, alive, living, natural. vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with difficulty. vocabulum, I, n., a name, a ivord. voco, are, avi, atum, to call, name, summon. VOLCATIUS 55 VULTUS Volcatius, I, m., Volcatius, a teacher of civil law, a his- torian. volo, velle, volui, to wish, to desire, be willing. volucris, is, f., a bird. volumen, inis, n. , a volume, a book, a writing. voluntas, atis, f., will, wish, choice, desire, inclination. vos, vestrum, pers. pron., you. voveo, ere, vovi, votum, to vow, devote, dedicate, conse- crate. vox, vocis, f., a voice, sound, cry, call, word. vulgus, I, n., a crowd, multi- tude, a mass of people, a rabble. vulnero, are, avi, a turn, to wound, hurt, injure. vultus, us, m., countenance, looks, face, portrait, picture. 14 LATIN. A Latin Grammar. By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 265 pages. Price, 80 cents. IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre- sented within the smallest compass consistent with high scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre- paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages found only in ante-classical and post-classical Latin, and by relegating to an Appendix theoretical and historical questions, it has been found possible to treat the subject with entire ade- quacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In the German schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting demands of the entire gymnasial course, and those who have tried Bennett's Grammar find that they are materially helped by being relieved of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter which forms the bulk of the older grammars. All Latin texts for read- ing in secondary schools, recently issued, contain references in the notes to Bennett's Latin Grammar. Professor William A. Houghton, Bowdoin College, Brnnsivick, Maine : The Grammar proper is admirably adapted to its purpose in its clearness of arrangement and classification, and in its simplicity and precision of statement, giving definitely just what the pupil must know, and not crowd- ing the page with a mass of matter that too often disheartens the young student instead of helping him. I trust it will come into general use, for I think for the reasons just given, and because of its moderate compass and attractive appearance, students are likely to get more practical gram- matical knowledge out of it than they generally do from the larger grammars. John F. Peck, Oberlin Academy, Oberlin, Ohio : Bennett's Latin Grammar was adopted as a text-book in Oberlin Academy in 1897. It is proving itself a very satisfactory text-book and increasingly popular. The teachers of Latin in Oberlin Academy are thoroughly satisfied with the book and find it exceedingly helpful in their work. The Critic, Feb. 29, 1896. The book is a marvel of condensed, yet clear and forcible, statement. The ground covered in the treatment of forms and syntax is adequate for ordinary school work and for the use of fresh- men and sophomores in college. LATIN. 17 The Foundations of Latin. A book for beginners. By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cor- nell University. i2mo, cloth, 231 pages. Price, 90 cents. THIS book differs materially from most of the present manuals for beginners in Latin. Its method is, first, to present the forms of inflection, and then to develop the principles of syntax, following in both cases, so far as possible, the usual order of the Latin grammars. Such rules of syntax as are needed for reading and writing simple sentences are given in the earliest lessons, so that the pupil has constant drill on the forms while acquiring them ; but the systematic study of general syntax is postponed till the pupil shall have mastered the forms and shall be in a position to apply the rules. The vocabulary of the Exercises consists of the 750 words in most frequent use by Caesar and Nepos, and will serve equally well as an introduction to either author. The Latin sentences are for the most part taken directly from Caesars Commentaries, with such slight changes as may be needed to adapt them to the pupil's advancement. The Exercises are followed by eighteen pages of easy and interesting selections for reading. Frederic T. Farnsworth, Sanborn Seminary, Kingston, N.H. : I agree with the author in his preface that it is better to bring together " things that naturally belong together," and to have the first-year book follow substantially the order and form of the grammar. The later and fuller study of the grammar itself is greatly facilitated by a systematic arrange- ment such as that followed in this book. F. P. Donnelly, S.J., College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass,: The book has been appropriately named. I have never seen in one volume so complete a presentation of all that is necessary for a beginner in Latin. James Heard, Academy, Summit, N.y. : I commend the work most heartily. It marks a return to the common-sense method of teaching Latin to beginners, and is a thoroughly practical book. I do not hesitate to place it in the front rank of books of its class. C. K. Bartholomew, English and Classical School, Cincinnati, Ohio : We are well pleased with The Foundations of Latin now on trial. Frank D. Haddock, Superintendent, Holland, Mich. : I am using Bennett's Foundations of Latin with great satisfaction. 24 LATIN. A Junior Latin Book. With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary, by Professors JOHN C. ROLFE and Walter Dennison, of the University of Michigan. i2mo, half leather, 498 pages. Price, $1.25. THIS book will appeal most forcibly both to those teachers who are accustomed to begin the course in Latin Reading with the difficult Gallic War, and to those who prefer to pre- pare the way to Caesar by the use of some easier text. To the former it offers a book that can be begun long before their classes can read Caesar — a distinct economy of time. To the latter it gives in a single carefully graded volume the varied and profita- ble material that has hitherto been available only by the purchase of several text-books — a distinct economy of means. The text consists of Fables, Stories of Roman History based on Eutropius and Livy, extracts from Viri Romae, seven Lives of Nepos, and Books I. and II. of the Gallic War. The book also contains exercises for translation into Latin, based on the text, and many good maps and plans. J. C. Kirtland, Jr., Phillips Academy, Exeter, A T .H. : We are using Rolfe and Dennison's Junior Latin Book with the class which began the study of Latin last September. The Roman history especially appealed to us, and we are not surprised to find by experience that it furnishes most satisfactory material for first reading. J. Edmund Barss, Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, Conn. : The selections are, it seems to me, well adapted to provide a substitute for the traditional four Books of Caesar. It is an admirably common-sense text-book. J R. L. Johnson, Piedmont Academy, Gordonsville, Va. : It is one of the most important contributions to the study of Latin which has appeared for years, and one which must inevitably attract the interest of all teach- ers, as it is admirably suited for the purposes for which it is intended. Nathan B. Coy, Principal of Cutler Academy, Colorado Springs, Col. : After giving the Junior Latin Book careful inspection, I do not hesi- tate to pronounce it the very best book for second-year Latin with which I have any acquaintance. Capt. C. W. New, St. John's Military Academy, Delafield, Wis. : I antici- pate good results from the use of the Junior Latin Book. It is fitted for its purpose exactly, and forms a good substitute for four long Books of Caesar. OCT 26 1900 riiiiPr-i^^U'ii'iiiJiiiiiii LIBRARY OF CONGRESS IIH Mill Hill II UKIIII'llll'l I'll tin it 1 I ill I Hill Hill Hill HI II 003 040 639 4