{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4697", "width": "3118", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nCiiap. HB Copyright No.A_l\u00c2\u00a3\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "4578", "width": "2999", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4621", "width": "2851", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4550", "width": "2858", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4621", "width": "2737", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4609", "width": "2999", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul", "height": "4630", "width": "2873", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4633", "width": "2999", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "In the Time of Paul\\nHow Christianity Entered\\nInto and Modified Life in\\nthe Roman Empire\\ns\\nBY\\nRev. Edward G. Selden, D.D\\nPastor of the Madison Avenue Reformed Church,\\nAlbany, N. Y.\\n3??\\nw\\nvita er tux\\nChicago New York Toronto\\nFleming H. Re veil Company\\nPublishers of Evangelical Literature", "height": "4634", "width": "2999", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "69859\\nLiOi-Ki-y of Oun^rwt\\nwi. Contj Rfttwco\\nNOV 2 1900\\nSECOND COPY.\\nOR0LH DIVISION,\\nNOV 20 I you\\nCopyright 1900\\nBy Fleming H. Revell Company", "height": "4576", "width": "2999", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nT^HIS little book attempts to set forth some\\nof the more significant facts pertaining\\nto the Gentile world into which the Apostle\\nPaul carried the Gospel of Christ. It is not\\npossible to make an exact division of the com-\\nposite life of his times and to trace out in all\\ntheir detail the political, social, moral, relig-\\nious, and intellectual phases of the old civili-\\nzation which it was the task of Christianity to\\nrecast. The various departments of influence\\noverlap and intermingle; yet in order to set\\nforth the complex conditions with which the\\nnew religion had to deal, and out of which it\\nachieved unparalleled results, it seems best to\\npresent a series of pictures, outlining in swift\\nsuccession the special aspects of the world\\ninto which Christianity was forcing its tri-\\numphant way.", "height": "4625", "width": "2999", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4634", "width": "2999", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nChap. Page\\nI. Paul and His Times 13\\nII. The Task Assumed by Christianity 26\\nIII. The Political Structure of the Roman\\nWorld 43\\nIV. The Social Life of the First Century 61\\nV. The Religious Condition of the Age 81\\nVI. The Moral Standards of the Period 100\\nVII. The Intellectual Tendencies of the\\nTime 122\\nVIII. The Inevitable Conflict and Victory 143", "height": "4634", "width": "2871", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4625", "width": "2999", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "chapter i.\\nSt. Paul and His Times\\nTHE Apostle Paul is the representative man\\nof the first century. In him are embodied\\nthe moral qualities and the missionary motives\\nby which Christianity conquered the world.\\nIt would be unjust to ignore the de-\\nvotion and service of his fellow laborers.\\nJohn was of even finer mold. Peter was\\nequally earnest, Barnabas as conscien-\\ntious; but none embodied so much of power\\nand grace, so much of promise and proph-\\necy. In no other was manifested such\\npersistent zeal and such adroit application of\\nthe forces at command. l He was one of the\\ncreative geniuses whose policy marks out a\\nline on which history has to move for genera-\\ntions afterward. Not only is this our con-\\nclusion upon reviewing the events of the first\\ncentury, but it must even have been patent to\\nhis own clear judgment. By preaching, and\\nby the organization of gathering forces, he felt\\nhimself under constraint at any cost to insure\\nthe establishment of Christianity in the Empire.\\n13", "height": "4634", "width": "2881", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nIn answering the summons to leadership in\\nthe new movement he rose to the sublimest\\nheights of thought and purpose. His very-\\nconsciousness was transfused by the glory of\\nthe undertaking. Partly by virtue of his own\\nenergy and partly by force of circumstance he\\nwas pushed to the front. He was content to\\nbuild on no man s foundation, to preach no\\ngospel save that which had been revealed to\\nhim, to determine his action by no man s ad-\\nvice, to gauge his fervor by no other man s\\ndevotion. He was absorbed in his apostolic\\nmission. Hence came services second in\\nmoral quality and effectiveness to those of no\\nother man since time began. Moses was a\\nleader and lawgiver whose labors for his own\\nnation cannot be overrated; David laid the\\nfoundations of a kingdom, and gathered the\\nsoul of all lands and ages into the music of his\\npsalms; Cyrus appeared as the providential\\ndeliverer of a people who could not fulfil their\\ndestiny in captivity and exile; Alexander has\\nbeen ranked by a modern historian next to\\nthe Man of Galilee as a promoter of civiliza-\\ntion to the generalship and statesmanship of\\nCaesar is to be attributed the territorial ex-\\npansion of the Eoman Empire; yet the work\\nof none of these was so absolutely and incon-\\ntrovertibly vital to the higher interests of\\n14", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "St. Paul and His Times\\nmankind as was that of the Apostle to the\\nGentiles. He wrought largely in the Great\\nWestern Empire, through which ail that was\\nbest in the earlier civilizations was transmitted\\nto modern nations. His labors entered into\\nthe persistent and progressive life of the ages.\\nOne secret of Paul s remarkable success is\\nfound in the nearly perfect combination of\\nhereditary qualities and prerogatives which\\nhe possessed. In him mingled two streams of\\ntendency which flowed out of the Jewish and\\nRoman worlds. On one side were ancestry\\nand training, on the other the proud conscious-\\nness and the political privileges of a citizen of\\nthe Empire. His family had very likely resided\\nin Tarsus long enough to have become iden-\\ntified with its social life and endowed with all\\nthe rights and sentiments of citizenship. The\\nSeleucid kings in founding the place had shown\\na preference for Jewish colonists, so that poli-\\ntical favors may have been granted, a genera-\\ntion or two before Paul s time, for distin-\\nguished services. While, therefore, the train-\\ning of youth and the later education of young\\nmanhoood in the school of Gamaliel had given\\nhim intimate acquaintance with the literature,\\nlaws and traditions of his people, so that\\nJewish feelings were in him peculiarly intense,\\nyet having been born so far from Jerusa-\\n15", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nlem, in a Roman colony and in the midst\\nof Roman influences, he must have had a\\nbroader acquaintance with the world and a more\\ncatholic sympathy with man than was possible\\nto the other apostles. He appreciated the glory\\nof Jewish tradition and its narrowness, the\\ncorruption of Rome and its actual power. In\\na practical way also he used the twofold\\nadvantage of Hebrew birth and Roman citizen-\\nship. In every city he went, first of all, where\\na Gentile would not have been admitted,\\nnamely, into a synagogue. He was at home\\nin the simple customs of worship and speech\\nof his people. He could begin every appeal\\nto them on the ground of common faith\\nand hope in the God of Israel, and in his\\nteaching could move along the lines of\\ntheir Messianic promises to the actual life and\\nteachings of Jesus. To be sure, he met with\\nbitter opposition and cruel treatment, and yet\\nin every town through him as a Heaven-sent\\nambassador, Christ came to some of His own\\nwho were ready to receive Him. This accounts\\nfor speedy success in Asia Minor and in Ma-\\ncedonia, in Corinth and in Rome. The Jewish\\npeople were already widely scattered. Jose-\\nphus mentions that by one edict a century\\nbefore Christ, two thousand families were\\ntransported to the fortified towns of Lydia and\\n16", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "St. Paul and His Times\\nPhrygia, for the sake of hastening submission\\nand good order among a rude people. The\\nspecial political privileges granted by the\\nSeleucid kings to secure the contentment and\\nfidelity of these exiles were confirmed by\\nRoman officials. A people instructed in re-\\nligious truth was thus established in the\\nmidst of heathen communities and in due time\\na specially prepared Apostle was sent forth to\\ntake advantage of their intelligence and in-\\nfluence in disseminating among them the\\nprinciples of the Christian faith.\\nAt the same time, in many an emergency\\nthe protection assured by the universal rights\\nof Roman citizenship secured to Paul life and\\nliberty for prolonged service. At Thessalon-\\nica he was kindly received by the Politarchs\\nat Corinth he was rescued from the hands of\\ninfuriated Jews by the justice of Gallio; in\\nJerusalem he was saved from the excited mob\\nby the interference of Lysias, the captain of\\nthe guard at Caesarea he was sheltered from\\nthe plots of the Great Council by Festus, the\\nRoman Governor and yet again he saved him-\\nself from the malignity of the Jews by his\\nformal appeal to the right of trial at Rome.\\nPaul represents the aggressive side of\\nChristianity. Zeal for the kingdom marks\\nhis whole career, from his divine call to his last\\n17", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nimpassioned appeal. There were no passive\\nhours for one who had taken up the burden of\\nthe world s redemption. The scope of his\\nlabors cannot, indeed, be easily understood\\nnow that Asia Minor and Macedonia are so re-\\nmote from the track of modern progress, so\\nfar apart from all arenas of national strife. It\\nis difficult to realize how populous was this\\nregion at this time. The great highways of\\ncommerce and travel lay along its coast,\\nthrough cities prosperous in trade, magnifi-\\ncent in architecture, the centers of Greek cul-\\nture and influence; or over the mountain\\npasses of the interior through fortified towns\\nin which order was maintained by Roman\\nmagistrates and centurions. Through all of\\nthese provinces Paul went with the freedom as-\\nsured to a citizen of the Empire, and with\\never deepening comprehension of the exigen-\\ncies and opportunities which confronted him.\\nThe story of Paul s providential call has in\\nit a touch of romance.\\nOne day while waiting at Tarsus in doubt\\nas to his future, he suddenly found himself\\nface to face with Barnabas, who, years before,\\nwith an instinctive recognition of his zeal and\\ncapacity for service, had befriended him at\\nJerusalem. It was on the crowded streets of\\nthis Cilician city that Paul again encountered\\n18", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "St. Paul and His Times\\nthe man who had been praying for a coadjutor in\\nhis apostolic labors, Barnabas word of invita-\\ntion and appeal was as spark to tinder. The\\nvoice of this zealous worker was to Paul like\\nthe voice of God, and forthwith the two\\nfriends traveled together to Antioch the Syrian\\ncapital, where for a whole year they labored to-\\ngether, and had the joy of seeing vast numbers\\nof Gentiles brought into the new covenant.\\nHere in the third city in population, wealth,\\nand commercial importance in the Roman Em-\\npire it first began to dawn on the Roman mind\\nthat a religion was making its way which\\ncould no longer be identified with the ancient\\nJewish faith. The disciples were called\\nChristians first in Antioch, but the inventors\\nof this new name little dreamed that a name so\\nlightly given, at first perhaps with ribald\\nwit, was to penetrate, overmaster and finally\\noutlive by uncounted centuries the mighty\\nempire whose seat of government was upon\\nthe seven hills of Rome.\\nIt is significant that this Gentile city, and\\nnot Jerusalem, was the starting point for the\\nfirst great world-wide missionary enterprise;\\nthat here began the work which was to ex-\\ntend through every province of the known\\nworld. By the light of history it is now easy\\nto see that the very genius of Christianity as\\n19", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\na world-wide religion was in the impulse which\\nsent Paul and Barnabas forth from, and\\nbrought them back to, a city belonging not to\\nthe Jewish but to the Roman world. It was\\nnot so far distant from Jerusalem the earlier\\nbase of religion, where James presided over the\\nfirst Christian church and where some of the\\ntwelve still lingered as to prevent attendance\\nat the Great Council which was held for solemn\\nconsideration of the new and startling enter-\\nprise upon which these enthusiastic apostles\\nhad entered. The new missionary centre of\\nChristianity lost nothing from being within a\\nfew days journey of the sacred city, while it\\ngained much from its relation to the great\\nworld which the Jew called Gentiledom. It\\nwas the destiny of the new religion to conquer\\nthe all-conquering Empire, in order that the\\nsalvation of the world might be achieved\\nthrough the co-operative agency a people not\\nbigoted and shut out from vital touch with\\nthe nations, but cosmopolitan and in active\\ncommunication with the world on every side\\nof its manifold activities. By reason of its\\ncommerce, and of its avenues of communica-\\ntion on sea and land, Antioch was the Gate\\nof the East, while by its political affinities it\\nbelonged to the Western world. No city\\nwas so favorably situated with reference to\\n20", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "St. Paul and His Times\\nthe prosecution of a missionary enterprise\\nwhich was not to stop short of the Pillars\\nof Hercules and the shores of Britain. Here,\\nwhere for several centuries had dwelt the Greek\\nkings of Syria, and where at this time resided\\nRoman governors and high officials, was born\\nthe undertaking which the centuries have not\\nyet brought to completion.\\nThe pamphlet written by Paul s companion,\\nLuke, under the title of The Acts of the Apos-\\ntles, and the occasional letters of the Apostle\\nhimself which have survived the vicissitudes of\\nthe centuries, give sufficient data concerning\\nhis missionary journeys throughout the Empire,\\nand his enforced residence at Rome. It seems\\nprobable that a favorable termination of the\\nfirst imprisonment gave Paul five years or more\\nof continued labors in Asia Minor and Mace-\\ndonia. This was the universal belief of the\\nancient church, and is supported by fragmen-\\ntary utterances of early writers. His disciple\\nClement, afterwards Bishop of Rome, expressly\\nasserts that Paul preached the gospel in the\\nEast and the West, and that he instructed\\nc the whole world in righteousness. Eusebius,\\nChrysostom, and Jerome held it as a matter of\\ncommon knowledge that Paul went into Spain,\\nand this in all probability carried him through\\nSouthern Gaul. When at last his life-purpose\\n21", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nhad been fulfilled he found a not unwelcome\\nrelease through martyrdom. He had written\\nof himself as Paul the Aged, worn out by-\\nunnumbered toils and unrecounted sufferings,\\nand more than ready to be offered. It was\\na pathetic and yet not inglorious ending of his\\nearthly life. He had tasted the bitterness of\\nloneliness, for he wrote to Timothy: When I\\nwas first heard in my defense no man stood\\nby me, but all forsook me. Nevertheless, the\\nLord stood by me and strengthened my heart.\\nWith this comfort, ineffable and unfailing, he\\nstill was able by the very exigencies of his fate-\\nful trials to proclaim the Glad Tidings, in\\nfull measure, so that all the Gentiles might\\nhear the Word. Thus the tribunal of Nero\\nfaded from his sight and the vista was closed\\nby the vision of the judgment seat of Christ.\\nThe lights and shadows continued to the end,\\nand he marched to his martyrdom leading cap-\\ntivity captive. In the sight of men it was an\\nhour when evil exulted, and when disaster fell\\nupon the worthy. But he was not forgotten\\nof the Master whom he had served. The angel\\nwho had appeared to him in the hour of peril\\non the storm-tossed sea, standing by him\\nin the night, and speaking sweet words of as-\\nsurance, came again as under the convoy of\\nheavenly attendants he joined the glorious\\n22", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "St. Paul and His Times\\ncompany of apostles, the goodly fellowship of\\nthe prophets, the noble army of martyrs, by\\nwhom he would not be counted among the least\\nof the saints of God.\\nThe times of Paul are to the highest degree\\nsignificant because they gather up the in-\\nfluences of Greece and Rome during centuries\\nof brilliant development, and at the same time\\ncover the period of the decadence of the old\\nphilosophy and religion. It was the fulness\\nof time for the culmination of divine plans,\\nbecause never were need and opportunity\\ngreater than during this critical period. That\\na religion so radically different from any phase\\nof thought or mode of worship previously\\nknown should have secured a hearing and\\ngained a footing within the empire must be\\nreckoned among the wonders of the world\\nHow this came about, the attempt, the hin-\\ndrances, the helps, the victories, is not only\\na matter of historical interest, but is a source\\nof enlightenment concerning the most essen-\\ntial features of Christianity. Peculiar prob-\\nlems are being constantly faced by missionary\\nenterprises. Now it is the caste system of\\nIndia; now the exclusiveness of China; the\\nnationalism of Japan; or the stolid baseness\\nof the South-Sea islanders. But at no time\\ndid so large and complex a problem present\\n23", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nitself as in the middle of the first century. It\\nwas a practical question to be solved upon the\\nbroadest and deepest principle, and supported\\nby grace and power above any standards then\\nknown to the world. Under the leadership of\\nsuch men as Paul the gigantic enterprise was\\ncarried through. Christianity, having sprung\\nout of Judaism, was transplanted and made to\\nflourish alike in the soil of classic and bar-\\nbarous nations. The new Gospel was pro-\\nclaimed, the new worship set up, the new\\norder of life established, and no one can com-\\nprehend the meaning and worth of the new\\nreligion who does not mark the conditions\\nwith which Paul had to deal and the ends\\nwhich he sought to accomplish. We must\\nunderstand the task assumed by Christianity\\nin its length, breadth and complexity; the\\nhindrances which were encountered; the un-\\navoidable delays and accommodations; the\\nadaptations and adjustments which had to be\\nmade; the many-sided truth which had to be\\npresented to men of many minds; and the\\ncrude beginnings of organizations and insti-\\ntutions which had to receive more perfect\\ndevelopment. For the initiation of this move-\\nment looking towards the evangelization of the\\nworld Paul was the u chosen vessel of God.\\nHe was appointed to go far hence unto the\\n24", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "St. Paul and His Times\\nGentiles, as an apostle whose quenchless\\nenthusiasm was to suffice for the most arduous\\nservice and whose appeals were to shake the\\nthrone of the Caesars. Born during the reign\\nof the mighty Augustus, he lived through the\\nshameless administrations of Tiberius, Cali-\\ngula, and Claudius, suffering martyrdom under\\nNero the fifth emperor and the most depraved.\\nHis lifetime, therefore, covers the period of\\ncritical conflict between two opposing civiliza-\\ntions. The contest itself belongs to many\\ncenturies, but during the ministry of the\\napostle the mastery of human thought and\\naction passed from Caesar to Christ. When\\nPaul died Christianity had proved itself a vital\\nforce; and to him, more than to any other,\\nbelongs the supreme honor of successful leader-\\nship in a world-wide enterprise for a true re-\\nligion and a ceaselessly progressive civilization.\\n25", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "chapter ii.\\nThe Task Assumed by Christianity\\nA RELIGION is to be judged not merely,\\nperhaps not primarily, by what it actu-\\nally accomplishes, but by what it aims to do.\\nThe religions of Greece and Rome attempted\\nlittle of practical moment. The idea of affect-\\ning government, molding society, or even in-\\nfluencing public sentiment by religion was as\\nremote from the classic mind as from that of the\\nmystical worshipers of the East. Mohamme-\\ndanism began a crusade against an infidel world\\nand from the days of the Hegira sought to win\\nthe support of blindly devoted adherents,\\nIt has proved itself a mighty force in many\\nnations, and has more than once changed the\\nhistory of populous lands; but it has not aimed\\nto infuse into society the ideals of gentleness,\\nkindness, nobility and spirituality, and has\\nnot succeeded in a dozen centuries in estab-\\nlishing anywhere on the globe a progressive\\ncivilization. The Hebrew religion produced a\\nsacred literature which has not yet been out-\\ngrown; but with a moral code of superior\\n26", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "The Task Assumed by Christianity\\nquality, with a monotheism of exalted type,\\nwith a history full of promises and pledges of\\ndivine favor, it never dreamed of becoming an\\naggressive and redemptive force among the\\ncations. It was always self -centered. In no\\nepoch of Jewish history did the loftiest of\\nkings and prophets seek to extend the faith\\nor overthrow the idolatrous and abominable\\nsuperstitions of less favored peoples. Even\\nwhen unlooked for opportunities presented\\nthemselves in Gentile cities like Antioch and\\nCorinth for effective propogandism, the repre-\\nsentatives of the Jewish religion were content\\nto build splendid synagogues under the shadow\\nof heathen temples and exult in the exclusive\\nprivileges of the children of Abraham. Unlike\\nall other religions, Christianity had its orign\\nin the sublime self-sacrifice of One who came\\ninto the world on a mission of love went about\\ndoing good was lifted up upon a cross that He\\nmight draw all men unto Himself; and left the\\nscene of His labors with words of command\\nupon His lips which placed His disciples under\\nan unrepealable obligation to evangelize all\\nnations in His name.\\nThe genius of the new religion was first\\nmanifested in the matchless kindness of the\\nMaster and then in the re-embodiment of that\\nkindness in His followers. It required some\\n27", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nweeks of meditation and prayer in that upper\\nroom where the Eleven had met the Risen Lord,\\nfor men who had lived in the narrowness and ex-\\nclusiveness of the earlier religion to gain un-\\nderstanding, courage, and impulse for so vast\\nan enterprise as the conquering of the world\\nby the Gospel of salvation. But as leaven\\nworks in the lump so the Spirit of Christ\\nwrought in them. It was only a question of\\ntime when they should be completely leavened.\\nHaving once come into vital contact with\\nOne who lived and died for men they could not\\nbe long content in the selfish and unproductive\\nenjoyment of a saving faith, whose action\\nterminated in themselves.\\nSome practical outworking of Christianity\\nseems quite a matter of course to those who\\nhave been nurtured in its precepts, and yet\\nwas it not a most amazing thing that a hand-\\nful of obscure men should have assaulted the\\ncustoms and superstitions of ages with no other\\nweapon than the spoken word; that men who\\nwere so provincial as never to have crossed the\\nboundaries of Galilee and Judea should dream\\nof invading the great Roman world with a\\nmessage from a crucified peasant? Yet that\\nis exactly what Peter and John, and a little\\nlater Barnabas and Paul, did. The enterprise\\nupon which they embarked. (U J not seem to\\n28", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "The Task Assumed by Christianity\\nthem desperate, for they had consciously found\\nthe distinctive truth of Christianity touching the\\ngrace of God and the salvation of men they also\\ncherished the pledge of companionship and\\npower from the Risen Christ, and longed to\\nreplace wretchedness and despair with a peace\\nand joy which should fill the whole world.\\nThe divine origin of Christianity, and its fit-\\nness to be the universal religion, are no less\\nclearly demonstrated in its boldness and com-\\nprehensiveness than in the benevolence of its\\nattitude and purpose toward mankind. It as-\\nserted its right to dominate the thoughts and\\nlives of men, and control human actions with\\nan absoluteness which makes the despotism of\\nthe Caesars seem trivial, and the superstitions\\nof the ancients as passing fancies. For all time\\nit sought to forbid things that once were ex-\\nalted, subdue passions which once were rampant,\\ndemand services which before were unasked;\\nin a word, it sought to bring every thought\\nand imagination into captivity to the obedience\\nof Christ. It is not conceivable that any\\nhuman mind could have chanced upon so novel\\na scheme, or that any human heart could have\\nr dared such impossibilities. It remained for\\nthe unfolding counsels of God to bring into\\nthe light a secret hidden from the foundation\\nof the world, to- wit, that the Gentiles were fel-\\n29", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nlow-heirs with the people of Israel, and that\\nby the grace and truth of the Gospel the world\\nitself was to be rescued from moral ruin, and\\nthe whole structure of human society rebuilt\\nupon the foundation of a pure faith and an\\nexalted righteousness.\\nHow comprehensive was the work upon\\nwhich Christianity entered appears from a\\nmore detailed study of its stupendous sweep.\\nIn the first place, it sought to refine and ele-\\nvate man; to lift each individual to a higher\\nplane of existence and activity. You hath\\nHe quickened, wrote Paul in appeal to the\\nconsciousness of new life and power. Christians\\nare new creatures in Christ, of whom great\\nthings might reasonably be expected. All the\\nfaculties of man were to be aroused and brought\\ninto full play by the revelations of the Gospel\\nand the touch of the Spirit. The mind, heart,\\nconscience, and will were all to be regenerated\\nby the Divine message. But the scope of\\nChristianity was never to be limited by the\\nnarrow bounds of individual existence. Its\\naim was the re-construction of society, and it\\nmight almost be said that the individual was\\nregarded as a means to that end the saving\\nof the world. The whole composite life of man-\\nkind was to be redeemed and exalted. The\\nwhole order of human life was to be radically\\n30", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "The Task Assumed by Christianity\\nchanged, the very atmosphere of the world was\\nto be purified aud vitalized.\\nTo begin with, the sentiments which had\\nprevailed regarding both God and man were to\\nbe essentially modified. The frivolity and\\nbaseness which characterized Athens and Rome\\nalike grew out of the prevailing notions as to\\nthe manner of life which existed among the\\ngods of Olympus and the low standards of\\ncharacter among men. No inspirations came\\nfrom above and no aspirations from below.\\nNo need was more imperative than a revelation\\nof the actual glory of God and the potential\\nglory of man. Here was the splendid oppor-\\ntunity to which the Hebrew people had been\\nindifferent. Their earliest Scriptures contain\\na sublime portraiture of a holy and majestic\\nGod, a gracious and compassionate Jehovah,\\nbut they never attempted to displace the Greek\\nand Roman divinities, never thought to drive\\nout the gods of the heathen. The apostolic\\npreaching, however, began with the funda-\\nmental truths that God made the world, that\\nHe rules in righteousness, that He redeems in\\nlove that He wants the confidence and obedi-\\nence of men who cry, Abba, Father and\\nknow themselves as sons of God.\\nWhere other religions had been indifferent or\\neasily tolerant Christianity was insistent and\\n31", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nexacting. The uncompromising attitude of the\\nApostles excited bitter resentment. Alike by\\ntheir conviction of absolute truth and by their\\ndemand for reverence they stirred the skepti-\\ncal to animosity. Sometimes their heathen\\nauditors mocked, as on Mars Hill; sometimes\\nthey persecuted, as in Iconium and Lystra.\\nBut no species of opposition prevailed against\\nthe determination to create new impressions\\nconcerning the dignity of God and the worth\\nof man. Newness of life, a change as deep as\\nthe human soul and wide as the human race,\\ncould not come while men laughed at their\\ngods and imitated their reputed vices. They\\nmust be made to feel the reality of the\\nholy God who made and fills the universe, His\\nnearness to man, His watchfulness and solici-\\ntude, His fatherly patience and His helpful\\ngrace. They must learn to exact of themselves\\npurity, sincerity, kindness, spirituality, and\\nbegin to live together as rational and moral\\nbeings upon whom rested the highest sanctions\\nof religion. New ideas and nobler ideals must\\nhave currency and insensibly impress upon\\nmen the nobility and sacredness of life, the\\nwhole of life with its wide range of thought,\\nspeech, action and relationships.\\nThis means that Christianity not only sought\\nto introduce a new type of personal character\\n32", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "The Task Assumed by Christianity\\nbut to bring about new relationships among\\nmen, and to rebuild the whole fabric of society.\\nThe vastness of the undertaking is better ap-\\npreciated after a study of the social and politi-\\ncal conditions of the first century. It is\\nalways difficult to rescue an individual from\\nlow ideals and corrupting habits, but to reverse\\nthe ideas and sentiments of a community, to\\nseriously modify the customs, check the tend-\\nencies, and transform the spirit of the world is\\nan undertaking so delicate, so intricate and so\\ncomplex as to appall the boldest mind. But\\nChristianity could not fulfill its mission until it\\nhad entered with regenerating power into\\nevery department of the corporate life of man-\\nkind, until it had purified and elevated the\\nfamily, society, government until it had over-\\ncome apathy and dullness, pride and preju-\\ndice, passion and cruelty; until it had neutral-\\nized the selfishness and worldliness so domi-\\nnant and so persistent at every grade of life;\\nand until it had so reconciled men to each\\nother as to make harmony and mutual help-\\nfulness the law of their being.\\nThis is the idealism of the Gospels and the\\nEpistles. This is the standard set by the ex-\\nample and teaching of Christ and by the\\nurgent preaching and impassioned letters of\\nthe Apostles. If carried out to perfection it\\n33", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nwould have amounted to a social revolution, for\\nscarcely any sentiment or enterprise of the\\nheathen world, whether classic or barbarian,\\napproached the new standard. Whatever was\\nunjust or unclean was bound to give way, what-\\never was of superstition and idolatry was\\nbound to yield to new and higher demands.\\nAll Ephesus was in an uproar because, as their\\nopposers admitted, the missionaries of the\\nGospel had turned things upside down in the\\ngreat city as they had done everywhere else in\\nAsia. The new evangel which they pro-\\nclaimed interfered with the profitableness of\\ntrade in the silver images of the great goddess\\nDiana, now hopelessly discredited by apostolic\\npreaching. It also took away the cruel gains\\nwhich heartless men were making out of the\\nwandering fancies and mystic words of a hap-\\nless maid whom Paul afterward brought to a\\nsane mind at Philippi. Somewhat later it\\nemptied the Roman temples throughout the\\nRoman provinces and, as Pliny s letters show,\\nturned the stream of industry and trade into\\nother channels than those which had been fed\\nby the crowds of superstitious pilgrims that\\nnocked to the shrines of the gods.\\nIt was in part because Christianity had this\\nhigh mission that the masterful mind of Paul\\nplanned for so many campaigns in the great\\n34", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "The Task Assumed by Christianity\\ncities of the empire. If the new order of\\nsocial life could be established in populous dis-\\ntricts, and could illustrate its advantages in\\ngreat centers like Antioch and Ephesus, Cor-\\ninth and Rome, a new standard would be set\\nup throughout the Empire. The policy de-\\nvised and strictly pursued by the Apostle kept\\nhim in the midst of the most intense social\\nlife of his day, not merely because greater\\nnumbers were thus made accessible to his\\npreaching, but also because greatest moral\\ngains were made by counteracting the ancient\\ntides of selfishness and corruption by the\\nwholesome tendencies and kindly impulses\\nflowing from the character and doctrines of\\nChrist. In every city Paul urged such pre-\\ncepts and principles as are found to-day\\nscattered through his Apostolic letters. Men\\nwere called to remember that they shared the\\ncommon life of society and were really mem-\\nbers one of another. They were not to in-\\ndulge in falsehood and trickery, for that would\\nbe un neighborly; they were not to steal from\\none another or seek to corrupt another, for\\nthat would be unbrotherly. They were bound\\nby the law of Christ to build each other up in\\nall wholesome and desirable ways. Masters\\nwere to be forbearing and patient, servants\\nobedient and faithful; parents were to be\\n35", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nwatchful for the true nurture of their children,\\nand children in turn were to give honor and\\nobedience; husbands were to show affection\\nand respect, and wives were to regard the\\nhighest interests of the home; in short every\\nrelationship by which the members of society\\nare held together and work together was to be\\nsanctified by the spirit of Christ. Under all\\nseeming differences of endowment and functions\\none spirit was to prevail for the sake of the\\npeace and harmony, the prosperity and happi-\\ndess, of the whole. One was to use his gift of\\nprophecy, another his property, another\\nhis high office, for the good of others.\\nAll were to show love with sincerity\\nand mercy with cheerfulness. In every\\nway Christianity was to show itself to\\nbe not merely a religion, not merely a form\\nand mode of worship, but a scheme of life and\\naction. It was designed to enter with practi-\\ncal precepts and abounding grace the most\\nsacred domain of the soul and the most com-\\nplex relationship of society. It was to pro-\\nmulgate a perfect code of morals and at the\\nsame time prove itself a social force for the\\nregeneration of human life, for the effective\\nassertion of the brotherhood of mankind, and\\nthe realization of the highest social order.\\nWhile inculcating an ideal standard of\\n36", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "The Task Assumed by Christianity\\nthought and conduct Christianity accommo-\\ndated itself to existing conditions. It was not\\nso transcendental as to lose touch with the ac-\\ntual life of society. It did not refuse its name\\nor its benediction to those who did not fully\\nlive up to its sublime principles. For instance,\\nthe invariable exaction is that of the Sermon\\non the Mount, Be ye perfect even as your\\nHeavenly Father is perfect. One who has a\\nlower aim is unworthy to call himself a follower\\nof Christ. One who could rest contented while\\nfaults of character were apparent would miss\\nthe consciousness of likeness to the Master.\\nAt the same time there was a patient forbear-\\ning with manifest defects and even open trans-\\ngression when men were sincerely striving\\nto gain the mastery of self and the world.\\nWhen all of the Twelve forsook their Lord in\\nthe hour of darkness and panic when the mob\\nbroke into their retreat in the olive garden\\non the slope of Olivet he had no word of\\nrebuke. An hour later their leader was\\ndenying his friend and master in the palace\\nof the High Priest Yet the Risen Lord sent\\na special message of love and confidence to\\nPeter, and came again and again to the Upper\\nRoom for tender conference with the Eleven.\\nPaul wrote the seventh chapter of his Epistle\\nto the Romans in frank exposure of his pitiful\\n37", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nstruggles against the passions and tendencies\\nof the flesh, but he also penned the eighth\\nchapter in which he rejoices that condemnation\\nno longer rests upon him, but that he is living\\nin the Spirit, and that he has the witness of\\nhighest authority, namely that of his own con-\\nsciousness, to his Sonship with God.\\nWith the same recognition of the necessarily\\nimperfect stages of social life Christianity\\nadapted itself to prevailing laws and customs.\\nIts ideal never fell by the breadth of a hair\\nbelow absolute reverence to God, loyalty to\\njustice, and love toman; and yet from the first\\nit bore patiently with the established order of\\nthings, waiting for the time when its precepts\\nwould banish cruelty and lust and inaugurate\\nthe reign of peace and prosperity. Christ\\nsaid, Render to Caesar the things that are\\nCaesar s, that is, the things that are his not\\nby the divine right of kings, but by the\\norder of established government. There was\\nnever a Caesar who sympathized with the teach-\\nings or accepted the demands of Christ not\\neven Augustus or Marcus Aurelius but often,\\nas in the case of Tiberius and Nero, they vio-\\nlated every instinct of humanity as well as\\nevery doctrine of pure religion. Yet Christ\\nlet the injunction stand unqualified Render\\nto Caesar the things that belong to him. Paul\\n38", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "The Task Assumed by Christianity\\nlearned from the teaching of the Master the\\nduty of reverence for constituted authority,\\nand joined with Peter in urging obedience and\\nloyalty to the powers that be. Some legal-\\nized form of government is a practical neces-\\nsity. Nothing is more perilous than anarchy.\\nEven heathen magistrates are set for the re-\\npression of crime. They insure the continu-\\nance of society.\\nNot that Christianity was never indifferent\\nto injustice or tolerant of imperfection. It\\nheld inviolate the principles of manhood and\\nbrotherhood. It never abated by a single jot\\nor tittle its imperative demand for sincerity,\\nfairness, gentleness and kindly service. While,\\ntherefore, it temporarily accepted the law and\\nadministration of the Roman Empire it was\\nfundamentally at variance with the corrup-\\ntions and oppressions incidental to such a\\ngodless exercise of political power. It was\\nnot the form of government to which the new\\nreligion opposed its tenets. The political\\norder might be imperial or democratic, the\\nheadship of the state might be determined\\nby heredity or election, but every ruler was\\nunder obligation to govern in the fear of the\\nLord and in the interest of humanity. Chris-\\ntianity was fearless of consequences, while\\nunflinchingly maintaining its moral standards.\\n39", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nProclaiming principles of kindness and just-\\nness it went boldly forth to take its chances of\\nlife in the great heathen world.\\nIt is important to emphasize the fact that\\nthat it is the mission of Christianity to cover\\nthe whole human life with religious sanc-\\ntions. It stands apart from nothing that\\npertains to thought or action. Every depart-\\nment of human existence furnishes a field for\\napplied Christianity. In the words of Paul,\\n1 Whatsoever you do, do all to the glory of\\nGod, we have an injunction which is both\\nextensive and intensive. There is no hour of\\nlife when the obligation does not press upon\\nmen to love God with all their heart, and their\\nneighbor as themselves. There is not a pro-\\nject to be cherished nor a fancy indulged in\\nwhich springs from a loveless spirit. There is\\nnot a relationship in private life nor a function\\nin public administration that is beyond the\\nlaw of love and a good conscience. To inter-\\nfere as little as possible with the common,\\neveryday life of the citizen has been declared\\nto be the ideal of government but it is the glory\\nof Christianity, and its unique distinction,\\nthat it has to do with every detail of life. It\\nassumes the herculean task of controlling all\\nthe affairs of the world, in the interest of the\\nhighest manhood and of the perfection of social\\n40", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "The Task Assumed by Christianity\\nlife. The king on the throne is not above the\\nlevel of its exactions, the slave is not beneath its\\nbenison. The solitary wanderer is sought by\\nits messengers. The crowded quarters of the\\nworld s capital are illumined by its truth\\nand made tolerable by its grace.\\nThe demands of the new religion were inex-\\norable, yet it went everywhere on errands of\\nmercy and love. Into a dark, spiritless, hope-\\nless world it made its way with a message of\\ncheer. In contrast with the fanatical mystic-\\nism of the oriental religions, the gloomy\\nfaith of the old Etruscans and Druids, the\\nnerveless mythologies of the Greeks, and even\\nthe bigoted exclusiveness of Judaism, Christ-\\nianity was charged with hope and help for all\\nmankind. It had no esoteric doctrines; no\\nhidden mysteries which were for the initiated\\nfew. With open page or voice it proclaimed\\nto the multitude the redemption of the world\\nand the birthright of all believers. Its life was\\nin its message, its power was in the living\\nword.\\nIn the year 70 A. D. Titus declared before a\\nCouncil of War, at the gates of Jerusalem, that\\nthe temple must be destroyed in order that the\\nreligion of the Jews and of the Christians,\\nwhich he identified as one, might be the more\\ncompletely extirpated. His first mistake was\\n41", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nin supposing that either form of religion was\\ndetrimental to the interests of mankind, or of\\nthe Roman state. His second blunder was in\\ncalculating upon the overthrow of Christianity\\nin the destruction of either temple or city.\\nThe vital elements in this religion are its noble\\ntruth, its revelation of the righteousness and\\nlovingness of God, and of the essential sonship\\nof man. The word having once been spoken,\\nafter the silence of the ages, the echo could\\nnever be lost. The message having once been\\ndelivered could never be forgotten. When the\\ncovenant which the Lord had made with Israel\\nwas annulled, it was not by way of exclusive-\\nness, but of greater inclusiveness. Then was\\ngiven the wider covenant which would never\\nbe retracted; I have set thee for a light of\\nthe Gentiles, that thou shouldst be for salva-\\ntion unto the uttermost parts of the earth.\\n42", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "chapter iii.\\nThe Political Structure of the\\nRoman World\\nT T is not in the least derogatory to Christ-\\nianity to say that in its attempt to dominate\\nthe world it depended upon outward circum-\\nstances; yea, upon the rarest possible combina-\\ntion of outward circumstances. This may seem\\nto make the redemption of mankind rest upon\\nfortuitous conditions; it may seem to iden-\\ntify its mission with historical happen-\\nings of most unusual and unlooked for\\ncharacter; yet that is a universal char-\\nacteristic of the divine plan in every realm of\\nactivity. It appears in every critical event in\\nhistory and in every form of life. Not a plant\\ncomes to blossom and fruitage without passing\\nthrough a thousand vicissitudes; not a project\\nfor liberty and prosperity but runs the gaunt-\\nlet of menacing difficulties and oppositions.\\nMoses attempted the release of his countrymen\\nfrom the oppressions of the Egyptian govern-\\nment, but was obliged to save himself by a\\nhasty flight and a desert exile of forty years.\\n43", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nThere was just one weak Pharaoh to be held\\nin check while a million bondmen marched to\\nfreedom through the land of Goshen and across\\nthe sea. There was just one Persian ruler\\nbroad enough in sympathy for a captive people,\\nand large enough in plans for a far away\\nprovince, to make it possible for men of Judah\\nto return and rebuild Jerusalem.\\nThe fulness of time to which Paul al-\\nludes had reference not merely to the intellect-\\nual and moral attitude of the Chosen People\\nbut also to the conditions prevailing in the\\nGentile world. The hour had at last come\\nwhen Christianity would find events favorable\\nto the spread of its doctrines and the organiza-\\ntion of its adherents. It would have gone\\ndown with the Egyptian dynasties, it would\\nhave been overrun and trampled to fragments\\nby the Persian invasion, had it not been up-\\nheld for centuries by the strong hand of Rome,\\nuntil it had become mightier than the Empire\\nitself. It not only found protection, under\\nthe aegis of Rome, but it came into vital\\ntouch with all the elements of ancient civiliza-\\ntion which had been conserved, and with the\\nbeginnings of a new civilization which was\\ndestined to supplant the old. One of the pro-\\nfoundest and most sympathetic of modern his-\\ntorians has said that Rome is the bridge\\n44", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Political Structure of the Roman World\\nwhich unites while it separates the ancient\\nand the modern world. To take advantage of\\nthe figure, Rome is the bridge on which Christ-\\nianity crossed from the old world to the new\\nalbeit, it took four or five centuries in crossing.\\nChristianity came into the old world, but it\\nbelonged to the new. The old world was\\nto be made new in very large part by its\\nimplanted truth and infused energy. From\\nthe first it had to do with the whole of\\nhuman life, individual and social, religious\\nand political. Therefore it was concerned\\nwith the institutions, laws and customs,\\nthe arts and letters, of all peoples. Ulhorn\\nhas said: The ancient world culminated in\\nRome, and Roman history is the rise of the\\nEmpire. Yet culminating as it surely did in\\nsuch a natural expansion as the world has\\nnever seen, it was near to declining. At the\\nopportune moment came the uprising of a new\\nand saving religion. All that was valuable,\\nin fact, all that was salvable in the civilization\\nof antiquity was swept within the lines of the\\nadvancing armies of Rome. There it was\\nfound by Christianity, and by the time of its\\ntransference to the fostering care of new and\\nindependent states abundant opportunities\\nhad been afforded for the application of the\\nprinciples and forces of the new religion.\\n45", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nMelito, one of the early Apologists, empha-\\nsizes the fact that that Christianity and the\\nRoman Empire were born at the same time,\\nwith providential adjustment to each other.\\nIt is a proverb that the significance of histori-\\ncal events cannot be adequately appreciated\\nby those who are near the field of action; but\\nthe relations between the religion which pro-\\nclaimed its mission to redeem the world, and\\nthe political power which had mastered the\\nworld, was patent to philosophical observers\\nof that very age. Indeed, this relationship\\ndid not escape the writers of the earliest\\nliterature of the new religion, though they\\ncould not have anticipated, of course, the\\nilluminating records of the great centuries\\nwhich were to follow.\\nLuke wrote as simply as we date our cor-\\nrespondence: Now it came to pass in these\\ndays, there went out a decree from Caesar\\nAugustus that all the world should be enrolled\\nthus locating in current history the year\\nwhen Joseph and Mary went up from Galilee to\\nthe City of David. It was a matter of interest\\nto fix the time of the birth of Jesus Christ,\\nbut the significant thing about it is that it\\nshould have been done through its connection\\nwith political events.\\nThe birth of Christ is not said to have hap-\\n46", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Political Structure of the Koman World\\npened so many years since the building of\\nMemphis or the capture of Babylon, or\\neven the rebuilding of Jerusalem, but in\\nthe very year in which Augustus issued a\\ncertain edict. Christianity dated its birth by\\nthat of the Empire, and now every empire\\ndates its documents by the birth of Christ.\\nOne cannot read the history of Christianity\\napart from that of the Empire, from the reign\\nof the young Augustus to the day when the\\nsenate gave over the government into the\\nhands of the Germanic Odoacer. Wherever\\nRoman organization had gone there went\\nPaul, the wise and masterful leader of the re-\\nligious movement for the conquest of the\\nworld s conqueror. The relations between\\nthe two empires, religious and political, were\\nthose of rivals. On the whole, however, the\\nemperors furthered the interests of Christian-\\nity, although not seldom they were bitterly\\nhostile. We have, therefore, to recognize the\\ncombination of unfavorable with favorable in-\\nfluences coming out of the tremendous and\\nwidely extended political sway of the Empire.\\nAt times its whole force was arrayed in un-\\ncompromising opposition to Christianity, his-\\ntory recording no fewer than Ten Great\\nPersecutions. This was inevitable. In the\\nnature of the case a rapacious political power\\n47", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ncould not tolerate the pretensions, to say noth-\\ning about the actual gains, of the new world-\\nreligion. It was a comparatively easy matter\\nto adopt a new national or tribal deity a few\\nlocal divinities, more or less, being a matter\\nof smallest concern. They were all of the\\nsame order and could be fused into the com-\\nmon life. They might even contribute some-\\nthing to the state by deepening the loyalty of\\nsome new people of the ever widening empire.\\nThe state would even have taken Christianity\\nunder its protection and patronage if it would\\nonly have made a few concessions to the an-\\ncient faiths and the supremacy of the govern-\\nment; but that was, of course, impossible. It\\nwould have been an abrogation of its most dis-\\ntinctive claim. Early ignorance regarding\\nthe unique features of Christianity did secure\\ntemporary exemption from harsh treatment.\\nFor some decades it was fortunately classified\\nwith the prevailing religions. But when\\nit began to manifest its absolute and\\nexacting monotheism when it began to\\nreveal its purpose to modify the whole\\nlife of man when, above all, its tre-\\nmendous claims began to justify themselves in\\nthe numbers and the devotion of its adherents,\\nthen was aroused first the suspicion and later\\non the animosity of the Roman officials. Even\\n48", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "Political Structure of the Koman World\\nduring the life of Paul hostilities broke out.\\nThe great City of Rome was profoundly stirred\\nagainst the new faith, and Nero became the\\nfirst of a long list of persecuting emperors.\\nYet although the new faith came into such\\nirrepressible conflict with ancient beliefs, and\\ncrossed swords with the armed representatives\\nof the government, it could not have conceiv-\\nably conquered the world except for the Em-\\npire. It won its way to lasting victories by\\nvirtue of the aid unwittingly furnished by a\\npolitical power which suddenly changed the\\ntolerance of days to the hatred and persecu-\\ntion of centuries. For hundreds of years\\nChristianity had no successful mission beyond\\nthe boundaries of the Roman Empire, and to\\nthis day, save on a continent then undreamed\\nof, it has no vigorous and independent\\nlife except in lands which at the end\\nof the first century were under the sub-\\njection of the Roman legions. This fact\\nadds significance to the geographical exten-\\nsion of Roman authority. The Empire became\\nat last unwieldy and fell to pieces by the\\nweight of its far-away provinces, but the\\ngenius for organization and administration,\\nfor compelling order and unity, was so gigan-\\ntic that for a long time it held conquered dis-\\ntricts as component parts of the great whole,\\n49", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nalthough widely separated by distance and by\\nnational characteristics. The Roman eagles\\nwere known all the way from the Atlantic to\\nthe Euphrates, a distance of three thousand\\nmiles, which relatively is far greater than to-\\nday is the circuit of the globe. Upon another\\nline of measurement the legions marched from\\nthe African desert and the Cataracts of the\\nNile on the South, to the Danube and Rhine\\non the North, and even to the firths of Scot-\\nland, enclosing within their outer lines prob-\\nably not less than a hundred million diverse\\npeople. Not many familiar names greet one\\nwho turns to a map setting forth the Empire\\nat the time of its greatest extent; but if we\\nwere to designate the countries as they are\\nknown to the world at the end of the nine-\\nteenth century there would be included nearly\\nall the states of modern Europe except Ger-\\nmany and Russia; all of north Africa, then\\npopulous and flourishing; all of the Turkish\\nEmpire, then composed of some of the richest\\nand most civilized of Roman colonies; all of\\nArmenia and Mesopotamia, from the Caspian\\nSea to the Persian Gulf.\\nAn immense service was rendered to Christ-\\nianity, as the universal religion of mankind,\\nby bringing this congeries of peoples into sub-\\nstantial unity. It was, to be sure, first of all\\n50", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Political Structure of the Koman World\\nan enforced unity, and to the end was more\\nformal than real, yet it was sufficient to make\\nthe impossible possible. Until they were\\ncemented together under the Cassars, these\\nnations had lived apart, with the utmost in-\\ndifference to each other s welfare, or more\\nfrequently in mutual antagonism. But na-\\ntions became provinces and were covered by\\nthe one name which was infinitely more\\npowerful than all the independent national\\ntitles taken together. The parts were articu-\\nlated into one body politic. They shared in\\nthe dignity and good fortune of a single gov-\\nernment. They came to have common ties,\\ncommon interests, common feelings. They\\nstood together in all that concerns safety and\\ngeneral welfare. There was an exchange of\\ngarnered treasures, material, social, and in-\\ntellectual. The heterogeneous mass of coun-\\ntries and peoples became in many essentials\\nhomogeneous, c All the elements of culture\\nand all the forces of civilization being com-\\nprised in one empire.\\nAt any previous time in the world s history\\nsince the people were scattered from the\\nplains of Shinar, Christianity if it had ex-\\nisted would have been confined within the\\nboundaries of a single country, and compelled,\\nif it depended then as now on natural laws of\\n51", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ndevelopment and propagation, to share the\\nfate of the country in which it was planted.\\nNot even the idea of a universal religion would\\nhave been then conceivable. It was the es-\\ntablishment of the empire that broke down\\nnarrow national limits and destroyed walls of\\nsocial partition. For the first time an aggres-\\nsive policy, with a sustained missionary activ-\\nity, became possible.\\nThe unity which gave the long looked for\\nopportunity was of advantage first of all in\\ndeveloping a sentiment of kinship among men.\\nIn some measurable degree men came to feel a\\nsense of brotherhood between different nations.\\nWhereas once there had been repulsion now\\nthere was attraction acting through the com-\\nmon bond of pride and advantage in the em-\\npire. Carthagenians and Romans, Greeks\\nand Parthians, dwellers on the Euphrates and\\ninhabitants on the Nile were at last on friend-\\nly terms. Differences of name and speech, of\\norigin and political history, were covered\\nover by the larger fact of likeness and part-\\nnership in a government of overwhelming\\nmajesty. And this feeling the more readily\\ninfluenced men because of the universal con-\\ndition of peace. For a time the war trumpet\\nwas silent, swords were beaten into plough-\\nshares, and the doors of the Temple of Janus\\n52", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "Political Structure of the Roman World\\nwere closed. As one by one the wars of con-\\nquest were ended the work of peaceful ad-\\nministration began, and hostile tribes and\\nbelligerent nations were robbed of even the in-\\ncentives to strife. By the end of the first\\ncentury Epictetus could write: Caesar has\\nprocured for us a profound peace. There are\\nneither wars nor battles, nor great robberies,\\nnor piracies.\\nThis favorable exemption from sanguinary\\nstruggles which would have disturbed com-\\nmunities and absorbed thought, was followed\\nby the helpful administration of Roman juris-\\nprudence. We are accustomed to magnify\\nthe genius of this people for law and order,\\nbut their proclivity in this direction is not\\nmysterious in its origin. The conditions of\\nsocial and political life on the bank of the\\nTiber, in the earliest centuries, were such as to\\nnecessitate statutory provisions for the es-\\ntablishment of harmony. With so many clash-\\ning tribes and rival classes there was no other\\nmodus vivendi. The very existence of society\\ndemanded clear definition and rigid enforce-\\nment of rights. Both the idea and the prac-\\ntical application of law grew with the growth\\nof the city and of the Empire. Within the\\nwalls which encircled the Seven Hills the con-\\ntentions of noble and peasant, of patrician and\\n53", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nplebian, which were transmitted from genera-\\ntion to generation, compelled the Senate to\\nlimit privileges or grant them, as the case\\nmight be. Outside of the walls the smaller\\ncities and kingdoms were scheming and fight-\\ning for grants of land, right of trade, and\\nprerogatives of government.\\nHence came about in the insensible progress\\nof centuries, first municipal regulations, then\\ncolonial privileges, and after that a provincial\\nsystem of government which covered the earth\\nwith its protecting mantle. It was a superb\\ndevelopment of law and order, but its origin\\nand development are not mysterious. No\\nsocial or political facts are more easily ac-\\ncounted for, but they are not for that reason\\nany the less significant.\\nHow great an advantage came to Christian-\\nity from the quietness and security of life even\\nin remote provinces is readily seen. The new\\nreligion did not seek to place itself in author-\\nity as immediately controling men and money\\nand directing political affairs, like Mohammed-\\nanism, for instance. All it claimed was the\\nprivilege of undisturbed labor, the opportun-\\nity to preach its truths, to form churches, to\\ndo its silent, unobtrusive work in the midst\\nof society. It was therefore of the greatest\\nmoment that lawlessness should be repressed\\n54", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "Political Structure of the Eoman World\\nand outbreaks speedily checked. It is not\\ndifficult to understand how Paul could enjoin\\nrespect for heathen officers of state. Put\\nthem in mind to be in subjection to rulers, to\\nauthorities, to be obedient Let every soul\\nbe in subjection to the higher powers; the\\npowers that be are ordained of God. For\\nrulers are not a terror to the good work, but\\nto the evil. In every city and village of the\\nEmpire were courts and magistrates to ad-\\nminister with Roman dignity and authority\\nlaws of justice in regard to property and life.\\nThe details of such a widely extended system\\nmust have been countless, but they were pro-\\nvided for in the settled and comprehensive\\npolicy of Rome. All provinces were alike in\\nthe eye of the law, in Italy or Spain, in Macedo-\\nnia or in Celicia. Some communities were less\\nrefined and orderly than others, but there were\\nmagistrates for Paul to appeal to, if he would,\\nin the exercise of the right of his Roman\\ncitizenship, in Lystra and Derbe, as well as in\\nCaesarea and Philippi.\\nNext in importance to the firm administra-\\ntion of law, which must be accounted an abso-\\nlute necessity, was the extension of civiliza-\\ntion. The special features of Grecian culture\\nrequire more careful consideration than can be\\nhere accorded them, but the general statement\\n55", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ncan safely be made that enough of mental\\nquickening and social refinement went into the\\nprovinces along with the armies of occupation\\nto greatly facilitate the progress of the Gospel.\\nThis preparatory work was not altogether de-\\nvoid of noble motive, although no emperor\\nadopted such a definite and vigorous policy as\\nthat of the Apostle to the Gentiles. The\\nRoman people were proud of their eminence\\nand believed in their mission to civilize\\nas well as to govern the world. More or\\nless consciously they were instruments of\\nrighteousness in developing ideas and institu-\\ntions among nations which they had lifted\\nout of sheer barbarism. Multitudes who would\\notherwise have been too dull or base to give in-\\ntelligent hearing listened responsively to the\\nlofty truths of the Gospel. This was true in the\\nprovinces of Asia and equally true in western\\nEurope. For instance, a half dozen years\\nafter the beginning of Paul s ministry\\nClaudius came back to Rome from the shores\\nof Britain, where he had gone to complete the\\nconquest which Julius Caesar had begun a\\ncentury before. When Claudius crossed the\\nchannel the island had no readiness for the\\nGospel. Rude, untrained Britons, to whom\\nwords of gentleness and appeals for mercy\\nwould have been as empty sounds, roamed the\\n56", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "Political Structure of the Roman World\\nforests. But the Emperor was a herald of\\nbetter things. He supposed himself to be\\nmerely annexing another barbarous province,\\nbut he was, in truth, planting the seeds of\\ncivilization and opening the way for a more\\nbenificent reign than that of Imperial Rome.\\nThe same significant changes were wrought\\non the other side of the British Channel. A\\ncentury before Christ, what has become the\\nfair land of sunny France was savage in\\nevery aspect of human existence. The Com-\\nmentaries of Caesar not only recount his vic-\\ntories over Celtic and Germanic races; they\\nalso disclose the grade and conditions of life\\nalong the streams and among the forests of\\nGaul. We are made to see the rude huts rising\\nabove the river banks, the warriors in savage\\ndress with barbarous weapons grouped in scat-\\ntered villages, or wandering to and fro in half-\\naimless migrations. We hear the sound of their\\nclannish warfare and of their baser orgies. As\\nthus we look into the darkness and behold\\nbrutish instincts and low ideals we wonder\\nhow a message of peace and righteousness\\ncould ever reach such minds and influence such\\nhearts. But Caesar s work for the Romanizing\\nof Gaul bears an intimate relation to Paul s\\nwork for the christianizing of the land. The\\nApostle followed the General a century later,\\n57", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nand the spiritual conquest was the speedier\\nand more complete because of the earlier\\nvictories of arms.\\nAnother advantage came to Christianity-\\nthrough the provincial system of Rome. Routes\\nof communication were opened and guarded\\nthroughout this vast territory. One rides out\\nof the ancient capital to-day over highways\\nwhich were in their perfection under the em-\\nperors. One enters the City of Chester, the\\noutpost of British occupation, over roadbeds\\nwhich were laid eighteen hundred years ago;\\nand adventurous explorers have traced the lines\\nof imperial roads over the passes of Phrygian\\nmountains. It was a simple necessity of ad-\\nministration in the provinces. Five main\\nlines of travel came out of the Imperial City\\nand branched in every direction through\\nsouthern Gaul into Spain; through France to\\nthe Scottish border; through Milan and over\\nthe Alps to Cologne and Leyden; through\\nPhilippi and on to Ephesus and Antioch. A\\ntraveler could measure his way along a circuit\\nof seventeen hundred miles, by Roman mile-\\nstones, with Roman maps in hand. Along\\nthese far-extended routes there was a constant\\nstream of travel for military or commercial\\npurposes, so that no herald of the Gospel need\\nlose his way or be hindered in his journey.\\n58", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "Political Structure of the Roman World\\nChristianity entered Rome before the eager\\nApostle could fulfill his desire to proclaim\\nthe gospel at the capital of the world. Pil-\\ngrims and men of commerce were constantly-\\npassing from Palestine to Italy, and not a few\\nbore with them the message of salvation.\\nSome statesmen regarded with disfavor the in-\\nflowing tide of immigration from the East,\\ncomplaining that the Orontes was pouring\\nits waters into the Tiber; but if they had\\nbeen wise and well informed they would have\\nrejoiced that men of a new faith could find\\ntheir way to Rome, and that swift and faith-\\nful Messengers could traverse all lands with\\nparchments which had been illuminated by the\\nhand of one who was a citizen of the Empire\\nand a preacher of righteousness.\\nChrist delayed His coming until Caesar had\\npushed his conquests from the sea to the great\\nrivers, and humbly built His kingdom where\\nan earthly potentate had in some sense laid\\nthe foundation. So heaven has often con-\\ndescended to be helped by the world. But\\nwhere the earthly king pitiably failed the\\nHeavenly King gloriously succeeded. When\\nthe Empire could do no more for the civiliza-\\ntion of the world the Kingdom took up the\\nwork and carried it on: carried it on more-\\nover not only with divine patience but with\\n59", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ndivine assurance; and it will continue to carry\\nit on until the might of Caesar is surpassed\\nby the gentleness of Christ.\\n60", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "chapter iv.\\nSocial Life of the First Century\\nIT was Christianity s mission to remodel the\\nsocial life of the world, beginning with\\nthat of the Roman Empire. With this in view\\nit entered into existing conditions, and main-\\ntained a temperate and flexible adjustment to\\nthem. Before it was a problem of incalculable\\ndifficulty, for there was very little in the\\nstructure of life, either at Rome or in the\\nprovinces, which corresponded with the ideals\\nof a pure religion. In the entire round of\\nexistence Paul would have searched in vain\\nfor any occupation or diversion which had\\nbeen influenced by sentiments appropriate to\\nChristianity. Neither in private nor in public\\nlife would he have encountered the motives\\nand standards which he represented in his\\nown inspiring and devoted life. In the Forum\\nhe would have found judges, pleaders, spec-\\ntators; in the market he would have heard\\nthe discordant cries of buyers and sellers in\\nopen courts before the temples he would have\\nwitnessed dancing, dice playing, and all sorts\\n61", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nof frivolous amusements at the public baths\\nhe would have listened to idle chatter, gossip,\\njest, and story; at some of the great domestic\\nestablishments he might learn of protracted\\nfeasts followed by unspeakable revels, but\\nnowhere would he come into contact with\\nforms of social life which had been elevated\\nand beautified by such ideals as were embod-\\nied in the Gospel\\nWhat could a preacher and advocate of right-\\nousness do in the midst of activities and rela-\\ntionships so completely out of accord with the\\nstandardsupon which he must insist? If he was\\nwise he would not demand that individuals\\nshould step out of the ranks of society, withdraw\\nfrom accustomed engagements, and break all\\nties of kindred and friendship. Christianity\\naimed to do its regenerative work for the cor-\\nporate life of mankind as well as for elect indi-\\nviduals. Paul followed the policy adopted by\\nthe Divine Master, who was his pattern and\\nleader. Christ began with Peter, Nicodemus,\\nthe woman of Samaria, and Zacchaeus, undis-\\nmayed by their crudeness, accepting them\\nas disciples at the earliest stage of develop-\\nment, and even going on to call other\\nmen and women as worldly as these\\nhad been. In pursuance of the same\\npolicy he took his place at a feast given by a\\n62", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\nretired collector of customs, who had invited\\nmany publicans to meet him as his friends and\\nsome years later he even asked for hospitality\\nat the hands of such an official at Jericho.\\nAgain and again it is recorded of Christ that\\nHe was the guest of some Pharisee, whose\\nevery notion of life and religion was unlike\\nHis own; and, doubtless, if the centurion had\\nshown gratitude for the recovery of his boy\\nby a gathering of Roman officers to welcome\\nthe Miracle Worker, he would have courteously\\nmet the social demands of the hour.\\nLater on in the century, when apostles were\\nplanting religious truth here and there through-\\nout the Empire, it became necessary, in the\\nsame way, to bear with conditions wholly at\\nvariance with their standards. An infinite\\nnumber of perplexities arose in every com-\\nmunity, as the Epistles bear evidence; they\\nbeing largely devoted to practical questions\\nwhich had been referred to the Apostles for set-\\ntlement. When Christians could not determine\\nwhat their religion permitted or required, es-\\npecially in churches which were part Gentile\\nand part Jewish, in homes half Christian and\\nhalf heathen, and in occupations and ceremonies\\nwholly unsanctified, they sent a messenger to\\nthe Founder of the church to ask how He would\\napply the principles He had preached, and so\\n63", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nhelp them to readjust their disturbed relation-\\nships. The kind of questions He was asked to\\nanswer was: Under such and such circum-\\nstances what concessions could be safely made;\\nunder such and such demands by heathen offi-\\ncials or un-Christian husbands how much could\\nbe properly granted?\\nTo study the social structure of the Empire\\nin the first century is to find new ground for\\nadmiration for a religion bold enough, gentle\\nenough, delicate enough to adjust itself to such\\ndiverse and unfriendly conditions, and yet\\nmighty enough to triumph over habit and pas-\\nsion, over dullness and perversion, and at last\\nmodify the long-established order of ancient\\nRome.\\nConsideration of the social life of any age\\nshould begin with the family, for that has al-\\nways been and must ever be the basis of so-\\nciety. Among the Jewish people there had\\nresulted from the training of many centuries\\nan ideal of home life immeasurably superior to\\nthat of contemporaneous nations. Both tradi-\\ntion and written precept inculcated kindness\\nin parents and obedience in children. Very\\nmuch was made of the family life. Every anal-\\nysis of social life came at last to this unit.\\nThe nation was divided into tribes, the tribes\\ninto families. In each family the father was\\n64", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\nunder bonds to give tender care and training\\nto his child and the first command with\\npromise enjoined upon children was the hon-\\noring of father and mother. Wherever a syn-\\nagogue was found the Apostles took swift\\nadvantage of the instruction that had already\\nbeen given in righteousness and kindliness;\\nand the infusion of religious sentiments which\\nin every community came from Jew to Gentile\\nmust have greatly facilitated the work of the\\nGospel. Outside of Israel there was properly\\nspeaking no home life. In the early and vig-\\norous days of Rome marriage had been crowned\\nwith the highest honor, and for centuries di-\\nvorce was unknown. But by the time of\\nAugustus the family institution had fallen into\\nshameful discredit and the position of women\\nwhich of itself determines the grade and\\nquality of civilization had become deplorable.\\nThere is nothing in the teachings of Christ to\\ncorrespond with that Grecian thought con-\\ncerning woman and her place in the family\\nwhich was adopted at Rome to its incalculable\\ninjury. Plato represents a state as wholly\\ndisorganized where wives were on an equality\\nwith their husbands. Aristotle expressly\\ncharacterizes women as beings of inferior\\nkind.\\nFamily life, in the true meaning of the words,\\n65", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nthe Greek did not know. He sought happi-\\nness elsewhere than at his own hearth. Is\\nthere a human being, asks Socrates of a friend,\\nwith whom you talk less than with your\\nwife? Demosthenes acknowledged that phil-\\nosophy had not enriched the home. It could\\nnot, because it was fundamentally at fault in\\nthis regard and threw itself directly in the\\npath of a religion in which were strict injunc-\\ntions for kindness and purity in the closest\\nrelationships of life.\\nIt is not to be supposed, however, that the\\nmarriage laws had become utterly powerless,\\nand the institution of the family utterly with-\\nout value. It had once been both the glory\\nand the strength of the nation in the good old\\ndays when the Roman matron was respected\\nfor her virtue and cherished for her loveli-\\nness, and the old marriage laws could not\\nbe repealed nor could the sentiments from\\nwhich they had sprung be entirely uprooted.\\nSo far as the provinces were concerned, also,\\nthere was a large remnant of power for social\\npurity and good order in the ordinances which\\nwere enforced among the rudest peoples.\\nThose only were recognized as having the\\nprivileges of Roman citizenship who had been\\nborn of legitimate marriage; which was an\\nimmense advance upon the indifferent customs\\n66", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\nof orientals and savages. The influence of the\\nhigher type of civilization and of the constant\\nenforcement of law was felt throughout the\\npopulous regions of Asia Minor as a check\\nupon the license which had been prevalent,\\nand undoubtedly proved an educating and\\nconstraining force toward a higher grade of\\nsocial morality.\\nThe lowest depths were reached in the great\\ncities, especially in Rome. The reasons for\\nthis are not far to seek. All tendencies to\\nevil melt together into a mighty current in a\\nthoroughly godless city, and in the world s\\ncapital the stream of lust and worldliness\\nswept everything before it, like a swollen\\ntorrent. The sanction of religion was quite\\nabsent from the ceremony of marriage, which\\ncame to be regarded as merely a civil contract,\\neasily made and easily dissolved. Very often\\nyoung girls were disposed of, according to the\\nwhim or the political or financial advantage\\nof their parents in fact, the Latin has no\\nphrase in which a suitor could seek the con-\\nsent of a maiden to honorable marriage. It\\nwas an arrangement between other parties\\nthan those most concerned, making noble sen-\\ntiment and generous purpose absolutely for-\\neign to an ill-assorted union, which fre-\\nquently brought strangers under a bond which\\n67", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nmight never be otherwise than distasteful to\\nthem.\\nMarriage took the girl from a life of irksome\\nand profitless seclusion, and in a day bestowed\\nupon her almost boundless liberty, liberty for\\nwhich she may have longed, but for the proper\\nuse of which she had not been trained.\\nShe could for the first times sit at feasts,\\nvisit freely temple, circus, amphitheater, and\\neven the public baths. It is not to be won-\\ndered at that distate for marriage grew into\\nformidable proportions among men. The\\nlarge majority refused to accept the valueless\\nbond, until patriots like Metellus appealed to\\nmen to marry, not for the blessings of com-\\npanionship and a home, but, with better pros-\\npect of cordial hearing, for the sake of the\\nstate.\\nOut of such marriages as these proper home\\nlife could not issue. Parents had neither love,\\nnor the sense of responsibility, toward their\\noffspring. The father had absolute right over\\nthe disposition of his child and was restrained\\nneither by law nor by public opinion from neg-\\nlect or cruelty. For the most part, in the de-\\ngenerate days of the Empire, children were ac-\\ncounted a burden, and were frequently dis-\\nposed of by exposure. Infanticide became\\nfrightfully prevalent. In no case were the\\n68", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\nchildren who were allowed to live nourished\\nwith maternal care, or trained with paternal\\nsolicitude. At an early age they were sent to\\na slave or f reedman to be taught the rudiment-\\nary principles of reading, writing and arith-\\nmetic thus often being exposed to the most\\ndemoralizing influences. Later, if their edu-\\ncation was to be carried on further they began\\nto read standard authors in both Greek and\\nLatin such as Homer, Virgil and Horace.\\nThe next stage brought them to a rhetorician\\nfor discipline in public speaking, which was\\ndeemed the high road to success; the next\\nto the lectures of certain philosophers. They\\nwere also put under the physical training of\\nprofessional athletes. As to moral teachings\\nwe have conflicting reports. Very often it\\nmust have found no place in a course deter-\\nmined by an ambitious but dissolute parent;\\nalthough high-minded men, like Pliny and\\nQuintilian, would doubtless seek to develop re-\\nverence for justice, decency and patriotism.\\nIn rare instances Roman youths completed\\ntheir studies by extensive travels through the\\nEmpire and by residence at Athens.\\nThe preaching of Paul evidently dwelt largely\\non the mutual obligations of the home for em-\\nphatic and repeated commands are to be found\\nin all of his Epistles. His words must have\\n69", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nsounded strange to most of his auditors and in\\nmany households must have awakened new af-\\nfections and made real the relationships which\\nhad before only a nominal existence.\\nSociety was divided into classes which were\\ndifferentiated by marked characteristics. In\\nour time, when problems touching the common\\nlife of humanity excite profound consideration,\\nit is pitiful to see the divergencies which in\\nevery great city rend asunder the mass of pop-\\nulation. So was it in Rome. There was as\\nnearly as possible a reversal of ideal condi-\\ntions. It was not so much a question of k so-\\ncial order as of social disorder; not so much\\nan enquiry regarding general prosperity\\nas the prevalence of universal wretchedness.\\n11 The whole structure of pagan civilization\\nwas really based on a foundation of crushed\\nand forgotten humanity. The lower orders\\nof society scarcely find mention in the wi itings\\nof the day. We have at command volumes of\\nhistory, letters, orations and poems referring\\nto every phase of existence among the favored\\nclasses, but there are no pictures from the\\nlives of the lowly. We know enough in a gen-\\neral way about the debasement and squalor at\\nthe bottom of society, among the submerged\\nnine-tenths, enough for tears and groans in\\nbehalf of the hopelessly wretched, but the de-\\n70", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\ntails are lost forever. Luxury and pride paint\\nthemselves vividly, though in a grotesqueness\\nof which they are unconscious, but groveling\\npoverty does not care to put itself upon can-\\nvas. It is only by piecing together scraps of\\ninformation and inferences gathered here and\\nthere that we are able to reconstruct a social\\ncondition which becomes more and more re-\\nmote from prevailing types of civilization.\\nChristianity suffered unavoidably from the\\nclass distinctions and conflicts of the Empire,\\njust as it has been compelled to go halting\\nthrough India, by reason of the caste system.\\nIt was not only hindered by the greed and lust\\nof the rich and by the incapacity and misery\\nof the poor, but its precepts of industry and\\nmanliness were nullified by an unyielding con-\\ntempt among every class for all forms of work.\\nLabor was not only wanting in honor, it was\\nunder the ban of public opinion. It was con-\\nsidered disgraceful to engage in productive\\nenterprises, thus making the existence of a\\nsturdy middle class, which has always\\nproven the reliance of progressive nations,\\nabsolutely impossible. Even Plato justified\\nthe contumely which was heaped upon those\\nwhose employment would not permit them\\nto devote themselves to their friends and the\\nstate. Aristotle taught no higher wisdom;\\n71", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nmaintaining that all forms of labor which re-\\nquire physical strength are degrading to a\\nfreeman, on the ground that Nature had\\ncreated for such purposes a special class.\\nEven the noble minded Cicero is on record as\\nasserting that the mechanic s occupation is\\ndegrading, because the work-shop is incom-\\npatible with anything exalted. Every word\\nand act of the Founder of* Christianity, every\\ntrait of His character and every impulse of His\\ngrace, is opposed to such a rating of men and\\nto the continuance of social separations.\\nChristianity had a message of dignity and\\nhope for all; it asked only for honesty and\\nearnestness in such pursuits as were possible\\nin the ordering of life for each man, but its\\nvoice was drowned by the clamor of the priv-\\nileged and the outcries of the wronged.\\nAt the summit of society were the nobles,\\nof hereditary rank, and the wealthy, of whom\\nnot a few had climbed from lower levels, from\\nthe most part by trickery or truckling. But\\nin comparison with the multitudes they were\\nnot numerous. The patricians were never in\\na majority and were not relatively increased\\nby the influx of population from every prov-\\nince of the Empire. The very rich depended\\nupon enormous grants of land and the unwill-\\ning and poorly requited services of the lower\\n72", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\norders. In Nero s reign half of the province\\nof Africa belonged to six great landlords.\\nOfficials amassed incomputable fortunes mil-\\nlions upon millions of sesterces, but the Senate\\nwas a limited corporation, and financial mag-\\nnates like Pallas and Narcissus are quickly\\nenumerated. From the height of the few we\\nmake a long descent to the next lower strat-\\num of society. The absence of the self-re-\\nspecting middle class, independent farmers,\\nartisans, traders, who could feel themselves\\na part of the corporate body, having free and\\nsatisfying industries, and bearing a share of\\nresponsibility for the general welfare, precipi-\\ntates us to the level of men who could endure\\npublic disregard and contempt. Even the\\nprofessions, especially medicine, were in the\\nhands of freedmen and slaves. Architecture,\\nsculpture and painting were considered un-\\nworthy occupations for aristocrats. Thus\\nthrough the unreasonable pride and vanity of\\nthe day, many men of intellectual power and\\nartistic genius were barred from wholesome\\nand profitable pursuits, which were degraded\\nby the hands to which they were relegated.\\nBeneath this class of workers, small in\\nnumbers and esteem, came the uncounted mass\\nof men who, in two well defined classes, pau-\\npers and slaves, made up the greater part of\\n73", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nthe population in the first century. The de-\\npendent poor of the great city may be divided\\ninto two sections, the majority, who were ab-\\nject in their poverty, and the minority, who\\nmade some pretension to comfort and respect-\\nability. These were destitute of property and\\nwere only saved from reliance on the daily\\ndole of bread from the hand of the state by\\nprivate benefactions. It was a part of the\\nvapid sentiment and senseless display of the\\nage that rich men should parade their depend-\\nents before the public, a fashion which proved\\nequally ruinous to both parties. The patron\\nin lavish magnificence of dress, was accompa-\\nnied through the crowded streets by throngs\\nof attendants who performed insignificant or\\nimaginary services and offered- every conceiv-\\nable kind of flattery and attention. There\\nwas no manly and productive employment for\\nsuch poverty-stricken individuals, and conse-\\nquently they lived in a state of miserable,\\ndegrading parasitism. Even men of respect-\\nable origin dragged honorable names down to\\nthe mire of ignominy, counting it almost a\\nboon of fortune to live in pusillanimous de-\\npendence upon the bounty of those men who\\ntreated them with almost limitless contempt.\\nThere was, nevertheless, a lower depth of\\ninfamy and wretchedness for the common herd\\n74", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\nof humanity, whose hunger was appeased by\\npublic largesses of corn, and whose dangerous\\nrestlessness was held in check by the diver-\\nsions and excitements of the amphitheater.\\nRome was crowded with such irresponsible\\npeople who had flocked thither for the very\\npurpose of eating the bread of idleness and\\nworthlessness. It has been estimated that the\\nCapital contained not fewer than two hundred\\nthousand of these wretched and debased crea-\\ntures, who made up the mobs which howled at\\nthe public games and wasted the rest of the\\nday in frivolous and demoralizing amusements.\\nThe distribution of corn to this dangerous\\nhorde was not in the least prompted by\\ncharity. It was regarded simply as a measure\\nfor the safety of the state. This social resi-\\nduum was looked upon as a part of the political\\nand social constitution of society, and as\\nbeyond mitigation by any measures or motives\\nknown to the Roman officials. Even at its\\nbest the policy of the emperors only tempor-\\nized with the evil which grew apace. Every\\ngift and concession tended toward further\\npauperizing and debasement. The multitudes\\nfell into more absolute and hopeless destitu-\\ntion, and the mobs grew more and more reck-\\nless and exorbitant in their clamors for relief\\nand favors. The fear increased lest an out-\\n75", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nbreak from this accumulated mass of irrespon-\\nsible humanity should overwhelm the lives and\\nproperty of the few who had so much at stake.\\nThis fear was enhanced by the possibility of\\na slave insurrection; for in the social reckon-\\ning there were tens of thousands who were\\nmore miserable than the paupers, in that they\\nlacked even the semblance of freedom. Beneath\\neverv other social level was a mass of slaves, ex-\\nceeding in number the entire remainder of the\\npopulation. These were the chattels of the\\nRoman people. They were not even thought\\nof as human beings, but they nevertheless\\nthrobbed with the common life, and imperiled\\nsociety by their degradation and unspeakable\\nwretchedness.\\nThis iniquitous system was not merely en-\\ntrenched in immemorial custom, but existed,\\nirrational and inhuman as it was, by virtue of\\nthe uniform teachings of philosophers and\\nsages. It had the sanction of the highest\\nauthorities in ethics. The slave was not a\\nman. There belonged to him neither free will\\nnor claim to justice. Even Plato, the noblest\\nthinker of antiquity, maintained that slavery\\nwas a natural institution. Aristotle taught\\nthat the ideal household was provided with\\ntwo sorts of instruments, inanimate and ani-\\nmate; slaves without souls and slaves with\\n76", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\nsouls; but the soul of a slave was regarded as\\nimperfect because devoid of will. So mightily\\ndid such sentiments sway even the best of men\\nthat Cicero apologizes for the grief he could\\nnot altogether suppress upon the loss of a slave\\nto whom he had become attached. Sosithenes\\nis dead, he wrote his friend Atticus, and\\nhis death has moved me more than the death\\nof a slave should just as to-day, one might\\nbe chagrined to be found in tears over the loss\\nof a dog pet. The Roman law made care-\\nful distinctions against this hapless portion of\\nhumanity. The slave was not a person, but\\nonly a thing, and therefore the absolute prop-\\nerty of his master. This, of course, made mar-\\nriage an absurdity, and although there was no\\nescape from the phrases which indicate human\\nrelationships the words were declared to have no\\nlegal meaning. There were families of\\nslaves, with the father or brother, but\\nthese terms were as nearly as possible emptied\\nof significance when applied to bondsmen. The\\nslave market was a chattel market. The vendor\\ncried his wares, the buyer examined his goods,\\nthe purchaser treated his newly acquired\\nproperty according to the whim of the moment.\\nDuring the day slaves worked in chains; at\\nnight they were huddled in barracks half\\nunder ground. They were branded, flogged,\\n77", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ncrucified, according to the pleasure or passion\\nof the owner.\\nIn wealthy households their work might be\\nlight and the conditions of existence less rigor-\\nous. Indeed, slaves were multiplied, in vulgar\\ndisplay of extravagant luxury, until they became\\na burden and embarrassment because no sort of\\nemployment could be devised for them. Curi-\\nous offices were invented as a relief to the situa-\\ntion. There was a folder-of-clothes; a cus-\\ntodian of Corinthian vases; a sandal-boy,\\nwhose sole occupation was putting on and remov-\\ning his master s shoes; letter-carriers, and\\nattendants without number. Such slaves made\\nup an idle, unwilling, almost unmanageable\\nhousehold, under direction of a bead-slave who\\nwas responsible for their behavior and industry.\\nBesides these, there were a few educated slaves:\\nsecretaries, librarians, and readers, who, on\\nthe one hand, ministered to the pride and self-\\nindulgence of their masters, and on the other,\\nscarcely felt the instincts of manhood or\\nwomanhood. The whole system was hopelessly\\nenervating and debasing.\\nTo study the social structure of the Roman\\nEmpire is to discover the gigantic task as-\\nsumed by Christianity in its unique undertak-\\ning to uplift the entire life of mankind. To\\nelevate the consciousness of the individual, to\\n78", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Social Life of the First Century\\npurify and enoble the home, to adjust the\\nvarious classes of society to harmonious rela-\\ntions and wholesome industries, to cover the\\nwhole existence of man with the sanction of a\\npure and exalted religion, this was the enter-\\nprise upon which Christianity went forth into\\nthe world. It endeavored not merely to bring\\nabout social order but to infuse something of\\nzest and dignity into the occupations of life;\\nto make men conscious of better things than\\nthose which in the round of an idle, luxurious\\nlife brought only weariness and despair.\\n44 On that hard Pagan world disgust\\nAnd secret loathing fell;\\nDeep weariness and sated lust\\nMade human life a hell.\\nIn his cool hall, with haggard eyes,\\nThe Roman noble lay:\\nHe drove abroad, in furious guise,\\nAlong the Appian way:\\nHe made a feast, drank fierce and fast,\\nAnd crown d his hair with flowers\\nNo easier nor no quicker pass d\\nThe impracticable hours.\\nOnly the word which Paul as a messenger\\nof Him who came to make all things new car-\\nried to Antioch, Ephesus and Rome, a word of\\nauthority, of inspiration, of hope, a word for\\nmanliness, kindliness and humanity, could so\\n79", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ncheck the tendencies and remold the social life\\nof the age as to save the world from self-dis-\\ngust and self-destruction.\\n80", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nThe Religious Condition of the\\nAge\\nD ELIGION had in the earlier centuries of\\nRoman life no small influence on the char-\\nacter and conduct of the people. The serious-\\nness which characterized the senate was\\ndetermined by a universal and sincere belief\\nin the presence and favor of the gods and the\\nmarriage vow gained its sanctity from the\\nworship of the Lares and Penates. It has oc-\\ncurred among most peoples that the early\\nstages of religion have been free from formal-\\nism and grossness. Out of the stress of\\nprimitive life, or out of the genius or inspira-\\ntion of select individuals ideas and forms of\\nworship have developed rapidly, only to lose\\ntheir vitality in a few centuries. Zoroaster\\nundoubtedly contributed enough of moral and\\nreligious truth much of which is still pre-\\nserved in the Zend-Avesta to reform the\\nIranian people; working in noble fellowship\\nwith the king, as in a yet more favored land\\nIsaiah wrought with Hezekiah, and brought\\nthe religious life of the Jewish nation to a\\n81", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ncomparatively high standard. His religious\\nsystem lacked, however, the virility necessary\\nto withstand adverse influences; in the course\\nof centuries falling away from the monotheism\\nand morality which had given it vitality, and\\nlosing itself in dualism and image worship.\\nThe people had received gleams of light from\\nOrmuzd but the illumination was neither com-\\nplete nor constant.\\nScholars who are conversant with the Ve-\\ndic Hymns declare that the standard of\\nthought concerning the nature of God and\\nthe spiritual life of man is immeasurably\\nabove that which appeared among the Hindus\\nin later centuries. The religious fervor spent\\nits force and degeneracy followed.\\nAt Rome adverse influences proved too pow-\\nerful for a religion which never produced a\\nliterature to compare in ethical qualities or\\nin spirituality with that of Persia or India,\\nand which in the time of the Empire had come\\nto exert but small influence upon private\\ncharacter or public life. It had fallen into\\nsuch decay that no longer w 7 ere men eager to\\nbuild temples, altars, and statues to divinities\\nto whom unquestioning worship had once been\\nrendered. This degeneracy may have followed\\nthe influx of wealth and luxury, or it may\\nhave been the penalty for the despoiling of\\n82", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "The Eeligious Condition of the Age\\nGreece. Undoubtedly the Hellenic type of\\nreligion had proved destructive of Roman\\nsimplicity, in respect alike to faith and\\nmorals. The Greeks had a genius for\\nphilosophy and art but not for religion or\\nmorals. They exactly reversed the traits and\\ntendencies of the Hebrew people, who scarcely\\ncommanded the rudiments of philosophy and\\nshowed no inventiveness in the realm of\\nbeauty, but were in all periods of their na-\\ntional life profoundly alive to the sublime\\ntruths of religion; while the Greeks mani-\\nfested, even in the palmiest days of intellect-\\nual greatness, a strange lack of reverence and\\nseriousness.\\nRome incorporated a civilization which was\\nin many phases an advance upon her own but\\nfailed to exclude its fatal tendencies. It was all\\nvery well to admire the delicate play of fancy,\\nso much more free and venturesome than that\\nof the more practical Latins; but it was to\\nthe last degree unwise to exchange a sober\\nhabit of mind for the frivolousness which had\\nprevented the development of manhood\\namong the Greeks. If the graceful Grecian\\nmyths had been built upon a profounder\\nsense of the unity and grandeur of the uni-\\nverse and of human life, the Romans might\\nhave adopted and rechristened the personified\\n83", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nforces of nature not only without moral deter-\\nioration but with quickened and chastened\\nfancy, a process both beautiful and beneficent.\\nTheir own traditions were heroic, not relig-\\nious or poetical. They might have added re-\\nfinement to strength if they could have\\nassimilated the legends which had grown up\\nin Grecian literature to account for the many\\nfascinating phases of nature, and at the same\\ntime have retained their sobriety and viril-\\nity of character and their strong sense of\\nright and justice. They might then have\\nturned with advantage to look upon Old Nep-\\ntune as the god of the sea, upon Ceres as the\\ngoddess of the harvest, upon Vulcan as the\\ngod of fire, or upon Venus as the goddess of\\nbeauty. They needed to become more versa-\\ntile and imaginative but they could ill afford\\nto barter their stern virtues for all the arts\\nand letters, for all the fancies and legends of\\nGreece, together with the light-mindedness\\nand lax morality which disfigured the Pelopo-\\nnesian civilization. The matter-of-fact Latin\\nmind weighed down the airy Hellenic fantasies\\nwith a grossness foreign to the original con-\\nceptions. The genius of administration and\\nwar which characterized the Romans was of\\na very different order from that which had\\ncreated and peopled Olympus.\\n84", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "The Eeligious Condition of the Age\\nIt excites nG wonder to learn that the di-\\nvinities were sometimes publicly and bitterly-\\nscouted. It has been said that the whole\\nOlympian family would to-day reside in A\\npenitentiary. Every imaginable crime of lust\\nand rapacity had, in the degeneracy and pros-\\ntitution of fancy, been attributed to the gods;\\nnot even Jupiter, the father of all the gods\\nand the noblest, escaping the imputation of\\njealousy and chicanery. Long before the\\nRoman conquest the Grecian code of morals\\nhad become corrupt, and the common stan-\\ndards of life had become subject to vanity and\\npassion; thus reproducing the order of things\\nexemplified by their deities. Rome absorbed the\\nevil with the good, and the decay of her\\nown religion was swift and pronounced.\\nFirst of all, it lost its grip upon the\\nmost intellectual classes, because they were\\nthe earliest to detect the baseness of mo-\\ntive inseparable from current legends, and\\nwere the most fearless and independent\\nin action. Later on it relaxed its hold upon\\nthe masses.\\nThe day had passed when Pericles led the\\nprocession with songs and flowers, up to the\\nheights of the Parthenon; and when the gen-\\nerals of the republic brought their thank-\\nofferings for victory to Capitoline Jupiter.\\n85", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nThe day of unquestioning reverence and faith\\nwas irrecoverably gone.\\nHere and there devout souls, retaining their\\nmystic fervor, came as of yore to the tem-\\nples as sincere petitioners. Some of the\\nnoblest and purest, like Tacitus and Plutarch,\\nrefused to yield up their serious belief in the\\ngods and renounce their respect for the na-\\ntional religion; but the indications are abun-\\ndant and convincing that the power custom\\nformed the larger factor in the observances of\\nthe time. The great Caesar made bold to an-\\nnounce his scepticism. Lucretius indulged in\\nbitter and sarcastic allusions to religion, while\\nPliny coolly assumed that the assured result of\\nscience was to banish all gods from the uni-\\nverse. Cicero said that hardly could an old\\nwoman be found who trembled at fables about\\nthe infernal region. Juvenal declared that\\neven the boys scoffed at the idea of a world of\\nspirits. Cato wondered how one augur could\\nmeet another without laughing in his face.\\nThe universal accompaniment of such scepti-\\ncism was as usual a childish and tyranizing\\nsuperstition, an absurd and grotesque simul-\\nacrum of faith.\\nWhile Caesar presented himself before the\\npublic as a scoffer at religious beliefs he never\\nentered a carriage without uttering a magical\\n86", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "The Religious Condition of the Age\\nformula. Augustus, who at banquets had\\nmade merry with the gods, dreaded misfortune\\nall the day when he had put a shoe on the\\nwrong foot. Pliny, a self -proclaimed atheist,\\nwore talismans. When a bird of evil omen\\nsat on the Temple of Jupiter all the people\\nwere summoned to make solemn expiation to\\navert disaster from the state. Superstition\\nwas almost universal, and everywhere potent.\\nAn earthquake shook the hearts of men, an\\neclipse shut out all the light of heaven, a\\nflight of birds brought terror to the stoutest\\nsouls, and .a serpent crossing his path dis-\\nmayed the boldest warrior.\\nIn the year 37 of the Christian era an earth-\\nquake shattered the splendid city of Antioch\\nto its foundation. It had boasted of being the\\nAthens of the Orient, and justified its claim to\\nintellectual distinction by its galaxy of wits,\\nphilosophers, rhetoricians, poets, and satirists.\\nYet under the terror of that awful hour all the\\ncitizens became the easy prey of a mountebank\\nwhose name has been preserved through the\\ncenturies. He professed to be able to turn\\naside the portentous horrors by talismans of\\nthe most ludicrous description, and the wisest\\nbecame the unworthy dupes of his magical\\narts. It was a time for necromancers and\\nastrologers to reap their harvests.\\n,87", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nNevertheless, something of religion outlived\\nboth scepticism and superstition, and mani-\\nfested itself in punctillious and exacting ob-\\nservances. These religious acts were not of\\ngreat moral value; but some lingering of religi-\\nous sentiment, some sense of dependence on\\nsupermundane powers, some flickerings of\\nheavenly light must have sustained a system\\nwhich was subject to open and deserved con-\\ntempt. In a way, though not the highest and\\nnoblest, the state had been founded on relig-\\nion, and even in the degenerate days of the\\nEmpire men could not utterly ignore the faith\\nof their fathers nor suppress their own instinc-\\ntive aspirations. Plutarch, in that very cen-\\ntury, dared to write: Sooner may a city\\nexist without houses and grounds than a state\\nwithout faith in gods. This is the bond of\\nunion and the support of all legislation. At\\nevery important public transaction the gods\\nwere consulted and sacred rites observed. No\\nsenator at Rome under Augustus could take\\nhis place without going to the altar of his diety\\nand there offering libations and strewing in-\\ncense; and every city and village throughout\\nthe provinces had special rites for its protect-\\ning divinity.\\nIn domestic life the religious exactions\\nwere no less rigorous. Every important event\\n88", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "The Religious Condition of the Age\\nin the family was celebrated with religious\\nservices. The goddess Lucina watched over\\nthe birth of a child; Rumina attended its\\nnursing; Nudina was invoked when on the\\nninth day the name was given; to Statina was\\nconsecrated the day on which the child first\\nstepped on the ground; while Cunina con-\\nstantly averted the evil enchantments which\\nthreatened its life.\\nRome was excessively punctillious in things\\nreligious, the perfection of religion being\\nthought to consist in exactness of ritual.\\nIf the substance was gone there was no\\nlack of outward forms. On every ship that\\nsailed out of the harbor at Ostia stood the\\nimage of Neptune, and as it passed beyond his\\nvision the merchant prayed to Mercury for\\nsuccess in all his commercial enterprises. Be-\\nfore the harvest a sacrifice was offered to\\nCeres for a bountiful crop. The ancient tem-\\nples still stood in their wonted magnificence\\nand were daily visited by multitudes. Feasts\\nand sacrifices were celebrated with pomp, and\\naltars were the resort of suppliants for divine\\nfavors. Even emperors performed solemn\\nrites in behalf of the city s welfare. What-\\never may have been the extent and sincerity\\nof disbelief among the intelligent classes it\\nwas still necessary to support popular stand-\\n89", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ning by open adherence to the religion of the\\nstate.\\nThen as now women in greater numbers\\nthan men gave time to religious observances.\\nIt may indeed have been largely due to the\\nwives and mothers that the customs of worship\\nwere so long retained in the home. Cicero\\nmight ridicule some of the stories told about\\nthe gods, but he nevertheless deemed it a\\ndesirable thing, a thing to be taken as a mat-\\nter of course, that his wife should cultivate\\npiety. Plautus gives an interesting portrait\\nof the ideal wife. Among such womanly vir-\\ntues as dignity, respect for parents, and obedi-\\nence to the husband, he does not fail to name\\nreverence for the gods. What Paul found at\\nAthens he might have discovered at Rome or\\nEphesus. The people made a display of re-\\nligion. The paraphernalia of worship was not\\nwanting. l The old world was full of gods.\\nIt was said in humorous exaggeration by a\\nsatirical observer of the age: Our country\\nis so peopled with dieties that it is easier to\\nfind a god at Athens than a man. Life was\\ntouched at every point by the forms and rites\\nof religion, and if there had been intelligence\\nand genuineness the state would have been\\nsaved from the corruptions which were under-\\nmining it; but all the faiths which had been\\n90", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "The Religious Condition of the Age\\nadopted by Rome with such indiscriminate\\nhaste and lavish hospitality had alike become\\nhollow. They were all void of life and power.\\nThey were all equally impotent. The indi-\\nvidual and the state were alike left undefended\\nagainst moral evil, and uninspired to the\\nnoblest ends of life.\\nIn the first place they failed to uplift and\\npurify daily life. They were external rather\\nthan internal, formal rather than real, emo-\\ntional rather than ethical, being utterly devoid\\nof influence upon either reason or conscience.\\nThey were not constructed upon this basis.\\nThey made no attempt to be effective in the\\nrealm of conduct and relationship, they made\\nno appeal whatever to the motives or senti-\\nments of the worshiper, they modified in no\\nconceivable degree his views of life or his\\nmethods of securing pleasure or profit. A\\nRoman came to the altar with an offering or\\nlibation hoping thereby to discharge his debt\\nto the gods, that they might bear him no\\nill will, or that they might prosper his enter-\\nprise. He recognized a certain obligation to\\nthe divinities as the very word which he used\\nfor religion implied; but his religion did not\\nbind him to a Being august in righteousness\\nand stern in demands of purity. The gods\\nwhom he sought to placate were themselves\\n91", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nfickle and lustful, and were, by their reputed\\ncharacter, the last objects in the universe to\\nstimulate men to honesty, highmindedness,\\nand self-control. They had been conceived and\\ncreated, by the unsanctified fancies of men, and\\nwere decidedly materialistic and worldly, even\\nalthough they were assigned to the mystic\\nheights of Olympus, above the clouds of\\nheaven.\\nThe Greek found beauty in his religion and\\nsought to cultivate in connection with temple\\nand image his aesthetic sensibilities, but he\\nnever dreamed of holiness in connection with\\nthe Celestial City and the palace of Zeus. A\\nsolemn procession in which the sacred robe of\\nPallas was carried up the heights of the Acrop-\\nolis and within the gates of the Parthenon\\nhad no imaginable relation to manhood and\\nwomanhood. The attendants of all ages and\\nboth sexes pressed forward with oil and cake\\nfor the sacrifices, but without the slightest\\nenthusiasm for righteousness or kindly ser-\\nvice. They could not fail to be impressed by\\nthe majestic proportions of the temple which\\ncrowned the summit, nor to delight in the\\nnoble pediment which the genius of Phidias\\nhad fitly adorned, but they neither saw nor\\nheard anything to enhance the solemnity of\\nlife, or to restrain from frivolity or self-indul-\\n92", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "The Religious Condition of the Age\\ngence. Such psalms as in the days of Peri-\\ncles were being sung in Jerusalem were as far\\nbeyond the comprehension of the cultivated\\nGreek as of the nomadic wanderer in the Lyb-\\nian desert. It would have been worth all their\\nmasterpieces of art to have listened but once\\nto a choir of Levites chanting:\\nWho shall ascend unto the hill of the Lord?\\nAnd who shall stand in his holy place?\\nHe that hath clean hands and a pure heart:\\nWho hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity,\\nNor sworn deceitfully,\\nor to have found on some scroll the outcry of\\na penitent soul:\\n1 Search me, O God, and know my heart\\ntry me and know my thoughts; and see if\\nthere be any wicked way in me, and lead me\\nin the way everlasting.\\nThe religion of the Greeks never produced\\na hymn in praise of truth and chastity, nor\\nan inspiration after nobleness and usefulness.\\nMuch less did the plagiarized Sacred Songs of\\nthe Romans. Lacking the aesthetic sense of\\nthe people they had conquered they lost that\\ntouch of grace and charm which came to\\nAthenians with their artistic forms. With\\ntheir own degeneracy they attributed all de-\\ngrees of cruelty licentiousness to their deities\\nuntil their religion was not only uninspiring\\n93", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nbut often positively corrupting. More than\\none moralist under the Empire sought to divert\\nthe people from the dissolute fancies engen-\\ndered by current legends of the gods of Rome.\\nSeneca cried out in disgust and despair that:\\nAll shame on account of sin must be taken\\nfrom men before they could believe in such\\ndivinities.\\nAs all the imported religions failed to in-\\nspire lives of piety, virtue, and gentleness, so\\nthey failed to satisfy the instinctive yearnings\\nof men for comfort and peace of mind. Men\\nare never so imbruted as to become incapable\\nof tenderness and aspiration. Certainly, out\\nof the thronging millions of the Empire not a\\nfew souls had voiceless longings for something\\nwhich did not come to them in fierce battle,\\nin successful intrigue, in hours of revelry, or\\neven in the temple services. Their deeper\\nnatures were stirred but no fountain of com-\\nfort was known to them. If some eager mis-\\nsionary from Jerusalem, some far wandering\\nminstrel of Judah, had only come to Athens\\nwith a message and a song then Rome might\\nhave echoed with hymns of gladness, and\\nhearts that were over-burdened and weary\\nmight have exclaimed, I will lift up mine eyes\\nunto the hills, from whence cometh my help.\\nMy help cometh from the Lord which made\\n94", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "The Religious Condition of the Age\\nheaven and earth. He will not suffer my foot\\nto be moved; he that keepeth me will not\\nslumber. It is pitiful to see how they lived\\non in empty pleasure or dumb despair, never\\nfinding what they most needed. Plato, indeed,\\nprotests against Atheism as an impossibility,\\nbecause man cannot banish from his heart,\\nhowever brave his words of denial, an in-\\nstinctive belief in the gods. But in the gods\\nof the Grecian and Roman world, there was\\nlittle to comfort one who blindly reached forth\\nhis hands toward the host of Olympus! There\\ncame to greet him no assurances of a personal\\ncreator and friend, no pledges of watch-care\\nand fellowship, no promises of blessedness\\neither here r or hereafter. Of this world of\\nbeauty and sunshine, of passion and pleasure, it\\nbehooved him to make the most, for beyond it\\nlay the regions of Hades, an underworld, dark,\\nmysterious, uncanny, where incorporal shades\\nwandered aimlessly and hopelessly. Against\\nthe weariness, disappointment, shame and\\ndisgust of life Pagan religion set absolutely\\nnothing of cheer or comfort.\\nAs these religions of Rome failed to comfort\\nthe heart so they failed lamentably to satisfy\\nthe mind. While there had been a decadence\\nof religious fervor and a loss of ethical impulse\\nthere had been a gain of intelligence. The\\n95", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nhabit of investigation and of philosophical\\nspeculation had become more general and con-\\ntrolling. Consequently, the myths and fables\\nwhich had satisfied the minds of an earlier and\\ncruder age and even furnished something of in-\\nspiration to character, fell short of the de-\\nmands made by a less imaginative but more\\nreflective people. Instead of becoming more\\nsimple the legends of the gods became more com-\\nplex and diversified until they broke down by\\nthe weight of their own accretions. At last\\nthey were too gross and too conflicting to hold\\neven the most credulous. There was, besides,\\nan unmistakable drift toward monotheism, due\\nnot only to intellectual progress, but also to\\nthe necessities of a moral and religious feeling\\nwhich began to make itself felt in spite of the\\ncorruption of the time. Jupiter still mingled\\nin human affairs and displayed pitiable weak-\\nnesses; and yet he, as the father of gods and\\nmen, kept on flashing the lightning from the\\nclouds and governing by his sovereign will. The\\nthought of supremacy and unity probably\\ngained more in real than apparent influence on\\nthe thought of the age. It certainly acted\\npowerfully on the minds of the thinkers who\\nwere pioneers for the people in realms of phi-\\nlosophy. The whole fabric of heathen religion,\\nwith its myths, auguries, and libations, trem-\\n96", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "The Religious Condition of the Age\\nbled before the scrutiny to which at last it was\\nsubjected. Once brought into the light of\\nrational enquiry its puerilities, absurdities, and\\ninconsistencies were manifest. Many a legend\\nwas puncturedby his torical, study, and many a\\nchildish story discredited by a closer acquaint-\\nance with the forces and laws of the physical\\nworld. Even the wisest did not hit upon a\\nsatisfactory explanation of the origin and\\nmeaning of life, but they discovered enough\\nto make them sceptical concerning the ancient\\nfaith, and irreverent toward the ancient gods.\\nIn their relation to Christianity the religious\\nexperiences of the first century were signifi-\\ncant in a twofold way.\\nFirst, they make pathetic and appalling ex-\\nhibition of men s need of a religion which should\\nhold within it enough truth to meetevery intel-\\nlectual demand, enough of tenderness and\\nsympathy to satisfy the deepest yearnings of\\nthe human heart, and enough of moral excel-\\nlence to uplift and purify the life of the indi-\\nvidual, the family, and the state. Men existed\\nfor naught and labored to weariness with no\\nprofit because they were given no ideals of\\nmanhood, because no appeals were made to\\ntheir better nature. There was a crying need\\nof a religion which could address itself to the\\nconscience; which could awaken a conscious-\\n97", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nness of the divinity above and within men;\\nwhich could present objects and aims large\\nenough and noble enough to make life worth\\nliving; and stigmatize with infamy the cruel-\\nties, frivolities, and lustful abominations which\\ncharacterized the society of the period.\\nThere was not only a conscious need but also\\nan unconscious readiness for Christianity.\\nThe preparation was not of the positive sort\\nfurnished in the sacred writings of the Jews,\\nby their sublime portraiture of a just and\\nmerciful God, by their treasured promises of\\ndeliverance and ever deepening desire for the\\ncoming of the Lord s Anointed. The prepar-\\nedness came from the exhaustion of all human\\nresources and the hopeless discrediting of the\\nnational divinities, set against the irrepres-\\nsible hopes and yearnings of people who could\\nnot quite suppress the aspirations of heaven-\\nmade souls.\\nThough Rome gave such cordial welcome to\\nall national divinities and acquiesced in sacred\\nrites of every imaginable form, still she did\\nnot find the religion for which she waited with\\nconscious and unconscious need and so the\\nprocesses of scepticism and neglect went\\nsteadily on. A state of chaos unparalleled in\\nhistory took the place of the old national re-\\nligion out of which in due time a new world\\n98", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "The Religious Condition of the Age\\nwas created. The one world-religion of all\\nhistory made its appeal to that which\\nis deepest and most ineradicable in man;\\nin order that where all other religions\\nhad hopelessly failed it might find an\\nopen field for beneficent and triumphant\\nwork. What the unordained forerunners\\nof the Apostle brought to Rome in such\\nstories as travellers and merchants could tell\\nabout the Man of Galilee, Paul finally pro-\\nclaimed by written and spoken word. Thus\\nwas introduced into the Capital of the world a\\nreligion which was fitted to supply the needs\\nof the world and at last to accomplish its re-\\ngeneration; a religion in which should be\\nmanifest more and more the wisdom and power\\nof God; a religion which should alike answer\\nman s longing for a life of substantial worth\\nand dignity and for assurance concerning a\\nyet nobler career beyond the tomb a religion\\nwhich was to meet with rebuffs, be for a time\\nfeared and hated as arrogant and exclusive,\\nbut which nevertheless was to prevail against\\nmisunderstanding and designing hostility until\\nin the end it should be crowned by a Roman\\nEmperor as the religion of the State,\\nLofC. 99", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "chapter v i\\nThe Moral Standards of the\\nPeriod\\nTHE difficulties which confronted Christ-\\nianity in the first century were radically\\ndifferent from those encountered by a founder\\nof the Mosaic system. Out of their centuries\\nof degradation under the Pharaohs a nation\\nof bondmen brought dullness of mind and cor-\\nruption of morals, but there was no attempt\\nto mold them at once to the divine pattern of\\nthought and life. The legislation upon which\\nwas to be built a new order of social and relig-\\nious life was merely kept in advance of actual\\nattainment, and had often to accommodate\\nitself to hopeless weaknesses and perversions.\\nChristianity was much more than a code of\\nlaws. Its high office was not to legislate, but\\nto instruct and inspire. Its mission was to\\ngive to the world a standard of thought and\\nmotive which could never be surpassed or out-\\ngrown. The amazing thing, therefore, is that\\nit was able to gain a footing in so corrupt an\\nage and maintain its influence in the face of\\n100", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\nsuch base notions and debasing customs as\\nthose which obtained throughout the Roman\\nEmpire.\\nIt was impossible to accomplish more during\\nthe first century than to organize scattered\\nchurches, made up of crude and inconsistent\\nChristians, and to proclaim principles which\\nwere left to win their way to favor by their in-\\nherent excellence. The glory of the Apos-\\ntolic Age has dazzled the modern\\nchurch until men look back despairing-\\nly to it as to a golden period for\\nthe return of which we must hope in\\nvain. True it is that the personal devotion of\\nPaul and the spirituality of John are still un-\\nsurpassed, and beyond question the heroism of\\nChristian martyrs, even in the earliest centu-\\nries, puts to shame the self-considerateness and\\ncowardice which in some degree characterize\\nmany modern disciples; yet it must not be\\noverlooked that the cause of righteousness was\\nin desperate straits during the time of Saint\\nPaul and that by only the smallest margin it\\nwon its way against the persistent forces of\\nevil which had held sway for generations.\\nThe doctrines of the Nazarene were too\\nnovel and too advanced for the majority of\\nthe Emperor s subjects fully to comprehend\\nthem at first, much less to accept and exem-\\n101", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nplify them. The crudest notions of life and\\nthe basest customs prevailed, and even within\\nthe covenant of the church made themselves\\nshamefully manifest. The apostolic letters\\nare the unwitting memorials of a condition of\\nthings which no longer survives save in start-\\nling exceptions to the rule of decency and\\ncorrectness of living. Then it was not an un-\\nheard of thing for an apostle to reprove a\\nchurch for drunkenness and unseemly strife at\\nthe holy communion, or to warn against such\\ntransgressions as blasphemy, perjury and adul-\\ntery. That men and women, who had been\\nmoved by the preaching of the gospel to un-\\ndertake lives of godliness, should be guilty of\\nsuch wide departure from the standards of the\\nSermon on the Mount was made possible only\\nby long established habit, and by the absence\\nof public sentiment against such enormities.\\nIt is happily difficult, if not impossible, for\\nthe average Christian to reproduce even in\\nimaginatien the order of moral life which char-\\nacterized the Roman Empire. Nor need it find\\nplace even in our fancy save in its general\\nfeatures and for the sake of an intelligent ap-\\npreciation of the task successfully undertaken\\nby our religion. Christianity was indeed as a\\nlight shining in a dark place. As a candle in\\na deep, dark mine, as a diamond in a muck\\n102", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\nheap, as a lily among thorns, so was the sweet\\nGospel of Christ in the great world of the\\nCaesars a message of faith, hope, and love, of\\nforgiveness, aspiration, and holy endeavor\\namong men of inherited and acquired vicious-\\nness. Farrar has declared that the epoch\\nwhich witnessed the early growth of Christ-\\nianity was an epoch of which the horror and\\ndegradation have rarely been equalled and\\nnever exceeded in the annals of mankind. It\\nwas a time of sad decadence for a civilization\\nwhich had manifested earlier glories of aspira-\\ntion and achievement, and which had created\\ntwo splendid types of national development,\\nbut which had spent its vital forces and dem-\\nonstrated its fatal weakness.\\nUhlhorn holds it incontrovertible that the\\nheathen world was ethically as well as relig-\\niously at the point of dissolution, that it\\nhad become as bankrupt in morals as in faith,\\nwith no power at hand from which a restora-\\ntion could proceed. Seneca said of his own\\ntimes, All things are full of iniquity and vice,\\nmore crimes are committed than can be rem-\\nedied by force. A monstrous contest of wick-\\nedness is carried on. Daily the lust of sin in-\\ncreases, daily the sense of shame diminishes.\\nJuvenal, Tacitus and Pliny are not less severe\\nin characterizing the immoral aspects of the\\n103", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nage. Petronius cries out in despair, 4 Rome\\nis like a field outside of a plague-stricken city,\\nin which you can see nothing but carcasses and\\nthe crows which feed upon them.\\nThere were no redeeming features, no hope-\\nful aspects, among any class, from the meanest\\nslave to the monarch on the throne. There\\nwas nothing to inspire hope in the regenera-\\ntion of human society, or respect for life\\nitself. Of the four weaklings who assumed the\\nreins of government after the death of Augus-\\ntus, and who thus in turn became the most\\ninfluential men in society, not a commendatory\\nword has ever been spoken. Tiberius was a\\nsanguinary tyrant who came to weariness of\\nlife and self-detestation by reason of senseless\\nexcesses; Gaius was an unrestrained lunatic;\\nClaudius was an uxorious imbecile, and\\nNero a conceited monster and heartless buf-\\nfoon of whom a historian has written that\\nhe represented l the omnipotence of evil in the\\napotheosis of self. The habitual intrigue,\\nthe acts of murder, the indulgence of out-\\nrageous passion which made themselves at home\\nin the palace of the Caesars, also domesti-\\nicated themselves among the people. For\\nonce wickedness was suffered to run riot that\\na picture of its grotesque horrors and revolt-\\ning ugliness might be painted for all time, to\\n104", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\nshow the exceeding sinfulness of sin and\\nthe absolute demand for the redemptive work\\nof a Power that can make for righteousness.\\nWhen cruelty, lust and treachery have done\\ntheir worst there remains nothing of hope,\\nsave in a moral re-birth of the world.\\nTo analyze the ethical characteristics and\\ntendencies of this age is to make profound\\nstudy of a ruinous experiment, which mani-\\nfested itself in an attempt to build a great\\ncivilization upon a basis of unsound morals.\\nTo begin with, there was everywhere a fatal\\nlack of seriousness. Strenuousness of life was\\nunknown. The existence of men and women\\nwas aimless and valueless. Life through-\\nout the Empire was of the type which depressed\\nthe great Apostle when he wandered about the\\nstreets of the most cultivated city of the an-\\ncient world, and which is parenthetically\\ndescribed in the words Now all of the\\nAthenians and the strangers sojourning there\\nhad leisure for nothing else than either to tell\\nor to hear some new thing. The most inno-\\ncent of all their occupations, and the one which\\ncommanded their most serious attention, was\\nthe rehearsal of the latest bit of gossip. In\\ncontrast with the gravity of the old Roman\\nwas the trick of levity which had been caught\\nfrom light-minded Greeks. Their art and phi-\\n105", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nlosophy were meritorious but utterly unpro-\\nductive of earnest living. They could not\\nmake out the secret of such a man as Paul. He\\nwas indeed a curiosity at the capital of Achaia.\\nThey looked into his deeply marked face,\\nsuffused with sad reflections as he wandered\\nunder the palms, or made his way among the\\nchattering throngs of the market place.\\nWhen he spoke it was with the speech of a\\nman charged with a portentous message, but\\nthey had only listless wonder as to what this\\nbabbler would say, for he seemed, indeed,\\nto be a setter forth of strange gods.\\nThere was no sense of reality in such living.\\nIt was all a mockery and pretense, and men\\nscarcely took themselves seriously. When\\nAugustus, who gives his name to this brilliant\\nperiod, came to his death bed he asked a friend\\n1 c whether he had fitly gone through the play\\nof life, as if all the world were in very truth\\na stage and all the men and women merely\\nplayers who took the parts assigned them, and\\nwho at the close begged the applause due to\\nthose who had finished their roles to the satis-\\nfaction of idle spectators. Not even into lit-\\nerature and oratory could anything of sin-\\ncerity and down- Tightness be put by men\\nwhose temper had been cast in the mold of\\nEoman civilization. Rhetoric and oratory\\n106", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\nwere the fashion of the hour, and they were\\nstudied not for the sake of gaining power to\\nexpress noble thoughts and enforcing appeals\\nfor justice, but merely for the employment of\\nhigh sounding words and the use of graceful\\ngesture. In all the art of the day there was\\nnothing but studied affectation and elaborate\\nsophistry.\\nThe cause of such universal hollowness and\\nfrivolity is not far to seek. There was an\\nutter lack of religious sanction for human life.\\nTheir gods were as idle and purposeless as the\\npeople themselves. There came from the\\nheights of Olympus no illumination and no voice\\nof stern command; and hence even the religious\\nphilosophy of the time was either powerless or\\nperverting. Stoicism had much to say about\\ndeity but without the faintest hint of person-\\nality. It spoke of the Reason of the uni-\\nverse and of an c Organizer, but this shad-\\nowy divinity was identified with law and sub-\\nstance, and sometimes even with the soul,\\nwhich being in some sense corporeal was at\\ndeath to be re-absorbed into its Creator. Such\\na philosophy can only with the utmost stretch of\\ncourtesy be called religion, for it touches\\nvery lightly the spirit of man and imparts no im-\\npulse to duty or or to manful service. Epicur-\\nianism was yet further from inspiration to\\n107", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nnobleness. Atheistic and materialistic, the\\nfollowers of this easy going philosophy scoffed\\nat the notions which hinted of a Creator, a\\nmoral government, or a life for man beyond\\nthe grave. They looked upon soul as like the\\nbody, save that it may have been made of\\nfiner atoms, and they believed that it would\\nbe dissolved when the visible part fell into de-\\ncay. Even its instinctive cries were drowned\\nin laughter as the cup went round and boon\\ncompanions took up the refrain Let us\\neat and drink, for tomorrow we die.\\nAfter all, man cannot live without some ab-\\nsorbing aim, and failing one that is normal\\nand worthy he will turn to what may prove\\nignoble and worthless. It is, therefore, not\\nsurprising that, living for luxury and passion,\\nmen so far perverted the chief end of existence\\nas to devote thought and energy to the pamper-\\ning of the body. They not only became selfish\\nand self indulgent, but inventive and enterpris-\\ning in providing new forms of pleasure, and in\\nstimulating passion. The Stoic philosophy was\\nnominally but not vigorously and effectively\\nopposed to such devotion to sensuality. Its\\nfavorite maxim read, l Do nothing in excess,\\nbut it was never enforced with moral earnest-\\nness, and consequently offered no resistance to\\nthe tide of evil which swept over the nation.\\n108", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\nStoical apathy forbade deep-seated concern\\neven for things which concerned the high-\\nest welfare. It made too much of the law\\nof self-preservation, and of equanimity of\\nmind. When philosophers of this school de-\\nclared that the essentia] thing is to live\\naccording to nature they condemned ex-\\ncesses of all kinds, and without doubt many\\napplauded their easy-going theory of life. The\\nprecepts of Seneca are admirable: Pray and\\nlive as if the eye of God were upon you. Live\\nevery day as if it were your last. Live for\\nanother as you would live for yourself. Na-\\nture bids me assist men; wherever, therefore,\\nthere is a man there is room for doing good.\\nBut the tenor of Stoicism was against intens-\\nity of feeling and discouraged either indigna-\\ntion against corruption or zeal for the regen-\\neration of society.\\nLuxury was possible only to a small minor-\\nity of the people. Half of the population of\\nRome in the first century were under the bonds\\nof slavery while the great mass of free-born in-\\nhabitants were only in a lesser degree abject,\\nbeing beggars, idlers, parasite^ the objects of\\ncontempt and the victims of cruelty, without\\nhope or aspiration above an existence of squal-\\nor, misery and vice. Above these hapless crea-\\ntures, so far as outward and wordly conditions\\n109", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nare concerned, was an ever diminishing number\\nof wealthy and noble citizens. In external\\nthings the upper class were in striking con-\\ntrasts with the frightful want and groveling\\nhabits at the other end of the social scale,\\nbut in respect to virtue and temperance\\nthey offered few points of superiority. They\\nsuffered from ennui and self-disgust; and al-\\nthough hopelessly weary of such a profitless\\nexistence they only plunged more deeply\\ninto sensuality or devised new forms of so-\\ncalled pleasure. They had no higher ideal of\\nenjoyment, no other resources of delight. An-\\nimalism in more or less refined forms ruled the\\nday. Gastronomy took rank as a science, and\\ngluttony assumed incredible proportions. Del-\\nicacies were imported from every quarter of\\nthe known world, and banquets, which lasted\\nthe night through, became the talk of the\\ntime.\\nThe public baths at Eome, the impressive\\nruins of which have outlived the centuries, came\\nto occupy a prominent place in social life. They\\nwere not hygenic but delicately sensual. They\\nwere constructed and frequented for enervat-\\ning luxury, vapid amusement, profitless gos-\\nsip. Having no serious demands upon their\\ntime the wealthy thought it worth their while\\nto build these structures of publie resort of\\n110", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\nsplendid proportions, and to decorate them\\nwith imported marbles and gorgeous mosaics,\\nand furnish them with every conceivable device\\nfor entertainment. Besides making provision\\nfor air and water baths of many varieties, they\\nadded gymnasia, lecture halls for poets and\\nrhetoricians, libraries, walks, fountains, and\\nlounging rooms. These new forms of asthetic\\nlife which were introduced by Agrippa were\\nworthily developed by Nero and his successors\\nuntil they became the most popular institu-\\ntions for the leisure class who were over-\\nladened with empty and purposeless hours.\\nDevotion to luxury was attended with an in-\\nordinate love of display. The pride of life\\ntook the direction of rivalry in the exhibition\\nof wealth until even philosophers were\\ncaught by the craze for meaningless and\\nuseless show of expenditure. In order\\nto indulge this passion for display it was\\nnecessary, of course, to secure money, and\\nhence came avarice and rapacity. Men were\\nbold and unscrupulous when that served their\\npurpose, and obsequious and sycophantic when\\nservility promised more than insolence. War\\nfor plunder and rapine attracted many, while\\ndishonest dealing and violence at home scarcely\\nexcited comment. At the same time every man\\nof influence and affluence was attended by\\n111", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nsuitors and schemers whose self-debasement\\nhad bottomless depths. By the most con-\\ntemptible means gigantic fortunes were ac-\\ncumulated. Even Seneca, whose words of\\nwisdom have been thought to suggest some\\nacquaintance with the teachings of the Apostle\\nPaul, took advantage of the favor of his pupil\\nand master, the Emperor Nero, to amass dur-\\ning four years of unique prosperity, no less a\\nproperty than would be represented by fifteen\\nmillion dollars. Having possessed himself of\\nthis immense fortune he proceeded, moralist\\nand philosopher although he was, first to build\\nhis house and then to furnish it with objects\\nof art of the most costly description.\\nThe suggestion of Goethe is interesting and\\nwell sustained, that the Romans never went be-\\nyond the condition of parvenus, their luxury\\nbeing nothing but tasteless extravagance\\nand vulgar ostentation. Even their archi-\\ntecture departed from the severe Grecian idea\\nof beauty and contented itself with size and\\nornament, as appears in the Colosseum, Had-\\nrian s Villa, and the Baths of Caracalla. They\\ndelighted in the bigness of their structures\\nand in decorations of gold, silver and precious\\nstones. In the appointments of private houses\\nthe spirit of rivalry drove each new emperor\\nor affluent prince to further excess of ex-\\n112", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\npenditure. For a while the palace of Lucullus\\nwas accounted the finest in Rome, but in a few\\nyears it was surpassed by hundreds of mansions\\nwhich vied with each other in size and splendor.\\nThe process of enlargement and enrichment\\nwent on until the summit of extravagance was\\nreached in the Golden House of Nero, with its\\ndecorations of incomparable magnificence, and\\nits beautiful setting of parks, woods, pools\\nand fountains. The colonades of the house\\nitself were a Roman mile in length. Within\\nwere masterpieces of Greek art; while beneath\\na roof which rested on enormous columns were\\nwalls which glistened with gold and pearls.\\nNot far below it in magnificence was the\\npalace of Domitian which hinted of the magic\\ntouch which belongs to tales of fancy.\\nSuch lavish expenditure was not confined to\\nemperors, nor to the capital, for it covered\\nwith parks and villas, the Campania, the\\nSabine Hills, even the lake shores of the north.\\nIn dress and personal adornment the same\\npassion for display ran to extremes. Pliny\\ntells of a Roman lady arrayed for a betrothal\\nfeast, itself a hollow mockery, in a gown\\ncovered with pearls and emeralds, at a\\ncost which would have fed and clothed every\\nhungry and naked person in the populous city.\\nDisplay became the talisman of success. Ju-\\n113", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nvenal declared that not even a Cicero could\\nearn two pounds at the bar unless he wore a\\nconspicuous gold ring; and that to succeed a\\nman must be often seen borne through the\\ncrowded streets on a litter and making sump-\\ntuous purchases of rich vases and beautiful\\nslaves; that he must also wear brilliant robes\\nand flashing jewels, for only then could he\\ndemand fabulous prices for his services as a\\npleader.\\nThis parade of riches continued to the tragic\\nend, and literally attended a man to his tomb,\\nleaving him only when he had visibly left the\\nearth. Even at death there was an exhibition\\nof ornaments belonging to the deceased, a pro-\\ncession of hired mourners, mutes who with\\ndishevelled hair made a show of voiceless grief,\\nbeating their breasts in mockery of a sorrow\\nwhich no one felt. Criers went about the\\nstreets to announce the death and the hour of\\nthe funeral. The procession passed through\\nthe most crowded quarters of the city and\\nmade itself noisy with varied demonstrations\\nof simulated woe. If the deceased had been\\nprominent in public affairs the cortege moved\\non to the Forum for the funeral oration, which\\nfulsomely celebrated not only his own honors\\nand glories but also those of his ancestors.\\nThe mourning train then passed without the\\n114", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\ncity walls and the grotesque ceremonies were\\nconcluded at a funeral pyre, where all the\\nemblems of a vain show were consumed and\\nthe body reduced to the ashes which alone\\nremained to typify the reality of a life so\\nvainly passed and so lightly mourned.\\nWith this morbid devotion to pleasure went\\nan equally abnormal lack of humanity. While\\nabsorbed in the pursuit of immediate happiness\\nmen became not only indifferent to the misery\\nof others but even found delight in their out-\\ncries of terror and pain. The gigantic system\\nof slavery with which the state burdened itself\\nbrought with it in the acutest form a sense of\\nthe embarrassment of riches. Millions of\\nslaves, without citizenship or manhood, with,\\nout family or social ties, without self respect\\nor self restraint, were a constant source of\\napprehension. Desperate deeds were always\\na possibility and an insurrection which would\\nhave arrayed the majority wronged, furious,\\nirresponsible against property and life, was a\\nceaseless dread. Yet the utter lack of intelli-\\ngent sympathy and humane consideration sus-\\ntained in its worst form an institution mon-\\nstrous in its denial of every human right and in\\nthe infliction of hopeless misery.\\nCallous to the anguish and despair of fellow\\ncreatures, whom the precepts of philosophers\\n115", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ntaught them to treat as chattels, Romans of\\nthe lordly class corrupted with public exhibition\\nof torture and bloodshed not themselves only,\\nbut the populace whom they despised. Every\\nfantastic device was resorted to for the\\nexcitement of jaded minds, every form of\\nfierce and bloody contest was adopted to\\nfurnish entertainment for blase spectators,\\nmen, women, and children. Such hardness\\nof heart, such dullness of sensibility, al-\\nmost passes belief, and yet contemporary\\nliterature abounds in tales which bring to\\nmodern minds unspeakable horror. The peo-\\nple not only learned to endure the sight of\\nblood; they craved it. The menacing cry of\\nthe rabble which made Augustus and Trajan\\ntremble on the throne of so vast an empire\\nwas, Bread and Games! Invention and re-\\nsources were put to the stretch to meet this\\nwolfish demand for blood It is recorded that\\na single emperor brought to Rome more than\\nthree thousand wild beasts, and forced into the\\namphitheatre no fewer than eight thousand\\ngladiators. When the monotony of ordinary\\nscenes of violence made them weary, all possi-\\nble changes having been rung on the fight of\\ncriminals for life and gladiators for fame and\\nmoney, of human beings with lions and tigers,\\nand of stranger beasts with each other, they\\n116", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\nturned to the ludicrous. A Roman mob must\\nbe amused at any cost of treasure or decency.\\nFierce, discordant cries passed into the wild\\nlaughter of buffoonery as men who were blind-\\nfolded rushed upon each other with the clumsy\\nfury of desperation, followed by deformed and\\ndwarfed creatures whose misshapen misery en-\\nhanced its tasteless pleasure. What mercy\\ncould live in such an atmosphere What sen-\\nsibilities could survive such sights and sounds!\\nThe entire populace was involved in the pas-\\nsion for bloodshed, the noblest and wisest\\nuttering scarcely a word of protest, even\\nCicero venturing no further than to say:\\nc Some consider the games cruel, and possibly\\nthey are as now conducted!\\nCruelty and lust have always been found in\\nill-omened conjunction, though it would be\\ndifficult to give a philosophical reason for their\\nunion. The men who lost the sense of pity\\ngained correspondingly in the basest passions,\\nso that the evils which dismayed observers of\\nthat age threatened the overthrow of the whole\\nsocial structure. Lucian wrote with bitter\\nsarcasm If any one loves wealth and power,\\nif any one has wholly surrendered himself to\\npleasures, full tables, carousals and lewdness,\\nlet him go to Rome. The historian Levy de-\\nclared, Rome has become great by her vir-\\n117", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\ntues till now, when we can neither bear our\\nvices nor their remedies. It was a shameless,\\ndebauched age, as the relics of indecency on\\nthe walls of Pompeii and Herculaneum report\\nwith unseemly accuracy. The majority of\\npoets and wits, and every theatre of the day\\nfed with their unspeakable obscenities an ap-\\npetite for baseness which demanded the lowest\\nand grossest forms of excitement. Even the\\nvirtuous and refined Pliny indulged in sala-\\ncious epigrams. Martial and Statius, who are\\namong the most brilliant representatives of the\\nFlavian era, disfigured their writings with vile\\nallusions. Nearly all plays were spiced with\\nprofanity and indelicacies, while sallies against\\nthe first principles of morality and jests at the\\nexpense of the gods made the theatres ring\\nwith coarse laughter. Baseness was in the\\nvery air poisoning and corrupting each new\\ngeneration of youth.\\nThis was a sad fall from the stern morality\\nof early Rome. The Latins, in their integrity,\\nheld fast the sentiments of chastity and mod-\\nesty, for hundreds of years a divorce being un-\\nheard of. The family was maintained with\\nlove and respect, marriage being held sacred\\nand motherhood being regarded as the noblest\\nestate conceivable. Even nude images of the\\ngods were not tolerated. With Greek culture\\n118", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\ncame luxury and effeminacy until, as Uhlhorn\\nhas said, the ancient simple domesticity dis-\\nappeared and with it chastity and morality.\\nThe voluptuousness and groveling baseness of\\nlife at Rome make a record so dark and tragic\\nthat one gladly turns down such pages of his-\\ntory, hoping to shut out the dismal fact that a\\ncivilization, once so brilliant, could have fallen\\ninto such hopeless decay.\\nThe reason for this widespread social cor-\\nruption is ultimately to be found in the absence\\nof any power that could make for righteousness.\\nMen were left to fight evil without weapons, to\\nmaintain virtue without the inspiration of\\nnoble examples, or the encouragement of divine\\ngrace. The finer ideals and types of character\\nwere unknown. It has been said by a modern\\nstudent of the times that Cato the elder pos-\\nsessed almost every virtue not specially com-\\nmended of Christ, but that there was not one\\nof the beatitudes in which he, the best of the\\nRomans, could have claimed a part and that\\nthere was not one of the divinities who pos-\\nsessed any virtue at all. Epictetus boasted\\nthat one who is wise c fears neither man nor\\nG-od, and Seneca follows in the same strain,\\nsaying that From man not much is to be\\nfeared; from God, nothing. The spirit of\\nreverence did not belong to men who possessed\\n119", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nneither a profound respect for virtue, nor an\\nexalted sense of deity.\\nChristianity found only the ineradicable\\nmoral nature upon which to build a structure\\nof personal character and social righteousness.\\nThis was apparently a slender base for the\\nlordly edifice which belonged to the new scheme\\nof life, but it was sufficient. Insincerity, as\\nwell as baseness, were rife; but the fact that\\nmen sometimes spoke in behalf of virtue, and\\nthat men encouraged such utterances, be-\\ntokened a moral sense which at the worst was\\nonly dormant. It may be true of Seneca, as\\nMacaulay wrote, that, the business of a\\nphilosopher was to declaim in praise of poverty\\nwith two million sterling at usury, to meditate\\nepigramatic conceits about the evils of luxury\\nin gardens which moved the envy of sovereigns,\\nto rant about liberty while fawning on the in-\\nsolent and pampered freedman of a tyrant, to\\ncelebrate the divine beauty of virtue with a\\npen which had just before written a defence of\\nthe murder of a mother by her son. Never-\\ntheless, the fine sentiments testified to the ex-\\nistence of a moral ideal and the possibility of\\nreal excellence of character, as was abundantly\\nexhibited in such men as the slave-philosopher\\nEpictetus, and the imperial philosopher Marcus\\nAurelius in the incorruptible Fabricius, the\\n120", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "The Moral Standards of the Period\\nhigh-minded Regulus, the industrious and\\nfrugal Cincinnatus in Virgil, also a poet of deli-\\ncate fancies and in Cicero, an eloquent pleader\\nfor public virtue. There remained enough\\nof moral understanding to make the task of an\\nApostle not altogether hopeless. The world\\nnot only needed a gospel of righteousness and\\nassurances of divine grace, but it was prepared\\nfor a message of light given with the urgency\\nof an ambassador of Christ. Therefore, Paul\\ncould write to one Roman colony: Let your\\nconversation be always with grace, seasoned\\nwith salt, that is, with the salt of refinement\\nand delicacy, and to another colony, i What-\\nsoever things are true, whatsoever things are\\nhonorable, whatsoever things are just, what-\\nsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are\\nlovely, whatsoever things are of good report;\\nif there be any virtue, and if there be any\\npraise, take account of these things.\\n121", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "chapter vii.\\nThe Intellectual Tendencies of\\nthe Time.\\nA GAINST the dark background of social\\ncorruption and the frightful debasement\\nof the enslaved and beggared masses gleams\\nthe light of intelligence. The mind had found\\nquickening and expansion. By the intellectual\\ndevelopment of the age of Pericles and\\nAugustus the way had been prepared for the\\nstory and even for the philosophy of Christ-\\nianity. The Word was not proclaimed to dull\\nand groveling savages, wanting in language\\nand mental capacity, but had free course to\\nrun and be glorified in the most perfect speech\\nof history. The significance of this fact has\\nbeen demonstrated in our own century by the\\nslowness of mission work among barbarous\\npeople. It required thirty years of devout\\nlabor to produce the first convert among the\\nsavage tribes of West Africa; but now, in the\\ndeveloped science of the third generation of\\nmissionaries, the school and the college keep\\npace with the advancing tide of evangelistic\\n122", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\nwork. Ignorance is not the mother of that\\nkind of devotion upon which Christianity is\\nbuilt. The appeal of Christianity is to reason,\\nthrough the medium of human speech, and its\\ndoctrines require the finest and noblest modes\\nof expression. No literature is loftier, no\\nlines of reasoning more subtle than those given\\nto the world from the exalted mind of Saint\\nPaul.\\nThe perfection of the Greek language, which\\nhe employed in his letters to the churches,\\nand in which he preached as his native tongue,\\nhas been conceded by scholars of all lands and\\nages. It was naturally, and yet providen-\\ntially, developed by a people who for pure in-\\ntellectuality have never been surpassed. It is\\nat once the richest and most exact, the most\\nflexible and the most delicate the world has\\nyet known. Its vocabulary is extensive while\\nits grammatical structure admits of the most\\nvaried and refined methods of expression.\\nLike the art and architecture of Greece it was\\nnot only a part of the evolution of a unique\\npeople, but it served to perpetuate and trans-\\nmit the intellectuality out of which it had\\nbeen developed. The language contained\\nmuch more than can be attributed to the in-\\ndependent out-working of Grecian genius.\\nNo people has ever been entirely isolated.\\n123", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nThere has never been a hermit nation. At\\nleast no race has lifted itself out of savagery\\nsave as it absorbed ideas and inherited institu-\\ntions from other sources of civilization. Even\\nthe Hittites, shut away from contemporary\\nkingdoms beyond the Taurus and Phrygian\\nranges, came down to Hamal and touched the\\nheadwaters of the Euphrates at Carchemish,\\nthus acquiring knowledge from the Egyptians\\nand the Assyrians, which, in turn, they contrib-\\nuted to people with whom they established com-\\nmercial relations across the Hellespont. The\\ncontinuity of history has never been more\\nclearly exhibited than in the structure of civ-\\nilization which made the Augustan age memor-\\nable.\\nThe language and art of Greece was Rome s\\nby right of inheritance, a right fortified by in-\\ndependent and vigorous effort to improve\\nwhat had been discovered and absorbed. The\\ncivilization of Rome was still more complex\\nand derivative because the Empire had swept\\nits boundaries around all the lands which had\\nbeen directly and indirectly influenced by\\nGreek culture, assimilating whatever was\\nfitted to advance society and enrich the state.\\nThe elements which entered into the composite\\norder of the first century were exceedingly\\nancient. Not all of them can be traced to\\n124", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\ntheir origin, as not every great river can be\\nfollowed to its source among the wooded hills.\\nThe streams of influence which flowed to-\\ngether at last in the common life of the great\\nempire took their rise among the Babylonians,\\nEgyptians and Phoenicians. From one source\\ncame the love of magnificence, from another\\nthe sense of grandeur, from another sugges-\\ntions as wide apart as commerce and litera-\\nture. The process began in prehistoric times,\\nbut its beginnings are forever lost; the accum-\\nulative effects, however, lingered to Paul s\\nday, and vitally affected the fortunes of\\nChristianity. The Romans had varied culture\\nbecause they learned from the Greeks, while\\nthe Greeks had become the masters of the\\nworld in literature, art and philosophy, be-\\ncause they had gathered treasures of thought\\nand experience from so many lands.\\nIt was not only a time of vast accumula-\\ntions, but also of intellectual activity. It is\\ntrue that the greatest thinkers had long passed\\naway. The unsurpassed triad of original and\\nprogressive philosophers, Socrates, Plato and\\nAristotle, coming in succession as master and\\npupil, had lived their fruitful lives and gone to\\nthe shades. Homer, the first and greatest of\\nepic writers; iEschylus, Sophocles, and Euri-\\npides, masters of Greek tragedy, and Herod-\\n125", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\notus, the father of all historians, had long\\nbefore completed their tasks; but Latin\\nwriters of the first century found their inspir-\\nation in the Greek classics. Athens, in the\\ntime of the Empire, bore the character of a\\nuniversity town to which every Roman of lit-\\nerary pretensions made a pilgrimage. Cicero\\ndelighted in its atmosphere of culture. Ha-\\ndrian was proud to have embellished it with\\nimperial magnificence. This was an age of\\ntravel, brigandage and piracy having been\\nsuppressed by the fleets and armies of the Em-\\npire. Men who boasted the rights of Roman\\ncitizenship went everywhere in safety. All\\nwho had leisure and money betook themselves\\nto classic and historic scenes, quickening and\\nbroadening their minds by the easy and swift\\nadoption of whatever they discovered in the\\nkindred civilization of the people whom Rome\\nhad conquered in the contest of arms, but to\\nwhom she yielded the palm of victory in the\\ncontest of ideas. Latins and Greeks were of\\nthe same Aryan stock, and although each\\nbranch of the common race had developed un-\\nder different environments, yet the likeness\\nwas deeper than the divergence. Therefore\\nthe moment they came into contact assimila-\\ntion was measurably complete. Out of this\\ncommunication of ideas came a new and worthy\\n126", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\nliterature. To this century belonged such\\npoets as Horace, Virgil and Ovid, such satir-\\nists as Juvenal and Lucian, such historians as\\nSallust, Tacitus and Plutarch, such philoso-\\nphers as Seneca and Epictetus. It was the\\ngolden age of the Latins, and even emperors\\nbecame patrons of letters and the arts.\\nGreco-Roman civilization was no longer con-\\nfined to the two historic peninsulas. It had\\nfollowed the conquests of the phalanx and the\\nlegion until it had touched all centers of life\\nin the known world. Cicero, who was gov-\\nernor of Cilicia fifty years before the time of\\nPaul, speaks of the thorough acquaintance\\nwith Greek among all literary classes. About\\nthe close of the Apostle s career, Agricola, who\\nwas to become conqueror of Britain, was re-\\nceiving a Greek education in the city of Mar-\\nseilles. In Pamphylia and Galatia there were\\nmany cities which had been so far Hellenized\\nthat the gospel could be proclaimed in them\\nthrough the language which had become the\\nvehicle of revelation.\\nThe introduction of social and educational\\ninfluences was Rome s most effective way of\\nsubduing rustic barbarism and overcoming\\noriental stagnation. This policy originated\\nwith the great Macedonian whose ambition\\nhad first carried the language of Greece into\\n127", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nthe Orient, and of the G-reek kings of Syria\\nwho, in the breaking up of the Alexandrian em-\\npire, served in turn to spread and deepen the\\nnew civilization. The special work of the first\\ncentury was the furtherance of an undertaking\\nwhich had been shared in by many generations;\\nand which at first had moved from Macedonia\\neastward, and which afterward moved from\\nItaly in other directions. In many cities far\\nfrom Rome were not only examples and repro-\\nductions of Grecian art, but schools and libra-\\nries open to the public. Pliny was delighted to\\nlearn that copies of his works were sold in\\nLyons, while along the banks of the Danube\\nand Rhine were manufactories of earthenware\\nof the Hellenic type. Everywhere men were\\nbeing educated in ancient and current litera-\\nture; in art and philosophy, in history and\\nsocial science, in agriculture and war.\\nThis widespread intelligence not only\\nopened the way for an apprehension of the\\nGospel but it in turn reacted upon Christianity\\nitself, which was seeking to enlighten the world.\\nNo new disclosures were made and no revision\\nof the apostolic message was attempted, but\\nindependence in interpreting and applying it\\nwas inevitable; with a certain molding and\\nremolding of the institutions of Christianity.\\nThe processes of religious development have\\n128", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\nalways followed their own law. Christianity-\\nhas, therefore, been compelled to adjust itself,\\nfor the time being to established ways of think-\\ning. This was specially true in the first cen-\\ntury when its doctrines were acted upon by\\ncurrents of thought and feeling older than\\nitself and almost as persistent, and when its\\nnoblest precepts were being insensibly modi-\\nfied by public sentiment. The unfolding of a\\nseed depends in part upon the peculiar quality\\nof the soil into which it happens to fall. The\\nseed of the Word has had variant fortunes in\\nthe different soils in which it has been planted.\\nThe hereditary tendencies of the Roman world\\nexerted such an influence upon the life and\\nthe mold of Christianity that after nineteen\\ncenturies they still shape and control it.\\nAfter a time men learned to philosophize\\nabout religion and to add the sanction of rea-\\nson to that of revelation and command; but\\nthere was nothing of this in the ancient re-\\nligions, for not one of them addressed itself in\\na formal and undisguised way to reason. The\\nGrecian and Roman mythologies were childish\\nand their sacred rites superstitious, while the\\nHebrew prophets rested upon the authority of\\na divine mandate. It did not belong to the\\nSemitic habit of mind to rationalize. A cer-\\ntain limitation was put upon the Founder of\\n129", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nChristianity, who could deal with men only as\\nHe found them. The language of Greece would\\nnot have been altogether strange to many of\\nHis hearers, but the language of philosophy\\nwould have been puzzling, and distracting. The\\nmen of Judea had not learned to love knowl-\\nedge for its own sake, nor had they become\\nadepts in following processes by which truth\\nis established in the mind. They were not\\nmuch concerned about the principle of things.\\nThey had never been taught to assign rational\\ncases for r natural phenomena, or rational\\ngrounds for moral precepts. They were in-\\nterested in neither the process nor the pro-\\nduct of ratiocination. They simply listened\\nfavorably to that which bore the marks of\\nauthority or which commended itself immedi-\\nately to their minds.\\nThere is profound philosophy in the Sermon\\non the Mount, but there is no formal philos-\\nophizing in any of the New Testament deliv-\\nerances. It was left for another people to\\nbring in this habit of mind and to arrive by\\nanother pathway at the conclusions which had\\nbeen authoritatively announced by Christ and\\nHis apostles. No road has been discovered\\nleading to sublimer heights than those on\\nwhich the Master always dwelt, but another\\napproach has been discovered by which to\\n130", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\nmeasure their loftiness and to appreciate\\nthe outlook from their summit. The\\nservices of the synagogue, the schools of the\\nrabbis, even the teachings of the apostles, had\\nfailed to develop certain intellectual faculties\\nwhich the finer and broader culture of Greece\\nbrought into play. With this disciplined\\nthought men could go to the foundation of\\nethical system**, could discover the right and\\nthe significance of man s relations to nature\\nand God, and then set forth more clearly and\\npersuasively the ideal ends and aims of human\\nlife.\\nUnder the stimulus and instruction of Greek\\nphilosophers, men who had received the word of\\nrevelation learned to apply reason to the exist-\\nence of the soul. Thus they deepened their\\nsense of spiritual realities and intensified\\ntheir longings for the heavenly life. The au-\\nthoritative utterance of revelation sufficed for\\na people not given to speculation and reflec-\\ntion, but there was unmeasured gain in the\\nfreedom from the dogmatism concerning him-\\nself. The soul asserts itself to unspeakable\\nadvantage in conscience and consciousness.\\nThe authenticity of a document may be ques-\\ntioned. The prerogative of command may be\\ndenied, but the independent, autocratic dic-\\ntum of the mind concerning its own modes and\\n131", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nlaws of existence cannot be rejected. It was,\\ntherefore, no small contribution of Greek\\nthought that established two moral existences\\nin the universe, God the Creator, and man\\ncreated in his moral likeness.\\nIt is not to be conceded that the rational\\nprocess was complete apart from the author-\\nity and guidance of revelation. The loftiest\\nof philosophers fell short of the New Testa-\\nment standard of thought regarding the capa-\\ncity and destiny of man, but they traced the\\nway to absolute convictions concerning the\\nimmaterial nature of the soul in contrast with\\nthe crass and perishable nature of the body.\\nSocrates was the pioneer in this splendid field\\nof research. He was fascinated by the mys-\\nteries and grandeurs revealed within. His\\nfavorite injunction to his pupils was, Know\\nthyself, an injunction which he was the first\\nto obey. The fact of the soul and its possible\\nmoral improvement were the objects of his un-\\nfailing interest and speculation. To him all\\nmaterial considerations were unpractical. Man\\nand whatever relates to man furnished the\\nonly matters worthy of deep study. Plato\\nhad the immense advantage of such a forerun-\\nner, and also of the possession of a more\\nthoroughly disciplined mind, and consequently\\nhe came to a profounder knowledge of the\\n132", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\nsoul. He made much of the principle of in-\\ntelligence, by virtue of which man has kin-\\nship with God, and hence is superior to all\\nother forms of creation.\\nConnected with this demonstration of the\\nsoul was the closely allied one which resulted\\nin convictions concerning God. Which of\\nthese two antedated the other and which was\\nof greater value cannot be easily determined.\\nContributions were made by successive gener-\\nations of seekers after God until at last the\\nidea of God was confidently grasped. Out of\\nthe varied forms and modes of being these\\ntruth seekers unraveled the enigma presented\\nin the apparent contradictions of nature by\\nthe clearly asserted principle of unity of pur-\\npose. They brought the phenomena of\\nearth and sea and sky under a single ex-\\npression. By the unconscious alchemy of\\nthought the separate groups of phenomena\\nwere combined into a whole and conceived of\\nas forming a universe. The search was\\ncontinued until the force which pervades the\\nuniverse was reached. There can be but one\\nGod, and to Him, by further elaboration\\nof thought, they were compelled to at-\\ntribute mind and personality, together\\nwith the prerogatives of moral govern-\\nment. In ordering the vast whole of nature\\n133", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\naccording to immutable law He must be su-\\npreme.\\nHaving no resources of knowledge save un-\\naided reason, their doctrine of Deity was neither\\ncomplete nor free from error. Socrates did\\nnot deny the existence and activity of gods,\\nmany, while maintaining that there is one Su-\\npreme Being to whom reverence must ever be\\npaid. His arguments, like those of the Chris-\\ntian Paley, move irresistibly toward a De-\\nsigner of the universe. Both reasoned from\\nthe amazing structure of the body whose va-\\nrious parts play into each other for a common\\nend; both dwelling with special delight on the\\nmarvelous organ of vision. To indications of\\npurpose drawn from various adaptations in na-\\nture, such as birds to the air and fish to the\\nsea, he added others which apply to the life\\nwithin. He was wont to ask: Are you not\\nconscious of reason and intelligence? And yet\\ndo you doubt intelligence elsewhere in the\\ngreat universe! You believe in the unseen\\nsoul, and do you yet refuse to believe in the\\nunseen God?\\nHere again, the profounder mind of Plato,\\nbuilding upon the originality and moral ear-\\nnestness of his master, advanced to yet higher\\nideas of God as the c Father and Maker of the\\nuniverse. To him the doctrine of atheism\\n134", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\nwas such an absurdity that he considered it\\npossible only to lost and perverted natures,\\nand hence be justified the moral indignation of\\nthose who had come to a normal belief in\\nDeity. Like Socrates he fell into the obsti-\\nnate error of the time and marred his theism\\nwith the inconsistent notion of subordinate\\ngods who create in obedience to the mandate\\nof the great Designer; but he advanced, never-\\ntheless, to ideas of God s providental care over\\nmen, which wrought good results even out of\\npoverty, sickness, and misfortune.\\nSuch notions of God lacked authority and\\nfullness but they prepared men s minds for the\\nrevelations of the Gospel, and so leavened the\\nthought of the world as to make a rational\\ntheism and a living faith more easily attained\\nand more firmly held,\\nAs Greek philosophy applied reason to God\\nand the soul, so also did it elucidate the\\ngrounds of ethical obligation. It raised morals\\nto the rank of a science; but not in the sense\\nthat it made duty more sublime or that it\\nadded aught to the treasures of the Sermon\\non the Mount. The system of ethics intro-\\nduced by the teaching and enforced by the\\nexample of Christ was not susceptible of im-\\nprovement. But there was an advantage in\\nlooking at the same truth from a new view-\\n135", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\npoint, and in approaching it with a new men-\\ntal furnishing.\\nFor the first time, in any land, men were\\ngiven to moralizing, to reasoning out the\\ngrounds of right, and defining the relations of\\nman to nature and God. To this had been\\napplied the deepest thinking of the Hellenic\\nworld, for philosophy was absorbed by\\nethics. Plato was profoundly concerned with\\nthis aspect of the truth that man bears the\\nimage of divine intelligence. He declared that\\neach one has two patterns before him, the one\\nblessed and divine, the other godless and\\nwretched. From the manifested character of\\nGod he reasoned as to the nature and scope of\\nvirtue. c God is altogether righteous, to be-\\ncome like him is to become holy, just, and\\nwise. He lacked, however, the appreciation\\nof love, and missed the virtue of pity; and not\\nknowing the doctrine of grace he limited his\\npromises of refinement to philosophers easily\\nexcluding, as did his great pupil, Aristotle, the\\nunfortunate masses; and yet he pressed on\\ntoward the goal of righteousness.\\nMoral questions gave impulse also to the\\nStoic system of philosophy, which from the\\nfirst took a practical turn, seeking to discover\\nthe actual laws of life and to bring men into\\nharmony with their environment. In its\\n136", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\nearlier stages it blundered, keeping too close\\nto materialism, yet maintaining a certain\\ndirectness of aim which interested and moved\\nmen. The veriest child of gospel training\\ncould have helped such philosophers out of\\nmany of their difficulties and yet they were\\ngrandly striving to discover the secret of\\nvirtue and the inner principle of light. At\\ntheir highest point they fell far short of per-\\nfection and altogether missed the fact of God s\\ngraciousness, yet they established lines of in-\\nvestigation which could be afterward followed\\nunder the light of Christianity.\\nTo both Jew and Christian the idea of right\\nwas identified with holy laws. To the Greek\\nmind divine commands were not an arbi-\\ntrary expression of a personal will, but rather\\nof nature, of laws which belonged to the very\\nconstitution of the universe. It was the part\\nof man to employ the powers and faculties\\nwith which he had been endowed for the ap-\\nprehension of these laws and for the proper\\nadjustment to them of all his activities. As\\nhe constructed a rational idea of the Creator\\nand Moral Governor of the world, so he was\\nbound to discover the ethical relationship of\\nman. It was evident that the universe was\\nfashioned for wise and beneficent ends, for the\\nproduction of beauty and happiness. What,\\n137", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nthen, is the meaning of the countless miseries\\nof mankind? How can these things be fitted\\nto an ever deepening belief in divine good-\\nness? Men must be the authors of their own\\nmisery. They must have wilfully failed to\\nseek conformity with the harmonious laws of\\nnature. The responsibility for the jarring\\ndiscord is with intelligent and free beings.\\nThis idea was not born in maturity. It is\\ntoo fundamental and far-reaching to have come\\nat once to perfection and dominance. Two\\nfacts were first established, and then the rela-\\ntion between them was formulated. These\\ntwo facts are that man thinks and acts. But\\naction must depend upon the assent of the\\nmind; for mere impulse toward an object\\ndoes not justify possession. There must, there-\\nfore, be an exercise of judgment on the basis\\nof the laws of nature, then the will comes into\\nplay, and ought always to accord with the\\nhighest good of the whole being. The modern\\nphilosopher expresses no more than this when\\nhe declares that man has self-determining\\npower and that he is under everlasting obliga-\\ntion to bring himself into harmony with his\\nproper environment.\\nThis idea of fixedness in nature and freedom\\nin man found forcible utterance in the writings\\nof Epictetus. Of all things that are, one\\n138", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\npart is in our control and the other out of it.\\nOut of our control are our bodies, property,\\nreputation and office in our control are opin-\\nion, impulse to do, effort to obtain and to avoid;\\nin a word, our own proper activities. He\\nmaintained, with his fellow-Stoics, that it not\\nonly belongs to man to educate his mind and\\ntrain his will, but that it is the pro-\\nvince of nature to advance the process\\nof discipline. In this way the Stoics\\njustified the wisdom and goodness of God\\nand encouraged man to the highest\\nexercise of virtue. The Christian philoso-\\nphers of Alexandria took up this sugges-\\ntion with delight, and enriched it with precepts\\nfrom the Gospels, until they had evolved an\\nelaborate doctrine of God as the Teacher,\\nTrainer, and Physician of men. The heathen\\nphilosophers led the way to the inspiring\\nthought that man needs only to gain the prize\\nwhich has been put within his reach. Thus he\\nacquires finest qualities of soul, putting pas-\\nsion under control of reason, and living in ac-\\ncord with the beneficent will of God. The\\npath which these thinkers followed brought\\nthem to sincerity, which lies, indeed, near the\\nfoundations of Christian character. They did\\nnot touch such of the Beatitudes as Blessed\\nare the poor in spirit; Blessed are the\\n139", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nmeetf; Blessed are the merciful Blessed\\nare those who hunger for righteousness; but\\nthey caught glimpses of that principle oi\\ngoodness which had been overlooked by the\\nformalists of the temple. They discovered\\nthe ethical quality of secret thoughts and\\ncherished impulses.\\nEpictetus held that the philosopher s lecture\\nroom should be a surgery, where men should\\nnot be entertained by fair words, but where\\nthey should be aided in the dissection of their\\nown characters, in the detection of secret faults\\nwhich could be banished from the soul. He\\nfollowed out a principle which had been\\nrecognized from the first by the Stoics, who\\nlaid emphasis upon the inwardness of man s\\nreal life, and he unfailingly insisted that motive\\ncounts for more than performance. In the\\ntime of greatest glory for this system of phi-\\nlosophy, Epictetus, Seneca and Aurelius urged\\nstrict examination of one s own character, even\\nto minute inspection of words and deeds which\\nmarked each day of life.\\nThe chief advantage of such habits of ob-\\nservation and reflection was not that Grecian\\nstandards approached those of Christianity, for\\nall the philosophy of the first century was im-\\npotent against the social corruption of the age,\\nbut that the new religion found many minds\\n140", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "Intellectual Tendencies of the Time\\nprepared for its sweet and holy revelations,\\nand that it secured a worthy handmaid in the\\nreason which had already been trained to noble\\nuses. The Greeks, as well as the Hebrews,\\nproved themselves a people of God s own\\npossession, set apart to the highest service\\nof God and man. In a qualified way, the\\nStoic, as well as the prophet, was a forerunner\\nof the Christ; nay, like the Apostle also, he\\ncame after the gospel to expound and apply\\nits revelations and injunctions. While not\\nmany wise, while not many who are exalted\\nin the conceit of their own knowledge are\\ncalled, yet the appeal of Christianity is always\\nto an understanding mind, in behalf of an\\nintelligent faith.\\nWe gratefully recognize, therefore, the\\nglorious mission of these two kindred peoples,\\nthe Greeks and the Latins, to quicken the\\nhuman intellect, to cultivate the imagination,\\nto refine the taste, and even to discover the\\nrational grounds of faith and character. As\\nthe Renaissance ushered in a new day for vital\\nreligion, so in the first century the splendid\\ndevelopment of the human faculties made pos-\\nsible the phenomenally rapid spread of Christ-\\nianity throughout the vast empire of Rome.\\nBeyond the bounds of civilization it did not\\nattempt to go. Elsewhere in the barbaric\\n141", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nworld, the seed would have fallen on unpro-\\nductive ground. Under the aegis of Rome the\\ngreatest herald of the cross found protection,\\nand by a light which shined out of Athens he\\nled men to the truth which had first been pro-\\nclaimed in Jerusalem.\\n142", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "chapter viii.\\nThe Inevitable Conflict and Vic-\\ntory.\\nTHERE have been many crises in the world s\\nhistory, but it is hardly correct to say\\nthat in all of them an issue of supreme moment\\nwas involved. At the battle of Marathon the\\nPersian host was turned back from ruthlessly\\ndespoiling Achaia and destroying the civiliza-\\ntion of Greece. Now it would doubtless have\\nbeen an incalculable loss to the world to have\\nhad the progressive life of Athens checked or\\nperhaps even extinguished by Oriental des-\\npotism art, philosophy, civil government\\nhaving been wrought into forms of perfection\\nby the genius of the most enterprising and\\noriginal people of ancient times yet it would\\nbe an hyperbole to say that the hope of man-\\nkind was staked upon the result of an attack\\nmade by the Grecian phalanx which on the\\nthird day of the Persian invasion dared to beat\\nagainst the dense mass of Xerxes army. The\\nworld was not saved by Grecian arms, nor has\\nit been saved by Grecian culture.\\n143", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nOn the banks of the Metaurus an army under\\nthe Consul Nero struck with fury the camp of\\nthe Carthagenians, and by noontime had won\\na victory of lasting renown. For seventeen\\nyears Hanibal had maintained himself in Italy,\\nravaging it at will from the snowy Alps to the\\nStraits of Messina, and only waited that fate-\\nful spring for the arrival of the allied forces\\nwhich his brother had led through Spain and\\nSouthern Gaul, to appear before the gates of\\nRome. It would be difficult to estimate the\\nloss which would have resulted to the\\nworld from the substitution of that hard,\\ncruel, materialistic, uncommunicative type\\nof civilization which had been wrought in\\nNorth Africa, for the radically different type\\nwhich was being developed on the Sabine hills\\na civilization not only independent and vig-\\norous, but destined to enlarge itself by the ab-\\nsorption of all that was being evolved by the\\nkindred race in the Grecian peninsula. Yet\\nit would be extravagant to say that the life of\\nthe world was at issue when in the grey light\\nof the morning Hasdrubal s army was routed\\nin a desperate encounter that rescued Rome\\nfrom threatened annihilation. The victory\\nwas important, but not absolutely vital to the\\ninterests of mankind.\\nThere have been crises in the history of\\n144", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "The Inevitable Conflict and Victory\\nChristianity when much (but not all) was at\\nstake. When Abdurman crossed the Pyrenees\\nwith a countless horde of followers, fierce and\\nruthless, and after ravaging Southern France\\nmet Charles Martel near Poitiers in mortal\\ncombat, Mohammedanism threatened to sup-\\nplant Christianity in Central Europe. The\\nconsequences of such a victory as the Moorish\\nchief counted on with easy assurance would\\nhave been direful in the extreme, but one\\nwould not be warranted in declaring it a fatal\\nblow to the cause of Christian civilization. It\\nmight have delayed the march of events, but\\nnot the final development of freedom, intelli-\\ngence and pure religion.\\nIf Luther had yielded at the Diet of Worms,\\nas a weaker man might have done, under the\\ncombined threats of the hierarchy and the\\nofficials of state, the Reformation would have\\nwaited a century, and that movement of the\\nworld toward better things which resulted\\nfrom the co-ordinate advance of commerce, the\\nrevival of learning, the discovery of printing\\nand the rejuvenation of the church, would have\\nlacked its most essential feature. No one who\\nhas in mind the significance of the outcome\\ncan read the story of Luther s critical hour\\nsave with bated breath and yet there is no\\nground for saying that the cause of pure re-\\n145", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nligion had come to its ultimate contest. Christ-\\nianity might be over-run in particular lands, as\\nit was by Islamism in Asia Minor and Egypt\\nin the eighth century, or banished from a\\ncountry where promising missions were estab-\\nlished as in China in a later century, and yet\\nmaintain such a vigorous a hold elsewhere as\\nto insure its continuance on the earth.\\nBut the result of the fight which the Apostle\\nPaul was making against the allied forces of\\nthe Empire was absolute and final. It closely\\nresembled the issue of his Master s work in the\\nnarrower field of Palestine. If the Messiah had\\nfailed to develop in some minds the truth of\\nHis message, the glory of His personality, the\\nspiritual power of His kingdom, His coming\\nwould have been in vain. If Paul had failed,\\nin a ministry much longer and more extended\\nthan his Master s, to build some enduring\\nchurches out of Gentile material, the defeat\\nwould have carried with it appalling conse-\\nquences. He was fully accredited as an am-\\nbassador of Christ; he had the tongue of fire\\nin which to proclaim his divine message as a\\nHebrew he could enter the synagogues and\\nas a Roman he had the freedom of every city\\nof the Empire. If he had not been able to\\nquicken faith, arouse devotion, inspire hope,\\nagainst a heathen philosphy, a dominant re-\\n146", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "The Inevitable Conflict and Victory\\nligion and a tide of worldliness, then no man\\ncould take up the enterprise which had failed\\nin his hands. The divine attempt to plant\\nspiritual righteousness and a holy faith would\\nhave come to abysmal disaster. The utmost\\nhad been done in heaven and on earth. No\\nother experiment could hope for success. There\\nremained no further sacrifice for sin, no sweeter\\nexpression of mercy and grace, no more pa-\\nthetic and persuasive appeal to a lost world.\\nAgainst the heaviest odds the Apostle must\\nwin. The issue was absolutely vital. Here\\nwas the crisis which involves the life of man-\\nkind, the veritable redemption of the world.\\nWhen the effort of Paul was crowned with\\nsuccess the victory was not for himself\\nalone but mainly for the cause to which he had\\ndevoted his life. The day was won for Chris-\\ntianity. It had been demonstrated that it\\ncould gain and hold the ground against the al-\\nlied forces of the heathen world, against su-\\nperstition, against a self-sufficient philosophy,\\nagainst evil customs and rampant passions,\\nagainst malignant and persistent prosecution.\\nMen and women were to be found in every\\nprovince of the Empire who followed the ex-\\nample of devotion set by the Apostle, suffering\\nstripes and imprisonment and ofttimes facing,\\ndeath for the faith of the Gospel. Better still,\\n147", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\na new type of individual and social life had\\nbeen produced. Out of the formalities of Juda-\\nism and the grossness of heathenism had been\\ngathered many people whom Paul could ad-\\ndress as brethren/ faithful followers,\\nand even saints in the Lord. Before he\\nbegan his ministry at Rome he was assured\\nthat the Capital contained some who were\\n4 beloved of God. From Asia Minor he wrote\\nelaborate letters to the Church of God\\nwhich had been gathered under his prolonged\\nministry at Corinth a most worldly and self-\\nabsorbed city, containing, nevertheless, a few\\nwhom he personally knew to be sanctified in\\nChrist Jesus, and to be in loving fellowship\\nwith other saints scattered through the\\nwhole of Achaia. Even in Ephesus, where\\nthe passion for gladiatorial games fell little\\nshort of that which demoralized the populace\\nof Rome, and where the temples were crowded\\nby the superstitious worshipers of Diana^\\nthere was a reliable company of saints who\\nwere faithful in Christ Jesus, and who were\\nso thoughtful and intelligent that the Apostle\\ncould send them a treatise only once surpassed\\nin profundity of Christian doctrine. In Mace-\\ndonia there were two churches of such noble\\nfaith that Paul was grateful beyonds words for\\nevery message that reached him concerning\\n148", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "The Inevitable Conflict and Victory\\ntheir development in the grace of the Gospel.\\nOne was at Thessalonica, from which city he\\nhad been driven by an infuriated mob where\\nmen turned from their idols to serve a living\\nand true God, suffering much affliction be-\\ncause of the joy of the Holy Ghost, until the\\nreport of their faith to God- ward filled even\\nneighboring provinces. The other church was\\nat Philippi, the city to which he had first come\\nafter crossing the iEgean Sea, and to which\\nhe sent the most affectionate and glowing of\\nall his epistles.\\nThere was no shadow of doubt in the mind\\nof the Apostle concerning the ultimate success\\nof the Gospel. When his own labors were\\ndrawing to an end he wrote to younger men\\nwho had been consecrated to office in the ad-\\nministration of the church, warning them, in-\\ndeed, against heresies and worldly tendencies\\nyet speaking with unshaken confidence of the\\nfinal triumph of Him, who had brought life\\nand immortality to light. In fact, he looked\\nfor a speedy development of the divine plans\\nin the glorious coming of the Lord, building\\nhis exultant expectations, doubtless, upon the\\nastounding achievements of truth and grace\\nwhich his own eyes had witnessed. No human\\nmind can so explore the future as to read the\\ndetails of unwritten history. Divine illumi-\\n149", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "In The Time of Paul\\nnation and wide experience gave the Apostle\\nblessed assurance that the power and wisdom\\nof God, as manifested in Christ, were sufficient\\nfor the redemption of the world, but it was as\\nimpossible as it was unnecessary for him to\\nknow how long and complex is the process of\\nevolution for the Kingdom of God on earth.\\nBy the end of the first century the seed of\\ntruth had been planted in many lands, in fields\\nwhich were to be swept by storms, and crossed\\nand re-crossed by contending armies. The Em-\\npire was to be over-run by barbarians and fin-\\nally dismembered. New nations and new types\\nof civilization were to arise. The old order of\\nthings was to be overturned. New modes of\\ngovernment, new systems of education, new\\nlines of social structure, new and divisive\\nmethods of thought and worship in the church\\nwere to succeed each other through successive\\ncenturies. Through all these changes the\\nGospel which Paul preached was to maintain\\nitself with unabated power and unmodified\\ngrace. As in the first century, it sustained\\nitself against ideas, habits, customs and in-\\nstitutions which had not only to be resisted\\nbut actually transformed. The prince of\\nthis world does not readily yield to the\\npowers of light. Selfishness and worldliness\\nare entrenched in the perversions of human\\n150", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "The Inevitable Conflict and Victory\\nnature. Consequently Christianity can not\\nlay down the task assumed when its Founder\\ncame to earth until the last traces of untruth\\nand unkindliness have yielded to the persua-\\nsions of heavenly grace.\\nBut the day dawned. The light deepened\\nin the eastern skies. Its radiance gladdened\\nthe eyes of men who in the time of Paul were\\ngathering courage from the earliest victories\\nof the Word. Each critical age has added its\\ntriumphs to the list of glories, and each suc-\\nceeding generation has had larger assurance\\nthan its predecessor that the time must come\\nwhen all the kingdoms which men have claimed\\nas their own, shall belong to Him whose right\\nit is to rule, and be but provinces of the world-\\nwide Empire of the Living God.\\n151", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process.\\nNeutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide\\nTreatment Date: April 2005\\nPreservationTechnologies\\nA WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION\\n1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive\\nCranberry Township, PA 16066\\n(724) 779-21 1 1", "height": "4526", "width": "2983", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "v.\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS", "height": "4270", "width": "2775", "jp2-path": "intimeofpaulhowc01seld_0164.jp2"}}