{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2412", "width": "1820", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "40*\\nC~\\nV\\nV 1\\no\\n0^.\\nv\\n4*\\n*M\\nL J*L\u00c2\u00ab\\n40\\nv\\n*\u00c2\u00b0o\\nJ*5 3 tJN\\\\\\nof \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abp\\n.tV i\u00c2\u00bb .0 U^\\nV*", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": ".\u00c2\u00abJ^\\n*V\\n^nc^\\n\\\\p*\\nV\\n\\\\5 A\\nT7*\u00c2\u00ab .,0\\n/V\u00c2\u00b0!\u00c2\u00bb\\\\/\\no*\\nO^ *o a\\ni\u00c2\u00b0\\nw\\nTT\u00c2\u00ab G V *o A *^T7\u00c2\u00bb ,G V\\nf s f\\n^^BMKV *%.j\\nv\\nf*+\\n6 *P^.\\nV\\nV^ r* aV \u00e2\u0080\u00a2*\u00c2\u00abB^/\\n5 S\\nA", "height": "2401", "width": "1706", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "GEO. ANDREW LEWIS,\\nFounder of The Lewis Phono-Metric Method and Principal of The\\nLewis School for Stammerers.", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND\\nTREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\n(Sixth Edition Enlarged and Revised.)\\nBY\\nGEO. ANDREW LEWS\\n(An inveterate Stammerer for more than twenty years.)\\nFOUNDER OF\\nTHE LEWIS PHONO-METRIC METHOD\\nRegistered at patent offices in the United States and Canada.\\nFOR THE PERMANENT CURE OF\\nSTAMMERING AND STUTTERING\\nAND ALL OTHER FORMS OF IMPERFECT UT-\\nTERANCE OF SPEECH AND ARTICULATION\\nA practical and scientific treatise on the Cause and Treatment of Speech\\nDefects with original illustrations showing the difference between mild and\\nsevere types of stammering. Lectures delivered before Elocutionists Conventions\\nand Medical Societies with suggestions for treatment\\nTHE EXPERIENCE OF THE AUTHOR AND ENDORSEMENT OF THE\\nPUBLIC\\nCOPYRIGHTED BY GEO. ANDREW LEWIS\\n(All rights reserved.)", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "76087\\nLibrary of\\nTwo Copies Ri\\nNOV 15 1900\\nCopyright %ntry\\nSECOND COPY\\nDelivered to\\nOfiDEH DIVISION\\nNOV 25 190U\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0A\\ni\\nW\\n,u\\nDETROIT:\\nPHONO-METER PRESS,\\n1900.", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nPAGE\\nGeo. Andrew Lewis Frontispiece\\nAuthor s Experience 5\\nAnatomical View of the Speaking Organs -12\\nThe Origin of Stammering 13\\nCurable and Incurable Forms of Stammering 33\\nChild Stammering 52\\nDiagnosis and Treatment of Obstinate Cases of Stam-\\nmering 63\\nHelpful Hints and Exercises 88\\nStammering Practically, Theoretically 99\\nCause and Cure of Speech Defects 104\\nInstitutional and Home Treatment 112\\nThe Mechanism of Speech 134\\nRelations of the Body and Mind to Stammering 146\\nPeculiarities in Stammering and How to Overcome Them 160\\nSuggestions for Stammerers 175", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2316", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE AUTHOR S EXPERIENCE\\nCome, I will show thee an affliction\\nUnnumbered among the world s sorrows. Tupper.\\nTHE earliest recollection of my difficulty carries me\\nback to my infancy. I can well remember my mother\\ntaking me to school for the first time, and, with tearful\\neyes, she told the teacher not to chastise me if I stam-\\nmered, because, said she, He cannot help it. From\\nthat time until my cure, I cannot remember a period in\\nmy whole life when I did not labor to much disadvan-\\ntage because of my impediment or when I could have\\nsaid, I can speak. True, at times I could speak, but\\nalways with a mental strain, and there were many times\\nwhen I was almost dumb. The severity of my trouble\\nwas heightened by the fact that some of my relatives\\nwere similarly afflicted, or in other words, I had inherited\\nmy difficulty, which made a cure, in my mind, all the\\nmore improbable.\\nIn this supposition I have since found I was correct,\\nthe reason being The organism predisposed to the\\ndevelopment of stammering the defect was planted in\\nthe pre-natal life, and, therefore, had the force of the\\nunnatural condition as a part of the condition of its own\\nexistence.\\nSeveral months after my mother had taken me to\\nschool, she passed away to a better world, after which\\ntime, notwithstanding my father and family tried every\\navailable means to lessen the severity of my trouble, I\\ngradually grew worse. My father tried to break me of\\nit by offers of money if I would or could repeat after him\\n5-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwords and sentences he would speak, in vain. My\\ndifficulty was rapidly developing into the most severe\\nform of stuttering, a condition where, in my effort to\\nspeak, I placed the stress to articulate upon the wrong\\nmuscles, thereby causing the rapid repetition of a word\\nor syllable before the following word or syllable could\\nbe uttered.\\nThis is the kind of stuttering that many persons\\nmock at and mimic, many of whom have had cast upon\\ntheir shoulders by Almighty God the weight that they\\nwould burden down with ridicule and jest for the poor\\nunfortunate who carries it around. A most pitiable\\nsight occurred to me a few days ago. A young man\\nwho applied for admission to my Institute told me he\\nhad acquired his difficulty by imitation, and notwith-\\nstanding the fact that he was of well-to-do parents, who\\nhad paid out almost a fortune in their efforts to find re-\\nlief for him, he said his life had been a blank, the direct\\nresult of his own folly and jest.\\nLet those who mock be careful. Surely the poor\\nstammerer has enough to suffer without bearing the\\ntaunts and ridicule of the public.\\nAs I grew older, I naturally became more sensitive\\nabout my difficulty. My friends and relatives experi-\\nenced and expressed great sorrow over my condition,\\nwhich only made me suffer the more, because I knew\\nthat those who loved me, and whom I loved, suffered\\nwith me.\\nShould I, by chance, be invited out of an evening\\nto a reception or party, I would many times imagine it\\nwas for the purpose of exhibiting my affliction, which", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nnow began to be accompanied by contortions, lolling\\nthe tongue, gasping for breath, and drawing the mus-\\ncles. If not for the purpose of exhibiting my infirmity,\\nthen why was I asked? Certainly not because of my\\nentertaining faculties, nor for my conversational abili-\\nties, and as many persons whom I knew held me up to\\nmockery behind my back, and invariably avoided con-\\nversation with me except by compulsion, I felt that I\\nwas almost alone in the world.\\nTrue, many persons were kind to me, and thought-\\nful, considerate people spoke many kind words of hope\\nand comfort to me. These were a few of the streaks of\\nsunshine that stole into my life, and it is unnecessary for\\nme to say those persons may God bless them, wherever\\nthey are shall never be forgotten.\\nBetween the age of nineteen and twenty, my diffi-\\nculty began to change. That rapid repetition of words\\nceased. The outward manifestation of my trouble left\\nme for a time, but the inward torture I endured was\\nsometimes awful. My impediment was speedily grow-\\ning worse. In my effort to conceal my affliction, I\\nrapidly developed the mental phase of a most severe\\ntype of stammering and added new horrors to my al-\\nready woeful life. I became almost tongue tied\\ndumb as it were, instead of rapidly repeating my sylla-\\nbles, I now stood transfixed, my mouth distended like\\na funnel, my limbs slowly drawing themselves into un-\\ngainly shapes, my eyes assuming the meanwhile a glassy\\nappearance when I had labored in this condition for\\nseveral moments, overcome by exertion and extreme\\neffort, my nerves all unstrung, I would, as by lightning", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nimpulse, sink back, gasp for more breath and try again\\nwith the same results.\\nI shall never forget the evening I returned home\\nfrom school, disgusted. Throwing my books in the\\ncorner, I vowed and resolved I would never return.\\nWhat was I to do My father had not wealth, and I\\nmust soon be cast adrift to shift for myself and fight my\\nown battles with the world.\\nReader, are you a stammerer? Are you a stut-\\nterer? Have you ever suffered the impatience and\\nridicule of cruel and unsympathetic people? Those\\nare the moments when we either grow despondent or\\ndesperate, according to our individual nature and tem-\\nperament.\\nI decided to follow the mechanical arts, and ap-\\nplied myself diligently to the study of mechanics.\\nMy skill was soon acknowledged, and, with the offer\\nof a fair salary, I left home the following year, resolved,\\nif travel would reveal to me a balm for my wound, I\\nwould endeavor to be healed. Much advice was given\\nme, and many pet theories and methods of cure urged,\\na few of which I give herewith Hold a quill between\\nthe teeth keep a pebble under the tongue whistle\\njust before uttering a word; take a long breath; move\\nthe head from side to side, and many such worthless\\nand nonsensical ideas.\\nFor several years I continued to follow my busi-\\nness, saving money in the meantime to enable me to\\nvisit the East, where I understood some satisfactory\\nresults in cures had been achieved. The mental strain\\nI had suffered and the loss of vitality in consequence", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwere rapidly making me a mental and physical wreck.\\nAt last I resolved to go and investigate, and resigned\\nmy position at Bay City, Michigan, for that purpose. I\\nvisited the best schools on the continent, obtaining some\\nrelief at an enormous expenditure of time and money.\\nAfter hard and diligent application, I used up my\\nsurplus capital, and was necessarily forced to seek em-\\nployment. The relief I had obtained proved but tem-\\nporary, for occasionally my old trouble would crop up\\nwith all its horrors, notwithstanding I continued my\\nexercises regularly, although I did not begrudge the\\namount of time and money I had spent, as I felt I was\\nnow on the trail and would soon hunt down my antago-\\nnist.\\nAbout this time I was offered, and accepted, a posi-\\ntion with I. Herzberg Bros., wholesale and retail\\nmanufacturing jewelers, S. E. corner ioth and Chestnut\\nstreets, Philadelphia, Pa. As this store was one of\\nthe best appointed of its kind, in the most fashionable\\nbusiness center of the city, I felt that if I could succeed\\nin entirely overcoming my impediment of speech, I\\nwould be of more value to them, as well as realizing\\nwithin myself my fondest dreams and aspirations. Could\\nnot a method or a means of cure be devised or invented\\nthat would entirely and permanently eradicate every\\ntrace of stammering Surely there could, and if so,\\nhow many others like myself, who had obtained but\\npartial relief could be set at liberty How many oth-\\ners, being dragged back, as by some invisible monster,\\nwhose claws sank deeper and deeper day by day, would\\nthus be enabled to escape\\n9", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThe result of my experiment and investigation\\nproved more than I had expected. In the remarkably\\nshort period of ten days, I found that I had not only\\nsucceeded in entirely eradicating every vestige of my\\nformer difficulty, but had also evolved a method of cure\\nthat must sooner or later crown with new hope the sor-\\nrowful lives of many disheartened stammerers.\\nA new ambition seemed to cast its shadows upon\\nme. I had by combining the application of my sys-\\ntem, with the knowledge I had gained in the best schools\\non this continent for the correction of speech impedi-\\nments and cultivation of the voice, secured a method\\nfor the cure of stammering, founded upon an educational\\nbasis, a method for the cure of stammering, founded\\nupon the scientific psychological and physiological laws\\nthat underlie and govern the art of perfect speech, a\\nmethod for the cure of stammering that consists in go-\\ning back to fundamental principles, and building up the\\nspeech through a course of training founded on a scien-\\ntific, educational basis. A method for the cure of stam-\\nmering, where the pupil not only learns how to speak\\nproperly and perfectly, but also to govern and control\\nthe will power in connection with the production of per-\\nfect speech which relates to the higher nerve centers\\naffected as well as the control of the speaking organs.\\nThis means of cure, The Lewis Phono-Metric Method,\\nhas the support of not only the best business and pro-\\nfessional men in the country, but is also endorsed in\\nthe highest terms by well-known schools of Elocution\\nand Voice Culture and by other institutions for the cure\\nof speech impediments.", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThere is no doubt that stammering is a more seri-\\nous trouble than is generally believed, and although\\nthe stammerer in the past has to a large extent been\\nobliged to bear with humiliation the blunt of his afflic-\\ntion, public sympathy is rapidly assuming the place of\\npublic ridicule, and the time is not far distant when the\\ncause of the stammerer will appeal to the masses in the\\nsame sense as the cause of other human infirmities and\\ndemand the recognition it deserves. The blighted\\nlives, the crushed ambitions, the wail of parents in\\nbehalf of their children, the tears, the letters of despond-\\nency, supplications for help from every quarter of the\\ncivilized globe, together with the nervous and physical\\nwrecks that stammering has left in its wake combine to\\nprove the extent of the stammerer s helpless condition.\\nI know of no other work in which I could engage to\\nbetter prove my usefulness to mankind than that of\\ntreating the stammerer. Having myself for more than\\ntwenty years been obliged to bear the yoke, I can bet-\\nter appreciate the suffering and sorrow of others thus\\nunfortunately afflicted.\\nWith an aim of devoting my entire future life for\\nthe benefit of others, I have founded my institution on\\na basis of Home and School Combined hitherto\\nunapproached, and hope by the continued encourage-\\nment of success to extend to hundreds of suffering and\\ndisheartened stammerers a new life, crowned with new\\nambitions, one of God s greatest and most noble\\nblessings, the privilege and enjoyment of perfect and\\nunfettered speech. Very sincerely,\\nGeo. Andrew Lewis.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nANATOMICAL VIEW\\nOF THE\\nSPEAKING ORGANS\\ni, canal from throat to middle ear 2, back part of nose 3, soft palate;\\n4, soft palate covering tonsil 5, tonsil 6, base of tongue 7, epiglottis 8\\npart of cartilage of larynx 9, laryngeal portion of pharynx 10, cavity 01\\nlarynx 11, nasal fossa? 12, vault of the palate, or roof of mouth 13, 14,\\ntongue 15, muscle beneath tongue 16, hyoid bone 17, interior of larynx\\n18, 19, thyroid cartilage.", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN OF\\nSTAMMERING\\nBY GEO. ANDREW LEWIS\\nLecture delivered, by invitation before the members of the Wayne County\\nMedical Society, February 20, 1896, at the office and parlors of Dr. John\\nE. Clark, President of the Board of Education, Detroit, Mich.\\nPROBABLY no class of unfortunates seeking relief for\\nan affliction has received as little benefit as the stam-\\nmerer. So much, that is erroneous and contradictory,\\nhas been written and said about stammering and its cure,\\nthat persons thus afflicted have become greatly confused\\nand many who have given much time and study to the\\nsubject know not what to think.\\nThe injurious modes of treatment, resorted to by\\nsurgeons during the early part of the present century,\\ntogether with the thousand-and-one or more useless\\ntheories, that have since been advanced for the cure of\\nthis difficulty by as many charlatans and humbugs have\\nprobably served only to make the stammerer the more\\ndiscouraged, and have crushed his hopes of ever obtain-\\ning positive relief or permanent cure.\\nI shall not attempt to go into detail and describe the\\nmany nonsensical ideas that stammerers from time to\\n13", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ntime have had imposed upon them by the countless\\nnumber of professors, whose dupes they have been\\nand to whom some of them have paid large sums of\\nmoney. Many of these persons have applied to us for\\ntreatment, after having been thus victimized, and have\\nrelated to us their former experiences. One stated that\\nhe had been treated by correspondence and that he had\\nbeen obliged to pay in advance for each letter of in-\\nstruction. Another had paid a large sum of money\\nfor a badly mutilated tongue. A third had been told,\\nas a great secret by a traveling professor (for which\\nhe had paid well), to wash his throat out every night\\nwith a gargle of salt and water and sleep with a pebble\\nunderneath his tongue. We have his statement for it\\nthat he continued to do this with faithful regularity for\\nmore than two years. A fourth told us that he had\\nbeen under the treatment of an advertising physician,\\nand produced as evidence a bundle of prescriptions. A\\nfifth had worn an electrical band around his waist, to\\nwhich were attached wires connecting with a pocket\\nbattery. A sixth had unluckily fallen into the hands\\nof a hypnotist, who guaranteed to cure him in a half\\nhour. A seventh had been placed under a heavy\\npenalty of revealing the secret, and told if she would\\nmove her head backwards and forwards every time she\\nattempted to speak, she would in this manner open the\\nglottis and the result would be a perfect and continuous\\nflow of speech.\\nI could go on in this manner and fill a whole vol-\\nume with the experiences of hundreds of stammerers\\nwho have been thus defrauded and victimized by these\\n14", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ncharlatans, from many of whom they received not one\\nparticle of benefit, although their experience cost them,\\nin many instances, an expenditure of a great deal of\\ntime and money. In fact, I have arrived at the con-\\nclusion that persons thus victimized are made worse\\nthan they were before their contemplation of treatment.\\nThus, for years and years, have been practiced differ-\\nent modes and methods for the cure of this distressing\\nmalady, the unfortunate sufferer finding out too late\\nthat he had been the victim of some dishonest quack,\\nwilling to take his money from him regardless of the\\nbenefit which he (the stammerer) should derive from\\nthe experience.\\nScarcely a day passes that we do not receive one or\\nmore letters giving a full and detailed account of former\\nexperiences through which stammerers thus victimized\\nhave passed. Many of our correspondents who have\\nundergone one or more of such treatments without suc-\\ncess express grave doubts as to a permanent cure. We\\nnever urge or offer inducements to such persons to\\nundergo treatment, but rest the matter entirely with\\nthemselves. If our recommendations prove insufficient\\nto convince them of the merits of our system, we furnish\\nthem with the names of a great number of persons who\\nhave attended our Institute or who know of the success\\nof our work, and ask them to write to any or all, if they\\nso desire, and ask an honest opinion concerning the re-\\nliability of our treatment.\\nI would dwell longer on this cause of distrust did I\\nnot believe that enough has already been said.\\nProfessor Herman Klencke, M. D., of Hanover, who\\n15", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nconducted a school for the cure of stammering as early\\nas 1840, and who was probably one of the first to de-\\nnounce as quackery surgical operations and advance\\nradical ideas for the treatment of stammering, very\\ncleverly draws the following comparison Many phy-\\nsicians and stutter doctors treat this disorder whose\\nseat and cause they know nothing about. The proce-\\ndure seems to me, continues Dr. Klencke, like that of\\na person who would attempt to catch up with the bright\\nspot which some one throws in his way by the reflec-\\ntion of the sun on a mirror, and who would strive to\\ntread out the spot or cover it up with his hands.\\nBefore entering into a discussion of the origin of\\nstammering let us first consider the following definitions\\nAristotle defined stammering as the inability to ar-\\nticulate a certain letter, and stuttering as the inability\\nto join one syllable with another.\\nMr. Potter, one of the latest, defines stammering, as\\ncommonly used, as a temporary inability to articulate,\\nthe organs being tightly held together; stuttering, as\\nthe repeated utterance of one sound before the next can\\nbe uttered, both resulting from an inability of the will\\nto control the organs of speech properly, and a defi-\\nciency of a ready response to the will by the organs\\nthemselves.\\nAgain we read Stammering, the inability to pro-\\nduce certain sounds, or the substitution of one sound\\nfor another.\\nI quote from another authority, Stammering is the\\nresult .of a functional disorder of that portion of the\\nbrain which presides over the faculty of speech.\\n16", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nA number of English and American writers use the\\nterms stuttering and stammering synonymously.\\nDr. Klencke draws the parallel as follows\\nSTUTTERING\\nist. The Stutterer immediately be-\\ngins to stutter violently when he is\\nobserved, and shows a spasmodic fear\\nand apprehension.\\n2d. He does not betray his defect\\nin slow, measured declamation or in\\nsinging, or when talking in syllabic\\nmeasure.\\n3d. He exhibits an agitation of\\nhis respiratory organs and conges-\\ntion of the blood in the chest and\\nhead, which is increased in propor-\\ntion to his efforts to overcome his\\ndifficulty, and there appears a con-\\nvulsive action of the chest, throat,\\nand head.\\n4th. He can correctly form all con-\\nsonants as separate sounds, without\\na loud tone or in a whisper, but be-\\ngins at once to stutter if he attempts\\nto join certain sounds with the voice\\nor with a vowel. His voice evidently\\nfails by the wrong action of the\\nmechanism of the muscles, respira-\\ntion, and voice function.\\nSTAMMERING\\nist. The Stammerer usually speaks\\nbetter when he is observed and\\nthus forced to pay attention to him-\\nself, and only under peculiar circum-\\nstances does he show fear and appre-\\nhension.\\n2d. He betrays his defect when\\ncareless, in singing, declamation, and\\nmeasured talking.\\n3d. He never exhibits an agitation\\nof his respiratory and blood circu-\\nlating organs, neither nervous nor\\nconvulsive action, and by action of\\nhis will he can partly or wholly over-\\ncome his defect.\\n4th. He does not have the least\\ndifficulty in the formation of his\\nvoice. He betrays his defect as much\\nin loud talking as in whispering,\\nand the combination of his defective\\nsounds with the vowel meets with\\nhindrance.\\nIn addition to the above, Dr. Klencke also gives\\nthe following: Stuttering is a defect which is mani-\\nfest only in talking and not in singing or declaiming.\\nIts causes lie in the auxiliary organs of speech in the\\norgans of respiration and vocalization, without the artic-\\nulating organs being primarily affected.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nStammering, on the contrary, is a defect which is\\nmanifest the same in singing and declaiming as in talk-\\ning. Its causes lie in the organs between the larynx\\nand the lips, in the articulating organs.\\nProf. A. Kussmaul, of Strassburg, says, in Ziems-\\nsen s Cyclopedia of the Practice of Medicine, Vol. 14,\\npage 633, Stammering consists in the incapacity to\\npronounce the letters properly, while in stuttering there\\nis temporarily a spasmodic inability to vocalize certain\\nsounds, especially the explosive consonants.\\nThe above definitions are but a few of a great\\nnumber we have been given at different times by differ-\\nent authorities. In fact, such a great number of the-\\nories have been advanced, probably for the reason that\\nscarcely two persons experience this difficulty in exactly\\nthe same manner or under the same conditions, that\\nthe stammerer has been compelled to accept a con-\\nglomeration of ideas, concerning the real nature of his\\nmalady, and grope his way in the dark in his effort to\\nfree himself from his unfortunate affliction.\\nStammering has been confounded with stuttering\\nand vice versa, in consequence of which a multitude of\\nentirely dissimilar conditions of abnormal speech have\\nbeen neaped together and designated either stammer-\\ning or stuttering, a general cure applied, which,\\nin a few cases proved successful. The entanglement\\nbecame still more increased when the ignorance with\\nregard to stuttering, under which term at one time all\\nother defects of speech were included, stimulated the\\nsurgical craze to search for local causes. In conse-\\nquence of this entanglement of ideas concerning the\\n18", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nreal causes and conditions of stammering there sprang\\nforth as many ideas setting forth innumerable methods\\nof treatment. I do not wish to infer that all per-\\nsons thus interested were impostors, but would rather\\nattribute the mistakes of many of them to ignorance of\\nthe true origin of the difficulty. While many errors\\nwere thus being made, much good was being accom-\\nplished, although the stammerer s tongue oftentimes\\nsuffered mutilation and untold misery for crimes of\\nwhich it was not guilty.\\nThe continued investigation on the part of eminent\\nscientists and physicians in search for an infallible\\nmethod of cure brought forth advanced ideas, which\\nsooner or later must abolish the crude theories of early\\ninvestigators.\\nTo the painstaking efforts of a few who gave almost\\ntheir entire lives to the study of this neglected subject\\nare we indebted for the fundamental principles from\\nwhich modern methods of treatment have evolved.\\nWhen I say modern methods of treatment I do not\\nrefer to the many schemes and trickeries that have\\nbeen imposed upon the stammerer by charlatans or\\npretentious professors, some of whom know not the\\nfirst principle of the correct basis for voice or tone pro-\\nduction, and a few of whom have amassed ill-gained\\nfortunes from the unfortunates who were unlucky\\nenough to fall into their clutches. I refer to the meth-\\nods of treatment and of business dealing entertained by\\na few conscientious and practical workers, who are\\nendeavoring in behalf of the stammerer to not only\\ncrush out the trickery and deception of these undeserv-\\n19", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ning persons and bury the crude practices of surgery,\\nbut who are striving to give to their fellowmen a practical\\nand thorough means of eradication for an affliction that\\nis probably one of the most severe, certainly one of the\\nmost neglected, of all human ailments.\\nIn conclusion of my remarks concerning the differ-\\nence between the definitions of the terms stammering\\nand stuttering, I give herewith, in a single sentence,\\nthe concensus of opinion of the best authorities of mod-\\nern times of this country and Europe, supported by\\nmy own personal experience as a sufferer from a\\nmost severe type of stammering for more than twenty\\nyears.\\nStammering. The inability, under certain con-\\nditions, to articulate, or control the organs of speech,\\nwhich are usually, under such circumstances, tightly\\nheld together, accompanied in many cases, by the sub-\\nstitution of one sound for another.\\nStuttering. A defect in respiration and vocal-\\nization, oftentimes causing spasmodic action or the\\nrapid repetition of one word or syllable before the fol-\\nlowing one can be uttered.\\nThe former is due to a deficiency or lack of exer-\\ncise and control of mental energy of the will over the\\norgans of utterance, and is usually accompanied by\\ncontorting the features, rolling the eyes, or drawing the\\nlimbs. The latter, due to an improper manner of\\nbreathing and vocalization, is usually accompanied by\\nspasmodic actions of not only the speaking organs, but\\noftentimes the whole body becomes violently convulsed\\nand contorted.", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nHaving thus considered the definitions of stammer-\\ning and stuttering, let us now enter into and discuss the\\nreal origin or primary cause of this difficulty. If you\\nwill follow me closely, I will endeavor to carry you with\\nme through a practical and scientific investigation, and\\nlocate, if possible, the real source and origin of stammer-\\ning. I shall confine my statements wholly to my own\\npractical views on the subject, gathered from years of\\ncareful study of recognized authorities and from contact\\nwith many persons thus afflicted, both before and since\\nmy cure.\\nWe have already determined that stammering is an\\nimpediment of the speech. Let us consider. What is\\nspeech? Tupper has very appropriately said, Speech\\nis the golden harvest that followeth the flowering of\\nthought.\\nSpeech may also be considered a means of convey-\\nance. I might quote many definitions for this term,\\nbut do not think it necessary. It conveys to us by the\\nmost direct means the thoughts of men, and is probably\\nthe most important instrument God has given to us.\\nLet us then trace it to its origin, and, by breaking it up\\ninto different elements, analyze it to discover, if possible,\\nthe original cause of the stammerer s difficulty.\\nFIRST\\nIdeas are received, arising either from immediate\\nsensations, or originating in the brain in an abstract\\nmanner, and are arranged in proper succession by that\\norgan.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nSECOND\\nThe will determines to give this train of ideas ex-\\npression in any way it can. So far, the process of action\\ncan be called only mental.\\nTHIRD\\nThe stimulation to action of the motive nervous\\nsystem connected with the speaking organs.\\nFOURTH\\nThe motive nervous system thus stimulated gener-\\nates to action the vocal apparatus resulting in articulate\\nspeech.\\nEach step is, of course, tributary to the preceding\\none and as long as all act in harmony, one with another,\\nfluent speech and perfect articulation are the result.\\nThe question now arises, where in this chain do we\\nfind the deficiency that manifests itself in the stam-\\nmerer? Let us go back and discuss the first element\\nconsidered.\\nTo argue that the elaboration of thought in the brain\\nof the stammerer is deficient and its arrangement for\\nproduction unsystematic is to argue that the stammerer,\\nintellectually speaking, is not only weak minded, but\\nalso lacking of intelligence. Do we find this to be the\\ncase? The fact that many of the brightest and brainest\\nmen of ancient and modern times have suffered from\\nstammering is conclusive evidence that stammering is", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nnot due at least to any lack of intellectual power on the\\npart of the person thus afflicted.\\nHistory tells us of many notable persons who have\\nstammered.\\nIt is announced that Louis II. of France and\\nMichael II. were both surnamed Le Begue, meaning\\nstammerer. Louis XIII. of France was also a stam-\\nmerer. The Rev. Canon Kingsley was a stam-\\nmerer. Charles Lamb was a stutterer, and the notable\\nphysicians, Viosin, Palmer, Chegoin, Merkel, Guil-\\nlaume, D Alais, Bacquerel, and Cohen were all stam-\\nmerers, ^sop, Virgil, and Demosthenes were likewise\\nafflicted. Mrs. Inchbold, the famous English actress,\\nwas another who triumphed over a difficulty of speech.\\nMahomet-el-Rasser, King of Spain Eric, King of\\nSweden; Admiral Annebant; Tahtaglia, the Italian\\nengineer Bossy d Anglas, the painter Daird the\\ncritic Hoffman Camille Desmoulins, celebrated French\\nrevolutionist and journalist, and Martin F. Tupper, the\\ncelebrated English poet, all suffered from stammering\\nas did also the Hon. Wm. A. Graham, United States\\nSenator and Governor of North Carolina in 1850.\\nAllusions to this disorder are found also in the Bible.\\nMoses was a notable example. The Ephraimites, and\\nthose whom Jesus cured of their impediments of speech.\\nHaving thoroughly satisfied ourselves that the\\ndefect is not manifest in the first element of speech, let\\nus proceed to and consider the second. The will\\ndetermines to give this train of ideas expression in any\\nway it can. Is the desire to give utterance by physical\\nact to internal thought in any way necessarily lacking\\n23", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nin the stammerer originally? If so, the defect must\\narise from either excessive or deficient energy or desire,\\nin which case we would find that the stammerer, dur-\\ning infancy, before speech is complete, would be wholly\\nunable to cry. It uses this means of making known its\\nwants, and if the defect originated from a deficient or\\nexcessive mental desire, we would find this child, when\\nit attempted to make known its wants, would not only\\nbe wholly unable to do so, but would, through its\\nefforts, betray all the symptoms of a stammerer. We\\nusually find, however, that the stammerer as a child\\ndoes not betray the symptoms of his affliction. It is\\nnot until a more complex action is thrown upon his\\nmotive powers that his defect is noticeable.\\nLet us consider the third. The stimulation to\\naction of the motive nervous system connected with the\\nspeaking organs. [My belief is that here in this medium,\\nwhich might appropriately be termed The mental\\nenergy of the will acting on the accumulated nervous\\nforce of the motor organism of the body, exists the\\noriginal cause of abnormal speech. I believe that there\\nexists in some persons an idiosyncrasy amounting\\nprobably to an irritability or sensibility of fibre in that\\nportion of the brain which controls the motions\\nrequisite for the production of speech, and that this pe-\\nculiarity exposes this portion of the brain to be most\\neasily disarranged with the result that the organs co-op-\\nerating are thrown into spasmodic action by the ordi-\\nnary mental desire to speak. The peculiarity would\\nappear to me rather a difference in sensibility than in\\nstructure, from the circumstance that very many fluent\\n24", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nspeakers if not all persons are, in a measure, liable to\\nthe affection. Very powerful causes, such as horror,\\nexcessive perplexity, or shame will, under some cir-\\ncumstances, partially paralyze or convulse the power of\\nspeech in ordinary persons. The great distinction,\\nhowever, being that the stammerer requires but a\\nslight cause to overturn the balance of his machinery\\nof speech, while the ordinary individual would require\\nsome extreme cause, such as seldom occurs, to affect\\nhis fluency, and even then can easily recover again by\\nthe exercise of his will and reasoning faculties.\\nHaving by this analysis detected what would ap-\\npear to be the weak point, let us now proceed to the\\nfourth element and find if there, too, exists any de-\\nficiency that would cause stammering. You will at\\nonce agree that there is not the slightest ground for the\\nsupposition that stammering is in any way attributable\\nto physical defect or direct physical inaction of the\\nvocal apparatus. The effect of the difficulty experi-\\nenced by the stammerer is, of course, manifest to the\\nobserver principally in the organs of speech, yet the\\nreal cause of the malady is of a more obscure origin\\nand by no means attributable to malformation of the\\nspeaking organs.\\nFrom an experience of meeting many hundred\\nstammerers, I have as yet never found one case where\\nthe difficulty was attributable to wrongly formed organs\\nof speech. The fact that the stammerer can sometimes\\nsing without the slightest difficulty, can oftentimes read\\naloud to himself without the least fear of hesitation, and\\ncan at times speak perfectly words that give him the\\n25", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ngreatest difficulty generally, is sufficient evidence in\\nproof of the above assertion. I do not wish to infer\\nthat the stammerer is any different in this respect from\\nother persons. Because he stammers, it does not fol-\\nlow that his organs of speech are perfect, but he is no\\nmore likely to suffer from malformation of the organs\\nof speech than are persons not afflicted with stam-\\nmering.\\nI scarcely think it necessary to offer any further\\nargument in support of my statement that the real\\norigin of the stammerer s difficulty is found in the third\\nelement considered. For abstract mind to act on ab-\\nstract bodily organs, it is necessary that there be a\\nmedium. In this medium, I believe, exists, the real\\norigin of the stammerer s difficulty. Though hesitation\\nis only a thing of degree from the most fluent speaker\\ndown to the most convulsed stammerer, yet practically\\nspeaking, stammering does not begin until hesitation\\nhas arrived at such a pitch that the sufferer, by the\\nexercise of his reasoning faculties, cannot collect him-\\nself and become master of the situation.\\nThe reason that many children do not betray the\\naffliction of stammering until they have attained the age\\nof boyhood, is because in early life the mental desire is\\nnot excessive. It is probably the same as in any other\\nchild endeavoring to be understood. As life advances,\\nmental power develops, and when the child has become\\nsufficiently old to use its mental functions to any de-\\ngree, it discovers an inability to express itself, either\\nfrom hesitancy or convulsive action. This difficulty is\\nowing to the disturbance of mental emotion, the child\\n26", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthrough original physical weakness* not being able to\\nbear more than the ordinary stimulus of the mind and\\nwill without betraying its defect. During the earlier\\ndays of its childhood, the mental activity was not as\\ngreat, and hence the child stammered but little or\\nprobably not at all.\\nThe attention of the child is continually attracted to\\nthis peculiarity, which soon becomes second nature to\\nit, and added to the original physical weakness, the\\nconstantly increasing mental emotion soon overbalances\\nthe equilibrium of control, and although the original\\nphysical weakness may almost entirely disappear as the\\nchild advances in age, yet the difficulty of stammering\\nremains.\\nIt is an impossibility to determine, in any case of\\nstammering, the exact amount of excess of mental emo-\\ntion or deficiency of motive power.\\nArguing from a supposition that these two influ-\\nences, mental emotion and motive power, equally dis-\\ntributed would give to a person the ability to converse\\nwithout hesitation under ordinary circumstances, I will\\nendeavor to demonstrate by means of bodies of com-\\nparative sizes the difference between mild and severe\\ntypes of stammering.\\nThere appears to exist in many stammerers a condition predisposed to the\\ndevelopment of the defect. This idiosyncrasy exposes the brain fibre to easy\\ndisarrangement, and the organs co-operating are thrown into spasmodic ac-\\ntion by the ordinary mental desire to speak.\\n27-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nNo. i\\nThis body represents a person who can talk\\nwithout hesitation under ordinary circum-\\nstances. If confronted with embarrassment,\\nexcitement, shame, or perplexity, mental emo-\\ntion would increase to a degree sufficient to\\noverbalance motive power, resulting in hesita-\\ntion, stammering, or convulsive action.\\nNo. 2\\nThis body represents a stammerer wholly\\nunable to control himself under ordinary cir-\\ncumstances.\\nNo. 3\\nThis body represents a person who con-\\ntinually suffers from hesitation or who is\\naddicted to stammering in a slight degree.\\nNo. 4\\nThis body represents a most violent and\\nsevere form of stammering, oftentimes accom-\\npanied by dreadful contortions of the face and\\nconvulsive action of the muscles and limbs.\\nNo. 5\\nThis body represents the ordinary individ-\\nual. Such a person would hesitate only under\\nextreme excitement, and would rarely if ever\\nlose control of his speech.\\n28-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nNo. 6\\nThis body represents unusual ability to\\nspeak with confidence under the most trying\\ntest or circumstances, without the slightest\\nuneasiness or apprehension of imperfect ut-\\nterance.\\nThe illustrations herewith presented represent but\\nfour different classes or degrees of stammering. There\\nwill be found to exist as many different degrees of\\nstammering as there are individuals afflicted, as scarcely\\ntwo persons can be found who experience difficulty in\\nexactly the same manner. The influences, too, that\\ncause the stammerer to betray his defect may be en-\\ntirely different. One person will invariably stammer\\nwhen brought into the presence of strangers, but never\\nexperience much difficulty among the members of his\\nown household. Another will scarcely, if ever, betray\\nhis defect before strangers, but will invariably stammer\\nwhen in conversation with immediate friends. One\\nperson can speak from a platform to a public audience\\nafter he has once entered into his subject, the great\\ndifficulty being in getting started. Another is able to\\nbegin without the slightest apparent difficulty, but will\\ncontinually stammer when he gets warmed up to the\\noccasion.\\nWhile it may be impossible to analyze the different\\nphenomena of innumerable cases of this kind, we can\\nwithout difficulty draw a parallel between two distinct\\nand separate classes, I will call these for brevity and\\nillustration:\\n29", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nA\\nTHE PHYSICAL TYPE\\nB\\nTHE MENTAL TYPE\\nThe former (A) is comparatively but little compli-\\ncated with mental emotion, while on the other hand the\\nlatter (B) has probably lost much of the original phys-\\nical weakness, but from the overbalance of the equilib-\\nrium or control, suffers materially from mental\\nemotion and is easily agitated and made worse. Some\\ncases of the mental type, however, retain much of the\\noriginal physical defect.\\nThe nature of the former is almost entirely due to\\nlack of motive power or original physical weakness,\\nwhile the nature of the latter is almost entirely mental,\\nthe result of continually increasing and decreasing men-\\ntal emotion. Stammerers who come under the denomi-\\nnation of Class A are troubled continually, more or less,\\nnever much better, never much worse, always about the\\nsame. Excitement, shame, perplexity, anxiety, embar-\\nrassment, or impaired health does not much increase the\\nseverity of their affliction, while on the other hand\\nstammerers who might be designated as belonging to\\nClass B experience during certain periods and while\\nunder certain conditions, scarcely any difficulty, but\\nwhen suddenly confronted with excitement, shame,\\nperplexity, anxiety, or when suffering from fatigue, ex-\\nhaustion, or impaired health, they invariably stammer\\nand sometimes violently.\\nMr. A has the ability to address a public audience\\nwith as little trouble as he might experience when read-\\ning aloud to himself, while Mr. B could read aloud to\\n3 o", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nhimself with perfect ease and composure, but when\\ncalled upon to speak publicly, owing to his stronger\\nmental emotions, would be wholly unable to do so with-\\nout betraying his impediment to a very great extent.\\nThe different peculiarities of stammering manifested\\nin persons belonging to either class would fill several\\ncomplete volumes. The constant apprehension of fear\\non the subject of speaking entertained by the stammerer\\nkeeps his nerves continually in a state of agitation and\\nunrest. His anxiety to speak fluently, the dread and\\nfear that he may not be able to do so, together with the\\nhumiliation of an exhibition of his infirmity combine to\\nincrease the severity of his affliction. Many persons\\nbelieve that stammering is the result of nervousness,\\nbut a second thought would, I think, convince them\\nthat nervousness is more often the result of stammering.\\nThis has been my experience, and the proof is evident\\nfrom the fact that when the stammerer has gained con-\\ntrol of his speaking organs, his nervousness has almost\\nentirely disappeared. Having become master of the\\nsituation, there is not the least fear or apprehension on\\nthe subject of speaking, and thus the one great agi-\\ntator of his nervous system having been removed,\\ngradually the nerves settle back to a normal condition\\nof rest giving the once nervous and prostrated sufferer\\ncomplete self-control.\\nPersons who stutter, usually suffer only in a slight\\ndegree from an excess of mental emotion typical with\\nthe stammerer.\\nThe physical weakness of the stutterer may almost\\nentirely disappear and yet the stuttering habit remain,", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nowing to recollection, carelessness, force of habit, and\\nassociation.\\nThe origin of stuttering is not generally attributable\\nto the same source as the origin of stammering, and\\nstuttering is more easily conquered and subdued. This\\nis explained by the fact that when the original physical\\nweakness of the stammerer disappears, we have left the\\nmental phase of the difficulty to contend with, while\\nwith the stutterer, we have but to correct an improper\\nmode of respiration and vocalization, strengthen and\\ndevelop the vocal and respiratory organs and gain an\\nequilibrium of control. This accomplished, we have\\nestablished a foundation upon which to build a cure.\\nThe diagnosis and symptoms of a number of cases\\nthat have come under my observation would indicate\\nthat not a few persons who stammer and who suffer\\nfrom excessive mental emotion have also acquired\\npeculiar forms of stuttering. In their strained and\\nlabored efforts to give utterance to certain syllables or\\nwords, they have unconsciously acquired an improper\\nmode of breathing. Losing control of their respiratory\\norgans, they become wholly unable to vocalize certain\\nsounds, their efforts resulting in contraction or convul-\\nsive action.\\nWhatever may be the outward manifestation of\\nstammering or stuttering, one who has not passed\\nthrough the ordeal can form no conception of the mental\\ntorture endured by persons who are thus unfortunately\\nafflicted.\\n32", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CURABLE AND INCURABLE\\nFORMS OF STAMMERING\\nBY GEO. ANDREW LEWIS\\nPaper read before the Michigan Association of Elocutionists at Ann Arbor\\nMichigan, January gth, 1897.\\nMANY persons appear to think that the term Stam-\\nmering is synonymous with Stuttering, and that all forms\\nof imperfect speech accompanied by convulsive action\\nor emotion are similar in type. In other words, they do\\nnot seem to realize that there is a difference of form in\\nstammering, but regard all forms as stammering, and\\nunder this head classify as one many different types.\\nWhile it may in a general way be correct to classify all\\nunder one head, yet, professionally speaking, there are\\nalmost as may different types of stammering as there\\nare types of man, and each one has its own peculiar\\nphenomenon.\\nBefore entering into a discussion of different forms,\\nit might be well to make a division or classification.\\n3 \u00e2\u0080\u009433", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nSTAMMERING AND STUTTERING\\nWhile we all know that stammering as generally\\naccepted embraces both of these forms, yet each has\\na distinct and separate meaning and can again be\\nsubdivided and admits of numerous classifications.\\nStammering is more often inherited, the result of a\\npredisposed condition while stuttering, which closely\\nresembles it, takes it origin through nervous weakness.\\nHowever, this is not always the case, as stuttering is\\noftentimes converted or allowed to develop into stam-\\nmering. Stammering is almost wholly a disease of the\\nmind or a mental condition, while on the other hand,\\nstuttering is generally due to an improper manner of\\nrespiration or of syllabication, and is largely an acquired\\nor physical condition. When I state that stuttering is\\nsometimes converted into stammering, I mean that a\\nphysical condition becomes a mental one. Stuttering\\nis generally accompanied with more dreadful facial con-\\ntortions and convulsive action of the limbs than stam-\\nmering, and it is partly for this reason (owing to such\\nintense agony and humiliation over the exhibition of his\\ninfirmity) that his case develops into stammering. The\\nfatigue, worry, and exhaustion makes his condition a\\nmental one. Sometimes we have to deal with cases of\\nthis kind that are under process of evolution, and which\\nwe term\\nCOMBINED STAMMERING AND STUTTERING\\nStammering never evolves into stuttering, but, as\\nalready demonstrated, stuttering, if neglected, oftentimes\\n34", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nbecomes stammering. Persons who suffer from a type\\nof combined stammering and stuttering usually manifest\\na wrong mode of respiration, are addicted in a slight\\ndegree to the rapid repetition of their words and sylla-\\nbles, and yet oftentimes are wholly unable to raise their\\nvoice to express a word. My intention is to present to\\nyou a number of the most important forms of stammer-\\ning that are curable and a few that are incurable.\\nSTUTTERING\\nThe stutterer no doubt is responsible for all the rid-\\nicule that is heaped upon the stammerer and for all the\\nmirth that some people seem to enjoy over his sad con-\\ndition. He invariably repeats his words or syllables in\\nrapid and quick succession, and oftentimes resorts to\\nvarious physical movements, apparently to aid him in\\nhis efforts. He pulls chairs, slaps or pounds himself,\\ninvoluntarily, rolls his eyes, and contorts his features.\\nStrange to say, I have known some stutterers of this\\ntype who proved the most susceptible to treatment, and\\nwere entirely cured in an incredibly short time. This\\ncan only be accounted for from the fact that the diffi-\\nculty was largely of the physical type, and had little if\\nany mental complication. With obedience to instruc-\\ntions on the part of the patient, and with an ordinary\\namount of intelligence, any case of stuttering is curable.\\nSTAMMERING\\nIt can be said of the stammerer that he is generally\\nunable to make a beginning. He knows what he wants\\n~35", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nto say, but is unable to utter a sound. As already ex-\\nplained, his defect is rather one of the mind than of the\\nspeech, the organs of speech merely acting as an out-\\nward manifestation of an abnormal condition of the\\nbrain.\\nSTAMMERING FROM HEREDITY\\nProbably the most severe form of stammering, and\\none of the most difficult to successfully manipulate, is\\nthat which comes from heredity. Such cases are not\\nby any means rare, as a great number of those with\\nwhich we have to deal originate from this source. There\\nis not the least doubt but that a disposition toward\\nstammering can be inherited and transmitted from one\\ngeneration to another, and, in this connection, I will say\\nthat I know of one family in which no less than sixteen\\npersons are addicted to stammering. This number em-\\nbraces brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins, and\\nnearly every one of them are troubled similarly. Cases\\nof hereditary stammering in one family rarely bear the\\nsame manifestations. The father may be addicted to\\nstuttering of a most violent form, and his son afflicted\\nwith a type of stammering that would appear to the ob-\\nserver entirely different. Wherever persons in one fam-\\nily are addicted to stammering, we rarely find two who\\nstammer similarly. In hereditary stammering, we have\\na condition of the mind that in the beginning is abnor-\\nmal and which requires mental training and discipline\\nto thoroughly eradicate. Cases of hereditary stammer-\\ning are common and with proper treatment and care,\\ncan be entirely overcome.\\n-36-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nIt is generally supposed that stammering itself can\\nbe inherited. This, however, is a wrong supposition.\\nA condition, or disposition, favorable to the develop-\\nment of stammering can be inherited, but stammering\\nitself cannot be inherited. If stammering could be\\ntransmitted from one generation to another we would\\nfind that children disposed to stammer would exhibit\\ntheir defect at their earliest infancy. This we rarely\\nfind, and, in fact, never unless the child so disposed be\\nsurrounded with stammering parents and stammering\\ninfluences. On the contrary, we find in the majority\\nof cases, that the child stammerer (even where its in-\\nfirmity is said to be due to heredity) does not com-\\nmence to stammer when it first begins to talk, or, in\\nother words, its stammering does not begin until after\\nit has acquired a perfectly correct and natural manner\\nof talking.\\nIt is said that consumption cannot be inherited. One\\ncan be favorably disposed to the development of this\\ndread disease, and the disposition towards it can exist\\nin a whole family. Yet with proper climatic changes\\nand otherwise, a means can often be had to entirely\\nprevent its ravages. It can, in fact, be so guarded that\\nall danger, or, at least, danger to a reasonable degree, is\\nwholly warded off. What otherwise would have been\\na complete wreck can sometimes with care from the\\nbeginning be made a robust constitution. This also\\nis true of stammering. From its earliest infancy sur-.\\nround the child who has inherited a disposition to\\nstammer with persons who talk well, never unduly\\nexcite it, never tickle it, avoid for it every possible\\n37", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nform of sickness accompanied by fever, never subject it\\nto shame or ridicule, or otherwise place it in an embar-\\nrassing position, take it away from every stammering\\ninfluence and from every person who stammers, allow\\nit to acquire correct articulation and a correct manner of\\nspeaking from observation, listening, and mimicry, and\\nlook carefully after its health. After it has attained its\\ntenth year guard its morals and habits until its six-\\nteenth year. Feed it on wholesome, plain diet and have\\nit take plenty of out-of-door exercise. After you have\\ndone all this you can in nine cases out of ten make a per-\\nfect talker out of what otherwise would prove a case of\\ninherited stammering, but which, if properly taken care\\nof from the beginning, can be largely prevented and in\\nthe majority of cases entirely overcome.\\nSTAMMERING FROM FRIGHT\\nWhile, personally, I know of but few cases that owe\\ntheir origin to fright, yet statistics prove that such cases\\nfrequently occur. I have within my recollection a few\\ncases of this kind, and have generally found that they\\nare of a milder form than other cases of which I have\\nspoken. However, among cases of this kind, I remem-\\nber an extremely difficult one. The parents of the boy\\ntold me that during his early childhood, he had fallen\\ns upon a splinter, which cut his mouth badly and tore\\naway a portion of his tongue. The nervous shock and\\nfright thereby occasioned had caused the child to stam-\\nnr j, and it was only after a long and persistent treat-\\n3 8-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nment that we succeeded in entirely overcoming his\\ndifficulty. It has been claimed that stammering caused\\nby fright is one of the most difficult forms to cure, but\\nfrom my own experience in the matter, such has not\\nbeen the case.\\nSTAMMERING CAUSED BY SICKNESS\\nWe not infrequently meet with cases of stammering\\nthat began after severe illness. It might be well to state\\nhere that in every such case, the sickness occasioning\\nthe difficulty was accompanied with high fever, diph-\\ntheria, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, mumps, measles,\\nbronchitis, etc., etc. The circumstance that it is only in\\ncases of sickness accompanied with delirium that we\\nhave the manifestations of stammering would seem to\\nindicate that the fever was wholly responsible for this\\nuncontrollable condition, and largely responsible for the\\npermanent injury effected. We find stammering follow-\\ning severe illness only where the latter is of a feverish\\nnature, which would appear to strengthen my argument\\nthat stammering is a disease of the mind. Persons who\\nattribute their stammering to illness sometimes find,\\nupon investigation, that their organism was predisposed\\nto the development of their defect. Although some of\\ntheir ancestors suffered before them from the defect,\\nthey probably would never have suffered but for an ill-\\nness which lowered their vitality, exhausted their en-\\nergy, and which gave their predisposed condition an\\nopportunity to assert and manifest itself. In the be-\\nginning their motive power to act was not excessive,\\n39", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nbut sufficient to establish an equilibrium of control.\\nThrough illness, the vital energy becoming reduced,\\ntheir motive power of action became deficient. The\\nequilibrium of control once overthrown, offered an ex-\\ncellent opportunity for the rapid development of their\\ninherited condition. This form of stammering is gener-\\nally very susceptible to successful treatment.\\nSTAMMERING FROM MIMICRY\\nMy experience has been that fully 25 per cent, of\\npersons who stammer have either acquired their difficulty\\nat the beginning from mimicry, or have unconsciously\\nfallen into the habit through association with other\\npersons thus afflicted. At first, the habit manifests itself\\nmuch after the form of stuttering, which, as explained\\nin the beginning, afterwards terminates in stammering.\\nIn my experience I have been in communication with\\nmany thousand persons who stammer and have person-\\nally met a great number. From what they have told\\nme in their letters, and from what I have learned of\\ntheir cases, a large percentage can attribute their diffi-\\nculty only to mimicry or to association with other per-\\nsons so afflicted. Such cases usually rapidly develop\\nduring childhood and become chronic as the individual\\nadvances in years. You will remember that each case\\nI have cited has been due to some mental disturbance,\\nexcepting probably that form which comes from mim-\\nicry. This generally is not a form of stammering, but\\nbecomes stammering through worry and continued\\nmental agitation of the sufferer. All cases of stammer-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ning are either the result of a predisposed condition, are\\nan evolutionized form of stuttering, or are the result of\\nextreme mental effort or agitation. Many children just\\nlearning to talk are made to stammer by overtaxing\\ntheir mental faculties. The parents, noticing the par-\\nticularly clear enunciation of the child, endeavor to have\\nit recite long sentences and pronounce extremely dim-\\ncult words, with the result that this practice is often the\\nbeginning of stammering. A child should never be\\ntickled or in other ways made to laugh too heartily.\\nThere is a place to draw the line, and parents should\\navoid making their little ones overstep the boundary.\\nI quote from Professor Hermann Klencke: Stam-\\nmering is not independent it is not a disease by itself.\\nIt is nothing that a person can have alone and be well\\nin other respects. It is in every case a symptom, only\\na reflex action of a predominating mental and physical\\ndisease.\\nIn this I think Professor Klencke is correct. We\\nhave many different forms and types of stammering, but\\nrarely find a case that is not accompanied with an ab-\\nnormal condition of the vital force and a consequent\\nfunctional nervous derangement, the perverse action of\\ninnervation and muscle. Cases of stammering attribu-\\ntable to mimicry are generally not difficult to cure, as\\nthe condition is largely an acquired or physical one,\\nand has but little of the mental complication.\\nSpeaking of different forms of stammering, probably\\nthe most severe type, barring the inherited condition, is\\nwhat might properly be termed constitutional stammer-\\ning.\\n41^", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nCONSTITUTIONAL STAMMERING\\nThis form of stammering usually accompanies a\\nweakened condition of the whole system, and may be\\ndue to overgrowth or by reason of an insufficient supply\\nof vital force. Such persons suffer from general nervous\\ndebility, nervous trembling, and weakness of the whole\\norganism. It requires, in addition to the regular course\\nof treatment, the building up of health and the strength-\\nening of the constitution. This can sometimes be ac-\\ncomplished in an auxiliary way by medical aid, but\\npreferably by physical and gymnastic exercises.\\nINTERMITTENT STAMMERING\\nIntermittent stammering is a form of constitutional\\nstammering, where the severity of the affliction alternates\\nin direct ratio with the health or physical condition of\\nthe afflicted. For instance, these persons find, when\\ntheir physical condition is good, that they experience\\nbut little difficulty, but, on the contrary, when their\\nphysical condition is poor, they stammer badly. Some-\\ntimes for two weeks they will barely stammer once, while\\nduring the following fortnight they will stammer con-\\ntinually and oftentimes dreadfully. In the treatment of\\nintermittent or constitutional stammering, particular\\nstress should be laid upon diet and exercise. It has\\nbeen said of stammering that it is only a species of\\nmoral cowardice, arising from physical weakness. This\\nis no doubt largely true in cases of constitutional stam-\\nmering. If we improve the physique in every possible\\n42", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nway, we restore the natural bravery of the sufferer.\\nLet him retire early and rise early take plenty of exer-\\ncise in the open air and undergo at the same time a\\nsystematic course of gymnastic training indoors, under\\nthe direction of a competent instructor for the develop-\\nment of his weakened muscles and organs. This aids\\nlargely to a successful treatment, and with obedience to\\ninstructions, both for his natural defect and for his\\nhealth, will surely accomplish the desired object.\\nNERVOUS STAMMERING AND STUTTERING\\nWhile all forms of stammering and stuttering are\\naccompanied by nervousness, yet in the majority of\\ncases the accompanying nervousness is due to stammer-\\ning, and not, as generally supposed, stammering due to\\nnervousness. Remove the stammering and the nerv-\\nousness disappears. However, we have in a few in-\\nstances met cases where the nervousness was a part of\\nthe man. Professor Klencke says, This kind of stam-\\nmering is the hardest to cure and the most common.\\nWhile I take exception to Professor Klencke concern-\\ning its being the most common, yet I cannot say but\\nthat it is one of the hardest forms with which we have\\nto deal. It bears a resemblance to certain forms of St.\\nVitus dance, and is influenced by changes of circum-\\nstances, changes of weather, is worse in the mornings\\nthan in the afternoons, and is accompanied with facial\\ncontortions, active mind, irritable temperament, and\\nlively fancy with forebodings of failure. Notwithstand-\\ning the obstinacy of this form of stammering, we have\\nnever failed in our efforts to overcome it.\\n43", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nSTAMMERING FROM AN IMPROPER MODE\\nOF RESPIRATION\\nThere is no doubt but that many types of stammer-\\ning are accompanied by an improper mode of respira-\\ntion, yet in the majority of instances we find that cases\\nof stuttering are more often associated with this defect\\nthan are cases of stammering. However, stammerers\\nof this class are quite numerous. Their chest is usually\\nflat; a deep breath will cause them to cough or gasp.\\nThey are averse to contact with strangers and are\\nusually moody and listless. This form of stammering\\nyields readily to treatment.\\nSTAMMERING OF THE MIND\\nStammering of the mind appears as a form that\\ntakes its origin where hesitation is developing into\\nstammering, and where it is difficult for the sufferer to\\ncontrol his speech by means of exercising his will or\\nreasoning faculties. Such persons are oftentimes termed\\nflighty. They enter into any undertaking at once with\\nspirited enthusiasm, and abandon it as readily. They\\nare whimsical and erratically engage in every undertak-\\ning. Their ideas travel faster than they are physically\\nable to execute their thoughts, which not only enters\\ninto their everyday life, but is also largely mani-\\nfest in their conversation. They begin to talk and\\nbefore they have finished one word, they begin the\\nsyllable of the word following. Before they have made\\nsense of one sentence, they begin another on probably\\n44", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nsome entirely different topic. Their words are discon-\\nnected and their sentences are slurred. When they are\\nclosely observed by persons of superior position and\\nrank, they become confused and talk in a disconnected\\nand illogical manner. With the strictest discipline,\\ntheir difficulty can be entirely overcome.\\nSTAMMERING THROUGH NEGLECT\\nThere is not the slightest doubt, but that a few per-\\nsons who stammer or stutter have gradually allowed the\\ndifficulty to grow upon them. They do not realize the\\nimportance of correct articulation, and allow themselves\\nto hesitate, mispronounce, and slur their syllables. Of\\ncourse, in the beginning it is nothing more than hesita-\\ntion, but what when they have lost the moral mastery\\nover it, and, through habit, it has become securely\\nfastened to them, not to be shaken off. These cases\\nare common, and are worthy of attention. As difficulty\\nof this kind is largely of the acquired or habitual char-\\nacter, it can, with proper treatment, be entirely eradi-\\ncated.\\nTHE SENSITIVE STAMMERER\\nAll stammerers are more or less sensitive. The\\nmajority of them are more, and I have known a few who\\nwere less. As a stammerer, I was extremely sensitive\\nover my infirmity and remember once having severely\\npunished a young fellow who imitated my contortions.\\nThey do not want you to speak of their affliction, and\\nmust be approached in a very cautious manner. Of all\\n45", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nclasses of afflicted humanity, I think the stammerer is\\nthe most sensitive. Among them there is a form of the\\ndifficulty that is accompanied with an extremely sensitive\\ntemperament. We do not find that this makes the case\\nless responsive to treatment, as the stammering disap-\\npears with the sensitiveness when the patient is put un-\\nder treatment.\\nNASAL STAMMERING\\nJust at this point I wish to call your attention to a\\nform of this difficulty which might properly be termed\\nnasal stammering. This kind of stammering is not by\\nany means rare, and has generally been considered as\\nnot the easiest type to cure. The sufferer, instead of\\nallowing his words to pass out through the mouth in the\\nnatural manner, throws his head back and forth with\\nconvulsive action. There is a peculiar nasal sound, and\\nthe air, which should pass through the mouth, is forced\\nout through the nostrils, giving the words an unnatural\\nand rather disagreeable utterance. All forms of nasal\\nstammering can be readily overcome and entirely\\neradicated.\\nSILENT STAMMERING\\nSilent stammering is common, and is often termed\\nStoppage in Speech. There is no facial effort or\\nother observable indication of speaking. The effort is\\nwholly a mental one, not even the expression of the\\neye or a muscle of the face indicating the struggle\\n4 6-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwithin. The word, when it does come, is often mis-\\npronounced or pronounced in an incoherent manner.\\nIf allowed to repeat the sentence, the speaker will\\npronounce his words perfectly, but usually it requires\\nseveral consecutive trials. When you ask him a ques-\\ntion suddenly, if embarrassed he will stand perfectly\\ntransfixed, unable to utter a word. This form or type\\nof stammering has many peculiar and interesting phe-\\nnomena in connection with it, and often enters into\\nvarious other combinations. It can be entirely over-\\ncome with proper mental training in addition to the\\ngeneral course of treatment.\\nBOISTEROUS STAMMERING\\nContrasted with the silent stammerer, we have the\\nboisterous stammerer. This man tangles up his words\\nin a most fearful manner, gasps for breath, utters various\\nhissing and gurgling sounds, and throws himself con-\\nstantly back and forth, or from side to side, stammers\\noften, contorts his features and muscles, and otherwise\\nmakes himself generally obnoxious. While this form\\nof stammering is apparently severe, yet it oftentimes\\nhappens that it is very easy to cure.\\nCONTINUED STAMMERING\\nWhile all forms and types of stammering are to a\\ngreater or less degree continued, yet there is a distinct\\nform which can be described only under this heading.\\nThe continued stammerer is an inveterate stammerer.\\n47", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nHe always stammers and stammers always. There is no\\nchange in his manner of stammering from one year s\\nend to the other, or even from one day to the next.\\nUnlike the intermittent stammerer, he never experiences\\nspells when he talks easily and when he talks worse.\\nClimatic changes, changes of health, excitement or\\nembarrassment do not enhance the severity of his im-\\npediment. He has no particular words or sounds that\\ngive him great difficulty, but all words and all sounds\\nbother him equally. He is not insensitive, yet he is\\nnot as sensitive as persons of the intermittent class.\\nSuch cases of stammering are rare, and I have met\\ncomparatively few of them in my experience. How\\never, those I have come in contact with have been en\\ntirely successful in overcoming their defect.\\nTHE DESPONDENT OR SORROWFUL STAMMERER\\nAll stammerers are despondent at times, and the\\nmajority of them are sorrowful, but there is one class\\namong them always despondent and always sorrowful.\\nThey appear to carry around with them the burdens\\nof the whole world. They are moody and whimsi-\\ncal, their spirits rarely rise above a certain level. That\\nlevel is the point where sorrow can be turned into\\njoy. George Eliot, speaking of the secret sorrow, says,\\nThese things are often unknown to the world, for\\nthere is much pain that is quite noiseless. Many an\\ninherited sorrow that has marred a life has been\\nbreathed into no human ear. They are not always\\nburdening you with their cares and troubles, but appear", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nto prefer to suffer in silence. They talk but little,\\nprobably because they are unable to talk well. Occa-\\nsionally you will come upon one who, unlike the others\\nof his type, will continually seek to tell you of all his\\ncares. He rarely, if ever, tells you anything of a\\ncheerful nature, and is not much interested in anything\\ncheerful you may tell him, but talk to him of any-\\nthing sorrowful and he is at once interested. It reminds\\nhim of something he has heard before, but the tale he\\nwill tell you will be the more sorrowful of the two.\\nSuch persons usually require rigid discipline, and should\\never be encouraged in that which is cheerful and never\\nprovoked.\\nINCURABLE FORMS OF STAMMERING\\nTwo gentlemen called upon me less than a month\\nago with a young man, stating that they wished to place\\nhim under treatment for stammering. They had been\\nreferred to me by one of the hospitals of Detroit. After\\nmaking numerous inquiries of the father, I addressed\\nmy conversation to the boy. I asked him how old he\\nwas. He replied that he didn t know. Why, yes, you\\ndo, said the father, you re thirteen, and the boy\\nshook his head. I inferred that the boy was unable to\\nsay thirteen, and asked him again to tell me how old he\\nwas. He still shook his head and refused to reply.\\nNotwithstanding the requests of his father and my earn-\\nest solicitations, nothing could induce the fellow to say\\nthirteen. He would not even make the attempt. I have\\nno doubt but that he could have said it with extreme\\n4 \u00e2\u0080\u009449", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\neffort, and explained to him that I wished him to try, in\\norder that I might gain a better knowledge of his diffi-\\nculty, but to no effect. The young man was unusually\\nlarge of his age, and might have been taken for a boy of\\neighteen. His father took me into an adjoining room\\nand told me that the boy had a large pocket knife in his\\npossession, and that if I could get him interested in\\ntalking about the knife, I could probably gain an idea of\\nhis stammering. Strange to say, the only subject the\\nboy would talk upon was the knife, and it was indeed\\npitiful to listen to his vain efforts at talking. He stam-\\nmered worse, I think, than any person I had previously\\ncome in contact with, and the contortion of his face was\\nextremely painful. I asked him a number of questions\\nregarding his knife, and he endeavored to explain its\\nutility to me. It had a number of blades for special\\npurposes, and he became extremely enthusiastic over its\\nuse. I tried to draw him out on other topics, but he\\nwould talk of nothing else but his knife. I had not the\\nleast hesitation in pronouncing his case an incurable\\none. Among persons who stammer, as well as among\\npersons who do not stammer, we find people who have\\nnot the ordinary amount of intelligence. Such persons,\\namong stammerers, although rare, are incurable.\\nI discharged a gentleman from my treatment once\\nand pronounced his case an incurable one, not because\\nhe had an insufficient amount of intellect, but wholly\\nfor the reason of disobedience. He was a man of be-\\ntween 35 and 40 years of age, and one of the most severe\\ncases of stammering you can imagine. During the first\\nten days of his treatment, he was extremely enthusiastic,\\n50", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nbut inclined to be unruly and hard to discipline, which\\nculminated in open disobedience to my instructions.\\nHe would rarely, if ever, disobey in my presence, but\\nupon dismissal from the school, would act in direct dis-\\nobedience to my wishes. One of the principles we\\nenforce in our school during treatment is the total absti-\\nnence from the use of tobacco and liquors. While I\\nhave no direct knowledge that this man used the latter,\\nstill I do know that he smoked constantly, and I have\\nevery reason to believe that he was also addicted to the\\nliquor habit. We rarely come across a pupil who will\\nopenly disobey our instructions, but the instance I have\\npointed out is one case that I think can be counted\\nan incurable one. Incurable cases of stammering are\\nvery rare, and can be classed almost wholly under the\\ntwo headings, Disobedience and Lack of Intelligence.\\nAny case of stammering, no matter how severe, is cur-\\nable with proper treatment, obedience to instructions,\\nand the ordinary amount of intellect to back up the\\nexercises.\\n5t _", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "CHILD STAMMERING\\nA paper read before the Michigan State Association of Elocutionists at their\\nannual Convention at Grand Rapids, Mich., December 18, 1897.\\nI HAVE known of very few child stammerers. In\\nother words, the great majority of so-called stammering\\nchildren are, correctly speaking, stuttering children.\\nStammering takes its root in the early life of the\\nchild, in the form of stuttering, from which afterwards\\ndevelops a mental complication, commonly termed stam-\\nmering. There is, however, sometimes found an excep-\\ntion to this, inasmuch as I have known a few children\\nwho apparently had all the symptoms and conditions of\\nstammering, but in the large majority of cases stammer-\\ning does not develop until stuttering has first ravaged\\nits victim. The fact that stuttering is largely manifest\\nin so-called stammering children, and stammering more\\noften found in grown persons, is no evidence but that\\nstuttering may also be found in grown persons, and\\nstammering found in children.\\nThe child stutterer does not always develop into a\\nstammering adult, but in nine cases out of ten such is\\nthe case, unless something is done in early life to pre-\\nvent this evolution which often takes place.\\n_ S 2", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nI have spoken of stuttering and stammering, and in\\norder to make myself more clearly understood, I will\\nbriefly define the difference between these two terms.\\nWebster and others use them as synonyms. It has\\nbeen found, however, that while one bears a relation to\\nthe other, there is, scientifically and technically speak-\\ning, a wide difference between them. Stuttering is\\nphysical, stammering mental. Stuttering in a sense is\\nto stammering what the lamb is to the sheep, the gosling\\nto the goose, the fawn to the deer. I make this state-\\nment in a general way, as there are some cases of stam-\\nmering to which this comparison will not apply. In\\nsuch persons of hereditary tendency toward stammer-\\ning, the first appearance of the defect is in form, that of\\nstuttering, which usually rapidly develops into the awful\\ncondition of the stammerer. The original defect is\\nplanted in the prenatal life of the child and there lies\\nslumbering in embryo waiting only some mental agita-\\ntion to arouse and awaken it. The torch once applied,\\nthe mischief is done. The manifestations at first are in\\nthe large majority of cases those of the stutterer, which\\nat this age could be easily smothered, but as the child\\nadvances in years its defect grows upon it. The men-\\ntal agitation increases in proportion to the mental prob-\\nlems of life, which are daily thrust upon it, and thus in\\ncontrast, as the rosebud in time unfolds to view the\\nbeauty of its hidden loveliness there develops in the\\nmind of the stammering child as he advances in years\\nthose abnormal conditions which lead to the awful tor-\\ntures of stammering. We know of many cases of stam-\\nmering, and know of as many attributed causes. One\\n53", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nsays his stammering originated from fright, another from\\nsickness, another from mimicry, another from associa-\\ntion, another from accident. Nearly every stammerer\\nattributes his stammering to different causes, and yet in\\nthe large majority of cases they can all be attributed to\\none origin. These so-called causes are merely aggra-\\nvations which serve to awaken that which already ex-\\nisted, but which was dormant. It may have existed as\\na result of heredity, or it may have taken its origin from\\nan unknown source. At all events, these cases of stam-\\nmering that are said to have originated from fright,\\nmimicry, association, sickness, and many other innumer-\\nable causes, are but the external manifestations of an\\nabnormal condition of the mind which had previously\\nexisted unmanifested. Anything that affects or agitates\\nthe brain of one favorably disposed to the development\\nof stammering, is likely to cause stammering, or rather\\nI should have said stuttering, as I have explained that\\nthe large majority of so-called stammerers were in the\\nbeginning nothing more or less than stutterers. Speak-\\ning of the child stutterer, he is not by any means diffi-\\ncult to cure, but the child stammerer is not as easily\\nmanaged.\\nI have spoken of stammering, of stuttering, and of\\ncombined stammering and stuttering. Stuttering when\\nfound in grown persons is generally a form which has\\nbeen acquired. Had it been of hereditary origin, it would\\nno doubt have developed into stammering before the age\\nof manhood. Stuttering is largely physical, and not by\\nany means difficult to cure. We have had several cases\\nof life-long stutterers who have been entirely cured in\\n54", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nless than two weeks. One of these cases has stood the\\ntest of three years, another a year and a half. Such\\nrapid cures, however, are exceptional among cases of\\nstammering which have usually required a longer period.\\nThe difference in the time required to effect a cure in\\ncases of stammering and those of stuttering is accounted\\nfor in the following manner With stuttering we have\\nbut the physical to deal with, while with stammering we\\nhave both the physical and mental. Stuttering is largely\\ndue to a wrong manner of breathing and respiration, and\\nis manifested by the rapid repetition of words and sylla-\\nbles, oftentimes accompanied by convulsive action of\\nthe muscles. Establish a correct form of respiration,\\nmake the stutterer talk slowly and behave himself, and\\nyou have a foundation laid upon which to build the cure.\\nNot so, however, with the stammerer. With him we\\nhave added to an abnormal manner of breathing and\\nrespiration the mental phase of this difficulty, and thus\\nwhen we have entirely overcome the former we have\\nleft the latter complication to deal with. Since stutter-\\ning, which is not by any means difficult to cure, is more\\noften found in children, and stammering more often\\nfound in adults, it becomes parents to arrest the stutter-\\ning habit in their children before the difficulty develops\\ninto stammering, with all its mental complications.\\nAge has but little to do with the chances of recovery\\nin any case of stammering, as much depends upon the\\napplication of the pupil to the duties required of him\\nand his aptitude and comprehension. Entirely satisfac-\\ntory results can rarely be obtained in children less than\\nten years of age. However, at the age of ten and after-\\n55", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwards, if the child is intelligent, every vestige of its\\nimpediment can be entirely eradicated. Children are\\nimitative, and thus they readily pick up the work of the\\nclasses. Quintilian says, Before all, let the nurses speak\\nproperly. The child will hear them first and will shape\\nhis word by imitating them. No child should be kept\\nunder the influence of a stammering parent. We find in\\nnearly every case where one of the parents stammer, at\\nleast one or more of the children are similarly afflicted.\\nSometimes whole families stammer. I know of one fam-\\nily, where father and mother stammer, every one of their\\nchildren stammer, their grandchildren stammer, and one\\nof their great-grandchildren stammers. If possible,\\nwhich is rarely the case, the child of the stammering\\nparent should be adopted into another family where it\\nwill not be brought into association with the habit of\\nstammering, until it has passed its fifteenth year. There\\nis then but little danger, as but a small percentage of\\npersons commence to stammer after that age. We might\\nexpect the child of stammering parents, who is brought\\ndaily in contact with this awful habit, to imitate what it\\nsees. Old Roger Ascham says All languages, both\\nlearned and mother tongue, are gotten and begotten\\nsolely by imitation, for as ye used to hear so ye learn to\\nspeak. If ye hear no other, ye speak not yourself, and\\nwhom ye only hear of them ye only learn. Thus, what\\ncan we expect of a child, predisposed as it may be to\\nthe development of stammering, surrounded with every\\npersuasive stammering influence and in other ways sub-\\njected to the exposure of this contagion. We can only\\nexpect that it will stammer, which we find to be the\\n-56-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nresult in nine cases out of ten. I speak of it as a con-\\ntagion, from the fact that many of these stammering\\nchildren would never have stammered but for having\\nbeen brought into contact with it from association with\\ntheir parents and otherwise. When only one of the\\nparents stammer, their children oftentimes escape it.\\nWhere both parents stammer, the doom for their children\\nis inevitable. I have known of several such unfortunate\\ncases and the results have always been the same.\\nChildren who are thought to be disposed to the de-\\nvelopment of stammering should never be severely pun-\\nished they should never be subjected to fright or\\ndanger. They should be kept away from any person\\nso afflicted and should be carefully protected from all\\nkinds of sickness accompanied with fevers such as\\nmeasles, mumps, scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping\\ncough, etc. Such forms of sickness, by lowering the\\nvitality of the child, and by agitating the brain, are\\nlikely to bring to the surface that which lies slumbering\\nin a dormant condition.\\nThe temperament of the child who suffers from\\neither stammering or stuttering is usually an active one.\\nI wish also to say that while nervousness is sometimes\\nassociated with stammering, during the child life of the\\nsufferer there is but little nervousness observable. I\\ndo not believe the stammerer, as a child, is more nervous\\nthan children not thus afflicted. It is probably owing\\nto his stammering that we notice his nervous condition.\\nWhen he grows to boyhood, and becomes sensitive over\\nhis infirmity he begins to show signs of nervousness, he\\nfeels humiliated over his stammering, is laughed at by\\n-57-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nother boys, is pushed aside at every turn, until at last,\\nlike a hunted deer, he turns upon his antagonists and\\ntries to defend himself. He finds, however, that he is\\none against many, and, as is often the case, withdraws\\nhimself from every social and pleasurable pastime. As\\na result of his suffering and of the continued strain from\\nmaking an exhibition of himself, his nerves become un-\\nstrung, he continues to suffer from day to day, from\\nmonth to month, from year to year, until at last the\\nequilibrium of control is overthrown and his nervous-\\nness becomes a part of the man. Thus it is that all\\npersons who stammer are nervous. As a proof of this,\\nwe find that when a stammerer is cured his nervousness\\nrapidly disappears. The fear and humiliation of stam-\\nmering taken from his mind his nerves gradually settle\\nback into a relaxed condition.\\nI have been asked what I would do providing I had\\na child who was favorably disposed to the development\\nof stammering. This question is rather a complex one\\nto answer, from the fact that what I would do other\\npersons might not feel disposed to do. In the first\\nplace, a child, whether disposed to the development of\\nstammering or not, should be kept separate and apart\\nfrom every other person so afflicted. If the parent of\\nthe child stammers, and there is no way to separate\\nthem, all further advice would be useless and worthless.\\nA stammering child, until its impediment can be cor-\\nrected, should never be allowed to attend public school,\\nnor any other school where it will be brought into\\ncontact with other children. This is beneficial alike to\\nthe stammering child and also to its associates with\\n-58-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwhom it comes in contact. It is applicable to the\\nstammering child from the fact that a cross teacher and\\nthe teasing it may receive from the other children will\\nserve only to aggravate its difficulty and confirm the\\nhabit. It is deleterious to any child, whether disposed\\nto stammering or not, to be constantly associated with\\nstammering. Those of you who have a knowledge of\\nchild life know that any child hearing another stammer\\nmay endeavor to imitate it, and may either acquire the\\nhabit or receive a vivid mental impression of what it\\nhas heard. Children are great imitators. It is largely\\nthrough their keen imitative faculties and imaginative\\nmind that so many of them acquire such a store of\\nknowledge at such an early stage of life. Do not allow\\nyour child to imitate or mock a stammerer, nor should\\nstammering children be thrown in contact with other\\nchildren not so afflicted. Never laugh at, tease, nor\\nscold a child because it stammers. A man brought a\\nlittle boy to me some time ago and asked my opinion\\nand advice regarding its impediment. I motioned him\\ninto the parlor and requested him to be seated, at the\\nsame time giving a chair to the little boy. The child\\nwas about seven years of age and a bright, apt little\\nfellow. After talking with the father for some minutes\\nrelative to the boy s stammering, I turned and asked the\\nboy his name. Like many children of his age, the boy\\nacted rather timid and seemed inclined to shrink away\\nfrom my question. He made an effort to speak, but\\nwas unable to do so. He stuttered and stammered\\nterribly. Come, said the father, spit it out or I will\\nmake you. No you won t, I answered, the boy\\n59", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nhas more sense than you have. I motioned the boy\\ntoward me. Fearful of his father s look, and in response\\nto my kind tone, he came and stood between my knees.\\nNow, said I to the father, you go into the adjoin-\\ning room and leave this little fellow to me, and I will\\ntell you when I have talked to him a little while all\\nabout his stammering. I sat the little fellow on my\\nknee and told him of all the sights at Belle Isle, of the\\nanimals, the monkeys, of a bicycle ride I had taken the\\nday previous, and many other things I thought would\\ninterest him. After a while he forgot the reprimand\\nand cross words of his father, and his timid counte-\\nnance became radiant and smiling. He told me his\\nname, where he lived, how old he was, his little play-\\nmate s name at home, and in many other ways enter-\\ntained me. During this time he stuttered but little.\\nHe told me of many little boyish things, and in a pretty\\nlittle child-like way. I stepped to the sitting-room\\ndoor and told the father I was now ready for him, and\\nwhen he put in an appearance the countenance of the\\nchild fell and he once more became timid and fright-\\nened. I told the boy s father what he should do and\\nseverely censured him for his actions and manner. He\\ntook my advice rather reluctantly, but whether he\\napplied it or not I do not know. This much, however,\\nI do know, that by a careful hand, a kind heart, and\\nwords of advice and caution, the poor little stammering\\nchild could have been very much helped, if not entirely\\ncured. The best friend it ever had in the world\\nunfortunately died, and thus I am led to believe the\\nlittle fellow will grow up and endure all the miseries\\n60", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nand tortures of stammering. When the stammering\\nchild is too young to be sent to an institution for\\ntraining, you can do much for it by treating it kindly.\\nIf it needs a whipping, give it one, if you believe in\\nwhipping; but never whip it for stammering. Do\\nnot indulge it on account of its stammering, nor give\\nit to understand that it is sympathized with in its\\naffliction. Treat it firmly, yet kindly, and never\\ngrant it a request until it has asked for its want in a\\ncareful manner. Many crippled, blind, and otherwise\\nafflicted children are indulged on account of their in-\\nfirmity. While I know little regarding blind persons\\nor cripples, stammering children should be given to\\nunderstand that they are in no way privileged on ac-\\ncount of their stammering. Do not treat their stam-\\nmering as indifferent; rather give them to understand\\nthat when they stammer they are breaking one of the\\nrules of etiquette. It is equally as wrong to stammer\\nas not to remove their hat in the parlor; as wrong to\\nstammer as to go to the table with soiled hands and un-\\ncombed hair. As wrong to stammer as to answer no\\nwhen they are asked to do an errand. In fact, teach\\nthem that to stammer is wrong; but in doing so be\\ncareful to advise them as to what is right. Whenever\\nyou correct or punish a child for a misdemeanor, tell it\\nof its error, unless it otherwise knows, and advise it of\\nthe right. Many parents are indifferent to their chil-\\ndren, and stammering children are no exception. They\\nwhack them about, give them just so many whippings\\na week, whether they need them or not, send them\\nfrom the table when company is present, and otherwise\\n_6i", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nneglect them. Whatever you do, don t belittle a child,\\nespecially if he is a stammering child. On the contrary,\\nmake him your equal, your associate, and by proving\\nyour interest and friendship in his welfare you will\\nmake him your lifelong friend. If the parents of stam-\\nmering children would advise their children in a kindly\\nmanner, correct them when they make an error, caution\\nthem that they must not stammer, and in many other\\nways treat them with firmness and a kindly spirit, there\\nwould be but few stammering men and women during\\nthe next generation.\\n62-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT\\nOF\\nOBSTINATE CASES OF STAMMERING\\nFew persons understand how to correctly diagnose\\na case of stammering. In fact, so little is known of the\\ndisease except by a limited few who have made the\\nsubject their life study, that I doubt if any of my read-\\ners, physicians and teachers included, have ever at-\\ntempted it. Before a stammerer determines upon a\\ncourse of treatment, whether under a private tutor or at\\nan institution, he should first take pains to see that his\\ncase has been carefully studied and correctly diagnosed.\\nHis counselor should know every peculiarity of his in-\\nfirmity before the first step is taken toward radical\\ntreatment. Otherwise he will be in as bad a condition,\\nas far as the chances for his recovery are concerned, as\\nthe man who would submit himself to a critical opera-\\ntion for a hidden tumor, allowing his surgeon to cut\\nand hack his body to pieces in a vain endeavor to lo-\\ncate the seat of the trouble. Fortunately, however\\ncontrary to the general rule of treating stammering,\\nthe skillful surgeon, before making an incision with his\\n-63-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nknife, knows well what he is about to do. He has thor\\noughly studied his patient s trouble and has made a\\nthorough diagnosis of the case.\\nThis should also be done in every case of stammer-\\ning where successful treatment is contemplated. There\\nare no less than twenty or more entirely different and\\ndistinct types of stammering and stuttering, and there is\\nno set plan or code of rules or exercises that will apply\\nto all cases alike. Each case, while treated from a com-\\nmon basis, must also receive individual care and in-\\nstruction, according to the indications and manifestations\\napparent. Temperaments are not all alike and disposi-\\ntions vary. Thus, a treatment, in order to be success-\\nful, must not only aim to establish a fixed rule, but will\\nalso require to adapt itself to each and every varying\\ncase. With a thorough knowledge of the many differ-\\nent types and forms of stammering and stuttering, the\\nreader can, without much trouble, form a correct idea\\nin any case, and after arriving at a conclusion as to the\\ntype of stammering we require only a knowledge of the\\nprinciples and rules required to establish a cure.\\nWe will discuss this latter at the conclusion, and\\nwill give our attention now to establishing a knowledge\\nleading up to the diagnosis of a case.\\nLet the reader imagine himself with me in the capac-\\nity of an instructor to whom Mr. B presents himself\\nfor consultation and advice. To make the case more\\ninteresting, I have selected as a subject a man who has\\ncalled upon me just previous to this writing, and I want\\nyou, reader, to come with me into the consultation\\nroom, where we will make our investigation and form\\n-6 4", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nour conclusions from which to base the diagnosis of his\\ncase.\\nFirst, we draw our subject out in conversation.\\nSecond, have him read from a book or newspaper.\\nThird, ask him to repeat with us in concert the words\\nand chief obstacles that have proved themselves difficult\\nof utterance for him. We ask him his age, study the\\nmanner of action, his ease or uneasiness, his contor-\\ntions, if any; his respiration, his sitting or standing posi-\\ntion, the condition of his health by the appearance of\\nhis physique, the tone of the voice, the articulation, the\\nchances or opportunity for physical development, the\\ninclination for using synonyms or for substituting easy\\nwords for difficult ones, and thus, by observation and\\nby putting a hundred and one or more questions, we\\nlearn all we can about the history of the case.\\nIn answer to my questioning he tells me that his\\nmother and one of his elder brothers stammer. This, of\\ncourse, would naturally indicate a case of hereditary stam-\\nmering, but before forming a conclusion we must make\\na further investigation. He says he did not commence\\nto stammer until after he had passed his tenth year,\\nand states that he is now thirty-two years of age. He\\nhas a child (a boy) five years of age, who stammers\\nviolently, but who did not commence to stammer until\\nafter he had passed his fourth year, up until which time\\nhe had talked perfectly. In answer to further inquiries\\nas to the probable cause of his stammering, he says\\nthat neither he nor his parents noticed any apparent\\ndifficulty in his speech until after he had mimiced a\\nstammerer at the age of ten.\\n5 -65-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThis adds a new phase to the case. The indications\\npoint to heredity on one hand, and to mimicry on the\\nother. A question naturally arises, and who can say\\nwhether the boy would have ever stammered but for\\nhis sin of imitation and mockery?\\nTo arrive at a satisfactory answer to the problem,\\nlet us determine whether the case be one of stammering\\nor stuttering, which conclusion in itself will point to the\\norigin or cause.\\nIf upon further investigation we find it to be a case\\nof stammering, we must conclude that its origin is\\ndue to heredity if a case of stuttering, there is a chance\\nthat it may be resultant from mimicry.\\nStammering takes its origin in a different way from\\nstuttering, the former being purely mental, while the\\nlatter is generally the result of habit.\\nA condition favorable to the development of stam-\\nmering can be inherited and transmitted from father to\\nson and from one generation to another, and while this\\nclaim is also made for stuttering, the writer has never\\nknown of such a case.\\nStammering is due to an original physical weakness\\nin that portion of the brain which governs and presides\\nover the faculty of speech,* and differs from stuttering\\nin this, that the latter is due entirely to wrongly formed\\nhabits of respiration and an incorrect manner of vocali-\\nzation.\\nWe must therefore, conclude, if we can show that\\nour subject s defect is due to heredity, it is a common\\nSee footnote on page 27.\\n66", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ncase of hereditary stammering, while on the other hand, if\\nshown that his trouble is due to mimicry it would appear\\nas nothing more or less than a case of simple stuttering.\\nHow shall we proceed to determine whether it be\\ndue to mimicry or heredity, upon which decision we\\nshall base our diagnosis?\\nIn answer to further inquiries, he states that he can\\ncontrol himself to a degree in the presence of strangers,\\nbut that he stammers badly in the presence of his inti-\\nmate acquaintances or in talking to the other members\\nof his own household. This is an evidence of stammer-\\ning. The stammerer can, by exercising his will and\\nsummoning up moral bravery, control himself before\\nstrangers to a remarkable degree in fact, in this way he\\nis oftentimes wholly able to conceal his impediment.\\nPeculiar as it may seem, he is apparently unable, how-\\never, to talk well in the presence of intimate acquaint-\\nances. Klencke, speaking of the difference in manifesta-\\ntions between the stammerer and stutterer, remarks that\\nthe stammerer usually speaks better when he is\\nobserved and thus forced to pay attention to himself.\\nThe stutterer immediately begins to stutter violently\\nwhen he is observed.\\nBefore further investigating the case before us, allow\\nme to argue an explanation for the above remarkable\\ncircumstance that a large number of stammerers can talk\\nbetter to strangers than to their intimate acquaintances\\nor relatives. When talking to near friends or to intimate\\nacquaintances the stammerer has nothing to conceal.\\nThey know he stammers and there is therefore but little,\\nif any, humiliation in committing such an offense. The\\n-67-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwill becomes relaxed and with it a relaxation of motive\\npower, followed, as is natural to suppose, by spasmodic\\naction typical of the stammerer. When talking with\\nstrangers, before whom the stammerer does not wish to\\nmake an exhibition of his infirmity, there is constantly a\\nnervous tension of the mind, an effort toward the gener-\\nation of will power, and a consequent increase of motive\\npower. Thus follows a temporary better talking, but\\nwhen relaxation does come the effect is generally de-\\npressing.\\nThe labored effort of the stutterer when attempting\\nto talk before strangers is scientifically explained from\\nthe fact that the increase of difficulty under such condi-\\ntions is due to the rapidity of his thought and the rapid\\nsuccession of new ideas that crowd his brain. The result\\ncan be compared to the panic that ensues at a fire in a\\ntheater when three or four thousand people attempt to\\ncrowd their passage through a four-foot door in their\\nanxiety to get out.\\nLet us now return to our subject who, in stating that\\nhe stammers but little in the presence of strangers and\\nmuch in the presence of intimate friends, has wound\\nabout himself a supporting evidence leading up to a case\\nof stammering. I have asked him whether he can read\\naloud without trouble in a room by himself, to which he\\nanswers that he cannot always do so. This can be taken\\nas a further evidence of stammering. The stutterer can\\nalways read aloud without trouble, providing there is no\\nother person in the room and he is unaware of the pres-\\nence of listeners. An explanation for this is also em-\\nbodied in the preceding argument.\\n68", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nHis replies to my questions regarding his stammer-\\ning show considerable contortion of the facial muscles,\\nbut unaccompanied by spasmodic action. This would\\nappear as a fourth link in the chain pointing to a case of\\nstammering. The facial contortions of the stammerer\\nare slowly drawn, in which respect they are different to\\nthe facial contortions of the stutterer, which usually\\noccur with spasmodic action. The stammerer may dis-\\ntend his mouth like a funnel and keep it in that position,\\nvainly endeavoring the meanwhile to speak. He may\\ndrop his head on his chest, toss it back or sideways,\\nor his features may distort to a degree almost beyond\\nrecognition. On the other hand he may widely open\\nhis mouth in attempting vocal utterance, compress and\\nhold the lips tightly glued together in his efforts to\\nutter closed or explosive consonants, but with all this\\nhis actions are in contrast with those of the stutterer,\\nwho behaves himself in a more boisterous manner.\\nIn answer to further questioning as to what condi-\\ntions cause him the greatest difficulty, he tells us that it\\ngives him the greatest difficulty to relate a story or tell\\nof an incident. He was present at the Pullman strike\\nin Chicago, but has never been able to tell what he saw\\nthere. This is indicative of a peculiar mental condi-\\ntion found only in the stammerer. The mind, in reach-\\ning out for new ideas to graphically portray in words\\nthe pictures of the imagination, is drawn away from the\\ncareful vigilance necessary to co-ordination and harmo-\\nnious action of speech, and thus in this way the\\nconcentrated effort of the will to speak properly is\\nweakened. The stammerer who is able with care and\\n-69-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwatchfulness to control his speech is oftentimes over-\\nthrown when this vigilance is withdrawn. We must\\nconclude, therefore, that this statement on the part of\\nour subject but strengthens the evidence leading up to\\na diagnosis favorable to stammering.\\nHe says that he does not stammer as badly in argu-\\nment as in ordinary conversation. This would appear\\nas a contradiction to my previous argument, but pecu-\\nliar as it may seem, the stammerer is generally able to\\nargue well, especially when he warms up to his subject.\\nThis can be explained from the fact that in argument\\nthe mind dwells upon what we are about to say, rather\\nthan upon the manner in which we are to say it,\\nand thus temporarily our thoughts are taken away from\\nthe difficult obstacles that usually present themselves.\\nWhile the stammerer, as already explained, usually has\\nthe greatest difficulty when he relaxes his mind from\\ncarefulness of speaking, yet in argument the order of\\nthings in this respect is generally reversed. He usually\\ntalks better in argument than ordinarily. It is when\\nrelaxed and indifferent that he usually has the greatest\\ndifficulty. In argument the mind is active. There is\\nno doubt, also, that the desire to win acts as an incentive\\nor generating influence to motive power, and thus\\naffords stimulus of mind sufficient for the proper co-\\nordination of all the functions and organs concerned in\\nthe production of speech.\\nIt would appear, therefore, from this that what\\nwould at first seem as a contradiction to former argu-\\nments can be thus scientifically explained and adds\\nanother link to this interesting chain of evidence.\\n70-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nStrange as it may appear to one unacquainted with\\nstammering, nearly all stammerers have their pet words\\nwhich prove difficult of utterance for them. One stam-\\nmerer cannot begin the letter t, while another who\\nhas no difficulty with words commencing with t, can-\\nnot articulate words beginning with b.\\nNor is this difficulty in a single case confined to but\\none letter of the alphabet, as the great majority of suf-\\nferers find equal obstruction in the utterance of different\\nletters. To make myself clear on this point, I wish to\\nexplain that the letter of itself does not often cause the\\nobstruction, as most stammerers can articulate any let-\\nter of the alphabet separately. It is generally when the\\nletter in question forms the beginning of a syllable or\\nword.\\nHowever, there are exceptions to this, as many stam-\\nmerers are utterly unable to utter the vowels.\\nThese obstructions appear to arise only under cer-\\ntain conditions, according to the condition of the health,\\nthe state of the nerves, or the repose of the mind. There\\nis a wide difference among stammerers, scarcely two per-\\nsons being afflicted exactly in the same manner.\\nYou have heard the old adage that every sparrow is\\na bird, yet every bird is not a sparrow.\\nIn the same sense stammering is stammering, and\\nwhile all cases do not bear the same outward manifesta-\\ntions, all are substantially the same, the difference in\\ncases amounting only to the difference in temperaments\\nor in the severity of the case.\\nThe letters or combination of letters upon which one\\nstammers has something to do with determining the\\n71", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ntype of stammering, yet no definite conclusion can be\\narrived at from letters alone.\\nOur subject whose case we have been examining\\ntells us that words beginning with b, t, and m\\nprove the greatest obstacles, while words commencing\\nwith other letters prove an occasional hindrance.\\nHowever, the three mentioned are his greatest ob-\\nstacles, and he adds that always, unless very careful, he\\nhas great difficulty in articulating them. Notice that he\\nsays unless very careful. This suggests that with\\ncarefulness he can overcome them, and would appear as\\nan indication of stammering, as we have shown that the\\nstammerer can by the exercise of his will partly or wholly\\ncontrol his stammering.\\nWhat shall we say of his difficult letters?\\nStammering, it is authoritively stated, is manifested\\nprincipally in the articulating organs, which temporarily\\nbecome glued together. Stuttering, on the other hand,\\nis manifested principally in the organs of respiration,\\nwithout the articulating organs being primarily affected.\\nThe former is due to a deficiency or lack of exercise\\nand control of the mental energy of the will over the\\norgans of utterance, while the latter is generally due to\\nan improper manner of breathing and vocalization.\\nPronounce any word beginning with b, t, or\\nm battle, tattered, master and we find that it can-\\nnot be enunciated without the action of the articulating\\norgans, the organs between the larynx and the lips.\\nThis would appear as an indication of stammering,\\nespecially when we note his answer to my next question.\\nHe says in his effort to speak he cannot effect a begin-\\n72", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nning. Sometimes his organs of speech become tightly\\nglued together, at other times there is heard a sound of\\nescaping breath. The stutterer can usually effect a be-\\nginning and either with spasmodic effort or otherwise\\nrapidly repeats or mixes up his words.\\nThe stammerer, on the contrary, is usually unable to\\nbegin, and either effects a beginning with labored effort\\nof the diaphragm or hisses his words between his teeth.\\nOften his organs of speech become glued together in\\nsuch a manner as to prevent the utterance of a single\\nsound. The stutterer rarely manifests these conditions,\\nbut with convulsive action or spasmodic effort starts his\\nsentences immediately. He may make several attempts\\nbut can generally effect a beginning. Thus, when he\\nsays that his organs of speech become tightly glued to-\\ngether and adds that at other times he makes a hissing\\nsound or the sound of escaping breath, I take it as a\\nfurther evidence of stammering. Many stammerers first\\nexpel all the air from their lungs, after which they try\\nto talk on exhausted breath. This habit reminds me of\\nthe musician who would attempt to get music from an\\norgan after he had allowed the bellows to collapse.\\nNearly all stammerers can sing without any apparent\\nmanifestation of an impediment in their speech. This\\npeculiarity is accounted for from the fact that in music\\nthere is rhythm and meter. There are no abrupt begin-\\nnings. All words are commenced in an even drawn man-\\nner which appears to be conducive to the harmonious\\naction of the vocal organs. One authority says the stam-\\nmerer betrays his defect in singing and in measured talk-\\ning, but from experience I have observed that there are\\n-73-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nmany exceptions as only a small percentage of stammer-\\ners have trouble in singing. However, where one has\\ndifficulty in singing the same as in speaking it may be\\ntaken as a positive evidence of stammering. In my ex-\\nperience I have known of only a few persons to stammer\\nin singing. In answer to further questions on my part\\nour subject tells us that he frequently meets with hin-\\ndrance in his singing, which, as already explained, is\\nevidence of a case of stammering. The stutterer never\\nbetrays his defect in singing. He informs us, however,\\nthat he can speak fluently and without the slightest ap-\\nparent hindrance when angry. With anger comes de-\\ntermination, with determination comes will effort, and\\nwith will effort comes control. As explained in the be-\\nginning of this article, the stammerer can, by exercising\\nhis will or determination, partly or wholly control his\\nspeech. This explains why when very angry many stam-\\nmerers speak fluently. The accumulated nervous force\\nand energy under such circumstances appears sufficient\\nto enable him to exercise the required control. The\\nstutterer when angered or excited is thereby rendered\\npowerless to speak, his efforts to do so generally result-\\ning in spasmodic and convulsive action. There are ex-\\nceptions to this, as we occasionally find a man who pre-\\nsents all the manifestations of the stammerer, but who\\nwhen angry is confused in speaking, while on the other\\nhand I have found that a few stutterers were able to\\nspeak quite well when very angry. It may be generally\\nstated, however, that it temporarily improves the stam-\\nmerer to anger him, while to anger the stutterer is to\\nmake him worse. It is after the anger and passion have\\n-74-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nsubsided, when the reaction sets in, that the stam-\\nmerer becomes worse. The circumstance that the sub-\\nject whom we have been examining can speak well when\\nangry may, therefore, be accepted as further evidence of\\nstammering. He says in answer to further questioning\\nthat he can talk better to persons before whom he does\\nnot wish to exhibit his stammering, but that he is often-\\ntimes obliged to use synonyms and substitute words to\\navoid obstacles. Here we have another trait of stam-\\nmering. One of our correspondents writes\\nMany years ago in exhibiting to an acquaintance photo-\\ngraphs of a number of my relatives and friends, I came upon the\\nlikeness of my brother. The word brother was invariably a stumb-\\nling block for me, and this time proved no exception. I did not\\nwant my friend to know that I stammered, yet how was I to conceal\\nit. I endeavored to pass the photograph by without explanation in\\norder to avoid an exhibition of my stammering and contortion,\\nwhich at such times was most pronounced and severe, but to my\\nembarrassment I was promptly asked by my friend whose likeness\\nit was I had endeavored to pass. Stammerer-like, my mind\\nreached out in a thousand directions for a synonym, but there was\\nno other word that I could use. Trifling as the incident may seem,\\nI shall never forget it. My mind became almost a perfect blank\\nwhen, quick as a flash, I carefully replied, stammering as I repeated\\nthe words That is a picture of one in our family who is next\\nolder than I. It is unnecessary to explain that my reply provoked\\nan abundance of mirth, at the same time I avoided temporarily by\\nmy tactics, as many stammerers do, a most embarrassing ordeal of\\ncontortion and wasted effort.\\nOur subject says further that he does not lisp, and\\nthat his articulation is perfect when he does not stam-\\n75", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nmer. He is of a nervous temperament, with a fairly good\\nphysique, cheerful in disposition, subject, however, to\\nspells of melancholy. In summing up the evidence we\\nfind that every time in answer to questions the manifes-\\ntations all point to a case of stammering. It is, I have\\nno doubt, a case of hereditary stammering which might\\nhave remained dormant and never would have manifested\\nitself but for his having imitated a fellow sufferer. The\\ncondition, no doubt, was predisposed, and required but\\nthe torch of imagination to awaken it and develop its\\ndormant qualities. Thus, while it may be said on the one\\nhand that his stammering was due to mimicry, it was on\\nthe other hand primarily due to heredity, and will require\\nthe same treatment and care as a case of hereditary\\nstammering.\\nMuch has been written and said about the treatment\\nof stammering, and many of those who say and write\\noften know less when they have finished than before\\nthey began.\\nI receive many hundreds of letters from stammerers\\nasking about treatment. One man writes and asks\\nwhether he is too old for treatment. Another wishes to\\nknow whether he is too young a third has been an in-\\nveterate tobacco user and wishes to know whether this\\nwill ruin the chances for a cure; a fourth has suffered\\nfrom ill health and asks whether this fact will bar him\\nout, and thus I might go on and tell about many dif-\\nferent kinds of people who write as many different kinds\\nof letters about as many different types of stammering.\\nAll want to be cured, and all are anxious about treat-\\nment. The first question that naturally arises in the\\n-76-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nmind of the stammerer is, Can I be cured and by what\\nmeans? Every stammerer asks himself this question,\\nand the question often repeats itself to him. How shall\\nwe answer?\\nIt is true that until within the past five or ten years\\nbut little advance had been made in the science of treat-\\ning stammering. Many attempts were made, rewarded\\nwith but little success and many failures. A few con-\\nscientious men worked hard in the interests of stam-\\nmerers and stammering, while a countless number of\\nquacks, professors, and charlatans were ap-\\nparently working the stammerer and bleeding him for\\nall and more than he was worth. This, I think, has in\\na large measure had a tendency to make the stammerer\\nskeptical, even at this advanced era of success in treat-\\ning stammering, as the older generation of stammerers\\nwell remember the rough experience through which\\nthey passed, and not satisfied with allowing these things\\nto influence them, they throw this skepticism into the\\nminds of their children and the younger generation,\\nwith the result that they also in many instances regard\\na cure as doubtful. This, to me, is ridiculous. In my\\nmind, it would be equally as fair to say that a man now-\\nadays would surely die from appendicitis because his\\nfather or grandfather died from appendicitis. Every-\\nbody knows that the chance of death from appendicitis\\n(once so fatal) has been lessened to a remarkable de-\\ngree within the last few years, owing to the rapid strides\\nin science and surgery.\\nDuring our fathers and grandfathers time the deaf\\nmute was obliged to converse entirely by signs and by\\n-77", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthe use of his fingers. Since then large institutions\\nhave been established all over the country, where these\\nunfortunates are taught to converse with oral expres-\\nsion. Note, also, the advance in the use of medicine.\\nCompare the old methods with the new.\\nIn short, comparisons without number could be\\ndrawn to show the remarkable advance of science, art,\\nand learning in every imaginable way.\\nOld fogyisms and old-time ways are being rapidly\\nsupplanted by modern methods in almost every science,\\nart, trade, and profession, and thus I claim that it is\\nboth wrong and unjust for those who are familiar with\\nthe unsuccessful attempts made to cure stammering\\nyears ago to allow this prejudice to influence them\\neither in the matter of their own cure or a cure for any\\nother unfortunate.\\nThat stammering has been cured, can be cured, and\\nis being cured, hundreds of living monuments to success-\\nful treatment bear testimony. It is true that there are\\nstill, and no doubt ever will be, that class of charlatan\\nquacks who never do what they profess to do, but we find\\nthis element in every walk of life and in every profession.\\nBut this fact should not prejudice the stammerer against\\nthose who are truly endeavoring to benefit him.\\nWould it not be equally as fair to say that all pro-\\nfessing Christians are hypocrites because a few are hypo-\\ncrites? Shall we condemn the many for the errors of a\\nfew, or, on the other hand, shall we condemn the few for\\nthe errors of the many?\\nShall we condemn our reputable and educated physi-\\ncians because a countless number of ignorant quacks,\\n-78-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ndivine healers, and such like, overrun the country, claim-\\ning to do what they cannot do, and never doing what\\nthey claim to do? Shall we not endeavor to encourage\\nthe one and abolish the other?\\nShall the skilled mechanic be condemned because a\\nmore pretentious fellow-laborer is a botch? Why not\\nthen apply this argument to reputable institutions for the\\ncure of stammering One reason I have dwelt so largely\\nupon this prejudice and skepticism which is apparent in\\nthe minds of most stammerers is this, that I believe that\\nin order for a patient to be cured of stammering he should\\nhave every confidence in his instructor, and himself fully\\nbelieve in a successful termination to his efforts. We find\\nthis also in the sick patient. Doctors will tell you that\\nin serious illness the chances for recovery are always in\\nfavor of the patient who believes in his recovery. When-\\never a patient in a sick room gives up his case as hope-\\nlessly lost, the attending physician is handicapped.\\nHope is everything, but belief is often a reality in itself.\\nThis is true especially in the treatment of stammering.\\nThat which may be considered lost may oftentimes\\nbe regained by confidence. Confidence in the instructor,\\nconfidence in the instructions, and confidence in the cure.\\nConfidence welded with hope is the stammerer s step-\\nping stone to success.\\nI have many times been asked to state what type of\\nstammering I consider the most difficult to cure. In my\\nopinion all forms of stammering are curable, provided,\\nof course, that the patient is well disposed for treatment\\nand obeys instructions. This disposition for treatment\\nmay be explained as an anxiety on the part of the patient\\n79", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nfor treatment, a disposition to do everything he is told\\nto do and obedience in this that he will do nothing that\\nhe is told not to do.\\nAge has but little to do with the chances for recov-\\nery in any case of stammering. When a child has passed\\nits tenth year, it is old enough to intelligently understand\\nand apply all of the exercises necessary in affecting a\\ncure, and not until a man or woman commences to grow\\nchildish from old age is that most coveted prize, a cure,\\na lost possibility. It is largely true with stammering\\nthat the earlier we can check it the better, yet strange as\\nit may appear, many cases of long standing yield to treat-\\nment more readily than those of more recent origin.\\nThe type of stammering in itself does not appar-\\nently appear as important as the conditions that sur-\\nround it. By this I mean that the ordinary case of\\nstammering, otherwise easy to cure, might prove diffi-\\ncult if surrounded by unfavorable conditions. These\\nconditions are varied and consist of the health of the\\npupil, his temperament, disposition, and habits his be-\\nlief or nonbelief in the cure, and his comprehension\\nof ideas and application to instruction figure also as\\nimportant factors in determining results.\\nMuch depends also upon the course or plan of\\ntreatment pursued, but more depends upon the applica-\\ntion of that treatment. A poor system of treatment\\nwell applied will invariably give better results than a\\ngood system of treatment poorly applied. A poor sys-\\ntem of treatment poorly applied will give absolutely no\\nresults at all, while a good system of treatment well\\napplied will give results that are most satisfactory.\\n80", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nUnder such a treatment there is no doubt or question\\nbut that the worst possible cases of stammering can be\\nentirely and permanently cured. I have spoken of the\\nhealth of the pupil as having an important bearing in\\ndetermining his cure. This is true, yet persons in ill\\nhealth should not be frightened and imagine, because\\ntheir health is poor, the chances for their recovery are\\nsmall. The fact of the matter is that the ill health of the\\nstammerer is usually consequent from nervous exhaus-\\ntion caused by the continued unsettled condition of his\\nnerves and consequent drain upon his vitality. Nerv-\\nousness is the result of stammering, not the cause, and\\nwe find under treatment while the cure is being fastened\\nupon a pupil and his old habit of stammering shaken\\noff, the nervous force and energy gradually return,\\nthereby much improving the general health.\\nHaving personally known of a number of such in-\\nstances, I have arrived at the conclusion that many\\nstammerers who are constantly suffering from poor\\nhealth caused by the disturbed and unsettled condition\\nof their nerves, would grow strong and robust if relieved\\nfrom this distressing impediment.\\nWhile I have said the health of the pupil has an\\nimportant bearing on the treatment, these ill conditions\\ncaused by poor health are entirely overcome by the\\nprogress of the pupil under treatment. Any good\\ntreatment for the cure of stammering will have as a\\npart of its system a regular course of training for the\\nimprovement of the general health of every pupil.\\nClasses should be graded, and the exercises adapted\\nto the wants of each particular case. This done, and\\n6 81", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthe pupil properly instructed, an absolute cure will re-\\nsult, even though a pupil when he commences treat-\\nment is suffering from poor health, provided, of course,\\nthat the condition of his health is not such as to wholly\\nunfit him for his work, that the treatment is rational\\nand modern, and the pupil obedient in the fulfillment\\nof his duties.\\nI have said that the disposition of the pupil enters\\ninto treatment as an important factor in determining the\\nresults of his efforts to overcome his trouble. I have\\nalso touched upon this subject and defined why and how\\na pupil for treatment should be favorably disposed, and\\nwere it not for the fact that my remarks on this point\\nhave been made perfectly clear, I would dwell more\\nlargely upon it now. Suffice it to say that any person\\ndesirous of overcoming the lifelong habit of stammering,\\nshould while under treatment cultivate a cheerful dispo-\\nsition and entertain at all times a kindly feeling toward\\nall. Having touched upon the question of the health and\\ndisposition or temperament of the pupil, let us now dwell\\nfor a moment on the habits of the stammerer. I am\\nsorry to say many stammerers and also a fair percentage\\nof young men who do not stammer do things in their\\nearly youth, the results of which oftentimes cling to them\\nduring the whole balance of their life. These habits are\\nnot always at the root of the evil of stammering, but are\\ncertainly conducive to it and should be stopped at once.\\nThe use of tobacco should by all means be abandoned\\nby every stammerer, as it not only aggravates the evil,\\nbut makes the case less responsive to treatment. The\\nuse of liquor, especially whiskey, wines, or beer, should\\nS2", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nalso be avoided, nor would I advise the use of coffee or\\ntea. Anything that acts as a stimulant or which affects\\nthe nerve centers should be carefully put aside.\\nWhile the temperament and disposition of a pupil\\nunder treatment for stammering has some bearing in\\ndetermining results, the moral aspect of matters must\\nnot be lost sight of. Pupils should allow their minds to\\nrun only in moral channels and abstain from all those\\nthings which corrupt or destroy. When a stammerer\\ndecides to undergo treatment for stammering he should\\nat the same time, if he wishes to be successful, make up\\nhis mind to undergo, as far as possible, a change in his\\nother habits. If he is already a moral man this of course\\nwill be unnecessary. Let him keep his mind pure, ab-\\nstain from excess of any kind, attend properly to his\\nhabits of eating and sleeping and take such exercise out\\nof doors as is necessary for his physical well-being. This\\nis especially applicable to cases of intermittent stammer-\\ning, where the severity of the case alternates in ratio\\nwith the physical condition of the sufferer.\\nIn the beginning of this article, I, as far as possible,\\ntold my reader how I would diagnose a case of stam-\\nmering and have subsequently dwelt upon conditions\\nfavorable to treatment. This I have done in a general\\nway in answer to many inquiries received from corre-\\nspondents asking me to tell them how to prepare for a\\ncourse of treatment in order that they might complete\\ntheir cure in the shortest time possible consistent with\\nthe very best results. In continuing I wish to say that\\nthe success of any enterprise for the cure of stammering\\nwill largely depend upon the permanency of its cures.\\n-83-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThe cure in itself is not by any means difficult to effect.\\nIt is the permanency of the cure that bothers many per-\\nsons, to insure which their every effort appears to be of\\nno avail. Their failure to succeed is no doubt due to\\ntheir lack of thoroughness and knowledge and their in-\\nattention to the little details that go to make the cure\\ncomplete. Thus it is I have held out a few suggestions\\nwhich should receive the attention of every would-be-\\nsuccessful student. There has been much sensationalism\\nassociated with some treatments for the cure of stammer-\\ning which I most bitterly oppose. I am not a believer\\nin the theory that Divine Providence is in partnership\\nwith any institution or person interested in the cure of\\nstammering. Neither do I believe that the Almighty\\nhas selected out any one particular person to cure\\nstammering and that all other persons are unable to per-\\nform such miracles. In fact, I do not believe that\\nthere is any miracle-working wonder about it. Matters\\nhave even gone so far that an eastern institution adver-\\ntising to cure stammering makes an open claim to\\nsupport from God. Who can wonder that all this sensa-\\ntionalism and hypocrisy could but result in evil instead\\nof good. These time-worn ideas, however, are rapidly\\ndying out and the stammerer already warned against\\nthem, is giving ear to more rational theories.\\nSpeaking further with reference to treatments for the\\ncure of stammering, I could name many of the earlier\\nauthorities and give a synopsis of their theories, which,\\nhowever, would prove of no practical benefit to the reader.\\nProbably the earliest cure of which we have any\\nknowledge is Demosthenes. According to Potter,", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nSatyrus, the Grecian actor, is said by Plutarch to have\\nbeen responsible for the cure of Demosthenes, who\\nlabored under a weak voice, indistinct speech, and short\\nbreath, combined with violence of manner. The gen-\\nerally received notion that the cure of the great Grecian\\norator was effected by speaking with pebbles in his\\nmouth is not borne out by the historical account; for\\nboth Demetrius and Cicero tell us that Demosthenes\\nspent months in training his voice, using a looking-glass\\nduring his vocal exercises and applying every power of\\nhis will to the conquering of his speech defect, the\\npebbles being but an incidental part of the treatment.\\nCelus (A. D. 1-37) describes various means of cor-\\nrecting speech defects, ^tius (600) also blames the\\ntongue. yEgineta did likewise. Avicenna (1000), an-\\nother early authority, also lays the fault to the tongue.\\nDe Chauliac (1336), a celebrated Italian surgeon,\\nascribed stuttering to convulsions, ulcers, or other affec-\\ntions of the tongue, to paralysis, or to moisture of the\\nnerves and muscles. His treatment consisted of embro-\\ncations to desicate the brain cauteries to the vertebrae,\\nblisters, frictions, and gargarisms for the tongue.\\nMercurialis 1 5-84) professor at Padua, Bologna, and\\nPisa, wrote concerning stuttering in his work, locating\\nits cause in the brain and in the tongue and giving it\\ntwo species, according as it was produced by abnormal\\ndryness or moisture of those parts. His treatment was\\nsimilar to De Chauliac s with the addition of systematic\\nexercise of the voice and the body.\\nCanon Kingsley (i860), a celebrated English ora-\\ntor and writer, chaplain to the Queen, was himself a\\n-85-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nstutterer until he was nearly forty years of age, and has\\nwritten at considerable length regarding the affection.\\nKingsley made many mistakes and laid down many\\nfoolish and nonsensical rules. He writes that the cause\\nof stammering in three cases out of four can be traced\\nto conscious or unconscious imitation. In a letter to a\\nyoung lady he tells her she stammers because her\\nupper teeth, like his, shut over the lower ones, and pre-\\nscribes a set of fixed rules, the chief of which relates to\\nopening the mouth widely. He considered boxing an\\nexcellent pastime for the stammerer. Had he been a\\nFrenchman, Dr. Potter remarks, he would have said\\nfencing if an American, base ball. Hunt treated\\nstammering successfully in England for many years\\nand wrote a comprehensive treatise on the subject\\nwhich Dr. Potter says is sufficiently complex to cause\\na mania of both the auditory and articulating apparatus.\\nDr. Klencke conducted an institution in Hanover,\\nGermany, and met with a fair degree of success. In his\\nwritings he has advanced a number of different theories\\nregarding the nature of stammering, his ideas of the\\nmoral nature of the stammerer being disputed by many\\nother authorities. His patients appeared to be largely\\nof the lower class, or of a low order, but his opinion is\\nworthy of respect from the fact that he had a wide\\nexperience.\\nThere was one rational feature in connection with\\nKlencke s method which I heartily endorse and recom-\\nmend, that is his endeavors to arouse the will of his pupil\\nand keep it in constant action. He also drilled his pa-\\ntients systematically in the technics of speech. Much\\n86", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nmight be added of the different methods of treatment and\\ntheories of early writers, but all are vague and in a sense\\nimpractical. The earlier methods of surgery and super-\\nstition have practically died out and thus it remains for\\nlater authorities to advance and carry out more sensible\\nmethods of treatment.\\nAfter years of careful study and investigation I am\\nconvinced now more than ever that only such methods as\\nare educational in character and graded to suit the re-\\nquirements of special cases can prove efficient. Tricks\\nand secrets are old-time fogyisms. Surgery is no longer\\nemployed anywhere. There is no longer room for the\\ncharlatan or quack. New ideas, business methods, and\\nmodern facilities for treatment have at last proved true\\nthe old saying:\\nYou can fool some people all the time you can fool\\nall the people some of the time but you cannot fool all\\nthe people all the time.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS AND EXERCISES\\nBREATHING, SLEEP, MORALITY, DIET,\\nAnd Their Relation to a Possible Cure for\\nStammering\\nbreathing\\nThere are many stammerers who do not appear to\\nunderstand the benefits to be derived from practicing a\\ncorrect form of breathing. A correct form of breathing\\ncannot in itself, without other principles, establish a\\ncure for stammering any more than a pile of bricks can\\nin itself form a building without mortar or masonry.\\nIt may, however, serve as an auxiliary and when com-\\nbined with other exercises it oftentimes forms a basis\\nupon which a cure may be built. One thing is certain.\\nWe cannot produce voice without producing breath.\\nIf then we have an incorrect manner of producing our\\nbreath, what shall we say of our syllables, of our words,\\nand of our sentences? Shall we not go back to the\\nprime disturbance and by the pursuance of a system of", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nexercises directly opposed to our wrongly formed hab-\\nits endeavor to correct the evil and begin anew?\\nAlthough the origin of all this disturbance with the\\nstammerer can in no way be attributed to his abnormal\\nrespiration,* which is rather a result than a cause, yet\\nwe should aim, if possible, to correct the habit and sub-\\nstitute for it a correct manner of respiration. If we can\\nsucceed in doing this the chances for the permanency\\nof the cure are largely added to, and we can also count\\non more rapid progress from the beginning.\\nThere are many benefits to be derived from the pur-\\nsuance of good breathing exercises. Even for those not\\nafflicted with stammering, but for the stammerer, espe-\\ncially, they are particularly beneficial. Let us for a\\nmoment discuss the relation of breathing exercises to a\\npossible cure for stammering. Can we by a pursuance\\nof breathing exercises in any possible way influence or\\nstrengthen that which directs and controls all move-\\nments of the body the brain? When we wish to\\nstrengthen any function or muscle of the body we exer-\\ncise it. This granted, can we not by exercising that\\nportion of the brain wherein the stammerer is deficient,\\nimprove and strengthen it to a degree sufficient to give\\nthe will absolute control over the organs of respiration?\\nFor illustration or example suppose we wish to execute\\ncostal breathing. In costal breathing we direct the\\neffort of the mind to the muscles of the sides and by\\nforcing the same to obey the dictates of the will we\\nforce them out and allow them to again contract, al-\\nStammering originates in the brain, see footnote page 27.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nways, of course, aiding this performance by means of\\nthe pressure of the air within which we have in the\\nmeantime inhaled for this purpose. We repeat this ex-\\nercise again and again and in so doing not only exercise\\nthe costal muscles of the body, but at the same time\\nare also educating the mind to control muscle action.\\nWe proceed to other forms of breathing and find in\\ndorsal breathing the will commands the muscles of the\\nback, in chest breathing the muscles of the chest re-\\nspond to the dictates of the mind. In diaphragmatic\\nbreathing we find the diaphragmatic muscle obeys, and\\nhence while the muscles of respiration are being exer-\\ncised, that which gives the command is also being ex-\\nercised. In stammering we find as a result of certain\\nexisting circumstances the muscles of respiration refuse\\nto obey the dictates of the mind. The will is insuffi-\\ncient; the harmony and co-ordination of the functions\\nand organs concerned in speech-production is disturbed\\nand we falter or stumble, but if we educate the mind to\\ncontrol these muscles we find always a ready response\\nto our desires. This is the relation of breathing exer-\\ncises to a possible cure for stammering.\\nAnother incalculable benefit to be derived from a good\\nsystem of breathing exercises is the development it gives\\nto the whole body. But you say, What benefit can that\\nafford me What bearing has that upon a possible cure\\nfor my stammering? Would you believe it that nearly\\neverything you do has either a beneficial or deleterious\\neffect upon your talking One stammerer says I stam-\\nmer worse when I am suffering from indigestion. An-\\nother argues that he suffers worse from the loss of sleep.\\n90", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nAnother claims that his greatest difficulty comes from\\ncold in the head. Another has spasms when brought\\ninto contact with strangers another grows worse from\\nthe use of tobacco, and thus I could tell you of a thou-\\nsand and one or more persons, all of whom surfer worse\\nfrom this, that, or the other thing. They do not seem to\\nattribute it all to one parent cause.\\nWhen you observe a result you may always rest as-\\nsured there is a cause, and in this cause (the disturbance\\nof the nerve centers of the body) lies the great unhid-\\nden law that rules supreme. Anything that upsets the\\nequilibrium of control should be carefully guarded against.\\nHe who stammers worse when suffering from indigestion\\nmust learn that the whole nervous system of the body is\\naffected by a deranged condition of the stomach and\\nthat his excessive difficulty in speaking under such cir-\\ncumstances is but natural, because that which affects the\\nnerves affects also the fluency of his speech.\\nHe who overindulges himself in natural or unnatural\\nexcitement must pay the penalty in his talking be-\\ncause just as sure as the night follows the day, so also\\ndoes stammering follow a disturbance or agitation of the\\nnerve centers. He who stammers worse when suffering\\nfrom the effects of a cold must also learn that he is suf-\\nfering from a disturbance of the nerves. This has been\\nnot only my personal experience, but is largely based\\nupon my observation in hundreds of other cases.\\nThe same law that metes out suffering to the stam-\\nmerer who would disobey its rulings also crowns with\\nlaurels of success him who will build up and strengthen\\nhis body. Thus, if it can be shown that breathing exer-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ncises are beneficial for this purpose, it stands us well in\\nhand to add them to our curriculum of studies. Another\\nbeneficial result of the breathing exercise for the stam-\\nmerer is the additional capacity it gives him for the re-\\ntention of breath. Breathing exercises also give an\\nupright carriage to the body, develop the chest, and keep\\nthe blood in active circulation. In short, they are bene-\\nficial to the whole organism, and while they cannot of\\nthemselves effect a cure for stammering, they neverthe-\\nless serve as an auxiliary and aid us in our work.\\nSLEEP\\nThe New Year s, 1898, number of the Youth s Com-\\npanion, in an article entitled Gladstone at Eighty-\\neight, attributes the wonderful enduring faculties of this\\nwell-known statesman to his capacity for sleep and short\\nnaps. During his whole life it is said that he methodic-\\nally found time for rest as well as work, and thus, unlike\\nthe majority of Americans of the same age, Gladstone\\nat that time was well preserved and in possession of all\\nhis faculties.\\nSleep is curative. Sleep is restful. Every stammer-\\ning man, woman, and child should observe methodical\\nand regular hours for sleep. In cases of intermittent\\nstammering, where the severity of the affliction alternates\\nin ratio with the physical condition of the sufferer, sleep,\\nabove all things, should be earnestly courted. Rest is\\noftentimes as beneficial as sleep. A half hour s rest or\\nsleep before dinner will serve to strengthen the nerves\\nand refresh the body as nothing else can. Every person\\n92", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwho suffers from stammering should sleep from eight to\\nten hours in every twenty-four. Do not oversleep, but\\nsleep sufficiently. Too much sleep is as harmful as too\\nlittle sleep. A good plan to pursue, if possible, is to sleep\\nwhenever you feel sleepy, except after eating heartily.\\nNever sleep on a full stomach. You can neither sleep\\nwell nor will your food digest well. Always rest for a\\ntime after eating, but avoid sleep until your food is well\\nunder the process of digestion.\\nDr. Felix L. Oswald, in an article entitled, The\\nCurative Power of Sleep, written for health culture,\\nNew York, says\\nBrain-work succeeds best while the activity of the\\nanimal organism is reduced to an indispensable mini-\\nmum. The mind is never clearer than early in the morn-\\ning, when the work of digestion is finished and for\\nsimilar reasons digestion proceeds most prosperously\\nwhile the brain is at rest. A correspondent of mine, who\\nis subject to attacks of spasmodic asthma, often passes a\\nwhole afternoon on suburban trolley cars, knowing from\\nexperience that the rocking motion and the sight of\\nmonotonous streets are apt to result in cat-naps, and that\\nthe shortest nap of that sort is sufficient to break the\\nspell of the dyspnoea the distressing difficulty to draw\\na full breath of life-air.\\nA mere cat-nap is also sufficient to relieve sick head-\\nache, dizziness, spasms of colic, and neuralgia and pro-\\ntracted slumber five or six hours of dreamless sleep\\nhas saved more than one life that could not have been\\nas much as respited by all the drugs mentioned in Bar-\\ntholomew s Handbook of Therapeutics. Chronic\\n93", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ndiarrhea has been known to yield to that specific, and\\nin many kinds of fevers, too, everything is gained if the\\npatient can be helped to a few hours of deep slumber\\nwithout the use of narcotics. Monotonous work, pur-\\nposely continued to the verge of fatigue, may help to\\nrelieve insomnia, and in obstinate cases the application\\nof warm winding sheets to the feet and of cool cataplasms\\nto the head will promote the same purpose by alleviat-\\ning the engorgement of the cerebral blood-vessels.\\nOpiates only mock the patient with the appearance\\nof relief, and, like brandy in the r61e of a dyspepsia cure,\\nfrequently result in an aggravation of the trouble. Lau-\\ndanum paralyzes the digestive organs, and not only fails\\nto reproduce the conditions of natural slumber, but goads\\nthe brain into fever-dreams, more permanently injurious\\nthan sleeplessness.\\nAnne Payson Call, in Power Through Repose,\\nspeaking of Rest and Sleep, says: Realizing fully\\nthat sleep is meant for rest, that the only gain is rest,\\nand that new power for use comes in consequence\\nhow absurd it seems that we do not abandon ourselves\\ncompletely to gaining all that nature would give us\\nthrough sleep.\\nSleep is quieting to the nerves, soothing to the brain,\\nand nourishing to the body. Undeniable as this is, can-\\nnot the reader easily understand that sleep is helpful to\\nthe stammerer. The stammerer, generally speaking, is\\nnervous, and owing to his continued fear of stammering\\nbecomes mentally fatigued. His thoughts course rap-\\nidly through his brain, even faster than he can phys-\\nically produce them. Motive power, when generated,\\n94", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nis oftentimes misdirected, and in consequence he ages\\nquickly.\\nCanon Kingsley has said: The stammerer s life\\nis full of misery, and necessarily a short one by reason\\nof the mental depression and misdirection of vital energy\\nwhich is induced thereby.\\nSleep cannot, by any means, effect a cure in any\\ncase of stammering. The point I wish to emphasize is\\nthis that loss of sleep and irregular hours will aggra-\\nvate and make worse any case of stammering.\\nI wish to add, also, that plenty of sleep, with regu-\\nlar hours, will, by quieting the nerves and resting the\\nbrain and body, make possible for successful treatment\\ncases of stammering that might otherwise prove diffi-\\ncult to cure.\\nMORALITY\\nThere is no doubt but that morality obtains a wide\\ninfluence for good in the treatment and cure of stammer-\\ning. We have heard much about the physical treatment\\nof stammering, and yet, important as it is, there has been\\nbut little written about the moral treatment of this awful\\naffliction. I do not assume that morality and purity in\\nliving can in any case effect a cure for stammering. My\\nclaim is that it makes javorable for successful treatment\\na condition which would otherwise prove unfavorable.\\nFortunately I have known of very few stammerers im-\\nmorally inclined. On the contrary the affliction appears\\nto exert a restraining influence over its victim, and in the\\nsame manner that it deprives him socially from the en-\\n95", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\njoyment of the pleasures of life it also holds him in check\\nfrom falling into the pitfalls of ruin. There are without\\ndoubt exceptions to this, since I have known of one or\\ntwo stammerers who were decidedly immoral characters.\\nMy experience, however, from contact with large num-\\nbers of persons afflicted with stammering, bears me out\\nin reaffirming that the large majority of stammerers are\\nof the moral type. There is good and bad in everything\\nand everywhere, and oftentimes the latter element pre-\\ndominates, but fortunate as is the case among stammerers\\nthe majority of them are, if not strictly moral, morally\\ninclined. This fact is largely in favor of the stammerer\\nso far as the possibility of a cure is concerned, because if\\nthe order of things in this respect were reversed it would\\nin a measure lessen the chances for recovery. The mor-\\nally inclined stammerer is generally more susceptible to\\ntreatment than the stammerer who is not morally inclined.\\nWith a mind full of corrupt thoughts, a mouth full of evil\\nsayings, and a body full of languor or disease, we have\\nmany obstacles to surmount before entirely satisfactory\\nresults can be accomplished. On the other hand, a mind\\nfilled with goodness and virtue, a clear conscience, and a\\nhealthy body make successful treatment both probable\\nand possible. The stammerer who would make for him-\\nself a condition most favorable for an absolute cure of his\\naffliction should at once set about to live a life of chastity\\nand purity. Let him engage his mind with wholesome\\nliterature, his body with healthful exercise, and let him\\nchoose his companions with as much care as he would\\nchoose a life partner. Companionship has more to do\\nwith moral living than we would suppose. Every im-\\n-96-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\npression received is one either for good or evil, and thus\\none evil companion will readily overthrow the very thing\\nyou are trying to establish, while a companion of good\\nmorals will strengthen resolutions and build up character.\\nTo prepare yourself for the most favorable results for\\ntreatment cleanse your mind of every impure thought and\\nkeep it constantly cleansed and pure. Avoid obscene\\nlanguage, burlesque or other objectionable plays or thea-\\nters, the use of tobacco in every form also avoid the use\\nof liquor, tea, coffee, and above all the poisonous ciga-\\nrette. Avoid also all kinds of vice and the indulgence in\\nany pleasure that exhausts the vitality. Take plenty of\\nphysical exercise, eat wholesome food, retire early, sleep\\non a good comfortable bed, bathe often, and live well. If\\nyou will follow the plan I have here laid out, you will not\\nonly enhance the probability of a cure for your stammer-\\ning, but you will also elevate yourself in your own esti-\\nmation and in the estimation of all other men.\\nDIET\\nThere is more benefit to be gained from diet re-\\nstrictions than the stammerer would at first suppose.\\nMany persons who stammer are equally as unable to\\ncontrol their appetite as their speech. Naturally of an\\nactive temperament and a nervous disposition they fall\\ninto the rut of doing everything quickly and without\\nregularity. Probably one of the worst evils, aside from\\nthat of stammering, wrought by this practice or habit\\nof doing things quickly, is that of rapid eating and\\novereating. It is also equally as harmful to the\\n7 -97", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nstammerer to eat food that is highly seasoned. He\\nshould avoid the use of spices or condiments in every\\nform. Eat and drink nothing that contains more\\nstimulus than nourishment. Eat nothing animal or\\nvegetable that has not obtained maturity to reproduce\\nitself under ordinary circumstances. Use neither tea\\nnor coffee nor alcoholic liquors avoid fatty substances\\nand eat but little, if anything, that contains lard. Eat\\nslowly and drink nothing while you have food in your\\nmouth. Indeed, try to do everything moderately, and\\nkeep down all excitement of either body or mind.\\nCultivate a cheerful disposition and an agreeable state\\nof mind. Cultivate none but agreeable feeling toward\\nall. Be regular as possible in your habits, whether\\nof eating, drinking, sleeping, or exercise, and do all\\nthings decently and in order. A derangement of the\\nstomach means a derangement of the nervous system,\\nwhich in turn aggravates your natural weaknesses.\\nNourish your body with wholesome food, and eat only\\nsuch things as can be well digested. Indigestion is one\\nof the aggravating evils of stammering. Apply the\\nrules here laid down, and notice the improvement in\\nyour general health, as well as in your talking.\\n9 s.", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "STAMMERING\\nPRACTICALLY, THEORETICALLY\\nlecture delivered before the members of the Detroit Academy of Medicine,\\nJune 25, 1895.\\nMy experience from contact with the stammerer\\nconvinces me that the difficulty is scarcely, if ever,\\nmanifested in two persons in exactly the same manner.\\nI have also learned that the conditions under which\\nstammerers experience the greatest trouble are by no\\nmeans the same.\\nThere appears to be a wide difference of opinion\\nregarding the definition and origin of this malady. It\\nis not my intention, however, to enter into and discuss\\ndifferent authorities and criticise their definitions, but\\nto outline as clearly as possible the cause of the stam-\\nmerer s difficulty and practically demonstrate to you\\nmy mode of treatment.\\nI have frequently been asked the question, To\\nwhat do you attribute stammering? What is the\\ndifference between stammering and stuttering? To\\nthe public, there would seem to be but little difference,\\n99", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nand even the close observer, unless thoroughly ac-\\nquainted with the peculiarities of this affliction, might\\neasily be led astray in his conclusions.\\nWithout going into detail of explanation, I will say\\nthat stammering is principally manifested in the articu-\\nlating organs. Stuttering, on the other hand, is largely\\nconfined to the organs of respiration and vocalization.\\nWe have often heard it said that persons who stammer\\nin conversation can sing without difficulty. This is\\ngenerally the case, but not always. I occasionally\\ncome in contact with persons who experience the same\\nimpediment in singing as in talking. Their efforts to\\narticulate certain syllables in singing meet with the\\nsame hindrance as is manifested in their conversation.\\nSuch cases, however, are rare, f All movements of the\\nhuman body are brought about by the action of\\nmuscles that are attached to movable apparatuses and\\nare made to operate through the medium of the nerves.\\nWithout the proper co-operation of the muscles, it is\\nimpossible to accomplish anything. Thoughts originate\\nin the brain, the brain acts upon the nerves, the\\nnerves act upon the muscles, the muscles act upon the\\nbones, and only after this process are we able to under-\\ntake any act. If the process of action is one of harmony,\\nthe act will be successfully accomplished. If, however,\\nafter the origin of thought, there is an inability to\\naccomplish or perform any ordinary human action, the\\ndeficiency is due to a lack of co-ordination. This lack\\nof co-ordination of action, when spoken of in connection\\nwith or as related to the production of words, is the\\nsource from which originates or develops all forms of", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nabnormal speech. The humiliation of stammering, the\\ndesire to speak fluently, and the fear that he may not\\nbe able to do so, keeps the stammerer in a state of con-\\nstant mental emotion. It is owing to this condition of\\ncontinued fear that we have associated with stammering\\nso much nervousness.\\nWith the aid of a number of my pupils who are present\\nwith us this evening, I will endeavor to practically demon-\\nstrate to you, as far as possible, my mode of treatment.*\\nMy manner of dealing with the stammerer is prob-\\nably different to any that has heretofore been intro-\\nduced, my own experience as a sufferer having given\\nme a keener knowledge of the stammerer s nature than\\nI could possibly otherwise have gained.\\nThe first pupil I will introduce to you this evening\\nappeared before you at your last regular meeting, and,\\nas you remember, was utterly unable to read or speak\\nthree connected words. He applied to me personally\\nfor treatment, and was obliged to indicate by signs and\\nby writing his wishes. The contortions of his face, you\\nwill remember, were most painful. He will address\\nyou to-night, and I want you to note carefully his\\ncomplete change.\\nI will also introduce to you a pupil who has been\\nunder my treatment but three weeks, who stammered\\ncontinually for many years, and who will tell you in a\\nfluent and conversant manner of his remarkable cure.\\n*A number of pupils under treatment expressed their desire to attend\\nthis lecture and asked permission to submit themselves for examination to\\nthe members of the Detroit Academy of Medicine as evidence of the thor-\\noughness of the treament they had undergone.\\n101", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nI have also with me a pupil who has been under\\nother treatments at several different periods during his\\nlife, from which he says he received no perceptible\\nbenefit, and who will, I am sure, be pleased to relate to\\nyou some of his former experiences. You may talk\\nto these gentlemen and to my other pupils with me this\\nevening, and I do not believe any of them will stam-\\nmer, notwithstanding they are all here in Detroit for\\ntreatment, some of them having come long distances to\\nattend my Institute.\\nBefore asking the gentlemen to address you, I will\\nendeavor to demonstrate (as far as the time allotted for\\nthis lecture will allow) the mode of treatment I follow\\nin my school from day to day, and from which we have\\nbeen able to obtain the results you see manifested here\\nbefore you.\\nI can, of course, give you but an idea of the work\\nthat is carried on daily in my Institution, owing to the\\nfact that I am obliged to demonstrate within an hour s\\ntime what usually requires from three to eight weeks to\\naccomplish.\\nFrom four to five hours each day we exercise our\\npupils after this manner. Vocal and physical exercises\\nare also introduced and generally by a series of exer-\\ncises founded on an educational basis of disciplining\\nthe pupil to do exactly as he is told, he gradually gains\\nperfect confidence and freedom of speech.\\n*A half hour was, at this point of the lecture, devoted to the practical\\ndemonstration of the I^ewis Phono-Metric Method of treatment, used largely\\nin effecting a cure.", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nAt first, the instruction to the pupil is usually pri-\\nvate, and after he has made sufficient progress to war-\\nrant it, he is obliged to perform before a portion of the\\nclass what he has already done in my presence. If he\\ncan do this successfully, other pupils are introduced,\\nand he is placed under the most embarrassing condi-\\ntions, made to read, to converse, to deliver impromptu\\nspeeches, is cross-questioned, and the most severe tests\\napplied. If with perfect confidence he proves himself\\ncapable to fully stand these tests, he is then permitted\\nfor a few days to talk at leisure to myself or to the\\nother pupils, asking any questions he desires or he may\\nenter into general conversation. If, after this time, we\\nfind that he does not stammer, he is permitted to join\\nour question-asking expedition and is allowed to talk to\\nany one or every one the- more the better.\\nIt is impossible to tell definitely when he enters the\\nlength of time any pupil will require for treatment. It\\nlargely depends upon his application to his work and\\nhis aptitude and comprehension.\\nThe average person, however, has been obliged to\\nremain from three to six weeks.\\nAuthor s Note: The reader must not infer from the above that pupils\\nattending our Institute are in any manner asked to submit themselves to\\ncriticism either in a public way or otherwise. On the contrary, we are\\nextremely careful to maintain the utmost privacy for those who place them-\\nselves under our treatment and care. We never mention the names of our\\npupils without permission, and, when desired, the strictest confidence and\\nsecrecy of correspondence or attendance is preserved. As already stated, the\\ngentlemen who attended this lecture expressed their desire to be present,\\nknowing that they would be called upon to address the members of the\\nsociety. Notwithstanding this caution they decided to attend in a body and\\nwere highly complimented on all sides for the success of their undertaking.\\n103", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "CAUSE AND CURE\\nOF\\nSPEECH DEFECTS\\nAnd the Conditions That Render Stammering\\nCurable\\nA paper read before the Convention of the National Association of Elocution-\\nists of America, held at Detroit, Mich., 1896, June 24 to July 3.\\nI KNOW of no other subject demanding the same\\nconsideration and attention upon which so little has been\\nwritten and said as the affliction of stammering. It has\\noccurred to me that more has been accomplished for the\\nadvancement of the study of elocution during the past\\nfive years than for the cause of the stammerer during the\\nwhole of the bygone century. While relief for almost\\nevery other known infirmity has been carefully sought\\nafter, the cause of the stammerer has been sadly\\nneglected.\\nSchools for the deaf and dumb, institutes for the\\nblind, homes for sick and friendless children, homes for\\nthe aged and infirm, asylums for the insane and incur-\\nable, and many other such public institutions mark the\\ncharitable spirit of our country, while the affliction of\\nstammering receives only a passing recognition.\\n104", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nMy own experience, having myself stammered for\\nmore than twenty years, together with a careful study of\\nthe subject and contact with a great number of persons\\nwho stammer, convinces me that a great majority of\\npersons who are thus afflicted are themselves as ignorant\\nof the real nature of their malady, as are the persons\\nwith whom they come in contact. They know they\\nstammer, but further than this, concerning the cause and\\nnecessary means of correction of the evil, the great ma-\\njority of them know absolutely nothing.\\nBefore much can be accomplished along the line of\\nadvancing the cause of the stammerer, some radical\\nchanges will require to be effected. The stammerer will\\nrequire to be educated to an appreciation of the neces-\\nsary means of correction of his difficulty and the public\\nin general enlightened regarding his neglected condition.\\nI feel it unnecessary to speak in condemnation of the\\ncrude surgical practices for the relief of stammering re-\\nsorted to during the early part of the present century.\\nThose present who know the history of the art and\\nscience of treating stammering are aware of the awful\\nresults of which I speak. I shall not attempt to give\\nyou a history of these blunders. They were too many in\\nnumber, would fill too many volumes, and would require\\ntoo much time to here explain. They covered a period\\ndating from the early history of Europe down to 1870,\\nduring which time the poor stammerer was butchered\\nand tricked in every imaginable way.\\nBy those who have given serious thought and study\\nto the subject, it is conceded that stammering is of men-\\ntal origin. With persons who stammer, there seems to\\n105", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nexist in the portion of the brain which governs and con-\\ntrols the motions requisite for the production of speech\\na difference of brain fibre from that of the ordinary in-\\ndividual. The difference does not appear as one of\\nstructure, but of sensibility. This idiosyncrasy exposes\\nthe brain of the stammerer to be most easily disarranged\\nand the organs co-operating thrown into spasmodic\\naction by the ordinary mental desire to speak. In other\\nwords, there seems to be a lack of co-ordination and of\\nharmonious action between thought and its transmission\\nand conversion into articulate speech. Thoughts of the\\nbrain arising either from immediate sensation or other-\\nwise are carried along through a succession of channels\\nbefore they can be audibly expressed. Few of us, unless\\nwe have given careful study to the subject, know just\\nwhat this process of transmission consists of. To better\\nillustrate, let us imagine the transmission of thought\\nfrom the brain and its conversion to expressed words\\nand ideas a chain consisting of several links. The first\\nlink represents the systematic arrangement for produc-\\ntion of thoughts and ideas that originate in the brain\\nthrough our immediate sensations, or which take their\\norigin in an abstract manner.\\nThe second link represents a determination or desire\\nof the will to give expression to thought.\\n106", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThe third link represents a generating influence of\\nthe will that moves to action any portion of the body.\\nFor the purpose of illustration, I have designated this\\ninfluence Motive Power.\\nThe fourth link represents the action of articulate\\nspeech.\\nWe have before us in the four links of this chain the\\nprocess of transmission of thought to its conversion into\\naudible expression, and a complete analysis of speech,\\nwhich, I trust, will better enable us to discover the stam-\\nmerer s defect.\\nIt will now require an investigation and examination\\non our part of the different links which make up this\\nchain to find the point at which the functions concerned\\ncease to harmonize. As long as the process of transmis-\\nsion is harmonious, the results will be most satisfactory.\\nIt is only when the organs concerned in the production\\nof speech do not act in harmony that we hesitate or\\nstammer.\\nLet us turn our attention to the first link of the chain\\nbefore us. Is the elaboration of thought and its arrange-\\nment for production in the brain of the stammerer, un-\\nsystematic Do we find this to be true If true, the\\nstammerer, intellectually speaking, would not only be\\nweak-minded, but would also be lacking of intelligence.\\nThe fact that many of the brightest men the world has\\nknown have stammered would appear as evidence\\nagainst such a conclusion, and I think any further argu-\\nment on this point is unnecessary. I think it is generally\\nadmitted that the stammerer is not weak of intellect, but\\non the contrary, many persons who stammer are superior\\n107", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nin this respect to some persons who are gifted with per-\\nfect fluency.\\nFrom an examination of the second link it would\\nappear that there can be nothing lacking in the desire\\nof the stammerer to express himself. If so, the defect\\nmust amount to either an excessive or deficient energy,\\nresulting in an inability to give physical action to\\ninternal thought. If the difficulty of stammering were\\ndue to a defect at this point, we would find that, as\\nwell as the organs of speech, other organs of the body\\nwould fail to respond to our desire.\\nAgain, let us consider the case of the infant. Take,\\nfor illustration, the child who has inherited the original\\ndefect of the stammerer. It, as well as the adult, can\\nonly make known its wants by means of physical action,\\nand if the defect of stammering were due to an excessive\\nor deficient mental desire, we would find this child, be-\\nfore speech was complete, would be not only wholly un-\\nable to express itself, but would betray all the symptoms\\nof the stammerer. It has been found, however, that\\nsuch children do not betray their malady until a more\\ncomplex action is required of them than the mere act of\\ndesiring. This, to me, is conclusive evidence that the\\ndifficulty of stammering is not attributable to any\\ndeficiency at the point under consideration.\\nBefore examining the third link of our chain, let us\\nproceed to consider the fourth. I believe stammering\\nto be of more obscure origin than is generally believed.\\nTrue, the outward manifestations to the observer are\\nwholly confined to the organs of speech and, at first\\nthought, it would appear that the cause of the difficulty\\n108", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nmight be attributable to wrongly formed speaking\\norgans. If stammering were due to an organic defect\\nof the organs of speech, we would find persons who are\\nthus afflicted would always have exactly the same diffi-\\nculty on the same words and under the same conditions.\\nWe find, on the contrary, however, that persons who\\nstammer are at times able to converse in a perfectly\\nfluent manner without the least hesitation, while at other\\ntimes they are unable to speak three connected words\\nor to raise their voices to make an audible whisper. I\\nam willing to admit that persons who stammer are as\\nliable to organic defect of the organs of speech as are\\npersons who are not afflicted, but do not believe that\\nthe percentage of persons who suffer from organic\\ndefect of the speaking organs is any larger among\\nstammerers than among other persons not addicted to\\nstammering. Furthermore, I have never found, in a\\nsingle case of stammering, the least defect in the organs\\nof articulation. I therefore conclude that the action\\nof speech itself is, with the stammerer, perfect and\\ncomplete.\\nWe have now examined all but the third link of our\\nchain, and having found nothing to indicate the origin of\\nthe stammerer s difficulty, let us proceed to examine\\nthe third. This link joins mental desire with physical\\naction and would appear as the point where the current\\nof thought is connected with the movable apparatus of\\narticulate speech. Up to this point the process of trans-\\nmission is but mental. Here the current of thought is\\nconnected with the dynamo of human mechanism, and\\nlike a flash mental desire is transmitted and transformed", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ninto moving living action. This point of contact may\\nbe the source of all forms of abnormal speech. The\\nmental energy of the will fails to generate to action the\\nrequired stimulus of mind and body necessary to the\\nproper co-ordination and harmony of the functions con-\\ncerned in the proper production of perfect speech. The\\nlack of harmony thereby occasioned results in stammer-\\ning and, as previously stated, the point of contact would\\nappear as the real source and origin of the stammerer s\\ndifficulty.\\nThe unsuccessful efforts of many who have en-\\ndeavored to treat the stammerer I attribute to unfavor-\\nable conditions. With favorable conditions and proper\\ntreatment, any case of stammering, no matter how se-\\nvere, can be successfully treated.\\nLet us consider for a moment the conditions favor-\\nable to a perfect cure\\nFirst, any treatment, to successfully overcome stam-\\nmering, will require to establish a foundation upon which\\nto build.\\nSecond, this foundation can be explained as the\\nbasis from which the child, during earliest infancy,\\nevolves the proper manner of talking. To establish\\nsuch a foundation means a return to the fundamental\\nprinciples of breath and tone production, with a well-\\ndirected force of will against the mental influences of\\nstammering and the unnatural conditions that have\\narisen.\\nThe third condition to a successful treatment will\\nrequire an instructor who, from a personal experience\\nof stammering, can appreciate the feelings of the stam-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nmerer and know the trend of the mental influences that\\nact in discord. Such a person with a well-directed\\nforce of will power constantly exerted in the right direc-\\ntion can successfully direct the stammerer to a proper\\ndeliberation of action.\\nThe fourth condition to a successful treatment will\\nrequire for the stammerer a home life surrounded with\\nmoral and persuasive influences, directly under the care\\nand watchfulness of his instructor, where, from day to\\nday during treatment, the necessary care can be easily\\nexerted.\\nThe sixth condition to a favorable treatment will re-\\nquire that the stammerer may be surrounded with a\\nnumber of others who are similarly afflicted, that he\\nmay constantly be reminded by them of the grave im-\\nportance of careful attention to training.\\nThe seventh condition to a successful treatment is\\nproper .food and nourishment for the stammerer. His\\nchanges of diet, hour for retiring, and habit of stimu-\\nlants will require to be carefully restricted.\\nThese conditions earnestly sought after and strictly\\nadhered to will make favorable for successful treatment\\nthe most severe cases of stammering you can possibly\\nimagine.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "INSTITUTIONAL AND HOME TREATMENT\\nTHERE are many diversities of opinion as to what\\nconstitutes a good treatment for the cure of stammering.\\nTo me a good treatment for the cure of stammering\\nmeans much. To others it may mean the same, but their\\nway of looking at the matter and my judgment of the\\naffair may be entirely different. Thus I will endeavor\\nto make plain my views and will tell what practical ex-\\nperience has taught me to be, from all points considered,\\na good method of cure.\\nFeeling that the influence of both the institute and\\nthe home are necessary in accomplishing the cure, I\\nshall endeavor to point out to my reader a place for both,\\nand throughout my discussion will try and make clear\\nmy ideas of the merits of each. The fact that I can count\\non the fingers of one hand but few institutes for the cure\\nof stammering (within the last quarter of a century) that\\nhave proved successful, is evidence that there is a lack in\\nmanagement somewhere. I know of more than a score\\nthat have started apparently under the most favorable\\ncircumstances and have subsequently fallen by the way-\\nside. Who is responsible for this? Was it a lack on the\\npart of the instructor in his ability to effect the cure, or", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwas failure due to lack of business management? In\\nthe majority of cases both causes were responsible for\\nfailure. The first requisite necessary in successfully con-\\nducting an institution for the cure of stammering is an\\nability to effect the cure. I am satisfied also that no per-\\nson excepting one who has himself tasted of this cup of\\ngalling bitterness is in a position to understand the feel-\\nings and condition of the stammerer. The circumstance\\nthat a person can cure a single case of stammering, or in\\nfact that he can cure a number of cases, is no evidence\\nthat he could conduct successfully an institution where\\nlarge numbers of persons thus afflicted are expected to\\ncongregate for the purpose of obtaining relief. To suc-\\ncessfully conduct an institution of this kind it requires\\nsomething more than an ability to cure, which is, however,\\nas I have already said, an important element to success,\\nin fact, the most important. Institutions must be con-\\nducted on a large scale to insure success. A small mer-\\ncantile business will sometimes pay better returns for the\\nmoney invested than larger concerns of a like nature, but\\na small institution for the cure of stammering run in\\na small way is nothing. Everything in and about a\\nstammering school must have attention to insure good\\nresults.\\nIn the first place the system used to effect the cure\\nis important. Whatever the system may be it must be\\ncomplete. It requires, on the part of the teacher, a\\nknowledge of all systems, without which and without\\nthe skill of an adept in applying them the results looked\\nfor may prove disappointing. Surprising as it may ap-\\npear to one unacquainted with this study, more depends", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nupon the thoroughness in applying certain principles\\nthan in the methods themselves. To know a thing and\\nto do it are two entirely different things, and thus it re-\\nquires not only familiarity with certain rules, but also\\nthat these rules and principles must be properly applied\\nand carried out.\\nThere must be method in everything. Even as a\\nlarge department store such as Wanamaker s, of Phila-\\ndelphia, or Siegel-Cooper s, of Chicago, could not suc-\\nceed without method, neither can an institution for the\\ncure of stammering. The business methods of an insti-\\ntution of this kind are as important to its success as its\\nmethods of cure. Correspondence should be well cared\\nfor. Letters carefully filed away; answers as carefully\\ncopied, and all correspondence kept as confidential as a\\nsacred trust. A proper office system throughout should\\nbe maintained. A separate advertising department\\nestablished, where all literature, pamphlets, circulars,\\nand magazine advertising is properly taken care of.\\nBills due should be paid at once, in order to insure the\\nfinancial rating or standing of the institution. Receipts\\nshould be made out and given to all persons paying\\nmoney into the institution, however large or small, and\\nthe utmost economy practiced at all times.\\nOne reason I think that so many institutions for the\\ncure of stammering have failed, is because of their many\\nbroken and unfulfilled promises. They picture things\\nin an untrue light and gild their phrases with the warm-\\nest coloring. This is a great mistake. We see the same\\nprinciples carried out in everyday life. Every daily\\npaper we read is filled with untruths. The advertise-\\n114", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nments of the majority of stores, many of them consid-\\nered reliable, are full of untruths. Bankrupt Sales,\\nGoing Out of Business, one dollar a yard goods for\\nfifty cents, dissolution of partnership sales, and what\\nnot all to deceive the public. Why not the truth?\\nIsn t it better in the end Of course, and so it would\\nhave been better for many of these institutions now\\nobliterated and dead had they not made so many prom-\\nises which they knew they, or anybody else, could not\\nfulfill.\\nIn looking after their own pecuniary interests many\\nof these institutions that have failed entirely lost sight of\\nthe pupils welfare. Their object appeared to be to get\\nall the money they could and give as little work for it\\nin return as possible. The patient s interest should be\\nconsidered first, in which way is the only way of serving\\nthe best interests of the institution. The fact of the mat-\\nter is the pupil makes the institution, and without that\\nsupport which he gives, if rightly used, no institution\\ncan exist without loss. Here is a critical point, how-\\never, as the teacher may (overambitious to serve his\\npupil and at the same time himself) indulge his pupil\\nin liberties which he should not have with the fear that\\nhis order to desist will mean a separation of friendship.\\nI know of but one way to overcome this obstacle. Teach\\nthe pupil to know that duty comes first. That all other\\nissues to his cure are secondary and that you prefer his\\nill will and respect rather than his good will without it.\\nObedience is the first law of order and should be made\\ninfallible, as a principle with pupils in their duty to the\\ninstructor.\\n115", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nLet the teacher establish a fixed rule in dealing with\\npupils and never deviate from a principle which experi-\\nence has taught him is best. Accept suggestions, but\\ndo not accept dictation from any pupil as to the treat-\\nment best adapted for his particular case. He comes\\nnot to instruct, but to learn not as a teacher, but as a\\npupil, and as such should be taught to obey. Let the\\nteacher ask kindly that his instructions shall be fulfilled,\\nand carry himself with such dignity as will maintain\\nthe respect and confidence of his pupils. If the pupil\\nopenly disobeys, let the teacher demand obedience,\\nand if necessary exact it. The majority of pupils,\\nhowever, are ever ready to obey, as in obedience to in-\\nstructions is embodied the elements of the cure.\\nIn considering the requisites of the institution, it\\ncan be authoritively stated that the influences of the\\nhome-life are absolutely necessary to the best interests\\nof both teacher and pupil. In fact, I consider that at\\nleast 25 per cent, of the value of treatment in effecting\\nthe cure is in some instances due entirely to the influ-\\nences for good which all pupils under treatment for\\nstammering should have cast around them. The care-\\nfully guarded moral life of the ideal home should be\\nmade a permanent fixture of the institution.\\nIn the conduct of institutions for the cure of stam-\\nmering this important feature has not been taken into\\nconsideration, and for this reason, if from no other,\\nsuch schools have been short lived. To insure success\\nthe management of the institution should provide for\\nits pupils a home equipped with all modern conven-\\niences, customary to modern ways of living. Not only\\n116", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nin this respect should the home be provided for, as\\nmany a house equipped in the matter of modern con-\\nveniences, is anything but a home. In speaking of the\\nhome, I refer more particularly to the influences and\\nsurroundings rather than to equipment and furnishing,\\nwhich, however, are important if not indispensable.\\nEverything in and about the home in connection\\nwith an institution for the cure of stammering should\\nbe kept scrupulously clean, neat, and cheerful. Read-\\ning rooms as well as a library should be provided for\\npupils, with plenty of wholesome literature. All the\\npopular magazines of the day, such as the Century,\\nHarper s, Scribner s, Munsey s, the Ladies Home Jour-\\nnal, the Youth s Companion and several dozen other\\npapers of this class, as well as religious papers of high\\ncharacter, should be placed at the disposal of the pupils\\nof the institute.\\nThe establishment of a home of this character, how-\\never, in connection with an institution for the cure of\\nstammering is not as easy a matter as it would appear.\\nIt costs thousands of dollars, but it means much to the\\nstammerer, as it adds considerably to the value of his\\ntreatment.\\nParlors should be provided with pianos, as well as\\ncomfortable sitting chairs for retirement and ease, and\\nevery pupil of the institution, no matter what his former\\nsphere of life has been, should be made to feel perfectly\\nwelcome to every portion of the home. Deportment\\nand gentlemanly conduct should be made the only\\nobligation in return for these many advantages, and\\nwith a carefully guarded life on the part of those who\\n117", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nhave charge of the home, the highest degree of success\\nmay be expected.\\nWhile the institution owes the pupil a duty almost\\nequal to an avowed obligation, the pupil in return owes\\nthe institution a duty equally as important. It is the\\npart of the teacher to instruct, to encourage, to enthuse,\\nand, if necessary, to exact or demand. It is the part of\\nthe pupil to obey, and not only to obey, but to do more\\nthan obey to exert himself in his own behalf.\\nThere are many kinds of salaried employees of\\nwhich two distinct classes have always been apparent to\\nthe writer. That class of persons who work only for\\ntheir own interests and do exactly what is expected of\\nthem for a fixed sum per day or per week. That class\\nwho in trying to serve their own interests try to serve\\nalso their employer s interest, and who show by their\\nefforts that they are doing more than is expected of\\nthem. The former class always work for a fixed salary,\\nwhich is never advanced. They are paid for exactly\\nwhat they do, and they do exactly what they are paid for.\\nThe latter class generally find their way to the top,\\nas the employer realizing the fact that they are doing\\nmore work than they are being paid for, will, if just,\\nadvance them accordingly.\\nThis same idea appears to prevail among persons\\nunder treatment for stammering. Some pupils work\\nonly to serve their own interests. They obey, but create\\nno originality. They do exactly the amount of work\\ndemanded, but nothing more.\\nThe other class is that of pupils who work not only\\nfor their own interests, but also for the interests of their", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nfellow-sufferers. They make an effort of their own.\\nThey put forth a determination into their work that\\ngenerates a like determination in others. They create\\nan originality and do many things not absolutely re-\\nquired of them, but which serve to advance them in\\ntheir work. In this they are wise, as it is only in serving\\nthe best interest of the institution and of his fellow-\\nsufferer that the stammerer will succeed in serving best\\nhis own interest.\\nThere is another class, and a most important one to\\nthe institution, as no institution can long succeed if ham-\\npered by its influence. This class is one of persons who\\nare disinterested in their own cure. They come into the\\ninstitution because their parents or friends want them\\ncured. They feel no humiliation over their infirmity.\\nThey boast that it is their own business if they stammer,\\nand say if other persons do not like their style of talking\\nthey do not have to. Such persons should be barred\\nfrom treatment, as their presence is always harmful to\\nothers, and, besides, effort to cure them generally results\\nin failure. They are as indifferent to treatment as they\\nare to the opinions of those whom they torment with\\ntheir stammering.\\nTo succeed in its efforts, the institution should en-\\ndeavor to instill into the life of every patient a determi-\\nnation to succeed. No such word as failure should\\nbe permitted. Stammerers who come into the institute,\\nnot knowing the importance that attaches to willingness\\nto obey, and personal effort on the part of the pupil\\nshould be taught the importance of these factors at the\\nbeginning.\\n119", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThose who put forth effort of their own and obey to\\nthe letter should be encouraged to the utmost, while\\nthose who are disinterested in their cure should not be\\npermitted to enter.\\nRigid discipline in\u00c2\u00bbtreatment, with attention to detail\\nby the pupil in following out instructions, together with\\ncarefulness on the part of the management in watching\\nthe progress of its pupils, will, if the above suggestions\\nare carefully observed, add largely to the success of any\\ninstitution for the cure of stammering.\\nThe advantages of the home-life in connection with\\nthe institution are shown in the benefit derived by pupils\\nthrough association. In a school of this kind the co-\\noperation of the pupil with his teacher is absolutely\\nessential. He should be taught also to manifest an\\ninterest in others. In this way the subject becomes\\ninteresting to him. He soon learns to regard the cure\\nas a study, and it is oftentimes surprising with what\\nearnestness he will apply himself to solve the problem.\\nMr. A becomes interested in the phenomenon of\\nMr. B s case, while Mr. B is equally interested in study-\\ning the peculiarities of Mr. A s case, and so on through-\\nout an entire class of ninety to a hundred pupils. Has the\\nreader ever stopped to think what it means to have this\\nmany stammerers all collected together under one roof\\nall living together, eating together, and working to-\\ngether? It means a great work, I can assure you; but\\nwhen these ninety to a hundred persons are constantly\\nchanging places, new ones coming and old ones going,\\nit means in the course of a year many hundred patients.\\nThat all these persons should learn to co-operate with", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "1\\nTHE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthe teacher is one of the important elements to success\\nbut that they should also be brought into associa-\\ntion, one with the other for each other s benefit, that\\nthey should in fact each strive to help the other, is a still\\ngreater element to success, and one of the most im-\\nportant elements of the cure. In this way, in addition\\nto the regular teaching staff of the school, every pupil\\nhas constantly from ninety to a hundred instructors, all\\ninterested in his cure and anxious to have him succeed.\\nAnother advantage to be derived from the home-life\\nin the institution is that of making the pupil feel satisfied\\nand cheerful. Naturally sensitive over his affliction, he\\ndoes not care, to associate with persons who have no\\nsympathy for him. He does not ask for sympathy, yet\\ndislikes ridicule. Thus by bringing him into the home\\nwhere he is constantly in association with others who\\nare similarly afflicted, he is not exposed to the heart-\\nlessness of unkind persons, which he might otherwise\\nfall in with.\\nThere should be system in the home-life of the\\nschool as well as in the method of instruction. In this\\nthe advantages of a home for the pupil are without\\nquestion of great value. He can be most carefully\\nwatched, and is at all times directly under the observa-\\ntion of the faculty. His hour of retirement, his daily\\nexercise, his diet, as well as his other habits, can all be\\ncarefully regulated. In this respect, if in no other, the\\nadvantages of the home are without question of more\\nthan real value to the pupil under treatment.\\nIn a word, the home provided for the pupil is as im-\\nportant in accomplishing the cure as is the method of", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ninstruction. The latter should be thorough, while the\\nformer should be adapted especially for comfort, con-\\nvenience, and accommodation. It should contribute to\\nmake the life of the stammerer a cheerful one it should\\nsurround him with wholesome and moral influences it\\nshould in fact be a Christian home in every sense of the\\nword, and thus, while aiding in accomplishing the cure, it\\nwill also serve a two-fold purpose, that of adding to the\\nlife and character of the pupil.\\nWhen you have made up your mind to enter an in-\\nstitution for the cure of stammering, go in with all con-\\nfidence in your instructor, belief in the cure, and a firm\\ndetermination to win. I make this suggestion for two\\nreasons I have observed that the degree of success\\nwith which the pupil meets is always in direct ratio to\\nhis belief. I have also observed that pupils without\\nconfidence in their instructor lack also confidence in their\\ncure. Fortunately I have had but few cases of this lat-\\nter kind to contend with, as the majority of persons\\nsuffering from stammering with whom I have come in\\npersonal contact are firm believers in the cure. However,\\nI have occasionally met one who, owing either to former\\nfailure or to general skepticism, disbelieved in any method\\nof cure, but who for the sake of experiment was willing\\nto go in on a speculative basis. This is poor policy,\\nand sometimes proves an expensive experiment in the\\nend. It costs the same for treatment whether you be-\\nlieve or disbelieve, whether you have confidence in your\\ninstructor or whether you lack confidence in him, and\\nthe results are always more gratifying to those who be-\\nlieve. It is the hardest work in the world for a physi-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ncian to raise from a sick bed a patient who believes he\\nis going to die. It is equally hard for the teacher to\\ncure his pupil of stammering unless the pupil places\\nconfidence in the instruction. This class of disbelievers\\nis detrimental to the best interests of both the institu-\\ntion and its pupils, and often dampens the ardor of a\\nwhole school. Many of these persons who are thus\\nskeptical, when brought into contact with the work of a\\nwell-conducted institution, lose their disbelief and be-\\ncome warm supporters of the methods employed. Their\\ncure makes them so, for how could they be otherwise\\nwhen they have actually become partakers in the enjoy-\\nment of that for which they have so long searched\\nThere is much truth in the statement that stammer-\\ning is a lack of confidence. I believe it is, and also that\\nmany persons stammer in their everyday actions with-\\nout ever speaking a word. Stammering has sometimes\\npresented itself to me in these words I don t know\\nwhether I can or not, I don t believe I can.\\nThe majority of my readers are persons who stam-\\nmer. Have you ever felt that sensation of doubt Is\\nnot your first impression an impression of doubt, when\\napproaching a word difficult of utterance Is not the\\nsecond impression one of disbelief? You say yes.\\nWhat is the result? Your answer is, failure. Thus\\nmany persons stammer without even uttering a word.\\nThey doubt their own ability to perform certain acts.\\nThey don t know whether they can or not, they don t\\nbelieve they can. They halt, hesitate, stumble, in\\nfact, they stammer, and even though it be by act\\nalone, without the sound of vocal utterance, neverthe-\\n123", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nless it is characteristic of stammering, which in truth it\\nreally is. When, therefore, it is shown that stammer-\\ning is in form only a lack of confidence, is it not a\\nreasonable argument that the degree of success under\\ntreatment is always in ratio to the confidence of the\\npupil? Is not confidence that element which we are\\ntrying to establish? How then can we establish a\\ncure unless we can establish a confidence? The fact\\nof the matter is the cure consists largely of confidence,\\neven as the defect is largely a lack of confidence.\\nTake my advice then when you enter an institution,\\nhave confidence in the instruction. Do not go in on\\nthe belief that every man is a rogue until you prove him\\nhonest, but in considering your cure believe in your\\ntreatment that every man is honest until you prove him\\na rogue. This latter I confess is not a good policy to\\npursue in all things, but when the matter of establishing\\na cure for stammering is thus dependent upon the estab-\\nlishing of confidence, it is well to believe from the be-\\nginning. I refer in this matter entirely to the pupil s\\nconduct and belief after arriving at the institution. Be-\\nfore entering such an institution, make sure you are\\nright and then go ahead. By this I mean take every\\nprecaution to thoroughly investigate its merits. If it\\nbears favorable investigation and you are willing to\\nmake the experiment, cast aside any disbelief which\\nyou may have previously entertained and abandon\\nevery doubt before enrolling yourself as a pupil. Stake\\neverything in belief and have confidence in your cure\\nto the uttermost degree. This will insure a cure in\\nany case of stammering, it matters not how severe the\\n-124-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ncase may be, providing the pupil is willing to obey in-\\nstructions. Much of course depends upon the instruc-\\ntion. I refer only to such instruction as one would\\nexpect to find in any well-conducted and well-regulated\\ninstitution for the cure of stammering.\\nThe time was when such institutions did not exist,\\nbut with the advancement of science, new ideas have\\nbeen developed along this line from which have\\nevolved practical methods for the cure of stammering.\\nTo enumerate the many different methods that\\nhave been practiced for the cure of stammering within\\nthe past century, giving a description of each, would\\nfill an entire book, and could prove of little benefit, if\\nany, to the reader. In truth, I believe it would prove\\nharmful, as much time at earlier periods was uselessly\\nspent in vain efforts to obtain radical results. Only\\nwithin the past few years have practical methods of cure\\nbeen in use the result of modern thought, investiga-\\ntion, and invention. In fact, as recently as 1852,\\nmethods of surgery were largely practiced for the cure\\nof stammering, and with harmful results, as is shown\\nby the following extract, taken from Stammering:\\nIts Effects, Causes, and Remedies, by C. P. Bronson,\\nM. D. Dr. Bronson was considered in his time an\\nauthority of unquestionable reputation, and concerning\\nsurgery as a remedy for stammering says\\nI am also aware that some persons contend that\\nstammering is caused by malformation of the vocal or-\\ngans, which either produce or modify sound. But this\\nopinion is incorrect, as is evident from the fact that it is\\ncaused by a disease which induces this impediment of\\n125", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nspeech. In consequence of this false notion, some grave\\nprofessors of medicine and eminent surgeons have un-\\ndertaken to cure stammering by operations, a few of\\nwhich I witnessed some years ago in the medical de-\\npartment of the New York University. Being person-\\nally interested in the subject, I took much pains to see\\nindividuals who had been operated upon as they came\\nout of that college. I inquired of them whether they\\nwere cured. Their words and actions invariably replied\\nin the negative. The operation I would observe, con-\\ntinues Dr. Bronson, was merely piercing the tongue\\ntransversely or cornerwise from about one-fourth of its\\ncorner side to its right upper side. In the name of\\ncommon sense, says the Doctor, what has such an\\noperation on a modifier of sounds to do with the organs\\nthat produce the sound\\nMany such nonsensical ideas prevailed among early\\ninvestigators, the results of which served only to dis-\\nhearten the stammerer. Several deaths were reported\\nfrom hemorrhage. Stammerers were mutilated and cut\\nto pieces in every imaginable way. Tongues were cut,\\ntonsils removed, needles were inserted into and passed\\nthrough the base of the tongue, sharp-pointed instru-\\nments forced into the vocal cavities, gargles of various\\nkinds used to allay the irritation, and powders adminis-\\ntered to the patient with the hope of benefiting him.\\nOne writer says My attention was called to an\\nadvertisement which proposed to cure stammering in\\nvarious ways. One man advertised to cure by a surgi-\\ncal operation, which he said could be performed in the\\ntwinkling of an eye, and the stammerer was forever\\n126", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ncured. I called on the performer (who dubbed himself\\nDoctor), but without the least faith imaginable. In\\nthe center of his office stood a round table, on which\\nwas spread in beautiful confusion a quantity of surgical\\ninstruments such as dentists use. I made some in-\\nquiries as to his mode of operation, price, etc., but with\\nwhat little knowledge I then possessed of the structure\\nof the human system I was confident that his apparatus\\nwas all a humbug, and not willing to be fleeced for\\nthe ninety-ninth time, I retired with his angry words\\nringing in my ears.\\nSuch was the condition of things up until as late a\\nperiod as 1850. Earlier than that time matters were\\neven much worse, as is shown by the unbalanced theo-\\nries of authors who unhesitatingly put their views into\\nprint.\\nAs already mentioned, it could only serve as pro-\\nductive of evil that I should discuss further or enlarge\\nupon their worthless methods, nearly all of which have\\nsince been abandoned. Better that I should tell my\\nreader what I consider to-day the best means of\\ntreatment, and bury these old, worn-out, and threadbare\\nideas in the grave of the past, where they so fittingly\\nbelong.\\nThe use of a surgeon s knife to effect a cure is not\\nrequired in one case of stammering in a thousand. Only\\nwhere malformation of the organs appear is it necessary\\nto perform a surgical operation, and of such cases during\\nmy entire acquaintance with stammerers I have known\\nonly one. This single case was a complicated one in\\nmany respects, and it may be a relief to add that stam-\\n127", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nmering was not due even in this instance to the malform-\\nation. It was necessary, however, in order to correct the\\narticulation of the sufferer that an operation should be\\nperformed. As a matter of fact, his stammering habit\\nwas entirely cured before the operation was commenced,\\nthus conclusively showing that there was no relation be-\\ntween his stammering and the abnormality of his tongue.\\nIt simply happened that in addition to stammering he had\\nunfortunately been born with a peculiarity which is some-\\ntimes manifest in persons not addicted to stammering.\\nHad he never stammered the operation would have been\\nnecessary just the same, in order to establish perfect artic-\\nulation. Malformation of the speaking organs among\\nstammerers is very rare, and not at all more common\\nthan among persons not thus afflicted.\\nAmong letters received from many thousands of per-\\nsons addicted to stammering, and from my personal\\nacquaintance with a great number, I have recollection of\\nbut few instances where any defect other than that of\\nstammering was manifested in the patient. As has been\\ndemonstrated again and again, surgery can only prove\\nharmful where it is not necessary, and I know of no\\nbetter illustration of the truth of this statement than in\\ncases of stammering. The less the stammerer has to\\ndo with the knife of the surgeon the better for him in\\nnine hundred and ninety-nine cases out of every thou-\\nsand.\\nI have always maintained and still believe that medi-\\ncine is sometimes necessary in cases of stammering, even\\nas I believe its use is necessary by many persons who do\\nnot stammer. I will go further than this, and say that it\\n128", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nis particularly beneficial as an auxiliary in some peculiar\\ncases of the intermittent class, where the physical condi-\\ntion of the sufferer has much to do with his ease in talk-\\ning. Stammerers who suffer from exhausted vitality or\\nwho have weakened energy, in applying themselves may\\noftentimes profit by the advice and attention of a good\\nfamily physician. Any reputable doctor will tell you,\\nhowever, that the less medicine you take the better for\\nyou. A judicious amount of exercise, plenty of sleep\\nand rest, and good, wholesome diet are in the majority\\nof instances much better than medicine. Often a mild\\ntonic is necessary or even a physic to arouse the liver\\nbut other than this, unless there is some chronic ailment,\\nleave medicine alone.\\nAll good methods for the cure of stammering should\\nhave incorporated into their regimen a graded system of\\nphysical exercises. Graded, for the reason that what\\nmight prove beneficial to one patient would be harmful\\nfor another. From the fact that mental energy and will-\\npower, upon which good talking largely depends, are\\nlargely induced and augmented by judicious exercise,\\none who stammers should take every opportunity that\\npresents itself to put himself in the pink of condition\\nphysically.\\nThat physical exercise is beneficial in the treatment\\nof stammering, no recognized authority disputes exer-\\ncises to develop the torso, and for the development of the\\nmuscles of the neck, being especially productive of good.\\nPhysical exercise in a general way, such as one will re-\\nceive in the ordinary first-class gymnasium where the\\nregimen is directed by a well-informed instructor must\\n9 \u00e2\u0080\u0094129", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nalso serve to lessen the severity of the stammerer s dif-\\nficulty. The reason for this is not at first apparent, but\\nwhen one stops to consider that such exercises serve to\\nsubjugate the muscles to the power and influence of the\\nmind the object is readily made clear. Who will say\\nthat by disciplining the muscles of the body to obey\\nthe commands of the will we have not gained the first\\nstep in harmonizing this inharmonious action? I have\\nalways maintained that breathing exercises for the de-\\nvelopment of the organs of respiration were highly bene-\\nficial to the stammerer as a means in overcoming his\\nimpediment, but have never advocated their use wholly\\nas a means of physical development. My purpose in\\nusing breathing exercises is not wholly because they\\nstrengthen the organs of respiration, nor because\\nthey serve to increase the capacity of the lungs.\\nStammering is not due to incorrect breathing habits,\\nwhich latter are generally the result of stammering.\\nNeither is stammering due to an undercapacity of the\\nlungs.\\nWhy then use breathing exercises in overcoming\\nthe defect? My answer is for the same reason that I\\nwould use physical exercises, for the same reason that I\\nwould use vocal exercises. Physical exercises are well\\nadapted to improve the general health and physique of\\nthe sufferer breathing exercises are beneficial to aid\\nin this physical development, and vocal exercises serve\\nto mellow and strengthen the voice, which is good even\\nto persons not afflicted with stammering. These exer-\\ncises, however, as used in connection with a treatment\\nfor the cure of stammering should, while intended as an\\n130", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nauxiliary to the general health of the sufferer, be given\\nfor the purpose of mental discipline.\\nI will endeavor to make myself clear in this state-\\nment by saying that the defect of the stammerer is in\\nthe mind,* not in a weakened voice, not in general\\nphysical weakness nor in incorrect habits of breathing.\\nThese latter are all the result of stammering and are\\ngenerally associated with the defect, and often serve to\\naggravate it, but should never be attributed as a cause.\\nStammering is manifested in a lack of ready and\\nharmonious response of the muscles of the body to the\\ncommands of the will. It is therefore by making the\\nmuscles obey the will that we principally succeed in\\novercoming the defect. To do this we must give the\\nmind absolute control over every muscle of the body,\\nand whether it be a muscle concerned in the production\\nof speech or not it must be disciplined to obey. If we\\nwould control the unruly muscles we must obtain a more\\nready response from each and every one. We must be\\nable to control them separately, in pairs, and together.\\nDesire must become a command, and command law.\\nTo accomplish this we must summon to our aid\\nevery exercise where mind and muscle may act one upon\\nthe other, and by means of a process of educational\\ntraining we strengthen both, teach the latter to act in\\nconformity with the commands of the former harmoni-\\nously and with precision.\\nAs an illustration let us for example execute costal\\nbreathing. We place the flat portion of the hands upon\\nSee footnote page 27\\n131", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthe sides just beneath the arm pits, and by inhaling\\nthrough the nostrils we inflate the lungs in such a man-\\nner as to extend the muscles of the sides while the body\\nassumes a flattened position from front to back. In per-\\nforming this exercise we direct the mind to action and by\\nexercising the will and centralizing it for a few moments\\nwe force into quick and ready obedience those muscles\\nwhich, as the result of stammering, oftentimes refuse at\\nfirst to obey. Other forms of breathing are similarly exe-\\ncuted, until finally the mind becomes all powerful in\\ncommand. Physical exercises serve much the same pur-\\npose. The gymnast will tell you physical exercises, if\\npracticed regularly, give the mind control of the body.\\nThis is seen in the great muscular feats performed by\\nsuch men as Sandow, who by the command of his will\\nalone could knot every cord and muscle of his body.\\nMany can move the muscles of their scalp without a per-\\nceptible movement from any other portion of their entire\\nbody. The same is true of the muscles of their chest,\\nback, legs, and arms, over all of which they have absolute\\ncontrol either individually or collectively. And all this\\ncontrol is but the result of continually practiced mental\\ndisciplinary exercise, the organs of the body being dis-\\nciplined and educated to obey the dictates of the mind.\\nThe same theory that applies to breathing and physical\\nexercises is also true in vocal exercise. Much as has\\nbeen said by others about the advantages of breathing,\\nvocal and physical exercises for the treatment of stam-\\nmering, I have never heard it advocated nor have I ever\\nread that they were intended for any other purpose than\\nfor the mere object of simple corrections in incorrect\\n132", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nbreathing habits, for the development of the voice or for\\nstrengthening a weakened organism. I have always been\\naware they served for all these purposes and that they\\nare highly beneficial, but their better purpose has never\\nbeen outlined to me. It has come to me through real\\nexperience in the treatment of hundreds of cases, that the\\nobject of such exercises as I have mentioned when used\\nin connection with methods for the cure of stammering\\nis for a better purpose than is generally believed that\\nof disciplining the muscles of the body to obey the com-\\nmands and dictates of the mind.\\ni33-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "THE MECHANISM OF SPEECH\\nIt HAS been said that stammering is caused by a\\nwant of due control of the mind over the vocal organs\\nand as the brain is the seat of the mind, let us consider\\nits physiological construction and functions.\\nThe brain is divided into two parts, the cerebrum\\nand the cerebellum. The cerebrum fills the front and\\nupper part of the skull and comprises about seven-\\neighths of the entire weight of the brain. In appearance\\nit resembles an English walnut. It is divided into two\\nparts, the same as the meat of a walnut or hickory nut,\\nand like them is curiously wrinkled and folded with\\nconvolutions. The greater the number and deepness of\\nthe convolutions the greater the mental power.\\nThe cerebellum lies below the cerebrum and is in\\nthe back part of the head. Its structure is similar to\\nthat of the brain proper, but instead of convolutions it\\nhas parallel ridges, which give it a peculiar appearance,\\ncalled the arborvitae or tree of life.\\nThe cerebrum is the seat of the mind. It is the\\nfunction which the cerebrum performs that distinguishes\\nman from all other animals and it is through the action\\nof the cerebrum that he becomes a conscious, intelligent,\\nExtract from the Phono-Meter, a monthly paper exclusively for per-\\nsons who stammer edited and published by Geo. Andrew I ewis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See last\\npage.\\n134", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nand responsible being. The cerebrum is the center of\\nthought. Persons in whom it is seriously injured often\\nbecome unable to converse intelligently, both from in-\\nability to remember words and from loss of power to\\narticulate them.\\nThe cerebellum, lying between the base of the cere-\\nbrum and the upper part of the spinal cord or an\\nexpansion of the cord called the medulla oblongata, is\\nthe center for the control of the voluntary muscles.\\nThere are two kinds of muscles, the voluntary and\\nthe involuntary. The voluntary muscles are those con-\\ntrolled by the will. If we see a dime, the mind sends a\\nmessage over the motory nerve to the controlling\\nmuscles of the arm and fingers to act, to get into motion,\\nto pick it up, and the muscles having always been accus-\\ntomed to do the mind s bidding without any doubting,\\nwork harmoniously. Therefore the muscles of the arm\\nand fingers and all such muscles are voluntary because\\nthey are controlled by the will. Without any message\\nfrom the mind, our hearts beat day in and day out, year\\nin and year out. This throbbing of the heart is beyond\\nthe control of the will and hence the heart is the best\\nexample of an involuntary muscle. However, as we can\\nwink when we wish to and we can t help but wink every\\nso often, the muscles of the eyelid are both voluntary\\nand involuntary.\\nOf all cases, the inherited case is the worst. In the\\ninherited case, there is an inherited abnormal condition\\nfrom the very first, and if the child is given the proper\\ninstruction in articulation, vocalization, and breathing,\\nand is taught to have confidence in his ability to talk,\\n135", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING,\\nand knows just how to speak, then this knowledge be-\\ncomes a power, and he can converse without any fear,\\nbecause he knows just how to make the vocal organs\\nobey the will. But if his case is neglected, his life be-\\ncomes one of constant fear and embarrassment. If a\\nkind friend, a loving teacher, or a fond parent does not\\ngive the needed instruction, and leaves the child in fear\\nand trembling to carve out his own self-cure, he may\\nyield to the taunts of his thoughtless schoolmates or\\nplaymates and slowly lose what little will-power he may\\nhave, and gradually get worse and worse.\\nThe reason parents and teachers do not give instruc-\\ntion to such children is because they do not know how,\\nnor do they know what kind of instruction is needed,\\nand many times think the child will outgrow it. They\\nnever outgrow it, however. But you say you know of\\npersons who stammered when in youth who do not after\\ncoming to maturity. Did they not outgrow it? No.\\nAfter they became old enough to think, they began to\\nstudy their case, and by study and practice they effected\\na self-cure, or greatly modified the impediment.\\nVoice is sound produced by the vibrations of the\\nvocal cords in the larynx. At the top of the windpipe\\nor trachea, leading from the lungs, is an enlargement,\\ncommonly called Adam s apple, but really the larynx,\\nor voice box. If a small mirror, attached to a long\\nhandle, be placed back into the upper part of the throat\\n(the handle near the mirror must be at an angle of 45\\ndegrees, so that we may look around the corner, so\\nto speak) behind the tongue we may see the image as\\ndrawn in Fig. 1.\\n136", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "FIG 1\\nIMAGE OF VOCAL APPARATUS, AS SEEN IN A MIRROR HELD FAR BACK IN\\nTHE MOUTH\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From Dr. Cohen s Health Primer.\\nBy placing a little mirror into the back part of the open mouth while\\nthe latter is well illuminated, we are able to see an image of the interior of\\nthe larynx, and observe in greater part the mechanism of the vocal bands\\nin the acts of respiration and production of voice. In this way the register\\nof the voice, as it is termed, can be studied optically, and its transition\\npoints be noted by inspection. The credit of the first successful demonstra-\\ntion of this kind belongs to Signor Manuel Garcia, of London, a teacher of\\nvocal music, who in 1854 devised the plan in the interest of vocal art. The\\nmanipulation is well known to physicians, who frequently employ it for\\nobserving the conditions of the parts in disease. Cohen.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThe vocal cords A A are shown in the mirror M as\\nnarrow bands, on each side of the central opening P.\\nThe rings partly seen through the central opening be-\\nlong to the trachea P. The vocal cords A A are two\\nelastic bands fastened across the larynx between which\\nthe air from the lungs passes out.\\nThe arrangement resembles two strips of India rub-\\nber stretched across the mouth of a glass tube, into\\nwhich air is forced by a bellows. When the air passed\\nout of the tube the edges of the rubber strips would\\nvibrate with sufficient rapidity to produce sound. Dur-\\ning ordinary tranquil breathing no sound is produced\\nby the larynx, true vocal sounds being formed only\\nduring forcible expiration, when, by an effort of the will,\\nthe cords are brought close together, and are stretched\\nso as to be very tense. The space between them is then\\nreduced to a narrow slit, at times not more than one-\\nhundredth of an inch in width.\\nFIG. 2\\no^Sr^\\nIn this figiire A A represents the vocal cords, B represents the position\\nduring inspiration, when taking air into the lungs, C represents the position\\nof the vocal cords in the formation of the lower notes, and D the formation\\nof the higher notes.\\nVoice differs from speech, which is the production\\nof sounds to express ideas. The moo of a cow is voice\\n-138-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwithout speech, while whispering is speech without\\nvoice. Speech is the result of the action of the cavity\\nof the throat above the larynx, in which the tongue, lips,\\nteeth, and palate change the voice into articulate sounds,\\nwhich put together form words.\\nSpeech is voice modulated by the throat, tongue, and\\nlips the modulation being accomplished by changing\\nthe form of the cavity of the mouth and nose through\\nthe action of muscles, which move their walls. Voice\\nis produced by vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx,\\nwhich act upon the air, as the strings of a musical in-\\nstrument or a pair of membranous tongues, or reeds,\\nwhich, being continually forced apart by the outgoing\\ncurrent of breath, and constantly brought together again\\nby their own elasticity and muscular tension, break the\\nbreath current into a series of puffs, or pulses, sufficiently\\nrapid to cause the sensation of tone. Stuttering is\\nrestricted by some physiologists to defective speech.\\nAny defective speech, it seems, speaking generally,\\nis stuttering. Stuttering is due to the inability to form\\nthe proper sounds, the breathing being normal as\\ndistinguished from stammering. To stutter is to\\nhesitate or stumble in uttering words, to speak with\\nspasmodic repetitions or pauses. Stammering is a\\ndisturbance in the formation of sounds and is due\\nessentially to mental emotion and to long-continued\\nspasmodic contraction of the diaphragm. In general\\nas commonly used, stuttering is the repeated utter-\\nance of one sound before the next can be emitted\\nstammering the temporary inability to articulate, the or-\\ngans being held tightly together. Stuttering is a defect\\n139", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nin respiration stammering an in-\\nability to control the organs of\\nspeech.\\nSpeech is an art that should\\nbe cultivated. Conversation is an\\ninstrument of acquirement and can\\nbe used with power and ease only\\nthrough much practice. Let us\\nlook at the organs of speech. The\\norgans of respiration and voice are\\nthe larynx, the trachea, and the\\nlungs. In the neck is a promi-\\nnence sometimes called Adam s\\napple. It is the front of the\\nlarynx. This is a small triangu-\\nlar, cartilaginous box, just below\\nthe root of the tongue, and at the\\ntop of the trachea.\\nOn each side of the\\nglottis (Fig. 4) are the\\nvocal cords (B C.)\\nThey are merely elastic\\nmembranes, projecting\\nfrom the sides of the\\nbox, across the opening.\\nWhen not in use they\\nspread apart and leave a\\nV-shaped orifice through\\nwhich the air passes to\\nand from the lungs. When\\nthe cords are tightened,\\nFIG. 3\\nFigure No. 3 is a drawing representing\\n(C C) a section of the lungs, (B) the trachea\\nor windpipe, and (A) the front view of the\\nlarynx. In this drawing the larynx is shown\\nas a triangular, muscular box, and does not\\nshow the glottis which is shown in figure 4.\\n140", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nENLARGED VIEW OF VOCAL APPARATUS SHOWN ALSO IN FIG. 1\\nIn Figure No. 4 is represented a view of the throat showing glottis, and\\nvocal cords. The opening into the trachea or windpipe (A) from the throat\\nthrough the opening between the vocal cords (B C) is called the glottis.\\nthe edges approach sometimes within one hundredth of\\nan inch of each other, and, being thrown into vibration,\\ncause corresponding vibrations in the current of air.\\nThus sound is produced in the same manner as by the\\nvibrations of the tongues of a mouth organ, or the strings\\nof a violin, only in this case the strings are scarcely an\\ninch long. The higher tones of the voice are produced\\nwhen the cords are short, tight, and closely in contact;\\nthe lower by the opposite conditions. Loudness is\\nregulated by the quantity of air and force of expulsion.\\nA falsetto voice is thought to be the result of a peculiar-\\nity in the pharynx, or back of the nose. When boys\\nare about fourteen years old, the larynx enlarges and\\nthe cords grow proportionately longer and coarser\\n141", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nhence the voice becomes deepened, or, as we say,\\nchanges. The change may occur very suddenly, the\\nvoice breaking in a single night. The tongue is styled\\nthe unruly member and is held responsible for all the\\ntattling of the world but when the tongue is removed\\nthe adjacent organs in some way largely supply the\\ndeficiency, so that speech is still possible. Huxley de-\\nscribes the conversation of a man who had two and one-\\nhalf inches of his tongue preserved in spirits, and yet\\ncould converse intelligibly. Only two letters (t and d)\\nwere beyond his power the articulation of these in-\\nvolves the employment of the tip of the tongue hence,\\ntin he converted into fin and dog into thog.\\nAs said at the beginning, speech is voice modulated by\\nthe lips, tongue, palate, and teeth. An artificial larynx\\nmay be made by using elastic bands to represent the\\nvocal cords and by placing above them chambers\\nwhich by their resonance will produce the same effect\\nas the cavities above the larynx. An artificial speak-\\ning machine was constructed by Kempelen, which\\ncould pronounce such sentences as I love you with\\nall my heart, in different languages by simply touch-\\ning the proper keys. Speech and voice are commonly\\nassociated, but speech may exist without the voice al-\\nthough there is no vocalization, i. e., no action of the\\nlarynx. Whispering is articulation without vocalization,\\ntalking is articulation with vocalization. The difference\\nbetween vocalization and nonvocalization is seen in a\\nsigh and a groan, the latter being the former vocalized.\\nThe method of modulating voice into speech may be\\nseen by producing the pure vowel sounds a, e, i, o, and\\n142", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nu from one expiration, the mouth being kept open\\nwhile the form of the aperture is changed for each\\nvowel by the tongue and lips. H is only an explosion,\\nor forcible throwing of a vowel sound from the mouth.\\nIn sounding singly any one of the letters we can detect\\nits peculiar requirements. Thus M and N can be made\\nonly by blocking the air in the mouth and sending it\\nthrough the nose L lets the air escape at the sides of\\nthe tongue R needs a vibratory movement of the\\ntongue B and P stop the breath at the lips K and G\\nat the back of the mouth or palate.\\nStammering depends upon control of the mind\\nupon the lack of confidence in the ability to talk. It\\nis the result of an inability of the will to control the or-\\ngans of speech properly, and the inability of a ready\\nresponse to the will by the organs themselves. How-\\never, the will power is one of the great factors in estab-\\nlishing a cure. Stammering generally develops in\\nyouth and is strengthened by years of growth, and un-\\nless the person has will power as he advances in years\\nit will be harder for him to cure himself or be cured.\\nOne type of stammering that I will speak of is that\\naccompanied by unnatural respiration. Its power lies in\\nhabit, the mismanagement of the breath being rendered\\nhabitual before the development of the higher intel-\\nlectual faculties which govern. One affected thus must\\nendeavor to gain control over the organs of respiration,\\nletting the will make what was an involuntary action a\\nvoluntary one until proper habit results. In natural or\\nabdominal breathing, when the inspiration occurs, the\\nabdomen is protruded outward and when the breath is\\n143", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nexhaled the abdomen is compressed inward (see Fig. 5).\\nBut this manner of breathing is not practiced by the\\nmajority of stammerers who use the following ab-\\ndominal method: The upper thorax is expanded and\\nthe abdomen is drawn in during the inspiration and\\nv\\nI\\nFIG. 5\\nFIG. 6\\nduring expiration the upper thorax is returned to its\\nnormal position (see Fig. 6).\\nAlexander Bell has said There can neither be\\ndistinct nor graceful articulation if the vocal organs\\nhave not a proper position, and, although indistinctness\\nis but a trifle compared with stammering, let us ex-\\namine and see if it cannot be removed, as it would tend\\nto the formation of that impediment. The follow-\\ning sketches, which represent the throat cleft in twain,\\nshow the correct and incorrect positions of the throat\\nfor articulation. In Fig. 7 the larynx has been forced\\ndown the throat as far as possible, and consequently\\n144", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthe tongue, which is attached to it, has also been drawn\\ndown, causing it to be flattened at its base. Thus we\\nsee that the throat, including the pharynx, has been\\nenlarged and the air column given a larger vibrating\\nspace, resulting in an increase of the volume of sound.\\nThe volume is further intensified and given a more\\nmusical quality by the column of air striking the hard\\npalate in the forward part of the mouth. But when\\nthe throat assumes the shape as portrayed in Fig. 8\\nthe column of air encounters the soft palate far back in\\nthe throat and the vibrating space is greatly lessened.\\nHence a throaty and suppressed sound is the result.\\nFIG. 8\\nCORRECT SHAPE OF THROAT\\nFOR ENUNCIATION\\nINCORRECT SHAPE OF THROAT\\nFOR ENUNCIATION\\n145", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "RELATIONS OF THE BODY AND MIND\\nTO STAMMERING*\\nThe relations of the body and mind to stammering\\nis such a complex and difficult subject for an inquiry,\\nthat I do not write this* with the hope of doing full\\njustice to it, but because of my experience as a sufferer\\nI feel justified in writing upon it. No one can be more\\ndeeply sensible than I am how little exact our knowl-\\nedge is of the bodily conditions of mental functions\\nand how much of that which we think we know is\\nvague, uncertain, and fluctuating. In this article I am\\ngoing to attempt to analyze the different mechanisms\\nand powers which act upon the greatest gift that God\\nhas bestowed upon man. One great error which many\\nstammerers make is that they are satisfied to know\\nwhat stammering is and its effect upon them, but do\\nnot endeavor to examine into the intricate machinery\\nwhich governs speech. It is self-evident that no one\\ncan repair a machine until he knows the workings of\\nits parts. Within the memory of men now living,\\nstammering was such a special study and its treatment\\nsuch a special art that it stood quite aloof from general\\nscience in a mysterious and mischievous isolation, owing\\nExtract from the Phono-Meter. See last page.\\n146", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nlittle or nothing to the results of progress in other\\nbranches of science, and contributing little to its prog-\\nress. The reason for this is not hard to discover. The\\nhabit of viewing mind as an intangible entity, or incor-\\nporate essence, which science inherited from theology,\\nprevented men from subjecting its phenomena to the\\nsame method of investigation as other natural phenom-\\nena, consequently the treatment of stammering was\\nsadly neglected, men of science not even attempting to\\napply scientific methods to the alleviation or cure, but\\nthe sufferer was generally in the hands of quacks,\\nwhose barbarous methods shall for all time to come be\\na great and ugly blot upon the enlightenment of the\\nage which tolerated them. Nevertheless there were\\nsome men of the medical profession who viewed the\\ndefect from a physical standpoint and operated upon\\nthe stammerer.\\nThese methods are now of the past, since they will\\nno longer be tolerated. Science has been making\\nrapid strides in the right direction, and now stammering\\nis viewed as a mental defect, with only a secondary\\ndefect of the physical apparatus. In fact, the physical\\ndefect is merely a weakness, the result of the mental\\none. The mental suffering of physical pain of an emo-\\ntion tends to actual wear and tear of the nerve element.\\nWe may take it beyond question that when a shock\\nimparted to the mind through the senses causes a vio-\\nlent emotion, it produces a real commotion in the\\nmolecules of the brain.\\nIn order to make my analysis clear, I shall divide\\nthe subject into two parts for investigation, viz.: The\\n147~", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nphysical apparatus, and the mental apparatus. The\\nfirst is easily dealt with, as for centuries each part has\\nbeen minutely examined, and we are guided by facts\\nwhich have been practically demonstrated. A brief de-\\nscription will suffice to give the reader sufficient knowl-\\nedge to work from a proper basis. It is constructed in\\nthe following manner At the root of the tongue lies a\\nminute semilunar shaped bone which, from its resem-\\nblance to the Greek letter v (upsilon), is called the\\nhyoid or u-like bone, and immediately from the bone\\narises a long cartilaginous tube which extends to the\\nlungs and conveys the air backward and forward in the\\nprocess of respiration. This tube is denominated the\\ntrachea or wind pipe, and the upper part of it, or that\\nimmediately connected with the hyoid bone, the larynx,\\nand it is this upper part or larynx that constitutes the seat\\nof the voice. The tube of the larynx, short as it is, is\\nformed of five distinct cartilages, the largest and ap-\\nparently, though not really lowermost, produces that\\nacute projection in the anterior part of the neck, espe-\\ncially in the neck of males. This is not a complete\\nring, but is open behind that open space being filled\\nup in order to make a complete ring with two other\\ncartilages of a smaller size and power, which together\\nform the glottis or aperture out of the mouth into the\\nlarynx. The fourth cartilage lies over the aperture and\\ncloses in the act of swallowing. These four cartilages\\nare supported by a fifth, which constitutes their basis\\nit is narrow before and broad behind, and has some re-\\nsemblance to a seal ring. The larynx is contraced and\\ndilated in a variety of ways, by the antagonistic power\\n148", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nof different muscles and the elasticity of its cartilaginous\\ncoats, and is covered internally with a very sensible vas-\\ncular and mucous membrane which is a continuation of\\nthe membrane of the mouth.\\nThe organ of the voice, then, is the larynx, its mus-\\ncles and other appendages and the voice itself is the\\nsound of the air propelled through and striking against\\nthe sides of the glottis. The shrillness or roughness of\\nthe voice depends on the internal diameter of the glottis,\\nits elasticity, mobility, and lubricity, and the force with\\nwhich the air is protruded. Speech is the modification\\nof voice into distinct articulation, in the cavity of the\\nglottis itself, or in that of the mouth or the nostrils.\\nThe lungs are like a deep well into which fresh air\\nwill not go unless in some way a current is made. We\\nmake this current by breathing. The diaphragm is at-\\ntached to the lower edge of the walls of the chest and\\nstretches across, separating chest from abdomen, form-\\ning the floor of one and the roof of the other. When\\nwe breathe the diaphragm contracts, being partly mus-\\ncle, and the top of the chest is flattened. The abdomen\\nis not made larger, but expands in front just enough to\\nmake up for what it loses by the flattening of the roof.\\nThe muscles of the tongue, cheeks, and throat shape the\\nsound produced by the vocal organs into words. We\\nhave taken a brief survey of the physical apparatus and\\nof the means devised by the Almighty to render the\\ntransitory ideas of men communicative, and it yet re-\\nmains for us to examine into the mental apparatus.\\nAlthough we know much, and day by day are learn-\\ning more, of the physiology of the speech apparatus,\\n149", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nstill we are only on the threshold of the study of it as an\\ninstrument subserving mental function. We know little\\nmore positively than that it has such function we know\\nnothing whatever of the physique and chemistry of\\nthought without speculating.\\nThe mental faculties are numerous and complicated,\\nso much so, it is difficult to arrange and analyze them\\nin fact, I do not know of a treatise that gives us a clear\\nand methodical classification of them. The general clas-\\nsification divides them into three heads Intellections,\\nsensibilities, and volitions. The intellect is that by\\nwhich all things material or immaterial, external or in-\\nternal, moral or unethical, are cognized by the soul. It\\nis universal in its application it may become the hand-\\nmaid of any of the faculties; it may devise a plan to\\nmurder or to bless, to steal or to bestow, to rear up or\\ndestroy but as its proper use is to observe the different\\nobjects of creation, to mark their relations and direct the\\npropensities and sentiments to their proper and legiti-\\nmate enjoyments, it has a boundless sphere of activity,\\nand when properly exercised and applied, is a source of\\nhigh and inexhaustible delight.\\nThe sensibilities are the capabilities of the mind for\\nexperiencing the feelings, namely, the emotion by which\\nthe mind is excited or the desires by which it becomes\\napparent of objects. The will is the volitional power by\\nwhich alone the soul consciously becomes the intentional\\nauthor of external action, whether of mind or body. A\\nsimpler division, in my judgment, is to divide the mind\\ninto the powers or faculties of understanding election\\nand emotion. To the first belong the principles of per-\\n150", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nception, thought, reason, judgment, memory, and imagi-\\nnation; to the second those of choosing and refusing,\\nand to the third belong those of hope, fear, grief, joy,\\nhatred, anger, and revenge in fact, whatever is capable\\nof moving the mind from a state of tranquillity.\\nNow, what are the uses or proposed ends of this ex-\\ntensive and complicated machinery of the mind? What\\nare the respective parts which its various faculties are in-\\ntended to fulfill? Their object is threefold and in every\\nrespect most important, and admirably calculated to\\nprove the wisdom and benevolence of the Almighty\\nArchitect. They are the grand sources by which man\\nbecomes endowed with knowledge, moral freedom, and\\nhappiness, and hence fitted to win the elevated place of\\na rational being. From the powers of the understanding\\nhe derives the first, from those of election the second,\\nand from emotion the third. Yet never let it be forgotten\\nthat he can in no respect, or at least to no considerable\\nextent or good purpose, possess either the one or the\\nother unless the mind as an individual .agent maintains\\nits self-dominion and exercises a due degree of govern-\\nment over its own forces. This I think must be obvious\\nto every one, and it is from this harmonious balance, this\\nequitable guidance and control that perfect speech results\\nand raises him to the perfection of human character.\\nThese are the powers and actions that lay out the\\npathway of man s life. They act upon the stammerer as\\non the ordinary person, but to what degree depends upon\\nthe condition of the faculties. If a man s reasoning facul-\\nties are poorly developed when a thought flashes through\\nhis mind, instead of that faculty taking possession of it\\n151", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nat the proper time, it will allow it to pass on to the\\nphysical machinery before it is prepared for it. It is the\\ndictates of moral and intellectual powers that constitute\\nrules of conduct, and results in the collective dicta of the\\nhighest minds illustrated by the greatest knowledge.\\nNow that we have examined the different parts and\\nfunctions which comprise the gift of speech, we must\\nturn our attention to the manner of treatment in\\norder to use this great gift to its best advantage. The\\nkeynote for getting the mechanisms and functions into\\nthe best possible condition for effecting a cure is human\\ndevelopment. It relates to both the physical and men-\\ntal apparatus. Exercise is its greatest agent. By it the\\nideal man is produced, that is, one who is moving in all\\nrespects toward perfection and not in the other direc-\\ntion. He is a man with a vigorously healthy body, a\\ngreat mind, and a large heart, who has assimilated all\\nhe knows, whose original ideas outnumber those gained\\nfrom books, and who is blessed with as many emotions\\nas ideas. It means that a man can multiply himself\\nuntil he is ten men he may increase his native powers\\ntenfold and accomplish what he now accomplishes and\\ndo it ten times better. If he is weak in mind or body,\\nhe may become strong, and if dull may become bril-\\nliant. If he is now following, instead of leading, he\\nmay reverse this condition, and if his influence is now\\nscarcely felt, he may so enlarge his force as to transmit\\npower around the globe. First, in regard to the de-\\nvelopment of the physical parts. Good health means\\nmore than freedom from disease. It means such an\\nabundance of life and vitality as to give the sense of\\n-152-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nphysical vigor. It is the foundation of intellectual suc-\\ncess and good character. All virtues and generous\\nimpulses of noble nature spring from robust health.\\nExercise ennobles and leads to health and joy necessary\\nattributes for a successful cure. Mind, as well as health,\\nis the product of both nerves and muscles. Only in a\\nharmonious life, combining physical and mental labor\\nfor each day, is there possibility of health, strength, in-\\ntellect, and long life.\\nBreath is the material out of which voice is made,\\nand it should be abundant it should be obtained in the\\nproper manner and used with discretion. Exercise in\\ndeep, effusive, and expulsive breathing will be found of\\nthe greatest utility in enlarging the capacity of the lungs\\nand giving the student more perfect control over his voice.\\nGymnastic and calisthenic exercises, when not carried\\nto excess, are of great service in developing the voice,\\nand, indeed, the habit of performing certain muscular\\nactions such as tend to expand the chest and produce a\\ngeneral glow of the body without causing fatigue, is\\nvery beneficial. Air should never be taken into the\\nlungs except through the nostrils, since nothing is more\\ninjurious, whether to a pure quality of voice or to\\nhealth, than the habit of breathing through the mouth.\\nThe rule is of vital importance to those who have any\\ntendency to disease of the lungs, larynx, or bronchial\\ntubes. Stammerers, as a general rule, use only a lim-\\nited portion of the lungs, that which lies in the upper\\npart of the chest, which, consequently, is overworked,\\nsuperinducing a sensation of feebleness and exhaus-\\ntion.\\n~i53", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nIn speaking, the effort should, by all means, be\\nmade below the diaphragm, which, as we have seen, is\\nthe muscle forming the floor of the chest, then by its\\ndepression, admitting the air into the lungs, and eleva-\\ntion, expelling it therefrom through the glottis and\\nlarynx, it is converted into sound and thence into the\\nmouth, where, by the action of the various organs, it is\\nconverted into speech. The observance of this precept,\\nwhilst conducive to the ease and comfort of the speaker,\\nand giving him more control over the organs of speech,\\nwill also help to develop greater strength and fullness\\nof voice.\\nThe stammerer, after perfecting his breathing, should\\nturn his attention to one of the most essential requisites\\nof speech, viz., articulation. There is an intimate rela-\\ntion between distinct enunciation and true cultivation of\\nthe mind. Austin says: In just articulation, the\\nwords are not hurried over or precipitated syllable over\\nsyllable. They are delivered from the lips as beautiful\\ncoins, newly issued from the mint, deeply and accurately\\nimpressed, perfectly finished, neatly struck by the\\nproper organs, distinct, sharp, in due succession, and\\nof due weight.\\nThe student should practice long and faithfully on\\nthe elementary sounds of our language. He should\\ngive special attention to developing symphony, or ease\\nof utterance, which can be accomplished by prefixing\\nor suffixing the consonants to the vowels and repeating\\nthem several times.\\nNow in regard to vocalization. Let him develop\\nmodulation. It is the music of speech and the melody\\n154", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nof oratory. It enables the stammerer to control him-\\nself by a slow style, and at the same time give the\\nsentiment its due force and relative position. So\\nthe whole discourse is breathed forth in harmony which\\nis pleasant to the ear, with the speaker controlling each\\nsuccessive action. To enable the student to acquire\\nthis he should daily practice prolonging the vowel\\nsound after taking a deep breath, in a firm and easy\\nmanner, until he has expelled the breath. Then con-\\ntinue the same practice, but give the vowels a rising\\nand falling inflection. The degree of force given to\\nvocal sound is taken as the measure of the emotion\\nwhich causes it, except where feeling becomes too\\nstrong for utterance, and is able to manifest itself only\\nby choked or half-articulated speech. But a command\\nover all degrees of force can be obtained by practice.\\nHealth nor strength of lungs without thorough disci-\\npline of the organs of speech can give this. Assiduous\\npractice and untiring labor will produce the best results.\\nAgain, let the student exercise the muscles of the lips\\nand make them strong and flexible, so that they will\\nquickly respond to their proper function. As the shrill-\\nness and roughness of the voice depend on the glottis,\\nit should be properly developed by exercise. There-\\nfore let the student acquire deep respiration, firm and\\neasy vocalization, wide and free articulation.\\nWe will now turn our attention to the mental side\\nof human development. I hope that I may be able to\\nimpress upon each and every stammerer the importance\\nof this. I have found that very many of the afflicted,\\non account of their infirmity, will leave school at an\\n155", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nage when it might be said their education is only-\\nbeginning, and seek some secluded employment where\\nthey will not be required to talk, and then surrender to\\nthe enemy without making any kind of a fight. Even\\nthose that can well afford a college education will shirk\\nfrom it and prefer to isolate themselves so as not to\\ncome in contact with those who make up this great\\nuniverse. Reader, this is one of the greatest errors a\\nstammerer can make. Instead of training those facul-\\nties, which are to be the foundation of his cure, he\\nneglects them and is handicapped by working with dull\\ntools instead of having them sharpened to their keenest\\nedge. In these days of our public schools, free libraries,\\ncheap, but good literature, there is no excuse for any\\none not developing the mental faculties. Let me exhort\\nevery stammerer not to be abashed and surrender, but\\nwhile in his youth especially, and in fact, all his life, let\\nhim seek for knowledge and aim at the highest step on\\nthe ladder of fame. Prepare to fight the battle of life\\nwith all the vigor and enthusiasm you can command.\\nDo not let the embarrassments of the school room, or\\nof business life, drive you away. Let your highest na-\\nture assert itself and allow nothing to daunt you in the\\nfight. Man appears on earth only partly made. His\\nis an unfinished product. His creation is only begun.\\nHe should build himself to bear his burdens, for if they\\ncannot be lightened he can become a giant to bear them.\\nAlthough the possession of observation, imagination,\\nemotion, reason, etc., is dependent upon heredity, yet\\nwhether one inherit them in a large or small measure,\\nhe may enormously add to their strength. How? By\\n-156-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\neducation. According to man s thinking, and his power\\nto think, is the whole measure of the man. His thoughts\\nare himself. Discipline is the condition of his increase.\\nEducation is the great idea. It implies the science of\\nman himself in all relations, and is the highest chapter\\nin human philosophy. It is the work of enlargement,\\nimprovement, progress, advancement, refinement, and\\nelevation, all of which are mighty arms for the stam-\\nmerer s combat. As a man thinketh so is he. Hence\\nthe thinker is your real man, because he insists upon\\nhis inalienable rights. Everything must give way before\\nhim all the secrets of nature, all the complexities of\\nsociety and on account of the development of his will\\nis strongly fortified against stammering. A thinking and\\nreflexive mind is almost a safeguard against stammer-\\ning, as it brings about a style of speech which is delib-\\nerate and firm. This power of thinking is developed by\\nstudy. In this exercise the soul grows mighty, ideas\\nare forged out, and at length receive glorious embodi-\\nments. From the smallest incidents and the most\\ncasual chances the thinker weaves the grandest results.\\nNever give up fighting, and remember the old saying,\\nthat is quoted so much but never loses its force, Where\\nthere is a will there is a way.\\nLet the stammerer keep the fire of his ambition\\naglow, use every energy, and bring forth his force of\\nmanhood to fight this great battle. He must learn to\\ndepend upon self and not say, I will allow so and so to\\ncure me. Rather, he must say, I will procure the valu-\\nable assistance of so and so and with that assistance use\\nmy energies and thereby perfect a cure. He will never\\n-157-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ngain anything if he simply follows a set of rules in a list-\\nless manner. Remember what Bacon says is true,\\nKnowledge is power. You are looking for power.\\nProcure knowledge at all hazards. It opens to you a new\\nvista of happiness, makes an intelligent citizen, and\\nenables you to fulfill with a higher degree of excellence\\nthe duties laid upon you by the Almighty. It is a com-\\npanion which no misfortune can depress, no clime de-\\nstroy, no enemy alienate, no despotism enslave, at home\\na friend, abroad an introduction, in solitude a solace, in\\nsociety an ornament, it guides virtue, and gives grace\\nto genius.\\nFollowing are some of the rules that have been laid\\ndown by men who, in the past, have done much for the\\nstammerers cause\\ni Pupils must apply themselves seriously and with\\nperseverance to practice a system until it becomes a set-\\ntled habit with them.\\n2. Before speaking they must be careful to take a\\nfull and quiet breath, and to renew their respiration ac-\\ncording to the sense of the phrase, and never to speak\\nwhen air is exhausted.\\n3. Be careful in regard to the movement of the lips\\nand tongue.\\n4. Preserve a good syllabication. This is easily hid-\\nden by the intonation and inflection of the voice.\\n5. Speak with assurance, keep watch of the omission\\nof your words, exercise full control over yourself, and\\nthe more you feel embarrassed the more you must\\nspeak slowly, coolly, and deliberately. In a word, be\\never on your guard and watch yourself attentively,\\n-158-", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\n6. We may sum up the system in three words, viz.:\\nRespiration, syllabication, and tranquillity. These in-\\nclude everything, and are equally indispensable.\\n7. Take advantage of all opportunities to speak\\nslowly, as, for instance, when you are with your family\\nand friends. Pupils will profit much more by slow ex-\\nercises than rapid ones.\\n8. Let the pupil have courage and patience; he\\nmust never be disheartened with the work, but must\\nhave confidence in himself and not be intimidated by\\nothers. He will then obtain an enduring success.\\n\u00c2\u00bb59\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "PECULIARITIES IN STAMMERING AND HOW\\nTO OVERCOME THEM\\nIt HAS been apparent to me for several years past\\nthat of numerous different forms of stammering there\\nare two types strikingly different, which can be subdi-\\nvided into as many different classifications as there are\\ntypes of man. No two cases of stammering are exactly\\nalike, each having its own phenomenon, and yet a true\\nstatement, and apparently a contradictory one is this,\\nthat all cases are exactly alike the difference in type\\namounting only to a difference in physical manifesta-\\ntions or in severity, a mental idiosyncrasy existing in\\nevery case as the parent cause of the difficulty. Every\\nperson or nearly every person who stammers imagines\\nthat their own case is peculiarly different from others.\\nThey tell you of little peculiarities which they imagine\\nare entirely unlike other cases of stammering, and yet\\nnearly every other person so afflicted repeats to you the\\nsame story. One man tells me he suffers great embar-\\nrassment in talking in the presence of strangers, but no\\ndifficulty whatever when talking with his immediate\\nfriends or relatives. Another states that he has the\\n160", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nmost difficulty in talking with his own immediate rela-\\ntives, while conversation with strangers causes him no\\ntrouble whatever. Another states that in the morning\\nhis trouble manifests itself more than at any other time\\nduring the day. Another has greater trouble in the\\nevening after his day s work has been finished. I could\\ngo on in this way and fill a whole volume with the\\npeculiarities of a great number of cases, but will dis-\\ncuss such later and devote my time here to the two\\nfirst mentioned. It appears to me that persons suffer-\\ning from stammering to the greatest degree in the pres-\\nence of strangers or under embarrassing circumstances,\\nare, morally speaking, cowards. The reader must\\nnot take it that I am calling him a coward because he\\nstammers I use the term only so far as his talking is\\nconcerned and not in its literal sense as ordinarily used\\nyet it is a well-known fact among authorities on stam-\\nmering that stammerers, because of their infirmity, hesi-\\ntate to go into any undertaking fearing failure. Their\\nfeeling of uncertainty concerning their talking generates\\na like feeling concerning their success in any undertak-\\ning dependent upon their talking, and as there are but\\nfew vocations where fluency of speech is not called into\\nquestion it leaves that feeling of uncertainty always rest-\\ning in the mind of the stammerer. Having from his\\nearliest infancy realized that others could say those\\nthings which he could not, and because of this do those\\nthings which he could not do, he naturally learns to re-\\ngard himself as an unequal. He realizes that others\\nhave had bestowed upon them by God and by Nature\\nthose gifts which he does not possess, and from this\\nii 161", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nunfortunate circumstance arises within the mind of\\nnearly every stammerer a certain feeling or sense of in-\\nequality which makes the man afraid to enter into any\\nundertaking through fear of failure, and it is in this\\nsense that I say he is a moral coward. The time for\\ninstantaneous cures in stammering has long since passed\\nand intelligent people have learned that it is necessary\\nto change to a certain degree the likes and dislikes of\\nthe man to reorganize his disposition and regulate his\\nactions, if we must have the best kind of a cure. For\\nthis reason let the reader, if he be a moral coward,\\ncommence at once to work a change in his manner of\\nviewing the world. Let him assume a different attitude\\ntoward everybody. Let him act on the aggressive, not\\non the defensive, which way has too long characterized\\nhis actions. He must abandon his feeling of inequality\\nand substitute instead that feeling of equality which\\nshould be our inheritance and our birthright, All men\\nare born equal.\\nTo straighten to a perpendicular position a tree that\\nhas grown toward the west wind, the horticulturist will\\ntell you to bend it toward the east in order that nature\\nmay straighten it up. To gain a feeling of equality if\\nyou now possess one of inequality, begin at once to\\ncourt a feeling of superiority. You must imagine your-\\nself not only the equal \u00c2\u00a9f your equals, but you must,\\nthrough concentration of thought and education, believe\\nyourself superior. You must do at once without hesita-\\ntion anything that falls to your lot to perform. Assume\\nno longer toward the world that passive attitude which\\nhas characterized your everyday life in the past but\\n162", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nwith buckled shield and sword, step out upon the bivouac\\nof life prepared for the conflict equal to any emergency\\nand with the brand of determination and defiance stamped\\nfairly upon your brow. This alone will not overcome\\nyour difficulty in talking, but will largely overcome those\\nconditions which now make your life so full of misery,\\nand with continued effort in one direction I have no\\ndoubt but it will largely lessen the severity of many cases\\nof this type of stammering, with probable chances for\\ncomplete recovery.\\nWhen you have once resolved to accomplish your\\ncure, go at it with a determined effort, and never give\\nup the ship. A broken vow or a resolution unkept\\nleaves you in ill condition. Better that you do not make\\nany resolution at all than that you break your vow. See\\nto it, then, that when you have said to yourself and your\\nfriends that you will be cured of stammering, that you\\nkeep this promise true, never relinquishing your deter-\\nmination even for a moment. Many persons go into\\nevery undertaking in a half-hearted manner, from which\\nit is little wonder that few are successful. A great many\\npersons suffering from stammering go about trying to\\nrid themselves of their difficulty in about the same\\nmanner. They do not know whether they will be suc-\\ncessful in getting cured or not somehow or other they\\ndo not think they will and without self-effort on their\\npart, it always ends in about that way. Such persons,\\nunder the direction of a good teacher in the institution,\\nwhen made to work, often turn out to be the best kind of\\ncures but it requires plenty of urging and lots of mak-\\ning on the part of the teacher.\\n-163-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nPersons who experience greater difficulty in talk-\\ning to their own immediate acquaintances and friends\\nthan in talking before strangers are more characteristic\\nin their manifestations of genuine stammering than the\\nclass of the opposite type. Dr. Klencke says\\nThe stammerer usually speaks better when he is\\nforced to pay attention to himself, and adds that he\\nbetrays his defect when careless, but by the action of\\nhis will he can partly or wholly overcome his difficulty.\\nTo speak with the greatest possible fluency persons\\naddicted to this form of stammering require an abun-\\ndance of mental energy of the will which they manage to\\nsummon up when placed under trying circumstances\\nand which serves to co-ordinate then the desire for ex-\\npression with the movements necessary for harmonious\\naction of the speaking organs. This energy is often-\\ntimes generated at great expense of fatigue which fol-\\nlows immediately afterward, the feeling experienced\\nafter the mental strain has subsided being much the\\nsame as that which follows the use of stimulants. Thou-\\nsands of my readers I am sure have experienced this\\nfeeling hundreds of times and know what a depressing\\nsensation it creates. The effort is usually mental but is\\nalways accompanied by a corresponding physical effort\\nwhich consists of quickly forcing a quantity of air from\\nthe lungs, a contraction of the diaphragm and abdom-\\ninal muscles and a muscular effort of the entire waist\\nregion of the body as if to support the effort of the\\nmind, which is simultaneously endeavoring to control\\nthe tongue. This is many times carried to excess and\\nto such an extent that continued effort, even though\\n164", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nfluent speech follows, results in a fatiguing sensation\\nand pain in the diaphragmatic region and in the abdo-\\nmen. Many persons who stammer are subject to these\\npains, which though not acute are nevertheless un-\\npleasant and worrying. The writer has in mind cases\\nof this form of stammering where the effort mentally\\nand physically to effect utterance resulted in prostration\\nand where the unfortunate sufferer was subject to con-\\nvulsions as the outcome of repeated occurrences.\\nThe reason why the stammerer is able to control\\nhimself in the presence of strangers is explained by the\\nfact that he can control himself either partially or wholly\\nunder trying circumstances by the exercise of his will\\npower. If unable to do so it is characteristic of stutter-\\ning rather than stammering but there are many persons\\nwho suffer from both ailments at one and the same\\ntime. Under such circumstances or when the contact\\nis with strangers the desire on the part of the sufferer\\n(naturally one of concealment) is to appear well. His\\npride is at stake and he realizes that the opinion of his\\nnewly formed aquaintances may be alterably changed if\\nhe betrays his natural defect and thus he exercises all\\nthe will power he can possibly summon up, and by both\\nmental strain and physical effort manages by hook or by\\ncrook by avoiding obstacles, substituting phrases, and\\nusing synonyms to avoid all difficulty for the time being.\\nIndeed he may not under such circumstances even re-\\nquire to use synonyms but may be able to talk fluently\\nand without interruption.\\nStrange as it may appear, this same person in con-\\nversation with his own immediate friends may be\\n-165-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nable to utter but few words without his impediment\\nbetraying him. This phenomenon calls for a change of\\ncondition which the stammerer must bring about by his\\nown efforts, both mentally and physically, if he wishes to\\nobtain relief. The fact that he stammers in the presence\\nof his immediate relatives is explained by the circum-\\nstance that they know he stammers. There is nothing\\nto conceal from them. His pride is in no wise effected\\nby their knowledge of his impediment because he ap-\\npreciates in his mind the fact that his defect draws out\\ntheir love and sympathy rather than ridicule. He is\\nthus off his guard and from the fact that he does not\\nexercise mental energy to control his fluency he suffers\\nin consequence. Let him use the same caution and feel\\nthe same embarrassment and humiliation when convers-\\ning with his friends that he does before strangers, and\\nhe will experience little if any difficulty. He will at\\nleast experience no more difficulty than before newly\\nformed acquaintances.\\nLet him say to his mother or to his father, I prom-\\nise you on my word of honor that I will try to never\\nagain let you hear me stammer. Let him then keep\\nhis promise. Let him feel it a disgrace to stammer,\\nand a humiliation even in the presence of his most inti-\\nmate acquaintances. He must summon to his aid such\\nunflinching zeal and purpose of mind as will not allow\\nhim even in the presence of his own to falter for a mo-\\nment. Stammering begets stammering and he must\\ntherefore not stammer.\\nThe fatigue which I have described both of mind\\nand body as the result of excessive mental and physical\\n166", "height": "2443", "width": "1839", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\neffort may be largely lessened by the principle of relaxa-\\ntion. I do not mean relaxation in the generally accepted\\nmeaning of the term, but what I do mean is relaxation\\nfrom excessive mental and physical effort, without re-\\nlaxing from determination to surmount all difficulties.\\nOne may think less copiously yet with concentration,\\nand one may infuse determination into an undertaking\\nand into their talking, which from the fact that the latter\\nconsists of even utterances may nevertheless be with as\\nmuch resolution of purpose as though effected with great\\neffort and with unsteady purpose.\\nA correct breathing habit will largely aid in accom-\\nplishing the desired result, inasmuch as the effort men-\\ntally, as already explained, is accompanied by an abnor-\\nmal action of the respiratory apparatus. The stammerer\\nusually contracts his diaphragm when approaching a\\nword difficult of utterance, at which time he generally\\nexhales the breath with which he should fill the abdomi-\\nnal portion of his body if he wishes to speak well. Deep\\ninspiration and expansion of the abdomen should be\\npracticed when under approaching fear of stammering,\\nwhen the diaphragm would otherwise contract.\\nIn any case of stammering a general building up of\\nthe constitution through a good system of physical\\nexercises, having as its aim the accomplishment of\\nmuscular action by the direction of the effort of the\\nmind, will do much to aid in obtaining satisfactory results.\\nOne singular thing about some persons who stam-\\nmer, and a peculiarity which I have never heard dis-\\ncussed, is that one who stammers has less difficulty in\\ntalking to a person who is like afflicted but whose im-\\n167", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\npediment is more manifested. The reason for this is\\nprobably due to the fact that there is a natural inborn\\ntendency to the saying that misery likes company,\\nbut when the company is the more miserable the ten-\\ndency of. the most miserable is to self-congratulation.\\nIn this there is no doubt engendered a feeling of confi-\\ndence from which arises fluency. On the other hand,\\npersons who stammer coming in contact with others\\nsimilarly afflicted, but to a lesser degree, usually behave\\npoorly. The converse in argument that applies to the\\nfirst named peculiarity will probably apply here. The\\nfeeling of satisfaction of human nature in the evil of joy\\nat others misfortunes is offset by the fact that their mis-\\nfortune is the lesser. Why were others not afflicted as\\nbadly as they? Whether these are true solutions to the\\nproblem is for the reader to decide, but the fact remains\\nthat with but few exceptions where two stammerers meet\\nin conversation it increases the contortions and mani-\\nfestations for one and lessens the difficulty of the other.\\nThe remedy is self-suggestive. Let each congratulate\\nhimself that he can talk at all and that there are others\\nin a worse predicament than he and it may lessen the\\ndifficulty for both. Let each imagine that he is superior\\nas it may be due to the feeling of inferiority and superi-\\nority that one has difficulty and the other none. Another\\npeculiarity among certain classes of stammerers is the\\ncircumstances that when they come up with a word that\\ncauses them to stammer, and when, after repeated effort\\nthey are still unable to effect its beginning, they find\\nwhen they endeavor to write the word for the purpose of\\nbetter explanation, having written upon paper the first\\n168", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nsyllable commencing it, they are at once without further\\neffort and without finishing the writing of the whole\\nword, able to enunciate it perfectly. In asking a class\\nnumbering upwards of eighty pupils as to their experi-\\nence in this matter fully 25 per cent, held up their hands\\nas having had similar experiences. This is a common\\npeculiarity among stammerers, to which of course may\\nbe exceptions, and there may be many who have never\\ntried the experiment.\\nSpeaking scientifically, there is no question but that\\na physical movement accomplishes a mental desire and\\nthis is without doubt the solution to the problem. The\\nstammerer is not lacking in desire for utterance, but in\\nco-ordinating his desire with the execution or act itself.\\nThe movement of the pencil upon paper of itself acts as\\na harmonizing influence and serves to keep back the\\ncurrent of thought which otherwise piles up in such rapid\\nsuccession that the organs physically are unable to\\nexecute them. It requires also a generating influence to\\nmove into harmonizing action the organs co-operating\\nwith the functions of the brain and in this any physical\\nmovement is an aid. This is shown more forcibly in\\ngesture than anywhere else where physical movements\\nare used almost entirely as a means for accomplishing\\nmental desires. Another peculiarity of the same cir-\\ncumstance is the fact that after great effort once having\\nsaid the word, the stammerer can repeat it without diffi-\\nculty. If it caused him no difficulty to say it in the be-\\nginning when asked to repeat it, nine times out of ten\\nhe cannot do so. The scientific explanation for this\\nphenomena may be in the circumstances that in the first\\n-169-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ninstance confidence in his ability to utter the word having\\nbeen established at the cost of great effort he realizes\\nthat he can say the word, and can then repeat it as often\\nas he wishes to.\\nOn the other hand, having unconsciously uttered a\\nword without difficulty, his attention being called to it\\nwhen asked to repeat it, he is unable to do so owing to\\nthe fact that he at once loses confidence in his ability\\nto utterance. After great effort, having temporarily\\nmastered it, he finds he can repeat it again and again\\nwithout further difficulty. Were this temporarily estab-\\nlished confidence to be of a lasting nature it would re-\\nquire only a succession of efforts and fighting in order\\nto permanently master every word in the English lan-\\nguage. Unfortunately for the stammerer his confidence\\nis of the thermometer style, it rises and falls, and like\\nthe barometer, it changes with the atmosphere and en-\\nvironments in which it is placed.\\nThere is a peculiarity among persons who stam-\\nmer that I have touched upon briefly, viz., having\\nunconsciously uttered a word without difficulty, his\\nattention being called to it, when asked to repeat\\nit the stammerer is generally unable to do so. Ask\\nhim what time of day it is and he replies 10 o clock.\\nWhat did you say? you ask, and he is unable to effect\\nan utterance or to say a word. I have no doubt but that\\nfifty per cent, of my readers have experienced this same\\ndifficulty, but under different conditions. The explana-\\ntion for this peculiarity is probably in the fact that the\\nstammerer prearranges for himself mental pictures of\\nwords or sounds which, when he tries to effect their utter-\\n170", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nance, cause him great difficulty. These mental pictures\\nare sometimes of a permanent character and sometimes\\nare only temporary. Some persons who stammer carry\\naround in their mind a whole vocabulary of sounds and\\nletters upon which they know they will surely stammer,\\nwhile other words known to them as synonyms cause\\nthem not the slightest difficulty. It is largely owing to\\nthe mental picture that the stammerer constantly sees\\nbefore him of word difficulties that he becomes invent-\\nive, and it is sometimes surprising the alertness with\\nwhich some such persons manage to conceal their im-\\npediment. For instance, in such a case as that of the\\nman who was asked what time of day it was and then\\nrequested to repeat his answer, a stammerer ever on the\\nalert to avoid word pictures would invent some means\\nto avoid stammering on the repetition of his answer.\\nHe might deliberately take out his watch again and\\nreply that it was a few minutes to 10 o clock, which\\nwould be easier for him than a direct answer, Ten\\no clock. He might turn the face of his watch to the\\nquestioner, in which case he could more readily repeat\\nhis answer when he understood that it was not necessary\\nto do so. There is no telling what he might do, but\\nrest assured, such persons are quick, and always ready\\nto beat the wolf around the bush. Mental pictures of\\ndifficulty often present themselves without warning, and\\nare sometimes uncertain in that they appear and vanish.\\nOne moment the stammerer believes in his ability to\\nutter a word, and were he to try he could do so the\\nnext instant the hallucination returns, and try as he may\\nhe is unable to utter the word. The greater the effort\\n171", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthe less he can say it. Sometimes the hallucination is\\nlasting, with the result that he is unable to say the word\\nunder any circumstances without great effort, when\\ntemporarily he may be able to repeat it, only to find\\nthat the picture of difficulty returns when his mind has\\nsettled back in a state of repose. Word pictures are\\nlikely to change in the mind of the stammerer. A man\\nwho has trouble on words commencing with closed con-\\nsonants may lose thought and habit entirely of difficulty\\non such sounds, only to find, however, that his trouble\\nhas been transferred to continuous sounds. Labials may\\npresent themselves as obstacles difficult of utterance,\\nand may entirely disappear, only to be substituted by\\ngutturals, which may in turn give way to vowels, and so\\ndown through the whole vocabulary of sounds and syl-\\nlables. There is nearly always, however, a balance of\\npower maintained, or in other words, when the difficulty\\ndisappears on one sound it is almost always sure to\\nmanifest itself on another. Cases of stammering are so\\nunlike that it is difficult without knowing the particular\\ntemperament and disposition of the sufferer to lay down\\nany set rule as a remedy that will apply alike in all\\ncases, because what might prove valuable advice in one\\ncase might serve only to aggravate another. The diffi-\\nculty, however, inasmuch as it is both mental and\\nphysical, can be combated only by a physical and men-\\ntal means. The correct position of the organs of articu-\\nlation must be studied, the application of certain\\nprinciples and the results. If the difficulty is manifested\\nin the gluing together of the tongue and upper gum,\\nas is the case in stammering upon the letter t, the\\n172", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nresults must be at once apparent to the observer, viz.,\\nthat the greater the effort to effect utterance under such\\nconditions, the less able we are to accomplish our aim.\\nFrom this must come the self-suggested physical remedy\\nof no effort. The organs must be relaxed and the be-\\nginning of the word effected with a whispered utterance.\\nMentally the course or channel of our thought must be\\ndiverted. The stammerer must in some manner or by\\nsome means dispel from his mind the hallucination of\\nfear that grasps hold of him, and in this the concentra-\\ntion of his mind upon the manner of his utterance will\\nserve largely as an instrument of accomplishment. He\\nmust not allow his mind to dwell upon what he is\\ngoing to say, but rather upon how he is going to say\\nit. This how he is going to say it is of course the\\nproblem that all stammerers are trying to solve. I have\\nthus pointed out a means toward the easier enunciation\\nof words commencing with the letter t, and have sug-\\ngested the remedy of no effort as contrasted with exces-\\nsive effort. This can be accomplished through the\\nwhispered utterance and the diversion of the trend of\\nthought above suggested, viz., concentrating the mind\\nupon the manner of utterance rather than upon the\\nword you desire to utter. The whispered utterance is\\nof itself the significant to the mind of the stammerer of\\nrelaxation, as in the whisper we have the embodiment\\nof nothing excessive. It requires but little effort and\\nbut little energy to perform a whispered utterance. A\\ndying man can whisper when he can no longer vocalize,\\nshowing that but little stimulus is necessary to the per-\\nformance of the act. I do not wish any reader to take\\n173", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nfrom my writing that I advocate whispering as a substi-\\ntute for vocalization, but what I do wish to imply is that\\nvocalization should (in cases where the difficulty is\\nmanifested in excessive effort) be preceded by the\\nwhispered utterance. Many will wonder what I mean\\nwhen I speak of a whispered utterance. A whispered\\nutterance, according to my usage of the term, implies a\\nword the beginning of which is a prolonged whisper,\\nfollowed of course by vocalization. Every word spoken\\nhas a certain degree of the whispered utterance attached\\nto it, which is either prefixed or affixed. The stammerer\\nshould endeavor to prolong the whispered or breath\\nportion of his words and avoid, by correct principles of\\nphysically applying his organs of articulation, the hard\\nand difficult letters likely to cause him difficulty. The\\nremedy for words commencing with the letter t is\\nsuggestive of similar remedial means for other letters,\\nbut through other channels. We must in every case\\nsearch out the manifestations and apply the remedy\\naccordingly. Word pictures and mental hallucinations\\nof difficulty in enunciation can be overcome largely after\\nthe manner above suggested, but it is better to gain\\nfirst a thorough knowledge of other exercises necessary\\nto the cure, and also an idea of the analysis of sounds.\\nIt is not the knowledge of any one principle to over-\\ncome stammering that effects the cure, nor is it the\\nknowledge of all principles, but rather the knowledge\\nof all principles and their practical application.\\n174", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "SUGGESTIONS FOR STAMMERERS\\nContemplating Treatment and for Parents or\\nGuardians of Stammering Children\\nTHE MISERY OF STAMMERING\\nMANKIND, while superior to all other living creation,\\nand enjoying the richest blessings of a merciful God, is\\nat the same time heir to the most grievous and terrible\\nafflictions that are visited unto the animal kingdom.\\nAlthough the blessings exceed the afflictions by a thou-\\nsand fold, yet how often we forget the many blessings\\nin brooding over our afflictions. The blind, the deaf,\\nthe mute, the maimed, while compelled to fight life s\\nbattles under grave difficulties, have reason to be thank-\\nful beyond expression, when they note the condition of\\nthe imbecile. So highly do we prize the power to see,\\nhear, and be heard, that rather than be deprived of it,\\nwe would prefer death itself. Imagine, then, the con-\\ndition of the imbecile, who, though possessing all the\\nnecessities of a perfect physical development, lacks the\\nintellect, the mind, the reasoning faculties, the absence\\nof which sinks man beneath the lowest brute. If a\\n175-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nman is blind he soon realizes how useless is an attempt\\nto see. To the deaf sound is unknown, hence he does\\nnot understand the severity of his affliction, while the\\nmute is always resigned to silence, and, therefore, in re-\\nality knows not the value of speech. Thus, in this con-\\nnection, an affliction that is absolute is more merciful\\nthan one that is but partial. If there were intervals\\nwhen the blind could see, the deaf hear, and the mute\\ntalk, their quiet and peace of mind would be destroyed\\nforever. Such is the condition of the man who possesses\\nthe power of speech, yet cannot talk. His intellect is\\nkeen, his reasoning clear, his vocal organs perfect, yet\\nhe is wholly or partially unable to vocalize his thoughts\\nand produce intelligible speech. He is bound, as it\\nwere, hand and foot, by the most cruel, cutting, and\\ngalling bonds that ever restricted or impaired the hopes\\nand aspirations of an ambitious man. He is a victim\\nof that despotic affliction which has ruled and ruined\\nmany lives, and is known to the world as stammering.\\nHis condition invites the sympathy, aye, the pity, of\\nhis fellow-beings who are so fortunate as to possess un-\\nfettered speech. That sympathy is usually extended\\nin the kindest manner, although the poor stammerer is\\nsometimes compelled to surfer from the ridicule and\\nderision of those who in intellect and nobleness of char-\\nacter are not, and probably never will be, his equal.\\nBut real sympathy, such as is inspired by a direct per-\\nsonal knowledge of the affliction, the vast majority of\\npeople are utterly unprepared to give.\\nWe read to-day of a famine in India, or of atrocious\\ndeeds perpetrated in Armenia, and we sympathize with\\n176", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthe unfortunate beings who are thus compelled to suffer,\\nbut had there been a period in our lives when we\\nwere compelled to stand helplessly by and see our\\nloved ones perish one by one, from the want of food,\\nor fall by the knife of the barbarous Turk, our\\nsympathy would increase tenfold and be of a deeper,\\nmore tender nature. So it is with the stammerer. He\\nreceives true heartfelt sympathy only from those who\\nhave likewise suffered, and who have experienced within\\ntheir being, their mind, their very soul, that patient\\nlonging, that mental craving, that burning desire to\\nspeak, to converse, to be understood, to possess the\\npower and ability to give intelligent sound and expres-\\nsion to those thoughts which for years have remained\\nhelplessly imprisoned within their brain, of but little\\nuse to themselves, and entirely lost to their fellow-\\nmen.\\nThose who possess perfect freedom of speech, who\\nat all times and under all circumstances can give utter-\\nance to their thoughts are incompetent to realize the\\nsuffering of the unfortunate stammerer. They know\\nnot the agony of mind, the mental torture, the terrible\\nmisery that he is compelled to constantly undergo.\\nHis inability to give verbal expression to his thoughts\\nnaturally leads to the opinion among his associates that\\nthe affliction has not only fettered his speech but his\\nintellect also. Thus, to the embarrassment of a speech\\ndefect is added the unenviable reputation of a weakened\\nintellect. In this respect, however, a greater injustice\\ncould not be done the stammerer. To be sure, his\\neducation is neglected, for in school he is the laughing-\\n-177-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nstock of the class, even his attendance, in many cases,\\nbeing made compulsory by his parents. A college\\ncourse, with his defective speech, has no charms for\\nhim. And so, year after year, a naturally keen and\\nbrilliant intellect remains inactive and undeveloped.\\nTo the average person, the presence of a severe\\nstammerer is especially disagreeable. Therefore he\\nsuffers from a social ostracism and is benefited by none\\nof those refining influences which always attend an\\nassociation with the cultured and educated. Conse-\\nquently he is oftentimes rough and uncouth in manner,\\nwhile inwardly possessing the true instincts of a noble\\nman.\\nIn the business world, the stammerer rarely enjoys\\na successful career. The same obstacle that prevents\\nhis entry into society, closes to him the door of pros-\\nperity. A business man must be congenial the stam-\\nmerer can not be.\\nFrom the literary field he is also barred by that\\nsame, seemingly insurmountable barrier. He is ham-\\npered in whatever he undertakes, be it of a social, busi-\\nness, or literary nature. In the face of these difficulties\\nand failures which attend his every effort toward\\nadvancement, is it any wonder that the stammerer loses\\nhope, energy, and ambition? Life to him has no pleas-\\nures; it is merely existence. His past is lost, his\\npresent a failure, and his future a hopeless blank.\\nSuch was the condition of the stammerer until\\nwithin the last few years. But now the light and prog-\\nress of the nineteenth century has penetrated the dark\\nclouds which overshadowed his life, and made it possi-\\n-178-", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nble for him to surmount the barriers, gain the level, and\\nrun the great race of life, on an equal footing with all\\nmankind.\\nSTAMMERING A HABIT\\nWith many persons stammering is purely a habit,\\noftentimes the result of lack of proper training in\\nyouth.\\nThe first attempts at speech made by children often-\\ntimes reveal slight indications of stuttering; but not\\ngenerally before the individual becomes completely\\naware of his defect with all its horror, do the parents\\ntry to obtain for their child relief. The little prattler,\\ninstead of being continually corrected for its imperfect\\narticulation, is oftentimes encouraged in its baby-talk by\\nits parents and friends until it becomes second nature\\nfor it to mispronounce and misarticulate words and syl-\\nlables. The writer has known children of from ten to\\nfifteen years of age who had never entirely forgotten\\ntheir baby-talk, and slight traces of it was oftentimes\\nnoticeable in their conversation.\\nMany of these encouraged baby-talkers have turned\\nout to be stammerers. This way of dealing with the\\ntrouble is equally as wrong as it would be to postpone\\nto a later period the necessary orthopedic treatment of\\na child tending to bodily deformity. As the child\\ngrows, the evil, instead of decreasing, increases, even-\\ntually leaving its victim a stutterer or stammerer of\\nthe most severe type. Thus what was at first, by the\\nparents of the child, encouraged, becomes to it, later on,\\n179", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nsecond nature, and oftentimes a bad and disgusting\\nhabit.\\nMany parents answer their children in this same\\nbaby-talk. Thus the child is taught and confirmed that\\nits own mistakes are correct, and gradually grows into\\nthat evil manner of talking, whence stammering and\\nstuttering arise.\\nIt is surprising with what fidelity a child will imitate\\nwhatever it sees or hears. Children hardly able to talk\\noftentimes surprise their parents with their knowledge\\nand actions. Therefore it becomes all parents to\\nexert the utmost carefulness in the training of their\\nchildren, and to watch for and correct any tendency to\\na faulty or imperfect articulation.\\nNever strike or scold a child for defective utterance.\\nA spirit of firmness, with nothing to startle or excite,\\nbut rather with a tendency to kindness, will be found to\\nbe of much value. Canon Kingsley says: Fear of\\nbodily punishment, or even capriciousness in his teacher s\\ntemper and rules, will surely confirm the bad habit. If\\nhe is by any means kept in a state of terror, shame, or\\neven anxiety, then this stammerer will grow worse and\\nworse as he grows older.\\nAsk the child to slowly and carefully repeat what\\nhas given it difficulty to utter if it be a request do not\\ngrant it until the child has done its best to ask for it\\ncorrectly, always speaking to it in a manner to indicate\\nthat you are positive. A splendid practice, and one\\nwhich gives noticeable results almost immediately, is to\\nteach to the child some simple rhyme or story, have\\nit repeat after you correctly, exactly what you say,\\n180", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nbeing always very careful not to talk in an affected or\\nexaggerated manner.\\nIf the child is quite young, teach it first to pronounce\\ncorrectly each letter of the alphabet. Many children\\nattempt to speak upon but scarcely any breath, first\\nexpelling nearly all the air from their lungs they then\\nbegin to give utterance to partially formed words and\\nsyllables. Such should be taught to carefully inhale\\nbefore attempting to speak, and never permitted to be-\\ngin a sentence in a quick or hurried manner. Let the\\nproper time be given to the development of the lungs\\nof children, and much of the tendency that exists at the\\npresent day to pulmonary troubles would vanish, and\\nthere would be more bright, merry voices, and, conse-\\nquently, happier hearts in our schools and homes.\\nTeach the child the proper mode of breathing, the\\ncorrect manner of articulating, and much of the sorrow\\nand distress, the result of stammering, would give way\\nto cheerfulness, and happier lives would be the result.\\nThe old proverb, A stitch in time saves nine, is espe-\\ncially applicable here.\\nThe following is an extract clipped from an article\\nwritten by Dr. Morrell McKenzie, for the Popular Sci-\\nence Monthly: It is hardly an exaggeration to say\\nthat the training of the voice should begin almost with\\nthe cradle. I do not, of course, mean to say that a\\nbaby should be taught to squall according to rule, or\\nthat the prattle of children should be made a laborious\\ntask, but I wish to insist on the importance of surround-\\ning the child, as soon as it begins to lisp, with persons\\nwho speak well.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "THE OklGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nTHE MIMIC\\nAll languages, old Roger Ascham says, both\\nlearned and mother tongues, are begotten and gotten\\nsolely by imitation, for as ye used to hear, so ye learn\\nto speak; if ye hear no other, ye speak not yourself;\\nand whom ye only hear, of them ye only learn.\\nQuintilian says Before all, let the nurses speak\\nproperly the boy will hear them first, and will try to\\nshape his words by imitating them. This applies chiefly\\nto the pronunciation and correct use of words; but\\nmuch might also be done for the right management\\nof the voice, if every child could grow up among peo-\\nple who speak well.\\nHave you ever mocked or imitated the habits and\\ncontortions of a stammerer?\\nBeware, lest you also are made to carry the yoke\\nIt seems a severe but a just punishment, that those\\nwho hold up their fellow-men to ridicule because of their\\ninfirmities are oftentimes similarly afflicted. A young\\nlady who applied to me for relief not long since broke\\ndown and shed tears when she told me she had been\\npunished because she mocked a person who was afflicted\\nin the same manner. Many applications for admission\\nto my Institution have been accompanied by letters that\\ntold the same sad and pitiful story: I acquired the\\nhabit by mocking.\\nChildren especially, and, I am sorry to say, many\\ngrown persons, having witnessed some peculiar type of\\nstammering or stuttering, which, to them, appears laugh-\\nable, set about to imitate the poor unfortunate who has\\n182", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nunluckily crossed their path, and to their sorrow many-\\nsuch mimics find that when they wish to discontinue the\\nhabit, the monster, with all its horrors, has securely\\nfastened its talons into their flesh, not to be easily\\nshaken off.\\nTake my advice, then, if you have been habitually\\nmocking the stammerer, stop it, and stop it at once.\\nThe poor unfortunate victim, the target of your jest,\\nhas already enough to suffer without bearing the taunts\\nand ridicule of inhuman scoffers.\\nSTAMMERING A DISEASE\\nThat stammering, with many persons, is a disease,\\nis no longer a doubt in the minds of those who have\\nmade a careful study of the subject. Dr. Raphael\\nCohen cites the case of one family where stammering\\nwas transmitted through four generations, the mal-\\nady usually developing between the second and fifth\\nyear, the affliction commencing with a repetition of\\nsyllables and words at first seldom, then often, until\\nit broke out in all its uncontrollable force. This type\\nof stammering has previously been considered by\\nothers incurable. Eminent physicians and specialists\\nboth in this country and abroad, have been utterly un-\\nable to afford any relief to the unfortunate stammerer\\nwho was unlucky enough to inherit his difficulty.\\nNotwithstanding the failure hitherto to afford relief\\nto such cases, a careful glance over the many letters we\\nhave received will at once convince the reader that the\\nclosing of the nineteenth century has revealed to the\\n-183-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nworld, among its many other inventions and discoveries,\\na means for the curing of stammering and stuttering\\nequally adapted to and effective in each and every case,\\nfrom the mildest type to the most severe, the contor-\\ntions of which are oftentimes painful to witness, and\\ndisgusting beyond description.\\nSTAMMERING THE RESULT OF DISEASE\\nStammering with many persons is the result of\\neruptive disease, such as scarlatina, smallpox, and\\nother kindred disorders it may be the result of ex-\\nternal injuries, sudden fright, or any violent nerve or\\nbrain trouble may cause it; in nearly every such case,\\nhowever, the afflicted individual previously possessed\\na weak enforcing power of the will over the organs of\\nutterance. Very rarely is stammering caused by any\\norganic defect. In a series of six hundred cases, care-\\nfully investigated by Columbat, there was not one case\\nof stammering caused by malformation of the organs.\\nTHE INFLUENCE OF CHILD STAMMERING\\nThere is no doubt but that stammering obtains a\\nbad influence in children. It is detrimental both to\\nthe stammerer himself and also to his young asso-\\nciates with whom he comes in contact. Innumerable\\nillustrations could be made in support of this state-\\nment. Children are more likely to mimic than grown\\npersons, in fact, they learn to talk almost wholly by\\nimitation and by observation, and nothing seems to\\n184", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nimpress itself more forcibly upon their imagination than\\nthe antics of the stammerer. In the large majority of\\ncases we have found that persons addicted to stammering\\nare of an extremely sensitive and nervous disposition.\\nThis nervousness is usually accompanied with a weak-\\nened constitution, which usually becomes more fragile\\nas the stammerer advances in years If stammering\\nchildren could be trained for the correction of their de-\\nfect they would as they advanced in years become\\nas strong and as robust as other persons, but with their\\naffliction constantly in their minds and the effect that\\nstammering has upon the nervous system if neglected,\\nthese children, which otherwise would be strong,\\nhealthy men and women, become physically unfit for\\nanything more than the ordinary walks of life. Re-\\nferring again to the effect that association with stam-\\nmerers may have upon persons who do not suffer from\\nstammering, we know of hundreds of cases of stammer-\\ning due entirely to child association and mimicry.\\nKeep your child away from stammering children\\nand especially keep him away from a stammering\\nparent or guardian. There is no doubt that stammer-\\ning has a deleterious effect upon not only the victim\\nhimself, but also upon other children with whom he\\ncomes in contact. The best age at which to treat a\\nchild for stammering is as young as it can intelligently\\nunderstand the necessary exercises and at the same\\ntime realize the necessity for a cure.\\n-185", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nWHEN TO COMMENCE TREATMENT\\nWhile the great number of cases we have treated\\nhas proved to us and to others that at no stage have we\\nbeen unable to successfully combat the difficulty, yet\\npersistency in the habit renders it more difficult to bring\\nthe organs back to their normal condition. The longer\\nwe continue any habit, the more difficult it becomes to\\nstop it, and this especially is applicable to the subject\\nin question. For this reason no person should deny\\nhimself or herself of the privilege available to recover\\ntheir speech at as early a date as possible.\\nCLASS EXERCISE\\nFrom four to six hours are set aside daily for class\\nexercise, when pupils are expected, unless satisfactory\\nexcuse is given, to attend diligently to the work which it\\nis their duty to perform. The exercises are both pleas-\\nant and profitable, and are varied to suit the different\\nforms of speech impediment with which we have to\\ndeal.\\nOur treatment is adapted to the indications and\\ndirected against the manifestation according to the\\nrequirements of each particular case.\\nWe never administer drugs nor medicine of any kind\\nto our pupils nor apply electricity in any form in con-\\nnection with our treatment.\\nMuch of our success is due to the natural means we\\nemploy in overcoming this unnatural difficulty.\\n186", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThe permanency of our cures we attribute to the\\nphysical and mental development of the pupil, notice-\\nable from the beginning of treatment.\\nThese exercises are not only valuable as an auxiliary\\nmeans, but also open the way and lay the foundation\\nfor a lifelong cure. The mental influences become\\nregulated, the will strengthened, and the whole organism\\napparently transformed into the awakening of a new\\nindividuality.\\nTHE RESULT OF STAMMERING\\nSeparated by his affliction and infirmity from society\\nand companionship, the poor, unfortunate stammerer is\\ndriven to the solitude of his own unhappy contempla-\\ntion.\\nWith many stammerers life is an attempt with but\\nlittle success. In their effort to succeed they are con-\\ntinually kept in a state of fear and anxiety. How many\\npillows have been saturated with tears, every drop an\\nappeal for free speech? How many hearts have longed\\nfor the day to come when humanity would be released\\nfrom this woeful curse?\\nThis constant strain upon the mind and nerves rap-\\nidly consumes vitality. The boy, vigorous as a child,\\noftentimes finds himself a physical and nervous wreck\\nabout the time he should be developing into a magnifi-\\ncent specimen of manhood. The fact that he stammers\\nis never out of his mind thus he realizes that others\\nhave bestowed upon them by nature gifts that he has\\nnot, and gradually it becomes second nature for him to", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nregard himself as an unequal. The ambition which\\nshould arouse us all to action in our youth in him is\\ndormant. Sooner or later this vital force that is being\\ngradually undermined perishes, and the victim awakens\\nto find himself prostrated with grief over his sad condi-\\ntion. The mental strain in some cases, the result of\\nstammering, is something awful. Many severe cases\\ndevelop to such a degree as to cause convulsions.\\nPersons so afflicted oftentimes lose their minds entirely,\\na fact which statistics prove not infrequently happens.\\nTHE UNFORTUNATE\\nThere stands a person whose face is physically\\ndrawn out of shape. His mental faculties are warped.\\nHe is not a mute, but still he cannot speak. His\\nthoughts are crippled and confused. To all appear-\\nances he is a man, but if we knew him well we would\\nfind that in many things he is but a child. The persons\\nwho understand his peculiarities are few and his sym-\\npathizers are equally rare. His strange silence and\\ntimid actions lower him in the estimation of his fellow-\\nmen. The sweet privilege of social enjoyment is\\nunknown to him. Every undertaking he enters into\\nis abandoned through gloomy forebodings of failure.\\nHis thoughts, denied the liberty of oral expression, be-\\ncome as stagnant and unreliable as his manner of acting.\\nHis countenance bears a piteous but repulsive appear-\\nance and is indicative of a long and fierce battle of\\nsuccessive failures. His consolation is the ridicule and\\ncruel impatience of innumerable mimics, who ape him", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nat every opportunity. At last, pressing deeper into his\\nflesh the poisoned arrows of his terrible infirmity, his\\nburden of sorrow crushes him to the earth.\\nTHE HOPEFUL SIDE OF STAMMERING\\nWhile the stammerer has much to be sorrowful over,\\nnevertheless, if he will only look around him and ob-\\nserve the many other ills to which human flesh is heir,\\nhe will find much consolation in the fact that there are\\nothers who are suffering from greater afflictions than he\\nis.\\nIs not blindness worse than stammering? To be\\ndeprived of the beautiful in nature to never know the\\nexpression of the human countenance to be an object\\nof dependency and a burden to others, led from place\\nto place as one leads a blind horse with leathern halter\\nthese are the least of the blind man s woes.\\nWhat of the hopeless consumptive Will you will-\\ningly exchange your lot for his You have every con-\\nfidence and hope of recovery; he, poor unfortunate,\\nhas none.\\nWhere is the stammerer who will exchange his life\\nfor the life of the mute? Yes, you say, here I am, I will\\nexchange my life for the life of a mute. Then if this is\\ntrue, go in silence for the balance of your life. You tell\\nme that the mute is resigned to his infirmity and that in\\nthis resignation there is satisfaction and relief; to you\\nthis may be true, but to me it would mean an everlasting\\nand never-dying source of remorse and sorrow to know\\nthat I was forever speechless to the world. True, the\\n189\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nstammerer often in a sense suffers greater agony than\\nthe mute, but he can always harbor a hope for recovery\\nand what is this life to any of us whether we stammer or\\nnot when we have abandoned hope. Hope is the sub-\\nstance on which the soul feeds. Hope for the present.\\nHope for the future, and hope for the very end. Hope\\nis a never-ending ray of sunshine in the life of every man\\nand woman, and to every stammerer Hope is doubly as\\ndear as to others. The mute can know but little of this\\njoyous thing called hope, but the stammerer is ever\\nhopeful.\\nWhat about the cripple? Would you rather stam-\\nmer than be crippled? Your answer is: I would rather\\nbe a cripple than stammer. Yes, but I say, how would\\nyou like to stammer and be crippled as well? Here you\\npause and reply that either one is bad enough. But\\nremember, there are many who suffer both, and how\\nthankful you should be that you have but one to con-\\ntend with.\\nThere has been a time in the history of this country\\nwhen stammering could be considered one of the great-\\nest evils and infirmities to which mankind is heir, but at\\nthe present time, when modern ideas are supplanting\\nold-time theories, and the stammerer can be entirely\\nrelieved of his burden, the old-time poison called stam-\\nmering has lost much of its former virus and sting.\\nTHE CURE\\nA careful study of the different methods for the cure\\nof stammering and stuttering, and other speech impedi-\\n190", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nments, as practiced by the most successful of those who\\nhave within recent years devoted their time and study\\nto the subject, together with the personal experience of\\nhaving been a most severe stammerer for more than\\ntwenty years, proves to me beyond a doubt that only\\nsuch systems produce cures and permanent results as\\nare founded on an educational basis, where the pupil is\\ndisciplined and put through a systematic training, be-\\nginning at the foundation and rebuilding the tissues that\\nhave naturally become weakened, through lack of proper\\nuse, at the same time strengthening and developing the\\nvocal organs.\\nProbably no other means of cure in the world has\\nmet with such remarkable success in ridding humanity\\nof this awful curse as has THE LEWIS PHONO-\\nMETRIC METHOD. Our graduates, representing\\nnow nearly every State in the Union, and Province of\\nCanada, many of whom had been lifelong sufferers,\\nbear us out in this assertion with their splendid letters\\nof indorsement.\\nHOME TREATMENT\\nMany persons have written to me to inquire if I\\neould give them printed or written instructions that\\nwould serve the same purpose as their presence at my\\nschool, to which questions I have invariably answered,\\nNo. While I might possibly give them instructions in\\na written or printed form, and in a manner from which\\nthey might possibly obtain some relief, yet it would\\nprove very unsatisfactory in the end to both pupil and\\n191", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\ninstructor. Almost daily we receive communications\\nfrom persons asking for mail treatment, with offers of\\nremuneration. I invariably refuse offers of this kind,\\nalways advising the correspondent that it is absolutely\\nnecessary to attend my Institution and remain directly\\nunder my personal observation, that I may from day to\\nday (for a short period) assist and direct them to a\\nproper use and development of the organs of speech,\\nwhich have been so long abused.\\nTIME FOR EVERYTHING\\nIt is equally as hard to effect a cure in a case of\\nstammering unless attention is paid to the little details\\nof treatment as it is to successfully conduct a large\\nmercantile business without system.\\nThe old proverb, Take care of the pennies and the\\ndollars will take care of themselves, has been verified\\na countless number of times, and contains a principle\\nworth while studying. He who pays attention to the\\nminutest details of his business will surely succeed in\\nthe end. He who neglects and treats as unworthy of\\nnotice the smallest fraction of his duties will ulti-\\nmately neglect his whole business and end in failure.\\nThis also applies to a cure for stammering. Pay atten-\\ntion to every little principle involved in effecting the\\ncure and you cannot but succeed if the method is\\npractical.\\nIf the method you are following be not altogether\\nefficient, you cannot afford to neglect the minutest in-\\nstruction. On the contrary, you should apply yourself\\n192", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nthe more studiously. A poor method, poorly applied,\\nwill give absolutely no results a good method, poorly\\napplied, will give some results a poor method, well\\napplied, may afford relief; while a good method of\\ntreatment, well applied, will give you an absolute and\\npermanent cure.\\nGranting the above to be undeniable, we have many\\nthings to take into consideration before we can even be-\\ngin to hope for relief. The main difficulty to contend\\nwith in the majority of cases where a cure is looked for\\nis the fact that the stammerer becomes impatient for re-\\nsults and wants a cure all at once.\\nLet us for a minute draw a comparison between the\\nman who from education, study, and practice would get\\ncured of stammering, and he who would become profi-\\ncient in any other study as seriously involving his future\\nlife as his freedom of speech. The would-be artist does\\nnot acquire his knowledge of colors, his delicate touch,\\nan eye for form and beauty, nor his reputation, all in a\\nday. The would-be physician or surgeon expects many\\nweary hours of painstaking labor if he shall acquire for\\nhimself reputation and skill. The skilled artisan and\\nthe mechanic can only be called such after years of\\nstudy and labor. He who would establish himself as a\\nlawyer does not expect to reach the goal for which he\\nis striving without much patience and study, and so\\ncould be quoted innumerable other cases, down through\\nall the different walks of life. The would-be artist be-\\ngins at the mixing of colors, he studies form, texture of\\ncanvas, mounting of pictures, quality of brushes, prac-\\ntices delicacy of touch, and blending of shades. If he\\ni 3 193", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nbe a landscape artist he probably spends whole sum-\\nmers and autumns in rural districts studying the beau-\\nties of nature with all her grandeur of color and origi-\\nnality. He then goes abroad and studies the masters,\\nand finally, after many years of earnest plodding, he is\\nrated an artist in the true sense of the word, and then\\nspends the balance of his life trying to make for himself\\na reputation.\\nSimilar illustrations could be made of the would-be\\nphysician, the would-be artisan, the would-be lawyer,\\nthe would-be musician, and many other would-bes but\\nthe poor, unfortunate would-be-cured-stammerer\\nwants to become proficient all at once, and, alas, because\\nhe does not speedily find that for which he is in search,\\nhe sinks into the unhappy solitude of his own unhappy\\nthoughts and thinks he is the most woe-begone and all-\\naround-afflicted mortal in the world. Let him for an in-\\nstant compare his lot with that of others so afflicted\\nmany of whom are in a worse condition than he is\\nhitherto unknown to him. You cannot see the blade of\\ngrass grow as it pops its tiny leaf through the moist\\nearth. You cannot see a tree casting forth its leaf. Yet\\nthese and other such events follow year in and year out,\\nand are observed gradually as they transpire. The days\\nfor miracles have long since passed. Methods for the\\ncure of stammering having for their foundation secrecy\\nand humbuggery, quackery, and misrepresentation, must\\ngive way to practical educational methods of treatment,\\nand the sooner the stammerer is brought to realize these\\nfacts the better for him and for all other persons con-\\ncerned.\\n194", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nTIME REQUIRED TO EFFECT A CURE\\nThe length of time required to effect a cure depends\\nlargely upon the severity of the case and the applica-\\ntion of the pupil to duty. The average case has\\nRequired from three to six or eight weeks treatment.\\nWe do not guarantee the length of time for treatment\\nrequired to effect a cure in any particular case, as much\\ndepends upon the pupil s aptitude for learning and ap-\\nplication. An investigation of our testimonials will\\nprove to the reader however that many of our pupils\\nwho had been lifelong sufferers were never heard to\\nstammer after their first week s instruction although\\nthey remained with us until the completion of their\\nRESULTS OF TREATMENT\\nThe results of treatment are noticeable on the pupil\\nalmost immediately. The depressed, careworn look\\npossessed by many stammerers, the direct result of\\nyears of constant worry and battle, gives way to a\\ncheerful expression and buoyant disposition. The im-\\nprovement physically, in some cases almost from the\\nbeginning, is marked. The chest development of some\\npupils while under treatment has been from three to\\nfour inches, the gymnastic exercises being well calcu-\\nlated to build up and strengthen the tissues and muscles\\nthat have become weakened through lack of proper\\nexercise and use.\\n195", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nTERMS OF TUITION\\nOur charges in a case of stammering or stuttering\\ndepend upon the extent of the difficulty, as some\\nrequire much more care and attention than others.\\nIt is impossible to determine the type and severity\\nof any case of stammering or stuttering without first\\nobtaining a thorough knowledge of the manifestations\\nand indications surrounding it. To enable us to gain\\nthis knowledge we have prepared a sheet of questions\\nknown as our Question Blank, which when properly\\nfilled in wilJ give a complete chain, leading up to the\\ndiagnosis of the case. We will be pleased to mail one\\nof our Question Blanks to any stammerer upon\\nrequest, and upon the return of which, carefully and\\nproperly filled in, we will pronounce the type of stam-\\nmering and quote terms for treatment. No charge is\\nmade for consultation either by correspondence or\\notherwise.\\nOUR GUARANTEE\\nWe will give a written guarantee of an absolute cure\\nin any case of stammering or stuttering when our in-\\nstructions are followed, and will willingly refund the\\nmoney paid us as tuition, providing we do not fulfill our\\npromise. Our instructions are easy to follow, there\\nbeing nothing embodied in our methods of treatment\\nor instruction but what can be easily performed and\\ncarried out by any intelligent person over ten years of\\nage.\\n196\u00e2\u0080\u0094-", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nOUR LOCATION\\nCentrally located, easy of access for both Americans\\nand Canadians by either rail or water, Detroit, one of\\nthe most beautiful cities of the United States, offers\\nsuperior advantages as a location for an Institute for\\nthe cure of stammering.\\nThe Lewis Phono-Metric Institute and School for\\nStammerers is located at Nos. 37-39-41 Adelaide\\nstreet, just one-half block east of Woodward avenue.\\nThis location could not possibly be surpassed. The\\nPublic Reception Hall is a large and commodious room,\\n30 feet long by 18 feet wide, and has been especially\\nfurnished for our pupils. A Private Reception Room,\\na Reading Room, and also a Pupils Reclining Room\\nhave all been comfortably provided and add largely to\\nthe other pleasant surroundings of our Institution. Our\\nBusiness Offices are located in our Main Building, and\\nare conveniently located for the transaction of business.\\nSpecial precautionary means have been taken to secure\\nthe most sanitary equipment possible, toward which pur-\\npose in every room in our Institute we have provided\\nhighly polished hardwood floors, with floor rugs instead\\nof carpets. Separate baths and lavatories have also\\nbeen provided for either sex, thus keeping the apart-\\nments of ladies entirely separate and apart from those\\nof the gentlemen of our School.\\nThe grounds and surroundings of our buildings are\\nprobably the most beautiful of any private grounds on\\nAdelaide street, which in summer-time adds largely to\\nthe enjoyment of the pupils visit.\\n197", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nThe bedrooms occupied by our pupils are carefully\\nand thoroughly cared for by competent service, and\\nthus during his entire visit the pupil is made to feel that\\nhis home is our home and that our home is his.\\nThe location of our Institute, its pleasant appoint-\\nment, and thorough equipment and adaptation for the\\ntreatment of stammering, added to the superior advan-\\ntages of our School Residence as a home for the comfort\\nand accommodation of pupils attending, combine in one\\ninstitution advantages unequaled anywhere else on this\\ncontinent.\\nOUR CARE FOR CHILDREN\\nWhile the majority of our patients are adults we,\\nnevertheless, have at all seasons of the year a number of\\nchildren in attendance, and for this reason have taken\\nspecial pains to provide comfortably for their wants.\\nParents can rest assured and satisfied that their children\\nplaced in our care will be well and properly cared for.\\nWe surround our pupils with wholesome literature and\\nmoral influences in every respect, and in fact make the\\nattention which we give to the younger members of our\\nclasses one of the important features of our work.\\nOUR SUCCESS\\nThe Lewis Phono-Metric Institute and School for\\nStammerers enjoys a larger regular attendance of\\npupils than any other institution of its kind anywhere.\\nIt covers more than four times as much floor space as\\nany other stammerers school. It is the only institute\\nfor the cure of stammering in the world that boards and", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\notherwise provides comfortable accommodations for its\\npatrons. It is the only school of its kind so thoroughly-\\nequipped for the purpose to which it is adapted.\\nThe only institution of its kind with a competent and\\nexperienced staff of instructors.\\nIt is an institution for the cure of stammering that\\nhas succeeded from the first, while hundreds of others\\nhave utterly failed. It can refer to more pupils cured\\nthan any other institution of its kind in America.\\nIt is the only institution of its kind that will give a\\nwritten guarantee of an absolute cure.\\nThe success of the Lewis Phono-Metric Institute and\\nSchool for Stammerers is largely attributable to thor-\\noughness in its methods and uprightness in its business\\nprinciples.\\nSCHOOL RESIDENCE AND HOME FOR PUPILS\\nThe school Residence of the Lewis Phono-Metric\\nInstitute, a comfortable, homelike dormitory, has been\\narranged for the accommodation of pupils attending,\\nand is conveniently situated near the Institute.\\nMany pupils who attend our school regret the time\\nfor their departure, so pleasant has their visit been to\\nthem.\\nThe entire class board together, each of the pupils\\nbeing provided with a comfortable room and all the\\naccommodations of their own homes at a reasonable\\nprice.\\nMusicales, debates, at homes, etc., given in the par-\\nlors, supply evening entertainment for the class, and\\n-199-", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\neverything that can be done to make it pleasant for the\\npupils is carefully looked after.\\nMEETING PUPILS AT THE TRAIN\\nPersons unaccustomed to city life need have no\\nhesitation about coming to Detroit to attend our In-\\nstitute, as we make it a special feature of our work, when\\nrequested, to meet our pupils at the train upon their\\narrival in the city. Ladies and children are especially\\ncared for in this respect, the usual means of identifica-\\ntion being a small white bowknot, which the pupil wears\\npinned to the lapel of the coat, and in which way we rec-\\nognize him at once, immediately he steps from the\\ntrain.\\nACCOMMODATION\\nThe Lewis Phono-Metric Institute is open to receive\\npupils at all seasons of the year, its doors never having\\nbeen closed for more than a day s vacation. Parents\\nwho desire to be present with their children during\\ntreatment, or who wish to send a guardian with them,\\nwill be accommodated in our Institution or may board\\nelsewhere, according to their option. As our attend-\\nance at all seasons of the year is usually very large it is\\nalways well to arrange for accommodation before com-\\ning, thus avoiding inconvenience, disappointment, or\\ndelay. Our accommodations are first-class in every re-\\nspect, including hardwood floors, electric light, and hot\\nwater heating. Rooms may be engaged separately with\\nprivate bath or in suite. Our prices for accommodation\\nare as reasonable as one will find elsewhere in the city.", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "REFERENCE AND RECOMMENDATION\\nIn an effort to make this book an acceptable volume\\nfor the library and the home we have endeavored as\\nfar as possible to omit from its contents anything that\\nmight be judged as advertising in the usually accepted\\nmeaning of the term.\\nWe will be pleased to send to any person upon\\nrequest another book containing letters of Recommen-\\ndation and Reference which speak in the highest terms\\nof the success of our efforts in behalf of the stammerer\\nand the reliability of our treatment. In addition to\\nstrong letters of Recommendation from the Governor of\\nMichigan, and the Mayor of Detroit, our Institution\\nreceives also (as is evidenced by our book of Recom-\\nmendations and References) the hearty indorsement\\nand support of many well-known Educators, Clergy-\\nmen, University Professors, Business and Professional\\nmen everywhere.\\nWe shall be pleased also to submit by letter to\\npersons who desire it the names and addresses of hun-\\ndreds of our graduates who are always willing and ready,\\nin consideration of their cure and the great benefit they\\nhave derived from our training, to testify to the merits", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF STAMMERING\\nof our treatment by promptly replying to any inquiries\\nthey receive regarding our work. Persons who desire\\nto further investigate the merits of our Institution\\nshould write to us at once for our book of Recom-\\nmendations and References. Ask also for a list of\\nnames and addresses of pupils who have been cured\\nunder our instruction.\\nAll business communications pertaining to terms,\\napplications, particulars regarding treatment, etc., should\\nbe addressed directly to our office and will receive prompt\\nattention.\\nTHE LEWIS PHONO-METRIC INSTITUTE\\nAND SCHOOL FOR STAMMERERS,\\n37-41 Adelaide St., Detroit, Mich.\\nNote If the names and addresses of persons who stammer are fur-\\nnished us we shall be pleased to mail them copies of this book without in any-\\nway mentioning the source of information.", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "THE PHONO-METER\\nA monthly devoted exclu-\\nsively to the interest of per-\\nsons who stammer\\nEdited and Published by\\nGEO, ANDREW LEWIS\\nThe first number ot the Phono-Meter was published\\nJanuary ist, 1897, since which time it has appeared\\nmonthly, and is sent regularly to subscribers in every\\nState in the Union and Province of Canada, and in fact to\\nall parts of the world. It contains interesting and valuable\\narticles on stammering from the pens of the best authori-\\nties and is teeming full of helpful thoughts and suggestions\\nsuitably adapted for home treatment.\\nConsidering the small price of subscription, Fifty Cents\\na Year, no stammerer can afford to be without it. Write to-\\nday for (free) sample copy. One number may be worth to\\nyou many times the price of a full year s subscription.\\nAddress\\nGEO. ANDREW LEWIS,\\nEditor of the Phono=Meter,\\n35=4i ADELAIDE ST., DETROIT, MICH.", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "s?A\\n9\\nV .\u00c2\u00abF\\n*u V\\nV\\n0 O, /V 1\\nfi-%.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0fe\\n4q\\niV i\\n^tmyr^\\n*O.A* .6\\nr V\\nS *^^T\u00c2\u00bb .A.\\no\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "A\\ni**C,\\nV^\\n^0\u00c2\u00ab\\nr\\nar-. .*^K^- X./\\n.o v c\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2wv. V*\\nr\\n**0\u00c2\u00ab\\nC\u00c2\u00b0 V .*Ji *\u00c2\u00b0o\\nV .lit: ^W- H\\nv-o\\nDOBBS BROS.\\nLIBRARY BINDING\\nNOvf 82\\nST. AUGUSTINE\\n32084\\nV!f^^", "height": "2437", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2449", "width": "1869", "jp2-path": "origintreatmen00lewi_0220.jp2"}}