{"1": {"fulltext": "TD 743\\nA5\\nCopy 1\\n3\\n,r\\\\\\n*r\\nw\\nAMERICAN\\nSEWAGE DISPOSAL\\nCOMPANY\\nOP BOSTON\\n1\\ni", "height": "3833", "width": "3158", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nActon.39\\nAdvantage of a Sewer .28\\nAndover.16, 30, 31, 35, 36\\nBacteria.23\\nBarrhead.21\\nBean, Henry .31\\nBerlin .28\\nBoard of Health.16,17\\nBoston.29, 37, 38\\nBradford .39\\nBrentwood.12, 13, 21, 31\\nBrockton .17,24,30\\nBuilding Sewers..,,.......5\\nCameron.24\\nCare of Filter Beds.35\\nCentral Park.29\\nChampaign.21\\nCharacter of Sewage.24\\nChemical Precipitation. 33\\nChicago 21\\nCloaca. 28\\nCommercial Advantage. 30\\nConstruction of Sewers.. 7\\nConsultation 4\u00c2\u00b0\\nContractor. 5\\nCos.t of Disposal Works. 6\\nCost of Sewers.6\\nCrimp, W. S. .1.3D 39\\nDanvers.35\\nDarfield.21\\nDarwin .24\\nDesign of Sewers 7\\nDibden 24\\nDisposal Works..8, 9, 10\\nDukal 24\\nDuty of Colleges. 39\\nEaling ..3\u00c2\u00b0 39\\nEast Orange. 3\u00c2\u00b0\\nEffectiveness of Filters.36\\nEngland.28\\nExeter, Eng.21, 24\\nExeter, N. H.10\\nFramingham .3\u00c2\u00b0. 34\\nFrankland. 24\\nGardner .3\u00c2\u00b0. 34\\nGlover, A. ..16, 24\\nGreat Britain.28\\nHoffmann.3 1\\nHydraulic Press.3 2\\nImportance of Disposal. 28\\nInst, of Civil Engineers .23\\nJones, Col.......3 1\\nJudicial Decisions.32\\nKoch.24\\nDawes\\nLawrence .24, 27, 33-36\\nLife of Filter Beds. 3 6\\nLondon .30\\nLocation of Disposal Works.29\\nLowell.27\\nMacaire j.31\\nMagnitude of Disposal.21\\nManurial Value of Sewage.. 31\\nMarcet.31\\nMarion .21\\nMarlborough .30, 34\\nMassachusetts.30\\nMechi. 31\\nMediterranean .28\\nMerrimack River...27\\nMississippi.27\\nModel Disposal Works. 9\\nMonroe. .31\\nMoses 19\\nNatick.30\\nNeglect of Disposal.14,26\\nNewark.30\\nNoyes 22\\nPasteur.24\\nParis.28\\nPemigewasset. 27\\nPension .32\\nPreece, Sir Wm. Henry.23\\nPress.... 39\\nProfile House ..27\\nPurification of Water..20\\nRapid Filtration 37-39\\nRecord Plans 5\\nRockingham County 31\\nRome.28\\nRoyalty.,.40\\nSanitary Institute.23\\nSedimentation.35\\nScott, Moncrieff. 24\\nSeptic Tank.21\\nSmall Disposal Works.24\\nSmith, John E.31\\nStory of Patents.17\\nSub-Surface Disposal.29, 35\\nTalbot, Arthur N.21\\nThudichum 31\\nTiber.28\\nTopography. 5\\nUniversity of Illinois.21\\nUrbana.21\\nValidity of Patents.16\\nValue of Sewage. 31\\nVerona. 21\\nVoelcker.31\\nWashington.28\\nWarrenton.24\\nWay 21\\nWestborough .34\\nWinnepesaukee.27\\nWitt 31\\nWorcester.30\\nWorn-out Farms. 32", "height": "3686", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "i\\ni\\n1", "height": "3686", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3784", "width": "3048", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "American Sewage\\nDisposal Company\\nOF BOSTON.\\n89 State Street, Boston, Mass.\\n60 Broadway, New York.\\nMain Office: BOSTON, MASS., U. S. A.\\nORGANIZED FOR DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCT\u00c2\u00ac\\nING SEWERS AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS.\\nDirectors\\nJOHN N. McCLINTOCK, A. M. C. E.,\\nPresident and Manager.\\nJ. LESTER McLEAN, Banker and Broker,\\nTreasurer.\\nJOSEPH P. O\u00e2\u0080\u0099CONNELL,\\nMerchant and Contractor.\\nCOL. A. M. BENSON,\\nLumber Merchant.\\nCOL. FRANCIS S. HESSELTINE,\\nCounsellor-at-Law.\\nJOHN TILTON McCLINTOCK,\\nArchitect.\\nGEORGE E. NEWHALL,\\nLeather Merchant.\\nIN CONSULTATION\\nLeading Financiers, Lawyers, Health Authorities,\\nand Civil Engineers.", "height": "3784", "width": "3048", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "v\\no\\ny\\nr.N\\nJb\\n74668\\nCopyright,\\nAMERICAN SEWAGE DISPOSAL CO.,\\nBOSTON,\\n1899.\\nOr\\n\\\\\u00c2\u00b0iod", "height": "3686", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "SEWER BUILDING\\nAND\\nSEWAGE DISPOSAL", "height": "3686", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3686", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "SEWER BUILDING.\\nIt is possible to build sewers in any place where hunkSii\\nhabitation is feasible, and to so care for the sewage that it\\nwill not be offensive in any sense. To properly plan a\\nsystem of sewers and sewage disposal works for a locality, it\\nis of the utmost importance that a topographical map of the\\nsection to be drained be first prepared, giving the grade of\\nthe streets, depth of the cellars, and the general conformation\\nof the territory. It is generally possible to carry the sewage\\nby gravitation to some point where it can be treated more or\\nless elaborately, according to the degree of purification\\ndemanded, and other conditions. If gravity can be depended\\nupon to care for the effluent, or purified water from tanks or\\nfilter beds, the problem of sewage disposal is greatly simpli\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied.\\n2. The second step necessary after a topographical\\nsurvey is the general design of a system of sewers, and of\\nsewage disposal works. Here is where a village, town or\\ncity require the services of an expert and experienced civil\\nengineer, one who has made himself familiar not only with\\nthe successful achievements of other engineers in the past,\\nbut is posted as to the mistakes and failures made in all parts\\nof the world.\\n3. The scheme having been devised and approved by\\nthe proper authorities, plans for building and record should be\\nmade.\\n4. A contracting party should be obtained, and proper\\nsupervision furnished. If a city, or town would undertake to\\ndo its own work, experienced surveyors and foremen for brick\u00c2\u00ac\\nwork and stonework, manholes, catch-basins, pipe-laying\\nand blasting should be provided, and the line and grade\\nadhered to faithfully.\\n5", "height": "3686", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "COST OF SEWERS.\\nIn considering the construction of a sewer system, a\\nrough estimate of the probable cost is generally sought.\\nThe preliminary topographical plan will cost from 50\\ncents to $3.00 per acre of territory to be drained, according to\\nthe characteristics of the surface, whether flat or diversified,\\nthinly or thickly settled.\\nA well considered design may cost from 2 to 10 cents per\\ninhabitant, according to the size of the place; making plans\\nfor building and record will cost from $20.00 to $40.00 per\\nmile of sewer pipe.\\nA twelve-inch pipe with proper inlets can be laid eight\\nfeet below the surface for 1.00 per foot. If ledge is en\u00c2\u00ac\\ncountered the cost is increased. Eedge work will cost from\\n$2.00 to $5.00 per cubic yard, according to the hardness of the\\nstone and depth below the surface. Manholes and catch-\\nbasins averaging 150 feet apart will cost about $35.00 or $40.00\\neach.\\nThe separate system for sewage and surface water is\\nusually recommended, with proper appliances for flushing, to\\nsave cost of work. Disposal works will cost approximately\\nfrom $1.00 to $2.00 per inhabitant. Plans for the same may be\\nfurnished at 5 of their cost. Chemical precipitation will cost\\nper year 20 cents per inhabitant. The cost of the trunk\\nsewers of a system, of course, will depend upon their size.\\nA completed sewer system in running order will cost from\\n$2.00 to $4-00 per running foot or from $10,000 to $20,000 per\\nmile, for a place of considerable size. Small systems will cost\\nless.\\nThe American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston will\\nfurnish plans, estimates and supervision for 10% of cost of\\nconstruction, or it will build the sewers and disposal works,\\nor either, at cost and accept 10% additional for plans, super\u00c2\u00ac\\nvision and profits.\\n6", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS.\\nThe American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston\\noffer their services to properly equip any community with\\nsewers and disposal works. They will furnish expert\\nsurveyors for making preliminary plans, expert civil engineers\\nfor designing sewer systems and sewage disposal works, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nperienced and skilful sewer constructors, pipe-layers, stone-\\nmen, masons, engineers, inspectors, foremen and workmen.\\nThere are many small towns without an engineer experienced\\nin sewer construction and sewage disposal works. This com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany is prepared to undertake the work of designing and build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning for such towns. They will take the contract, or let it to\\nlowest bidder, and supervise construction. They will make\\nan equitable arrangement with any community desiring their\\nservices.\\nThe business which the company seeks is not only the\\nplanning and construction of sewers and disposal works, but\\nthe continued operation and maintenance of the same under\\ncontract and under bond, so that skilled labor and responsible\\nworkmen will attend to keeping up the efficiency of the sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem, more especially of the disposal works.\\nSkill, experience, and judgment are demanded for the\\nproper construction of sewers, manholes, catch-basins, flush\u00c2\u00ac\\ning tanks, and disposal works.\\nA system however perfect may be ruined or impaired in\\nits operation by the lack of engineering skill, experience in\\nsewer construction, and common sense in building it. For\\ninstance, a sewer laid without regard to a grade line, following\\nthe irregularities of the surface, forming depressions and\\nelevations, laid without close-fitting and cemented joints,with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout manholes or ventilation, built by unskilled labor, inspected\\nby idiots, supervised by ignorance and stupidity, clothed with\\nbrief authority, to save fees for legitimate professional\\nservices, is bound to come to grief.\\n7", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS.\\nThe American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston have\\ncome into possession of valuable patent rights covering sewage\\ndisposal by septic tanks and single and double intermittent\\nfiltration, with necessary ventilation and they are prepared\\nnot only to construct sewers, but also disposal works to\\nentirely or partially remove the impurities from the\\nsewage. Their system prevents the pollution of harbor, river,\\nlake, or sea-shore, and covers broad irrigation, intermittent\\nfiltration, chemical precipitation, and the recovery of the\\nmanurial value of the sewage.\\nThey are prepared to undertake the disposal of sewage\\nfor New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, New Orleans,\\nor of any smaller city or town or institution in this country or\\nabroad. They enter the field to construct and own sewage\\nworks for a fixed sum paid per month, or per year, by the\\nmunicipality, under bonds to produce a certain degree of\\npurification, under an agreement by which the municipality\\nmay take possession of the plant for a sum agreed upon, or\\non equitable valuation. They propose to utilize the wasted\\nwealth and manurial values of the sewage, to dispose of it as\\nan article of commerce, or to use it for their own benefit in\\nrestoring the worn-out soil of the hillside farm, or the pine\\nbarren. They are prepared to obtain ten tons of fodder from\\nan acre which now will not support a sheep.\\nAs a matter of sentiment they propose to restore the river\\nand brook from an open sewer to its pristine purity, and to\\nmake the lakes and ponds no longer cesspools, but a delight\\nand a joy, from which the sewer sucker disappears and in\\nwhich the trout and salmon will thrive.\\nThey can save to the United States government the an\u00c2\u00ac\\nnual expenditure of many million dollars for dredging har\u00c2\u00ac\\nbors and render sweet and free from pollution such resorts\\nas Crescent and Nantasket beaches, Coney Island and Tong\\nBranch.\\n8", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "MODEL DISPOSAL WORKS.\\nThe disposal works designed under the patents belonging\\nto the Company consist of two, three, or more settling tanks,\\nroofed over and ventilated; so arranged that the sewage may\\nbe received in any one tank and flow through any one\\nor all of the others, or be diverted from anyone or more of the\\ntanks, while said tank or tanks may be drawn off and cleansed\\nat the will of the operator; built of such size that they will\\nhold the sewage to be disposed of from one to twenty-four\\nhours and provided, where sedimentation is insufficient, with\\nappliances for injecting lime, alum, sulphate of iron or other\\ningredients, to produce chemical precipitation. The effluent\\nfrom the settling tanks, from which has been removed by\\nsedimentation or precipitation, much of the suspended and\\ndissolved organic and mineral matter, is received alternately\\nin one of two or more tanks, more or less filled with sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, like sand, loam, gravel, broken stone, dirt, ashes,\\ncinders, bark, coke, coal, charcoal, burnt clay, chips, hay,\\nstraw, or any other material obtainable and available, which\\nserves to arrest the impurities of the sewage in its passage\\nthrough the tanks, and partially filtrates the sewage. The\\neffluent from the first filter bed or tank is received in one or\\nmore collecting tanks, where it is allowed to accumulate until\\nit reaches a certain level, when it is discharged automatically\\nand intermittently by one or more siphons, or otherwise, upon\\nmore or less extended filter beds exposed to the atmosphere or\\ncovered by a roof, stone or brick arches, tiles or inverted\\nwooden troughs, covered by loam, sand, earth, gravel, concrete,\\nor other available material said filter beds composed of from\\none to five feet in depth of filtering material like or unlike\\nthe substance used in the first filter; and provided with a\\nseries of underdrains which permit the collection and carrying\\noff of the filtered effluent to some point where it will not\\n9", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10\\nSEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS DESIGNED FOR EXETER", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "obstruct tbe working of the filter bed. When one of the first\\ntanks is to be drawn off and sludge removed, it is disconnected\\nwith the flow of sewage, and its contents is allowed to settle\\nor precipitate for a proper period, after which the tank is\\ndischarged by drawing from the surface and diverting the\\nflow upon a sludge filter bed, which permits a passage\\nthrough it of the partially clarified surface effluent, but holds\\nthe sludge, ninety per cent, of which is moisture, and permits\\nit gradually to become separated, the water from the solid\\nsubstances. For the care of extensive works mechanical\\nappliances like sludge presses or rotary dryers may be used.\\nThe sludge may be cared for upon the premises or diverted\\nelsewhere by pumping, gravity, carting, or other means of\\ntransportation. The settling tanks, first filter, discharging\\ntank and sludge filter, may be under the same roof or other\\ncovering, or any one or all may be exposed to the air as the\\nlocality demands. The proper ventilation of the covered\\ntanks and filter beds is provided for by a natural or forced\\ndraft. The outside filter if covered by tiles, arches, or\\ntroughs, may also be ventilated.\\nAs the Bell Telephone patents cover the conveying of\\nsound by electricity, both of common knowledge, so the\\npatents controlled by the American Sewage Disposal Com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany cover the treatment of sewage in a covered tank, and\\nfilter, both ventilated, and by filtration outside.\\nThe first patent under which the company operates was\\nissued in 1882, and covers the septic tank disposal system.\\nThe patent of chief service to the company was issued in\\n1895, and covers the septic tank in connection with inside and\\noutside filtration. A model illustrating the practical work\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of the system under the patents was constructed for the\\nauthorities of Rockingham County, N. H., and has been in\\noperation several years. An account and illustration of it\\nwas published in the Engineering Record in 1896.\\n11", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12\\nTHK BRENTWOOD, N. H. SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS.", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE BRENTWOOD SEWAGE DISPOSAL\\nWORKS.\\nThe Sewage Disposal Works in Brentwood, N. H., con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed in the Fall of 1895, under the patents owned by the\\nAmerican Sewage Disposal Company of Boston, is in success\u00c2\u00ac\\nful operation. Some changes, found necessary after con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction in its operation, having been effected, it is a model.\\nThe sewage of a large county establishment, before the\\nplant was erected, was discharged into a small brook, and at\\ntimes was equal to the volume of water of the brook before it\\nreceived the sewage. The current of the brook was sluggish\\nand meandered down the valley, across the highway, not\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ca thing of beauty,\u00e2\u0080\u009d but an open sewer, and an offence and a\\nsource of danger for a long distance.\\nTwo directors of the American Sewage Disposal Com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany of Boston recently visited and inspected the works.\\nThe Superintendent of the establishment, Mr. Bean,\\naccompanied them and stated that the septic tank had been\\nin continuous operation for six weeks without any attention\\nwhatever. In the building there was a perceptible odor from\\nthe sludge filter, but over the septic tanks and the enclosed\\nfilter beds there was nothing offensive. The septic tank was\\ndoing its work, chemically, bacteriologically, and efficiently.\\nIt was purifying the sewage. The animal life was disposing\\nof the organic impurities. The septic tank cultivates this\\nanimal life artificially. Countless millions of organisms are\\naggregated, battling, struggling, devouring, doing the brief\\nduty assigned to them by the laws of nature, converting the\\norganic impurities into harmless elements. The surface of\\nthe collected sewage in the tanks, protected only by the walls\\nand roof of the building, was covered with a scum of fer\u00c2\u00ac\\nmentation, or bacteria, which seemed to absorb into itself the\\ngases and effluvia given out under other conditions.\\nThe effluent from the septic tank was received on four\\n13", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "carefully prepared coke filters, alternately. Here another\\nlaw of nature, known in its application as intermittent down\u00c2\u00ac\\nward filtration, provides for the oxydization and destruction\\nof those very organisms so useful and important in the oper\u00c2\u00ac\\nation of the tanks. The effluent, as received on the surface,\\nhas lost almost entirely its character as sewage. It is slightly\\ndiscolored, but not offensive.\\nUnderdrains collect the almost absolutely pure water\\nfiltered through the coke, and discharge it from the build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. The Superintendent stated that frequently people would\\nsmell, taste, and drink the water at this stage. From this\\npoint onward it has lost all perceptible appearance and\\ncharacter of sewage. The little brook which it joins runs\\nmerrily on, uncontaminated, to all intents and purposes. For\\nabsolute security the effluent, probably as pure as the water\\nof the Merrimac river above Tawrence, is, like that water,\\nsubjected to filtration on carefully prepared out-of-door filters,\\nthe construction of which has only recently been undertaken,\\nunder the advice of the American Sewage Disposal Company\\nof Boston.\\nThe Superintendent states that the sewer sludge is com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposted with loam or ashes, and has more manurial value\\nthan the same bulk from the barns and stables. He has a\\nlarge farm under his care, and has experimented with the\\nsludge for several years.\\nThe Brentwood plant illustrates the value of the patents\\nowned by the Company. It was the first plant constructed,\\nand in a certain sense was an experiment. There is a vast\\nfield for study and investigation in its operation and main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntenance. The farmer, the chemist, the bacteriologist, the\\nphysician, the civil engineer, the university, the state, are\\ndeeply interested, for it has solved one of the most perplexing\\nproblems ever given to man,\u00e2\u0080\u0094the purification of sewage\\nwithout giving offence, and the disposal of the sludge to the\\nbest advantage.\\n14", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "If the system will care for Brentwood, it will care for\\nChicago, for New Orleans, for Boston, for New York, or for\\nany city or town in the world. The time is fast coming when\\nit will be considered as absurd to dump sewage into the\\nocean, the lake, the river, or the brook, as great cargoes of\\ngrain or any food products.\\nThe Brentwood Disposal Works, if rebuilt, would receive\\nsome minor changes in construction, which would add to\\ntheir efficiency, and facilitate the care of the sludge.", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "THE VALIDITY OF THE PATENTS.\\nThe validity and originality of the patents is demon\u00c2\u00ac\\nstrated by the adverse report made by the Massachusetts\\nState Board of Health in October, 1895. The system was at\\nthat time unknown to the Board, familiar as they must have\\nbeen with all methods of sewage disposal in use in any part\\nof the world. The experimental station, maintained by the\\nState for many years at Lawrence, had failed to make the im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant discovery of the working of the septic tank. When\\nthis was combined with rapid inside filtration, it was such an\\ninnovation that it was condemned by them. They refused\\nto permit it to be inaugurated at Andover, although the Sew\u00c2\u00ac\\nerage Committee of the town favored it, petitioned for it, and\\nstated in their report to the town that it would effect a saving\\nof $75,000.\\nThe State demanded the method of discharging the crude\\nsewage upon six acres of sand exposed to the air, which\\ndoubtlessly would purify the water filtering through it, but\\nwould pollute the atmosphere. Now that the works at\\nAndover are constructed, and the superintendent finds that\\nthe effluent from an improperly built septic tank can be cared\\nfor and properly treated on two-fifths of an acre, the State\\nauthorities have inaugurated a series of experiments in rapid\\nfiltration from this same faulty septic tank. As their 1898\\nreport has not been issued (October, 1899), their report con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerning its operation may be looked for in 1901; in the mean\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhile the septic tank is in full and successful operation in\\nvarious countries of Europe and many States of the Union;\\nand the original inventor, Mr. Amasa S. Glover, has gone to\\nhis last reward, his great discovery opposed to the last of his\\nlife.\\n16", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "Born July 25, 1817.\\nDied July 5, 1897.", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "1", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "STORY OF THE PATENTS.\\nAbout 1880, Amasa S. Glover, of Brockton, discovered\\naccidentally, the principle of the Septic Tank. It was disclosed\\nto him while caring for the drainage of his own residence.\\nBeing an observing and an intelligent man, he recognized\\nits value, and applied for and obtained a patent in 1882,\\ncovering the principle. To apply the idea to the care of the\\nsewage of a city, he employed an able civil engineer, and\\nsubmitted, in 1886, a system for the sewage disposal of\\nBrockton, which is described on page 11, of Report of the Mas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsachusetts State Board of Health for 1888.\\nMr. Glover\u00e2\u0080\u0099s original scheme, as far as it relates to the\\npurification of sewage, consists of three principal parts\\n1. A settling-basin, which, without the aid of chemi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncals, is intended to separate and retain the solid portion of\\nthe sewage.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009c2. A wall of gravel at one end of the settling-basin\\nthrough which the sewage is expected to filter.\\nA series of arches of soft brick, over which the sewage\\nis to flow, and through which it is intended to filter, then to\\ndrop through the space below, and so become aerated. From\\nthis space it is to run through drains to the stream.\\nHe proposes four divisions of this apparatus to allow\\nfor draining, etc. All of the apparatus is to be covered with a\\nbuilding having a central shaft or chimney for removing foul\\nodors.\\nMr. Glover\u00e2\u0080\u0099s scheme was referred to our engineer, who,\\nafter careful consideration of the method, and interviews\\nwith Mr. Glover, reports as follows\\nThe scheme, as proposed, is thoroughly impracticable.\\nThe settling-basins would not cause the suspended matters to\\nsettle to a great extent, and the filters would not pass a\\nsufficient volume at first, and would soon become clogged.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n7", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "Mr. Glover also presented an alternative scheme of a\\nsettling-basin and a sub-surface disposal on land.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn the light of modern research this report recalls the\\nstory of Galilei, who was forced, on bended knee, to disown\\nhis great astronomical discovery, at the command of church\\nauthorities.\\nDuring the years following, Mr. Glover approached the\\nState authorities, from different directions, with the same\\ngeneral result. He was a persistent man, however. He\\nknew that his scheme would work, and convinced one civil\\nengineer after another that there was something behind it.\\nIn the summer of 1895 Mr. Glover was introduced to the\\npresent manager and engineer of the American Sewage\\nDisposal Company of Boston, whom he interested in the\\nsubject, and whom he regularly employed, for many months,\\nto make an exhaustive study of the subject of sewage dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nposal, and incidentally, to become an expert in that line. By\\nthe engineer s advice, he took out the second patent covering\\nthe septic tank and rapid inside filtration, and outside filtra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, which added to the value of the system, as it made it\\nsimply perfect.\\nMr. Glover did not understand the chemical and bio\u00c2\u00ac\\nlogical action in the tanks he knew the results because he\\nhad experimented himself; with his own eyes he had seen\\nthe working of the septic tank, and proclaimed it to the\\nworld. It became an Article of Faith with him,\u00e2\u0080\u0094a creed.\\nHe died in 1897, and in due legal form, the patents which\\nhe took out for sewage disposal eventually came into the\\npossession of the American Sewage Disposal Company of\\nBoston.\\nThe officers of the corporation in advertising and com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmending this system to towns, cities, and institutions through\u00c2\u00ac\\nout the world, embark in the business with implicit faith\\nborn of actual and absolute knowledge obtained from a\\n18", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "working model on a scale large enough to demonstrate its\\nfeasibility under all conditions. They recognized the fact\\nthat though the underlying principles are correct, they\\nrequire the services of an expert civil engineer to adapt them\\nto the needs and demands of each community where they are\\nadopted.\\nThe patents go back so far that they are established in\\nright and equity, and conflict with no previous patents\\nissued to anybody. As might be expected, patents of such\\nvast value have been, and will continue to be, imitated. It\\nis needless to state that the American Sewage Disposal\\nCompany of Boston are acting under the best obtainable legal\\nadvice, and will maintain and defend their own rights and\\nthose of their patrons to the fullest extent.\\nIn the year 1451, B. C., Moses gave, to the people the law\\nto govern them in sanitary affairs which is being confirmed\\nby the latest scientific investigation.\\nThou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither\\nthou shalt go forth abroad\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAnd thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon and it\\nshall be when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig\\ntherewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh\\nfrom thee\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFor the Lord thy God walketh in the midst of thy\\ncamp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before\\nthee therefore shall thy camp be holy that He see no un\u00c2\u00ac\\nclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Deuteron\u00c2\u00ac\\nomy xxiii, 12-14.\\n*9", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "THE PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER.\\nThe patents of the American Sewage Disposal Company\\nof Boston, apply as well to the purification of water to be\\nused for a city or town as to sewage disposal. There is no\\nnecessity to longer endure the scourge of typhoid fever in\\nany community. It is an enemy to be met openly and van\u00c2\u00ac\\nquished. However it originates, it is propagated principally\\nby drinking water; and when that is purified the dread fever\\ndisappears.\\nThe government of a city or town are elected to care\\nfor the well-being of the citizens. The health of a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmunity is of the utmost importance. Now that it is known\\nthat it is possible to prevent typhoid and similar diseases,\\nthe city fathers should be held responsible for their outbreak\\nin any community.\\nThe American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston may\\nbe called upon for advice, consultation, or contracting, to\\nrender the water supply of any municipality as free from or\u00c2\u00ac\\nganic impurities as if distilled or drawn from an artesian well.\\nSettling tanks and rapid filtration would purify the\\nwater from any lake, river, or stream, more especially if it\\nwas slowly filtered afterwards intermittently through a good\\nfiltering material like coke, charcoal or sand. It is not safe\\nto depend upon straining water through gravel only; for\\nmedical and health authorities recognize the fact that the\\ngerms so fatal to man can and do pass for a long distance by\\ndevious underground channels. It is asserted on high au\u00c2\u00ac\\nthority that many germs will not be destroyed even when\\nsubjected to temperature below the freezing point.\\nIt is feasible to attend to the purification of water where\\ngravity affords a water supply. Where it is necessary to use\\na pumping station, an additional hoist of from three to five\\nfeet will be all required for the operation of our system.\\n20", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "SEPTIC TANK.\\nThe septic tank sewage disposal system is accepted in\\nEngland, where by law a certain degree of purification is de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanded, as correct and efficient. An inspector of the Eocal\\nGovernment Board recently said \u00e2\u0080\u009cMy Board does not refuse\\nto sanction loans on these (septic tanks) systems. It is\\nchary of sanctioning loans for any system which may be\\nregarded as of an experimental character but after full and\\ncareful consideration with respect to this particular system\\nbefore us, it has made up its mind to sanction loans for such\\nschemes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe works referred to, at Darfield, filter the effluent from\\nthe septic tanks at the rate of 425 gallons per square yard, or\\n2,000,000 gallons per acre.\\nThe works at Barrhead, Scot., filter the effluent from\\nseptic tanks at the rate of 960,000 gallons per acre.\\nSeptic tanks are in successful operation at Exeter, Eng.\\nBesides the pioneer plant in the United States at Brentwood,\\nN. H., erected in 1895, septic tanks have been successfully\\noperated at Marion, la.; at Verona, N. J. at Urbana; on a\\nsmall scale at Chicago and at Champaign, Ill.\\nThe last was planned by Prof. Arthur N. Talbot, of the\\nUniversity of Illinois, who reports: \u00e2\u0080\u009cFrom the results of\\nthese analyses it appears from 80 to 90 per cent, of the total\\norganic matter, as represented by the albuminoid ammonia,\\nby the oxygen consumed, and by the total organic nitrogen,\\nis taken out. A still larger percentage of the organic matter\\nin suspension is taken out. It may be said that these results\\nare better than the results ordinarily obtained by the chemical\\nprecipitation process, and nearly as good as the winter results\\nof some of the intermittent downward filtration processes.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe effluent during the time this study has been made,\\nhas been fairly clear, free from odor, and unobjectionable, a\\nwater chemically better than that of some of the shallow\\nwells in this city.\\n21", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "The effluent may be discharged into a small stream\\nwithout objectionable results.\\nIn a trip east, a number of years ago, Mr. Noyes, who\\nwas city engineer of Newton, and later the metropolitan en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngineer of Boston, told me of a cesspool he had constructed\\nfor a public school building on this principle, which had\\nworked successfully.\u00e2\u0080\u009d These tanks were at first built \u00e2\u0080\u009cwith\u00c2\u00ac\\nout any idea of bacterial purification of the sewage in the\\ntank.\u00e2\u0080\u009d They were used to exclude the sludge.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cBut\\nit was soon found that another action w T as going on.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nProf. Talbot makes but one error. It is in this state\u00c2\u00ac\\nment: \u00e2\u0080\u009cThis system may be used without infringing on\\nany patents.\u00e2\u0080\u009d An examination of the records of the Patent\\noffice at Washington will show the error.\\nThe American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston is\\nvery desirous of establishing at least one experimental station\\nunder skilled supervision in every State of the Union, where\\ninvestigations may be conducted exhaustively in this great\\nfield.\\nOr what man is there of you, whom if his son ask\\nbread, will he give him a stone\\nOr if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAnd whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these\\nlittle ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple,\\nverily I say unto you, he shall have his reward.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIf a stranger tarries in a city and asks for a cup of\\ncold water, and the rulers give unto him water to drink\\nwhich is polluted and conceals disease and death, they dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nregard the sacred laws of hospitality, bring sorrow to some\\ndistant home, and bow down the old and young with grief.\\nWill they be rewarded?\\n22", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "BACTERIA.\\nSir William Henry Preece, president Institute of Civil\\nEngineers, in his address before the Sanitary Institute of\\nGreat Britain, at its Southampton meeting, in August, 1899,\\nsaid The new biological treatment is a return to nature.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098Nature never yet betrayed the heart that loved her.\u00e2\u0080\u0099 That\\nwonderful micro-organism that has eluded man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s observation\\nfor all these millions of years, is divided into two classes,\\nbacteria, which work with oxygen, and those which do not.\\nThe sewage first reaches the settling tanks, where the inor\u00c2\u00ac\\nganic matter, such as sand and grit, is deposited. The\\nalbuminous and organic matters and urea, which are found\\nin all sewage, are there transformed by bacteria into forms of\\nammonia. The decomposition of animal and vegetable mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, which is invariably due to the action of these bacteria, is\\nthus utilized to liquefy organic solids, and in this way to\\nsimplify their removal. Other bacteria, gradually, in special\\nfilters, transform the ammonia, by the aid of oxygen and\\nother elements present, into nitrates. The process of filtering\\nis intermittent, for air is essential to maintain the supply of\\noxygen to the nitrifying bacteria; but an air blast, in some\\ncases, is used to maintain a continuous action. The nitrify\u00c2\u00ac\\ning effect is enhanced if the air be warmed to about ioo\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nThe filters must have porosity and resistance to flow to re\u00c2\u00ac\\ntard the passage of the sewage through them, for time is\\nessential for the bacteria to grow and to act. In sandy\\nground nature does this, but on clay formation, coke-breeze,\\nand even coal, is found to be very effective. In this way bac\u00c2\u00ac\\nteria first liquefy the solid matters in the sewage, and then\\nnitrify them, simultaneously purifying and enriching the\\neffluent, and preventing the formation of that wasteful pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduct, sludge. Bacteria thus fulfils the highest function of\\nthe engineer, and nature asserts her power in fulfilling the\\n23", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "clearly-defined will of the Great Creator. The biological\\nsystem has clearly come to stay. It is, however, still in the\\nexperimental stage. No great town has committed itself to\\nits general use.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cDarwin was perhaps one of the first to point out how\\nthe lower animal life assisted nature by absorbing, as food, the\\ndecay of vegetation, digesting it and execrating it in the\\nform of mold and loam. His observations on the growth\\nand functions of worms is not the least philosophical and sci\u00c2\u00ac\\nentific portion of his great labors. He probably attributed\\nto worms much that is done by bacteria. Pasteur, the father\\nof the germ theory, taught us how bacteria acted as nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nchemist. Koch, in Germany, has been a worthy disciple of\\nPasteur. The intermittent benefit of filtration was discovered\\nin the laboratory by Frankland in 1870. Warrington found\\nin 1882 that sterilizing by boiling and antiseptic treatment\\nstopped all nitrification. Aerating filters and the true action\\nof bacteria were developed at Lawrence, in Massachusetts,\\nfrom 1889 to 1893 Scott Moncrieff introduced his group of\\ntrickling cultivation beds in 1891; Dibdin commenced his\\nexperiments with filter beds shortly after Cameron intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced his septic tank in Exeter in 1895 1 Ducal his continuous\\nfiltration process in 1897 and now, step by step, in Germany,\\nFrance and England, we have reached a point where we can\\nfairly say that sewage can be effectively treated with safety,\\nsimplicity and economy, by natural means.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHistory founded on the official records will give Glover\\nthe credit for discovering the septic tank, for his patent was\\ntaken out in 1882, and also for the added treatment of filtra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, for he recommended it for Brockton in 1886. His patent\\nfor double filtration was taken out in 1895.\\n24", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "SMALL DISPOSAL WORKS.\\nThe discovery that is destined to become of such impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance and value to cities and towns, is equally applicable\\nto detached institutions, State prisons, hospitals, asy\u00c2\u00ac\\nlums, jails, poor-houses, hotels on the mountains, in the\\nvalleys, by the seaside colleges and seminaries, mansions,\\nvillas, and single farmhouses. The plant can be so con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed that it works automatically beneath the velvety sod,\\ncontinuously, efficiently, and economically. It is the one\\nindispensable thing that must be considered and planned for\\nby the architect in all detached structures erected in the\\nfuture, designed for human habitation, when comfort, health,\\nand any degree of luxury is expected. It is second in im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportance only to a pure water supply. Its site should be\\nchosen with as much care as that of the structure it is to\\nbenefit. The expense of this necessary work may be pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportional to the cost of the structure it serves, to its per\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanency, or to economy in maintainance. Two per cent, of\\nthe cost of separate buildings ought generally to provide\\ndisposal works for them of the best character. The ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npenditure would be diminished for temporary disposal works;\\nand increased for those working automatically, and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquiring attention only at very long intervals. They may be\\ndisguised or absolutely concealed.\\nThey should be provided, if only to care for the drain\\nfrom the kitchen sink certainly, to care for the laundry and\\nbathroom. They would be the foes of flies and mosquitoes\\nand banish and keep away from the lonely farmhouse many\\nof those fearful scourges so fatal to old and young, so\\nfrequently devastating a school district and a neighborhood,\\nand so erroneously ascribed to an all-wise Providence rather\\nthan to human carelessness, negligence, or ignorance.\\n25", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "NEGLECT OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL.\\nThere is one school district in New England, wherein\\na century ago there were three hundred inhabitants, scat\u00c2\u00ac\\ntered over fertile farms, self-sustaining and prosperous,\\nwhere the people were not only fed, but clothed, from\\nthe fruit, vegetables, meat, grain and wool raised there.\\nThe old red school-house at the cross roads sheltered seventy\\nor more pupils formerly, whereas to-day there is not a\\nschool-child in the district, and only a few old people remain\\nand obtain a scanty subsistance on the worn-out farms.\\nThere are doubtless hundreds of such districts scattered\\nthroughout New England and the Eastern States. The\\nsame soil is there as of old, and it can be restored to its\\nformer fertility by judicious treatment. If what is taken from\\nthe soil is replaced, in whatever form, its fertility is main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained indefinitely. There are farms in Italy and Syria which\\nhave been cropped for over two thousand years, which re\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain their fertility year after year, producing wonderful crops.\\nThe food of a town or city is furnished by the country\\nfarming districts near or far, and the waste of the town or\\ncity should be restored to the land. It must be done in the\\nline of true political economy. Our territory is capable of\\nsustaining countless millions with proper care; as it is now\\nwe are becoming crowded. The effect on land of sewer sludge,\\nthe solid matter in the sewage, has been demonstrated. In\\nabout eighteen months it disintegrates and becomes the most\\nfertile loam, retaining its richness for many years, or until\\nsuccessive crops again exhaust the soil.\\nThe famous Profile House in the White Mountains would\\nbe deserted if it made a cesspool of Echo Take. The Pemige-\\nwasset River starts from its source pure and uncontaminated,\\nand for a long distance in its course it is protected from filth\\nby interested parties, but it is a very convenient drain, and is\\nsoon polluted ruthlessly, needlessly, criminally. It is a most\\n26", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "beautiful and romantic stream, famed in prose and poetry,\\nand should be restored and protected by stringent laws. It\\nwould not cost much to purify it before it joins the Winnepe-\\nsaukee and forms the Merrimack. Thence to the ocean the\\nriver is in a bad condition. Lowell does not improve it as it\\nflows by, although it is the very foundation of the prosperity\\nof the city. Lawrence recognizes the native value of the\\nwater of the river by removing the organic impurities and\\ntraces of sewage by filtration, and demonstrates the possi\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility of rendering pure water from sewage. The dead body\\nof a human being would not be allowed to drift down a river;\\nthe proper authorities would pay for its recovery and for its\\ndisposal so the law should provide for removing all causes\\nof offence from the river, not only the bodies of animals, but\\nsewage and pollution of every kind, and permit only surface\\ndrainage.\\nThe great Mississippi Valley, from the head waters of\\nevery stream draining it, should be exempt from the pollution\\nby sewage or mill refuse of any of its water courses. For\\nseveral hundred miles from its mouth the great river spurns\\nall pollution. It literally rolls onward toward the Gulf,\\naerating and oxydizing its vast volume, receiving no\\ntributaries, but tapped in many places for irrigation for its\\nsurface, held by levees, is higher than the bordering\\ncountry. It gives, but does not take. To let loose the\\nplague or cholera germ in it, might lead to scenes of untold\\nhorror.\\n27", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "THE MAGNITUDE AND IMPORTANCE OF\\nSEWAGE DISPOSAL.\\nThis country seems just awakening to the importance of\\nthis subject. The great cities of Paris and Berlin have solved\\nthe problem of sewage disposal. The \u00e2\u0080\u009ctight little island\u00e2\u0080\u009d of\\nEngland forbids the pollution of rivers and harbors; and a\\nroyal commission enforces the law. Only one state in the\\nUnion, Washington, has followed the example of England.\\nThe magnitude of the problem elsewhere may be known from\\nthe fact that more money has been expended in sewage dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nposal works in Great Britain within a quarter of a century\\nthan the national debt of the United States incurred in sup\u00c2\u00ac\\npressing the Rebellion.\\nThe opinion has been expressed by some writer of note\\nthat the fall of Rome and the decay of the Roman Empire\\nwas due not to the inroads of barbarians, but to the Cloaca or\\nancient great sewer of Rome, which poured into the Tiber and\\ninto the sea and lost the manurial value from a million farms,\\nmade a desert of most of the Mediterranean Coast, filled up\\nthe Roman harbor, and degenerated the Latin race.\\nAn English writer of repute, a physician and a scientist,\\nconsiders sewage disposal by water carriage, while a great\\nconvenience, almost a curse to modern civilization for as\\nsewers are commonly built, they lead to a serious drain on a\\ncommunity, the inception of new diseases, and the spread of\\ncontagion. On the other hand he advocates the scattering\\nof the people from the cities to the country.\\nWith proper sewage disposal the sewers become a bless\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to any community.\\na8", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "LOCATION OF DISPOSAL WORKS.\\nIt is possible to treat sewage in a thickly settled section,\\nwithout creating a nuisance. As a matter of cost as well as\\nsentiment it is usually advisable to carry it as far as possible\\nfrom any human habitation. It is much better to treat it on\\nthe main business street of a town or city than to pollute the\\nwater front or the source of water supply of the community it\u00c2\u00ac\\nself, or of a neighboring municipality. It is not only foolish\\nbut criminal to endanger the lives or health of human beings:\\neven the cattle, the sheep, or the hog, must be protected from\\ncontamination, while milk or meat is an article of food.\\nEvery community should, if possible, treat and purify its\\nsewage within its own territory, so as not only to have ab\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolute authority on the premises, but be spared the humili\u00c2\u00ac\\nation of having its dirty but necessary work thrust upon its\\nneighbors. If no land is available within its boundaries it\\nshould be bought, annexed, or made.\\nDisposal works can be so designed, constructed, and\\noperated, that the land devoted to the purpose may be the\\nmost beautiful and attractive section of the town or city in\\nwhich they are located. It may be made to equal a section\\nof Central Park, Boston Common or Public Garden, Mount\\nAuburn, or Forest Hills Cemetery. The necessary structures\\nmay be disguised as Assyrian, Egyptian, Grecian, or Roman\\nedifices, or represent the castellated medieval Gothic fortress.\\nThe architect could readily design an appropriate exterior.\\nThe experiments at Eawrence demonstrate that sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nsurface filtration works are feasible. The ground above, if\\nnot converted into a park or play-ground, could be devoted\\nto municipal purposes, such as the storage of water-and sewer-\\npipe, paving blocks, edge stones, machinery, carts, or lumber.\\nThe sludge could be forced through pipe lines to any locality.\\n29", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGE OF DISPOSAL\\nWORKS.\\nThere is nothing that can be done by the citizens of a\\ntown or city which advertises it more as a desirable place for\\nbusiness or residence, than scientifically constructed sewage\\ndisposal works. Good schools, good roads, good water, good\\nrailroad facilities, good hotels, good government, and good\\npeople are expected in every American city and in most\\nAmerican towns. Sewers soon become a necessity to every\\nlarge aggregation of population. But sewage disposal works\\nappeal to the imagination. They advertise a city as\\none in the van of progress.\\nHaling, a suburb of kondon, took a leap into popularity\\nand prominence as soon as the sewage disposal plant was\\nestablished there. It became instantly the most thriving\\nsuburb of that metropolis. Hast Orange, N. J., became\\nthe most popular suburb of New York when the sew\u00c2\u00ac\\nage disposal works were constructed in the town and the\\nvillage quickly doubled, trebled, and quadrupled in popu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation and wealth, attracting the choicest kind of people.\\nThe town got such a start that eventually it outgrew its dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nposal works, and found it more economical to enter the New\u00c2\u00ac\\nark sewers than to enlarge the plant, land had become so\\nvaluable. Worcester, Mass., is famous for the enterprise\\nof its citizens, the character of its manufactures, and the\\nmagnitude of its disposal system.\\nGardner, Brockton, Andover, Marlboro, Framingham,\\nand Natick, Mass., have sewage disposal systems: and\\nthe State of Massachusetts has taken the most advanced\\nground of any Commonwealth in the world in investigating\\nand experimenting officially with sewage and sewage dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nposal; bacteria and chemical action; filtration and ozydization;\\nin examination and purification of water and in publishing\\ntheir work in full in exhaustive reports, eagerly sought for\\nby scientific men throughout the world.\\n3", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "MANURIAL VALUE OF SEWAGE.\\nThe manurial value of sewer sludge per individual per\\nannum is variously estimated by different authorities from\\n$1.62 to $5.00.\\nEawes and Way value it at J2.11\\nVoelcker values it at 2.25\\nHofmann and Witt value it at 2.94\\nThudichum values it at 5.00\\nMacaire, Marcet, Mechi, and Voelcker analyze it and\\nfind it equal to, or to exceed in value, stable manure.\\nW. Santo Crimp an English authority writes There\\ncan be no question that sludge does possess some manurial\\nvalue, and the experiments by Dr. Munro, by Colonel Jones,\\nand by the author, show that it is of about the same value\\nas farm-yard manure, weight for weight. Indeed Dr. Munro\\nis inclined to think that when properly dried and pulverized,\\na manure may be produced from sewage sludge worth con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderably more per ton than farm-yard manure.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSludge, if buried a few inches under a covering of loam,\\nashes, sand or earth, in northern sections of the United States,\\nbeing subjected to the rigors of one winter, will be thor\u00c2\u00ac\\noughly disintegrated, and become a very valuable fertilizer.\\nIt is best to treat it on a sandy or gravelly soil, where the\\nmoisture is more readily absorbed in the soil beneath.\\nMr. John E- Smith, Superintendent of the Board of\\nPublic Works of Andover, Mass., has experimented with\\nsewer sludge, and finds it produces wonderful fertility.\\nMr. Henry Bean, Superintendent of the Rockingham\\nCounty establishment at Brentwood, N. H., finds it of more\\nvalue on the farm than stable manure.\\n31", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "Whether the manurial value in the sewage is recovered\\nand applied to the soil, or buried, or burned, or wasted, depends\\nupon the judgment of each community. There is a value of\\nabout $2.50 per inhabitant per year, according to investi\u00c2\u00ac\\ngating German scientists, which can be advantageously\\napplied to the land. It is possible that under unfavorable\\ncircumstances it costs more to recover it than it is worth as an\\narticle of commerce. But no community can afford to waste\\nit. To illustrate our pension roll is heavy, but the money is\\nreturned to the community, and there is no loss, simply a\\nredistribution of the cash. If, however, we had to pay a\\ntribute to a foreign country of only $100,000,000 per year,\\nit is only a question of a few years when the country would\\nbe ruined and money would disappear. The waste of values\\nin sewage is a drain on any community, like a tribute to a\\nforeign power. It is not only a waste to neglect the sewage,\\nbut a cause of pollution to the air or to the water. If prop\u00c2\u00ac\\nerly applied it is a source of wealth, two blades of grass\\nreplacing one; or else it ruins a brook, a river or a lake,\\ncovers with sewer fungus the water-worn ledges and rocks\\nalong the shore, or fills up a harbor and desecrates a sea front.\\nWhenever it is a matter of judicial decision, the pollution\\nof a stream by sewage is prohibited.\\nSewer sludge can be variously treated and disposed of. Hydraulic\\npresses might remove the moisture. Cars might carry it to any part of\\nNew England. Thousands of worn-out farms could profit by it, and be\\nrestored to fertility .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Boston Herald,\\n32", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION.\\nChemical precipitation of the suspended organic im\u00c2\u00ac\\npurities in the sewage is in operation on a large scale in the\\ncity of Worcester, Massachusetts, the abiding place of ioo,-\\nooo inhabitants. The small river which receives the\\neffluent from the disposal works is as free from contamination\\nbelow the inlet as it is above. The sludge is exposed on beds\\nto drain and evaporate, and is drawn away when nearly free\\nfrom moisture by farmers within a radius of twelve miles.\\nThe experiments at Lawrence demonstrate that the area\\nrequired after precipitation, for purification by intermittent\\nfiltration, is reduced to one twentieth of what would be re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired without precipitation.\\nThe fallacy that running water purifies itself, a mistake\\nthat has led to the death of countless millions of the human\\nrace, is founded on the apparent fact that contaminated\\nwater soon clarifies itself by sedimentation. The germs so\\nfatal to man are invisible to the naked eye, and give no\\nevidence to any sense of their existence. They may exist\\nin the cool sparkling water from the deepest well, or in the\\nclear spring, the broadest river, or the great lake; only inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmittent filtration or distillation will destroy the life of all\\ngerms.\\nChemical precipitation removes about 50% of the sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npended and dissolved organic impurities of the sewage, and\\nadds to the amount of sludge to be cared for. There is reason\\nto believe that the bacteria in the rapid filters of the system\\nadvocated by the American Sewage Disposal Company of\\nBoston, will still further remove the impurities; while the\\noutside filtration, through properly prepared filter beds,\\nwill render the effluent absolutely pure. This system will\\nbe found of service where land is costly and where a large\\nquantity of sewage is to be treated.\\n33", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "THE CHARACTER OF AMERICAN SEWAGE.\\nThe following article from the Boston Herald may be read\\nwith profit:\\nThe experiments at Lawrence have demonstrated that ordinary\\nsewage from American cities contains 998 parts of pure water, one part of\\nmineral matter, and one part of animal and vegetable matter, or organic\\nmatter. Sewage would become entirely purified if we could take out the\\ntwo parts of mineral and organic matter and leave the 998 parts of pure\\nwater, but as the mineral matter is not generally objectionable, we are\\nsatisfied to call it purified if we succeed in taking out the one part of\\norganic matter. If to the surface of a body of open sand an inch of sew\u00c2\u00ac\\nage is applied, it is found one day later that the bottom particles go down\\nabout nine inches, the top particles remaining just below the surface. In\\nthis nine inches about two-thirds of the space is occupied by sand, one-\\nninth of the space is water, and about one-quarter is air. The sewage is\\nsuspended here in extremely thin layers, covering the particles of sand\\nand stretching between some of the nearest particles, and intimately\\nmingled with more than twice its volume of air. Upon covering the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface with sewage today, the sewage of yesterday and more of the air\\nwhich is associated with it are pushed down, with more or less mixture,\\nby the incoming sewage to the nine inches next below.\\nSewage will average in 100,000 parts, of free ammonia, 2.68 parts; of\\nalbuminoid ammonia, .63 parts; of chlorine, 8.57 parts; of bacteria\\n923,000 per cubic centimeter. After settling four hours in the tank it\\nloses 18.2 per cent, of albuminoid ammonia, and 12 per cent, of bacteria,\\nby sedimentation.\\nThe amount of sludge in sewage varies, but unless care is taken any\\nsewage will in time clog any ordinary filter. The sewage applied to the\\nexperimental filters at Lawrence contains more sludge than the sewage of\\nother places, and consequently the experimental filters require more\\nattention to prevent clogging than do the several large filters in actual\\nservice at Framingham, Marlboro, Gardner and Westboro, which receive\\nmore dilute sewage.\\n34", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CARE OF FILTER BEDS.\\nThere are four methods of treating the sewage to prevent or relieve\\nthe clogging of the filter beds by the removal of sludge before the sewage\\nis carried to the filter beds.\\n1. By rapid filtration through coarse gravel, with the aid of air\\ndrawn through the gravel.\\n2. By chemical precipitation.\\n3. By sedimentation.\\n4. By mechanical devices, such as fine screens or wire cloth.\\nTank No. 1 at Lawrence contains coarse mortar sand, 46 per cent,\\nfrom .02 to .04 of an inch in diameter. A sample of open sand like this,\\nhaving a depth of 5% feet, allowed water to pass through it at the rate of\\n300,000,000 gallons per acre per day, when covered to the depth of six\\ninches, or at the rate of 60,000 gallons per square yard per day. The\\nquantity of water remaining in this sand, when drained so that no more\\nwill readily run from it, is probably a little greater near the bottom than\\nin the upper layers, but the sand is so open that, when so drained, air\\ncan pass quite freely up through a depth of five feet of it; and when the\\nsurface is covered with water, air within the sand will be forced down\\nand out through the underdrains.\\nIt is well known that with filters of suitable material sewage may be\\npurified at the rate of more than 100,000 gallons per acre daily with the\\nremoval of over 90 per cent, of the organic matter .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Boston Herald\\nThe experiment at Lawrence most nearly in line with the system\\nproposed for Andover and Danvers by Civil Engineer John N. McClin-\\ntock, was with a filter bed containing 60 inches in depth of sand. It\\nreceived the supernatant liquid from sewage which had been allowed to\\nsettle four hours. It was constructed in September. The surface was\\nscraped on an average once in six days, and the average depth removed\\nwas .37 inch. In December the sand was spaded over to a depth of 6\\ninches, three times, to remove sub-surface clogging. The average rate of\\nfiltration was 416,300 gallons per acre per day, removing 89.4 per cent, of\\nalbuminoid ammonia, and 98.6 per cent, of bacteria. By passing the\\nsewage through two filters, without sedimentation, 320,000 gallons per\\nday per acre was purified by the removal of 96.7 per cent, of albuminoid\\nammonia and 99.9 per cent, of bacteria. From a chemical and biological\\npoint of view, no marked difficulties attend the purification of sewage\\napplied beneath the surface. As much of the sludge as possible should\\nbe removed from the original sewage by screens and sedimentation before\\napplying it to the sub surface .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Boston Herald\\n35", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "LIFE, OR CONTINUED EFFECTIVENESS OF\\nFILTER BEDS.\\nThe average results from all the filters at Lawrence, some of which\\nhave been in operation regularly for six years, indicate that with the\\nmain body of the sand remaining the same, sewage filters may continue\\nto purify sewage for an indefinite time, provided they receive proper\\ntreatment to insure sufficient ventilation for the oxydation and nitrifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the applied sewage.\\nThe interruption of the ventilation of the filter, owing to clogging\\nby the stored organic matter of the sludge at the surface, is prevented to\\na great extent by a systematic weekly raking to the depth of about one\\ninch. Eventually the storage of sludge in the material disturbed by the\\nweekly raking is so great that ventilation is no longer afforded by this\\nmeans. It is then necessary, in order to insure the continued efficiency\\nof the filter, to present cleaner material at the surface, and one of the\\nways by which this may be accomplished is by removing the clogged\\nmaterial by scraping and replacing it with fresh material.\\nThere was removed from the surface of experimental filter No. i\\nfive inches of clogged material. This was four years and five months\\nafter the filter was first put in operation. The total depth removed in\\nfive years and four months was nine inches, or 7.9 cubic yards per million\\ngallons of sewage filtered.\\nThe sand in place in the filter at Andover costs 35 cents a cubic\\nyard. Allowing 200,000 gallons of sewage per day for Andover at pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nent, the cost of renewing the filter would average 55 cents per day, or\\n.#201.84 a year.\\nThe enclosed filter beds in the system recommended for Andover\\nprovide 1% square yards of filtering surface for 1000 gallons of sewage\\ndaily. The experiments at Lawrence do not cover this condition, but\\ndisposal works in England in successful operation for many years show\\nwhat this rapid filtration will do .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Boston Herald.\\n36", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "RAPID FILTRATION.\\nThe following interview in 1895 is from the columns of\\nthe Boston Herald a paper which always expresses a deep and\\nintelligent interest in this subject\\nMr. John N. McClintock said yesterday to a Herald man\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe system provides tanks for sedimentation, which may be used at\\nany time for chemical precipitation, with provision for drawing off the\\nclear water collected in the tanks upon a small filter bed, followed by the\\nsludge, which, after drainage, can be composted with ashes, loam or\\nsand, and removed. It provides a filter bed, through which the sewage,\\ndeprived of much of its sludge, is allowed to pass at the rate of 1000 gal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlons per square yard per day by intermittent filtration. It provides for\\nthe working of this system throughout the year by covering the filter\\nbeds with a roof, and the ventilation of the sewage by a forced draught.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe filter beds being protected by a building, can be cared for and\\nrenewed at all seasons, and will not become a nuisance in any\\nneighborhood.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe partially purified and wholly clarified effluent from the covered\\nfilter beds is carried to an out-of-doors filter, where it is distributed by a\\nse-ries of overdrains, thoroughly ventilated, under a cover of loam. These\\nout-of-door filter beds are thoroughly underdrained, and provide for the\\nfurther purification of the sewage, allowing an acre for the purification\\nof a 100,000 gallons of sewage daily.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAfter the sewage has been clarified by sedimentation in the tanks,\\nand -purified by rapid, intermittent filtration through the first filter beds,\\nso much of the impurities will be found to have been removed that an\\nacre will probably purify from 300,000 to 500,000 gallons daily.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat sewage passes through a five-foot filter bed will not clog the\\noverdrains. If it should clog the overdrains in the course of years, new\\noverdrains could be laid at a trifling expense. If it was found that over\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrains made of inverted troughs of hemlock boards lasted many years,\\nthe cost would be a mere trifle.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIf this system applies to the sewage disposal of a farm-house, a vil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlage, or a small town, it applies to a city of the size of New Orleans, Bos\u00c2\u00ac\\nton, Chicago or New York.\\n37", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u009cBoston is now pumping the foul stuff, and pouring it out in front of\\nher front door at the mouth of the harbor, or at Moon island, making of the\\nharbor a collecting tank. Some of the sludge is collected and dumped\\nsome miles from the shore. The fertilizing value of this sewage, which\\nis being lost, is over $3,000,000 a year. It is injuring the harbor, by fill\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it up with the most noxious of materials. In the course of the\\ncoming years, what is now a beautiful expanse of water will be a vast\\nmarsh, if the present system is maintained, with a narrow channel\\nscoured through it by the Neponset, the Charles and the Mystic rivers.\\nThe amount of sludge deposited in the harbor yearly at present is from\\n29,200 cubic yards, the lowest estimate, to 136,875 cubic yards, enough to\\nraise the grade three feet, of from six to thirty acres. A float placed in\\nthe water at the mouth of the harbor at the beginning of the flood tide\\nwill come toward the city with the incoming tide; it will remain station\u00c2\u00ac\\nary a short time at high water; it will retrace its course with the ebb\\ntide. Unless it is lodged on the shore, its voyage will be up and down\\nthe harbor, day after day, year after year, until the small volume of fresh\\nwater received by the harbor crowds it out into the ocean. So it is with\\nthe sewage that does not lodge on the shore or settle to the bottom.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe experiments of the State Board of Health, wisely conducted for\\nmany years at Lawrence, have demonstrated that this sewage can be\\npurified by intermittent filtration at the rate of one acre of land for from\\n400 to 4000 inhabitants. It would require from 100 to 1000 acres to pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvide for the sewage of the metropolitan district around Boston.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThere are thousands of acres of marsh and flats around the city that\\ncan be used,\u00e2\u0080\u0094at the mouth of the Neponset, in South Boston, on the\\nCharles, up the Mystic, in Medford, Malden, Everett, Chelsea, Revere,\\nWinthrop, Milton and Quincy. Provincetown could furnish millions of\\nyards of the finest filtering material.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe marsh can be reclaimed for 10 cents a foot, raised three to five\\nfeet with sand, overdrained and underdrained, streets laid out, covering\\nthe mains of the overdrains. The grade of the Back Bay Fens might be\\nraised, and sub-surface irrigation used, to their increased beauty and fer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntility. What garden spots those marshes would make, like those around\\nParis and Berlin! What a magnificent system of parks, breathing spots\\nfor the numberless millions who will inhabit Boston in the centuries\\nto come\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSewage can be so treated that it becomes as pure as spring water,\\nand the air we breathe will come to us uncontaminated by the outfall at\\nDeer island or Moon island, and Boston harbor be as free from impurities\\nas when first visited by the Puritans.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n38", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "RAPID FILTRATION IN ENGLAND.\\nAt Ealing, a suburb of London, with a population in 1870 of 7500,\\nthere was treated 400,000 gallons of sewage \u00e2\u0080\u0098daily by filtering it through a\\nsuperficial area of 1870 square feet, seven feet four inches in thickness,\\nthrough which the sewage passed in 10 minutes, removing 32 per cent, of\\ntotal suspended and dissolved solid matters, 78 per cent, of organic\\ncarbon 4 per cent, of organic nitrogen and 39 per cent, of ammonia.\\nAt Bradford the sewage is filtered at the rate of 900 gallons per\\nsquare yard per day after precipitation with lime and settling 30 to 40\\nminutes. The residue is colorless and without odor, save the smell\\nof lime.\\nActon, a village of 7000 inhabitants, filters its sewage at the rate of\\n1000 gallons per square yard daily.\\nInformation about Ealing, Bradford and Acton has been obtained\\nfrom \u00e2\u0080\u009cSewage Disposal Works,\u00e2\u0080\u009d written by W. Santo Crimp, an English\\ncivil engineer .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Boston Herald.\\nTHE DUTY OF COLLEGES.\\nThe time has come when West Point, Annapolis, Har\u00c2\u00ac\\nvard, Yale, Dartmouth, Bowdoin, and all the great universi\u00c2\u00ac\\nties and colleges should follow the example of Columbia and\\nCornell, and establish departments devoted to sanitary engin\u00c2\u00ac\\neering. The health and physical welfare of coming genera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions are vastly more important to humanity than Greek roots\\nor any dead-and-gone abstraction.\\nIt is a matter of national importance, demonstrated by\\nthe general lack of knowledge on the subject, shown during\\nthe last War. An experimental station might well be estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished in every state where bacteriology and chemistry pertain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the subject could be considered.\\nThe press is free to use any of the ideas or paragraphs\\ncontained in this pamphlet, but is requested to give due\\ncredit to the American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston.\\n39", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "CONSULTATION AND ROYALTY.\\nThe American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston\\ndoes not seek to do all the business in the world or even in\\nthe United States in the line of sewer building or in the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction of sewage disposal works. It is aware that its\\npatents dating back many years cover the most valuable,\\nmost reasonable, and most effective sewage disposal system\\never devised by the ingenuity of man. It is no trust, trying\\nto suppress competition but enters legitimately the engineer\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and contracting field, welcoming intelligent and honest\\nrivalry. It seeks the co-operation of engineers and con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntractors, and is willing for a reasonable royalty to share\\nwith any individual, firm, or municipality in any locality, the\\nbenefits of its system. It is open to any negotiation looking\\ntowards the formation of a subordinate company having ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nclusive territory in some particular state of the Union, or\\nsome foreign country.\\nTo organize such a company it is necessary for at least\\none civil engineer of good standing, and one reliable con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntractor to unite their interests. The rights and interests of\\nthe parent company are so vitally involved with the success\\nof a branch company that some care will be exercised in\\nforming such companies.\\nThe American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston,\\nthrough its engineer, architect, counsellor, contractor, banker\\nand broker, offers its services actively or in consultation, not\\nonly to municipalities, but to engineers and contractors on all\\nmatters pertaining to sewer designing to sewer construction\\nto disposal works designed to partly purify and clarify sew\u00c2\u00ac\\nage for admission into salt water, or to wholly purify sewage\\nbefore it enters a source of water supply to raising money\\nfor sewer construction to apportioning the expense of con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction and to the many questions constantly arising in\\nregard to sewers and sewage disposal systems.\\n40", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "SPECIAL.", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "This pamphlet not being designed for general distribution,\\nbut rather for the use of individuals or municipalities with\\nwhom business relations are desired, the following may\\nbe considered confidential and only presented where the\\nletters could properly be submitted.\\nThe company, in extending its business and soliciting\\nopportunities for legitimate enterprise, calls attention to the\\ncharacter and professional reputation of the President and\\nmanager of the company,\\nJohn N. McCi intock,\\nas a matter of public record and documentary evidence.\\nDuring the twenty-five years of his active practice as a\\ncivil engineer, Mr. McClintock has been entrusted with\\nprimary and secondary triangulation, topographical and\\nhydrographical surveys, geodetic levelling, navigation,\\nastronomical work, geological and mining surveys the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nveys and construction of railroads and electric roads the\\nsurveys and development of water powers the surveying and\\ndesigning of sewers and sewage disposal works, parks, ceme\u00c2\u00ac\\nteries and private estates; the making of assessors\u00e2\u0080\u0099 maps\\nand the survey and cutting up of the most valuable city\\nproperty.\\nHe has had charge of work for the U. S. Coast Survey\\nand U. S. Engineer Corps for the State of New Hampshire\\nand the State of Massachusetts; for Merrimack County, the\\ncity of Concord, the town of Canterbury, and the town of\\nPembroke, N. H.; for the city of Boston, city of Lynn, city of\\nMalden, city of New Bedford, city of Medford, and the towns\\nof Weston, of Andover, of Gardner and of Provincetown,\\nMass., the city of Portland, Me., the town of Pawtucket,\\nR. I., the Boston Maine Railroad, the General Electric\\nCompany, the Metropolitan Park Commission, the trustees of\\nPublic Reservations, the Boston Water Board, and hundreds\\nof corporations, firms, and individuals. His work and travel\\nhave taken him into thirty-two states and five foreign coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntries in fourteen of which he has rendered professional services.\\n4", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION.\\nHe was educated at the public schools and academy in\\nHallowell, Me., Wesleyan Seminary in Readfield, and at\\nBowdoin College, receiving the degree of A. B. in 1867, and\\nof A. M. in 1872, the year he was detailed from the Coast\\nSurvey to the college as instructor in Geodesy and Coast\\nSurvey methods.\\nCasco, Me., January, 1865.\\nTo whom it may concern\\nThis certifies that John N. McClintock of Hallowell was\\nan instructor in one of our largest schools under my super\u00c2\u00ac\\nvision during the winter of 1864, and that as such he was able\\nand competent, and gave perfect satisfaction, and I do not\\nhesitate to say that he was the best teacher in town in all\\nrespects. E- M. Wight, M. D., Casco, Me.,\\nChairman S. S. Committee.\\n(Present address, Gorham, N. H.)\\nBowdoin College, July 2, 1867.\\nThis may certify that Mr. John N. McClintock of the\\npresent graduating class sustains a good moral character and\\nis worthy of the confidence and esteem of men. He has, dur\u00c2\u00ac\\ning his course in college, given evidence of ability that will\\nfit him for stations of honor and usefulness, and is commended\\nto the regard of the community in which he may be placed.\\nAlpheus S. Packard,\\nCollins Professor, etc.\\nI concur in the foregoing recommendation.\\nSamuel Harris, President.\\nBowdoin College, July 3, 1867.\\nThis may certify that Mr. J. N. McClintock, a member of\\nthe graduating class of this college, sustains a high rank in\\nthe Department of Mathematics, especially in the practical\\n42", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "application of the science of surveying, etc., for which he has\\na decided taste, and predilection. I cordially recommend him\\nfor a place in the Coast Survey, which he is desirous of\\nobtaining, having no doubt that he will discharge with\\nability and success the duties of any appointment he may\\nreceive.\\nWm. Smyth, Professor Mathematics.\\nBowdoin CoeeEGE, April 16, 1867.\\nThe First Prize for excellence in English composition is\\nawarded to McClintock.\\nJ. B. Sewaee, President Pro tern.\\nBowdoin Coeeege,\\nBrunswick, Me., July 3, 1867.\\nThe bearer, Mr. John N. McClintock, is a member of the\\nclass of \u00e2\u0080\u009967, about to graduate from this institution, and has\\nacquitted himself honorably in the studies of my Department-\\nThe college has endorsed his abilities by conferring upon him\\nthe highest prize for English composition.\\nJ. S. Sewaee,\\nProfessor of Rhetoric and Oratory.\\nCOAST SURVEY RECORD-\\nThe letters from General Joshua E. Chamberlain, Gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernor of Maine, and Hon. Henry W. Paine of Massachusetts,\\nnow on file at the Department, led to Mr. McClintock\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nappointment as an aid to the Superintendent U. S. Coast Sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nvey immediately after graduation. His promotion in the ser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvice was rapid, and his record may be found in the U. S.\\nCoast Survey Reports for the years 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870,\\n1871, 1872, 1873, 1874 and 1875, and his name may be found\\non the coast maps issued by the Department, as an officer in\\ncharge of work.\\n43", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "TJ. S. Coast Survey Office,\\nWashington, D. C., April 13, 1875,\\nJohn N. McCeintock, Esq., Concord, N. H.,\\nDear Sir\\nAs you desire to have an expression of my opinion of\\nyour professional ability in consequence of your having re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsigned from the U. S. Coast Survey Service with a view of\\nseeking employment more nearly at home, I testify with\\npleasure to the fact that during your connection with the\\nCoast Survey you have acquired experience in all but the\\nastronomical branches of its operation, and have given evi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndence of being skilful in the higher branches of surveying.\\nYours Respectfully*\\nJ. E. Hiegard, Ass\u00e2\u0080\u0099t U. S. Coast Survey,\\nIn charge of Office.\\n(Afterward Superintendent.)\\nBoston, Mass., April 20, 1875.\\nJ. N. McCeintock, Concord, N. H.,\\nDear Sir\\nI have no doubt of your ability to execute sewage\\nwith accuracy and despatch. In the management of party\\naffairs, and in the general conduct of work, I have regarded\\nyour methods as practical and effective.\\nVery Truly Yours,\\nHenry E. Whiting,\\nAss\u00e2\u0080\u0099t U. S. Coast Survey.\\n(Inspector of Topography.)\\nRESIDENCE IN CONCORD, N. H.\\nAfter resigning from the Coast Survey in 1875, Mr.\\nMcClintock commenced the practice of his profession as\\nsurveyor and civil engineer in Concord, N. H.\\n44\\nLrfC.", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Hanover, N. H., July 19, 1878.\\nThis may certify that I have been acquainted personally\\nwith Maj. J. N. McClintock and his works during his resi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndence in New Hampshire, and satisfied that he thoroughly\\nunderstands topographical and hydrographical surveying,\\nand is thoroughly competent to take charge of any survey of\\nthis nature that may be entrusted to him.\\nRespectfully Yours,\\nC. H. Hitchcock,\\nState Geologist of New Hampshire.\\nConcord, N. H., July 18, 1878.\\nI am acquainted with John N. McClintock, A. M., now of\\nthis city. I believe that he thoroughly understands the\\nprofession of civil engineering, that he is a man of ability\\nand extensive information, and that any service which he\\nmay be called upon to perform will be attended to with\\npromptitude and fidelity.\\nVery Respectfully Yours,\\nWaeter Harriman,\\n(Ex-Governor of New Hampshire\\nand Naval Officer at Boston.)\\nMieeord, N. H., July 22, 1878.\\nI take pleasure in recommending John N. McClintock\\nof Concord, N. H., as an engineer. I am assured by his\\nnumerous friends in Concord that he is in everyway qualified,\\nand that his character is unexceptionable.\\nBainbridge Wadeeigh,\\n(U. S. Senator for New Hampshire.)\\nState of New Hampshire Executive Dept.\\nConcord, N. H., July 18, 1878.\\nJohn N. McClintock of this city is a civil engineer of\\nexperience. I have known him for several years, and have\\nseen much of his work done in this State. As far as I am\\nable to judge I consider him an excellent engineer.\\nMost Respectfully,\\nB. F. Prescott (Governor).\\n45", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "Concord, N. H., March 13, 1888.\\nFrom an acquaintance with Mr. John N. McClintock, of\\nseveral years, I am able to say that he is a gentleman of good\\nstanding in this community where he is well known.\\nA. B. Thompson, Secretary of State.\\nConcord, N. H., March 12, 1888.\\nI can cheerfully recommend Mr. John N. McClintock to\\nanyone desiring to secure the services of a civil engineer or\\nsurveyor.\\nSolon A. Carter, State Treasurer.\\nBOSTON.\\nIn August, 1891, Mr. McClintock was given a party in\\nthe Survey of Boston by the Board of Survey, and was en\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrusted with the triangulations of the city, necessitating his\\nremoval from Concord, N. H., and his settling in Boston.\\nConcord, N. H., Dec. 10, 1892.\\nTo whom it may concern\\nThis is to certify that Mr. John N. McClintock, A. M.,\\nuntil recently a resident of the city of Concord, is a civil\\nengineer of long and varied experience, well and favorably\\nknown throughout New Hampshire, and ranking high in his\\nprofession as a man of scientific attainment. In seeking a\\nbroader field for the practice of his profession in Boston he\\ntakes with him the confidence and respect of this community.\\nWe commend him to those who may require his services.\\nH. A. Tuttle (Governor of N. H.).\\nEzra S. Stearns (Secretary of State).\\nSolon A. Carter (State Treasurer).\\nJ. W. Patterson,\\n(Supt. of Instruction, Ex-U. S. Senator.)\\nA. D. Ayling (Adjutant-General).\\nH. W. Clapp (Ex-Mayor of Concord).\\n46", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "United States Senate,\\nWashington, D. C., Dec. io, 1892.\\nJohn N. McClintock, Esq., has been known to me for many\\nyears as a gentleman of literary culture and capacity, also\\nas a civil engineer of excellent ability. I am confident that\\nhe can do any civil engineering work in good taste, and\\nsatisfactorily to those who may ask him to serve in that\\ncapacity. I cordially commend him to all persons, cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nporations, or municipalities, who have engineering work\\nto be performed.\\nYours Respectfully,\\nW. E. ChandeER.\\nUnited States Senate,\\nWashington, D. C., Dec. 6, 1892.\\nTo whom it may concern\\nI take pleasure in recommending Maj. John N. Mc\u00c2\u00ac\\nClintock as a competent civil engineer, and a good citizen.\\nMr. McClintock has had a large experience in his profession,\\nand has always given great satisfaction. I know of few men\\nin his department of service who have so thorough and com\u00c2\u00ac\\nprehensive a knowledge of the business as he, and feel sure\\nthat he cannot do otherwise than give satisfaction to any\\nindividual or firm employing him.\\nJ. H. Gaeeinger, U. S. S.\\nManchester, N. H., Dec. 3, 1892.\\nTo whom it may concern\\nMr. John N. McClintock, formerly of this state, is a gentle\u00c2\u00ac\\nman of high personal character, and of high scientific attain\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, especially in the line of his profession which is that\\nof civil engineer. I feel confident that those who consult or\\nemploy him will be fully satisfied of his integrity and capacity.\\nVery Respectfully,\\nHenry W. Beair (Ex-U. S. Senator).\\n47", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "During his residence in New Hampshire Mr. Mc-\\nClintock was a Justice of the Peace, a member of the New\\nHampshire Historical Society, and a corresponding member\\nof the Maine Historical Society. On his removal to Boston\\nhe was elected a corresponding member of the New Hampshire\\nHistorical Society.\\nReport of the Commissioners of the TopographicAe\\nSurvey.\\nBoston, Dec. 30, 1893.\\nTo His ExceeeEncy Frederick T. Greenhaege,\\nGovernor of Massachusetts\\nMr. McClintock\u00e2\u0080\u0099s well-known reputation as a topographer,\\nand his former connections with the Coast and Geodetic\\nSurvey and the State Survey of New Hampshire, and later\\nwork in Massachusetts, are a guarantee, in the judgment of\\nthe Board, of the accuracy and completeness of detail of the\\nwork he has performed for the Commonwealth.\\nHenry L. Whiting,\\nNathaniee S. Shaeer,\\nDesmond Fitzgeraed.\\nThe attitude of the State Board of Health toward the system (now\\ncontrolled by the American Sewage Disposal Company) of purifying sew\u00c2\u00ac\\nage has reached an important and interesting stage.\\nThe interests of those who are concerned most closely with the sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem are being looked after by John N. McClintock, civil engineer, of\\nthis city. He has studied the problem of sewage disposal extensively,\\nboth in this country and abroad. In his visits to other states,\\nand in letters from municipal authorities received by him, he is often\\nasked what his own state is doing. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boston Herald 1895.\\nSEWER COMMISSIONERS\u00e2\u0080\u0099 REPORT.\\nAndover, Mass., Feb. 4, 1896.\\nWhile making these investigations our attention was\\ncalled by John N. McClintock, A. M., to plans designed by\\nhim providing for chemical precipitation and rapid filtration\\n48", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "through coarse material, the whole to be under cover and\\nwell ventilated. The plan presents many points of merit, and\\nought to prove economical in operation, and if adopted by the\\ntown would save in the neighborhood of $75,000 in cost of\\nconstruction. It has not, however, been approved by the\\nState Board of Health.\\nWm. S. Jenkins, I\\nJohn E- Smith, Sewer Commissioners.\\nJohn E. Smith,\\nAndover, Mass., Oct. 5, 1899.\\nMr. John N. McCeintock, C. E-\\nDear Sir\\nThe action of the State Board of Health rendered it im\u00c2\u00ac\\npossible for Andover to construct the disposal system designed\\nby you.\\nOur disposal works, as constructed under the advice,\\nand with the consent of the State Board, consist of a filtration\\nand of four acres made up of twenty beds, each containing\\nabout one-fifth of an acre. In the operation of these beds we\\nfind it possible to filter the whole of the present flow of sewage\\nof the town, about 60,000 gals, per day, by alternating two\\nof these beds.\\nIn regard to using crude sewage, concentrated, I have\\nmade but one trial; it burned the growing crop. A second\\ncrop grown in the same ground, after plowing in, shows\\nwonderful fertility of the ground.\\nYours truly,\\nJohn E- Smith,\\nSuperintendent Board of Public Works.\\nOctober 19, 1893, he was elected a member of the Boston\\nSociety of Civil Engineers, and the following year a member,\\nand later a director, of the Harvard Improvement Association.\\nIn 1896 he was secretary of the American Whist Club of\\n49", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "Boston, which includes in its membership many of the leaders\\nin the literary, social and financial circles of Boston. The\\nmembers of the club, the officers of the Harvard Improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment Association, and many other Boston gentlemen,\\npetitioned for his appointment as Assistant Superintendent\\nU. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, with the rank of colonel, to\\nserve either with the army or with the navy, when, upon the\\nbreaking out of the war with Spain, he offered his services to\\nthe government in any capacity in which his experience\\nwould be of value.\\nHe assured the Secretary of War that he could guard the\\nhealth of a regiment, brigade, army corps, or camps of mobi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlization, as a city engineer protects a city. He did his whole\\nduty in trying to avert the mortality in the camps.\\nMr. McClintock studied the effect of sewage on Boston\\nharbor with Assistant Henry Mitchell of the Coast Survey;\\nand was before the court in 1877 as an expert witness on the\\neffect of sewage on Portland harbor in a legal battle between\\nGen. Charles P. Mattocks and Speaker Thomas B. Reed.\\nHe has been frequently called as an expert witness on\\ncivil engineering subjects before State and United States\\nCourts since 1872.\\nBrockton, Oct. 21, 1899.\\nMr. J. N. McCrintock,\\nDear Sir\\nYour letter was received this morning. It is with\\ngreat pleasure we send to you the picture of our dear father\\nby this mail. How pleased he would be to know it, for he\\ntried so hard and suffered so much to put the system before\\nthe world\\nPlease credit us all with any amount of gratitude for giv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to father the credit of the invention. We hope that you\\nwill feel that we thoroughly appreciate the interest and labor\\nyou have had to bring value to the patents, that have been\\nseemingly dead to the world. Yours gratefully,\\nFor Estate of A. S. Glover. S. B. Farrrr.\\n50", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY.\\nMr. Joseph P. O\u00e2\u0080\u0099Connell, one of the directors of the\\nAmerican Sewage Disposal Company, conducts an extensive\\nbusiness, furnishing masons\u00e2\u0080\u0099 supplies, brick, lime, cement and\\npipe, besides being a contractor, entrusted with some of the\\nmost important sewer work for Boston and neighboring cities\\nlet out in recent years. He has built many miles of sewers\\nunder the most difficult conditions. He is highly respected\\nby the city officials with whom he has had business relations,\\nand is specially skilled in sewer construction. The other\\nofficers of the Company are men of sound judgment in\\nfinances, whose co-operation will be of weight and value when\\nimportant contracts are made. They embark in this business\\nnot only from motives of self-interest, but from patriotic and\\npublic-spirited sentiments, planning not only to benefit certain\\nlocalities, but the community at large, the nation, and the\\nworld for the present and for the future.", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3594", "width": "2839", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3594", "width": "2839", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n0 027 327 919 2", "height": "3735", "width": "3035", "jp2-path": "sewerbuildingsew00amer_0062.jp2"}}