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AMERICAN 


SEWAGE DISPOSAL 


COMPANY 


OP BOSTON 


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- INDEX. =■ 


Acton.39 

Advantage of a Sewer .28 

Andover.16, 30, 31, 35, 36 

Bacteria.23 

Barrhead.21 

Bean, Henry .31 

Berlin .28 

Board of Health.16,17 

Boston.29, 37, 38 

Bradford .39 

Brentwood.12, 13, 21, 31 

Brockton .17,24,30 

Building Sewers..,,.......5 

Cameron.24 

Care of Filter Beds.35 

Central Park.29 

Champaign.21 

Character of Sewage.24 

Chemical Precipitation. 33 

Chicago . 21 

Cloaca. 28 

Commercial Advantage. 30 

Construction of Sewers.. . . 7 

Consultation ..- 4° 

Contractor. 5 

Cos.t of Disposal Works. 6 

Cost of Sewers.6 

Crimp, W. S. .1.3D 39 

Danvers.35 

Darfield.21 

Darwin .24 

Design of Sewers . — 7 

Dibden .. 24 

Disposal Works..8, 9, 10 

Dukal . 24 

Duty of Colleges. 39 

Ealing . ..3°> 39 

East Orange. 3° 

Effectiveness of Filters.36 

England.28 

Exeter, Eng.21, 24 

Exeter, N. H.10 

Framingham .3°. 34 

Frankland. 24 

Gardner .3°. 34 

Glover, A. ..16, 24 

Great Britain.28 

Hoffmann.3 1 

Hydraulic Press.3 2 

Importance of Disposal. 28 

Inst, of Civil Engineers .23 

Jones, Col.......3 1 

Judicial Decisions.32 

Koch.24 

Dawes .. 

Lawrence .24, 27, 33-36 

Life of Filter Beds. 3 6 


London .30 

Location of Disposal Works.29 

Lowell.27 

Macaire .. j.31 

Magnitude of Disposal.21 

Manurial Value of Sewage.. 31 

Marcet.31 

Marion .21 

Marlborough .... .30, 34 

Massachusetts.30 

Mechi. 31 

Mediterranean .28 

Merrimack River...27 

Mississippi.27 

Model Disposal Works. • 9 

Monroe. .31 

Moses . 19 

Natick.30 

Neglect of Disposal.14,26 

Newark.30 

Noyes .. 22 

Pasteur.24 

Paris.28 

Pemigewasset. 27 

Pension .32 

Preece, Sir Wm. Henry.23 

Press.... 39 

Profile House ..27 

Purification of Water..20 

Rapid Filtration . 37-39 

Record Plans . 5 

Rockingham County ... 31 

Rome.28 

Royalty.,.40 

Sanitary Institute.23 

Sedimentation.35 

Scott, Moncrieff. 24 

Septic Tank.21 

Small Disposal Works.24 

Smith, John E.31 

Story of Patents.17 

Sub-Surface Disposal.29, 35 

Talbot, Arthur N.21 

Thudichum . 31 

Tiber.28 

Topography. 5 

University of Illinois.21 

Urbana.21 

Validity of Patents.16 

Value of Sewage. 31 

Verona. 21 

Voelcker.31 

Washington.28 

Warrenton.24 

Way . 21 

Westborough .34 

Winnepesaukee.27 

Witt . 31 

Worcester.30 

Worn-out Farms. 32 






























































































































































































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American Sewage 
Disposal Company 

OF BOSTON. 

89 State Street, - - Boston, Mass. 

60 Broadway, - - - New York. 

Main Office: BOSTON, MASS., U. S. A. 

ORGANIZED FOR DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCT¬ 
ING SEWERS AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS. 


. . . Directors . . . 

JOHN N. McCLINTOCK, A. M. C. E., 
President and Manager. 

J. LESTER McLEAN, Banker and Broker, 
Treasurer. 

JOSEPH P. O’CONNELL, 

Merchant and Contractor. 

COL. A. M. BENSON, 

Lumber Merchant. 

COL. FRANCIS S.' HESSELTINE, 
Counsellor-at-Law. 

JOHN TILTON McCLINTOCK, 

Architect. 

GEORGE E. NEWHALL, 

Leather Merchant. 

... IN CONSULTATION . . . 

Leading Financiers, Lawyers, Health Authorities, 
and Civil Engineers. 


















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74668 


Copyright, 

AMERICAN SEWAGE DISPOSAL CO., 
BOSTON, 

1899. 


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SEWER BUILDING 


AND 


SEWAGE DISPOSAL 





























SEWER BUILDING. 


It is possible to build sewers in any place where hunkSii 
habitation is feasible, and to so care for the sewage that it 
will not be offensive in any sense. To properly plan a 
system of sewers and sewage disposal works for a locality, it 
is of the utmost importance that a topographical map of the 
section to be drained be first prepared, giving the grade of 
the streets, depth of the cellars, and the general conformation 
of the territory. It is generally possible to carry the sewage 
by gravitation to some point where it can be treated more or 
less elaborately, according to the degree of purification 
demanded, and other conditions. If gravity can be depended 
upon to care for the effluent, or purified water from tanks or 
filter beds, the problem of sewage disposal is greatly simpli¬ 
fied. 

2. The second step necessary after a topographical 
survey is the general design of a system of sewers, and of 
sewage disposal works. Here is where a village, town or 
city require the services of an expert and experienced civil 
engineer, one who has made himself familiar not only with 
the successful achievements of other engineers in the past, 
but is posted as to the mistakes and failures made in all parts 
of the world. 

3. The scheme having been devised and approved by 
the proper authorities, plans for building and record should be 
made. 

4. A contracting party should be obtained, and proper 
supervision furnished. If a city, or town would undertake to 
do its own work, experienced surveyors and foremen for brick¬ 
work and stonework, manholes, catch-basins, pipe-laying 
and blasting should be provided, and the line and grade 
adhered to faithfully. 


5 


COST OF SEWERS. 


In considering the construction of a sewer system, a 
rough estimate of the probable cost is generally sought. 

The preliminary topographical plan will cost from 50 
cents to $3.00 per acre of territory to be drained, according to 
the characteristics of the surface, whether flat or diversified, 
thinly or thickly settled. 

A well considered design may cost from 2 to 10 cents per 
inhabitant, according to the size of the place; making plans 
for building and record will cost from $20.00 to $40.00 per 
mile of sewer pipe. 

A twelve-inch pipe with proper inlets can be laid eight 
feet below the surface for $ 1.00 per foot. If ledge is en¬ 
countered the cost is increased. Eedge work will cost from 
$2.00 to $5.00 per cubic yard, according to the hardness of the 
stone and depth below the surface. Manholes and catch- 
basins averaging 150 feet apart will cost about $35.00 or $40.00 
each. 

The separate system for sewage and surface water is 
usually recommended, with proper appliances for flushing, to 
save cost of work. Disposal works will cost approximately 
from $1.00 to $2.00 per inhabitant. Plans for the same may be 
furnished at 5 % of their cost. Chemical precipitation will cost 
per year 20 cents per inhabitant. The cost of the trunk 
sewers of a system, of course, will depend upon their size. 

A completed sewer system in running order will cost from 
$2.00 to $4-00 per running foot or from $10,000 to $20,000 per 
mile, for a place of considerable size. Small systems will cost 
less. 

The American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston will 
furnish plans, estimates and supervision for 10% of cost of 
construction, or it will build the sewers and disposal works, 
or either, at cost and accept 10% additional for plans, super¬ 
vision and profits. 


6 


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS. 


The American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston 
offer their services to properly equip any community with 
sewers and disposal works. They will furnish expert 
surveyors for making preliminary plans, expert civil engineers 
for designing sewer systems and sewage disposal works, ex¬ 
perienced and skilful sewer constructors, pipe-layers, stone- 
men, masons, engineers, inspectors, foremen and workmen. 
There are many small towns without an engineer experienced 
in sewer construction and sewage disposal works. This com¬ 
pany is prepared to undertake the work of designing and build¬ 
ing for such towns. They will take the contract, or let it to 
lowest bidder, and supervise construction. They will make 
an equitable arrangement with any community desiring their 
services. 

The business which the company seeks is not only the 
planning and construction of sewers and disposal works, but 
the continued operation and maintenance of the same under 
contract and under bond, so that skilled labor and responsible 
workmen will attend to keeping up the efficiency of the sys¬ 
tem, more especially of the disposal works. 

Skill, experience, and judgment are demanded for the 
proper construction of sewers, manholes, catch-basins, flush¬ 
ing tanks, and disposal works. 

A system however perfect may be ruined or impaired in 
its operation by the lack of engineering skill, experience in 
sewer construction, and common sense in building it. For 
instance, a sewer laid without regard to a grade line, following 
the irregularities of the surface, forming depressions and 
elevations, laid without close-fitting and cemented joints,with¬ 
out manholes or ventilation, built by unskilled labor, inspected 
by idiots, supervised by ignorance and stupidity, clothed with 
brief authority, to save fees for legitimate professional 
services, is bound to come to grief. 


7 


SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS. 


The American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston have 
come into possession of valuable patent rights covering sewage 
disposal by septic tanks and single and double intermittent 
filtration, with necessary ventilation ; and they are prepared 
not only to construct sewers, but also disposal works to 
entirely or partially remove the impurities from the 
sewage. Their system prevents the pollution of harbor, river, 
lake, or sea-shore, and covers broad irrigation, intermittent 
filtration, chemical precipitation, and the recovery of the 
manurial value of the sewage. 

They are prepared to undertake the disposal of sewage 
for New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, New Orleans, 
or of any smaller city or town or institution in this country or 
abroad. They enter the field to construct and own sewage 
works for a fixed sum paid per month, or per year, by the 
municipality, under bonds to produce a certain degree of 
purification, under an agreement by which the municipality 
may take possession of the plant for a sum agreed upon, or 
on equitable valuation. They propose to utilize the wasted 
wealth and manurial values of the sewage, to dispose of it as 
an article of commerce, or to use it for their own benefit in 
restoring the worn-out soil of the hillside farm, or the pine 
barren. They are prepared to obtain ten tons of fodder from 
an acre which now will not support a sheep. 

As a matter of sentiment they propose to restore the river 
and brook from an open sewer to its pristine purity, and to 
make the lakes and ponds no longer cesspools, but a delight 
and a joy, from which the sewer sucker disappears and in 
which the trout and salmon will thrive. 

They can save to the United States government the an¬ 
nual expenditure of many million dollars for dredging har¬ 
bors : and render sweet and free from pollution such resorts 
as Crescent and Nantasket beaches, Coney Island and Tong 
Branch. 


8 


MODEL DISPOSAL WORKS. 


The disposal works designed under the patents belonging 
to the Company consist of two, three, or more settling tanks, 
roofed over and ventilated; so arranged that the sewage may 
be received in any one tank and flow through any one 
or all of the others, or be diverted from anyone or more of the 
tanks, while said tank or tanks may be drawn off and cleansed 
at the will of the operator; built of such size that they will 
hold the sewage to be disposed of from one to twenty-four 
hours ; and provided, where sedimentation is insufficient, with 
appliances for injecting lime, alum, sulphate of iron or other 
ingredients, to produce chemical precipitation. The effluent 
from the settling tanks, from which has been removed by 
sedimentation or precipitation, much of the suspended and 
dissolved organic and mineral matter, is received alternately 
in one of two or more tanks, more or less filled with sub¬ 
stances, like sand, loam, gravel, broken stone, dirt, ashes, 
cinders, bark, coke, coal, charcoal, burnt clay, chips, hay, 
straw, or any other material obtainable and available, which 
serves to arrest the impurities of the sewage in its passage 
through the tanks, and partially filtrates the sewage. The 
effluent from the first filter bed or tank is received in one or 
more collecting tanks, where it is allowed to accumulate until 
it reaches a certain level, when it is discharged automatically 
and intermittently by one or more siphons, or otherwise, upon 
more or less extended filter beds exposed to the atmosphere or 
covered by a roof, stone or brick arches, tiles or inverted 
wooden troughs, covered by loam, sand, earth, gravel, concrete, 
or other available material ; said filter beds composed of from 
one to five feet in depth of filtering material like or unlike 
the substance used in the first filter; and provided with a 
series of underdrains which permit the collection and carrying 
off of the filtered effluent to some point where it will not 


9 



10 


SEWAGE DISPOSAL "WORKS DESIGNED FOR EXETER 












































































































obstruct tbe working of the filter bed. When one of the first 
tanks is to be drawn off and sludge removed, it is disconnected 
with the flow of sewage, and its contents is allowed to settle 
or precipitate for a proper period, after which the tank is 
discharged by drawing from the surface and diverting the 
flow upon a sludge filter bed, which permits a passage 
through it of the partially clarified surface effluent, but holds 
the sludge, ninety per cent, of which is moisture, and permits 
it gradually to become separated, the water from the solid 
substances. For the care of extensive works mechanical 
appliances like sludge presses or rotary dryers may be used. 
The sludge may be cared for upon the premises or diverted 
elsewhere by pumping, gravity, carting, or other means of 
transportation. The settling tanks, first filter, discharging 
tank and sludge filter, may be under the same roof or other 
covering, or any one or all may be exposed to the air as the 
locality demands. The proper ventilation of the covered 
tanks and filter beds is provided for by a natural or forced 
draft. The outside filter if covered by tiles, arches, or 
troughs, may also be ventilated. 

As the Bell Telephone patents cover the conveying of 
sound by electricity, both of common knowledge, so the 
patents controlled by the American Sewage Disposal Com¬ 
pany cover the treatment of sewage in a covered tank, and 
filter, both ventilated, and by filtration outside. 

The first patent under which the company operates was 
issued in 1882, and covers the septic tank disposal system. 
The patent of chief service to the company was issued in 
1895, and covers the septic tank in connection with inside and 
outside filtration. A model illustrating the practical work¬ 
ing of the system under the patents was constructed for the 
authorities of Rockingham County, N. H., and has been in 
operation several years. An account and illustration of it 
was published in the Engineering Record in 1896. 


11 



12 




THK BRENTWOOD, N. H. SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS. 















































THE BRENTWOOD SEWAGE DISPOSAL 
WORKS. 


The Sewage Disposal Works in Brentwood, N. H., con¬ 
structed in the Fall of 1895, under the patents owned by the 
American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston, is in success¬ 
ful operation. Some changes, found necessary after con¬ 
struction in its operation, having been effected, it is a model. 

The sewage of a large county establishment, before the 
plant was erected, was discharged into a small brook, and at 
times was equal to the volume of water of the brook before it 
received the sewage. The current of the brook was sluggish 
and meandered down the valley, across the highway, not 
“a thing of beauty,” but an open sewer, and an offence and a 
source of danger for a long distance. 

Two directors of the American Sewage Disposal Com¬ 
pany of Boston recently visited and inspected the works. 

The Superintendent of the establishment, Mr. - Bean, 

accompanied them and stated that the septic tank had been 
in continuous operation for six weeks without any attention 
whatever. In the building there was a perceptible odor from 
the sludge filter, but over the septic tanks and the enclosed 
filter beds there was nothing offensive. The septic tank was 
doing its work, chemically, bacteriologically, and efficiently. 
It was purifying the sewage. The animal life was disposing 
of the organic impurities. The septic tank cultivates this 
animal life artificially. Countless millions of organisms are 
aggregated, battling, struggling, devouring, doing the brief 
duty assigned to them by the laws of nature, converting the 
organic impurities into harmless elements. The surface of 
the collected sewage in the tanks, protected only by the walls 
and roof of the building, was covered with a scum of fer¬ 
mentation, or bacteria, which seemed to absorb into itself the 
gases and effluvia given out under other conditions. 

The effluent from the septic tank was received on four 

13 



carefully prepared coke filters, alternately. Here another 
law of nature, known in its application as intermittent down¬ 
ward filtration, provides for the oxydization and destruction 
of those very organisms so useful and important in the oper¬ 
ation of the tanks. The effluent, as received on the surface, 
has lost almost entirely its character as sewage. It is slightly 
discolored, but not offensive. 

Underdrains collect the almost absolutely pure water 
filtered through the coke, and discharge it from the build¬ 
ing. The Superintendent stated that frequently people would 
smell, taste, and drink the water at this stage. From this 
point onward it has lost all perceptible appearance and 
character of sewage. The little brook which it joins runs 
merrily on, uncontaminated, to all intents and purposes. For 
absolute security the effluent, probably as pure as the water 
of the Merrimac river above Tawrence, is, like that water, 
subjected to filtration on carefully prepared out-of-door filters, 
the construction of which has only recently been undertaken, 
under the advice of the American Sewage Disposal Company 
of Boston. 

The Superintendent states that the sewer sludge is com¬ 
posted with loam or ashes, and has more manurial value 
than the same bulk from the barns and stables. He has a 
large farm under his care, and has experimented with the 
sludge for several years. 

The Brentwood plant illustrates the value of the patents 
owned by the Company. It was the first plant constructed, 
and in a certain sense was an experiment. There is a vast 
field for study and investigation in its operation and main¬ 
tenance. The farmer, the chemist, the bacteriologist, the 
physician, the civil engineer, the university, the state, are 
deeply interested, for it has solved one of the most perplexing 
problems ever given to man,—the purification of sewage 
without giving offence, and the disposal of the sludge to the 
best advantage. 


14 


If the system will care for Brentwood, it will care for 
Chicago, for New Orleans, for Boston, for New York, or for 
any city or town in the world. The time is fast coming when 
it will be considered as absurd to dump sewage into the 
ocean, the lake, the river, or the brook, as great cargoes of 
grain or any food products. 

The Brentwood Disposal Works, if rebuilt, would receive 
some minor changes in construction, which would add to 
their efficiency, and facilitate the care of the sludge. 
















THE VALIDITY OF THE PATENTS. 


The validity and originality of the patents is demon¬ 
strated by the adverse report made by the Massachusetts 
State Board of Health in October, 1895. The system was at 
that time unknown to the Board, familiar as they must have 
been with all methods of sewage disposal in use in any part 
of the world. The experimental station, maintained by the 
State for many years at Lawrence, had failed to make the im¬ 
portant discovery of the working of the septic tank. When 
this was combined with rapid inside filtration, it was such an 
innovation that it was condemned by them. They refused 
to permit it to be inaugurated at Andover, although the Sew¬ 
erage Committee of the town favored it, petitioned for it, and 
stated in their report to the town that it would effect a saving 
of $75,000. 

The State demanded the method of discharging the crude 
sewage upon six acres of sand exposed to the air, which 
doubtlessly would purify the water filtering through it, but 
would pollute the atmosphere. Now that the works at 
Andover are constructed, and the superintendent finds that 
the effluent from an improperly built septic tank can be cared 
for and properly treated on two-fifths of an acre, the State 
authorities have inaugurated a series of experiments in rapid 
filtration from this same faulty septic tank. As their 1898 
report has not been issued (October, 1899), their report con¬ 
cerning its operation may be looked for in 1901; in the mean¬ 
while the septic tank is in full and successful operation in 
various countries of Europe and many States of the Union; 
and the original inventor, Mr. Amasa S. Glover, has gone to 
his last reward, his great discovery opposed to the last of his 
life. 


16 




Born July 25, 1817. 


Died July 5, 1897. 
















































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STORY OF THE PATENTS. 

About 1880, Amasa S. Glover, of Brockton, discovered 
accidentally, the principle of the Septic Tank. It was disclosed 
to him while caring for the drainage of his own residence. 
Being an observing and an intelligent man, he recognized 
its value, and applied for and obtained a patent in 1882, 
covering the principle. To apply the idea to the care of the 
sewage of a city, he employed an able civil engineer, and 
submitted, in 1886, a system for the sewage disposal of 
Brockton, which is described on page 11, of Report of the Mas¬ 
sachusetts State Board of Health for 1888. 

“ Mr. Glover’s original scheme, as far as it relates to the 
purification of sewage, consists of three principal parts : 

“ 1. A settling-basin, which, without the aid of chemi¬ 
cals, is intended to separate and retain the solid portion of 
the sewage. 

“2. A wall of gravel at one end of the settling-basin 
through which the sewage is expected to filter. 

“ A series of arches of soft brick, over which the sewage 
is to flow, and through which it is intended to filter, then to 
drop through the space below, and so become aerated. From 
this space it is to run through drains to the stream. 

“ He proposes four divisions of this apparatus to allow 
for draining, etc. All of the apparatus is to be covered with a 
building having a central shaft or chimney for removing foul 
odors. 

“ Mr. Glover’s scheme was referred to our engineer, who, 
after careful consideration of the method, and interviews 
with Mr. Glover, reports as follows : 

“ The scheme, as proposed, is thoroughly impracticable. 
The settling-basins would not cause the suspended matters to 
settle to a great extent, and the filters would not pass a 
sufficient volume at first, and would soon become clogged.” 


7 


“ Mr. Glover also presented an alternative scheme of a 
settling-basin and a sub-surface disposal on land.” 

In the light of modern research this report recalls the 
story of Galilei, who was forced, on bended knee, to disown 
his great astronomical discovery, at the command of church 
authorities. 

During the years following, Mr. Glover approached the 
State authorities, from different directions, with the same 
general result. He was a persistent man, however. He 
knew that his scheme would work, and convinced one civil 
engineer after another that there was something behind it. 

In the summer of 1895 Mr. Glover was introduced to the 
present manager and engineer of the American Sewage 
Disposal Company of Boston, whom he interested in the 
subject, and whom he regularly employed, for many months, 
to make an exhaustive study of the subject of sewage dis¬ 
posal, and incidentally, to become an expert in that line. By 
the engineer s advice, he took out the second patent covering 
the septic tank and rapid inside filtration, and outside filtra¬ 
tion, which added to the value of the system, as it made it 
simply perfect. 

Mr. Glover did not understand the chemical and bio¬ 
logical action in the tanks ; he knew the results because he 
had experimented himself; with his own eyes he had seen 
the working of the septic tank, and proclaimed it to the 
world. It became an “ Article of Faith ” with him,—a creed. 
He died in 1897, and in due legal form, the patents which 
he took out for sewage disposal eventually came into the 
possession of the American Sewage Disposal Company of 
Boston. 

The officers of the corporation in advertising and com¬ 
mending this system to towns, cities, and institutions through¬ 
out the world, embark in the business with implicit faith 
born of actual and absolute knowledge obtained from a 

18 


working model on a scale large enough to demonstrate its 
feasibility under all conditions. They recognized the fact 
that though the underlying principles are correct, they 
require the services of an expert civil engineer to adapt them 
to the needs and demands of each community where they are 
adopted. 

The patents go back so far that they are established in 
right and equity, and conflict with no previous patents 
issued to anybody. As might be expected, patents of such 
vast value have been, and will continue to be, imitated. It 
is needless to state that the American Sewage Disposal 
Company of Boston are acting under the best obtainable legal 
advice, and will maintain and defend their own rights and 
those of their patrons to the fullest extent. 


In the year 1451, B. C., Moses gave, to the people the law 
to govern them in sanitary affairs which is being confirmed 
by the latest scientific investigation. 

“ Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither 
thou shalt go forth abroad : 

“And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon : and it 
shall be when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig 
therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh 
from thee : 

“For the Lord thy God walketh in the midst of thy 
camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before 
thee : therefore shall thy camp be holy : that He see no un¬ 
clean thing in thee, and turn away from thee.” Deuteron¬ 
omy xxiii, 12-14. 


*9 



THE PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER. 


The patents of the American Sewage Disposal Company 
of Boston, apply as well to the purification of water to be 
used for a city or town as to sewage disposal. There is no 
necessity to longer endure the scourge of typhoid fever in 
any community. It is an enemy to be met openly and van¬ 
quished. However it originates, it is propagated principally 
by drinking water; and when that is purified the dread fever 
disappears. 

The government of a city or town are elected to care 
for the well-being of the citizens. The health of a com¬ 
munity is of the utmost importance. Now that it is known 
that it is possible to prevent typhoid and similar diseases, 
the city fathers should be held responsible for their outbreak 
in any community. 

The American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston may 
be called upon for advice, consultation, or contracting, to 
render the water supply of any municipality as free from or¬ 
ganic impurities as if distilled or drawn from an artesian well. 

Settling tanks and rapid filtration would purify the 
water from any lake, river, or stream, more especially if it 
was slowly filtered afterwards intermittently through a good 
filtering material like coke, charcoal or sand. It is not safe 
to depend upon straining water through gravel only; for 
medical and health authorities recognize the fact that the 
germs so fatal to man can and do pass for a long distance by 
devious underground channels. It is asserted on high au¬ 
thority that many germs will not be destroyed even when 
subjected to temperature below the freezing point. 

It is feasible to attend to the purification of water where 
gravity affords a water supply. Where it is necessary to use 
a pumping station, an additional hoist of from three to five 
feet will be all required for the operation of our system. 


20 


SEPTIC TANK. 


The septic tank sewage disposal system is accepted in 
England, where by law a certain degree of purification is de¬ 
manded, as correct and efficient. An inspector of the Eocal 
Government Board recently said : “My Board does not refuse 
to sanction loans on these (septic tanks) systems. It is 
chary of sanctioning loans for any system which may be 
regarded as of an experimental character ; but after full and 
careful consideration with respect to this particular system 
before us, it has made up its mind to sanction loans for such 
schemes.” 

The works referred to, at Darfield, filter the effluent from 
the septic tanks at the rate of 425 gallons per square yard, or 
2,000,000 gallons per acre. 

The works at Barrhead, Scot., filter the effluent from 
septic tanks at the rate of 960,000 gallons per acre. 

Septic tanks are in successful operation at Exeter, Eng. 
Besides the pioneer plant in the United States at Brentwood, 
N. H., erected in 1895, septic tanks have been successfully 
operated at Marion, la.; at Verona, N. J. ; at Urbana; on a 
small scale at Chicago ; and at Champaign, Ill. 

The last was planned by Prof. Arthur N. Talbot, of the 
University of Illinois, who reports: “From the results of 
these analyses it appears from 80 to 90 per cent, of the total 
organic matter, as represented by the albuminoid ammonia, 
by the oxygen consumed, and by the total organic nitrogen, 
is taken out. A still larger percentage of the organic matter 
in suspension is taken out. It may be said that these results 
are better than the results ordinarily obtained by the chemical 
precipitation process, and nearly as good as the winter results 
of some of the intermittent downward filtration processes. 

•“The effluent during the time this study has been made, 
has been fairly clear, free from odor, and unobjectionable, a 
water chemically better than that of some of the shallow 
wells in this city. 


21 


“ The effluent may be discharged into a small stream 
without objectionable results. 

In a trip east, a number of years ago, Mr. Noyes, who 
was city engineer of Newton, and later the metropolitan en¬ 
gineer of Boston, told me of a cesspool he had constructed 
for a public school building on this principle, which had 
worked successfully.” These tanks were at first built “with¬ 
out any idea of bacterial purification of the sewage in the 
tank.” “ They were used to exclude the sludge.” “But 
it was soon found that another action w T as going on.” 

Prof. Talbot makes but one error. It is in this state¬ 
ment: “This system may be used without infringing on 
any patents.” An examination of the records of the Patent 
office at Washington will show the error. 

The American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston is 
very desirous of establishing at least one experimental station 
under skilled supervision in every State of the Union, where 
investigations may be conducted exhaustively in this great 
field. 


“ Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask 
bread, will he give him a stone ? 

“ Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent ? 

“And whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these 
little ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, 
verily I say unto you, he shall have his reward.” 

If a stranger tarries in a city and asks for a cup of 
cold water, and the rulers give unto him water to drink 
which is polluted and conceals disease and death, they dis¬ 
regard the sacred laws of hospitality, bring sorrow to some 
distant home, and bow down the old and young with grief. 
Will they be rewarded? 


22 



BACTERIA. 


Sir William Henry Preece, president Institute of Civil 
Engineers, in his address before the Sanitary Institute of 
Great Britain, at its Southampton meeting, in August, 1899, 
said : “ The new biological treatment is a return to nature. 
‘Nature never yet betrayed the heart that loved her.’ That 
wonderful micro-organism that has eluded man’s observation 
for all these millions of years, is divided into two classes, 
bacteria, which work with oxygen, and those which do not. 
The sewage first reaches the settling tanks, where the inor¬ 
ganic matter, such as sand and grit, is deposited. The 
albuminous and organic matters and urea, which are found 
in all sewage, are there transformed by bacteria into forms of 
ammonia. The decomposition of animal and vegetable mat¬ 
ter, which is invariably due to the action of these bacteria, is 
thus utilized to liquefy organic solids, and in this way to 
simplify their removal. Other bacteria, gradually, in special 
filters, transform the ammonia, by the aid of oxygen and 
other elements present, into nitrates. The process of filtering 
is intermittent, for air is essential to maintain the supply of 
oxygen to the nitrifying bacteria; but an air blast, in some 
cases, is used to maintain a continuous action. The nitrify¬ 
ing effect is enhanced if the air be warmed to about ioo° F. 
The filters must have porosity and resistance to flow to re¬ 
tard the passage of the sewage through them, for time is 
essential for the bacteria to grow and to act. In sandy 
ground nature does this, but on clay formation, coke-breeze, 
and even coal, is found to be very effective. In this way bac¬ 
teria first liquefy the solid matters in the sewage, and then 
nitrify them, simultaneously purifying and enriching the 
effluent, and preventing the formation of that wasteful pro¬ 
duct, sludge. Bacteria thus fulfils the highest function of 
the engineer, and nature asserts her power in fulfilling the 


23 


clearly-defined will of the Great Creator. The biological 
system has clearly come to stay. It is, however, still in the 
experimental stage. No great town has committed itself to 
its general use. 

“Darwin was perhaps one of the first to point out how 
the lower animal life assisted nature by absorbing, as food, the 
decay of vegetation, digesting it and execrating it in the 
form of mold and loam. His observations on the growth 
and functions of worms is not the least philosophical and sci¬ 
entific portion of his great labors. He probably attributed 
to worms much that is done by bacteria. Pasteur, the father 
of the germ theory, taught us how bacteria acted as nature’s 
chemist. Koch, in Germany, has been a worthy disciple of 
Pasteur. The intermittent benefit of filtration was discovered 
in the laboratory by Frankland in 1870. Warrington found 
in 1882 that sterilizing by boiling and antiseptic treatment 
stopped all nitrification. Aerating filters and the true action 
of bacteria were developed at Lawrence, in Massachusetts, 
from 1889 to 1893 ; Scott Moncrieff introduced his group of 
trickling cultivation beds in 1891; Dibdin commenced his 
experiments with filter beds shortly after ; Cameron intro¬ 
duced his septic tank in Exeter in 1895 1 Ducal his continuous 
filtration process in 1897 : and now, step by step, in Germany, 
France and England, we have reached a point where we can 
fairly say that sewage can be effectively treated with safety, 
simplicity and economy, by natural means.” 

History founded on the official records will give Glover 
the credit for discovering the septic tank, for his patent was 
taken out in 1882, and also for the added treatment of filtra¬ 
tion, for he recommended it for Brockton in 1886. His patent 
for double filtration was taken out in 1895. 


24 


SMALL DISPOSAL WORKS. 


The discovery that is destined to become of such impor¬ 
tance and value to cities and towns, is equally applicable 
to detached institutions, State prisons, hospitals, asy¬ 
lums, jails, poor-houses, hotels on the mountains, in the 
valleys, by the seaside ; colleges and seminaries, mansions, 
villas, and single farmhouses. The plant can be so con¬ 
structed that it works automatically beneath the velvety sod, 
continuously, efficiently, and economically. It is the one 
indispensable thing that must be considered and planned for 
by the architect in all detached structures erected in the 
future, designed for human habitation, when comfort, health, 
and any degree of luxury is expected. It is second in im¬ 
portance only to a pure water supply. Its site should be 
chosen with as much care as that of the structure it is to 
benefit. The expense of this necessary work may be pro¬ 
portional to the cost of the structure it serves, to its per¬ 
manency, or to economy in maintainance. Two per cent, of 
the cost of separate buildings ought generally to provide 
disposal works for them of the best character. The ex¬ 
penditure would be diminished for temporary disposal works; 
and increased for those working automatically, and re¬ 
quiring attention only at very long intervals. They may be 
disguised or absolutely concealed. 

They should be provided, if only to care for the drain 
from the kitchen sink ; certainly, to care for the laundry and 
bathroom. They would be the foes of flies and mosquitoes ; 
and banish and keep away from the lonely farmhouse many 
of those fearful scourges so fatal to old and young, so 
frequently devastating a school district and a neighborhood, 
and so erroneously ascribed to an all-wise Providence rather 
than to human carelessness, negligence, or ignorance. 


25 


NEGLECT OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL. 


There is one school district in New England, wherein 
a century ago there were three hundred inhabitants, scat¬ 
tered over fertile farms, self-sustaining and prosperous, 
where the people were not only fed, but clothed, from 
the fruit, vegetables, meat, grain and wool raised there. 
The old red school-house at the cross roads sheltered seventy 
or more pupils formerly, whereas to-day there is not a 
school-child in the district, and only a few old people remain 
and obtain a scanty subsistance on the worn-out farms. 
There are doubtless hundreds of such districts scattered 
throughout New England and the Eastern States. The 
same soil is there as of old, and it can be restored to its 
former fertility by judicious treatment. If what is taken from 
the soil is replaced, in whatever form, its fertility is main¬ 
tained indefinitely. There are farms in Italy and Syria which 
have been cropped for over two thousand years, which re¬ 
tain their fertility year after year, producing wonderful crops. 
The food of a town or city is furnished by the country 
farming districts near or far, and the waste of the town or 
city should be restored to the land. It must be done in the 
line of true political economy. Our territory is capable of 
sustaining countless millions with proper care; as it is now 
we are becoming crowded. The effect on land of sewer sludge, 
the solid matter in the sewage, has been demonstrated. In 
about eighteen months it disintegrates and becomes the most 
fertile loam, retaining its richness for many years, or until 
successive crops again exhaust the soil. 

The famous Profile House in the White Mountains would 
be deserted if it made a cesspool of Echo Take. The Pemige- 
wasset River starts from its source pure and uncontaminated, 
and for a long distance in its course it is protected from filth 
by interested parties, but it is a very convenient drain, and is 
soon polluted ruthlessly, needlessly, criminally. It is a most 

26 


beautiful and romantic stream, famed in prose and poetry, 
and should be restored and protected by stringent laws. It 
would not cost much to purify it before it joins the Winnepe- 
saukee and forms the Merrimack. Thence to the ocean the 
river is in a bad condition. Lowell does not improve it as it 
flows by, although it is the very foundation of the prosperity 
of the city. Lawrence recognizes the native value of the 
water of the river by removing the organic impurities and 
traces of sewage by filtration, and demonstrates the possi¬ 
bility of rendering pure water from sewage. The dead body 
of a human being would not be allowed to drift down a river; 
the proper authorities would pay for its recovery and for its 
disposal : so the law should provide for removing all causes 
of offence from the river, not only the bodies of animals, but 
sewage and pollution of every kind, and permit only surface 
drainage. 

The great Mississippi Valley, from the head waters of 
every stream draining it, should be exempt from the pollution 
by sewage or mill refuse of any of its water courses. For 
several hundred miles from its mouth the great river spurns 
all pollution. It literally rolls onward toward the Gulf, 
aerating and oxydizing its vast volume, receiving no 
tributaries, but tapped in many places for irrigation ; for its 
surface, held by levees, is higher than the bordering 
country. It gives, but does not take. To let loose the 
plague or cholera germ in it, might lead to scenes of untold 
horror. 


27 


THE MAGNITUDE AND IMPORTANCE OF 
SEWAGE DISPOSAL. 

This country seems just awakening to the importance of 
this subject. The great cities of Paris and Berlin have solved 
the problem of sewage disposal. The “tight little island” of 
England forbids the pollution of rivers and harbors; and a 
royal commission enforces the law. Only one state in the 
Union, Washington, has followed the example of England. 
The magnitude of the problem elsewhere may be known from 
the fact that more money has been expended in sewage dis¬ 
posal works in Great Britain within a quarter of a century 
than the national debt of the United States incurred in sup¬ 
pressing the Rebellion. 

The opinion has been expressed by some writer of note 
that the fall of Rome and the decay of the Roman Empire 
was due not to the inroads of barbarians, but to the Cloaca or 
ancient great sewer of Rome, which poured into the Tiber and 
into the sea and lost the manurial value from a million farms, 
made a desert of most of the Mediterranean Coast, filled up 
the Roman harbor, and degenerated the Latin race. 

An English writer of repute, a physician and a scientist, 
considers sewage disposal by water carriage, while a great 
convenience, almost a curse to modern civilization ; for as 
sewers are commonly built, they lead to a serious drain on a 
community, the inception of new diseases, and the spread of 
contagion. On the other hand he advocates the scattering 
of the people from the cities to the country. 

With proper sewage disposal the sewers become a bless¬ 
ing to any community. 


a8 


LOCATION OF DISPOSAL WORKS. 


It is possible to treat sewage in a thickly settled section, 
without creating a nuisance. As a matter of cost as well as 
sentiment it is usually advisable to carry it as far as possible 
from any human habitation. It is much better to treat it on 
the main business street of a town or city than to pollute the 
water front or the source of water supply of the community it¬ 
self, or of a neighboring municipality. It is not only foolish 
but criminal to endanger the lives or health of human beings: 
even the cattle, the sheep, or the hog, must be protected from 
contamination, while milk or meat is an article of food. 

Every community should, if possible, treat and purify its 
sewage within its own territory, so as not only to have ab¬ 
solute authority on the premises, but be spared the humili¬ 
ation of having its dirty but necessary work thrust upon its 
neighbors. If no land is available within its boundaries it 
should be bought, annexed, or made. 

Disposal works can be so designed, constructed, and 
operated, that the land devoted to the purpose may be the 
most beautiful and attractive section of the town or city in 
which they are located. It may be made to equal a section 
of Central Park, Boston Common or Public Garden, Mount 
Auburn, or Forest Hills Cemetery. The necessary structures 
may be disguised as Assyrian, Egyptian, Grecian, or Roman 
edifices, or represent the castellated medieval Gothic fortress. 
The architect could readily design an appropriate exterior. 

The experiments at Eawrence demonstrate that sub¬ 
surface filtration works are feasible. The ground above, if 
not converted into a park or play-ground, could be devoted 
to municipal purposes, such as the storage of water-and sewer- 
pipe, paving blocks, edge stones, machinery, carts, or lumber. 
The sludge could be forced through pipe lines to any locality. 


29 


COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGE OF DISPOSAL 
WORKS. 


There is nothing that can be done by the citizens of a 
town or city which advertises it more as a desirable place for 
business or residence, than scientifically constructed sewage 
disposal works. Good schools, good roads, good water, good 
railroad facilities, good hotels, good government, and good 
people are expected in every American city and in most 
American towns. Sewers soon become a necessity to every 
large aggregation of population. But sewage disposal works 
appeal to the imagination. They advertise a city as 
one in the van of progress. 

Haling, a suburb of kondon, took a leap into popularity 
and prominence as soon as the sewage disposal plant was 
established there. It became instantly the most thriving 
suburb of that metropolis. Hast Orange, N. J., became 
the most popular suburb of New York when the sew¬ 
age disposal works were constructed in the town ; and the 
village quickly doubled, trebled, and quadrupled in popu¬ 
lation and wealth, attracting the choicest kind of people. 
The town got such a start that eventually it outgrew its dis¬ 
posal works, and found it more economical to enter the New¬ 
ark sewers than to enlarge the plant, land had become so 
valuable. Worcester, Mass., is famous for the enterprise 
of its citizens, the character of its manufactures, and the 
magnitude of its disposal system. 

Gardner, Brockton, Andover, Marlboro, Framingham, 
and Natick, Mass., have sewage disposal systems: and 
the State of Massachusetts has taken the most advanced 
ground of any Commonwealth in the world in investigating 
and experimenting officially with sewage and sewage dis¬ 
posal; bacteria and chemical action; filtration and ozydization; 
in examination and purification of water ; and in publishing 
their work in full in exhaustive reports, eagerly sought for 
by scientific men throughout the world. 


3 ° 


MANURIAL VALUE OF SEWAGE. 


The manurial value of sewer sludge per individual per 
annum is variously estimated by different authorities from 


$1.62 to $5.00. 

Eawes and Way value it at J2.11 

Voelcker values it at 2.25 

Hofmann and Witt value it at 2.94 

Thudichum values it at 5.00 


Macaire, Marcet, Mechi, and Voelcker analyze it and 
find it equal to, or to exceed in value, stable manure. 

W. Santo Crimp an English authority writes : “ There 
can be no question that sludge does possess some manurial 
value, and the experiments by Dr. Munro, by Colonel Jones, 
and by the author, show that it is of about the same value 
as farm-yard manure, weight for weight. Indeed Dr. Munro 
is inclined to think that when properly dried and pulverized, 
a manure may be produced from sewage sludge worth con¬ 
siderably more per ton than farm-yard manure.” 

Sludge, if buried a few inches under a covering of loam, 
ashes, sand or earth, in northern sections of the United States, 
being subjected to the rigors of one winter, will be thor¬ 
oughly disintegrated, and become a very valuable fertilizer. 
It is best to treat it on a sandy or gravelly soil, where the 
moisture is more readily absorbed in the soil beneath. 

Mr. John E- Smith, Superintendent of the Board of 
Public Works of Andover, Mass., has experimented with 
sewer sludge, and finds it produces wonderful fertility. 

Mr. Henry Bean, Superintendent of the Rockingham 
County establishment at Brentwood, N. H., finds it of more 
value on the farm than stable manure. 


31 


Whether the manurial value in the sewage is recovered 
and applied to the soil, or buried, or burned, or wasted, depends 
upon the judgment of each community. There is a value of 
about $2.50 per inhabitant per year, according to investi¬ 
gating German scientists, which can be advantageously 
applied to the land. It is possible that under unfavorable 
circumstances it costs more to recover it than it is worth as an 
article of commerce. But no community can afford to waste 
it. To illustrate : our pension roll is heavy, but the money is 
returned to the community, and there is no loss, simply a 
redistribution of the cash. If, however, we had to pay a 
tribute to a foreign country of only $100,000,000 per year, 
it is only a question of a few years when the country would 
be ruined and money would disappear. The waste of values 
in sewage is a drain on any community, like a tribute to a 
foreign power. It is not only a waste to neglect the sewage, 
but a cause of pollution to the air or to the water. If prop¬ 
erly applied it is a source of wealth, two blades of grass 
replacing one; or else it ruins a brook, a river or a lake, 
covers with sewer fungus the water-worn ledges and rocks 
along the shore, or fills up a harbor and desecrates a sea front. 

Whenever it is a matter of judicial decision, the pollution 
of a stream by sewage is prohibited. 

Sewer sludge can be variously treated and disposed of. Hydraulic 
presses might remove the moisture. Cars might carry it to any part of 
New England. Thousands of worn-out farms could profit by it, and be 
restored to fertility .—Boston Herald, 


32 


CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION. 


Chemical precipitation of the suspended organic im¬ 
purities in the sewage is in operation on a large scale in the 
city of Worcester, Massachusetts, the abiding place of ioo,- 
ooo inhabitants. The small river which receives the 
effluent from the disposal works is as free from contamination 
below the inlet as it is above. The sludge is exposed on beds 
to drain and evaporate, and is drawn away when nearly free 
from moisture by farmers within a radius of twelve miles. 

The experiments at Lawrence demonstrate that the area 
required after precipitation, for purification by intermittent 
filtration, is reduced to one twentieth of what would be re¬ 
quired without precipitation. 

The fallacy that running water purifies itself, a mistake 
that has led to the death of countless millions of the human 
race, is founded on the apparent fact that contaminated 
water soon clarifies itself by sedimentation. The germs so 
fatal to man are invisible to the naked eye, and give no 
evidence to any sense of their existence. They may exist 
in the cool sparkling water from the deepest well, or in the 
clear spring, the broadest river, or the great lake; only inter¬ 
mittent filtration or distillation will destroy the life of all 
germs. 

Chemical precipitation removes about 50% of the sus¬ 
pended and dissolved organic impurities of the sewage, and 
adds to the amount of sludge to be cared for. There is reason 
to believe that the bacteria in the rapid filters of the system 
advocated by the American Sewage Disposal Company of 
Boston, will still further remove the impurities; while the 
outside filtration, through properly prepared filter beds, 
will render the effluent absolutely pure. This system will 
be found of service where land is costly and where a large 
quantity of sewage is to be treated. 


33 


THE CHARACTER OF AMERICAN SEWAGE. 


The following article from the Boston Herald may be read 
with profit: 

The experiments at Lawrence have demonstrated that ordinary 
sewage from American cities contains 998 parts of pure water, one part of 
mineral matter, and one part of animal and vegetable matter, or organic 
matter. Sewage would become entirely purified if we could take out the 
two parts of mineral and organic matter and leave the 998 parts of pure 
water, but as the mineral matter is not generally objectionable, we are 
satisfied to call it purified if we succeed in taking out the one part of 
organic matter. If to the surface of a body of open sand an inch of sew¬ 
age is applied, it is found one day later that the bottom particles go down 
about nine inches, the top particles remaining just below the surface. In 
this nine inches about two-thirds of the space is occupied by sand, one- 
ninth of the space is water, and about one-quarter is air. The sewage is 
suspended here in extremely thin layers, covering the particles of sand 
and stretching between some of the nearest particles, and intimately 
mingled with more than twice its volume of air. Upon covering the sur¬ 
face with sewage today, the sewage of yesterday and more of the air 
which is associated with it are pushed down, with more or less mixture, 
by the incoming sewage to the nine inches next below. 

Sewage will average in 100,000 parts, of free ammonia, 2.68 parts; of 
albuminoid ammonia, .63 parts; of chlorine, 8.57 parts; of bacteria 
923,000 per cubic centimeter. After settling four hours in the tank it 
loses 18.2 per cent, of albuminoid ammonia, and 12 per cent, of bacteria, 
by sedimentation. 

The amount of sludge in sewage varies, but unless care is taken any 
sewage will in time clog any ordinary filter. The sewage applied to the 
experimental filters at Lawrence contains more sludge than the sewage of 
other places, and consequently the experimental filters require more 
attention to prevent clogging than do the several large filters in actual 
service at Framingham, Marlboro, Gardner and Westboro, which receive 
more dilute sewage. 


34 


CARE OF FILTER BEDS. 


There are four methods of treating the sewage to prevent or relieve 
the clogging of the filter beds by the removal of sludge before the sewage 
is carried to the filter beds. 

1. By rapid filtration through coarse gravel, with the aid of air 
drawn through the gravel. 

2. By chemical precipitation. 

3. By sedimentation. 

4. By mechanical devices, such as fine screens or wire cloth. 

Tank No. 1 at Lawrence contains coarse mortar sand, 46 per cent, 
from .02 to .04 of an inch in diameter. A sample of open sand like this, 
having a depth of 5% feet, allowed water to pass through it at the rate of 
300,000,000 gallons per acre per day, when covered to the depth of six 
inches, or at the rate of 60,000 gallons per square yard per day. The 
quantity of water remaining in this sand, when drained so that no more 
will readily run from it, is probably a little greater near the bottom than 
in the upper layers, but the sand is so open that, when so drained, air 
can pass quite freely up through a depth of five feet of it; and when the 
surface is covered with water, air within the sand will be forced down 
and out through the underdrains. 

It is well known that with filters of suitable material sewage may be 
purified at the rate of more than 100,000 gallons per acre daily with the 
removal of over 90 per cent, of the organic matter .—Boston Herald . 


The experiment at Lawrence most nearly in line with the system 
proposed for Andover and Danvers by Civil Engineer John N. McClin- 
tock, was with a filter bed containing 60 inches in depth of sand. It 
received the supernatant liquid from sewage which had been allowed to 
settle four hours. It was constructed in September. The surface was 
scraped on an average once in six days, and the average depth removed 
was .37 inch. In December the sand was spaded over to a depth of 6 
inches, three times, to remove sub-surface clogging. The average rate of 
filtration was 416,300 gallons per acre per day, removing 89.4 per cent, of 
albuminoid ammonia, and 98.6 per cent, of bacteria. By passing the 
sewage through two filters, without sedimentation, 320,000 gallons per 
day per acre was purified by the removal of 96.7 per cent, of albuminoid 
ammonia and 99.9 per cent, of bacteria. From a chemical and biological 
point of view, no marked difficulties attend the purification of sewage 
applied beneath the surface. As much of the sludge as possible should 
be removed from the original sewage by screens and sedimentation before 
applying it to the sub surface .—Boston Herald . 

35 



LIFE, OR CONTINUED EFFECTIVENESS OF 

FILTER BEDS. 


The average results from all the filters at Lawrence, some of which 
have been in operation regularly for six years, indicate that with the 
main body of the sand remaining the same, sewage filters may continue 
to purify sewage for an indefinite time, provided they receive proper 
treatment to insure sufficient ventilation for the oxydation and nitrifica¬ 
tion of the applied sewage. 

The interruption of the ventilation of the filter, owing to clogging 
by the stored organic matter of the sludge at the surface, is prevented to 
a great extent by a systematic weekly raking to the depth of about one 
inch. Eventually the storage of sludge in the material disturbed by the 
weekly raking is so great that ventilation is no longer afforded by this 
means. It is then necessary, in order to insure the continued efficiency 
of the filter, to present cleaner material at the surface, and one of the 
ways by which this may be accomplished is by removing the clogged 
material by scraping and replacing it with fresh material. 

There was removed from the surface of experimental filter No. i 
five inches of clogged material. This was four years and five months 
after the filter was first put in operation. The total depth removed in 
five years and four months was nine inches, or 7.9 cubic yards per million 
gallons of sewage filtered. 

The sand in place in the filter at Andover costs 35 cents a cubic 
yard. Allowing 200,000 gallons of sewage per day for Andover at pres¬ 
ent, the cost of renewing the filter would average 55 cents per day, or 
.#201.84 a year. 

The enclosed filter beds in the system recommended for Andover 
provide 1% square yards of filtering surface for 1000 gallons of sewage 
daily. The experiments at Lawrence do not cover this condition, but 
disposal works in England in successful operation for many years show 
what this rapid filtration will do .—Boston Herald. 


36 


RAPID FILTRATION. 


The following interview in 1895 is from the columns of 
the Boston Herald , a paper which always expresses a deep and 
intelligent interest in this subject : 

Mr. John N. McClintock said yesterday to a Herald man : 

“The system provides tanks for sedimentation, which may be used at 
any time for chemical precipitation, with provision for drawing off the 
clear water collected in the tanks upon a small filter bed, followed by the 
sludge, which, after drainage, can be composted with ashes, loam or 
sand, and removed. It provides a filter bed, through which the sewage, 
deprived of much of its sludge, is allowed to pass at the rate of 1000 gal¬ 
lons per square yard per day by intermittent filtration. It provides for 
the working of this system throughout the year by covering the filter 
beds with a roof, and the ventilation of the sewage by a forced draught. 

“The filter beds being protected by a building, can be cared for and 
renewed at all seasons, and will not become a nuisance in any 
neighborhood. 

“The partially purified and wholly clarified effluent from the covered 
filter beds is carried to an out-of-doors filter, where it is distributed by a 
se-ries of overdrains, thoroughly ventilated, under a cover of loam. These 
out-of-door filter beds are thoroughly underdrained, and provide for the 
further purification of the sewage, allowing an acre for the purification 
of a 100,000 gallons of sewage daily. 

“After the sewage has been clarified by sedimentation in the tanks, 
and -purified by rapid, intermittent filtration through the first filter beds, 
so much of the impurities will be found to have been removed that an 
acre will probably purify from 300,000 to 500,000 gallons daily. 

“What sewage passes through a five-foot filter bed will not clog the 
overdrains. If it should clog the overdrains in the course of years, new 
overdrains could be laid at a trifling expense. If it was found that over¬ 
drains made of inverted troughs of hemlock boards lasted many years, 
the cost would be a mere trifle. 

“If this system applies to the sewage disposal of a farm-house, a vil¬ 
lage, or a small town, it applies to a city of the size of New Orleans, Bos¬ 
ton, Chicago or New York. 


37 


“Boston is now pumping the foul stuff, and pouring it out in front of 
her front door at the mouth of the harbor, or at Moon island, making of the 
harbor a collecting tank. Some of the sludge is collected and dumped 
some miles from the shore. The fertilizing value of this sewage, which 
is being lost, is over $3,000,000 a year. It is injuring the harbor, by fill¬ 
ing it up with the most noxious of materials. In the course of the 
coming years, what is now a beautiful expanse of water will be a vast 
marsh, if the present system is maintained, with a narrow channel 
scoured through it by the Neponset, the Charles and the Mystic rivers. 
The amount of sludge deposited in the harbor yearly at present is from 
29,200 cubic yards, the lowest estimate, to 136,875 cubic yards, enough to 
raise the grade three feet, of from six to thirty acres. A float placed in 
the water at the mouth of the harbor at the beginning of the flood tide 
will come toward the city with the incoming tide; it will remain station¬ 
ary a short time at high water; it will retrace its course with the ebb 
tide. Unless it is lodged on the shore, its voyage will be up and down 
the harbor, day after day, year after year, until the small volume of fresh 
water received by the harbor crowds it out into the ocean. So it is with 
the sewage that does not lodge on the shore or settle to the bottom. 

“The experiments of the State Board of Health, wisely conducted for 
many years at Lawrence, have demonstrated that this sewage can be 
purified by intermittent filtration at the rate of one acre of land for from 
400 to 4000 inhabitants. It would require from 100 to 1000 acres to pro¬ 
vide for the sewage of the metropolitan district around Boston. 

“There are thousands of acres of marsh and flats around the city that 
can be used,—at the mouth of the Neponset, in South Boston, on the 
Charles, up the Mystic, in Medford, Malden, Everett, Chelsea, Revere, 
Winthrop, Milton and Quincy. Provincetown could furnish millions of 
yards of the finest filtering material. 

“The marsh can be reclaimed for 10 cents a foot, raised three to five 
feet with sand, overdrained and underdrained, streets laid out, covering 
the mains of the overdrains. The grade of the Back Bay Fens might be 
raised, and sub-surface irrigation used, to their increased beauty and fer¬ 
tility. What garden spots those marshes would make, like those around 
Paris and Berlin! What a magnificent system of parks, breathing spots 
for the numberless millions who will inhabit Boston in the centuries 
to come ! 

“Sewage can be so treated that it becomes as pure as spring water, 
and the air we breathe will come to us uncontaminated by the outfall at 
Deer island or Moon island, and Boston harbor be as free from impurities 
as when first visited by the Puritans.” 


38 


RAPID FILTRATION IN ENGLAND. 


At Ealing, a suburb of London, with a population in 1870 of 7500, 
there was treated 400,000 gallons of sewage ‘daily by filtering it through a 
superficial area of 1870 square feet, seven feet four inches in thickness, 
through which the sewage passed in 10 minutes, removing 32 per cent, of 
total suspended and dissolved solid matters, 78 per cent, of organic 
carbon 4 per cent, of organic nitrogen and 39 per cent, of ammonia. 

At Bradford the sewage is filtered at the rate of 900 gallons per 
square yard per day after precipitation with lime and settling 30 to 40 
minutes. The residue is colorless and without odor, save the smell 
of lime. 

Acton, a village of 7000 inhabitants, filters its sewage at the rate of 
1000 gallons per square yard daily. 

Information about Ealing, Bradford and Acton has been obtained 
from “Sewage Disposal Works,” written by W. Santo Crimp, an English 
civil engineer .—Boston Herald. 


THE DUTY OF COLLEGES. 

The time has come when West Point, Annapolis, Har¬ 
vard, Yale, Dartmouth, Bowdoin, and all the great universi¬ 
ties and colleges should follow the example of Columbia and 
Cornell, and establish departments devoted to sanitary engin¬ 
eering. The health and physical welfare of coming genera¬ 
tions are vastly more important to humanity than Greek roots 
or any dead-and-gone abstraction. 

It is a matter of national importance, demonstrated by 
the general lack of knowledge on the subject, shown during 
the last War. An experimental station might well be estab¬ 
lished in every state where bacteriology and chemistry pertain¬ 
ing to the subject could be considered. 


The press is free to use any of the ideas or paragraphs 
contained in this pamphlet, but is requested to give due 
credit to the American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston. 


39 




CONSULTATION AND ROYALTY. 

The American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston 
does not seek to do all the business in the world or even in 
the United States in the line of sewer building or in the con¬ 
struction of sewage disposal works. It is aware that its 
patents dating back many years cover the most valuable, 
most reasonable, and most effective sewage disposal system 
ever devised by the ingenuity of man. It is no trust, trying 
to suppress competition ; but enters legitimately the engineer¬ 
ing and contracting field, welcoming intelligent and honest 
rivalry. It seeks the co-operation of engineers and con¬ 
tractors, and is willing for a reasonable royalty to share 
with any individual, firm, or municipality in any locality, the 
benefits of its system. It is open to any negotiation looking 
towards the formation of a subordinate company having ex¬ 
clusive territory in some particular state of the Union, or 
some foreign country. 

To organize such a company it is necessary for at least 
one civil engineer of good standing, and one reliable con¬ 
tractor to unite their interests. The rights and interests of 
the parent company are so vitally involved with the success 
of a branch company that some care will be exercised in 
forming such companies. 

The American Sewage Disposal Company of Boston, 
through its engineer, architect, counsellor, contractor, banker 
and broker, offers its services actively or in consultation, not 
only to municipalities, but to engineers and contractors on all 
matters pertaining to sewer designing ; to sewer construction ; 
to disposal works designed to partly purify and clarify sew¬ 
age for admission into salt water, or to wholly purify sewage 
before it enters a source of water supply ; to raising money 
for sewer construction ; to apportioning the expense of con¬ 
struction ; and to the many questions constantly arising in 
regard to sewers and sewage disposal systems. 


40 


SPECIAL. 



This pamphlet not being designed for general distribution, 
but rather for the use of individuals or municipalities with 
whom business relations are desired, the following may 
be considered confidential and only presented where the 
letters could properly be submitted. 

The company, in extending its business and soliciting 
opportunities for legitimate enterprise, calls attention to the 
character and professional reputation of the President and 
manager of the company, 

John N. McCi<intock, 

as a matter of public record and documentary evidence. 

During the twenty-five years of his active practice as a 
civil engineer, Mr. McClintock has been entrusted with 
primary and secondary triangulation, topographical and 
hydrographical surveys, geodetic levelling, navigation, 
astronomical work, geological and mining surveys ; the sur¬ 
veys and construction of railroads and electric roads ; the 
surveys and development of water powers ; the surveying and 
designing of sewers and sewage disposal works, parks, ceme¬ 
teries and private estates; the making of assessors’ maps ; 
and the survey and cutting up of the most valuable city 
property. 

He has had charge of work for the U. S. Coast Survey 
and U. S. Engineer Corps ; for the State of New Hampshire 
and the State of Massachusetts; for Merrimack County, the 
city of Concord, the town of Canterbury, and the town of 
Pembroke, N. H.; for the city of Boston, city of Lynn, city of 
Malden, city of New Bedford, city of Medford, and the towns 
of Weston, of Andover, of Gardner and of Provincetown, 
Mass., the city of Portland, Me., the town of Pawtucket, 
R. I., the Boston & Maine Railroad, the General Electric 
Company, the Metropolitan Park Commission, the trustees of 
Public Reservations, the Boston Water Board, and hundreds 
of corporations, firms, and individuals. His work and travel 
have taken him into thirty-two states and five foreign coun¬ 
tries in fourteen of which he has rendered professional services. 


4 * 


EDUCATION. 

He was educated at the public schools and academy in 
Hallowell, Me., Wesleyan Seminary in Readfield, and at 
Bowdoin College, receiving the degree of A. B. in 1867, and 
of A. M. in 1872, the year he was detailed from the Coast 
Survey to the college as instructor in Geodesy and Coast 
Survey methods. 

Casco, Me., January, 1865. 

To whom it may concern :— 

This certifies that John N. McClintock of Hallowell was 
an instructor in one of our largest schools under my super¬ 
vision during the winter of 1864, and that as such he was able 
and competent, and gave perfect satisfaction, and I do not 
hesitate to say that he was the best teacher in town in all 
respects. E- M. Wight, M. D., Casco, Me., 

Chairman S. S. Committee. 
(Present address, Gorham, N. H.) 

Bowdoin College, July 2, 1867. 

This may certify that Mr. John N. McClintock of the 
present graduating class sustains a good moral character and 
is worthy of the confidence and esteem of men. He has, dur¬ 
ing his course in college, given evidence of ability that will 
fit him for stations of honor and usefulness, and is commended 
to the regard of the community in which he may be placed. 

Alpheus S. Packard, 

Collins Professor, etc. 

I concur in the foregoing recommendation. 

Samuel Harris, President. 

Bowdoin College, July 3, 1867. 

This may certify that Mr. J. N. McClintock, a member of 
the graduating class of this college, sustains a high rank in 
the Department of Mathematics, especially in the practical 


42 


application of the science of surveying, etc., for which he has 
a decided taste, and predilection. I cordially recommend him 
for a place in the Coast Survey, which he is desirous of 
obtaining, having no doubt that he will discharge with 
ability and success the duties of any appointment he may 
receive. 

Wm. Smyth, Professor Mathematics. 

Bowdoin CoeeEGE, April 16, 1867. 

The First Prize for excellence in English composition is 
awarded to McClintock. 

J. B. Sewaee, President Pro tern. 

Bowdoin Coeeege, 

Brunswick, Me., July 3, 1867. 

The bearer, Mr. John N. McClintock, is a member of the 
class of ’67, about to graduate from this institution, and has 
acquitted himself honorably in the studies of my Department- 
The college has endorsed his abilities by conferring upon him 
the highest prize for English composition. 

J. S. Sewaee, 

Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory. 

COAST SURVEY RECORD- 

The letters from General Joshua E. Chamberlain, Gov¬ 
ernor of Maine, and Hon. Henry W. Paine of Massachusetts, 
now on file at the Department, led to Mr. McClintock’s 
appointment as an aid to the Superintendent U. S. Coast Sur¬ 
vey immediately after graduation. His promotion in the ser¬ 
vice was rapid, and his record may be found in the U. S. 
Coast Survey Reports for the years 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 
1871, 1872, 1873, 1874 and 1875, and his name may be found 
on the coast maps issued by the Department, as an officer in 
charge of work. 


43 


TJ. S. Coast Survey Office, 

Washington, D. C., April 13, 1875, 
John N. McCeintock, Esq., Concord, N. H., 

Dear Sir :— 

As you desire to have an expression of my opinion of 
your professional ability in consequence of your having re¬ 
signed from the U. S. Coast Survey Service with a view of 
seeking employment more nearly at home, I testify with 
pleasure to the fact that during your connection with the 
Coast Survey you have acquired experience in all but the 
astronomical branches of its operation, and have given evi¬ 
dence of being skilful in the higher branches of surveying. 

Yours Respectfully* 

J. E. Hiegard, Ass’t U. S. Coast Survey, 

In charge of Office. 

(Afterward Superintendent.) 

Boston, Mass., April 20, 1875. 

J. N. McCeintock, Concord, N. H., 

Dear Sir :— 

I have no doubt of your ability to execute sewage 
with accuracy and despatch. In the management of party 
affairs, and in the general conduct of work, I have regarded 
your methods as practical and effective. 

Very Truly Yours, 

Henry E. Whiting, 

Ass’t U. S. Coast Survey. 

(Inspector of Topography.) 

RESIDENCE IN CONCORD, N. H. 

After resigning from the Coast Survey in 1875, Mr. 
McClintock commenced the practice of his profession as 
surveyor and civil engineer in Concord, N. H. 


44 


LrfC. 


Hanover, N. H., July 19, 1878. 

This may certify that I have been acquainted personally 
with Maj. J. N. McClintock and his works during his resi¬ 
dence in New Hampshire, and satisfied that he thoroughly 
understands topographical and hydrographical surveying, 
and is thoroughly competent to take charge of any survey of 
this nature that may be entrusted to him. 

Respectfully Yours, 

C. H. Hitchcock, 

State Geologist of New Hampshire. 

Concord, N. H., July 18, 1878. 

I am acquainted with John N. McClintock, A. M., now of 
this city. I believe that he thoroughly understands the 
profession of civil engineering, that he is a man of ability 
and extensive information, and that any service which he 
may be called upon to perform will be attended to with 
promptitude and fidelity. 

Very Respectfully Yours, 

Waeter Harriman, 

(Ex-Governor of New Hampshire 
and Naval Officer at Boston.) 

Mieeord, N. H., July 22, 1878. 

I take pleasure in recommending John N. McClintock 
of Concord, N. H., as an engineer. I am assured by his 
numerous friends in Concord that he is in everyway qualified, 
and that his character is unexceptionable. 

Bainbridge Wadeeigh, 

(U. S. Senator for New Hampshire.) 

State of New Hampshire Executive Dept. 

Concord, N. H., July 18, 1878. 

John N. McClintock of this city is a civil engineer of 
experience. I have known him for several years, and have 
seen much of his work done in this State. As far as I am 
able to judge I consider him an excellent engineer. 

Most Respectfully, 

B. F. Prescott (Governor). 


45 


Concord, N. H., March 13, 1888. 

From an acquaintance with Mr. John N. McClintock, of 
several years, I am able to say that he is a gentleman of good 
standing in this community where he is well known. 

A. B. Thompson, Secretary of State. 

Concord, N. H., March 12, 1888. 

I can cheerfully recommend Mr. John N. McClintock to 
anyone desiring to secure the services of a civil engineer or 
surveyor. 

Solon A. Carter, State Treasurer. 

BOSTON. 

In August, 1891, Mr. McClintock was given a party in 
the Survey of Boston by the Board of Survey, and was en¬ 
trusted with the triangulations of the city, necessitating his 
removal from Concord, N. H., and his settling in Boston. 

Concord, N. H., Dec. 10, 1892. 

To whom it may concern :— 

This is to certify that Mr. John N. McClintock, A. M., 
until recently a resident of the city of Concord, is a civil 
engineer of long and varied experience, well and favorably 
known throughout New Hampshire, and ranking high in his 
profession as a man of scientific attainment. In seeking a 
broader field for the practice of his profession in Boston he 
takes with him the confidence and respect of this community. 
We commend him to those who may require his services. 

H. A. Tuttle (Governor of N. H.). 

Ezra S. Stearns (Secretary of State). 

Solon A. Carter (State Treasurer). 

J. W. Patterson, 

(Supt. of Instruction, Ex-U. S. Senator.) 

A. D. Ayling (Adjutant-General). 

H. W. Clapp (Ex-Mayor of Concord). 


46 


United States Senate, 

Washington, D. C., Dec. io, 1892. 

John N. McClintock, Esq., has been known to me for many 
years as a gentleman of literary culture and capacity, also 
as a civil engineer of excellent ability. I am confident that 
he can do any civil engineering work in good taste, and 
satisfactorily to those who may ask him to serve in that 
capacity. I cordially commend him to all persons, cor¬ 
porations, or municipalities, who have engineering work 
to be performed. 

Yours Respectfully, 

W. E. ChandeER. 

United States Senate, 

Washington, D. C., Dec. 6, 1892. 

To whom it may concern :-— 

I take pleasure in recommending Maj. John N. Mc¬ 
Clintock as a competent civil engineer, and a good citizen. 
Mr. McClintock has had a large experience in his profession, 
and has always given great satisfaction. I know of few men 
in his department of service who have so thorough and com¬ 
prehensive a knowledge of the business as he, and feel sure 
that he cannot do otherwise than give satisfaction to any 
individual or firm employing him. 

J. H. Gaeeinger, U. S. S. 

Manchester, N. H., Dec. 3, 1892. 

To whom it may concern :— 

Mr. John N. McClintock, formerly of this state, is a gentle¬ 
man of high personal character, and of high scientific attain¬ 
ments, especially in the line of his profession which is that 
of civil engineer. I feel confident that those who consult or 
employ him will be fully satisfied of his integrity and capacity. 

Very Respectfully, 

Henry W. Beair (Ex-U. S. Senator). 


47 


During his residence in New Hampshire Mr. Mc- 
Clintock was a Justice of the Peace, a member of the New 
Hampshire Historical Society, and a corresponding member 
of the Maine Historical Society. On his removal to Boston 
he was elected a corresponding member of the New Hampshire 
Historical Society. 

Report of the Commissioners of the TopographicAe 

Survey. 

Boston, Dec. 30, 1893. 

To His ExceeeEncy Frederick T. Greenhaege, 
Governor of Massachusetts :— 

Mr. McClintock’s well-known reputation as a topographer, 
and his former connections with the Coast and Geodetic 
Survey and the State Survey of New Hampshire, and later 
work in Massachusetts, are a guarantee, in the judgment of 
the Board, of the accuracy and completeness of detail of the 
work he has performed for the Commonwealth. 

Henry L. Whiting, 
Nathaniee S. Shaeer, 
Desmond Fitzgeraed. 

The attitude of the State Board of Health toward the system (now 
controlled by the American Sewage Disposal Company) of purifying sew¬ 
age has reached an important and interesting stage. 

The interests of those who are concerned most closely with the sys¬ 
tem are being looked after by John N. McClintock, civil engineer, of 
this city. He has studied the problem of sewage disposal extensively, 
both in this country and abroad. In his visits to other states, 
and in letters from municipal authorities received by him, he is often 
asked what his own state is doing. —Boston Herald , 1895. 

SEWER COMMISSIONERS’ REPORT. 

Andover, Mass., Feb. 4, 1896. 

While making these investigations our attention was 
called by John N. McClintock, A. M., to plans designed by 
him providing for chemical precipitation and rapid filtration 


48 


through coarse material, the whole to be under cover and 
well ventilated. The plan presents many points of merit, and 
ought to prove economical in operation, and if adopted by the 
town would save in the neighborhood of $75,000 in cost of 
construction. It has not, however, been approved by the 
State Board of Health. 

Wm. S. Jenkins, I 

John E- Smith, >• Sewer Commissioners. 

John E. Smith, ) 

Andover, Mass., Oct. 5, 1899. 

Mr. John N. McCeintock, C. E- 
Dear Sir :— 

The action of the State Board of Health rendered it im¬ 
possible for Andover to construct the disposal system designed 
by you. 

Our disposal works, as constructed under the advice, 
and with the consent of the State Board, consist of a filtration 
and of four acres made up of twenty beds, each containing 
about one-fifth of an acre. In the operation of these beds we 
find it possible to filter the whole of the present flow of sewage 
of the town, about 60,000 gals, per day, by alternating two 
of these beds. 

In regard to using crude sewage, concentrated, I have 
made but one trial; it burned the growing crop. A second 
crop grown in the same ground, after plowing in, shows 
wonderful fertility of the ground. 

Yours truly, 

John E- Smith, 

Superintendent Board of Public Works. 

October 19, 1893, he was elected a member of the Boston 
Society of Civil Engineers, and the following year a member, 
and later a director, of the Harvard Improvement Association. 
In 1896 he was secretary of the American Whist Club of 


49 


Boston, which includes in its membership many of the leaders 
in the literary, social and financial circles of Boston. The 
members of the club, the officers of the Harvard Improve¬ 
ment Association, and many other Boston gentlemen, 
petitioned for his appointment as Assistant Superintendent 
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, with the rank of colonel, to 
serve either with the army or with the navy, when, upon the 
breaking out of the war with Spain, he offered his services to 
the government in any capacity in which his experience 
would be of value. 

He assured the Secretary of War that he could guard the 
health of a regiment, brigade, army corps, or camps of mobi¬ 
lization, as a city engineer protects a city. He did his whole 
duty in trying to avert the mortality in the camps. 

Mr. McClintock studied the effect of sewage on Boston 
harbor with Assistant Henry Mitchell of the Coast Survey; 
and was before the court in 1877 as an expert witness on the 
effect of sewage on Portland harbor in a legal battle between 
Gen. Charles P. Mattocks and Speaker Thomas B. Reed. 

He has been frequently called as an expert witness on 
civil engineering subjects before State and United States 
Courts since 1872. 

Brockton, Oct. 21, 1899. 

Mr. J. N. McCrintock, 

Dear Sir :— 

Your letter was received this morning. It is with 
great pleasure we send to you the picture of our dear father 
by this mail. How pleased he would be to know it, for he 
tried so hard and suffered so much to put the system before 
the world ! 

Please credit us all with any amount of gratitude for giv¬ 
ing to father the credit of the invention. We hope that you 
will feel that we thoroughly appreciate the interest and labor 
you have had to bring value to the patents, that have been 
seemingly dead to the world. Yours gratefully, 

For Estate of A. S. Glover. S. B. Farrrr. 


50 


THE DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY. 


Mr. Joseph P. O’Connell, one of the directors of the 
American Sewage Disposal Company, conducts an extensive 
business, furnishing masons’ supplies, brick, lime, cement and 
pipe, besides being a contractor, entrusted with some of the 
most important sewer work for Boston and neighboring cities 
let out in recent years. He has built many miles of sewers 
under the most difficult conditions. He is highly respected 
by the city officials with whom he has had business relations, 
and is specially skilled in sewer construction. The other 
officers of the Company are men of sound judgment in 
finances, whose co-operation will be of weight and value when 
important contracts are made. They embark in this business 
not only from motives of self-interest, but from patriotic and 
public-spirited sentiments, planning not only to benefit certain 
localities, but the community at large, the nation, and the 
world for the present and for the future. 




























































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