{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3556", "width": "2232", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "K", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "W Jj-n**. \u00c2\u00a34****\\\\tS^- 0\u00c2\u00ab-a^*C\\\\.\\ni tit- n*\\nL", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "-%s", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "-3", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PL IV.\\nj-\\nMALE CASHMERE GOAT.\\nThe property of Richard Peters, of Atlanta, Georgia, imported in 1849 from Turkey, in Asia, by J. B. Davis, M.D.,\\nof South Carolina. Live weight 155 pounds. Weight of yearly fleece 7 pounds.\\nPI. V.\\nIll\\nFEMALE CASHMERE GOAT.\\nThe property of Richard Peters, of Atlanta, Georgia, imported in 1849 from Turkey, in Asia, by J. B. Davis, M.D.,\\nof South Carolina. Live weight 102 pounds. Weight of yearly fleece 4 It pounds.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "^r v v\\nMmS^a\\n;v", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "!g\u00c2\u00bba 7ga-r\u00c2\u00abiaag\\nBEFORE DRAINED\\n1843", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "AFTER DRAINED\\n1855.\\nPl.XII.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "(Xtv-va oia-Hs, \\\\lw*l\\n34th Congress, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Ex. Doc.\\n1st Session. No. 1-2.\\nREPORT\\nCOMMISSIONER OF PATENTS\\nFOR THE YEAR 1855\\nAGRICULTURE.\\nWASHINGTON:\\nCORNELIUS WENDELL, PRINTER.\\n1856.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "LC Contiol Number\\n00 301064", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "REPORT\\nCOMMISSIONER OF PATENTS\\nMay 13, 1856. Resolved, That there he printed two hundred thousand copies, extra of\\nthe Agricultural portion of the Patent Office Report, for the use of the House, and ten\\nthousand copies, extra, additional, for the use of the Patent Office.\\nUnited States Patent Office,\\nMarch 31, 1856.\\nSir: Agreeably to the design of Congress, as indicated by the ap-\\npropriation of March 3, 1855, for the collection of agricultural statis-\\ntics, and the procurement and distribution of cuttings and seeds, 1\\nhave the honor to transmit herewith the Agricultural portion of my\\nAnnual Report.\\nThe operations of the past year have been conducted in the same\\ngeneral manner as for the year previous. The same method of pro-\\ncuring and distributing seeds, roots, and cuttings has been continued;\\nbut arrangements have now been made by which the annual visit of\\nan agent to Europe for the selection and purchase of those articles will\\nhereafter be rendered unnecessary.\\nThrough the large and well-known establishments of Messrs. Vil-\\nmorin-Andrieux Co., in Paris, William Skirving, in Liverpool,\\nCharlwood Cummins, in London, and Ernst Von Spreckelsen\\nCo., at Hamburg, we expect hereafter to obtain any seeds we may\\nneed, selected with as much eare and fidelity as though such an agent\\nwere despatched each year for the purpose.\\nThe means pursued for obtaining most of our agricultural statistics,\\nthough deemed the best that could then be devised, have been far short\\nof what was desired, and much of the information obtained has been", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "iV AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nexceedingly loose and desultory. To render this information more\\ncomplete and reliable, a project to secure the co-operation of the several\\nState and Territorial governments has been in contemplation. Some\\nof the States have for several years past obtained these statistics for\\ntheir own purposes, with highly satisfactory results. In Lopes that\\nothers might be induced to imitate this example, and that the system\\nmight be developed so far as to embrace the whole Union, the follow-\\ning circulai was prepared and addressed to the governors and other\\nprominent individuals of the several States and Territories\\nWashington, February 29, 1856.\\nSir An appropriation is annually made by Congress to defray the\\nexpense of obtaining statistics, and to aid in other methods, to some\\nextent, in promoting and fostering the agricultural interests of this\\ncountry. There is every reasonable probability that this course of\\npolicy will be continued hereafter.\\nThe results hitherto obtained however, have been very imperfect, in\\nconsequence of a want of system, and of the means and machinery\\nrequisite for the attainment of the purpose in view and, though the\\nresults have probably been such as to justify the expenditures hereto-\\nfore made, they are insignificant in comparison with those which it is\\nbelieved might be attained by the exertion of a suitable effort.\\nTo put in operation independent machinery on the part of the\\nFederal government, adequate to the attainment of the object in view,\\nwould involve, so many objectionable consequences, both financial and\\npolitical, that no one would be willing to propose or support such a\\nmeasure. But the idea has been suggested that, by the co-operation\\nof the several State and Territorial governments, the object sought\\nmight be attained without any considerable increased expense, or the\\ncreation of additional offices.\\n(t In some of the States, the practice has been already introduced, of\\nannually obtaining statistics of the kinds suggested in the accompany-\\ning schedule by making it the legal duty of the assessors to obtain\\nthese statistics at the time they are making their annual assessments\\nof personal or real property. Such statistics will not be precisely\\naccurate, but they will be far more reliable than estimates made in\\nany oth.er manner that seems as practicable, and cannot but be inter-\\nesting and useful in an eminent degree. Every year will add to the\\naccuracy of these statistics, and of the deductions drawn therefrom\\nand every year would demonstrate their value, in a still greater degree,\\nas the agricultural wealth and importance of this country become", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. V\\nmore real and more generally recognised. It cannot but be useful for\\nthe world to know, annually, the productions that are to be found in\\nits chief granary.\\nBut, in order to reap the greatest possible advantage, a concert of\\naction is indispensable. Uniformity and system in obtaining the de-\\nsired information are essential to success. The importance of being\\nable to construct one set of tables for one State, and a different set for\\nanother State, is trifling in comparison with what would result from\\ntables which should be uniform for all those States where the same\\narticles were produced. The entire amount of each product should\\nbe shown, as far as possible, and, if to the agricultural statistics those\\nin relation to its commerce and mineral products can be added, the\\nvalue of the results will be vastly enhanced.\\nA material element of the system above shadowed forth is the\\nestablishment of a central agency, by which the information obtained\\nin the different portions of this extended country may be collected,\\narranged, and published. The Agricultural branch of the Patent\\nOffice seems naturally to suggest itself for this purpose. Adequate\\nmeans are there found for collecting and arranging the information\\nobtained in the several States, and the Annual Agricultural Report\\nfurniskes a ready vehicle for disseminating this digested information\\nover the whole country.\\nSuch a plan is, therefore, now suggested for your consideration. If\\nyou deem it worthy of yo ir countenance, you are invited to take such\\nsteps as you may think proper to cause its general adoption. Espe-\\ncially are you desired to use your influence to cause your own local\\nlegislature to act efficiently in the matter, as far as their territorial\\njurisdiction extends.\\nA schedule is herewith furnished, showing, in a general way, the\\nnature of the information which is thought desirable. Other items\\nmay be added but, in order to insure uniformity to this extent, it is\\nsuggested that nothing herein contained should be omitted, so far as\\nthe articles enumerated are produced in your State or Territory.\\nIt is not expected that any further than general aggregates will\\nbe returned to this Office and, in order that such returns may be\\npublished in the Report for the then current year, they should be com-\\nmunicated, if possible, by the first of June, annually.\\nYours, very respectfully.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "VI\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nAmount and estimated value of some of the principal agricultural and\\nmineral products, and the manufactures resulting therefrom, of the\\nState of in the year 1855.\\nArticles.\\nQuantity. Valuation\\nApples bushels..\\nBailey do\\nBeans and peas do\\nBoots and shoes pairs\\nBuckwheat bushels.\\nButter pounds.\\nCattle and calves, on hand. number..\\nCattie and calves, slaughtered do\\nCheese pounds.\\nClover-seed do\\nCoal tons\\nCopper ore do\\nCorn bushels.\\nCotton bales or pounds..\\nCotton goods yards.\\nFlax pounds.\\nGrapes do...\\nHay tons..\\nHemp pounds.\\nHogs, on hand number\\nHogs, slaughtered do...\\nHorses and mules do\\nIron, pig, American pounds.\\nLead do\\nOats bushels.\\nPaper reams or pounds-\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nPot ..toes, sweet do...\\nRice tierces\\nRosin, tar, and pitch barrels.\\nRye bushels.\\nSalt pounds or bushels.\\nSheep and lambs, on hand.- number.\\nSheep and lambs, slaughtered do\\nSugar pounds.\\nTimothy and other grass seeds bushels.\\nTobacco pounds.\\nWheat .bushels.\\nWhiskey gallons.\\nWine do...\\nWool pounds.\\nIt was hoped that the object sought would be deemed sufficiently\\nimportant, to each of the State and Territorial governments, to induce\\nthem all to take the requisite steps for procuring and furnishing the\\ndesired information, which could be digested and sent abroad through\\nthe Annual Report of this Office, and thus the design of Congress\\nwould be attained, in as full and complete a manner, and with as lit-\\ntle cost and trouble, as could ever have been anticipated.\\nFrom the answers received, it is regarded as probable that such", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER. yii\\nwill eventually be the case but, from the lateness of the time when\\nthe circular was issued, nothing definite could be expected until an-\\nother year.\\nThe real plan proposed has not been fully understood by some of\\nthose to whom the circulars were addressed. Many of them have\\nsupposed that the information obtained was to be communicated to this\\nOffice in its crude state, just as it was procured by the township assess-\\nors throughout the country whereas, the design is, that all the sta-\\ntistics of each State, as derived from the different local officers, should\\nbe fully digested and consolidated, so that nothing but general aggre-\\ngates might be furnished to this Office.\\nIn this way, the Office would have no great burden thrown upon\\nit. It would be serving merely as a channel through which the in-\\nformation, derived from so many different sources, might find its way\\nto the world in a convenient and intelligible shape.\\nIt has been suggested by some, that all the important items of in-\\nformation contemplated in this circular might be found embraced in\\nthe regular census returns, made every five or ten years but this\\ndoes not at all reach the point in view. The great object is to pro-\\ncure reliable information, annually, in advance of the census re-\\nturns, and which may be disseminated for the use of the whole\\ncountry.\\nIf all the producers and dealers in pork could learn, with reason-\\nable certainty, how much was slaughtered last year, and how many\\nhogs were on hand, so as to be able to institute a comparison, in\\nrelation to similar facts, for previous years, the utility of such inform-\\nation would be evident. The same is true in regard to any other\\nagricultural or mineral product.\\nIt is hoped that these considerations will present themselves favora-\\nbly to the minds of State and Territorial legislators, and that ere\\nlong a judicious, economical and well-regulated system, of this nature,\\nmay grow into existence.\\nAbout the time of preparing the foregoing circular, another was\\nissued, and sent to consuls, missionaries, and other persons residing\\nabroad, the object of which was to obtain information relative to the pro-\\nduction and manufacture of cotton in foreign countries. It was believed\\nthat, as this information could be collected at small cost, its procure-\\nment would be legitimate, and would prove highly desirable and\\nuseful.\\nThis measure related, not merely to the present, but also to the\\nprobable future. It was intended to show the amount of cotton pro-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "Vlll AGRICULTURAL REPORT,\\nduced in other countries, and also their adaptation to its future pro-\\nduction. A like course might also he advantageously pursued with\\nregard to tobacco, and perhaps other staples of this country.\\nAssociated with this subject are the steps which have been taken\\nto obtain statistics of certain meteorological facts, which seem vitally\\nconnected with agriculture. The degree of heat, cold, and moist-\\nure, in the various localities, and the usual periods of their occurrence,\\ntogether with their effects upon different agricultural productions,\\nare of incalculable importance, in searching into the laws by which\\nthe successful growth of such products are regulated, and will enable\\nus, with some degree of certainty, to judge where any given article\\ncan be profitably cultivated, and whether other countries will\\never be likely to compete successfully in its culture.\\nWe know, already, sufficient in relation to the meteorological facts\\ninvolved in the question, to state that neither England, nor any portion\\nof Northern Europe, can ever be successful competitors in the culture\\nof Indian corn. It may, very probably, be within the reach of more\\nextended scientific observation and research to determine whether\\ncotton, and many other of our products, can hereafter be cultivated\\nwith success in any of the other quarters of the world.\\nIn conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution, an effort has\\nalready been commenced by this Office to obtain such of these meteoro-\\nlogical statistics as are most intimately connected with agriculture. A\\nfew hundred dollars were appropriated for that purpose the past year,\\nand the expenditure is believed to have been judicious, and its con-\\ntinuance by this Office is contemplated.\\nAs a supplement to these meteorological investigations, the im-\\nportance of chemical analyses of soils and products naturally sug-\\ngests itself. The full purpose of the former, as above set forth,\\ncannot be carried out without a resort to the latter. Something in\\nthis direction has already been attempted. An accomplished chemist\\nhas been employed to analyse certain portions of the corn and cotton\\nplants. This course of investigation could, doubtless, be continued\\nwith very great advantage to all our agricultural interests.\\nThe system of inquiry relative to the classes of insects injurious\\nor beneficial to our various agricultural products, which was com-\\nmenced in 1854, has been continued through the past year, and\\nis still in progress. A knowledge of all these insects of their\\nnatures and habits is the first step towards the discovery of the\\nmeans necessary to check or prevent the ravages of such as are de-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. lx\\nstructive, and may very probably end in this result. It is con-\\nfidently believed that the money which has been devoted to this object\\nhas been judiciously and usefully expended, and that these investiga-\\ntions may be profitably continued for many years.\\nMeasures have also been commenced to test the value and relative\\nusefulness of the different grasses that are to be found in the country,\\nwhether of native or of foreign origin to determine their nutritive\\nproperties, their proper modes of treatment, and the climate and\\nsoil best adapted to their profitable culture. As this is by far the\\nmost valuable product of the country, taken in the aggregate, a\\nmoderate expenditure for the purposes above intimated will pro.\\nbably meet with approval.\\nSome apology would seem to be due for the large amount of foreign\\nstatistics which are contained in this Report but this is regarded by\\nmany quite as essential as the statistics of our own country, in order\\nthat we may know who are our competitors, and where an opening\\nmay occur for the sale of our products.\\nHaving endeavored thus to carry out what he believed to be, in\\nsubstance, the intention of Congress in making the appropriation for\\nagricultural purposes, the undersigned now presents the results which\\nhave been attained during the past year.\\nAll of which is respectfully submitted.\\nCHARLES MASON,\\nCommissioner.\\nHon. Nathaniel P. Banks, Jr.,\\nSpeaker of the House of Representatives.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "EEPOET\\nSEEDS AND CUTTINGS EECENTLY OBTAINED BY THE\\nPATENT OFFICE,\\nSUGGESTIONS AS TO THE EXPEDIENCY OF INTRODUCING OTHERS.\\nSir The benefits which have resulted to the country, and those\\nyet in the progress of development, from the introduction or distribu-\\ntion of useful seeds, plants, and cuttings, obtained from distant parts of\\nthe globe, as well as from different regions of this country, have been\\nsuch as to call forth the expressed gratification and general approval\\nof the agricultural portion of the community in all sections of the\\nUnion. From the success which has thus attended the past efforts\\nof this enterprise, we are led to hope that a rich recompense may\\nattend our labors in future. And here permit me to repeat what\\nwas expressed on a former occasion The time for believing that\\nthe exclusive possession of any benefit contributes solely to the pri-\\nvilege or prosperity of any particular country or kingdom, has gone by,\\nand that the principles of free and universal intercourse and exchange\\nare now conceded to constitute the surest foundation for the happiness\\nof nations. This is so obviously true in matters of this sort, that it\\ncannot for a moment be attended with a doubt. Hence it may be in-\\nferred that there is an ample field for exertion on the part of our\\ngeneral government, as well as of States and individuals, to increase\\nour agricultural and botanical riches, and more especially those pro-\\nducts which so conspicuously and permanently add to our useful and\\neconomical resources.\\nAmong the seeds, cuttings, and tubers that have been introduced,\\nor otherwise obtained, within the last three years, the culture of which\\nhas been attended with marked advantage and success, I would in-\\nstance the following", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XI\\nCEREALS.\\nThe Turkish Flint Wheat, from near Mount Olympus, in Asia, a\\nhardy fall variety, with a dark-colored chaff, a very heavy beard, and\\na long, flinty, light-colored berry, will prove highly profitable to the\\nfarmer and miller, from its superior weight and the excellence of the\\nflour it will produce. It appears to be well adapted to the soil and\\nclimate of the Middle States, and has even improved in the quality of\\nits grain, both in regard to its color and size. It withstood the severity\\nof the past winter, without much injury from the cold and, from its\\nvery long and thick beard, it doubtless will be protected, in a measure,\\nfrom the depredations of insects in the field, as well as from heating\\nor moulding in the stack. The hardness of the grain, too, when dry,\\nis a sufficient guarantee against ordinary moisture in transportation\\nand the perforation of the weevil in the bin.\\nFrom several reliable experiments made with this wheat, in Vir-\\nginia, with ordinarily good cultivation, the yield was 30 bushels to\\nan acre. Estimating the present annual crops of wheat, grown in\\nthe Middle and Southern portions of the United States, to be\\n100,000,000 bushels averaging, say 20 bushels to the acre the in-\\ncreased production in those sections, if the Turkish Flint wheat\\nalone were cultivated, and the ratio of yield as above, would be\\n50,000,000 bushels, which would often add to the yearly resources of\\na single farm $500, and of the country, at least $50,000,000.\\nThe Improved King Philip or Broivn Corn, the seed of which was\\nobtained, three years ago, from an island in a lake in New Hampshire,\\nwas extensively disseminated in all the States north of New Jersey,\\nand throughout the mountainous districts of Pennsylvania, Maryland,\\nand Virginia. The result has been that it usually matured within\\nthe period of ninety days from the time of planting, (from the first\\nto the middle of June,) and yielded, with good cultivation, in most\\neases, from 80 to 100 bushels of shelled corn to an acre. It is well\\nadapted to high latitudes and elevated valleys and plains, where,\\nfrom the shortness of summer, other varieties of corn are liable\\nto be killed by late spring or early autumnal frosts. The quality of\\nthe grain is good, being heavy, well filled with oil, and suitable for\\nfattening animals, or for transportation, by sea, without injury from\\nmoisture in vessels. This corn also possesses another valuable property,\\nin being susceptible of close planting, and consequently is of a dwarfy", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "Xll AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ngrowth, which renders the entire stalks and blades suitable for fodder,\\nwhen cured.\\nEstimating the present annual corn-crop of New England, New\\nYork, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Utah, Washington, and\\nOregon, at 50,000,000 bushels, say 30 bushels per acre, if the variety\\nof corn in question were solely cultivated in these States, the increased\\nyield, allowing the product to be 50 bushels (one-half of the maxi-\\nmum) to the acre, would be more than 33,000,000 bushels, the value\\nof which would be at least $20,000,000.\\nFORAGE PLANTS.\\nAmong the forage products more recently introduced, and one\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2which would seem to deserve special notice, is the Chinese sugar-\\ncane, {Sorghum saccharatvm,) a new gramineous plant, of Chinese\\norigin, but more recently from France, by the way of Natal, in South\\nAfrica. Since its introduction into this country, it has proved itself\\nwell adapted to our geographical range of Indian corn. It is of easy\\ncultivation, being similar to that of maize or broom-corn and, if the\\nseeds are planted in May, in the Middle States, or still earlier at the\\nSouth, two crops of fodder can be grown in a season from the same\\nroots, irrespective of drought the first one in June or July, to be\\ncut before the panicles appear, which would be green and succulent, like\\nyoung Indian corn, and the other, a month or two later, when or before\\nthe seed is fully matured. The amount of fodder which it will pro-\\nduce to the acre, with ordinary cultivation, may be safely estimated\\nat seven tons, when green, or at least two tons per acre, when thor-\\noughly cured. The stalks, when nearly mature, are filled with a ricn\\nsaccharine juice, which may be converted into sugar, syrup, alcohol,\\nor beer, or may be used for dyeing wool or silk a permanent red or\\npink and the entire plant is devoured with avidity, either in a green\\nor a dry state, by horses, cattle, sheep, and swine.\\nConsidered in an utilitarian point of view, this plant, perhaps,\\nhas stronger claims on the American agriculturist than any other\\nproduct that has been brought to this country since the introduction\\nof cotton or wheat. Aside from other economical uses, its value, for\\nfeeding to animals, alone, in every section of the Union where it will\\nthrive, cannot be surpassed by any other crop, as a greater amount of\\nnutritious fodder cannot be obtained so cheap, on a given space,\\nwithin so short a period of time.\\nWhen Cato was asked what was the best system of farmvug, he\\nthrice answered, bene pascere which is to be translated, to graze", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. Xlll\\nwell, or to procure food for cattle having had in view the con-\\nnexion between the feeding of stock and the production of manure.\\nAdmitting the above axiom to be true, what more economical, sure\\nand feasible mode can be adopted to restore and maintain the fertility\\nof the exhausted lands of this country than to extend the culture of\\nthis plant for the rearing and support of a larger number of cattle, or\\nother animals, and enriching these lands with the manure Without\\nwishing to present the question in an extravagant light, it may be\\nstated that this crop is susceptible of being cultivated, within the ter-\\nritory of the United States, to an extent equal to that of Indian corn,\\nsay 25,000,000 acres per annum and, estimating the average yield\\nof dry or cured fodder to the acre at two tons, the yearly amount\\nproduced would be 50,000,000 tons, which, to keep within bounds,\\nwould be worth at least $500,000,000, besides the profits derived from\\nthe animals in milk, flesh, labor, and wool.\\nIn addition to what is given above and in other parts of this vol-\\nume, respecting the growth and culture of this plant, it may be stated\\nthat it will resist the effects of considerable frost without injury, after\\nthe panicles appear, and that those who wish to save the seeds for\\nplanting should not cultivate it in the vicinity of Dourah corn, Choco-\\nlate corn, nor broom-corn, as it hybridises or mixes freely with those\\nplants, which would render the seeds of the product unfit for that use.\\nThe German Millet, (Panicum germanicum,) another annual forage\\nplant, has been introduced from France, which has proved very pro-\\nductive, is quick in growth, resists drought, and even flourishes well\\non dry soils.\\nTUBEROUS ROOTS.\\nThe Chinese Yam, (Dioscorea batatas,) originally from China, but\\nmore recently from France, has been introduced, which has succeeded\\nwell in various parts of the Union, and promises to serve as an excel-\\nlent substitute both for the common and sweet potato. It possesses the\\nremarkable property of remaining sound in the earth for several years,\\nwithout either deteriorating in its edible qualities or sustaining injury\\nfrom frost, which adds much to its value, in being always in readiness\\nfor the kitchen, and this, too, often at times when the potato is\\nshrivelled or otherwise impaired.\\nFor the history and culture of this root, seethe Agricultural Report\\nof the Patent Office for 1854, and page 223 of this volume.\\nThe Earth Almond, or Chufa, (Cyperusesculentus,) a small tuberous\\nesculent, from the south of Spain, has naturalised itself to our climate", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "XIV AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nand soil, and has proved very prolific in its yield, when cultivated in\\nthe light sandy soils of the Middle and Southern States, as well as\\nthose which are rich, and hids fair to become a valuable crop for cattle\\nand swine. It belongs to the same genus as the notorious nut-grass,\\n(Cyperus repens,) but does not possess the power of spreading itself\\nlike that pest of Southern fields.\\nNUT-TREES, FRUITS, AND VINES.\\nThe Persian Walnut, or Madeira Nut, (Juglans regia,) originally\\na native of Persia, or the north of China, has been somewhat exten-\\nsively distributed, and appears to be well adapted to the climate of\\nthe middle and southern latitudes of the United States. A tree of\\nthe Titmouse or Thin-shelled variety (Juglans regia tenera,)\\nabout twenty years planted, forty-five feet in height, and fifteen\\ninches in diameter, standing on the premises of Colonel Peter Force,\\nin the city of Washington, is perfectly hardy, and bears yearly an\\nabundance of excellent nuts. This is considered the most valuable of\\nall the walnuts, as the tree begins to bear in eight or ten years from\\nplanting the seed and the fruit is very delicate, keeps well, and is\\nrich in oil.\\nIn Cashmere, where the walnut is the subject of careful cultivation,\\nthere are four varieties: The Kanak, or wild, the nut of which\\nis diminutive, with a thick shell and scanty kernel the Wantu,\\nhaving a large nut, with a thick and hard shell, and a deficient ker-\\nnel the Denu, also a large nut, with a thick and rather hard shell,\\nand a kernel large, good, and easily extracted and the Kaghazi,\\nso called, from its shell being nearly as thin as paper. The latter,\\nwhich may be readily broken by the hand, is the largest of all,\\nhaving a kernel easily extracted, and producing an excellent oil. Its\\nsuperiority is said to be attributable to its having been originally\\nengrafted, but it is now raised from seeds, alone, and does not de-\\ngenerate. The nuts, after being steeped in water, eight days, are\\nplanted in the beginning of March, and the shoot generally makes its\\nappearance in about forty days. If reared by grafts, the process is\\nperformed when the plant is five years old. The head being cut off\\nhorizontally, at a convenient height, the stock is partially split, or\\nopened, and the scion inserted in a similar manner to that adopted by\\nour cleft method, in grafting the apple or pear; but clay-mortar,\\nworked up with rice-husks, is put round it, and kept from washing\\naway by being enveloped in broad slips of birch-bark.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XV\\nIn Cashmere, the walnut-tree begins to fruit, ordinarily, when seven\\nyears old but two or three years more elapse before it is in full\\nbearing. The average annual number of nuts, brought to maturity on\\na single tree, often amounts to 25,000. It has been observed that,\\nafter a few seasons of full bearing, the trees fall off in producing\\nfruit, and run, with great luxuriance, to leaf and branch. To this\\nlatter condition the Cashmereans apply the appellation of must,\\nand, to remedy the evil, cut off all the small branches, bringing the\\ntree to the state of a pollard. The year following, shoots and leaves\\nalone are produced, which are succeeded the next season by an abundant\\ncrop of nuts. The cut ends of the branches swell into knots, or knobs,\\nwhich are somewhat unsightly in the tree, until they are concealed by\\nthe growth of the young branches and leaves. When ripe, the fruit of\\nthe Wantu walnut is retailed in the city at the rate of about two cents\\na hundred. The nuts of the Dunu are sold for about three cents a\\nhundred and of the Kaghazi, at about four cents per hundred. It\\nis a common practice for the country people to crack the walnuts at\\nhome, and carry, the kernels alone to market, where they are sold to\\noil-pressers, for extracting their oil. The kernels yield half their\\nweight in oil and the other half, which consists of oil-cake, is much\\nvalued, as food for cows in winter, when it is usually exchanged for its\\nweight of rough rice.\\nAbout 1,150,000 pounds of walnut kernels are annually consigned\\nto the oil-press in Cashmere, producing a large amount of oil and cake,\\nbesides a considerable quantity eaten by man, or consumed by other\\nmodes. Walnut oil, in that country, is preferred to linseed oil, for\\nall the purposes to which the latter is applied. It is employed in\\ncookery, and also for burning in lamps, without much clogging the\\nwick or yielding much smoke. It is exported to Thibet, and brings a\\nconsiderable profit. By ancient custom, the crop of nuts was equally\\ndivided between the government and the owner of the tree, but at\\npresent, the former takes three-fourths yet, even under this oppression,\\nthe cultivation of this product is extended, and Cashmere, in propor-\\ntion to its surface, produces a much larger quantity of nuts than any\\nportion of the globe.\\nThe Persian walnut attains the largest size in a deep, loamy soil,\\nrather dry than moist but the fruit has the best flavor, and produces\\nthe most oil, when it is grown in a limy soil, or among calcareous\\nrocks or stones. The site on which Colonel Force s tree stands was\\nformerly occupied by a brick-kiln. In wet-bottomed land, whatever\\nmay be the character of the surface, it will not thrive. The nuts may", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "XVI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nbe planted in a drill about six inches apart, and one-fourth of an inch\\nbelow the surface, any time between the period of ripening and early-\\nspring, provided there is no danger from rats, or other vermin of the\\nfield the nuts may also be gently pressed into the ground, even with\\nthe surface, and covered with straw or leaves and, to afford them\\nfurther protection, light poles or boards may be placed over the whole,\\nUntil spring. The only attention required in their culture, the first\\nyear, is, to keep the young plants free from weeds, and, about mid-\\nsummer, to shorten their tap or main roots, six or eight inches below\\nthe nuts, by inserting a spade on each side of the drills, in a slanting\\ndirection, so as to cut off their points, in order to induce them to\\nthrow out more fibres, to facilitate their transportation. Early in the\\nspring of the second year, they may be transplanted to a distance of\\nfive or six feet apart, where they may remain until they are removed\\nto their permanent sites. M. Bosc, in the Nouveau Cours d Agri-\\nculture, recommends that they should not be removed from the\\nnursery before the stems have attained a height of five or six feet\\nfrom the ground, and are five or six inches in diameter. He says, pits\\nshould be previously dug for the trees, eight feet in diameter, and\\nthree feet deep, and the soil exposed to the air some months before\\nthe time of transplanting. When the removal is performed late in\\nautumn, all the branches may be left on till spring, when, before the\\neap begins to rise, the head of the tree may be entirely cut off, leav-\\ning only a main stem terminating in the stumps of the principal\\nbrandies, which will be followed by the pushing out of new shoots, of\\ngreat vigor, the first year.\\nIn cases where this tree is to be grown for fruit, on dry soils or\\nrocky situations, the nut ought to be planted where it is finally to re-\\nmain, on account of the tap-root, which will thus have its full influ-\\nence on the vigor and prosperity of its future growth, by descending to\\nthe sub-soil for the nourishment it could not otherwise obtain. On\\nthe contrary, when there is a moist or otherwise unfavorable sub-soil,\\nif planted where it is finally to remain, a tile, slate, or flat stone,\\nshould be placed under the nut, at a depth of three or four inches, in\\norder to give the tap-root a horizontal course.\\nWhen planted as orchards, the trees may be set a rod apart, an\\nacre of which would contain one hundred and sixty in the square\\nform, or one hundred and eighty in quincuncem. Estimating the\\nproduct of each tree at a bushel of nuts, and supposing that it\\nwill produce that quantity in twelve or fifteen years after plant-\\ning, and considering that the amount imported into this country", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "BEPORT ON SBKDS AND CUTTINaS. XVU\\nis valued at least at $100,000 per annum, the inducements for its\\nculture by the farmers and planters of the Middle and Southern States\\nwould appear to be sufficiently ample for their immediate attention.\\nThe Almond, (Amygdalus communis,) which is indigenous to Syria\\nand Northern Africa, has become naturalised in the south of Europe,\\nMadeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands, and is cultivated for\\nornament or its fruit in the central and southern portions of the United\\nStates. When grafted upon the common plum, it often attains a\\nheight of twenty or thirty feet, with a trunk eight or ten inches in\\ndiameter and even in the neighborhood of Paris, where the winter\\nclimate is almost as severe as that of Philadelphia, it is met with of\\nthe elevation of forty feet, and in the south of France it grows still\\nhigher.\\nThe almond is commonly one of the first among hardy trees to dis-\\nplay its blossoms, which generally put forth, in Barbary, in January\\nat Smyrna, in February near London, in March in Germany and\\nNew York, in the latter part of April and at Christiana, in Norway,\\nnot till the beginning of June. The blossoms appear before the\\nleaves and hence they produce the finest effect when planted among\\nevergreens. It has been observed that, though vernal frosts often\\ndestroy the germs of the fruit, they do not injure the beauty of the\\nflowers, but even increase their splendor. An avenue of almond-trees,\\nquite hoary with frost, in the evening, will be of a brilliant rose-color\\nthe following morning, and will often retain its beauty for more than\\na month the flowers never falling off till the trees are covered with\\nverdure. The fruit is not so attractive as that of the peach because,\\ninstead of preserving the same delicious pulp, its pericarp shrivels as\\nit ripens, and becomes a horny kind of husk, opening of its own ac-\\ncord, at the end of maturity. The kernel of some varieties of the\\nalmond, however, is not defended by so thick a shell as that of the\\npeach and nectarine for it is often so tender that the nuts break when\\nshaken together. The chief distinction between these fruits is, that\\nthe almond has a stone, covered with a coriaceous, dry, hairy cover-\\ning, while those of the peach and nectarine are developed in a rich,\\njuicy pulp, surrounded by a smooth or downy skin.\\nIn a wild state, the almond is sometimes found with bitter kernels,\\nand at other times sweet, in a similar manner to the Grammont oak,\\n(Quercus hispanica,) which, in Spain, generally bears sweet, edible\\nacorns, but sometimes produces only such as are bitter. The two\\nvarieties the most valuable for cultivation, are the sweet-kernelled\\nii", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "Xviii AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nalmond (Amandier a petits fruits, or Amandes donees, of the French,)\\nand the soft-shelled almond, (Amandier a coque tendre, or\\nAmande a coque molle, of France.) The shell of the former is hard,\\nbut the kernel is sweet-flavoied. It is cultivated in the south of\\nEurope, being generally propagated by grafting, standard high, on\\nthe bitter almond, or on strong-growing seedling almond stocks, in\\norder to insure the sweetness of its fruit. The latter is characterised\\nby the softness or fragility of its shell, as well as by the sweet flavor\\nof its kernel, and is the variety recently introduced and distributed\\nby this Office.\\nThe almond does not prosper, unless the soil be dry, sandy, or cal-\\ncareous, and of considerable depth but all the varieties will succeed\\nwell in a free soil, that is not too moist, when grafted or inoculated\\non stocks of the common plum. The situation should be sheltered, on\\naccount of the liability of the branches to be broken off by high winds.\\nAs it sends down a tap-root, exceeding two feet in length the first\\nseason, it has been found that such a tree, when taken up, has few\\nfibres, and, consequently, but little chance of growing. From this\\ncircumstance, originated the practice of germinating the nuts in boxes\\nof earth before sowing them, and pinching off the point of the rad-\\nicles when about an inch in length, which causes it to throw out\\nnumerous horizontal roots. This mode of germinating the nuts also\\ninsures plants to the nurseryman the first season after sowing, whereas,\\nwhen this is not done, the seeds often lie dormant in the ground two\\nyears. The almond requires but little pruning, except when fruit of\\na large size is desired, or the duration of the tree is wished to be pro-\\nlonged.\\nThe advantages of this tree may be briefly summed up in the fol-\\nlowing words It prospers upon indifferent soil requires but little\\ncare in its cultivation is beautiful as an ornamental tree useful as\\na shade-tree and profitable in its production of a much-desired fruit,\\nyielding, in its bearing years, about 20 pounds to the tree, which, at\\n15 cents a pound, would amount to at least $500 to an acre. The\\namount of almonds annually imported into the United States is be-\\nlieved to be valued at more than $250,000.\\nThe Cork-Oak, (Quercus suber,) an evergreen tree, indigenous to\\nthe south of Europe and Northern Africa, which furnishes the well-\\nknown article, cork, in sufficient quantities for commerce. It is\\nadapted to the soil and climate of many parts of the Middle and\\nSouthern States, and, aside from its desirableness as a beautiful shade-\\ntree, will prove a necessary auxiliary to the future wine -culture of", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS XIX\\nthis country, as well as for the supply of the increasing demand for\\ncork for other purposes.\\nIn the regions where this tree is indigenous, it usually grows to a\\nheight of twenty or thirty feet. It was introduced into England about\\nthe year 1699, by acorns brought from France or Spain, and still exists\\nthere in various collections, having attained, in some instances, a\\ndiameter of two or three feet. A tree of this species also stands\\non the estate of Samerstown, near Cork, in Ireland, with a diameter\\nof at least three feet at a yard above the ground.\\nThe cork-tree bears a considerable resemblance to our live-oak of\\nthe Southern States, but varies exceedingly in the magnitude, form,\\nand margin of its leaves, as well as in the size of its acorns, which,\\nM. Bosc alleges, may be eaten as human food in cases of necessity,\\nespecially when roasted. Swine are excessively fond of them, upon\\nwhich they fatten well, acquiring a firm and savory bacon or lard.\\nThe outer bark, the great thickness and elasticity of which is owing\\nto an extraordinary development of the cellular tissue, forms the\\ncork and, after the tree is full grown, cracks and separates from the\\ntrunk and larger branches of its own accord. The inner bark remains\\nattached to the tree, but, when- removed in its young state, is only\\nfit for tanning. But the outer bark, that separates naturally from the\\ntrunk, is regarded as of little value, compared with that which is re-\\nmoved by art and the reason doubtless is, that, in the latter case, it\\nhas not arrived at that rigid, contracted and fractured state, which is\\nthe natural consequence of its dropping from the tree. When this\\noak has attained the age of fifteen years, according to Du Hamel, or\\ntwenty years, according to Bosc, the bark is removed for the first\\ntime but this first bark is found to be cracked, and full of woody\\nportions and cells, and hence it is fit only for fuel, or perhaps for\\ntanning. The second disbarking takes place in eight or ten years,\\nwhen the cork is sold to fishermen for buoying up their nets, and to\\nothers for inferior uses. But, in eight or ten years more, the tree\\nyields cork of good quality, and so continues to do until it is from two\\nto three centuries old, the cork improving in quality throughout the\\nwhole period.\\nIn view of the ease with which the cork-oak can be propagated in\\nthe central and maritime parts of the Middle, Atlantic and Southern\\nStates, and, perhaps, on the prairies of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas,\\nMissouri, and Illinois, and the general desire for diversifying the land-\\nscape of those States with beautiful, long-lived, umbrageous trees,\\nthe comparatively long time which is necessary for its growth before", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "XX AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nmuch, if any, profit can be realised, should not deter the prudent or\\nsagacious husbandman from extending its culture. Considering it in\\na politic as well as in an economical sense, seasonable measures should\\nbe taken to form plantations of this tree, sufficient for the future supply\\nof cork, particularly for the increasing demands for that material\\nwhich are likely to arise from the culture of the vine. Again, were\\nnon-intercourse to occur between this country and the Old World,\\nwhich, from some political commotion, doubtless one day or other will\\ntake place, the sources from which it is obtained would be cut off, and,\\nin a short time after, our supply would be exhausted, and we would\\nbe without a substitute, unless provided against such an exigency by\\nthe means herein proposed. As a further argument in showing the\\nimportance of fostering this branch of rural economy, it may be stated,\\nthat the amount of cork which is yearly imported into the United\\nStates, is valued at more than $284,000.\\nAmong the cuttings of fruit-trees which have been introduced, may\\nbe mentioned the Prune d Agen and the Prune Sainte Catha-\\nrine, from France. They have both been extensively distributed\\nand grafted on the common plum-tree in all the States rorth of Penn-\\nsylvania, itself included, and on the mountainous districts of Mary-\\nland and of Virginia. From the success which has attended this exper-\\niment, there is much reason to believe that there will soon be produced\\nfrom these, and other varieties from Europe, a sufficient quantity of\\ndried prunes, in those regions, to supply the wants of the whole Union.\\nThe amount of this class of fruit annually imported into this country,\\naccording to official returns, is valued at $64,568.\\nA quantity of the cuttings of the Kaisin and Currant grape-\\nvines (Vigne cheveles and Vigne corinth) were also imported from\\nFrance, the varieties from which are made the Ascalon, Sultana\\nor stoneless raisin, and the Zante or Corinth currant. They\\nwere principally distributed in the central latitudes of the United\\nStates, and, as far as heard from, withstood the severity of the climate,\\nlast winter, and bid fair to do well.\\nMEDICINAL PLANTS.\\nA quantity of the roots of Liquorice, {Glycyrrhiza glabra,) a\\nsomewhat tender perennial, much cultivated in the south of Europe,\\nand, to some extent, in England, was introduced, and has thus far\\nanswered the expectations of the experimenters in several of the\\nMiddle and Southern States. From the increasing demands for this\\nroot in pharmacy, or medicinal preparations of various kinds, there is", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXI\\nno reason why its culture could not be profitably extended in most\\nlocalities where it will thrive. The amount annually imported in a\\ncrude and manufactured state is valued at about $300,000.\\nFor the culture and preparation of this plant see Agricultural Re-\\nport of the Patent Office for 1854, page 358.\\nA variety of the Common or Opium Poppy, (Papaver som-\\nniferum,) indigenous to the warm and temperate parts of Europe and\\nAsia, from Portugal to Japan, and especially cultivated in China,\\nIndia, Turkey, Egypt, and in the Morea, has been introduced, and\\nhas proved itself susceptible of easy cultivation on very rich soils, and\\nis well adapted to the climate of the Middle and Southern States.\\nThe flowers of the White Poppy, (Papaver s. alba,) the variety\\nwith which the experiment was made, may be either entirely white or\\nred, or may be fringed with purple, rose, or lilac, variegated and edged\\nwith the same colors, but never occur blue nor yellow, nor mixed with\\nthese colors, each petal being generally marked at the bottom with a\\nblack or purple spot. The seeds are black in the plants having purple\\nflowers, and light-colored in those which are white although the seeds\\nof the latter, when of spontaneous growth, are sometimes black. The\\nlargest heads, which are employed for medical or domestic use, are ob-\\ntained from the single-flowered kind, not only for the purpose of ex-\\ntracting opium, but also on account of the bland, esculent oil that is\\nexpressed from the seeds, which are simply emulsive, and contain none\\nof the narcotic principle. For the latter purpose, if no other, its\\nculture in this country is worthy of attention.\\nWith regard to the cultivation of this plant, with the view of obtain-\\ning opium, there can be but little doubt that our clear sky, fervid\\nsummer sun, and heavy dews would greatly favor the production of\\nthis article but how far these circumstances, in connexion with\\nAmerican ingenuity in devising improved methods for its extraction,\\nwould allow us to compete with the cheapness of labor in the East,\\ncan only be determined by actual trial. Certainly it is an object\\nworthy of public encouragement, as the annual amount of opium\\nimported into the United States is valued at upwards of $40*7,000, a\\nconsiderable portion of which might be saved, and thereby add to\\nour resources. Besides, if we were to raise a surplus, it could be\\nsent to China in exchange for tea. The successful cultivation of the\\nplant, however, requires the provision of good soil, appropriate manure,\\nand careful management. The strength of the juice, according to Dr.\\nButler, of British India, depends much upon the quantity of moisture\\nof the climate. A deficiency even of dew prevents the proper flow of", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "XXli AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthe peculiar, narcotic, milky juice, which abounds in almost every part\\nof the plant, while an excess, besides washing off this milk, causes\\nadditional mischief, by separating the soluble from the insoluble parts\\nof this drug. This not only deteriorates its quality, but increases the\\nquantity of moisture, which must afterwards be got rid of.\\nThe history of the poppy, as well as that of opium, its inspissated\\njuice, are but imperfectly known. The oldest notices of this plant\\nare found in the works of the early Greek physicians, in which men-\\ntion is also made of the juice but opium does not appear to have\\nbeen so generally employed as in modern times, or the notices respect-\\ning it would have been more numerous and clear.\\nIn the manufacture of opium, in Persia or India, the juice is par-\\ntially extracted, together with a considerable quantity of mucilage,\\nby decotion. The liquor is strongly pressed out, suffered to settle,\\nclarified with the white of eggs, and evaporated to a due consistence,\\nyielding from one-sixth to a fifth of the weight of the heads of ex-\\ntract, which possesses the virtues of opium in a very inferior degree,\\nand is often employed to adulterate the genuine opium. The heads\\nof the poppies are gathered as they ripen and as this happens at dif-\\nferent periods, there are usually three or four gatherings in a year.\\nThe milky juice of the poppy, in its more perfect state, which is\\nthe case only in warm climates, is extracted by incisions made in\\nthe capsules, and simply evaporated into the consistency in which it\\nis known in commerce under the name of opium. In Turkey, the\\nplants, during their growth, are carefully watered and manured, if\\nnecessary the watering being more profuse as the period of flowering\\napproaches, and until the heads are half grown, when the operation\\nis discontinued, and the collection of the opium commences. At sun-\\nset, longitudinal incisions are made upon each half-ripe capsule, not\\nsufficiently deep to penetrate the internal cavity. The night dews favor\\nthe exudation of the juice, which is collected in the morning, by\\nscraping it from the wounds with a small iron scoop, and depositing\\nthe whole in an earthen pot, where it is worked in the sunshine with\\na wooden spatula, until it acquires a considerable degree of thickness.\\nTt is then formed into cakes by the hands, and placed in earthen\\npans to be further exsiccated, when it is covered with the leaves of\\nthe poppy, tobacco, or of some other plant.\\nTwo kinds of this article are found in commerce, distinguished by\\nthe names of Turkey and East India opium. The former\\ncomes in solid, compact, and translucent masses, of moderate specific\\ngravity, possessing a considerable degree of tenacity, yet somewhat", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XX111\\nbrittle. When half cut through, the section is dense, a little shining,\\nof a dark-brown color, becoming softer by the warmth of the fingers,\\nin handling, and is reduced with difficulty to powder, unless done\\nwhen it is cold, and after having been long dried in small pieces.\\nThe best article comes in flat pieces and, besides the large leaves in\\nwhich they are enveloped, they are usually covered with the reddish\\ncapsules of a species of rumex, used in packing. The roundish\\nmasses of opium, which have none of these capsules adhering to them,\\nare regarded as inferior in quality. It is also inferior when it is fri-\\nable or soft. The East India opium has usually much less consistence\\nthan the Turkish, being sometimes not thicker than tar, and always\\nductile. Its color is much darker its taste more nauseous, and less\\nbitter and its smell rather empyreumatic. When imported, it is\\nsomewhat cheaper than the Turkish opium, and supposed to be of\\nonly half its strength.\\nAmong other products which appear to be worthy of introduction\\nor extension, and likely to succeed in some portion of our territory, I\\nwould suggest the following\\nPLANTS WHICH MAY BE CULTIVATED FOR MEDICINE, CONDIMENTS,\\nOR HUMAN FOOD.\\nThe Vanilla Plant (Vanilla planifolia) is a native of the island of\\nSt. Domingo, where it climbs to the tops of the highest trees and is\\nsomewhat extensively cultivated in Mexico, in the vicinity of Vera\\nCruz. From the great demand, and the high price which it brings\\nin the United States, it doubtless could be grown to advantage in some\\nparts of the South, with a very little protection during the colder\\nmonths of the year, and perhaps in hot-houses at the North.\\nThe amount of vanilla imported and consumed in this country,\\nprincipally for flavoring cake, ice-cream, c, is believed to exceed 5,000\\npounds, valued at from $20 to $30 a pound, or $125,000 a year. The\\nMexicans have three classes of these beans, which they distinguish in\\ncommerce by the names, pomponr, ley, and simarona.\\nWhen the fruit begins to turn yellow, it is gathered and fermented\\nin heaps, in the same manner as is practised with the pods of the\\ncocoa (theobroma), then spread in the sun to dry, and, when about\\nhalf cured, pressed flat with the hand, and, rubbed over with the\\noil of Palma-Christi, or of the cocoa it is then exposed again to the\\nsun to dry, the oiling repeated, and the pods covered with the leaves\\nof a reed to preserve them. The pods, as they occur in commerce,\\nare of a dark- brown color, about six inches long, and scarcely an inch", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "Xxiv AGRICULTURAL REPORT\\nbroad they are wrinkled on the outside, and filled with numer-\\nous black seeds, of an agreeable smell, resembling grains of sand.\\nThis vine shoots out roots at every joint, like the ivy, and may either\\nbe grown on a piece of a rotten trunk of a tree, or planted in a pot\\nof rotten tan-bark, mixed with rubbish, and the stem trained against\\nany surface that will admit its roots. Like all the other plants of\\nthe family to which it belongs, the vanilla requires but little water.\\nIt should not be exposed in a continued temperature much, if any,\\nbelow 60\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nHie Ginger Plant, (Zingiber officinale,) a native of the East Indies,\\nand of various parts of Asia, and extensively cultivated in the West\\nIndies, and other warm parts of America, doubtless could be grown\\nwith advantage in various parts of the South. The amount of ginger\\nannually imported into the United States is valued at upwards of\\n$60,000.\\nFor the cultivation of this plant, see the Agricultural Report of\\nthe Patent Office for 1854, page 354.\\nIceland Moss, (Cetraria islandica,) a species of lichen, a native oi\\nthe mountainous heaths and woods in the Alpine parts of Scotland,\\nand of the Asturias, in Spain, as well as in Iceland and the north of\\nGermany. It grows to a height of only two or three inches, and has\\nrather a rugged, bushy appearance, and doubtless would thrive, and\\nperhaps with profit, in the northern parts of the United States, par-\\nticularly in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Northern New York,\\nVermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.\\nIn Iceland and Lapland, this plant is used as an article of diet,\\nbeing boiled in broth or milk, after being freed from its bitterness by\\nrepeated maceration in water or dried and made into bread. The\\ndried plant differs but little from its appearance in a recent state.\\nMedicinally, it is tonic and demulcent. The decoction, as ordered in\\nthe pharmacopeias, is so bitter as to prevent many persons from\\ntaking it; and when deprived of its disagreeable taste, it can only be\\nviewed as a demulcent, and is hardly equal in its effects to linseed,\\nquince-seed, and marsh-mallows. It certainly does not cure phthisis\\npulmonalis but in the last stage of that disease, when solid food is\\noppressive, and the diarrhoea appears to be kept up by the acrid con-\\ntents of the stomach and bowels, it has appeared to check the latter,\\nand to impart both vigor and nourishment to the digestive organs.\\nThe Florentine Iris, or Orris-root Plant, (Iris florentina,) a pe-\\nrennial, native of Carniola, and common in the gardens of Europe,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXV\\nthe root of which is remarkable for communicating an oder like that\\nof violets, and produces the orris of the shops. The flowers, which\\nput forth in spring, are noted for the graceful curve of their petals, as\\nwell as for the brilliancy of their hues. It has a thick, tuberous,,\\ncreeping stem, usually called its root, which, externally, is brown\\nand yellowish, is white within, and sends out numerous fibres the\\ntrue roots from the lower part. When these are pared off, the stem\\nappears full of round spots.\\nIndependent of the value which would be derived from the roots of\\nthis plant, it would be highly desirable to cultivate it for the purposes\\nof ornament, in all parts of the country where it would thrive.\\nTfie Falmated Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum,) is a perennial, native\\nof Russia and some parts of Asia, whence the dried root is imported\\ninto this country lor medicinal purposes. Large quantities of the\\nroots are also annually collected for exportation in the Chinese prov-\\ninces, within the lofty range of the Himalayas. The best is that\\nwhich comes by the way of Russia, as greater care is taken in the\\nselection and, on its arrival at Kiachta, within the Russian frontiers,\\nthe roots are all carefully examined, and the damaged pieces destroyed.\\nThis is the line article of the shops, improperly calkd Turkey\\nrhubarb. That of the best quality occurs in small pieces, with a hole\\nin the middle of each, made in the fresh root, to facilitate the operation\\nof drying. The color is a lively yellow, streaked with white and\\nred. Its texture is dense, and, when reduced to powder, it is entirely\\nyellow.\\nThe Chinese rhubarb, called by the natives Ta Hroangor Hai-\\nhoung, is cultivated chiefly in the province of Chersee. As imported,\\nit is known by the name of East Indian rhubarb, and comes in\\nlarger masses, more compact and hard, heavier, less friable, and not\\nso fine in the grain as the other, and having less of an aromatic\\nflavor.\\nThis species has been introduced into England, where it has been\\nextensively cultivated and there is little doubt, therefore, of its\\nproving perfectly hardy in many parts of our own country. Large\\nquantities are annually imported, the cost of which might be saved if\\nits culture were successfully prosecuted here, and we might thus add\\nto our productive resources.\\nIn the middle and cooler parts of the United States, the seeds may\\nbe sown in March, in a gentle hot-bed, and, when the roots are about\\nan eighth of an inch in diameter, they may be carefully drawn up\\npreserving the tap-root, and planted in a fine, rich, and deep soil but", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "XXVI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nDot too much so, lest the roots should be too fibrous at the distance of\\neight feet apart, a wet or cloudy day being preferred for this operation.\\nShould the weather prove dry, they must be watered. When the plants\\nare once in a growing state, all further care and trouble are at an end.,\\nexcept that of keeping them free from weeds. It may be stated, how-\\never, that they do not necessarily require a hot-bed to make them\\nvegetate; but, if sown in the natural ground in the Middle or Southern\\nStates, in the spring, when the weather is open, they will soon come\\nup and thrive well. One of the greatest difficulties, in pursuing this\\nmethod, consists in carrying the plants through their first season. If\\nthe weather be hot and dry, they must be shaded, and at all events\\ncontinually watered; yet not too freely, as in most seasons the weather\\ncan scarcely be too dry, after the plants have been well set. Indeed,\\nmore evil is to be apprehended from a superabundance of moisture\\nthan from an actual want of it. In the month of August, or before,\\nthe seed-stalks should be cut off, which ought always to be done on\\nthe withering of the radical leaves and the crowns of the plants\\nshould then be covered with mould, in the form of a hillock.\\nThe largest specimens of this drug have generally been allowed to\\ngrow six or seven years the roots are then very large, sometimes\\nweighing from 30 to 50 pounds. The Chinese take up their rhubarb\\nin winter. Pallas says that the Tartars take up theirs in April and\\nMay but Forster, in his History of Voyages in the North, with\\nmore reason, affirms that the roots are dug up in winter, because they\\nthen contain the entire juice and virtue of the plant, as those taken\\nup in summer are of a light, spongy texture, and unfit for use.\\nIn Tartary, after being thoroughly cleansed, and the small radicles\\ncut off, the roots are cut transversely into pieces of a moderate size\\nthese are then placed on long tables, or boards, and turned three o*\\nfour times a day, in order that the yellow, viscid juice may incorporate\\nwith the substance of the root. If this juice be suffered to run out,\\nthe roots become light, and of but little value and if they are not cut\\nwithin five or six days after they are dug up, they become soft, and\\nrapidly decay. Four or five days after they are cut, holes are made\\nthrough them, and they are hung up to dry, exposed to the air and\\nwind, but sheltered from the sun. Thus, in about two months, the\\nroots are completely cured. The loss of weight in drying is very con-\\nsiderable, seven parts, in weight, of the green root, yielding only one\\npart of that which is perfectly dry. The Chinese method is somewhat\\ndifferent. They peel the roots, cut them into slices, and dry them on\\natone slabs, under which fires are kindled but, as this process is not", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXV11\\nsufficient to dry them perfectly, they make a hole through each \u00c2\u00a9f\\nthe pieces, and suspend them on strings some say exposed to the sun,\\nwhile others assert that they are hung in the shade.\\nThe Castor-oil Plant, (Ricinus communis,) known in almost every\\npart of the East and West Indies, South America, China, and the\\ncountries and islands of the Mediterranean, under the name of Pal-\\nma-Christi, has proved itself well adapted to the soil and climate of\\nour Middle and Southern States and were its culture extended for the\\nmanufacture of castor-oil, there is no doubt that it would be profit-\\nable, under improved methods of extracting it and we should no\\nlonger be dependent on other nations for a supply. At present, we\\nannually import an amount of this article exceeding in value $30,000.\\nAlthough an annual, herbaceous plant, in the gardens of the cooler\\nparts of Europe and the United States, within the tropics and the\\nwarm climates adjacent thereto, the Palma-Christi becomes a tree of\\nseveral years standing, often having a woody trunk, of the size of a\\nman s body, and fifteen or twenty feet high.\\nThis plant thrives best on a light, sandy loam, although it may be\\ncultivated with success in almost any soil tolerably fertile, or in any\\nclimate and situation where Indian corn will thrive. In the cooler parts\\nof the Union, it may be planted in hills, two feet by three feet apart,\\ntwo seeds in a place, as early in the spring as the warmth of the ground\\nand the season will admit but in the South, where the season is longer,\\nand the plant assumes the character of a tree, the hills should be six or\\nseven feet apart in one direction, and three and a half feet in the other,\\nreceiving only one seed to a hill, covered to the depth of two\\ninches. The culture is so simple that it only requires to keep the plants\\nfree from weeds, with a small flat hill to each. The only difficulty to\\ncontend with is, that in saving or harvesting the beans, the outward\\ncoats, as they become dry and elastic, fly off the plants to a consid-\\nerable distance, causing the seeds to drop to the ground. In order to\\nprevent this, it has been recommended to cut off the branches from the\\nplants, as soon as the pods begin to explode, and spread them on the\\nfloor of a close room and, after the beans and their shells have parted,\\nto separate the husks from the seeds with a fanning-mill, as with\\nwheat, or try the common riddle and a draught of air.\\nThe seeds of this plant furnish the well-known medicine, castor-oil,\\nwhich is obtained both by decoction and expression. The former\\nmethod is performed by freeing the seeds from their husks, which are\\ngathered, upon their turning brown and when beginning to burst open,\\n^are first bruised in a mortar, afterwards tied up in a linen bag, and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "XX-Vlii AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ntnen thrown into a large pot, with a sufficient quantity of water, and\\nboiled until the oil has risen to the surface, when it is carefully\\nskimmed off, strained, and preserved for use. In extensive operations,\\na mill should be provided, moved by the agency of animal power,\\nwater, or steam, for bruising the seeds and the other apparatus used\\nin obtaining the oil should be of appropriate dimensions. The oil\\nthus obtained, however, has the disadvantage of becoming rancid\\nsooner than that procured by expression. The best mode, therefore,\\nis to subject the seeds to a powerful hydraulic press, in a similar man-\\nner to that in which oil is extracted from almonds and cotton-seeds.\\nThe seeds yield about one-fourth of their weight in oil.\\nThe Assafcetida Plant (Ferula assafcetida) is a native of the South of\\nPersia, growing on the mountains in the provinces of Chorasaan and\\nLaar, where it is called Hingisch. The gum resin, known in com-\\nmerce under the name of assafcetida, is the concrete juice of this\\nplant, which is said to vary according to the soil and situation, not\\nonly in the shape of the leaves, but in the nauseous quality of the\\njuice with which it is impregnated, sometimes occurring so mild as to\\nbe eaten by goats. The root is perennial, tapering, and ponderous, at-\\ntains the size of a man s arm or leg, and is covered with a blackish\\ncolored bark, beset near the top with numerous strong, rigid fibres\\nthe internal substance is white and fleshy, and abounds in a thick,\\nfoetid, milky juice. The stem is simple, erect, straight, round, smooth,\\nstriated, herbaceous, six or seven inches in circumference at the base,\\nand rises to a height of seven or eight feet.\\nWhen the plants are about four years old, the roots are sufficiently\\nvigorous to yield the gum, and it is collected at the season when the\\nleaves begin to decay. The oldest and most vigorous plants are se-\\nlected, the earth from the upper part of the root of each is cleared\\naway, and the stem and leaves twisted off. In this state, it is left\\nfor forty days, being previously screened from the sun by covering it\\nover with decayed leaves. At the expiration of this time, the cover-\\ning is removed, the top of the root cut off transversely, and left for\\nforty-eight hours for the juice to exude, when it is scraped off by a\\nproper instrument, as opium is from the capsule of the poppy, and\\nexposed to the sun, to harden. This operation is repeated three times,\\nafter which the root is again covered up, and suffered to remain for\\neight or ten days, when it is again uncovered and another transverse\\nsection is made as before. In this way, the assafcetida is collected\\neight times, when the root becomes exhausted of its juice, and soon\\nafter dies.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXIX\\nFrom the character of the climate in which this plant naturally\\ngrows, there can he hut little doubt that it could he successfully cul-\\ntivated in the mountainous parts of the Southern States, and probably\\nfurnish the whole country with the requisite supply.\\nThe Lesser or Malabar Cardamom, (Alpina vel matonia,) the seeds\\nof which are imported in considerable quantities, and valued for their\\npungent taste, is cultivated in plots, either level or gently sloping\\nsurfaces on the highest range of the Ghauts, between latitude 11\u00c2\u00b0 and\\n12\u00c2\u00b0 30 N., after passing the first declivity from their base.\\nThe cardamom plots, or farms, vary in size and shape, being from\\nfifty to sixty yards in diameter, usually oblong or oval, but sometimes\\nirregularly rounded. The variety in these respects is chiefly owing\\nto the convenience of the standard or permanent shade-trees. Those\\nwith lofty, straight stems, extensive heads, and particularly those\\nwhich have nearly attained their full growth, and are known to be\\nlong-lived, are preferred for this purpose, and are left standing at a\\ndistance of fifteen to twenty yards from each other.\\nOn account of the prevailing dry weather, the months of February\\nand March are selected by the cultivators as the proper time for com-\\nmencing their labors, and planting the seeds, the first part of which\\nis occupied in cutting down the large and small trees, leaving of the\\nformer, standing nearly at equal distances, such stately individuals\\nas afford that degree of perpendicular shade which experience has\\ntaught them to be most favorable for their future hopes. The grass\\nand weeds are then cleared away, and the ground disencumbered of\\nthe roots of the brush-wood the larger trees being suffered to lie\\nwhere they fell and the shrubs, roots, and grass are piled up into\\nsmall heaps, where, by their spontaneous decomposition, they fertilise\\nthe space they cover. As the cultivated plant does not flower till it\\nis four years old, no further labor is bestowed upon the plots before\\nthat time has expired. At the revolution of the fourth rainy season,\\nand towards its close, the farmers look for a crop, and their hopes\\nare rarely disappointed. This first effort of Nature is generally feeble,\\nthe yield of seeds being not more than half of that which is obtakied\\nthe following year, and only one-fourth what it is after the sixth rain,\\nat which period the plant has reached the acme of its prolific vigor.\\nIn India, the seeds of this plant are highly prized as an agreeable\\ncondiment, and, as such, their use is so universal, that they are re-\\ngarded as a necessary of life by most of the natives of Asia. In fact,\\ntheir general use in those regions renders the plant a very important\\nand profitable object of culture. How far its adoption could be made", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "XXX AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\napplicable to the soil, climate, exposure, and economy of some of our\\nSouthern States, can only be determined by trial.\\nThe Sinhara, or Water Nut, (Trapa is a native of the Cashmere,\\nbut grows abundantly in the lakes near the capital, especially in the\\nWurler lake, and yields an average return of 10,000,000 pounds of\\nnuts a year. They are scooped up from the bottom of the lake in i\\nsmall nets, and afford employment to the fishermen for several\\nmonths.\\nThese nuts constitute almost the only food of at least 30,000 per-\\nsons for five months in the year. When extracted from the\\nshell, they are eaten raw, boiled, roasted, fried, or dressed in various\\nways, after being reduced to flour. The most common preparation is\\nto boil the flour in water, so as to form a kind of gruel, which, though\\ninsipid, is very nutritive.\\nThe Lotus (Nymphfe lotus) is also a native of the lakes of the\\nCashmere, and its stems serve as another article of food. In autumn,\\nafter the plate of the leaf has begun to decay, the stem has arrived\\nat maturity, and being boiled till tender, furnishes a wholesome,\\nnutritious diet, which is said to support 5,000 persons in the city for\\nnearly eight months in the year.\\nThis plant, as well as the preceding, probably would succeed well\\nin the muddy bottoms of the coves, creeks, and sloughs of our lakes\\nand streams and, if not relished as human food, doubtless its pro-\\nducts would serve to nourish animals.\\nFORAGE PLANTS.\\nTJie Guinea Grass, (Panicum jumentorium,) as its name implies,\\nis a native of Guinea, and was brought to the island of Jamaica in 1774,\\nunder the following circumstances A cage of African birds had been\\npresented to Chief Justice Ellis, with which was sent a small bag of\\ntheir native food, the wild grass-seed of the coast of Guinea. The birds\\ndied, and the seeds were carelessly thrown into a hedge, when they\\nquickly grew and spread and from the eagerness of the cattle to\\nreach it, attention was called to its vegetation. It has since become\\none of the most valuable productions of the West Indies, and, doubt-\\nless, could be cultivated with advantage in the warmer parts of the\\nSouth.\\nGuinea grass, in Jamaica, is best planted in the spring, because it\\ntakes four months before the seed ripen, and the stalks acquire suffi-\\ncient substance to form plants from the joints, similar to those of", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXXI\\nsugar-cane. The soil should be dry, and entirely free from stagnant\\nwater, which would immediately scald and rot the roots. In plant-\\ning, dig holes four feet apart, each way, to the depth of a hoe, say\\nsix inches, and insert a small piece of grass-root, taken from a large\\nplant open the stalks of each torn piece of root, and place them in the\\nholes, covering their centres with earth, thus dividing the stalks.\\nIndian corn may he planted between the rows, one hoeing of which\\nwill be sufficient to carry forward the grass, and the expense will be\\ncovered by the corn. In four months, the grass will be seeded and\\nthe stalks ripe, when horses or cattle may be turned into the field to\\nfeed, and trample the joints into the ground. If the weather be wet,\\nwhich is usually the case in the months of September and October,\\nthe young joints, thus trodden, will grow, making the field of grass a\\nperfect mass of verdure, keeping down all the vegetation, unless,\\nperhaps, that of quick-growing bushes, or the sprouts which spring up\\nfrom the stumps of trees, that have not been eradicated or killed by\\nburning, in the preparation of the land.\\nThis grass may be grazed every six or eight weeks, if carefully\\nshut off in the intervening time, and the stock never allowed to eat\\nit too low. The stubble is usually left at least a foot high. In lands\\nwhich have been in sugar-cane or other cultivation, where the stumps\\nhave been eradicated, the grass can be planted with a plough, two\\nhands following the furrow, and laying down the roots in such a manner\\nas will allow the plough to cover them with the succeeding fur-\\nrow-slice, or mould. In dry weather, if the stubble be left high,\\nwhen the grass appears to be completely parched and withered, it\\naffords great nourishment; but the moment after the fall of rain, the\\nstock should be removed and in six weeks afterwards, if the stubble\\nhas been attended to, and not fed too low, the field will be luxuriantly\\ngreen again, and fit to be fed. If the grass is cut for soiling or\\nmaking hay, the land will require manure, as it is then an exhausting\\ncrop but if kept solely for pasturage, it will maintain itself for\\nyears, unless it is very poor.\\nThe Tussock Grass, (Festuca flabellata,) the gold and glory of\\nthe Falkland Islands, grows in great abundance, especially on the\\nsandy, spongy and boggy soils of these islands, which are utterly\\nuncultivable for other products and, from the circumstance of its\\ngrowing well in England, it may be inferred that there is a possibility\\nthat it might be adapted to many places in our Middle and Southern\\nStates, even where it would be bathed with the spray of the sea. Its\\nroots form large balls, which rise five or six feet above the ground,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "XXX11 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nand are often as many feet in diameter. The culms spring from the\\ntops of these balls, bearing beautiful sheathing, compressed, green\\nleaves, which hang down all round in the most graceful manner,\\nnumbering from two hundred to three hundred to each plant, and are\\nthemselves six or seven feet in length. The interior of the stem, to\\na height of five or six inches above the root, is white and soft, of an\\nagreeable flavor, resembling that of the filbert or the cabbage-palm.\\nThis substance consists of the lower sheath, with the young central\\nleaves and stem firmly encased within each other. These heaps of\\ntussacks generally grow apart, but within a few feet of each other,\\nthe intermediate space of ground being quite bare of vegetation,\\nso that, in walking among them, a person is hidden from view,\\nand the whole tussack-ground is a perfect labyrinth. Cattle thrive\\nadmirably well upon this grass, and fatten in a short time and so\\nfond are they of it, that when they can get at it, they will touch\\nnothing else and with horses it is the same.\\nWith respect to the climate of the Falkland Islands, wehave toler-\\nably exact information. D Urville, in the account of his voyage,\\nstates that it is much more temperate than might have been expected\\nfrom its latitude (52\u00c2\u00b0 S.) From the observations made by himself\\n?md others, he concludes that the thermometer scarcely rises above\\n59 or falls below 32\u00c2\u00b0 F. According to Bougainville, the winter\\nis very cold, but the snow lies on the ground only for a short time. M.\\nD Urville also states that, in 1822, at the beginning of December,\\nwhich answers to June in the northern hemisphere, the highest tem-\\nperature observed was almost always between 51\u00c2\u00b0 and 66\u00c2\u00b0. On the\\no.her hand, Sir Woodbine Parish tells us that in the Eastern Island\\nthe thermometer often ranges as high as 75\u00c2\u00b0, in summer, and some-\\ntimes falls as low as 26\u00c2\u00b0, in winter. He moreover confirms the French\\nstatements, that snow disappears in a few hours, and that the ice is\\nseldom above an inch thick. It is affirmed by others, however, that\\nthe snow, near Port Cook, has been known to remain upon the ground\\nseveral days. The days of summer are described as being long and\\nwarm, visited with occasional showers, and producing a rapid vege_\\ntation.\\nHow far this plant would flourish about the Everglades of\\nFlorida, in the Tulares of California, or on the salt marshes and\\noeaches near the Chesapeake and Delaware bays, experiment alone\\n*;an determine. It has succeeded well on the island of Lewis, one of\\nthe largest of the Hebrides, in latitude 58\u00c2\u00b0 N., and is scarcely less\\nluxuriant than in its native soil, having matured its seeds ana pro-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXxiU\\nducing leaves five or six feet in length. Those who may interest\\nthemselves in procuring this grass from the Falklands may not be\\naware that there is another tussack grass on those islands, much in-\\nferior to the Festuca jiaoellata, the Gar ex trifida, which only grows to\\nthe height of a foot or a foot and a half, and spreads over every part,\\neven to the top of the hills.\\nTo those who may have occasion to cultivate the tussack grass\\nfrom seeds, which necessarily will have to be obtained from abroad, it\\nis recommended that they should sow them immediately on their arri-\\nval, in sandy, peaty soil, covering them to the depth of about an eighth\\nof an inch. If under glass, a moderately moist temperature should\\nbe kept up, ranging from 45\u00c2\u00b0 to 55\u00c2\u00b0 F. When the plants are about\\nhalf an inch in height, they may be put into three-inch pots, and\\ngradually removed into a cooler situation, until they are about three\\ninches* high, when they may be planted six or seven feet apart in the\\nopen air. When the above-named heat cannot conveniently be ob-\\ntained, a cold frame or garden hand-glass will be found the best sub-\\nstitute. The soil, in all cases, should be of a peaty nature, and not\\nsifted nor chopped too fine, except that in which the seeds are sown. In\\nthe early stages of the plants, a weak solution of common salt, applied\\noccasionally, is found to promote their growth. When once fairly\\nestablished, they may be multiplied with the greatest facility by slips\\nfrom the roots.\\nIt may be proper to add, that the above remarks are only applica-\\nble to seeds imported from the Falkland Islands, or to such as have\\nbeen subjected to several great and sudden changes of temperature y\\nduring some long sea voyage.\\nPLANTS CULTIVATED FOR THEIR FIBRE, OR OTHER USES IN THE ARTS..\\nAmong the plants producing fibrous materials,, which are worthy\\nof experiment, or of further extension in the United States, are the\\nManilla hemp (Husa textilis); the New Zealand flax (Fhormium\\ntenax)\\\\ the China grass (Bcehmeria tenacissima) and the Si-\\nsal hemp {Agave sissalana) the two latter of which are treated of\\nin another part of this volume.\\nThe Cochineal Plant, (Cactus cochinillifer,) or some of its congeners,\\nis found in varying abundance throughout the torrid zone, as well\\nas in several warm and temperate countries without the tropics.\\nBut much doubt still exists as to what particular species nourishes the\\ncochineal insect, as it is believed that the plant which was named by\\nLinnasus, and which has been almost universally called Cactus cochinil-\\niii", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "XXXIV AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nlifer, is not the one that produces the best Mexican cochineal nor is it\\npositively known in what part of America it was originally a native.\\nLinnseus speaks of it as indigenous to Jamaica, and the warmer parts\\nof the New World but others assert that it was brought from South\\nAmerica by a Spanish priest.\\nCochineal, it is well known, is a small insect, {Coccus cacti,)\\nwhich feeds upon the cactus above named, having a general appear-\\nance not very dissimilar to that of the meal-bug of our gardens,\\nand equally covered with a white powdery substance. It was propa-\\ngated in Mexico long before the conquest of that country, for its pre-\\ncious dye, which affords the fine red coloring matter so extensively\\nused in the manufacture of carmine, and in dyeing silk and wool.\\nThere are two varieties known in commerce, the black grain and\\nthe u silver grain, which terms arose from the fact that, when first\\ncarried to Europe, this insect was considered to be a seed, or grain,\\nand its dyes were spoken of as grain colors.\\nThe plantations in Mexico, where the cochineal is produced, are\\ncalled Nopaleras, the most extensive of which are in the Misteca\\nand Oaxaca.\\nM. de Raynal imagines that the color of the cochineal is to be as-\\ncribed to the red fig on which the insect feeds but he is mistaken in\\nthis respect, as it does not feed upon the fruit, but only on the thick,\\nsucculent leaves, which are perfectly green nor does that species of\\ncactus bear red, but white figs. It is true, the insect may be reared\\nupon the species with red figs but that is not the proper plant of\\nthe cochineal.\\nThe Dyers Madder, (Rubia tinctoria,) is a perennial plants a native\\nof the south of Europe and Africa, as well as of the Levant and,\\nfrom the immense consumption of the roots as a dye-stuff, by calico\\nprinters and others, its extended culture in this country would become\\nan object of great national importance.\\nMadder, it is well known, contains at least two distinct coloring\\nmatters, a fawn and a red, and the admixture of the former with\\nthe latter very much impairs its clearness and beauty. In conse-\\nquence of this, two kinds of red are obtained from the root. One\\nis simply called madder red/ which contains the whole of the col-\\noring matter the other, whigh possesses far more lustre, and is much\\nmore valued, is -called Turkey red, because it was first obtained\\nfrom the Levant. The manner of producing this desirable effect was\\nfor a long period a subject of much interest and inquiry, as the process\\nused in Turkey was enveloped in mystery. Notwithstanding that the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXXV\\nindustry of the French chemists was stimulated by the interest which\\ntheir government took in the discovery, the attempts, for a long time,\\nat imitating this beautiful dye, were fruitless and, when at length\\nthey proved successful, this success was limited to one or two estab-\\nlishments. It was only by very slow degrees that it became more dif-\\nfused, and then each individual, who acquired the knowledge, jeal-\\nously guarded his own peculiar secrets, which he had introduced in\\nthe process. The most important discovery, however, was made\\nknown, in 1804, by Sir H. C. Englefield, of England, for a fine lake,\\nmanufactured from madder, which was obtained after many different\\nprocesses. He found that the color produced from the Smyrna was of\\na deeper and richer tint than any prepared from the Dutch madder.\\nIn pursuing his experiments, he discovered that the coloring matter\\nmight be extracted from the fresh roots, and thus, not only save all\\nthe expenses and difficulty attendant on the process with prepared mad-\\nder, but the cost of transportation, also, which would be at least one-\\nfourth less than for the roots entire besides, when separated, the color-\\ning matter may be kept for any length of time without danger of being\\nimpaired. A further advantage would also arise in the quantity ob-\\ntained, as all the coloring matter could be extracted while, in the\\nmanner which the dyers use the roots, a very considerable part of it\\nis left in the refuse, and consequently lost.\\nThe juicy root of madder, like that of other plants, consists merely\\nof an assemblage of cells. A transverse section, when more fully\\ngrown, seen under the microscope, shows, first, a ring of very\\nsmall cells (the bark) second, a more or less compact mass of larger\\ncells, (the wood,) which become smaller and smaller, according to the\\ncentral position third, a texture quite different from the other two,\\noccupying the more central part of the root, and which is a com-\\npound of vessels and fibres (the heart). These differences, in the\\nstructure of the roots, are still more clearly seen in a section made\\nsomewhat obliquely. At the very first period of existence, the root\\ncontains a light, yellowish-colored juice. If subjected to a similar\\nexamination, at a more advanced stage of its growth, the same parts\\nwill be found on a larger scale of development, but the juice will be\\nless yellow. The heart of the root will have become more developed\\nthan the surrounding coat which covers it, and which, as the plant\\ngrows, is constantly diminishing, while the heart is increasing. At\\nthe same time, it is to be observed that the yellow color of the juice\\nof the exterior parts (the bark and wood) is less dark than\\nthat of the juice, in the more internal parts. It might be inferred", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "XXXVI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nfrom this, that the root contains more coloring matter when it is more\\nadvanced in age, and that, on the other hand, the coloring principle\\ncontained in the heart has a greater value than that of the cellular\\ntexture and experience has shown that such is the case. The best\\nquality, which is known in Holland, under the name of Krap, is\\nprepared only from the heart of the root that has been previously de-\\nprived of the other parts of less value. It is also generally known\\nthat the roots which are more advanced in age are preferable to the\\nyounger ones, and that the roots of the older plants have much more\\nvalue, and bear a higher price, than those which are younger. And\\nthus the alizari, as the same dye is called in the East, is also preferred,\\nas it is derived from roots which have been in the ground five or six\\nyears. There is considerable difference, also, between these parts of\\nthe root, in the loss of weight, which they respectively sustain by dry-\\ning. When the heart and surrounding layers are separately treated,\\nthe amount of this loss is, in the case of the former, 57 per cent.\\nbut, in that of the latter, 76 per cent. The total loss of weight, in\\ndrying the raw root, as it comes from the ground, is from 72 to 80 per\\ncent., or, on an average, 75 per cent. After a preliminary drying,\\nwhich takes place, in the southern parts of France, in the open air, the\\nroots, before being ground, are dried a second time in kilns or stoves,\\nand undergo a further loss, say 7 or 8 per cent. but this loss, accord-\\ning to experience, is at least from 10 to 15 per cent, of the light-red\\ncolored, and from 20 to 25 per cent, of the red roots the latter, which\\nare in the greatest demand, being, on that account, not dried quite\\nso well by the cultivators. The loss of weight, in Zealand, after the\\nfirst and second drying, is not less than in France.\\nIn respect to the culture of madder, it need only be stated that\\nthe French and Dutch methods are herein given in detail, as this\\nbranch of industry is best understood and most successfully carried\\non in those countries and, as our climate does not much differ, es-\\npecially from that of France, no material alteration is required in our\\npractice as regards the growth and management of the crop.\\nMadder is much cultivated in the French departement of Vaucluse,\\nwhere a particular geological formation occurs, belonging to the more\\nancient alluvium, which seems to have been formed by the rivers\\nSorgue and Durance, by bringing a large quantity of calcareous mat-\\nter and depositing it along their banks. The land thus formed,\\ncalled Paluds, contains from 80 to 90 per cent, of chalk, and is\\nvery favorable to the development of the root, being calcareous, light,\\nand rich.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXXV11\\nMadder is also cultivated in the Dutch, province of Zealand, where\\nit grows on the rich alluvial bottoms produced by the sea, and\\nconsequently abounding in soda and silicious sand, and in Alsace,\\nwhere the soil is known to contain much lime. These differences in\\nthe constituents of the soil, no doubt, exercise a great influence on the\\nproduction of the red coloring matter of this root for it is well known\\nthat Zealand madder contains more of the yellow and less of the red\\ncoloring matter than the better sorts of the French and Alsacian pro-\\nducts.\\nMadder is propagated both from seeds and from the off-sets of the\\nroots. In Vaucluse, it is grown only from seed. The soil is well\\nworked, and manured during the winter with a liberal coat of dung.\\nIn spring, the seeds are sown in beds about five or six feet wide, with\\na space of eighteen or twenty inches between the beds. As soon as\\nthe young plants are up, great care is taken in clearing the land. In\\nthe month of November, the beds are covered with a layer of earth\\nto a thickness of two or three inches, this earth being taken out of\\nthe intervals between the beds. The second year, the weeding is con-\\ntinued, but it then presents no great difficulty nor expense, because\\nthe plants are more developed, especially when sufficient care has\\nbeen taken in eradicating the weeds the first year. When the\\nplants are in flower, they are usually cut and given to the cattle\\nfor the purpose of feeding, but are sometimes left for seed. It is\\nstated that the tender foliage is as good for fodder as lucerne. The\\nseeds are gathered when they present a dark-violet hue. In the third\\nyear, the plants require no other treatment than weeding, and again\\nmowing or cutting the green crop. In tne month of August or Sep-\\ntember, the digging of the root is usually commenced, as soon as the\\nsoil is wet from autumnal rains. If the earth is dry, at the time of\\nharvesting, the roots are simply cleaned but if they are humid, they\\nare washed. In digging, one or two workmen are placed along each\\nbed, who make a trench in it, in the direction of its breadth, and work\\nthe land carefully over, throwing out the plants and loosening the\\nroots, which are then pulled out of the ground with the hand, placed\\non linen cloths, and taken to the house, where they are dried in the\\nopen air and packed up in bales.\\nMadder is not cultivated from seeds, in Zealand, but from shoots, or\\noff-sets, planted in May, in well-worked ground, in rows about two\\nfeet or more apart. Great care is taken the first year in extirpating\\nthe weeds. In November, the plants are covered with earth taken\\nfrom the intervals between the rows. The weeding and covering with", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "XXXV111 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nearth are repeated the second year. The third year, the ground is\\nstill carefully weeded, and digging hegins in August. The roots are\\nlifted from the ground with strong spades and transported to the stoves\\n(Meestoven) for the purpose of being dried, because the climate is too\\nwet to dry the roots in open air, as in the south of France. After the\\nfirst operation, the roots are dried again before they are ground. The\\nroots, being cleansed and ground to a fine powder, are then packed in\\nbarrels and sold. There is, however, some difference in this trade in\\nZealand and Yaucluse. In the former, the farmer not only produces\\nthe root, but the madder in a manufactured state in the latter,\\nit is only sold in the dry root (garance.) In Vaucluse, the root is com-\\nmonly dug the third year, when it is about thirty months old. In\\nZealand, it is frequently taken out of the ground the second year,\\nwhen it is eighteen months old and this is done because the severe\\nwinter of Holland injures the crop. In some cases, however, the\\nDutch farmers contrive to keep the roots in the ground another year.\\nThe average yield of dried roots to the acre, in Vaucluse, is 2,800\\npounds, or about 2,240 pounds of madder powder. In Zealand, the\\nyield is 2,350 pounds of powdered madder, of the first quality,\\nbesides about 100 pounds of an inferior article.\\nIn the preparation of madder for market, there are three modes of\\ndrying the roots by the sun, in the shade, and with stoves. When\\ndried by the sun, there is a considerable loss in weight, and in the\\nquality of the roots. Therefore, it is preferable to dry them in the\\nshade, exposed to a current of air, although the operation may be\\nmore promptly effected with a stove but, by the latter process, they\\nlose nearly seven-eighths of their weight.\\nWhen the roots are sufficiently dried, they are reduced to a powder,\\nfirst by placing them on close osier hurdles, where they are lightly\\nbeaten with flails, which separates the earth as well as the epidermis\\nand radicles, the smallest of which are used for inferior dyeing. The\\nlarger roots, which are good and of a red color, are then ground in a\\nsmall mill, winnowed or sifted, to separate the remaining dirt, re-\\ndried, ground, and cleaned once more, and reduced to a fine powder\\nby passing through a bruising mill then packed in barrels or casks\\nfor market or use.\\nThe following information, relative to the culture of madder in the\\nUnited States, is founded on experience, and, if strictly observed, will\\nbe conducive to successful results A location facing the south or\\nsouth-east is to be preferred. In choosing a soil, it should be neither\\ntoo wet nor too dry, too stiff nor too light. A deep, rich, upland,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. XXXIX\\nsandy loam, free from foul grass, weeds, stones, and stumps of trees,\\non which there has been cultivated a crop of potatoes, peas, wheat,\\nor Indian corn, the season previous, perhaps, would be the best, bear-\\ning in mind that the presence of calcareous matter in the soil is essen-\\ntial for the production of good madder, to be used in dyeing. The\\nland should be ploughed deep, once in September, and again in Oc-\\ntober, and permitted to lie during the winter, in ridges, to be acted\\nupon by the frost. As soon as the spring has opened and the ground\\nbecome dry and warm say on the first of April, in Tennessee, the\\nmiddle of April, in Ohio, and the first of May, in New York plough\\nagain deep, harrow well, and strike it into ridges with a one-horse\\nplough, three feet wide, with four-foot water-furrows between, or\\nmake the ridges seven feet wide at once, raising them, if the ground\\nbe moist or wet, ten or twelve inches, or if the land be dry, six or\\neight inches above the natural surface then, with a light harrow,\\nlevel and shape the ridges as in a well-formed bed for carrots or beets.\\nThe madder-sets, or seed-roots, are best selected when the crop is dug\\nin the fall. Those which grow horizontally, having numerous eyes,\\nare regarded as the best. They should be separated from the lower\\nroots and buried in a cellar or pit, where they are to remain during\\nthe winter or they may be covered with earth in heaps, after the\\nmanner of storing potatoes in the field. If they are not dug in the\\nfall, it must be done early in the spring, before they begin to sprout.\\nPrevious to planting, they should be cut or broken into pieces, con-\\ntaining from two to five eyes each, say three or four inches in length.\\nThe time for planting is as early in the spring as the ground can be\\ngot in good order, and there is no longer any danger from severe frosts.\\nWith the land prepared, as directed above, stretch a line lengthwise\\nthe beds, and, with a hoe or some other suitable implement,\\nmake a drill from two to four inches deep, according to the moisture\\nor dryness of the soil and climate, along the edges of the beds, say\\nsix inches from the margins, and then other drills through the middle,\\nabout two feet apart. Into these drills, insert the sets ten inches asun-\\nder, and cover them from two to four inches deep with fine earth, pat-\\nting it lightly with a hoe, after the manner of planting Indian corn.\\nAs soon as the young plants are seen above the ground, they should\\nbe carefully hoed, so as to destroy the weeds, which operation must\\nbe repeated as often as the weeds are liable to be injurious to the crop.\\nIf any of the sets have failed to grow, the vacancies may be filled by\\ntaking up and transplanting parts of the strongest roots, which may\\nbe done in June or July. When the plants are ten or twelve inches", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "Xl AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nhigh, the tops are to he hent down to* the surface of the ground and\\ncovered, except their tip-ends, with earth shovelled from the alleys.\\nThey should he hent outward, as well as inward, so as to fill the\\nvacant spaces of the beds say, about a foot in each direction. After\\nthe first covering, repeat the weeding, if necessary, and run a single-\\nhorse plough through the alleys several times to keep the earth mellow\\nand clean. As soon as the plants again become ten or twelve inches\\nhigh, bend down and cover as before, repeating the operation as often\\nas the plants will admit, which is commonly three times the first\\nseason. The last time may be as late as September, or later, if there\\nbe no frost. By covering the tops in this manner, they throw out\\nnew roots, with which it is designed to fill the ground as full as\\npossible. When the vacant spaces are entirely filled with the plants,\\nthere will be but little chance for the growth of weeds but all that\\ndo appear must be pulled out by hand.\\nThe second year, the beds must be kept free from weeds, and the\\ntops of the plants covered with earth from the alleys as in the pre-\\nceding year, which may be repeated two or three times in the course\\nof the season. If the alleys now present deep narrow ditches, and it\\nis difficult to obtain good earth for covering the tops, that operation\\nmay be omitted, this season, after the second time. Care should be\\ntaken, when covering the tops, to keep the edges of the beds as high\\nas the middle otherwise, the water from heavy showers will run off,\\nand the crop suffer from drought.\\nThe third year, very little labor or attention will be required, as\\nthe plants now cover the whole ground, and but few weeds appear.\\nShould any weeds be seen, however, they must be eradicated other-\\nwise their roots will cause trouble when harvesting the madder.\\nThe crop is sometimes dug the third year and, if the soil and culti-\\nvation have been good, and the seasons warm and favorable, the roots\\nwill be of good quality but, generally, it is much better in quality,\\nand more in quantity, when left until the fourth year.\\nThe digging or harvesting of the roots may be .performed from the\\nmiddle of August to the end of September. The first thing to be\\ndone is to remove the tops of the plants, and about half an inch of\\nthe surface of the earth, with a sharp-edged shovel then take a\\nplough of a large size, with a sharp coulter, and a double team,\\nand run a furrow outward, beam-deep, around the edge of the bed\\nstir the earth with a fork or iron-toothed rake, removing it from\\nthe bottom of the furrow, and carefully picking out all the roots", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "KEPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. xli\\nthen plough another furrow beam-deep, as before,, remove the earth,\\npick the roots, and thus proceed until the whole bed is completed.\\nAs soon as possible after digging, take the roots to some running\\nstream, if at hand, but, if not, to a pump or well, to be washed.\\nTake a large round sieve, from two and a half to three feet in diameter,\\nwith the meshes about as open as those used in winnowing wheat.\\nInto this sieve, put half a bushel of roots at a time, and stir them in\\nthe water, pulling the bunches apart, so as to wash them clean then\\nlay them on movable platforms, about two inches deep, to dry in the\\nsun. These platforms should be placed side by side, not far from the\\nfarm building, in rows running east and west, with their ends north\\nand south, leaving sufficient room to walk between them. The south\\nends may be elevated about eighteen inches, and the north ones about\\nsix inches from the ground. After the second or third day s drying,\\nthe roots should be protected from dews at night, and from rain, by\\nplacing the platforms one upon another, and covering the uppermost\\none with tarpaulins or boards. Then spread them out again in the\\nmorning, or as soon as danger from rain is over. In five or six clays\\nof ordinarily fine weather, the madder will be sufficiently dried to be\\nstored away preparatory to grinding.\\nIf the climate is not hot and dry enough to deprive the roots of\\ntheir moisture, and thus render them fit for grinding, resort may\\nbe had to stoves or kilns. As soon as they are thoroughly dried,\\nthey may be taken to a barn and gently thrashed with flails, and de-\\nprived of their rootlets and particles of dirt by winnowing or, what\\nwould be better, if the culture were conducted on a larger scale, they\\nmight be broken in a cast-iron bark-mill, or by some other machinery\\nappropriate for the purpose, so that the particles thus reduced could\\nreadily be fed into a common grist-mill, or, perhaps, a mill constructed\\nof iron. Let it be borne in mind that, if the roots are not broken and\\nground immediately, they will gather dampness from the atmosphere,\\nso as to prevent them from grinding freely. When ground to the\\nrequisite degree of fineness, the madder is fit for use, and may be\\npacked in barrels like flour.\\nThe quantity of madder yearly consumed in the United States,\\nchiefly imported, is variously estimated from 4,000 to 5,000 tons,\\nvalued at, say at least $1,000,000 a sum paid annually to foreign\\ncountries for an article that might be produced as cheaply, and of as\\ngood quality, at home.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "Xlii AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nTREES AND SHRUBS.\\nThe Tea Plant, (Thea viridis,) which has so long afforded a most\\ngrateful Leverage to millions of people in every civilised country of\\nthe globe, there is much reason to believe, may be successfully culti-\\nvated in favorable situations and under proper management, for local\\nconsumption, at least, in most, if not all of our Southern States. This\\nwas partially realised from an experiment made at Greenville, in the\\nmountainous parts of South Carolina, by the late Junius Smith, in\\n1848 to 1852. He imported several cases of black and green tea\\nplants, of Chinese stock, of from five to seven years growth, and\\nplanted them in the village above named, where they remained about\\ntwo years. On their removal to a plantation in that vicinity, in\\nMarch, 1851, Dr. Smith stated that, they grew remarkably last\\nsummer, and are now fully rooted, with fine large main and collate-\\nral roots, with an abundance of fibrous radicles. They all stood the\\nsnow, eight or nine inches deep upon the level, on the 3d of January,\\nand the severe frosts of winter, without the slightest covering or pro-\\ntection, and without the loss of a single plant. They are now all\\nforming part of the plantation, composed of those received from\\nChina last June, and a few planted the first week in June 3 which\\ngerminated the 17th of September. All these young plants were\\nthinly covered with straw. Some of them have lost their foliage\\nothers have not. The stems do not appear to have sustained any in-\\njury. The fresh buds are beginning to shoot. I cannot help think-\\ning that we have now demonstrated the adaptation of the tea-plant\\nto the soil and climate of this country, and succeeded in its perma-\\nnent establishment within our borders.\\nConsidering the practical bearing this subject has on the economy\\nand agricultural interests of our Southern States, it is surprising that\\na simple herb, which has proved of such universal acceptance, should\\nretain this position in the world for centuries, and yet still con-\\ntinue to be restricted in its production almost entirely to the coun-\\ntry of its origin, although corresponding regions, with respect to lat-\\nitude, elevation above the sea, and other circumstances, which modify\\nthe climate, are open to its introduction and culture, and the most in-\\ntelligent, as well as the most enterprising merchants and others have\\never sought to learn every fact connected with its growth and subse-\\nquent preparation. Though regarded, in general, as a luxury, and\\nby some even as food, yet it is not an article from which the people of", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. xliii\\nany country should be debarred. On the contrary, it is the policy in\\nthis case, as well as in most others, of every government, to gratify\\nthe wishes of its people, and to facilitate the acquisition of this luxury\\nby its economical importation, or, what would be far more desirable,\\nto extend the production to its own soil. Eespecting the expediency\\nof such a measure in this country as that last named, little more need\\nbe stated than that most of our citizens will have it, and millions of\\ndollars will annually be paid for its importation. To the argument\\nwhich has often been advanced, that the very low rate of wages in\\nChina is the reason why the production of tea has not been encouraged\\nin this country, it may be stated that, with improved machinery and\\nother appliances, facility of transportation, robust and well-fed la-\\nborers, and probably with the aid of the Chinamen, now in California,\\nthere can be little doubt that we can successfully compete, at least\\nfor local consumption, with the primitive utensils, tedious manipula-\\ntions, and absence of railroads, canals, steam navigation, and even\\nof common roads, of the enfeebled and poorly-fed Asiatics. The\\ncost of the transportation of tea in China, say at a distance, upon\\nan average, from the plantations to Canton, the port of shipment, of\\n800 to 1,000 miles, at a waste of from six weeks to two months\\ntime, whole cargoes being constantly carried upon the backs of\\nporters, is about four cents a pound, or about one-third of its value at\\nthe place of its growth. It is supposable that in no part of the Uni-\\nted States, at a corresponding distance from the seaboard, would the\\ncost of carriage be equal to one-fourth of that sum, or occupy one-\\ntenth of the time. Dr. Jameson, superintendent of the tea planta-\\ntions of the East India Company, on the Himalayan mountains, in\\nhis report of 1847, remarks that the task-work of one laborer is to\\ndress, weed, and keep in order three acres of tea- land. In our Mid-\\ndle and Southern States, one hand cultivates, annually, and keeps in\\norder, six acres of cotton, or of Indian corn. Therefore, assuming\\nthe amount of time for cultivating the respective crops to be equal, the\\nAmerican laborer would perform more than double the amount of\\nwork done by the Hindoo, which, undoubtedly, is about the differ-\\nence in their physical force. Again, low-priced labor compels cheap\\nliving, which, with the Hindoo, consists principally of a little boiled\\nrice, without animal food. This meagre diet just keeps his attenuated\\nframe in existence, and renders him incapable of severe toil. On the\\ncontrary, the hardy laborer of the South is well and amply fed, three\\ntimes a day, upon the healthiest food consumed by man bacon, hom-\\nmony, and corn-bread. But the chief part of the expense incurred", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "Xliv AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nin bringing tea to the consumer in this country consists in freight, in-\\nsurance, storage, and the profits and commissions of the importers,\\nfactors, retailers, c, most of which would be saved were this\\narticle produced near the place of its consumption. Without further\\nelucidation of the subject, let us be content to rest the claims of the\\nAmerican cultivator for success upon the merits of the arguments\\nherein set forth.\\nThe tea-plant is not only found in China and Japan, chiefly in a\\ncultivated state, but is indigenous in the mountains which separate\\nChina from the Burmese territories, especially in Upper Assam, bor-\\ndering on the province of Yun-nan. It is also cultivated in Nepal, at\\nan elevation of 4,784 feet above Bengal, in latitude 27\u00c2\u00b0 42 N.\\nBefore proceeding in the inquiry, it would be desirable to ascertain\\nwhether one or several species of the genus Thea yield the several\\nvarieties of tea as this might explain some of the discrepancies in\\nthe accounts respecting the soil and climate required for its cultiva-\\ntion. Some authors, among whom are Mr. Fortune and Dr. Lett-\\nsom, who travelled extensively in China, and had ample opportuni-\\nties for investigating this subject, consider that all the varieties of\\ntea may be obtained from the same plant, and that the differences are\\ntherefore due to the soil or climate, or to the age of the leaf and the\\nmode of preparation. Others, on the contrary, are of the opinion\\nthat they are produced from at least two distinct species, Thea\\nviridis and Thea bohea. There is no doubt, however, that the\\nplants usually known as Green and Black, when cultivated\\nunder similar circumstances, retain permanently their characteristics,\\nand that their leaves, respectively, generally resemble those obtained\\nafter infusing good specimens of green and black tea. The green tea\\nplant, moreover, is much more hardy than the black one of the\\nformer having lived twenty years in the open air, near London, and\\nbeing only killed in the very severe winter of 1837-38, when the\\nthermometer fell to 4^\u00c2\u00b0 F. Yet, from the great extent of territory\\nover which the tea-plant is found, and from the variety of situations\\nin which it is produced, there can be but little doubt that it is grown\\nin very different soils, though there are, doubtless, certain physical\\nconditions that are best suited to the production of the finest flavored\\nteas.\\nThe tea-plant loves to grow in valleys, at the foot of mountains,\\nand upon the banks of streams, where it enjoys a southern exposure\\nto the sun, Jhough it endures considerable variations of dryness and\\nmoisture, and of heat and cold for it flourishes in the climate", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. xlv\\nof Pekin, in latitude 40\u00c2\u00b0, as well as about Canton, in 23\u00c2\u00b0 8 N.\\nand it is observed tbat the degree of cold at the former place is nearly\\nas severe in winter as it is in some of our Middle States. The best\\ntea, however, grows in a mild, temperate climate, the country about\\nNankin producing a better article than either Pekin or Canton.\\nMr. Bruce, who travelled in Upper Assam, in 1836, describes the tea\\ndistricts as consisting of little mounds or hillocks of earth, on which\\nlarge trees had grown, their roots alone appearing to save them\\nfrom being washed away. One thing he observes as worthy of\\nnotice, that all the Assam tea grows near water, of which it appears\\nto be very fond, for wherever there is a small stream, tea is sure to be\\nfound. He subsequently discovered, however, that tea plantations in\\nthat country were very extensive, both on the hills and in the plains.\\nBut excessive moisture, either in the soil or in the air, is not con-\\ngenial to the growth of the tea-plant, as it is evident from its\\npreference for sandy or porous soils, or the moulds, in the moist\\nclimate of Assam, but which probably would not be requisite where\\nthe climate is dry.\\nMr. Fortune, who had frequent opportunities to inspect some of\\nthe most extensive tea districts of Canton, Fokein, and Chekiang,\\nstates that the soil of those of the northern provinces is much richer\\nthan it is in Quantung. Tea shrubs, he says, will not succeed\\nwell unless they have a rich sandy loam to grow in. The continual\\ngathering of their leaves is very detrimental to their health, and, in\\nfact, ultimately kills them. Hence, a principal object with the\\ngrower is, to keep his bushes in as robust health as possible and\\nthis cannot be done if the soil be poor. The tea plantations in the\\nnorth of China are always situated on the lower and most fertile sides\\nof the hills, and never on the low lands. The shrubs are planted in\\nrows, about four feet apart, and about the same distance between each\\nrow, and look at a distance like little shrubberies of evergreens.\\nThe farms are small, each consisting of from one to four or five acres\\nindeed, every farmer has his own little tea garden, the produce of\\nwhich supplies the wants of his family, and the surplus brings him\\nin a few dollars that are spent on the other necessaries of life. In\\nJapan, tea is planted around the borders of fields, without regard to\\nsituation or soil.\\nThe tea-plants are raised from nuts, or seeds, usually sown where\\nthey are to remain. Three or more are dropped into a hole, and\\ncovered with earth four or five inches deep these come up without\\nany further trouble, and require little culture, except that of removing", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "xlvi AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nweeds. The leaves are not collected from the cultivated plants until\\nthey are three years old and, after growing nine or ten years, they\\nare cut down, in order that the young shoots, which will then rise,\\nmay afford a greater supply of leaves. The best time to gather the\\ntea is while the leaves are small, young, and juicy. The first gathering\\nusually commences at about the end of February, when the leaves are\\nyoung and unexpanded the second, about the beginning of April;\\nand the third, in June. The first collection, which only consists of fine\\ntender leaves, is most esteemed, and is called by us Imperial tea.\\nThe second is denominated Tootsjaa, or Chinese tea, because it is\\ninfused and imbibed after the Chinese manner. The last gatherings,\\nwhich are the coarsest and cheapest of all, are drunk by the people of\\nthe lowest class. Besides the three kinds of tea named above, it may\\nbe observed, that, by sorting these, the varieties become still further\\nmultiplied. The Chinese, however, know nothing of Imperial\\ntea, Flower tea, and many other names, which, in Europe and\\nAmerica, serve to distinguish the quality and the price of the article\\nbut, besides the common tea, they distinguish two other kinds, namely,\\nthe Voui and Souinlo, which are reserved for people of the\\nfirst order of society, and for those who are sick. The principal\\nvarieties used in Europe, and in this country, are the Green tea,\\nwhich is the Bing, or common tea of the Chinese, and is gathered\\nin April; the Voui, or You-tche, a delicate kind of Young\\nHyson, which differs only from the other in being gathered a few\\nweeks earlier, and consists of the young leaf-buds just as they begin\\nto unfold and the various descriptions of Black tea, which di-\\nminish in quality and value as they are collected later in the season,\\nuntil they reach the lowest kind, called by us Bohea, and by the\\nChinese Ta-cha, or large tea, on account of the maturity and size\\nof the leaves. The early leaf-buds, in spring, being covered with a\\nwhite, silky down, are gathered to make Pekoe, a corruption of\\nthe Canton word Pa-Jco, white down. A few days later growth\\nproduces what is sometimes styled Black-leaved Pekoe. The more\\nfleshy and matured leaves constitute Souchong; as they grow still\\nlarger and coarser, they form Congou; and the last and latest\\npicking of all is the Bohea. The variety named above, called\\nVoui, is a scarce and expensive article, and the picking of the\\nleaves in so young a state does considerable injury to the plantations.\\nThe summer rains, however, which fall copiously about this season,\\nmoisten the earth and air, and, if the plants are young and vigorous,\\nthey soon push out fresh leaves.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON 6EEDS AND CUTTINGS. Xivii\\nThe process of gathering tea is one of great, nicety and importance.\\nEach leaf is plucked separately from the twig the hands of the\\ngatherer are kept clean and, in collecting some of the finer sorts, it\\nhas been stated, upon credible authority, that he is obliged for some\\nweeks previous to abstain from all gross food, lest his breath or\\nperspiration might injure the flavor to wear fine gloves while at\\nwork, and to bathe two or three times a day during this period. In\\nthe general harvest seasons, the natives are seen in little family groups\\non the side of every hill, when the weather is dry, engaged in gather-\\ning the tea-leaves, which are stripped off rapidly and promiscuously\\ninto round baskets, made for the purpose, of split bamboo or ratan.\\nWhen a sufficient quantity is gathered, it is carried home to the cottage\\nor barn, where the operation of drying is performed. The Chinese\\ndislike gathering the leaves on a rainy day, for any description of tea;\\nand never will do so, unless necessity requires it. Some even pretend\\nto distinguish the teas made on a rainy day from those made on a sunny\\nday. The process of rolling and drying the leaves, it is stated, can only\\nbe learned by actual experience yet the system adopted to attain this\\nend is as simple as it is efficacious. Let it be borne in mind, however,\\nthat the grand object is to expel the moisture, and at the same time\\nto retain as much as possible of the aromatic and other desirable\\nsecretions.\\nAs to the differences of flavor and color peculiar to the green and\\nblack teas, it is well known that, in many instances, they are pro-\\nduced by art. In describing the green teas grown in the districts of\\nChekiang, Mr. Fortune remarks that it must not be supposed that\\nthey are the green teas which are exported. The leaf has a much,\\nmore natural color, and has little or none of what we call the beauti-\\nful bloom upon it, which is so much admired in Europe and America.\\nThere is now no doubt that all these blooming green teas, which are\\nmanufactured at Canton, are dyed with Prussian blue and gypsum,\\nto suit the tastes of the c foreign barbarians Indeed, the process may\\nbe seen any day during the season by those who will give themselves\\nthe trouble to seek after it. It is very likely that the same ingredients\\nare also used in dyeing the northern green teas for the foreign market.\\nThe Chinese, it is asserted, never use these dyed teas themselves and\\ncertainly their taste, in this respect, is more correct than ours. It is\\nnot to be supposed that the dye employed can produce any very bad\\neffects upon the consumer, for, had this been the case, it would have\\nlong since been discovered. As to the opinion that green tea owes its\\nverdure to an inflorescence acquired from plates of copper, on which", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "Xlviii AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nit is supposed to be curled or dried, there is no foundation for the\\nsuspicion, as the infusions undergo no change on the addition of vol-\\natile alkali, which would detect the minutest portion of copper by\\nturning the liquors blue. And, besides, the drying pans and furnaces\\nused throughout China, for this purpose, are said to be invariably\\nmade of sheet-iron.\\nThe Box-wood Tree (Buxus sempervirens arborescens) is a hardy\\nevergreen shrub or tree, indigenous to many parts of Europe and\\nAsia, and has proved itself well adapted to the climate of the United\\nStates. In its natural habitat, it seldom exceeds twelve or fifteen\\nfeet in height, with a trunk from six to eight inches in diameter\\nbut, in a state of cultivation, it sometimes attains double these di-\\nmensions.\\nThis tree is found abundantly in Turkey, particularly on the shores\\nof the Black sea but a great portion of the box-wood of commerce,\\nsold in the European and American markets, as Turkey box, is\\ngrown in Circassia and Georgia, whence it is brought to Odessa for\\nshipment. It is also found in various parts of Persia, China, Cochin-\\nChina, and, from some statements, in Japan. This tree, which is of\\ngreat longevity, and subject to but few diseases, is sufficiently hardy\\nto stand the open air near Philadelphia, without protection during\\nwinter, where it has attained the height of twenty-five feet, with a\\ntrunk two feet and a half in circumference, or about ten inches in di-\\nameter. It may be propagated from seeds, by cuttings, or by layers.\\nWhen allowed to grow freely, it produces an abundance of seeds, which\\nshould be gathered as soon as the capsules appear ready to open, and\\nsown immediately in light, rich earth, consisting chiefly of vegetable\\nmould well drained.\\nThe principal use to which the wood of this tree is applied in this\\ncountry is for engraving, for which purpose it is admirably adapted\\nand, for the finer class of illustrations, there is no wood which can be\\nemployed as a substitute. Hence, as in the case of the cork-oak, should\\nnon-intercourse between this country and the Old World ever occur,\\nwe should soon be without a supply of this useful material, which is a\\nstrong argument for extending its culture by establishing plantations\\nof it on some of the waste lands of our Middle and Southern States.\\nThe European Sweet Chestnut, (Castanea vesca,) a native of Asia\\nMinor, but cultivated in the temperate parts of Europe and Africa\\nfrom time immemorial, has proved itself well adapted to the climate\\nof the Middle and Southern States, when grafted on stocks of the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON STEEDS AND CUTTINGS. xlix\\nAmerican species, and is deserving of extended culture in this country\\nfor its fruit.\\nThe two most desirable varieties of this tree, cultivated in France,\\nare La Chataigne verte du Limousin, which produces very large,\\nexcellent nuts, of a rich creamy flavor and aromatic odor, when roasted,\\nthat will keep a long time, and the tree of which preserves its leaves\\ngreen much longer than any of the other sorts and La Chataigne\\nexalade, the fruit of which is the best of all common chestnuts for\\nthe table but, although the tree is low, with spreading branches, it\\nis such an abundant bearer that it soon exhausts itself.\\nThe principal countries in which the chestnut is employed as an\\nimportant article of food are the south of France, Spain, and the north\\nof Italy, where it serves, in a great measure, as a substitute both ion\\npotatoes and bread. In Spain, it is produced in such abundane as to\\nbe, not only a common food of the peasantry, but an article- ef ex-\\nportation to the more northern nations. The quantity of chestnuts\\nconsumed in Great Britain and Ireland exceeds 20,000 bushels per\\nannum.\\nThe usual modes of cooking chestnuts in France and Italy are,\\nboiling them in water, with simply a little salt, or with leaves\\nof celery, sage, or any other herbs which may impart to them a\u00c2\u00a9\\nagreeable flavor and roasting them, in hot ashes or in a coffee-\\nroaster. They are also occasionally scorched before the fire, or on a\\nshovel but, when thus prepared, are not considered so good. In\\nwhatever way they are roasted, the French cooks previously slit the\\nskin, or shell, of all except one and, when that cracks and flies off,\\nit is an indication that the rest are done.\\nThe Grammont or Siveet-acorned Oak, (Quercus gramuntia,) formerly\\na native of the wood of Grrammont, near Montpelier, in France, and\\ngrowing wild at present in great abundance in some of the forests of\\nSpain, is quite hardy, maturing its acorns in England, where it\\nhas been introduced and would be a desirable acquisition to our Mid-\\ndle and Southern States.\\nCaptain S. C. Cook, (now Captain Widdrington,) who paid great\\nattention to this oak, when in Spain, remarks of it as follows\\nThis species is quite distinct from the Q. ilex, its nearest con-\\ngener. The leaves are thicker, more rounded at the point, of a dull\\nglaucous green, and the tree altogether is of a more compact and less\\ngraceful form than the Italian ilex. The great and essential differ-\\nence, however, consists in the acorns, which are edible, and, when in\\niv", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "1 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nperfection, are aj good as, or superior to, a chestnut. To give this\\nsweetness, they must be kept as, at first, they have a considerable\\ntaste of the tannin, like those of the other species, which disappears in\\na few days, and accounts for the skepticism of some writers, who as-\\nsert that both sweet and bitter acorns are the product of the same\\ntree, and that their sweetness is no character. These are the edible\\nacorns of the ancients, which they believed fattened the tunny fish on\\ntheir passage from the ocean to the Mediterranean a fable only prov-\\ning that the acorns grew on the delicious shores and rocks of Anda-\\nlusia, which, unhappily, is no longer the ca se. Eemains of them,\\nhowever, may still be traced in the West and they fattened the\\nswine which produced the celebrated salt meats of Malaga and that\\nvicinity. These are the bellota3 which Teresa, the wife of Sancho\\nPanza, gathered herself, in La Mancha, where they grew in the\\ngreatest perfection, and sent to the Duchess, wishing, instead of their\\nbeing only the best of their kind, they were the size of ostrich-eggs.\\nI have frequently seen them produced by individuals, and offered to the\\ncompany as bon-bons are in some countries, with a sort of an apology\\nfor their intrinsic value, from their flavor and size. This species is,\\nbeyond question, very hardy, I believe even more so than the ilex of\\nItaly. It ascends the sides of the sierras in the inclement region of\\nthe centre of Castile; and, in Arragon, is seen within the limits of\\nthe Pinus sylvestris and P. uncinata, as also in the cold and wintry\\nvalley of Andorre. The widest forests of it are now in Estremadura,\\nwhere the best sausages and other salted meats are made from the\\nvast herds of swine which are bred in them.\\nAs a proof of the hardiness of this tree, Dralet mentions that he\\nfound it growing on the crest of the mountains of the Andorras, where\\nthe snow covers the ground during several months of the year and\\nthis circumstance, he says, explained to him the reason why the\\nkings of Spain had succeeded in getting it to grow in the park at the\\nPraxlo, near Madrid, where they had tried to cultivate the olive in\\nvain.\\nThe Kermes Oak, (Quercus coccifera,) a low, bushy, evergreen\\nshrub, much resembling a holly in miniature, a native of the south of\\nEurope, and well known as producing the kermes, or scarlet\\ngrain of commerce. Although there has been but little demand for\\nthis article since the discovery of America, in consequence of the\\ncheapness of cochineal, this shrub, doubtless, could be cultivated in\\nfavorable locations in the Middle and Southern States, on which", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. li\\ncould be propagated the kermes, somewhat after the manner they are\\nat present in Turkey and the Levant.\\nThis production was known to the Phoenicians, before the time of\\nMoses, under the name of tlwla and to the Greeks by the appella-\\ntion of coccus, and to the Romans that of coccus bopliica hence the\\norigin of the word Coccinati, the persons who wore robes that\\nwere dyed with the kermes. Previous to the discovery of America\\nit was employed to a great extent in dyeing a very rich blood-red\\nwhich is of so permanent a nature, that the old tapestries of Brussels,\\nand other parts of Flanders, although manufactured more than two\\ncenturies ago, have lost none of their richness of tint. Since the\\nsettlement of America by Europeans, it has been supplanted, in a\\ngreat degree, by the Coccus cacti, or cochineal. The kermes, never-\\ntheless, is still extensively prepared in some parts of Spain, as well\\nas in the East and Bancroft states in his Permanent Colors, that,\\nwith a solution of tin, which is used with the cochineal, the kermes\\nis capable of imparting a scarlet quite as brilliant as that dye, and\\nperhaps more permanent. At the same time, however, as ten or\\ntwelve pounds contain only as much coloring matter as one pound of\\ncochineal, the latter, at its ordinary price, is more economical.\\nThe kermes {Coccus ilicis) occurs as a parasitic insect, having all\\nthe appearance of a berry or seed, exhibiting not the slightest indica-\\ntion of its insect Dature, being immovably affixed, in clusters, to the\\nbranches of the oak, upon which it subsists, by introducing into the\\nsubstance of the stem a long and delicate haustellum. It is only at\\nthe close of its existence, however, that it assumes the form of a seed.\\nAlthough the insect is provided with two legs, and, when young,\\npossesses locomotive powers, yet, after impregnation, it greatly in-\\ncreases in size, and the eggs are deposited beneath the body so that,\\nby degrees, as the eggs are excluded, the two surfaces of the body\\ncome together and form a covering for the eggs hence, it will be\\nobserved that it is only the females which are collected for traffic the\\nmales, in the perfect state, being minute, active, two-winged flies,\\ntotally unlike their inert partners.\\nIn the natural state, the kermes are of a shining appearance, and\\nof the color of a plum covered with a whitish bloom. In the condi-\\ntion in which they are brought to market, they appear of a dull\\nreddish-brown, which is not, of course, the natural color of good kermes,\\nbut is imparted to them by steeping in vinegar. The inhabitants of\\nthe countries where these insects are obtained, distinguish three", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "Hi AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nstages in their existence. In the Provencal language, the term\\nLe ver is applied to them, when they are in the earliest stage of\\nactivity Le ver couve, subsequently, in the month of April,\\nwhen they become stationary; and Le ver commence d eclore,\\nin the last stage, in the middle or towards the end of May, when\\neach female insect is found reduced to a skin, covering its brood of\\neggs to the number of 1,800 or 2,000.\\nThe crop of kerines is more or less abundant, according to the mild-\\nness or severity of the preceding winter when, therefore, there has\\nbeen little or no frost, and the weather has been generally mild, a\\ngood yield is expected, which is not obtained every year and, as\\nthere is no trouble in planting or otherwise attending to the manage-\\nment of the trees, after they are once established, and as no other in-\\nstruments are required for collecting the kermes than young finger-\\nnails, it may be reasonably supposed that the harvest may be an in-\\nexpensive one. The kermes are usually collected in the morning be-\\nfore the dew is off the oaks, as at that time their leaves and prickles\\ninflict less injury to the hands, i* n experienced person will thus\\npick two pounds each day. It is stated that i.ie price of the kermes\\ndecreases considerably, according to the period in which they are\\ngathered. Those earliest collected are the most valued, and the later\\nones less, in consequence of being lighter than those first obtained,\\nowing to the young insects having escaped. The merchants who pur-\\nchase the kermes, immediately steep them in vinegar, and then expose\\nlliem to the action of heat sufficient to destroy any remaining vitality\\nin the young. This process changes their color to a bright-red hue,\\nfor which they have so long been celebrated.\\nThe Gall-nut Oak, (Quercus infectoria,) a native of Persia, Asia Mi-\\nnor, Arabia, Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria, in its natural habitat, is an\\nevergreen shrub, with a crooked stem, and seldom attains six feet in\\nheight. From the circumstance of its growing near Paris, where it\\nbears the winter quite well in the open air, though losing its leaves\\nin the autumn, it doubtless would be adapted to the climate of our\\nMiddle and Southern States.\\nOn this shrub, it may be unnecessary to state, is found the well-\\nknown gall-nuts of commerce, which are extensively used in the\\nmanufacture of writing-ink, and in dyeing. These ^xcrescenoes are\\nthe product of the gall-fly, (Cynips scriptorum,) a small insect of a\\npale-brown color, which may often be found enclosed in the galls sold\\nin the shops of the druggists, collected before the fly had made its", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. liii\\nescape. The natural history of the family to which this insect\\nbelongs may be given in a few words, although the physiological\\nnature of the changes that take place in the action of the juices\\nof the plants attacked by them, whereby galls of a very great di-\\nversity of form are produced, has not been ascertained. The female\\ncynips is furnished with an instrument, or ovipositor, of a curved\\nform, which, in most of the species, is concealed in the abdomen, with\\nthe extremity only slightly exposed. After impregnation, the eggs\\nare deposited by means of this boring instrument, which is exsertile,\\nwithin the leaves or twigs of various trees and shrubs shortly after,\\nthe galls are formed on the outside of the attacked part, the egga\\nbeing forced from the place where they were originally deposited,\\nand occupying the centre of the newly formed gall, which is gen-\\nerally of a fleshy nature, and serves as food to the young grub when\\nhatched. The pupa state succeeds, and is passed either within the\\ngall, as in the insect now under consideration, or in the earth, the\\nlarva having previously to its change eaten its way out soon after,\\nthe insect assumes its imago or perfect state. Hence, it will at\\nonce be obvious that a gall from which the insect has escaped\\nmust necessarily contain less of the astringent principle than one\\nwhich has its interior less consumed by the insect remaining enclosed\\ntherein and hence it is that there are two kinds of gall-nuts known\\nin commerce those which still contain the insect, and are known in\\nthe trade under the names of Black, Blue, or Green galls,\\ntermed yerly by the natives of the country in which they are col-\\nlected and those from which the insect has escaped, and which are\\ncalled White galls. The latter contain not more than two-thirds\\nof the astringent qualities of the former, and are of a pale-brown or\\nwhitish color, being not so heavy and less compact.\\nShould this insect ever be propagated in any part of the United\\nStates, it would necessarily have to be brought over in the gall-nut, in\\nthe larva state, and then at some period after the introduction of the\\noak itself, unless it should be found that the flies, after coming out,\\nwould deposite their eggs on some of our native oaks, on which they\\nmight succeed.\\nThe JEgilops, or Valonia Oak, (Quercus segilops,) is indigenous to\\nthe islands of the Archipelago, and, indeed, to all Greece, and often\\ngrows to a height of fifty or sixty feet. It is perfectly hardy in the\\nclimate of England, from which it may be inferred that it also would\\ngrow in favorable localities in our Middle and Southern States.\\nThe cups and acorns of this tree are annually conveyed to Europe,\\nwhere they are in great demand for tanning, and are believed to con-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "liv AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ntain more tannin than any other vegetable, in proportion to their\\nbulk. These acorns, which are commonly called Valonia, form a\\nvery considerable article of export of the Morea and the Levant, be-\\ning worth in England from $60 to $70 a ton. The more substance\\nthere is in the husks, or cups, of these acorns the better. They are of\\na bright-drab color, which they preserve as long as they are kept dry\\nbut dampness injures them, as they then turn black, and become im-\\npaired, both in quality and strength.\\nA kind of gall is found on this tree somewhat similar to that on\\nthe Quercus infectoria, and which is employed for the same purposes.\\nThese galls are rugose, of an angular form, and are either the fruit\\nitself, distorted by the puncture of the insect, (Cynips quercus calycis,)\\nor merely the scaly cup which is enlarged into a gall.\\nThe Date Tree (Phoenix dactylifera) is indigenous to Syria, Ara-\\nbia, and the lower parts of Persia, Egypt, and Northern Africa,\\nwhence it was introduced into the South of Europe and it is also\\nmore or less cultivated in British India, South Africa, and in some\\nparts of America. Though belonging to the extensive family of\\npalms, which abound and nourish in most tropical regions, it attains\\nperfection only in comparatively high latitudes, and doubtless would\\nbe adapted to the soil and climate of the more arid regions of Cali-\\nfornia and of our Southern States.\\nThe date is a lofty tree, growing to a height of sixty feet, with a\\nrugged trunk, crowned with leaves six or eight feet long, with pinnse\\nthree feet long, and a little more than an inch broad. The flowers of\\nboth sexes, which grow on separate trees, come out in very long\\nbunches, from the trunk, between the leaves, and are covered with a\\nspatha, which opens and withers. Those of the male tree have six\\nshort stamens, with narrow, four-cornered anthers, filled with pollen.\\nThe female flowers have a roundish germ, which afterwards becomes\\nan oval berry, with a thick pulp, enclosing a hard, oblong nions.\\nThis berry is the fruit known as the date of commerce, upon which a\\nconsiderable portion of the people of Egypt, Arabia, and Persia almost\\nentirely subsist. A single tree will produce from ^~e hundred to three\\nhundred pounds of this fruit in the season. They c^me into bearing\\nat from six to ten years of age, and are fruitful for upwards of two\\nhundred years. Being,: dioecious that is, the stamens and pistils\\noccurring in the flowers of different trees the crops entirely fail, or\\nthe fruit is unfit for food and worthless, if the fecundation is in any\\nway prevented. It is a fact worthy of note, however, that the male", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. It\\nflowers will keep during the year and yet, if shaken over the female\\nflowers, at the time of opening, impregnation will readily take effect.\\nThe extensive importance of the date tree, in the countries where it\\noccurs, is perhaps one of the most curious subjects to which a trav-\\neler can direct his attention. Independent of the use of the fruit as\\nfood, the inhabitants make a conserve of it with sugar, and even\\ngrind the hard stones, to feed to their camels. In Barbary, they\\nform handsome beads of these stones. From the leaves, they make\\ncouches, baskets, bags, mats, brushes, and fly-traps the trunk is\\nsplit, and employed in erecting small buildings, also for fences to\\ngardens and the stems of the leaves are used for making cages for\\ntheir poultry. The threads of the web-like integument at the base\\nof the leaves are twisted into ropes, which are employed in rigging\\nsmall vessels. The amylaceous central part of the trunk is also good\\nto eat, and the buds are esteemed a delicate vegetable and even the\\nyoung shoots are said to resemble asparagus. The sap, which is\\nsweetish when first collected, and may be drunk as a mild beverage,\\nis distilled into a kind of spirit, known in eastern countries by the\\nname of arrack. It is obtained, by cutting off the head of the tree,\\nand scooping out a hollow in the top of the stem, where, in ascend-\\ning, it lodges. Three or four quarts may be obtained daily from a\\nsingle palm, for ten or fifteen days after which, the quantity de-\\ncreases until, at the end of six or eight weeks, the stem is exhausted,\\nbecomes dry, and is used for fuel.\\nThe Tamarind Tree (Tamarindus indica) is a native of Egypt and\\nArabia, as well as of the East Indies. In the West India islands,\\nwhere it has become naturalised, it is cultivated, both for the sake\\nof its shade and its acid, cooling, highly grateful fruit, the pulp of\\nwhich is mixed and boiled with sugar, and forms an important article\\nof commerce. It is very abundant in Jamaica, growing to a large\\nsize, and thrives well in the savanas, but most luxuriantly in the\\ndeep, rich brick mould of that island. This tree was very early\\nintroduced into England, where it sometimes is known to flower from\\nwhich circumstance it may be inferred that it would prosper in\\nfavorable localities in some of our Southern States, and probably\\nmature its fruit.\\nThere is, perhaps, only one species of this genus but the West\\nIndian tamarind, believed to be only a variety, differs so much from\\nthe East Indian, in the form of its fruit and the number of its seeds?", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "lvi AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthat it is regarded by some as specifically distinct.* The pods of the\\nWest Indian variety are from two to five inches long, containing\\nfrom two to four seeds hut those from the East Indies are almost\\ntwice as long, and contain from eight to twelve seeds. The seeds in\\nboth are roundish, somewhat angular, flattened, hard, polished, with\\na central circumscribed disc at each side, and lodged in a quantity of\\nsoft pulp. When ripe, the pods are of a dull-brown color.\\nIn Jamaica, the pods, or fruit, are gathered in June, July and\\nAugust, according to their maturity. They must be fully ripe, which\\nis known by their fragility, or easily breaking on a slight pressure\\nbetween the finger and thumb. The pulp and seeds are first taken\\nout of the pods, and cleaned from fragments of shells, placed in casks,\\nin layers, and the boiling syrup from the sugar-house is poured in\\njust before it begins to granulate, till the cask is filled the syrup\\ninfuses itself into every part of the tamarinds, quite to the bottom,\\nand when cooled, the cask is headed for sale. Sometimes a superior\\narticle is made with clarified syrup, which imparts to the fruit a more\\nagreeable taste. The East Indian tamarind differs from that of the\\nWest Indies, not only in the size and form of the fruit, but in its\\nrelative sweetness. The former are preserved without syrup or sugar,\\nbeing simply cured with salt. Those employed for domestic use are\\nmerely dried in the sun.\\nThe Frankincense or Olibanum Tree (Boswellia serrata) is indi-\\ngenous to the mountains of Central India, where it is known under\\nthe name of Sali, and as producing the olibanum of commerce, or the\\ngum frankincense of the ancients. It is a lofty tree, with the foliage\\ncrowded at the extremity of the branches, and is frequent in the forests\\nbetween the Sone and Nangpur, from which circumstance it may be\\ninferred that it would be adapted to the soil and climate, in favorable\\nlocations, in some of our Southern States.\\nCorrection.- It may here be stated that the account of the Tamarind Tree, as growing\\nin Virginia, which appeared at page 321 in the Agricultural Report of the Patent Office\\nfor 1854, is incorrect. Doubts were expressed at the time the statement was received as\\nto the probability of such a circumstance, for it was believed that the climate of Virginia\\njras too severe for the successful growth of this fruit in the open air. I will only add,\\n*hat the tree in question proves to be the Honey Locust, (Glcditsclda triacanthos,) which\\n.rrows wild in abundance in Louisiana, Mississippi, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and is\\nsparingly produced east of the Alleghanies, from Pennsylvania to Florida. Its fruit con-\\nsists of flat, crooked, pendulous pods, from twelve to eighteen inches in length, of a red-\\ndish-brown color, the pulp of which, for about a month after maturity, is very sweet, but,\\nin a few weeks after, becomes extremely sour. Formerly, sugar was extracted from\\nthese pods, and a beer was mada from them by fermenting the pulp while fresh.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. lvii\\nOlibanum distils from incisions made in the bark of the tree during\\no\\nthe summer months, occurring in the form of semi-transparent\\nmasses, or tears, of a pale-yellowish or pink color, solid, hard, and\\nbrittle. It has a bitterish acrid taste, and, when chewed, sticks to the\\nteeth, and renders the saliva milky. When heated it burns brilliantly,\\nand diffuses an agreeable odor, in consequence of which, in the early\\nages, it was much used as incense in the sacrifices, and, in modern\\ntimes, the Greek and Roman Catholic churches still retain the use of\\nfrankincense, in some of their ceremonies. It is seldom employed\\nfor other purposes, except as a perfume in the rooms of the sick,\\nalthough other gums bearing that name are in more general use,\\nand are by many regarded as identical with it for instance, Lam-\\narck designates the gum of the Amyris gileadensis by this name\\nForskal and Sprengel, that of the Amyris kataf while Linnasus\\nerroneously thus denominates the resin of the Juniperus lycia.\\nThe Balsam of Gilead Tree (Amyris gileadensis) is a native of\\nArabia, and grows spontaneously in the mountains of Yemen. Al-\\nthough not indigeneous to Judea, it was cultivated with great perfec-\\ntion many years before Christ, in the gardens of Jericho, on the banks\\nof the Jordan and it is from Grilead, in that country, whence the\\nmerchants brought the resinous product to Egypt, that is derived the\\nappellation of Balsam of Grilead.\\nThis shrub, or tree, which seldom exceeds fourteen feet in height^\\nhas a trunk eight or ten inches Jp diameter, with many spreading,\\ncrooked, purplish branches, having protuberant buds, loaded with\\naromatic resin. The great value set upon this drug in the East is\\ntraced to the earliest ages. When Alexander the Great was in Judea,\\na spoonful of the balsam was all that could be collected on a summer s\\nday and, in the most plentiful year, the great royal park for these\\ntrees yielded only six gallons. It was consequently so dear that it\\nsold for double its weight in silver. That of the best quality is said\\nto exude naturally, but the inferior kinds of the present day are ex-\\ntracted by boiling the branches. It is at first turbid and white, of a\\nstrong, pungent, agreeable, aromatic odor, and of a slightly bitter, acid\\ntaste upon being kept it becomes thin, limpid, of a greenish hue,\\nthen of a golden yellow, and at length of the consistency of honey.\\nThis balsam is highly prized among Eastern nations, particularly by\\nthe Turks and Arabs, both as a medicine and an odoriferous unguent\\nand cosmetic. It has been highly extolled as a powerful anti-septic,\\nvulnerary, and preventive of the plague. Its great scarcity, however,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "lviii AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nhas prevented it from coming into use among European and Ameri-\\ncan practitioners. It is extremely liable to adulteration, and, from\\nits high price, and difficulty to he obtained, it is believed that not a\\nsingle ounce of the genuine article can be found in this country, nor\\neven in Europe.\\nThe Eygptian Gum-Arabic Tree, (Acacia vera,) which affords the\\nfinest gum-arabic of commerce, is a native of the sandy deserts of\\nArabia, Egypt, and the western parts of Asia it also grows abun-\\ndantly in Barbary and other parts of Africa, particularly in the\\nAtlas mountains. In Morocco, or Barbary, where this tree is\\ncalled Atteleh, it rises to a height of several feet, having a crooked\\nstem, covered with a smooth grey bark, while that of the branches is\\nof a yellowish-green, or purplish tinge. At the base of the leaves,\\nthere are two opposite awl-shaped spines, growing nearly erect,\\nand having a slight, glandular swelling below. The wood is hard,\\nand takes a good polish. Its seeds, which grow in a hard coriaceous\\npod, resemble those of the lupine, yield a reddish dye, and are used\\nby tanners in the preparation of leather.\\nThe gum exudes spontaneously from the bark of the trunk and\\nbranches of the tree, in a soft or nearly fluid state, and hardens by\\nexposure to the air, or to the heat of the sun. The more sickly the\\ntree, the more gum it yields and the hotter the weather, the more\\nprolific it is. A wet winter and a cool or mild summer are unfavora-\\nble to the crop. It begins to flow^in December, immediately after\\nthe rainy season, near the time of the flowering of the tree. After-\\nwards, as the weather becomes hotter, incisions are made through the\\nbark, to assist the exudation of the juice. The gum, when new,\\nemits a faint smell, and when stowed in the ware-house, it may be\\nheard to crack spontaneously for several weeks and this cracking is\\nthe surest criterion of new gum, as it never does so when old.\\nSeveral kinds of gum, yielded by different trees, are occasionally\\nto be met with, but that which is commonly substituted for it is\\nbroftght from the Island of Senegal, on the coast of Africa, and is\\ncalled Gum Senegal.\\nThe Mastic Tree (Pistacia lentiscus) is a native of the south of\\nEurope, the Levant, and the west of Asia, and probably could be cul-\\ntivated with success in California, and perhaps in some parts of the\\nSouth. This tree, which seldom exceeds twelve feet in height, with\\na trunk ten inches in diameter, is covered with a smooth, brownish\\nbark, and produces the resin known in commerce under the name of\\nmastic. It is cultivated in various parts of Continental Europe, par\\nticularly in Italy and Portugal, but no resin is said to flow from it in", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. lix\\nthose climates. The culture is very simple, and is attended with but\\nlittle trouble, consisting of nothing more than keeping the surface of\\nthe soil clean. It does not require any pruning, but, on the contrary,\\nthe cultivators endeavor to prevent the trunk from growing in a hand-\\nsome form. The more crooked the stem, the greater the yield of\\nresin. In the island of Chios, the officinal mastic is obtained most\\nabundantly by making transverse incisions in the bark, from which\\nthe resin exudes in drops, and, hardening on the trees, or running\\ndown and concreting on the ground, is thence collected for sale or use.\\nThe time chosen for making these incisions is about the beginning of\\nAugust, when the weather is dry. In the course of the following\\nday, the mastic begins to appear in drops, which continue to exude\\ntill the end of September. Cloths are frequently spread under the\\ntrees, so that the mastic, which falls, may not be intermixed with im-\\npurities or earth.\\nThe Quassia Plant, (Quassia amara,) a native of Surinam, is a\\nbeautiful shrub, or low tree, the roots, bark, and wood of which af-\\nford the true officinal quassia of commerce. This plant is sufficiently\\nhardy to withstand the summer climate of England, where it flowers\\nfreely for several months, from which circumstance it is believed\\nthat it would succeed well in favorable localities in our Southern\\nStates.\\nAside from its use as a bitter tonic, in materia medica, it is asserted\\nthat the brewers in England have, of late years, used quassia- wood\\ninstead of hops. Beer made with it, however, does not keep well,\\nbut soon becomes muddy and flat, has a mawkish taste, and runs into\\nacetous fermentation. Consequently, it is less nutritious and whole-\\nsome than that which is properly hopped. This wood, from its nar-\\ncotic power, is also used to poison flies.\\nThe Egyptian Senna Plant (Cassia senna) grows spontaneously in\\nSyria, Arabia, and Upper Egypt, and is cultivated in Italy, the West\\nIndies, and other parts of the world, for its leaves, which form a con-\\nsiderable article of commerce. This shrub has also been grown in Eng-\\nland, but, as it is an annual, it becomes necessary to sow the seeds\\nearly in the spring, in a hot-bed, which adds much to the labor and\\nexpense of its cultivation.\\nThis plant rises with a somewhat woody, erect, branching stem, to\\na height of about two feet. The leaves, which form the true senna of\\nthe shops, are green, without any yellowish cast. It is stated that, at\\nCairo, the traders mix the leaves of other plants with those of the\\ntrue senna, in the proportion of 500 parts of the Cassia lanceolata,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "IX AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nwhich are of a bright yellowish green, 300 of Cassia senna, and 200\\nof Cynanchum arquel.\\nThe Bhatany Plant, (Krameria triandria,) indigenous to several\\nprovinces in Peru, delights in dry, argillaceous or sandy soils, and\\ngrows on the declivities of mountains exposed to* the intense heat of\\nthe sun. How far it would succeed in California, or in favorable\\nlocalities in our Southern States, can only be determined by actual\\nexperiment.\\nThis plant partakes of the form of an under-shrub, with very long,\\nmuch-branched, spreading roots, of a blackish-red color externally,\\nred within, and having an intensely styptic, bitter taste. The stem\\nis procumbent, round, and divided into numerous spreading branches,\\nwhich, when young, are white and silky, but afterwards become naked\\nbelow, and acquire a black color. The flowers put forth nearly all\\nthe year, but most luxuriantly in October and November. It is col-\\nlected in considerable quantities, and from it a beautiful extract is\\nprepared, which, as well as the root, is imported into Spain and\\nPortugal for improving the color, astringency, and richness of red\\nwines. The root, however, which is somewhat larger than a goose-\\nquill, is the part most used for this purpose. The cortical part,\\nin which its sensible qualities predominate, is very thick, and breaks\\nshort. The ligneous part, which is tough and fibrous, is somewhat\\nmucilaginous. On being slightly masticated, the root discovers a\\nvery grateful astringency, which is perceptible for some time to the\\npalate, and is slightly aiomatic and bitter. These qualities, as well\\nas the coloring matter, are imparted both to cold and boiling water,\\nas well as to proof-spirit. The tincture made with brandy approaches\\nvery nearly to the flavor of Port wine.\\nThe simple tincture is made by adding three ounces of the root to a\\nquart of proof-spirit, and is much used by dentists, combined with\\nequal parts of rose-water, as a lotion to astringe the gums, and correct\\nany unpleasant fcetor of the mouth. Equal parts of powdered rhatany-\\nro6*t, orris-powder and areca-nut charcoal, are stated to form the best\\ntooth-powder in use.\\nThe Bunya-Bunya, (Araucaria bidwellii,) a half-hardy evergreen,\\nindigenous to some of the northern districts of New South Wales, is\\neasy of propagation by cuttings or layers, and it is believed would be\\na desirable acquieition to New Mexico or some of our Southern States.\\nIt was introduced into England about twenty years ago, but will not\\nbear the climate near London, without protection during winter. It\\nalso has found its way into some of the conservatories of the Northern", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "REPOBT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. Ixi\\nand Middle States of the Union, where it is not adapted for open cul-\\nture, except in the milder and warmer months.\\nThis tree, perhaps, is deserving of a more extended notice, not\\nbecause the quality of its timber is superior to that of most other\\npines, but because each tree belongs to some one individual of the\\naborigines of the country in which it abounds. It grows in scrubs,\\nor ranges of hills or mountains, but is not found in a wild state\\nfurther south than the range dividing the water-falls of the Brisbane\\nand Burnett but, in the Wide-bay district, in the twenty-seventh\\nparallel of south latitude, it grows plentifully over an extent of ter-\\nritory about thirty miles by twelve, which bears the name of the\\nBunya-Bunya country. It is readily distinguished, as it far over-\\ntops every other kind of tree in the scrub and, instead of the\\nbranches pointing downwards, like some of its congeners, they grow\\nnearly at right angles from the trunk, with rather a curve, or an in-\\nclination upwards. Its height is represented to be immense, some-\\ntimes presenting a naked trunk to the height of one hundred and\\nsixty feet before the branches begin to appear which, in old trees, in\\ntheir wild state, only grow near the tops, owing to the want of light\\nin the scrub but, if planted out in an open state, they feather down\\nquite to the ground. The leaves are of a rich dark-green, and so\\nsharp-pointed that they are prickly to the touch. The cones, or fruit,\\nare very large, growing quite to the extreme tip of the tree, and are\\nonly plentiful every third year. In appearance, they are like immense\\nfir-cones, sometimes occurring twenty-seven inches in length and\\ntwenty-five inches in diameter, and before they are quite ripe are\\nof a beautiful green color. Attached to the rachis, or core, which\\nruns through the centre of each cone, there are often as many as one\\nhundred and twenty nuts, or seeds, about an inch and a half in length,\\nresembling in shape and color the kernel of an almond. When the\\nproper season arrives, the natives assemble in great numbers, often\\nfrom a distance of several hundred miles, for the purpose of collecting\\nand eating these seeds, which they generally roast. Each tribe has\\nits own peculiar set of trees, and each family, as well as each indi-\\nvidual, its own particular allotment. These rights are handed down\\nfrom generation to generation, with the greatest exactness, and if any\\none is found in a tree not his own, the inevitable consequence is a\\nfight. This is believed to be the only hereditary personal property\\npossessed by the aborigines of Australia, and is, therefore, generally\\nadhered to with the greatest respect.\\nTJie Deodar or Indian Cedar, (Cedrus deodara,) bids fair to prove", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "Ixii AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\na valuable acquisition, not only to the list of our ornamental, but to\\nthat of our valuable timber trees. This lofty and very graceful object\\nis a native of the Himalayas, Nepal, Kamaon, and of regions as far\\nnorth as Cashmere, at elevations of from 7,000 to 12,000 feet above\\nthe level of the sea, where it attains a great altitude, even surpass-\\ning in dimensions the cedar of Lebanon, rarely falling short of a\\nheight of one hundred and fifty feet, with a trunk thirty or more feet\\nin circumference. Its wood is described as of first-rate quality, being\\ncompact, resinous, highly fragrant, of a deep rich color, which has\\nbeen compared to that of a polished brown agate. It is also of the\\nmost durable nature, instances being on record where its timber,\\nemployed in the roofs of buildings, was found perfectly free from\\ndecay after a period of upwards of two hundred years and pieces\\nof it from the Zein-ul-kadal bridge, in Cashmere, proved but\\nlittle decayed, although exposed to the action of water for four hun-\\ndred years.\\nThe loftiness and spreading branches of this tree accord admirably\\nwell with the description given of the cedar in Holy Writ, but not\\nwith the f Cedar of Lebanon of the present day. Its wood, which\\nis regarded as almost incorruptible, from its hardness and the fineness\\nof its grain, perhaps, could be as easily wrought as that employed in\\nthe construction of Solomon s Temple. The principal difficulty, with\\nreference to its being identical with the cedar mentioned in the\\nsacred writings, is, that it has never been found on, nor near, Mount\\nLebanon yet it might have formerly grown there in abundance, and\\nsubsequently disappeared, and given place to another species, as is\\nfrequently the case in many parts of the globe in modern times. It\\nis regarded by the Hindoos as a sacred tree, and, in some places, is\\nhighly venerated, never being used, except to burn as incense on\\noccasions of great ceremony but, in others, it is employed for the\\npurposes of construction, as a valuable timber tree.\\nIn addition to the superiority of its wood, the deodar is highly\\nornamental, and sufficiently hardy to thrive in any part of the United\\nStates south of the Delaware, except at great elevations. Much en-\\ncouragement has recently been given to its propagation in England,\\nfor its timber. Several thousand bushels of the seeds were imported\\nsome four years ago from India, by the way of Egypt, and placed in\\nthe hands of reliable nurserymen, to cultivate, on condition that they\\nshould return one-half of the product to the government at the\\nexpiration of three years. By this means, upwards of a million\\nseedlings of this valuable tree have been added to the wealth of the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON SEEDS AND CUTTINGS. Lxiii\\nkingdom, many of which, at some future day, may prove subservient\\nto the purposes of construction or the defence of the country. Would\\nnot this example be worthy the imitation of our own government, by\\nestablishing plantations of the deodar, as well as of the live-oak, in\\nfavorable localities, at accessible points along the seaboard of our\\nMiddle and Southern States? No branch of agriculture claims a\\nstronger degree of public attention than the planting of timber,\\nwhich, in the present state of our country, would form the true basis\\nof national prosperity, in preserving its peace and perpetuity by the\\nstrength and permanency of its naval force. Though, in times of\\npeace, a great number of ships of war may not be deemed necessary,\\nyet the old adage is true He who has his sword by his side, seldom\\nwants to use it. With equal force we are impressed with the wise\\nadmonition of Galgacus, the brave leader of the Caledonians, who\\nflourished in the first century Think of your ancestors think of\\nposterity.\\nIn conclusion, whether we consider the suggestions herein offered as\\nagriculturists or economists, or as moralists and patriots whether\\nwe look to their effects on the wealth, happiness, and perpetuity of\\nour Union we cannot fail to cultivate and cherish the enterprise,\\nand ever regard it as a sacred duty.\\nVery respectfully, your obedient servant,\\nD. J. BROWNE.\\nHon. Charles Mason,\\nCommissioner of Patents.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS.\\nINFLUENCES OF THE CHANGE OF SOIL OR CLIMATE ON\\nANIMALS, AND OF THE VARIATION OF THEIR FOOD.\\nBY D. J. BROWNE.\\nOf the domesticated quadrupeds, which man transports to every\\npart of the habitable globe, and subjects to various kinds of manage-\\nment, both in regard to heat and cold, moisture and dryness, as well\\nas to labor and nourishment, it cannot be denied that considerable\\nchanges are manifested in their form, contour, size, color, and secre-\\ntions but these, in general, are merely superficial, the animals being\\ngreater or less in bulk, with longer or shorter limbs and horns, or\\neven an entire absence of the latter, having a larger or smaller mass\\nof fat on the shoulder or rump, or being covered with a coat of finer,\\ncoarser, thicker, or thinner hair, down or wool still, these differ-\\nences, when proper care is taken to prevent crossing, usually continue\\nfor a long period in those races or breeds that have been transported\\nto countries remote from those in which they were originally pro-\\nduced. They also depend upon determinate circumstances, and their\\nextent increases or diminishes in proportion to the intensity of the\\ncauses which occasion them.\\nUpon these principles it has been observed that the most super-\\nficial characteristics are the most variable. Thus, color depends much\\nupon light thickness of hair or wool, upon heat or cold and size,\\nform, or the secretion of milk, upon the scarcity, abundance, or qual-\\nity of food. It is not to be understood, however, that these varia-\\ntions constitute the differences in the races or varieties of our domes-\\ntic breeds, but that they have long existed with similar forms and\\nhabits as at present, either acquired and accumulated through a se-\\nries of generations, which, in the course of time, have become heredi-\\ntary, or that they have ever retained their original and typical castes\\nfrom their earliest progenitors.\\nIn respect to the effects produced by the change of food and cli-\\nmate on our domestic animals, I would cite the instance of the horse\\ngiven in the Agricultural Report of the Patent Office for 1854.\\nIf the London Dray be conveyed to Arabia and subjected to the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nsame influences as the native horses of that country are exposed, in\\nthe course of a few generations, he will present the leading charac-\\nteristics of the Arabian horse. The head will gradually diminish in\\nsize, the limbs will become fine and clear, the massive proportions of\\nthe whole body will disappear, and not only will the external form of\\nthe native be acquired, but, aside from this, something also of the\\nchivalrous disposition or spirit. Again, if the race thus improved be\\nconveyed back to the central or northern parts of Europe, it will gradu-\\nally deteriorate, and, in the course of some generations, will assume\\nall its original proportions. These facts would tend to prove that the\\nArabian horse cannot long exist in perfection in the cool, humid climate\\nof Britain and the influences arising indirectly from that cause are re-\\ngarded as the principal reasons of the change. It has also been as-\\ncertained that the large coach horses of Leicestershire, in England,\\nwhen carried to some parts of Yorkshire, where the pasturage is more\\nsparse, degenerate and become small; and that the Pad and\\nsaddle horses of the last named county, when brought to Leicester-\\nshire to breed, change into a fleshy animal with large heavy limbs.\\nThere is also another class of interesting facts connected with this\\nsubject If sheep are carried from either of the temperate zones to\\nthe burning plains of the tropics, after a few years, material changes\\ntake place in their covering. The wool of the lambs, at first, grows\\nsimilar to that in the temperate climates, but rather more slowly.\\nWhen in a fit state for shearing, there is nothing remarkable about\\nits quality, and, when shorn, it grows out again as with us but, if\\nthe proper time for shearing be allowed to pass by, the wool becomes\\nsomewhat thicker, falls off in patches, and leaves underneath, a\\nshort, close, shining hair, exactly like that of the goat in the same\\nclimate, and wherever this hair once appears there is never any re-\\nturn of wool. Numerous facts of a similar nature have also been\\nobserved in other animals For instance, in the Cashmere goats\\nwhich have been brought down from the mountains of Thibet to\\nKanour, in British India, where the mean annual temperature is but\\n65\u00c2\u00b0 F., the down, or undervest, of their wool, that grows in colder cli-\\nmates directly under their fine, long, silky hair, wholly disappears\\nthe first year.\\nIn pursuing the subject still further, it may be stated, that the horned\\ncattle originally taken to the Pampas, beyond Buenos Ayres, by the\\nearliest Spanish settlers, have undergone a most singular modification\\nof the bones of the head, consisting of a shortening of those of the nose\\ntogether with the upper jaw. This race, or breed, called riiata, exter-\\nnally appear to hold a similar relation to other cattle as the bull-dog\\ndoes to other dogs, their foreheads being very short and broad, with\\nthe nasal end turned up, and the upper lip much drawn back the lower\\njaw projects beyond the upper, and has a corresponding upward curve,\\nin consequence of which the teeth are always exposed to view. From\\ntheir very open and high-seated nostrils, short heads, and protuberant\\neyes, when standing or walking, they assume a most ludicrous, self-\\nconfident air. It may further be remarked, that their hinder legs\\nare rather long, when compared with the foremost ones, which ad$s\\nto their awkwardness, by bringing their heads near to the grotind.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 3\\nIt is also a notable fact, that cattle reared for several generations\\non rich soils, as those in the West Riding in Yorkshire, in England,\\nbecome very large and fat, and are distinguished by the shortness of\\ntheir limbs, while, in drier or colder situations, their whole bulk is\\nless, and their legs are more muscular and strong, which powerfully\\nverifies the truth of the axiom in breeding that, Good cattle are\\ncoincident with good soil, and are never found as a race on a bad\\none, as is manifested on the Isle of Skye, on the west coast of Scot-\\nland, where the cows, when exposed to the rigors of winter are often\\nreduced to mere skeletons in the spring, many of them not being able\\nto rise from the ground without help, but recover as the season be-\\ncomes more favorable to the production of grass. Then they acquire\\nnew flesh, which is both tender and sweet. The fat and lean are not\\nso much separated in them as in the beef reared further south, but\\nare interlarded, as it were, which renders the meat very agreeable to\\nthe taste.\\nIn New Granada, and other inter-tropical countries, the cow also\\nundergoes another remarkable physical change she furnishes a sup-\\nply of milk no longer than the period her calf is running by her\\nside; when it ceases to suck, the milk immediately dries up. This,\\ndoubtless, is owing in a great degree to the high temperature of her\\nblood and the increased flow of perspiration, which are generally\\nmanifested in all cattle of the warmer portions of the torrid zone.\\nIn arriving at the more immediate object of this paper, I would offer a\\nfew observations on the character of some of the internal and exter-\\nnal structures of the organs of animals, chiefly those of ruminants, in\\norder to arrive at a knowledge of them as indications of their capaci-\\nty for fattening and reaching an early maturity. Let it first be stated\\nthat the chief utility of rumination, as applicable to all the animals\\nin which it takes place, and the final purpose of this wonderfully\\ncomplicated function in the animal economy, are still imperfectly\\nknown. Whatever may be our ignorance of its object or cause, it is\\ncertain that the nature of the food has a considerable influence in aug-\\nmenting or diminishing the necessity for the performance of that func-\\ntion. Thus, dry food requires to be entirely subjected to a second mas-\\ntication before it can pass into the third and fourth stomachs, while a\\ngreat portion of that which is moist and succulent, passes readily into\\nthose cavities on its first descent into the second stomach. It may\\nhere be remarked that in the young calf, and also in the lamb, we\\nfind the fourth stomach considerably the largest, being fully devel-\\noped, while the other three are but imperfectly so. This arises from\\nthe fact of the nutriment on which the young animal subsists (its\\nmother s milk) being in so matured a state as to require compara-\\ntively but little exertion for the organs of digestion. The other three\\nstomachs, therefore, are not required until the young ruminant begins\\nto crop the crude herbage or to feed upon dry fodder or hay, when\\nthe digestive apparatus gradually becomes developed.\\nWhen a calf or lamb commences feeding upon solid food, then it\\nbegins to ruminate and, as the quantity of solid aliment is in-\\ncreased, so does the size of the first stomach increase until it attains its\\nfull dimensions. In the latter case, the first stomach has, becorao", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "4 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nconsiderably larger than the other three cavities taken together.\\nA curious modification of this organ to adjust itself to the altered\\ncondition of the animal is beautifully shown in the instance now\\nunder consideration, the nature of which will be easily understood by\\na reference to the accompanying diagrams, giving the exact relative\\nproportions of the different cavities of the stomach to each other in\\nthe young calf, and in the adult cow.\\nThe four stomachs of a Calf, with their relative proportions.\\nThe letter a, denotes the first stomach, or paunch h, the second\\nstomach, or honey-comb bag c, the third stomach, or many-plies\\nc 7 the fourth stomach, or reed e, a portion of the oesophagus, as\\nconnected with the first stomach the pylorus, or opening into the\\nintestines.\\nA knowledge of the above-named facts has taught the intelligent\\nbreeder that care must be taken to feed the calf at first with the milk\\nof its own dam, which, at the time of its birth, is of a peculiar cha-\\nracter, and acts as a gentle purge, indispensable to its health at this\\ncritical period, but which would be hurtful at a later stage of its\\ngrowth. In order to preserve its thriftiness and health, it should\\nhave an abundance of new milk, warm from the cow for the first two\\nor three weeks, after which, it may be gradually trained to eat more\\nsubstantial or solid aliment, alternately with new milk, sweet clover\\nhay, Indian meal, or the best grass the farm can afford, until com-\\npletely weaned. If fed entirely upon milk, until the time of wean-\\ning;, it is obvious that the fourth stomach of the calf would be un-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 5\\nable to receive and perfectly digest the recently swallowed herbage or\\nhay, without its having previously undergone the process of rumina-\\ntion and that each of the other three stomachs would be quite as unpre-\\npared to perform its proper functions until the fourth had become suffi-\\nciently developed to perform its part. Hence, if a calf be suddenly\\nchanged from a diet consisting purely of milk to one wholly of grass\\nThe four stomachs of an adult Co%v, with their relative proportions.\\nor hay, a suspension of healthy functions must necessarily take place,\\nwhich will ever after more or less affect its successful growth. While\\non this subject, it may be stated that there is a great diversity in the\\nmilk of cows, which is increased by many circumstances, such as her\\nage, the condition she is in, the proximity or remoteness of the\\ntime of her calving, and, above all, the manner in which she\\nis fed. It frequently happens that, of cows, not only of the same\\nbreed, but even those which are the offspring of the same parents,\\nfed on the same farm, and in the same manner, the one will yield\\nmore milk than the others. Cows too old or too young also give\\nless milk than those of middle age. A lean cow never gives so much\\nmilk as one in good condition. Cows generally give more milk for a\\nfew weeks after they have calved than they do at any other time.\\nThe food with which they are fed has a powerful influence on the\\nmilking properties of all cows and the mode in which they are\\nreared has a considerable effect on their capacity to give milk. A\\ncow reared on bad or indifferent pasture and scanty subsistence will", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "6 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nnever turn out so good a milker as one reared on pasturage which is\\nsweet and rich. From these and other circumstances, it is not easy\\nto determine the average quantity of milk given by a herd of cows.\\nThe health of an animal depends chiefly on the supply of nutri-\\nment which it receives being equal to the waste that is going on in its\\nbody. Healthy adults weigh as much at the end as at the beginning\\nof the year and this depends on their having had sufficient food to\\nsupply the waste which has been going on in the system. In young\\nand growing animals, it is somewhat different. They require a larger\\nsupply of nourishment than there is waste, because their bodies arc\\nconstantly increasing in size, which arises chiefly from the activity of\\ntheir respiration and nutrition even from the moment of their birth.\\nMilk, the food that nature supplies them with at this period, is well\\nadapted to assist the functions of organic life, which are now more\\nactive than in adults. Its chief ingredients are nitrogenized matter,\\n(casein,) and phosphates, for developing the system, and carbonised\\nmaterials (butter and sugar) for supplying animal heat. The casein,\\nor cheesy matter, is the nitrogenous principle, and affords nourish-\\nment to the muscular and other tissues the phosphates principally\\nare expended in the formation of hair and bones, and are also neces-\\nsary for the healthy functions of the body and the butter and sugar\\nare the materials, which, by their combustion, supply heat to the\\nbody. Thus in milk, we have all that is necessary for the growth of\\nthe young animal, and it is the type and representative of all food\\nfor, unless an aliment contains the principles of milk, it is not fitted\\nfor the promotion of the health and perfect development of the body.\\nAnd, besides, the stomachs of young animals are not adapted for ex-\\ntracting the nitrogenous principles from food, and the casein of milk\\nis supplied to them ready separated. In the young ruminant, as the\\ncalf, the first three stomachs, as before stated, into which the food of\\nthe adult animal enters before it is digested, are not used at all.\\nThe milk passes at once into the fourth stomach. Hence the neces-\\nsity of weaning these animals gradually, in order that their stomachs\\nmay be fully able to prepare the raw food for digestion. A large\\nquantity of the casein in milk is required for the rapid development\\nof the body and the butter, a highly carbonised material, is required\\nfor supporting a large amount of animal heat. Consequently, it\\nis a bad thing to feed calves on skim-milk, as both the butter and\\ncasein have been removed in the shape of cre;.m. Earl Spencer, of\\nEngland, who was very successful in weaning his calves, fed them\\nfirst with new milk, and then with skim-milk and meal, the latter\\nsupplying the necessary nitrogen and nitrogenised materials. In\\nfeeding young animals, they should have good food, and there should\\nbe no stinting them as to quantity.\\nIn the growth of young animals, as well as the fattening of adult\\nones, it has been found by experience that all exposure to cold should\\nbe avoided as much as possible, as a low temperature diminishes the\\nvitality of the system, and whatever decreases vitality gives a pre-\\nponderance to chemical action in the body, and injury of some kind\\nor other will be the result. Exercise is also necessary for the rearing\\nof young animals, although it should be avoided in fattening. In", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 7\\norder to develop a calf or a lamb, it should be allowed plenty of ex-\\nercise; but, in fattening, another object is to be gained. All motion\\nconsumes something in the body, which is the cause of the loss of so\\nmuch material in the fattening of the animal. In a similar manner,\\nexposure to cold is also an absolute loss. The primary cause of all\\nthis waste is the increased supply of oxygen to the lungs for, what-\\never increases this supply, tends to the waste of the body and the ne-\\ncessity for a supply. Where much exercise is allowed to milch cows,\\nthe produce of butter is small, which arises from the oxygen con-\\nsuming the carbonaceous material that would otherwise be secreted\\nin the milk in the form of butter or cream. With regard to the pas-\\ntures which produce the most casein, or cheese, it has generally been\\nfound that they are poor. It has also been conjectured that the exer-\\ncise which the cows take on poor pastures, in order to obtain their\\nfood, tends to increase the development of the casein in their milk.\\nFurthermore, it has been observed that stall-fed cows yield much\\nmore butter and less cheese than those fed in pastures, or that are\\nallowed to run at large when fed upon hay. It may be stated, how-\\never, that the richness and flavor of milk depend much upon the na-\\nture of the food of the cow.\\nIn reference to the size and structure of the internal organs of ani-\\nmals, as tending to their capacity for fattening or reaching an early\\nmaturity, it may be stated that large livers and lungs indicate a\\ngeneral coarseness of muscle and bone and hence may be regarded\\nas signs of incapacity for taking on fat. It is supposed by some that,\\nall animals with large, broad, round chests fatten best, and that they\\nhave small lungs but this is found not to be the case, for horses\\nhave narrow chests and large lungs. Southdown sheep have nar-\\nrower chests than the Leicester breed, yet they have the largest lungs\\nbut the Leicesters are known to fatten sooner. Again, it is a prevail-\\ning opinion among butchers that the fattest cattle have both small\\nlivers and lungs. This, it will be conceived, must be a necessary\\nconsequence, according to the principles just laid down. In all cases\\nwhere there is the most oxygen taken into the system there is the\\ngreatest destruction of carbon, and consequently less carbonaceous\\nmaterial deposited in the form of fat. If two bullocks had the same\\nquantity of food, and one of them had lungs of double the capacity\\nof the other, that bullock would only appropriate half as much of\\nhis food in the formation of fat. Milk, containing much butyraceous\\nmatter, it is well known, is produced by cows with small lungs. The\\nsame holds good with regard to the liver for, where there is a large\\nliver there must of necessity be a large secretion of bile, and conse-\\nquently a large destruction of carbonaceous matter. Thus, if two\\nanimals were to eat 100 pounds of food, and one were to secrete 60\\npounds of bile, and the other only 40 pounds, the food that was not\\nformed into bile would be converted into fat hence the gain on the\\nanimal with a small liver.\\nWith regard to external signs, small bones indicate a delicacy of\\nconstitution in an animal as well as smallness of liver and lungs,\\nwhich shows a tendency to fatten rapidly while, in an animal with\\nlarge ears, which are usually accompanied by a general coarseness*", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "8 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nand largeness of bone and muscle, the reverse is the case. The\\nmellow feel of an animal depends on the rebounding of the cellu-\\nlar tissue, in which is deposited the fat. Where there is much mel-\\nlowness, it arises from the blood being easily pressed from one part of\\nthe cellular tissue to another, and indicates a susceptibility to fatten-\\ning*. The chief reason why animals get more rapidly fattened at the\\nend of their feeding season is, that the fat accumulating in the abdo-\\nmen presses upon the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, thus pre-\\nventing the more complete action of the lungs, and consequently the\\ndestruction of carbonaceous materials by the inhalation of oxygen.\\nThe fat also prevents the oxygen from being absorbed by the skin,\\nand diminishes by its pressure the capacity of the liver, and thus also\\nadds to the fattening process. To similar causes may be ascribed the\\nfact that fattened animals take on more flesh on their hindmost\\nquarters than on those before.\\nThe foregoing views accord in a singular manner with many well-\\nestablished facts connected with the rearing and fattening of stock\\nbut, as it is impossible in this short essay to treat of the subject in all\\nits abstruse and interesting course of reasoning, it must necessarily be\\ndeferred.\\nHORNED CATTLE.\\nTHE POINTS BY WHICH LIVE CATTLE MAY BE JUDGED.\\nWere an ox of fine symmetry and high condition placed before a\\nperson not a judge of live stock, his opinion of its excellencies would\\nbe derived from a very limited view, and consequently from only a\\nfew of its qualities. He might observe and admire the beautiful out 1\\nline of its figure, for that might strike the most casual observer. He\\nmight be pleased with the tint of its colors, the plumpness of its body,\\nand the smoothness and glossiness of its skin. He might be even\\ndelighted with the gentle and complacent expression of its counte-\\nnance. All these properties he might judge of by the eye alone. On\\ntouching the animal with the hand, he could feel the softness of its\\nbody, occasioned by the fatness of the flesh. But no man, not a judge,\\ncould rightly criticise the properties of an ox further. He could not\\npossibly discover, without tuition, those properties which had chiefly\\nconduced to produce the high condition in which he saw the ox. ELe\\nwould hardly believe that a judge could ascertain, merely by the eye,\\nfrom its general aspect, whether the ox were in good or bad health\\nfrom the color of its skin, whether it were of a pure or cross breed\\nfrom the expression of its countenance, whether it were a quiet feeder\\nand from the nature of its flesh, whether it had arrived at maturity\\nor not. The discoveries made by the hand of a judge might even\\nstagger his belief. He could scarcely conceive that that hand could\\nfeel a hidden property the touch which of all tests is the most\\nsurely indicative of fine quality of flesh, and of disposition to fatten.\\nIt can feel whether that flesh is of the most valuable kind and it", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 9\\ncan foretell the probable abundance of fat in the interior of the carcass.\\nIn short, a judge alone can discriminate between the relative values\\nof the different points, or appreciate the aggregate values of all the\\nproperties of an ox. The parts of the ox by which it is judged, let it\\nbe remembered, are called points/\\nThus it may be seen that a person even totally ignorant of cattle\\nmay judge of some of the most apparent properties, or points, of a fat\\nox but were a lean one placed before him, he would be quite at a\\nloss what opinion to pass on its present, and far more of its future,\\ncondition. The outline of its figure would to him appear rugged and\\nangular, and consequently coarse. To him the body would feel as a\\nnumber of hard bones, covered with a tough skin and coarse hair. A\\njudge, on the other hand, could at once discover the good or the bad\\npoints of a lean as well as of a fat ox because the properties of the\\nformer are the same in kind, though not in degree, as those of the\\nlatter and, in accordance with the qualities of these points, he could\\nanticipate the future condition of the lean ox, save and excepting the\\neffects of accidents and disease.\\nBut, it may be asked, if the qualifications of a judge of cattle may\\nbe so easily acquired as is here represented, how is it that the opin-\\nion of a judge is always held in deference, and is always referred to\\nin cases of difference of opinion This question admits of a very\\nsatisfactory answer Errors in the judging of cattle arise not so fre-\\nquently from not knowing the points to be judged of, as from judges\\nattributing to one or more of their favorite points too great an\\ninfluence over the future increasing condition of the ox and as\\nlong as there are so many points to be considered, and as most of\\nthem may be partially altered by local circumstances, a difference of\\nopinion may exist among judges of lean stock.\\nNow, what are those points of an ox, a thorough knowledge of\\nwhich is so essential to constitute a perfect judge Could they be\\ndescribed and illustrated with such precision as that they might be\\napplied at once to every ox, in whatever condition he might be, a great\\nadvancement would be made towards establishing fixed rules for the\\nright judging of all the domestic animals. Fortunately, nature has\\nherself furnished rules for ascertaining points for judgment, a know-\\nledge of which can nevertheless be only acquired by careful observa-\\ntion and long and constant practice.\\nThe first point to be ascertained in examining an ox is the\\npurity of its breed, whatever that breed may be, which may be ascer-\\ntained from several marks. The color or colors of the skin of a pure\\nbreed of cattle, whatever those colors are, are always definite. The\\ncolor of the bald skin on the nose, and around the eyes, is always\\ndefinite, and without spots. This last is an essential point. When\\nhorns exist, they should be smooth, small, tapering, and sharp-\\npointed, long or short, according to the breed, and of a light color\\nthroughout in some breeds, and tipped with black in others. The\\nshape of the horn, however, is a less essential point than the color.\\nThe second point to be ascertained in an ox is the form of its car-\\ncass. It is found that the nearer the section of the frame of a/at ox,\\ntaken longitudinally vertical, transversely vertical, and horizontally,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "10 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\napproaches to the figure of a parallelogram, the greater quantity of\\nflesh will it carry within the same measurement. That the carcase\\nmay fill up the parallelogram as well as its rounded form is capable\\nof filling up a right-angled figure, it should possess the following\\nconfiguration The back should be straight from the top of the shour-\\nder to the tail. The tail should fall perpendicularly from the line ef\\nthe back. The buttocks and twist should be well filled out. The\\nbrisket should project to a line dropped from the middle of the neck.\\nThe belly should be straight longitudinally, and round latterally, and\\nfilled at the flanks. The ribs should be round, and should project\\nhorizontally, and at right angles to the back. The hooks should\\nbe wide and flat and the rump, from the tail to the hooks, should\\nalso be flat and well filled. The quarter from the aitch-bone to the\\nhook should be long. The loin-bones should be long, broad and\\nflat, and well filled but the space between the hooks and the short-\\nribs should be rather short, and well arched over with a thickness of\\nbeef between the hooks. A long hollow from the hooks to the shorfc-\\nribs indicates a weak constitution, and an indifferent thriver. From\\nthe loin to the shoulder-blade should be nearly of one breadth, and\\nthence it should taper a little to the front of the shoulder. The neck-\\nvein should be well filled forward, to complete the line from the neck\\nto the brisket. The covering on the shoulder-blade should be as full\\nout as the buttocks. The middle ribs should be well-filled, to com-\\nplete the line from the shoulders to the buttocks along the projection\\nof the outside of the ribs. These constitute all the points which aise\\nessential to a fat ox, and which it is the business of the judge to know,\\nand by which he must anticipate what the lean one, when fed, would\\nrealise. The remaining points are more applicable in judging o\u00c2\u00a3 a\\nlean than a fat ox.\\nThe first of the points in judging of a lean ox is the nature of\\nthe bone. A round, thick bone indicates both a slow feeder, and an\\ninferior description of flesh. A flat bone, when seen on a side view,\\nand narrow, when viewed either from behind or before the animal,\\nindicates the opposite properties of a round bone. The whole bones\\nin the carcass should bear a small proportion in bulk and weight to\\nthe flesh, the bones being only required as a support to the flesh.\\nThe texture of the bone should be small-grained and hard. The\\nbones of the head should be fine and clean, and only covered with\\nskin and muscle, and not with lumps of fat and flesh, which always\\ngive a heavy-headed, dull appearance to an ox. The fore-arm and\\nhock should also be clean and full of muscle, to endure travelling.\\nLarge joints indicate bad feeders. The neck of an ox should be,\\ncontrary to that of the sheep, small from the back of the head to the\\nmiddle of the neck. The reason of the difference, in this respect,\\nbetween the ox and the sheep is, that the state of the neck of the ox\\nhas no effect on the strength of the spine.\\nA full, clear and prominent eye is another point to be considered\\nbecause it is a nice indication of good breeding. It is always attend-\\nant on fine bone. The expression of the eye is an excellent index of\\nmany properties in the ox. A dull, heavy eye certainly indicates a\\nslow feeder. A rolling eye, showing much white, is expressive of a", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 11\\nrestless, capricious disposition, which is incompatible with quiet feed-\\ning. A calm, complacent expression of eye and face is strongly in-\\ndicative of a sweet and patient disposition, and, of course, kindly\\nfeeding. The eye is frequently a faithful index to the state of fife\\nhealth. A cheerful clear eye accompanies good health a constantly\\ndull one proves the probable existence of some internal lingering\\ndisease. The dullness of eye, arising from the effect of internal\\ndisease, is, however, quite different in character from a natural or\\nconstitutional phlegmatic dullness.\\nThe state of the skin is the next point to be ascertained. The skin\\naffords what is technically and emphatically called the touch a\\ncriterion second to none in judging of the feeding properties of an oa.\\nThe touch may be good or bad, fine or harsh, or, as it is often termed,\\nhard or mellow. A thick, firm skin, which is generally covered with\\na thickset, hard, short hair, always touches hard, and indicates a bad\\nfeeder. A thin, meagre, papery skin, covered with thin silky haiis,\\nbeing the opposite of that just described, does not, however, afford a\\ngood touch. Such a skin is indicative of weakness of constitution,\\nthough of good feeding properties. A perfect touch will be found with\\na thick, loose skin, floating, as it were, on a layer of soft fat, yielding\\nto the least pressure, and springing back towards the fingers like a\\npiece of soft, thick chamois leather, and covered with thick, glossy,\\nsoft hair. Such a collection of hair looks rich and beautiful, and\\nseems warm and comfortable to the animal. It is not unlike a bed\\nof fine soft moss, and hence such a skin is frequently styled mossy.\\nThe sensation derived from feeling a fine touch is pleasurable, and\\neven delightful, to an amateur of breeding. Along with it is gener-\\nally associated a fine symmetrical form. A knowledge of touch cam\\nonly be acquired by long practice but, after it is once acquired, it is\\nof- itself a sufficient means of judging of the feeding qualities of the\\nox; because, when present, the properties of symmetrical form, fine\\nbone, sweet disposition, and a purity of blood, are the general accom-\\npaniments. These are the essential points of judging lean cattle\\nbut there are other and important considerations which must claim\\nthe attention of the judge, in forming a thorough judgment of the ox.\\nThe proportion which the extremities bear to the body and to each\\nother, is one of these considerations. The head of the ox should be\\nsmall, and set on the neck as if it appeared to be easily carried by\\nthe animal. This consideration is of great importance in shewing\\ncattle to advantage in the market. The face should be long from the\\neyes to the point of the nose. No face can be handsome without this\\nfeature. The skull should be broad across the eyes, and only con-\\ntract a little above them, but should taper considerably below them\\nto the nose. -The muzzle should be fine and small, and the nostrils\\ncapacious. The crown of the head should be flat and strong, and\\nthe horns should protrude horizontally from both sides of it, though\\nthe direction of the growth from the middle to the tip varies in the\\ndifferent breeds. The ears should not be large, but should stand a little\\nerect, and be so thin as to appear translucent when exposed to the\\nsun. The neck should be light, tapering from the front of the shoulder\\nand neck-vein, with a gradual rise from the top of the shoulder to the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "12 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nhead. The length of the neck should be in proportion to the other\\nparts of the animal; hut this is a non-essential point, though an\\napparently short neck would be preferred to a long one, because it is\\ngenerally well covered with the neck-vein. A droop of the neck,\\nfrom the top of the shoulder to the head, indicates a weakness of con-\\nstitution, arising frequently from breeding too near akin. The legs\\nbelow the knee should be rather short than long, and clean made.\\nThey should be placed where they apparently bear the weight of\\nthe body most easily, and should stand wide asunder. The tail\\nshould be rather thick than otherwise, as thickness indicates a strong\\nspine and a good weigher. It should be provided with a large tuft\\nof long hair.\\nThe position of the flesh on the carcass is another great considera-\\ntion in judging of the ox, the flesh on the different parts being of\\nvarious qualities. Those parts called the spare-rib, fore and\\nmiddle ribs, loins, and the rump or hook-bone, are of the\\nfinest quality, and are generally used for roasts and steaks. Conse-\\nquently, the ox which carries the largest quantity of beef on these\\npoints is the most valuable. Flesh of fine quality is actually of a\\nfiner texture in the fibre than coarse flesh. It also contains fat in\\nthe tissue between the fibres. This arrangement of the fat and lean\\ngives a richness and delicacy to the flesh. The other parts, though\\nnot all of the same quality, are used for salting and making soups,\\nand do not command so high a price as the parts just described.\\nA full twist lining the division between the hams, called the\\nclosing, with a thick layer of fat, a thick flank, and a full neck-\\nvein, are generally indicative of tallow in the interior of the carcass\\nbut it frequently happens that all these symptoms of laying on inter-\\nnal fat fail. The disposition to lay on internal fat altogether depends\\non the nature of the individual constitution for it is often observed\\nthat those animals which exhibit great fattening points on the\\nexterior do not fill with internal fat so well as others which want\\nthese points. On the contrary, thin-made oxen, with flat ribs, and\\nlarge bellies, very frequently produce large quantities of internal fat.\\nThe first part which shows the fat in a feeding ox, is the point or\\ntop of the rump, which, in high-bred animals, is a prominent point\\nsometimes it protrudes too much, as the mass of fat laid on these is\\nout of proportion to the lean, and therefore useless to the consumer.\\nThis is the part which frequently misleads inexperienced judges in the\\ntrue fatness of the ox, because fat may be felt on this part when it is\\nvery deficient on most of the other points.\\nThe parts, on the other hand, which are generally the last in being\\ncovered with flesh, are the point of the shoulder joint, and the top of\\nthe shoulder. If these parts are, therefore, felt to be, well covered,\\nthe other and better parts of the animal may be considered ripe.\\nKipeness of condition, however, can only be rightly ascertained by\\nhandling, for there is a great difference between the apparent and\\nreal fatness of an ox. The flesh of an apparently fat ox to the eye,\\nmay, on being handled by a judge, feel loose and flabby but a truly\\nfat ox always feels hard fat. With such, the butcher is seldom\\ndeceived, while loose handlers give no assurance of killing well.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 13\\nIt is proper, in judging of the weight of a fat ox, to view his gait\\nwhile walking towards you, which, if he has been well fed, will he\\naccompanied with a heavy rolling tread on the ground. In this way,\\na judge can at once come very near to its weight.\\nThe application of all these rules and considerations to the judging\\nof lean stock, constitutes the chief difficulty to the judge. An ox\\nin high condition, in so far as its condition alone is under considera-\\ntion, can be judged of, as we have seen, by any one and sometimes\\nthe fatness may be so great as obviously to deform the symmetry to\\nany observer. The superiority of a judge to others, in these cases,\\nconsists in estimating the weight, observing the purity of the blood,\\nand valuing the points of the animal. But in judging of a lean ox,\\nits future condition and symmetry must be foreseen. These rules, if\\nstudied practically, will enable an inquiring observer to foresee these\\npoints and, in judging between a number of valuable points, it\\nshould be remembered that purity of breeding will always insure\\naptitude to fatten, which, in its turn, will insure the largest remu-\\nneration for the food consumed. D. J. b.\\nDEVON CATTLE.\\nThe Devon, or rather North Devon cattle, chiefly produced\\nin the county from which they take their name, are of great an-\\ntiquity, and have been celebrated and justly admired for centuries,\\nfor their pleasing color, elegant form, gentle temper, active gait, and\\nother good qualities, which fit them beyond all other breeds for the\\ncart or the plough, if not for the excellence of their milk and flesh.\\nTheir color is generally a light red, but varying a little, either darker\\nor more yellow, seldom having any white, except about the udder of\\nthe cow, or the belly of the bull, which is little seen, or, perhaps, a\\nfew white hairs towards the extremity of the tail. On the whole,\\nthere is scarcely any breed so rich and mellow in its touch, so silky\\nand fine in its soft, long hair added to which, it has a greater propor-\\ntion of weight in the most valuable joints, consuming at the same\\ntime less food in its production.\\nIt is to the grazier, then, that this breed is more especially valua-\\nble, as few if any others will rival them in disposition to fatten and\\nin the quality of the flesh. Generally speaking, the cows are inferior\\nto many others for the purposes of the dairy, but not as respects the\\nquality of the milk for they yield more than an average proportion\\nof cream and butter, both of which in Devonshire are proverbially\\nknown. Some farmers, however, have found them to yield even a,\\nlarge produce of milk, so that in this particular much may depend\\non the choice of pasturage, or the manner in which they are kept. The\\ngeneral average of the dairies is one pound of butter a day for each\\ncow, during the summer months, or as long as they are well fed.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "14 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThis breed will bear transferring to inferior soils, as well as to\\ncolder and more exposed situations, without suffering in the slightest\\ndegree. Thus upon the bleak coast of Norfolk, and upon light and\\ninferior pastures, they are found to thrive remarkably well, and to\\nsustain their flesh upon very indifferent keeping.\\nFor working purposes, the Devons are unequalled, and no descrip-\\ntion of cattle can be compared with them, either for quickness of\\nsteps or endurance of pluck/ There is almost as much difference\\nin working between these oxen and those of other breeds, as there is\\nin a light, cleanly, active cart-horse, and the heavy, hairy-legged\\nsluggish dray. In Devonshire, they are usually put to labor at from\\ntwo to three years old, according as they are wanted, and worked\\nuntil they are five or six years of age, when they are quickly fattened\\nfor the butcher. Four young and two old bullocks are required to\\nplough an acre a day upon heavy land, but on light soils they will\\ndo more. In Norfolk, these oxen are also extensively used at the\\nplough, one pair being employed in the forenoon from six till eleven\\no clock, and another pair from one till six in the evening. In this\\nmanner, they will generally plough upon turnip soil, one acre and a\\nhalf in a day. It is no uncommon thing, however, for a three year\\nold bullock to work in a plough alone, and if well kept, he will per-\\nform without difficulty all through the spring. But when the\\nweather becomes warm he will suffer very much if worked longer\\nthan five or six hours at a time. In hoeing ridged turnips or man-\\ngold wurzel, with a single plough, or horse-hoe, two steady bullocks,\\none at a time, will walk over five acres in a day; but to do this, they\\nmust work about eleven hours in a day instead of ten. After a little\\npractice, they are preferred to horses, as they are easily managed\\nand turn at the ends without trouble, scarcely injuring a single root.\\nFor feeding purposes, the Devons possess every qualification to\\nfatten, being celebrated for the fineness of their flesh and the lightness\\nof their offal; and, although they do not attain so great a weight as\\nsome other breeds, they will fatten at a very early age. They may\\nbe made quite fit for the butcher when twenty-seven or thirty months\\ndd, and will weigh at that age from 560 to 700 pounds. If kept\\nuntil three years old, or a little longer, they may easily be made to\\nweigh from 700 to 840 pounds.\\nThe period at which the working Devons are fattened greatly\\nvaries. A favorite old bull is frequently worked too long, and it\\nthen requires both additional time and quantity of food; but, gener-\\nally speaking, a certain number are fed off each r ear, and fresh ones\\nare broken in to supply their places. These old oxen, when well fed,\\nattain a good weight, frequently weighing from 1,120 to 1,260 pounds.\\nIn this case, however, they are immense consumers, and will devour\\ndaily, when first put to turnips, 5 or 6 bushels, besides other food.\\nFor certain districts, the Devons must be considered most valuable\\nanimals, being hardy and easily kept upon the most scanty herbage\\non poor soils. Their rich milk and fine quality of flesh, combined\\nwith their unrivalled working qualities, are becoming more appreci-\\nated than formerly, and they are increasing in importance both in\\nEurope and in this country, amongst the other breeds.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 15\\nCHARACTERISTICS, OR POINTS, OF THE DEVON.\\nThe North Devon hull has a hold countenance, indented forehead,\\nclear, full and prominent eyes, surrounded by an orange-colored ring\\nhis head is square, with a light cream-colored muzzle, or nose his\\nhorns are moderately strong, a little turned up at their tips, and of a\\nwavy color his back is straight from the hip-bone to the insertion\\nof the tail his hind quarter is full and round quite down to the\\nhough, with the thigh full of muscles, and a deep, rich flank; his\\nshoulder is also deep and strong from the withers to the chest, and thick\\nthrough the breast behind the elbow his fore-arm and knee are thick\\nand strong, with the bone small and short under the knee his flank\\nis well down the body, which is rather straight underneath.\\nThe cow has a neat, sharp head, with graceful, upturned horns, a\\nvery full, clear eye, encircled with an orange-colored ring, and she is\\nof the same color within the ears the muzzle, or nose, is narrow, and\\nof pale cream color her frame is long and straight, symmetrical in\\nshape, with good prominent hips and full springing ribs; her hind-\\nquarter is long and full; her shoulder round, slanting and full, and\\nshe is deep from the top of the plate-bone to the breast-point her\\nfore-arm thick down to the knee-bone, and thin and short below the\\nknee her abdomen is straight along the under-side her flank is low\\ndown near the hough she is usually small when compared with the\\nbull.\\nJThe North Devon working, ox has a large, long, straight and sym-\\nmetrical frame, with a clean, sharp-looking head, clear, prominent\\neye, encircled by an orange-colored ring, a cream-colored nose, and\\nlong, waxy, upturned horns, which are fine at the points.; his shoul-\\nder is slanting and well placed; his neck is lean and thin at the\\nbreast-point; his ribs are rounded and spring out; his hip is high\\nand long from the hip-bone to the insertion of the tail, and nearly\\nas high as the line of the back; hind-quarter round and full, quite\\nto the hough, with great substance and bone; fore-arm, thick and\\nlarge above, but small below the knee, with a good, expansive solid\\nhoof. D. J. B.\\nTHE CATTLE OF KUSSIA.\\nThe rearing of domestic animals in Russia forms an important part\\nof its agriculture, properly so called, and goes hand in hand with the\\nraising of grain. If the one branch of husbandry declines, the other\\nBuffers and their prosperity greatly depends on a good distribution\\no\u00c2\u00a3 productive soil or, in other words, on a due proportion of pas-\\ntures, meadows, and arable lands. The length and severity of their\\nwinters, which abridge the season of pasturage the frequent droughts,\\nwhich render the hay harvests less abundant and the want of other", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "16 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nkinds of prepared fodder, which in many countries supply the inade-\\nquacy of the natural pasturage all of which circumstances, when\\ncombined, place their husbandry in an exceptional position, and re-\\nquire a larger extent of meadow land than is elsewhere necessary to\\nplace the rearing of cattle in a normal relation to the culture of the\\nsoil. But in Kussia, it has been found that this branch of rural in-\\ndustry is not always in proportion to the advanced state of the culture\\nof the soil. In many of those provinces, where the number of cattle\\nand horses raised is large, their quality is very inferior. They are\\nsmall in size and meagre in the production of milk and flesh. It is\\nonly in districts where cultivation is considerably advanced that the\\ntwo branches, agriculture proper and the rearing of domestic animals,\\nare rationally combined, and progress at an equal pace. In a large\\nproportion of the steppes, (a region corresponding to our prairies, and\\nembracing nearly a fifth of the total area of European Kussia,) where\\ncattle and horses remain at pasture the whole year round, a black\\nhumus prevails, and the soil is hence so fertile as to demand no other\\nmanure, and its culture is often so easy that the surface scarcely re-\\nquires even to be scratched by the plough. The dung of the animals\\ngoes to waste, or, in some parts, is consumed as fuel. In other sec-\\ntions of the country, however, there are such vast differences as,\\nbetween North and South between the regions of the steppes and\\nthe provinces of the centre between the latter and the governments\\nof the West that we cannot consider their systems of rural economy\\nunder one point of view, nor apply to them in a general manner the\\nprinciples derived from the experience of other countries.\\nIn the greater part of those districts where there are few meadows,\\nand the culture of artificial provender is neglected, it is usual to leave\\nthe animals upon open pasture until the cold becomes excessive and\\nthe ground is covered with snow, when it is often necessary to feed\\nthem upon straw. In the steppes, where meadows and good pastur-\\nage abound, the rearing of these animals is left to the care of Provi-\\ndence. For the want of building timber, it is impossible to house\\nthem in winter, except in the vicinity of rivers, where sheds of cane\\nare constructed for the purpose. In other districts, they put stacks\\nof hay around the spot where the cattle are fed, which afford some\\nprotection against the frosts and drift. It is evident, then, that, under\\nsuch rude husbandry as this, improvements in feeding or breeding,\\nand sanatory precautions against epizootic diseases, are alike out of the\\nquestion.\\nThe unsatisfactory condition in which this important branch of\\nrural economy is found in some parts of Russia has long attracted the\\nattention of the government, and several inquests have been made\\nwith the view of ascertaining in those localities the causes of this state\\nof things and devising a remedy. These causes may be summed up\\nas follows Degeneration, resulting from want of care in the selec-\\ntion of breeds in some provinces a deficiency of good herbage fre-\\nquent murrains and other epidemic diseases, which, of themselves, are\\nthe result of bad nourishment, or of the state of abandonment in\\nwhich the animals are left during the winter the want of good vete-\\nrinary surgeons and, finally, the small profit that can be derived-in", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 17\\nsome districts from cattle rearing, in consequence of a want of a mar-\\nket for meat, milk, butter, or cheese.\\nThe products of the dairy in Kussia are not very considerable, but\\nmight become important as articles of commerce, if more care were\\nobserved in their preparation, and they were made to keep better and\\nto be more conformable to the taste of foreign consumers. There are\\nmany districts, it is true, where local circumstances are unfavorable\\nto cheese-making but there are also many others where the sole\\nimpediment consists in carelessness. Of this, no better proof need be\\nsought than the fact that several proprietors, who have bestowed on\\nthe dairy the attention it deserves, have been perfectly successful.\\nAmong other cases, an instance is cited of a gentleman of Wologda,\\nwho brought Swiss dairy people to conduct the manufacture of cheese\\nupon his estate, and now derives an annual income from that source\\nof $3, 750 to $4,500. In the Baltic provinces and in Finland, as well\\nas in some other districts, the manufacture of cheese has for some time\\npast been progressing well. It is also found that, among the pro-\\nvision dealers of St. Petersburg and Moscow, imitations of foreign\\ncheese of different sorts are sold, which, though inferior, resemble it\\nsufficiently to be put off under the names of Gruyere and Duke\\nof Gloucester cheese.\\nThe preparation of salted butter is less dependent than that of\\ncheese upon local circumstances. Bequiring only care and cleanli-\\nness, it might anywhere succeed to some extent and yet but little of\\nit is produced.\\nThe annual amount of tallow exported from Eussia is estimated at\\n13,746,480,000 pounds, and an equal quantity, including mutton tal-\\nlow, is presumed to be used for home consumption in the manufacture\\nof soap, stearine, candles, c.\\nThe most remarkable races of cattle in Russia may be enumerated\\nas follows\\nThe Ukraine, Wallach, or Podolian; Little Russia; Donian;\\nand the Black Sea breeds. All these denominations are local but the\\noriginal character, which nearly resembles that of the Hungarian race\\nof cattle, has been preserved. They are distinguished for their\\nstrength, adaptation for field labor, and facility of taking on flesh and\\nfat. The latter singularity consists in the fat not growing so much\\non the outside, but penetrating the flesh itself, rendering it juicy and\\nmore delicate, especially when the beeves have been fed in the rich\\nprairies of the Caucasian line. It is for this reason that butchers in\\nlarge towns give preference to this beef over that of the other cattle.\\nThe cows, however, yield but little milk. This breed is to be found\\nfrom Podolia to the Ural, but the finest type is found at Karlowka,\\nin the government of Poltawa. It is also met with in some places in\\nthe province of Ekatherinoslaw, near the river Samara, and further\\nnorthward in the provinces of Little Russia, but of not so fine appear-\\nance, from the want of good keeping.\\nThe Kalmik breed is intermediate between the Ukraine and\\nRussian races. It is of small size and fine flesh, and is able to endure\\nany change of climate. All the year round, such cattle can live on\\n2", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "18 AGRICULTURAL RREPORT.\\nthe steppes, and during winter subsist on grass, which they obtain\\nfrom under the snow, except when, after rain has fallen and the snow\\nis frozen, they cannot break through the ice, and are deprived of food.\\nIn many districts of country on the Don, the inhabitants prefer\\nthis race to the Ukraine, though they are less valuable for the pur-\\nposes of the dairy and for labor.\\nThe Russian race, properly so called, has no peculiar charac-\\nteristics, as its original type is not easily to be distinguished. In\\ngeneral, the cattle of this race are ill-shaped, diminutive in size, and\\nnot well reared. They are found in the middle, northern and west-\\ntern provinces, where they are kept for their milk. In the province\\nof Wologda, and in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, this race is im-\\nproving from better management.\\nTo the above races may be added the Lithuanian breed, which\\nis small, but strongly built, giving an abundance of milk.\\nAmong the foreign races introduced into Russia is the Cholmo-\\ngory breed, of Dutch origin, distinguished by its fine form and good\\nmilking qualities. It is found pure only in the districts from which\\nit takes its name, in the government of Archangel. The heavy\\nbodies of the oxen render them unfit for labor. In general, the cows\\nrequire good keeping and great care, so that the expenses of their\\nsupport are rather excessive, which must be redeemed out of the pro-\\nceeds of their milk.\\nThe Foigtland race, introduced into some districts of the Bal-\\ntic provinces, is remarkable for its medium size and fine appearance.\\nThe cows content themselves with a rather common food, and give\\nplenty of milk. The oxen are well adapted for work.\\nThe Frisland race begins to be multiplied among the Menonite\\nsettlers of Molotchan. The cows produce a fair yield of milk.\\nThe Tyrolese, Scotch and English breeds have been introduced\\nand acclimatised in the provinces of the Baltic. The Swiss breed is\\nextensively diffused, as is also the Tyrolese, in the kingdom of Poland.\\nA cross between the Cholmogory and the indigenous breeds is also\\nfound in some districts of the government of Archangel, as well as\\nthose of Wologda, Kalouga, Twer, Kostroma, Jaroslaw, and in the\\ndistricts near the capitals.\\nThe crossing of foreign races with each other, especially of the\\nEnglish, Tyrolese and Swiss breeds, has often been attempted, but\\nseldom with success. As a general rule, cattle of foreign origin do\\nnot acclimatise well in Russia, excej^t in the districts where the herb-\\nage is good. These breeds require more care and better food, and\\nlikewise yield more readily to epidemics, than those long accustomed\\nto the country. The Dutch and Tyrolese breeds appear to have suc-\\nceeded best but the English cattle seem to be least adapted to the\\nRussian climate as well as to its food.\\nThe divisions of Russia in Europe, with the number of cattle, the\\nquantity of arable land, the quantity of meadow land, and the popu-\\nlation of each., together with the quantity of arable and meadow land\\nto each inhabitant, in 1851, are indicated in the adjoining table.\\nD. J. B.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS.\\n19\\nProvinces and govern-\\nments of Russia in\\nEurope.\\nArchangel\\nAstrakhan\\nBessarabia\\nCourland\\nDon Cossacks.\\nEkath6rinoslaw.\\nEsthonia\\nFinland\\nGrodno\\nJaroslaw\\nKalouga\\nKazan\\nKharkow\\nKherson\\nKiew\\nKostroma\\nKoursk\\nKowno\\nLivonia\\nMinsk\\nMohilew\\nMoscow\\nNijni-Nowgorod.\\nNowgorod\\nOlonetz\\nOrel\\nOrenburg\\nPenza\\nSt. Petersburg.\\nPerm\\nPodolia\\nPoland\\nPoltawa\\nPskow\\nRiazan\\nSaratow\\nSimbirsk\\nSmolensk\\nStavropol\\nTambow\\nTauride\\nToula\\nTschernigow.\\nTwer\\nWiatka\\nWilna\\nVitebsk\\nWladimir\\nWolhynia\\nWologda\\nWoroneje\\nTotal\\nNumber of\\ncattle.\\nDessiatines*\\nof arable\\nland.\\nDessiatines\\nof meadow\\nland.\\nRural\\npopulation.\\nDessiatines\\nto each\\ninhabitant.\\n95,200\\n80,000\\n157,000\\n224,800\\n1.1\\n231,T80\\n150,000\\n800,000\\n155,300\\n6.1\\n570,510\\n1,300,000\\n1,200,000\\n755,400\\n3.3\\n231,700\\n496,000\\n314,000\\n465,800\\n1.7\\n1,168,740\\n2,310,000\\n9,540,000\\n778,000\\n15.2\\n495,680\\n1,200,000\\n1,400,000\\n906,600\\n2.9\\n126,480\\n240,000\\n260,000\\n273,600\\n1.8\\n520,000\\n1,071,000\\n1,472,500\\n1.1\\n247,600\\n1,470,000\\n520,000\\n786,700\\n2.5\\n502,250\\n1,200,000\\n492,000\\n881,800\\n1.9\\n361,900\\n1,300,000\\n193,000\\n882,200\\n1.7\\n361,980\\n2,100,000\\n500,000\\n1,311,100\\n2.0\\n584,050\\n2,100,000\\n1,350,000\\n1,048,600\\n3.3\\n765,620\\n1,400,000\\n2,000,000\\n701,300\\n4.8\\n567,390\\n2,353,000\\n445,000\\n1,534,200\\n1.8\\n591,990\\n1,600,000\\n340,000\\n1,005,800\\n1.9\\n428,550\\n2,503,000\\n613,000\\n1,612,200\\n1.9\\n458,420\\n2,060,000\\n750,000\\n887,300\\n3.2\\n324,070\\n415,000\\n555,000\\n740,200\\n1.3\\n450,610\\n2,820,000\\n1,546,000\\n910,400\\n4.8\\n587,370\\n1,700,000\\n300,000\\n783,100\\n2.6\\n292,940\\n1,300,000\\n260,000\\n1,132,500\\n1.4\\n235,000\\n1,800,000\\n280,000\\n1,100,700\\n1.9\\n517,920\\n1,300,000\\n470,000\\n857,500\\n2.1\\n93,150\\n370,000\\n110,000\\n261,600\\n1.8\\n427,620\\n2,400,000\\n400,000\\n1,276,400\\n2.2\\n1,284,080\\n4,115,000\\n4,452,000\\n2,071,700\\n4.1\\n256,380\\n1,600,000\\n450,000\\n990,000\\n2.0\\n162,830\\n550,000\\n200,000\\n553,000\\n1.4\\n615,150\\n2,589,000\\n1,993,000\\n1,816,900\\n2.5\\n.406,660\\n2,440,000\\n773,000\\n1,510,600\\n2.1\\n1,540,000\\n5,445,000\\n1,500,000\\n4,372,000\\n1.6\\n691,130\\n2,000,000\\n1,215,000\\n1,558,000\\n2.1\\n191,250\\n1,400,000\\n800,000\\n630,800\\n3.5\\n338,370\\n1,800,000\\n300,000\\n1,294,700\\n1.6\\n884,650\\n2,530,000\\n6,513,000\\n1,679,000\\n5.4\\n622,820\\n2,500,000\\n1,600,000\\n1,091,200\\n3.7\\n667,560\\n2 000,000\\n280,000\\n1,029,500\\n2.2\\n631,200\\n750,000\\n4,000,000\\n960,800\\n4.9\\n501,090\\n2,500,000\\n1,650,000\\n1,573,900\\n2.6\\n694,150\\n750,000\\n1,600,000\\n550,800\\n4.3\\n314,380\\n2,000,000\\n220,000\\n1,023,800\\n2.2\\n254,150\\n3,191,000\\n630,000\\n1,291,700\\n3.0\\n670,550\\n1,670,000\\n1,290,000\\n1,324,600\\n2.2\\n741,170\\n2,973,000\\n500,000\\n1,885,100\\n1.8\\n369,640\\n1,170,000\\n335,000\\n743,500\\n2.0\\n245,880\\n1,600,000\\n120,000\\n658,900\\n2.6\\n439,745\\n1,800,000\\n280,000\\n1,100,600\\n1.9\\n412,400\\n2,110,000\\n777,000\\n1,389,800\\n2.1\\n479,250\\n800,000\\n450,000\\n825,300\\n1.5\\n784,800\\n3,007,000\\n2,400,000\\n1,585,550\\n3.3\\n24,917,805 1\\n89,777,000\\n60,194,000\\n56,257,350\\nA dessiatine is nearly 2.7 acres.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "20 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of D. L. R. Butt, of Centre, Cherokee county, Alabama.\\nOur beef cattle generally run in the range, until a month or so\\nbefore killing. They are then fed at a cost of about $3 a head per\\nmonth.\\nThe market value of beef is on an average, 3| cents a pound.\\nStatement of T. L. Hart, of West Cornwall, Litchfield county, Con-\\nnecticut.\\nFormerly, cattle were kept here through the winter with very little\\nprotection except a crooked rail fence but, at present, very few good\\nfarmers build a barn without a cellar in which all their animals are\\nstabled at night and in stormy weather. There is much economy in\\nthis, both in the amount of fodder they consume, and in the better\\ncondition of the entire herd in the spring.\\nWe have among our cattle a breed which have been kept on the\\nsame farms for at least one hundred years. They have not only been\\ncrossed with the other old breeds of this section, but with the Devons\\nand Short-horns, and still retain most of the peculiar characteristics\\nof the originals. Our best cattle, however, are crosses between the\\ncommon breeds and the Devons.\\nStatement ofD. Barnes, of Middletown, Middlesex county, Connecticut.\\nCows are in high estimation with us, as milk and butter always\\ncommand high prices, and find a ready market.\\nGood milch cows are worth from $40 to $100 each.\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of Nexv Castle, New Castle county,\\nDelaware.\\nMost of the cattle of this county are of the common breed. Some\\nattention has been paid to the introduction of Devons, which, how-\\never, are not much in favor. A considerable portion of our beeves,\\nwhich are purchased from the Western drovers, are stall-fed, and\\nwill compare favorably with those from any section of the Union.\\nGood cows are scarce, and $60 is not an unusual price for a good\\nmilker of the common grade.\\nStatement of C. W. Babbitt, of Metamora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nThe farmers in this section are making considerable effort to im-\\nprove their cattle by crossing with the Durhams and other popular\\nbreeds.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 1 21\\nIn rearing calves, I would recommend that, for the first two weeks\\nafter birth, they be allowed all the new milk they want, and then\\ntaught to eat corn-meal. If a box or trough be provided, shel-\\ntered from the rain, to which they can have free access, and it be\\nkept constantly filled with meal occasionally mixed with a little\\nsalt, with two quarts of new milk, twice a day for each calf for some\\nfour months, with a good pasture for them to run in, they will yield\\nthe farmer more profit in the end than if managed in any other way.\\nA likely bullock, or steer, of common stock, three years old, is worth\\n$25. A good cow with a young calf is valued at something more.\\nBeef is bringing $4 50 per hundred.\\nStatement of Alexander Heron, near Connersville, Fayette county,\\nIndiana.\\nNext to swine, cattle in this section are the most profitable stock\\nto raise. It is somewhat difficult to estimate the cost of rearing them\\nas they are turned out to pasture in summer and fed during the win-\\nter on various kinds of fodder. Each animal is expected to thrive\\nupon an acre of good grass. After the first year, the total cost of\\nrearing may be estimated at $20, leaving a net profit of $15 a head\\nat three years old. Those who stall-feed of course expend more in\\nthe rearing, and receive a larger return. When grain is fed to them\\nuntil they are about four years old, the profits are nearly equal to\\nthose of hogs.\\nLarge numbers of Short-horned cattle have been introduced into\\nthis county from Kentucky, and are much preferred by the butchers\\nto the old breeds.\\nThe value of a bullock, at one year old, may be estimated at $8 at\\ntwo years old, at $20; and at three years old, at $35. The cost of\\ntransportation to New York, per head, by railroad, by the way of Buf-\\nfalo, is $14. The cost of driving to Cincinnati is $2 a head.\\nStatement of Benjamin F. Odell, of Plum Spring, Delaware county,\\nloioa.\\nThe cattle of this county are mostly of the common breed. The\\ncost of raising until three years old, is about $20, at which age steers\\nare worth from $25 to $50, and heifers from $20 to $30 each. Oxen\\nare worth from $75 to $150 a pair calves from $8 to $15 each.\\nStatement of L. E. Duput, of Shelby ville, Shelby county, Kentucky.\\nThe best cattle we have in this region are the imported Durhams\\nand their crosses. The cross upon our indigenous stock improves\\nthe latter fifty per cent. The value of a good calf, at weaning time,\\nis about $10. The increase in value is $10 or $15 a year. The cost\\nof keeping is from $5 to $10 per annum.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "22 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of Samuel J. Fletcher, near Winchester, Clark county,\\nMissouri.\\nStock, in general, in this county, are very badly treated, being fed\\nmerely on straw and late-cut prairie grass, with no cover to shelter\\nthem during the inclement season. I consider a cross from the Dur-\\nham breed the best, being fine milkers, good workers, and profitable\\nfor the butcher. A promising bull calf from the Clay stock, at six\\nmonths old, is worth about $35, while one of the common breeds is\\nvalued at only $5 or $6.\\nFor seven or eight months in the year, our luxuriantly rich prairie\\ngrass furnishes such excellent pasturage, that I have sold steers to\\nthe butchers, giving 650 pounds of prime beef at three years old.\\nPrairie grass, when cut early and salted, also makes excellent hay.\\nStatement of J. W. Jones, of Knob Noster, Johnson county, Missouri.\\nCattle, in this county, are raised with a considerable profit. The\\nDurham breed, crossed with our common cows, is preferred to any\\nother, which is worth about as much at three years old as the com-\\nmon breed is at four.\\nThe price of a bullock at one year old is about $9 at two years\\nold, $15 at three years old, $20; and at four years old, about $25.\\nStatement of W. B. Giddings, of Middle Grove, Monroe county,\\nMissouri.\\nThe cattle raisers of our county have turned their attention for the\\nlast few years to the improvement of the breed. They have brought\\na great number of Short-horns from Kentucky, and a few from Ohio.\\nEither pure-blooded or mixed animals are diffused throughout this\\nsection of the State. They are considered superior to any other breed,\\nnotwithstanding they require richer and higher feeding than our\\ncommon stock. When crossed with our ordinary cows, the progeny\\nserves excellently well for labor, milk or flesh.\\nStock cattle one year old are worth $12 at two years old, from $16\\nto $20 at three years old, from $25 to 30 at four years old, from $35\\nto $40. Milch cows are worth from $20 to $30 each, and $18\\nwhen farrow or dry. Beef at home is worth from $5 25 to $5 50 per\\nhundred.\\nStatement o/D. K. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany county, New\\nYork.\\nThere are no pure-bred cattle in this section, although there are\\nsome high grades of Short-horns which materially improve the old\\nbreeds for beef without detriment to their milking qualities. Calves\\nare usually weaned when two or three months old, when they are\\nturned out to grass. The first winter, they are fed with hay and a", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 23\\nlittle meal or roots. The second and third winter they are kept mainly\\non straw, and the autumn following are sold directly from the pas-\\nture, as the fattening of cattle here for the butcher is not extensively\\npractised.\\nThe cost of raising a bullock to three years old is about $7 a year,\\nat which age he will bring from $25 to $40. The cost of transporta-\\ntion to New York, by railroad, when there are more than one, is\\n$13 17 each.\\nStatement of Gershom Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, New Tori.\\nOur old race of cattle is nearly extinct. In color they were black,\\nbrindled, or speckled; they had hollow backs, cat hams, and lopped\\nhorns. There were among them, however, many noble specimens of\\nworking oxen, bullocks, and milch cows. Our present cattle consist\\nof crosses of the old race with the Devons, Durhams, and Herefords.\\nThey are still improving, running more and more into the Durham,\\nfor the reason that this breed for beef and milk is held in the highest\\nfavor.\\nMilch cows are high, selling from $30 to $50 a head. A good pair\\nof working oxen will bring from $125 to $160 a pair. The price of fat\\ncattle is governed by the New York market, to which they are sent\\nby railroad, at about $4 each.\\nStatement of Joseph Haines, Jotham S. Holmes, John A. Howe, Oliver\\nGreen, Jr., and A. F. Dickinson, Committee of the Farmers Clnb\\nBedford, Westchester county, New York.\\nThe rearing of horned cattle has not been followed heretofore to\\nmuch extent in this section, our supplies having been obtained almost\\nentirely from other parts of the country. But, in consequence of the\\nincreased value of late, it is now receiving more attention. A good\\ndemand has always existed with us for veal calves for New York\\nmarket, so much so, that a fat calf from four to eight weeks old\\nwould sell for as much as it would at a year old, treated in the ordi-\\nnary way, say from $10 to $15. Indeed, the demand has been so\\ngreat, for a few years past, that buyers are in search of them at a\\nmuch younger age, at prices from $1 to $4 a head. A common price\\nhas been from 4 to 6 cents a pound, live weight.\\nThe kind of stock now most profitable for us to raise is cows, as\\nthey are in great demand for milk dairies for the supply of the New\\nYork market. The cost of raising will average at one year old about\\n$12, valued also at $12 at two years, $20, valued at $25 and at\\nthree years old, $30, and valued at $30 or $45 each. The cost of\\ntransportation to New York by railroad is about $1 50 a head.\\nWe find the Devons to be the best stock for labor, or their cross\\nwith other breeds.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "24 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement ofE. Matcham, of Pittsfeld, Lorain county, Ohio.\\nThere is great improvement being made in crossing blooded stock\\non our common cattle in this county. There has been kept, quite a\\nnumber of Devons, Durhams, and Herefords for breeding, and re-\\ncently the Ayrshires have been introduced.\\nThe Devons or their cross on our best common cows make fine oxen,\\nof good size, active and tractable, of a beautiful red color, which com-\\nmand high prices. Steers are raised to three years old, without much\\ngrain, for $20 or $25 a head. They bring, when trained to the yoke,\\nfrom $80 to $125 a pair.\\nThe cows, when crossed, are fine for the dairy and by many are\\nthought to excel for this purpose. They certainly make and carry\\nthe most flesh when fed on grass, of any cattle raised hero; and I\\nthink, when fattened for the butcher, they will make as good or a\\nbetter return for the expenses incurred on them.\\nStatement of John Young, Jr., of Forest Grove, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nNeat cattle are raised to a considerable extent in this county, and\\nthere is a decided improvement in our stock. The Short-horns,\\nAyrshires, and Alderneys are considered the best for dairy pur-\\nposes. Some fine stock is produced by crossing these with the\\ncommon cattle. Good milch cows this season range from $25 to $50\\neach. A large majority of the cattle raised in this county are of the\\ncommon stock, small in size, and without any particular recommend-\\ning qualities.\\nThe cost of raising to the age of three years is about $15. They\\nwere all milkers when two years old and, besides furnishing our\\nfamily (twelve in number) with abundance of cream, they yielded last\\nyear 925 pounds of butter, of which we sold 690 pounds at 25 cents\\nper pound, amounting to $172 50, or an average of $28 75 to each\\ncow. The surplus milk keeps eight hogs in good condition. The\\nbutter and milk used for home purposes fully compensates for the\\ncost of their keeping.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nOur stock of cattle is varied. We have the Durham, Ayrshire, and\\ncommon cattle, with different crosses from each. The cost of raising a\\nheifer till three years old will average $15, and the price at that age\\nis from $15 to $25. Cows at present sell high. Good milkers are\\nworth from $35 to $45. Many of our farmers think that a given\\nquantity of food will produce more meat when fed to half-bloods, or\\nthe first cross between the Durham and our common stock, than\\nwhen fed to full-bloods. Our Pittsburg market takes all the cattle\\nraised in this part of the State, and a large number are also brought\\nfrom Northern and Eastern Ohio, and elsewhere, to supply the demand.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 25\\nStatement of C. Snively, of Perm Township, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nVery considerable attention has been given to the improvement of\\ncattle. Various breeds have been introduced, among them the Dur-\\nham, Hereford, Devon, Alderney, c. The Short-horns are held in\\nhigh estimation, both for their beef and milking qualities. This is\\nthe breed most generally sought after.\\nStatement of J). Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nBesides the common cattle of this county, there are crosses between\\nthem and the Durhams and Devons, those of the former being\\nconsidered the best for beef and milk. They are generally fed in\\nwinter on corn, fodder, and hay.\\nButchers pay from $2 to $3 each for calves, four weeks old, and\\nfrom $12 to $25 for cows. Beef sells for from 4 to 8 cents a pound\\ntallow, from 10 to 14 cents.\\nStatement of Richard Lechner, of Stouchburg, Berks county, Pennsyl-\\nvania.\\nThe value of neat cattle here at the age of three years is from $20\\nto $25 each. Good dairy cows command from $25 to $40 each, being\\nworth from $5 to $10 more in the spring than in the fall.\\nStatement of Albert Hoopes, of West Chester, Chester Gounty,\\nPennsylvania.\\nCattle are raised to a considerable extent in this county. We have\\ngood animals of all the different improved breeds, each of which has\\nits advocates, and each its peculiar excellencies. The Durhams are\\nbest for beef; the Devons for work, and the Alderneys for butter.\\nIt is hard to find an animal which does not contain blood of some of\\nthe improved breeds.\\nStatement of J. S. Gore, of Tippecanoe, Fayette county, Pennsylvania.\\nFormerly, the cattle of this county were the most deplorable looking\\nspecimens ever seen but a new era has dawned, some beautiful De-\\nvons having been introduced. Still, the large and symmetrical Dur-\\nham is the first on the list. It is the best milker and the best beef,\\nand grows to an enormous size. It costs about $6 to keep a calf the\\nfirst year, $8 the second, $10 the third, and $11 the fourth, making\\n$35. Formerly they were worth at that age from $12 to $25. Many\\nof the farmers resorted to having them grazed in the mountains,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "26 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nwhere it cost but $1 a summer, during which they lost several head the\\ncattle were wintered on straw, and some died before spring. But the\\nfarmers were satisfied that they cost only $1 a head at the mountains;\\nand the straw had no other value. Our Durham cattle command\\nabout $50 a head at two and three years old.\\nStatement of John B. Brush, of Skeakleyville, Mercer county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThe cost of raising cattle till three years old is $15, which is about\\nthe price of good ones at that age. Good cows bring from $20 to $25\\nin the spring, and from $12 to $15 in the fall. There are men here\\nfrom the North engaged in the business of breaking steers. Their\\nplan is to build a pen 3 or 4 rods square, of rails. A pair of\\nanimals are put in here, and coaxed around quietly for a time, when\\na bow is hung over their necks, and the same gentle means con-\\ntinued to induce them to walk side by side. When well reconciled\\nto this, they are brought together, and the yoke is then applied.\\nA short whip is now used with judgment, and not with severity, the\\neffort being to teach instead of forcing them. The steers soon under-\\nstand that they are not to be killed, and yield unresistingly. Three\\nor four-year old animals trained in this manner for six days are suffi-\\nciently well broken, provided they are for some time afterward con-\\ntinued at work under a careful driver.\\nStatement of Charles Foster, of Jasper, Marion county, Tennessee.\\nThe Cumberland mountain, at its summit, presents a beautifully\\nrolling table country, about 40 miles across, at this point, watered\\nwith innumerable branches, the heads of the valley streams of this\\nregion. The climate is unsurpassed in America. As a grazing re-\\ngion, I know of none equal to it. Indeed, thousands of cattle and\\nhogs are fattened on the range (which is inexhaustible) every year;\\nand, as a general thing, the temperature and other circumstances are\\nsuch that cattle can be wintered without being fed. I make this state-\\nment advisedly, and from positive experience.\\nStatement of John Brooke, of Sherman, Grayson county, Texas^*\\nThe cost of rearing neat cattle till three years old is about $1 50\\nper head. This is for the attention given to them, as we do not feed\\nthem at any season. Some do not even salt them. The price at three\\nyears old is from $12 to $15. The value of good dairy cows in the\\nspring is from $15 to $20. Our cattle are not troublesome to break,\\nsome working from the first day. They are generally broken in the\\nprairie teams in the spring.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 27\\nStatement of Robert W. Baylor, of Wood End, near Charlestown,\\nJefferson county, Virginia.\\nThe raising of cattle is not so profitable as that of horses. A calf\\nwill require quite as much attention and about the same amount of\\nfeed to rear it as a colt, but will not command in this market, when\\nit is three years old more, than $40 or $50.\\nThe cost of transporting a bullock to Baltimore on foot is 1 25\\nby railroad, about $6.\\nWe have some of the half-bred Kaisi or Damascus cattle, raised\\nfrom the original pair brought to this country by Lieut. Lynch, in\\n1848, and subsequently presented to this State by Hon. John Y. Ma-\\nson, then Secretary of the Navy. These animals surpass any others\\nfor the yoke I have ever seen. They are of fine size, almost as fleet\\nas horses, perfectly docile and tractable, and haul heavy loads in\\nthe hottest weather without lolling like our common cattle. Their\\ngait is quick and brisk, and they will make their trips to market and\\nback as soon as a horse. I am not sufficiently experienced to speak\\nknowingly of the milking qualities of the cows. They have been\\nrepresented as great milkers in their Eastern home.\\nWe have also imported the Ayrshire, Durham, and Devon, each\\nof which has its peculiar advantages.\\nStatement of James E. Kendall, of Poplar Grove, Kanawha county,\\nVirginia.\\nI am of the opinion that our scrub breed suits our mountain\\nrange the best. The cost of raising cattle is about $3 a year. They\\nsell from $18 to $20 at four years old. Steers, when broken, are worth\\nfrom $80 to $100 a pair. Mules are raised with as little expense as\\nsteers, and are worth from $100 to $150 a head at three years old.\\nDAIRIES.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement o/D. L. R. Butt, of Centre, Cherokee county Alabama.\\nThere is very little more butter made here, than serves for home\\nconsumption, though it can be produced in the summer season for\\nabout 2 cents a pound. We have a very fine range for cattle, and\\nthe cost of keeping them during the summer is inconsiderable. But-\\nter is worth in our country markets from 9 to 10 cents a pound.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "28 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of James S. Waite, of San Gabriel, Los Angelos county,\\nCalifornia.\\nThe dairy business is profitable in this State. I have been more or\\nless engaged in it for the last four years. The first two years, the\\naverage price of butter was $1 a pound, and it is now selling for half\\nthat price. From ten cows, I have sold as high as $300 worth a\\nmonth, after having supplied a family of six persons, and allowed\\nthe calves from a half to a quarter of the milk from each cow. I\\ncame to this State in 1849, and since that time have been engaged in\\nraising stock, the most of which is of the Spanish or Mexican breed.\\nThey do not give so large a quantity of milk on an average, as the\\ncows east of the mountains but their milk is richer, and will make\\nmore butter than a like quantity from the latter.\\nOur process of making butter is to set the milk in pans until the\\ncream rises then skim, and churn every other day, and wash the but-\\nter in cold water until no milk is left to color it then salt it with an\\nounce to the pound, and the next day wash it over again, when it is\\nin a condition to be packed down and taken to market.\\nI think butter would average here *75 cents per pound during the\\nyear. Good, gentle, Mexican cows, with young calves, are worth\\nfrom $40 to $50 each.\\nStatement of D. Barnes, of Middletown, Middlesex county Connecticut.\\nCows are in high estimation with us as milk and butter always\\ncommand high prices, and find a ready market.\\nGood milch cows are worth from $40 to $100 each.\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of New Castle, Neiu Castle county,\\nDelaware.\\nConsiderable attention is given to the dairy in this county, the but-\\nter being unequalled. At present, it is worth 35 cents in the Wil-\\nmington market, and will probably average 25 cents a pound.\\nStatement of C. W. Babbitt, of Metamora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nThe greater portion of our farmers make more or less butter for\\nsale, and a few are engaged in cheese-making.\\nButter has been sold the present season from 10 to 20 cents a pound\\ncheese at 10 cents.\\nStatement of D. K. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany county,\\nNew York.\\nThe dairy business is a prominent interest in this section. Butter\\ncan be made for about 10 cents a pound, and sells from 12^ to 25", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 29\\ncents. Cheese can be manufactured for 5 cents, and sells from 6 to 8\\ncents a pound. The use of the whey and sour milk for making pork\\nincreases the profit considerably beyond the above estimate.\\nThe cost of transportation of butter to New York, by railroad, is 60\\ncents and that of cheese 44 cents per 100 pounds.\\nStatement of Gershom Wiborn, of Victor; Ontario county, New York.\\nFarmers in this region usually keep from five to ten good milch cows,\\nin order that they may make their butter and cheese for home con-\\nsumption, besides some to sell.\\nButter is worth from 10 to 25 cents a pound, and cheese about half\\nthat price. I have a neighbor who keeps from two hundred to three\\nhundred cows and sends his milk 22 miles, by railroad, to Kochester,\\nwhere it sells from 10 to 20 cents a gallon.\\nStatement of Joseph Haines, JothamS. Holmes, John A. Howe, Oliver\\nGreen, Jr., and A. F. Dickinson, being that portion of their report\\nrelating to dairies, to the Katonah Farmers Club, Westchester county,\\nNew York.\\nOne of the principal products in this county is milk, which finds a\\nready sale in the city of New York, at an average price of 3 cents a\\nquart, after deducting three-fourths of a cent for transportation. Our\\nmanlier of taking care of milk and putting it up for market is briefly\\ndescribed as follows: Vessels, called cans, or kettles, used for\\nconveying it to the city, are made of tin, commonly containing 40\\nquarts each. They are cylindrical in shape, 2 feet in height in-\\ncluding the cover, and 13 inches in diameter, strengthened with four\\niron hoops about 1^ inches wide, covered with tin, with two conve-\\nnient handles placed about 18 inches above the bottom. Immediately\\nafter filling the cans with milk, directly from the cow, they are\\nplaced in the water of a spring, where they are kept from 12 to 24\\nhours before sending to market; and this, too, even, in the hottest\\nweather. It is a fact worthy of notice, that milk treated in this man-\\nner, generally arrives in better condition than when sent immediately\\nafter being cooled. The covers of the cans should remain off or open\\nuntil the milk is thoroughly cooled, and it is benefitted by an occa-\\nsional stirring. Closing the cans tightly after some 10 or 12 hours\\ncooling, is believed by many to be a good practice in hot weather.\\nA strong or unpleasant flavor in the milk is thought to be sometimes\\noccasioned by closing the cans too soon.\\nWe find for winter that early-made hay is much the best for the\\nproduction of milk and, in addition to this, almost any kind of nutri-\\ntious food which keeps up a good or rather improving condition of the\\ncow is the best.\\nButter is manufactured here to some extent, the average price the\\npast season being about 24 cents a pound.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "30 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement ofD. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nMilch cows sell in this section from $12 to $20 each, according\\nto quality. The average price of butter is about 15 cents a pound.\\nCheese is but little made, and sells from 9 to 12^ cents a pound.\\nStatement of Richard Lechnor, of Stouchburg, Berks county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThis branch of husbandry is not pursued here to any great extent,\\nas it requires too much land for the pasturage and forage of the cows\\nor, in other words, it appears not to be adapted to this wheat-growing\\ncountry. I think, however, it might be made a profitable business\\nif properly attended to.\\nA good cow will produce 200 pounds of butter per annum; and as\\nhigh as 11^ pounds have been churned from the milk of a cow in a\\nweek. The average price of butter is 17 cents a pound.\\nStatement of Albert Hoopes, of West Chester, Chester county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nFor the dairy in this county, there are good cows of all the improved\\nbreeds, but I believe that our best stock is yet to be found among\\nour common cows.\\nA good cow will make from 200 to 300 pounds of butter in a year,\\nworth from 30 to 35 cents a pound. My dairy of six cows has ave-\\nraged 230 pounds of butter a year.\\nStatement of John B. Brush, of Sheakleyville, Mercer county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThere are but few who have large dairies in this county. Every\\nfarmer keeps more or less cows and makes some butter. A few\\nmake some fine cheese. The price of butter this year is 12^ cents a\\npound, and ehcese sells for V cents.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS.\\nHORSES, ASSES, AND MULES.\\nTHE HORSES OF FRANCE.\\n31\\nThe Atlas statistique de la production des chevaux gives some\\ninteresting details respecting the method of the administration for\\nohtaining the most correct information with regard to the number\\nand quality of the various races of horses to be found in France.\\nThe society, or administration, for the breeding of horses, has\\ndivided that country into twenty-seven districts, or circonscriptions,\\nwhich comprise two breeding establishments, twenty-four depots for\\nstallions, and one for army horses.\\nIn order to arrive at an exact estimate of the equine statistics, per-\\nsons especially chosen for the purpose were employed in 1850 to visit\\nevery stable, village, and canton in each arrondissement and departe-\\nment. The result of this census of horses is shown in the annexed\\ntable. It comprises correct statistics of eighty-six departements,\\nfrom three of which, the Seine, Seine-et-Oise, and Corsica, the admin-\\nistration was unable at the time of publication to obtain the results,\\nand had therefore to use the census for 1840:\\nTable of the equine statistics of France.\\nDEPARTEMENTS.\\nAin\\nAiane\\nAllier\\nAlpes (Basses-).\\nAlpes (Hautes-).\\nArddche\\nArdennes\\nAri\u00c2\u00a3ge\\nAube\\nAude\\nAveyron\\nBouches-du-Khone.\\nCalvados\\nCantal\\nCharente\\nCharentc-lnltrieure\\nCher\\nCorrdze\\nCote-d Or\\nC6tes-du-Nord\\nCreuse\\nDordogne\\nDoiibs\\nDrdine\\nEure\\nEure-et-Loir\\nFinistere\\nGard\\nGarronne (Haute-).\\nGers\\nGironde\\nHeVault\\nIlle-et-Vilaine\\nIndre\\nIndre-et-Loire\\nIsdre\\nJura\\nLnndes\\nLoir-et-Cher\\nLoire\\nLaire (Haute-)\\nHorses four years old\\nMares four years old\\nand above.\\nand above.\\n1840.\\n1850.\\n1840.\\n1850.\\n6,837\\n6,004\\n7,252\\n9,220\\n38,75(\\n36,271\\n32. 966\\n35,819\\n5,48S\\n5,120\\n3.378\\n5,213\\n2,147\\n4,600\\n2,698\\n2,408\\n1,532\\n2,512\\n2,158\\n774\\n3,85C\\n3,075\\n2,360\\n2,854\\n24,338\\n21,726\\n21,899\\n23, 392\\n2.98c\\n2,609\\n5,694\\n4.778\\n17.055\\n14,733\\n15,528\\n17,385\\n8,876\\n7.286\\n9,451\\n9.305\\n2,764\\n3,451\\n5,995\\n5,250\\n16, 094\\n11,525\\n7,729\\n7,436\\n18.415\\n19,612\\n33,763\\n40,514\\n2,04S\\n1,233\\n8,161\\n6,783\\n8,051\\n7,035\\n10.438\\n12,733\\n10,637\\n8,383\\n17,209\\n22.918\\n13,783\\n11.355\\n13, 134\\n12,487\\n5,838\\n4,034\\n2,664\\n3,431\\n24,676\\n20,911\\n21,121\\n22, 171\\n22,431\\n21,860\\n51,075\\n43,383\\n2,387\\n2,705\\n2,745\\n3,503\\n8,046\\n9,966\\n5,941\\n1.429\\n7,783\\n7,059\\n8,197\\n10,672\\n7,262\\n7,515\\n3, 129\\n3,674\\n36,369\\n31,980\\n11,202\\n9,486\\n28,286\\n23,886\\n6,640\\n10,739\\n32,645\\n26,843\\n50,502\\n47,112\\n6,734\\n6,690\\n3.421\\n3,571\\n4,783\\n5,750\\n9,480\\n10,201\\n5,495\\n4,329\\n10.425\\n10,013\\n15,408\\n18,590\\n7,643\\n7,073\\n4,556\\n4,642\\n2.871\\n3,226\\n38,491\\n30,043\\n18,472\\n17,286\\n11,560\\n9,572\\n7.200\\n9,265\\n20,963\\n14.906\\n5,909\\n13,106\\n15,365\\n14,086\\n12,714\\n13,433\\n9,461\\n8,116\\n6,779\\n7,499\\n10,113\\n0,136\\n9,598\\n8,164\\n16,869\\n16,956\\n9,512\\n9, 154\\n6,742\\n5,851\\n2.026\\n3.118\\n2,329J\\n2, 2801\\n6,619J\\n5,9831\\nColts three years old\\nand below.\\n2,688\\n11,099\\n1,554\\n741\\n599\\n427\\n10,686\\n1,662\\n3,856\\n1,514\\n1,005\\n999\\n7,994\\n1,322\\n1.272\\n3,522\\n5,868\\n528\\n6,964\\n16,432\\n1,046\\n651\\n3.583\\n746\\n3,580\\n22! 383\\n386\\n1,882\\n2,853\\n2,226\\n292\\n5,470\\n3,427\\n980\\n2,882\\n2,766\\n3,324\\n3,030\\n533\\n1,583\\n2.817\\n10,403\\n2,438\\n1,061\\n731\\n173\\n14.691\\n2^510\\n8,143\\n4,102\\n1,111\\n577\\n21,740\\n1,509\\n1,558\\n6,924\\n7,745\\n938\\n7,256\\n31,211\\n1,531\\n934\\n7,133\\n1,014\\n7,644\\n2,478\\n23,32\\n470\\n3,280\\n3,85\\n4,173\\n525\\n17,025\\n3,629\\n2,896\\n3,783\\n3,610\\n4,860\\n5,436\\n4,119\\n1,719\\nTotal.\\n1840.\\n16,\\n82,815\\n10,421\\n5.586\\n4 j289\\n6,640\\n56,923\\n10,339\\n36,439\\n19,843\\n9,764\\n24,822\\n60,172\\n11,532\\n19,761\\n31,368\\n32, 785\\n9,030\\n52,761\\n89,938\\n6,178\\n14,638\\n19,563\\n11,13\\n51,151\\n35,792\\n105. 63U\\n10,541\\n16. 145\\n18,773\\n25,277\\n7,720\\n62,433\\n22,187\\n27,852\\n30,961\\n19,006\\n23,035]\\n29.411\\n9,301\\n10,531]\\n1850.\\n18,041\\n82,493\\n12,771\\n8,129\\n4,017\\n6,102\\n59,809\\n9,897\\n40,261\\n20,693\\n9,812\\n19,538\\n81,866\\n9,525\\n21,326\\n38,225\\n31,587\\n8,403\\n50,338\\n96,454\\n7,739\\n12,329\\n24,864\\n12,203\\n49,110\\n37, 103\\n97,284\\n10,731\\n19,231\\n18,199\\n29,836\\n8,393\\n64,354\\n22,466\\n30,908\\n31,282\\n19,225\\n19, 160\\n31,546\\n13,08*", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "32 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nTable of the equine statistics of France Continued.\\nDEPARTEMENTS.\\nHorses four years old\\nand above.\\nMares four years old\\nand above.\\nLoire-lnfericure\\nLoiret\\nLot\\nLot-et-Garonne\\nLozdre\\nMaine-et-Iioire...,\\nManehe\\nMaine\\nMame (Haute-)..\\nMayenne\\nMeurthe\\nMeuse\\nMorbihan\\nMoselle\\nNievre\\nNord\\nOise\\nOrne\\nPas-de-L ulais\\nPuy-de-DAme....\\nPyrenees (Basses-).\\nPyrenees (Hautes-)\\nPyrenees- Orientates\\nRhin (Ha^-)\\nRhin (Haut-)\\nRhone\\nSaone (Haute-)..,\\nSadne-et-Loire...\\nSarthe\\nSeine-Inf erieure..\\nSeine et-Marne..\\nSevres (Deux-)\\nSomme\\nTarn\\nTarn-et-Gaionne..\\nVar\\nVaucluse\\nVendue\\nVienne\\nVienne (Haute-)..\\nVosges\\nYonne\\n1850.\\n18,880\\n21,89?\\n3,811\\n7,337\\n2,186\\n17,152\\n221828\\n32,584\\n19,957\\n14,858\\n37,83^\\n31 i 918\\n19,354\\n33.415\\n6;614\\n35,1\\n35,771\\n17,185\\n20,543\\n7,290\\n7,489\\n3,580\\n3,633\\n26. 123\\n13,918\\n7.\\n11,968\\n8,649\\n15,217\\n29,262\\n33,726\\n5,904\\n27,586\\n2,677\\n2,915\\n6,903\\n3,806\\n4,551\\n7,463\\n3,593\\n10,516\\n15,670\\nColts three years old\\nand below.\\n1840.\\nTotal\\nCorse\\nSeine\\nSeine-et-Oise\\nTotal.\\n12,823\\n20, 135\\n2,544\\n5,081\\n2,112\\n14,437\\n45,303\\n33,503\\n22,674\\n12,088\\n28,228\\n29,790\\n16,638\\n28,357\\n7,878\\n33, 193\\n38,345\\n12,620\\n11,621\\n6,028\\n5,394\\n1,988\\n4,012\\n20,528\\n13,210\\n6,768\\n9,580\\n5,974\\n18,907\\n26,077\\n33,663\\n2,863\\n25,008\\n2.252\\n2; 430\\n6, 102\\n4,047\\n3,585\\n4,045\\n4,465\\n16,735\\n19,427\\n1,091,734\\nNo returns\\nfor 1850.\\n16,201\\n5,728\\n2,695\\n5,323\\n3,623\\n19,355\\n56,380\\n17,770\\n21,123\\n25, 126\\n22,090\\n21,156\\n17,909\\n19,58\\n6,96\\n33.077\\n15,050\\n27.637\\n45,976\\n4,892\\n14,775\\n8,885\\n3,863\\n17,472\\n7,391\\n1,467\\n8,066\\n10, 165\\n33,083\\n49,219\\n5,198\\n23, 133\\n37,453\\n6,327\\n4,685\\n3,356\\n2,805\\n18,997\\n18,401\\n4,502\\n15.321\\n10,248\\n15,252\\n5,030\\n4,373\\n7,317\\n3,073\\n26,165\\n34,378\\n18,466\\n20,965\\n32,592\\n28, 166\\n22,93\\n16,636\\n23,761\\n5,908\\n43,161\\n13,701\\n26,300\\n55,160\\n5,866\\n17,182\\n8,511\\n3,815\\n20,483\\n10,060\\n1,915\\n8,602\\n6,606\\n30; 273\\n52,988\\n4,826\\n27,328\\n42,170\\n7,004\\n5,480\\n3,857\\n3,046\\n18,624\\n20, 388\\n5,985\\n16,457\\n12,004\\n1850.\\n1,168,145\\n5,681\\n15,003\\n5,402\\n1,194,231\\n1,232,772\\nNo returns\\nfor I860.\\n4,362\\n1,513\\n415\\n1,127\\n1,200\\n4,640\\n12,603\\n5,213\\n7,350\\n10,904\\n12, 128\\n10,328\\n5,136\\n10,731\\n2,775\\n10,978\\n2,047\\n7,603\\n13,754\\n885\\n3,040\\n1,942\\n983\\n6,106\\n3,290\\n252\\n3,382\\n3,903\\n7,709\\n8,713\\n1,123\\n4,164\\n9,979\\n1,044\\n914\\n906\\n488\\n5,713\\n2,040\\n710\\n6,946\\n2,245\\n347,505\\n4,816\\n28\\n286\\n352,635\\n4,684\\n1,716\\n880\\n1,147\\n2,142\\n7,464\\n19,075\\n5,808\\n11,463\\n22,508\\n16, 155\\n14,096\\n5,209\\n10,874\\n2,993\\n17,791\\n2,376\\n25,220\\n20,501\\n1,433\\n7,287\\n3,345\\n1,008\\n11,512\\n4.745\\n255\\n4,262\\n1,960\\n6,652\\n20,920\\n1,016\\n5,704\\n19,495\\n2,182\\n1,179\\n1,422\\n520\\n7,481\\n3,762\\n864\\n16,006\\n8.231\\n1840.\\n554,426\\nNo returns\\nfor 1850.\\n39,443\\n29, 138\\n6,921\\n13,787\\n7,009\\n41,147\\n91,811\\n55,567\\n48,430\\n50,888\\n72, 055\\n63,432\\n42.399\\n63,733\\n16,356\\n79,177\\n52,868\\n52, 4 r\\n80,273\\n13,067\\n25,304\\n14,377\\n8,4\\n49,701\\n24,599\\n9,565\\n23,416\\n22,717\\n56,009\\n87, 194\\n40,047\\n33,201\\n75,018\\n10,048\\n8,514\\n11,165\\n7,099\\n29.261\\n27,904\\n8,805\\n42,783\\n28, 163\\n1850.\\n2,713,462\\n16,829\\n36,271\\n51,934\\n2,818,496\\n32,759\\n26,881\\n7,797\\n13,545\\n7,327\\n48,066\\n98,756\\n57,777\\n58,102\\n67, 188\\n72,549\\n66,823\\n38,483\\n62,992\\n16,779\\n94, 145\\n54,422\\n64,140\\n87,282\\n13,327\\n29,863\\n13,844\\n8,835\\n52,523\\n28,015\\n8,938\\n22,444\\n14,540\\n55,832\\n99,985\\n39,505\\n35,895\\n86,673\\n11,438\\n9,089\\n11,381\\n7,613\\n29,690\\n28,195\\n11,314\\n49.198\\n39; 662\\n2,878,932\\nNo returns\\nfor 1SS0.\\nIf we take the two columns for 1840 and 1850, which contain the\\ncensus of eighty-three departements, we obtain the following result\\nCATEGORY.\\nCensus of\\n1840.\\nCensus of\\n1850.\\nDifference\\nin favor of\\n1840.\\nDifference\\nin favor of\\n1850.\\nDiminu-\\ntion.\\nIncrease.\\nHorses of four\\nyears and above.\\nMares of four years\\n1,197,812\\n1,168,145\\n347,505\\n1,091,734\\n1,232,772\\n554,426\\n106,078\\n8.86pr.ct.\\n64,627\\n206,921\\n5.53 pr. ct\\n59.54 pr. ct.\\nColts of three years\\nTotal\\n2,713,462\\n2,878,932\\n106,078\\n271,548\\n__,\\n165.470\\n1\\n6.1 pr. ct.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS.\\n33\\nIt will be observed that the census of 1850 reveals the fact of the\\ndiminution of the number of horses of four years old and above, and\\nthe increase of mares and colts. It is to be expected,, however, that\\nthe horse, being more exclusively employed in labor and more ex-\\nposed, should perish more readily than the mare but it must also\\nbe concluded, from the great increase of colts, that more general at-\\ntention has been directed of late years to reproduction.\\nThe table below shows the statistics of the horses of Fiance as de-\\ntermined by the administration from 1831 to 1850, inclusive:\\nYears.\\nNumber of\\nestablish-\\nments.\\nNumber of\\nstallions.\\nAverage of\\nfive years.\\nNumber of\\nmares\\ncovered.\\n1\\nAverage of\\nEive years.\\nAverage of\\nstallions.\\n\\\\verage of\\nfive years.\\n1831\\n21\\n959\\n1\\n31,939\\n33.30\\n1832\\n21\\n909\\n30,685\\n33.76\\n1833\\n22\\n975\\n944.40\\n32,269\\n30,322\\n33.10\\n32.11\\n1834\\n23\\n959\\n29,489\\n30.75\\n1835\\n23\\n920\\n27,226\\n29.59\\n1836\\n23\\n835\\n27,124\\n32.48\\n1837\\n23\\n838\\n25,852\\n30.85\\n1838\\n23\\n835\\n855.00\\n29.338\\n29,586\\n35.14\\n34.37\\n1839\\n23\\n878\\n33,364\\n38.00\\n1840\\n23\\n889\\n31,252\\n35.15\\n1841\\n23\\n869\\n31,718\\n36.50\\n1842\\n23\\n919\\n37,561\\n40.87\\n1843\\n23\\n985\\n997.60\\n41,958\\n42,440\\n42.61\\n42.54\\n1844\\n23\\n1.070\\n49,906\\n46.64\\n1845\\n23\\n1,145\\n51,057\\n44.59\\n1846\\n25\\n1,162\\n57,785\\n49.73\\n1847\\n25\\n1,186\\n59,651\\n50.30\\n1848\\n25\\n1,252\\n1,226.80\\n56,101\\n58,819\\n44.81\\n47.94\\n1849\\n25\\n1.255\\n58,689\\n46.76\\n1850\\n26\\n1^269\\nJ\\n61,869\\n48.75\\nJ\\nThe above figures demonstrate with sufficient clearness the progress\\nand utility of these establishments. The advantages they afford, in\\nimproving the breeds generally, as well as in giving increased value\\nto the animals in an economical point of view, are already appreciated\\nby the French, and naturally lead to the suggestion of adopting a\\nsimilar system in the United States for the improvement of the horses\\nof our army, as well as for other purposes. If a depot for stallions\\nof approved breeds were established by the government in each State\\nand Territory of the Union for public use, free of charge, incalculable\\nbenefits would doubtless accrue to the country, and in less than ten\\nyears, the improvement and increased value of the horses would be\\nimmense.\\nIn the Atlas herein referred to, each district, or circonscription, in\\nFrance, has its particular map, on which are indicated the chief places\\nfor race-courses, and the principal breeding stations of every arron-\\ndissement and departement in its territory. It also contains beautiful\\nlithographic sketches and portraits of the prominent races of horses\\nactually shown as at work, as well as an account of the equine sta-\\ntistics, and the character of the breeds of each district, an arrange-\\nment which is exceedingly ingenious, and greatly facilitates the\\nappreciation and understanding of the subject. D. J. b.\\n3", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "34 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nTHE HOESES OF RUSSIA.\\nAs far back as the historical accounts of Russia extend, the rearing\\nof horses seems to have always formed a notable branch of the na-\\ntional industry. The warlike and nomadic habits of the ancient pop-\\nulation the increasing demands for the supply of the numerous\\ncavalry and artillery of a large army; the immense distances, requir-\\ning a large amount of animal labor, as well for the conveyance of\\nproduce and merchandize as for locomotion, all combined, have stim-\\nulated the development of this branch of rural economy, favored as\\nit is over a large portion of the empire by the great extent of good\\npasture lands. Accordingly the Russians possess excellent horses for\\nall uses.\\nThe introduction of a regular and rational system of horse-breed-\\ning in Russia, however, dates only from the reign of Peter the Great,\\nwho opened a new era for this branch of industry. He caused the\\nsteppes in the vicinity of Woroneje to be supplied with Dutch stallions,\\nto which the famous Bitioughine draft horses owe their origin;\\nwhile. Prince Menschikoff established at Bronitsi, and on the Pakhra,\\nno less celebrated studs, which furnished horses for the service even\\nof the Czar. Under the reign of the Empress Anna Joannovna, the\\nDuke de Biron, by the acquisition of first-class animals, selected\\nfrom every European breed, powerfully contributed to the develop-\\nment of the hippie establishments of the crown while the fashion of\\nseeping splendid sets of carriage horses, which was maintained\\nthroughout the reigns of the Empress Catharine II., and the Emperor\\nPaul I., induced individuals to form similar establishments, and gave\\nrise, towards the end of the last century, to the studs of Counts OrlofT,\\nRazoumovsky, Goudovitch, and Koutouzoff. These, from the small-\\nness of their number, could of course exercise but little influence on\\nthe rearing of horses in general. Still, by introducing into Russia\\nthe Mecklenberg, Danish and Dutch breeds, they contributed to the\\nproduction of coach horses of a superior quality, distinguished by\\ntheir frame and strength, and by the beauty of their shape, although\\nthe type has unfortunately since been lost.\\nAt the beginning of the present century, the exigencies of war\\ngiving rise to an exclusive demand for cavalry horses the abolition\\nof the old massive vehicles, which were replaced by the more modern\\nequipages then used in the rest of Europe and especially the formi-\\ndable competition of the crown establishments all these circum-\\nstances combined had an unfavorable effect upon the studs of indi-\\nviduals, and caused their rapid decline, the maintenance of only a\\nfew of them being continued. About the time of the restoration of\\npeace in Europe, in 1815, however, a hippie society was founded\\nat Moscow, which undoubtedly gave rise to a new and vivifying im-\\npulse to the rearing of horses in Russia. It gained from the outset\\nthe patronage of the government and the attention of the public, by\\nthe institution of horse races, which prominently brought into notice\\nthe eminent qualities of the trotters. The brilliant success of the\\nfirst experiment had for its immediate result an augmentation of the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 35\\nnumber of private studs, of which the greater part were employed in\\nthe production of the horses that appeared at the Moscow races. The\\ngovernment on its part, did not fail to second the useful efforts of the\\nsociety by putting at its disposal annual prizes, which it justly con-\\nsidered the best and most suitable stimulants for the improvement\\nof the breeds. These races, in the opinion of breeders, have acquired\\nthe reputation of an infallible criterion to guide them in the selection\\nof good animals.\\nSuch are the most important historical data in regard to the rear-\\ning of the equine race in Russia; and when we consider the very\\nfavorable conditions for its development presented by the natural\\nrichness of the country, and the encouragement held out for it by the\\ngovernment, it must be obvious that its ulterior progress must depend\\nentirely upon the judgment with which it is pursued.\\nThe influence of these wise and beneficial measures will become\\nmore and more manifest in proportion as the public agents acquire\\nmore experience and aptitude, and the people learn to appreciate the\\nadvantages to be derived from them. The improvement of the breeds,\\namong the agricultural population, is undoubtedly a great desidcr-\\ntum, and the establishment of rural depots for breeding is a means to\\nthis end, of which the experience of other countries has already de-\\nmonstrated the appropriateness.\\nThe Imperial studs at present are seven in number, namely, two in\\nthe government of Woreneje, four in that of Kharkow, and one in\\nthat of Nijni-Nowgorod. Being destined to raise stallions for differ-\\nent services, they have been arranged accordingly, and each of them\\nhas a type peculiar to itself: The Tschesmenka stud is a nursery\\nof pure-blooded horses, and is divided into two sections, one devoted\\nto English races, and the other to Arabian, the Khrenovoie stud\\nis composed of three departments, saddle horses of the old Orloff breed\\nuncrossed, saddle horses, and cross-breeds, including the Rostopts-\\nchine breed, and trotters; the Derkhoul stud, for large-framed\\ncuirassier horses; the Streletz stud, for light cavalry the Novo-\\nalexandroff stud, for carriage horses of large frame; the Linareff\\nstud for draft horses of medium size; and the Pochinki stud for\\nheavy draft-horses of large size, and the ordinary farm horses of the\\ncountry.\\nThe rural horse depots, or private studs, are twenty-four in number\\nand serve twenty-nine governments. In 1850, they comprised 1,440\\nstallions, which, in that year covered 25,189 mares, being an average\\nof 17 or 18 for each stallion.\\nAmong the agricultural horses of Russia, two classes are to be dis-\\ntinguished: The first, the common or indigenous breed, which\\npossesses every proper quality, both as to strength and energy of tem-\\nperament; but, although it leaves nothing to be wished for in either\\nof these respects, it is unfortunately at the present day, subject to\\ndegeneracy, in consequence of precocious copulations between animals\\nonly two or three years of age; and the other, or improved breed,\\nhas shown, in numerous instances, the advantages of crossing it with\\ntrotters.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "36 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe greatest number of horses is to be found in the provinces of\\nOrenburg and Perm, where most of the inhabitants, who are of the\\nTartar race, have a particular inclination for horse-breeding in the\\ncountry of the Don Cossacks, where horsemanship is an indispensable\\npart of the daily avocations of the people; and in the provinces of\\nMiddle Russia, which require a great number of horses to carry on\\ntheir extensive trade.\\nThe following are the several varieties of Russian horses\\nThe u Mountain race, descended from Arabian stock.\\nThe Krimean, also from the Arabian, which keep a round paco\\nacross the steepest mountain paths.\\nThe Don horse is light and quick.\\nThe Boshkir and Kirghis.\\nThe Kalinik horse, very strong, patient, and accustomed to\\ngraze during winter. It is bony, large-headed and stubborn. All\\nof the preceding are adapted or used for the saddle.\\nThe Viatka horse, found in the province of the same name,\\nthough small, is best suited for the purposes of husbandry and post\\nservice, being capable of carrying heavy loads. In many places, it is\\nmistaken for the Obvan race; but Obvan horses belong to the\\nprovince of Perm.\\nThe true Obvan horse is of good proportions, commonly fourteen\\nhands high, or varying but half a hand above or below this mark,\\nfine looking, quick in its motions and untiring, quiet and docile. Its\\ncolor varies from sorrel to chestnut or russet, and sometimes, though\\nrarely, to bay or black. On account of its strength, it is well adapted\\nfor agricultural labor and for carrying merchandise.\\nThe Bitioughine horse of the district of Boeroff, in the province\\nof Woroneje, originated from crossing the common horse of the coun-\\ntry with a higher breed, chiefly that of Count Orloff Tchesmenski.\\nIts chief characteristics are medium size, large but not fleshy head,\\nwith small, bright eyes, short neck, broad chest, round, slender back,\\nstrong and steep rump, large and stout leg-bones, flat hoofs, feet\\ncovered with thick hair, and long main and tail. These horses are\\nvery intelligent and quiet, regular in their draft, and able to endure\\nmuch fatigue. They are less used for the saddle than as post horses.\\nThey can run from 30 to 50 miles without resting, upon a good steppe\\nroad. They easily draw a load of 1,800 pounds or more. They are\\nrather long-lived, and subsist without shelter in winter, and on indif-\\nferent fare.\\nThe Kazan horse, remarkable for its long mane, is a cross be-\\ntween the Viatka and Bashkir breeds.\\nThere is also the Metsensk horse, from Metsen, in the province\\nof Archangel, quite small in size, but strong. It is satisfied with\\nvery coarse food, even with moss, never tasting oats, which do not\\nripen in that region.\\nThe divisions of Russia in Europe, with the number of horses, the\\nrural and urban population, the population per square mile, the\\nnumber of horses per square mile, and the number of horses to", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS.\\n37\\neach hundred inhabitants, in 1851, are indicated in the following\\ntable\\nTable of equine statistics of Russia.\\nPROVINCES AND GOV-\\nERNMENTS OF RUSSIA\\nIN EUROPE.\\nNumber of\\nhorses.\\nRural and\\nurban\\npopulation.\\nPopulation\\nper square\\nmile.\\nNumber of\\nhorses per\\nsquare mile.\\nNumber of\\nhorses per 100\\ninhabitants.\\nArchangel\\nAstrakhan\\nBessarabia\\nOourland\\nDon Cossacks...\\nEkatherinoslaw.\\nEsthonia\\nFinland\\nGrodno\\nJaroslaw\\nKalouga\\nKazan\\nKharkow\\nKherson\\nKiew\\nKostroma\\nKoursk\\nKowno\\nLivonia\\nMinsk\\nMohilew\\nMoscow\\nNijni-Nowgorod\\nNowgorod\\nOlonetz\\nOrel\\nOrenburg\\nPenza\\nSt. Petersburg...\\nPerm\\nPodolia\\nPoland\\nPoltawa\\nPskow\\nRiazan\\nSaratow\\nSimbirsk\\nSmolensk\\nStavropol\\nTambow\\nTauride\\nToula\\nTschernigow\\nTwer\\nWiatka\\nWilna\\nWitebsk\\nWladimir\\nWolhynia\\nWologda\\nWoroneje\\nTotal\\n37\\n000\\n87\\n400\\n89\\n950\\n110\\n200\\n372\\n640\\n102\\n560\\n39\\n380\\n78\\n290\\n288\\n950\\n334\\n670\\n389\\n610\\n191\\n750\\n300\\n500\\n120\\n000\\n309\\n790\\n739\\n960\\n211\\n350\\n142\\n650\\n117\\n620\\n395\\n280\\n307\\n700\\n266\\n780\\n208\\n720\\n49\\n510\\n551\\n820\\n1,913\\n800\\n331\\n330\\n93\\n800\\n697\\n990\\n100\\n470\\n513\\n000\\n159\\n585\\n114\\n790\\n565\\n670\\n871\\n230\\n863\\n340\\n484\\n730\\n252\\n190\\n643\\n060\\n156\\n990\\n452\\n940\\n356\\n630\\n499\\n530\\n494\\n910\\n185\\n070\\n170\\n460\\n298\\n890\\n282\\n630\\n193\\n090\\n552\\n130\\n252\\n207\\n902\\n530\\n798\\n994\\n302\\n1,554\\n870\\n961\\n976\\n1,390\\n1,184\\n919\\n1,701\\n1,047\\n1,728\\n935\\n836\\n980\\n835\\n1,526\\n1,175\\n890\\n278\\n1,408\\n2,130\\n1,066\\n1,145\\n1,879\\n1,596\\n4,852\\n1,665\\n673\\n1,372\\n1,861\\n1,203\\n1,084\\n1,004\\n1,685\\n665\\n1,115\\n1,392\\n1,411\\n1,929\\n819\\n733\\n1,171\\n1,495\\n866\\n1,669\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n500\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n21\\n72\\n1,049\\n1,069\\n271\\n824\\n803\\n1,255\\n1,456\\n1,703\\n1,223\\n1,202\\n690\\n1,861\\n700\\n2,112\\n1,234\\n980\\n604\\n944\\n2,591\\n1,340\\n402\\n100\\n1,639\\n314\\n1,545\\n1,180\\n309\\n2,062\\n2,111\\n1,856\\n832\\n1,791\\n528\\n915\\n1,064\\n379\\n1,402\\n572\\n2,009\\n1,392\\n1,154\\n772\\n1,066\\n832\\n1,368\\n1,154\\n124\\n1,381\\n3\\n30\\n105\\n222\\n126\\n85\\n105\\n113\\n438\\n584\\n345\\n195\\n226\\n131\\n207\\n905\\n279\\n167\\n73\\n447\\n522\\n304\\n94\\n18\\n642\\n283\\n480\\n97\\n115\\n130\\n224\\n178\\n142\\n738\\n247\\n657\\n476\\n95\\n535\\n135\\n816\\n357\\n408\\n198\\n241\\n210\\n347\\n218\\n28\\n457\\n17.092,335\\n61,058,500", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "38 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe reader will be struck in perusing the preceding table with the\\ngreat variety of numerical relations between the extent of area, rela-\\ntive population, and number of horses. It will be perceived that the\\nprovinces situated almost entirely alike in regard to the density of\\ntheir population differ essentially in the number of these animals.\\nThus, for instance, the relative population of Toula and Podolia are\\nnearly the same but the former contains 41 horses to 100 inhabitants,\\nand the latter only 6. Again, in the government of Koursk the\\npopulation is denser than in that of Poltawa, and yet the relative\\nnumber of horses in the former is 43, and in the latter only 10 to 100\\ninhabitants. No explanation can be found for this seeming anomaly.\\nD. J. B.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of James Williams, of Bolivar, Jackson county Alabama.\\nMules of the best quality can be raised in this county at a cost of\\n$25 until three years old. They are then worth from $60 to $100 per\\nhead. Horses require a little more cost and care in raising. All\\nbreeds and bloods do well. Very little expense or attention has been\\npaid to the importation of stock of any kind. In horses or mules,\\nthe more the crossing the better, if it be with imported blood.\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of Newcastle, Neiocastle county,\\nDelaware.\\nFew horses are raised in this county but through the liberality of\\nthe Messrs. Reybold, several fine stallions of the Morgan breed have\\nbeen introduced. A good farm horse will command $150.\\nMules are used here in teams, but as yet, very little on the farm. We\\nare beginning to appreciate them, however, and I have no doubt that\\nin a few years they will come into general use.\\nStatement of William W. Woodbridge, of Paw Paw Grove, Lee\\ncounty, Illinois.\\nThe raising of horses is considered profitable in this vicinity. The\\ncost of rearing a colt till three years old does not exceed $40. The\\naverage price six months old is $50. Good horses are worth from\\n$300 to $400 a pair. We have a few Black Hawk and Morgan\\nhorses, from Virginia, which are in great demand.\\nStatement of C. W. Babbitt, of Metamora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nThe raising of horses in this section yields more profit to the farmer\\nthan that of any other animal. Their value is full a quarter or a", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 39\\nthird more than it was a few years since. Much effort is made to\\nsecure breeds which are best for all purposes.\\nColts five and a half months old, the usual time of weaning, are\\nworth about $25; at a year and a half old, $45. A horse at five\\nyears old, well broken, and accustomed to the harness, will bring from\\n$90 to $150.\\nStatement of Alexander Heron, near Connersville, Fayette county,\\nIndiana.\\nMuch attention is paid to the raising of horses in this county but\\nas yet, they are not so profitable as cattle or swine, as their rearing is\\nattended with more risk. Although we have many fine roadsters\\nand saddle horses, yet they are chiefly designed for light harnesses or\\ncarriages.\\nThe cost of rearing will average about as follows:\\nCost of foal, loss of service of mare, c. $30\\nKeeping during second year, 20\\nKeeping during third year, 25\\nTotal cost, $75\\nAfter the third year, a young horse will earn his keeping, and per-\\nhaps more, if properly trained but a horse ought not to be brought\\ninto market until he is at least five years old, as the greatest improve-\\nment in him occurs between the ages of four and five.\\nAt the age of one year a horse is valued at $40 at two years,\\n$60; at three years, from $80 to $100; at four years, if well broken,\\nfrom $100 to $150 and at five years old, a horse will sell from $100\\nto $200, according to size and quality, especially when in much de-\\nmand for the Cincinnati market.\\nThe cost of transportation of horses is rather less than that of cattle.\\nStatement of Benjamin F. Odell, of Plumb Spring, Delaware county,\\nIowa.\\nThe cost of raising colts in this section until three years old, is\\nfrom $25 to $30. They subsist during the summer on wild grass,\\nwhich is plentiful. In winter, in addition to what hay they can eat,\\nthey are allowed a small quantity of corn.\\nThe prices of horses vary from $100 to $200 each.\\nStatement of C. F. Mallory, of Romeo, Macomb county, Michigan.\\nHorses are now occupying more attention in this region than any\\nother stock, as they net a much more profitable return for the amount", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "40 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nof care and expense bestowed upon them. The cost of rearing for the\\nfirst three years averages about $10 a year, at which age they sell\\nfrom $100 to $150 each. A ready sale is found in the home market.\\nThe Morgan/ Hamiltonian, Black Hawk and Duroc\\nbreeds are the favorites. A Hamiltonian Morgan, five years old, a\\nvery fine animal, is owned in this town, which, at three years old,\\ntook the first premium at the Horse Fair at Springfield, Massachu-\\nsetts, in 1854.\\nStatement of C. S. G. Clifton, of Leaksville, Greene county,\\nMississippi.\\nThe animals affording most profit to the stock-raiser, in this vicinity,\\nare horses and mules, other animals being less profitable than cotton.\\nThey can be raised to three years old at an expense of $35, and will\\nsell from $75 to $100 each. The cost of transportation, by rail-\\nroad and steamboat, to Mobile, is $5 per head. We have but few, if\\nany, imported blood animals.\\nStatement of J. W. Jones, of Knob Noster, Johnson county, Missouri.\\nMules are raised in this section with great profit at weaning time,\\nthey are worth on an average about $50 each at one year old, $60\\nat two years old, $85 at three years old, about $110 each. The cost\\nof rearing is about $10 a year, when they have good prairie grass\\nthrough the warm season.\\nHorses are worth from $75 to $150 each.\\nStatement of William B. Giddings, of Middle Grove, Monroe county,\\nMissouri.\\nThe animals raised to the best advantage in our county are horses\\nand mules. All of our largest mares are bred with jacks, because\\nmules can be raised at a better profit than horses, which arises from\\nthe fact that they come to maturity much earlier, and will command\\nremunerating prices at any age. We find them much the cheapest\\nanimal for our farms. They are also easier kept, as they subsist upon\\npoorer food, and are less subject to disease. Their power of endu-\\nrance is much greater, and they live much longer than the horse.\\nAt weaning time, breeders generally sell their mule colts to men\\nwho buy up lots every fall for raising, at an average price of $40 or\\n$50 each, although they sometimes will bring as high as $125.\\nThey are sometimes kept, however, until the fall or winter after they\\nare two years old, when they are brought into good condition and\\nsold for the Southern market, bringing in lots from $100 to $110 each.\\nStock mules, in lots, are worth, at one year old, about $60 each at\\ntwo years old, $80 and at three years old, $100 each.\\nGood saddle and draft horses are worth from $80 to $200 each.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 41\\nStatement of H. G. Stone, of West Boscawen, Merrimack county, Neiu\\nHampshire.\\nThe rearing of colts in this section promises to he a profitable busi-\\nness. The variety most approved is the Morgan, or crosses on the\\nsame.\\nHorses four years old and upwards are worth from $100 to $150\\neach.\\nStatement of Edward Van Meter, of Salem, Salem county, New Jersey.\\nOur stock of horses is good. We have a breed called the Dove,\\nof the Messenger strain. They are generally grey, and their size and\\nspeed have always entitled them to notice. There are also a number\\nof imported thorough-bred horses among us but our stock is chiefly\\nderived from the get of half-bloods. For instance, we have had\\nGrand Sultan, Grand Seignor, and Bashaw, all imported\\nArabian horses. Our farmers have also bred from American\\nEclipse, Sir Henry, and Sir Charles; and Winaflower,\\none of the best horses among us stood here, as well as Mark An-\\ntony, Kinaldo, and Rattler, the latter three, splendid sons of\\nthe renowned Sir Archy. An effort has been made, and with\\npartial success, to introduce the Morgan stock, but our breeders\\nbelieve that their progeny show too much their Canadian origin to\\ngive satisfaction.\\nOur horses have become so completely identified with the various\\ngrades and crosses of blood, that all that is wanting now is good\\ntreatment and attention to breeding.\\nThe price of an ordinary roadster is about $125 of a four-min-\\nute horse, $150 to $175; and of a three-minute nag, from $300\\nto $500.\\nStatement of D. R. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany county,\\nNew York.\\nWe have no pure-bred horses in this section. Colts are usually\\nweaned at four months old, and run to grass till winter, when they\\nhave access to shelter, with plenty of hay and a daily moderate sup-\\nply of oat-meal or roots. The same keeping is sufficient till they are\\ntaken up for breaking, which is usually done in the winter before\\nthey are three years old. After this, they have better care.\\nThe cost of raising a horse to four years old is about $60, at which\\nage he will sell from $80 to $150. The cost of transportation to New\\nYork, by railroad, when more than one is taken, is $13 17 each.\\nStatement of Gershom Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, New York.\\nThe horses in this section, like our horned cattle, are a mixed race.\\nNimrods, Durocs, and Messengers were formerly noted", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "42 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nbreeds among us, but latterly, the Sampsons/ Alfreds, and\\nMorgans, among our farmers take the lead. Sampson was a\\nlarge, heavy, cow-heeled English draft-horse, imported about twenty-\\nyears ago. Some of his crosses with other breeds, however, make\\nexcellent horses, gentle, strong, hardy and active. Alfred was a\\ncross between the English draft-horse and a more active and lighter\\nrace. Some of his crosses with Old Nimrod make good, tough,\\nhigh-spirited animals. But the Black Hawks and Morgans, at the\\npresent time, are the most esteemed for business or all work.\\nNearly every farmer in this county raises his own horse; but I\\nshould judge that more are brought here, than are sold for trans-\\nportation.\\nA good horse at five years old, will sell from $100 to $200.\\nStatement of John P. Haller, of Lima, Allen county, Ohio.\\nSome good horses are raised in this part of the State, and many are\\nannually exported. They are worth from $70 to $150 each at four\\nyears old.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nHorses are advantageously raised here. Colts cost about $18 per\\nhead for their keep until they are three years old, when their average\\nvalue is $80. Horses rate in the Pittsburgh market from $20 to $200\\nfor good heavy draft, and for first-class, blooded animals, from $200\\nto $250. There are different breeds here, among which are the Con-\\nsul, Hawk-eye, and Glencoe; also, for heavy draught, the\\nIrish Bay, Black Sam, c, mere local names, but all have\\nproduced some good stock. The Morgan horse is being introduced,\\nand much more attention is paid to improvement within the last few\\nyears than formerly.\\nThe cost of raising a mule, till two years of age, is about $20, when\\nit is worth from $80 to $120. At this age, it is put to work. Many\\nare used about the coal mines, where they answer a much better pur-\\npose than horses. Large-sized mules, at five years old, will command\\nfrom $175 to $200 each.\\nStatement of D. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nHorses are considered the most profitable stock raised in this sec-\\ntion of our State. All grades are kept for use, from the full-blooded\\nEnglish horse, to the ponies of the Western plains.\\nThe average price of good work horses is from $80 to $150.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 43\\nStatement of Richard Lechner, of Stouchburg, Berks county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThe raising of horses in this section is considered a profitable busi-\\nness. The cost of a colt at three years old is estimated, at $60. The\\nprice at that age is from $80 to $100.\\nStatement of Albert Hoopes, of Westchester, Chester county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nHorses in this county are principally raised for our own use. We\\nhave blood animals, Morgans, Lions, Canadians, and a very\\nfine Norman diligence horse. The latter is a direct importation\\nfrom France. When crossed upon our blood mares, I think it\\nmakes a valuable farm and draft-horse.\\nThe value of a horse at four or five years old is from $100 to $250.\\nStatement of Robert W. Baylor, of Wood End, near Charlestoion,\\nJefferson county, Virginia.\\nHorses can be profitably and advantageously raised with us. A\\ncolt can be kept in good order in winter on hay without grain, and\\ncan be pastured in summer for $1 50 a month from the time it is\\nfoaled until it is three years of age, at which time, if of good size\\nand approved breed, it will command from $100 to $150.\\nThe cost of sending a horse to Baltimore, by railroad, would be $8,\\nor $3 on foot.\\nSHEEP AND WOOL.\\nSHEEP-FARMING IN RUSSIA.\\nAccording to the most distinguished agricultural authorities, Rus-\\nsia, from the great extent of her pastures, and from other local cir-\\ncumstances, is one of the most suitable countries in the world for\\nsheep-farming, the encouragement and increase of which are extending\\nmore and more throughout the empire, especially in the spacious\\nplains of Little Russia and the Crimea. Although this branch of\\nindustry had received the attention and encouragement of Peter the\\nG-reat, and other distinguished personages for many years before, its\\ncommencement may date back to 1793, on the arrival of two French-\\nmen, Ruvie and Vassal, who had taken refuge in Spain during the\\nrevolution, and there acquired a thorough knowledge of sheep-hus-\\nbandry but, as they encountered in that country many difficulties,\\nand being aware that there were immense unoccupied plains in", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "44 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nRussia adapted to this purpose, they repaired to the Crimea, and made\\nproposals to the government to introduce sheepfolds of Merinos, pro-\\nvided they should be allowed a certain quantity of land and a stipulated\\nsum of money in advance. The proposition was agreed to, and Ru-\\nvie, having received from the government 100,000 rubles ($T5,000)\\nand 30,000 dessiatines of land, (81,000 acres,) engaged to establish in\\nthe Crimea a flock of Merinos, to be brought from Spain, and to mul-\\ntiply them to 100,000 head, as well as to teach one hundred pupils\\nthe art of rearing them. In 1803, Ruvie and Vassal, at the expense\\nof the government, were sent to Spain the following year, they re-\\nturned, bringing one hundred Merino rams of the best quality. Vassal\\nthen went to Saxony, where he bought from the best flocks one thou-\\nsand ewes and five hundred rams of the Electoral breed, which were\\ntaken to the Crimea, establishing in the district of Dnieprovsk a\\nsheepfold, which is still believed to exist and to number at least\\n100,000 head, in their purity.\\nThe government has from that period continued to offer every facili-\\nty for the introduction of Spanish sheep into Southern Russia. By\\nthe Imperial order of January 12th, 1804, the unoccupied public lands\\nin the southern provinces were granted for the purpose of establishing\\nsheepfolds, with a promise that, if the grantees should keep them in\\ngood condition, they should be allowed as a reward the possession of\\nthose lands for life, or even in perpetuity. The following year, the\\ngovernment granted 130,000 dessiatines of land, (351,000 acres,) to\\nanother foreigner, by the name of Miller, provided he should, in three\\nyears, establish a fold of 30,000 head of sheep, one-third of which\\nshould be thorough-bred Merinos, and two-thirds of mixed breeds.\\nMiller also pledged himself to keep thirty young men in his establish-\\nments as apprentices, each of whom should be permitted to bring at\\na certain season his own ewes to be coupled with Miller s Spanish or\\nMerino rams, in order that the Russian breed might the sooner be\\nimproved. Conformably to these conditions, Miller established near\\nOdessa two sheepfolds, which, however, from some cause or other, did\\nnot long continue. In 1809, a great number of sheepfolds of the best\\nbreeds was established in Saratoff and New Russia, which, from their\\nsuccess, formed the main wealth of those colonies. In 1810, M. Piktet,\\na Swiss gentleman, also established sheepfolds near Odessa, and was\\nprovided by the government with the same encouragement that had\\nbeen extended to Ruvie and Miller. Such, among these and other\\nproprietors as had improved their flocks, were rewarded by the govern-\\nment with presents. So many incitements, of course, could not prove\\nfruitless, and the wool-trade was soon prosecuted on so large a scale\\nthat it became necessary to find an outlet for its sale both at home\\nand abroad.\\nSheep-farming in Russia is dependent, first, on the fabrication of\\nwoollen tissues in that country, and, secondly, on the demand in\\nforeign markets. It prospers only so long as its extension goes hand\\nin hand with increased demand for the raw material, either at home\\nor abroad. The moment the production advances beyond this de-\\nmand, the sheep-farming interest begins to languish. Since the com-\\nmencement of the present century, and especially since the general", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 45\\npeace of Europe, in 1815, the increase of woollen manufactures in\\nGreat Britain, as well as on the Continent, has, with a rapidity un-\\nknown, given a strong impetus to the rearing of sheep, particularly\\nof the fine-woolled sorts. Previously, Spain and a small part of Ger-\\nmany were almost the only countries of Europe which furnished wool\\nsuitable for the production of the finer fabrics, and even for those of\\nmedium quality, the production of the raw material being scarcely\\nsufficient for the wants of the manufacturer, either in England or on\\nthe Continent. Consequently, the price of wool was maintained at a\\nfigure which insured a good profit to the sheep-farmer, at a time when\\nmany other agricultural products exhibited a tendency to fall. Such\\npowerful encouragement drew the attention of agriculturists in seve-\\nral other countries to this branch of husbandry and notwithstanding\\nthe enormous increase of flocks of sheep, the wool-trade remained in a\\nvery satisfactory condition until the period, still recent, when the fleeces\\nof Australia first made their appearance in the markets of Great Bri-\\ntain, and subsequently in those of Germany and France. This com-\\npetition became more and more threatening for the future prospects\\nof the Continental sheep-farmer.\\nIn order that we may form some idea of the extent of this business,\\nit may be stated that the quantities of wool imported into England\\nfrom the whole English Colonies from 1839 to 1841, inclusive, amounted\\nonly to about 11,500,000 pounds, forming 21 per cent, of the total\\nimportation of that article while, during the period from 1846 to\\n1849, the mean importation from Australia, alone, amounted to\\n28,400,000 pounds, or more than 48 per cent, of the total quantity\\nimported.\\nThus Russia is one of those countries which have most keenly felt the\\ncompetition of Australia. This branch of commerce began to acquire\\nimportance in Russia about 1830, the exportation of wool having pre-\\nviously amounted to only from 1,082,400 to 1,443,200 pounds. Since\\nthat time, it has increased, without reckoning the exportation of Po-\\nland, to 30,3*79,360 pounds. This was the culminating point which\\nit attained in 1844. From that date, it continued to decrease until\\n1848, when it had fallen to 8,587,040 pounds. In 1849, it rallied,\\nthe exportation of that year being 21,684,080 pounds, two-fifths of\\nwhich went to England but the quantity retained for home con-\\nsumption amounted only to 5,766,377 pounds. This sudden increase\\nwould have been a very satisfactory symptom, could it have been sus-\\ntained but it probably proceeded from temporary causes, as in com-\\nmerce a single year can never form a basis for estimates of anticipated\\nresults. At any rate, the great and increasing preponderance of\\nAustralian wool in the English market is a fact concerning which\\nthere can be no doubt and, what is perhaps of more importance, in\\na prospective point of view, is the appearance of wool from those dis-\\ntant regions in the Continental markets, especially in Germany.\\nBut, notwithstanding this formidable rival, it is confidently be-\\nlieved that if Russia would bestow more care on the rearing of her\\nstock, and the manipulation of her wool, she would have nothing to\\nfear from the competition of Australia nor of any other country. If,\\nhowever, the Russian sheep-farmers continue to direct their attention", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "46 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nas they have done hitherto, to increase the numbers of their flocks,\\nrather than to improve their breeds, and if the wool-trade in the in-\\nterior be allowed to continue upon its present unstable basis, it may\\nbe safely predicted that their foreign export of wool will still decline\\nfrom year to year. It is a notorious fact that the washing and assort-\\ning of wool in Kussia operations of great importance with a few\\nlaudable exceptions, are performed with such consummate slovenliness\\nas to be elsewhere unparalleled. Indeed, such is the absurdity and\\ndesire for gain of some flock-masters that they speculate on the incre-\\nment of weight from dirt, and wash their sheep in muddy water, in\\nthe expectation that the fleece will thus bring in more money the\\nfact being that the price offered by the merchant, who is quite alive\\nto the trick, is in consequence so small, that the advantage redounds\\nto him and not to the farmer. Again, in assorting the wool, no sepa-\\nration is made of the different parts of the fleece sometimes, too, the\\nwool of dead animals is thrown in along with that shorn from the\\nliving ones and for ordinary wools, the product of different breeds,\\nis indiscriminately mixed. This negligence is detrimental, not only\\nto the sale of wool abroad, but also to the fabric of their home manu-\\nfactured cloths, especially in regard to their receiving the dye. Their\\ngreat want, next to equality and softness of texture, is the suscepti-\\nbility of receiving a brilliant dye. The latter effect is most mani-\\nfest in light and lively colors the shades being unequal, and always\\npresenting stripes or spots which is owing to the circumstance that\\nimperfectly assorted wools do not equally absorb the colors. In packing\\nand transporting the wool, the negligence exhibited is as great as in\\nany other department, and forms a striking contrast with the care be-\\nstowed upon these processes in other countries. The wool is often\\nfound to contain a mixture of heterogeneous trash, such as waste of\\nhay and straw, fragments of bags, grain, husks, c. It is also packed\\nin coarse bags of bad quality, which are easily torn, and as the pack-\\ning is bad, and the bales are exposed to the weather during the trans-\\nport, nothing is easier than for moisture to penetrate them.\\nOn observing such gross carelessness, we cannot but be forcibly\\nimpressed with the difference which it exhibits from the well-organ-\\nised routine of sheep-husbandry in Germany and other countries,\\nwhere there exists a healthy emulation. Every one takes care to have\\nhis wool cleanly washed, well assorted, free from mixture, thoroughly\\npacked, and properly labelled. Each proprietor endeavors to acquire\\na good character for his flock, and to maintain it, which causes the\\nwool of the best producers to be in demand and always sure of finding\\npurchasers. Often the very name of the master inspires confidence,\\nand secures a ready sale for his goods.\\nThe rearing of fine-woolled sheep in Kussia, which was carried on\\nabout thirty years ago only to a trifling extent, has since increased so\\nrapidly that in 1846 the official returns exhibited the number of Me-\\nrinos within the empire (including Poland) to be 8,300,000 head.\\nIn many of the flocks, however, the breed has degenerated, in conse-\\nquence of the bad selection of males and injudicious crossing. These\\npoints require unremitting and constant attention; for it has been\\nproved by experience that even the best breeds lose a portion of their", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 47\\ngood qualities, and their reproductive powers, if the necessary cross-\\nings are not seasonably undertaken. There are celebrated flocks in\\nSilesia and Moravia, where these precautions are observed with a de-\\ngree of punctuality and order, which, to the casual observer, would\\nappear uselessly minute. The separation of the flocks into sections,\\nor families, is strictly observed the product of each animal is carefully\\ncontrolled, weighed, and registered, from generation to generation;\\nand as soon as it is perceived that the fleece is diminishing in weight\\nor deteriorating in quality, there is a change made of the ram or ewe,\\naccording as the degeneracy is manifested in the whole family, or only\\nin the progeny of some ewes and experience has shown that very\\nfrequently to a ram and a ewe the progeny of which had begun to\\ndegenerate, has been restored the procreative powers solely by the\\neffect of these crossings among families of the same flock. It may\\nhere be observed that the sheep subjected to this careful regime consist\\nnot of a small number, but of flocks of from 10,000 to 20,000 head.\\nThe support of sheep-farms organised with such thorough regu-\\nlarity as this requires no doubt .a large amount of care and capital\\nbut for these the results obtained afford a handsome return. Of course,\\nsuch a perfect system is inapplicable to the countless flocks that graze\\nupon the Russian steppes but, between a system so refined on the\\none hand, and the negligence which pervades the greater part of the\\nempire on the other, there is surely a broad margin for gradual im-\\nprovement.\\nDeterioration of breeds has been manifested in Russia for some\\ntime past, not only in the Merinos, but also amongst the indigenous\\nsheep, which furnish wool for the more common cloths. There are\\nin that country several sorts of these common breeds, some of which\\nyield such coarse wool that it can only be used for the manufacture of\\nthe most inferior felts, or in the caulking of ships but there are also\\nothers, of which the wool is employed for several sorts of ordinary\\ncloths, and might be improved, at least up to a certain point, by judi-\\ncious crossing and more careful management, but which, neverthe-\\nless, goes on deteriorating. Instead of being regenerated by coupling\\nwith rams of a better breed, they are allowed to mix with races more\\ninferior still and their scanty nurture in winter, in connexion with\\nthe inclemency of the season, likewise has a tendency to render their\\nwool coarser. It has been observed that the wool of the common sheep\\nof the steppes, which are unsheltered from the rigors of the northern\\nwinter, become sensibly improved when they are removed into the\\ncentral or western provinces of the empire, where they can be pro-\\ntected only during a part of the year.\\nThus, considering that the fine-woolled sheep require a temperate\\nclimate, together with more care and better food, than the common\\nbreed, it is evident that there are but few parts of Russia in which\\nthese conditions are found combined and that the southern provinces\\nespecially are scarcely less propitious to the rearing of fine animals,\\nwhich are there very apt to degenerate and yield but little wool.\\nThis degeneration may be attributed to bad food during winter to\\nthe quality of the pastures in the steppes, where the base is saline; to\\nthe want of good water to the frequent droughts to the heavy dews,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "48\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nuntimely frosts, and other circumstances peculiar to these regions,\\nalthough some of them are merely local for in these vast plains,\\nthere are many districts abounding in good pasturage and furnishing\\na sufficiency of winter food. Neither can we consider all the southern\\nprovinces of the empire as unsuitable for the rearing of fine-woolled\\nsheep. The degeneracy of these breeds in the south of Russia, which\\nis an ascertained fact, it is believed proceeds in a great measure from\\nthe rapid and often inconsiderate extension of this branch of rural\\neconomy within the last twenty-five years. Encouraged by good\\nmarkets, many of the proprietors in these districts have augmented\\ntheir stock of Merinos beyond bounds, without calculating their means\\nof supporting them during winter while others, having an eye to\\nquantity rather than to quality, have not paid sufficient attention to\\nkeeping the breed up to the standard a matter demanding the most\\ncontinuous care and attention for the Merino, not being of pure blood,\\nreadily degenerates, unless this tendency be augmented in time by\\nfresh crossings.\\nIn conclusion, it may be added that, in mild and temperate climates,\\nthe successful rearing of sheep depends entirely upon the extent and\\nquality of the pasture. Thus, for instance, in Dalmatia, one of the\\npoorest provinces in regard to the productiveness of the soil, the\\narable land of which does not occupy more than 11 per cent, of the\\nwhole area, and which is almost entirely destitute of meadow land\\npossesses a comparatively larger number of sheep than any other pro-\\nvince of the monarchy. But, in countries in which the winters are\\nlong and severe, it is impossible to maintain very large flocks in the\\nopen air, without exposing them especially the finer breeds to\\ngreat and frequent losses, unless they are housed, or otherwise secured,\\nand well supplied with fodder for the whole period that they are\\nunable to remain at pasture. These are facts which many sheep-\\nfarmers seem constantly to forget.\\nThe following table exhibits the number of fine-woolled sheep, and\\nthe total number of sheep, in each province of Eussia, and the number\\nof both to each hundred inhabitants: D. J. B.\\nTable of Sheep statistics of Russia.\\nGovernments.\\nArchangel\\nAstrakhan\\nBessarabia\\nCourland\\nDon Cossacks\\nEkatherinoslaw\\nEsthonia\\nGrodno\\nNumber of\\nfine-woolled\\nsheep.\\n3,420\\n717,320\\n7,500\\n1,389,110\\n55,880\\n260,000\\nWhole num-\\nber of sheep.\\n100,000\\n810,450\\n1,439,380\\n167,700\\n2,431,570\\n2,059,730\\n142,770\\n507,230\\nNumber of\\nsheep to each\\n100 inhabit-\\nants.\\n40\\n392\\n160\\n31\\n305\\n207\\n47\\n58", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS.\\n49\\nGOVERNMKNTS.\\nJaroslaw\\nKalouga\\nKazan\\nKhai kow\\nKherson\\nKiew\\nKostroma\\nKoursk\\nKowno\\nLivonia\\nMinsk\\nMolulew\\nMoscow\\nNijni Nowgorod.\\nNowgorod\\nOlonetz\\nOrel\\nOrenburg\\nPenza\\nTerm\\nSt. Petersburg\\nPodolia\\nPoland\\nPoltawa\\nPskow\\nItiazan\\nSaratow\\nSimbirsk\\n.Smolensk\\nStavropol\\nTambow\\nTauride\\nToula\\nTschemigow\\nTwer\\nWiatka\\nWilna\\nWifol.sk\\nWladimir\\nWolhynia\\nWologda\\nWoroneje\\nTotal.\\nNumber of\\nfine-woolled\\nsheep.\\n280\\n4,950\\n014,150\\n627,390\\n273,560\\n2,190\\n74,220\\n8,830\\n54,545\\n96,425\\n30,200\\n1,000\\n10,020\\nWhole num-\\nber of sheep.\\n16,430\\n20,590\\n42,490\\n1,650\\n300,320\\n587,700\\n657,360\\n1,500\\n8,690\\n358,990\\n71,080\\n1,875\\n24,220\\n80,570\\n978,360\\n17,640\\n90,955\\n260\\n540\\n26,970\\n1,090\\n461,580\\n342,260\\n8,334,149\\n445\\n445\\n770\\n1,462\\n1,624\\n820\\n569\\n777\\n390\\n256\\n302\\n457\\n339\\n500\\n207\\n75\\n937\\n2,372\\n612\\n828\\n57\\n682\\n3,192\\n1,684\\n92\\n758\\n2,911\\n2,111\\n561\\n1,182\\n926\\n2,440\\n506\\n633\\n447\\n923\\n251\\n87\\n398\\n996\\n434\\n1,707\\n450\\n570\\n330\\n770\\n250\\n740\\n620\\n300\\n490\\n930\\n040\\n630\\n300\\n550\\n390\\n610\\n300\\n790\\n490\\n940\\n400\\n980\\n000\\n180\\n080\\n300\\n750\\n420\\n190\\n480\\n750\\n420\\n670\\n330\\n850\\n730\\n940\\n830\\n950\\n920\\n350\\n320\\n44,846,160\\nNumber of\\nsheep to each\\n100 inhabit-\\nants.\\n46\\n46\\n55\\n124\\n177\\n48\\n54\\n45\\n42\\n31\\n31\\n55\\n22\\n43\\n23\\n27\\n67\\n111\\n57\\n44\\n5\\n43\\n66\\n101\\n14\\n55\\n156\\n176\\n52\\n118\\n55\\n367\\n45\\n45\\n32\\n48\\n31\\n12\\n34\\n67\\n50^\\n102", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "50 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of J). L. R. Butt, of Centre, Cherokee county, Alabama.\\nThe cost of producing wool in this section is about 12| cents a pound,\\nand the market value 25 cents. There is no article that can be pro-\\nduced in this region with so little care and cost, according to the\\nmarket price, as wool, and I am surprised that there is not more\\nattention paid to its production.\\nStatement of T. L. Hart, of West Cornwall, Litchfield county,\\nConnecticut.\\nSome ten years since, after having given up the idea of raising wool\\nwith a view to profit, I bought a few Cots wold sheep, from which,\\nwith occasional purchases from the best flocks, I could find in the\\nState of New York, I have raised my present stock. This year, I have\\nexhibited at our State Fair a sheep with her three lambs, all of one\\nbirth, weighing 100 pounds each at six months old. I raise twenty-\\nfive lambs to every twenty ewes. This year, I sold the progeny of a\\nsingle sheep, eighteen months old, for $50, and have her fleece left.\\nThe fleeces of my other sheep this year weighed from 7 to \\\\2\\\\ pounds\\neach. I also received $40 in premiums at our late State Fair. The\\nincome of my entire flock of forty, commencing with the beginning\\nof last winter, amounted to more than $600. In June last, I sold a\\nlamb thirteen months old, which weighed 157 pounds. With good\\ncare and management the great weight of these sheep prevents them\\nfrom being unruly or much inclined to ramble besides, they are not\\nso liable to be killed by dogs as smaller sheep.\\nWith a view of testing the comparative value of the breeds, I have\\nlately purchased a few of the New Oxfordshire sheep, which I intend\\nto keep in all respects like the Cotswolds. It has been my practice\\nin some cases, to take from their dams a pair of twins and bring them,\\nup as cossets, teaching them to run with the cattle.\\nThe estimated cost of keeping a sheep until eighteen months old\\nis $5.\\nStatement of William W. Woodbridge, of Paw Paw Grove, Lee\\ncounty, Illinois.\\nThis part of the State is well adapted to sheep-raising. There are\\nsome good flocks of the fine-woolled varieties. As the country is com-\\nparatively new, the prairie wolf commits some depredations on our\\nflocks.\\nThe price of wool is from 30 to 40 cents per pound. There are a\\nfew of the Leicester sheep in this section, and they are highly esteemed\\nfor mutton.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 51\\nStatement of Alexander Heron, near Connersville, Fayette county,\\nIndiana.\\nSheep, in this vicinity, could be raised at considerable profit, were it\\nnot that they are so frequently killed by dogs, which discourages\\nthose who would otherwise turn more attention to wool-growing.\\nThey can be brought to maturity with far less labor and attention\\nthan any other kind of stock, as they are much closer feeders and do\\nnot require grain. In my experience, a flock of one hundred Merinos\\ncrossed with the Leicesters were kept during last winter on 4^ tons\\nof blue-grass and Timothy hay, worth $10 a ton. This flock, when\\nshorn, averaged 5 pounds of wool per head, which readily sold here\\nunpicked at 30 cents a pound, giving $1 50 to each sheep for the wool.\\nA portion of the same flock was sold to the butcher, after shearing, at\\n$2 50 each, making the yearling sheep worth $4, leaving about $3\\na head in profit, the cost of rearing being about $1. This, perhaps, is\\nmore than the average profit, which might be about $2 a head.\\nStatement of Benjamin F. Odell, of Plum Spring, Delaware county,\\nIowa.\\nSheep-raising in this section, as yet, has not been very extensive\\non account of the depredations committed by wolves, but as the latter\\nare now becoming scarce, our farmers begin to turn their attention to\\nthis branch of industry.\\nA sheep, after shearing, is worth $2 the price of wool is from 45\\nto 50 cents a pound.\\nStatement of D. R. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany county\\nNew York.\\nThere are a considerable number of sheep raised in this section\\nprincipally Merinos and their grades. There are quite a number of\\npure-bred Spanish and French Merinos, the latter of which are the\\ngeneral favorites. Since their introduction here, in 1849, they have\\nincreased the weight of fleece on an average to nearly or quite 2\\npounds in the flocks where used. There is also a growing interest in\\nmutton sheep, for the improvement of which the South Downs are\\nbeing introduced. Sheep are kept in pasture from seven to eio-ht\\nmonths, and the remainder of the year on hay and straw, the younger\\nportion of the flock usually receiving daily a small quantity of grain.\\nThe cost of keeping a sheep will vary but little from $1 a year and\\nat two years old, it will sell for $2 from pasture, leaving the wool foi\\nthe profit. The transportation to New York city, by railroad, is $1\\neach, from which there is a considerable deduction when a large num-\\nber is sent.\\nGood wool can be produced at a less expense of keepirg and labor\\nthan poor, as the fleeces are heavier, while the sheep are more quiet,\\nand consequentlv require less food. The cost of raising from three-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "52 AGRICULTUKAL REPORT.\\nfourths to full-blooded Merino wool is about 25 cents, which sells for 25\\nto 50 cents a pound. It costs 60 cents per 100 pounds to transport it,\\nby railroad, to New York.\\nStatement of John Young, Jr., of Forest Grove, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nSheep are profitable stock with us. We have some full-blooded\\nSouth Downs and Leicesters. From what I have seen of their\\ncrosses upon the common stock, I think a very great improvement\\nwill be the result. They prosper in every part of the county. Last\\nyear, their wool was worth 33 cents per pound. The cost of raising\\nthem is 75 cents per head, and when full grown they are worth $2\\neach. The greater part of the stock, however, is of Spanish Merino\\nblood, and brings high prices.\\nA good Leicester buck, at one year old, brings $10, and ewes, for\\nbreeding, $5 each.\\nStatement of C. Snively, of Penn Township, Alleghany county, Penn-\\nsylvania.\\nOf sheep we have several varieties. The South Downs and Leicesters\\nare considered best for the butcher, particularly the former but the\\nlatter have heavier fleeces. Those uniting good qualities for mutton\\nand weight of fleece are most profitable in the vicinity of the Pittsburgh\\nmarket. The South Down is a hardy animal, and takes on fat per-\\nhaps faster than other varieties. Good mutton is always in demand\\nat Pittsburgh.\\nThe price of wool is varying. Last year s prices ruled from 25 to\\n40 cents per pound for common prime. For several years previous,\\nprices were higher.\\nStatement of James Mck. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThe rearing of sheep has not been much attended to in this county,\\nalthough almost every farmer has a small flock. The devouring dogs\\nhave been so destructive to them that many farmers have abandoned\\nthe business. The Leicester, South Down, Spanish Merino and com-\\nmon stock are raised to some extent. Many believe the Leicester to\\nbe the most profitable, on account of the size of its carcass, and the\\nquantity of its fleece.\\nGood mutton commands a high price in our market, ranging from\\n$3 50 to $6 per head. Wool brings from 30 to 40 cents per pound.\\nStatement of I). Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nIn some parts of this county, sheep are considered more profitable\\nthan any other kind of stock but, within the last few years, the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 53\\nfluctuation in their value, has operated injuriously to this branch of\\nhusbandry. We have French and Spanish Merinos, and gra des down\\nto quarter bloods. A large proportion of our sheep, however, are a\\ncross with the Spanish and Saxons, few, if any, of the common kind\\nbeing kept.\\nThe average price of wool with us may be estimated at 33 cents a\\npound. Sheep and lambs sell from $1 to $5 each.\\nStatement of J. S. Gore, of Tippecanoe, Fayette county, Pennsylvania,\\nSheep of all kinds have been introduced into Western Pennsyl-\\nvania, which has long been celebrated for producing good mutton and\\nfine wool yet it did not acquire to the reputation it now enjoys until\\nwithin the last few years, during which time some of the finest im-\\nported French and Spanish grades have found their way into this\\ncounty, and it is now clearly shown that our sheep can compare with\\nany in the world. From time to time, various coarse-woolled animals\\nhave been brought among us, but they have never rendered satisfac-\\ntion to those who introduced them. A few years ago, many Saxony\\nsheep were brought here, but their introduction eventually ruined\\nsome of the finest flocks in this and in Washington county.\\nIt costs about $1 50 a head to keep sheep properly for a year, while\\nwool is worth about 40 cents a pound so that it is evident that sheep-\\nclipping, at 2\\\\ pounds a head, leaves no profit. But our improved\\nbreeds, which yield from 4 to 12 pounds per head, pay very well.\\nBesides this, I find that my French sheep raise about three lambs\\nper head annually.\\nStatement of Robert W. Baylor, of Wood End, near Charlestoicn,\\nJefferson county, Virginia.\\nSheep are very profitably raised in this section, especially the im-\\nproved breeds, commanding at home from $8 to $10 each at two\\nyears old.\\nWe have as good imported Cotswolds and South Downs as England\\ncan produce, the latter being preferred. Their crosses upon our com-\\nmon stock are regarded as highly advantageous.\\nWool-growing amply remunerates the shepherd for his care. Wool\\ncannot be raised under 20 cents a pound.\\nStatement of James E. Kendall, of Poplar Grove, Kanawha county,\\nVirginia.\\nThis is decidedly a fine sheep-raising county, but the subject has\\nnot received the attention it merits. The cost of producing wool, I\\nbelieve, does not average more than 12^ cents per pound. Our sheep\\nare seldom fed. They keep in fine condition the whole year on the\\nmountain range. They are free from disease, and live to a good age.\\nWool is worth from 30 to 3*7^ cents per pound.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "54 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nGOATS.\\nINTRODUCTION OF THE CASHMERE-SHAWL GOAT.\\nThe introduction of wool-bearing goats lias deservedly attracted\\nsome degree of attention in the United States within the past few\\nyears, a well-directed and apparently successful attempt having been\\nmade, in 1849, by Dr. James B. Davis, of Columbia, in South Caro-\\nlina. Having resided several years in the dominions of the Sultan,\\nin 1838, he procured in Turkey, in Asia, seven females and two male\\ngoats, alleged to be of the pure Cashmere breed.\\nIn 1853, when Dr. Davis communicated to the Patent Office\\nsome account of these animals, he stated that the number of pure\\nbreeds of his flock was then but thirty, the progeny having been\\nchiefly males but that the half and quarter-breeds obtained by\\ncrosses with the common goat, were much more numerous. He also\\nstated that the full-blooded young were equal in all respects to the\\nimported, with even a finer and heavier fleece, while the mixed breeds\\nproved a great improvement upon the common stock. He moreover\\nstated that he had a female Thibet-shawl goat, from which there had\\nbeen considerable increase by breeding with a Cashmere buck. The\\ndemand for the bucks of his flock, at $100 each, was said to be very\\ngreat, and even the mixed breeds were freely purchased by persons\\nwho were anxious to improve the varieties already in the country.\\nInformation has also been received from other sources, that some of\\nthe full-blooded males of this stock were taken to the banks of the\\nHudson, in New York, as well as to other places, and have prospered\\nwell.\\nIn 1854, Mr. Richard Peters, of Atlanta, in Georgia, purchased\\nfrom Dr. Davis his entire stock of full-blooded female goats, and some\\nof the males and he has since been understood to decline parting\\nwith any of them in the hope that other persons may be encouraged\\nto make direct importations..\\nIn the communication of Dr. Davis referred to above, it is remarked\\nthat the Cashmere, Persian, Angora and Circassian goats are one\\nand the same animal, changed in some respects by altitude, though\\nbut little by latitude. Mr. Peters, however, says of those in his\\npossession, in a recent communication, that they differ materially\\nfrom the Thibet shawl-goats, and also from the Angora goats, although\\nthey may prove to be of that variety, ctiiLged by climate, breeding,\\nand selections. They are in my opinion/ he adds, the true Cash-\\nmere goats, a variety never belore introduced into Europe nor Ameri-\\nca. He proceeds, A Mons. Tourneau, in 1818, introduced a large\\nflock of the Thibet goats into France, descendants of which are now\\nbred in England. I have seen specimens of the latter they are of\\nbut little value, and entirely different from the Davis goats. The\\ngoats of the province of Angora are of mixed colors, and have a coarse\\nfleece, with their horns turned down, and differ from the Davis goats\\nas much as our common sheep differ from the Merinos.\\nThere appears to be some misapprehensions manifested in these\\nquotations, which it may be proper to correct: The Cashmere and the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 55\\nThibet goat are the same. The regions called Cashmere and Thibet\\nadjoin each other, and the western portion of the latter, which is called\\nLittle Thibet, is included in the dominions of the Maharajah of\\nCashmere. This goat is found also in the country of the Kirghiz, in\\nCentral Asia, at the bend of the Ural, north of the Caspian sea. It\\nis of the size of the domestic varieties most common in Europe and\\nthe United States, and is covered with long, flat, and falling silky\\nhair, beneath which there is in winter the delicate greyish wool which,\\nconstitutes the fabric of the costly Cashmere shawls of commerce.\\nOnly 3 ounces of this wool are, on the average, obtained from each\\ngoat. This is sold by the goatherds for a little over $1 a pound.\\nThirty ounces, valued at $2, is all that is required in the manufacture\\nof a shawl a yard and a half square. The immense cost of these\\nshawls in the European market is therefore a subject of much wonder\\nto those unacquainted with the history of their manufacture and\\ntransportation. The wool is first combed from the goats in the\\nmountains of Thibet and sent to Cashmere, where a heavy duty is\\npaid upon it. It is there bleached, spun into yarn, and taken to the\\nbazaar, where another tax is paid upon it. The thread is then dyed,\\nthe shawl woven, and the border attached to it, when the weaver has\\nto carry it to the custom-house, where it is taxed according to the dis-\\ncretion or caprice of the collector. The two dollars worth of wool\\nhave by this time become magnified in value but if they are intended\\nfor the European market, they have yet to pass through the ordeal \u00c2\u00a9f\\nstill heavier exactions. They must be borne from Cashmere across\\nthe Indus to Peshawur on the frontier of Afghanistan, a journey oi\\ntwenty days, upon the back of a man, the road being often impassable\\nby camels or mules, deep precipices being crossed upon suspension\\nbridges of rope, and perpendicular rocks climbed by means of wooden\\nladders. At various stages of this journey, taxes are exacted, amount-\\ning to $9 or $10 in the aggregate. From Peshawur to near the con-\\nfines of Europe, tribute is paid at many custom-houses; but the for-\\nbearance of the marauders of Afghanistan and Persia, and of the Tur-\\nkomanic hordes, must also be purchased at a high price. The precious\\nburden is then conveyed to Europe over the Caucasus, and through\\nRussia, or, as is now frequent, through the Turkish provinces to Con-\\nstantinople.\\nThere is some evidence of the importation both of the Thibet and\\nthe Angora goats into France at different times. Mr. Peters, as has\\nbeen already quoted, ascribes to a Mr. Tourneau, in 1818, the importa-\\ntion into France of the Thibet goat, which he believes he has lately\\nseen in England in a degenerate condition. It is probable, however,\\nthat, as a casual observer, Mr. Peters did not take time to investigate\\nthe proofs of the idenity of the goats he saw, with the importations\\nfrom Thibet into France. It is well known that, in 1819, a Mons.\\nJaubert brought some 400 or 500 Thibet goats from the Kirghiz\\nterritory to France, having started from the former country with\\n1,300. Those which survived the journey were received at\\nMarseilles by a Mons. Tessier, and by him placed in various situa-\\ntions in France. A doubt was at one time expressed as to the\\npurity of the breed of these goats, but no gwod reason was advanced", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "56 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nas the basis of such a doubt. Their fleece did not prove abundant\\nenough for profit, however, until in 1823, when a Mons. Polonceau\\ncaused a cross to be made between the Thibet, or Cashmere, and\\nAngora goat, (whence the latter was procured was not stated,) with\\ngreat success, insomuch that, instead of three, thirty ounces of\\ndown was obtained from each of several of the cross-breeds and, it is\\nadded, of a superior quality, being of finer and longer staple, while\\nthe animals themselves were quite hardy and more docile.\\nIn 1824, some of the Thibet goats were conveyed from France to\\nthe county of Essex, in England, by a Mr. Towers but the number\\nwas not regarded as sufficient, nor is there any record of the result.\\nDr. Davis is therefore obviously misled in supposing that the four\\nvarieties of goats named by him are identical and Mr. Peters is\\nequally in error in the distinction he defines between Cashmere and\\nThibet-shawl goats, and in alleging that the goats of Angora are of\\nmixed colors, coarser fleece, c, for they are always described as\\ninvariably of a silvery white, with long and silky hair of one sort\\nonly. The specimens received at this Office, of the fleece of Mr. Pe-\\nters goats, correspond with this description of the hair of the Angora\\ngoat, and no specimen has been received of the greyish undergrowth\\nof down peculiar to the Cashmere or Thibet but we have the au-\\nthority of an officer of the British army, who passed several years in\\nIndia, for the statement that, from goats taken from the mountains of\\nThibet to the warm climate of British India, this down wholly disap-\\npeared the first year. The portraits of a pair of Mr. Peters goats,\\n(shown on PL IV. and PL V.,) correspond to the descriptions usually\\ngiven of those of the Thibet breed.\\nFrom all the information at present obtainable upon this general\\nsubject, it may be concluded that the goats in the possession of Mr.\\nPeters aro probably of the true Thibet or Cashmere variety that it is\\nto the intelligence, energy, and patriotic enterprise of Dr. Davis and\\nMr. Peters the country is indebted for the best directed, most persist-\\nent, and most successful effort that has ever been made to introduce\\nan improved breed of goats either into Europe or America and that\\nthe example of these gentlemen should be emulated by every intelli-\\ngent and public spirited agriculturist in the country, who has the\\nmeans of either uniting in the work of making further importations,\\nor of causing the general propagation and cherishing of those intro-\\nduced by others. The importance of this enterprise is greater than is\\nusually supposed for, depreciate as we may in theory the desire of\\nfine and luxurious apparel, this desire is universal, and will be grati-\\nfied at whatever cost. The home demand for woollen fabrics of the\\nfinest textures will continue to be large, urgent, and permanent, and\\nthe home supply should correspond to it. The flesh, also, of the goat\\nand of the kid, has always been relished and regarded as wholesome\\nand nutritious in those countries in which it is abundant. From the\\nmost remote antiquity, the milk of the goat has been in requisition in\\nvarious parts of the world. In Syria, at the present day, the milk of\\nthe goat and sheep, almost, if not entirely, supersedes that of the eow,\\nand its products of butter and cheese are in general use. In Switzer-\\nland, and in mountainous and other portions of France, Spain, Italy,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 57\\nc, the same usages prevail. The variety and coarseness of the fare\\nof the goat, the hardiness of its nature, and the facility with which it\\naccommodates itself to either a sheltered or exposed life, enable per-\\nsons in all situations to keep it without inconvenience, with the singk\\nexception that it is destructive to young trees, which it denudes oi\\ntheir bark when they 1 are accessible to it but it generally selects bit-\\nter and slightly astringent herbs for its food.\\nMany reasons have been assigned for the fact that the presence of s\\ngoat in a stable is beneficial to the health of the horse, such as that\\nthe odor exhaled from its body is salutary, that its companionship is\\ncheering to him in his solitude, that the portions it selects from his\\nfood would be injurious to him, c. Whether the primary fact as-\\nsumed is true, and if so, whether each or all of these causes are real,\\nwill not here be discussed but the usage of encouraging this com-\\npanionship has been so well approved by experience, that its practice,\\nwhich is seldom attended either with expense or inconvenience, should\\nnot -be inconsiderately forsaken. These remarks apply alike to the\\ncommon varieties, and to the improved breeds of goats herein com\\nmended to favor and adoption. D. J. b.\\nMICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE HAIR OF ASIATIC\\nGOATS.\\nBY GEORGE C SCHAEFFER, M. D., U. S. PATENT OFFICE.\\nAs the history of these goats has already been given in the Agri\\ncultural Report of the Patent Office for 1853, as well as in other pub-\\nlications, by Dr. James B. Davis, of South Carolina, it is deemed\\nunnecessary to repeat it here. The full-bred animals of this importa-\\ntion, as well as their crosses on the common goat, have been sent\\nto various parts of the country. Dr. D. C. Ambler, who has intro-\\nduced them into New York, presented the specimens for examination\\nto this Office. The value and good points of these animals have been\\nso well reported upon, at the various exhibitions at which they have\\ntaken prizes, that I shall say nothing upon these subjects, but pro-\\nceed at once to the immediate object of this paper.\\nThe first specimen examined is from a full-bred Davis female,\\nborn in South Carolina, and carried, when four months old, to Water-\\nville, Oneida county, New York, by Dr. Ambler, by whom it is owned.\\nThe fleece was taken when twelve months old. The lock examined\\nshows a very beautiful curled or wavy hair, of silvery whiteness, with a\\nfine, downy wool at its base. The hair selected for representation was\\n10 inches long. A portion, taken about the middle of its length,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "58\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nshown in cut a, magnified about feur hundred times. In copying the\\noriginal drawing, the projecting points of the external scales, or cells,\\nof the hair have been somewhat exaggerated.\\nThe next specimen is also from a full-bred female, born in South\\nCarolina, and carried to Harper s Ferry, in Virginia, when four\\nmonths of age. The fleece was taken when twelve months old. In\\nthis lock, the wool is somewhat more abundant than in the former\\nthe hair being nearly as long and a little finer. In all the hairs,\\ntaken from this sample, the external scales, or cells, were rather less\\nevident than in specimen a. In cut b, is shown a hair in which they\\nare least plainly marked.\\na. Hair of a full-blooded Asiatic goat, fron. New Vork, magnified 400 times.\\n4.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hair of a full-blooded Asiatic goat, from Virginia, magnified 400 times.\\nThe third specimen is from a full-bred male, also born in South\\nl arolina, but carried to Charlestown, Chatauque county, New York,\\ng vned by Mr. D. Davenport. The fleece was taken when twelve\\nmouths old. There is rather l^ss wool, but the character of the\\nhair is similar to that of a and 6, a portion of which is denoted on\\ncut c.\\ne. Hnir cf a full-blooind Asiatic goat, from New York, magnified 400 times.\\nd. Hair of a second cross between the Asiatic and common goat, magnified 400 times.\\nThe hair shown in the drawing, by d, is from the second cross be-\\ntween the full-bred and common goat, born in South Carolina, and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS.\\n59\\ncarried to New York, when four months old. The fleece is said to have\\nbeen taken when about twelve months of age. This is much shorter\\nthan any of the others, being about 5 inches long but it is exceed-\\ningly beautiful, both in texture and in color. The hair shown in cut\\nd, is less in diameter than any of the others. The degree of fineness\\nis about that of the finest Saxony wool.\\ne. Outlines of hairs of a full-blooded Asiatic goat, taken from the finest Calcutta shawl, magnified\\n400 times.\\nBy way of comparison, a mere outline is given at e, of different hairs,\\nfrom a piece of shawl stuff, imported from Calcutta, and said to be\\nthe finest ever brought to this country. The fabric was dyed red, and\\nhas contracted somewhat in the process. It is evident, from the\\ncharacter of the smaller hairs, that they have been taken at a much\\nearlier age than those represented above.\\nIt is gratifying, then, to be assured that the fleece may be raised in\\nthis country with a fineness closely approximating to that which it\\nhas ever attained in Asia, under the most favorable circumstances.\\nThe cress with the common goat is particularly interesting, as\\nshowing no deterioration in the hair. It has not been considered\\nnecessary to dwell upon the minute peculiarities of structure in thsee\\nspecimens. Larger quantities of the hair and more exact information\\nas to the treatment, age, and condition of the animals, would be re-\\nquired to give any real value to such an investigation.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "60 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSWINE.\\nTHE SWINE OF RUSSIA.\\nThe rearing of swine is carried on in Russia to a considerable ex-\\ntf at, especially in the governments of Mohilew, Kowno, Tschernigow,\\nK harkow, Saratow, Tambow, Woroneje, Orel, and Konrsk. In the\\nlatter, there were reckoned, in 1846, nearly 600,000 head, and in each\\nof the other governments, from 400,000 to 500,000. The aggregate\\nin the forty-eight governments was estimated at 10,053,500 head. In\\nthe kingdom of Poland, it was estimated that there were 800,000.\\nAdding Finland and those governments in which the statistics were\\ncot officially ascertained, the total estimate was 12,000,000, or about\\none animal to every five inhabitants, the relative number to the popu-\\nlation being nearly the same as in Austria, and much larger than in\\nPrussia or in France but it is still far less than it might be, con-\\nsidering the means the Russians have of feeding them. In general,\\nthey bestow but little care on this branch of rural economy, although\\nit is well suited to the country, and is generally very profitable. It\\nis much neglected in the provinces of New Russia, where it is believed\\nthat ten times the number of animals might be raised that now are.\\nIn the governments of Kherson, Ekatherinoslaw, Tauride, and Bes-\\nsarabia the number has scarcely increased for the last forty or fifty\\nyears, notwithstanding the encouraging example of the German\\ncolonists who derive great profits from this source. As a proof of the\\nnegligence with which the swine are treated in some districts, the\\nfollowing observation by M. Haxthausen, on the government of Nijni-\\nNowgorod, may be cited\\nWe have seen herds of long-bristled swine wandering about in\\nthe forest during summer, like deer, without the least superintend-\\nence. In autumn, the people catch as many as they can, and make\\nan equal distribution of them amongst all the families of the village,\\nso that, in regard to these animals, there is no distinction of indi-\\nvidual property.\\nWhen we consider what large numbers o f swine have for some\\nyears past been sent from Hungary and Servia by railway to Ham-\\nburg, and thence to England, notwithstanding the enormous expenses\\nof such long inland journeys, we may conceive the importance which\\nthis business might attain in a very short time in those provinces of\\nRussia that are not remote from the coast.\\nThe total value of swine in Russia and Poland is estimated at\\n$15,750,000. This includes the value of the bristles, most of which\\nare exported from Little Russia, and form no inconsiderable article\\nof commerce. d. j. b.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 61\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement o/D. L. R. Butt, of Centre, Cherokee county, Alabama.\\nPork cannot be raised here under 5 cents a pound. It usually sells\\nfor 6 or 7 cents. There is very little more raised than is required for\\nhome consumption. The cost of transportation to Charleston is $1 75\\nper 100 pounds.\\nStatement of Alexander Heron, near Conner sville, Fayette county,\\nIndiana.\\nAmong the different animals raised in this section for market, swine\\ntake the lead, as they are far the most profitable. There is some\\nobjection to them on account of their rooting propensities and the\\nconsequent destruction to pastures but this has been demonstrated\\nto be easily avoided by ringing the nose, thus rendering them\\nalmost as harmless as sheepX*\\nThe best breed of swine which we rear is the Chester Whitu,\\nwhich constitutes the largest proportion of the hogs in this region.\\nStock hogs will thrive and winter well on seven bushels of corn and\\nif there be plenty of mast they will do well on less. The cukI\\nof rearing a hog for market may be estimated as follows:\\nFor seven bushels of corn at 30 cents, $2 10\\nFor three months pasturage, on clover, from 1st Sep-\\ntember to December 1st, 50\\nFor eighteen bushels of corn for fattening, at 30 cents, 5 40\\nTotal cost, $8 00\\nHogs fed in this way will average 250 pounds in weight, which, at.\\n6 cents a pound, will make the gross sale per head $15, showing\\na net profit of $7 on each head. This is equivalent to selling the\\ncorn at 60 cents a bushel, besides the improvement of the ground on\\nwhich they were fed, by their manure.\\nMost of the hogs reared here are packed at Connersville, our home\\nmarket in this county. The difference in price between this and the\\nCincinnati market is about 35 cents per 100 pounds, which is nearly\\nthe cost of transportation. The number of hogs which have been\\npacked here this season is 25,000.\\nStatement of L. E. Dupuy, of Shelbyville, Shelby county, Kentucky.\\nOur hogs have been crossed upon the Berkshire, Irish Grazier,\\nWoburn, c. until we scarcely know what we have, except that thoy\\nare hogs. Our rule is to get the longest hog that will fatten early\\nand kindly, without regard to name. We make them weigh from", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "6 i AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\n200 to 350 pounds when a year or eighteen months old, by feeding on\\nciover, rye, oats, and corn.\\nStatement of E. A. Holm an, of Harvard, Worcester county,\\n3Iassachusetts.\\nThe animals raised to the best advantage with us are the Suffolk\\nswine, which are also successfully crossed on our common breed. The\\nbest mode of keeping is in sheltered pens, fed from the refuse of the\\ndairy with the addition of meal of Indian corn, or some other grain.\\n1 he cost of raising at six weeks old is 8 cents a pound. The market\\nvnlue at that age is $3 50 each.\\nThe cost of producing pork is 9 cents a pound; market value 10\\ncents a pound; transportation to Boston, $3 a ton.\\nStatement of Gersiiom Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, New York,\\nA considerable number of hogs is raised in this county, though it\\nis not thought to be profitable to keep any more than can be pro-\\nduced on the farm without feeding too much with good marketable\\ngiain. It is generally believed that they should be raised until they\\nare fifteen or eighteen months old, principally upon grass and milk,\\nand then shut up in pens and fattened with barley or corn.\\nOur hogs, like other farm stock, are of a mixed character, produced\\nby crossing the best breeds of Europe with the old races of this sec*\\ntion. The latter were long-legged, long-visaged, flap-eared, and\\ncoarse-boned. Their most unamiable characteristic was a great affec-\\ntion for chickens, goslins, and lambs. The Berkshire was for a\\nlong time a very popular breed, fine-boned, and easily fattened, but\\nrather too small. The Leicester is a good-sized fine-boned hog,\\nand, if bred well, will fatten at fifteen months old, and will weigh\\n500 or more pounds. The Suffolk breed has also of late been in-\\ntroduced here, but from the thinness of their hair they do not appear\\nto be at all adapted to the severity of our winter climate.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nAlmost every farmer here raises his own pork, and a surplus for\\nhome trade. To raise it on corn would cost from $4 to $4 50 per\\n100 pounds. We have the Berkshire, the Chinese, the Bed-\\nford, the Chester county, and the common or wood breeds.\\nTire Chinese and Berkshire have been profitably raised several years.\\nThe Chester county hog has been introduced, and is much valued by\\nour farmers.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC ANIMALS. b6\\nStatement afD. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nHogs are not much raised with us beyond the wants of the conaty,\\nnot being considered so profitable as other kinds of stock. The Chi.ia\\nbreed is the most prevalent, though some keep the Russian, the\\nlatter of which are not much esteemed on account of the cost of bring-\\ning them to maturity.\\nPork is worth from 5 to 8 cents a pound; lard from 9 to 12\\\\\\ncents.\\nStatement of Albert Hoopes, of West Chester, Chester county, Ptiti-\\nsylvania.\\nHogs are raised here for home consumption, and a few for market.\\nSeveral of the imported breeds have been tried, but all have given\\nway to an Improved Chester county hog. Swine are generally kept\\nin pastures during the summer, being allowed the slops from the\\nkitchen, and the refuse milk from the dairy. When fattened with\\nwhole corn between the ages of six and eighteen months, they w ill\\ngain about a pound a day.\\nThe price of pork is from 9 to 10 cents a pound.\\nStatement of James E. Kendall, of Poplar Grove, Kanaivha counhj\\nVirginia.\\nHogs are regarded as indispensable stock in this county. Tlwjf\\ngrow large, and do well on acorns and beech mast. The only uc-\\ntention required is to keep them tame. A cross of the Berkshir?\\nand China breeds suits us best.\\nPOULTRY AND EGGS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of Newcastle, Newcastle county,\\nDelaware.\\nI have devoted much time to the poultry department of the farm\\nand, though at present the great mania for large fowls appears to\\nhave subsided, it cannot be said that our people have not been bene-\\nfitted in having their attention called to the improvement of the\\nvarious breeds.\\nThe Large Shanghai fowls generally introduced throughoul\\nthe country, are by no means the most profitable. They are regular.\\nhut not extraordinary layers, and grow very rapidly, but are enor-\\nmous eaters. The principal benefit to be derived from them will bt\\nthe cross obtained between them and ths smaller breeds.\\nOf all the fancy fowls, I prefer either the Black Spanish, or tho\\nPolands. The former are handsome, of moderate size, hardy,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a064 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\neasily kept, and great layers, in consequence of which they have\\nobtained the name of everlasting layers.\\nThe Poland fowls resemble the Spanish in everything except\\nappearance. They are jet black, with a characteristic white top-\\nknot, and are by many considered the handsomest variety known.\\nHaving had some experience with each breed, I can unhesitatingly\\nrecommend them, as they are well adapted to the wants of the farmers\\nof the Middle States.\\nI should have mentioned, however, that none of the breeds noticed\\nabove are good sitters therefore, a few hens of other breeds should\\nbe kept for the purpose of hatching the eggs of these, and rearing the\\nyoung.\\nINSECTS.\\nINSECTS FREQUENTING THE COTTON-PLANT.\\nBY T0WNEND GLOVER.\\nThe cotton-plant furnishes food for numerous insects, some of which\\nfeed exclusively upon the leaf, some upon the flower, while others\\ndestroy the young buds and bolls. It is my purpose to describe the?s\\ninsects, not in the order of their classification by natural families, but\\naccording to the part of the plant they most generally frequent, or\\nto which their ravages are chiefly confined. Thus, by referring to\\nthe parts injured, one can easily recognise the insects, or their larva\\nwhich attack them in any of the stages of their existence.\\nMany of these insects at first appear in small numbers, and only\\nbecome formidable in the second or third generation for instance, if\\na female boll-worm produce 500 moths, one-half of which are males\\nand the other half females, the next generation, if the increase be in\\nthe same ratio, will amount to 125,000 catterpillars or moths and\\nall this is accomplished in the space of a few weeks. It will there-\\nfore be perceived that their destruction depends upon prompt and\\ntimely action and planters may materially aid in carrying out a\\nwork designed for their mutual benefit, by minutely observing the\\nhabits a nd characteristics of these pests of our fields, devising means\\nfor their destruction, and communicating the results of their ob-\\nservations and experiments, through some appropriate channels, to\\nthe public.\\nInsects injurious to the cotton-plant consist of those very destruc-\\ntive to the general crops, such as the boll-worm, cotton caterpillar,\\nand some others and those which do comparatively little injury,\\ntheir numbers thus far not being sufficiently great to cause much\\ndamage, such as the leaf-rolling caterpillar (tortrix) and several", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 65\\ninsects hereafter mentioned. There are still others, which do not\\nmaterially injure the crop itself, such as the span-worm, and others\\nwhich only feed upon the petals or pollen of the flowers. There are\\nalso many insects found in the cotton-fields which do no damage\\nwhatever to the plant, but merely feed upon weeds and grass grow-\\ning between the rows, such as the caterpillar of the Argynnis colum-\\nbina, which feeds upon the passion-vine, and that of the Zanthidia\\nniceppe, which sometimes devours the Maryland cassia, and produces\\nthe beautiful orange-colored butterflies, seen in vast numbers hover-\\ning over moist or wet places on the plantations.\\nA class of insects which is highly beneficial, comprehends the larva?\\nof the lady-bird, the ichneumon flies, and many others, that are ever\\non the search for living victims amongst the noxious tribes, and\\nwhich serve to keep the numbers of the latter within proper bounds.\\nThus, it is highly necessary to be able to recognise the injurious\\nfrom the comparatively innoxious as well as the useful insects, and I\\nhave therefore thought proper to describe and figure most of those\\nwhich infest the cotton-fields, as many of them feed upon or injure\\nthe plants in one state or another and, although they may do but\\nlittle injury at first, yet, were they to multiply as fast as some others,\\nthey would eventually become as great a nuisance as the boll-worm is\\nat present. According to a communication from Colonel Whitner, of\\nTallahassee, in Florida, tbe latter insect was scarcely known in that\\nregion before the year 1841 but it has since increased to such an ex-\\ntent as to cause an immense yearly loss to the planters.\\nSeveral methods of *destroying insects on plantations and elsewhere\\nhave been recommended, one of which is the. use of fire or burning\\ntorches. The innumerable myriads of nocturnal moths, being\\nattracted by the lights, burn their wings as they hover around, and\\nare either destroyed at once, or disabled from flying about to deposit\\ntheir eggs in distant parts of the field. A species of lantern has been\\nused for entrapping such as are attracted by light, and with some\\nsuccess. It is formed of a top, bottom, and back, made of wood, with\\na glass front and sides, a little more than a foot square, according to\\nthe size of the glasses used. The front is supported by a pillar at\\neach corner on the inside of the back of the lantern is fastened a tin\\nor glass reflector. The three glazed sides consist of two panes, slid-\\ning in grooves, made in the top and bottom boards, and meeting in\\nthe middle at an angle of about 120\u00c2\u00b0, instead of one pane, as in com-\\nmon lanterns. These panes can be slipped in and out, so as to leave\\na space open between them, larger or smaller as may be desired. A\\nlamp is placed in the centre of the bottom, protected from insects and\\nwind by a common glass chimney, which protrudes through a hole in\\nthe top. All the bottom of the box inside of the glass having been\\npreviously cut away, excepting a circular place on which to put the\\nlamp, it is then deposited on a vessel or barrel covered with cloth,\\nhaving an aperture cut in it corresponding with the bottom of the\\nbox, and the vessel beneath, containing molasses, or some other ad-\\nhesive substance. Tbe insects which may be flying about will be\\nimmediately attracted by the light, and approach the angle of the\\npanes until they shall have entered the aperture, when, once within,\\n5", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "66 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nand not being able to fly out again, they will come in contact with\\nthe heated glass chimney, and thus be precipitated into the vessel\\nbeneath, in which they will perish.\\nAnother plan, which it is hoped may, upon experiment, be found\\napplicable to the enemies of the cotton-plant, has lately been reported\\nas having proved efficient as a means of destroying the tobacco-worm,\\nin Florida. This worm is the larva of a large moth commonly known\\nby the name of the tobacco-fly, (Sphynx Carolina,) which is in\\nthe habit of feeding upon the nectar, or honey, contained in flowers,\\nover which it may often be seen in the evening, poised in the air in a\\nmanner similar to that of the humming bird, making a buzzing noise\\nwith its wings, and busily employed in extracting the sweets by means\\nof its long trunk.\\nAs it had been previously observed that these moths are particu-\\nlarly fond of the Jamestown weed, {Datura stramonium, a plan\\nadopted in Florida as an effectual means of destroying them, and\\nwhich it is said has succeeded to a considerable extent, has been com-\\nmunicated to this Office by Mr. Jesse Wood, of Mount Pleasant, in\\nthat State, who says:\\nAbout five years ago, Mr. Igdaliah Wood, of this vicinity, en-\\ndeavored to poison the fly that produces the horn- worm, by applying\\na preparation of cobalt and sweetened water to the flower of the\\ntobacco-plant. He found some difficulty in consequence of the cup\\nof this flower not being in a favorable position to retain the poison.\\nMr. George Sunday next tried the bloom of the gourd-vine with bet-\\nter success. Mr. E. Johnson afterwards used the Jamestown weed,\\nwhich answered the expectation of the most sanguine. The prepara-\\ntion consists of about a pint of water, a gill of molasses or honey, and\\nan ounce of cobalt. After inserting a quill through the cork of the\\nbottle, he let fall a few drops of this mixture into the cup of the flower\\nabout sunset. As this poison will soon kill the stalk of the James-\\ntown weed, the best plan is to break off the blossoms, make a hole in\\nthe ground, and place them in it. It is thought that the flies find\\nthem quicker than when left upon the stalks. It is certain to destroy\\nthe moths, although they frequently live until ten o clock the next\\nday, notwithstanding they are disabled from flying or depositing their\\neggs soon after taking the poison.\\nI consider this discovery of immense value to tobacco planters,\\nand, if it or any similar method should lead to the destruction of the\\ncotton caterpillar and boll-worm, which is highly probable would be\\nthe case, it will be of incalculable benefit.\\nFrom this statement, it will be seen that, if such a plan is really\\nof utility when applied to the cotton-fly, there can be no reason why\\nit should not answer also in regions where honey-bees are not kept,\\nfor all such insects as are attracted by sweet substances and it is to\\nbe hoped that experiments will be made the ensuing season, and re-\\nported for the public good. The thing to be chiefly desired now is,\\nto find out the favorite food of the particular kind of insect to be\\ndestroyed then to discover and use some efficient poison for the\\naccomplishment of the purpose. If, however, birds should perish", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "rNSEcrs. 67\\nfrom feeding upon these poisoned insects, it will somewhat militate\\nagainst the advantages of the plan.\\nSeveral experiments were made in Florida by the writer, on the\\nutility of using arsenic, cobalt, and strychnine, as means of destroying\\ninsects, some few of which succeeded, while many failed. In several\\ninstances, the insects would not touch the mixture at all.\\nHoney or sugar and rum, when rubbed on the bark of trees, will\\nattract and intoxicate several species of insects, and might sometimes\\nbe advantageously used. Many planters in the Southern States re-\\ncommend the berries of the China-tree, or Pride of China, (Mdia\\nazederach,) to be put around cabbage-plauts, in order to prevent the\\nattack of the cut-worm and, as it is already known that these berries\\nhave an intoxicating effect upon the robins which eat so freely of\\nthem, they may have the same narcotic properties when applied to\\ninsects. It is at least worth while to make the experiment. Whale-\\noil soap, mixed with water, in proper proportions, thrown upon plants\\ninfested with plant-lice (aphides) is almost certain to destroy them.\\nFlour of sulphur is stated to be useful when applied to grape-vines,\\n\u00c2\u00a9r any other plants which are infested with the red spider or are\\nattacked by a fungoid growth. A mixture of a gallon of water, a\\ngallon of whiskey or other spirit, and four ounces of aloes, was highly\\nrecommended in Florida as a certain remedy against the attacks of\\nthe orange scale insects but, with some who have tried it, although\\nall the insects appeared to be destroyed, in a few weeks they\\nreappeared, showing that the wash would have to be continually\\nrepeated until all the eggs under the scales had hatched and the\\nyounger broods were killed. Perhaps the same mixture might be\\nsuccessfully used for several other kinds of insects.\\nBut, while so many artificial modes are recommended to accomplish\\nthe destruction of insects, planters are very apt to overlook the great\\ndaily benefits derived from other agents which have been kindly pro-\\nvided by Nature to check their undue increase. These agents are the\\nbirds, which constantly destroy them in any of their varied forms,\\nlarva, pupa or perfect insect. Mocking-birds and bee-martins catch\\nand destroy the boll-worm moth, and many others, even on the wing,\\nwhen the latter first appear upon the plantations, and thus materially\\ndiminish their numbers. If the fields are ploughed in the fall, many\\ninsects and chrysalides, which would otherwise come out in safety in\\nthe spring, are turned to the top of the furrow-slice, and either fall a\\nprey to the ever-busy birds, or perish from exposure to the wintry\\nfrosts.\\nThe nimble and graceful lizards of the South also act beneficially\\nto the planter, as they are constantly on the alert, and catching every\\ninsect that chances to alight in their way. Toads, also, do much\\ngood, as they wander principally during the morning and evening\\nhours, as-well as in cloudy weather, and entrap insects by means of\\ntheir viscid tongues. Such benefactors as these should be preserved,\\nand not injured or killed as they often are. One pair of wrens 01\\nblue-birds, in a Northern garden, or of mocking-birds, on a Southern\\nplantation, will accomplish more m uestroying mspcts injurious to\\nvegetation than can be imagined by one who has not studied their", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nhabits, or watched them with attention, when busily engaged in\\nsearching under every leaf, or in every fissure of the bark, for their\\ninsect prey.\\nINSECTS FOUND UPON THE STALK.\\nTHE CUT-WORM.\\nI have not been able this year (1855) to procure specimens of the\\nworms which cut off the young plants early in the season, (PI.\\nVI., fig. 1,) as I arrived in the region of cotton-fields after their\\nravages had ceased; but, from the authority of able and scientific\\nplanters, I am induced to believe that they are very similar in habits\\nand appearance to many of the cut-worms of the gardens, which\\npenetrate the earth close to a plant, and at night emerge from\\ntheir retreats to gnaw it off at or near the ground.\\nA gentleman in Florida, who had been troubled with this pest, in-\\nformed me that a particular spot of four or five acres in his field bad\\nbeen literally thronging with cut-worms, so that most of the plants\\nwere either eaten off or destroyed, and that, finally, fearing the loss\\nof his whole crop, he turned into the enclosure some twenty or thirty\\nyoung pigs, which soon discovered the worms, rooted them up in\\ngreat numbers, and fattened on the unaccustomed diet. The cotton\\nwas not injured, as the pigs were too young to root deep enough to\\ndestroy the plants. The pigs remained where the worms were to be\\nfound, never troubling any other portions of the field, and their strong\\npowers of scent enabled them to detect their insect prey even when\\nburied in the earth.\\nShould the moths of this cut-worm be like those of their congeners of\\nthe North, and attracted by light, it might be well to use a lantern\\nlike that already described, or to ascertain the favorite substance upon\\nwhich they feed, and poison them, as suggested in the case of the to-\\nbacco-fly.\\nINSECTS FOUND ON THE LEAF\\nTHE COTTON-LOUSE.\\n(Aphis\\nWhen the cotton-plant is very young and tender, it is particularly\\nsubject to the attacks of the cotton-louse, (PI. VI. fig. 2,) which,\\nby means of its piercer, penetrates the outer coating, or parenchyma\\nof the leaf or tender shoots, and sucks the sap from the wound. The\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ander part of the leaves or young shoots are the places mostly selected,\\nand the constant punctures and consequent drainage of sap enfeebles", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 69\\nthe plant and causes the leaf to curl up, turn yellew, and subsequently\\nfall to the ground. The young lice are extremely minute, and of a\\ngreenish color but when they become older, they are about a tenth\\nof an inch in length, and often dark green but, in some instances\\nthey are almost black. It is conjectured that the color somewhat\\ndepends upon the health of the plant as well as that of the insect, or\\nperhaps, upon their food, as I have seen green and black lice promis-\\ncuously feeding upon the same plant. The female produces her young\\nalive throughout the summer, when she may often be seen surrounded\\nby her numerous progeny, sucking the juice from the leaves and still\\nproducing young. Some naturalists state that the females, late in the\\nfall, produce eggs for the generation of the next spring. If so, it i\\nin order to preserve the sj)ecies, as the insects themselves are easily\\nkilled by frost and cold; and their increase would be incalculable\\nwere it not that Nature has provided many enemies among the insect,\\ntribes to prevent their too rapid multiplication. Both males and\\nfemales are said to possess wings at certain seasons but the females\\nand young in summer appear to be wingless. Tiie end of the abdo-\\nmen of both sexes is provided with two slender tubes, rising like horns\\nfrom the back, from which often exudes the honey-dew, or sweet\\ngummy substance, seen sticking to the upper sides of the leaves be-\\nneath them, and which forms the favorite food of myriads of ants.\\nAlthough young plants are mostly attacked, yet I have seen old\\nstands in Georgia, with their young shoots, completely covered\\nwith this pest as late as November.\\nThe principal insects that destroy the aphides are the lady-bird, the\\nlace-fly and the syrphus, all of which wage incessant war upon them,\\nand devour all they can find. Another fly, the ichneumon, likewise\\nlays an egg in the body of the louse, which, hatching into a grub,\\ndevours the inside of the still living insect until it eventually dies,\\nclinging to the leaf even in death, and the fly makes its appearance\\nfrom the old skin of the aphis.\\nWhen old cotton-plants are suffering from the attacks of the louse,\\nmany planters cause their tops to be cut off and burned, and by so\\ndoing partially succeed in destroying them yet, when we consider\\nthat, by this method, many young blossoms and forms must like-\\nwise be destroyed, it must be confessed that the remedy is almost as\\nbad as the disease. In a garden or green-house, a solution of whale-\\noil soap, from a syringe, showered upon the upper and under parts of\\nthe foliage, has been used with much advantage yet, upon the ex-\\ntended scale of a cotton plantation, such a remedy is altogether im-\\npracticable, and, until we can collect further information upon this\\nubject from intelligent planters, we must rest content with the in-\\ntinct of our insect allies.\\nGRASSHOPPERS.\\n(Locusta\\nGrasshoppers, or, more properly speaking, locusts, occasionally\\ndo much damage to young cotton-plants, as they not only feed upon", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "70 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthe tender leaves but have been caught in the very act of devouring\\nthe petals of the flowers in the fields of Georgia, as late as the month\\nof November but, as at this time the gra*s on which they usually feed\\nabounds between the rows, the damage done by them to the general\\ncrop is but slight.\\nSeveral species of grasshoppers, or locusts, infest old cotton and\\ngrass-fields, some of them being of large size and possessing great\\npowers of flight. (PI. VI. fig. 3.) It may, however, be observed,\\nthat the true locust is not the insect generally known by that name\\nin the United States, which is in reality a harvest-fly, (cicada,)\\nusually inhabiting trees, where it makes an incessant buzzing noise\\nwhich may be heard at a great distance during the summer and\\nautumnal evenings. The shape of the harvest-fly is much clumsier\\nand broader than that of the real locust, and the under wings are not\\nfolded up like a fan, under a wing-case, but transparent, stiff, and\\nveined.\\nThe real locust is similar to the grasshopper in shape, but the body\\nis more robust, the antennas shorter, and its flight much longer and\\nmore vigorous. Its under-wings, also, when at rest, are folded up in\\nfan-like plaits under the outer wing-covers. Grasshoppers and locusts\\nare produced from eggs as perfect insects, with legs and antenna?.\\nThey are able to run about and leap with great agility, but are en-\\ntirely destitute of the rudiments of wings, except in the pupa state.\\nIt is only the perfect insects which are able to perpetuate their kind.\\nThey are generally furnished with ample wings which enable them\\nto fly from field to field. Grasshoppers and locusts do much harm,\\nwhen very numerous, to grass and vegetables, and even to fruit-trees,\\nas well as to cotton. Turkeys, ducks, and other fowls feed upon them\\nwith great avidity, and are very useful in diminishing their numbers.\\nIn some of the Northern States, they have been destroyed by means\\nof sheets spread upon poles, so as to sweep them into a bag fastened\\nbehind, which is drawn over the fields infested by them they are\\nthen killed by means of boiling water or fire.\\nTHE LEAF-HOPPER.\\n(Tettigoniaf)\\nThe leaves of the cotton-plant are often injured by the leaf-hopper.\\n(PI. VI. fig. 4.) This small insect is found upon the plant in the\\nlarva, pupa and perfect state. In all these forms, it sucks the sap\\nfrom the leaf, causing small diseased and whitish-looking spots, much\\ndisfiguring the foliage, and injuring the plant itself, when the insects\\nare very numerous. They are also found in great numbers on grape-\\nvines, in Florida, and injure the foliage to a considerable degree.\\nThe perfect insects are very small, measuring only from one-tenth\\nto three-twentieths of an inch in length. The head is somewhat cres-\\ncent-shaped, of a green color, with two red spots on the upper surface.\\nThe thorax is also green, with two crescent-shaped spots of red on\\neach side of a small red spot in the centre. The wing-cases are green,\\nwith two stripes or bands of red, running parallel down each wing-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 71\\ncase, from the thorax to the upper margin, where they form an acute\\nangle. The legs are yellowish-green, the hinder pair being much\\nlonger than the others, and furnished with bristles on the tibia. In\\nthe larva state, they are able to leap with great agility but it is only\\nin the perfect state that they are able to fly, the under-wings being\\nhidden by the wing-cases, and not perfectly developed in the larva3 or\\npupae. There are several species of these insects found upon cotton,\\nwhich it will not be necessary here to describe, as their natural his-\\ntory and habits are nearly the same.\\nIn using the lantern already described, it was found that thousands\\nof these small insects were attracted from some grape-vines in an ad-\\njoining field. The use of fires or lights may therefore be recom-\\nmended to destroy them, when they become very numerous, although,\\nas regards the cotton, they are not often found on it in numbers suf-\\nficient to do much harm.\\nTHE COTTON CATERPILLAR.\\n(Noctua zylina.)\\nThe leaves of the plant are sometimes entirely devoured by what is\\ncommonly known to planters as the cotton caterpillar, or cotton\\narnry-worin. (PI. VI. fig. 5.) It does not appear every year in\\nimmense numbers, but at uncertain intervals. This season, (1855,)\\nit. first made its appearance in the vicinity of Tallahassee about\\nthe month of August, on the plantation of Mr. Hunter, and then\\nspread gradually through the rest of the plantations in that re-\\ngion. In October, it had already committed considerable ravages\\nin several of the cotton-fields, not so severe, however, as had been\\nanticipated, though the crops on several plantations were somewhat\\ninjured.\\nThe perfect- insect, or fly, when at rest, is of a triangular shape, the\\nhead forming one, and the extremities of the wings the other two\\nangles. The color of the upper-wings is reddish-grey, a dark spot\\nwith a whitish centre appearing in the middle of each. The under-\\nwings are of a dark reddish-grey. The moth of this caterpillar loses\\nmuch of its greyish cast when it becomes older, and the down\\nlias been rubbed from the wings. It then assumes more of a reddish\\ntinge.\\nThe perfect flies, or moths, are easily attracted by lights, and may\\nbe found resting in the day-time on the walls or ceilings of rooms,\\nattracted there, no doubt, by the candles or lamps on the evening be-\\nfore. If undisturbed, they will remain motionless during the day;\\nbut, as night approaches, they fly off with much vigor and strength.\\nWhen in the open air, they may be found among and under the leaves\\nof the cotton-plant, as well as those of the weeds which surround the\\nplantation. The eggs are deposited principally on the under sides of\\nthe leaves, but often upon the outer calyx and I have even found\\nthem, when very numerous, upon the stem itself.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "72 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nWherever these caterpillars were very abundant, I counted from\\nten to fifteen eggs on a single leaf, which are very small, and difficult\\nto be distinguished from the leaves themselves, on account of their\\ngreen color. In shape, the eggs are round and flat, and, when exam-\\nined under a microscope, they appear regularly furrowed or ribbed.\\nTheir color, when freshly deposited, is of a beautiful semi-transparent\\nsea-green. They are closely attached to the leaf on which they are\\nlaid. I am thus particular to state this, because, in an able article\\npublished some time ago, it was alleged that the egg is fixed upon\\nthe leaf by a small filament attached by a glutinous substance.\\nThis mistake might the more easily be made by any person who had\\nnot himself observed the eggs when hatching, as that of the lace-wing\\nfly is held by such a filament, and, moreover, is found in similar\\nsituations on the leaves, but generally with or near a colony of plant\\nlice, where the instinct of the parent lace-wing fly teaches it to de-\\nposit its eggs, and thus provide for a supply of fresh food for the young\\nlarvas, which feed upon and destroy millions of the cotton-lice. There\\nis a great difference also between the eggs of the caterpillar moth and\\nthose of the boll-worm moth, the first being, as before stated, round\\nand flattened in shape, and green in color, whereas those of the boll-\\nworm moth are not flat, but more of an ovoid shape, and of a dirty-yel-\\nlowish tinge. I cannot state exactly what time is required to hatch the\\neggs after they have been laid by the parent fly, as I could not succeed\\nin procuring any from the moths hatched and kept in confinement,\\nalthough carefully preserved for the purpose. Dr. Capers says that\\nit requires from fourteen to twenty days but the eggs I found in the\\nfields invariably hatched within a week from the time they were\\nbrought into the house. However, this must depend a great deal\\nupon the state of the atmosphere and the warmth of the season. The\\nyoung caterpillars, when hatched, very soon commence feeding upon\\nthe parenchyma, or soft, fleshy part of the leaves, and continue to do\\nso until they become sufficiently large, and strong enough to eat the\\nleaf itself. They are able to suspend themselves by a silken thread\\nwhen shaken from the plant. They change their skins several times\\nbefore attaining their full growth, when they measure from one and a\\nhalf to nearly two inches in length. The first brood of caterpillars, in\\nAugust and September, were all of a green color, with narrow, longi-\\ntudinal, light stripes along each side of their bodies, and two broader\\nlight-yellowish stripes along each side of their backs, down the centre\\nof each of which was one distinct, narrow, light-colored line. Each\\nof the broader bands was marked with two black spots on each seg-\\nment and on each segment of the sides were three or more dark dots.\\nThe head was yellowish-green, spotted with black. The caterpillars\\nof the second and third generations are of a much darker color than\\nthose of the first; their under parts are more of a yellowish-green,\\nand their sides sometimes of a purple cast their backs are black, with\\nthree distinct light-colored lines running down their length and\\ntheir heads are also darker, and of a yellowish-brown, spotted with\\nblack.\\nThe question naturally arises, What causes this change of color in\\nthe latter part of the season, since the moths hatched from the lightest", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 73\\nand darkest caterpillars prove to be exactly the same? Several plant-\\ners attribute it to the influence of the sun, or to the food upon which\\nthey subsist but this can scarcely be the case, as I have often ob-\\nserved individual caterpillars, evidently of the second or third gener-\\nation, of the lightest green color, amongst a crowd of the black worms\\non the same leaf, as late as October, and exposed to the same influ-\\nences of the sun.\\nThese insects appear to multiply to the greatest extent in damp,\\ncloudy weather. When the older caterpillars are suddenly touched,\\nthey have the habit of doubling themselves up and springing to a\\ndistance of several times their length, but when undisturbed, and not\\nfeeding, they appear to rest on the leaf with the fore part of the body\\nelevated and somewhat curved, whereas, sometimes they keep up a spe-\\ncies of swinging or jerking motion from side to side, as if enjoying the\\nheat of the sun.\\nThis caterpillar is furnished with six pectoral, eight ventral, and two\\nanal feet, of which, however, the two anterior ventral ones are imper-\\nfect, small, and apparently useless, so that its mode of progression\\nsomewhat resembles that of the span-worm, or looper, of the North,\\nelsewhere described.\\nIn fifteen or twenty days after the caterpillar has attained its full\\nsize, it ceases to feed. It then doubles down the edge of a leaf, and\\nfastens it with its own silk to the main part of the same leaf, or by\\nwebbing several leaves together, forming thereby a very loosely-spun\\ncocoon. In this, it transforms into a chrysalis, which, at first is\\ngreen, but in a short time after changes to a chestnut-brown, or even\\nto almost black.\\nThe first brood I raised, were fifteen days in the chrysalis state, be-\\nfore making their appearance as perfect moths but, as this happened in\\na cold room and screened from the sun, I am of the opinion that, when\\nthey are exposed to a warm sun, in the open fields, the time must\\nnecessarily be much shorter. I raised one caterpillar late in the fall,\\nwhich was even thirty days before emerging from its cocoon but this\\nI attributed entirely to the cold weather, and non-exposure to the sunl\\nThis fact would tend to show that the hatching of the chrysalis may\\nbe delayed, by peculiar circumstances, until long after the natural\\ntime.\\nThe tail of the chrysalis is furnished with several small hooks, bent\\ninward, by means of which it is enabled to hold fast to the loose web\\nof which the cocoon is formed, while emerging from the chrysalis\\nskin, or, in case of accident, to prevent it from falling out of the co-\\ncoon during the prevalence of strong winds.\\nThere have been many speculations regarding the origin and peri-\\nodical visits of this moth. In 1843, Mr. Whitemarsh B. Seabrook\\nread a Memoir on the Cotton-plant before the State Agricultural\\nSociety in South Carolina, in which he says: That the cotton-moth\\nsurvives the winter is nearly certain an examination of the neigh-\\nboring woods, especially after a mild winter, has been often success-\\nfully made for that purpose. They were seen by the writer in May\\nlast, in the edge of a belt of pines, within a few yards of a cotton-\\nfield. In the winter of 1825, Benjamin Keynolds, of St. John s, Colle-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "74 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nton, found them in the woods, principally on the cedar-hush, encased\\nalive in their cover, impervious to water, and secured to a twig hy a\\nthread. The pupae, wrapped in cotton leaves, from their hleak ex-\\nposure, invariably die on the approach of cold weather.\\nFrom what was stated to me by some of the best planters in Flori-\\nda, last summer, it would seem that this caterpillar appears on their\\nplantations more or less, almost, if not every year, and sometimes in\\na most unaccountable manner. Mr. E. Eichards, of Cedar Keys,\\nfurnishes a statement which would seem to prove that it is migratory\\nin its habits, as there is no other method of accounting for its sudden\\npresence, except that, having previously existed on some other plant,\\nor weed, it had left it for food more congenial to its taste, although\\nit has been asserted that the real caterpillar will eat nothing but\\ncotton. He says The last of July, 1845, these caterpillars mado\\ntheir appearance in a small field of three or four acres of Sea-Island\\ncotton, planted on Way Key, as an experiment to see if cotton could\\nbe advantageously cultivated on the Keys, no other cotton having\\nbeen previously planted within 80 miles of them but the whole crop\\nwas devoured. The caterpillar was at the same time destroying the\\ncotton in the interior of the country.\\nJc a statement made this season by Mr. William Munroe, of Gads-\\ndei* county, Florida, to the Agricultural Department of the Patent\\nOffice, he appears to think Sea-Island cotton not so liable to be\\nattacked as the short-staple, when the two varieties are planted to-\\ngether. In his letter he says: I observed, when I had two fields of\\ncotton adjoining, the one short-staple and the other Sea-Island, and\\nthe cotton caterpillars made their appearance, that they always\\ndestroyed the short-staple cotton first. Four years ago, my crop was\\ndestroyed by the worm, and at that time they ate every green leaf on\\nthe short-staple cotton before they attacked the Sea-Island. This\\nyear (1855) my short-staple crop was destroyed by the worm, on the\\nAppalachicola river, and I observed that after the short-staple crop\\nwas all eaten, several Sea-Island stalks in the field, at a little dis-\\ntance, seemed to be uninjured but, upon close examination, it was\\nfound that the worm had just commenced upon them. My impres-\\nsion, from the above observation is, that, if we in this country were\\nto confine ourselves to the production of the Sea-Island cotton, the\\nattack of the caterpillar would be much less frequent, or would\\nprobably altogether cease.\\nIn regard to the periodical visitations of these caterpillars, Dr.\\nCapers remarks that their first appearance, as destroyers of cotton, was\\nin the year 1800, and that, in 1804, the crops were almost destroyed\\nby them. A snow-storm occurred, however, and swept them away\\nbut they were found the succeeding seasons, though in smaller num-\\nbers. In 1825, they were spreading, but perished again by a storm.\\nIn 1826, they destroyed the crops. The first notice of them in this\\nyear was on the first of August, at St. Helena. Soon after, they were\\nfound on all the seacoast, from New Orleans to North Carolina. On\\nthe 23d of tke same month, they had destroyed almost all the cotton\\nleaves, but suddenly left the plant, though not for the purpose of\\nwebbing, as many of them were young. The cause of their sudden", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 75\\ndisappearance is stated to have been that they were too much exposed\\nto the powerful effects of the sun, in consequence of the plants being\\nnearly destitute of foliage, and not protecting them from its direct\\nrays.\\nColonel Benjamin F. Whitner, of Tallahassee, has also written an\\ninteresting article on the depredations of this caterpillar in that\\nvicinity. In 1835, says he, the crops were entirely exempt\\nfrom the ravages of the caterpillar. In 1836, it appeared by the\\nfirst of October, but did no harm. In 1837, no mention is made\\nof it. These notes were made in Madison county, Florida.\\nColonel Whitner then moved to Leon county, in the same State,\\nwhere, in 1838, the caterpillar appeared early in August. The second\\nbrood stripped the plants by the 20th of September, and were so\\nnumerous that, after devouring the entire foliage, they barked the\\nlimbs and stalks, and ate out bolls nearly grown. In 1839, they were\\nless numerous, and appeared late. In 1840, they came out from the\\n15th to the 20th of July, and, by the 6th of September, the plants\\nwere stripped of their leaves and young bolls, so that the entire crop\\nwas less than half of the average of other years. In 1841, this cater-\\npillar was seen in Madison county from the 15th to the 20th of Au-\\ngust, and in Leon county between the 20th of August and the 1st of\\nSeptember. The loss was serious, comprising probably one-fifth of\\nthe crop. In 1842, no damage was done. In 1843, they appeared\\nnear Tallahassee on the 1st of August, and plantations were stripped\\nby the 15th of September. The crop was cut off from one-third to\\ntwo-fifths by the caterpillar and storm. In 1844, the cotton-worm\\nwas found webbed up on the 13th of July, and by the 15th of Sep-\\ntember some plantations were entirely denuded yet, in other parts of\\nthe county, the ravages were only partial. In 1845, there was no\\nappearance of the caterpillar. In 1846, it was found webbed up by\\nthe 7th of July. The second brood began to web up on the 26th of\\nthat month and by the 20th, the parts of the field in which the worm\\nwas first seen were found to be eaten out, and the fly, the worms, laro-e\\nand small, and the chrysalides, were discovered at the same time, a\\nstate of things never observed before. By the 5th of September, the\\ndamage amounted to a loss of more than one-half of the crop. In\\n1847, although the fly was seen on the 16th of July, no injury was\\ndone to the crop. In 1848, it was but slightly injured but the year\\n1849 was particularly marked by the ravages of the caterpillar, as\\nwell as that of 1852.\\nColonel Whitner further observes that these worms appear in suc-\\ncessive broods, and accomplish the cycle of their transformations in\\nfrom twenty-six to thirty days, which has also been corroborated by\\nothers.\\nA caterpillar hatched from the egg, under my own inspection, how-\\never, passed twenty days before webbing up but, as it had been kept\\nin confinement in a cold room, most probably the growth was not so\\nrapid as it would have been in the open air and exposed to the warmth\\nof the sun. The skin was shed five times during the period of its\\ngrowth, and on the twentieth day, the caterpillar began its web.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "76 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nIn a very interesting communication from Mr. E. N. Fuller, of\\nEdisto Island, South Carolina, he describes the depredations of the\\ncaterpillar in his neighborhood as follows\\nIn 1840, I discovered their ravages, confined to the luxuriant por-\\ntions of the fields, near the seacoast of this Island. The larvas were\\ndestroyed in the latter part of September. In 1843, they were first\\nheard of by the 1st of September, when their ravages, limited as in\\n1840, were quite perceptible at some distance. A frost on the 18th of\\nthat month probably destroyed them. In 1846, they appeared on the\\n20th of July and, by the 10th of September, I suppose there was\\nscarcely a cotton leaf or any tender portion of the plants remaining,\\nand the worms not fully grown deserted the ravaged fields in millions\\nin search of food, failing to find which they died from starvation. The\\ncrop of this Island was about 40 per cent, of an average one. In\\n1849, the caterpillars made their first appearance on the 22d of Au-\\ngust their ravages this year, being confined to the low spots, caused\\nno injury of moment. In 1852, they were found on the 10th of Au-\\ngust, about 40 miles to the southward, and on this Island about the\\n20th of the same month. They disappeared here, however, without\\ndoing injury.\\nThus they have appeared at regular intervals of three years. In\\n1855, when they were again looked for, an intense drought from the\\nearly part of July was sufficient to prevent their increase, had they\\nmade their appearance. The old planters say that, in 1804 and in\\n1825, they appeared as in 1846 that is, in periods of twenty-one\\nyears.\\nAs near as I can judge, not having made any record, the length\\nof time from the hatching of the egg to the chrysalis is twelve days\\nremaining four days in tins chrysalis state and six days more to the\\nhatching of the egg. This seems to be the case in a season of mois-\\nture and heat, without which, their progress would probably be more\\nslow.\\nAmong the many remedies recommended for this fty, or moth, fires\\nand lights in the fields have been highly spoken of as attracting\\nand destroying the miller. But even this may have its disadvantages,\\nas Colonel Whitner, who has tried it, states that it not only\\nattracts the flies from other plantations, but that multitudes of moths\\nperished in the flames. An article likewise appeared in some of the\\nSouthern papers, not long since, recommending white cotton flags,\\nabout a yard square, to be placed in the field, by which the moths\\nare attracted, and upon which they deposit their eggs. Plates similar\\nto those recommended for the boll-worni have also been used with\\npartial success. But, to destroy this pest, it will be necessary to as-\\ncertain exactly the date of the appearance of the first moths, and then\\nto exterminate them in the best manner, and as quickly as possible.\\nCould not some favorite aliment be found on which the moth prefers\\nto feed, as in the case of the tobacco-fly, and then poison them with\\nsome effective agent This would at once rid the fields of the first\\nbroods of moths, the progeny of which, in the second and third gene-\\nrations, might devastate half the fertile plantations of the South.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 77\\nTHE GRASS CATERPILLAR.\\nAnother insect, (PL VI. fig. 6,) which is often found in cotton-\\nfields, and mistaken for the real cotton-caterpillar, is commonly\\nknown by the trivial name of the grass-worm/ or caterpillar,\\nowing to the circumstance of its most natural food consisting of grass\\nand weeds, although, when pressed by hunger, it will sometimes eat\\nthe leaf of the cotton-plant.\\nThese caterpillars were very numerous in the vicinity of Colum-\\nbus, in Georgia, about the end of September and the beginning\\nof October, 1854. They devoured grass, young grain, and al-\\nmost every green thing which came in their path. Instances have\\nbeen known in which, urged as they were by necessity and starvation,\\nthey actually devoured stacks of fodder that were stored away for\\nwinter consumption. Deep ditches cut in the earth to stop them\\nwere immediately filled up by the multitudes which fell in and per-\\nished, while eager millions still rushed over the trembling and half-\\nliving bridge, formed by the bodies of their late companions, bent on\\ntheir mission \u00c2\u00abof destruction and devastation.\\nThese caterpillars do no essential injury to the cotton, especially\\nwhen weeds abound, as they content themselves with the grass grow-\\ning between the rows; and, unless very numerous, they cannot be\\nclassed among those doing much harm to the general crop, and are\\nmentioned here principally as having been so frequently mistaken for\\nthe real cotton-caterpillar. When pressed by necessity, however, as\\nhas already been stated, they will feed upon cotton leaves. I raised\\nabout thirty of them upon this food alone, merely as an experiment,\\nand they grew and perfected their transformations, although appear-\\ning to prefer a grass diet if it could be obtained. When about to\\nchange, they formed cocoons of silk under stones or in the ground\\nnear the surface, interwoven with particles of earth, and came out\\nperfect moths from the 24th to the 30th of October and, as these\\nspecimens were kept in a room without artificial heat, I conjectured\\nthat those in the open fields would appear about the same time*\\nAt a plantation in the vicinity of Columbus, where the cater-\\npillars were very numerous, and had already devoured all the grass\\non one side of a field, which was divided into two equal parts by\\na broad and sandy carriage-road passing through the centre of it,\\nthe grass on the other side having been untouched, it was interest-\\ning to observe the operations of numerous colonies of ants that had\\nformed their holes or nests in the road, and were lying in wait for\\nany unfortunate grass-worm, the natural desire of which for a fresh\\nsupply of food, should tempt it to cross this dangerous path. First,\\none ant more vigilant than the rest would rush to the attack then\\nanother, and another, until the poor caterpillar, entirely covered by\\nits pigmy foes, and completely exhausted in strength by its unavail-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "78 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ning efforts to escape, was finally obliged to succumb to superior num-\\nbers and die as quietly as possible, when the carcass was immediately\\ncarried off by the captors to their nests, or, when too heavy to be\\ndragged awa} r at once, they fed upon it as it lay in the road. This\\nwarfare was carried on every day as long as the grass-worms prevailed,\\nand no doubt their numbers were diminished in this way to a con-\\nsiderable extent.\\nThe grass-caterpillars, when in confinement, very often kill and\\ndevour each other and, when one is maimed in the least, it stands\\na very poor chance for its life. Several intelligent planters state that,\\nwhen the grass and weeds are entirely devoured, and no other\\nvegetable food is to be found, they will attack each other and feed\\nupon the still living and writhing bodies of their former companions.\\nOne grass-caterpillar, which was kept in confinement, although fur-\\nnished with an abundance of green food, actually appeared to prefer\\nto feed upon other caterpillars, no matter of what kind, so long as\\ntheir bodies were not defended by long, bristling hairs, or spines.\\nThe grass-caterpillar is from an inch and a half to an inch and\\nthree-quarters in length. A longitudinal light-brownish line runs\\ndown the centre, and two yellow lines along each side of the back,\\nwhich is somewhat veined with black lines, and is of a dark color,\\nmarked with black spots, from each of which grows a short bristle,\\nor hair. Below these yellow stripes, the sides are of a dark color,\\nalmost black; beneath this, extends a light-colored line, in which the\\nspiracles are placed; the lower part of the body is of a dirty green,\\nspotted with black; the head is black, marked with two lines of a\\nyellowish color, forming an angle on the top the body is somewhat\\nhairy. This caterpillar has six pectoral, eight ventral, and two anal\\nfeet.\\nThe above description applies only to the brightest-colored speci-\\nmens of the grass-worm, as they vary much in color and markings,\\nsome of them being almost black, and showing indiscriminately their\\nstripes. The chrysalis is brownish-black, and is formed in a cocoon of\\nsilk under the ground, the sand and small pebbles being so inter-\\nwoven with it as to cause the whole cocoon to appear like an ovoid ball\\nof earth but it is never found webbed up in the leaves, as is the case\\nwith the true cotton-caterpillar, already described. The moth\\nmeasures about an inch and one-fifth across the wings when they are\\nexpanded; the upper-wings are grey, slightly clouded with a darker\\ncolor, and a lighter spot or ring is faintly seen in the centre the\\nunder-wings are of a yellowish-white, shaded with grey along the\\nmargin near the upper wings.\\nSpecimens of these caterpillars were brought to me when at Sa-\\nvannah, in Georgia, and they were suspected to have injured the rice\\nin that vicinity in the month of June. Colonel Whitner, of Talla-\\nhassee, in his interesting communication to this Office, speaks of the\\ngrass-caterpillar as having stripped fields of grass, in 1845, and also\\nas attacking the corn, sugar-cane and upland rice. It has likewise\\nbeen said that an insect similar, if not identical with the grass-cater-\\npillar, destroys the leaves of the sweet potato. Thus it appears to be\\nalmost omnivorous, and not choice in its selection of food, like the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 79\\ntrue cotton-caterpillar, which is believed to confine itself to the cotton-\\nplant alone.\\nThe grass-worm cannot be classed among those insects very inju-\\nrious to cotton, although instances have been known where it has\\ndestroyed the foliage to some extent. It is more especially mentioned\\nhere as being found in cotton-fields, and often confounded with the\\ntrue cotton-caterpillar. The difference, however, is more plainly\\ndescribed under the head of the latter.\\nThe same remedies are applicable to this insect as have been sug-\\ngested for the boll-worm caterpillar, or any other night-flying moth.\\nTHE RED SPIDER.\\n(Acarus\\nMuch injury is done to the cotton-leaf by a minute red spider,\\n(PI. VI. fig. 7,) which presents very much the appearance of inci-\\npient rust, except that the leaf is of a more rusty-brown in spots,\\ninstead of the bright-yellow of the real rust. This red spider prin-\\ncipally attacks the under side of the leaf, the spots caused by its\\npunctures turning brown, and finally increasing until it is completely\\nstung all over, and falls from the plant.\\nThis insect is extremely minute, and when on the leaf, it can\\nscarcely be discerned by the naked eye. Some of the young appear\\nto be of a greenish cast; but, when they are advanced in age, the\\nabdomen assumes a dark crimson shade, with darker maroon spots\\nupon its upper surface. The legs, which are hairy, are eight in\\nnumber.\\nThis family of the mites (acari) do much injury to vegetable life,\\nas they are so extremely minute as to escape the notice of the super-\\nficial observer. When they infest grape-houses, or rose-bushes,\\nit has been recommended to dust the leaves while moist with flour of\\nsulphur.\\nTHE DROP OR HANG-WORM.\\n((Eceticus?)\\nThe drop-worm, as it is commonly called, (PI. VI. fig. 8,)\\nis occasionally found upon the cotton-leaf, but generally infests the\\narbor-vitre, larch, and hemlock-spruce. It is also found upon many\\nof the deciduous-leaved trees, such as the linden, negundo, and\\nmaple. Dr. Harris states that the female worm never quits her case\\nbut lays her eggs in the skin oLthe chrysalis, in which she herself\\nalso remains until the eggs are ail deposited, when she closes the end\\nwith down, and crawls out of the case and dies. These eggs being\\nhatched, the young worms, after they are hatched, make little silken\\ncocoons, open at both ends, and are covered Avith fragments of leaves\\ntwigs, c, in which they conceal themselves, and drag them about\\nwherever they move. These cases are enlarged as the insects increase\\nin size, and are still carried about by the worms^ When they change", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "80 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ntheir places, they protrude their heads, the first three segments of the\\nbody, and six legs, from one end of the case but, when the insects\\nwish to rest, each case is fastened by a few threads to the leaf or\\nbranch, and they retreat within. When shaken from the tree by\\nan accident or by high winds, the worms are able to suspend them-\\nselves by means of small threads, and hang in the air hence the\\nname. When young, they are often blown from tree to tree, and\\nthus carried to a considerable distance from the place where they\\nwere hatched.\\nThe males and their cases are much smaller than those of the fe-\\nmales, the worm being only about an inch in length. The first three\\nsegments of the body are whitish, marked with black lines and spots;\\nthe segments where they join are brownish the head is marked with\\nwavy lines of black on a white ground; the rest of the body is of a\\ndirty, blackish-green. It has six pectoral feet, by means of which it\\nmoves from leaf to leaf, with its body and case, the latter either per-\\npendicularly suspended in the air or dragged by the worm from be-\\nhind. There are eight very small ventral, and two anal feet, by\\nmeans of which it clings to the inside of the case. The chrysalis\\nmeasures about three-quarters of an inch in length, and contains the\\nrudiments of wings, legs, head, and antennas, like other moths, and is\\nof a dark-brown. The perfect moth comes out in autumn, and mea-\\nsures across the expanded wings about an inch and three-twentieths\\nIts body is downy, and of a blackish-brown the wings are semi-\\ntransparent, and scantily clothed with blackish scales, which are\\nblackest on the margins and veins; the antennas are covered at their\\ntips, and are doubly feathered from the base to beyond the middle.\\nThe female is much larger than the male, and never leaves her case,\\nbut changes into the perfect insect in the shell of the chrysalis, and\\nonly emerges from it when the eggs are laid within. The young,\\nafter leaving their maternal case, in the spring, immediately com-\\nmence their cases, and spread over the native tree or any others that\\nmay happen to stand near.\\nThese insects are a great nuisance wherever they once get estab-\\nlished, as they are exceedingly prolific. One female chrysalis case,\\nwhich was dissected, contained seven hundred and ninety eggs, while\\nothers have been found to contain nearly a thousand.\\nThese pests are very rarely seen on the .;otton-plant, and even\\nwhen such is the case, they may have been blown there from the ce-\\ndars, maples, or other deciduous-leaved trees in the woods on the\\nedges of the plantations. They are the more particularly mentioned\\nhere, from the fact that, if taken in time, they may easily be exter-\\nminated on deciduous-leaved shade-trees for, as I have before stated,\\nthe female cases contain all the eg\u00c2\u00a7||, which may be seen in winter,\\nhanging on the branches when the leaves have fallen, and even are\\nlarge enough to be distinguished when on evergreens. Tt would\\ntherefore require but little trouble to pull them off in the autumn and\\nwinter, and burn them, so that neither males nor females should\\nescape. If this course were pursued two or three years in succession,\\nthere would not be so many complaints in our cities about the drop-\\nworms destroying the foliage of the trees.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 81\\nCHE CORN EMPEROR-MOTH.\\n(Saturnia io.)\\nThe foliage of the cotton-plant is also eaten by the caterpillar of a\\nlarge moth, denoted on PI. VI. rig. 9. This spiny and stinging\\ncaterpillar is often found upon the leaf of cotton in September it feeds\\nlikewise upon the blades of Indian corn, and the leaves of the willow,\\nbalsam-poplar, dogwood, and many other trees. Whenever one of\\nthem is found in a field, the plants attacked by it may be easily dis-\\ntinguished by their leafless appearance in the midst of the otherwise\\ngreen and flourishing vegetation, as it rarely quits a plant before it is\\ncompletely denuded. Often, however, those which have lost their\\nleaves from the rust present much the same blighted appearance\\nbut, in this case, the numerous yellow, withered leaves, which are\\nscattered on the ground, at once indicate the disease.\\nThe thorny spines with which these caterpillars are armed have a\\npeculiarly poisonous property, and are capable of inflicting painful and\\nsevere wounds, similar to the sting of a wasp. It is therefore neces-\\nsary, if the insects require to be touched, to use a stick or branch,\\nwhen removing them from the plants on which they feed.\\nThese caterpillars cannot be classed among those very injurious to\\ncotton, as they do not appear to be sufficiently numerous to effect much\\ndamage. Very few complaints have been made about them by the\\nplanters either of Georgia or South Carolina but this year, (1855,)\\nthe same caterpillar was found very abundant in the cotton-fields near\\nTallahassee, but the damage done by them was trifling.\\nMr. Newman, of Philadelphia, who has paid much attention to the\\nbreeding of caterpillars, states that this insect is found on the willow.\\nDr. Harris says, they are also found upon the balsam-poplar and elm\\nin Massachusetts; and, according to Smith and Abbot, in their In-\\nsects of Georgia, it is found on the dogwood, sassafras, and Indian\\ncorn, which are devoured by them.\\nThis caterpillar is from two inches and a quarter to two inches and\\nthree-quarters in length but, as Dr. Harris has minutely described\\nthem, I will quote his own words:\\nThe caterpillars are of a pea-green color, with a broad, brown\\nstripe, edged below with white, on each side of the body, beginning\\non the fourth segment and ending at the tail. They are covered with\\nspreading clusters of green prickles, tipped with black, and of a uni-\\nform length. Each of these clusters consists of about thirty prickles\\nbranching from a common centre, and there are six clusters on each\\nof the rings, except the last two, on which there are only five, and on\\nthe first four rings, on each of which there is an additional cluster\\nlow down on each side. The feet are brown, and there is a triangular\\nbrown spot on the under-side of each ring, beginning at the fourth.\\nThe brown stripe mentioned by Dr. Harris is often of a reddish-brown,\\nand, in high-colored and healthy individuals, I have seen it almost\\nof a carmine red.\\nThe caterpillars are gregarious when young but, when older, they\\nare solitary. When fully grown, they form a brownish cocoon of W\\n6", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "82 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ngummy substance among the leaves, resembling parchment. The per-\\nfect moth comes out the following spring. It is said that there are\\ntwo broods of these insects in a season, in the Southern States but I\\nhave not observed the caterpillars on cotton later than. September.\\nThe chrysalis is brown, and of a short, thick form, with a number\\nof hooked bristles on the tail.\\nThe following is Dr. Harris description of the moths: They sit\\nwith their wings closed and covering the body like a low roof, the front\\nedge of the under-wings extending a little beyond that of the upper-\\nwings and curving upwards. The sexes differ both in color and size\\nthe male, which is the smallest, is of a deepror Indian-yellow color\\non its fore-wings there are two oblique, wavy lines towards the hind\\nmargin, a zigzag line near the base, and several spots so arranged\\non the middle as to form the letter^ a h, all of a purplish-red color.\\nThe hind-wings are broadly bordered with purplish-red, next to the\\nbody, and near the hinder margin there is a narrow curved band of the\\nsame color. Within this band, there is a curved, black line, and on\\nthe middle of the wing a large, round, blue spot, having a broad,\\nblack border and a central white dash. The fore-wings of the female\\nare of a purplish-brown, mingled with grey; the zigzag and wavy\\nlines across them are also grey, and the lettered space in the middle\\nis replaced by a brown spot surrounded by an irregular grey line.\\nThe hind-wings resemble those of the male in color and markings\\nthe thorax and legs are purplish-brown, and the abdomen is ochrey\\nyellow, with a narrow, purplish-red band on the edge of each wing.\\nThese moths^ expand from two inches and three-quarters to three\\ninches and a half.\\nThe only method that can be taken to destroy these insects would\\nbe to kill the moths when and wherever found, and to strike the cater-\\npillars from the plants and then crush them under foot. Although they\\ncannot properly be classed among the insects very injurious to cotton,\\nnot being sufficiently numerous to do much harm, yet, if left undis-\\nturbed, they may so increase as to become a nuisance to the planter\\nbath of cotton and corn.\\nTHE COTTON TORTRIX.\\n{Tortrix f)\\nWhen the margins of the leaf of the cotton-plant are found rolled\\nup and fastened to the main part by means of a loose web of silk, it is\\noften discovered to be the work of the small tortrix, (PL VII fig.\\n1 which makes this shady retreat in order to shelter itself from the\\nsun and rain, as likewise for a place of concealment from birds and\\nother enemies. Sometimes, however, these leaves are similarly rolled\\n.up by a spider, ,as a suitable nest or receptacle for its eggs but, when\\nthis is the case, the inside will be found to contain a silken bag in\\nwhich the eggs either have been or are about to be deposited.\\nWhen disturbed, this caterpillar always retires into its place of\\ni shelter, and, if forcibly driven out, it is able to retreat backward from\\nthe open end, and to suspend itself in the air by a thread, which issues", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 83\\nfrom its month, having previously fastened the other end of this thread\\nto the leaf from which it had fallen. The leaves attacked by this moth\\ncan he distinguished from those that are perfect, hy their rolled-up\\nand distorted appearance and either this insect, or one very similar\\nin habits and appearance, sometimes attacks the young and tender\\nends of the cotton-shoots, which are often seen webbed up into a mass\\nand partially eaten out.\\nThe caterpillar, when full grown, is about an inch in length, of a\\nbright-green color, with a brownish or black head, and has a helmet-\\nfchaped black mark on the first segment of the body. It has six pec-\\ntoral, eight ventral, and two anal feet the two anterior pair of pec-\\ntoral ones being dark-colored.\\nThe chrysalis measures from three-fifths to seven-tenths of an inch\\nin length, is of a brown color, somewhat spiny, and furnished with\\nfour hooks at the end of the tail, by which it is enabled to hold fast to\\nits web. The chrysalides were formed in semi-transparent cocoons of\\nloose silk among the leaves and in about fourteen days, the perfect\\nmoths came out. The moth at rest has a somewhat bell-shaped ap-\\npearance, the upper-wings suddenly becoming quite broad a short\\ndistance from the thorax. They are of a chestnut-brown color, with\\nan oblique dark-brown band forming an obtuse angle near the mid-\\ndle and, on the inner margin of each wing, a rather more indistinct\\nband runs near the body. The tips are also banded with dark-brown.\\nThe under wings are yellow, with a blackish-colored mark on their\\nmargins and sides, while the under-side is yellow and more or less\\nshaded.\\nI should judge, from the small numbers of these caterpillars, that\\nthey do comparatively little, if any injury to the main crop, and no\\ndoubt the moths would be attracted by lights or fires placed in the\\nfield at night, as recommended for the moth of the cotton-caterpillar.\\nThe same plan would also serve to diminish their numbers, should\\nthey ever increase.\\nTHE YELLOW CATERPILLAR.\\nThere is a yellow, hairy caterpillar found on the cotton-plant in\\nSeptember and October, which devours the leaf. The specimens ob-\\nserved in South Carolina and Georgia appeared to be of solitary\\nhabits, not congregating together, like the cotton-caterpillar and\\ngrass-worm, but feeding alone on the plant.\\nThe young of these insects are of a much lighter color than those\\nnearer maturity. The ground color of the old caterpillar is yellow,\\nprofusely specked and shaded with small black dots a yellow longi-\\ntudinal line runs along the side below the spiracles on each segment\\nof the body, rise numerous small yellowish-brown excrescences, or\\nwarts, from which issue tufts of long brownish-black hairs. The\\nhead is black, with a yellow stripe running down the middle. It has\\nsix pectoral, eight ventral, and two anal feet. The cocoons are ovoid\\nin shape, formed on or near the surface of the ground, and constructed\\nof silk intermingled with gravel, particles of soil, and the hairs from\\ntheir own bodies. These caterpillars are reputed to be capable of", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "84 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nstinging but, as I repeatedly handled them with impunity, their\\npoison, if any, cannot he very powerful.\\nThe chrysalides, which are dark-brown, approaching to black,\\nappeared about the end of September, and were quite short and thick.\\nI cannot describe the perfect moth, as, unfortunately, the chrysalides\\ndid not live to perfect their last transformation. These caterpillars,\\nalthough described as infesting cotton, cannot be classed amongst those\\nvery injurious, as they did not appear in numbers sufficient to injure\\nthe general crop.\\nThere is a red, hairy caterpillar of like characteristics, that some-\\ntimes eats the cotton-leaf, but which it is unnecessary to describe here.\\nTHE COTTON ARCTIA\\n(Arctiaf)\\nA species of arctia (PL VII. fig. 2 was also found in Talla-\\nhassee, in the month of July, upon the cotton-plant but, most proba-\\nbly, the parent moth had wandered away from its more natural food,\\nas the identical kind of caterpillar was found at .the same time upon\\nthe brambles by the roadside near that place. The plant attacked,\\nhowever, was in the middle of the field, and not near any brambles\\nnor weeds, on which the eggs might have been laid. The bare -stem\\nand branches of the cotton were covered with the unsightly web,\\nand all but a few straggling caterpillars had disappeared, having\\nprobably webbed up preparatory to the final change.\\nThe full-grown caterpillar is from an inch and one-tenth to an\\ninch and three-tenths in length the back, dark-colored, and covered\\nwith tufts of long, blackish-grey hairs the sides are of a pale-greenish\\ncolor, with a line between the black and green distinctly marked;\\nthe six pectoral feet and head are black, and the eight ventral and\\ntwo anal ones are green.\\nThe chrysalides were formed on the 24th of July, in cocoons or\\nLoose webs, intermingled with its own hair, and spun under the\\nloose leaves. They were nearly half an inch in length, short and\\nthick in form, and brown in color. The moths came out in about\\ntwelve or fourteen days.\\nThe wings of the male measure, when expanded, from nine-tenths\\nef an inch to an inch across, and are white, with one or two black\\ndots near the centre of the upper pair the eyes are black the an-\\ntennas feathered, and the two fore-legs of an orange color.\\nThe female is much larger than the male, measuring about an inch\\nand one-fifth across the expanded wings. She is very similar to\\nthe male in color, but has no black spot on the upper-wing; nor\\nare the antennas feathered as in the male.\\nI consider, from the circumstances under which the nest, or web,\\nof caterpillars was found, that it was accident alone which caused\\ntheir presence on the cotton, as I have never seen them before nor\\nsince, in any number, among the plants. Therefore, they may be\\nclassed among those insects which cause little or no harm to the\\ngeneral crop.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 85\\nThese moths are similar to the Arctia textor, of Harris, but appear\\nto differ from them in the spots on the upper-wings of the male, and\\nin some o.ther slight particulars. The habit of webbing up the limbs\\nis also the same.\\nINSECTS FOUND ON THE TERMINAL SHOOTS.\\nThe insects attacking the terminal shoots of the cotton-plant are\\nat present very little known but when their habits shall have been\\nmore thoroughly investigated, there is no doubt that they will be\\nfound to be much more destructive than is generally supposed.\\nNo practical planter can have passed through his cotton-fields,\\nwithout frequently observing that the terminal leaves of many of the\\nplants have been webbed up and eaten out, or that many of the\\nyoung blossoms have suddenly turned brown, or flared open, and,\\non the slightest touch, fall to the ground. Some of this damage\\nmay no doubt be caused by excessive moisture, or heat, or by an\\nunhealthy state of the plant itself. But if the ends of all the shoots\\nbe closely examined, it will generally be found that several minute\\ninsects lie hidden between the folds of the leaves and buds, probably\\nfeeding upon the tender foliage, er extracting the sap. The aphis,\\nor cotton-louse, is often found in such places.\\nTHE PEA-GREEN CATERPILLAR.\\nIn the cotton-fields near Tallahassee, many of the tender leaves\\nand young blossoms of vigorous and healthy plants were observed\\nto be webbed together in a mass. Upon- opening one of them, a\\nsmall caterpillar, (PI. VII. fig. 3,) between three-fifths and seven-\\ntenths of an inch in length, was discovered feeding upon the interior.\\nThis caterpillar is of a pea-green color, with a dark longitudinal\\nstripe running down the middle of the back, and a row of two dark\\nspots with white centres to each on every segment of the body, except\\nthe first, running parallel on each side of the dark stripe. The head\\nis black the first segment of the same color, with a dividing line of\\nwhite between it and the head, and another light division between\\nthis and the second segment. The pectoral feet are black, and the\\nbody sparingly clothed with short bristles, or hairs.\\nThis caterpillar, for the most part, lives and feeds in the terminal\\nshoots but I have found it webbed up between the outer calyx and\\nboll of the cotton, or in the calyx of the flower.\\nThe chrysalis, which is of a light-brown color, is about two-fifths\\nof an inch in length, and is formed in the same webbed-up terminal\\nshoot which served the caterpillar as a shelter. It shed the cater-\\npillar-skin about the 27th of September, and the perfect moth came\\nout in about ten days.\\nThe moth, when expanded, measures from three-fifths to seven-\\ntenths of an inch across the wings the body and thorax are of a", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "86 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nbrown color; the upper-wings light-brown, with a band of darker\\nbrown, running obliquely across them near the centre (one specimen\\nhad two dark oblique lines on the upper-wing) a dark triangular\\nmark occurs on the upper side of the wiDg; between the margin and\\nband, and the margin itself is of a dark-brown the under-wings are\\nyellowish-brown; the underside of the wings is brown, marked\\ncrosswise by darker lines, giving it somewhat a marbled appearance\\nand the antennas are threadlike. The distinguishing feature of this\\nsmall moth is the very long and dark-colored palpi, which are some-\\nwhat curved upwards, and project from the front of the head like a\\ntrunk.\\nThe damage done by these small insects is not so apparent at first\\nas that caused by those of a larger size, such as the boll-worm and\\nothers yet, no doubt, many of the buds and leaves on the terminal\\nshoots are destroyed by them. These webbed-up leaves, however,\\nmust not be confounded with the webs made by numerous small\\nspiders, which also select such places for their abodes, and no doubt\\ndo good by destroying many young caterpillars and moths.\\nYoung cotton-buds are frequently observed at the end of the ter-\\nminal shoots, turning brown, and eventually dropping off. This has\\nbeen attributed to the agency of the young larvaa of the bore-worm,\\nor boll-worm, which certainly are sometimes found in the terminal\\nshoots of cotton but, when this is the case, the buds are generally\\neither eaten from the outer calyx, or the bud itself perforated and the\\nformer flaring open; whereas, the buds, which turn black, as before\\ndescribed, are closely enveloped in the outer calyx, and present a\\ntriangular form with a dry and dark-brown appearance.\\nTHE COTTON LYGJEUS.\\n(Lygceus?)\\nUpon close examination, a number of extremely minute larvae,\\n(PL VII. fig. 4,) measuring a little over one-twentieth of an inch in\\nlength, were found in the injured shoots. The insects, when confined\\nin a bottle with some young terminal cotton-shoots and buds, to\\nascertain if they really injured the plant, were observed immediately\\nto attack each other with great animosity and, in a short time, one\\nof the strongest larvae killed and sucked out the juices from three of\\nits companions, and also from a cotton-louse which had been placed\\nin the glass. The same insect, however, was afterwards plainly seen\\non several occasions, to suck sap from the terminal shoot and young\\nbuds; and as there were no more insects for it to feed upon, it must\\nnecessarily have perfected its growth and transformations afterwards\\non vegetable juices alone. Almost every terminal shoot which was\\ndiseased had in it one or more of these minute larvae or perfect insects.\\nThe pupae are of a reddish-brown, about one-twentieth of an inch\\nin length, with eyes of a reddish-brown color. The perfect insect is\\nrather more than one-twentieth of an inch in length, also with reddish-\\nbrown eyes, yellowish antenna?, and a head and thorax black the\\ntriangular space between the wings is black the wings are brown-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 87\\nish-yellow, barred in the centre with two triangular black marks\\nthe ends of wings diamond-shaped, of a light color; the upper part of\\nthe thigh is black; and the rest of the leg yellowish.\\nThis insect is more especially mentioned here in order to draw\\nattention to the various tribes which attack the terminal shoots of\\ncotton, as at present very little appears to be known about them, and\\nimmense numbers of young buds dry up and fall in the manner men-\\ntioned above, unobserved from their minute size. Many of them are\\nno doubt cast in consequence of atmospheric and various other causes\\nbut, as this small insect has been observed sucking the juices from\\nthe plant, it may be found that several others do the same thing in\\ndifferent localities. The young boll-worm is, no doubt, found in\\nthese shoots but I very much doubt whether the fallen blackened\\nbuds are owing to injuries received from it, as will be seen in the\\narticle on that worm. It is true, the young boll-worm causes many\\nimmature forms to drop, but in such cases the bud attacked generally\\nshows where the injury has been done, by a small puncture.\\nAs several of the reduvii or cimicidas, have the power of stinging\\nman and animals in a very severe manner, with their probosces, or\\npiercers, may they not in some measure possess the same .power over\\nvegetable life? The question is merely asked to lead to further\\nenquiries on the subject.\\nSAP-SUCKERS.\\nAnother insect, (PL VII. fig. 6,) found in the young shoots and\\nnewly-formed bolls, the color of which is green the eyes reddish\\nbrown the legs green, with the thighs red the antennas are four-\\njointed, and also green, with red at the end of each joint. The pupa\\nis about a quarter of an inch, and the perfect insect is seven-twentieths\\nof an inch in length the antennas are brown and green, the eye\u00c2\u00bb\\nbrown the thorax somewhat triangular the anterior part green,\\nand shaded with reddish-brown, posteriorly the legs, brown and\\ngreen the wing-cases with a cross, shaped like the letter x, forming\\nfour triangles, those nearer the thorax being reddish-brown the side\\ntriangles are green.\\nI observed these insects, when confined under glass, sucking the\\nsap from the buds and young bolls, their only food. The young\\neventually completed their transformations into perfect insects. They\\nwere observed, moreover, to eject large drops of green sap from their\\nabdomens, which could only have been procured from the buds them-\\nselves. As it has been already seen that these insects puncture the\\nbolls and extract the juices therefrom, the question arises whether\\nthey do any material injury, either by this extraction of the sap, or\\nby a poisonous sting, like some of the reduvii.\\nThere is likewise another of the same species of insect, (PL\\nVII. fig. 6?) which was found perforating the young flower-buds and\\nbolls of the cotton, similar to the above. The head and anterior por-\\ntion of the thorax are reddish-brown, the remainder of the thorax\\nyellow, with a double dark mark in the middle^ the wing-cases are\\nbrownish-black, with two longitudinal yellow lines from the upper", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "88 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\noutside corner of the wing-cases to the posterior edge, forming a\\ndividing mark somewhat shaped like the letter x.\\nTHE CENTRINUS PERSCILLUS.\\n(Denoted by PL VII. fig. *I about three-twentieths of an inch in\\nength, of a greyish color, with a rather long, curved rostrum, or hill,\\nvas found in the terminal shoots, as well as in the blossom but I\\ncould not perceive that in any way it injured the plant. I have also\\nseen very young boll-worms in the terminal shoots, but, upon exami-\\nnation, I have generally found the egg deposited upon the outer calyx\\nof a young bud or boll, the parenchyma, or tender succulent substance,\\nof which, was mostly eaten, and the young bud pierced or its contents\\nsucked or eaten out.\\nINSECTS FOUND ON THE FLOWER.\\nThe flower of the short-staple cotton is of a yellowish-white color\\nthe first day of its blooming it then gradually assumes a pinkish\\ntinge towards its outer edge the second day, it partially closes, turns\\npink, and presents such an entirely different appearance that it can\\nscarcely be recognised as the same flower.\\nThere are several insects which infest this flower, or bloom, as\\nit is frequently termed, some for the sake of the nectar, or honey\\nothers for the pollen and a few for the corolla itself.\\nTHE BLISTER-FLY.\\n(Caniharis strigosa.)\\nSeveral blister-flies, or cantharides, found in Columbia, South Caro-\\nlina, were seen to devour the petals of the cotton-flower. One of these\\ninsects is a little more than half an inch in length, (PI. VII. fig.\\n8,) of a reddish-brown color, with the eyes and a spot on the head\\nblack. Two long black marks are seen on the thorax, and two longi-\\ntudinal stripes, also black, on each wing-case the legs and antennae\\naa-e black and the abdomen protrudes somewhat beyond the wing-\\ncases. Some of them are smaller than others, measuring not quite\\nhalf an inch in length, and are of a rusty ash-grey white; others are\\nof the same color, but with two broad, longitudinal black stripes on\\nthe elytraa. The two last mentioned vary so much in the distinctness\\nof their stripes, some of them being the medium between the perfectly\\ngrey and the striped, that it is somewhat difficult to determine\\nwhether they are the same insect or not. The under-wings are\\nclouded, and nearly black.\\nThese insects, although they eat holes in the petals, do but little,\\nif any damage to the crop yet, together with the chauliognathus.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "INSECTS 89\\nbees, and wasps, may, perhaps, be beneficial, as serving to fecundate\\nmany plants by carrying the pollen from flower to flower. n\\nTHE COTTON-CHAULIOGNATHUS.\\n(Chauliognathus 2 enns y^ van cus\\nThis insect (PI. VII. fig. 9) does not appear to attack the petals\\nin the same manner as the cantharides, just described, but contents\\nitself with the pollen or nectar, which is found in the flower, where\\nft may be often seen so much occupied in feeding as scarcely to take\\nany notice of the approach of mankind. It is so plentiful near Colum-\\nbia, in South Carolina, that four or six may be taken from one bloom\\nalone. When issuing from the flower, they sometimes appear to be\\nso abundantly powdered with pollen as to be perfectly yellow, and no\\ndoubt serve in some measure beneficially, as a medium for transport-\\ning the pollen and fertilising other blooms.\\nThis insect is not quite three-quarters of an inch in length its\\nhead, eyes, and antennae are black its thorax, orange, with a large,\\ndark spot in the centre its wing-cases are orange-yellow, with a\\nblack, longitudinal, broad stripe running down each, near the inner\\nmargin, leaving a narrow inner and broad outer margin of yellow\\norange. This black stripe grows broader towards the abdomen, leav-\\ning a narrow stripe, also of yellow, at the end of the elytra?. Its legs\\nare black.\\nTHE YELLOW-MARGINED-WINGED CHAULIOGNATHUS.\\n{Chauliognathus marginatus.)\\nA small species of chauliognathus is found in Florida, (PI. VII.\\nfig. 10) where it appears to take the place of the last mentioned insect,\\nhaving the same habits, and occuring in the same places. It is nearly\\nhalf an inch in length the head is orange-yellow, with a black mark\\nbelow the eyes, which are also black the thorax is yellow, with a\\nlongitudinal black mark down the centre the wing-cases are black,\\nedged around the outer and inner margins, and the end with orange-\\nyellow the lower part of the thighs is also orange-yellow the\\nupper part and rest of legs and antenna? are black.\\nThis insect frequents the flowers of the cotton, but, as yet, I have\\nnever discovered it doing any injury.\\nTHE DELTA-THORAXED TRICHIUS.\\n(Trichius delta.)\\nA small beetle, which is a little more than two-fifths of an inch in\\nlength, (PL VII. fig. 11,) is also found in cotton-blooms, and some-\\ntimes on the bolls. The head is black, including several white marks\\nthe thorax is also black, bordered with yellow, containing a singular\\ntriangle of yellow lines, the lower end of which appears as if broken", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "90 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\noff; the wing-cases are reddish -brown, with two oblique black spots\\non the upper, and two longitudinal black ones enclosing a yellowish\\nmark on their lower parts the abdomen protrudes the twentieth part\\nof an inch beyond the wing-cases, and is of a yellowish color the\\nfore-legs are spiny and of a brown color the hind-legs are very long,\\nbrown, the ends of the tibiee and tarsi black.\\nFrom what has been seen of the habits of this insect, and its com-\\nparative scarcity, I should not regard it as injurious to the crop, and\\ntherefore, I would class it amongst those insects frequenting the cot-\\nton but not injurious to it.\\nTWELVE-SPOTTED GALEREUCA.\\n{Galereuca duodecimpunctata.)\\nA small leaf-beetle (PI. VIII. fig. 1) is often found in the young\\nflowers of the cotton, where it gnaws holes in the petals. This insect\\nis about three-tenths of an inch in length the head is black the\\nthorax orange-green the wing-cases greenish-yellow, with six black\\nspots on each the upper part of the thighs is green, and the rest\\nof the leg dark-colored, or nearly black.\\nAmong the remedies suggested for destroying the striped cucumber-\\nbeetle, (Galereuca vittaia,) Dr. B. S. Barton, of Pennsylvania, recom-\\nmends sprinkling the vines with a mixture of red pepper and to-\\nbacco. Ground plaster and charcoal dust have also been recom-\\nmended, as well as watering the vines with a solution of an ounce of\\nglauber salts in a quart of common water, or tobacco water. An\\ninfusion of hops, elder, or walnut leaves is said to be very useful as,\\nlikewise, sifting powdered soot upon the plants when they are wet\\nwith the morning dew. Others have advised sulphur and Scotch\\nsnuff to be applied in the same way.\\nDr. Barton likewise states that, as these insects fly by night, as\\nwell as by day, and are attracted by lights, burning splinters of pine\\nknots, or of staves of tar-barrels, stuck in the ground during the\\nnight, around the plants, have been found useful in destroying these\\nbeetles. Similar remedies might possibly apply to the twelve-spotted,\\ngalereuca.\\nAs these insects are not sufficiently numerous to do any harm to\\nthe cotton-crop, these remedies are merely mentioned as applying to\\nthe cucumber-beetle, or any other pests of the garden or fields, of\\nsimilar habits.\\nSPAN-WORMS, OR LOOPERS\\n(Geometr ce?)\\nAmong the numerous insects which injure the flowers of the cotton-\\nplant may be found several caterpillars, many of which are of the\\nkind termed loopers, or span-worms, from their peculiar mode\\nof locomotion.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 91\\nNear Columbus, in Georgia, I found a species of caterpillar, (PI.\\nVIII. fig 2,) which were quite numerous, about an inch and a half\\nin length, and of a bright-green color, eating the petals of the\\ncotton-flower, from the 12th of October to the 29th of November.\\nThey had six pectoral, four ventral, and two anal feet, and were\\nobliged to loop their bodies when progressing from place to place,\\nafter the manner of the so-called span-worms, or loopers. Their\\nbodies were green, and slightly hairy. The chrysalides were seven-\\ntenths of an inch in length, and of a green color. The moth, with.\\nwings extended, measures about an inch and three-tenths, is of a\\nshaded or clouded blackish-brown, with a metallic, gold-colored semi-\\ncircle near the centre of each upper-wing a round spot of the same\\ncolor also lies close to it, but nearer the margin the under-wings\\nand body are of the same blackish-brown. When at rest, the upper-\\nwings come together like the roof of a house; a tuft of hair projects\\nfrom the upper part of the thorax, and a smaller tuft is found near\\nor between the junction of the wings, which appear to curve up\\ntowards the outer margin.\\nANOTHER CATERPILLAR\\nIs of the same habits, size, f^rm, and color, except that it has a white\\nlongitudinal line running down each side. The chrysalis, however,\\nis of a dark-brown color, whereas, that of the preceding is always\\ngreen, with dark-brown markings only on the thorax and back.\\nThe moth also is similar in shape and color so much so, indeed, as to\\nwarrant a belief that they may be different sexes of the same species.\\nMr. Peabody, of Columbus, states that this caterpillar was very\\ndestructive to the leaves of turnips, in 1854. Several, which were\\nplaced in confinement, were attacked by a singular and fatal disease.\\nHowever healthy they appeared at first, they gradually assumed a\\nlighter color, ceased feeding, became swollen, and, suspending them-\\nselves by the hind feet to any projecting twig, very soon disd and be-\\ncame putrid and black.\\nThese caterpillars were quite plentiful in the vicinity of Columbus,\\nbut were not found in Florida the following year. They cannot be\\nclassed among insects very injurious, as they were not sufficiently\\nnumerous to harm the cotton.\\nTHE SMALL COTTON SPAN-WORM.\\nA very small looper-caterpillar, or span-worm, (PI. VIII. fig. 3,)\\nabout seven-tenths of an inch in length, of a brown or greenish\\ncolor, with five yellow and black markings or bands on the middle\\nsegments, and of about the thickness of a knitting-needle, was very\\nnumerous on the blossoms of cotton in Georgia during the month of\\nOctober.\\nThese caterpillars, having six pectoral, with only two ventral, and\\ntwo anal feet their mode of progression is by alternately stretching\\nout and contracting the body in the form of an arch. They are thus\\nenabled to advance nearly half their length every stride, or step,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "92 AGRICULTUKAL REPORT.\\nand, from this circumstance, derive their common name of span-\\nworm, or looper.\\nThe favorite food of these insects appeared to consist of the petals.\\nIn some places, they were very numerous, as many as four having\\nbeen taken from one bloom alone. In color, they varied much from\\ngreen to brown but both were similarly banded with another color.\\nThe chrysalides were fixed by the tail to the leaves with a glutinous\\nmatter or silk, and measured about seven-twentieths of an inch in length\\nwere of a brownish-green color, and remarkable for having the upper\\npart of the thorax somewhat square, flat, and furnished with two\\nminute protuberances, or spines, over the head and eyes. When dis-\\nturbed, they instantly drop from the leaves, and suspend themselves\\nin mid-air, by means of a thread, which issues from the mouth and\\nalthough exceedingly abundant in one part of the field, yet they\\nwere scarcely to be found out of that particular spot.\\nAs these insects are very small, and eat holes in the petals of the\\nflowers alone they cannot injuriously affect the general crop.\\nTHE LARGER SPAN-WORM.\\nAnother span-worm, or caterpillar, (PI. VIII. fig. 4,) appears in\\nthe Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, early in October, and feeds upon\\nthe petals of the cotton-flower. It measures, when fully grown,\\nfrom an inch and a half to an inch and three-fourths in length the\\ncolor is reddish-brown, marked with faint, longitudinal darker stripes\\nthe head is somewhat angular, and divided at the top; there is a\\nlight spot on each side, about the middle of the body, and two short\\nexcrescences, or warts, on the extremity. In several specimens, there\\nare white spots running down each side of the back. The chrysalis\\nis a little more than half an inch in length, and is of a brownish\\ncolor. The moth measures an inch and three-tenths across the\\nexpanded wings, which are of a light, clouded-grey color, with an\\nirregular, dark, oblique line running across the upper-wing, and two\\nothers, not quite so distinct, nearer the body. There is also a dark,\\noblique line, and another fainter one, crossing the under-wing; the\\nmargins are scalloped with a darker color; the antennas of the spe-\\ncimen figured are feathered.\\nThis caterpillar feeds upon the petals of the cotton-flower, and,\\nwhen disturbed, assumes a stiff, erect attitude, in which it might\\neasily be mistaken by men or birds, for a dried twig or stick. When\\nabout to change, in October, it descends into the earth, becomes a\\nbrownish chrysalis, and in about fourteen days the moth appears.\\nThe caterpillars are not very numerous, and therefore can do but\\nlittle harm to the general crop.\\nAnother span-worm, somewhat similar to the above in shape and\\ncolor, is very numerous in cotton-fields, but feeds upon the bind-weed\\nflower, (convolvulus,) and does not disturb cotton.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 93\\nINSECTS FOUND UPON THE BOLL\\nDuring the time that cotton is maturing its seed-vessels, there are\\nseveral insects of the plant-bug species found both upon the\\nyoung and the old bolls; but whether these insects have anything\\nto do in producing the rot, is a question which cannot be easily\\nanswered before further information shall have been collected upon\\nthe subject. I will here simply give the results of some experiments\\nmade by me this season (1855) to determine whether any of these\\ninsects do or do not suck the sap from the bolls. In the month ot\\nOctober, several plant-bugs were caught, and placed singly in glass\\nbottles, containing young and middle-sized bolls, and all of those\\nhereafter described were observed with their piercers penetrating the\\nbolls, and busily engaged sucking out the sap.\\nTHE GREEN PLANT-BUG.\\n(Pentatoma\\nThis insect is about seven-tenths of an inch in length, rather broad,\\nand of a bright-green color the head is furnished with two ocelli on\\nthe upper part; the eyes are brown, and the scutellum, or triangular\\nplace between the wing-covers, is very large and also of a green color\\nthe upper part of the body, which is flattened, is margined with an\\nedge of yellow, and has a black spot on the yellow edge of each seg-\\nment. The piercer, which is long and jointed, when not in use, is\\nrecurved under the thorax the antennas are five-jointed.\\nAn insect was described by Mr. Bailey, of Monticello, in Florida,\\n(PL VIII. fig. 5,) as being very numerous in his cotton-fields and\\nhis overseer informed me that he had seen it in the very act of pierc-\\ning a boll, which he afterwards cut open and found that the puncture\\nhad penetrated through the outer shell, or case of the boll, to the\\nootton, and that the mark where the piercer had penetrated was dis-\\ncolored. Those I had in confinement certainly were frequently seen\\nwith their trunks inserted into bolls, and sucking the sap.\\nThe larva is very similar to the perfect insect in shape and color,\\nbut smaller in size, and is not furnished with wings. The pupa pos-\\nsesses rudiments of wings, only, and it is the perfect insect alone which,\\nby means of a pair of under-wings, concealed beneath the wing-cases,\\nis able to fly about and propagate its kind.\\nTHE GREY PLANT-BUG.\\n(Pentatoma\\nThe spotted plant-bug (PL VIII. fig. 6) is very much of the same\\nshape as that last described, but is not so broad. It is grey, and\\nmarked with black dots and lines it is also smaller than the former,\\nbeing only three-fifths of an inch in length the outer margin of the\\nthorax is somewhat pointed or angular the scutellum, broad and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "94 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ntriangular and the wings, when closed, terminate with a black, dia-\\nmond-shaped mark, where they overlap there are two ocelli the\\nantennas are five-jointed and the appearance of the insect is flat,\\nbroad and similar to the so-called squash-bug of the North. This\\ninsect was often seen with its piercer inserted into a boll, extracting\\nthe sap, which was ejected from the abdomen as a bright, greenish\\nliquid.\\nThese insects were found plentifully on the cotton in Georgia, in\\n1854, and in Florida, in 1855.\\nTHE RED-ED GED-WINGED REDUTIUS.\\n(Reduvius f)\\nA species of reduvius (PI. VIII. fig. 7) was found in abundance\\nin t t ie cotton-fields of Florida, in 1855. The female measures a little\\nmore than three-fifths of an inch in length, and the male about half\\nan inch. The head is of a greyish-black the eyes prominent, black\\nand brilliant the antennas are four-jointed the thorax is triangular,\\nwith the angle towards the head, truncated, black, with an edging\\nof red the wing-cases are reddish, spotted with black, and edged\\nwith red, with their ends, where they overlap, black the legs are\\nblack from half way up the thighs, where they are red the under-\\nwings are clouded with black veins. It so closely resembles the cele-\\nbrated red-bug of Eastern Florida that it has probably been\\nmistaken for it by many planters, who have stated that the true red-\\nbug is often found in Middle and Western Florida, where none are to\\nbe found, though I searched diligently for them.\\nThese insects, when confined in glasses, were not observed to feed\\nupon the sap of the bolls, although it probably does some injury, like\\nthe much dreaded red-bug alluded to above.\\nTHE L I G H T -BANDED-WINGED ANTSOSCELIS.\\n(Anisoscelis f)\\nA species of amsoscelis (PI. VIII. fig. 8) was found in abundance\\nin the cotton-fields both of Georgia and Florida. It appeared to be\\nvery active and vigilant, as, however carefully approached, it always\\nflew away with a loud, humming sound. Several of these insects\\nwere observed on a large boll, apparently busily employed but when\\nsuddenly disturbed, they dispersed in different directions. Upon ex-\\namining the boll, the sap was seen exuding from several minute\\npunctures, which was attributed to these insects having bored into\\nthe boll for the sake of the vegetable juices contained therein.\\nThe larva, when young, is of a light scarlet or crimson, with two\\nblack spots on the back, in which are two black, thorny excrescences,\\nor points there are also four black, thorny excrescences on each side\\nthe legs, antenna?, and c) T es are black and the hind-legs thicker than\\nthe others.\\nThe pupa is brown, with its wing-cases only in an incipient state,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 95\\nand the tibire of the hind-legs have already attained a broad, flattened\\nappearance.\\nThe perfect insect is about seven-tenths of an inch in length the\\nantennas are four-jointed the eyes, prominent and brown the piercer\\nfour-jointed, and when at rest, re-curved under the body; the ocelli\\nare two in number the thorax rising from the head, and somewhat\\nangular on the margin the wing-covers are reddish-brown, with a\\ndistinct yellowish- white band across the middle the anterior and\\nmiddle legs are reddish-brown the hind-legs, however, are very sin-\\ngular in shape, the thighs being thick and spiny on their under side,\\nand the tibia furnished with a broad flattened enlargement on each\\nside, larger on the upper one and somewhat wing-shaped, with\\ntwo teeth, or notches, on the margin. This makes the insect appear\\nto have hind-legs entirely out of proportion to its size. These insects\\nare very numerous in cotton-fields, and may be seen flying from plant\\nto plant during the heat of the day.\\nThere are several other insects found upon cotton but those men-\\ntioned above are the most numerous. The question now arises\\nwhether they have anything to do with the rot, or whether that\\ndisease is caused by a peculiar state of the atmosphere, or by imper-\\nfections of the soil. May not the punctures made by these insects, in\\nsome peculiar seasons, incline the boll to the rot more readily than in\\nothers, though in more favorable seasons it may be made with com-\\nparative impunity? A singular circumstance, however, is rather\\nagainst the insect theory, namely, that, while some particular cotton-\\nplant is observed to be much affected by the rot, the plants standing\\nclose to it may be comparatively free and healthy. On one diseased\\nplant, I counted seventeen rotted bolls, while the very next plants\\nwere green, and exhibited not the least sign of disease. The query\\nas to whether the rot is caused by insects or the peculiar state of the\\nsoil or atmosphere, is here submitted for the purpose of inciting plant-\\ners to make experiments, and to report their success, in order that\\nwe may soon come to a definite conclusion upon the subject.\\nTHE BROWNISH-BLACK ANISOSCELIS.\\n(Anisoscelis t)\\nA very large anisoscelis, (PI. VIII. fig. 9,) about an inch and one-\\nfifth in length, and of a brownish-black, I found quite numerous in\\nthe cotton-fields of Florida. The head of this insect is brownish-\\nblack, with prominent eyes the thorax rough, black, and somewhat\\ntriangular the antennas, four-jointed the legs, brown the thighs,\\nbrownish-black and spiny; the hind-legs, in appearance, entirely dis-\\nproportionate in size to the insect with the thighs very stout, thick\\nand spiny, and the tibia? with broad, flattened, wing-shaped projec-\\ntions the trunk is recurved under the thorax.\\nThese insects, though somewhat numerous, were never observed to\\nsuck the sap from the bolls yet it would be well to investigate their\\nhabits more minutely before deciding whether they are injurious or\\nnot.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nTHE DARK-SHADED CETONTA.\\nCetonia Melancholica.\\nThe beetle shown on PI. VIII. fig. 9 is found on those bolls\\nwhich have been bored into by the boll-worm, extracting the flowing\\nsap from the lacerated sides of the wound. As many as five have\\nbeen taken from the interior of a single boll, which had been pre-\\nviously hollowed out by the worm, and where the sap was flowing\\nvery freely. Some planters accuse them of making the holes in\\nwnich they are found but most of the bolls examined by me had\\nevidently previously been hollowed out, and the beetles had only en-\\ntered for the sake of the extravasated sap. Sometimes, however,\\nthey may so abrade the skin of a boll as to cause a flow of juice, of\\nwhich they will avail themselves, as I have occasionally observed\\nsolitary individuals sucking the sap under very suspicious circum-\\nstances, where no previous wound had been made by the worm.\\nThey can do but little harm, however, to the crop.\\nThis bettle is rather more than half an inch in length of an\\novoid form greenish, with somewhat of a metallic lustre across\\nthe wing-cases, are several whitish spots and short lines the tail is\\nobtuse, hairy, and protrudes beyond the wing-cases the legs are\\nrather spiny, of a dark color and metallic lustre.\\nTHE INDIAN 0ETONIA.\\n{Cetonia inda.)\\nI observed another beetle, (PI. VIII. fig. 10,) but very abundant,\\nin the blooms, and sometimes in the open bolls of the cotton, in Flori-\\nda, in October, which apparently did no injury. This beetle is\\nthree-fifths of an inch in length, and of a brown color, spotted and\\nmarbled with a darker brown and black. It flies with a loud-hum-\\nming sound, and is apparently sluggish in its habits when not on\\nthe wine;.\\nINSECTS FOUND ON ROTTED BOLLS.\\nMuch has been said about the rotted bolls of cotton, the cause of\\nwhich has been attributed to insects and it has been alleged that,\\nif these bolls were well examined, several of the insects causing the\\ndisease would always be found inside. It is true, many small\\ninsects are found in such rotted bolls, but they have invariably been\\npreviously cracked or split open by disease, or bored into by the\\nboll-worm. The fact is, the insects found in such places frequent\\nthem merely for the sake of the sap which exudes from the wounds,\\not for the fungoid growth that generally flourishes in such situations.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 97\\nIt is very often the case that the effect is thus mistaken for the cause,\\nand that insects perfectly innocent are blamed for a disease with which\\nthey have nothing to do, except that they resort to the already in-\\njured bolls for food or shelter.\\nThe insects in decaying and rotted bolls of cotton are very numer-\\nous, but most of them are quite small.\\nANOTHER INSECT\\n(Carpophilus\\nWas found in such bolls (PI. IX. fig. 1) as were either bored\\ninto by the boll-worm, or had been split open by the rot, and did not\\nappear upon the bolls unless they had been previously injured. I\\nhave counted as many as thirty of these beetles in a single diseased\\nboll, and there is scarcely an injured or split boll in some fields in\\nwhich one or more of them is not to be found. They likewise occur\\nin considerable numbers in the tops of such ears of maize as have\\nbeen eaten out by the corn-worm, (heliothes,) (see Report for 1854,)\\nand have much of the sap exuding, or are covered with a fungoid\\ngrowth. They appear to dislike light, and seek shelter in dark\\nplaces, secure from the rays of the sun.\\nThis insect is about the tenth of an inch in length, and of a brown\\ncolor the wing-cases are short, covering only about two-thirds of the\\nabdomen. The larva is a small yellow grub, with six fore-legs, and\\ntwo points at the end of the tail, and is often found in the rotted\\nparts of the bolls.\\nIf this insect were to be found in the bolls before they were already\\nrotted, or to be seen in the act of piercing the outer case, it might,\\nperhaps, with reason, be accused of causing the disease but, as they\\nare never found inside before the rot has commenced, it is very much\\nto be doubted whether they have anything to do with it, or merely visit\\nsuch places for the purpose of obtaining a food suitable to their taste,\\nor a dark sheltered place in accordance with their habits.\\nTHE SQUARE-NECKED SYLVANUS.\\n(Sylvanus quadricollis.)\\nThe larva and perfect insect of this minute beetle (PI. IX. fig. 2)\\nhas already been figured, in the Agricultural Report for 1854, where\\nit is described as having been found in Indian corn. It also frequents\\ndiseased cotton-bolls, most probably for the sake of the seed^ which\\nis generally exposed to its attacks, when the boll has been split open\\nby disease.\\nANOTHER INSECT\\nWas also found very numerous in some of the rotted bolls but as\\nsoon as the latter were taken from the plant and opened, the beetles\\nran off with great rapidity, and endeavored to hide themselves under\\nany substance that would serve as a place of shelter. They appeared\\n7", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "98 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nto dislike the open light, and were generally found in dark and ob-\\nscure places.\\nThere were likewise several small insects found in rotted-bolls,\\nsuch as the Colastus semitectus, and many others, which it will be\\nunnecessary to enumerate here, as their habits are very much the\\nsame as those above mentioned, nearly all of them frequenting such\\nplaces merely for food and shelter, and not causing the rot in any\\nmanner.\\nThe hemipterous insects, heretofore mentioned, certainly do pierce\\nthe bolls with their beaks, or piercers, for the sake of the sap for\\nthey have been caught in the very act, and this even before any ap-\\npearance of the rot could be discovered. They might, therefore, per-\\nhaps, with better reason, be suspected of having something more to\\ndo with the disease than the small beetles already mentioned. But,\\neven in this case, it would be well to investigate further before com-\\ning to a definite conclusion.\\nTHE CORN-WORM.\\n(Ifeliothes\\nThe caterpillar producing this small moth, (PI. IX. fig. 3,) de-\\nscribed in the Agricultural Report for 1854, as injurious to the Indian\\ncorn in the Southern States, is likewise found in the bolls of cotton\\nwhich have been split open by the rot, but can have nothing to do\\nwith producing the disease. It most probably feeds upon the seeds\\ncontained in the rotted bolls.\\nThe chrysalis is formed in a cocoon inside the boll it is about one-\\nfifth of an inch in length, of a brown color, and formed in a cocoon\\nof silk, interwoven with foeces and dust from the boll.\\nThe caterpillar is about three-tenths of an inch in length, of a red-\\ndish or pink color, with the head and part of the first segment\\nbrownish. It has six pectoral, eight ventral, and two anal feet, and\\nis able to suspend itself by a thread, when disturbed. The body is\\nslightly covered with a few short hairs.\\nThe moths appear in about fourteen days, in warm weather, and,\\nwhen expanded, measure nearly two-fifths of an inch the upper-\\nwings are of a shaded chestnut-brown, mottled with darker brown and\\nblack the tips of the wings are marked with dark spots the under-\\nwings are very narrow, brown and deeply fringed with fine hairs,\\npresenting almost the appearance of feathers. The insect, when at\\nrest, places the upper wings together, forming a ridge with the ex-\\ntremity turned up. There appear to be several generations of these\\ninsects during the season, and, although found in rotted bolls, they\\nare perfectly harmless as to the causing of disease.\\nThere are several other insects found in rotted bolls which it will\\nbe unnecessary here to describe for, although, as before stated, they\\nare found in bolls already split open by the rot, or eaten into by the\\nworm, yet they are no more the cause of the disease than the wood-\\npecker is the cause of the death of the tree out of which it extracts\\nthe insects which have already accomplished its destruction.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "insects. 99\\nthe boll-worm.\\n(Htliothes?)\\nThe egg of the holl-worm moth (PI. IX. fig. 4) is generally de-\\nposited on the outside of the involucel, or outer calyx of the flower,\\nand I have taken it from the outer calyx even of the young holl it-\\nself. It has heen stated that the egg is laid upon the stem, which\\nalso forms the first food of the young worm but, after a thorough\\nand careful examination of several hundred stems, I found only one\\negg in this situation, and that, from its being upon its side instead\\nof its base, had evidently been misplaced, and never hatched.\\nThe egg of the boll-worm is laid singly upon the involucel, about\\ntwilight, and is of a somewhat oval shape, rather flattened at the top\\nand bottom, and is formed with ridges on the side which meet at the\\ntop in one common centre. The color is yellowish until nearly\\nhatched, when it becomes darker, the young enclosed caterpillar\\nshowing through the translucent shell. A single boll-worm moth,\\ndissected by Dr. John Gamble, of Tallahassee, contained at least five\\nhundred eggs, which differed much from those of the cotton-caterpillar\\nmoth, which are round and flattened like a turnip, of a beautiful\\ngreen color, and scarcely to be distinguished from the leaf on which\\nthey are deposited. The eggs of the boll-worm moth hatched in\\nthree or four days after being brought in from the field, and the\\nyoung worms soon commenced feeding upon the parenchyma, or ten-\\nder fleshy substance of the calyx, on the outside, near where the egg\\nwas laid. When they had gained strength, they pierced through the\\nouter calyx, some through the petals into the enclosed flower-bud,\\nwhile others penetrated the boll itself. Sometimes the pistil and\\nstamens are found to be distorted and discolored, which is caused by\\nthe young worm, when inside the bud, eating the stamens and injur-\\ning the pistil, so that it is drawn over to one side. When this is the\\ncase, the young worm bores through the bottom of the flower, into\\nthe young boll, before the old corolla, pistil, and stamens fall off,\\nleaving the young boll, inner calyx, and outer calyx_, or involucel,\\nstill adhering to the foot-stalk, with the young worm safe in the\\ngrowing boll.\\nThe number of buds destroyed by this worm is very great, as they\\nfall off when quite young, and are scarcely observed as they lie,\\nbrown and withering, on the ground. The instinct of the caterpillar,\\nhowever, teaches it to forsake a bud or boll about to fall, and either\\nto seek another, or to fasten itself to a leaf, on which it remains until\\nthe skin is shed it then attacks another bud or boll in a similar man-\\nner, until, at length, it acquires size and strength sufficient to enable\\nit to bore into the nearly-matured bolls, which are entirely destroyed\\nby its punctures; for, if the interior is not devoured, the rain pene-\\ntrates the boll, and the cotton soon becomes rotten and of no value.\\nThe rotted bolls serve also for food and shelter to numerous small\\ninsects, such as those already mentioned, and which have been errone-\\nously accused of causing the rot. Whenever a young boll or bud is\\nseen with the involucre, or outer calyx, called by some the ruffle,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "100 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nspread open, it may be safely concluded that it has been attacked by\\nthe worm, and will soon fall to the ground and perish. The older\\nbolls, however, remain on the plant; and, if many of the fallen buds\\nor bolls be closely examined, the greater portion of them will be\\nfound to have been previously pierced by the worm, the lew excep-\\ntions being caused either by the minute punctures of some of the\\nplant-bugs, from rain, or other atmospheric influences. Those injured\\nby the worm can be distinguished by a small hole on the outside\\nwhere it entered, and which, when cut open, will generally be found\\npartially filled with small fragments of fceces.\\nWhen very young, the boll-worm is able to suspend itself by a\\nthread, if blown or brushed from the boll or leaf on which it rested.\\nAfter changing its skin several times, and attaining its full size, the\\ncaterpillar descends into the ground, where it makes a silky cocoon,\\ninterwoven with particles of gravel and earth, in which it changes\\ninto a bright chestnut-brown chrysalis. The worms, which entered\\nthe ground in September and October, appeared as perfect moths\\nabout the end of November.\\nA boll-worm, which was bred from an egg found upon the involu-\\ncel, or ruffle of the flower-bud, grew to rather more than a twentieth\\nof an inch in length by the third day, when it shed its skin, having\\neaten in the meantime nothing but the parenchyma, or tender, fleshy\\nsubstance from the outside. On the fifth clay, it bored or pierced\\nthrough the outer calyx, and commenced feeding upon the inner and,\\non the sixth day, it again shed its skin, and had increased to about\\nthe tenth of an inch in length. On the tenth day, it again shed its\\nskin, ate the interior of the young flower-bud, and had grown much\\nlarger. On the fourteenth day, it, for the fifth time, shed its skin, at-\\ntacked and ate into a young boll, and had increased to thirteen-\\ntwentieths of an inch in length. From this time, it ate nothing but\\nthe inside of the boll, and on the twentieth day the skin was again\\nshed, and it had grown to the length of an inch and one-tenth, but\\nunfortunately died before completing its final change.\\nThese moths probably lay their eggs on some other plants when the\\ncotton is inaccessible, as a young boll-worm was found this season in\\nthe corolla of the flower of a squash, devouring the pistils and sta-\\nmens and, as there is a striking similarity between the boll-worm and\\nthe corn-worm moth, described in the Agricultural Eeport for 1854,\\nin the appearance, food and habits, alike in the caterpillar, chrysalis,\\nand perfect state, it will perhaps prove that the boll-worm may be\\nthe young of the corn-worm moth, and that the eggs are deposited\\non the young boll, as the nearest substitute for green corn, and\\nplaced upon them only when the corn has become too old and hard\\nfor their food.\\nColonel B. A. Sorsby, of Columbus, in Georgia, has bred both\\nthese insects, and declares them to be the same and, moreover, when,\\naccording to his advice, the corn was carefully wormed on two or\\nthree plantations, the boll-worms did not make their appearance\\nthat season on the) cotton, notwithstanding that, on neighboring\\nplantations, they comlnitted great ravages.\\nThe worms, or caterpillars, have six pectoral, eight, ventral and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 101\\ntwo anal feet, and creep along with a gradual motion, quite unlike the\\nlooping gait of the true cotton-caterpillar, and vary much in color and\\nmarkings, some heing brown, while others are almost green. All are\\nmore or less spotted with black, and slightly covered with short hairs.\\nThese variations of color may perhaps be caused by the food of the\\ncaterpillar. Some planters assert that, in the earlier part of the sea-\\nson, the green worms are found in the greatest number, while the\\ndark brown are seen later in the fall, as we know is the case with the\\ncotton-caterpillar.\\nThe upper-wings of the moth are yellowish, in some specimens\\nhaving a shade of green, but in others of red. There is an irregular\\ndark band running across the wing, about an eighth of an inch from\\nthe margin, and a crescent-shaped dark spot near the centre; several\\ndark spots, each enclosing a white mark, are also discovered on the\\nmargin the under-wings are lighter colored, with a broad, black\\nborder on the margin, and are also veined distinctly with the same\\ncolor. In the black border, however, there is a brownish-yellow spot,\\nof the*same color as the rest of the under-wings, which is more dis-\\ntinct in some specimens than in others, but may always be plainly\\nperceived there is also, in most specimens, a black mark or line in\\nthe middle of the under-wings, on the nervure but, in some, it is very\\nindistinct.\\nThese moths multiply very rapidly for, as I have before observed,\\none female moth sometimes contains five hundred eggs, which, if\\nhatched in safety, would rapidly infest a whole field, three genera-\\ntions being produced in the course of a year.\\nIn an interesting communication from Colonel Benjamin F. Whit-\\nner, of Tallahassee, he states that the boll-worm was scarcely known\\nin his neighborhood before the year 1841 and yet, in the short period\\nof fourteen years, it had increased to such a degree as to have be-\\ncome one of the greatest enemies to the cotton on several plantations\\nin that vicinity.\\nIt has been recommended to light fires in various parts of the plan-\\ntations, at the season when the first moths of this insect make their\\nappearance, as they are attracted by light, and perish in great num-\\nbers in the flames and, if the first brood of females be thus de-\\nstroyed, their numbers must necessarily be reduced, as it is highly\\nprobable that it is the second and third generations which do the\\nprinciple damage to the crops. Some successful experiments in kill-\\ning these moths with molasses and vinegar were made by Captain\\nSorsby, a year or two ago, which I here describe in his own words:\\nWe procured eighteen common-sized dinner-plates, into each ot\\nwhich we put about half a gill of vinegar and molasses, previously\\nprepared in the proportion of four parts of the former to one of the\\nlatter. These plates were set on small stakes, or poles, driven into the\\nground in the cotton-fields, one to about each three acres, and reach-\\ning a little above the cotton-plant, with a six-inch-square board tacked\\non the top, to receive the plate. These arrangements were made in\\nthe evening, soon after the flies had made their appearance. The\\nnext morning we found from eighteen to thirty-five moths to each\\nplate. The experiment was continued for five or six days, distribut-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "102 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ning the plates over the entire field, each day s success decreasing until\\nthe number was reduced to two or three to each plate, when it was\\nabandoned as being no longer worthy of the trouble. The crop that\\nyear was but very little injured by the boll-worm. The flies were\\ncaught, in their eagerness to feed upon the mixture, by alighting into\\nit, and being unable to make their escape. They were doubtless at-\\ntracted by the odor of the preparation, the vinegar probably being an\\nimportant agent in the matter. As flies feed only at night, the plates\\nshould be visited late every evening, the insects taken out, and the\\nvessels replenished, as circumstances may require. I have tried the\\nexperiment with results equally satisfactory, and shall continue it\\nuntil a better one is adopted. It might be well also to try the lan-\\ntern-trap before mentioned, as another means of destruction, and, like-\\nwise, the method of poisoning recommended in the general remarks\\non insects. As it appears from Colonel Sorsby s communication that\\nthe moth is attracted by, and feeds with avidity upon molasses and\\nvinegar, could not some tasteless and effective poison be mixed with\\nthis liquid, so that all the early moths which might partake of it\\nwould be destroyed before laying their eggs?\\nA long caterpillar, (PI. IX. fig. 5,) measuring from an inch and\\nthree-fifths to an inch and nine-tenths in length, and with a thick\\nbody, is sometimes found in bolls of cotton in similar situations as\\nthe boll-worm. It feeds likewise upon the leaf, and some s])ecimens,\\nwhich were confined in a box, devoured green corn from the ear.\\nThese insects vary much in color, some being of a beautiful velvet-\\nblack, while others arc considerably lighter. The head of the cater-\\npillar appears small for the bulky size of the body, and is black, with\\ntwo stripes of yellow, forming an angle on the front. On each side\\nof the back runs a longitudinal line, and below the spiracles is seen\\nanother line of a reddish or ruddy color. The under part is of a\\nlight-brown. It has six pectoral, eight ventral, and two anal lege,\\nand its mode of progression is by a gradual creeping, the same as the\\nboll-worm.\\nThe chrysalides were formed under ground, in cocoons of earth,\\naerfiflutinated with silk, and were about four-fifths of an inch in\\nlength, and of a brownish color.\\nThe moth measured an inch and three-tenths across the expanded\\nwings the upper pair were of a brownish color, marked on the mar-\\ngin with an irregular band of dirty cream-color, marked with black\\nspots on the extreme outer edge. In the centre of each wing was an\\noblique line of the same color the body was brown the under-wings\\nof a dirty, yellowish-white, with a dark shade near where they touch\\nthe upper-wings the antennas were threadlike.\\nThe eggs producing these worms were found deposited in clusters in\\nSeptember, and not singly, like those of the boll-worm. The old\\ncaterpillars are subject to a disease which often proves fatal and\\nhence it is difficult to raise them in confinement. When attacked,\\nthey appear to bloat or swell very much, become full of a watery\\npulp, suddenly cease to feed, and soon perish, when the outer skiu\\nturns black, and the inside is found to be full of a liquid, putrid mat-\\nter. Perhaps, if they were not subject to this disease, these cater-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 103\\npillars might do as much damage to the cotton as the boll-worm;\\nbut, being generally not very numerous, they cannot do much injury.\\nThe same remedies will do for these worms, or caterpillars, that\\nhave been recommended for the boll-worm.\\nTHE STRIPED PALE-GREEN CATERPILLAR.\\nThere was another caterpillar (PI. IX. fig. 6) found feeding upon\\nthe leaves of the cotton-plant, near Columbus, in Georgia, which\\nsometimes buried itself in the bolls, in the same manner as the boll-\\nworm. It was about an inch and a half in length, of a pale-green\\ncolor, with wavy, longitudinal stripes of a lighter color on the back,\\nand with a longitudinal black line running down each side, thicker\\nand darker on the fore part of the head. Under this was a broader\\nline, nearly white, tinged with light-red or reddish-brown. On each\\nside of every segment was a small black spot. It had six pectoral,\\neight ventral, and two anal feet.\\nMost of these caterpillars were found about the 20th of October,\\nbut, unfortunately, died before completing their final change. They\\nwere not numerous on the plantations, and therefore could do but lit-\\ntle damage.\\nTHE RED-BUG, OR COTTON-STAINER.\\n(Lygceus f)\\nThis destructive insect is found by millions in East Florida, on the\\ncotton plantations, where it does immense damage by staining the\\nfibre of the cotton in the bolls, and rendering it unfit for use where\\npure-white fabrics are required. The specimens figured (PL IX. fig.\\n7) were found near Jacksonville, in October, on the open bolls, under\\nthe dried calyx, and congregating together on the dead leaves under\\nthe plants, or on rotten logs, or decayed wood. Several of the open\\nbolls were actually red with these insects, exhibiting every stage of\\ngrowth, from the larva to the perfect bug, all clustered together in\\nsuch masses as almost to hide the white of the cotton itself. The\\nbeak, or rostrum, is four-jointed, with the end blackish, and, when not\\nin use, is re-curved under the thorax, which is somewhat triangular\\nin shape, with the anterior part red a narrow, distinct band of whitish-\\nyellow divides the thorax from the head the posterior part is black,\\nedged between the thorax and wing-cases with whitish-yellow the\\nscutellum is triangular, red, and edged with a distinct line of whitish-\\nyellow on each side, and partly down the centre of the wing-case\\nthe elytrae, or wing-cases, are flat, brownish-black, and containing\\ntwo distinct x-shaped whitish-yellow lines on them, intersecting each\\nother near the centre; the wing-cases are also edged with a distinct\\nyellowish-line, as far as the x. The body is flattened, and, in the\\nfemale, projects on each side beyond the wing-cases, showing the\\nbright-red of the abdomen, and contrasting with the dark color of the\\nwing-cases. The under-wings, are hidden under the upper wing-\\neases, and are transparent, veined, and of a yellowish color, clouded", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "104 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nwith, black. The thighs of the fore-legs are somewhat spiny near\\nthe tibias, and of a red color. The tibia? and tarsi are black the\\nunder part of the body is bright-red, with rings of yellowish-white\\nrunning around it, on the edge of each segment.\\nThe female produces about one hundred eggs the young larva is\\ncompletely red, almost scarlet, with distinct whitish-yellow bands\\naround the body, on the edge of each segment. The thighs are red,\\nwith the tibias, tarsi, and antennas blackish.\\nThe pupa differs only in size, and in having the unformed wing-\\ncases very small and black, contrasting strongly with the vivid red\\nof the body.\\nThe perfect male is about three-fifths of an inch in length, and the\\nfemale about seven-tenths of an inch, from the head to the end of the\\nabdomen. They are similar in shape and color, differing only in\\nsize. The head and eyes are red, the antennas black, with four long\\njoints.\\nThe following communication on the subject of this insect was re-\\nceived from Mr. B. Hopkins, of Jacksonville, a practical Sea-Island\\nplanter, of nearly thirty years experience:\\nThe red-bugs, or, as they are sometimes properly denominated,\\nthe cotton-stainers, generally make their appearance about August,\\nor late in July, which is near the usual season for cotton to begin to\\nopen. They can readily be distinguished from other bugs, harmless\\nin their nature, by their being of a red color, and more sluggish in\\ntheir movements. The nearer the fruit advances towards maturity,\\nthe more injury they do to the cotton. The pod, or boll, is perforated\\nby this bug. Whether the staining matter is imparted to the fibre\\nof the cotton during the perforation directly, or by a slow process dif-\\nfusing itself with the sap abounding at that time in the pod, is not\\nyet ascertained. I am of the latter opinion, from the fact that almost\\nthe entire product of the boll is discolored when it opens, which does\\nnot seem at all to cause a premature development. As winter ap-\\nproaches, they gradually retire, and take refuge among the logs, or\\nburrow into the soil at the root of the cotton-plant, where they hyber-\\nnate. After a wet season, in winter, they may be found in hundreds\\non the sunny side of the stalks, enjoying the genial atmosphere, until\\ntowards evening, when they again retire. They can be kept down very\\neasily, when there are not more than five acres planted to the hand.\\nI have been in the habit of offering a reward every night to the\\nnegro that brings in the greatest quantity, each of whom is furnished\\nwith a pint bottle suspended across the shoulders, into which, as they\\npass along picking the cotton, they deposit all they can discover. In\\nmany instances, I have seen the bottle filled by one negro in a day.\\nThey may also be greatly reduced, by destroying them when they\\ncome out in winter, in their half-torpid state a torch of fire in that\\ncase is best. They may be buried a foot under ground, and most\\nof them will still escape from their inhumation. If there should be\\nstumps or trees in the fields, they should be burned, and that will\\ngenerally reduce the quantity for a year or more. In fact, when they\\nreceive timely and proper attention, they need not be dreaded.\\nNo process that I know of can extract the stain produced in the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 1 05\\nbolls it is indelible, and considerably reduces trie price of the cotton\\nin the market. These insects have been much on the increase for the\\nlast ten years, which I attribute to the excess in planting, as well as\\nthe want of proper efforts for their destruction.\\nIt has been stated by other planters, that the fceces of the insect\\nproduces the reddish or greenish stain, and that the red-bugs will col-\\nlect where there are splinters or fragments of sugar-cane. Advantage\\nhas already been taken of this habit to collect them by means of small\\nchips of sugar-cane, when they may be destroyed by boiling water\\nand as they also collect around piles of cotton-seed, they may thus be\\neasily decoyed, and then killed, either by fire or hot water, when con-\\ngregated. All stumps and dead trees standing in the field should be\\nwell burnt out. The experiment of destroying them by means of the\\ncrushed sugar-cane and poison, has been tried but, as no report of\\nthe experiment has been received, it remains doubtful whether it can\\nbe recommended or not.\\nINSECTS FOUND IN THE COTTON-FIELDS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NOT INJURIOUS TO\\nTHE CROP.\\n(Zanthidia niceppe.)\\nThere are many other insects found in cotton-fields, which are per-\\nfectly harmless to the plant, although the larvae of many of them\\nsubsist upon the weeds which grow between the rows or around the\\nedges of the plantation.\\nAmong these insects, we find butterflies, in general, one species\\nof which is frequently seen hanging over the ground by hundreds,\\naround moist and damp places. The caterpillar of this fly (PI. IX.\\nfig. 8) is of a deep-green, velvety appearance, with a yellowish lon-\\ngitudinal line running down each side. It was found upon the Cassia\\nmarylandica, and measured an inch and one-fifth in length. The\\nchrysalis is greenish, with a very pointed head, and fastened to the\\nbranch or leaf by the tail, and by a thread fastened at each side and\\npassed over its back.\\nThis butterfly is about an inch and four-fifths across the expanded\\nwings, which are of an orange-color, with a broad, black border\\naround the edges.\\nTHE ARGYNNIS COLUMBINA.\\nThe caterpillar of another butterfly (PI. IX. fig. 9) is often found\\non cotton-plants, where it has wandered from its natural food, which\\nconsists of the wild passion-flower, so often found growing as a weed\\namongst the crops. It is about an inch and two-fifths in length, of\\na bright-chesnut color, with two longitudinal black stripes along the\\nsides, and a broken line of yellowish-white inside of each black\\nstripe it has also two long, projecting, black horns, or protuberances,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "106 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\non the first segment of the body. When about to change, it selects\\na place under a leaf, branch, or fence, where it spins a small spot of\\nsilk, to which it suspends itself by its hind-legs the skin of the fore\\npart of the body then splits open, and the chrysalis makes its appear-\\nance, also hanging suspended by means of several small hooks, with\\nwhich the end of the tail is furnished, and which, during the disen-\\ngagement of the skin, becomes entangled in the silk.\\nThe chrysalis is about seven-tenths of an inch in length, of a pale,\\nwhitish-green, containing black marks and brilliant metallic, golden\\nspots. These chrysalides, however, together with those of the great\\nAmerican frittellary butterfly, are often destroyed by the larva of a\\nsmall fly.\\nThe butterfly makes its appearance in summer in a few days, and\\nmeasures from two inches and a half to three inches across the\\nexpanded wings. It is of a bright chesnut-brown, barred and\\nspotted with black.\\nGREAT AMERICAN FRITTELLARY\\n(Agraulis vanillce.)\\nThe caterpillar (PI. IX. fig. 10) of this butterfly is of a light chest-\\nnut-brown color, with a dark, longitudinal stripe down each side,\\nand is shaded with black below the spiracles. It measures about an\\ninch and a half in length, and is covered with sharp, thorny spines;\\ntwo spines are also found upon the top of its somewhat square-shaped\\nhead.\\nThe chrysalis, which is shaded with brown and drab, is about an\\ninch and a tenth in length, and hangs suspended by the tail from\\ntrees, shrubs, and fences.\\nThe butterfly measures from two inches and three-fourths to three\\ninches and a fourth across the wings the upper sides of which are of\\na bright rich chesnut-brown, spotted and marked on the veins with\\nblack. The under-side is beautifully marked with large, metallic,\\nsilver spots.\\nANTS.\\nWhenever the plants are infested with cotton-lice, (aphides,)\\nmyriads of small ants may be seen running hurriedly up and down\\nthe stems and leaves, or leisurely moving amongst the lice, quietly\\ntapping first one and then another with their antennae, or feelers, and\\noccasionally making a dead halt where they find a sufficiency of this\\ninsect food. Many planters suppose that these ants are the parents\\nof the lice others again suspect them of destroying the aphis\\nneither of which, however, is the case, as the ants merely visit the\\ncolonies of lice to devour the sweet, gummy substance that exudes\\nfrom the tubercles on the bodies of the aphides, and which is com-\\nmonly called honey-dew, from the erroneous impression that it is\\nformed in the atmosphere, and then deposited in the form of dew\\nupon the upper surface of leaves. This honey-dew, however, is a\\nsweet liquid, ejected from the anal tubercles of the cotton-louse, and\\nelaborated in its own body, from the sap which had previously been", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 107\\nextracted from leaves or young shoots, and which, if not immediately\\ndevoured by the ants, is ejected by the plant-louse, and falls in drops\\nupon the upper portions of the leaves that are beneath, making them\\nappear as if varnished, or, if old, causing the places thus denied to\\nbe black and rusty, as if affected with a black mildew, or rust.\\nThe ants feed voraciously upon this honey-clew, when fresh, and\\ncause the aphides to eject the substance at will, by merely tapping\\ntheir abdomens with their antenna?; the drop ejected is immediately\\ndevoured by the ants, and other aphides are visited and subjected to\\nthe same treatment, until the appetites of the ants are satisfied, when\\nthey either loiter about the leaves or descend to their nests in the\\nground. Ants are of utility in devouring any weak or disabled\\ninsects they may encounter in their path, or in consuming any animal\\nsubstances which might otherwise contaminate the air.\\nAnts are generally divided into males, females, and neuters.\\nThe males and females, at one stage of their growth, are furnished\\nwith wings, which the female gnaws or casts off when about to form a\\ncolony. The neuters afterwards form the general mass. There are\\nseveral varieties of the ant found in the cotton-fields, of very different\\nhabits and appearance. The most numerous make a hole in the\\nearth, and form a sort of hillock around it, of the grains of earth or\\nsand brought up from below the surface of the ground, and from this\\nnest they make excursions in every direction in search of food.\\nThere is also another species: red ants, so called, but in reality\\nbelonging to the family mutillidse. They are found singly upon the\\nground in plantations, and sometimes measure half an inch in length.\\nTheir color is a vivid, velvety-red and black. They are able to inflict\\npainful and severe wounds with a long sting with which they are\\nprovided. There are also three or four species of small ants, exceed-\\ningly troublesome in some of the Southern houses, where they find\\ntheir way into pantries, closets, boxes or trunks, however closed, and\\ndevour any eatable article which may fall in their way. The only\\nmeans of preventing the ravages of these insects is to isolate the\\narticle to be preserved in a vessel of water, or to put all four of the\\nlegs of the table, on which the articles may be placed, into vessels\\nrilled with water.\\nThe smaller ante, however, have a formidable enemy, the ant-lion,\\nwhich, in the larva state, forms a funnel-shaped hole in the sand,\\nnear the ants nests, in the bottom of which it lies concealed, all\\nexcept its jaws, and waits with patience in this den for any ant that\\nmay chance to pass along the treacherous path. The ant, suspecting\\nno harm, reaches the edge of the pit-fall, and, the loose sand giving\\nway, it is precipitated to the bottom, where the larva of the ant-lion\\nimmediately seizes it with its jaws, and, after sucking out its juice,\\ncasts the empty skin away. Should the unfortunate ant, however,\\nelude the first assault of the ant-lion, and endeavor to escape by\\nclimbing up the steep sides of the funnel-shaped hole, the ant-lion\\nthrows repeated showers of sand with such precision upon the unfor-\\ntunate victim that it very seldom fails to overwhelm and bring it\\nwithin reach of its jaws, when it is seized and its juices extracted as\\nabove described.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "108 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe perfect insect of the ant-lion much resembles the dragon-fly in\\nform and general appearance it is also furnished with four veined\\nwings, by means of which it is enabled to transport itself from place\\nto place. The antenna?, however, are much longer, and the larvae of\\nthe dragon-fly are decidedly aquatic, instead of living upon the land,\\nlike those of the ant-lion.\\nINSECTS BENEFICIAL TO COTTON\\nSPIDERS.\\nSpiders, in cotton or grain-fields, are decidedly beneficial, inasmuch\\nas they wage perpetual war against other insects, and are incessantly\\non the watch to catch and destroy all which, in their erratic flights,\\nhappen to become entangled in their webs.\\nOne spider makes a very singular nest for her young, of fine silk,\\nwebbed up and closely woven together in the shape of a basket with\\na round bottom, and most generally placed on or near the top of the\\ncotton-plant. This basket is furnished with a cover fitting closely to\\nthe top, and is filled with eggs. When the young spiders are hatch-\\ned, they creep from under this cover, and eventually disperse over the\\nweb, which is comparatively large and strong, and stretched from\\nplant to plant. The old female spider appears to brood over this\\nnest, displaying much maternal solicitude for the safety of her infant\\nprogeny for, if forced away, she immediately returns, and will suf-\\nfer herself almost to be torn limb from limb, rather than desert her\\nprecious charge.\\nThe habits of the different species of spiders are very dissimilar\\nfor, while some are almost entirely stationary all their life-time,\\nothers are continually moving about, roaming from leaf to leaf, and\\nliving entirely by hunting. Many spin their nets from plant to\\nplant, to entrap unwary insects, and generally stay quietly at home\\nin comfortable webs, securely sheltered from the sun and rain, under\\nor between the leaves, waiting patiently for every stray moth that is\\nso unfortunate as to fly into their nets. With the fore-feet carefully\\nplaced on a line leading to the radiating net-work, in order to feel the\\ntremulous motion imparted to it by the unavailing efforts of any cap-\\ntive insect to escape, the ant remains perfectly motionless until\\nsome straggling fly happens to become entangled, when it imme-\\ndiately rushes down the central line, and, after tying the limbs of its\\nunfortunate victim with a loose web of silk, in order to arrest its\\nstruggles for life, deliberately gives it the death-wound, drags the\\ncarcass to its den, and devours it at leisure. Other spiders hunt for\\nand capture their insect prey in a manner similar to that practised\\nby the cat. One of them at first approaches an unconscious victim\\nso gently as not to awaken its suspicion, at the same time taking ad-\\nvantage of every inequality of stem or leaf, in order to conceal itself,\\nuntil within springing distance, and then, jumping suddenly upon\\nits back, killing it with its powerful hooked fangs. It then sucks out", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 109\\nthe whole of its juic.es, leaving only the empty skin, to be blown\\naway by the wind.\\nAnother description of a small spider, about the tenth of an inch\\nin length, of a light-drab color, with two or more dark spots on its\\nback, was found very numerous inside of the involucre, or ruffle, of\\nthe cotton-bloom, bud, and boll, where it is said to be useful to the\\nplanter in destroying very young boll-worms. In many cases, where\\nthe eggs of the boll- worm moth had been deposited and hatched out,\\nand the young worms had eaten through the outer calyx, and already\\npartially pierced a hole in the young bud, or boll, it was frequently\\nobserved that no worm could be discovered inside but upon opening\\nsuch a ruffle, this small spider was almost invariably found snugly en-\\nsconced in its web hence it was surmised that the young worm had\\nentered between the ruffle and the boll, or bud, and had been de-\\nstroyed by the spider, the nest of which was found in such situations.\\nAs all spiders are in the habit of destroying small, noxious insects,\\nthey may be regarded as beneficial, especially when the crops are\\npreyed upon by the larvae of very small flies, such as the wheat\\nmidge, the Hessian-fly, and many others. These insects, being con-\\nstantly on the wing, flying about from plant to plant, to deposit their\\neggs, are very apt to become entangled in the webs, and to be there\\ndestroyed\\nThe spider itself, however, has enemies, one of which is the u mud-\\nwasp, so called. This insect builds cells of clay in out-houses, and\\nunder beams, or in other sheltered places. Their nests resemble\\nsmall pieces of mud thrown up against a roof or wall, when wet, and\\nafterwards dried by exposure to the air.\\nTHE CAROLINA TIGER-BEETLE.\\n(Ifegacephela Carolina.)\\nThis beetle (PI. X. fig. 1) belongs to the family, cicindeladse,\\notherwise called tiger-beetles, from their savage propensities, and\\nthe beautiful spots and stripes with which their metallic wing-cases\\nare adorned. These beetles are always hunting about the ground in\\nsearch of insect food. A smaller and darker species especially de-\\nlights in the glare and heat of the mid-day sun and, when disturb-\\ned, flies only a short distance, alighting with its head directed towards\\nthe object which has excited its alarm.\\nThe larva? of the tiger-beetle inhabits cylindrical holes in the\\nearth, and, in these burrows, they wait patiently for any passing in-\\nsect that may be crawling about on the ground, which, when within\\nreach, is seized, dragged to the bottom of its subterranean den, and\\nthere devoured at leisure. They are of a dirty-yellowish-white, and\\nare furnished with two hooks on the back. In the Southern States,\\nthey are often taken by the boys, by means of a piece of grass or\\nstraw, which being inserted into their dens, is seized by the insect in\\nits crooked jaws, and held with such tenacity that it will not let go\\nuntil, by means of a sudden jerk, it is brought to the surface of the\\nground and secured.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "110 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe Carolina tiger-beetle is about seven-tenths of an inch in length,\\nof a most beautiful metallic blue, violet, and green and, when placed\\nin certain positions, it assumes the lustre of bronze or gold. It may\\nalso be known by a yellowish curved spot on the extremity of each\\nwing-case. It appears not to be so partial to the light of the sun as\\nsome other species, but often conceals itself under stones. It is also\\nseen much more frequently in the cotton-fields during cloudy wea-\\nther, or toward evening, than in a fervid mid-day sun.\\nTHE PREDATORY BEETLE.\\n{Harpalus f)\\nA beetle (PI. X. fig. 2,) belonging to the genus harpalus, is very\\nbeneficial to the cotton-planter, inasmuch as its food consists princi-\\npally of other insects, and of dead putrescent substances. Numbers\\nof them may be seen running about the surface of the ground in\\nsearch of food, and when disturbed, hide themselves under grass,\\nroots, or stones. The formation of their jaws is peculiarly adapted to\\na predatory life. As they are very strong, and hooked at the ex-\\ntremity, they are enabled to seize and hold fast any soft-bodied in-\\nsect, which they generally kill and devour.\\nIt should here be mentioned, however, that the larva? of an insect\\nof this species has been accused in Europe of feeding upon the pith\\nand stems of grasses and succulent roots, but at the same time it is\\nstated to feed also upon the larva? of other insects.\\nAnother very similar insect, (Zabrus gibbus,) both in the larva and\\npupa state, is said to be injurious to wheat in Europe and although\\nthe two last mentioned may be injurious to vegetation, yet, as a general\\nrule, the carabidas are carniverous, and destroy multitudes of insects,\\nin the larva, pupa, and perfect state.\\nTHE DEVIL S COACH-HORSE.\\n(Reduvius novenarius.)\\nThis insect abounds (PI. X. fig. 3) in the city of Washington,\\nduring the summer and autumnal months, and is very useful in de-\\nstroying the disgusting caterpillars which swarm on the shade-trees.\\nThe eggs are deposited in autumn upon branches, and are hatched in\\nMay or June. When young, the insects have abdomens of a bright-\\nred color, with some dark or black spots on their backs. The\\nhead and thorax are black. When they shed their skins, they are\\ngreyish in color, and display only the rudiments of wings. It is only\\nin the last stage that they acquire perfect wings, when they are capa-\\nble of flying with great vigor.\\nThe perfect insect measures about an inch and a quarter in length.\\nIt destroys multitudes of noxious insects, in every stage of their\\ngrowth, and is therefore highly beneficial but, at the same time, it\\nis dangerous to man, if handled incautiously, as the punctures\\nmade by its piercer are often followed by severe consequences. When\\nabout to attack another insect, it advances towards its prey with a", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. HI\\nmost cautious and stealthy gait, lifting up and putting down its feet\\napparently in the same careful manner as a pointer when approaching\\nhis game. When near enough to make the fatal dart, it plunges its\\npiercer into the unfortunate caterpillar, and deliberately sucks out its\\njuices. A small specimen experimented with, was placed in a box\\nwith ten caterpillars, all of which it destroyed in the space of five\\nhours.\\nTHE ICHNEUMON FLY.\\n{Ichneumon?)\\nAn ichneumon-fly (PI. X. fig. 4) was found in the cotton-fields\\nnear Columbus, in Georgia, busily employed in search of some cater-\\npillar in the body of which to deposit its eggs, as is generally the\\nhabit of this class of flies. The eggs being hatched within the cater-\\npillar, the larvaB devour the fatty substance, carefully avoiding all\\nthe vital parts, until they are fully grown, when the caterpillar,\\nhaving in the mean time changed into a chrysalis, with the devour-\\ning larvas in its interior, the life of its unresisting victim is destroyed,\\nand the grubs change into pupa?, and eventually emerge from the\\nchrysalis skin, perfect ichneumon-flies, to deposit their eggs in other\\ncaterpillars.\\nThese insects are generally seen running about plants infested with\\ncaterpillars or worms, continually jerking their wings, and anxiously\\nsearching in every cranny and crevice in quest of a subject, in which\\nto form the nest and provide food for their young.\\nThe circumstance of this fly s coming from the skin, or case of\\nthe moth, or butterfly, is the cause of the mistakes so often made by\\npersons not well versed in natural history for, when a caterpillar is\\nconfined in a glass, and after the change to a chrysalis has taken\\nplace, when the real moth is expected to come out, and this fly makes\\nits appearance, the young naturalist concludes, of course, that the fly\\nis produced by the caterpillar; whereas, the rightful tenant of the\\nchrysalis-case had been previously displaced and devoured by the\\nlarva of the ichneumon-fly, which was produced from an egg placed\\nby the parent fly in the body of the caterpillar. This fact is here\\nnoticed in consequence of some drawings of insects injurious to cotton\\nhaving been sent to the Patent Office, among which an ichneumon-\\nfly was figured as proceeding from the chrysalis of a caterpillar. This\\nwas correct, inasmuch as it was the parasite which had devoured the\\nchrysalis, but not true, when intended to represent the perfect insect\\nas naturally proceeding from the caterpillar itself.\\nSome chrysalides of the cotton-caterpillar, which had been pre-\\nserved during the autumn of 1855, as an experiment to try whether\\nthey would live until the following spring, having been hatched out\\nprematurely by the heat of the room in which they were kept, two\\nichneumon-flies were produced of a slender shape, and about half an\\ninch in length; the abdomen, or body, of the female, was black, and\\nmarked with seven light-colored, yellowish, narrow rings around it\\nthe head was black; with the eyes brown, the antenna? long, jointed,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "112 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nand nearly black on the head were three ocelli the thorax was\\nblack the wings transparent, of a rather yellowish tinge, veined\\nwith black, and having a distinct black mark on the outer margin\\nof the upper pair the first joint of the hind-leg was comparatively\\nlarge, thick, and of a brownish color; the thighs were also brown;\\nthe tibiae, black, with a broad white band in the middle; the tarsi\\nwere white, tipped with black and the ovipositor protruded more\\nthan the tenth of an inch. The male presented much the same ap-\\npearance as the female, but was more slender in form.\\nTHE SMALLER ICHNEUMON-FLY.\\n{Ichneumon f)\\nThe ichneumon-fly, which destroys the aphis, or louse, so very\\ninjurious to the cotton-plant, is a minute insect, not quite the twen-\\ntieth of an inch in length. The head and thorax are black, and the\\nlegs and abdomen of a yellowish color. Although so extremely\\nsmall as to be unobserved, it is constantly engaged in exterminating\\nthe cotton-lice, myriads of which it destroys by preying upon their\\nvitals. The female fly lays a single egg in the body of each louse,\\nwhich, when hatched, becomes a grub. This grub devours the inte-\\nrior substance of the aphis, leaving only the grey and bloated skin\\nclinging to the leaf. This skin serves the young larva for a shelter,\\nwhere it remains until it changes into the perfect fly, when it emerges\\nfrom a hole gnawed through the back, and issues forth furnished\\nwith four transparent wings, to recommence the beneficial labor of\\ndepositing more eggs in the surrounding colonies of lice on the neigh-\\nboring plants.\\nThe number of lice destroyed in this way can be more fully appre-\\nciated byobserving the multitude of empty grey and bloated skins,\\nmore or less scattered over the cotton-plants infested, each skin hav-\\ning-a hole in the back through which the perfect fly has escaped.\\nTHE SYRPHUS.\\nThe larvas of this syrphus (PI. X. fig. 5) are found wherever\\naphides, or plant-lice, abound, and present the appearance of small,\\nyellowish-white naked maggots, or grubs, of about a fifth of an inch\\nin length. Their color is brown, with six distinct yellow spots on the\\nfirst three segments of the body, and the sides are also marked on\\nthe margin with yellow the body is somewhat hairy. The head is\\narmed with powerful jaws, and gradually tapers to a point, while the\\ntail terminates abruptly as if cut off.\\nThe parent fly deposits her eggs amongst the lice, in order to\\ninsure an adequate supply of food to each grub. These eggs are\\nsoon hatched by the heat of the sun, and the young grub immedi-\\nately commences crawling about the leaf; and, being blind, inces-\\nsantly gropes and feels around on either side in search of cotton or\\nplant-lice, its natural food, one of which, being found by the touch,\\nis instantly seized, elevated above the surface of the leaf on which it", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 113\\nis quietly feeding, in order to prevent the struggling victim from\\nusing its feet, or clinging to the leaf when endeavoring to escape\\nfrom its voracious destroyer. After piercing the living insect, the\\ngrub leisurely sucks out the juices, throws away the empty skin,\\nand recommences feeling about in search of another, which, when\\nfound, is treated in the same way. When ready to change, the\\nsyrphus maggot fastens itself to a leaf or stalk, by means of a gluti-\\nnous secretion from its own body, and, the outer skin contracting into\\na pear-shaped case, soon hardens by exposure to the air, and the\\npupa is formed inside.\\nAfter a few days, during the heat of summer, the perfect fly\\nemerges from a hole, at the blunt end of the case, to lay eggs\\namongst the colonies of lice on the neighboring plants. The perfect\\nfly is about seven-tenths of an inch across the wings, which are two\\nin number, and transparent. The body is generally more or less\\nbanded with brown, or black and yellow, and appears like that of a\\ndiminutive wasp. This fly has a peculiar habit of hovering on the\\nwing, apparently without motion or exertion, during the heat of the\\nday, near or over flowers, and when disturbed it darts away with great\\nswiftness but, if the object that alarmed it is removed, it immediately\\nresumes the same attitude and spot, only darting off every now and\\nthen to chase some other intruding fly from its own peculiar domain,\\nover which it appears to imagine it possesses absolute sway.\\nThese insects are of essential aid to the farmers and planters, as\\ntheir larva? materially diminish the numbers of lice which infest\\nvegetation.\\nTHE LADY-BIRD.\\n(Coccinella?)\\nThe lady-bird (PI. X. fig. 6) is a most valuable auxiliary to the\\ncotton-planter, as it destroys the cotton-louse, or aphis, by thousands,\\nand is most plentiful where they abound, always being busy at the\\nwork of destroying them and, as such, I consider it one of the most\\nbeneficial of insects to the planter.\\nThe larva is a small, bluish-black, alligator-looking insect, of\\nabout the fourth of an inch in length, spotted with a few orange\\nmarks on the sides and back. Whenever one of them is seen among\\na colony of the aphides, the planter may safely calculate that in a few\\ndays the number of the lice will be greatly diminished. The larva,\\nwhen hungry, seizes an aphis, and immediately commences eating\\nhim alive. This savory repast being finished, it eagerly hunts about\\nuntil it has secured another victim, and thus completely destroys all\\nthe others upon the leaf. When about to change into the pupa, it\\nfastens itself by the tail to a leaf; the skin of the back splitting open,\\na small hump-backed, black and orange-colored pupa makes its ap-\\npearance, which, although furnished with the rudiments of wings and\\nlegs, is incapable of locomotion or feeding, but remains adhering to.\\nthe leaf, with the dried-up skin of the larva still sticking to the end\\nof the pupa. After remaining in this state for a few days, this skin\\n8", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "114 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nagain splits, and the perfect lady-bird emerges, furnished at first with\\nsoft wings, but which afterwards harden, and serve to transport it to\\nthe distant colonies of cotton-lice, in the midst of which the eggs are\\nagain deposited, to form new broods for the destruction of the plant-\\ners greatest pest. The perfect lady-bird also devours aphides, but\\nnot in such numbers as their larvas, in which state it also destroys the\\nchrysalis of the butterfly, {Argynnis columbina,) seen so often in the\\ncotton-fields. I have repeatedly observed them in Georgia killing the\\nchrysalides of this butterfly, which hung suspended from the fence-\\nrails, and on the under side of the boughs of trees and shrubs. It\\nappears to attack the chrysalis chiefly when soft, and just emerged\\nfrom the caterpillar-skin. It is in this state that these wandering\\nlarvaa attack it, and, biting a hole in the skin, feed greedily upon the\\ngreen juice which exudes from the wound. Sometimes, however, it\\nbecomes a victim to its own rapacity; for the juice of the chrysalis,\\ndrying up by the heat of the sun, quickly forms an adhesive sub-\\nstance, in which the larva is caught, and thus detained until it per-\\nishes. Indeed, so very voracious are these larvse, that they will even\\ndevour the defenceless pupas of their own species, when found adher-\\ning to fences or walls.\\nMany planters imagine that these lady-birds are in some mysterious\\nmanner connected with the appearance of the cotton-louse, or even\\nthat they are the progenitors of the aphis itself. This erroneous im-\\npression is formed in consequence of these insects being always found\\nin similar situations at the same time, and abounding on plants al-\\nready weakened by the attacks of the cotton-louse. Their sudden\\ndisappearance is also accounted for, as, with the decrease bf their\\nnatural food, the lady-birds also disappear and migrate to neighboring-\\nplantations, in search of a fresh supply of nutriment. I have actually\\nknown several planters who have caused them to be destroyed by their\\nfield hands, when and wherever found, and who complained that their\\nplants were still destroyed by the aphis, or cotton-louse. This was\\nonly to be expected, as they had destroyed the natural enemy of the\\nlouse, and suffered the pests themselves to breed in peace and safety.\\nI have seen the larva? of the lady-bird as late as the 18th of Novem-\\nber, in Georgia, still busy exterminating the aphis. The yellow,\\noleaginous fluid, which is emitted by this insect when handled, has a\\npowerful and disagreeable odor, and is mentioned by Westwood, in\\nhis Modern Classification of Insects, as having been recommended\\nas a specific for the tooth-ache.\\nIt may be remarked, however, that there is a much larger species\\nof this insect which does considerable damage to the leaves of cucum-\\nbers, melons, squashes, c., as both larvee and perfect insects devour\\nthe leaves and eat holes in them, so as sometimes totally to disfigure\\nand destroy the plants.\\nThe perfect insect measures nearly half an inch in length, and is\\nof a yellow color, with twelve large and small black spots on the\\nwing-cases, and four small black spots on the thorax; it can be very\\neasily distinguished, however, from its beneficial congener, both by\\nsize and color, the useful lady-bird being only about the sixth or the\\nseventh of an inch in length, and of a bright-red, or almost scarlet", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 115\\ncolor, with black spots, while the injurious insect is much larger,\\nmeasuring nearly half an inch in length, and being of a light-yellow\\ncolor, spotted with black.\\nTHE LACE-WING FLY.\\n(Hemerobius\\nThe larva of the lace-wing fly (PL X. fig. 7) is furnished with\\ntwo long and sharp jaws, by means of which it seizes the cotton-louse,\\nand in a few minutes sucks out the juices, leaving merely the white,\\ndried skins, to show where it once commits its ravages. The eggs\\nare very singularly placed at the end of a thread-like filament, fast-\\nened to the under side of the leaf, and are generally deposited near a\\ncolony of lice, in clusters of a dozen or more together, causing them\\nto appear to the casual observer like a bunch of fungi. The eggs\\nbeing hatched in the midst of the cotton-lice, the young larva? com-\\nmence their work of extermination, seizing the younger lice in their\\njaws, and holding them in the air, and in despite of their struggles,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0sucking out the juices, and finally throwing away the empty skins.\\nThe larva? of this insect are not quite a fifth of an inch in length,\\nand are furnished with a sort of apparatus at the extremity of their\\ntails by means of which they are capable of adhering to a leaf, even\\nwhen all their feet are detached, thus being guarded against accidental\\nfalls during high winds, that might otherwise destroy them. When\\nready to change, a thread is spun from the tail, and, often forming a\\nrough sort of cob-web, the insect spins a semi-transparent, ovoid co-\\ncoon, from which it emerges as a beautiful, bright-green fly, with two\\nbrilliant eyes, which sparkle like gold, and four transparent wings,\\nof a greenish cast, delicately veined, and netted with nerves resem-\\nbling the most beautiful lace-work; and hence the common name.\\nThis splendid insect, however, emits a most nauseous and fetid odor\\nwhen held in the hand.\\nINSECTS INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL TO THE ORANGE-TREE.\\nTHE ORANGE-SCALE.\\n(Coccus?)\\nThe insect which has been so destructive to the once flourishing\\norange-groves of Florida presents the appearance of a minute, nar-\\nrow, elongated scale, (PI. X. fig. 8,) with a narrow, semi-transparent,\\nwhitish margin. That of the female resembles one of the valves of\\na long muscle-shell, in shape, and adheres closely to the leaf or branch\\non which it is fixed, and is apparently formed by successive semi-cir-\\ncular layers added from time to time. When fully grown, it mea-\\nsures about the tenth of an inch in length, by about the fortieth par\\nof an inch in breadth, at the broadest part.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "116 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe young insects are produced from eggs deposited by the female\\nunder the broader end of the outer case, or shell and, when first\\nhatched, are furnished with six legs, by means of which they escape\\nfrom under the maternal shelter, which is somewhat elevated from the\\nleaf, at the hinder part, to allow the egress of the young, which are\\nextremely small, and appear in numbers, like minute, yellowish specks\\nupon the leaf; but, if magnified, the six legs, two antenna?, and two\\nshort bristles, at the end of the abdomen, can be plainly distinguished.\\nThe body is of a pale-yellowish color, and divided into segments.\\nWhen tired of rambling, and having arrived at a suitable place\\nfor feeding, the cocci fix themselves to the leaf, or branch, for life.\\nA light-colored, semi-transparent film, or case, with two projecting\\npoints at the narrow end, is soon formed over the young insect, and\\nunder this thin scale, it may at first be plainly perceived. The scale\\ngradually increases in size, and becomes more opaque and brown,\\nuntil the shell of the female attains its full growth, at which time it\\nmeasures about the tenth of an inch in length. If the large scales\\nare taken from the leaf, the female larva, or worm, may be seen in the\\nconcavity of the scale, in the same manner as an oyster or muscle,\\nrather in the concave valve of its shell. This grub is of a yellowish,\\nor sometimes pink color. The case itself, when turned upside down,\\nappears to have a narrow margin of a whitish, or semi-transparent\\nsubstance, where it had adhered to the leaf; a flat flap, or wing,\\nextends on each side from the head, or narrowest end, at least two-\\nthirds down the shell. This appears also to have adhered to the leaf.\\nA longitudinal opening is left between the two projecting pieces,\\nwhere the naked body of the grub may be seen. The end, towards\\nthe thicker extremity, is often vacant until filled with eggs, which,\\nin color, are yellowish or pink. The head of the grub is placed\\ntowards the narrow part of the scale, and a piercer, or thread-like\\nfilament, proceeds from the under part of the breast, by means of\\nwhich it sucks the juices from the plant. If the scale is gently re-\\nmoved from the leaf, it will often be found to hang to it by means of\\nthis thread-like piercer.\\nWhen the female commences to lay her eggs, under the shelter of\\nthe scale, they appear to be deposited in parallel rows on each side\\nbut it is difficult to ascertain their number correctly. As many as\\ntwenty or thirty, however, have been counted in one female scale. The\\nfemale decreases in size in proportion to the number of eggs laid, and\\nfinally, after having deposited all under the scale, she dies and dries\\naway in the smaller end, with the case still adhering to the leaf.\\nThe scale of the male is much smaller than that of the female. The\\ngrub inside, after changing into a pupa, of a yellow color, with rudi-\\nments of wings, legs, and antennee, eventually emerges from the case\\na perfect two-winged fly, so extremely minute as to be scarcely per-\\nceptible to the naked eye.\\nThe head of the perfect fly is small, rounded, and furnished with\\ntwo comparatively long, jointed, and somewhat hairy or bristly an-\\ntennas the thorax is very large; it has six short legs, and two large,\\ntransparent wings, in which are two nervure. The body is short,\\nin comparison with the thorax, and has a long point, curved down-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 117\\nwards at the extremity of the abdomen, which is somewhat hairy. It\\nis said of some of the coccus tribe that the males escape backwards\\nfrom the shell, or case, with the wings extended flatly over t-he head.\\nMr. Browne, in his work on the Trees of America, states that\\nthis insect first made its appearance in Florida, in Robinson s\\nGrove, at Mandarin, on the St. John s, in 1838, on some trees of the\\nMandarin orange, which had been procured in New York. In the\\ncourse of three or four years, they spread to the neighboring planta-\\ntions, to the distance of ten miles, and were the most rapid in their\\nmigrations in the direction of the prevailing winds, which evidently\\naided them in their movements. In 1840, Mr. P. S. Smith, of St.\\nAugustine, obtained some orange trees from Mandarin, and had them\\nplanted in his front yard. From these trees, the insects went to\\nothers in the same enclosure, and rapidly extended themselves to the\\ntrees and plantations to the northerly and westerly parts of that city\\nand its vicinity, obviously aided in their migration by the south-east\\ntrade-winds, which blow there almost daily during summer and,\\nwhat is remarkable, these insects were occupied nearly three years\\nin reaching trees in the south-east side of the city, only about\\nhalf a mile from their original point of attack. They have since,\\nhowever, extended themselves to all the trees in and about the city,\\nbut have not yet travelled in any direction beyond ten miles. Being\\naided in their dispersion by birds, and other natural causes, impossi-\\nble to guard against, they must eventually attack most if not all the\\ntrees in Florida for the wild-orange groves suffer equally with those\\nwhich have been cultivated, and no difference can be perceived in\\ntheir ravages between old and young trees, nor between vigorous and\\ndecayed ones. Various remedies have been tried to arrest their pro-\\ngress, such as fumigating the trees with tobacco-smoke, covering\\nthem with soap, lime, potash, sulphur, shellac, glue, and other viscid\\nand tenacious substances, mixed with clay, quick-lime, salt, etc. but\\nall have failed, partially or entirely, and it appears not to be in the\\npower of man to prevent the ravages of these insignificant and insidi-\\nous destroyers.\\nThe above remarks were first published in 1846, and at the present\\ntime, (1855,) the disease appears to have spread over the greater part\\nof Florida, as was anticipated. Several other remedies have been\\nproposed, one of which was earnestly recommended the past season.\\nThis consisted of a wash, composed of a gallon of water, a gallon of\\nwhiskey, and four ounces of aloes. Many contradictory reports as to\\nthe efficacy of this mixture have been received, some stating that it\\ncompletely succeeded, while others contend that it was an entire fail-\\nure, or merely destroying the first brood of insects already on the\\ntree. If the latter should be the case, it might perhaps prove more\\neffectual if the tree were well washed and syringed, every two or three\\nweeks, as long as no perfect eggs remained upon the dried-up skin or\\nshells of the dead female, to produce new generations, as, perhaps,\\nthese eggs might not be affected by the wash which was strong enough\\nto destroy the life of the perfect insect. It would also be advisable to\\nsyringe the trees from time to time, even when very few insects can", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "118 AGKICULTUEAL KEPOKT.\\nbe discovered on the branches or leaves, as the young cocci are so\\nminute as to be almost invisible to the naked eye.\\nThe plan of highly cultivating and enriching the soil has also been\\nmuch recommended, as promoting a healthy, vigorous growth, and\\nstrengthening the constitution of the tree, so that it is better enabled\\nto withstand the attacks of these foes. Grease from fat bacon, rubbed\\non the trunk and main branches, or the rind or outside thick skin,\\nplaced in the fork of the branches, where the fat and salt may run\\ndown the main stem, is said by one person to have been of much\\nbenefit but others, who tried this plan, assert that the trees were\\nkilled in consequence of the application. In fact, so many different\\nremedies have been recommended, and so many contradictory reports\\ngiven of the results, that it will not be prudent to place reliance upon\\nany of them, until a regular series of experiments shall have been\\ninstituted with the various mixtures, upon trees of the same age and\\nstrength, in different soils and localities, and a faithful report given\\nas to the success or failure bearing always in mind, however, that\\nalthough the old scale insect may be destroyed, yet millions of eggs\\nmay remain unhatched under the sheltering scales, waiting only for a\\nfew days genial sunshine to hatch and spread over the tree, which,\\nperhaps, may have been washed in the meantime by heavy rains, so\\nas not to leave a vestige of the mixture remaining to prevent the\\nyoung from fixing themselves, ad libitum, when they first emerge\\nfrom the sheltering scale.\\nAnother kind of scale insect (coccus) is also found upon the\\norange-trees, which measures about the tenth of an inch when fully\\ngrown, and is of a much more oval form than that already described.\\nThe young cocci were of a yellowish-white color, and had the head\\nand thorax somewhat defined by indentations on the sides, and marks\\non the scale itself. They are furnished with two antennas, and had\\nsix legs, by means of which they moved about the leaf until they\\nfound a place suited to their taste, when they immediately fixed their\\npiercers in a leaf or branch, and became coated with a scale-like cov-\\nering, which appeared to adhere to the surface of the place where it\\nwas fixed and here they remained motionless the remainder of their\\nlives.\\nThis description applies to the female coccus alone, as the males\\nwere not discovered but doubtless they resemble the species already\\ndescribed, in being provided with wings, as well as in general habits.\\nAs the female scale becomes older, it gradually assumes a brownish-\\nblack appearance, having a somewhat lighter colored margin. This\\ncoccus appears to be peculiarly subject to the attacks of parasitical\\ninsects, which serve materially to check its increase. Many of the\\nscales were observed in September to be punctured with small holes\\nin their backs, made no doubt by small parasitical flies, which had\\ndevoured the original tenant of the scale. One of the flies which\\ncame out of these scales measured about the twentieth of an inch in\\nlength the body and thorax were of a metallic green color the eyes\\nblack, and the legs of a brownish color the four wings were trans-\\nparent, and the antennas jointed and hairy.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 119\\nAnother hymenopterous fly came out of the dead scales, which also\\nmeasured about the twentieth part of an inch in length, the thorax\\nand first segment of the body being light-brown, with the rest of the\\nabdomen blackish and hairy the head was furnished with three ocelli\\nthe four wings were transparent, and the antennas long, jointed, and\\nhairy. These parasitical flies no doubt do much good in lessening\\nthe numbers of this kind of coccus as, although breeding in similar\\nsituations, and with apparently as good a chance to multiply as the\\nothers, it was not found to be nearly so numerous as the scale insect\\nfirst mentioned. This may perhaps be attributed to the attacks of\\nthese flies, as hundreds of dried-up scales were seen with large holes\\nin their backs, and the contents eaten out as above described.\\nWhile on the subject of the orange-scale insect, it may be as\\nwell to mention that some time last year (1855) another coccus\\nwas imported into Jacksonville, Florida, on some lemons sent from\\nBermuda and, as they may perhaps spread in the vicinity, it would\\nbe well to draw attention to the insect, and describe it as far as known.\\nThe length of the full-grown female scale is rather more than the\\ntwentieth of an inch it is somewhat pear-shaped, and of a brown\\ncolor the grub is of a reddish-yellow, and furnished with a piercer\\nfrom its breast, like the coccus first described the young have two\\nantenna?, six legs, and two long hairs, or bristles, at the end of the\\nbody. The male scale is not so large as the female, and is formed of\\na white, cottony or parchment-looking substance, constituting a case,\\nwith an elevated and rounded ridge in the centre, in which a reddish\\npupa was found. The mouth of this case was stopped up with a dark-\\nlooking substance, apparently the cast-skin of the larva. The male\\nlarva is reddish in color, and measures not more than the fortieth of\\nan inch in length. The perfect fly is also red, and is furnished with\\ntwo hairy antennas, six legs, and has the thorax very large. The\\ntwo wings are transparent, and the end of the body is furnished with\\na curved, hard projection. As it is very probable that this insect\\nwill increase, it would be well to note any progress it may make dur-\\ning the ensuing year, and to use the remedies suggested in the first\\narticle on the coccus of the orange.\\nThere are also found on the orange-trees numbers of small mites,\\nwhich have frequently been mistaken for the young cocci but they\\nmay be very easily distinguished, by their activity from the young\\nscale insects, which crawl about very slowly. The mites have eight\\nhairy legs, somewhat like those of minute spiders, and are mostly of\\na yellowish color, although some are also found of a delicate pink\\nhue. They are generally seen briskly running among the stationary\\ncocci, and may often be found concealed under the old scales but,\\nwhether they do any harm to the tree, or merely feed upon the dead\\nor dying cocci, has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained.\\nThe pupa of a parasitical fly was found under the scale of one of\\nthe cocci the head, wings, antennas, and legs were perfectly formed\\nas in the ichneumon-flies the eyes were comparatively large and\\nbrown, and the rest of the body of a whitish-yellow. The perfect\\nfly could not be recognised, however, as the pupa died without\\nchanging.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "120 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nBEES, WAX, AND HONEY.\\nBEE-CULTURE IN EUSSIA.\\nThe rearing of bees is extensively carried on in the several parts\\nof European Russia, particularly in the central and southern gov-\\nernments, as well as in the Polish and in the trans-Caucasian pro-\\nvinces. This insect acclimatises up to a very high latitude, even in Si-\\nberia. It was long thought that the climate of the latter country\\nwas utterly unsuitable for the rearing of bees but experiments made\\nat the commencement of the present century in the governments of\\nTomsk, Omsk, and Jenisseisk have proved the contrary. It has\\noreatly suffered, however, in some provinces, from the destruction of\\nthe forests for the bee prefers well wooded districts, where it is pro-\\ntected from the wind. The honey procured from the linden tree\\n(Tilia europcea) is only obtained at the little town of Kowno, on the\\nriver Niemen, in Lithuania, which is surrounded by an extensive for-\\nest of these trees, and where the rearing occupies the principal at-\\ntention of the inhabitants. The Jews of Poland furnish a close imi-\\ntation of this honey, by bleaching the common kinds in the open air\\nduring frosty weather.\\nThe ceremonies of the Greek church, requiring a large consump-\\ntion of wax candles, greatly favor this branch of rural economy in\\nRussia, and preserve it from the decline to which it is exposed in\\nother countries, from the increasing use of stearine, oil, gas, and other\\nfluids for illuminating purposes. The peasants produce wax so\\ncheaply that, notwithstanding the consumption of this article has\\ngreatly diminished abroad, it still continues to form an important\\nitem of the commerce of the country but the exportation of honey\\nhas considerably increased in consequence of the extended use of potato\\nsyrup, which has also injured the honey trade in the interior.\\nThe rearing of bees is now almost exclusively dependent on the\\nmanufacture of candles for religious ceremonies, and on the consump-\\ntion of honey during Lent, it being then used instead of sugar, by the\\nstrict observers of the fasts. The government encourages this branch\\nof rural industry, as affording to the peasant an extra source of in-\\ncome and has adopted various measures for the accomplishment of\\nthis end. With the view of diffusing the requisite knowledge among\\nthe people of the public domains, bee-hives, and a course of practical\\ninstruction upon the subject of bee-culture, have been established at\\nseveral of the crown farms, and pupils are sent every year, at the ex-\\npense of the government, to the special school in Tschernigow,\\nfounded for the purpose, in 1828. After having finished their studies,\\nthe pupils, quitting this establishment, may become teachers in the\\nschools dependent on the Ministry of Domains, or carry on the busi-\\nness of teaching on their own account. They enjoy a temporary ex-\\nemption from military service and such of them as wish to establish\\nhives for themselves obtain loans for the purpose from the Depart-\\nment of Rural Economy. By way of further encouragement, the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "INSECTS. 121\\nMinistry of Domains has granted permission to the peasants to estab-\\nlish hives in the crown forests, under the precautions necessary to\\nprevent the occurrence of conflagrations.\\nThe total production of wax in Russia is estimated at 5,412,000\\npounds per annum and, as the usual calculation is three pounds of\\nhoney to one of wax, this supposes a production of 16,236,000 pounds\\nof honey, the whole being valved at $2,250,000. d. j. b.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of Henry Eddy, of North Bridgewater, Plymouth county,\\nMassachusetts.\\nI have had much experience in the production of artificial colo-\\nnies, and also in what is termed the non-swarming system of\\nbees. But I have abandoned both, and am satisfied that the bees\\nknow the best time and mode of conducting their colonisation. I do\\nnot feed my bees with the expectation of obtaining thereby surplus\\nhoney for market for no one receives back the amount he thus feeds,\\nand what he does receive, is not much changed nor improved. I\\nadopt the natural system of swarming, -destroy no bees, but keep\\nthem alive and at work and, if I have any advantage over others, it\\nconsists in placing them in circumstances under which full scope is\\ngiven to their instincts. My profits from bee culture seldom fail\\nfrom the loss of colonies in winter, or by depredations of the bee-\\nmoth at other seasons. By the mode I pursue, certain swarms are\\nmade to pay, in the increase of stock and honey, a profit of 100 per\\ncent., while others give from 500 to 600 per cent. The average profit\\nupon my entire stock, for several years, has been 327 per cent, per\\nannum. I accomplish this by the use of a hive of my own\\nconstruction.\\nMy surplus honey sells readily in market for 25 cents a pound.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "122 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nIMPROVEMENT OF LAND.\\nON THE DRAINAGE OF HAARLEM LAKE, WITH SUG-\\nGESTIONS ON ITS APPLICABILITY TO OVERFLOWED\\nLANDS IN THE UNITED STATES.\\nThrift and plenty are the ideas we ever associate with the name of\\nthe Netherlands. Placed in a situation in which the exercise of in-\\ndustry, perseverance, prudence, and economy is essential to their very\\nexistence, the people of the Low Countries cheerfully obey the\\nbeneficient command to labor and such are the fruits of their will-\\ningness to toil, that the rest of the world behold them with wonder\\nand admiration.\\nFrom the middle of Belgium, a few miles north of Brussels, the\\ncountry north-eastwardly becomes almost entirely a dead level, ex-\\ntending in monotonous sandy and peaty flats through Hanover, Jut-\\nland, Holstein, and, with little interruption, through Prussia into\\nRussia. But the lowest part of this immense region, and that Avhich\\nhas most recently emerged from the sea, is undoubtedly the country\\nlying between the mouths of the Scheldt and the Ems within this dis-\\ntance the Rhine, joined by the Meuse, Yssel, and other rivers, enters\\nthe sea, through a number of arms, and sluggish winding channels,\\nwhich by no means represent the magnitude of their main streams as\\nthey appear higher up. The delta of the Rhine may be conceived to\\nhave been in early ages subject to perpetual changes of form, as new\\nmud-banks were deposited, blocking up the old channels, and lead-\\ning to the formation of new ones. Besides, it is obvious that the\\nriver, in forming a domain of alluvial deposits had to contend with\\nthe sea, which washed away the accumulations of mud, or covered\\nthem witli sand, according to the vicissitudes of the seasons. The\\nsoil of the Netherlands shows everywhere the proofs of this struggle\\nbetween the billows of the ocean and the river floods, in the alterna-\\ntion of salt and fresh water deposits. It also bears evidence to the\\nfact, that these changes, effected by the inundations of the Rhine, or\\nby encroachments of the sea, occurred frequently, long after the\\ncountry had become inhabited. Remains of forests now lie buried\\nunder the waves of the German ocean paved roads and traces of\\nvillages and of cultivation are found beneath the morasses on the\\nbanks of the Ems, and many similar proofs exist of great physical\\nchanges, respecting which history is silent.\\nFor the purpose of securing the permanence of their territorial pos-\\nsessions, the early occupants of this country had recourse to dikes,\\nor embankments, high and strong enough to protect them under or-\\ndinary circumstances from the tides and, placing wind-mills on these", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "IMPKOVEMENT OF LANDS. 123\\ndikes, exposed to the sea-breeze, they worked the pumps which\\ndrained the enclosed lands.\\nThe Netherlands now present to our view an artificially constructed\\ncountry, some portions of which are many feet below the surface of the\\nsea, and nearly all too low for natural drainage. How this land has\\nbeen rescued from the floods and waves, and how it is preserved from\\ntheir attempted inroads, it is the purpose of this paper to explain.\\nThe recovery of land from the water, in Holland, is the most import-\\nant branch of engineering, insomuch that a Government Board has\\nexisted for centuries, the duties of which are confined to the admin-\\nistration of the hydraulic works of the kingdom. This Board is de-\\nnominated the Waterstaat, or Board of Marine Engineers and\\nin matters affecting the protection of the country from the waters of\\neither the rivers or the sea, its powers are very great, if not absolute.\\nA school of instruction in this particular branch has also long been\\nmaintained by the government.\\nPolder is a term applied in the Netherlands to a tract of coun-\\ntry the surface of which is lower than the waters adjacent to it, and\\nwhich, therefore, requires to be protected from them. Such tracts\\nare abundant throughout the country here described, exceeding a\\nthousand in Middle Holland alone. They are of various sizes, and\\nof various degrees of depth, some of them indeed being 20 feet below\\nthe level of the sea.\\nThese polders are formed in four different ways, namely, first, of\\nground reclaimed from the sea by the skill of the engineer; second,\\nof ground protected from the rivers by circumscribing, and conse-\\nquently diverting and deepening their currents third, by the drain-\\ning of lakes fourth, by the digging of turf for fuel, in such quan-\\ntities as to make extensive depressions of this character. In Rhine-\\nland, there is of Nature s formation of dry land (more than one-third\\nof which is downs, or formations caused by deposits of sand upon\\nthe margin of the sea,) but 76,000 acres, while there is of polder\\nland 173,000, and of land still redeemable as polder land, 56,000.\\nBut one-fourth of the land of Rhineland, therefore, is above the level\\nof the sea and a system of drainage adapted to its recovery and pre-\\nservation, requires, not only the construction of sluices, ditches, canals,\\nand embankments, but a resort to extraordinary mechanical agencies\\nin elevating the water above the surface of the contiguous rivers or\\nseas, in order that it may flow into them. To illustrate the method\\nwhich experience has proved to be the best for the accomplishment\\nof this object, a single great and successful instance will here be\\nreviewed.\\nHaarlem Lake, or Haarlemmer Meer, (PI. XI.) was two miles\\nsouth of the city of Haarlem, in the province of North Holland, a city\\nthat has been described as very well built, very clean, and very\\ndull, yet which is, to all who esteem intelligence, industry, moral\\nworth and integrity, one of the most interesting cities of the world.\\nThis lake was formerly an inlet of the Zuyder Zee, (a gulf of the\\nGerman ocean,) of an irregular, oblong form, 33 miles in circumfer-\\nence, and enclosing an area of about 40,000 acres. It communicated\\nin the north with the river Y, and in the south with the Old Bhine.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "124 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nIts average depth was a little more than 13 feet below the lowest\\ntides in the Zuyder Zee. The recovery of the land for the pur-\\nposes of agriculture was not the primary object leading to its recla-\\nmation, the danger of its extension and encroachment upon the soft\\nalluvial soil of the surrounding country being constantly regarded as\\nimminent. Indeed, by the overflow of its banks during a hurricane,\\nin November, 1836, the city of Amsterdam, four miles northeast of\\nit, sustained considerable injury; and in the succeeding month, the\\nstorm coming from a different quarter, the city of Leyden, four and\\na half miles southwardly, experienced a like calamity. Thus ad-\\nmonished, the government determined upon the great undertaking\\nit has since so successfully accomplished.\\nThe attention of the people had been directed to this enterprise as\\nearly as the year 1617, and, from that period to the year 1839, many\\nprojects were submitted to the government for the purpose. Allusion\\nto any of these plans will not be here made, except so far as to do\\nhonor to a millwright whose success in reclaiming submerged lands\\nobtained for him the appellation of Leegh water, which maybe\\ninterpreted Water-drainer. Such was the skill and sagacity of\\nthis person, that at that early period he proposed a plan that differed\\nbut little from that which was finally adopted, except that lie con-\\ntemplated a reliance upon windmills for the power necessary to ele-\\nvate the water from the lake.\\nIn 1839, after a series of careful investigations, and various modifi-\\ncations and amendments of the plans previously arranged, the com-\\nmissioners, destined finally to superintend the work, proceeded to\\nenclose the entire lake, including Spiering Meer, and Kager Meer,\\nthe whole comprising an area of 44,520 acres, which was to be\\ndrained to a mean depth of about 13-|- feet, besides the accessions by\\nleakage from the surrounding lands, and the fall of rain during the\\noperation.\\nThe first object to be accomplished was the construction of a dike\\nand canal around the entire area, in order, first, to intercept the\\nwater from the adjoining lands on a higher level; second, to provide\\na navigation in lieu of that previously afforded by the lake and\\nthird, to form a channel, for the flow of the water pumped from the\\nlake into the sea. This canal is some 40 miles long in its northern\\nportion, it is 147^ feet wide, at the level of the tow-path, which is the\\nlevel of the datum at Amsterdam; on the west and south, the width\\nat this point is a little over 131 feet; and, on the east, it is a little\\nover 124^ feet wide. Its depth throughout is 9f feet. The dike\\nbetween the canal and the lake is 13\u00c2\u00a3 feet on the crown.\\nThe flow of water out of the canal was found not always to be de-\\npended upon; as, when the wind was strong and adverse, it was\\nrepelled to such a degree as to render further agencies necessary.\\nFrom an examination of PI. XI. it will be seen that the passage\\nof the water from the canal is provided for at three points first, to\\nthe North Sea, or German Ocean, by the great cut and sluices at\\nKatwyk second, by the sluices at Halfwege, or Halfway, between\\nAmsterdam and Haarlem; third, by the Spaarne, through the\\nsluices at Spaarndam, by both of which outlets the waters are dis-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "IMPROVEMENT IN LAND. 125\\ncharged into the arm of the Zuyder Zee, called the Y. At the first-\\nnamed of these places, the only remedy applied is an arrangement\\nof gates which remain open when the flow of water is outward, but\\nclosed when the pressure of the tide is reversed. At the second, the\\nresistance has not proved so frequent nor serious as to require the\\napplication of a remedy but at Spaarndam, where the canal empties\\ninto the sea, a steam-engine and machinery adapted to raise a great\\nquantity of water to a limited height, of from a few inches to two\\nand a half feet, have been provided, and are used whenever the wind\\nblows strong from the north or northeast.\\nThe commissioners were in the beginning empowered to borrow\\n8,000,000 florins, or $3,200,000, to provide for the defence of Amster-\\ndam from inundation; to purchase all lands required; to divide\\nthe soil when drained to supply the new polder with water in time\\nof drought and to arrange a system of canals, channels, or ditches,\\nroads, and bridges.\\nThe work was commenced by the construction of the dike and\\ncanal around the lake. This was not generally difficult, the excava-\\ntions being through firm peaty soil, impervious to water, which was\\nthrown up to form the body of the dike, a layer of turf being used to\\nfinish it off; but, in some situations, it was otherwise, as, for instance,\\non the narrow neck of land between the lake of Haarlem and the\\nTurf-pit lakes near Aalsmeer, which is of a soft and spongy nature,\\nthe surface consisting chiefly of reeds and aquatic plants, and soft\\npeat forming the substratum. This land rose and fell with the water\\nin the lake. Ingenious, yet tedious, laborious and expensive means\\nof overcoming these obstacles had therefore to be resorted to such as\\nthe exposure of layer after layer of the peaty soil to the sun and wind,\\nand sinking them gradually by the weight of additional layers, until\\nthe whole mass sank through the soft peat to the solid ground be-\\nneath, when some firmer soil from old dikes was added, and the\\nproper form given to the embankments, by the removal of the super-\\nfluous portions. At other points, the bases of the embankments wero\\nprotected by sheet-piling. In crossing canals and creeks, successive\\nlayers of fascine, or faggot-work, formed into oblong masses, were\\nfloated to their destined positions, and then loaded with sand or\\ngravel until they sank, in layers, crossing each other at right angles.\\nThey were then secured in position by stakes driven through them.\\nOver the wall thus formed, earth was thrown to form the slopes of the\\ndike and canal.\\nNot only was it necessary to construct dikes between the canal and\\nthe lake, or polder, but between the canal and the Turf-pit lakes\\nalso. For this purpose, fascine, or wicker-work, was resorted to, upon\\nthe exterior of which was thrown sand, obtained at great expense.\\nThis, mingling with the soft soil, rendered it impervious to water.\\nSo well did this work prosper, that, in 1843, it was regarded as\\nnearly completed but, in consequence of delays in obtaining the requi-\\nsite steam-engines and pumps, the lake was not closed until May, 1848.\\nPumping a very large quantity of water to an inconsiderable height\\nwas a purpose to which no great engine had been previously adapted\\nand, as this height was to be gradually increased, provision had to be", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "126 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nmade for varying die capacity and action of the machines. No ex-\\ntensive pumping apparatus in any part of the world was therefore\\nsuited for imitation but recourse was wisely had to England for the\\nlight of experience in the matter, which resulted in the employment\\nof Messrs. Joseph Gibbs and Arthur Dean, of that country, to furnish\\ndrawings and specifications, according to which three engines were\\nconstructed and applied to the work, one of them being completed\\nand tested, however, before the others were commenced. This first\\nwas called the Leegh water, in honor of the worthy engineer al-\\nready named. It was erected near Kaag, which is not far from\\nLeyden. The Cruquius and the Lynden, called after two\\npersonages distinguished in the promotion of the great enterprise,\\nwere erected, the former near Haarlem, and the latter near Amster-\\ndam. The engine-houses are massive circular towers, and the boiler-\\nhouses square buildings attached to their sides. Preparatory to lay-\\ning in the foundations of these structures, coffer-dams were thrown\\naround their sites. The water having been pumped out, the areas\\nwere dug to a depth of about 23 feet below the mean surface of the\\nlake. Piles were then driven to a depth of about 40 feet below\\nthat level, and over them a strong platform was laid to receive the\\nwalls.\\nThe peculiar engine placed at Spaarndam, to coerce the water\\nfrom the canal to the sea, is of course additional to the three here\\nspoken of. It is of 360 horse-power, and gives motion to ten water-\\nwheels. Each of the other three engines named has been stated to\\nbe of 400 horse-power, and to have cost half a million of florins, or\\n$200,000. During the thirty-nine months consumed in draining the\\nlake, ending on the first of July, 1852, they worked nineteen months\\nand a seventh, and raised 831,839,501 cubic metres of water, equal\\nto about 219,771,996,000 wine gallons. The engines rested during\\nthat dry summer, and, in the following winter, the water accumulated\\nupon the moist polder, which would not absorb it, to a considerable\\nheight but this was exhausted by June, 1853, when the sale of the\\nrecovered lands was commenced. In the following winter, however,\\naccumulated waters again arose from rains and leakage but the sys-\\ntem of interior canals and ditches being then regarded as perfected,\\nincluding a basin for the reception of the waters, the work appeared\\nto be nearly completed in the summer of 1854 yet, although the\\nwinter had been very remarkable for its copious rains, it was to the\\ngeneral disappointment that the central and lower portion of the\\ngreat polder was found to have accumulated much water in the win-\\nter of 1854-5. There were two causes for this apparent failure\\nfirst, the engine boilers were not supplied with filtered water in suffi-\\ncient quantities, and the earthy deposits impaired their efficiency\\nand, secondly and chiefly, in the system of interior drainage adopted,\\ntoo much dependence had been placed upon the efforts of the proprie-\\ntor of each tract of 20 hectares, or nearly 49| acres, in draining\\nhis own land. In many instances, this was deferred by these indi-\\nviduals and, in the less favorable situations, the lands had not been\\ntaken up at all. The annual amount of rain, a depth of about 27\\ninches, which had fallen at that period, could neither sink into the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "IMPEOVEMENT IN LANDS. 127\\nearth nor flow from its surface neither was the process of evaporation\\nequal to its removal.\\nIn the month of October, 1855, when the writer visited the scene,\\nnot only was the work of drainage found to he perfected, hut what\\nhad been, so short a time before, the bed of a great lake, was then a\\nregion of exceedingly fertile land in a fine state of cultivation. (PI.\\nXII.) It was dry, comfortable and healthy, or the only indications\\nof diseases from local causes appeared to have been among persons\\nwhose severe and exposed employments would in almost any locality\\nproduce similar effects. Numerous neat, quaint and conveniently-\\nconstructed cottages were seen in various directions a population of\\nabout two thousand dwelt within the polder fields of verdure ex-\\ntended far and wide, enlivened by cattle, horses, and sheep, grazing\\non the fruitful meadows and everything the eye could look upon\\nindicated the triumphant achievement of the vast and benificent de-\\nsign, with the exception of some limited patches of soil, charged with\\nvegetable acids and salts of iron, uj)on which vegetation would not\\nthen grow, but which may be restored through the agency of lime.\\nThe cost of the works herein described, and all their accessories,\\nincluding their preservation and repairs to the end of 1855, and in-\\nterest on loans made for the general purpose, is stated to have been\\n$3,592,537, but $250,537 more than the original estimate. The num-\\nber of acres recovered being 44,520 the cost per acre was therefore\\n$80 69.\\nThe engines used in draining the lake will continue to be kept in\\nworking order, and will at some seasons be applied daily in expelling\\nthe accumulating waters not that they will all be often required in\\nservice at the same time, but because such an emergency is possible\\nand, should it come but once in ten or twenty years, the motives of\\neconomy leading to the setting aside of any of the engines will be\\nregretted. Thus an inconsiderable annual expense must be perma-\\nnently sustained by the holders of the land in Haarlem Polder, in con-\\njunction with the government.\\nIt is believed that the particularity with which this subject has\\nbeen treated will not be regretted by the intelligent reader. What\\ncan be achieved by patient industry, guided by enlightened judgment,\\nis happily exemplified in this remarkable instance. A small king-\\ndom, with an overflowing population, has thus added to its area many\\nthousands of acres of the richest soil, in the most desired position,\\nproviding homes for a numerous agricultural population, productions\\nfor the subsistence of many more, and adding to the wealth, strength,\\nand influence of the nation. The two provinces of Holland comprise\\n2,146 square miles, or 1,983,440 acres. The population of these pro-\\nvinces is 1,106,248. There is, therefore, one person to every acre\\nand a quarter, and, at this ratio, the area of Haarlem lake, rendered\\ncultivable and habitable, is adapted to the maintenance and occupancy\\nof 35,616 people. But when it is remembered that there is of course\\nmuch waste and inferior land taken into the great aggregate, and\\nthat this polder is all equal to the best land of the provinces, its\\ncapacity may be stated as equal to the support of 70,000 persons, or\\ntwice the number indicated by the general apportionment.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "128 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nIn the United States, land is fortunately to be had at very low\\nprices, and the government has at present no need to resort to such\\nmeasures as have been here described, either for protection of its do-\\nmains from the inroads of the sea, or for the acquisition of territory\\nyet may the example of Holland still be profitable to agricultur-\\nists or capitalists in many sections of our country. Land in the far-\\noff West, at only $1 25 per acre, is sometimes, practically, almost\\nas remote and inaccessible to citizens of the United States as to\\nthe good people of Amsterdam or Haarlem themselves and rich\\nalluvial soil, at the very margins of great navigable waters, and near\\nthe accustomed homes and markets of our people, is often as desirable\\nto them as to the people of those countries. Immense regions of the\\nmost fertile soil ever trodden by man, lying adjacent to the Delta and\\ncurrent of the Mississippi river, through hundreds of miles of its course,\\nas well as extensive salt-marshes along our seaboard, require for their\\ncomplete restoration nothing more than an imitation, upon a limited\\nscale, of the works herein described. Polders of three miles square,\\nnear the levees of the Mississippi, surrounded by canals upon which\\ntheir products might be conveyed to the river s edge, could be diked\\nand drained at a small cost compared with their subsequent value.\\nIt is indeed only in the prairies that land can be tilled without its\\nprevious recovery from swamps, or the subjugation of its forests.\\nThat the labor expended in the performance of these tasks is greater,\\nin proportion to the value of the lands obtained, than would be re-\\nquired to drain the submerged tracks alluded to, should not be too\\nconfidently assumed. That the work may be conducted upon a\\nmore limited scale, and consequently with less means, is certain but\\ncapitalists are seldom timid in essaying the most formidable enter-\\nprises, when large profits are demonstrated by even the most compli-\\ncated calculations.\\nShould an examination of this subject and a series of successful\\nexperiments induce their continued prosecution, great public benefits\\nwould doubtless also proceed from the narrowing, and consequently\\nthe deepening of the courses of rivers upon the margins of which such\\npolders may be established, and from the removal of a great source\\nof miasmatic infection proceeding from organic deposits upon these\\nmiry, tracts often so prolific of devastation and disease. d. j. b.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of C. Snivelt, of Penn Township, Alleghany county, Penn-\\nsylvania.\\nFarmers here are turning their attention to draining their wet\\nlands, and they find that nothing they can do will pay better. For\\ninstance, a field of 10 acres is sown with wheat, one half of which is\\nso dry that the yield is 25 or 30 bushels to the acre. The other half", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 129\\nbeing wet, the wheat is winter-killed weeds take the place of wheat,\\nand the crop does not exceed 5 bushels to the acre, and that of inferior\\nquality. Whereas, if it had been properly drained, it would have\\nproduced at least as much as the dry part of the field, and probably\\nmore. Would not the increase of crop in one year go far towards\\npaying the expense of draining?\\nThe mode of draining here is to stake off the ditches in such a\\nmanner as will carry all the water to the lowest ground, and finally\\nto some stream or ravine. We dig the drains from 2^ to 3 feet deep\\nthen fill up with cobble-stones, which abound on most farms, to within\\n12 or 15 inches of the surface. We then put a layer of any kind of\\nstraw over the stones, and cover and fill up with the excavated clay.\\nThe stones should be broken so that no pieces should exceed 2 or 3\\npounds in weight.\\nFERTILISERS.\\nON THE PURIFICATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS; THE\\nDEODORISATION OF THEIR FECAL MATTER AND ITS\\nREMOVAL AND CONVERSION INTO MANURE.\\nThe enrichment of the soil, or its preservation from impoverish-\\nment, is the great object of desire in every portion of the world in\\nwhich man derives his sustenance from the earth and the means of\\neffecting this object are wisely sought with corresponding earnestness\\nand at vast expense, insomuch that the excrement of birds, under\\nthe name of guano, is brought in large quantities from distant\\nseas, and profitably sold in Europe and in the cities of the Atlantic\\nof this country at 3 cents a pound, or $9 for a quantity sufficient to\\nrenovate a single acre of grass land, equaling a sum within a frac-\\ntion of the price of the land itself. Against the wisdom of enriching\\nthe soil, even at this enormous cost, it is not here proposed to urge\\nany objection. The experience of every cultivator will teach him\\nwhether he can afford to do so or not and the question he has to\\ndecide, is simply whether the excess of production with the use of\\nguano, when judiciously applied, over the ordinary yield of his land\\nwithout it, is equal to the cost of this manure. Guano, however,\\ncannot be expected to supersede all other fertilisers, nor even to\\ndiminish their consumption. It has not been brought into use with\\nthis expectation, but for the gratification of an increased demand a\\ndemand for a powerful quickening agent, of easy transportation, to\\nbe applied chiefly in the recuperation of depleted or impoverished\\nsoils, for which it is well adapted, but to which it cannot be univer-\\nsally applied, because of the insufficient quantity imported, and the\\nenormous price at which it is sold. It is reasonable, therefore, thai\\n9", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "130 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ninquiries should be made for other fertilisers adapted to this purpose,\\nand. that farmers should ask how it is that Nature has, in this in-\\nstance, so far deviated from the law that has placed the ore of iron\\nand the coal to he used in its manufacture in close proximity to each\\nother, and in all other particulars manifested the most perfect design\\nof adaptation, and yet requires us to search thousands of miles from\\nthe soil we cultivate for the nutriment that is to replace the substances\\nwe take from it in the various cropa it produces for the sustenance of\\nanimals as well as of men. The reply that naturally presents itself\\nto every reflecting mind is, that this cannot be so and the proof is\\nby no means wanting to sustain this opinion. It may indeed be al-\\nmost pronounced an axiom, that the best means to restore the soil\\nis by the return to it, in their changed conditions, of those substances\\nby the abstraction of which it has been impaired. There has been\\nno period since the fall of man in which this truth has not been un-\\nderstood, nor in which it has not, in general, been acted upon, by the\\napplication of the excrements of animals and decomposed vegetable\\nsubstances as manure to the soil. But an important omission in this\\nrespect has been wilfully made, and it is in consequence of this omis-\\nsion that we are now subjected to the trouble and expense of seeking\\nin other climes for an agent capable of sustaining the soil from which\\nwe derive our food. The most nutritious articles of aliment obtained\\nfrom the soil are consumed by man, and by those animals which form\\nhis food. Compared with the highly-condensed aliment that he thus\\neonsumes, the hay, straw, grass, and various vegetable substances,\\neaten by domestic animals, may be regarded almost as nothing and,\\nwhen compared with the value of human excreta, the manure obtained\\nfrom all other sources becomes perfectly insignificant. In the fact\\nthat these substances are not returned to the soil for its enrichment,\\nwe have perhaps one of the strongest illustrations of the bountifulness\\nof the earth, if not of its exhaustlessness yet the necessity of the\\nextraordinary efforts, to which allusion has been made, is evidence of\\nthe truth that we may not continue to violate with impunity this\\nclearly-indicated law.\\nMany persons, I am aware, will at first reject these suggestions, or\\ncontemplate the subject proposed with aversion but it will be found\\nthat those who, from a want of an acquaintance with the beautiful\\nand purifying economy of nature, are disgusted with the thought of\\nthe reproduction of vegetation by means of this particular agency, and\\nare yet reconciled by habit to the use of every other element, however\\noffensive and all are so are scarcely known to murmur at breathing\\nconstantly, in its volatile effluvia, without the medium of any purify-\\ning process, the very substance which shocks their nature to have thus\\ndeposited upon the earth in corruption, to be raised in incorruption by\\nan absolute chemical change. What this unworthy prejudice has\\ndone, to the injury of agriculture, may be most accurately estimated\\nby an examination of the variety and magnitude of the evils it has\\ninflicted upon the family of man in his home wherever it is found,\\nbut especially in the populous cities and towns, where malaria, or\\nbad air, as the word imports, is the imperceptible origin of so many\\nwoes.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "FEET I USERS. 131\\nIt has often been pronounced wonderful, that in the most beautiful\\nregions of the earth, where every sense is gratified, and where the air\\nwe breathe is even delightfully fragrant, there should be contained\\nwithin it the most pernicious poisons, under the influence of which\\nman sickens and dies, while in otheir regions, where every object\\nof sight and every inhalation of the air are revoltingly offensive,\\nthere is often comparative security. But when it is known that poi-\\nsons may be taken into the body in the food we eat and in the\\nliquids we drink, and that food and drink containing such poisons\\nmay be most pleasant to the taste, it should not be deemed a marvel\\nthat Nature has acted in accordance with the same law with respect\\nto another essential element of our nature, and required that we should\\nbe guided by reason and experience in making choice of the localities\\nin which our homes are to be placed, in the purification and ventila-\\ntion of those homes, and in the removal of all noxious influences sur-\\nrounding or adjacent to them. Though the agency of disease, in\\neither case, may be inappreciable, the origin of that agency is gene-\\nrally susceptible of detection, and often of correction.\\nBut the manner in which impure air injuriously affects the system\\nis not understood by all, though susceptible of the simplest explica-\\ntion. Man, in common with all other warm-blooded animals, requires\\nthat the blood in his system should be continually exposed to fresh\\ncurrents of pure air. So constantly are the lungs required to labor,\\nin the fulfilment of this function, that their cessation even for a few\\nminutes, would result in asphyxia or death. By one action of respi-\\nration, that of inspiration, pure air is carried into the system by\\nanother, that of expiration, impure air is carried out of the system.\\nWhen this function of respiration is performed in a calm and natural\\nmanner, there are eighteen respirations every minute, in each of\\nwhich efforts, about a pint of air is received into and discharged from\\nthe lungs of a person of ordinary capacity, and all the blood in the\\nsystem performs a complete circuit, and is thus exposed to the puri-\\nfying influence of the atmosphere, once in every two minutes and two-\\nthirds. It is the condition of health and life, therefore, that the\\natmosphere we breathe should be adapted to this purifying process\\nor, in other words, that it should be pure. If poisoned, or even con-\\ntaminated by the effluvia from the decomposition either of animal or\\nvegetable substances, instead of purifying the blood, it must neces-\\nsarily produce, whether rapid or slow, a progressive deterioration and\\ncorruption of the whole mass of the blood, a consequent disorgani-\\nsation of the solid structures, and the excitement of those violent\\ncommotions which constitute fevers, cholera, and other morbid con-\\nditions of the human frame. The only just cause of wonder, then, is,\\nthat the same amount of accurate knowledge, and the same degree of\\npractical attention, are not given to this element of vitality, that are\\nso uniformly applied to the subjects of food and drink or, indeed,\\nthat the very instinct of our nature, which causes us to turn with dis-\\ngust from food and drinks of unpleasant odor and taste, is resisted\\nwith respect to air, and that we reject the guidance of the wise and\\nsalutary admonition of the senses, and persist in breathing an atmos-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "132 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nphere that the decay of organic matter has corrupted, or that, confined\\nwithin limited apartments, which has already performed its officeof\\npurifying the blood of our systems and measurably lost its capacity\\nfor that service.\\nThat this subject may be rendered more certainly comprehensible\\nto every intelligent mind, a few plain facts respecting the blood and\\nits mode of purification will here be stated: The functions of the\\nanimal economy cannot be discharged without the preservation of a\\ncertain temperature of the body. This temperature varies in differ-\\nent domestic animals, and in different climates, from 96f to 106\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nIn man, it ranges from 96j\u00c2\u00b0 to 98f By the process of respiration,\\nthe carbon in the blood is brought into contact with the oxygen in\\nthe atmosphere; a species of combustion takes place, and carbonic\\nacid gas, a substance deleterious to life, is thrown off. Whether,\\ntherefore, noxious elements in the air, thus brought into contact with\\nthe blood, are imparted to it, or the oxygen it contains is insufficient\\nfor this process of combustion, in either case, it is manifestly preju-\\ndicial to life as well as to health. To illustrate, therefore, the perni-\\ncious influences of the very prevalent evil of small or crowded apart-\\nments and inadequate ventilation, it may here be stated that the\\naverage respiration of a pint of air occurs about eighteen times in a\\nminute, equaling 21$ cubic feet per hour, or nearly 520 cubic feet in\\ntwenty-four hours. An apartment 14 feet long, 13 feet wide, and 8\u00c2\u00a3\\nfeet hip-h, which are harge proportions in ordinary dwellings, would,\\ntherefore, not contain air enough to supply three persons during\\ntwenty-four hours for the purpose of breathing, without making any\\nallowance for the influence of the insensible perspiration in deterio-\\nrating the confined atmosphere, or for the fact that the carbonic acid\\ngas that it contains renders the air exhaled from the lungs heavier\\nthan the pure atmosphere and hence causes it to form chiefly the lower\\nstratum which, in an apartment of the dimensions given,. it would\\nrequire less than ten hours, (the period during which many persons\\nremain within their chambers,) or an aggregate of 647 cubic feet, to\\noverflow the occupants, whether in a lying or a sitting posture, say at\\nan altitude of 3^ feet from the floor. The elimination of this gas,\\nwhen produced by the combustion of charcoal, is so rapid that the\\nusual crevices of doors and windows do not perceptibly affect it, and\\nmany persons have perished from suffocation in consequence, just as\\nthey would have perished from drowning by the opening of a sluice\\nof water into the room, adequate to overflow them in the same time,\\nwith the single exception that their senses do not generally admonish\\nthem of the presence of the former evil until it has deprived them of\\nthe ability to escape. Or, if the pure and unbreathed air, about\\n7T V7yth part of which is carbonic acid, is not kept wholly separate\\nfrom that which has been surcharged with this life-destroying prin-\\nciple, to that extent is the whole volume of air in a room gradually\\nbecomino- impaired, as we breathe it over and over; and fortunate is\\nit that it is so, since its sickening effects, so promptly experienced by\\npersons of feeble organisation or ill-health, serve to warn us of the\\npresence of evil before its power has become adequate to prostrate us\\nat once.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 133\\nIt must hence be manifest to every one, that, even where pure dry air\\nprevails, copious ventilation is always essential; and that, in winter,\\nwhen the combustion of the fuel that warms us is cooperating with\\nour own vital organs in impoverishing the air of its oxygen, and\\nwhen the desire for warmth within our dwellings tempts us to exclude\\nthe atmosphere from without, our danger is always greatest. This,\\nindeed, is often apparent in the prevalence, in the winter season, of\\nsuch diseases as small-pox, varioloid, measels, scarlet fever, c, as\\nwell as of the catarrhal affections to which we are rendered liable by\\nthe debility consequent upon a protracted abstinence from a pure and\\nunimpaired atmosphere.\\nFrom what has thus been stated, it is obvious that the preservation\\nof the habitations of the human family from noxious and impure air\\nis one of the first duties each person owes to himself and to his neigh-\\nbors, and which the municipal authorities owe to those for whom they\\nenact and administer laws; but it will doubtless be as generally\\nacknowledged that this duty is almost everywhere either partially or\\ntotally disregarded.\\nMalaria has been described as of two kinds The first, or common\\nmalaria, is that inappreciable influence which arises from the vicinity\\nof marshes, rivers, or other waters, and overflowed lands, where the\\ndecomposition of vegetable substances progresses, often without in the\\nleast offending the senses, though the exhalations are of the most\\ndeadly character. Ague and fever, billious fe^er, congestive billious\\nfever* and sometimes typhoid and yellow fevers, are products of this\\ninsidious poison, of which, perhaps, the best known phenomenon is\\nthe fact that a humid atmosphere is highly conducive, if not essential,\\nto its dissemination. Thus it is that, in most situations, during a\\nrainy season, or in the dewy hours of morning or evening, it is gen-\\nerally known to be received. The chilliness of the air at such times\\nis often supposed to be the origin of disease and it may be true in\\nman}- cases, that this has proved the exciting or developing cause of\\nan attack but that the disease does not originate in this cause is\\nabundantly proved by the fact that no person sickens at once with\\nsuck a disease, who has not been previously exposed to malarious\\ninfluences.\\nThe second kind of malaria is that which is incident to certain lo-\\ncalities, and known to proceed from peculiar causes. It is contained\\nin the noxious effluvia often generated on ship-board, in filthy and\\noverpeopled houses, in slaughter-houses, in grave-yards, in the\\nputrified offal from dwellings, in the sewers of cities, and especially\\nm the depositories of human excrement. This variety of malaria is\\nthe source of so many diseases that it would be almost impossible to\\nenumerate them. Those already spoken of as being occasioned by\\nthe bad air of confined apartments are of course among them; but\\nthere are probably few diseases known to medical practice that do not\\nmore or less proceed from it and many of them, unlike those which\\nemanate from common malaria, are, in turn, self-propagative and\\nalmost perpetual in their succession.\\nOf the variety of malaria herein first named, it is not the purpose\\nof this article to treat but on the second, a few practical remarks will", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "134 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nbe offered: The removal of everything offensive from the habita-\\ntions of man, and from their proximity, is demanded by every con-\\nsideration of health, comfort, delicacy, and true economy, even were\\nit not useful for the purpose of enriching the soil. Notwithstanding\\nthe apparent apathy of the world to this truth, there is little room\\nto doubt that, could the prejudice herein alluded to be dissipated, and\\nmeans of promptly removing such nuisances without the spread of\\nunpleasant exhalations, provided there are no persons worthy of the\\nleast consideration to be found in any community who would not\\ncheerfully and promptly acquiesce in the arrangement, at any reason-\\nable cost. What is it that is proposed to be removed? Almost every-\\nthing that renders a city either uncomfortable or unhealthy as the\\nfecal matter from privies, which, sinking into the earth, contaminates\\nthe water of every well, and the effluvia of which so impregnates\\nthe atmosphere that the sense of smell, is forever offended by vicious\\nodors, instead of being gratified by agreeable perfumes; and the vege-\\ntable and animal offal, as well as the liquids from the kitchen, which\\nnow decompose in the vicinity of dwellings, becoming putrid in gut-\\nters, sinks, and sewers, send forth exhalations scarcely less offensive\\nthan those proceeding from the depositories of human excrement. In\\nall these substances, there is a great predominance of serous fluid, or\\nwater three-fourths, indeed, in much of it. So long as a particle\\nof this water is retained in it, so long is progressing the exhalation\\nof ammonia, carbonic* acid, and sulphuretted and phosphuretted\\nhydrogen gases, which both offend the sense and impair the physical\\ncondition of man. No system of purification is therefore adequate to\\nthe purposes held in view that does not remove the liquid as well as\\nthe solid portions of these offensive matters. It is the liquid portions,\\nonly, which flow into the sewers of cities and pass thence into canals,\\nrivers, c, to render noisome and pestiferous the very waters that\\nwere intended to lave and purify the shore. The current of the pol-\\nluted Thames may be discerned in the ocean many miles from its\\nmouth. The turbid filth that current bears along sluggishly towards\\nthe sea is again and again thrown backward by the resisting tides,\\nuntil its accumulation shocks every sense, while, through hundreds\\nof sewers, its slime is still flowing into that receptaclo of unendurable\\nstench, and yet of wasted manure, more valuable every year than all\\nthe guano England annually imports.\\nAlmost every town and village in the world is a miniature of\\nLondon, except that its most elegant and luxurious homesteads\\noften stand, even in closer proximity to the nuisances created by squalid\\nneighbors, and that in many, even the sewage system of London\\nhas not been introduced, and the putrid drainings from everything\\nfoul sink into the earth to pollute the water, and anon the air, instead\\nof flowing off to a river or canal, where the evil of its influence is only\\ndifferent in degree.\\nAn intelligent and accurate scientific gentleman, of London, (Pro-\\nfessor Griiy, of Russell Institution,) made a publication a few years\\na^o, which has since received very general sanction, on the subject\\nof the health of towns as influenced by defective cleansing and\\ndraining, in which it is stated that, while the annual mortality of", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 135\\nEngland is equal to about 2 per cent, of the population, the annual\\nexcess of deaths in thirty-seven of the largest towns in an average of\\nthe years 1841 and 1842 was 28,505. In the larger towns of Bri-\\ntain and Ireland, he estimated the excess to equal GO, 000 deaths an-\\nnually. This is the excess over the average of the whole, and of course\\nmuch less than that of the towns over the country and it it is al-\\nleged to he caused, not by the omission of drainage, but by the\\nneglect to drain well, or by defective drainage.\\nIn the contemplation of this subject, humanity might suggest other\\nliases of comment, but political economy and arithmetic will of them-\\nselves guide us to startling conclusions. Thus, it is assumed by the\\nwriter named, for each unnecessary death due to defective drainage,\\nc, we may assume the cases of unnecessary sickness occasioned\\nin like manner at twenty-eight; and further, the loss and cost of\\nall the preventable sickness and death annually occurring in the\\nUnited Kingdom may be fairly estimated at \u00c2\u00a320,000,000, or\\n$100,000,000.\\nAbout the same period, a paper On the Physical Causes of the High\\nRate of Mortality in Liverpool, was read before the Literary and\\nPhilosophical Society of that city, by Dr. W. H. Dungan, the state-\\nments in which were subsequently well approved by the press of that\\ncit} In reviewing this paper a learned scientific journal of London\\nexpresses the pleasure of its editors in being able to say that all\\nthe towns of England are not open to the same amount of censure.\\nThis remark may also be made of the cities of the United States yet\\nin the account given may be found a portraiture, though highly\\ncolored, of every city and large town of this country, as well as of\\nEngland.\\nFrom this paper, we learn that Liverpool is the most unhealthy town\\nin England, one death occurring annually for every 28 T 7 /o persons,\\nwhile in London there is one in 37 T 3 oV in Birmingham one in 36 T y 7 in\\nLeeds one in 36 T W in Sheffield one in 32 T W; in Bristol one in 23 T W,\\nand in Manchester one in 29 T y 3 These ratios are computed upon\\nthe estimates for 1838, 1839, and 1840. The average duration of life,\\nin London, is nine and a half years, while in Liverpool it is but seven\\nyears and three-tenths. Could the sanatory condition of Liverpool\\nbe brought up to that of Birmingham, it would prove a saving of\\n1,250 lives annually, and yet the sanatory condition of Birmingham\\nwas far from being good, and the poor and destitute were not par-\\nticularly well cared for.\\nThis condition of things in Liverpool was chiefly attributed, first,\\nto close, ill-ventilated habitations second, to an overcrowded popu-\\nlation (but for whom there is plenty of room and plenty- of light\\nand air between earth and heaven) third, to the omission to remove\\nrefuse animal matter and fourth, to the deficient drainage. Of the\\n223,000 inhabitants of that city, about 160,000 belong to the work-\\ning classes, a large proportion of whom dwell within courts and\\ncellars. These courts are alleys from 9 to 15 feet wide, running lat-\\nterally from the streets, through archways, under the large street\\nbuildings. There is no other way of ingress nor egress, and all tho", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "136 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nair or light they receive is from above, though the two rows of houses\\nthus facing one another are generally three stories high and, as\\nthey hack against the houses of other courts, there can of course be\\nno current of air through them. The rooms of these houses are gen-\\nerally 10 or 11 feet square. The cellar rooms, in which these people\\nalso dwell, are 10 or 12 feet square, and sometimes less than 6 feet\\nhigh, and though usually paved, are not unfrequently without even\\nthis comfort. The door, the top of which is seldom higher than the\\nfoot-walk without, is very often the only aperture for the admission of\\nlight or air and sometimes a back cellar is used as a sleeping apart-\\nment, frequently receiving all its air and light through the door first\\ndescribed. Darkness and dampness, of course, prevail in these cel-\\nlars. The streets in which the more favored portions of the laboring\\npeople live are sometimes but 5 yards, and seldom more than 10 wide.\\nAnd yet in all these streets and courts, and in the cellars, wherever\\nthey are, families are crowded together in a manner incredible to\\nthose who have never witnessed such scenes.\\nEven if the most perfect system of cleanliness were observed by the\\npeople so confined, they could hardly be expected to realise good\\nhealth, because of the want of ventilation. Efforts to provide more\\ncomfortable dwellings for the working classes in London and Liver-\\npool, have, of late years, been made, and in these efforts his royal high-\\nness Prince Albert has earnestly participated. In constructing model\\ndwellings for a comparatively small number, the success has been\\nvery good but a general imitation of these dwellings for the use of\\nothers will of course progress no faster than the interest of landlords\\nmay induce them to rebuild the now existing houses, or to convert,\\nthem to other uses and provide dwellings for the poor in other locali-\\nties and experience would indicate at least a century as necessary\\nfor the performance of this work. Wisdom and benevolence, there-\\nfore, point to the purification of the present abodes as the paramount\\nduty to be performed. The first step towards the accomplishment of\\nthis purpose should of course be the introduction of pure fresh air\\ninto every apartment occupied by any portion of the human race.\\nThe light of the sun s rays may not be thus transmitted at present,\\nthough recent experiments with reflectors give some hope even of this\\nbut the atmosphere, as pure at least as it passes over the roofs of the\\nhouses of Liverpool or any other crowded city, may, at very small\\nexpense, be conducted in any desired quantity to every room in any\\ndwelling, even to the deepest subterranean vault. All that is neces-\\nsary for this purpose is, the construction of small wind-sails upon\\nthe roofs of houses in such a manner as to\\narrest the gentle breeze\\nAnd bend before the blast.\\nDescending from these into all the apartments of* each house, there\\nmay be tubes of wood, tin, or even canvas, susceptible of contraction\\nand expansion at the lower extremities, at the option of those whose\\ncomfort and health they are designed to promote. This would be but\\na simple modification of the means used, time out of mind, on ship-\\nboard, for the ventilation of the lower decks and holds. That means", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 137\\nso feasible, so cheap, and so salutary, are not in general use, wherever\\ncurrents of air cannot be otherwise obtained through houses of any\\ndescription, can only be accounted for upon the hypothesis that the\\nimportance of ventilation has not been sufficiently understood, or that\\nthe regard for human life has nowhere been such as should be che-\\nrished in a Christian land. The former is of course the cause to\\nwhich may be chiefly attributed this apparent neglect.\\nBut the most perfect system of cleanliness is not observed, either\\nin Liverpool or in any other city of which I have any knowledge\\nand the most important movement that has been of late years made\\ntowards approaching it is in the institution of an exceedingly expen-\\nsive system of drainage, which is the best that can be done under the\\npresent order of things, but would be almost totally unnecessary were\\nrational views on fertilisation to prevail. In spite of this system,\\nfrom 1,700 or 1,800 persons die annually, in Liverpool Parish, alone,\\nof contagious diseases, and the mortality among children by convul-\\nsions, known to proceed from deficient ventilation and foul air, is enor-\\nmous. That Liverpool is a great mart of commerce, that vast fortunes\\nare being constantly accumulated there, that thousands upon thou-\\nsands of the people live in the most affluent luxury, is all true but\\nit only serves to show how the happiness of a people is often disre-\\ngarded in the desire to promote some great interest, which ministers\\nto the pride or cupidity of the ambitious few, even though, as is gene-\\nrally the case, that few, in obedience to the law of Nature which coerces\\na sympathy among all men, irrespective of condition, subjects them\\nto the very evils their avarice has inflicted upon others. Thus we\\nfind, that, while the average age at death of the gentry and profes-\\nsional men of London is forty-four years, of Bath fifty-five, of Leeds\\nforty-four, and of Manchester thirty-eight, in Liverpool it is but thir-\\nty-five years the just penalty of the violation of Nature s plainly-\\nrevealed law.\\nIn the enumeration already quoted, of the four presumed causes of\\nthe mortality of Liverpool, it has been made sufficiently apparent to\\nevery reflecting mind that imperfect ventilation and overcrowding are\\nevils that may be measurably, and indeed very considerably corrected,\\nat any moment in which the will is formed to do it. The landlords\\nand tenants may cooperate to effect the needed reform or, what would\\nprove still more efficient, municipal laws adequate to the object might\\nreadily be enacted and enforced. The subject of efficient drainage is\\nof course everywhere entitled to the closest attention, whether in coun-\\ntry or town. Without this, no home can be comfortable nor healthy,\\nand no soil preserved in its integrity. But it is to a due attention to\\nthe removal of refuse animal matter, and of refuse organic matter\\nof all kinds, that we are to look chiefly for protection from nuisances\\nand disease not its removal by deposition and infiltration into the\\nearth nor by the exhalation of its volatile particles into the surround-\\ning air by means of exposure to the sun nor by the flow of its putrid\\nsolutions through offensive and disgusting gutters and sewers in the\\npursuit of some great colon, whence to pour into and corrupt the ad-\\njacent waters, that would otherwise be well adapted to enhance the\\nhealth and beauty, as well as to facilitate the commerce of the place.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "138 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe removal of all offensive matter from our dwellings or premises,\\nand especially of the urine and foeces of men and animals, must be\\neffected by other means. This duty must be executed frequently and\\nthoroughly first, because our health and comfort require it, and,\\nsecondly, because a wise economy demands it. Upon the former rea-\\nson nothing more need here be said but the latter presents conside-\\nrations of paramount importance.\\nThe desire of the times, whether wisely or not, appears to be for\\nconcentrated manures, and as inodorous as possible. Up to this mo-\\nment, no other fertiliser that has been discovered is regarded as so\\nvaluable in these particulars as the better qualities of guano, consist-\\ning principally of the excrement of sea-fowls, their carcasses, feathers,\\neggs, c, which is found on or near the coasts of South America\\nand Africa. The most approved, and that generally used is the\\nPeruvian, and of this the most recently deposited is preferred.\\nThat the materials of which it is composed are superior to like\\nsubstances found in other portions of the globe is not presumed\\nbut, from the uniform temperature, and exemption from rain, of\\nthat region, the vast deposits are preserved from decomposition, and\\nthe consequent loss of their fertilising projDerties, which have become\\ndiffused throughout the whole, assimilate with all its particles, and\\nexist in their nascent or evolving condition when the guano is depos-\\nited in the soil it is intended to enrich.\\nAnalyses of the best Peruvian guano have shown its constituent\\nelements to be about as follows:\\nWater,\\nOrganic matter and ammonical salts,\\nPhosphates,\\nAlkaline salts,\\nSand,\\n13.73\\n100.00\\nThe ammonia, which is equal to about IT per cent., and the phos-\\nphates, impart to guano nearly all its fertilising value, the small\\nportion of alkaline salts comprising the only other virtues it possesses\\nand it has been correctly assumed that the value of guano may be esti-\\nmated by a knowledge of the quantities of ammonia and phosphates it\\ncontains in their nascent state. Professor Way, of the Royal Agri-\\ncultural Society of England, after a careful examination of the sub-\\nject, has decided the value of ammonia to be 6d. sterling, or 12^\\ncents per pound, and of phosphates 3 farthings, or 1^ cents per\\npound. Therefore, in a ton of 2,000 pounds of guano,\\n17 per cent, of ammonia is equivalent to 340 pounds,\\nat 12\u00c2\u00a3 cents, $42.50\\n23.48 per cent, of phosphates is equal to 470 pounds,\\nat cents, 7.05\\nValue of alkaline salts, say, .4.45\\nMaking the value per ton, .54.00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS.\\n139\\nThis is somewhat below the present market price of the article,\\n.and may possibly vary as much from the value of its constituent\\nparts as procurable in other forms at this moment but it will afford\\na basis of calculation in any stage of the guano market.\\nHaving, then, ascertained by the standard adopted, the value of\\nthis richest of applied fertilisers, let us learn by a similar standard\\nthe value of one that, instead of enriching our lands, is not now\\napplied, but is permitted to run to waste near our houses, and to pro-\\nduce disease and death in the manner already described.\\nHuman ordure, in its natural state, contains about three-fourths of\\nits weight of water, which, holding in solution a very large portion\\nof volatile matter, consisting of ammonia, carbonic acid, and sulphu-\\nretted and phosphuretted hydrogen gases, occasions in its escape,\\ncaused by evaporation or otherwise, the loss of these valuable\\nelements. The experiments which have been made to concentrate\\nthis manure by evaporation and the condensation of its residuum, by\\nthe production of poudrette, or- by whatever name it may be\\ncalled, have hence been generally attended with the defeat of both\\npurposes aimed at, namely, the suppression of noxious odors, and the\\nretention of the most fertilising properties of the material.\\nThe solid portion of night-soil, after desiccation, with the\\nretention of its gases, is indeed an exceedingly fertilising and stimu-\\nlating agent, and has been pronounced by Boussingault equal in\\nvalue to ten times its weight of farmyard manure; or, with the\\nwater it contains, it is equal to about two and a half times its weight\\nof such manure.\\nThe analysis of human fceces by Berzelius shows the constituenl\\nelements in their natural state to consist of\\nWater,\\n73.300\\nInsoluble animal and vegetable remains,\\n7.000\\nMucus, fatty and other animal products,\\n14.000\\nBile,\\n0.900\\nAlbumen,\\n0.900\\nPeculiar extractive matter,\\n2. TOO\\nChloride of sodium,\\n0.309\\nSulphate of soda,\\n0.155\\nCarbonate of soda,\\n0.271\\nPhosphate of magnesia,\\n0.155\\nPhosphate of lime,\\n0.310\\n100.000\\nPer-centage of ash,\\n1.200\\nBut this matter always contains a very large quantity of hum\u00c2\u00bb^i\\nurine, one of the most powerful of all fertilisers, as the followi^\\nanalysis, also by Berzelius, will serve to show:\\nWater, .93.30\\nUrea, 3.01\\nUric acid, 0.10\\nLaotic acid, lactate of potash, and ammonia, 1.71\\nMucus, .0.03", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "140\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSulphate of potash,\\n0.37\\nSulphate of soda,\\n0.32\\nPhosphate of soda,.\\n0.29\\nPhosphate of ammonia,\\n0.16\\nChloride of sodium,\\n0.45\\nChloride of ammonia,\\n0.15\\nPhosphate of lime and magnesia,\\n0.11\\n100.00\\nRich as the foeces are, then, the wealth of their depository consists\\nchiefly in the accompanying urine, the removal of which is as essen-\\ntial for the promotion of health and comfort, as that of the former\\nsubstance. It is true that, for convenience in transporting it to any\\ndistance, condensation is desirable but, when it is remembered, first,\\nthat the contemplated sanatory purpose would thereby be defeated,\\nand, secondly, that even greater dilution is necessary before placing\\nthis matter upon the soil, it must be manifest that, if it be jjossible\\nto convey the whole bulk to the region it is desired to enrich, without\\nthe labor and expense of its desiccation, it should by all means be\\ndone.\\nNot only are the sweepings of every stable promptly removed from\\nevery city to the fields of the surrounding country, but a price vary-\\ning from one to two cents per bushel is cheerfully paid for them by\\nthe thrifty farmer. Can it then be regarded as a thing impossible\\nthat matter so condensed as to be worth many times this price cannot\\nbe conveyed to an equal distance to be applied to the same purpose?\\nThe reply to this interrogatory will doubtless be, that the parallel\\nbetween the cases is lost in the fact that the fetid nature of this\\nmatter, which renders it offensive and infectious in cities, renders it\\nalmost equally exceptionable upon the gardens and fields of the adja-\\ncent country. To meet this objection in a satisfactory manner, and\\nto dissipate the prejudice existing on the minds of many with respect\\nto the measure proposed, are the purposes here held in view.\\nAs has been remarked, dilution, instead of condensation, is a neces-\\nsaiT preliminary to the spreading of this fertiliser upon the soil and\\nthis may be done to the extent of converting it all into a liquid before\\nso applying it. There will then be nothing either visible or tangible\\nto offend the senses after it has been applied or its dilution may be\\nabsorbed by coal-ashes, charred corn-cobs, peat-soil, or other manures,\\nand afterwards applied in a solid form. In either case, however, the\\nfirst thing that should be done, even before disturbing it in its\\noriginal place of deposit, is to fix its volatile particles and render it\\nperfectly inodorous, a task than which nothing is more simple, and\\nfor the performance of which selection may be made among many\\nagents.\\nIn Belgium, this matter is simply diluted with water, and strewn\\nupon the soil, the very powerful affinity of the earth for ammonia\\nbeing alone depended on for the retention of its fertilising qualities\\nand the market gardeners near London also pursue to some extent the\\nsame practice. Saw-dust, and even sand, have been mixed with it", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 141\\nto absorb its moisture and render it portable, but certainly at the cost\\nof a very unnecessary increase of its bulk. Ground gypsum lias also\\nbeen used, but, though valuable in itself, it is too slow in its action\\nto be directly useful as a deodoriser. Powdered charcoal, the refuse\\nbone-black of sugar refineries, half-charred peat, and even peat\\nmould, and burnt clay alone, have all proved useful for this purpose.\\nQuicklime has also been used, but it is injurious, inasmuch as it im-\\nmediately liberates the ammonia and causes it to be lost. Sulphate\\nof iron, or green copperas, readily fixes the volatile ammonia, and\\nhas been earnestly recommended, upon very high authorities, but it\\nis by no means a fitting agent for the purpose, from the fact that,\\ncombining with the phosphoric acid, one of the most valuable ele-\\nments of manure, it forms an insoluble salt of iron. In opposition\\nto this view, and in defence of the use of this sulphate, it has\\nbeen earnestly argued that iron, forming an exception to all other\\nmetallic substances, is found in wheat, trees, and in plants generally,\\nas well as in the blood and excreta of animals, and therefore can-\\nnot be injurious to vegetation, when introduced into the manure\\ndesigned to support its growth but, while all the facts here adduced\\nare admitted, the inference is not, and for the reason that, used in\\nthe manner proposed, it not only does not enter into the composition\\nof vegetables, but also withholds the phosphoric acid from their\\nnourishment. It may also be stated, that so minute is the quantity\\nof iron entering into the composition of plants, that it is indeed very\\nrare that a soil has to be replenished with it at all.\\nMuriatic acid is perhaps one of the most economical, expeditious,\\nand powerful deodorisers, costing not more than 2\\\\ cents a pound,\\nand instantly depriving the most offensive substances of all apprecia-\\nble unpleasant exhalations, uniting at the same time with the ammo-\\nnia, and forming a most fertilising salt.\\nThe charcoal of bones, in consequence of its porosity, and of corn-\\ncobs, from the same reason, is of great value for this purpose, and,\\nlike most other substances named, may be used with great economical\\nadvantage in all kinds of manure, serving, as it does, to retain such\\nexcess of ammonia as the soil may not be capable of receiving at the\\nmoment of its escape.\\nEither with or without resort to any mode of deodorisation, the\\nmatter here treated of is in many localities dried and manufactured\\ninto fertilisers of various names At Paris, Vienna, and Frankfort,\\nit is made into portable manure, under the names of humus,\\npoudrette, c; but, in the drying process, the noxious effluvia is\\nalways eliminated, and, as has been before stated, the most valua-\\nble constituents are lost. In China, earth saturated with this mat-\\nter, is formed into cakes, called taffo, and sold in large quantities\\nfor the purposes of manure. The process of drying by evaporation\\nin the sun and air is slow, tedious, and exceedingly disgusting when\\ndone by artificial heat, the time consumed is less, but the offensive-\\nness is scarcely to be endured.\\nFrom the great variety of modes resorted to in preparing this ma-\\nnure for the soil, it is manifest that there has long been a want of\\nsome cheap, expeditious and efficient means for rendering it fit for the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "142 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\npurpose. Few. however, have seemed to be aware of the fact that\\nthe sulphuretted hydrogen, which escapes in such large quantities, is\\nnot only so deleterious as to suffocate a bird when the air is infecteci\\nwith it to the extent of t? Vtj- th part, a dog when t^^ th part, and a\\nman when jfa th part of its hulk, but that this gas, when elimi-\\nnated in undue quantities, also exercises the same baneful effects on\\nvegetation, the leaves of which, being the respiratory organs, wither\\nand turn yellow under its influence. It is obvious, therefore, that a\\ndue regard for the health of man, as well as of vegetables, alike de-\\nmand its confinement to the soil, in which it subserves, by assimila-\\ntion, a useful purpose as a manure.\\nAt Paris, night-soil is rendered inodorous by gradually pouring\\ninto the box or vessel containing it a solution of the sulphate of zinc\\nand chloride of calcium, until it ceases to exhale an unpleasant smell\\nupon being stirred. It is then conveyed just beyond the gates of the\\ncity, and converted into a valuable fertiliser, by admixture and dry-\\ning with other substances. The same remedy may be applied from\\ntime to time, if necessary, for the purpose of keeping down such\\nodors when the matter is deposited in gardens or fields.\\nAs it has thus been shown that the health of cities and the wealth\\nof the country may both be essentially promoted by the suppression\\nof all offensive exhalations from the depositories of human excrement,\\nbut little need be added in the way of counsel, either to the intelli-\\ngent and practical farmer of the country, or to the equally interested\\ndenizen of the town. The frequent, say at least weekly, if not daily,\\nremoval of fecal matter from its place of deposit, the provision of\\nsuitable receptacles for it, as well. as of proper vehicles in which to\\ntransport it the manner of its application to the land, whether dilu-\\nted or comminuted in the form of a compost with other manures, loam,\\npeat, c, and the mode of administering it to the plants, are subjects\\nto be well considered and determined, and to which, in connexion,\\nwith what has been communicated in this paper, the attention of the\\ncountry is earnestly invoked. D. J. B.\\nON THE MANUFACTURE OF SALT.\\nBY WILLIAM C. DENNIS, OP KEY WEST, FLORIDA.\\nAs far as my knowledge extends, there is no great agricultural\\ncountry but ours where common boiled salt, either from sea or spring\\nwater, is generally or even considerably used for culinary purposes.\\nIn Holland, they re-dissolve two or more kinds of solar-evaporated\\nsalt, one of which is French bay salt, in sea-water and this in-\\ncorporated pickle is carefully purified in various ways, and then re-\\nerystalised, before it is considered fit for use. From the use of this", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 143\\nsalt, numerous writers ascribe the superiority of Dutch herring, over\\nthose of their neighbors. Even in Poland, which has the most exten-\\nsive salt mines in the world, French bay salt is generally employed,\\nnot only in preserving provisions, but, what appears more singular,\\nas a manure for their wheat lands.\\nIn all countries where the French bay salt is known, its superior\\nquality is acknowledged. Some years ago, the commissioners of sup-\\nplies of the army and navy of Great Britain employed Dr. Henry, of\\nOxford, to examine different kinds of salt, with the view of improving\\ntheir own domestic article, so that it could be safely used for saltin Ci-\\npro visions for those services but, in an essay which he wrote on the\\nsubject, he failed to suggest any remedy, ascribing the superiority of\\nsolar evaporated salt principally to the greater hardness of its crys-\\ntals made in that way, over those made by boiling. There is without\\ndoubt much truth in this but Dr. Watson, of England, who wrote\\nabout the same time, probably discovered tiie chief cause of the supe-\\nriority of solar salt. His idea was that, by the slow process of evap-\\norating brines by the heat of the sun, the chemical affinities of each\\nparticular kind of salt, which might be contained in those brines, had\\ntime to act; and they re-deposit themselves distinctly and separately,\\none kind of salt not being compelled, as it were, to mix with another\\nas it must necessarily do in the rapid process of boiling down brines\\nand crystalising the salt in kettles. So far was he convinced of this\\nthat he urged the use of coarse canvas on an extensive scale, which\\nwas to be dipped in the brine, and then exposed to the sun and wind\\nto hasten the evaporation. Yet, as far as I can obtain information\\nnothing has been done in England to improve the salt made there so\\nas to invalidate the truth of some remarks made in Bee s Cyclopedia\\njust after the close of the general war in Europe, in 1815, on the sub-\\nject of French bay salt. This writer says The English and Dutch\\nhave often striven hard, in time of war, to do without the French\\nsalt, and to that end have endeavored to take salt from the Spaniards\\nand Portuguese but there is a disagreeable sharpness and acidness\\nnatural to this salt, which renders it very unfit for salting flesh fish\\nc. To remove this, they boil it with sea-water, and a little French\\nsalt, which they procure by the aid of neutral nations, and which not\\nonly softens it, but increases its quantity by one-third. But it would\\nseem that their refining does not succeed to their wish, by the eager-\\nness with which they return to the salt of Brittany as soon as any\\ntreaty has opened the commerce. The same writer goes on to say\\nthat the French government makes enormous sums out of the salt-\\nworks of that country. Nearly all European nations, in a great\\nmeasure, strive to be independent of others for their salt. Great\\nBritain exports much more than she imports, besides making the\\ngreat quantity which is there consumed yearly in the arts and for\\nmanure. Salt is manufactured at various places in that country but\\nthe great bulk of it is made near Liverpool, on the opposite side of\\nthe river Mersey, by dissolving the impure rock-salt from the mines\\nof Cheshire, in sea-water, which brine is boiled down and crystalised\\nby a very rapid process, that leaves the salt both impure and very\\nlight, only weighing 52 pounds to the bushel while good solar salt", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "144 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nm\\nweighs from 70 to 75 pounds, a difference of more than 20 pounds.\\nThis Liverpool salt we import to an enormous amount yet no other\\npeople than ours use it for salting provisions, except those living in\\nCanada, or perhaps Australia. There is also a kind of salt made in\\nEngland and Scotland, which is tolerably pure, and is frequently used\\nfor domestic culinary purposes. This is the cat salt. It is crys-\\ntalised on stakes placed perpendicularly below the baskets in which\\nthe salt is put to drain when drawn from the boilers, or kettles. Thus\\ndo they make a small quantity of salt, rather purer than the great\\nbulk of it and every one who is acquainted with chemistry can see\\nwhy this cat salt is much better and purer than that drawn from\\nthe kettles. Common salt crystalises much more rapidly than any\\nother contained in the brine, when it is at the proper strength\\nconsequently, alone, it would be apt to crystalise on the stakes, the\\nimpurities of every kind having a chance to flow off, which is not the\\ncase when the salt is rapidly crystalised in boilers, as in the latter\\ncase it is necessarily incorporated, more or less, with the crystals of\\nchloride of soda, or common salt. In fact, the crystalisation can be by\\nno means perfect, nor the crystals pure, where the progress is so much\\nhurried, as is the case where salt is boiled.\\nAil the salt made in the United States, with few exceptions, is lia-\\nble to the same objections, in a greater or less degree, to that which\\nis made in Great Britain, as it is almost the universal practice to\\nevaporate the brine by boiling. But I am informed that solar heat\\nis used to a limited extent for evaporating the brines at the salt-works\\nin the State of New York, and likewise in many of the works in the\\ngreat Salt basin of the Kanawha river. To effect this, shallow wooden\\npans, or tanks, are erected, well above the earth, in long lines, but\\nof limited width, so that covers can be rolled on or off to protect the\\npickle froia rains. It will be seen, when we come to the French,\\nmethod of making salt, that even this degree of tardiness in evapora-\\ntion is of great use in purifying the brine, wherever it is practised.\\nThe French method of salt-making varies, in many particulars, in\\ndifferent parts of that country but one principle is observed in all\\nplaces That is, to keep the brine, or pickle, moving slowly from one\\nreservoir, or basin, to another, from the commencement of the opera-\\ntion till it nearly reaches the point of saturation. This is effected on\\nthe salt-marshes near the mouth of the Loire, by letting sea-water\\ninto large reservoirs, built for the purpose, at the time of high tides,\\nby the means of swing-gates which close when the tide recedes. From\\nthese reservoirs the water in them, being of sufficient height, is let\\ninto a series of smaller reservoirs and pans, to a depth of a foot, down\\nas low as 4 inches, the latter being the usual depth \u00c2\u00a9f pickle when\\ncrystalised in pans. When these pans are set, as they say, sea-\\nwater is let out of a large reservoir, whence it finds its way slowly\\ninto the whole series of smaller reservoirs and pans, care being taken\\nthat only a very shallow charge is let into the crystalising pans,\\nwhile the pickle is weaker than about 18\u00c2\u00b0, Baume s hydrometer. To\\nget brine into these pans, from a great reservoir, in many works, it has\\nto traverse from 3 to 10 miles, which is effected by its widening\\nfrom reservoir to reservoir, and from pan to pan the distance being", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 145\\nlikewise increased by long narrow passages. After the first charge,\\nno water is let into the crystalising pans weaker than 18\u00c2\u00b0, and even\\nthe first charge, by the management indicated, is nearly up to that.\\nThe crystalising pans are last in the series, and from the fact that, as\\nthe brine flows forward, that behind pushes, as it were, that which\\nis before it, forward, without mixing with it. As the sun evaporates\\nthe water from the whole works, the water which is daily let in from\\nthe sea to supply its loss, instead of mixing with the strengthened\\nbrine, forces it forward from reservoir to reservoir, until a part of it\\narrives at the last crystalising pan in the series by which time, if\\nthe passages be of sufficient length, the pickle will be up to satura-\\ntion, ready to deposit crystals of common salt. Great ingenuity is\\nfrequently shown by arranging even small works so that the pickle\\nwill flow a great distance before it arrives where it is to be crystalised.\\nThe principle can be extended to suit the size and form of the\\nworks, from the fact stated that in feeding ^them from the great reser-\\nvoir, the incoming water pushes the brine before it without mixing to\\nmuch extent, so that the brine can be evaporated to the point of sat-\\nuration, in the crystalising pans, in a much shorter time than if the\\nwater were let in directly to all parts of the works to supply the dai-\\nly loss by evaporation. For instance, take a series of twelve small\\nreservoirs: Let it be supposed that the water is let into all of them\\nto the depth of 6 inches. In one day, a quarter, of an inch is evapo-\\nrated out of each. Now, instead of letting the water into each one\\nseparately, to supply this loss, we will suppose that the whole twelve\\nquarters (3 inches) be let into No. 1 it does not mix, but pushes\\nforward 2f inches of water into No. 2, which has had the advantage\\nof one day s evaporation. From No. 2, there is 2^ inches of brine\\nof like strength pushed forward into No. 3; and, so on, till we ar-\\nrive at No. 12, into which only a quarter of an inch of brine has\\nbeen pushed of the same strength. Again, there is a quarter of an\\ninch evaporated out of each, on the second day; and again, on the\\nmorning of the third day, we will say, there is another 3 inches of\\nwater let into No. 1, and the loss supplied to each as on the day be-\\nfore but it will be seen from what has been said that, except No. 1\\nand No. 2., perhaps all the rest have had their loss supplied by brine\\nwhich has had the advantage of two days evaporation. On the fourth\\nday, all except some two or three of the first would have their loss\\nsupplied by brine which has had three days evaporation. This same\\nsystem being preserved, on the twenty-second clay, No. 12 would be up\\nto the point of saturation, and in six days more would be ready to rake;\\nand before the end of forty days, even in so short a series as this, full\\nhalf of these reservoirs, or pans, could be raked, which makes this\\nFrench plan of vast importance in a climate so variable as this for,\\nfrequently, a very good yield of salt can in this manner be secured,\\nwhen not a crystal would be found if the Spanish and Portuguese\\nmethod were adopted. To feed each pan directly from sea-water, it\\nwould take full ninety days to perfect the deposit, ready for raking,\\nwhen it might then all be lost by rains, because they all oome a,t\\nonce, and if a large one, it might take three more months to rake it.\\nBy the French plan, the whole deposit does not take place at once;\\n10", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "146 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nbut, at the end of ninety days, quite a large quantity would be saved.\\nFurthermore, this plan is of still more value, by its depositing all\\nimpurities by themselves. Sea-water, by Baume s hydrometer, is\\nfrom 4\u00c2\u00b0 to 5\u00c2\u00b0 and as soon as it is strengthened up to 6\u00c2\u00b0, it begins to\\ndeposit lime, which finally assumes the form of marl, and afterwards,\\nunder certain circumstances, soldifies into rock. After the water gets\\nstronger, if it be kept in slow motion, these deposits gradually become\\nmuch greater, to which are now added sulphurated hydrogen, bro-\\nmine, and probably iodine. When it gets as high as 12\u00c2\u00b0, it begins\\nto deposit sulphate of lime in crystals, and the quantity of sulphura-\\nted hydrogen is increased, and the bromine is so freely deposited that\\nevery substance in contact with the brine is stained a deep-red but,\\nafter the pickle is evaporated up to 18\u00c2\u00b0 or 20\u00c2\u00b0, it appears to deposit\\nnothing more till it gets up to 25\u00c2\u00b0, when the brine is in a state of\\nsaturation with chloride of soda, (common salt,) and it then begins to\\ncrystalise, and in about six days more, in good weather, it deposits a\\nlayer of crystals, which a*re sufficiently hard, or, as it is termed,\\nripe, to rake. The sharpness or ferocity of the Spanish and\\nPortuguese salt (Cadiz and St. Ubes) is easily accounted for by the\\nmanner in which it is made. The sea-water is let directly into the\\nlarge pans, where the salt is ultimately crystalised and, before the\\nbrine is evaporated to 25\u00c2\u00b0, the bottoms of the pans are covered 2 or\\n3 inches deep with impurities, and in this bed of filth the common\\nsalt crystalises. But when it is raked, instead of the transparent\\nwhite crystals of pure salt, we see them stained a reddish-brown, and\\nthe taste alone indicates that they are highly charged with both bro-\\nmine and iodine, besides other impurities. Much of this salt cannot be\\nused in less than a year after it has been raked but it never loses\\nthat disagreeable sharpness and ferocity. The same remarks ap-\\nply to the salt made in the Azores, or Western Islands.\\nSo valuable is French salt considered, that the same principle of\\nmanufacture is applied in the south of Germany, as near as their cli-\\nmate will admit. In connection with an extended surface, arranged\\nafter the manner above described, they have enormous tanks with\\nmoveable covers, into which they gather the strengthened pickle\\nwhen they fear rain, and there secure it until good weather, when it\\nis spread again till it is up to the point of saturation, or nearly so,\\nwhen it is secured in these tanks to await being crystalised, which,\\ninstead of being done in ground pans, is usually performed in large\\nlead boilers or more frequently, what is much better, they pump up\\nthe hot saturated pickle into small tanks placed around the top of a\\nframe some 20 to 30 feet high, and of convenient dimensions, on\\nthe ground. From this hang ropes perpendicularly, some 6 inches\\napart, on which small streams of this brine are conducted from the\\nsmall tanks, and the crystals form rapidly on them in fact, so rapidly,\\nas stated by Dr. Ure, that the same work, in proper weather, can be\\ndone in this way in twenty-four hours which would take three or four\\ndays by boiling in kettles, besides making the salt much purer.\\nWhen these ropes are sufficiently loaded with salt, it is knocked off to\\nfall on the floor beneath, when it is ready to store or for market.\\nOne might think this a wasteful mode of crystalising salt; but,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 147\\nfrom some experiments I have made, I am satisfied that, with proper\\ncare, as little is lost as by any other process. Furthermore, I believe\\nthat in this climate, (Key West,) it will not he necessary to heat the\\nsaturated pickle at all to crystalise salt in great perfection. Hence\\nthere can be no doubt that salt can be made principally, if not wholly,\\nby solar heat, anywhere in the United States south of New Jersey,\\nin suitable places On the sea-board. In the south of Germany and\\nin many parts of France, they do not depend entirely on. evapo-\\nrating the pickle by the system above described, on the ground, but\\nincrease it, especially while the brine is yet weak, by arranging bun-\\ndles of faggots perpendicularly in frames which are frequently from\\n20 to 30 feet high, and 50 by 100 or more feet on the ground. The\\nbrine is repeatedly pumped up to the top of this frame, and let down in\\nshowers through the faggots. Any one must see that evaporation is\\nvery much increased by presenting so great a surface to the wind and\\nsun.\\nI have been thus minute in setting forth the high value placed on\\nsolar-evaporated salt, manufactured after a particular manner on the\\ncontinent of Europe, and, likewise, for the purpose of showing the\\ngreat difficulties and expense many nations there seem to think it to\\ntheir interest to encounter in order to obtain an article of this sort.\\nI will now add some of my own personal experience in the way of\\nsalt-making in this region In 1836, there was a salt company formed\\non this island. Wooden pans, like those formerly used at Cape Cod\\nand New Bedford, were erected to a considerable extent. I believe\\nthere were put up at that time, about 3,000 feet, linear measure, of\\nthese works, which were 16 feet wide, and had covers to roll on and\\noff, to protect the pickle from the rain. Of the natural ponds on the\\nisland only very small portions were improved, and this solely for the\\npurpose of strengthening the sea-water before it was pumped into the\\nwooden works but no attempt was made to make salt in ground\\npans. Although they made four or five times as much salt in these\\nwooden tanks, in a given time, as could be made in a like amount of\\nworks, in New Bedford or Cape Cod, from the fact that they could\\ngenerally evaporate the pickle to saturation before pumping it up\\nyet they could hardly be said to be successful. The salt which they\\nmade was very pure, as they adopted the plan of having the pickle\\ntraverse a considerable distance before pumping it into the works\\nwhere it was crystalised and it acquired a very high reputation for\\ngalting beef and fish but the crystals were too fine for pork. In\\n1846, these wooden works were nearly all destroyed by the great hur-\\nricane of that year, after which this company sold out to a private\\nindividual, who re-erected some part of the works in wood, out of the\\ndebris of the storm, and turned his attention to making ground pans\\nfor the purpose of crystalising salt in them. He did but little\\nin this way; yet he was quite successful, in 1847-48, making over\\n70,000 bushels per annum with four or five hands on the place. In\\n1849-50, he made less; but, considering the limited amount of im-\\nprovements, he had a fair yield; having raked about 50,000 bushels\\nin these two years. In 1851, the works came into my possession, but\\nas I had only commenced the business, and the season being very", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "148 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nshort, I raked only about 20,000 bushels out of the ground pans,\\nbesides some 15,000 bushels produced in the covered works. This\\nwas done with the average labor of only six hands. The year 1852\\nwas very wet, and the crop small and, in 1853, more rain fell than\\nwas ever before recorded. In the mean time, I gave my chief atten-\\ntion to improvements, and last year, (1854), I made full 70,000 bushels,\\nalthough about 20 inches more rain fell than the recorded average for\\nnineteen years. Each month of the salt season had its due share of\\nthis excess, which was from February to August, inclusive. To\\nmake that quantity, required the average labor of eight hands for the\\nyear, to perform everything connected with it, in the way of securing\\nand delivering for market. The present year, 1855, has been a very\\nsingular one for this climate, there having been scarcely a week, from\\nFebruary to the end of September, without some rain and, in addi-\\ntion, the winds have been continually both cold and damp yet, from\\nthe nature of my improvements, on these occasions, in the course of\\nthe season, there was on the works almost an unlimited amount of\\npickle up to saturation, or nearly so. This pickle I could have\\nsaved, and afterwards crystalised on ropes, after the German plan,\\nhad I had the tanks finished, which are now well advanced. I\\nshould here state, that there has been a very singular increase of rain\\non this island for the last five years, including 1850 up to the present\\ntime. In this period, the average has been something over 50 inches\\nof rain per annum, while the record of the preceding nineteen\\nyears gives an average of only 31^ inches. The Patent Office Report\\nfor 1853 gives the average of fourteen of those years at 31 f inches.\\nFrom this, the expectation is but reasonable that the yearly average\\nmust hereafter agree, or nearly so, with the record of the longest\\nperiod for it is known that those who made this record are noted for\\ntheir accuracy. Yet, it is proved that salt can be made here in\\nground pans without the aid of covered tanks, during the years of\\nthe heaviest fall of rain to which the island is ever subject, provided\\nthe weather is otherwise favorable. In 1854, about 52 inches of rain\\nfell, and, as before stated, a full proportion in the salt season; and\\nthe weather was otherwise hot and dry. I am informed that there\\nhas been a like increase in the fall of rain for the five years in Turk\\nIsland, and in the Bahamas, which I presume accounts partially, at\\nleast, for the scarcity of salt in those islands for the last two years,\\nnotwithstanding the great accumulation of the article there in former\\nyears. This scarcity makes it a part of wisdom and economy, in this\\ncountry, to increase in every possible way the supply of the better\\nkinds of salt.\\nTo aid in this purpose, I will give a brief description of the plans\\nwhich I have adopted here to make the most of these local advan-\\ntages and, when these plans are all perfected, I have no doubt that\\nthe business will be rendered reasonably safe and successful, even\\nduring the wettest seasons which we have on these Keys and when\\nsuch years happen as I am informed 1842-43 were, and again, those\\nof 1847-48, the only limit to the yield of salt would be in the limit of\\nthe labor at command to rake and secure it. There are other Keys\\non this reef, which I presume have like advantages with this, and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 149\\nwhen we consider the mildness and healthfullness of the climate, espe-\\ncially for a certain class of invalids, it would seem that these advan-\\ntages are worthy of being appreciated.\\nKey West is almost four miles long, and nearly one broad and\\nfrom the north-eastern end, through the centre of it, for some two and\\na half miles, there are a series of natural ponds which are from one\\nto two feet lower than medium high tides. These ponds were con-\\nnected together, originally, but separated from the sea by a ridge, over\\nwhich the water never flowed, except in times of very high tides.\\nFrom this situation, even before the ponds were improved, salt was\\nfrequently made, naturally, by the high tides of early winter flowing\\ninto them, the water in them being sufficiently evaporated, before the\\nreturn of the next high tides in the following July and August.\\nThus, as I have been informed, were many cargoes raked by the crews\\nof vessels, and taken away. Outside of this low ridge, which shuts\\nout the low tides from the ponds, I have inclosed a large bay with\\nvery shallow water, which contains some 100 or 150 acres by con-\\nnecting two points of land by a substantial dam. In this is fixed a\\nswing-gate, such as is used in Turks Island and the Bahamas, which\\nenables me to shut in the sea-water from the Gulf stream, at high\\ntide. This arrangement is such that, by a short canal through the\\nridge, I can convey water at pleasure to every part of the natural\\nponds, which, by means of more than 20 miles of embankments, are\\nmade into a series of reservoirs that contain in full the principles\\nherein laid down. Out of the bay, at a point furthest from the\\nswing-gate, where the evaporation is sure to be the greatest, the canal\\nis dug which lets the salt-water into the highest part, whence it flows\\nfrom one into another, forward and backward, till it arrives at the\\nlast and lowest one in the series, by which time the pickle has tra-\\nversed about 14 miles. In good weather, the water is not only puri-\\nfied, but is up to the point of saturation, or nearly so. At any rate,\\nit is in a fit state to be pumped up by wind-mills into the crystalising\\npans, which in this case are built on a level from 12 inches to 3 feet\\nhigher than the reservoirs. These have bottoms prepared with sand\\nand marl, which become quite hard, enabling us to keep the salt clean\\nwhile raking it. These pans are also enclosed with stone and marl\\nwalls, and vary in size from 50 feet square to an acre or more. They\\nare likewise arranged so that the pickle flows from the highest to the\\nlowest, through the whole series, which still further purifies the water\\nand hastens the crystalising atom. It is really astonishing to witness\\nthe amount of impurities which are thus deposited from the sea-water.\\nIn some of the reservoirs, at the end of the season, there are nearly 6\\ninches of the half-floating deposits of one summer.\\nI do not pump any but perfectly saturated pickle into the covered\\nwooden pans, of which I have some 2,500 feet in length. The salt\\nfrom these is very heavy and pure, being invaluable for salting beef\\nand fish, but the coarse salt from the ground pans is better for salting\\npork. Fishermen, here, and in the vicinity, will use for their purpose\\nnone but the finer kind of salt made in covered works and I have\\nbeen informed that fish in the Havana market salted with it, even", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "15T) AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nwhen they are only dry salted, command a higher price than those\\ncured with any other kind.\\nI have from 300 to 400 acres of surface now in the series of reser-\\nvoirs, and, by further improvements, I can more than double that\\namount. Of crystalising pans, I have from 50 to 60 acres, amply\\nsufficient for the present surface of reservoirs and I have room to\\nincrease to any necessary extent. The tanks which I am building\\nare 50 by 100 feet on the ground, and 10 feet deep, 5 feet of which is\\ndug down into the solid rock, but even this part of them will be lined\\nwith concrete, made of hydraulic cement, sand, and broken stone.\\nThey are to be covered by movable roofs, 20 by 25 feet, so constructed\\nas to roll on and off from each side to the centre. These tanks, with\\nropes arranged as before described, to crystalise the pickle on, will\\nrender a fair yield certain, even in a wet season and I think salt,\\ncrystalised in this manner, out of brine previously purified in the\\nreservoirs, will be even better than that made wholly in the pans.\\nFrom personal observations of the use of Key West salt, I am con-\\nvinced that no other, except, perhaps, the very best Turk Island, is\\nso well fitted for salting provisions of all kinds. I say the very best\\nTurk Island, for in a great number of the works there, and in the\\nBahamas, the salt is sold under the same general name, and where\\nthey have applied the purifying system, too, but to a very limited ex-\\ntent and at many of the works salt is made after the plan adopted\\nin Spain. It would seem that many brines have a disagreeable taste,\\nwhich no practical method can remedy, and that on the whole, that\\nmade from sea-water is usually better than that which is made from\\nsprings. Furthermore, it is very probable that there is a great dif-\\nference in sea-water from divers localities. This supposition is in a\\nmeasure confirmed by the salt made everywhere from the Gulf stream,\\nas it is better than that made in Spain, Portugal, the Azores, c,\\nall of which produce an article that has a sharpness of taste, which is\\nnever present in the other kind, made from the great ocean current\\nbut even this kind varies much in quality by the pains taken in puri-\\nfying the pickle.\\nIt is only during the time of raking salt from ground pans, and\\nsometimes for a month or more, when the demand is brisk, to deliver\\nit, that many hands can be profitably employed at the salt-works\\nhere. Even in favorable years, a full force is not needed, after all\\nimprovements are made, for more than six to eight months. Conse-\\nquently, some other business should be connected with salt-making\\non these Keys, the culture of Sisal hemp, for instance, in order to\\nrender it more profitable. During the rest of the year, only a few\\nhands are required.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 151\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement o/T). Barnes, of Middletoivn, Middlesex county Connecticut.\\nOur principal reliance for manure is upon the barn-yard and the\\npig-stye although wood-ashes, shell-lime, gypsum, guano, super-\\nphosphate of lime, especially the latter, are extensively used, and\\nmeet with favor. The quantity applied to the acre of the two last\\nnamed is about 250 pounds.\\nThe majority of our farmers plough under their home-made ma-\\nnures and heavy crops of Indian corn are produced therefrom, par-\\nticularly when the ploughing is much deeper than usual. Guano is\\napplied by mixing it with gypsum and sowing broadcast. It is some-\\ntimes harrowed in, or used as a top-dressing on grass lands. It is\\nalso put in the hills of Indian corn and other hoed crops.\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of Neiocastle, Newcastle county,\\nDelaware.\\nOur farmers are yearly becoming more convinced of the great im-\\nportance of manures, and much more care is taken to preserve them\\nthan formerly. Many depend entirely on their barn-yards, and that\\nwhich was formerly allowed to waste and wash out on the highways,\\nis now carefully saved in well-built cellars, or covered sheds.\\nGuano is much used by us. On neglected lands, it has produced\\nalmost miraculous effects. The usual mode of application is to\\nplough under 300 pounds to the acre in a damp still day. I prefer to\\nuse it for my wheat and oat crops, and reserve my stable manure for\\ntop-dressing grass-lands and for corn. Great care should be taken to\\nhave the guano finely pulverised, as much of that purchased in the\\nWilmington market is intermixed with lumps, which require consid-\\nerable labor to reduce them. I found the operation of breaking these\\nlumps much facilitated by pouring water on them and suffering them\\nto stand in a damp condition over night.\\nStatement of C. W. Babbit, of Metamora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nNo manure is used on our naturally rich soils, except when the far-\\nmers are compelled to remove the accumulations from around their\\nbarns and yards. These, however, are highly beneficial to gardens,\\nand apple-trees which have commenced bearing, as well as to grass,\\npotatoes, and grain, on the lightest prairies, and for that class of\\nsoils termed by us the barrens.\\nIt would seem that the prairies here might be continued in their\\nvirgin richness simply by annually plowing under the stubble of our\\ngrain fields, and the stalks of Indian corn, never allowing them to be\\nconsumed by fire. A short distance south of this, resided two farm-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "152 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ners, one of whom every year gathered up his corn-stalks and burnt\\nthem, and also burnt over his stubble fields before ploughing. The\\nother never allowed a stalk nor a straw to be burnt on his land, but\\nalways plowed them under. After some fifteen years had elapsed,\\nthe farm of the former yielded on an average some 15 bushels of corn\\nless to the acre than when he commenced cultivating it, while that of\\nthe latter produced as abundantly as at first.\\nStatement of Alexander Heron, near Connersville, Fayette county,\\nIndiana.\\nThe most common method of improving and renovating the soil in\\nthis county is by ploughing under a crop of clover, or by a rotation\\nof crops of clover, wheat, and corn. This has proved to be the cheap-\\nest, easiest and best method, as the land continually becomes im-\\nproved, and this to a very high degree.\\nAnother good method is to turn the hogs into a field of standing\\ncorn, and allow them to fatten by feeding themselves. In this way,\\nmuch of the substance extracted by the crop is returned again to the\\nsoil, which leaves the ground in fine condition for ploughing the suc-\\nceeding spring. A field treated in this manner, has come under my\\nimmediate notice, which has been planted in corn and fed in the fields\\nto hogs for twenty-five consecutive years, and the present season has\\nproduced the largest yield ever known before.\\nStatement of H. Gr. Stone, of West Boscaiven, Merrimack county,\\nNew Hampshire.\\nGuano and artificial manure, such as super-phosphate, plaster,\\nc, have been used here, in some instances with advantage, but in\\nothers with injury to the crops. But the experiments in general have\\nbeen too indefinite to ascertain correctly whether such manures are\\nprofitable to the farmer or not.\\nThe effects of guano upon crops are generally the most apparent\\non old, poor, worn-out lands, rather than upon rich soils, or those\\nwhich have been well manured. I have used it successfully upon\\ncorn and potatoes, applied at the rate of a table-spoonful to a hill,\\nmixed with two or three spoonfuls of dried muck, covering it about\\nan inch deep with soil, then dropping a spoonful of plaster to each\\nhill with the corn. By this means, the plaster answers the double\\npurpose of holding moisture, as well as taking up and retaining am-\\nmonia, and thereby preventing its escape. A compost of dried muck,\\nplaster, and guano, sown broadcast, in a rainy day in the spring, forms\\na good top-dressing for grain or grass.\\nI have also applied to corn, side by side with super-phosphate, gua-\\nno, c, wheat bran, at the rate of half a pint in hill, at the time\\nof planting, by which I obtained a greater yield. Used with barn-\\nyard manure, it gives good results.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "FERTILISERS. 153\\nStatement of Edward Van Meter, of Salem, Salem county, New Jersey.\\nBarnyard and stable manures are used for wheat and potato crops,\\nand lime is employed to a considerable extent on corn. Green-sand\\nmarl, which abounds in the northeast part of the county, has proved\\nmost beneficial to potatoes and grass.\\nStatement of D. R. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, AUeghany county,\\nNew York.\\nThe principal fertilisers used here are such as are produced on the\\nfarm, with the exception of gypsum, which is generally applied to\\ncorn, grass, and wheat. In dry seasons, the latter produces a marked\\nbenefit, but in wet ones, the effect is hardly perceptible.\\nGypsum costs $8 a ton, and is sown broadcast on grass and grain,\\nat the rate of 200 or 300 pounds to the acre. It is also applied to\\ncorn soon after it appears above the ground, at the rate of a large\\nspoonful to a hill.\\nStatement of R. Buchanan, of Cincinnati, Hamilton county, Ohio.\\nIn the cultivation of my little suburban farm of 44 acres, with\\n700 fruit-trees and 20,000 grape-vines, I have had abundant occasion\\nto appreciate the value of manures. In the vineyard, and around\\nthe fruit-trees, an occasional application of ashes has been found val-\\nuable, alternating with stable manure every two or three years. I\\nhave twice tried salt, sown in March, on my grass lands, at the rate\\nof a bushel and a half to the acre, with marked advantage. Gypsum\\nhas been sometimes tried by our farmers on grass, and found useful\\nbut itgis rather too expensive, say at $2 50 to $3 per bushel.\\nFor our general crops, deep tillage and a little barnyard manure\\nis all that is required, paying proper attention of course on the\\nuplands to rotation, little or none being necessary in the bottom lands.\\nMany farmers, with us, turn red clover under, and others plough\\nin buckwheat; and they are well pleased with the results. As our\\nfarms diminish in size before an increased population, we shall learn\\nfrom necessity the value of manure.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nBarnyard manure and lime are our principal dependence, although\\nguano, bone-dust, and gypsum have lately been tried, and are\\nregarded as good fertilisers by those who have used them.\\nThe cheapest way to improve land in this and the adjoining county,\\nis by the use of lime. It is not regarded as a direct fertilise!! for our\\ngrain-crops, except as in a small degree furnishing food for the\\nplants, but as a kind of stimulant, the effect of which creates a nour-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "154 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nishment favorable to grass. The best way to apply it is on the top\\nof a sod a year or more before it is ploughed under. The quantity\\ndepends on the soil, and on the after treatment. Heavy clay can\\nbear from 150 to 300 bushels to the acre, while, on light soils, only\\nfrom 50 to 75 bushels would be required. The cost of lime at the\\nkiln in this vicinity is 8 cents per bushel.\\nStatement of C. Snively, of Penn Toionship, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nOur farmers depend chiefly on barnyard manure and lime as fer-\\ntilisers. The custom in this vicinity is to haul quicklime on clover\\nor Timothy sod, say 100 to 200 bushels to the acre, and the next\\nspring apply a coat of barnyard manure; then plough under and\\nplant to corn. Land treated in this way, will produce well for years\\nafterwards. The cost of lime, where limestone and coal are found\\non the farm, will not exceed 7 or 8 cents a bushel.\\nClover is sown by all good farmers, and no crop is better calculated\\nto enrich the land. In the vicinity of the cities of Pittsburg and\\nAlleghany, other fertilisers are used.\\nStatement of D Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania-\\nBarnyard manure has not been used so much in this county as it\\nshould have been but of late, there has been a marked improvement\\nin its application to our crops. Now, but few of our farmers consider\\nit a nuisance, and it is pretty generally hauled out in the spring and\\nspread on the corn-ground. Applied immediately to our wheat-crops,\\nit does not answer so good a purpose as when used for grass. Twenty\\ncords to an acre, costing $5, in a favorable season, will increase a\\ncorn-crop from 30 to 40 bushels.\\nPoudrette, as yet, is but little used here, although it is one of the\\nbest fertilisers we have. Were it not for pride and prejudice, it\\nwould be extensively employed.\\nStatement of Bichard Lechnor, of Stoucliburg, Berks county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nLime and barnyard manure are the principal fertilisers made use\\nof in this section. Of the former, 100 or more bushels are employed\\non calcareous clays, and 70 or 80 bushels on gravelly lands. It has\\nbeen found to be particularly advantageous in the cultivation of\\npotatoes, corn, and grass.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "ROTATION OF CROPS. 155\\nROTATION OF CROPS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of Nathaniel Green, near Middletown, Neiwport county^\\nBhode Island.\\nThe systein of rotation generally practised by our farmers is, to\\nplant corn on pasture or meadow land, and succeed by oats, seeded\\ndown to grass, after which it is mown four or five years, and then\\nbroken up again for corn, and cultivated as before.\\nStatement of D Minis, of Beaver \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Plain, Beaver county Pennsylvania.\\nWith us, there is no established rotation of crops yet, our best\\nfarmers endeavor to sow wheat on a Timothy, blue-grass or clover\\nsod, or on oat-stubble, which has been cultivated with corn the pre-\\nvious year. They again sow on the wheat, in the fall, winter or\\nspring, clover and Timothy, the great object being to keep the field as\\nlong as possible in grass.\\nStatement of Richard Lechnor, of Stouchburg, Berks county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThe general system of rotation of crops in this county is, first, In-\\ndian corn on Timothy or clover sward, followed the next season by\\noats. The ground is then well manured, and sown with wheat or rye,\\nseeding down again with Timothy or clover.\\nBREAD CROPS,\\nMAIZE, OR INDIAN COHN.\\nEXPORT OF CORN TO EUROPE.\\nTo the mind of every intelligent inquirer into the uses to which\\nthe various agricultural products of this country are applied, a strik-\\ning anomaly is presented in the fact that, although the experience\\nof the people of the entire continent bears uniform testimony in favor", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "156 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nof the palatableness, the healthfulness, and the economy of Indian\\ncorn, or maize, our great indigenous Cereal, it is even yet but little\\nknown to the people of those portions of Europe to whom economy\\nin the selection of food is manifestly the great desideratum, with\\nthe exception, perhaps, of some of the southern countries of that\\ncontinent.\\nThat maize possesses the advantages we here claim for it is proved,\\nnot only by the universality of its consumption among the American\\npeople, but by a comparison of its nutritive properties, as ascertained\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2by chemical analyses, with those of any other production from which\\nbread is made, and of the relative prices at which they usually sell\\nin the markets of the Atlantic cities. Let us institute a comparison\\nwith respect to wheat and maize, the only species of grain, except\\nrice, now to any considerable extent .exported from the United\\nStates.\\nThe analyses of Sir Humphrey Davy, which are relied upon as ac-\\ncurate in the average of numerous experiments, assign to wheat\\nabout 95 per cent, of nutritive matter, and to corn 77 per cent. A\\nbushel of corn is therefore worth 77 cents, when a bushel of wheat is\\nworth 95 cents, their properties of nutriment alone considered. But\\nwhen it is remembered that the 23 per cent, of innutritious matter,\\nwhich constitutes a portion of the maize, are desirable in food for man, as\\nnecessary, not only to satisfy the craving of hunger, but to promote\\ndigestion by the stimulus of distention, which bulk alone can give,\\nit will be comprehended that the comparative value of corn is greater\\nthan these strict analyses would indicate. Accepting, however, the\\nnutritive constituents of each as the standard of its value, let us see\\nhow it corresponds with the prices actually paid for them in our\\nmarkets.\\nThe quotations of the grain market of New York, made from day\\nto day through several months of the years 1855-56, represent the\\naverage price of wheat on each of those days to be from two and a\\nfourth, to a little more than three times the average price of corn\\nand a careful equation of these averages affords a higher mean than\\ntwo and a half to one. Thus, when the price of corn is $1 per bushel,\\nthat of wheat is always at least $2 50 per bushel but the intrinsic\\nvalue of the two grains being in the proportion of seventy-seven to\\nninety-five, and $1 being the price of corn, wheat is not really worth\\nin consumption more than |l 23^. In buying wheat, we there-\\nfore obtain, for any given amount of money, a little less than half\\nthe nutriment we obtain when we buy corn. Hence, the question\\nnaturally presents itself, what is the reason of this wide disparity in\\ntheir prices The reply first suggested to the mind is, that this is\\ndetermined by the supply and demand, and that we must seek in\\nthese for the reason. Wheat, though of general and abundant\\nproduct, is neither so universally adapted to the varieties of soil and\\nclimate, nor so reliable a crop in its most favored localities, as Indian\\ncorn it is more relished by the greater portion of the human family\\nit may be preserved sweet more easily in any of its stages of manu-\\nfacture, whether stationary, or during transportation by sea or land\\nand, finally, thorough, judicious, and persistent efforts have never", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS.\\n157\\nbeen made to introduce corn among the people of the Northern and\\nCentral European countries.\\nThe admission here made that maize, in its various forms of prepa-\\nration, is generally less relished than wheat, will doubtless be except-\\ned to, and the experience of the people of vast portions of North\\nAmerica, who use the preparations of it from choice, may be cited in\\nopposition to the opinion expressed but the writer is speaking of\\ncorn and wheat as they are presented in commerce in the cities on the\\nAtlantic and Gulf of Mexico, and not as in the home consumption of\\nthe people of the corn-growing regions, whose facilities and skill in\\npreserving it, and in preparing it for the table, especially with the\\ndelicacies of the dairy that everywhere abound with them, enable\\nthem to enjoy it in a manner not often realised elsewhere. To them\\nit is at once the great staple of life, and among the most relishable\\narticles of aliment. But it is otherwise in the cities, where such skill\\nand facilities are not possessed and it is far otherwise in the coun-\\ntries of. Europe, where many of the people are not even yet convinced\\nthat a palatable bread may be made from the flour of maize. Thus\\nwe find that, although cheap bread is, as has been said, the great\\nwant of Europe, the Indian corn exported from the United States is\\noven yet far less in value than the wheat exported, as the following\\ntable will show:\\nAmounts of Indian-corn and corn-meal, and of loheat, wheat-four\\nand wheat shipbread, exported from the United States during a\\nperiod of thirty-four years, each ending on the 30th of June.\\nValue of corn\\nValue of wheat\\nValue of corn\\nValue of wheat\\nYEARS\\nand its\\nand its\\nYEARS.\\nand its\\nand its\\nmanufactures.\\nmanufactures.\\nmanufactures.\\nmanufactures.\\n1821...\\n$616,279\\n$4,476,357\\n1839...\\n$799,516\\n$7,419,232\\n1822...\\n900,656\\n5,287,286\\n1840...\\n1,043,516\\n12,208,086\\n1823...\\n930,489\\n5,151,437\\n1841...\\n995,411\\n8,960,568\\n1824...\\n736,340\\n5,977,255\\n1842...\\n962,967\\n8,615,731\\n1825...\\n878,073\\n4,466,679\\n1843...\\n735,915\\n4,339,414\\n1826...\\n1,007,321\\n4,411,870\\n1844...\\n1,045,037\\n7,648,491\\n1827...\\n1,022,464\\n4,645,784\\n1845...\\n1,053,293\\n6,101,666\\n1828...\\n822,858\\n4,464,774\\n1846...\\n2,131,744\\n13,717,332\\n1829...\\n974,535\\n5,972,920\\n1847...\\n18,696,546\\n32,739,427\\n1830...\\n597,119\\n6,320.603\\n1848...\\n5,645,084\\n16,482,380\\n1831...\\n992.051\\n10,712,261\\n1849...\\n9,135,994\\n13,401,748\\n1832...\\n758,775\\n5,229,858\\n1850...\\n4,652,804\\n8,074,438\\n1833...\\n871,814\\n5,895,157\\n1851...\\n2,385,415\\n11,804,349\\n1834...\\n095,483\\n4,792,087\\n1852...\\n2,114,605\\n14,743,251\\n1835...\\n1,217,665\\n4,667,881\\n1853...\\n2,084,051\\n19,591,817\\n1836...\\n725,262\\n3,819,421\\n1454...\\n7,077,253\\n40,616,956\\n1837...\\n911,634\\n3,258,767\\n1855...\\n8,198,693\\n12,883,937\\n1838...\\n864,391\\n3,875,110", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "158 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nFrom the facts here presented, it is apparent that if corn could be\\ntransported to the different countries of Europe, in good condition,\\nand if the people of those countries could he instructed in its use as\\nthe Americans understand it, without in the least interfering with\\nthe exportation of wheat, which is not used by the poor of those\\ncountries, Indian corn would soon become the most important and\\nmost profitable commodity of export, as it now is the most important\\nand most profitable product for home consumption. That success\\nhas not attended the efforts heretofore made to accomplish these\\npurposes, is proof of nothing more than that they have either not\\nbeen skillfully, made, or not persistently prosecuted.\\nCorn is sometimes, at least, as long on its transit by railroad, canal,\\nand other avenues of conveyance, from the interior of this country\\nto the Atlantic sea-board, as it would be on ship-board thence to\\nEurope it is preserved in cribs, granaries, and warehouses through-\\nout the year it is freely consumed by people of all conditions in all\\nparts of this country by the rich from choice, and by the poor in\\nmany instances from choice, and always in obedience to a wise econ-\\nomy. The barriers to its introduction throughout Europe, therefore,\\nhowever formidable they have heretofore proved, cannot be insur-\\nmountable. Nothing more is requisite than the means herein already\\nsuggested.\\nThe government of Prussia, wisely appreciating this subject, in the\\nfall of 1855, caused a series of experiments to be made, which, though\\nnot entirely satisfactory, have been attended with a sufficient degree\\nof success to induce the determination of continued effort, which there\\nis good reason to hope may yet lead to permanent success. The causes\\nof the partial failures in these experiments were radical. In the first\\nplace, the meal sent thither by his Excellency, Baron Gerolt, the\\nMinister Kesident of his government at Washington, though in\\nless degree than other shipments, still was sour when it reached\\nthe hands of the agents employed to test it and, in the second place,\\nthose agents, upon finding that it was not fine, like the flour made\\nfrom wheat or rye, attempted to reduce it to that condition by re-\\ngrinding. Those who are accustomed to the use of corn in this coun-\\ntry, will be surprised to learn that any experiment with meal, thus\\nimpaired, could be regarded as affording even the least promise of\\nsuccess.\\nIn their Keport on the experiments made by them, the Prussian\\nBoard of Agriculture commence with an expression of the opinion\\nthat a bread similar to the American would not be to the taste of\\nour [their] public; and accordingly no attempts were made to\\nprepare the meal in any of the forms in which it is used in the re\\ngions of the world where its consumption has proved satisfactory\\nthroughout the experience of centuries.\\nFrom this Eeport we learn that the meal was conveyed to that\\ncountry in barrels that its coarseness, and the presence of its innu-\\ntritious particles, were objected to that it was sifted, and then re-\\nground by certain flouring mills, and of course but a small proportion\\nof fine flour obtained and that, though sour, it was not so bitter as\\nthat in use in Berlin, which the Board believed was either dampened by", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 159\\nthe millers, or not carefully protected from moisture. The writer of\\nthe Report proceeds to say\\nMaize flour, even the finest quality, cannot he baked alone into\\nbread. It ferments like other flour, hut the dough falls in the oven,\\nand gives a compact, soap-like loaf, which could not be eaten daily.\\nPrevious experiments had taught me, that a certain quantity of som\u00c2\u00ab\\nother substance, as potatoes, was necessary to make maize flour a good\\nsubstance for bread a third part of wheat, rye, or potato flour, is\\nsufficient for this purpose.\\nI made experiments with fine and coarse rye flour, and fine and\\ncoarse maize flour. It was necessary to find out the most suitable\\nway to raise the bread. From yeast, I did not expect any favorabk\\nresult, as the application of yeast would be too expensive. The sour\\ndough only remained as a way of fermentation, but it seemed doubt-\\nful if it could be used in a similar manner, as by the baking with pure\\nrye flour a second and more simple way had to be tried. Instead of\\nusing a mixture of maize and rye flour in the accustomed manner, as\\nit is usually done, it seemed more appropriate not to mix beforehand\\nthe different qualities of flour, but each one by itself, and in the fol-\\nlowing manner to leaven the rye flour for itself, as it is usually\\ndone, and to knead in the maize flour with a sufficient quantity of\\nwater.\\nThe results of my experiments show clearly that maize flour,\\nmixed with rye flour, has all the qualities necessary to obtain from it\\na good, palatable, and nourishing bread, in consequence of its rich\\nand floury substance. I have further shown that this may be obtained\\nby an equal mixture not only of fine, but of coarse rye flour.\\nThe difficulty of grinding Indian meal into fine flour is not an\\ninsuperable one, because the dough, consisting of two-thirds coarse,\\nand one-third fine maize flour, made a bread nearly as good as that\\nmade of entirely fine maize flour.\\nIt is not necessary that the maize flour should be kneaded in with\\nthe rye flour; and, indeed, it is better that it should not be.\\nThe Royal Police Department of Berlin, also, in December, 1855,\\nmade a Report upon The Applicability of Indian Corn to the Pre-\\nparation of Bread, in which it is stated that a few resident bakers\\nin that city prepare, in small quantities, bread of a mixture of\\nmaize and rye flour, and that maize is used to some extent in Dantzig\\nalso. It is inferred from the information obtained from these and\\nother sources, that a bread composed of two-thirds rye, and one-\\nthird maize, is about 10 per cent, cheaper than bread made of pure\\nrye, a pound of rye and Indian meal bread, costing about 3\\ncents. The Report goes on to say that, it is further ascertained\\nthat such bread is eatable, and not without a pleasant taste, although\\nIndian meal is frequently found with a bitter taste. It is added\\nthat it stales very quickly, and in this condition can scarcely be\\neaten.\\nCounsellor Surgeon Liick, the prison physician, after examining\\nsome of the bread made of two-thirds rye, and one-third maize, ex-\\npressed the opinion that it was wholesome, and recommended its use\\nin the prisons, but thought that, in consequence of its solidity, it", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "160 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nshould be given chiefly to those employed in the open air. He was\\nof the opinion that Indian meal was more healthy than the potato,\\nand more nourishing than either wheat or rye.\\nThe Police Department experienced the same difficulty with respect\\nto regrinding the meal, that was encountered by the Board of Agri-\\nculture, and like that Board, persisted in the attempt to adapt corn-\\nmeal to use in that manner. We quote the somewhat unsatisfactory\\nconclusion of this Beport:\\nIn baking, five different experiments were made as to its mixture\\nwith rye flour.\\nTen pounds of rye flour and 2 pounds of maize flour gave six loaves\\nof bread, of 3^ pounds.\\nNine pounds of rye flour and 3 pounds of maize flour gave six\\nloaves of bread, of 3 pounds.\\nEight pounds of rye flour and 3 pounds of maize flour gave six\\nloaves of bread, of 2^ pounds.\\nSeven pounds of rye flour and 5 pounds of maize flour gave five\\nloaves of bread, of 3^ pounds.\\nSix pounds of rye flour and 6 pounds of maize flour gave five\\nloaves of bread, of 3^ pounds.\\nThus 40 pounds of rye flour, and 20 pounds of maize flour, gave\\ntwenty-eight loaves of bread, of 3| pounds.\\nThe results of these experiments confirm the opinion previously en-\\ntertained, that Indian meal absorbs less water, and on this ground\\nproduces less bread, than rye flour they even show that the quantity\\nis greater the more rye and the less maize flour. The taste of the\\nbread from these mixtures was good.\\nThe experiments further show that the preparation of this bread\\ndemands particular care and attention, and takes much time. Maize\\nflour must be gently kneaded, and a certain proportion between maize\\nand rye flour must always be observed. This proportion cannot gen-\\nerally be regulated, and it changes in nearly every case, and in such a\\ndegree that it becomes necessary to examine properly the material\\nwhich is to be used for baking, and to establish some minor experi-\\nments to test the true proportion of mixture. The age of the maize\\nflour demands the greatest consideration, and in this case, if we take\\nonly a trifle too much, the bread will taste sour. The leaven is not\\nto be prepared of maize flour.\\nThese experiments further show that Indian meal cannot be kept,\\nand is to be overhauled every day, and therefore, cannot be transported\\nto a great distance. It will be necessary to connect a mill with each\\nbakery.\\nLastly, the difference in price between the two flours is very small,\\nthat of Indian corn being $2 T5, and that of rye only $3 12 and it\\nis believed it could be obtained at the same price.\\nThe Police Department is of the opinion that the application of\\nmaize flour by bakers may be recommended but as to the consump-\\ntion in our prisons, it is not applicable, since the expenses are nearly\\nthe same, and the bread of rye is superior in quality and taste.\\nBye and potatoes are the food of the common people of Germany", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 161\\nand, notwithstanding the misapprehensions still existing, as indicated\\nin the Reports here quoted, there are good grounds for hoping that\\nthe experiments instituted will not he abandoned, hut that success\\nmay he attained and when the prize contended for on the part of\\nthis country is nothing less than the interchange of many millions of\\nbushels of corn annually, with the different inhabitants of Germany, for\\nthe various commodities they have to export, it is also hoped that the\\nskill and enterprise of American citizens may be efficiently applied\\nto the work of devising means for the safe transhipment of corn, and\\nits preparation in a manner acceptable to the tastes of the people of\\nGermany for these are the only difficulties presented.\\nThe objects to be achieved, therefore, are the selection of the pro-\\nper varieties of corn for exportation, the determination of the ques-\\ntion as to whether it should be exported whole or ground, the best\\nmodes of preparing and putting it up for exportation, and instructing\\nthe people of Europe in the methods pursued in this country of making\\ncorn-bread, or bread of corn mixed with rye, wheat, or potatoes, and\\notherwise preparing corn for use as food.\\nAll the varieties of corn, produced to any considerable extent in\\nthe United States, are capable of being preserved sweet throughout\\nthe year, not only in the regions in which they are severally grown,\\nbut in all other portions of the country. It is, however, usually pre-\\nserved in the grain, and not ground before required for market, or use,\\nas the epidermis, or hull, the least destructible portion, is its natural\\nshield and protector from a damp or vitiated atmosphere. In dry and\\nwell-ventilated situations on ship-board, there is no more necessity\\nfor the occurrence of decomposition than in similar situations on land.\\nThe subject first to receive attention, therefore, is the means of so pro\\ntecting it on ship-board and for this the intelligence and energy of\\nprivate enterprise will no doubt be fully adequate. The use of barrels\\nor sacks, will probably not be dispensed with, because of the neces-\\nsity of a staid position for such a cargo, and because of the genera-\\ntion of heat from a large bulk of corn in the mass* Special devices\\nfor the ventilation of the holds of ships are also worthy of the atten-\\ntion of inventors, with respect to the safe transportation of this as\\nwell as of other articles of export and import.\\nBut while all varieties of corn may with proper care be transported\\nwith a good degree of security, it may be stated, as the result of\\nample experience, that those containing much oil, such as the .Golden\\nSioux, the King Philip, or Northern Eight-rowed Yellow, the\\nDutton, the Rhode Island White Flint, c, are less liable to\\ndecomposition than those that contain little or no oil but that the\\nflour, or meal, made from these sorts, is not so pleasant to the taste,\\nespecially of persons unaccustomed to its use, as that made from the\\nsoft, farinaceous varieties of the South and West. These, however,\\nmay be adapted to safe transportation by means of kiln-drying, a pro-\\ncess for which improved facilities will doubtless be devised as soon as\\nan enlarged demand for kiln-dried corn shall indicate a necessity for\\nthem. In this process, corn should be subjected to a degree of heat\\nnot greater than 212\u00c2\u00b0 F., sufficiently long to destroy its germinating\\npower, but not long enough to parch or crisp it so a* to impa: its \u00c2\u00a3T:b-\\nII", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "162 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nstance or nutritive properties. The length of time proper for retaining\\nit in a place thus heated must depend upon various circumstances such\\nas its dryness or humidity, when placed there the openness or com-\\npactness of its texture-; the size of the chamber or cylinder; the hulk\\nof corn within it; and the quantity of oil contained in the corn, there\\nbeing generally some appreciable quantity of this element, the Tus-\\nearora, the White-Hour, and the Wyandotte being among the\\nexceptions. It must be stated, however, that kiln-drying impairs the\\nflavor of corn of all kinds; and therefore some means of exporting it\\nsafely, without a resort to this process, will continue to be sought,\\nsuccessfully it is hoped.\\nMr. Thomas Pearsall, of Smithborough in New York, assumes that\\nthe necessary cause of the fermentation and consequent souring of\\ncorn-meal is the action of heat generated within the package upon\\nthe moisture always present in some degree, and from which the heat\\nproceeds, and that the centre of the bulk is always first affected in\\nthis manner. He has proposed a means of obviating this difficulty,\\nconsisting simply of a vertical tin tube, 1\\\\ or 3 inches in diameter,\\nand open at both ends, which passes through the centre of the\\nbarrel. In this manner, a bulk of 18 or 20 inches diameter is re-\\nduced to 9 or 10 inches, which is almost equivalent to the separation\\nof the barrel into four sections and the admission of air to the exterior\\nparts of each, or the reduction of a radius of 9 or 10 inches to i\\\\ or 5\\ninches and all this only by the omission of a quantity of meal from\\nthe centre which it would require scarcely an appreciable enlargement\\nof the circumference of the barrel to retain.\\nThe grinding of corn into meal, grits, and hommony, and the prepa-\\nration of these articles for the table, are arts not likely to be acquired\\nfrom any amount of instruction, however minute, unaccompanied by\\npractical demonstration; and it has therefore been wisely suggested\\nthat these operations should be introduced into some of the countries\\nof Europe by American millers, and American domestic bakers. It\\nmay be remarked, however, that the common saying is true, that\\nNo kind of grain is spoiled by fine grinding, except Indian corn,\\nalthough wheat may be injured thereby. Corn may be well ground\\nby means of the mill usually employed in grinding wheat, which\\nadmits of regulation for the purpose by means of the elevation and\\ndepression of the upper stone, the revolving speed being in like man-\\nner affected but mills appropriate for the purpose have also been\\nconstructed of cast-iron.\\nThe effort made in Prussia, and which has been herein alluded to,\\nwas instituted with the view of manufacturing a merchantable article\\nof bread, made of rye and corn, in the proportion of two parts\\nof the former to one of the latter, for the purpose of making such\\nsaving in the cos* as the lower price of the corn would insure.\\nAlthough it is not proposed in this place to enter into a description\\nof the modes of baking and cooking corn in its various forms of prepa-\\nration, it is proper that the precise case before us should be satisfac-\\ntorily met.\\nDelicacies for the table made of corn, with eggs, milk, butter, and\\ncream, are, of course, articles of domestic manufacture. Plain bread,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 163\\nmade with reference to economy, is also, from reasons of economy,\\nmanufactured at the family hearth. The wheat and rye bread sold\\nby the bakers of this country is consumed by many who relish it, and\\nby many more to whom it is convenient to purchase it, both classes\\nbeing indifferent as to the expense. But a fastidious taste, and a de-\\nsire to be economical, alike induce the home manufacture of bread.\\nCorn-bread, therefore, is seldom sold by the bakers but, so far as it\\nhas obtained a place on their shelves, it has proved acceptable, though\\nmade even more economically than was attempted in Prussia.\\nThe Boston Brown Bread, contains two parts of corn to one of\\nrye-meal, by measurement, and is made in the followng manner:\\nTo three quarts of mixed meal are added a gill of molasses, two tea-\\nspoonfuls of salt, one tea-spoonful of salteratus, and either a tea-cup-\\nful of home-brewed, or half a tea-cupful of brewer s yeast. This\\nbread continues good and wholesome as long as any other bread is\\nusually kept but, like all other preparations of corn, it is preferred\\nwarm, and is therefore generally eaten fresh, or after being toasted.\\nLike all other kinds of corn-bread, it is an acceptable substitute,\\nnot only for the bread made of other grains, but for the vegetables\\nwhich use has made desirable at the noon-day meal and it is so\\nused with butter, molasses, soup, or the gravy of meats, which latter\\nis freely absorbed by it, and renders it both palatable and more\\nnutritious.\\nIf it be true, as alleged in the foregoing quotations from the Report\\nof the Department of Police of Prussia, that the difference in the\\nprices of rye and corn is very small, there being a saving of only one-\\neighth of the price of the rye displaced by the corn, then, so far as that\\ncountry isconcerned, the market may not be attractive; but when it is\\nremembered that corn-meal is there quoted at 2f cents a pound, and\\nthat this for a quantity equal in weight to a barrel of flour is $5 50,\\nthe American farmer and merchant will both alike conclude that the\\npeople of Prussia can be fed with American corn at a much lower\\nrate, and yet afford good profits both to the producer and the\\nexporter. D. J. b.\\nCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CORN-COBS.\\nBY CHARLES T. JACKSON, M. D., OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.\\nThe following analyses were undertaken with the view of ascertain-\\ning how much nutritive matter is contained in the cobs of Indian\\ncorn, and also how much of each mineral salt they had extracted from\\nthe soil upon which they grew. Never was a more important subject\\nlakl before me than the investigation of the chemical nature of the\\nIndian corn-plant, since it concerns the chief agricultural industry of\\nour people. Were as much time and expense devoted to the analyses", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "164 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nof our staple crops, and tire soil in which they are cultivated, as there\\nis annually expended on metals and ores, how soon would the farmer\\nreap the advantage of a truly scientific and profitable agriculture.\\nThe age demands progress in this science, and I trust that, ere long,\\ncomplete investigations will be made in the other parts of this valua-\\nble plant, as well as in several others among our economical pro-\\nducts.\\nAnalysis of the Corn-cob, from the Farm of Thomas Andrews, in\\nSmitlvfield, Rhode Island. This corn was produced by admixture of\\nthe two varieties, Canada and Ked-cap. It was remarkably\\nprolific, with a very small cob, weighing only 124 grains.\\nThe matter soluble in ether, alcohol, and water was found to be\\nin the following proportions In 100 grains of the ground cob, the\\nwhole amount dissolved was, 3.145 grains, or about o\\\\ per cent, of\\nthe cob.\\nGrains, or per cent, of cob.\\nA sicative yellow fixed oil, 0.323\\nSugar, 0.242\\nDextrine (gum) and some albumen and extractive, 2.557\\n3.122\\nLoss, 0.023\\n3.145\\nThe saccharine matter did not crystalise, and probably is identical\\nwith grape-sugar, or glucose.\\nIn other samples from the same farm, the relation of the kernels to\\nthe c\u00c2\u00abb was first ascertained by shelling several ears, and then weigh-\\ning both the cobs and the grain. The number of ears to each stalk\\nwas four, the weight and increase of two specimens of which were as\\nfollows\\nFirst Sample.\\nWeight of cob, 260 grains.\\nWeight of kernels, 1,970\\nNumber of kernels on ear, 332\\nYield, 1,328 grains to 1.\\nSecond Sample,\\nWeight of cob, 280 grains.\\nWeight of kernel, 2,070\\nNumber of kernels on ear, 325\\nYield, 1,300 grains from 1.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS.\\n165\\nOne thousand grains in weight of these cobs, dried at 212\u00c2\u00b0 F., and\\nburned in a platinum bowl, left 9\u00c2\u00a3 grains of ash, which, on analysis,\\nwas found to consist of the following ingredients\\nPotash,\\nSoda,\\nPhosphate of lime,\\nPhosphate of magnesia,\\nPhosphoric acid (from the alkalies)\\nSilica,\\nChlorine,\\nPer-oxide of iron,\\nUnburned charcoal,\\nCarbonic acid and loss,\\n3.204\\n0.492\\n1.000\\n0.260\\n0.300\\n0.800\\n0.196\\n0.360\\n1.500\\n1.388\\n9.500\\nOne hundred grains in weight of this corn yielded to ether 4|\\ngrains of a fat fixed oil; and to alcohol, 4.11 grains of sugar and\\nzeine.\\nAnalysis of the Cob of Burr s Improved Wrinkled Sweet Corn\\n{early variety.) The cob of this corn was short, thick, and quite\\nlarge in proportion to the depth of the kernels, one of which weighed\\n307 grains. One hundred grains of this cob, reduced to a fine pow-\\nder, yielded of matter soluble in ether, alcohol, and boiling water,\\nsuccessively employed, the following proportions, or about 3f per\\ncent, of the cob\\nGrains,\\nor per\\ncent, of cob\\nSiccative oil,\\nm\\n0.179\\nSugar,\\nm\\n0.065\\nBrown extractive matter,\\n0.242\\nDextrine (gum) and albuminous matter,\\n3.257\\n3.743\\nAnalysis of the Ashes of the Cob of the Sweet Corn. A cob weigh-\\ning 480 grains was burned in platinum to ashes, which weighed 4.2\\ngrains. These ashes, analysed, produced nearly seven-eighths of one\\nper cent, of the cob, the ingredients of which were as follows\\nGrains, or per cent, of cob.\\nPotash,\\n0.2581\\nSoda,\\n0.2104\\nSilica,\\n0.1250\\nPhosphate of lime,\\n0.0521\\nPhosphate of magnesia,\\n0.0279\\nOxide of iron,\\n0.0416\\nPhosphoric acid,\\n0.0290\\nChlorine,\\n0.0292\\nCarbonic acid and coal,\\n0.0812\\n0.8545", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "166 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nAnalysis of the Cob of the Maryland White Southern Corn. The\\ncob of this corn weighed 290 grains, and was quite short, bnt not\\nlarge. When burned, the ash weighed nearly 4 grains, and yielded\\nabout If per cent, of the cob, the ingrediente of which were as follows\\nGrains, or per cent, of cob.\\nPotash, 0.4585\\nSoda, 0.1211\\nSilica, 0.1720\\nPhosphate of lime and magnesia, 0.0800\\nOxide of iron, 0.0420\\nPhosphoric acid, 0.0290\\nChlorine, 0.0340\\nUnburned carbon, 0.2242\\nCarbonic acid and loss, 0.5872\\n1.7480\\nAnalysis of the Cob of u Southern Corn, a Red-colored Variety, grown\\nnear Cape May, Neio Jersey. The cob weighed 560 grains, and when\\nburned, left 7.6 grains of ashes, which yielded about If per cent, of\\nthe cob.\\nGrains, or per cent, of cob\\nPotash, 0.450\\nSoda,\\nSilica,\\nPhosphate of lime and magnesia,\\nPhosphoric acid,\\nChlorine,\\nOxide of iron,\\nUnburned carbon and carbonic acid,\\n0.220\\n0.103\\n0.054\\n0.091\\n0.011\\n0.032\\n0.389\\n1.350\\nAnalysis of the Ashes of the u Tuscarora Corn-cob. This corn was\\ngrown at Long Meadow, on the Connecticut river, in Massachusetts.\\nIt is a large-grained corn, very rich in starch. The cob weighed 630\\ngrains. When burned, it gave 12.2 grains of ashes, which yielded,\\non analysis, nearly 2 per cent, of the cob.\\nGrains, or per cent, of cob.\\nPotash, 0.6430\\nSoda, 0.1970\\nSilica, 0.0714\\nPhosphate of lime and magnesia, and oxide of iron, 0.0800\\nPhosphoric acid, 0.0800\\nChlorine, 0.0630\\nUnburned carbon, 0.1430\\nOxide of iron, carbonic acid, and loss, 0.6590\\n1.9364\\nAnalysis of the Cob of ^Button Corn. This corn is cultivated in\\nMassachusetts. It has a small yellow kernel and a large cob, weigh-\\ning 830 grains. Three hundred grains of the dried and powdered", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS.\\n167\\ncob yielded, on analysis, of matter soluble in ether, alcohol, and wa-\\nter, about o\\\\ per cent, of the cob.\\nGrains, or per cent, of cob.\\nFixed drying oil, 0.249\\nSugar, 0.333\\nDextrine (gum), albumen, and astringent\\nextractive matter, 2.700\\n3.282\\nWhen analysed for inorganic matters, the ash yielded about If per\\ncent, of cob, as follows\\nGrains, or per cent, of cob.\\n0.410\\n0.174\\nPotash,\\nSoda,\\nSilica,\\nPhosphate of lime,\\nPhosphate of magnesia,\\nPhosphoric acid,\\nOxide of iron,\\nChlorine,\\nUnburned carbon,\\nCarbonic acid and loss,\\n0.135\\n0.042\\n0.020\\n0.023\\n0.038\\n0.049\\n0.127\\n0.255\\ni.OOO\\nIt will be observed that there is a considerable variation in the\\nrelative proportions of the inorganic constituents, owing probably to\\nthe chemical natures of different soils. Potash and soda are the most\\nabundant and important of these principles. The phosphates of lime,\\nmagnesia, and of the alkalies are evidently in smaller proportion in\\nthe cob than in the grain. Chlorine, originally in the state of chlo-\\nride of sodium, is observed to be a constant ingredient in the corn-cob,\\nand varies considerably in its relative proportions to the other mine-\\nral salts. Silica must have existed in the state of silicate of potassa,\\nand the small proportion of phosphoric acid, separate from lime and\\nmagnesia, was combined with the alkalies, potash, or soda.\\nIn order to understand fully the chemical physiology of Indian\\ncorn, it will be desirable to analyse the different parts of the plant in\\nits various stages of growth and development, beginning with the\\ngerm at the time it is drawing its nourishment from the starch of the\\ngrain, changed gradually into dextrine and glucose, and then to make\\nresearches on the stalks and leaves anterior to the fructification of the\\near, and afterwards when the sugar changes into starch. There is\\nevidently a period when the sugar is in the state of glucose, or grape-\\nsugar, and another when it is mostly cane-sugar. Then comes the\\nconversion of this sugar into starch, in the milky grains, precisely the\\nopposite of the changes observed in germination.\\nThe transfer of the phosphates from the stem to the chits of the\\ngrain is also a most interesting phenomenon in the plant, and the\\nfacts relating to it should be well ascertained. It will be seen, then,\\nthat we have but just entered upon the field of chemical research re-\\nlating to the physiology of the grain and certainly this is a plant\\nthat deserves the special study of American agriculturists, as well\\nas of chemists.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "168 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nGREEN CORN FOR FODDER.\\nBY T. C. PETERS, OF DARIEN, NEW TORE.\\nIn many regions of the United States, the high price of land makes\\nit difficult for those who cultivate small farms, to realise profits pro-\\nportionate to the capital invested. To such persons, in particular, it\\nbecomes a desirable object to be able to keep cows in order to enrich\\ntheir land cheaply, and to derive revenue from the products of the\\ndairy. What is termed soiling is, in these cases, of the highest\\nimportance.\\nThere is no doubt that at least three animals can be kept in good\\ncondition upon the green food cut and fed to them daily from a piece\\nof land that would barely support one, if left to feed thereon, while\\nthe manure thus saved, if properly applied, would be more than\\nequal to the cost of the labor involved, without taking into the ac-\\ncount the gain in land.\\nIt has been found difficult during hot and dry summers to have a\\nready and sure supply of green food. Realising this difficulty in feed-\\ning teams, two years ago, I made an attempt to supply^the defect by\\nsowing Indian corn broadcast and though the season was unusually\\nhot and dry, the experiment proved successful. Last spring, I accord-\\ningly proceeded to the cultivation of corn for that purpose, in a sys-\\ntematic manner.\\nThe ground selected was near my barn, and in good condition, as\\nto heart and all the preparation I made was to plough it once and\\nthen drag it down smooth. As the corn grown in this region is the\\ncommon Yellow, I sent to Ohio, and obtained my seed from the\\nlarge Southern varieties.\\nOn the 2d of June, I set one of Batchelder s corn-planters to drop\\nthe hills a foot apart, and then run it backward and forward as near\\nthe rows already planted as possible, without actually interfering with\\nthem. After planting it in this manner, I gave it a good rolling.\\nIt came up finely I then found that the planter was a decided\\nimprovement upon the former modes of sowing corn.\\nOn the 6th of August, I cut an average stalk from one of the hills,\\nwhen the tassel was just in sight, and found it to weigh 3| pounds.\\nWhen subsequently cured, it weighed a pound.\\nThe amount of green food which may thus be grown, under favora-\\nble circumstances, seems almost incredible. An acre contains 43,560\\nsquare feet. If, therefore, but one such stalk were to grow upon each\\nfoot, there would be over ^6 tons produced to the acre.\\nThe supply of food thus furnished was beyond all my expectations,\\nand satisfied me that, hereafter, I could in no other manner do so well\\nas to prepare a small lot for planting or sowing corn to feed my teams.\\nI think that any land that will produce 2 tons of hay, will yield\\n10 tons of corn fodder. I think also that, at the North, the Southern\\ncorn will do best for soAving, while, at the South, some of the Northern\\nvarieties will grow fully as rank and strong as can be desired.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "BREAD CHOPS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^Statement of 3. 3. Pratt, of Centre, Cherokee county, Alabama.\\nCorn is justly considered our most important crop. It is easier\\ncultivated, yields more to the acre, and, upon the whole, is a more cer-\\ntain crop than any other. Our river bottoms and valley lands\\nare well adapted to its growth. Without manure of any kind, and\\nwith our careless management, it will average about 30 bushels to\\nthe acre. This year, the maximum yield is 50 or 60 bushels. Two\\ncrops of Early Dutton corn can be raised on the same land in one\\nseason.\\nIn a successful experiment within my knowledge, some corn was\\ngathered from the field on the 27th of July, and on that day, a por-\\ntion of it was planted in a garden. It fully matured in October.\\nCorn may be planted here any time from the middle of March till the\\nfirst of July, with a fair prospect for a remunerating return. It is\\nfrequently put in after the crop of wheat is removed from the field,\\nand the product is good but this double cropping is only resorted to\\nin cases of necessity.\\nStatement o/ MastonS. Gregg, of Fay etteville, Washington county,\\nArkansas.\\nI have my land deadened out in July or August three years\\nbefore clearing. I break the ground well, 8 inches deep, lay off the\\nrows 3^ feet each way, and plant by the 15th of April, an inch deep.\\nAs soon as the corn comes up, I run once between the rows with a\\nplough. In ten days after, I run the plough crosswise the rows as\\nnear the centre as possible. This furrow drains each hill, and keeps\\nit warm and dry. Cold and wet should be guarded against at this\\nseason of the year. The single furrow also keeps the corn from\\nwashing down. At the third and fourth ploughings, I run twice\\nbetween each row, turning the earth from the corn. In the first two\\nploughings, I would rather have one furrow than two and in the\\nthird and fourth, I would prefer two rather than four. At the\\nfifth ploughing, I run four times between the rows, and then thin-\\nout, leaving two stalks to a hill. The great secret in corn-culture\\nis prompt and rapid movement at the proper time. Thorough break-\\ning of the ground, early planting, rapid culture, having it thick on\\nthe ground and thin in the hill, are the main points. By observing\\nthis system, I get two weeks in advance of my neighbors, avoiding\\nmuch of the hot weather and the flies, and sparing my horses and,\\nmoreover, I make from 10 to 20 bushels to the acre more than others\\naround me. I cultivate 20 acres every year with my own hands, using\\na good plough, and hoeing very little. When the season is good, I\\ncan, with great ease, produce 100 bushels from each acre on our best\\nbottom land.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "170 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nFor ten years past, I have planted the Polk corn, which con-\\nstantly improves. I use only the best ears, discarding the small\\nends and imperfect grains.\\nThe market price of corn here varies from 25 to 50 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of New Castle, New Castle county,\\nDelaware.\\nIndian corn is the most certain crop raised in this county. The\\n1st of May, and earlier, if possible, is usually selected as the proper\\ntime of planting.\\nThe average yield is 45 bushels to the acre. New corn is worth at\\nthe present time, 70 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of William W. Woodbridge, of Paw Paw Grove, Lee\\ncounty, Illinois.\\nCorn may be regarded as our most valuable crop, 100 bushels being\\noften raised to the acre, including large fields but 50 bushels may\\nbe considered an average crop.\\nIn 1855, it brought more than 60 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of C. W. Babbitt, of Metarnora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nIndian corn, in this section, is the surest, as well as the most profita-\\nble crop we can raise. The following is an account of an experiment\\nmade by me the past season\\nThe ground on which the corn was raised had been badly culti-\\nvated the years previous, and was exceedingly full of the seeds of\\nweeds. The stalks of the preceding year s corn were cut off near the\\nsurface but not burnt. The ground was ploughed about 8 or 9 inches\\ndeep, as early in the spring as it could be done. Just before plant-\\ning, it was harrowed lengthwise the furrows, so as not to interfere\\nwith the stalks, in order to kill the weeds, which had started. The\\ncorn was then planted about 3^ feet apart, with a drill, in the same\\ndirection in which it was ploughed. The drill furrowed the ground,\\ndropped the corn, and covered it by one operation, with one kernel to\\nabout every 8 inches. A man and a horse planted about 8 acres in a\\nday. Just before the corn came up, the ground was again harrowed\\nin the same direction in which it was ploughed, the teeth of the har-\\nrow being only about 3 inches in length. As soon as the corn was\\nup sufficiently high, it was ploughed as near it as possible with a\\ndouble-shovel scouring plough, going twice between the rows. In the\\ncourse of the season, the plough was run between the rows a fourth,\\nand, in some cases, a fifth time, but no sensible gain was derived from\\nthe latter. No hoe was used, nor scarcely a weed removed, except\\nwhat was done with the plough neither had there been applied any\\nmanure to the land. The yield was over 50 bushels to the acre,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 171\\nthough the corn suffered much from drought. The corn was then\\nhusked, (shucked.) put into rail pens, and covered with straw or long\\ngrass, with rails swung across, and hay ropes to protect the covering.\\nThe present price of corn is from 22 to 35 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of A. J. Boone, of Lebanon, Boone county, Indiana.\\nThe King Philip or Brown corn, I received from the Patent\\nOffice, was planted June 9th, 1855, and harvested September 10th.\\nThe hills were 3 by 3 feet apart, and the number of stalks to each\\nhill three. I made no estimate of the yield to the acre, for the rea-\\nson that I planted but one of the papers of seed that I received but\\nthe yield was far better than I expected. The only value of this corn,\\nwith us, is its early maturity for meal, and for table use, while green.\\nOur common varieties far surpass it for fodder and grain. I will try\\nit next year from the seed now grown, hoping that a- better season\\nmay increase the yield. The ground, where it grew, was a brown,\\nloose soil, on a clayey subsoil, thoroughly ploughed, with a top-dress-\\ning of stable manure, and the corn was hoed once.\\nI planted the Lee corn on the same date as the above, and har-\\nvested ifc on the 10th of October. The distance of the hills apart was\\n3 by 3 feet, and the number of stalks in a hill from three to five.\\nThe season was very wet and even those kinds of corn which were\\nfully acclimatised, did indifferently well. I think a year or two more\\nin this climate and soil will demonstrate that it is a profitable corn\\nfor ordinary purposes, the yield being fair, and its maturity in time\\nto escape the autumnal frosts. There are generally two ears on each\\nstalk, and sometimes three. The stalks are large, and from 15 to\\n16 feet high, with spvrr roots, occasionally, at the third joint from\\nthe ground.\\nStatement of Alexander Heron, near Connersville, Fayette county,\\nIndiana.\\nCorn, as it has never wholly failed, having withstood all the vary-\\ning seasons of summer and autumn, is the most reliable as well as\\nthe most profitable crop with us.\\nThe chief varieties which we cultivate are the White- water Val-\\nley, the Large Yellow, the White Piper, and the White-\\nbread corn. The usual mode of cultivation is the old method of\\nplanting in hills.\\nThe average yield of past season was from 60 to 75 bushels\\nto the acre; the greatest yield 131 bushels. The price at this place\\nis 30 cents a bushel. Cost of transportation to Cincinnati, by canal, 8\\ncents a bushel, or 15 cents for 100 pounds.\\nStatement of William J. Payne, of Bushville, Bush county, Indiana.\\nOur corn-crop, this year, has been remarkably good, yielding from\\n50 to 80 bushels to the acre. We generally work it four times with\\na shovel-plough, but never with the hoe.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "172\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe present price of corn here is 25 cents per bushel old corn has\\nbeen selling for 65 cents.\\nStatement of Gr. P. Walker, of Hamilton, Decatur county Iowa.\\nI planted the King Philip corn, which I received from the\\nPatent Office, in my richest ground, in a very careful manner, on the\\n9th of May. When the earth became too dry, it was watered. It was\\nfully ripe before the middle of August, and the yield was abundant.\\nHaving distributed this corn liberally among my neighbors, both\\nin Southern Iowa and Northern Missouri, to a distance of 60 miles, I\\nam confident it will be thoroughly tested the present year. We\\nsometimes plant corn in the month of April, though I am satisfied\\nthat we ought not to plant, even here, in the sunny side of the State,\\nuntil, say, from the 10th to the 20th of May.\\nStatement of Benjamin F.\\nOdell, of Plumb Spring, Delaware county\\nIowa.\\nIndian corn is our principal crop, which is planted about the\\nmiddle of May, in rows 3 feet apart. The average yield is 40 bushels\\nto the acre, worth from 25 to 50 cents a bushel.\\nThe estimated expense of cultivating an acre is as follows:\\nPloughing,\\nMarking out and planting,\\nHarrowing twice,\\nHoeing once,\\nPloughing,\\nHarvesting,\\nInterest on land,\\nTotal cost,\\nValue of 40 bushels at 35 cents,\\nProfit, 5 50\\nTwenty-five bushels to the acre will pay the cost of cultivation.\\n1 00\\n1 00\\n1 50\\n15\\n1 25\\n2 00\\n8 50\\n14 00\\nStatement of L. E. Dupuy, of Shelby ville, Shelby county, Kentucky.\\nThe most valuable staples of our county are corn and blue-grass.\\nOn these, we graze and feed all our cattle, hogs, and mules. The av-\\nerage quantity of corn raised by good farmers is about 50 bushels to\\nthe acre, but choice fields will yield from 60 to 75 bushels.\\nThe best method of cultivating clover-stubble, or sod-land, is to\\nbreak it in the fall or winter, and cross-plough in the spring, in each\\ncase with two horses, running about 6 inches deep. Between the 15th\\nof April and the 10th of May, harrow over the ground until it becomes\\nsmooth and light. With a corn-drill, make the rows from 3^ to 4 feet", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 173\\napart; drop one grain to each foot in the row; or, what is better, one\\ngrain to every 6 inches, and then thin out to a grain to the foot.\\nThis is better than the hill method, with three or four grains to a\\nhill, as it gives each stalk sufficient room to spread its roots. As\\nsoon as the corn is up a few inches, we run a harrow over it with the\\nfront teeth out, and have a hoy follow and uncover all that may need\\nit. A week afterwards, we go over it with a shovel-plough, and fol-\\nlow with a hoe, to exterminate all the weeds left. In about ten days,\\nwe go over it again with a cultivator, which will level down the fur-\\nrow, and enable us to follow close to the corn with the shovel-plough\\nand finally we finish with the cultivator, in order that, at last, the\\nground may be left level, to prevent washing.\\nThis process makes the cultivation cost about $4 to the acre, with\\ninterest on the value of the land making the whole cost $8 an acre.\\nThe produce of 50 bushels is worth in the field from 20 to 25 cents\\na bushel. We sell but little corn, and export none. It is fed to\\ncattle, hogs, mules, c, and, in this way, brings us, in beef and\\npork, from $15 to $25 per acre, according to the value of the animals\\nfed and the care and attention bestowed in feeding; them.\\nStatement of Edward Stabler, of Harewood, Montgomery county,\\nMaryland.\\nThe Wyandotte is certainly the most prolific corn I have ever\\ngrown, and in some localities may prove very valuable. I received it\\nfrom Illinois, paying a cent a grain for twenty-five grains, that being\\nthe market price. It was not planted until late in May but, as the,\\nfall was seasonable, it ripened tolerably well. Each grain had a sep-\\narate hill, and those which escaped the cut-worm and fowls, pro-\\nduced from three to five strong stalks, averaging from 8 to 10 feet in\\nheight, and usually with from one to two ears to the stalk thus\\nyielding from four to eight ears from each grain planted.\\nThere are two strong objections to making this a crop corn in this\\nlatitude It is certainly much later in ripening than our yellow va-\\nrieties, when cultivated under similar circumstances, though, if\\nplanted early, it might mature well but the greatest objection in\\nfield culture, is its liability to fall after a soaking rain, on account of\\nits single root and great weight of stalk and ears. For table use, I\\nthink it will prove valuable, either in summer, or for putting up in\\ncans for winter use, being very succulent and almost as white as\\nstarch.\\nStatement of William Hadsell, of Hancock, Berkshire county,\\n3Iassachusetts.\\nI planted the King Philip or Brown corn, I received from\\nthe Patent Office, on the 20th of May, on a dark, rich, loamy soil,\\nthat had a heavy top-dressing. The hills were 4 feet by 2 apart, and\\nfour kernels planted to each hill. There were two hundred and sev-\\nventy-six kernels, which made sixty-nine hills. The worms destroyed", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "174 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\naf least ten hills, and we had the longest drought that has occurred\\nin five years, which affected the corn very much. But, under all\\nthese disadvantages, I picked, on the 1st of September, 3 bushels of\\nears of very fine corn. The ears were of good size, and the kernels\\nquite large. I think this corn is well adapted to our latitude.\\nI planted a number of varieties of corn the past season, but none\\nyielded so much as the King Philip.\\nStatement of Richard C. Stone, of Sherborn, Middlesex county,\\nMassachusetts.\\nI planted the Improved King Philip corn on the 20th of May,\\non a rich, dark, and rather moist soil, which, for five years previous,\\nhad been cropped with carrots. It was not what we consider good\\nlland, but I had no other where it would not certainly mix with\\nother corn. I put no manure in the hill, nor on the land. The first\\npart of the season was wet the latter, quite dry. The corn matured\\nfast, and ripened early, and measured by weight from 50 to 60 bush-\\nels to the acre. The ears are of medium length and well filled, the\\nkernel large, the cob small, and there were frequently two ears to a\\nstalk. I consider it a superior kind for high latitudes.\\nI have preserved this corn, as requested, and am giving it in small\\nquantities to those who will test it in our farming community.\\nStatement of Thomas 0. Jackson, of Plymouth, Plymouth county,\\n3Iassachuseits.\\nI send you four ears of the Plymouth Smutty-white corn. 1\\nplanted an acre on the 12th of May, 1854, topped it August 31st,\\nand harvested October 3d. The distance of the hills apart was 3^\\nby 3| feet, and the number of stalks to a hill four.\\nThe yield of dried shelled corn was 60 bushels to the acre. Had it\\nnot been for the drought, it would have been 80 bushels. The weight\\nper bushel, of dried grain, was 60 pounds. The number of pounds\\nof dried ears required for a bushel of grain was 76. About 2 tons\\nof fodder were obtained. Of manure, 4A cords were put in the hills.\\nStatement of E. A. Holman, of Harvard, Worcester county,\\nMassachusetts.\\nCorn is one of the most remunerating products with us. The max-\\nimum yield is 96 bushels to the acre average 37 the smallest yield\\nthat will pay expenses, 16 bushels when guano is used as a fertiliser.\\nAverage cost per bushel, 75 cents.\\nStatement of C. S. G. Clifton, of Greene county, Mississippi.\\nIndian corn is the best crop cultivated in this county. In some in-\\nstances, that planted from the 20th of March to the 1st of April", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 175\\nsucceeds best. Our best lands will yield from 40 to 50 bushels to\\nthe acre.\\nThe price is generally $1 per bushel.\\nStatement of Samuel J. Fletcher, near Winchester, Clarke county,\\nMissouri.\\nIndian corn is the principal crop with us. On prairie bottom\\nland, the yield is from 60 to 100 bushels to the acre.\\nThe price of corn here is from 30 to 40 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of William B. Giddings, of Middle Grove, Monroe county,\\nMissouri.\\nCorn is the crop we cultivate to the best advantage in this county,\\nas but little care is required to raise it. The maximum yield is 100\\nbushels to the acre average, 40 bushels. Twenty bushels to the\\nacre will pay expenses of cultivation.\\nCorn is worth at the heap 15 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Alton H. Hibber, of Or eve Cceur, St. Louis county,\\nMissouri.\\nI plant corn from the 20th of April, to the middle of May, in rows\\n4 feet each way, leaving two or three stalks to the hill. I commence\\nworking early, with a heavy two-horse harrow, till the corn gets too\\nlarge. I then use a steel mould-board plough, running deep, and\\nthrowing the soil from the corn and to it, each way, ploughing four\\nor five times.\\nI never fail to get from 40 to 100 bushels to the acre.\\nStatement of John Brown, of Long Island, near Lake Village, Belknap\\ncounty, Lake Winnipisiogee, New Hampshire.\\nA majority of our farmers content themselves with raising 25 or 30\\nbushels of corn to the acre, and are hard to be made to believe that any\\nmore can be produced. They go on in the old way, planting the rows\\n4 feet apart, and the hills 3 feet asunder, putting from four to six\\nkernels in the hill, and after the blades get a fine start, and the roots\\nspread in all directions, instead of going to work, as they should do,\\nwith a hoe, and giving it a light brushing, to stir the ground and\\nkeep the weeds down, they take a horse and cultivator, or plough,\\nand cut off half the roots, and by making a mound, or hill, give the\\noorn a check from which it never recovers. Managing in this way,\\nno farmer should expect a large crop of corn, even from ground well\\nmanured.\\nWhen I went to farming in 1817, I was hoeing my corn about the\\n1st of July, and making a hill, as all formers then did. The ground", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "176 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nwas not weedy, but I found that I was cutting off a great many root-\\nlets. It struck me that I was hurting the corn by making the hill\\nand from that instant, I left off making hills around my corn, and\\nhave since that time left the ground as smooth as possible.\\nAfter making several experiments, as to the distance that the hills\\nshould be planted apart, I made one, in the year 1836, which I have\\ntaken as a guide ever since, and which I believe to be the best. The\\nexperiment was to plant the rows 3 feet apart, and the hills in the\\nrow 2 feet from each other, and not have more than three plants\\ngrowing in a hill, thinning them out at the first hoeing.\\nI have a variety of corn, apparently fixed in its character, which\\nsometimes bears my name (Brown corn.) See Patent Office Eeport\\nfor 1853, page 111.\\nAbout one-half of my corn, the past season, was planted on ground\\non which potatoes grew the year before the other half on land newly\\nbroken up, the whole well manured and ploughed in. That part,\\nwhere the potatoes were raised the year before, was much the best,\\nalmost doubling that planted on the sward land. One acre yield-\\ned 7,200 pounds of ears, which were weighed, when carried into\\nthe corn-house. I shelled 70 pounds of ears, and they produced 2\\nquarts over a bushel, which makes a fraction over 109 bushels of\\nshelled corn to the acre.\\nThe cost of labor, including drawing the manure, to the acre,\\namounted to $28 seed and interest on the land $4, making $32.\\nFifteen cords of barnyard manure were used on the acre, and, esti-\\nmating it at the highest price, $4 a cord, it would be worth $60. Now,\\nsuppose we get one-third of the strength of the manure the first year, it\\nwould cost $20. And, reckoning the fodder to be equal to 2 tons of\\nhay, it would bring $20, just equal to what the manure exhausted,\\nso that the whole cost of raising 109 bushels of corn was only $32.\\nThe corn was harvested the last of October, and was in good order\\nto grind. If I had spread the 15 cords of manure on 2 acres, I should\\nhave got, according to former experiments, made in a favorable sea-\\nson, 50 bushels to the acre, and the labor would have been double,\\nexcept drawing the manure and harvesting and the expense -of rais-\\ning would have been equal to 54 cents a bushel, while the cost the\\npresent year was only 29 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Moody Marshall, of East Weave, Hillsborough county,\\nNew Hampshire.\\nI received from the Patent Office, last spring, two hundred and\\neighty-three kernels of the King Philip or Brown corn, which\\nI planned 3^ feet apart. The season was quite unfavorable. Of the\\nkernels planted, twenty-six were destroyed by worms but, from the\\nremaining two hundred and fifty-seven there was a yield of 71 pounds.\\nI think this the best corn for this climate I have ever tried.\\nIt does not require to be planted so early as to expose it to the spring\\nfrosts, and it will ripen before the usual time of frost in thr fall,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 177\\nStatement of H. Gr. Stone, of West Boscawen, Merrimack county, New\\nHampshire.\\nIndian corn is our most important and reliable crop. The Im-\\nproved King Philip, or Winnipiseogee corn, is a beautiful eight-\\nrowed variety, yielding well, and is suitable for our climate.\\nThe common yield is from 25 to 50 bushels to the acre, although\\nin favorable seasons, with high culture, much more is obtained.\\nStatement of D. R. Stillman, of Alfred centre, Alleghany county, Neio\\nYork.\\nIndian corn is not very extensively cultivated in this section, though\\nnearly every farmer produces some. The varieties most raised are the\\nEight-rowed yellow, and the Twelve-rowed Dutton. It is\\nplanted from the 10th to the 20th of May, in hills 3 feet apart each\\nway, with four plants to a hill. It is cultivated or hoed twice, cut\\nup at harvest time close to the ground, and the shocks cured as soon\\nas the leaves begin to turn, or before they are injured by frost. The\\nmaximum yield is 100 bushels to the acre the average, 30 or 40\\nbushels and 20 bushels to the acre is as small a yield as will pay\\nexpenses.\\nCorn sells here at 75 cents a bushel. Cost of raising, 40 cents.\\nStatement of J. H. Wright, of Neio Haven, Oswego county, New Yorft.\\nI planted the King Philip or Brown corn, I received from\\nthe Patent Office, on the 20th of May. It was fit to harvest in Sep-\\ntember. All who reside in this vicinity say that it ripens at least\\ntwo weeks earlier than other field corn, which is a matter of much\\nimportance in this high latitude and it is also very productive, many\\nof the stalks having two good long ears, with large kernels and small\\ncobs.\\nStatement of Peter Cramer, of Middle Granville, Washington county,\\nNeio York.\\nI followed the directions sent with the King Philip or Brown\\ncorn, and, notwithstanding the severe drought, I raised from one rod\\nof ground at the rate of 102 bushels to the acre, while the corn on\\neach side of it did not yield half a crop, or over 30 bushels to the acre.\\nIt was planted on a dry and slaty soil, and received neither extra cul-\\nture nor manure.\\nStatement of John P. Haller, of Lima, Allen county, Ohio.\\nThe average yield of Indian corn to the acre, in this section, is about\\n40 bushels though, with proper cultivation, from 100 to 125 bushels\\n12", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "178 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ncan be raised. The past season, a farmer In this vicinity raised 116\\nbushels to the acre at a cost of $5 15.\\nThe Improved King Philip or Brown corn will mature here\\nin about ten weeks, while other varieties require nearly four months.\\nThe price of corn is 35 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of W. D. Lindsley, of Sandusky City, Erie county, Ohio.\\nOn the 21st of April last, I planted 2 acres with White Gourd-\\nseed corn, the hills about 4 feet apart and four kernels to a hill.\\nThe soil was composed of a mixture of clay and sand, of a reddish\\ncolor, and was well adapted either for wheat or corn. The crop was\\ncultivated the usual way, and was harvested on the 1st of October.\\nThe yield was 148 bushels of ears to the acre.\\nOn other parts of my farm, I planted, in drills, the same kind of\\ncorn, with a seed-planter, which drops the kernels on an average of\\n8 or 10 inches apart. This mode of planting, I ponsider an improve-\\nment over the old method, as it is a great saving of labor, while the\\nyield is much more than when planted 4 feet apart. A man can\\nplant by this method from 10 to 12 acres in a day. In order to be\\nsuccessful in the mode of planting, it is necessary to commence the\\ncultivation as soon after the corn is up as it can be distinctly seen in\\nthe rows.\\nLast season was unusually cold and wet in this section, and corn\\nwas very slow in its vegetation, as well as in its growth and maturity.\\nI continued planting from the 21st of April until the 7th of June.\\nThat last planted did not ripen before the coming of frost, and when\\nit first came up, it was much injured by the cut-worm, an insect\\nwhich destroys annually hundreds of acres of corn in this vicinity,\\nespecially that which is planted in May or June. Seventy-five acres\\nof my land, I planted in April, and not one hill of it was destroyed\\nby the worm. Of this land, 10 acres were oat stubble 12 of new\\nland and 3 acres of old meadow, which had been broken up the\\nprevious fall. The sward-land, ploughed in the fall and spring, and\\nnot planted before May or June, was completely infested with the\\ncut-worm, and acres of corn-plants were destroyed in a single night.\\nI am of the opinion that the only way of avoiding its attacks, is to\\nplant as early in April as practicable, in order that the corn may be-\\ncome large and tough before it makes its appearance. It generally\\nattacks the corn about forty-eight hours after the corn is up, and sel-\\ndom, if ever, meddles with the plant after four leaves are formed, as it\\nis then unsuited to its taste.\\nStatement of J. Woodsides, of Marion county, Oregon.\\nIndian corn, in this county, from becoming acclimatised, or from\\nsome other cause, grows much better than it did formerly, and is receiv-\\ning the increased attention of our farmers. I have not much doubt\\nthat we shall be able soon to cultivate it with success and advantage.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 179\\nStatement of John F. Bennett, of Pittsburg, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nAbout two years ago, I obtained from the Patent Office two ears of\\nNew Mexican White-flint corn, which I planted in the spring of\\n1854, and received a fair yield, notwithstanding the unfavorableness\\nof the season by drought. Last spring, I planted 4 acres from the\\nseed produced the year before, which has also yielded a fair crop.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Allegliany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nCorn, next to wheat, is our most valuable crop. The best mode of\\nraising it is to plough and subsoil a pasture or meadow lot, in winter\\nor early spring, to the depth of 12 or 15 inches then harrow\\nthoroughly, and mark out in rows 3^ feet apart, each way, dropping\\nfour or five grains in a hill then use the cultivator, or double-shovel\\nplough, freely, so as to keep down the grass and weeds, and cause the\\nsoil to be loose around the hills. It should be thinned out so as to have\\nnot more than three stalks to each hill. The greatest yield to the\\nacre is 115 bushels the average yield but 45 bushels of shelled corn.\\nThe price is 55 cents per bushel.\\nStatement ofD. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nThe average yield of corn, in this section, the last season, was about\\n30 bushels to the acre. By giving the ground 20 cords of manure,\\nthe yield would have been double.\\nThe cost of cultivating an acre of corn here is about $9.\\nStatement of Bichard Lechnor, of Stouchburg, BerJcs county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nNext in importance to wheat, in this section, is the cultivation of\\nIndian corn. There are many varieties planted, which are designated\\nby local names. The Yellow, however, is much preferred, gene-\\nrally containing a red cob, with from fourteen to twenty rows. The\\nyield the past season was rather above an average, being upwards of\\n60 bushels to the acre, though not unfrequently twice that amount\\nhas been raised.\\nThe following is an account of the manner of cultivating this sta-\\nple First, a Timothy or clover sward, which has been mown for\\nseveral successive years, is selected. This is well ploughed in the fall\\nof the year, to a depth of 6 or 8 inches. Fall-ploughing is preferred,\\nas it gives ample time for the decomposition of all vegetable ingredi-\\nents contained in the soil, which are turned under by the plough. In\\nthe spring of the year, about the end of March, the surface of the\\nground is well stirred with the harrow and cultivator, in order to pre-\\nvent an early growth of weeds. Early in April, the land is marked\\noff into furrows about 3| feet apart, and the corn dropped in, either\\nsingly, leaving an intervening space of about 15 inches, or in hills,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "2 00\\n1 00\\n1 10\\n130\\n112*\\n162J\\n3 00\\n5 00\\n35\\n180 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\n3* feet apart, and four kernels to a hill. As soon as the corn has\\ngrown to the height of 4 inches, plaster is applied the ground is\\nthen stirred with the cultivator, and afterwards with the shovel-\\nplough subsequently, it is suckered.\\nThe following is the estimated cost of cultivating an acre_ of corn\\nInterest on land,\\nPloughing,\\nDressing with harrow and cultivator,\\nMarking out and planting,\\nSeed and plaster,\\nPassing through with cultivator,\\nPassing through with shovel-plough,\\nCutting up, shocking, and husking,\\nShelling and conveying to market,\\nTax,\\nTotal cost, 22 50\\nThe yield upon an average may be estimated at 50 bushels to an\\nacre, which will give a cost of 45 cents a bushel. The average mar-\\nket price here is about 80 cents a bushel, which will give a net profit\\nof 35 cents to a bushel.\\nStatement of George M. Wasson, of Cedar Springs, Clinton county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nI select a clover sod of at least one year s standing, and early in\\nMarch sow a bushel of fine-ground plaster to each acre I then plough\\nabout 8 inches deep as early as possible. About the end of April,\\nI harrow well, and mark out the ground 3* feet apart each way,\\nfrom 1 to 2 inches deep. I plant, the first week in May, three ,or\\ngrains to a hill, with about a table-spoonful of plaster to each. As\\nsoon as the corn is 2 or 3 inches high, I pass between the rows\\nwith a one-horse cultivator, and, a few days later, again crosswise\\nwith the same implement, making use of about a table-spoonful of\\nplaster to each hill. My reason for sowing the plaster on the ground\\nbefore planting is to cause a more rapid decomposition of the refuse\\nclover trampled down the previous year by the farm stock.\\nI plant the Red-cob Peg corn, and raise on an average 60\\nbushels of shelled corn to the acre.\\nStatement of Nathaniel Green, near Middletoivn, Neivport county,\\nRhode Island.\\nIndian corn is one of the most reliable and profitable crops that can\\nbe raised upon this island, especially since the failure of the potato.\\nA wider space is given to the corn, however, and more manure is ap-\\nplied to the land than formerly. It was usual in former times to\\nplant 3* feet apart each way, leaving four stalks in the hill to stand;\\nbut since the introduction of the corn-planter, it is dropped 3 feet\\napart between the rows, and from 2 to2* feet asunder along the rows,\\nparticularly by those who use the cultivator.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 181\\nBarnyard and hog manure are in general use, and are sometimes\\nmixed with menhaden fish. The farms in the vicinity of the sea are\\npartially manured with sea-weed, rock-weed, and heach sand. Four\\nor five cords of manure are usually spread broadcast, and ploughed\\nunder, to the acre, on sward land, when intended for corn, as it is ob-\\ntained from September to the time of ploughing, which is generally\\ndone the latter part of April though some farmers continue the old-\\nfashioned mode of manuring lightly in the hill, or ploughing a por-\\ntion of it under when sown broadcast.\\nThe average yield of corn to the acre is about 45 bushels, although\\nthe produce is sometimes as high as 100 bushels to the acre. The\\ncost of raising is not less than 50 cents a bushel.\\nThe price of corn delivered at the mills, is from $1 to $1 25 a bushel.\\nStatement of Robert W. Baylor, of Wood End, near Charlestoivn,\\nJefferson county, Virginia.\\nIndian corn is the most profitable crop we cultivate. The maxi-\\nmum yield is 100 bushels to the acre the average crop, 40 bushels to\\nthe acre. Twenty-five bushels, at 50 cents a bushel, will pay the ex-\\npense of cultivation.\\nThe cost of transportation to Baltimore, 100 miles, by railroad, is\\n14 cents a bushel to Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, 80\\nmiles, by canal, 6\u00c2\u00a3 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of James E. Kendall, of Poplar Grove, Kanawha county,\\nVirginia.\\nCorn is cultivated here more than any other crop. The average\\nyield is about 40 bushels to the acre. The cost of raising, 20 cents a\\nbushel.\\nThe market price is usually 50 cents a bushel.\\nWHEAT.\\nTHE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES BY CROSS-FE-\\nCUNDATION.\\nThe terms mule, hybrid, half-breed and cross-breed\\nare vaguely and indiscriminately used by many writers but it is es-\\nsential to accuracy that more precise distinctions should be observed.\\nThe offspring of two animals of different species is a mule, and is sel-\\ndom endowed with the procreative power, and still more rarely with\\na long-conth led succession. The product of two plants of different\\nspecies is a ht, hrid, and although it is in general more prosperous than\\nthe mule of auimals, it is still destined to yield at length to the be-\\nneficent law of Nature, which ordains that neither among animals", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "182 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nnor vegetables shall the distinctions of species be obliterated. The\\npermanent divisions among plants of the same species, often called\\nvarieties, are properly p?*oles, or races. The product of two indi-\\nviduals of the same species, but of different races, is a variety, as is\\nevery modification of this, effected by cross-fecundation with any other\\nvariety, or with any of the races of its species.\\nGreat advantages have been found to proceed from the practice of\\ncross-fecundation, in the extraordinary improvement effected in the\\nflowers, esculent vegetables, and fruits of almost every country.\\nThat the Cereals have only to a limited extent shared these advan-\\ntages is a subject of just surprise to the curious inquirer but, until very\\nrecently, it was doubted that much, if anything, could be accom-\\nplished in regard to them. Professor GrEertner, of Stuttgart, who has\\nbeen said to have almost exhausted the subject in certain points of\\nview, has declared the Cereals to be among the plants least favora-\\nble to cross-fecundation. In 1851, however, prize medals were\\nawarded at the Industrial Exhibition, in London, to Mr. B. Maund,\\nand to Mr. H. Raynbird, of the United Kingdom, for their respective\\ncollections of hybrid Cerealia. In their award, the jurors speak\\nof the process, not as impracticable, but merely as being difficult,\\nin consequence of the care requisite in removing the unexpanded\\nanthers from one plant, and applying the pollen of another, and sub-\\nsequently guarding them from the attacks of birds, insects, and other\\ndisturbing influences.\\nMr. Maund experimented with Cone wheat, which contains\\nmuch gluten, in the hope that by crossing it with a race containing\\nmore starch, he might obtain a whiter quality of equal value but it\\nis not stated that he was wholly successful. Mr. Raynbird com-\\nmenced his experiments in 1846, with the Hopetoun, a white\\nwheat, of long ear and straw, and fine grain, and Piper s Thickset,\\na coarse red wheat, with thick, clustered ears, a stiff straw, and very\\nprolific, but liable to mildew. Mr. Maund enumerates eight instances\\nin which successful cross-fecundation had taken place, as follows:\\n1. Male. Old Lammas\\nA muuii larg\\nFemale. Oxford Red.\\n3. Male.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clustered Red. ^-i-pared sort\\nFemale.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Satin White. A Coarse rougllj Sll0rt eareCL S0 t#\\n4. Male.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Old Lammas. A\\nFemale.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 King s White. A YeTJ iarge i0ng ear\\n5. Male. Boston Red, T j\\niMe.-Donna Maria. Large ear and ver strong straW\\n6. Male.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 White Cone (hairy.) A long, beardless ear,\\nFemale. Northumberland Red (smooth) rather downy.\\n7. Male.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dark Cone. A small, deformed ear, white, tinged with\\nFemale. Pearl? black.\\n8. A parcel of anomalous forms, all instances of deterioration.\\nMale.-OU Lammas. A much ear than eithef\\nJbemale. Donna Maria.\\nMale.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pearl White.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 183\\nMr. Maund found, as a general rule, in the cross-fecundation of\\nwheat, that a strong male and a weak female produced a better result\\nthan a weak male and a strong female. The specimens of deteriora-\\ntion, under No. 8, are all of this character.\\nThe entire feasibleness of the production of new varieties of wheat\\nby cross-fecundation, and its great desirableness, being thus estab-\\nlished, it is not doubted that many intelligent agriculturists of the\\nUnited States will be willing to institute further experiments for the\\npurpose of developing improved varieties, or such as shall be found\\npeculiarly adapted to the soil, climate, or demands of particular sec-\\ntions of the country and, for their guidance, a few practical sugges-\\ntions will here be given.\\nNew varieties thus produced resemble both parents, but seldom in\\nan equal degree. In successful experiments, they are usually of ear-\\nlier development than either parent, more prolific, and better adapted\\nto withstand cold and drought. A late plant of an early, and an\\nearly plant of a late race, may be made to produce early, late and in-\\ntermediate varieties. Sometimes, when the first cross is not good, a\\nmixture between it and one of the parent races, or even a second or\\nthird cross of this nature, may result in the desired quality. Two\\nraces, which do not cross freely, may also find a medium of union in\\na third. Again, a race that will not readily receive, will often freely\\nimpart impregnation.\\nIn every perfect head of wheat, there are, during the blooming\\nseason, both male and female organs of reproduction, three stamens\\nand one pistil. The stamens, or male organs, shoot out beyond the\\nThe letter a, denotes a longitudinal section of the stalk, including a joint; 6, a detached leaf, one-third\\nthe natural size; c, a head of wheat in flower, somewhat reduced; d, the entire organs of reproduction\\nenlarged; e, a side view of the berry, or grain, showing the embryo, or germ a partial vertical and\\ntransverse section, exhibiting all the parts of a grain, with the embryo, magnified.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "184 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nchaff, or calyx, each having an anther suspended by a fine thread, as\\nindicated in the preceding engraving.\\nThe three males are designed to impregnate the stigma of the one\\nfemale, or pistil, which is situated in the centre of the anthers. From\\nthese anthers, a powder, or pollen, is emitted, which adheres to, or is\\nabsorbed by, the stigma, and is conveyed by it down to the berry, or\\nseed, at its base, and thus effects the work of fecundation. So de-\\ncided is the preference of the pistil for the pollen of its own stamens,\\nthat it is often impossible to impregnate it with that of any other\\nhead, while a particle of this is near. Impregnation takes place best\\nwhen the weather is dry and warm, as a peculiar warmth and a cer-\\ntain electric state of the atmosphere prepare the parts for this process,\\nwhich always occurs on a dry day. The opinion, indeed, has been\\nexpressed that the pollen of the male conveys hydrogen to the ovules\\nof the female, that oxygen is received from the atmosphere, and car-\\nbon, in the form of carbonic acid gas, from the roots, and that when\\nthe pollen is destroyed by the rain, or from any other cause, the car-\\nbon alone is found in the ear, and that this is the well known smut\\nin wheat. That pollen of the stamen is essential to impregnation is\\nat least certain and it is almost as certain, from what has been sta-\\nted, that the total destruction of the reproductive power of a particu-\\nlar race of wheat must be effected before the influence of another can\\nbe felt. Two races being placed together, therefore, a cross can only\\nbe certainly effected by clipping the anthers from all the stamens of\\none variety, and leaving the work of impregnation to be effected by\\nthose of the other exclusively. This may be securely done by any\\nperson capable of distinguishing between the two races but, perhaps,\\nthe safer guide to this distinction consists in sowing the two in sepa-\\nrate drills very near each other, say 9 or 10 inches apart and, to\\nrender the work still more sure, there should be no other growing\\nwheat within at least a quarter of a mile of that experimented upon,\\nthe affinity between the pollen and the ovules being of almost incre-\\ndible force. A series of experiments can only be made, therefore, by\\nthe cooperation of several experimenters, or of a few occupying farms\\nof considerable magnitude yet they ought to be conducted according\\nto a plan of perfect unity of design.\\nIf it should be proposed to make a trial with ten races of wheat,\\nfor instance, a scries of ninety experiments, in as many isolated situa-\\ntions, would be required, as it is necessary to match the male with\\nthe female of each race. Let us suppose the following to be the races\\nselected\\nNo. 1. White Tuscan wheat.\\n2. Tuscan straw-hat wheat.\\n3. Large white soft Tuscan wheat.\\n4. Bed Tuscan wheat.\\n5. Italian Brenta wheat.\\n6. Turkish flint-wheat.\\n7. White Turkish wheat.\\n8. American Soule wheat.\\n9. Algerian flint-wheat.\\n10. White Polish wheat.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS.\\n185\\nThe combinations in pairs would be as indicated in the following\\ntable\\nMale.Fra le\\nM. F\\nM. F\\nj M. F.\\nM. F.\\nM. F.\\nM. F.\\nM. F.\\nM. Fl\\nNo. 1 and 2\\n2 and 1\\nNo. 2 and 3\\n3 and 2\\nNo. 3 and 4\\n4 and 3\\nNo. 4 and 5\\n5 and 4\\nNo. 5 and 6\\n6 and 5\\nNo. 6 and 7\\n7 and 6\\nNo. 7 and 8\\n8 and 7\\nNo. 8 and 9\\n9 and 8\\nNo. 9 and 10\\n10 and 91\\n1 and 3\\n3 and 1\\n2 and 4\\n4 and 2\\n3 and 5\\n5 and 3\\n4 and 6\\n6 and 4\\n5 and 7\\n7 and 5\\n6 and 8\\n8 and 6\\n7 and 9\\n9 and 7\\n8 and 10\\n10 and 8\\n1 and 4\\n4 and 1\\n2 and 5\\n5 and 2\\n3 and 6\\n6 and 3\\n4 and 7\\n7 and 4\\n5 and 8\\n8 and 5\\n6 and 9\\n9 and 6\\n7 and 10\\n10 and 7\\n1 and 5\\n5 and 1\\n2 and 6\\n6 and 2\\n3 and 7\\n7 and 3\\n4 and 8\\n8 and 4\\n5 and 9\\n9 and 5\\n6 and 10\\n10 and 6\\n1 and 6\\n6 and 1\\n2 and 7\\n7 and 2\\n3 and 8\\n8 and 3\\n4 and 9\\n9 and 4\\n5 and 10\\n10 and 5\\n1 and 7\\n7 and 1\\n2 and 8\\n8 and 2\\n3 and 9\\n9 and 3\\n4 and 10\\n10 and 4\\n1 and 8\\n8 and 1\\n2 and 9\\n9 and 2\\n3 and 10\\n10 and 3\\n1 and 9\\n9 and 1\\n2 and 10\\n10 and 2l\\n1 and 10\\n10 and 1\\nHaving selected perfect seeds of two races, and fixed upon a locality\\nsuitable for the purpose of an experiment, at least six drills should\\nbe made, about 10 inches apart, and the seeds of each race deposited\\nin the earth, particular care being observed to remember in which of\\nthe drills each race is sown. A wooden label may be fixed at the\\nends of each drill, and, lest these should be defaced or removed, a\\ndrawn plan of the group should be preserved.\\nThe following diagrams may serve to aid the experimenter in his\\nfirst efforts, the purpose being to impregnate the female of No. 2,\\nwith the pollen of the male of No.\\nand F female\\n1, and vice versa, M denoting male,\\nNo. 1. *M*M*M*M*M*M\\nO -fc\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 ^x? ^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0p ^u ci ^w\\n1. M*M*M*M*M*M\\n2.\\n1.\\n2.\\nNo. 2. *M*M*M*M*M*M\\n1 *F F *F *F *F *F\\n2. *M*M*M*M*M*M\\n1. *F*F*F*F*F*F\\n2. *M*M*M*M*M*M\\nF F F F ^F *F 1. *F*F*F*F*F*F\\nExperiments with No. 1 and 2 in alternate drills, 9 inches apart.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0p* pi *f*F*F*F\\nM*M*M*M*M*M\\nS T Of- 2 4...\\nT .v\\n2*-- V\\nI ^2i\\nExperiments with No. 1 and 2 in quvncuneem, 9 inches apart.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "186 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nWatchful care should then be taken to protect the patches or drills\\nfrom disturbance by vermin or fowls, while still in the ground, and\\nafterwards from insects and birds. The use of gauze nets would be\\nby no means superfluous, from the moment that the heads begin to\\nform. As soon as the anthers show their first rudiments, in a race\\nupon which the cross is to be made, they should be carefully removed,\\nor clipped with a pair of sharp scissors, leaving the female organs\\nundisturbed. Thus both races would be impregnated with the pollen\\nof one. When matured, the utmost care should be taken to gather\\nthe seeds of the crossed race by itself.\\nIt will also be curious to observe the difference between the pro-\\nducts of the two experiments with the same races of wheat, for in-\\nstance, of the male of No. 1 with the female of No. 2, and the male\\nof No. 2 with the female of No. 1 for, from the superior influence\\nof the one sex over the other, upon the characteristics of the joint\\nproduct, if of uniform result, may be inferred something of proof upon\\na point still involved in controversy, though we now have the light\\nthrown upon the subject by Mr. Maund.\\nOur country possesses great advantages for the prosecution of ex-\\nperiments of this kind first, in the very large farm which a single\\nindividual often owns and cultivates secondly, in the intervention\\nof forests, or considerable distances, between the different wheat-fields\\nand thirdly, in the facility with which experiments may be con-\\nducted, according to any prescribed mode, by the members of State,\\nCounty or other Agricultural Societies.\\nSuch experiments would not involve the expenditure of any con-\\nsiderable amount of time, labor, nor money, while the benefits to the\\ncountry would be great, and the advantages and honor of achieving\\nsuccess would be gratifying in the extreme. D. J. B.\\nON THE SELECTION, CHANGE, PREPARATION, AND SOW-\\nING OF WHEAT-SEED.\\nIn the cultivation of wheat, the first object is to obtain clean, dry\\nseed, of large or small, flinty or soft, white or dark grain, according\\nto the soil and climate in which it is intended to grow, newly threshed,\\nif possible, even if one or more years old, and steep it in some liquid\\nthat has the power of destroying the spores of parasitical fungi,\\nwhich, although invisible to the naked eye, may still be present in\\nsufficient quantities to produce black-ball, or smut, in the suc-\\nceeding crop.\\nIn respect to the age of the seed, Theophrastus says, and after him\\nPliny, it is best when a year old if kept two years, it is not so good\\nif three years old, it is still worse, and if older than that, it will not\\ngrow. This opinion appears to have prevailed from the days of the\\nRomans in Spain and Italy down to the present time, and the same\\npractice is sedulously adhered to by the farmers in those countries, as\\nwell as in Spanish America, whenever attention is paid to this species\\nof culture, who aver that old wheat-seed is not so liable to mildew or", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 187\\nblight as new; whereas, on the other hand, it has been conjectured\\nthat their success may be owing to early sowing, inasmuch as new\\nwheat cannot conveniently be obtained in season, and consequently\\nhas to be sown late.\\nFor seed, continues Pliny, you should choose the fullest ears,\\nhaving the fullest berry, and set them apart in the barn, and by no\\nmeans admit those ears that are not well filled throughout, as in\\nsuch grains there is danger of producing like ears. But let it be re-\\nmembered that this rule was intended to apply to the Koman Empire,\\nwhere wheat was almost invariably sown in the fall, and where the\\nsoil was naturally fertile, or otherwise made rich. On the contrary,\\nmany of the farmers of Europe choose the smallest and leanest grains\\nfor their poor land, acting on the premises that a large plump berry\\ncontains a sufficient amount of elementary matter to send forth more\\ntillers than an indifferent or meagre soil can maintain, which, in\\nthe end, must starve or die. It is better, they say, in this case, that\\nsmall seeds should be sown, in order that they may bring fewer tillers,\\nwhich can be well fed and sustained. Whatever mode, however, may\\nbe adopted, whether by liming, brining, or otherwise soaking or pre-\\nparing the seed, it is of much consequence, and the first point to be\\ngained is to get good roots to the plants for, although the ground may\\nbe poor, the larger and fairer the grains strike their roots, the greater\\nthe depth or compass they will draw their nourishment.\\nThere is also believed to be great benefits derived from changing\\nseed, not only from one climate to another, but to a different soil.\\nFor instance, it is a noted fact that the further north wheat can be\\nmade to grow, the shorter is the period of time in which it comes to\\nmaturity. It has also been observed, when wheat is grown in the\\nextreme north, if used as seed in a southern country, it gives its first\\nproduct more speedily, ripening in a much shorter time, although, in\\nsowing the seed of that product the second year, it loses this quality.\\nAdvantage has been taken of this circumstance in Sweden, in annu-\\nally bringing their wheat-seed from Torneo, at the north of the Gulf\\nof Bothnia, almost within the arctic circle, and sowing it in lands so\\nmuch exposed to the cold that ordinary wheat, from the shortness of\\nthe season, scarcely has time to ripen. By these means, the lands in\\nthat country, which were formerly so utterly barren, are now ren-\\ndered fruitful. Again, the wheat brought from near the shores of\\nthe Mediterranean, to many parts of the United States, not only suc-\\nceeds well, but possesses the property the first year of ripening some\\ndays earlier fhan the ordinary sorts, and thereby often escapes injury\\nfrom the ravages of insects or the rust, besides the advantage to be\\ngained from an early market. But whether this change is produced\\nwholly from the difference of climate, or from a deviation in the char-\\nacter of the soil, is at present unknown. From numerous experiments\\nmade in England, within the last hundred years, it would appear that\\nplants, like animals, affect to be nourished by a variety of food,\\nwhich would tend to show that it is not so much the change of cli-\\nmate that occasions these alterations, as in the change of soil. A\\ncase is recorded of a farm in England, on which one field had a clay\\nbottom, another a loam, a third a gravel, and the fourth a chalk.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "188 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThese gave the occupant the opportunity of changing the seed of his\\nwheat every year, who confined himself only to two sorts, the Eed\\nLammas and the Pirks. When he sowed his Lammas on the\\nclayey soil one year, the next he sowed the seed of the product of the\\nsame seed on gravel or chalk, which, though not truly the proper\\nsoils for this variety of wheat, yet it proved no impediment to its\\ngrowth, as he seldom failed to obtain a good crop. In a similar\\nmanner, he used the Pirk wheat, a variety which grew well in any\\nof the four soils.\\nIn reference to the change of wheat from one climate to another,\\nthere are numerous facts on record in connection with which there\\nappear to have been some phenomena, that were as inexplainable\\nas they were opposite in their effects. As instances, it may be stated\\nthat one of the companions of Columbus, 362 years ago, made the first\\nattempt to cultivate wheat in America, whose experiment was at-\\ntended with the most satisfactory result. The seed was introduced\\ndirectly from the west of Spain, without any intermediate acclimati-\\nsation, to the settlement of Isabella, on the north side of St. Domin-\\ngo, in latitude about 19\u00c2\u00b0 58* N. On the 30th of March, 1494,\\nsays the historian, a husbandman brought to Columbus ears of\\nwheat which had been sown in the latter part of January. Wheat\\nhas also been brought from England, and sown in various parts of\\nthe West Indies, both with and without success, particularly in the\\nBahamas, Antigua, and Barbadoes but, as failure to an equal extent\\nwas the result of experiments with wheat, the growth of warmer cli-\\nmates, as Sicily, Poonah, c, and as the temperature of the cycle of\\nwheat varies little from the mean temperature of the cooler months\\nin the West Indies, I should be inclined to look for some other cause\\nof failure than the mere abruptness of introduction. It may be asked,\\nwhy the experiment of 1494, made with the wheat introduced direct-\\nly from Spain, should have succeeded so fully, while even Talave-\\nra wheat, the produce of the same part of Spain, and Poonah\\nwheat, the produce of the elevated, but hot district in India, adjoin-\\ning Bombay, should have wholly or partially failed in 1840 The\\nVictoria wheat, produced from Caracas seed, sown in England,\\nretained its native properties unaltered by the change of climate, and\\nsucceeded in the West Indies, as well as that introduced directly from\\nthe region adjacent to La Victoria and San Mateo. Again, Hum-\\nboldt, in the fourth volume of his Personal Narrative, says\\nthat the finest harvests of Egypt and the kingdom of Algiers, and\\nthose of the valleys of Aragua and the interior of the island of Cuba,\\nsufficiently prove that the augmentation of heat is not prejudicial\\nto the harvest of wheat, unless it is attended with an excess of mois-\\nture or drought. To this circumstance, no doubt, we must attribute\\nthe apparent anomalies experienced in wheat-culture in the torrid\\nzone. We are astonished, says the same author, to see to the east of\\nHavana, in the famous district of Quatro Villas (the wheat region)\\nthis limit descends almost to the level of the ocean while, to the\\nwest of Havana, on the slope of the mountains of Mexico and Xa-\\nlapa, at a height of 4,312 feet above the level of the sea, the luxuri-\\nance of vegetation is such that wheat does not form ears.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 189\\nIt may here be remarked, that experiments like the preceding\\nare valuable as far as they go, but they should be received with cau-\\ntion, as many other circumstances should be taken into considera-\\ntion before they can be adopted as conclusive. If, in addition to the\\nparticulars referred to above, chemical analyses of the soils, xm which\\nthe wheat was cultivated, as well as of the manures employed, had\\nbeen given if the nature and yield of previous crops had been stated\\nand, if the mean temperature and extremes of heat and cold in each,\\nmonth of the year had been recorded, together with the amount of\\nrain and snow, sunshine and shade, force of the wind, and the occur-\\nrence of early and late frosts, we would then have had elements by\\nwhich to judge of the accuracy of these results.\\nWheat, in this country, as well as in some parts of Europe, is sub-\\nject to the black-ball, or smut. It is no guarantee against this\\nintruder to employ seed which may have been entirely free from it\\nduring its growth. For the spores of the fungus which produces it,\\nfor aught we know, may be lurking about in the barns or stacks, or\\neven in the air itself, and thus be brought into contact with the seed\\nemployed. When the wheat is in the green ear, the smutty ones may\\nbe discovered as they stand, but they are more readily observed, when\\nnearer maturity, by rubbing the diseased heads, when a black powder\\nwill fly out, emitting a disagreeable smell. This disease in wheat\\nsometimes happens only on one side of the ear, while the other parts\\nappear to remain perfectly sound. A case is on record in which the\\nwest sides of the ears of a whole field were affected with smut, while\\ntheir opposite sides were free throughout. Smutty grains, says\\nTull, will not grow, for they turn to a black powder but, when\\nsome of these are in a crop, then, to be sure, many of the rest are in-\\nfected, and the disease will show itself, if the year wherein it is planted\\nprove a wet one.\\nThe following are a few of the most reliable modes that are em-\\nployed in Europe in getting rid of this troublesome pest Metzger,\\nof Germany, after a trial of 22 years, found only one single injured\\near in all his crops, by mixing the seed with soap-suds and slacked-\\nlime. The wheat was prepared three days before it was sown, or until\\nit be^an to germinate. He says: If sown earlier after mixing with\\nthe lime, it will be liable to smut.\\nMorton, in his Cyclopedia of Agriculture, a recent English pub-\\nlication, considered as the highest authority, says: The old agricul-\\ntural pharmacopoeia gave chamber-lye and caustic lime as the grand\\nrecipe for the destruction of the black-ball, and sometimes washing\\nwith salt and water was recommended. Both plans might mitigate\\nthe evil, but neither of them ever prevented it. Fortunately, sul-\\nphate of copper (blue-stone, or blue vitriol) was thought of, and there\\ncan be but one opinion as to the perfect efficacy, when properly ap-\\nplied. The quantity generally used in pickling new wheat is 1\u00c2\u00a3\\npounds of blue-stone, dissolved in 2 gallons of hot water, which is suf-\\nficient to prepare 8 bushels, the liquid being allowed to cool be-\\nfore sprinkling it on the wheat. There is little risk of injuring the\\nseed by an overdose, as half a pound of blue-stone has been applied to\\na bushel without injury to the seed. Old wheat can also be pickled", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "190 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nwith perfect safety with blue-stone a thing that never can be done\\nwithout great danger, when chamber-lye, or salt and water and lime,\\nare employed. The quantity of blue-stone for old dry wheat never\\nneed exceed 1^ pounds to each 8 bushels, but 2^ or 3 gallons of\\nwater are necessary for saturating the seed.\\nThe mode of pickling wheat with blue-stone is exceedingly sim-\\nple, and this of itself is a great recommendation in its favor, even\\nalthough it were not more efficacious than the older methods of pick-\\nling but, when simplicity and efficacy are united, there is no excuse\\nfor any farmer who may still obstinately stick to imperfect and obso-\\nlete practices. All that is necessary, in pickling with blue-stone, is\\nto dissolve it in hot water in the proportions before stated then spread\\nout the wheat about 6 inches thick, on a stone floor, sprinkle the pickle\\nequally over it, and mix thoroughly with shovels until the wheat\\nhas acquired a uniform degree of dampness. It will be ready for\\nsowing in the course of two or three hours, but it is better to have\\nthe pickling done a day before sowing. Many farmers pickle the\\nwhole of their seed wheat at once, and let it lie for years before sow-\\ning, not only without injury, but with evident advantage the blue-\\nstone thus appearing to possess the power of defending the germ\\nagainst atmospheric influences, while, at the same time, rats and\\nmice will not touch wheat so pickled, unless greatly pinched for food.\\nAccording to Cato, cold wet land should be sown early with fall or\\nwinter wheat, and warmer or drier ground reserved to be sown late,\\nwhich is confirmed hy Palladius, who says, in his calendar for Sep-\\ntember In this month, in wet, barren and cold ground, and in\\nplaces shaded from the sun, wheat should be sown in clear, serene\\nweather, about the time of the equinox, in order that the roots may\\nhave time to grow strong before Avinter sets in. And Columella\\ncites as an old saying, proverbial among the Roman farmers: Early\\nsowings often deceive late, never, which leads us to infer that,\\nsuch places as are naturally cold should be sown first, and those\\nwhich are warm and dry, last. These expressions, let it be remem-\\nbered, are purely Southern, and apply to the warmer parts of Italy\\nand Spain, but would not answer for the Middle and Northern por-\\ntions of the United States.\\nIn Italy, they sow their wheat on heavy and strong lands in Sep-\\ntember and October, which, as well as November and December, are\\ndrier than January and February therefore, such lands may be ex-\\npected to work better, as the casting of the seed into a warm, dry\\nbed, especially if the ground be cold, is of great consequence, what-\\never weather may afterwards occur. Nor are the Italians less judi-\\nous in sowing their drier lands in January and February, when they\\nare naturally watered by warm and copious rains.\\nIn the middle and colder parts of the United States, where the land\\nis cold, stiff and strong, wheat is found to do best when sown late in\\nAugust or early in September, which enables the roots to get a good\\nstart and better resist the winter s cold but if the ground be warm,\\ndry and rich, the time of sowing may be prolonged fully a month.\\nSummer or spring wheats may be cultivated only in those districts\\nwhere the winter varieties will not bear exposure to hard frost and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 191\\nlong-remaining snow; or where it will not thrive on account of too\\nlittle summer s warmth. In those regions in which winter wheat\\nwill thrive, the summer varieties only prosper where there is frequent\\nand sufficient rain; in dry and hot climates and seasons, they will not\\nsucceed. They require the same kinds of soil as winter wheat, hut\\nmore manure, or, at least, a larger quantity of humus, or vegetable\\nmould. They must he sown as early as practicable in the spring, in\\norder that they may have time to tiller before the heat of summer\\nthey must also be sown thicker than winter wheat, as the produce is\\nuniversally less, and they are more liable to smut and rust.\\nAs to the quantity of wheat which may be sown to the acre, it\\nshould vary according to the quality of the ground, the nature of the\\nclimate, the period of sowing, the variety cultivated, and the mode of\\ncommitting the seed to the earth. Therefore, the proportion of seed\\nthat is necessary must depend upon the above-named circumstances\\nand local experience. As a general rule, when sown broadcast on\\ngood land, in the fall the quantity will not vary far from 2 bushels to the\\nacre but when the sowing takes place very early in the spring, the\\nquantity may even be increased to 3 bushels. Where the drill or\\ndibble system of culture is practised, considerably less seed may\\nsuffice. D. J. B.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of J J. Pratt, of Centre, Cherokee county, Alabama.\\nWheat, in this region, is second only in importance to Indian corn,\\nwithout additional manure, with the exception of a little cotton-seed\\nwhich is sometimes thrown on the galled spots in the field. It\\nis usually sown broadcast at the rate of about a bushel to the acre,\\nfrom the 1st of October to December, and covered with a shovel-\\nplough.\\nOur main harvest is from the 1st to the 15th of June. We use the\\nold-fashioned scythe-cradle. After it is cut, it is shocked in dozens,\\nin the field, where it generally stands till the corn harvest is over,\\nabout the middle of July, when it is threshed by horse-power. The\\naverage yield, this year, is from 15 to 20 bushels to the acre; but, in\\nsome instances, it has been as high as 40 or 50 bushels.\\nOur nearest market is Rome, in Georgia. The cost of transporta-\\ntion, by steamboat, up the Coosa, is 5 cents a bushel; by wagons,\\nfrom 20 to 30 cents. Price at Rome, from 90 cents to $1 25 a bushel,\\nof 60 pounds.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "192 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of J.T Morley, of Lagrange, Stanislaus county, California.\\nWheat is extensively cultivated in this county with fair profit. The\\nmost common mode of culture is, to plough in December, January,\\nand February, and sow on the top of the ground, and harrow in\\nforthwith but this enables the birds, which are very numerous, to\\nget much of the seed. Many of the farmers sow too little seed, and\\nthat not of the best variety. But we have no rain after the first of\\nMay until the last of November or the first of December or, at least,\\nnot enough to benefit the crop. Much of the grain is affected by the\\nsmut. I plough in March and April, and let the ground lie fallow\\nuntil November, and then sow from 1^ to 2 bushels to the acre, when\\nI plough it in or use the cultivator. After this, I go over the ground\\nwith a heavy roller, which is of great advantage when the grain is\\nankle high, if it has not jointed.\\nThe best variety is the White Chili. The time of harvest is\\nthe last of May or first of June, and the average quantity per acre is\\n25 bushels. One acre of wheat, sown in fallow ground, is equal to\\ntwo, sown in the manner first described. The yield in favorable sea-\\nsons varies from 15 to 16 bushels to the acre.\\nIn the fall of 1853, wheat was worth here from 6 to 8 cents a\\npound in that of 1854, from 5 to 6 cents in the spring of 1855,\\nfrom 3 to 4^ cents and in the fall and winter of the same year, from\\n4 to 6\u00c2\u00a3 cents a pound.\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of Newcastle, Newcastle county,\\nDelaware.\\nThe recent high prices of grain have induced the farmers of this\\ncounty to sow more wheat than usual. Much of the land planted\\nwith corn last year, is now sown with wheat, which we sow about the\\n20th of September, and manure with guano at the rate of 300 pounds\\nto the acre. I am of the opinion that when early sown, it does the\\nbest. The Mediterranean is generally used for seed, and certain-\\nly answers well. Our farmers in general use drills.\\nThe present price of wheat at the Brandywine Mills, is $2 10 a\\nbushel. It has been as low, however, as $1 55 the past year.\\nStatement of Wm. W. Woodbridge, of Paw Paw Grove, Lee county,\\nIllinois.\\nThe varieties of wheat raised in this vicinity are the Black Sea\\nand the Bed Canada club. If properly put in, the average yield\\nis 25 bushels per acre. Fall or winter wheat is not much raised.\\nThe price, since the harvest of 1855, has been from $1 to $1 40 per\\nbushel.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 193\\nStatement of C. W. Babbitt, of Metamora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nFall wheat is so liable to be winter-killed in this vicinity, that but\\nlittle of it is cultivated. Spring wheat is only moderately grown\\nthe Italian and the Black Sea varieties are the two principal\\nkinds sown, and yield about 15 bushels to the acre. All wheat here\\nis subject to blight, rust, and smut, though good management much\\nlessons the liabilities to the last two evils.\\nWheat has been selling the present season from 75 cents to $1 15\\na bushel. Spring wheat brings about 15 per cent, less than the win-\\nter varieties.\\nStatement of Alexander Heron, near Connersville, Fayette county,\\nIndiana.\\nWheat has been cultivated in this region the past season to more\\nadvantage than any other crop, proving the most abundant yield ever\\nknown, ranging from 25 to 30, and, in some instances, as high as 40\\nbushels to the acre. For some years past, it has been a very uncer-\\ntain crop with us, being liable to be killed by the severe winter frosts,\\ner injured by the weevil and rust. The principal varieties cultivated\\nare the Mediterranean and the Genesee, the former being\\npreferred.\\nOur best crops of wheat the last season were raised on a clover sod,\\nploughed under the fall preceding, and sown broadcast at the rate\\nof 2 bushels to the acre, and then harrowed in. They were harvested\\nthe first week in July. Estimating the expense of seed, cultivation,\\nand harvesting at $8, a yield of 30 bushels to the acre, at $1 50 per\\nbushel, the price at our home market, the net profit would be $37 to\\nthe acre.\\nOur wheat is all manufactured into flour near home. The cost of\\ntransportation to Cincinnati is 25 cents a barrel.\\nStatement of William J. Payne, near Rusliville, Bush county, Indiana,\\nThe product of wheat, this year, is uncommonly good in this section,\\nWe generally sow among standing corn, covering it with a shovel-\\nplough, without manure. I have heard of but one field that haa\\nyielded less than 20 bushels to the acre. An inverted clover sod, or\\nstable manure spiOad broadcast, produces the greatest yield.\\nThe present price of wheat is $1 10 a bushel, against $1 90 last\\nyear.\\nStatement of Benjamine F. Odell, of Plum Spring, Delaware county,\\nIowa.\\nNext to Indian corn, wheat is our most important crop. Spring-\\nwheat is the only variety we raise. The average yield is aboi#. 15\\n13", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "194\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe cost of raising and\\nbushels to the acre, valued at $1 a bushel,\\nsending to market is about $9 an acre.\\nThe following is the expense of raising 11 acres in 1855, sown on\\nsod-land broken up the preceding year:\\nDragging once with two yoke of oxen, $3 00\\nSeed, 16 bushels,\\nSowing,\\nDragging twice with one yoke of oxen\\nHarvesting,\\nHauling and stacking,\\nThreshing,\\nEent of land at $2 an acre,\\nTotal,\\nYield 82\u00c2\u00a3 bushels at $1,\\nProfit on 11 acres,\\n16 00\\n75\\n2 50\\n17 50\\n6 00\\n12 00\\n22 00\\nT9 75\\n82 50\\n2 75\\nOnly about 7 acres were harvested, the remainder being hazel-\\nbrush land, which was choked down by weeds. It is a notable\\nfact, that this class of land, last year, did not yield with us more\\nthan half a crop.\\nStatement of O. H. Kelly, of Northwood, Benton county, Minnesota.\\nThe Saumer spring-wheat, which I procured from the Patent\\nOffice last season, succeeded well. It ripened about the 1st of Sep-\\ntember. Should it maintain its character for hardiness and yield next\\nyear, I shall continue to cultivate it.\\nStatement of Samuel J. Fletcher, near Winchester Clarke county,\\nMissouri.\\nIn the cultivation of wheat, I plough from 8 to 12 inches deep,\\nrunning over once with a large harrow, when the ground is rough\\nthen sow broadcast 2 bushels to the acre; harrow twice, lengthwise,\\nand across the furrow, afterwards passing over the field with a two-\\nhorse roller. My average yield is from 25 to 40 bushels to the acre.\\nThis year, I raised on a field of 10 acres, of the White Blue-stem,\\nabout 400 bushels, while the average crop in this region was only\\nfrom 7 to 12 bushels to an acre.\\nIn 1853, I obtained from Baltimore 2 bushels of White Blue-\\nstem wheat, and 2 bushels each of Australian and Gale s Early-\\nflint. From the Blue-stem I harvested 38| bushels of fine wheat,\\nwhile both the others were perfect failures. They were all sown at\\none time, and in the same field.\\nThe price of wheat last year varied from $1 10 to $1 50 a bushel,\\nThe best flour is worth $9 50 a barrel.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 195\\nStatement of Daniel Paterson, of Fayette, Howard county, Missouri.\\nWheat here is sown in the fall, and yields about 20 bushels to the\\nacre.\\nPrice, \u00c2\u00a71 25 a bushel cost of conve}-ance to market 15 cents a\\nbushel.\\nStatement of D. R. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany county,\\nNeiv York.\\nWheat is but little cultivated for market in this section of the State.\\nThe spring varieties succeed best, and are sown as early as the ground\\nwill admit, at the rate of 1| to 2 bushels to the acre. It is harvested\\nabout the 1st of August, and yields from 10 to 30 bushels to the\\nacre, or an average of about 15 bushels.\\nThe price this season has been $2 a bushel, or 75 cents more than\\nis usual.\\nStatement of Gershom Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, JSFeio York.\\nThis county, up to within a few years, was considered one of the\\nbest wheat-growing regions in the country our farmers producing,\\nin favorable seasons, from 15 to 35 bushels to the acre but latterly,\\nthere has-been a great falling off in their crops, so much so that they\\nbegin seriously to talk of discontinuing its cultivation. The reason\\nassigned for this falling off is attributed to winter-killing in unfavor-\\nable seasons. Fields that lie bare of snow, and take the dry cold\\nwinds of winter, have entirely failed, and those which escape are\\ngenerally injured by the wheat-midge and the Hessian fly.\\nOur most reliable wheat-lands are either dry, level fields, or such\\nas have an inclination to the south or east, or those which are pro-\\ntected from the northwestern winds by high ridges, or dense woods.\\nWe have never much practised raising spring wheat here. A few\\nattempts have been made, but they have mostly failed. For the\\nmost part, we sow the Soule wheat, but the Mediterranean has\\nof late come much into favor. It seems to do better upon some land\\nthan the Soule wheat; and, as it is earlier in ripening, it is less lia-\\nble to be injured by the midge. Its flour, however, is vastly inferior\\nto that of the Soule.\\nStatement 0/ John P. Haller, of Lima, Allen county, Ohio.\\nThis was a considerable wheat-growing county until the red weevil\\nmade its appearance. The Mediterranean variety does best, as it is\\nnot so liable to be destroyed by this insect. Winter wheat should be\\nsown here from the 1st to the 20th of September. The yield is about\\n15 bushels to the acre, valued at $1 37 a bushel.\\nFor several years past, the wheat-crop has been much injured by\\nthe red weevil. In some cases it has been an almost entire failure.\\nThe past season, it was but little injured, owing probably to the cool\\nweather which occurred about the time they commenced their ravages.\\n1", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "196 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of William H. Goudy, of Buteville, Marion county, Oregon\\nTerritory.\\nWheat is, and perhaps will be, the chief staple in Oregon. The\\nfinest crops are raised on the fresh prairie sod, broken in May and\\nJune, and sown in the September following. Those who have old\\nfarms, plough their land in the spring and the early part of summer,\\nand sow in the fall. In either case, from 30 to 50 bushels may be\\nraised to the acre. The old French settlers plough their land in\\nFebruary and sow their seed. In this way, they raise good wheat year,\\nafter year, on the same land. The quantity of seed sown is from lj\\nto 1\u00c2\u00a3 bushels to the acre. The cost of raising is 60 cents a bushel.\\nThe kinds raised are the White Winter wheat, the Bald, and\\ntwo varieties of spring wheat, one a white chaff and bald, the other a\\nred chaff and bearded. There is also some of the Egyptian wheat\\nhere, which excels all other varieties. One of my neighbors planted\\nthree small heads, last season, in a bed in his garden, from which he\\nraised a gallon of clean wheat. Some of the stalks were 8 feet high.\\nWheat is worth here at present $1 a bushel.\\nStatement of Mathew Hall, of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania.\\nWheat is raised to the best advantage in this section. Our\\nmode of cultivating is to spread barnyard manure on sward-land,\\nput the field in corn or oats, and then take two succeeding crops of\\nwheat. After breaking up a field, we generally take three crops from\\nit, and then clover is seeded, allowing it to remain from three to five\\nyears without breaking up, according to the size of the farm.\\nThe Mediterranean variety is preferred by a majority of our\\nfarmers, on account of its early maturity and comparative freedom\\nfrom the ravages of the fly. I consider the Club-head and Blue-\\nstem better varieties than the Mediterranean. The wheat is of a\\nfiner quality, and yields about a fourth more to the acre, but is sub-\\nject to the fly or weevil. The Blue-stem is a small white wheat, and\\nis superior in quality to any other variety grown in this region. The\\nClub-head is a red, smooth wheat. These varieties are of stronger\\ngrowth, and are not so apt to lodge, as beardy or Mediterranean wheat.\\nThe maximum yield is between 45 and 50 bushels to the acre, but\\nthe average is about 18 bushels.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nWheat is raised to a considerable extent in this county, much land\\nbeing well adapted to its culture. There are different varieties in use\\nhere, such as the Mediterranean, Blue-stem, Golden-straw,\\nand others known by local names. The Blue-stem and Mediterranean\\nare most esteemed, on account of their ripening early, and being less\\nsubject to rust.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 197\\nThe best mode of raising wheat is to break up clover sod, from\\n8 to 10 inches deep, about the 1st of Soptember harrow it until it\\nbecomes well pulverised, and then drill in the seed from the 15th to\\nthe 25th of the same month. If White wheat is sown, 5 pecks of\\nseed are employed to the acre and if Mediterranean, 6 pecks. By-\\ndrilling, we get from 4 to 5 bushels more per acre than by sowing\\nbroadcast. The greatest yield is 45 bushels to the acre the average\\nyield 20 bushels. The usual mode of harvesting is with the cradle.\\nThe reaping machine is not yet in general use, but, when employed\\non level or slightly rolling land, it appears to give satisfaction.\\nStatement of C. Snively, of Penn Township, Alleghany county, Penn-\\nsylvania.\\nThe average yield of wheat in this county is 14 bushels to the acre.\\nWhen it is less than 8 bushels to the acre, it will not pay.\\nThe varieties chiefly grown are the White Blue-stem and the\\nMediterranean. They both mature early, and are therefore more\\napt to escape rust, and the midge, which, for several years past, has\\nsomewhat injured the crops in this county. Our method of cultiva-\\ntion is to break up in August or September a clover or Timothy sod,\\nand then sow. Timothy seed is sown for hay or pasture with the\\nwheat, and the following spring clover is sown at the rate of half a\\npeck to the acre. Grain drills are rapidly coming into use. They\\nsave time and labor, as well as seed. When we sow wheat broadcast,\\nwe put in from If to 2 bushels to the acre. When drilled in, 1\u00c2\u00a3\\nbushel is amply sufficient, and the yield is greater. The time for\\nsowing is from the 10th until the last of September.\\nThe price of wheat the last year was from $1 G5 to $1 75 per bushel.\\nAt the present time, (April, 1856,) it is from $1 to $1 10 per bushel.\\nThe cost of transportation to Philadelphia, by railroad, is 30 cents\\na bushel by canal, somewhat less.\\nStatement of D. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nThe wheat-crop, in this section, last season, was unusually good,\\nalthough it was somewhat injured by the wet weather. The latter\\ncircumstance, however, may be an advantage to some of our farmers\\nhereafter, by inducing them to shock their grain with more care.\\nThe best remedy for the fly, is, to have the wheat ground in good\\ncondition, and sow from the 20th of September to the 5th of October,\\nin this latitude. If sown earlier, the fly deposits her eggs on the\\nplants they immediately hatch, and the larvae perform their work\\nof destruction in the fall but if sown later, they do not hatch before\\nspring, and the larvae, or worms, then commit their ravages. If sown\\nat the above-named period, the young broods of flies are hatched in\\nthe fall, but are too feeble to withstand the winter s cold, and\\nperish.\\nThe average yield of wheat, with us, the past season, did not exceed", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "198 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\n25 bushels to the acre. The prices have varied from $1 25 to $2 a\\nbushel.\\nStatement of Richard Lechnor, of Stoucliburg, Berks county, Pennsyl-\\nvania.\\nWheat is extensively cultivated in this county. The varieties com-\\nmonly grown, are designated as the Red and White Blue-stem,\\nthe Red-chaff, and the Mediterranean. The White Blue-stem has\\nthe preference, being esteemed for its white plump grain, which weighs\\nfrom 4 to 6 pounds to a bushel more than the other varieties. The\\nMediterranean is an early sort, with a somewhat long and slender\\nberry, and is more cultivated here than formerly. It is almost totally\\nexempt from the depredations committed by the weevil, which made\\nits appearance in this county a few years ago, carrying destruction\\nbefore it to an alarming extent. From eight to ten of these little\\ninsects have been observed feeding upon the milk of a single grain.\\nThe best remedy for guarding against the ravages committed by this\\nlittle destroyer is early sowing, in order that the grain may attain a\\nsufficient degree of maturity before it commences its work of plunder.\\nThe time of sowing wheat, with us, is from the 15th to the 25th of\\nSeptember. No pains are taken in the preparation of the seed, except\\nthat it is cleaned from all trash, which is readily accomplished by the\\nfanning mill. The quantity sown to the acre is from 1^ to 2 bushels.\\nThe land is prepared by two ploughings, the first time as deep as\\npracticable, say from 8 to 10 inches, performed in August. A few\\nweeks after the first ploughing is executed, say from the 10th to the\\n15th of September, the land is well harrowed, the second ploughing\\neffected to the depth of 6 or 8 inches, presenting a ridgy appearance.\\nThe wheat is then sown broadcast, and the land harrowed, covering\\nthe seed to a depth of several inches. The seed-drill, however, has\\nbeen somewhat extensively used of late. Practice has shown that the\\nlatter method is better adapted to the culture of this great staple than\\nthe other modes.\\nThe time of harvesting is from the 4th to the 20th of July, accord-\\ning to the season. The average product of wheat to an acre is about\\n2-0 bushels, though from 30 to 40 are frequently raised. The average\\nprice at the Reading market, last year, was about $2, ranging from\\n$1 50 to $2 50.\\nStatement of George M. Wasson, of Cedar Springs, Clinton county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nIn the culture of wheat, I plough a clover sod of one or two years\\nstanding, from the middle to the latter part of May, from 8 to 10\\ninches deep, previously having manured any impoverished spots, with\\nbarnyard manure. I harrow it well about the 1st of July, and\\nagain about the 1st of September, and plough the second time from\\nthe 1st to the 15th of September, about 8 inches deep, and immedi-\\nately after sow from If to 2 bushels to the acre. On oat stubble, I", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 199\\ncart to each, acre about 35 two-horse loads of manure from the barn-\\nyard, spread it evenly over the ground, and plough it under as soon\\nas possible, so as to prevent the moisture from being dried out by the\\nsun and air. I plough from 6 to 8 inches deep, and harrow immedi-\\nately. About the 10th of September, I plough again, about the same\\ndepth as at first, for the purpose of mixing the manure and earth\\nproperly together. I sow broadcast, from 1-| to 2 bushels to the acre\\nand about the 10th of April, or sooner, I sow about a peck and a\\nhalf of plaster to the acre.\\nI cultivate the Bald-white Blue-stem wheat. My average crop\\nfor many years, under this mode of culture, has been 30 bushels to\\nthe acre, weighing 63 pounds to the bushel. I regard late sowing as\\nthe best preventive of the ravages of the Hessian fly.\\nStatement of Joseph Parker, of West Rupert, Bennington county,\\nVermont.\\nBut little wheat is sown in this county, except the spring varieties.\\nThat known as the China wheat, has been the most productive;\\nthe yield the past season being 20 bushels to the acre, worth $2 50\\na bushel.\\nI received from the Patent Office, last spring, a small package of\\nAlgerian wheat, which I sowed on the 21st of March. It vege-\\ntated early, and ripened the usual time of spring wheat it produced\\nwell, having a large berry. It will well remunerate the effort of\\ncultivating it, as it appears to be hardy, with large heads and a long\\nheavy beard.\\nStatement of Robert W. Baylor, of Wood End, near Charlestown, Jef-\\nferson county, Virginia.\\nThe maximum yield of wheat in this county is 37 bushels to the\\nacre; the average crop, 15 bushels. Twelve bushels, at $1 a bushel,\\nwill pay expenses.\\nThe cost of transportation to Baltimore, 100 miles, by railroad, is\\n14 cents a bushel to Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, 80\\nmiles, by canal, 6|- cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Matkew Harrison, of Leesburg, Loudoun county, Virginia.\\nThe President of our Agricultural Society gave me a few papers of\\nspring Tea wheat, from the Patent Office, containing altogether\\nabout half a pint. I sowed half of it on the 9th, and the residue on\\nthe 10th of Maich last, in drills a foot apart. The entire space occu-\\npied by the wheat was 7 feet wide by 35 feet long. I cut the crop\\non the 18th of July seven moderate-sized bundles three from the\\nsown first, and four larger from the latter. I obtained a peck of\\nwheat from my crop. The grain had undergone some change. The\\nseed I sowed was like rye in color, very dark and small that which\\nI gathered, was larger, not so dark, and more like the Mediterranean,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "200 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nespecially the Mediterranean of this year, (1855,) which, with us,\\nwas very indifferent.\\nThis wheat, I suppose, would weigh 55 pounds to the bushel. Tho\\nground in which it was cultivated was first-rate wheat land, heavily\\nand recently manured, and deeply worked. The yield was at the rate\\nof 45 bushels to the acre. Tho head was bearded, and very long and\\nI think it probable that after becoming acclimatised, it would be val-\\nuable in this section.\\nRYE.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThere are considerable quantities of rye raised in this county. It\\nis usually sown after wheat. Some of it is ground into flour, which\\ncommands a ready sale and a fair price. The rest is distilled. Thirty\\nbushels to the acre is regarded as a fair yield.\\nThe average price is TO cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Richard Lechxor, of Stouchburg, Berks county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nRye, with us, at present, is mostly cultivated in patches on wheat\\nfields, principally for its straw, but is not so much grown as former-\\nly. The quantity usually sown to an acre is 1^ bushels.\\nThe ordinary yield is 24 bushels to the acre, worth from 80 cents\\nto $1 a bushel.\\nBARLEY.\\nECONOMICAL USE AS FOOD FOR HORSES.\\nThe value of barley, in one form or other, as an article of use, has\\nacquired in some countries a factitious importance from its easy con-\\nvertibility into malt and spirituous liquors but, viewing it simply as\\nan article of diet for man, it must be assigned a lower position than\\nwheat, oats, or Indian corn.\\nIn an economical point of view, the grain of barley, when boiled,\\nhas long been employed in Europe as a mash for horses after a hard", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "BREAD CHOPS. 201\\nday s work, or when unwell, acting as a gentle aperient, as well as a\\nsudorific, opening the system and softening the skin. In Egypt, as\\nalso in all parts of the East, it has been used in an uncooked state\\nfrom time immemorial, as the common food of horses, where the use\\nof rye and oats is unknown. However prejudiced farmers may be\\nagainst it, as horse food, from the belief that it is too heating to those\\nanimals, when kept hard at work, they cannot avoid being convinced\\nof its excellence, in this respect, when they consider that in the coun-\\ntries where they are the most remarkable for their good qualities, as\\nwell as for their beauty, they eat no other kind of grain.\\nBarley, when fed to horses in a half-malted state, is said to be per-\\nfectly harmless, however highly heated they may be, irrespective of\\nthe quantity they may eat. The only preparation it requires for their\\npurpose, is to soak it in water for twelve or twenty-four hours, after\\nwhich it may be fed to the animals in the usual way. d. j. b.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Gershom Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, New York.\\nBarley is raised here to some extent, and makes a good substantial\\nfood, when ground, for fattening cattle and swine, as well as for\\nworking oxen and horses. It requires a rich, warm, loose soil, and\\none that will not suffer much from drought. Our usual practice is to\\nbreak up a clover lay in the fall, and sow the seed in the spring\\nthen, as soon as the crop is harvested, say, about the middle of July,\\nthe stubble is ploughed under, and the ground re-sown in September\\nwith wheat. When, harvested, it is stacked like hay first mown,\\nwith the scythe, and then raked into windrows, cocked, and stacked.\\nThe yield is from 15 to 30 bushels to the acre.\\nThe price of barley in this region varies from 50 cents to $1 a\\nbushel.\\nStatement of Nathaniel Green, near Middletoivn, Newport county,\\nRhode Island.\\nBarley is rather an uncertain crop with us, and but little is culti-\\nvated. When it escapes the maggot, or worm in the straw, it\\ngenerally succeeds well, and is as profitable to raise as any other\\ngrain. Formerly, it was the most remunerating grain-crop raised on\\nthis island.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "202 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nOATS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of J. J. Pratt, of Centre, Cherokee county, Alabama.\\nOats are a valuable crop with us. Our land seems well adapted to\\ntheir culture. The time of sowing is from the first of February to\\nthe last of March, and this generally on land which has been planted\\nwith cotton or corn. The amount of seed to the acre is from 1 to 2\\nbushels. The time of harvesting is about the 1st of July. They\\nare usually consumed on the farm or sold in the neighborhood in the\\nsheaf, or are threshed out in the spring for seed.\\nThe price in the sheaf is from 15 to 20 cents per dozen, or from 40\\nto 50 cents a bushel, when threshed.\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of Newcastle, Newcastle county,\\nDelaware.\\nOats, with us, are usually sown as early in the spring as the ground\\ncan be prepared, at the rate of 1\\\\ bushels to the acre. Two hundred\\npounds of guano to the acre are usually applied, and this is consid-\\nered a fair dressing.\\nThe price of oats is 43 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of J). R. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany comity, New\\nYork.\\nOats are the most extensively cultivated in this county of any of\\nour tilled crops. They are sown broadcast from the 15th of April to\\nthe 1st of June, at the rate of 3 bushels to the acre. The maximum\\nyield to the acre is about GO bushels average 30 bushels, and 12\\nbushels is as little as will pay the expense of cultivation, which is\\nabout 25 cents a bushel.\\nThe market value of oats here is 37| cents a bushel cost of trans-\\nportation to New York, by railroad, 14 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Gershom Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, N*ao York.\\nOats are cultivated in this section to an almost unlimited extent,\\nand I have raised them for some years at a profit. The yield is from\\n50 to TO bushels to the acre, and they sell from 40 to 60 cents a\\nbushel.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 203\\nStatement of John P. Haller, of Lima, Allen county, Ohio.\\nLarge quantities of oats have been raised in this county the past\\nseason, the average yield being about 35 bushels to the acre, worth\\n20 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of William H. Goudy, of Buteville, Marion county, Oregon\\nTerritory.\\nOats are extensively cultivated here, as food for horses and oxen.\\nThey are sown in April, on land broken the previous fall, and\\nploughed again in the spring. The quantity of seed sown varies\\nfrom li to 2 bushels to the acre. The average yield is 40 bushels,\\nthough 80 bushels are often raised in this way.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nOats, with us, are raised by almost every farmer, and are in gene-\\nral use as food for horses. When sown early, they yield well but\\nthey are regarded as an exhausting crop. They are generally sown\\nafter corn. The average yield is 50 bushels to the acre.\\nThe price is 28 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of D. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nOats, in this section, are cultivated on almost every farm, for home\\nfeed or for sale. The average yield to the acre is about 30 bushels,\\nalthough as high as 88 bushels have been raised.\\nThe cost of production of an acre of oats, in this county, is about\\n$7. They sell for 25 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Richard Lechnor, of Stouchburg, Berks county, Pennsyl-\\nvania.\\nOats are extensively cultivated here, and are considered a remune-\\nrating crop. The sowing is performed as early in the spring as the\\nground will admit, at the rate of 3 bushels to the acre.\\nThe yield is from 40 to 50 bushels to the acre. The average mar-\\nket price is 45 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Joint Boyd, of Parker sburgh, Chester county, Pennsylvania.\\nFrom a small parcel of Egyptian oats, obtained from the Patent\\nOffice, a few years since, I increased, my stock to 18 bushels, which I\\nsowed last spring on 6 acres of ground of middling quality. The\\nresult of the crop was 240 bushels, which, when well cleaned, weighed\\n40 pounds to a bushel.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "204 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nAnother good feature in these oats is that the straw is stiff and firm,\\nwhich renders it less liable to fall before harvesting.\\nStatement of Nathaniel Green, near Middletoivn, Newport county,\\nRhode Island.\\nOats, on this island, are generally sown on land which has been\\nplanted with corn the preceding year, and are considered a remu-\\nnerating crop. About 3 bushels are sown to the acre. The average\\nyield is 45 bushels, although 80 bushels to the acre are sometimes\\nraised. The cost of production is about 20 cents a bushel. They are\\ngenerally threshed by machines at 4 cents a bushel.\\nThe price of oats, delivered at Newport, is from 50 to 60 cents a\\nbushel.\\nStatement of Augustus Elliott, of San Francisco, San Francisco\\ncounty, California.\\nIn 184*7, Mr. R. P. Tucker, a farmer near the head of Napa Valley,\\ndiscovered six stalks of oats, which he supposed had grown from seed\\ndropped by some bird. The year following, he sowed the grain they\\nhad produced, and came near losing them, as they barely matured.\\nThe next year, (1849,) he raised from the product about a quart of\\noats. From these, he obtained a bushel, in 1850, which were dis-\\ntributed among the farmers in that vicinity, who now cultivate no\\nother oats. It is estimated that there were cultivated, in 1856, 30,000\\nbushels in the county of Napa alone.\\nThe height of these oats was 8 feet, at least a yard taller than\\nthose ordinarily cultivated here. The straw, though large, still is\\nfine for fodder. The yield is about 50 bushels to the acre, weighing\\nfrom 40 to 50 pounds to the bushel.\\nBUCKWHEAT.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of D. R. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany county,\\nNeiv York.\\nBuckwheat is extensively cultivated in this county. The variety\\nprincipally raised is known as the Scotch grey, and is sown from\\nthe 15th of June to the 10th of July, at the rate of a bushel to the\\nacre. The maximum yield per acre is 50 bushels average, 25 bushels\\nand 12 bushels to the acre will pay for cultivation. It can be raised\\nfor 25 cents a bushel.\\nThe past season, they have been sold from $1 to $1 50. a bushel,\\nthough the usual price has been from 62\u00c2\u00a3 to 75 cents. Cost of trans-\\nportation, by railroad, to New York, 22 cents a bushel.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 205\\nStatement of Gershom Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, New York.\\nBuckwheat, sometimes, is very successfully cultivated here, hut, at\\nothers, it is almost an entire failure; hence it is considered a rather\\nuncertain crop. In a good season, it will produce from 15 to 30\\nhushels to the acre, but an early frost or a few days of hot weather,\\nblasts the husbandman s hopes. It is sown about the first of July,\\nand harvested the last of September.\\nBuckwheat flour, in limited quantities, sells for near the same\\nprice as that of wheat.\\nPOTATOES.\\nPROPAGATION OF NEW VARITIES FROM SEED.\\nBY C. E. GOODRICH, OP UTICA, NEW YORK.\\nThe following are directions for cultivating new varieties of potatoes\\nfrom seed. Although they would seem to be easy, from my experience,\\nbut few persons would exercise the patience and watchfulness neces-\\nsary to carry them into execution.\\nPrevious to sowing, soak the seeds in lukewarm water, six or eight\\nhours pour off the water then mix them with sand or fine earth, to\\ngive them body, so that they may be sown thinly and evenly. Sow\\nin as clean ground as possible, or you will lose them in weeding.\\nCover lightly, and press the earth upon the seeds, marking the exact\\nplace of the rows very accurately. The seeds, if well saved, are\\nvery sure, but slow in sprouting. The young plants will be fit to\\nweed, the first time, in from three to four weeks. Sow different sorts\\nseparately, and give the whole ground of,your bed to them.\\nSow, in this region, the middle of April; but earlier further south.\\nTransplant in six weeks. The plants are as hardy as tomatoes, and\\nmay be treated similarly, taking earth up with them, when you can,\\nafter having first hardened them to the air before removal. Shield\\nthem from the hot sun with any large leaves or shingles, until they\\nget rooted. Transplant into a fair soil, but not a rich one, as a\\nmoderate growth is stronger than a rapid one. Use a handful of\\nrich compost about the young plants, to give them a start. If sown in\\nCentral New York, use a moderate hot-bed, or, what is much better,\\nsow as late as May 10th, in a cold bed under glass. Further south,\\nsow out of doors as you would cabbage. If you sow under glass, be\\nsure to shade from _ the hot sun, in the middle of the day. Do\\nthis with straw sprinkled lightly over the glass, or with narrow\\nboards. Begin before the seeds are up, and continue as long as they\\nare in close beds. Out of doors, this is not usually needful. Few\\nplants suffer so much from hot sun as young potatoes.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "206 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nIn transplanting, prepare the ground by deep ploughing. Lay off\\nthe furrows 3 feet apart. If possible, run a small sub-soil plough\\nthrough the bottom of the farrow, to give depth to the culture.\\nPlace the plants 2 feet apart in the row, and but one plant in a place.\\nDo not use poor plants if you have a tolerable supply, and set them\\na little deeper than they grew. Hoe and plough frequently until\\nthey are in flower, after which do nothing more than superficially\\nscrape out the weeds. I advise not to hill potatoes in dry ground.\\nDig early, though not quite so early as you do common field-crops,\\nbut before they are injured by wet, dark and damp weather. Re-\\nrnember that a seedling potato, the first year, sets and matures its\\ntubers mostly after regular field-crops have got their growth. Seed-\\nlings dug somewhat early will not be so large, but they will be much\\nmore healthful than when dug later. Late-dug seedlings are often\\na little diseased, not from constitutional weakness, but by a law appli-\\ncable to all tropicals when grown in unpropitious weather. In the\\nfall, dig each hill alone. Having dug a plot, go over it once and\\nagain, most deliberately, throwing out every hill which seems weak,\\nill-shaped, or yellow-fleshed, or that spreads widely in the ground, or\\nis small and immature. A seedling well cultivated, the first year, and\\nyet making small tubers, will never afterwards ripen in season. Save\\neach hill separately; that is, put such good hills, as can readily be\\nseparated, together, to the amount of three or four. Put these sep-\\narate parcels in dry sand, in a barrel, placing strips of shingle be-\\ntween each parcel. In this way, store the whole. Throw away the\\nsmall tubers, even of good hills, as they would be more trouble than\\nprofit. Some of the good sorts will be tolerably eatable when two\\nseasons old; others will require from three to four years growth, just\\nas in the case of many fruits. Good seeds yield a very variable pro-\\nportion of plants. In my experience, it has varied from one-fifth to\\nfour-fifths of the seed sown. Potatoes, cultivated in this manner, will\\nmostly gain an eatable size the first year.\\nThe number of potato seeds cultivated, in a troy ounce, is about\\n72,000, a thousand of which are as many as one person needs for an\\nexperiment. From these, one can obtain from 200 to 800 plants,\\nhalf of which will appear sufficiently fine at the first digging in the\\nfall to be saved for further trial.\\nKESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE CULTIVATION OF\\nTHE POTATO.\\n[Condensed from Results of the Cultivation of Potatoes on the Trial-field of the Royal\\nState Nursery, near Potsdam, in Prussia, by Director General Lenne\\nIn connection with the Royal State Nursery at Old Geltow, near\\nPotsdam, is a trial-field, on which are cultivated and closely examined\\nthe plants assigned to that branch of government by the Board of\\nAgriculture, or recommended by other persons for agricultural or\\nindustrial purposes. From the devastating effects of the late potato\\ndisease, a series of experiments were instituted by that establishment\\nwith the view of determining its nature, causes, and prevention, the\\nprincipal results of which are as follows", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 207\\nIn observing that one variety of potatoes better resisted the disease\\nof the tuber than others, the Director General was led to make a\\nnumber of experiments on different sorts, but only on those which\\nhad already been found to be of superior quality and healthfulness.\\nThe position of the field employed for the purpose was quite open\\nand exposed to the influence of the west and northwest winds. The\\nsoil was of a uniform character, consisting of a fertile, sandy loam,\\nwith a due admixture of clay, with a sub-soil sufficiently porous to\\nallow the rains to percolate without under-drainage. The cultivation\\nwas principally performed with a hoe, the tubers planted in a rectan-\\ngular form, at a distance of one and a half feet apart. The field was\\nwell manured with a composition of equal parts of horse and cow-\\ndung. The weeding and earthing up of the potatoes were done in the\\nusual manner.\\nTHE TUBER.\\nThe Occurrence of tlie Disease of the Tuber. This malady had pre-\\nviously but slightly appeared on the trial-field, with the exception of\\nthe variety called Early Hermaphrodite, in 1853, and the Belgium\\nMorning Dawn, in 1854, when it was estimated that one-fourth of\\nthe whole product was lost, the investigation of the greater or less\\nsusceptibility of each variety to the disease, being one of the princi-\\npal objects in view. It could not be accomplished in less time than\\nthree years, a partial verification of which will be found in the table\\non a succeeding page.\\nInfluence of the Color of the Shin of the Tuber in predisposing it to\\nDisease. Among other highly interesting and very remarkable re-\\nsults, may be mentioned the influence of the color of the skin of the\\ntuber in predisposing it to disease. For a long period, without the\\nguidance of comparative experiments, an opinion was prevalent that\\npotatoes, which had a colored skin, resisted the disease better than\\nthose which were yellow or white. The result of the experiment in\\nthis respect was as follows\\nIn 1852, out of 72 white or yellow-skinned varieties, 23 were diseased.\\n1853, 110 16\\n1854, 117 5\\nThus, from an average of three years, about one-sixth of the white\\nor yellow-skinned varieties was found to be affected.\\nIn 1852, out of 15 red-skinned varieties, 1 was diseased.\\n1853, 37 7\\n1854, 40 2\\nshowing that, from an average of three years, about one-tenth of\\nthe red-skinned varieties became diseased. Again:\\nIn 1852, out of 5 blue-skinned varieties, none were affected.\\n1853, 14 none\\n1854, 16 none\\nFrom the above, it must not be inferred, however, that the blue-\\nekinned potatoes are exempt from disease under all circumstances, but", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "208 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nonly in a less degree, and that those having white or yellow skins\\nare the most susceptible to the malady.\\nInfluence of the Form of the Tuber in predisposing it to Disease.\\nA comparison of the different varieties of potatoes, in reference\\nto their distinctive form, furnishes results not less striking in regard\\nto their predisposition to disease, than has been observed in respect\\nto their colors.\\nThe primary forms of the tubers were distinguished as rounded,\\nelongated, and kidney-shaped.\\nIn 1852, out of 71 rounded varieties, 21 became diseased.\\n1853, 21 10\\n1854, 130 3\\nHence, from an average of three years, about one-eighth were found\\nto be affected.\\nIn 1852, out of 17 elongated varieties, 3 became diseased.\\n1853, 27 10\\n1854, 30 2\\nshowing that about one-fifth were attacked.\\nIn 1852, out of 5 kidney-shaped varieties, none were diseased.\\n1853, 13 2\\n1854, 13 2\\nindicating that about one-tenth showed signs of the malady.\\nThus it will be seen, by this comparison, that tubers of an elongated\\nform were the most susceptible to disease, and it is still more striking,\\nand the more confirmatory of this opinion, that the two varieties above\\ncited, the Early Hermaphrodite, and the Belgium Morning\\nDawn, were of this shape.\\nInfluence of the Time of Maturity in the Predisposition to Disease.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe opinion entertained, that the early varieties were less subject\\nto disease than those ripening late, would seem to be corroborated\\nby the observations on those ripening before and after the middle of\\nAugust.\\nIn 1852, before August 15, out of 24 varieties, 4 were diseased.\\n1853, 41 3\\n1854, 44 3\\nThus, from an average of three years, only abeut one-tenth of those\\nof early maturity were attacked. Again:\\nIn 1852, after August 15, out of 70 varieties, 20 were diseased.\\n1853, 122 20\\n1854, 129 4\\nshowing that an average of about one-sixth of late maturity became\\naffected.\\nFrom the three comparisons, by color, conformation, and period of\\nmaturity of the tubers, it was decided that those belonging to the\\nblue, rounded, early potatoes have the least predisposition to disease.\\nVarieties recently produced from Seed, not exempt from Disease.\\nSoon after the first appearance of the potato disease, it was be-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 209\\nfievt 1 by many that a new generation produced from the seed-ball,\\nwouh! he exempt, at least for a time, from attack. The experiments\\nin this respect proved the reverse to he the case. Out of forty-one\\nvarieties, cultivated, in 1852, originated from seed four years before,\\nsixteen were diseased, while, the same year, there were cultivated\\nin all ninety-two old and new varieties, out of which twenty-four were\\nattacked. The fact, however, that new varieties mature somewhat\\nlater than others may account for this predisposition to diucase.\\nInfluence of the Distance of the Plants apart upon the Health of the\\nTuber. In making an experiment in two adjoining fields, homogene-\\nous in the character of their soil, manured and treated aliko in every\\nrespect, both were planted at the same time with a variety of red\\npotatoes, with only this difference one was planted almost t-Aice as\\ndensely as the other. The hills in one field were 1-| by 2 feet apart,\\nand those in the other a foot apart each way. At harvest, it Appeared\\nthat those of the more open culture were quite healthy, while the\\nothers, for the most part, were diseased.\\nInfluence of the Excess of Moisture on the Health of the Tuber. In\\nconsequence of the unusual rising of the river Havel, in 1854, the\\nlower grounds, near the trial-field, were overflowed to a point where\\nthe water remained in the draining furrows, so that the tubers which\\ngrew in the middle ridges, or dryer parts of the field, remained\\nlieal thy, while those nearer the furrows were more or less diseased.\\nInfluence of the Cultivation of Potatoes on the same Ground in con-\\nsecutive Years, upon the Health of the Tuber. In order to determine\\nthe influence of the cultivation of a variety of the potato for several\\nyears on the same field, a part of the trial-field was planted three\\nconsecutive years, annually renewing it with manure, from which it\\nappeared that there were no injurious effects in extending tho disease.\\nThus, in 1852, out of ninety-three varieties, twenty-four were dis-\\neased, and in 1853, out of one hundred and sixty-one varieties, twen-\\nty-two are recorded as unsound.\\nTHE HAULM, OR VINES.\\nThe Effects of the Blight on the Vines, and its alleged Reaction on\\ntJie Tuber. The attack of the disease on the vines of the potato had\\nspread so extensively within the last two years on the trial-field, as\\nwell as the surrounding estates, that their vitality was entirely de-\\nstroyed long before the maturity of the tubers, there being only a few\\nvarieties exempt from attack.\\nAccording to an opinion generally adopted, the blight of the vines\\nand the rot of the tubers are the symptoms of one and the same dis-\\nease. Furthermore, it is supposed that in most instances the disease\\nof the vine is the precursor of that of the tuber. From the observa-\\ntions, however, in the experiments of the last two years, some doubts\\nmay be thrown upon this theory. By a glance at the annexed tables,\\nit will be seen that, notwithstanding the vines of nearly all of the\\n14", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "210 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nvarieties were blighted, nevertheless, most of them remained unaf-\\nfected by the disease of the tuber. In J 853, a land owner in the\\nvicinity harvested 60 wispels (1,930 bushels) of potatoes, and notwith-\\nstanding the vines were totally destroyed by the blight, the tubers\\nwere healthy. Furthermore, among the few varieties which did not\\nsuffer from the blight of the vines, in 1853, cultivated on the trial-\\nfield, two of them had diseased tubers.\\nIn referring to the table, it will be seen that, within the last two years,\\nthere was a diminution of the yield when compared with the former\\nyear, in almost every variety, the tubers being smaller and less fari-\\nnaceous. This phenomenon was attributed to the blight of the vines,\\nas the prematurely dying off of the leaves could not but influence\\ninjuriously the complete development of the tuber.\\nThe Degeneration of Varieties. The opinion has often been ad-\\nvanced that varieties of the potato degenerate when cultivated many\\nconsecutive years upon the same field, and even when regular rota-\\ntion of crops has been observed. If a decrease of yield each succeed-\\ning year is an evidence of degeneration, then this opinion has been\\ncorroborated by the experiments instituted. This deterioration can\\nhardly be attributed to any other cause than repeated cultivation\\nupon the same spot for potato-fields next adjoining the trial-\\nground, which were treated in precisely the same manner, except\\nthat in them potatoes were planted for the first time, did not\\nshow any sign of this degeneracy, but had fine smooth tubers. Nor\\nto the blight of the vines could the decay of the tubers be ascribed,\\nfor the tops of the potatoes in all the fields were blighted, but the\\ntubers of the trial-field alone were injured. In 1854, the potatoes\\nraised consecutively on the same ground, were planted in a new\\nfield, the product of which immediately assumed its former healthy\\nappearance.\\nTJie Importance of a uniform Classif cation and Nomenclature of Va-\\nrieties of the Potato. In order to group and compare the different\\nvarieties with each other, whether nearly allied or otherwise, a\\nclassification was adopted indicating their distinctive marks and char-\\nacteristics.\\nIt was observed that the hue of the stalks of the vine was a crite-\\nrion by which to judge of the color of the skin of the tuber. For\\ninstance, when the stalk was green, or sometimes mottled, near the\\nground, with violet-colored spots passing into green, the tubers were\\nwhite. On the contrary, when the stalks of the varieties were of a\\nviolet color nearly to the top, the tubers were colored.\\nThe blossom was also regarded as a constant mark for a variety, as\\nno change had been observed in its color, form, or size, each sort ad-\\nhering strictly to its own peculiarity. Some varieties matured only\\na limited number of blossoms, while in others, the petals dropped off\\nbefore fully opening. The color of the blossom, however, had no\\nrelation nor connection, whatever, with the color of the tuber.\\nA distinction had already been made in varieties, the tubers of\\nwhich were white, red, blue-skinned, bluish-black, or yellow, spotted", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 211\\nwith blue but it had never been observed that the color of any vari-\\nety had changed from one tint to another, although it had occurred\\nthat in the pale-red varieties, by cultivation, the intensity of shade\\nhad diminished, leaving only dark spots in the cavities round the\\neyes. There was not, however, any variety, in the collection with\\nwhich experiments were made, that was perfectly white, the skins\\nbeing more or less yellow. In a similar manner, there were none pre-\\ncisely blue, as they appeared more or less of a violet shade.\\nIn respect to the form of the tubers, three classes only were adopted\\nnamely, the rounded, the elongated, and the kidney-shaped. The\\nformer included only those the length of which did not exceed dou-\\nble the thickness. The elongated varieties were such as exceeded in\\nlength double their breadth, and were cylindrical in shape. The kid-\\nney-shaped were those exceeding in length twice their breadth, with\\nshalloAv-seated eyes, somewhat flattened, or with the root-end pointed.\\nTbc varieties were also characterised by the eyes of the tuber\\nwhich sometimes occurred in great numbers, often only isolated\\nwhile in others, they were found quite deep-seated, very shallow or\\neven elevated.\\nThe mode of attachment of the tubers to the roots formed another\\nbasis for classification sometimes they were attached closely to the\\nlower part of the stalk, or some distance from it, to the main roots\\nwhile, in others, by slender roots of greater or less lengths.\\nAnother basis of classification was the color of the flesh, or pulp.\\nIn cutting the tubers asunder, it was found that the flesh had the\\nmost diversified hues, varying from pure white to saffron yellow.\\nSome varieties, with dark-colored skins, had red, violet-tinged or\\nmarble flesh.\\nConformably to the foregoing distinctions, the potatoes employed\\nfor experiment were divided into fifteen classes, each of which com-\\nmenced with the varieties the most beautiful as to color and smooth-\\nness, and the most regular in their form.\\nThe annexed table exhibits the names of the varieties, the time\\nof harvesting, their size, yield, sanatory condition, and uses.\\nThe yield of each variety is expressed in the table in metzen, to a\\nPrussian square perch, which is equivalent to nearly 17 square\\nyards, English. The metzen is equal to about 3 quarts, Winchester\\nmeasure.\\nUnder the head of Sanatory Condition, the varieties are consid-\\nered only in reference to those which manifested slight symptoms of\\ndisease h, signifies healthy, and d, those which were diseased.\\nThe names are transferred from the original Report, to enable one to\\norder them for experiment if desirable. Small quantities of most of\\nthe varieties can be obtained on application to Director General\\nLenne, Old Geltow, near Potsdam, Prussia, by the mere paying for\\npacking and transportation.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "212\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nes 2\\nv a\\n1 V\\nrO T3\\n41 gj\\nt- .0\\na a a u\\na .a\\no \u00c2\u00ab2 o\\nt. S 55 t,\\no t* 2 o\\nd\\nT3\\na T3 1) 5tl t3\\n5e\\nO.O K\\no\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a o -a o\\na o a ^2 o\\nT3\\ncoOco\\na\\nr C r ^3 O r C *t3 O d F 3 O P C r O r r d h3 d C T3 J3\\n.3.0,0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0,0.0,0.0.0.0.0.0.0,0,0.0\\nxjfld .0 .0 .a ja ,0 ,0 a t\u00c2\u00bb n3 xiflja^^^ja^j^J^\\nJSJ3J ,0.0.0 flfl TS .0 .0 J3 .0 .0 ,0 .0 .0 -a .0 T*\\nSB 5\\nS 4 4)\\n.2 rt 3\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u0094 o co \u00c2\u00bbn o Cioo ft oo J-io\u00c2\u00abt-tooootOii\\nco a to cemto com e* \u00c2\u00a9t-cocoocicocoooco\\na assssaaaeEsa\\ncs^e e3S33553PD0Ps*c* i _j\\nO h3 13 *x3 O\\nO D V 4) 4^ 1*\\na a a fl\\n3\u00c2\u00abs a 3 3 -J g\\najssss aaassaasg^ssaas s 1 1 i a\\nsi\\nO .2\\n2\\na\\n.0\\nin ic in in io m io\\nbfltiObSbDbObcbCbDbfibljbohcbobc- f biibfi-e bfi be *J t! 13 t3 ^3\\na^aDsnssGss^snt^ssr^a^*^^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -3i.0.0\\n3\\nMg\\n.S 4 4\\nr*\\n01 4) w\\nH i-i I\\n4 tf a,\\nU ^-0 -0\\n4) 1)\\nI\u00c2\u00bb -E .3 ,_, 4)^-*;\\nHNW\u00c2\u00bbia(Bi-\u00c2\u00bb0)0-Nn", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS.\\n213\\n^^s\\n3 2 43\\naj 03\\n43\\n5\\ncu\\nu 43\\nja\\na\\nfi-\\n-Is!\\nu\\nS=S\\n2\\ni s\\n5a x)\\n-o\\ng o~\\n3\u00c2\u00a7\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba20\\n3-\\nU\\no\\n5\\nXI\\nd\\n{-J C/J\\nxj 5g\\nOJ3\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s\\nu\\n-oSa\\no\\nT3\\n05\\nX!x!x)x!^3x x!xSx)X 4343x!xSxiX!43x;xSxSxSx!43xS43x x!xJxJxix!x!xSxSx!x!xlXlXf43\\n4343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343\\n4343434343434343434343434343\\n43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 T3 43 43 43 43 xl\\n43434343434343431343434343\\n434343 t3T3 43 43 43 43 XS X) 43 43 43 43 x! X) X)\\n43 43 T3 T3 T3 43 13 43 43 43\\n1Q CO in JC- CO\\nt-\\n10 030\\n\u00c2\u00bbo t-\\noo in co in co\\ni- CO CO CO 00\\n.t- m co\\n\u00c2\u00abo co m co m\\nr-\\nCO 00\\nO 00\\nco OS 10 o m co\\nm o m oo o\\nCO Ci 00 CD ih\\nbo\\na a a a a a a ssa\\n3 -33 -3333 -333\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2d bO 03 oil bt O X! CJ.T3 XJ X5 X) b\u00c2\u00a3 hex! 13 XI htX! C XJ XJ X! X3 03 r X! XJ 03 03 bCXJ he he hex! X! XJ XI 03\\nBos*aflCBspdBciadocO\\naaaaas s a a\\n3 3 _\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 3 3 _\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 _\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\na\\n3\\na a a a\\n3 _J\\nC L o O O o t- t- o o GJ O o\\na.sg.s^aajsaeaa.^aas.sa a s s a a\\ns a s g.s ajsjs a a a a\\nin m r-i m i\\nlOHHinmHKlHHrt\\nbe be be be bo be ho -bo ho he he~~ ho he-e -e i", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "214\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\n13\\nS3\\na\\na\\no\\nO\\nH\\nt? o\\n5-\\n2 S\\n13 5d T3\\no 33\\no S o-\\nO-SO\\no\\no a; 4\\na\\n43- .43 fl\\no\\na/\\nd for\\nii\\nfferen\\nd for\\neterm\\na\\na\\n*i\\na-\\n13\\na\\no 3; o a\\n13\\nO 13\\n11\\n02\\nEa\\na 5o.fc\\n\u00c2\u00a3\u00e2\u0096\u00ba2\\nr T3 C O r C3 O ^3 _C2 r^4 3 O O O\\n4343434343434343134313434343434343434343434343\\nS\u00c2\u00bb 2,a\\n43434343434343 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 -a 43 43 43\\n43434313 43 43^3 43\\ni-.t-.t-Oi lOtDOOO\\n(OOOiOH ooot-oo\\nS? 3\\noi S a o\\naaaaaaaaaaaa a aa a\\n2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 o .2 2 2 a\\nr 3 c3 3 3 S 5 5 5i3 3 i3i3i3i3 3 5 ^c t3 bo t\u00c2\u00bb 3\\na a a a a aaaaaaaSiie\\nbO bfi bD-e\\n3 3 3\u00c2\u00b0*\\nHrtiniOHrtK)K110K)HHHr(Hmi-IHHinrtnH\\nCO i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 t i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I WrtHHH COCO i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I CO CO i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 t\\nSfaS S a.Sfs WS S.- 1 S a a a. c. aliS, aa\\n5 Q\\nta a\\nl\\nw OS -_\\nu S\\na; a43\\nS3 Si t. o\\nJ3 3\\n3S 5 3 o\\nU C 4) 1.\\n05 H\\ncj SX)\\na\\n33-J:\\nbfl is\\na -mis\\n-a to o js n o\\nO o a o t. t:\\n^o ?e s s\\nn c-i3 gta oj\\n=2.5- 3 j 2\\n4 41 (S 4 J- 4\\nO fa, W co co J\\n4= e 3\\n2 a\\nC.2.D\\nJ \u00c2\u00a7^J2\\nM,\\nO 4\\nSj\\n4) 4) -o\\nT3 *J CO CC I\\na, 4 4 iS m-\\na S a p cu\\ni O 3 0)\\n-2-s fej\u00c2\u00bb.a.fif\\ng jj;_2 c 41 j-\\nw W c w as\\ni ^.S*3S\\n3 =3 33 O .4) J;\\ns^ Mo 4,- s .5*o c\\nJS 1,3 i C ffl\\n3 S.Sm 2 a) o\u00c2\u00ab Jh\\nbC QL :si OS 3 H Si 4 4) _\\ncu 4) 3 aj j {3 ?3 a\\n,.-.__ 05^ ^C.\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00c2\u00a3 co\\n;zs^ tf CO oi W as i\u00e2\u0080\u00943 \u00c2\u00ab=t*\\nICOOOOOO/QOCJICTJOJOIO*", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS.\\n215\\n*i 3\\nSo- is\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2o so-\\nnata 1\\n05\\no-\\nE 2-\\nr ^Jt3 r r d r d r ^^3\\n.ccc.C ci-CrO.c.cco.ja\\n,3.0.3.\\nT3AAA\\n,0,0-0.0\\n,3,0,0-3,0,0,0.0\\nT3 -d J T3 A J -O ^flflj\\nTS ,3\\n.0,0,0,3\\njaxf^jna\\n,o ^j-o^ja^\\n,3 .3 ,3 T3 13 T3\\nAA\\nJJSiJ\\na a a a\\nV\\ns\\nS3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0HN (2\\ne^-o^M t3\\n-te-tHrM^- il\\nCO ci\\ntf\\no cm cs m\\ntooroonmcoH\\na, p\\na.\\niO\\n00 xj co t~\\nCO CO\\nCO-*\\n00\\nCD\\nao ia\\nCO\\ns\\nC5\\nlO CO t-\\nCI-**\\nCO\\n00\\no\\niO\\no\\ns s a a\\ns a a a\\n43 43 u .Z,\\nT3 T3 -a -3 faO bo be r* T3 t3 bed\\n4\u00c2\u00bb43a3a3s-t-t-;- 4343*-a\\na a a b*\u00c2\u00ab* ^asjg\\n8-2.5\\na a\\na* a\\nbo\\na\\nb 3 c3\\na s a\\nH co aa\\ns a a a\\nco 0) o .i\\nbiT3 bo bo bOT3 r\\nbo\\nho bo be bfi bo bo S\\n3 3 3 3\\nto- i 5 i !cocococo\\n-*)oa\\nCO CO CO\\nt*\u00c2\u00bb bi hi*-;\\nt-s l-^CQ\\nm -h t-i i-H\\n2 a. a\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I rH i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ir- 1 to t\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IHIO\\nCO CO CO -l CO r*\\nbo *f be bi bi bo\\n3 3 3 3 3\\nCO -3 CO 02\\n1 D X s\\nSi S\\n3 cS 3\\nZ-gco\\n3\\n3 a bc-s P\\nc-sNiij v- t bx\\n3eJ!l!loS a \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab.:-i\\n3 rf^ 5 ni-E 3 E Sj 5* -3\\nv in co r\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OD c?3 tr* to -=r .r; o\\n\u00c2\u00bb01ttllJ3C)O3OOOOO\\n2 O\\nU 4)\\ncgWl\\ns~ W SP\\ni\\n_J_.es\\nft\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SO\\n5 -5\\no a co\\nl\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba3\\no\\n-CM\\nta\\n=3 3\\n\u00c2\u00a3a\\nj\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a28 fc\\nSS O g 43\\nti^\\nJO?\\nto r\u00c2\u00ab\\nfia, -2\\nSI Q3 43 3\\nP 1 3 -k,\\n3 -g-TS\\nJ= J3 -5 -3 fe J3\\no c t is o\\nci ci t, si oi\\nr-H r 3 C-l Ol CM CI C\u00c2\u00ab\\nCjJtf", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "216\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORTS\\nhOa,\\nbe J bi\\n\u00c2\u00a3S\\n.5 2.3\\nS rt\\ns z:\\n13\\nm a\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0B-B\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a05^5\\nS to\\nt. u t.\\nt- v\\nm co\\nT2T5\\n-si\\no O\\nO O O\\no\\noo t cu\\nC5C50\\n13 43\\n43 -C 43 43 43 43 43 43 43\\n43 43 43^2 43\\n43 43 43 t3 43 43 43 43\\n43 43 43 O 13\\nft\\n0)\\nI\\nS3\\n\u00c2\u00ab2\\n43\\nCO\\np.\\nco\\nn\\nCo\\n13\\nCo\\n0)\\na\\nh\\n3\\nCI\\ncr\\nS3 a\\nS3\\na a a a\\n3 3 _ 3 3\\ngcedartc^s\\nsa 8\\ni cu\\nj*--\u00c2\u00ab bo be r*\u00c2\u00bb\\nP 43 43\\na s s\\n.2 cJ.2.2\\n13 hCC 13\\nO h Cv 01\\ns a a\\nW 5 02\\n0 bo bo bo be bo bo\\n3 3 3 3 ;3 3 3\\nbO esc be bO\\n3^333\\nai^\\nC 43 fc-\\no\\ncS\\ng\\nt-\\nS3 a\\n44\\n3\\nH C 43 3\\n\u00c2\u00a3a\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CO CO O\\n.23 bo\\nE -S .2 s \u00c2\u00ab2 5* 2\\nfl\u00c2\u00ab \u00c2\u00ab0 ij \u00c2\u00bbo.3\\nO O TJ CO -t it-, CD i-\\ncvicocococococococo\\nCO\\n1\\nce- 3\\nis\\nJ\\nH bfc\u00c2\u00abJ\\nc o\\nM\\na d O .22\\niS t M O\\nO 43 d co J;\\n0t Ol C3 CN\\nCO CO T *C*\\n2o\\nOj O\\nCO T O CO", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS.\\n217\\n33] D\\no\\no\\nO \u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00bb2\\no -2,2 o\\nfe -g ti -d S\\n2\\n-So\\nt3\\n?it\u00c2\u00bb\\nW? C3 O CQ\\no\\no\\no\\no3 g\\nr r r\\nt3 h3 r O O *t3 r\\nJ3 ,13 J3 J3 J3 -C\\njj;j:x;\\nt3\\n^a^a^a j3 j5\\n.rj.s.ccca.rs.cc\\n.S .3\\n\u00c2\u00a33t! -S T3 -fl\\n4^^ ja^s\\nj3,a jj ,a A\\n-a x\\\\\\nA X3\\n-a\\nJ J3 J3\\noo m m\\n9 U\\nh\u00c2\u00bb h bo fcx\\n_rt\\nCO\\nn\\nCO\\nM\\nM\\n11030\\nbe be o5 to\\nU 5-. r- t*\\nej oj C ij\\ns a a\\n.2 .2 .2 6\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a073 \u00c2\u00ab73 t3 to bO\\no d u u J-\\na a ai=^\\nbe be bo bo bo\\n3 3 3\\n3 3\\n-^co*^ i\\nbe bo bD be\\n3 3 3 3\\nbe bo be bo be\\n33333\\na a a a a a\\noT.2 u aJ .2 .2 .2 .2 .2\\nbOT3 bO bOT3 T3 13 T) T3\\na-g^ a a s a a\\nH r4 rt rt -I LT H r-i IO\\nCO CO CO r- COCO H\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0g bo be bb-S ib bO\\ncq \u00c2\u00abi i 03\\nI\\n$2\\n4\\n*r-\\n*5f\\nN\\n!3 H\\no^3 ao s\\nbo 5 St\u00c2\u00a3\\na w\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24!\\nJ **2\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24\\nS^ a 5\\nft?\\nfi O ij\\no\\nrf o\\npaffi K3\\nJ.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 co a. _ n\\n-4 1 in m lo\\nk fe\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a7 X\\nE bo\\nB 5\\n\u00c2\u00a73 mso\\na \u00c2\u00a3-2\\n35^ a\\n102.0\\n,rs 3\\n8 O r2\\n3 3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s-s\u00c2\u00ab\\n5 O ^3\\nI. 1-0\\na S\u00c2\u00b0r\\nh w .0 e\\nl S 3 3\\na C m\\nrr C O OQ ft\\nooooooSo\\nh 3 3 jj\\nJ\\nC Ti\\no i\u00c2\u00ab\\n3\\nri S3", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "218 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of William W. Woodbridge, of Paw Paw Grove, Lee\\ncounty, Illinois.\\nPotatoes of excellent quality are easily grown here. They were\\npartially destroyed by the rot in the fall of 1855 Pinkeyes and\\nMercers are the favorite varieties. None but barnyard manure\\nis used, and many of the farmers do not take the trouble to haul out\\neven this.\\nThe price for eating size is 50 cents a bushel. A year ago, they\\nwere worth $1.\\nStatement of John Brown, of Long Island, Winnipisiogee Lake, near\\nLake Village, Belknap county, New Hampshire.\\nSome years ago, I made an experiment with a view of settling a\\ndisputed point relative to the best portion of a potato to plant in\\nreference to its size, and the productiveness of its yield. As the\\nexact result had been mislaid, or lost, and as I have often since heard\\nand read assertions directly contrary to the conclusions I arrived at, I\\nresolved to repeat the experiment.\\nAccordingly, last spring, I planted four rows of equal length, side\\nby side, with two varieties of potatoes. In one row, I planted only\\nthe seed ends, so called, or those containing the most eyes, which\\nincluded about a third of the bulk of the tubers, and in the next row,\\nthe stem ends, the parts of the tubers which were connected with\\nthe roots. The two varieties were the Pinkeyes and the Peach-\\nblows.\\nThe yield of the four rows was as follows\\nPound*\\nPink-eyes, stem ends, 217\\nPink-eyes, seed ends, I70f\\nPeach blows, stem ends, 225\\nPeach blows, seed ends, 189\\nThe potatoes raised from the stem ends were much larger than\\nthose from the others, and appeared to be from a week to ten\\ndays earlier. The result corresponded with that of my former ex-\\nperiment and had the whole field been planted with the stem ends,\\nthe additional yield would have been more than 50 bushels to the\\nacre.\\nI also planted two rows next to those named above, one with large\\npotatoes, half a tuber to each hill, cut lengthwise, so as to divide the\\neyes of the tubers as nearly equal as possible, and in the other row,\\nsmall uncut potatoes, one to each hill. From the former, I dug 181f\\npounds, and from the latter 134\u00c2\u00a3 pounds. I would add that the\\naverage yield of the field was about 180 pounds to the row, and that\\nlarge-sized potatoes were generally used for seed, cut lengthwise, with\\nhalf a tuber to each hill.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 219\\nStatement of D. K. Stillman, of Alfred centre, Alleghany county, New\\nYork.\\nPotatoes have not been extensively cultivated here, of late, in con-\\nsequence of the rot. The variety most raised is known in this\\nregion as the Lake Erie, a red potato of not very good quality,\\nbut preferred, on account of its hardiness. Potatoes are planted\\nhere in April or May, in deep-tilled soil, with but little manure, as,\\nin rich ground, they are considered more liable to injury from disease.\\nThe maximum yield is about 200 bushels to the acre average, 100\\nbushels; and 40 bushels are as few as will pay expense of cultivation.\\nThe usual price of potatoes here is 50 cents a bushel cost of pro-\\nduction, 25 cents. Transportation to New York, 25 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Gershom Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, Neio York.\\nThe common potato is raised here in large quantities, and to the\\nbest advantage on a dry, warm soil but upon a wet, tenacious one,\\nof late years, it has been considerably destroyed by the rot, or\\nblight. This disease is now, however, diminishing in its ap-\\npearance. Our old sorts, the Meshannocks (Mercers) and the\\nBlues were so much affected by it, that they were often left in the\\nground undug. The Early Pines and several other new varie-\\nties, when planted on a dry soil and sparingly manured, do not suffer\\nmuch by the blight.\\nThe yield is about 100 bushels to the acre but I could easily in-\\norease it, by high manuring, to 150 or 200 bushels, were it not for\\nthe fear of inducing the rot.\\nStatement of John P. Haller, of Lima, Allen county, Ohio.\\nPotatoes, in this county, had not been much affected by the rot*\\n:efore last season. They do best on new ground. The average yield\\n,-er acre is about 150 bushels, worth 40 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of W. D. Lindsley, of Sandusky city, Erie county, Ohio,\\nIn April last, I received through the Patent Office, a parcel of\\nFluke potatoes, from England, which I planted in six hills, in a\\nrich sandy soil, well adapted to the growth of this esculent. They\\ngrew well, and ripened, by the 10th of July, retaining their original\\nform, and were excellent in quality. Near these, I planted two rows\\nof the Meshannock (Mercer) potato, but the yield of the Flukes\\nwas vastly greater, being entirely free from the rot, while full\\none-fourth of the Meshannocks were destroyed by that disease, and\\ndid not ripen till three weeks later.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "220 AGRICULTURAL RETORT.\\nStatement of William H. Goudy, of Buteville, Marion county,\\nOregon Territory.\\nPotatoes, with us, are extensively cultivated to feed to hogs. They\\nare cooked and mixed with wheat that has been chopped. So far\\nas I have tried them, I consider 2 bushels of potatoes equal to one of\\nwheat for this purpose. A bushel of cooked potatoes, with a bushel\\nof chopped wheat, is worth more than 2 bushels of wheat fed dry,\\nafter the manner some feed it in this county.\\nThe mode of cultivating potatoes is to plough a well-manured\\npiece of land in March, or as early in the season as the weather will\\nadmit, and let it remain until the 20th of April then harrow it\\nwell, and plough again very deep, after which, lay it off in rows 3$\\nfeet apart, dropping the potatoes in hills 2 or 2| feet asunder, cover-\\ning them with a hoe about as deep as corn. As soon as they\\nare up, so that we can hoe them, we draw the dirt to them. When\\nthey are large enough, we plough and hoe again, drawing some earth\\nto them, but do not hill up very high. We afterward plough and\\nhoe again, to keep down the weeds. Some farmers take a pair of\\nhorses and plough, running one furrow on each side of the row,\\nand another in the row under the potatoes, turning them out on the\\ntop. One man and two horses, with four hands to follow him, in\\nthis way, will dig about 300 bushels a day. The stock-hogs are then\\nturned into the field to gather what are left. The average yield is\\n800 bushels to the acre on upland. Bottom land will yield from 400\\nto 700 bushels to the acre.\\n/Statement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nPotatoes, in this section, are one of our most profitable crops.\\nSeveral varieties are cultivated. The Mercer, the Pinkeye,\\nthe Galena, and the Long Reds, are the principal. Of the\\nReds, the average crop is 230 bushels to the acre. The other varie-\\nties yield about 160 bushels.\\nStatement ofD. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver comity, Pennsylvania.\\nSince the occurrence of the potato disease, in this section, the yield\\nhas been quite uncertain. In some cases, from one-fourth to one-half\\nhas been lost, and in a few instances, the entire crop. The average\\nyield is from 100 to 150 bushels to the acre.\\nThe cost of raising an acre of potatoes is about $16; the price in\\nthe field, from 20 to 25 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of Richard Lechnor, of Stoucliburg, Berks county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThe potato has been extensively cultivated in this county, especially\\nwithin the last few years. The most prolific and profitable varieties", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 221\\nare the Pinkeyes and the Mercers. The latter find the most\\nready sale in market, although the Pinkeyes are the most prolific.\\nThe yield, the last season, was enormous, being from 200 to 300\\nbushels to the acre.\\nOur system of preparing the ground is as follows: A clover or\\nTimothy sward is selected, the same as would be applicable to the\\nculture of corn, and covered with a coat of manure at the rate of 8\\nloads to an acre. The tubers are planted in the furrows late in\\nApril at the time of ploughing, covered with as much manure\\nas possible, which is raked over them, and the sod or furrow-slice\\nturned upon them, so as to cover them to a depth of 4 or 5 inches.\\nA week after planting, the land is well harrowed, after which, the\\nculture is about the same as that of Indian corn.\\nStatement of George M. Wasson, of Cedar Springs, Clinton county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nPotatoes, with ns, would be a remunerative crop, at from 40 to 50\\ncents a bushel, were it not for the rot, which makes its appearance\\nannually. In the summer of 1853, I cultivated two fields, one upon\\nland, considerably elevated, say 400 feet. The other, I manured\\nand planted both lots in the same manner, about the 10th of May.\\nThe yield was good in both cases, being about 400 bushels to the\\nacre. The tubers were very large and beautiful.\\nThe varieties cultivated were the Pinkeyes, Large Round\\nBlues, and the Long Johns. Out of those grown upon the low\\nground, 5 per cent, were affected with the rot, while those upon the\\nupland were all good.\\nStatement of Nathaniel Green, near Middletown, Newport county,\\nRhode Island.\\nThe potato, formerly, was one of our most valued crops, and was\\nextensively cultivated but, for some years past, it has been but little\\nplanted on the south part of the island, owing to its liability to rot.\\nOn the north part, however, where the soil is warm and rather sandy,\\nand where the water passes from the top of the ground soon after it\\nfalls, it is somewhat extensively cultivated. It is principally ma-\\nnured with menhaden fish, mixed with soil or sand, and applied in the\\nhill.\\nThe Shenangos, though an early sort, are very liable to rot.\\nThe Boston Whites are considered the least liable to the disease,\\nare early, good flavored, and yield well. The Dover, a light-red\\npotato, is much esteemed for the table, but is considerably affected by\\nthe rot, although it yields tolerably well. The best preventive of\\nthis disease is to plant as early in the season as the ground will ad-\\nmit, on warm dry land, manured with fish or horse dung put in the\\nhill, which will bring the crop to maturity before the blast, or\\nrot, strikes. The disease, with us, for the last two years, has greatly\\ndiminished. The yield is from 100 to 200 bushels to the acre.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "222 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe price ot early potatoes is from $1 to $1 50 a bushel. Ordinary-\\nvarieties are worth 60 cents a bushel.\\nStatement of James E. Kendall, of Poplar Grove, Kanawha county,\\nVirginia.\\nPotatoes are pretty generally cultivated in this county, and produce\\nfine crops, especially when planted on new lands. Our soil is admi-\\nrably adapted to raising sweet potatoes, which produce from 300 to\\n400 bushels to the acre, without extra culture.\\nSWEET POTATOES.\\nCULTIVATION AND MANAGEMENT.\\nBY HENRY J. DEAVER, OF MOUNT HOPE, MORGAN COUNTY, OHIO.\\nThe sweet potato is here considered to be almost as indispensable\\nas the common sort. My hot-bed, last year, was 60 feet long by 10\\nfeet wide. I design the next spring to enlarge it three-fold. My\\nmode is to place logs on a sloping piece of ground, say 10 or 12 feet\\napart. I then drive small stakes, or pegs, in rows 3 feet apart, and 8\\ninches high. The object is to have not more than V or 8 inches depth\\nof manure, which should be fresh horse-dung, a mixture of hay,\\nstraw, corn-fodder, c, trampled down level with the top of the\\npegs. I then put a coat of loam, 3 inches deep, upon the top of the\\nmanure, which answers for the dressing the subsequent year. I then\\nplace my tubers on, cover them from 2 to 3 inches deep, and then lay\\non boards, so as to keep them effectually covered from rain or cold\\nuntil the plants are up. During the day, I let them have the sun,\\nuntil I am sure they cannot be injured by frost. I sometimes water\\nthem, but not before the heat has somewhat subsided in the bed,\\nwhich I ascertain by putting my forefinger through the covering. A\\nvery little warmth from beneatn is sufficient there is more to be ap-\\nprehended from too much heat than too little. Some place a covering\\nof saw-dust on top of the bed but this is entirely unnecessary. In\\nthis latitude, the beds should be made as early as the 10th or 20th\\nof April. The plants will be ready for drawing, from the 8th to the\\n20th of May.\\nI select ground, for growing the tubers, that will produce good\\ncorn. To manure just before planting will cause the plants to run to\\nvines. Good loam, with or without sand, such as we call second\\nyear s land, lying to the sun, yields best. It need not necessarily\\nbe sandy, to produce the greatest yield on the contrary, good loamy\\nland produces tubers of the best flavor. I plough the ground well,\\nwhen dry, and harrow thoroughly. It would even be better to cross-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "BREAD CROPS. 228\\nplough it. Then, I throw two moles together, about 4 feet apart,\\nand see that the ground is well pulverised, in order that the list\\nmay be clear from clods, sods, and trash, and that the land is in the\\nbest order to receive the plants. The time for transplanting is when\\nthe ground is what we call dry. The mode of planting is to make a\\nhole with the hand, or otherwise, of the proper depth to receive the\\nyoung plant and, when it is placed in the hole, I pour in half a gill\\nof water, so that the earth may settle round the fibrous roots then,\\nI draw the dry earth around the plant, and compress it a little with\\na hoe. In less than twenty-four hours, the plant will be as vigorous\\nas though it had never been removed. On good land, the distance\\nof the plants apart should be from 18 to 20 inches for thin land, 15\\ninches will be sufficient. The yield, in this section, is from 100 to 150\\nbushels to the acre. I should state that the plants require to be hoed\\nabout as much as corn. The vines should be thrown on the ridges,\\nout of the way, while dressing. In digging, I use a large, long, Hat,\\nthree-tined dung-fork, to throw the tubers out of the ground. When\\ndug, I spread them to dry and wilt somewhat, preparatory to putting\\nthem up for winter, which requires much care. My place of keeping\\nis a cellar-kitchen. I pack them in boxes of dry sand, placing a\\nscantling upon the floor for the boxes to rest upon. I keep the sand\\nfrom year to year, and sometimes have it kiln-dried.\\nThe price of sweet potatoes here is from 62\u00c2\u00a3 to 75 cents per bushel.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of C. S. Gr. Clifton, of Green county, 3Iississippi.\\nSweet potatoes are extensively raised in all parte of this county.\\nOur gardens embrace the common variety, but there has not been so\\nmuch attention paid to the subject as the demand for this article\\nrequires.\\nThe tubers command from 30 to 40 cents a bushel.\\nYAMS.\\nTHE CHINESE YAM.\\nThis new esculent, it will be recollected, was first introduced into\\nthis country by the Patent Office, in the early part of 1855, and is\\ndescribed and treated of at length in the Agricultural Report for the\\nyear 1854. The form in which it was introduced was in small tubers\\nabout the size of peas, that had been propagated in France the year", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "224 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nprevious, by covering the vines with earth, and severing them near the\\nangles of each pair of leaves, after they had taken root. The result\\nof its growth, in this country, the last season, was, that the vines and\\ntubers were generally so small that most of those who experimented\\nwith it were disappointed in their expectations, and consequently\\nabandoned it as a worthless product but others, who better under-\\nstood the nature of its growth, preserved the roots for a second plant-\\ning, and will probably patiently await the result.\\nWhen cultivated in a deep, rich, loose soil, the small tubers, after\\nthe first year, will penetrate the earth perpendicularly to a depth of\\ntwo or more feet, and will continue to increase in size from year to\\nyear, without becoming woody, like those of the parsnip and many\\nother plants after the first season s growth. They may be planted in\\nthe spring, in the open air, as soon as the season is sufficiently ad-\\nvanced to be free from danger by frost, and may be cultivated some-\\nwhat after the manner of the sweet potato, or yam, of the South, ex-\\ncept that they should remain undisturbed in the ground from one\\nyear to another, until they are ready for market or use. In the\\ncolder portions of the Middle and Northern sections of the Union, it\\nwould be well to protect them from frost during the winter, by cover-\\ning the ground with a bed of spruce boughs, leaves, or straw, which\\nshould be removed as early in the spring as circumstances may require.\\nWhen fully matured and cooked, the Chinese yam is dry and fari-\\nnaceous, much resembling in taste and appearance the common po-\\ntato, and is more agreeable to the palate than the ordinary yam.\\nConsidering its property of persisting in the ground for several years\\nwithout deterioration, being in readiness for the kitchen at all times,\\nand all seasons, after the first year s growth, it cannot fail to prove an\\nexcellent substitute both for the sweet and the common potato in all\\nlocalities where it will thrive. D. j. b.\\nCONDENSED COERESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of W. D. Brackenridge, of Govanstoivn, Baltimore county,\\nMaryland,\\nThe two small tubers of the Chinese yam, (Dioscorea batatas.)\\nwhich I received from the Patent Office, last spring, I started in a\\nhot-bed, and planted them about the middle of May in a deep-yellow,\\nloamy soil. In November, I dug up the roots, and found two of them\\nver 2 feet in length and 4 inches in circumference.\\nThis spring, I intend to plant these roots, and the small tubers\\npropagated from the stems, and allow them to remain in the ground\\nduring next winter, as I think, in the second year, they will attain a\\nlarge size by being protected from the frost.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "BREAD *CROPS. 225\\nStatement of D. Boll, of the city of New York.\\nSome small pieces of the Chinese yam, which had heen left\\nover my spring sales, last year, I started in pots, and planted them\\nout in the ground about the middle of June. During the summer, I\\nused most of the vines for cuttings, to increase my stock, (of which\\nevery pair of leaves will produce a bulb,) and dug them in the begin-\\nning of October, to exhibit at the Fair of the American Institute, at\\nthe Crystal Palace. Such as had not been disturbed by cutting the\\nvines, had grown to the length of 2 feet, and the lower end, which is\\nalways the largest, was about 3 inches in diameter, and weighed up-\\nwards of 2 pounds.\\nI left a few roots in the ground all winter, and dug them in April\\nof the present spring (1856.) The severe winter did not affect them.\\nThey were in as fine condition as those dug in October, and were\\nbeginning to vegetate. If left in the ground 18 months, they will\\nincrease much more in proportion, and improve in quality. Those\\ndug last fall kept well, none rotting nor sprouting before they were\\nplanted.\\nI had one cooked plainly, in water, with a little salt. The flavor\\nwas like that of a fine Kidney potato, and the yam was very white\\nand delicious. I think it will prove a useful and profitable vegetable.\\nTHE COMMON YAM.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John B. C. Gazzo, of La Four che parish, Louisiana.\\nThe common yam (Dioscorea alata) grows very large here, the\\nroots sometimes weighing over 35 pounds. It is propagated by\\nplanting pieces of the roots containing a portion of the rind, or skin,\\nany part of which will germinate. It is commonly planted in March,\\nand harvested in November.\\nThis root is of a delicate flavor, and is highly nutritious. It is\\nprepared for the table by roasting or boiling, being more highly es-\\nteemed than the common potato, to which, in taste, it has some re-\\nsemblance.\\n15", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "226 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nTEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS,\\nCOTTON.\\nHISTORY AND RESULTS OF THE CULTURE OF COTTON\\nIN BRITISH INDIA.\\nSeeing that cotton is one of the indigenous products of India, and\\none which has been so long cultivated in the country for the uses of\\nits inhabitants, it strikes one as extraordinary to hear India frequently\\nadduced as a country incapable of producing the finer kinds of cot-\\nton. The thought, thus expressed by an intelligent English writer,\\nhas so long occupied the attention of the British public, that the ef-\\nforts of the government and people to induce the cultivation of cotton\\nof fine quality into India, have been continuous, though attended\\nwith partial success, from the year 1788 to the present time. At that\\nperiod, the most elaborate investigations were made of the condition\\nof the culture there, and instructions were imparted to the planters.\\nSoon after, seeds of approved kinds were obtained from other coun-\\ntries and distributed government plantations were established\\nmachinery for cleaning and packing the fibre was introduced and\\nbounties were offered for the successful culture of exotic varieties.\\nSubsequently, societies were organised in India, as well as in Eng-\\nland, for the promotion of the object, and American overseers were\\nemployed to give practical instruction in regard to the culture.\\nThese experiments were persisted in, until the year 1809, when the\\nprospect of a rupture between the United States and Great Britain\\nsuggested such extraordinary efforts as induced an exportation to\\nEngland from India of 30,000,000 pounds of cotton but the inter-\\ncourse with this country having been resumed, in 1810, sales were\\neffected of only one-half of this large importation, in obedience to a\\nlaw which has ever since prevailed, to the effect that the cotton of\\nIndia is only purchased and manufactured to any considerable extent\\nwhen the superior varieties from the United States and elsewhere\\ncannot be obtained, the important exceptions being only a few first\\ncrops derived from newly introduced seeds. The theory upon which\\nthis is sometimes explained is, that such varieties degenerate in con-\\nsequence of the unavoidable cross-fecundation with the native sorts\\nbut it is more generally believed that this cause could not prove so\\nuniform in its results, and that there must be some cases in which,\\nin isolated situations, the exotic kinds would be protected from such\\ninfluences. At all events, notwithstanding the efforts that have been\\nmade during the fifteen years ending with 1855, while the importa-\\ntion of cotton into Great Britain from the United States was about\\n8,800,000,000 pounds, that from India was lees than 1,500,000,000\\npounds, or in the ratio of about 6 to 1, as may be seen by reference\\nto a statement made to Congress by the Secretary of State, dated May", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 227\\n30th j 1856. The value of these importations is not therein given\\nhut in this particular the disparity would be found far greater.\\nIn the attempts to improve the product of Indian cotton, not only\\nhas strict attention been paid to the peculiarities of the soil and cli-\\nmate of every latitude and altitude hut the best varieties of Ameri-\\ncan seeds have been from time to time sent thither and cultivated in\\nstrict conformity with the modes pursued in the United States. In\\nthe earlier experiments, the Bourbon cotton was mainly relied upon.\\nFailing in the more fertile regions of Bengal, the elevated, drier and\\nlighter soil of Coromandel, which lie between the 10th and 20th de-\\ngrees of north latitude, was tried. Here the plant grew to a great size,\\nbut yielded little cotton, and its cultivation was soon relinquished.\\nIn 1829, the local government of Bengal placed at the disposal of\\na Society, to be given in premiums, the sum of $10,000 but this\\nwas unfortunately lost by the failure of an agency house. They at\\nthe same time authorised the establishment of an experimental farm,\\nat an annual expense of $5,000, exclusive of rent, and appropriated\\n$2,250 for buildings and stock for the first year. In the following\\nJune, there were received there a supply of cotton seeds of the Up-\\nland Georgia, Sea Island and Demarara varieties, which,\\ntogether with Captain Basil Hall s account of the culture of cotton in\\nAmerica, were presented to the Society by the Court of Directors of\\nthe East India Company. A farm at Akra, eight miles south from\\nCalcutta, in latitude 22\u00c2\u00b0 15 N., comprising 166 acres, was taken, and\\nactive measures commenced in October, 1830 but, after the exer-\\ntion of efforts deserving success, they did not arrive at favorable\\nresults, and the projectors of the enterprise were compelled to abandon\\nit, in 1833.\\nIt is proper here to remark that the committee in charge of this\\nundertaking attributed their failure to many causes, but that the list\\ndid not include any presumed incompatibility of soil and climate.\\nThe enterprise was not resumed, however, and the real cause of fail-\\nure was not demonstrated still, it may interest the American cotton-\\ngrower to know what these alleged disadvantages were The first was\\nbad seed, and, if real, was radical enough the second, error in the\\ntime of planting the third, unsuitableness in the quality of the partic-\\nular tract of land, which was in some places too rich, and in others too\\nsalt unceasing blooming being the result; the fourth, a broadcast\\nmode of planting and shallow digging; the fifth, a severe hail-storm,\\nwhich, in 1832, destroyed everything but the lower parts of the stalks\\nand roots of the plants but as these bore promising crops, in 1833,\\nthe committee were in hopes that an improved mode of cultivating\\nforeign varieties was thus suggested, and that a perennial plant had\\nbeen obtained.\\nIn the district of Dacca, in about latitude 24\u00c2\u00b0 N., which, before the\\nrise of the cotton culture in the United States, had acquired a reputa-\\ntion both for its fibre and its muslins, high hopes were entertained of\\nsuccessful results. The opinion was expressed by the British com-\\nmissioner of that district, that there was nothing else to which the\\nsoil was so well suited as to cotton. In 1843, Mr. Price, a gentle-\\nman practically acquainted with the culture of cotton in America, was", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "228 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nappointed to conduct a series of experiments and it is stated that lie\\nwas indefatigable in his endeavors to visit frequently all parts of the\\ndistrict. He soon induced some of the indigo planters and others to\\nintroduce the American seed on their plantations, and the govern-\\nment authorised advances to he made to such ryots, or permanent\\ntenants of farms, as were willing to cultivate it, and engaged to pur-\\nchase all the cotton they should grow and an experimental farm was\\nalso placed under the personal supervision of Mr. Price himself. The\\nresult, however, proved a total failure yet, it is added, as the\\nAmerican plant, in some instances, grew and bore flowers, not for a\\nshort time only, but for months together, we cannot help thinking that\\nthere was something incompatible in the soils selected, or in the\\nmethods of culture adopted. Several causes of failure are given in\\nthis instance, also, and a most commendable purpose of persistence is\\nstill expressed.\\nThe destruction by insects, as described, would of itself be sufficient\\nto account for at least the unprofitableness of the effort. It is re-\\nmarked that the indigenous cotton, being hardier and more hairy,\\nis less attacked by insects. Mr. Price experimented with the Bour-\\nbon cotton, also, which, like the other varieties, was of too rank a\\ngrowth, from o to 4 feet in height being attained by it, as well as by\\nthe others, in a very short time. He at length arrived at the conclu-\\nsion that the improvement of the cotton-culture of that region could\\nbe best effected by giving due attention to the native varieties.\\nIn Rungpoor, latitude 26\u00c2\u00b0 55 N., the natives had made experi-\\nments with Mexican seed, prior to 1844, and thought it better than\\ntheir own varieties but it was greatly injured by the depredations of\\ninsects. The same year, Mr. Terry, another American, commenced\\na series of experiments there, but bad health compelled him to desist.\\nThe above experiments, and the over-luxuriance of the fields of\\nSouthern India should have admonished the cultivators of cotton to\\nseek more favorable localities and this thought was suggested to the\\nminds of many who had known that, when the cotton manufactures\\nof Bengal were in high repute, much of the raw material was con-\\nveyed thence from the regions of the north-west yet, notwithstand-\\ning this, we find that the marked and decided effort made by the\\nBritish government, in 1840, was directed towards Bengal, as well as\\nto higher regions. It was then that Captain Bayles, who had been\\nsent to the United States for the purpose, returned to India, accom-\\npanied by ten Americans, well skilled in cotton-growing, with seeds,\\nploughs, gins, presses, and other tools. Three of these persons were\\nsent to Madras, three to Bombay, and four, with Captain Bayles, to\\nthe Bengal Presidency. The latter four were located near each other\\non the Jumna. Subsequently, however, one of them attempt 1 a\\nmodel farm at Agra, a second went to Groruckpoor, and a third to\\nRungpoor, while Mr. Price was at Dacca. Experiments were thus\\nin progress on eight farms on different parts of a line about 800 miles\\nin length. Captain Bayles remained at Humeerpoor, a central situa-\\ntion.\\nIn the first reports of these eight planters, dated in November,\\n1840, they complained of some disadvantages, but expressed the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 229\\nopinion that cotton could he c produced, in abundance, and that\\nthere is no question that the soil is excellently suited for cotton.\\nThe first season, however, was dry and unproductive, and the only\\nsatisfactory part of the experiment was the establishment of the fact\\nthat the indigenous varieties of India could be improved by the\\nadoption of the American mode of cultivation. It is said that those\\nof them, which were experimented upon, continued green and bearing\\nbolls when the fields cultivated by the natives were dried up and\\nbarren.\\nIn Bundlecund and the Doab, in about latitude 25\u00c2\u00b0 N., the experi-\\nments which were made led to the conclusion that irrigation alone,\\nwas needed to insure success but there are few situations in which\\nirrigation by artificial means has enabled the tillers of the soil to\\ncompete with those whom heaven has favored with abundant showers.\\nIn the subsequent efforts of these American culturists, with Mexican\\nseed, and the indigenous cotton, they were subjected to disappoint-\\nments as grievous as the first, and it was concluded that neither\\nland, nor money, nor the zeal of men, nor the labor of cattle, will\\nsuffice, unless the elements are favorable. One of them stated in\\nhis report that Bundlecund is and always will be too dry ever to\\nproduce cotton to advantage and tbat the seasons in this part of\\nIndia are too short, even if they were more favorable. Another\\nreports: The grand characteristic of this country appears to be a\\nflood, a drought; the latter greatly predominating. They still\\nthought, however, that Rohilkund or G-oruckpoor might answer and\\nthey accordingly made tours through the Doab, through G-oruckpoor\\nand its adjoining districts, through the country in the Sangor and\\nNerbudda territories, and toward Agra in the north-west. In the\\nlatter region, one of them established a model farm, in 1843, and fa-\\ncilities were afforded to the neighboring ryots to enable them to\\ncultivate cotton upon their respective farms. But the whole experi-\\nment proved a failure. The crops were ruined both by drought and\\nfloods. In 1846, a decided effort was made in this same locality to\\nimprove the native cotton and adapt it to the English market by im-\\nproved mode3 of cleaning but the shortness of its staple rendered it\\nunacceptable to the Manchester spinners, and the enterprise tailed.\\nIn 1843 and 1844, ample experiments were made at Goruckpoor,\\nby Mr. Blount, one of the Americans, heretofore alluded to, who, in\\nthe first year, attributed his failure to various causes, such as the\\nlateness of the season, the depredations of cattle, precocious matu-\\nring, the ravages of the caterpillar, c. In the second year, success\\nwas despaired~of at the end of September but, strangely enough,\\nthere was a subsequent improvement, and a small crop of fair cotton\\nwas produced. The experiment nevertheless was abandoned as fu-\\ntile, although there were many who thought this partial success\\nshould have induced further efforts.\\nIt has been herein stated that the attention of the British govern-\\nment was directed to this subject, in 1788, but the first actual experi-\\nments by the English were made at Madras, in 1790, Avhen Dr. An-\\nderson was engaged in distributing Mauritius and Brown Malta\\nseeds in different parts of the Peninsula. It is stated that Dr. Box-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "230 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nburgh had even then ascertained that the dry and less fertile soil of\\nCoromandel was better suited than that of Bengal to the Bourbon\\ncotton. In 1813, Mr. Metcalfe arrived with American cleaning ma-\\nchines at Tinnivelly, the district in which, by careful culture, a Mr.\\nHughes had succeeded in producing good Bourbon cotton. In 1819,\\nthe Madras government determined on establishing a cotton farm of\\n400 acres, under the care of the Commercial Kesident in each of the\\nfour districts of Tinnivelly, Coimbatore, Masulipatam, and Vizagapa-\\ntam. Mr. Heath, who held the above office in Salem and Coimba-\\ntore, succeeded by observing the directions of Mr. Hughes. Under\\nhis culture, cotton came to perfection 150 miles from the sea and,\\nin the season of 1823-4, he obtained in Coimbatore 500 bales of clean\\nBourbon cotton, making an average of 233 pounds to the acre. The\\nresult of this experiment demonstrated that, at least in peculiarly fa-\\nvorable circumstances, cotton of a fair quality may be produced in\\nthis locality but, that profit may be derived from its culture, even\\nunder these circumstances, has not been made to appear by any re-\\ncorded facts.\\nIn conclusion, it may be inferred, as on a former occasion, that it\\nis not the British government, the supply of funds, nor the employ-\\nment of imported agents and improved machinery, that will ever pro-\\nfitably produce cotton in India. Aside from the obstacles in her cli-\\nmate, she is not a conquered country. Asiatic princes have given\\nway before British soldiers, but the governed, at heart, remain what\\nthey were. Directors and capitalists may patronise, men of science\\nmay suggest, and culturists may execute, but all in vain. D. J. B.\\nACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE COTTON PLANT.\\nBY TOWNEND GLOVER.\\nCotton, like many other plants, is subject to diseases, caused prin-\\ncipally by accidents, the defects of the soil in which it grows, the de-\\npredations of insects, and the effects of the weather. Those which\\nare the most fatal may be described as follows:\\nSORE-SHIN.\\nOne of the diseases to which the cotton-plant is subject, commonly\\nknown among planters as the sore-shin, is sometimes occasioned\\nby a careless stroke of the hoe, scraping the outer bark from the\\nstem while the plant is yet young and tender. The sap being ar-\\nrested by the wound, that part of the main stem above the injury\\ndwindles away, becoming both weak and brittle. Although the re-\\ngenerative powers of the plant may afterwards produce new bark\\nfrom the sides of the wound, and the injury heal up leaving only a", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 231\\nlarger or smaller cicatrix, or scar, according to the extent of the\\nwound received, the stem eventually becoming so attenuated and\\nweak, as frequently to break off at or above the place where the\\nwound was first made.\\nThe preventive of this disease would be, to take great care when\\nhoeing, not to bruise nor injure the young plant, as, when the growth\\nis once stopped by an accidental bruise, or abrasion of the bark, the\\nplant, if not broken down by storms, or the weight of its own top fo-\\nliage, will always appear stunted or weak.\\nThere is also said to be another species of sore-shin, to which the\\nyoung cotton-plant is liable, differing entirely from that occasioned\\nby careless hoeing, the cause of which is attributed by many to cold,\\ncutting winds, when the plant is very young. Others, however, as-\\nsert that, when a high wind shakes the tender plant, the main stem\\nis so much bent and twisted, that the sap-vessels are upturned, and a\\nserious injury occurs but the wound is sometimes healed, and if the\\ncotton grows vigorously afterwards, it apparently outgrows the shock.\\nFEENCHING.\\nIn certain portions of the plantations, in many parts of Florida,\\nindividual plants grow with white or variegated leaves. This pecu-\\nliarity is termed Frenching but, as I observed only a few\\nthus marked, it may, perhaj s, be only a sport of nature, similar\\nto the variegated leaves of cultivated plants of our gardens. In-\\ndian corn, however, is subject to French; and, in this case, the\\ndisease has been attributed to some imperfection of the soil to im-\\nproper use of manures, as well as to various other causes. Be this\\nas it may, it appears as if only certain spots, varying in area in the\\nsame field, are attacked, sometimes in succession, year after year,\\nwhile the remainder of the crop is perfectly healthy and good.\\nWhen corn is thus Frenched on what are termed Frenched lands,\\nit grows light-colored, sometimes almost white, or striped, and bears\\nno crop. Until this Frenched land has been thoroughly and pro-\\nperly analysed, it would be useless to say anything more on a subject\\nso little understood and I merely mention this disease here to invite\\npublic attention to it, and to induce practical farmers to experiment,\\nin order to find out the cause, and, should one be discovered, to sug-\\ngest some remedy for its removal.\\nTHE EFFECTS OF A BAD SUB- SOIL.\\nWhen on the plantation of Major Haywood, of Tallahassee, in\\nFlorida, in the month of August, several very fine, and apparently\\nhealthy cotton-plants, from 4 to 5 feet in height, covered with forms\\nand bolls, were observed to be dying suddenly, in certain spots, the\\nleaves being withered, as if the damage had been done within twenty-\\nfour hours. Such plants eventually died and, on taking them up,\\nno worm, insect, nor injury, either external or internal, could be\\ndiscovered and the only conclusion that could be drawn was, that\\nsome of the roots had suddenly penetrated into a soil totally unfitted\\nfor, and evidently deleterious to, the life of the plant. What rcn-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "232 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ndered it the more singular was, the fact that other cotton-plants were\\ngrowing most luxuriantly within one or two feet of that which was\\nstricken.\\nTHE RUST.\\nThe cotton-plant is also subject to a disease called the rust. The\\nleaves, when first attacked, appear rather yellower than the rest,\\nwith red spots on the surface, and often, margined with the same red\\ncolor. These leaves then turn yellower and redder every day, until\\nthe plant assumes a bright-red or almost a carmine appearance, when,\\nfinally, the whole of the foliage turns more of a brown color and falls\\nto the earth. When the disease attacks the boll, it assumes a differ-\\nent appearance, and is termed the red or black rust, as the\\ncase may be. The cotton, in such bolls as have been attacked by\\nthe black rust, and the bolls themselves, shrivel up, and turn dark-\\ncolored, as if they had been severely blighted or mildewed, and are\\ntotally valueless.\\nThis disease has been attributed to leaving pokeberry plants\\nin the field. But this, I have never observed, and suppose the as-\\nsumption to be on the same principle that the mildew on wheat was\\nformerly attributed to the influence of the berberry bush. Others\\nstate that rust is owing to an undue proportion of lime in the earth,\\nand that it is no doubt caused by some organic or inorganic imperfec-\\ntion of the soil in which it is grown but, until such soil shall have\\nbeen thoroughly analysed, and its component parts correctly ascer-\\ntained, nothing certain can be known about it. There is also another\\ntheory in regard to the subject of the rust: that it is entirely owing\\nto atmospheric changes, and not to the soil. Experiments, however,\\nought to be instituted to find out the real cause, and the result made\\nknown, as the disease has done, and is at present doing, much injury\\nto the crops of the South. Salt, sown at the rate of half a bushel to\\nthe acre among cotton, is stated to be a certain preventive of the rust,\\nand to restore the plant to its former vigor but several planters\\nwhom I have spoken to on the subject, deny the fact, and say that\\nsalt had no effect whatever.\\nThere is also another species of rust caused by an acarus, which\\nwill be found described on a preceding page.\\nSHEDDING OF YOUNG BUDS, OR BOLLS, CAUSED BY WET WEATHER.\\nWhen the cotton-blooms, or flowers, are exposed to the heavy and\\nbeating rains of a Southern climate, especially between the hours of\\nten and two, as they are opening, or have already opened, it fre-\\nquently happens that such blooms prove barren. The outer calyx\\nturns yellow, and eventually the unfertilised flower and immature\\nboll fall to the ground, the seeds turn brown, and the fibre of the*\\ncotton is worthless. This is generally attributed to the heavy drops\\nof rain washing away the pollen which should have impregnated the\\npistil the embryo seed-vessel, of course, never matures, but dries up\\nand perishes. Bees, wasps, and insects in general, are Nature s agents\\nin distributing the pollen, or fertilising dust. As they fly from\\nflower to flower, small particles of this dust adhere to some part", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AXD FORAGE CROPS. 233\\nof their bodies or limbs, with which they impregnate the next flower\\nwhile in search of honey or more dust.\\nSometimes the pistil and stamens of a cotton-bloom are found eaten\\nin such a manner as to distort them. This injury is often caused by\\nthe very young boll-worm, which, penetrating the young flower-bud\\nby a hole through the outer calyx, where the egg was laid, alter eat-\\ning several of the enclosed stamens and anthers, and injuring one\\nside of the pistil, bores into the embryo boll, before it is shed. I have\\nreared several caterpillars found in such situations, and proved them\\nto be the true boll-worm. Moreover, I have found the hatched shell\\nof the egg on the outer calyx, and traced the caterpillar s track\\nthrough the petals to the stamens, and finally to the boll itself. I\\nwill not, however, enlarge on this subject here, but refer to the article\\non The Boll-worm, in a former part of this Report.\\nTHE ROT.\\nThe rot has been attributed to a variety of causes, such as\\nchanges in the atmosphere, defects in the soil, the attacks of insects,\\nand to the growth of fungi. Mr. Troup, in the American Farmer,\\ndescribes its appearance with great accuracy. He says: The first\\nindication is seen in a small circular spot on the outside of the boll,\\nexhibiting a darker green than the circumjacent parts as if a glob-\\nule of water had been dropped upon it, and been absorbed. Many\\nof these are frequently seen at the same time on the same boll. They\\nspread themselves, sometimes faster, sometimes slower, as if induced,\\neither by the state of the atmosphere, or condition of the plant,\\nchanging color as they progress, until they assume a dark-brown,\\napproaching to black, and until the whole exterior is in like manner\\naffected or until it receives, from some cause, a sudden check, and\\nthen this appearance is only partial. In the first case, the disease\\nhas penetrated to the centre of the fruit, the fermentation is complete\\nand universal, and is seen in a frothy, white liquid thrown out on the\\nsurface. Putrefaction follows, and the destruction of the seed and\\nimmature wool being finished, nothing is left but the rind, or exte-\\nrior coating of the boll, which, exhausted of its juices, hardens,\\nturns black, and thus terminates the process. In the other case,\\n(that of suddenly checked disease,) the interior of the boll in some\\ninstances remains unhurt in others, it is only partially injured and,\\nin the last case, the pods, remaining unhurt, mature and expand.\\nThis, however, rarely happens, as the disease is wonderfully capri-\\ncious, going and coming unaccountably, attacking at one time with\\nmore, at another with less violence so that the fruit, which escapes\\nentire destruction on the first attack, may fall a victim on the second.\\nNor is this capriciousness justly attributable to the changes in the at-\\nmosphere, as its origin does not seem to have any connection with the\\nweather.\\nIt is very difficult to find out the true cause of this disease, as it\\nsometimes appears in dry as well as in wet years, although it is gen-\\nerally more destructive during rainy seasons. The young bolls arm\\noften found rotted, as well as the half-matured and old, so that the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "234 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nage of the fruit does not appear to have anything to do with it s\\nMany of them may have the interior entirely dried up and destroyed,\\nwhile others will open with only one or two segments rotted, the\\nrest being perfectly healthy, and filled with good white cotton.\\nAs to the theory of a defect in the soil, it has been stated by some\\nplanters that barnyard manure will often produce it but, if this is\\nthe case, it is somewhat singular that it has often been observed that\\none plant may be very badly affected by the rot, while others on each\\nside are perfectly healthy and uninjured, as has often been observed.\\nThis fact appears to show that a great deal depends upon the consti-\\ntution of the plant itself, which may be inherited from its parent, and\\nperhaps a choice of good sound seed, from strong and healthy plants\\nonly, might in time have a great effect in remedying this disease\\nand, as we know that much depends upon the vigor, health, and pro-\\nlific qualities of the parent plant, it might perhaps be well to make\\nexperiments by planting seed of diseased, and sound, healthy plants,\\nin the same situation and soil.\\nThe fungoid growth, found on the old rotted bolls, when they begin\\nto open, may perhaps be regarded more as the result than the cause\\nof the disease. Several insects, it is true, have been found in these\\nrotten bolls, where most probably they had crept for food and shelter,\\nafter the boll had become rotten, while others have been caught in\\nthe very act of piercing the bolls but this subject will be found\\ntreated at greater length under the head of The Boll, and insects\\nfound in or upon it, on a preceding page.\\nWhile on the subject of the rot, it may be well to mention that,\\nthere are three glands on the inside of the outer calyx, at the bottom\\nof the boll, and three on the outside between the ruffle and stalk,\\nwhich secrete and give out a sweet substance, which ants, bees, wasps,\\nand plant-bugs avail themselves of as food. I have seen young bolls,\\napparently healthy, suddenly drop from the plant, and, on being\\ncarefully cut open, showed a wound which had been pierced by the\\ntrunk of some insect, in one of these glands, and that a watery rot\\nhad commenced where the boll had been stung. It was evident that\\nthis rot had been caused by the piercer of some insect unknown, as\\nthe puncture could be traced throughout its length to the heart of the\\nlower part of the injured boll.\\nCHEMICAL RESEARCHER ON THE SEED OF THE\\nCOTTON-PLANT.\\nBY CHARLES T. JACKSON, M. D., OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.\\nIn the course of my geological excursions through the States of\\nNorth Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, I had an opportunity", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 235\\nof becoming somewhat acquainted with the natural history of the\\ncotton-plant, and was much interested in the cultivation of that im-\\nportant crop, as well as in the economical uses of the seeds, which are\\nthrown out in such enormous quantities from the gin-houses,\\nwhere the pure fibre is separated from the bolls. These refuse cotton-\\nseeds are partly saved for planting, but by far the greater mass of\\nthem is allowed to rot, and is then used for manure, in preparing the\\nsoil for the cultivation of Indian corn, as well as for a new cotton-\\ncrop. It appears, however, from my recent inquiries, that cotton-seed\\nmay be profitably employed in the production of a rich, fat oil, and\\nthat the woolly fibre, adhering to the hulls, may be economised in\\nthe manufacture of paper, while the substance of the seeds, or their\\nmeats, after having the oil extracted, maybe employed for feeding\\nanimals and, probably, would also serve as an excellent fertiliser,\\nwhich would operate as a more permanent and efficacious manure\\nthan the more highly stimulating guano, now so extensively used at\\nthe South.\\nThe object of the present paper is to call the attention of Southern\\nplanters and of Northern manufacturers to these new uses to which\\ncotton-seed may be applied, trusting that even this very humble and\\nincomplete essay may attract the attention of more able hands.\\nAny one who has walked over the rich plantations of the Southern\\nStates, at the period of the inflorescence of the cotton-plants, must have\\nbeen struck with the great beauty of the extensive fields, all covered\\nwith rich verdure and beautiful, delicate, blue, pink and white flow-\\ners, appearing like those of the mallows, magnified to the size of\\nsmall hollyhocks, or althres, the flowers not only terminating the\\ndelicate stems, but also putting forth, in many axils of the lateral leaf-\\nstalks while, at a more advanced period, the ripened cotton-bolls are\\nseen bursting with their snowy flocks on the lower part of the stem,\\nand yet the capping flowers still continue to bloom, and to prepare a\\ncontinuous supply of fibre, until the frost finally checks their career,\\nand closes in the harvest, constituting one of the most curious and\\ninteresting of agricultural scenes. The ebony-colored laborers are\\nfor several months employed in picking the cotton-bolls as fast as they\\nripen, and thus the labor is rendered lighter by being so much di-\\nvided. Troops of them, with their baskets of snowy cotton upon their\\nheads, are seen tramping homewards in single file, and keeping time\\nto their merry song.\\nBotanists are uncertain as to the number of distinct species of this\\nplant. De Candolle describes thirteen species, in his Prodromus,\\nand mentions six others, but considers them all uncertain. Swartz\\nthinks they may all be referred to one original species, of which\\nmany varieties have been produced by cultivation, and by the effects\\nof different climates. The plants inhabit different parts of tropical\\nAsia, Africa, and America, and many of them are cultivated for their\\ncotton in climates adapted to their growth. It is believed to be indi-\\ngenous to Asia, as well as to America, but is cultivated in most warm\\ncountries, of both continents. It requires a certain duration of warm\\nweather, as well as an amount of moisture, to perfect its seeds, and, in\\nthe United States, cannot be profitably cultivated north of Virginia.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "236 AGRICULTURAL RETORT.\\nA short time since, I was called upon by Mr. Daniel W. Messer,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0who has taken out a patent for a method of separating the hulls from\\ncotton-seeds, to make a chemical analysis of those deprived of their\\nhulls by his process and machinery. I was pleased to undertake this\\ninvestigation, and have extended my researches much beyond what\\nwas required of me, for the purpose of being able to contribute some-\\nthing towards the agriculture of the Southern States.\\nI am aware of the fact, that cotton-seed oil is now made in New\\nOrleans, but am informed that the yield of the unprepared and woolly\\nseeds is very small, in comparison with that I have been able to ob-\\ntain from those which have been hulled.\\nI know also that Professor Shephard has given an analysis of the\\nashes of unprepared cotton-seed, but I have not been able to find a\\ncopy of his report, so as to compare his results with mine.\\nThe analyses hereafter given were made on hulled seeds, dried at\\n212\u00c2\u00b0 P.\\nMy first analysis was made for the purpose of determining the pro-\\nportion of fixed oil contained in the seed the next was a chemical\\nexamination of the properties and composition of the oil-cake, or\\nwhat remains of the seed after the extraction of the oil the third\\ngives the true elementary constitution of the oil-cake and the fourth,\\nthe nature and proportions of the inorganic principles, or mineral\\nsalts, contained in the ashes of the incinerated oil-cake, and, also, that\\nof the seed before the oil was separated. It will be understood by\\nchemists, that a vast deal of labor has been required to work out all\\nthese results.\\nSejMration of the Oil. In order to separate the fixed oil, pure ether\\nwas employed, and it was found that 100 grains of the dried pulver-\\nised seeds yielded, in one experiment, 39.7, and in another 40 per\\ncent, of pure fatty oil. By pressure, I was able, with a small screw-\\npress, to obtain only 33 per cent, of oil, but I have no doubt a more\\npowerful one would have given a larger yield. The specific gravity\\nof the oil, which I obtained from the etherial solution, was 0.923, wa-\\nter being unity. This, is also, the specific gravity of purified whale-\\noil.\\nCotton-seed oil is stated, by Dr. Wood, to be a drying oil; but that\\nwhich I have obtained does not appear to possess drying properties,\\nserving perfectly well for the lubrication of machinery, and for\\nburning in lamps, as well as for making soap. It will also serve as\\na substitute for olive-oil, in many cases, and perhaps may be eaten as\\na salad-oil, for it has no disagreeable odor nor taste.\\nChemical Examination of the Oil-cake. Linseed oil-cake is well\\nknown, both in Europe and in this country, as valuable food for cattle,\\nand as an excellent fertiliser, worth from $40 to $45 per ton, for the\\nlatter purpose. On examining my cotton-seed oil-cake, I found it\\npossessed a sweet and agreeable flavor, and was much more pure and\\nclean than linseed oil-cake. One hundred grains of the seed leave\\n60 giains of oil-cake. This cake, examined for sugar, was found to\\ncontain 1.1 grains, and for gum, 35 grains were obtained. Iodine gave", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 237\\nno proof of the existence of any starch in cotton-seed, nor in the oil-\\ncake. Alcohol dissolves out the sugar, which is like that obtained\\nfrom raisins, and is grape-sugar. Boiling water dissolves the gum,\\nand becomes very mucilaginous. The gum is precipitable from the\\nwater, by means of pure alcohol.\\nUltimate Analysis. Cotton-seed being quite peculiar in its nature\\nand character, I was disposed to investigate the elementary consti-\\ntution of the oil-cake, and having, with great care, made the organic\\nanalysis, and verified it by repetition of the process, I obtained the\\nfollowing results in per-centage:\\nCarbon, 37.740\\nOxygen, 39.663\\nNitrogen, 7.753\\nHydrogen, 5.869\\nSalts (inorganic), 8.960\\n99.985\\nThese salts were obtained by the combustion of a separate portion\\nof the same cake.\\nWishing to determine the nature and chemical composition of the\\nsalts contained in the seed, I burned 300 grains of them to ashes, in\\na platinum crucible, and obtained 16.5 grains of ashes, which yielded\\nalkaline salts, soluble in a small quantity of water, and other mat-\\nters, which I dissolved in acids. Of the 16.5 grains of ashes, I found\\n9.13 grains consisted of phosphate of lime.\\nOn separation of the various salts, and reducing them to their\\nratios, for 100 grains of the oil-cake, I found the results to be as\\nfollows\\nAlkaline salts, soluble in water, .0.13\\nPhosphate of lime, .3.04\\nPotash, .0.46\\nSoda, 0.53\\nPhosphoric acid, with traces of sulphuric acid\\nand chlorine, .0.81\\nSilica and oxides of iron and manganese, 0.18\\n5.15\\nLoss, 0.35\\n5.50\\nThe whole amount of phosphoric acid present was 2.456, and of lime,\\n1.34 per cent. The excess of phosphoric acid, beyond that required\\nfor the saturation of the lime, was combined with the alkalies, soda,\\nan I potash. The chlorine and sulphuric acid oxisted in unweighable\\ntraces, in so small a quantity of ashes.\\nThe foregoing analyses of cotton-seed justify and explain the use\\nmade of them by the Southern planters, in preparing the soil with the\\nrotted seeds, as a special manure for Indian corn, which draws so", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "238 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nlargely on the soil for phosphates. It will also be seen that, since\\nthe cotton-seed oil-cake contains nearly 8 per cent, of nitrogen, and\\nnearly 6 per cent, of hydrogen, the elements of ammonia are pre-\\nsent in sufficient quantities to form about 10 per cent, of ammonia,\\na powerful stimulant to vegetation, and a solvent and carrier of hu-\\nmus into their circulation. The carbon is more than sufficient to\\ntake up all the oxygen in the formation of carbonic acid, another ac-\\ntive fertiliser and the excess of carbonaceous matter will remain and\\nform humus, or vegetable mould, which the alkalies, soda, potash,\\nand ammonia will, in part, dissolve and carry into the circulation of\\nplants, which possess the power of approximating and converting it\\ninto their tissues. The phosphates go ultimately to the seeds, and, in\\nIndian corn, and in wheat, concentrate wholly about the germs, in\\ntheir mucilage, or chits. Thus it is proved that every ingredient\\nof cotton-seed cake acts as a nutriment to vegetation.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of J. J. Pratt, of Centre, Cherokee county, Alabama.\\nCotton, it is thought, does not succeed so well here as in localities\\nsouthward. Our proximity to the mountains sometimes causes par-\\ntial failures in the crops. Notwithstanding, when the seasons are\\ngood, the product will compare with that of the regions bordering on\\nthe Atlantic and the Gulf. Thus far, the plant has not suffered with\\nus from the depredations of insects, nor from the effects of rot nor\\nrust, as in the counties farther south. It is sometimes injured,\\nhowever, by rust in particular soils; but this evil is only partial, be-\\ning principally confined to the alluvial sandy lands near the banks\\nof the rivers or creeks.\\nThe average product of cotton to the acre, I believe, is nearly equal\\nto that in the southern part of the State, and far exceeds it in propor-\\ntion to the number of hands employed. It is thought that the cost\\nof cultivating it, preparing it for market, and transporting it to Rome,\\nin Georgia, is 8 cents a pound. The freight, by water, to that place,\\nis from 15 to 20 cents per 100 pounds. The average yield to the acre\\nmay be estimated at from 600 to 800 pounds in the seed, or from 250\\nto 400 pounds clean.\\nAt Rome, the present price is from 7 to 8 cents a pound.\\nFLAX AND HEMP.\\nQULTURE IN RUSSIA.\\nNext to the culture of Cereals and the rearing of domestic animals,\\nthe culture of flax and hemp, both as textile plants and as oleaginous", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 239\\ngrains, is the most important branch of Russian husbandry. The\\ngross value of these products amounts, at a verv moderate estimate,\\nto about 55,500,000 of silver roubles ($43,500*000); and both soil\\nand climate are exceedingly favorable to their culture, throughout a\\ngreat part of the empire. As their production greatly exceeds the\\nwants of the home manufacture, the extension of their culture essen-\\ntially depends on the facility with which they find an outlet in the\\nforeign market. Flax and hemp have always formed two of the prin-\\ncipal exports and, if to these we add oleaginous grains, which con-\\nsist principally of the seeds of hemp and flax, we shall find that the\\nexport of these three articles, taken as a whole, exceeds in value that\\nof any other product. In the course of twenty-nine years, from 1822\\nto 1850, inclusive, there were but four, namely, 1830, 1831, 1846, and\\n1847, in which the value of exported Cereals was greater than that\\nof these.\\nFrom the custom-house returns, we find that, during the period in\\nquestion, the total value of exports for European commerce amounted to\\n1 1,427, 586, 225, about 12| per cent, of which was in flax, 10i per cent,\\nin hemp, and 8f per cent, in oleaginous seeds. These figures forcibly\\nshow the importance of the culture of these textiles to the foreign\\ncommerce of Russia, as well as for her domestic manufactures. In\\nthis branch of agriculture, she has not hitherto met with serious com-\\npetition, as the other countries of continental Europe, in which these\\narticles are produced, not having much land to spare for that purpose,\\nand finding it, from their greater relative population, more profitable\\nto cultivate other crops, do not raise enough for any considerable\\nexportation for, nowhere in Europe can they be cultivated in such\\nabundance as in Russia. Of other countries, it is the East Indies and\\nthe Philippine Islands that furnish England the largest supplies, say,\\nfrom 10,000 to 12,500 tons per annum, and the United States, which,\\nexport at present not over 5,000 tons. England, moreover, imports\\nfrom Egypt and other parts of Africa, about 200 tons of flax and\\nhemp, an amount comparatively insignificant.\\nIt is well known that the immense increase in the use of cotton\\nfabrics was of the utmost prejudice to the linen manufacture in every\\ncountry of Europe while the cotton manufacture assumed gigantic\\nproportions, the fabrication of linens was arrested in its progress, and\\nin many countries fell into a state of decay. England, alone, formed\\nan exception, a circumstance which she owed to the invention of flax-\\nspinning machinery. With its characteristic enterprise and foresight,\\nBritish industry, seconded by abundance of capital, speedily appro-\\npriated and improved the French invention, and, applying it upon a\\nlarge scale, it succeeded in turning the depressed condition of the\\nlinen manufacture in other countries to its own advantage. English\\nlinens, which, forty years ago, were an article of secondary importance\\nin the markets of the European continent, and in most trans-Atlantic\\ncountries, have since acquired an importance menacing this branch\\nof industry of Germany, as well as of every other country. During\\nthe triennial period, 1827 to 1829, inclusive, the average annual ex-\\nport of linen manufactures from Great Britain amounted to 57,706,125\\nyards, representing a value of $10,218,725 and, during the period,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "240 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\n1847 to 1849, inclusive, the mean annual export amounted to 96,530,308\\nyards, representing a value of $14,277,010, which exhibits an increase\\nof 67 per cent, in quantity, and 40 per cent, in value. In 1850, the\\nexportation amounted to the enormous quantity of 122 397,457 yards,\\nor double the mean exportation of the triennial, 1827-29 and this\\nimmense exportation from England followed the largest exportation\\nof flax from Russia that ever took place, namely, that of 1849, which\\namounted to 192,068,597 pounds (tow included); of which 70 per\\ncent, were sent to England, without reckoning the exportation thither,\\nby way of Elsineur and the Prussian ports so that the exportation\\nto Great Britain may be taken at upwards of three-fourths of the\\nwhole. This important branch of Russian commerce, it may be stated,\\nhas generally followed step by step, the progress of the linen manu-\\nfacture, in England, and has more than tripled, in extent, since 1822,\\nThe average of the three years, 1822 to 1824, inclusive, was only\\n56,848,803 pounds, while that of 1848-50, inclusive, amounted to\\n173,519,400 pounds, being an increase of 205 per cent.\\nFrom the foregoing, it is evident that the linen manufacture of\\nEngland and the flax-culture of Russia are mutually dependent upon\\neach other. The former could not maintain, and still less increase,\\nits present prosperity, without being sure of receiving from Russia an\\nabundant supply of the raw material at a very moderate price and\\nthe Russians, on the other hand, would be at a loss for the disposal\\nof their surplus produce, if they were not assured of an outlet in the\\nBritish market.\\nNotwithstanding the heavy blows continuously dealt out to it, by\\nthe increasing use of cotton goods, the linen manufacture still main-\\ntains the foremost rank in Russia, in point of extent and importance.\\nIt is not, like the cotton manufacture in Great Britain, the United\\nStates, and other countries, concentrated in large establishments, which\\nstrike the eye by their size, their machinery, and the numbers of\\nworkmen collected on the premises but, conducted within the modest\\nwalls of the peasants cottages, it is diffused over the whole length and\\nbreadth of the land. There is scarcely a village within the wide\\nlimits of the empire, where the wheel, the distaff, and the loom are not\\nto be found.\\nWith regard to the extent of this species of industry, it is averred\\nthat linen forms one of those articles of prime necessity which no in-\\ndividual in Russia, rich nor poor, can entirely dispense with. Reckon-\\ning only 10 yards, 28 inches in width, for each inhabitant, per annum,\\nit would require for the population of 65,500,000 (including Poland)\\na consumption of 655,000,000 yards.\\nThe culture of flax for commerce is most extensively carried on in\\nthe governments of Wologda, Wiatka, Jaroslaw, Wladamir, Now-\\ngorod, Pskow, Livonia, Courland, Smolensk, Wilna, and Witebsk,\\nand that of hemp in the governments of Tschernigow, Koursk, Orel,\\nToula, and Tambow. This important branch of rural economy has\\nattracted the special attention of the Russian government, and I will\\nmention a few of the steps that have recently been taken by the Min-\\nistry of Domains with a view of promoting its progress:\\n1. After having appointed special commissioners to examine and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 241\\nreport upon the present state of flax-culture and the linen manufac-\\nture, at home and abroad, the Ministry published the results of its\\nresearches.\\n2. The commissioners also published 6,000 copies of a treatise on\\nthe preparation of flax.\\n3. The Flemish method of cultivating and preparing flax was in-\\ntroduced on the farms of Gorigoretsk and Wologda, which serve as\\npractical schools.\\n4. Models of improved heckling machines have been sent into vari-\\nous districts.\\n5. Premiums have been awarded for the best qualities of flax ex-\\nhibited at the shows.\\n6. In order to give facilities for the home trade, flax fairs have been\\nestablished in Livonia.\\n7. Constant efforts are made to facilitate for the western provinces\\nthe means of procuring good seeds from the government of Pskow.\\n8. Persuaded that the introduction of mill-spinning would afford\\nthe most effective stimulus to the improvement of the culture\\nof flax, the government has held out encouragements to the first un-\\ndertakers of that branch of industry; and, accordingly, at least three\\nestablishments of this description have been founded within the, last\\nthree or four years two in the government of Wologda, and one in\\nthat of Moscow.\\nIn regard to the culture of hemp, a commission was also appointed\\nto examine into the subject, and its Report points out the defects of\\nthe system and the remedies which might be applied.\\nConnected with the culture of flax and hemp, oleaginous grains\\nalso form an important part of Russian products for European com-\\nmerce, as has been stated on a preceding page. In those foreign.\\nGauntries where rape and other oil-producing plants are extensively\\nraised, the great object in the cultivation of lint and hemp, as tex-\\ntiles, is to obtain the longest stalks and the finest filaments. For this\\npurpose, the seed is sown very thick, so that the plant, finding no room:\\nlor lateral development, attains considerable height, and produces finer\\nfibres, though, on the other hand, it yields much less seed. But,, in.\\nRussia, where these plants are cultivated for the sake of the seed,, as\\nwell as of the lint, the opposite mode of sowing is pursued. It is\\nobvious that this branch of industry might be rendered at once more\\nextensive and more lucrative by improving, first, the culture, and then\\nthe preparation and assortment of the products. For it is well known\\nthat the various qualities of flax its color, elasticity, length, flexi-\\nbility, and the strength and uniformity of its filaments, greatly depend\\non seed, soil, and culture, as well as on carefully securing and ret-\\nting the crop, and in preparing, the flax for sale. But, in all these\\nrespects, Russian practice is cartless, and the operations are generally\\nperformed in a slovenly manner and with very imperfect instruments..\\nYet it does not seem to be the necessary result either of soil and cli-\\nmate or of the general condition of rural economy, but may be attri-\\nbuted to a combination of circumstances which time, enterprise, and.\\nintelligence may remove. D. J. B.\\n16", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "242 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nCONDENSED COKKESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Daniel Paterson, of Fayette, Howard county, Missouri\\nThe average yield of hemp, in this section, is about 1,000 pounds to\\nthe acre.\\nPrice, at St. Louis, $125 per ton.\\nStatement of L. E. Duput, of Shelby ville, Shelby county, Kentucky.\\nHemp is a valuable crop with us. When we select a good piece of\\nland, of light, rich soil, and plough early in the spring, pulverising\\nthoroughly with the harrow, and sow in May, the crop is ready to\\nharvest in August. The cost per acre is as follows\\nInterest on land,\\nPloughing and harrowing,\\nSeed and sowing,\\nCutting, two hands one day,\\nStacking and re-spreading to dew-rot,\\nBreaking 800 pounds at $1 per 100 pounds,\\nCost per acre,\\nValue of 800 pounds of hemp at $5,\\nProfit per acre, 20\\nThis may be considered a fair average, though the product is often\\nmore or less, and the price also is fluctuating. It is usually sold\\nin this county, and made into rope for baling cotton, and then sold\\nat Louisville and New Orleans, to the cotton planters.\\nHemp, in its cutting and breaking, requires the stoutest hands on\\nthe farm. One good able-bodied man can take care of 5 acres.\\nThe breaking is usually done in February, March, and April, as the\\nweather may suit. Each man has 100 pounds per day for his task,\\nand is paid for what he breaks above that amount, at the rate of $1\\nper 100 pounds. The men break from 100 to 200 pounds a day.\\n$4\\n2\\n9\\n2\\n2\\nm m\\n2\\nIs,\\n8\\n20\\n40\\nSISAL HEMP.\\nBY WILLIAM C. DENNIS, OF KEY WEST, FLORIDA.\\nDr. Henry Perine, who was for a time Consul at Yucatan, among\\nmany other exotic plants, introduced into the southern part of this\\nState, the Sisal hemp (Agave sisalana.) He also introduced two", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 243\\nother species of the agave, which, from their hardy, self-propagating\\nnatures, not only survived the effects of the change of climate,\\nbut increased rapidly until they were destroyed by the Indians, in\\n1846. One of them was the Pulque plant, from which is manu-\\nfactured, in Mexico, the celebrated domestic drink of that country and\\nthe other was the Great American aloes, or Century plant,\\n(Agave americana,) the fibre of which is manufactured into cordage\\nand various other articles of use. Of these three kinds of agave, so\\nfar as I know, the Sisal hemp is the only one which appears to be of\\nmuch importance to us in an economical point of view, although\\nfurther acquaintance and experiments may prove the other two like-\\nwise valuable, especially the latter.\\nThe gigantic plant out of which Sisal hemp is made, delights in\\narid, rocky land, which contains a super-abundance of lime. This is\\nprecisely the condition of the soil of these Keys, and the extreme\\nsoutherly part of the peninsula of Florida, where, alone, it could be\\ncultivated in the abscence of frost. It requires less culture than\\nother products, but is much benefitted by keeping down the weeds;\\nand although it grows best on lands which have the deepest soil, yet\\nit grows well where there is but little soil that appears among the\\nrocks, sending its long, penetrating roots into the clefts and crevices\\nof the rocks in search of black, rich vegetable mould. In fact, the\\nhinds on these Keyfi, and much of it on the southern point of the pe-\\nninsula, are nearly worthless for every other agricultural purpose, so\\nfar as is known yet there are thousands of acres in this region\\nwhere a ton of cleaned Sisal hemp can be made to, the acre yearly\\nafter the plant has arrived at such an advanced stage as will allow\\nthe lower leaves to be cut from it, which takes, in this climate, from\\nthree to five years to grow, according to the goodness of the soil, and\\nthe attention given to keep the land clean of weeds, grass, c.\\nIt is no longer an experiment here, as to the growth of the plant, nor\\nof the amount of the product; nor is there any longer a doubt as re-\\ngards the value of the fibre, a number of tons of it having already\\nbeen collected and sent to market, where it readily brought within a\\nhalf cent to a cent per pound as much as the best kind of Manilla\\nhemp that is, in the neighborhood of $250 per ton. About a thou-\\nsand plants should be set on an acre, and, from many young ones\\ncoming up from the long lateral roots, if these be kept at proper dis-\\ntances, it will be seen that the same land will require no re-planting,\\nif coarse vegetable manure be applied from time to time. After the\\nplant is of sufficient growth, the lower leaves are cut off, at proper\\ntimes, leaving enough on the top to keep it healthy. Thefce leaves\\nare composed of a soft, watery pulp, and are from 2 to 6 feet long,\\nand in the middle, from 4 to 6 inches wide, being frequently\\n3 inches thick at the but, having the general shape of the head\\nof a lance. They contain a gum, which is the chief cause of their\\nbeing rather troublesome in separating the fibres from the pulp.\\nNeither the epidermis nor this pulp is more than a powder, after be-\\ncoming dry, if the gum be entirely crushed and washed out. This is\\na mast important fact in relation to the manner to be adopted to\\ncleanse the fibres from the pulp. As these are continuous and pai", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "244 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nallel, and embedded in it, I feel certain that a system of passing the\\nleaves through a series of heavy iron rollers, firmly set, something\\nafter those used in grinding sugar-cane, and throwing water upon the\\ncrushed leaves, in jets, or otherwise, in sufficient quantities to wash\\nout the gum, (which is perfectly soluble in it,) will thoroughly clean\\nthe fibres without any loss so that, after they are dry, and have been\\nbeaten to get out the dust, they will be fit for market. At any rate,\\nthe right plan for separating the fibres, has not yet been discovered,\\nalthough there has been enough done at it to show that they can be\\ngot out at a profit. Here, the people either preserve the primitive\\nplan, which is practised in Yucatan, of beating and scraping the leaves,\\nor simply crush them in a pair of rollers, afterwards steeping\\nthe crushed ones in an alkaline solution for a few days, and then\\nclean the fibres by a kind of combing process. But either scrap-\\ning or combing destroys too many of the fibres, by breaking them,\\nwhich would not be done by a system of rolling and washing out the\\ngum. In Yucatan, they ferment the beaten leaves in water, or mud\\nbut this stains and weakens the fibres, so as to reduce their value, I\\nbelieve, more than half. Even steeping the crushed leaves in an al-\\nkaline pickle, although it may not weaken the fibres much, as the\\njuice of the leaves is acid, destroys that silky gloss which they pos-\\nsess when got out of the fresh leaves, with the aid of pure water alone\\nbesides, it needlessly increases the expense, if it ca\u00c2\u00bb be dispensed with.\\nA. good deal of attention is being paid to setting out the plant on\\nthis Island, and on some others along the Reef. I have some 50 acres,\\nand continue to increase the quantity as I have opportunity.\\nAbout 3 acres have a good crop of leaves now, and 15 acres have\\nbeen planted nearly three years so that it will be necessary for me soon\\nto turn a part of my attention to cleaning this pulp. I have made\\nup my mind to try the rolling system, and wash out the gum with\\nwater. This last article, in a pure state, will be the most difficult to\\nget, in carrying out the plan on these Keys.\\nTHE CHINA GRASS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ITS HISTORY AND USES.\\nBY GEORGE C. SCHAEFFER, M. D., U. S. PATENT OFFICE.\\nBy the praiseworthy exertions of Mr. W. R. Smith, of the Public\\nConservatory, in Washington, there is now afforded an opportunity\\nof ascertaining how far the China grass (Bcehmeria nivea) can be\\nsuccessfully cultivated in the United States. There seems to be no\\ndifficulty in multiplying the plants, and none in obtaining them in\\nthe condition in which they yield the fibre of commerce. This being\\nthe case, it is proper that some notice of the history of the plant,\\nand its product, should be furnished for the information of those who\\nmay feel disposed to attempt its cultivation.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 245\\nChina grass-cloth has been known as an article of commerce for\\nmany years, but the plant furnishing the material was only identified\\nabout the commencement of this century, by Dr. Roxburgh, whose\\nlabors in bringing to notice the fibres of the East, are only now be-\\nginning to show their effect upon commerce. Another indefatigable\\nlaborer in the same field, Dr. J. Forbes Royle, has recently published\\na work containing a complete summary of the history of this and\\nother Oriental fibres.\\nThe Boshmeria nivea, (formerly known as Urtica nivea,) belongs to\\nthe nettle family, every subdivision of which abounds in fibrous\\nplants. Dr. Roxburgh described it under the name of Urtica tena-\\ncissima, from specimens obtained in Sumatra, and, subsequently, he\\nlearned that this was the plant yielding the famous China grass.\\nMore recently, the identity of the Chinese and Indian plants has been\\ndetermined beyond dispute. From its wide diffusion throughout the\\nEast, this plant is known under various names, such as Cha, or\\nTchou Ma in China; Caloee, inSumatra; Ramee, in Malay;\\nand Rheea, in Assam. Gradually increasing in commercial im-\\nportance, this product only obtained the notice of the public, gener-\\nally, at the London Exhibition of 1851, where it was presented in\\nevery condition, from the crude article to the woven fabric, showing\\na fibre of such beauty and strength that three prize medals were\\nawarded to different persons for specimens in the prepared state.\\nSamples of these, now in the collection of the United States Patent\\nOffice, I have submitted to examination, the results of which will be\\ngiven below.\\nOf the value of this fibre I can give no better evidence than the\\nstatement of Dr. Royle, that, as imported into England, it has sold\\nfor \u00c2\u00a360 to \u00c2\u00a380, and even for \u00c2\u00a3120 a ton. In some parts of India,\\nthe plant is only cultivated in small quantities, by the fishermen, for\\nthe manufacture of their nets, lines, c. The use of the fibre, for\\ncordage, is not likely to make its cultivation an object in this country;\\nbut the great strength, which especially fits it for this purpose, may be\\nnoted. Various samples, tried against the best Russian hemp, show\\nthat it bears a weight, sometimes nearly double, and always much\\nmore than that borne by the hemp. In China and elsewhere, it is\\nmainly employed for making the grass-cloth, the softness and strength\\nof which give it a character distinct from that of the fabric of any\\nother fibre.\\nGenerally, three crops are taken a year at intervals of about two\\nmonths. The most rapid growth, in the second cutting, yields the\\nfinest fibre.\\nThe treatment of the crop varies very much, but, in general, it\\nclosely resembles that of hemp, except that the fibres are peeled from\\nthe stalks by hand. They are next exposed to the dew, at night, and\\nto the sun, by day, avoiding rain. In other cases, they are soaked in\\nlime-water, or even boiled in a slightly alkaline solution. Sometimes,\\nagain, the fibre is spun, or even woven before it is bleached.\\nIn short, the treatment is similar to that of other fibres which\\nhave to be stripped from a woody stem, the only variations in the pro-\\ncess depending upon the relative hardness of the wood, which may", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "246 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nbe brittle or tough, and therefore easily or with more difficulty sepa-\\nrated from the fibre. It is not improbable that the process of\\nbreaking, used for hemp or flax, will also be applicable to this\\nproduct.\\nThe most successful treatment of the material, after it has readied\\nEurope, consists in steeping it in water at a temperature of 90\u00c2\u00b0 F.,\\nfor twenty-four hours, and then boiling it in an alkaline solution,\\nafter which, it is well washed, in clear water, and nearly dried by\\nhigh-pressure steam.\\nIt may be noticed that the fibre of the plant, which has grown wild,\\nhas also been sent to Europe but this, as might be expected, is\\nmuch coarser than the cultivated product.\\nThe specimens of the crude material examined were those above\\nnamed, obtained from the London Exhibition of 1851, and others\\nkindly presented by Joseph Balestier, late Commissioner to Cochin-\\nGLiina, c, which were also accompanied by the plant itself, obtained\\nby him in Java.\\nThe chief difference in the specimens is in the color, which, in the\\nJava plant, is lighter, with a tendency towards green, and with some-\\nwhat more of a gloss.\\nThe half-bleached and full-bleached line and tow, as received from\\nLondon, were compared with the best specimens of English, French,\\nand Belgian flax, from the same exhibition, which last, as usual,\\nwere unbleached. A very slight examination at once shows the re-\\nmarkable difference between the two materials. The filamonts of\\nthe flax line, although very fine, showed the ends of the component\\ncells, which, on repeated handling, separated from each other. The\\nfilaments of the China grass, on the other hand, although they had\\nbeen subjected to the process of bleaching, showed no such loose\\nends and, after long continued manipulation, still remained smooth,\\nglossy, and, apparently, single celled. To be certain upon this point,\\nspecimens, after boiling in an alkaline solution, of a strength which\\nwould insure the separation of the individual cells, were repeatedly\\npassed back and forth, between the fingers, and then carefully ex-\\namined, from end to end, under the microscope. Every effort was\\nmade at all doubtful points, by needles, to obtain a separation, if\\npossible. As evidence of the care bestowed upon the examination, it\\nmay be stated that from one to two hours were more than once ex-\\npended upon the scrutiny of a single fibre. The result of this close\\ninspection was the development of the fact that the single cells of the\\nline of the China grass are of an extraordinary length, often equal\\nto, and sometimes far exceeding, that of the longest of which we have\\nany record. Five, 6, and 7 inches seem to be not unusual lengths.\\nIn one case, a filament of over 10 inches in length was severely\\nhandled, without showing any signs of being composed of more than\\none cell but, in this case, the microscope was not used. Even the\\ntow of the bleached fibre furnished, in abundance, single cells, or\\nfragments, 3 inches or more in length.\\nWe are now prepared to understand the great strength of the\\nChina-grass cordage, as, in any given length, it has fewer breaks\\nof uninterrupted continuity than any other fibre. The character of", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 247\\nthe single cells is as follows In diameter, they exceed those of\\nfine flax, of which, however, many are required to make a line of\\nequal length. In cross section, they are irregular, and the greatest\\ndiameter is found, sometimes in one direction, and sometimes in\\nanother, somewhat after the manner of cotton. This gives them an\\nadvantage in spinning, furnishing a better hold of the fibres upon\\neach other than if circular in section.\\nIt is said that specimens of the Oriental fabric have been examined,\\nin which the thread was untwisted, being made up of long filaments,\\njoined end to end by some glue or cement. We know that this is\\ntrue of the celebrated pigna, or pina, a fabric made from the\\npine-apple fibre, and the facts above named show that it may also be\\ntrue of the China grass. This untwisted thread gives a peculiar\\ntransparency to the fabric, which cannot be imitated. No attempts\\nhave ever been made in Europe, nor in this country, to reproduce such\\nan article, which, probably, requires too much manual labor to be pro-\\nfitable. The full-bleached line above mentioned is remarkably glossy\\nand soft, and in some respects is not unlike silk in appearance. The\\nwhole character of the fibre is so distinct as to prevent any mistake\\nas to the recognition of the article.\\nAlthough we have no mention of the employment of the tow,\\nthere can be no doubt of its applicability to the manufacture of an\\nexcellent fabric. The fibre, obtained by different cultivators, can be\\ntransmitted to the Patent Office for examination. In order to have a\\nlong, fine fibre, the crop should stand pretty close, and, when in small\\npatches, it should be surrounded by other plants of similar height,\\nin order to have the whole yield of the same quality. Or, the exte-\\nrior plants may be used for propagation, leaving only the tallest to be\\ntried for their fibre.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement o/W. R. Smith, of the Puhlic Conservatory, Washington,\\nDistrict of Columbia.\\nFrom a small paper of the seeds of the Chinese Grass-linen\\nplant, (Beehmeria nivea,) which I obtained from the island of Ja-\\nmaica, I propagated, under glass, about fifty plants, and subsequently\\nrempved them into the open air. From these, I hope to be able to\\ncontinue to propagate others, by cuttings, during the next and suc-\\nceeding summers, in sufficient numbers to meet futnre demands.\\nThe seeds, which are small and require close attention, I sowed\\nin March, in an eight-inch flower-pot, filled with equal parts of leaf-\\nmould, common soil, and sand, covering them lightly with a sifted\\nportion of the same soil. In order to keep them moist, I spread over\\nthe surface of the pot a regular layer of sphagnum, or bog-moss,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "248 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which I removed as the plants came up. By these means, the seeds\\nreadily vegetated in a temperature of 55\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nThis product can also be multiplied, in the spring, by cuttings of\\nthe half-ripened shoots, planted in sand, regularly moistened, and\\nshaded from the bright rays of the sun. Beneath the sand, which\\nehould be about 2 inches deep, there should be placed a lay er of\\nsphagnum, say an inch in thickness, to admit the roots freely, and\\nafterwards facilitate the transplanting.\\nMy impression is, that this plant will survive the winter in the\\nopen air, in any part of the United States, except the mountainous\\ndistricts, south of Pennsylvania and it may possibly become natu-\\nralised in the extreme South. It will thrive in any ordinary soil.\\nGRASS, HAY, AND OTHER FODDER.\\nTHE PKOPEK TIME FOPw CUTTING TIMOTHY.\\nBY JARED P. KIRTLAND, M. D., OF CLEVELAND, OHIO.\\nThe proper time for cutting Timothy meadows, (herds-grass of\\nISew England,) with reference to securing the best qualities of hay,\\nhas been a fruitful subject of observation and remark. Little or no\\nattention has been paid to the influence of the time and manner of\\ncutting, over tho health, permanency, and productiveness of such\\nmeadows. A vague idea prevails, among farmers, that, if the mowing\\nbe performed before the seed of this species of grass is ripe, it will\\nrun out, from a failure to re-seed the ground. Every observing farmer\\nhas noticed that, in some instances, extensive tracts of Timothy sward\\nhave suddenly died, soon after the removal of the crop of hay, while,\\nin others, the sward continued healthy, and for a series of years pro-\\nduced abundantly of this grass. The rationale of such opposite re-\\nsults, under apparently similar circumstances, had never been ex-\\nplained, so far as my information extends.\\nMy neighbor, Richard McCrary, an intelligent and practical far-\\nmer, has recently presented me with the annexed propositions and\\nconclusions, as the result of his experience on this subject. These he\\nillustrated by specimens of the grass, in every condition to which he\\nalludes. It is hoped they will be thoroughly scanned, by persons\\ncompetent to test their accuracy. If they bear this test, to Mr. Mc-\\nCrary the credit of the discovery of the facts solely belongs and I\\nhave no doubt the community will consider him as having conferred\\nan important benefit.\\n1. Timothy grass (Phleiim pratense) is a perennial plant, which re-\\nnews itself by an annual formation of bulbs, or, perhaps, more cor-\\nrectly speaking, tubers, in which all the vitality of the plant is con-\\ncentrated during the winter. (See Figure 1.) These form, in whatever\\nlocality the plant is selected, without reference to dryness or mois-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS.\\n249\\ntifTe.* From these, proceed the stalks which support the leaves and\\nhead, and from the same source spread out the numerous fibres, form-\\ning the true roots.\\n2. To insure a perfect development of these tubers,\\na certain amount of nutrition must be assimilated in\\nthe leaves, and returned to the base of the plant,\\nthrough the stalk.\\n3. As soon as this process of nutrition is completed, it\\nbecomes manifest by the appearance of a state of desic-\\ncation, or dryness, always commenc-\\ning at a point directly above either the\\nfirst or second joint of the stem, near\\nthe crown of the tuber. From this\\npoint, the desicca-\\ntion gradually pro-\\ngresses upwards,\\nand the last portion\\nof the stalk that\\nyields up itsr fresh-\\nness is that adjoin-\\ning the head. Co-\\nincident with the\\nbeginning of this\\nprocess is the full\\ndevelopment of the\\nseeds, and with its\\nprogress they ma-\\nture. Its earliest\\nappearance is evi-\\ndence that both the\\ntubers and seeds\\nhave received their\\nrequisite sup plies\\nof nutrition, and\\nthat neither the\\nstalk nor the leaves\\nare longer necessa-\\nry to aid them in\\nFir. 1. denotes a mature and fully developed tuber, from which the stalk was cut, some distance above\\nthe point at which deslcation commences, and at a period after the process had begun. (Proposition 3.)\\nFig- 2. shows a partially developed tuber, exhibiting lateral growths of small tubers and shoots, the\\niirTcct of premature cutting. (Proposition 4.)\\nFig. 3. exhibits a dead tuber, caused by cutting below the point of desiccation. (Proposition 5.)\\ncompleting their maturity. A similar process occurs in the onion,\\njust above the crown of the bulb, indicating the maturity of that\\norjran.\\nMr. Laplmm, in his valuable article on The Grasses of Wisconsin, (Transactions of\\nthe Wisconsin Agricultural Society, Vol. 3, 1853, page 425,) says When growing in very\\ndry places, bulbs are frequently formed on the roots of Timothy grass, as a sort of store-house\\nof moisture, c, from which to draw supplies of nutriment, for the future growth of the\\nplant. Mr. McCrary supposes it occurs in all localities, and is the nature aud habit of 4ha\\nplant. In this, he is probably correct.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "250 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\n4. If the stalk be cut from the tubers, before this evidence of matu-\\nrity lias appeared, the necessary supplies of nutrition will be ar-\\nrested, their proper growth will cease, and an effort will be made to\\nrepair the injury, by sending out small lateral tubers, from which\\nweak and unhealthy stalks will proceed, at the expense of the origi-\\nnal tubers. (See Figure 2.) All will ultimately perish, either by the\\ndroughts of autumn or the cold of winter.*\\n5. The tubers, together with one or two of the lower joints of the\\nstalk, remain fresh and green, during the winter, if left to take\\ntheir natural course but if, by any means, this green portion be se-\\nvered, at any season of the year, the result will be the death of the\\nplant. (See Figure 3.)\\nFrom the foregoing considerations it is concluded,\\n1. That Timothy grass cannot, under any circumstances, be\\nadapted for pasture as the close nipping of horses and sheep is fatal\\nto the tubers, which are also extensively destroyed by swine.\\n2. The proper period for mowing Timothy is at any time after the\\nprocess of desiccation has commenced on the stalk, as noted in Pro-\\nposition 3. It is not very essential whether it is performed a week\\nearlier or later, provided it be postponed till that evidence of matu-\\nrity has become manifest.\\n3. All attempts at close shaving the sward should be avoided, while\\nusing the scythe, and, in gauging mowing-machines, care should be\\ntaken to run them so high that they will not cut the Timothy below\\nthe second joint above the tuber.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of George W. Hall, of Mormon Creek, California.\\nOats, barley, and wheat are our principal crops, the former being\\nchiefly grown for hay. The seed required, per acre, to make good\\nhay, is about 3 bushels the average yield is 1^ tons.\\nOwing to the great drought, crops are lighter this season than\\nusual but I have over 50 tons of hay, from 45 acres, which sells\\nreadily for $60 a ton. Notwithstanding the high price of labor, $4 a\\nday, my whole rancho will net me over $50 an acre.\\nFlorists know that if the stalk of the white lily be cut, prematurely, a similar result en-\\nsues and that, b} cutting off the stem and leaves of herbaceous peonies, before they are ma-\\nture, the tubers will be so much impaired as to fail to bloom the next season.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FOB, AGE CB0P3. 251\\nStatement of Stephen N. Lindley, of Monroe, Jasper county, Iowa.\\nTimothy seed is raised in great quantities in Lee and Henry coun-\\nties, and has been, for several years, one of our chief articles of export.\\nAs many as 400 acres have been cut, on one farm, for seed and many\\nof our farmers cut from 60 to 100 acres annually. Before the seed is\\ncut, buyers, or their agents, are actually bidding for the crops.\\nThe soil of this part of the State is better adapted to Timothy than\\nmost portions of the prairie country, being more firm, and not so\\nlight. The most common mode of sowing is with oats or spring\\nwheat, though it is sometimes sown in the fall, when the stubble is\\nburnt off, and the seed harrowed in, at the rate of a peck to the acre.\\nThe grass is allowed to become fully ripe before cutting, which is\\ndone with a reaper, as no progress could be made with a cradle.\\nWhen cut, it is bound in large sheaves, and allowed to stand until the\\nseed begins to drop from the outside heads. It is then threshed, and\\nthe hay immediately stacked. When this is done, and salt has been\\nadded, at the rate of 15 or 20 pounds to a ton, it makes good second-\\nrate hay better for any kind of stock than straw. Some farmers\\nthink the hay will pay the cost of cutting, threshing, and cleaning.\\nThe average yield of seed is 6 bushels to the acre, which is worth\\nfrom $2 to $2 50 per bushel. As land is cheap, and labor dear and\\nscarce, with us, no crop will pay better wdiile the present prices con-\\ntinue. Eastern farmers prefer our seed, from the fact that many of\\nthe noxious weeds that infest their meadows are unknown here, and\\nthe high price of hay there makes it more profitable to buy their seed.\\nThe following is a correct estimate of the cost of 10 acres of\\nTimothy\\nInterest at 10 per cent, on the cost of 10 acres of land, at $15,\\nCutting, 50 cents per acre,\\nFive hands to bind, including board,\\nThreshing and cleaning seed,\\nStacking hay, including salt, and board,\\nTo meet this, we have GO bushels of seed, worth, at the aver\\nage price, $2 25 per bushel,\\nTen tons of hay, worth $3 per ton,\\nDeduct expenses,\\nNet profit,\\n$1\\n50\\n5\\n00\\n6\\n25\\n15\\n00\\n7\\n00\\n34 75\\n$135\\n00\\n30\\nGO\\n165\\n00\\n34\\n75\\n130\\n25\\nStatement of L. E. Dupey, of Shelby ville, Shelby county, Kentucky.\\nOne of our most valuable crops is blue-grass, which we get for the\\nsowing, without any cultivation. We sow with clover, on wheat or", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "252 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nrye, 3 bushels of seed to the acre. The first season will produce a\\ngood crop of clover, which will be succeeded by the blue-grass. When\\nthis is well set, our farmers realise from $5 to 10 an acre, in grazing\\nstock and, at the same time, the land is increasing in fertility so\\nfast, that, in a few years grazing, to make it yield from 60 to 75 bushels\\nof corn to the acre.\\nOne great advantage of blue-grass is, that, if the stock is kept\\nfrom it during the summer, the grass will remain equally as valuable\\nfor winter grazing.\\nStatement of J. B. Gilmer, of Pineville, Bossier parish, Louisiana.\\nThe mesquit is not a native of this vicinity. I introduced it\\nfrom Western Texas some ten years ago, and can speak more highly\\nof it than of any other grass with which I am acquainted. It stands\\nthe cold of winter well, is annual, and reproduces itself from its seed\\nwith the certainty of crop-grass.\\nThe grama grass is indigenous to this immediate region, grows in\\ngreat abundance, is a strong, hardy, coarse grass, and occupies a low\\nposition in its native state. Something in the way of rough hay for\\ncattle might be made of it, by cultivation, and cutting while young.\\nThe mesquit-grass will ripen its seed, in this latitude, from the 15th\\nof May to the 15th of June, but the grama-grass, not before August;\\nconsequently, the mesquit will be forwarded several months in ad-\\nvance of the grama-seed.\\nThe proper time for sowing the mesquit is September the grama,\\nI think, in the spring. For sowing mesquit, let the land be well\\nploughed then brush or harrow the seed in lightly. The grama-\\ngrass will come up and grow well under any mode of culture.\\nStatement of John B. C. G-azzo, of La Fourche parish, Louisiana.\\nThe Bermuda grass, (Gynodon dactylon,) in this State, far excels\\nthe celebrated Kentucky blue-gra6s, either for summer or winter pas-\\nture. It is propagated by inoculating the turves, or sods, of the roots.\\nThe ground is put in thorough order, if intended for the meadow, and\\nharrowed quite smooth after deep ploughing. The turves, or a few\\njoints of stems and roots, planted in squares of 2 or 3 feet in dimen-\\nsions, quickly cover the ground.\\nFor hay-making, this grass will yield more than double the return\\nof nutritious fodder than any other grass of this locality.\\nStatement of Samuel J. Fletcher, near Winchester, Clark county,\\nMissouri.\\nTimothy hay does well here. It is worth about $10 a ton in the\\nstack. I bale and ship mine to St. Louis, where it netted me last\\nyear $20 a ton.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CHOPS.\\nStatement of D. R. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany county,\\nNew York.\\nThe principal grasses cultivated in this section, for hay, are Timo-\\nthy (herds-grass) and red clover, which are generally grown together\\nin the same field. Two tons of good hay to the acre is the maximum\\nyield for when it grows sufficiently large to exceed that amount, it\\ndeteriorates in quality. The average yield will not much exceed a\\nton to the acre and half a ton is probably the least that will pay\\nthe cost of production.\\nThe cost of raising a ton of hay is about $4, and it will sell here\\nfor $6. The cost of transportation to New York, by railroad, is $12\\na ton.\\nStatement of James Taylor, of Murphy, Cherokee county, North\\nCarolina.\\nThe evergreen-grass, a sample of which I have sent to the Patent\\nOffice, is very good for pasturing, through the fall and winter. I\\nhave no knowledge of its origin. It will do best when sown on dry\\nland, and is well adapted for sheep. It grows well on rocky soil, to\\nthe height of 4 or 5 feet, when ripe, continuing green, in the spring,\\nand affording fine herbage, throughout the winter. It is best to sow\\nin the spring with oats. A peck of well-cleaned seed is sufficient to\\nput on an acre, or a bushel in the chaff. It ripens by the 1st of June,\\nor a little before rye harvest, and is cut with a scythe and cradle, as\\nwe cut rye. If sown in the spring, this grass will not come to seed\\nbefore the next year. If sown in the fall, it will bring seed the fol-\\nlowing spring. I do not know its yield of hay to the acre, but be-\\nlieve it to be equal to that of any grass we have.\\nStatement of John P. Haller, of Lima, Allen county, Ohio.\\nThe principal varieties of grass raised in this county are Timothy,\\nclover, and red-top, all of which do well. Timothy does best on the\\nlower grounds, but clover should be sown on those which are elevated\\nand dry. The average yield of hay is about 1| tons to the acre.\\nClover-seed is a considerable product of exportation.\\nStatement of James McK. Snodgrass, of Mifflin, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\ni\\nClover and Timothy are our principal grasses. They produce well\\nwhen sown separately, but make the best meadow and pasture when\\nabout equally mixed, which, on good soil, and under favorable cir-\\ncumstances, will yield over 2 tons to the acre, though 1^ tons is an\\naverage yield.\\nThe fields are kept in meadow, or pasture, three or four years. We\\nthen plough deep, during winter or early spring, and plant corn, and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "254 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthe next season oats, followed by wheat and grass seeds. By this\\nmode, our land is kept in a state of continual improvement. Land\\nthat has been exhausted by careless or injudicious farming has by this\\nrenovating process been brought, in a short time, to a good state of\\ncultivation and improvement.\\nStatement of John F. Bennett, of Pittsburg, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nAbout two years since, I obtained from the Patent Office a small\\nparcel of Alfalfa seed, the lucerne grass of the Andes. I sowed\\nit on the highest knoll on my farm, which is about 600 feet above\\nthe river, or about 1 ,250 feet above tide-water. This knoll was chosen\\nas being poor ground, with a thin soil of about 9 inches, on the top\\nof a marly sand-rock, the latter, however, being shaly and easy of\\ndisintegration. The alfalfa readily came up, and promised well.\\nThrough all that long, dry summer, it continued to grow, and almost\\nflourish. In July, it gave a few blossoms, and in August ripened a\\npart of its seed, which I carefully gathered and preserved. It lived\\nthrough last winter and has flourished during the last season. In\\nMay last, about six weeks after the seed was sown, I had weeded\\nthe ground, just about the time the last rains came on. This, of\\ncourse, was injurious, as it turned out for, as no more rain fell during\\nthe summer, the scattered stalks thereby had to bear the whole brunt\\nof the scorching sun.\\nI was so much pleased with the alfalfa, that I got a merchant to\\nprocure me, from Chili, about 40 pounds of this seed, which reached\\nme in March last. After giving away a part of it for distribution\\namong my farming friends, and distributing a few half pounds\\namong my neighbors, I sowed 4 acres of good land with it amongst\\nspring oats, which, this favorable season, have flourished exceedingly\\nwell, growing, after the oats were cropped, to a height of 21 to 24\\ninches, and yielding nourishing food to the cattle that were turned\\ninto it.\\nFor some years back, owing to the irregular weather in the winters,\\nsudden freezings and thawings, most of the clover sown in this neigh-\\nborhood had perished, each new sowing of clover seeming to faro\\nworse than the preceding one. This grass seems to be_ independent\\nof the extremes of heat and cold, wet and dry, sending down its\\nroots so deep that heat cannot scorch it, nor cold freeze it.\\nStatement of Eichard Lechnor, of Stouchburg, Berks county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nTimothy, with us, is generally sown in the fall, either broadcast\\nafter the harrow, or by means of a Timothy sower attached t\u00c2\u00ae th\u00c2\u00ab\\ndrill. Clover is then applied, in the spring, towards the end of March\\nsome, however, sow as late as the middle of April. Early sowing is\\npreferable, as that which is young will more readily scorch by the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CKOPS. 255\\nparching rays of trie sun in July and August, than it will be destroyed\\nby late spring frosts. The quantity sown varies from 5 to 8 quarts\\nof clover, and about half the amount of Timothy, to the acre. It is\\nconsidered best to have the grass well mixed with different varieties\\nthey should be sown sufficiently thick to exclude all foul plants or\\nweeds. Clover is believed to be one of the best grasses, on account of\\nits exuberant growth, and its fertilising properties, being excellent\\nfor pasturage, and a good renovator of the soil. In wet lands, Timo-\\nthy is generally preferred to clover, as it is less subject to winter-kill.\\nThe yield per acre varies from 1 to 3 tons, according to the richness\\nof the soil and the nature of the season. The cost of growing hay\\nis about $6 a ton the present price, $24 a ton.\\nStatement of Nathaniel Green, near Middletoivn, Newport county,\\nRhode Island.\\nThe hay-crop on this inland is of great value to our farmers. They\\ngenerally mow over less surface than formerly, yet they obtain as\\nmuch or more hay to the acre, by top-dressing their fields with ma-\\nnure once every two or three years.\\nThe principal grasses cultivated are Timothy, clover, red-top, and\\nBorden s grass. All of these are often sown together, in the same\\nfield, and thrive well. Clover and Timothy, the first year, generally\\ngain the ascendancy over the other kinds. The second year, Timo-\\nthy and red-top come in together, and Borden s grass comes as the\\nother two run out. Clover seldom lasts more than one year Timo-\\nthy two or three years red-top and Borden s grass generally remain\\nuntil the land is re-ploughed.\\nWhite weed, otherwise called the Daisy, comes in when the\\ngrass seeds are sown and fail to take root. When cut, at the time it\\nfirst begins to shed its blossoms, and properly cured, it makes very\\ngood fodder and, instead of being a pest to the fields, as has been\\nthe case in other parts of the country, it is here considered an accept-\\nable visiter. It seldom appears where the grasses take root and\\ngrow well, but seems to be a volunteer to supply their places.\\nSometimes, a ton or more is obtained to the acre, while the grasses\\nyield from 1 to 2 tons. Mowing-machines are now employed heie\\nwith success.\\nThe price of hay, delivered at Newport, is from $18 to $20 a ton.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nWILD RICE.\\nCONDENSED COEEESPONDENCE\\nStatement of John B. C. G-azzo, of La Four die parish, Louisiana.\\nThe Water oat, or Wild rice, (Zizania aquatica,) is an in-\\nteresting plant, exceedingly prolific, the roots of which are perennial.\\nIt grows at the edges of our prairies and bayous. Stock of every\\ndescription are fond of it, when green or cured as hay. The first set-\\ntlers of Louisiana called it folic avoine. It is also found wild in all\\nthe Southern States, grows tall, and will yield two crops a year of\\ngood hay.\\nTHE JAPAN PEA.\\nCONDENSED COREESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John B. Luce, of Fort Smith, Sebastian county, Arkansas.\\nThe package I now send, contains a part of the produce of a table-\\nspoonful of Japan peas, planted on the 22d of June last. They were\\nraised without any rain, not enough in a single shower to lay the\\ndust, from the time of planting until after the first few pods had\\nmatured. The yield was half a bushel of choice seed. They were\\nraised in a cotton-field, being planted singly, in the missing hills,\\nand received the same treatment as the cotton.\\nThe soil was a rich, sandy loam, in the Arkansas bottom. I\\nraised others in a very poor upland, in a peach orchard. They wexe\\nplanted in drills, worked but once, and suffered much from the shade,\\nas well as from drought yet the yield was fair.\\nStatement of JonN Danforth, of New London, New London county,\\nConnecticut.\\nIn April last, I planted thirteen hundred and seventy-six Japan\\npeas, from which I raised 4 quarts of seed. Somo of the pea-vines\\nI used as green fodder for my cattle.\\nStatement of Abram Weaver, of Bloomfidd, Davis county, Ioiva.\\nI planted twenty-three of the Japan peas, I received from the\\nPatent Office, of which number eighteen grew. They were cultivated", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 257\\nin my garden, on the 20th of May, and ripened, say from the 15th of\\nAugust to the 15th of September. I planted them 3 feet apart, two\\npeas in a hill, and, when fully grown, the branches were touching,\\nthe main stalk, attaining about 3^ feet in height. The summer was\\nunusually dry. They were kept clear of weeds, but were not watered,\\nexcept by rain, while growing. I am fully satisfied that, in an ordi-\\nnary season, they would attain a height of 4 or 5 feet.\\nI think more bushels of these peas can be raised to the acre than\\nof corn. I had some of them cooked, while green, at their largest\\nsize, and found them delicious. I am of opinion that a few acres,\\ngrown for the purpose of turning hogs in, to feed on them, before\\ncommencing to give them corn, would be a valuable crop. The stalk\\nwill stand as firmly as corn.\\nStatement of W. D. Lindsley, of Sandusky city, Erie county, Ohio.\\nOn the 15th of May last, I planted a parcel of Japan peas in a\\nrich, loose, sandy soil but they did not all ripen before we were visited\\nby frost. I planted others on the 31st of May, and again on the 15th\\nof June. It is almost needless to say that none of the latter matured\\ntheir pods. They should be planted in hills or drills, 4 feet by 3 feet\\napart, and one stalk in a place.\\nThis pea is one of the most productive I have met with, and is well\\nadapted for field-culture, as it has but one stalk, which sends forth\\nnumerous branches, every part of which are covered with pods well\\nfilled. It is not good for culinary use but is excellent for domestic\\nfowls and for stock. Poultry are remarkably fond/)f it, and fatten\\nmuch more rapidly than when fed on corn.\\nTHE OREGON PEA.\\nCONDENSED C EE E S P ND E N CE,\\nStatement of H. M. Bry, of Monroe, Ouachita parish, Louisiana.\\nThe celebrated Oregon pea, said to have been discovered in\\nOregon or the Eocky Mountains, a few years since, has been culti-\\nvated by me upwards of twenty-five years, and by my father about\\nfifty years. He obtained the seed from the captain of a slaver, from\\nthe coast of Angola, a year or two after the cession of Louisiana and\\nit has been known and cultivated here ever since that period as the\\nAngola pea.\\nAs I had seen miraculous statements concerning the Oregon pea,\\nfor a year or two past, and as I had a great fondness for agricultural\\nexperiments, I, of course, was among the first to obtain a few of the\\n17", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "258 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nseeds. As soon as I saw them, I was satisfied of their identity with\\nthe Angola pea but, as I thought that I might possibly be mistaken,\\nI cultivated them, and the result confirmed my previous opinion. As\\nI have raised this pea for years, I can speak of its qualities It is well\\nadapted for the table, for hay, and for a fertiliser. It is undoubtedly\\na tropical plant, and, for aught I know, it would continue to bear for\\nyears from the same stalk. I frequently cut it for hay, when it began\\nto form its seeds, before the coming of frost, when it is as full branches\\nand leaves as at first.\\nStatement of George Luther, of Longstreet, Moore county, North\\nCarolina.\\n1 planted the Oregon peas, I received from the Patent Office, on the\\n28th of April. They came up and grew well for some time but, on\\nthe 4th of August, when they were from 2\\\\ to 5 feet high, we had a\\nheavy squall, which blew them all down, and broke about half of\\nthem off at the ground. I thought for some time the roots would\\nsend up sprouts, but they did not. I offered some of those that were\\nbroken off to my cattle and horses, but none would eat them. I\\nobserved closely, to see if the branches come out at every joint, but in\\nthis I was disappointed, and they did not begin to bear until late in\\nthe fall, and then only bore pods on the extreme ends of the limbs,\\nand these so late that a third part were destroyed by the frost, though\\nthe fall was mild.\\nThe Chinese pea, from its size and color, could not be distin-\\nguished from the Oregon pea. I obtained a few plants from these,\\nwhich were perfectly similar to the Oregon pea, until the stalk was\\nabout a foot high. They then began to blossom, and bore pods, which\\nresembled those of the Oregon pea. They then sent out a number of\\nvines, each of which bore at every joint. It was late in May when I\\nreceived them. I planted some of the first that ripened, and they\\nmatured before frost. I think three, if not four crops of them, may\\nbe made here in one season.\\nStatement of William H. Goudy, of Buteville, Marion county, Oregon\\nTerritory.\\nThere is no such product here as the Oregon pea, described by\\na writer in the Keport of 1853. There is an excellent field-pea, which\\nwas introduced by the Hudson Bay Company. It is a yellowish-\\nwhite, and nearly the size of what is known as the May pea in the\\nWestern States. The stalks, when planted in good rich land, grow\\n4 feet high, sending out several lateral shoots, with short joints, which\\nhave from 2 to 4 pods at a joint, that seldom contain more than six\\npeas.\\nWhat is known here as the Field pea will yield on good land 30\\nbushels to the acre. The peas are fed to hogs, and the vines make\\ngood hay.\\nPeas are considered superior to wheat to fatten hogs. The cost of\\nraising is about the same as that grain.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 259\\nStatement of Victor Scriba, of Pittsburg, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nThe Oregon pea was cultivated here both in 1854 and 1855. In the\\nformer, on account of the great drought, it entirely failed. Last spring,\\nI. so wed mine about the middle of April but a late frost killed nearly\\nhalf the plants I had. The other half lingered for several months,\\nseemingly not to grow at all, until the last of August, or early in\\nSeptember, when they grew more vigorously and commenced to blos-\\nsom. The early frosts, however, about the middle of October, killed\\nthe unripe pods, stalks, and leaves in a single night. The stalk at-\\ntained a height of only 2\u00c2\u00a3 or 3 feet.\\nAll the other Oregon peas cultivated in this vicinity, as far as I\\ncould learn, shared the same fate.\\nCHUFAS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of Victor Scriba, of Pittsburg, Alleghany comity,\\nPennsylvania.\\nLast season, I raised a patch of the Earth Almond, or Chufa\\n(Cyperus esculentus,) each plant of which produced over one hundred\\ntubers. In Europe, they are eaten raw, like chesnuts or almords, and\\nare used in cakes or confectionary like the latter and, even when\\npounded with sugar, the mixture is equal in every respect to the\\nemulsion of almonds. They are also used as the best substitute for\\ncoffee.\\nTHE PEA-NUT, OR PINDAR.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement 0/ John B. C. Gazzo, of La Fourche parish, Louisiana.\\nThe Pea-nut, Pindar, or Ground-nut, (Arachis hypogaa,)\\nwhen cultivated in this section, requires a good alluvial soil, although\\nit will grow well on sandy land. The seeds are dibbled in rows, so as\\nto leave the plants a foot apart each way. As soon as the flowers ap-\\npear, the vines are earthed up from time to time, so as to keep them\\nchiefly within the ground.\\nWhen cultivated alone, and there is sufficient moisture, the yield\\nof nuts is from 60 to 75 bushels to the acre. If allowed to gro^w\\nwithout earthing up, the vines will yield half a ton of hay to the\\nacre. They are killed by the first frost, when the nuts are mature and\\nready for use.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "260\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nCARROTS.\\nCONDENSED COEKESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of GrERSHOM Wiborn, of Victor, Ontario county, Neiv York.\\nHaving had some experience in raising carrots for feeding to stock,\\nI will give an estimate of the expense of raising and securing an\\nacre. The ground should be rich and low, but thoroughly drained,\\nand worked at least 15 inches deep, with a subsoil plough. It should\\nbe harrowed, rolled, and then formed into ridges 2 feet apart. The\\nseed should be sown with a hand-drill, as early in the spring as the\\nfield can be properly worked, as an early sowing is far more likely\\nto come up than a late one. Carrot-seed, of all others, requires a\\nvery damp, fine soil to vegetate.\\nAn acre of suitable land, well worked, in general, will yield from\\njOO to 1,000 bushels of roots, the nutritive value of which, by mea-\\nure, is equal to one-fourth of that of corn-meal.\\nThe following is an estimate of the expense of cultivating\\nPloughing and preparing,\\nSeed, 3 pounds,\\nDrilling in the seed,\\nHoeing first time, six days,\\nHoeing second time, six days,\\nHoeing third time, four days,\\nDigging and housing,\\nTotal,\\n3\\n2\\n6\\n6\\n4\\n10\\n35\\nMANGOLD-WURZEL.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of O. H. Kelly, of Northwood, Benton county, Minnesota.\\nThe seeds of the mangold-wurzel, which I received from the Pa-\\ntent Office, succeeded well and grew to a large size. A few of the\\nroots were sliced, and given to my hogs, which they ate in preference\\nto corn. I believe it to be a most valuable root to raise for stock-\\nfeeding, in general. I shall continue to cultivate it.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS. 261\\nTURNIPS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John T. Andrew, of West Cornwall, Litchfield county,\\nConnecticut.\\nThe several varieties of turnip-seed, sent me from the Patent Office\\nin June last, were well cultivated, and the results observed with care.\\nThey were sown in drills, 18 inches apart, and 8 inches asunder, along\\nthe drills, allowing only one plant in a place to remain after\\nthinning. The ground was kept loose, and free from weeds, by re-\\npeated hand-hoeings.\\nSutton s Improved Green Globe proved good, germinated well,\\nand produced uniform bulbs of middling quality, but not satisfactory\\nin quantity, the yield being about 500 bushels to the acre.\\nAshcroft s Swede came pure, germinated well, and grew with\\na healthy and rapid development. The quality of the bulbs was\\ngood and the yield fair, the product being about 800 bushels to the\\nacre. The tops were very large, and of a dark green color.\\nLincolnshire Red Globe proved excellent the bulbs were\\nAvhite below the surface, purple above, and very large and unform.\\nThe quality was superior, being free from rootlets, smooth, solid, and,\\nin every respect, perfect of its kind. The tops were very large, ex-\\ntending from the opposite extremities of its leaves 4 feet. The\\nweight of the largest bulb, with its top, when pulled, was 15 pounds.\\nThe small parcel of seed was sown in a row 20 rods long, and pro-\\nduced 22 bushels.\\nThis experiment justifies the hope that the Lincolnshire Red Globe\\nwill prove one of the best turnips known to us, and a great acquisi-\\ntion.\\nStatement of B. F. Wibur, of Monson, Piscataquis county, Maine.\\nThe White globe, or Norfolk turnip, an English variety, I\\nplanted on the 1st of May, in drills 2 feet apart, on ground prepared\\nas we usually prepare for our common field crop of ruta-bagas, and\\nthe yield was nearly double that of the ruta-baga by the side of it.\\nSome few of the largest weighed from 10 to 15 pounds each. I shall\\ncontinue to cultivate this variety, as it is decidedly better than the\\ncommon English turnip, grown in this vicinity.\\nSkirving s Improved Swede was planted on the same plat, side\\nby side with the above, and other field-crops, and does not appear to\\nbe any better than the common ruta-baga. The crown of the root is\\ninclined to grow much longer, and the yield is no better.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "262\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nReport of cm experiment of twenty-six varieties of Turnip-seed, by\\nBaMUEL D. Martin, of Pine Grove, Kentucky, in 1855.\\nNAMES OF VARIETIES.\\nSkirving s Swede\\nRivers Stubble Swede\\nLaing s Swede\\nGreen-topped Swede\\nDale s Hybrid\\nGreen-topped Six-weeks\\nSnow Ball\\nStrap-leaved\\nSmall Yellow Malta\\nWhite Globe or Norfolk White...\\nGreen Round or Norfolk Green....\\nGreen Globe or Green Norfolk\\nGolden Ball\\nRed Globe or Norfolk Red\\nWhite Tankard or Decanter\\nGreen Tankard or Decanter\\nYellow Tankard or Decanter.\\nRed Tankard or Decanter\\nGreen-topped Scotch\\nPurple- topped Scotch.\\nSkirving s Purple-topped Scotch.\\nEarly Stone or Stubble Stone.\\nYellow Stone\\nRed-topped Stone\\nWhite Dutch\\nYellow Dutch\\no\\nto\\no a\\na\\nSoil.\\ni- 2\\ng o\\np, O\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a1Q\\np o\\n3\\nIs\\n03\\nJuly 19\\nGarden\\n4,eoo\\n3,200\\n5,600\\n4,200\\nII\\nM\\nAug. 8\\nSod-land\\n4,800\\n2,000\\n4,960\\n12,800\\nAug. 1\\n14,000\\n6,400\\nif\\n6,000\\n6,200\\nii\\n9,400\\n3,800\\nii\\n5,600\\n2,800\\nii\\n8,600\\nT,200\\nit\\n3,800\\n6,000\\nii\\n5,000\\n4,600\\n(i\\n4,800\\n3,200\\na\\n6,800\\n13,000\\nII\\n4,800\\n5,200\\nAug. 8\\n2,400\\n5,600\\nit\\n2,080\\n4,800\\n(1\\n6,400\\n11,560\\nit\\n3,040\\n5,600\\nit\\n2,720\\n4,480\\nAug. 9\\n1,920\\n2,880\\na\\n5,080\\n16,000\\ntt\\n4,480\\n16,000\\nc t\\ntt\\nt.\\n10,720\\n12,320\\n4,800\\n5,760\\nRemarks.\\nInjured by freshet.\\nDestroyed by freshet-\\nGround not filled.\\nGround not filled.\\nEaten by grasshoppers\\nThe seeds were presented to the Patent Office, for experiment, by-\\nMessrs. Charlwood and Cummins, seedsmen, of London.\\nThey were mostly sown upon sod-land, ploughed four times, har-\\nrowed twelve times, and rolled twice. Stable manure was spread\\nbroadcast at the rate of 160 bushels to the acre, finely pulverised\\nexcept to the Swedes, to which it was applied in drills.\\nThe first sowing was almost destroyed by the turnip-fly, and the\\nsecond by grasshoppers. Those which stood, were so much injured,\\nthat they grew very little before the weather became cool.\\nThe Swedes were transplanted in drills August 4th.\\nThe crop was harvested November 12th.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS.\\nReport of an experiment of twenty-six varieties of Turnip-seed, by\\nA. G-. Comings, of Freetown, Bristol county, 31assachusetts, in 1855.\\nNAMES OF VARIETIES.\\nSkirving s Swede\\nRivers Stubble Swede\\nLaing s Swede\\nGreen- topped Swede\\nDale s Hybrid\\nGreen-topped Six-weeks\\nSnow Ball\\nStrap-leaved\\nSmall Yellow Malta\\nWhite Globe or Norfolk White-\\nGreen Round or Norfolk Green.\\nGreen Globe or Green Norfolk.\\nGolden Ball\\nRed Globe or Norfolk Red.,\\nWhite Tankard or Decanter...\\nGreen Tankard or Decanter.\\nYellow Tankard or Decanter.\\nRed Tankard or Decanter\\nGreen-topped Scotch\\nPurple-topped Scotch\\nSkirving s Purple-topped Scotch\\nEarly Stone or Stubble Stone\\nYellow Stone\\nRed-topped Stone\\nWhite Dutch\\nYellow Dutch\\nJuly 11\\nJuly 24\\nNov. 5\\nNov. 19\\nu\\n50,500\\n44,500\\n44,500\\n60,600\\n52,800\\n28,000\\n28,800\\n38,500\\n26,880\\n39,600\\n26,400\\n37,200\\n24,640\\n27,000\\n20,800\\n20,600\\n21,000\\n20,000\\n15,600\\n14,400\\n24,000\\n19,200\\n13,920\\n37,120\\n25,920\\n11,520\\n8,000\\n8,000\\n7,000\\n6,500\\n8,000\\n4,480\\n6,360\\n4,800\\n4,800\\n8,000\\n7,360\\n8,320\\n6,400\\n9,280\\n5,760\\n5,640\\n5,440\\n6,240\\n0,400\\n7,040\\n5,920\\n6,400\\n8,000\\n7,040\\n7,200\\n4,000\\n720\\n640\\n640\\n880\\n885\\n560\\n600\\n700\\n480\\n660\\n440\\n620\\n440\\n500\\n400\\n400\\n400\\n400\\n260\\n240\\n400\\n320\\n240\\n640\\n480\\n240\\nexcellent\\n2\\nexcellent\\nexcellent\\nvery\\ngood\\nearly\\nexcel-\\nlent,\\nearly. J\\ngood.\\nfine\\nexcellent\\nThe seeds were presented to the Patent Office, for experiment, by\\nMessrs. Charlwood and Cummins, seedsmen, of London.\\nThe soil was a sandy loam, from which a hay-crop was mown on\\nthe 25th of June, when it was ploughed for the turnips.\\nEight cords of stable manure and 300 pounds of phosphate of\\nlime, were used to the acre.\\nThe crop was severely injured by drought from the 1st of August.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "264\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nReport of an experiment ivith ticenty-six varieties of Turnip-seed, by\\nCharles A. Nason, of Hampton Falls, Neiu Hampshire, in 1855.\\nNAMES OF VARIETIES.\\nU m\\n\u00c2\u00a73 m\\nd o\\nm\\nBOM\\na\\nP.\\nw o\\nI-l\\n1-1 o\\na2\\n,a a,\\no\\nes \u00c2\u00bbJ o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0K O O\\n.2 p\\na\\nS3\\no\\n9 S3\\nS\\nS a\\no\\nP\\no\\nj o\\nJune 27\\n28,665\\n8,190\\n375\\nexcellent.\\nit\\n43,695\\n13,650\\n874\\ngood.\\nii\\n25,995\\n5,460\\n345\\nit\\n28,665\\n6,825\\n580\\nJuly 15\\n19,110\\n23,205\\n385\\n31,395\\n10,920\\n627\\n31,406\\n16,380\\n628\\nu\\n45,045\\n16,380\\n900\\ngood.\\nii\\n20,475\\n5,460\\n409\\nti\\n36,855\\n18,110\\n737\\nit\\n30,030\\n5,460\\n601\\nu\\n32,760\\n12,285\\n655\\nCl\\n28,665\\n8,190\\n573\\n23,205\\n19,110\\n464\\nexcellent.\\nbad.\\n(1\\n16,380\\n6,825\\n328\\ngood.\\ninferior.\\n(1\\n28,935\\n16,380\\n519\\nu\\nii\\n31,395\\n17,745\\n628\\nu\\nIt\\n19,110\\n12,285\\n382\\nit\\n1\\n20,475\\n13,650\\n410\\nII\\n16,380\\n11,285\\n328\\na\\n17,745\\n9,555\\n555\\nu\\n19,110\\n8,190\\n582\\n1\\n(I\\n28,665\\n5,460\\n573\\na\\nit\\n21,840\\n6,825\\n457\\nli\\n27,300\\n9,190\\n546\\n(i\\nK\\n21,840\\n6,825\\n457\\nii\\nSkirving s Swede\\nRivers Stubble Swede\\nLaing s Swede\\nGreen-topped Swede\\nDale s Hybrid\\nGreen- topped Six-weeks\\nSnow Ball\\nStrap-leaved\\nSmall Yellow Malta\\nWhite Globe or Norfolk White...\\nGreen Round or NorfolkGreen.\\nGreen Globe or Green Norfolk...\\nGolden Ball\\nRed Globe or Norfolk Red\\nWhite Tankard or Decanter\\nGreen Tankard or Decanter\\nYellow Tankard or Decanter....\\nRed Tankard or Decanter\\nGreen-topped Scotch\\nPurple-topped Scotch\\nSkirving s Purple- topped Scotch\\nEarly Stone or Stubble Stone...\\nYellowStone\\nRed-topped Stone\\nWhite Dutch\\nYellow Dutch\\ngood.\\nThe seeds were presented to the Patent Office, for experiment, by\\nMessrs. Charlwood and Cummins, seedsmen, of London.\\nThe soil was generally gravelly loam, made light and fine, but\\nsometimes inclined to clay. The high, dry gravelly land did not\\nanswer so well as moister soils. The seed was drilled in about 18\\ninches apart. The plants were weeded once or twice and thinned\\nout from 5 to 8 inches asunder.\\nThe fertiliser used was a compost consisting of 20 parts of barn-\\nyard manure, 8 parts of salt-marsh mud, 8 parts of hog-manure, 3\\nparts of wood ashes, and 1 part of lime the whole well pulverised and\\nworked together, and applied at the rate of 25 cords to the acre, well\\nharrowed and intermixed with the soil.\\nThe roots were more or less affected by drought, according to the\\nsituation of the soil.\\nThe crop was but little injured by insects.\\nTime of harvesting, October 15th.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "TEXTILE AND FORAGE CROPS.\\n265\\nReport of an experiment with twenty-six varieties of Turnip-seed, by\\nJoseph J. Cooke, of Providence, Rhode Island, in 1855.\\nNAMES OF VARIETIES.\\nSkirving s Swede\\nRivers Stubble Swede\\nLaing s Swede\\nGreen-topped Swede\\nDale s Hybrid\\nGreen- topped Six- weeks\\nSnow Ball\\nStrap leaved\\nSmall Yellow Malta\\nWhite Globe or Norfolk White.\\nGreen Round or Norfolk Green.\\nGreen Globe or Green Norfolk...\\nGolden Ball\\nRed Globe or Norfolk Red\\nWhite Tankard or Decanter\\nGreen Tankard or Decanter\\nIT I Yellow Tankard or Decanter\\nl8|Red Tankard or Decanter\\n1 9 1 Green-topped Scotch\\n20|Purple-topped Scotch\\n21|Skirving s Purple-topped Scotch\\n22 1 Early Stone or Stubble Stone....\\n23 Yellow Stone\\n24 Red- topped Stone\\nWhite Dutch.\\nYellow Dutch.\\nJuly 21\\nJuly 23\\nOh cS\\nO\\nm\\n0-( oj\\n17,587\\n18,656\\n18,304\\n16,432\\n11,809\\n24,276\\n15,239\\n19,894\\n13,728\\n15,239\\n9,984\\n17,000\\n15,704\\n14,150\\n14,716\\n16,050\\n16,308\\n16,308\\n9,350\\n8,694\\n11,577\\n14,798\\n12,985\\n22,650\\n21,700\\n13,464\\n12,395\\n13,199\\n10,5S6\\n8,978\\n18,961\\n16,312\\n19,705\\n17,063\\n10,343\\n26,274\\n21,706\\n20,611\\n15,855\\n25,821\\n16,081\\n24,009\\n18,044\\n20,460\\n17,365\\n19,403\\n16,534\\n17,742\\n16,383\\n14,986\\n13,967\\n9,626\\nM\\n335\\n352\\n352\\n301\\n251\\n476\\n311\\n406\\n264\\n311\\n208\\n340\\n302\\n283\\n283\\n321\\n302\\n302\\n170\\n189\\n227\\n302\\n245\\n453\\n434\\n264\\n-2-S\\ngood.\\ngood,\\npoor.\\npoor,\\ngood.\\npoor.\\ngood.\\nfair.\\ngood.\\nit\\npoor,\\ngood,\\npoor,\\ngood,\\npoor.\\ngood\\nQJ\\nsi a\\ngood.\\nfair,\\ninferior.\\npoor,\\nfair.\\ninferior.\\nvery inferior.\\nk\\na\\nfair.\\nThe seeds were presented to the Patent Office, for experiment, by\\nMessrs. Charlwood and Cummins, seedsmen, of London.\\nThe soil was a sandy loam, which had been highly manured in the\\nspring for spinach, and subsoiled to the depth of 18 inches.\\nThere were applied 560 pounds per acre of Lloyd s super-phosphate\\nof lime.\\nAll the varieties were more or less injured by worms.\\nThe crop was harvested November 2 2d.\\nThe plants were carefully thinned and weeded, and promised an\\nabundant yield until the drought was far advanced, before the expi-\\nration of which their recovery, in case of rain, seemed doubtful.\\nThey did revive, however, and continued to grow up to about the\\ntime of harvesting.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "266 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nCOLZA, OR RAPE.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE,\\nStatement of Jareb Case, of Troy, Bradford county, Pennsylvania.\\nOn the 19th of April last, I received a small can of March or\\nspring colza, or rape-seed. The same day, I sowed a part of it on a plat\\nof sandy loam 30 feet square, well enriched with hen-dung and barn-\\nyard manure. On the 1st of September, I harvested 3 pecks of\\nseed of excellent quality.\\nOn a rich mellow soil, free from grass and weeds, where labor is\\ncheap, I think this crop will pay.\\nMISCELLANEOUS CROPS.\\nTOBACCO.\\nCULTURE IN RUSSIA.\\nThe culture of tobacco has attained some degree of importance in\\nRussia, principally in the governments of Tschernigow, Saratow, and\\nPoltawa. It has also of late begun to extend itself into several\\nprovinces of New Russia, in the government of Stavropol, in Podolia,\\nin some of the central governments, and even into some parts of\\nSiberia.\\nIn the Report of the Department of Economy to the Ministry of\\nDomains, published in 1849, the total production of tobacco in\\nRussia, including the trans-Caucasian provinces, is estimated at\\nupwards of 108,240,000 pounds. In the last-named provinces, not-\\nwithstanding the favorable nature of the climate, the tobacco planta-\\ntions are but inconsiderable, the quantity grown annually not\\nexceeding 1,000,000 pounds.\\nThe greater part of the tobacco raised in Russia is of a very ordi-\\nnary quality, selling at from 40 to 80 kopecks per pood (from 1 cent\\nand 1 mill to 2 cents and 2 mills a pound) but this cheapness has\\ndiffused a taste for it throughout the lower classes of the population\\nincluding even the Nomadic tribes of Atrakhan and Siberia, as well\\nas the natives of the Aleoutic islands. Down to the year 1842,\\nthe culture of an article of a better quality was confined to a few\\nisolated experiments, which, however, served to afford an indication\\nof classes most suitable for the different districts. By way of encour-\\naging and promoting these attempts, the Department of Rural\\nEconomy periodically imports tobacco-seed from Persia, Turkey,\\nCuba, and the United States, which it distributes gratuitously in\\nevery part of the empire where the inhabitants manifest a desire to", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 267\\nintroduce plantations, and especially among the best known planters\\nand colonists of New Russia. In the space of five years, there have\\nbeen distributed upwards of 600 pounds, a quantity ^sufficient to\\nplant 32,000 acres. Treatises with suggestions on tobacco-culture\\nhave likewise been published and distributed in considerable numbers,\\nwith a view to instruct the cultivators. In order to facilitate sales,\\nthe Department of Rural Economy, has by its own intervention, put\\nthe producers in communication with the principal manufacturers;\\nit also quite recently despatched a distinguished agriculturist with\\na commission to visit Turkey, Egypt, the south of Europe, the island\\nof Cuba, and the United States, to study the culture of tobacco in\\nthose countries, and, on his return, to visit Holland, the countries of\\nthe Rhine, and the central parts of Germany, in order to examine\\nthe various modes of manufacturing tobacco and snuff. This agent\\nwas charged at the same time to engage in Germany an experienced\\ncultivator to assist in introducing the best modes of culture, both into\\nthe agricultural schools, and amongst private planters. In the mean-\\ntime, experimental plantations were introduced into all the model\\nfarms and horticultural establishments of the crown. The good\\neffect of these measures has already been felt, especially during the\\nlast six or seven years, in New Russia, Bessarabia, and the govern-\\nments of Poclolia, Kiew, and Pultawa. In Podolia, it is stated that\\nsome proprietors have obtained seed from America, of an excellent\\nvariety, suitable for the manufacture of cigars and, in Bessarabia,\\nthe crown peasants of the district of Khotin have begun to cultivate\\nthe better sorts.\\nAs for the superior qualities of the tobacco of the Russians, there\\nseems little chance, however, that they will be able entirely to super-\\nsede the kinds they now receive from Turkey and America; but the\\nexperiments already made have shown that the culture of these sorts\\nmay succeed up to a certain point in several districts of Little Russia\\nand the Southern Provinces, if the culture be rationally pursued and\\ncare taken to renew the seed. d. j. b.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of D. Barnes, of 31iddletoion Middlesex county,\\nConnecticut.\\nA considerable quantity of tobacco is raised in Cromwell and in\\nthis town the yield is good and pays well. It is also considered of\\nsuperior quality both at home and abroad.\\nStatement of Daniel Paterson, of Fayette, Howard county, Missouri.\\nTobacco, in this region, yields about 1,000 pounds to an acre. Pries\\nfrom $4 to $5 per 100 pounds; cost of conveying to market, 15 to 26\\ncents per 100 pounds.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "268 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSUGAR AND MOLASSES.\\nFAILURE OF THE SUGAR-CANE IN LOUISIANA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PRO-\\nPOSED PLAN OF RESTORATION.\\nThe culture of sugar-cane in Louisiana, it is well known, lias been\\nsubject from the period of its introduction in 1751* up to the present\\ntime, to certain unfavorable vicissitudes to which it is not liable in\\nmore southern climes. The past has been more marked, perhaps,\\nthan any preceding season, both in respect to the amount produced\\nand to the diseases and condition or degeneracy of the cane. The\\nspring of 1854 is represented to have been so extraordinarily dry that\\nmost of the cuttings put into the ground perished, even after they\\nhad vegetated. Indeed, some few sections only of the sugar-growing\\nparishes were favored even with occasional vernal showers, and the\\ncrops in these sections gave better promise than those in other parts\\nof the State. But yet in these, the yield was not abundant, as the\\nsummer and fall proved otherwise unfavorable to the growth and\\nmaturity of the cane and many planters, who had crops of fair\\nappearance, found, upon grinding and boiling, that the actual yield\\nof sugar to the acre was unusually small. The plant-cane, upon\\nwhich the cultivators mainly depend, seems to have been a general\\nfailure throughout the State and the small crop made was mostly\\nsaved from the stubbles, or rattoons. The securing of the crop was\\nalso very unfavorable to the planter. At the commencement of the\\ngrinding, there appeared to be little or no crystalisable sugar in the\\njuice. The cane was not ripe, and the cold and unusually wet winter,\\nwhich consequently required a large amount of fuel for boiling, was a\\ngreat drawback so much so, that many of the planters lost a good\\nportion of their crops by not being prepared for these exigencies,\\nwhile others, rather than grind their immature cane, preferred to let\\nit stand in the fields, even at the risk of losing a part, and did not\\ncommence boiling before the 20th of December.\\nOn the night of the 23d of October, there occurred a frost, and\\nalthough not very severe, it did a vast deal of injury to the cane in\\nthe parishes of St. John Baptist, St. James, Ascension, Iberville,\\nEast and West Baton Rouge, West Feliciana, Point Coupee, Avoyelles,\\nand Rapides. The season in these parishes was snorter by two\\nmonths than in the others, where the cane was perfectly sound up to\\nthe night of the 25th of December, when thick ice was formed, the\\nWe have no record of the cultivation of sugar-cane as a staple crop, in any part of the\\nterritory of the United States, before the year 1751, when it was introduced, with several\\nnegroes, by the Jesuits, from St. Domingo. They commenced a small plantation on the\\nbanks of the Mississippi, just above the old city of New Orleans. The year following, others cul-\\ntivated the plant, and made some rude attempts at the manufacture of sugar. In 1758, Mr.\\nDubreul established a sugar estate on a large scale, and erected the first sugar-mill in Lou-\\nisiana, in what is now the lower part of New Orleans. His success induced other plantations,\\nand, in the year 1765, there was sugar enough manufactured for home consumption; and in\\n1770, it had become one of the staple products of the colony. Soon after the revolution, a\\nlarge number of enterprising adventurers emigrated from the United States to Lower Louisi-\\nana, where, among other objects of industry, they engaged in the cultivation of cane, and, by\\nthe year 1803, there were no less than eighty-one sugar estates on the delta alone.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 269\\nground frozen, and a longer term of cold weather followed than had\\never before been experienced in that section, and continued, Avith\\nvariations of temperature and frequent rains, up to the middle of\\nFebruary. In several years previous, as in 1835 and 1852, for\\ninstance, the temperature, for a day or so, had fallen to as low, or a\\nlower point but, probably, so great an aggregate of cold had never\\nbeen known in Louisiana in any previous winter. The greatest cold\\nwas on the morning of the 4th of February, when the mercury\\nfell to 20\u00c2\u00b0 F., although it stood as low as 24\u00c2\u00b0 or 25\u00c2\u00b0 on several days\\nin January. Many planters had not finished sugar-making when\\nthe severe weather set in, and all such, from these untoward circum-\\nstances, suffered much from short crops.\\nWhile the cane of the first-named parishes was nearly paralysed\\nwith cold on the 24th of October, it was not quite .frozen to the\\nground; but, in cases where it had not been windrowed, it con-\\ntinued to sprout, and was thus prevented from ripening, while that\\nwhich was windrowed was susceptible of being made into nothing\\nbut molasses. To this frost, may be attributed, in a great degree, the\\nlarge deficiency of the sugar-crop in the State, the past season. But\\nthis evidently was not the only cause of the general deterioration of\\nthe cane which had manifested itself for several years preceding.\\nThere had not only been a less yield of sugar to the acre than form-\\nerly, but the cane itself had become feeble or diseased on many plan-\\ntations, and the stalks attacked by borers, or worms and the juice,\\nin many cases, was not susceptible of conversion into sugar. These\\ndefects, it is conceived, are not attributable alone to untimely frosts,\\nnor to seasons otherwise unfavorable, but mainly to injudicious culti-\\nvation, such as the neglect of proper drainage, and, more than all,\\nthe exhaustion of the requisite elements in the soil necessary for the\\nperfect development of the cane, by continued cropping, without a due\\nregard, to rotation. This point, however, will be discussed more at\\nlength hereafter.\\nThis deterioration, or falling off of the crop, has also been at-\\ntributed to other presumed causes, one of which is that based upon\\nthe theory of Mr. Knight, of Herefordshire, in England, in the latter\\npart of the last century, namely, that plants propagated by cuttings,\\nor slips, deteriorate and become extinct, unless regenerated from time\\nto time by the production of fresh stocks directly from the seeds.\\nMr. Knight, it would seem, based his hypothesis upon the fact that\\ncertain varieties of the apple, in his neighborhood, were believed to\\nbe running through their natural course, and named as instances the\\n11 Golden Pippin and the Nonpareil. But the particular cases\\nthus cited failed to sustain his assumption for the Golden Pippin is\\nbelieved still to thrive well at Madeira, on many parts of the Conti-\\nnent of Europe, and in England, as well as the Nonpareil, just as\\nthey did in the days of Queen Anne.\\nThe earliest records we have of the sugar-cane (if we except a\\nslight allusion by the prophet Job) are found in the writings of\\nauthors who lived three centuries before the Christian era. From\\nthem, we simply learn that the history of this plant, like that of\\nmany other necessaries of life, was involved in obscurity. The plant", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "270 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nitself indeed appears to have been imperfectly known, even to the\\nGreeks and Romans, as Theophrastns, 320 years before Christ,\\ndescribed it as a sort of honey extracted from canes or reeds;\\nand Strabo, on the authority of Nearchus, the commander of the\\nfleet in the expedition of Alexander the Great, says that reeds\\nin India yield honey without bees; but, although India and Cochin-\\nChina are the countries usually cited as the native homes of the\\nsugar-cane, it is stated by Dr. Roxburgh, who resided many years\\nin India, that its indigenous habitat in that country is unknown,\\nand that he never there beheld its seeds. Although it has been\\nstated also to grow wild upon portions of the American Continent, no\\nproof of the fact is believed to exist. It is true that a species of cane,\\nof spontaneous growth, has been found in Central America, which is\\nrich in saccharine juice, and easily crushed by rollers but it is not\\nknown with certainty when it was discovered, nor whether or not it\\nis the result of self-sown seeds of some variety of the Eastern cane.\\nOn several of the South-sea Islands, however, and especially Otaheite,\\nit occurs in an apparently wild state.\\nThe cultivated sugar-cane very rarely produces seeds, although this\\nis said sometimes to occur even in the Southern States of this Union\\nbut it has not been shown that the seeds have vegetated when sown\\nyet there is, no doubt, some country in which the course of nature is\\nfollowed in this respect. Moreover, it has been averred that there is\\nno region in which the cultivators attempt to resort to this mode of\\npropagation, their dependence being always and entirely upon the\\ncuttings. The theory, therefore, of the insufficiency of this means of\\npropagating the sugar-cane, is without the least foundation, unless it\\ncan be shown that a general tendency to decay and extinction is mani-\\nfested in it throughout the globe a fact that has not been assumed,\\nand that certainly does not exist.\\nThat the propagation of plants, by their seeds, is the natural\\nmethod, seems like an infallible proposition and to the inquiry it\\nnaturally suggests respecting their design, if not for this use, it may\\nbe difficult to find a conclusive reply. But the vegetable kingdom\\npresents to the mind of the observer so many apparent anomalies,\\nthat the student who refuses to progress further until each in succes-\\nsion is made plain to his understanding, is not likely to proceed far\\nin this most interesting and profitable pursuit.\\nThe red currant, it is well known, contains seeds but, although\\nits history can be traced for at least a thousand years, there is no rea-\\nson to believe that, in all this period, it has ever been generally pro-\\npagated otherwise than from cuttings.\\nThe grape, also, contains seeds but vines are never propagated\\nfrom them, except when new varieties are intended to be produced.\\nThe extraordinarily healthy and prolific vines of California were in-\\ntroduced there from Malaga, in the form of cuttings, more than one\\nhundred and fifty years ago. How long they had been so cultivated\\nin Malaga, prior to that time, it is impossible to tell but, it is pre-\\nsumed, that a very long period had elapsed since they had been de-\\nrived from the seeds. It may also be presumed that these vines of\\nCalifornia are not more youthful, in this respect, than those now grow-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 271\\ning at Malaga, notwithstanding that feebleness or disease is evinced\\nin the latter, which must proceed from some cause not common to the\\nvines of both countries.\\nThe Jerusalem artichoke has been cultivated from time immemo-\\nrial, in Europe, by the tuber alone, as has also the tiger lily, for a\\ngreat number of years. The yellow sweet-potato, which has always\\nbeen healthful, abundant, and of excellent quality, with us, has never\\nbeen known to bear seeds, nor even to flower, in this country, at least\\nand, although the other varieties of the sweet-potato, purple and\\nwhite, do bear seeds, they are very rarely, or perhaps never, resorted\\nto for the purpose of general propagation. The same remark is true\\nof the common potato of the North and, when, a few years ago,\\nthis esculent became diseased, the idea of exhaustion was forcibly im-\\npressed upon the public mind, and, in compliance with the general\\ndesire, the London Horticultural Society obtained from the mountains\\nof Peru the seeds of the wild plant, similar to those from which the\\nEuropean varieties had originally been produced but, while all en-\\ndeavors to derive a new race from this source proved wholly futile, the\\nold varieties, that had long been propagated by cuttings, or tubers,\\nand were regarded as exhausted, regained their former healthfulness,\\nand became as fresh and vigorous, in all their characteristics, as they\\nhad ever been, for three centuries before.\\nThe instances here cited may not be sufficient to prove that plants\\npropagated by cuttings, or slips, are inexhaustible and perpetual in\\ntheir succession, and certainly do not prove that they are not liable\\nto disease, or, at least, as liable as they would have been had they\\nbeen produced from seeds, but they go far towards dissipating the\\nconjecture they are presented to oppose.\\nIt is an unfortunate, though very prevalent error, to attribute the\\ndiseases of plants to other than the real causes, since, by doing so,\\nwe deprive ourselves of the ability to apply the remedy appropriate\\nto each case. A deficiency or excess of rain, heat or cold, the electric\\nstate of the atmosphere, and, what is still more likely, an unfavorable\\ncondition of the soil, doubtless more or less induce the diseases or\\ndebility of plants and these may be either local or general. In the\\ncase of the sugar-cane of Louisiana, for instance, although it is\\nhighly desirable to introduce cuttings of new, and, if possible, better\\nvarieties, than are now cultivated in that State, there is a probable\\ncause of deterioration to which the attention of planters has not been\\neffectually directed.\\nIt is known that the continued production of a single species of\\nplant, upon almost any soil, will eventually exhaust that soil of\\nthose elements especially required as the pabulum of that plant, if\\nthose elements be not carefully ascertained and systematically re-\\nturned. Is not this probably the case with respect to the sugar-fields\\nof Louisiana Chemical analyses have shown that nearly one-half\\nof the inorganic matter contained in the cane itself is phosphate of\\nlime, and nearly a fourth silica. The bare statement of this fact\\nmust assuredly suggest to every mind a prominent cause of the evil.\\nIn the continued culture of sugar upon the same lands, as of every-\\nthing else, a judicious system of rotation, with a liberal supply of", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "272\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nguano, or other animal and phosphated manure, in connection with a\\ndue supply of well decomposed vegetable matter, is essential and,\\nas has been intimated, the latter must be of the kinds specifically in-\\ndicated.\\nThat there has been a degeneracy in the cane, caused by exhaus-\\ntion of the soil, and injudicious rotation, is obvious, from the fact\\nthat the same lands which have been under cultivation for a long\\nperiod have yielded more than three times the amount of sugar to the\\nacre in some years, than in others, the productiveness having been in\\nthose cases in which the soil was in its primitive fertility, or when\\nenriched by guano, or other appropriate manures. For instance, the\\nBritish and French West India Islands, some sixty or seventy years\\nago, yielded from 3,000 to 6,000 pounds of sugar to the acre. At\\npresent, they do not yield a third of this amount, without manure.\\nThe product in Louisiana, formerly, often reached as high as 3,000 or\\n4,000 pounds and, in some cases, even to 6,000 pounds but, for the\\nlast few years, it has often ranged as low as from 500 to 1,000 pounds\\nto the acre. According to Commodore Perry, in his Expedition to\\nJapan, before the introduction of guano into Mauritius, the product\\nof sugar on that island was from 2,000 to 2,500 pounds to the aGre\\nbut the increase, since the application of this fertiliser, has been so\\nextraordinary as to be scarcely credible. In ordinary seasons, the\\nproduct has been from 6,000 to 7,000 pounds, and, under peculiarly\\nfavorable circumstances, it has even reached 8,000 pounds to the acre.\\nThe amount of raw sugar, as a gross produce, to the acre, in seve-\\nral countries of the globe, from good authorities, is as follows:\\nPounds.\\nMauritius,\\nBrazil,\\nCuba,\\nIsle of Bourbon,\\nGuadeloupe,\\nVera Cruz,\\nMartinique,\\nBengal,\\nSt. Domingo,\\nLouisiana,\\n6,000\\n5,000\\n4,000\\n3,300\\n2,000\\n1,900\\n1,700\\n1,600\\n1,100\\n1,000\\n(n order to show the fluctuations of the sugar-crop in Louisiana,\\nfo* the last twenty-eight years, the following table is taken from Mr.\\nChampomier s Report, in which a hogshead is estimated to contain\\n1,100 pounds\\nCrop of\\nHogsheads.\\nCrop of\\nHogsheads.\\n1855\\n231,427\\n1847\\n240,000\\n1854\\n346,635\\n1846\\n140,000\\n1853\\n449,324\\n1845\\n186,000\\n1852\\n321,934\\n1844\\n200,000\\n1851\\n236,547\\n1843\\n100,000\\n1850\\n211,201\\n1842\\n140,000\\n1849\\n247,923\\n1841\\n90,000\\n1848\\n220,000\\n1840\\n87,000", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "Crop of\\nHogsheads.\\nCrop of\\n1839\\n115,000\\n1834\\n1838\\n70,000\\n1833\\n4837\\n65,000\\n1832\\n1836\\n70,000\\n1829\\n1835\\n30,000\\n1828\\nMISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 273\\nHogsheads.\\n100,000\\n75,000\\n70,000\\n48,000\\n88,000\\nIn seeking a remedy for the evil here complained of, in Louisiana,\\nthe minds of many have very naturally been turned to the project of\\nreplenishing the cane-fields of that State, by the importation of a fresh\\nsupply of cuttings, of such varieties as may be found best suited to\\nthe soil and climate. Resort to this means of restoration should be\\npromptly made, on a liberal and extensive scale, so that the experi-\\nment may be thorough, and, if possible, effectual, in its results. An\\nintelligent agent should be selected for the purpose, well acquainted\\nwith the character of the cane, and the nature of the soils and cli-\\nmates in which it grows, as well as with the best modes of packing\\nand transporting it to distant parts, either by land or sea and,\\nwhat would add much to his qualifications, one who is also acquainted\\npractically with the culture of the plant and the manufacture of su^ar.\\nAmong the points on this Continent, from which the cuttings could\\nbe obtained, I would instance the valley of Aragua, in Venezuela.\\nBritish Guiana, or some favorable locality on the coast of Brazil. On\\nor near the Eastern Continent, perhaps British India or the islands of\\nMaritius and Java might prove suitable positions for the procure-\\nment of the varieties desired. The agent, thus employed, should be\\naccurately informed or instructed with reference to the soil, climate\\nand elevation above the sea, of the sugar districts of these countries\\nas well as to the age and healthiness of the canes from which the.\\ncuttings are to be taken, the parts of the plants from which they,\\nare to be obtained, and the proper seasons of procuring them and de--\\nlivering them at some accessible point in the United States near where.\\nthey are intended to grow.\\nThe varieties of cane which have hitherto been most cultivated, in\\nLouisiana are the Striped-blue Ribbon; the Green Ribbon; the\\nYellow Ribbon, or Java; the Red Ribbon, or Violet;\\nthe Reddish-violet; the Red-striped; the Creole/ Crys-\\ntaline, or Malabar; the Otaheite; the Purple; the Yel-\\nlow the Purple-banded the Grey; the Greyish-white.\\nThe Bed-striped cane, which was originally brought, from the\\nDutch colony of Java, and the Violet or Reddish-violet which is only\\na variation from the former, are believed to be the only two varieties\\nthat will generally prosper under the climate of the sugar districts\\nof the Southern States. All the other descriptions are too sensitive\\nto cold, except in the warmer parts of the delta of the Mississippi,\\nFlorida, and Texas. When planted in new ground,, it gives a cer-\\ntain amount of white canes, or those the outside of which is of a\\ngreyish-white. When cultivated in old soil, however, it furnishes a\\ngood yield of violet-red cane. Again, on new ground, a part, say,\\nfrom one-tenth to one-fifteenth, of the striped cane becomes white, or\\na dirty greyish-white. There are also to be found more or less red\\n18", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "274 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nstripes on Rome portions of the stalk, or on the joints lout all the\\nrest of tli e stalk is entirely grey. On old ground, on the contrary 3\\nthe red-striped gives red or violet-red canes in about the same pro 1\\nportion as above. The tendency of this cane to degenerate rapidly is\\nremarkable, in every part of America. The other varieties are not so\\nliable to deteriorate. After once degenerating, these canes never re-\\ncover their original color.\\nThe Red or Violet-red cane, which is a good sub-variety of the\\nRed-striped, resists the cold well, and will often bear exposure from\\n5\u00c2\u00b0 to 8\u00c2\u00b0 F. below the freezing point.\\nThe lied, and the Red-striped, present some anomalies, in their\\neconomy which it is difficult to explain: Sometimes, and according\\nas the season is more or less favorable, the Red-striped (the mother)\\nfields more sugar than the Red variety sometimes, on the other\\nhand, the Red yields most abundantly, and that under similar condi-\\ntions. In general, the Red cane is said to yield less juice than the\\nRed-striped, the former, when mature, containing 11 per cent, of\\nwoody matter, and 89 per cent, of juice, which, in both varieties, haa\\ngenerally the same density under the same conditions. When the\\ncane is yellow, there is less woody fibre.*\\nThe Otaheite cane originated in the Society Islands. It is the\\nvariety most cultivated in the West Indies and South America, the\\nintroduction into which is accredited to the voyagers Messrs. Bou-\\ngainville, Cook, and Blight. The former brought it to Mauritius,\\nwhence it spread to Martinique, and soon after into the rest of the\\nWest India Islands, Cayenne, and the other parts of the Continent of\\nAmerica. It was introduced into Louisiana about the year 1797, but\\nis no longer regarded as suitable for general cultivation in that State,\\nas it suffers from the slightest frost.\\nCane-juice, on the authority of Dr. Evans, when recently expressed, is opaque, frothy, and\\nof a yellowish-green, or sometimes greyish color. It has an aromatic and sweet taste, a bal-\\nsamic odor, and produces a slightly acid reaction on litmus paper. In the latter respect, it\\noffers considerable variations. Its specific gravity is said to vary from 1.046 to 1.110, from\\n7\u00c2\u00b0 to 15\u00c2\u00b0 Beaurue. These must, however, be considered as its extreme limits, which are very\\nrarely observed. I have never seen it in any country of a density below 85\u00c2\u00b0, nor higher than\\n13\u00c2\u00b0, the temperature being 80\u00c2\u00b0 F. Its specific gravity usually fluctuates between 1.070 and\\n1.090, 10\u00c2\u00b0 and 13\u00c2\u00b0 Beaume. The difference in density depends upon many causes, as the age\\nof the cane, the climate, the soil, the season, the temperature of the atmosphere, c.\\nCane-juice consists of two parts, easily separated from each other by filtration, the one\\nbeing a perfectly transparent fluid, of a pale-yellow color, the other a dark-green fecula,\\nwhich remains upon the filter. The latter, upon examination under the microscope, is seen\\nto be formed of a green globular matter, (chlorophille,) portions of woody fibre, cellulose in\\nthe state of the broken-up parietes of the cells, and a few shreds of coagulated fibrine. By\\nthe application of heat, and the addition of a small quantity of lime, these substances separate\\nreadily from the pure juice, and then constitute the scum of the clarifiers. This scum has been\\nanalysed by Avequin, who states that it consists of cerosie, or wax, 7.5, green matter, 1.3, al-\\nbumen and wood 3.4, bi-phosphate of lime 0.5, silica 2.1, and water.\\nThe transparent liquid, which remains when the above matters have been separated by fil-\\ntration, consists of water, sugar, a small quantity of dextrine, varying, probably, from 1 to 4\\nparts in 1,000, in ripe and healthy canes, soluble compounds of proteine, saline matters, and a\\ncoloring principle, distinct from the green matter mentioned above, being soluble in water.\\nThe constituents, as determined by analysis, from an average taken from numerous experi-\\nments made by different persons, are as follows:\\nWater, 81.00\\nSugar, 18.20\\nOrganic matter, precipitated by bi-acetate of lead, 0.45\\nSaline matter, 0.35\\n100.00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 275\\nThe cane called Creole originated in Malabar or Bengal. It is\\nbelieved to have passed through Arabia, Egypt, Sicily, Spain, the\\nCanary Islands, and the West Indies, before it reached this country,\\nin 1751. Like the Otaheite, it is not adapted to general culture in\\nLouisiana, in consequence of its susceptibility to cold. Both varieties,\\nhowever, produce a great abundance of sugar in the hot seasons, when\\nnot injured by the autumnal frosts.\\nThe next steps to be taken for the restoration and continued cul-\\nture of sugar-cane in Louisiana are, a due regard to its management,\\nand a judicious rotation of crops. It is of the utmost importance, in\\nthe first instance, that proper judgment be exercised in the selection\\nof the plants from which the cuttings are to be taken. Those with\\nhealthy succulent tops should be preferred, and not the dry, hard, or\\nwoody ones, perforated by borers, which are often employed, and have\\noccasioned much disappointment and loss in establishing plantations.\\nMuch benefit can also be derived in changing the cuttings^ whatever\\nmay be the varieties, from one plantation to another, provided they\\nare transported to analogous climates and soils.\\nThe perfection of the culture of the sugar-cane, like that of Indian\\ncorn, consists in returning to the soil on which it grows, through the\\nmedium of fertilisers, the whole of the essential substances extracted\\nfrom it by the preceding crops the eradication of noxious weeds and\\nthe prevention of the accumulation of stagnant water. Although\\nthere are some parts of Louisiana in which the natural condition of\\nthe soil is sufficiently fertile to allow of repeated cropping, with no\\nother assistance than the ploughing under of the trash of the cane-\\nfields at certain periods, yet, generally speaking, the lands of that\\nState have become so much exhausted by injudicious cultivation that\\nnothing but high manuring can possibly secure an abundant yield\\nand, as there are but few estates which keep the requisite number of\\ndomestic animals to make the amount of manure required for profita-\\nble culture, it becomes necessary that the application of extraneous\\nor foreign fertilisers, of easy transportation, readily dissolved by the\\nrains, and economical in their cost, must be resorted to, in order to\\nrender this branch of industry profitable. And I know of no more\\nfeasible means of accomplishing this object than by the application,\\nin a liquid or soluble state, of Mexican, Columbian or other guanos,\\nhighly charged with phosphoric acid, which is well known to enter\\nlargely into the composition of all healthy canes. It must also be\\nobserved that an excess of Peruvian guano, or of stable or barnyard\\nmanure, applied to the cane-fields, would prove highly injurious to\\nthe crop, in consequence of the large amount of ammonia they con-\\ntain, the formation of too much of which is not desirable, a?? it ap-\\npears, on the authority of the most enlightened agricultural chemists,\\nthat nitrogen, the great basis of ammonia, however favorable it may\\notherwise be to the development of plants, is inimical to the forma-\\ntion of sugar, in their juices. This is corroborated by the experience\\nof planters, who affirm that the sugar from canes grown in rich val-\\nlies or ravines is always dark and the cane-juice poor, taking nearly\\ndouble the quantity to the hogshead that it does when the canes are\\nof a less rank growth. Thus it will be perceived by a little reflection", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "276 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthat the experience of the necessity for such manuring is founded on\\ncorrect chemical principles for it will point out that ammonia, or\\nnitrogen, should only be contained in such quantity in the manure\\nas will nourish and develop the vegetable structure in the young\\nplant, and by such accumulations of carbonaceous matter as will af-\\nford it the means, after such development, of forming the greatest\\nquantity of sugar in the cells of the cane.\\nThe lower-priced guanos and bone-dust are best adapted to supply\\nthe phosphates; but these, to some extent, are contained in the barnyard\\nand many other manures in use. In the alluvial soils of the Missis-\\nsippi valley, silica is probably even more meagerly furnished by na-\\nture, and its return is therefore more frequently called for. A partial\\nsupply of it may be obtained from the cane itself by boiling the bagasse,\\nor refuse trash, in a strong potash ley, and then distributing the liquid\\nor the residuum, which would contain a considerable quantity of the\\nslicate of potash, upon the soil. But how far this will prove economi-\\ncal in the end can only be determined by the planters themselves.\\nFrom the absence, with few exceptions, of everything like an at-\\ntempt at a rotation of crops, and from an injudicious perseverance,\\nyear after year, in the culture of cane, on the same fields, much of\\nthe land in Louisiana has either become wholly unfit for its produc-\\ntion, or only capable of yielding diminished crops at a continually\\nincreasing expenditure of labor and money and a perseverance in\\nthe same system, for some years longer, will end in the total aban-\\ndonment of cane cultivation for, as the cost of the production of\\nsugar must progressively increase, it will be impossible for the plant-\\ners to compete successfully with those of the tropics, where the cane\\nis a perennial, the soil more enduring in its fertility, and labor is\\nequally cheap. From this dilemma, perhaps, the introduction of a\\nsuitable variety of wheat, and the adoption of a judicious system of\\nrotation would extricate them, and be the means of restoring to pro-\\nfitable cultivation thousands of acres in that State, which, if further\\nimpoverished, will finally relapse into their primitive wildness.\\nShould wheat be found an injudicious crop to alternate directly with\\nthe cane, which belongs to the same extensive family of grasses, the\\ninterposition of the common and Chinese yams, the tanyah, or some\\nother tuberous-rooted plants, probably could be cultivated with ad-\\nvantage. Should these not succeed, perhaps the bitter and sweet\\noassada, (Janipha manihot et Icejlingii,) and other fusiform-rooted\\nplants, as well as the pea-nut, or pindar, the palma-christa, the bene,\\nor other leguminous plants, adapted to the climate, and valuable for\\ntheir productions, might enable the culture both of wheat and sugar-\\ncane to be carried on in alternate fields, in endless succession with\\nadvantage to the cultivator.\\nFrom the admonition which has been received with respect to the\\ndecadence of the sugar-culture of Louisiana, superior benefits cannot\\nfail to result. The experience of every age has well attested the\\nfolly of exclusive attention and dependence upon a single product,\\nhowever profitable it may prove, and it were well for us to recognise\\nthis general law, and to resort to the only known means of exemption\\nfrom its penalties. If this shall be done wisely, and in time, the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.\\n277\\nskill and industry of the planters of Louisiana will doubtless be\\nrewarded with an increased recompense. That there are manifold\\nadvantages proceeding from diversified products, cultivated upon\\nevery farm and plantation, has often been most earnestly affirmed by\\nthose who iiave practically learned this truth by an exclusive system\\nand if the suggestions herein cited, as resulting from the experience\\nof many in the premises, shall be well considered by the sugar-\\nplanters of the United States, it is hoped that neither the product of\\nthat crop nor the interest of the planters will suffer impairment from\\nthe evils with which they have been menaced. d. j. b.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of the amount of sugar produced in Louisiana, in 1855, from\\nP. A. Champomier, of New Orleans.\\nNames or Parishes.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\n18\\n19\\n20\\n21\\n22\\n23\\nRapides\\nAvoyelles\\nWest Feliciana\\nPointe Coupee\\nEast Feliciana\\nWest Baton Rouge.\\nEast Baton Rouge..\\nIberville\\nAscension\\nSt. James\\nSt. John the Baptist\\nSt. Charles\\nJefferson\\nOrleans and St. Bernard\\nPlaquemines\\nAssumption Bayou Lafourche,...,\\nLafourche Interior do\\nTerrebonne do\\nSt. Mary Attakapas\\nSt. Martin do\\nVermilion Lafayette\\nLafayette\\nSt. Landry Opelousas\\nCistern bottoms of 192,391 hogs\\nheads, at an estimate say, of 3 per\\ncent\\no u\\nV o\\n37\\n23\\n17\\n50\\n12\\n57\\n49\\n126\\n56\\n77\\n60\\n34\\n24\\n25\\n46\\n142\\n74\\n82\\n169\\n67\\n12\\n9\\n51\\nTotal\\nEstimated at 254,569,000 pounds.\\n1,299\\nfc-g\\n35\\n17\\n17\\n47\\n12\\n51\\n46\\n111\\n50\\n69\\n51\\n34\\n24\\n25\\n46\\n72\\n53\\n56\\n69\\n16\\n1\\n2\\n34\\n2\\n6\\n3\\n6\\n3\\n15\\n6\\n8\\n9\\n70\\n21\\n26\\n100\\n51\\n11\\n7\\n17\\n938\\n5,579-\\n2,745\\n2,948\\n7,747\\n951\\n11,042\\n5,739\\n19,298\\n14,475\\n16,142\\n8,356\\n10,346\\n7,474\\n4,747\\n13,829\\n20,156\\n15,288\\n15,403\\n30,862\\n5,978\\n561\\n579\\n5,411\\n5,771\\n361\\n231,427", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "278\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nBrown sugar made by the old process, 192,391 hogsheads.\\nRefined, clarified, c, including cistern, 39,036\\n231,427\\nSugar Crop in Texas, 1855.\\nCounties.\\nNumber of hogsheads.\\nBrazoria\\n6,790\\n959\\n320\\n920\\nMatagorda\\nWharton\\nFort Bend\\nTotal 8,989\\nThus Texas has produced this year a much better crop than the\\npreceding one, say 9,887,900 pounds against 7,513,000 pounds the\\nprevious season.\\nMOLASSES.\\nCONDENSED C ORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement from P. A. Champomier, of Neio Orleans, Louisiana.\\nSome of our planters have not, perhaps, made so much molasses of\\nlate years, while others have made a greater quantity than they did\\nlast season, more particularly those who rolled a good portion of their\\ncrop into syrup or molasses, which, I am satisfied, must give them a\\nlarger quantity of cistern bottoms. I therefore think that my former\\nestimate of 60 gallons per 1,000 pounds of sugar was a fair one, or\\n15,274,140 gallons against 23,113,620 gallons the year previous.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CP.OPS. 279\\nCHINESE SUGAR-CANE\\nFor a description and account of the culture of this plant, see the\\nAgricultural Report of the Patent Office for 1854, under the head ol\\nSorgho sucre, pp. xxii and 219.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Joseph C. Orth, of McGleary s Bluff, Illinois, condensed\\nfrom his report to the Wabash county Agricultural Society.\\nThe first seeds which this Society received from the Patent Office,\\nfor distribution among its members, were obtained in the winter of\\n1855, and comprised a list of twenty-one varieties, with the cultiva-\\ntion of some of which most farmers were familiar, while there were\\nothers the culture and care of which nothing was known, and, in con-\\nsequence, all attempts to cultivate them were necessarily experimental.\\nAmong the latter class was the Sorgho sucre, a gramineous\\nplant imported into France from the north of China, some five years\\nsince. Mr. D. J. Browne, the agent of the Patent Office, in hia\\nReport upon this plant, says he was led to infer that from the pecu-\\nliarities of the climate, and its resemblance in appearance and habits\\nto Indian corn, it would flourish in any region wherever that plant\\nwould thrive. My experience fully proves Mr. Browne s judgment\\ncorrect. When the seed was obtained, nothing was known of it, and\\nno one seemed willing to plant it on trial; bearing the name of\\nmillet, it was supposed to be quite a different plant from that\\nwhich it turned out to be. About the middle of May, I planted all\\nthe seed received, except one paper, which amounted to about a gill,\\non new upland, between Indian corn and broom-corn, and soon found\\nthe seed to come up in excellent order. The seed in size and shape\\nresembled that., of broom-corn, but its color was black, while the\\nplants bore a similar resemblance, except that they came up and con-\\ntinued to grow more thrifty, and from the first continued to retain a\\ndeeper green color than Indian corn, tinged with a whitish fuzz over\\nboth stalk and leaf, which could be wip^d off with the finger, indi-\\ncating in corn generally a more luxuriant and hardy growth. At\\nfirst, I concluded it was most probably a species of broom-corn, and\\nfound no cause to change that opinion, until the blossom had dried\\n6*ff from the seeds, and they began to harden, the resemblance to\\nbroom-corn still continuing to be so complete, even to the formation\\nof head and seeds. But profiting by the remark printed upon the\\npaper which contained the seeds, Good for fodder, green or dry,\\nand for making sugar, I cut off a few stalks and offered them to my\\nhorses and cattle, which ate them with apparently a good relish, and\\nseemed to ask for more.\\nI then concluded that as a part of its recommendations was true, I\\nshould also try the other, and manufacture sugar from the juice. Its\\nstalk being very long and heavy, and exceedingly rich in juice, and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "280 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nto the taste, in its natural state, almost as sweet as molasses, do\\ndoubt remained upon my mind that it was what it was said to be. 1\\ncut six stalks, placed them successively upon a flat board, took a\\nrolling-pin, and as well as this simple machine enabled it to be done,\\nexpressed and saved the juice. The result was, I obtained two tum-\\nblerfuls, but half was not saved. This was then boiled down, and\\nproduced one of the same tumblers half full of good pleasant-tasted\\nmolasses, about as thick as the common molasses obtained in the shops.\\nBut, as my object was simply to ascertain the quantity rather than\\nthe quality of saccharine matter contained, this juice was neither\\nstrained nor clarified, and therefore, its taste was not equal to what it\\nwould be under more careful treatment. From all that I could observe\\nconcerning this plant, I am fully convinced that 15 per cent, of good\\nclarified sugar could be obtained from the juice. My experiment\\nproduced about 25 per cent, of molasses.\\nMr. Browne says, the great object sought in France in the culti-\\nvation of this plant is the juice contained in its stalk, which furnishes\\nthree important products, namely, sugar, which is identical with\\ntli at of cane-sugar, alcohol, and a fermented drink analogous to\\ncider. He also adds, the juice, when obtained with care, by\\ndepriving the stalk of its outer coating or woody fibre and bark, is\\nnearly colorless, and contains merely sugar and water, producing\\nfrom 10 to 16 percent, of the former. This, it would seem, is\\nevidence strong enough to warrant a more extended trial of its\\nmerits, and if it will in any way supply the place of cane-sugar, it\\nmust of necessity become a very important and valuable acquisition\\nto the agricultural products of the Middle and Northern States. I\\nnm fully satisfied that it will ripen in north latitude 42\u00c2\u00b0, which is\\nabout the northern limit of Illinois.\\nStatement of 0. H. Kelly, of Northioood, Benton county, Minnesota.\\nLast Spring, I received from the Patent Office a small parcel of\\nChinese sugar cane (Sorgho sucre.) It was sown with a seed-drill,\\ncame up, and grew rapidly to the height of 11 feet; but did not blos-\\nsom in season for the seed to mature. If cut just as it is in blossom,\\nit will make excellent fodder for stock.\\nStatement of Frederick Munch, of MarthasviUe, Warren county,\\nMissouri.\\nThe Chinese sugar-cane, (Sorgho sucre,) I fully succeeded in culti-\\nvating last season, by sowing it in drills 3 feet apart, in a rich sandy\\nsoil. In my opinion, the stalks contain the most saccharine matter\\nabout the time the seed is half ripe.\\nI have not tried to make sugar from this plant, but have succeeded\\nin making a superior syrup. I found a difficulty in crushing the\\nstalks sufficiently to express the juice. Could not a simply-constructed\\nmachine be invented for this purpose, so that the farmers could make\\nsugar or syrup for their own domestic use", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 281\\nStatement of Samuel Clapham, of Cold Spring Harbor, Suffolk county,\\nNew York.\\nEarly in May last, I received a small parcel of the seeds of the\\nChinese sugar-cane, (Sorghum saccharatum,) which I cultivated some-\\nwhat after the method of Indian corn. The proper time for planting,\\nhowever, I should say would be the same as that of early corn, as I\\nfind it quite hardy, and stalks of it cut down the end of October made\\nfresh shoots after two rather heavy frosts, and still were good for feed.\\nFrom twenty-five plants I obtained half a bushel of ripe seed.\\nThe mode of cultivating I would recommend, would be, to sow, after\\nthe ground is well manured and deeply ploughed, in drills 4 feet apart,\\nthe plants, 2 feet asunder in the drills, with not more than one plant\\nin a place, as each sends up from four to six shoots. When the plants\\nare well started, say a foot in height, turn over the earth on each\\nside with a plough, after which, keep them clear of weeds with the\\nhoe.\\nWhen well cultivated and in good soil, the plant attains from 10\\nto 14 feet in height, and produces excellent fodder from the root to the\\ntop. I believe a heavier weight of nutritious feed for all kinds of\\ncattle can be procured from it, in a given space of ground, than from\\nany other plant and I think it will prove of great benefit to every\\nsection of the country where it is introduced, not only as a green feed,\\nduring the hot months, but after being cut up and cured like the\\ncorn-plant, its stalks may be steamed during the winter, and given\\nto horses, oxen, or cows, which will commence eating at one end and\\nnever leave them till entirely consumed. The seeds, also, I have no\\ndoubt, will prove valuable as a feed for poultry, as I find they eat\\nthem with avidity.\\nAlthough in this part of the country, I look upon this plant as of\\ngreat value as a forage crop, yet possibly, it may be profitably culti-\\nvated for sugar, as the juice contains nearly 10 per cent, of saccharine\\nmatter as clear as crystal, and on a very small scale, beautiful clari-\\nfied sugar was produced by my friend Dr. Eay. This matter, how-\\never, will be carefully tested here the coming season, as several of us\\nare preparing to go into it rather extensively.\\nI have distributed seeds to nearly two hundred persons, from Mas-\\nsachusetts to Tennessee.\\nStatement ofD. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nLast spring, I received from the Patent Office, a small parcel of the\\nseeds of the Chinese sugar-cane, described in the Agricultural Report\\nof 1854, under the name of Sorgho sucre. I planted it about the\\n20th of May, although it might have been sown 10 or 15 days\\nearlier but, fearing that it might be injured by a late frost, I pre-\\nferred to plant it thus late. I planted it in the centre of a twenty-\\nacre field in two rows, with the hills about 34 feet apart, with from\\ntwo to six seeds in each hill. Where the plants were three or foui\\nto a hill, they grew the most -vigorously, and seemed to produce the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "282 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nmost perfect seed. I gave them no extra culture either in labor or\\nmanure the plants had no protection from sunshine nor storm, before\\nI secured the seed, which I did by cutting off the tops of the plants 2\\nor 3 feet below the seed spikelets, bound them into bundles or sheaves,\\nand placed them in an open shed, there to remain until the time of\\nplanting next spring. They are yet quite fragrant, and taste strong\\nof the saccharine juice.\\nThe account given of this plant, at page 219 of the Agricultural\\nReport of 1854, accords precisely with all my experience in its cul-\\nture. The given weight of the crop on a given space, growing, as it\\ndid with me the past season, I think would be nearly or quite equal\\nto that of Indian corn.\\nStatement of J. H. Hammond, of Silverton, Barnwell district, South\\nCarolina, as reported to the Beach Island Farmers Club.\\nA rule of this Club, requiring every member to make and report,\\neach year, an agricultural experiment, I will take this opportunity\\nto acquit myself of that duty. One of our members, Mr. Redmond,\\nof the Southern Cultivator, distributed among us, last winter,\\nsome seeds of what is commonly called Sugar Millet. He very\\nkindly gave me enough to plant half an acre about a pint. I pre-\\npared a plat of ground on a northern slope, of old, stiff and worn-out\\nland, in such a manner and with as much manure as would probably\\nhave made it yield, with average seasons, about 20 bushels of corn\\nper acre. On the 22d of March, I planted the seed in three-foot drill s,\\ndropping every 18 or 20 inches some six or eight seeds. It was\\nploughed and hoed often enough to keep the grass down, and about\\nthe 1st of July began to head. The heat had then been unusually\\nintense for two weeks, and has continued so up to the present time\\nand latterly, the drought has been very destructive. I do not think\\nthis half acre would have yielded 5 bushels had it been planted in\\ncorn. Having intended, however, to ascertain whether the millet\\nwould make syrup, I had a rude mill put up with two beech-wood\\nrollers.\\nFinding that by the 22d of July the most advanced heads had\\npassed the milky stage, I had 1,750 canes cut, which I supposed were\\na fair sample of the patch. The first 300 or 400 were passed through\\nthe mill twice, the remainder four times, and the yield was 194\\nquarts of juice. But 10 canes, which I selected and passed sevea\\ntimes through the mill, yielded 3 quarts. The juice was received in\\ncommon tubs and tested by a thermometer, and a saccharometer with\\na scale of 40\u00c2\u00b0. The thermometer stood in every instance at 78\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nThe saccharometer varied from 21\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00b0 to 23\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00b0. At the latter point, the\\njuice would float a fresh-laid egg. I boiled it in a deep, old-fashioned\\ncow-pot, and, after six to seven hours boiling, obtained 32 quarts\\nof tolerable syrup.\\nThe next day, I selected 10 canes, the heads of which were fully\\nmatured, 10 more in full milk, 10 more the heads of which were just\\nfully developed and the top seed beginning to turn black, and again", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 283\\n10 comprising all these stages, but from which I did not strip the\\nleaves. They were all passed through the mill seven times, and\\nyielded nearly the same quantity of juice about 3 quarts for every\\n10 canes. The juice, tested by the saccharometer, showed that the\\nyoungest, cane had rather the most, and the oldest rather the least\\nsaccharine matter. The whole, together with that of a few other\\ngood canes, exhibited at 80\u00c2\u00b0 of the thermometer 24^\u00c2\u00b0 of the sacchar-\\nometer. From 42 pints of the juice, I obtained, after four hours\\nboiling, 9 pints of rather better syrup than that made the day be-\\nfore. In these boilings, I mixed with the cold juice about a tea-\\nspoonful of lime-water of the consistency of cream for every 5 gallons.\\nThese selected canes grew on the best spots of the patch, and\\nwhere probably corn might have been produced, the present season,\\nat the rate of 20 bushels to the acre. They were an inch in diame-\\nter, at the largest end, and 7^ feet long after cutting off the head and\\na foot of the stem. After this, I cut down all the inferior cane and\\ncured it for forage.\\nOn the 28th of July, two of the members of the Club (Dr. Brad-\\nford and Mr. H. Lamar) being at my house, remained to see the re-\\nsult of pressing and boiling 400 canes I had cut and stripped. Each\\nof us selected 10 canes, and put them through the press eight times\\nthe result being as before, about 3 quarts for every 10 canes. But\\neven after the pressure, juice could be wrung from the canes by the\\nhands, and we agreed that at least one-fourth of it, and that the best,\\nremained in the cane so inefficient was my mill. The rest of the\\ncane, I ordered to be pressed six times, but we did not ourselves re-\\nmain to see it done, nor did we count the 400 canes. The yield of\\nthe whole, however, was 37| quarts. With the thermometer at 85\u00c2\u00b0\\nin the juice, the saccharometer stood at 24^\u00c2\u00b0; we boiled the juice\\nuntil it run together on the rim of the ladle and hung in a transpa-\\nrent sheet half an inch below it before falling. And this in two and\\na half hours. The result was 6 quarts of choice syrup. The next\\nday, I repeated the experiment on a larger scale, with equal success,\\nand I have brought to the Club enough of the syrup to enable every\\nmember to try it and judge of its quality. All who have tasted it,\\nagree that it is equal to the best that we get from New Orleans. In\\nthese last boilings, I put a table-spoonful of lime-water, prepared as\\nbefore, to every 10 gallons. The whole process of clarifying and\\nboiling was carried through in the same pot, and that very unsuita-\\nble from its depth.\\nI measured the grain from a number of heads, and the result was\\nan average of a gill from each. I weighed a half peck of matured\\nseed, after several days exposure to the sun. It weighed 4f pounds,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2squal to 38 pounds to the bushel. I weighed 20 of the best canes cut\\nfor forage, after it was cured sufficiently to house. They weighed 24\\npounds, equal to 30,000 pounds for 25,000 canes, [per acre?] which\\n1 think might be grown on land that would make 25 bushels of corn\\nwith average seasons. I have tried horses, cattle, and hogs, and find\\nthey eat the cane, its leaves and seed, greedily, and fowls and pigeons\\nthe last. I think, however, when allowed to mature, the cane should\\nbe cut up fine for animals, as the outer coat is hard.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nI did not attempt to make sugar, not having prepared for that.\\nThere can, however, be no doubt that it can be made from such syrup\\nas this. And, as they make more syrup in the West Indies per acre\\nthan they do in Louisiana, only because the cane matures better, it i-s\\nnot unreasonable to infer that the millet, which matures here per-\\nfectly, and will even make two crops in a year, will yield more and\\nbetter sugar than the Louisiana cane.\\nBeginning to cut the cane as soon as the head is fully developed, it\\nmay be secured for a month before it will all ripen how long after\\nthat I do not know. A succession of crops might be easily arranged\\nso as to insure cutting and boiling from the 1st of July probably\\nearlier until frost. I have housed some stalks directly from the\\nfield, to ascertain hereafter, whether, thus treated, it will yield juice\\nand make syrup next winter.\\nA good sugar-mill, with three wooden rollers, may be erected for\\nless than $25, and a sugar-boiler that will make 30 gallons of syrup\\na day, may be purchased in Augusta for less than $60.\\nThis millet will, of course, mix with any other variety of the fam-\\nily, if planted near it. Unfortunately, I planted broom-corn about\\n100 yards from mine, and shall therefore have to procure seed else-\\nwhere for the 10 acres I intend to plant next year.\\nI have now stated the chief particulars of my experiment. Every\\nmember of this Club is competent to draw his own conclusions. A\\nsingle experiment especially one in agriculture is rarely conclu-\\nsive. I may err myself, and might cause others to err, were I to ex-\\npress, with any emphasis, the opinion I at present entertain of the\\nvalue of this recently introduced plant.\\nStatement of Commodore Ap Catesby Jones, of Prospect HiU, Fairfax\\ncounty, Virginia.\\nAmong the field and garden seeds, I received from the Patent Office\\nlast season, (1855,) was a package marked Sugar Millet, which\\nfrom its strong resemblance to a species of millet known as Choco-\\nlate Corn, in Lower Virginia, received but little attention from me\\nnevertheless, after everything else of the sort was planted, the sugar\\nmillet seed were strewn in a furrow by the side of a lane, and not\\nmuch cared for afterwards, until the frost took it, when a few heads\\nonly, not more than three in a hundred, had matured.\\nThe perfect heads being collected, all the stalks were cut down to\\nthe ground, and a few armfuls thrown over into the lane, where cattle\\nand swine had free access. It was amazing to see with what avidity\\nboth devoured every part and particle, blade and stalk, making a\\nclean sweep of the whole. The frosted millet was fed to the same\\nanimals several days in succession, and without the least abatement\\nof their appetite for it. I had not a sufficient quantity to test its fat-\\ntening value, but from the avidity with which the animals devoured\\nit, and the large amount of saccharine matter it is now known to con-\\ntain, it must be greatly superior to Indian corn as fodder, and it is\\nquite as easily cultivated.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.\\nThe proper time for planting, I think, is when the earliest plar-^d\\nIndian corn first appears above ground, the soil and mode of cult?\\ntion being similar as for broom-corn.\\nTHE COMMON CAPER.\\nThe common caper (Capparis spinosa) is a deciduous-leaved shrub\\nindigenous to Southern and Eastern Europe, usually found amongst\\nrubbish and upon old walls. In the Grecian islands, it occurs by\\nthe sea-side on rocks.\\nThis plant is cultivated on a large scale between Marseilles and\\nToulon, in many parts of Italy, as well as on Malta, Sicily, and the\\nislands of the Levant. It is propagated from cuttings, or suckers,\\nwhich are planted about 10 feet apart, in a lean soil, without manure.\\nIt may also be raised, by sowing the seeds upon old wallg, where they\\nwill take root between the bricks, and endure for many years. The\\nplants require to be sheltered from severe winds, and to be favorably\\nexposed to the sun, and scarcely ever suffer from drought or heat.\\nIn spring, they need only one dressing in autumn, they are cut\\ndown to within 6 inches of the ground, and covered with the sur-\\nrounding earth, which is raised about them on all sides. The suc-\\nceeding spring, they are laid bare to the crown of the stump, soon\\nafter which they throw out fresh shoots. In the early part of the sum-\\nmer, they begin to flower, and thus continue in succession, until they\\nare destroyed by frost or cold. In the vicinity of Toulon, this plant is\\ncultivated in orchards, in the intervals, between the fig and olive trees\\nand in the neighborhood of Paris, it is trained on low walls, and the\\nshoots during the winter are laid down and covered with earth, to\\nprotect them from the frost.\\nIn the islands of the Mediterranean, and near Toulon, the flower-buds\\nof the caper are gathered while very young for, as they enlarge, they\\ndecrease in value the collecting of these buds forms a daily occupa-\\ntion for six months in the year, while the plants are in a flowering\\nstate. As the buds are gathered, they are thrown into a cask among\\nas much salt and vinegar as is sufficient to cover them, and as the\\nquantity of capers is increased, more vinegar is added. When the\\ncaper season closes, the buds are then sorted according to their color\\nand size. The smallest and greenest being best, they are separated\\nfrom the larger ones, and put into small casks of fresh vinegar, when\\nthey are ready for shipment or use. In this state, they will keep well\\nfor many years. In Italy, the fruit is prepared in the same way as\\nthe flower-buds both are bitterish, acrid, and aromatic. It is said\\nto be a common, though pernicious practice, to put filings of copper\\nin the first pickle, to give the buds a green color.\\nThe chief supply of the capers used in this country as an ingredient\\nin sauces to be eaten with boiled fish and meats, especially mutton,\\nare from Sicily and the south of France. d. J. Bi", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "286 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Robert Chisolm, of Beaufort, Beaufort district, South\\nCarolina.\\nTwo years ago, I imported from Paris a few caper plants, {Cap-\\nparis spinosa,) at a cost of 75 cents each, when delivered here, two\\nof which I planted in my garden, and they have succeeded very satis-\\nfactorily. The summer of 1854, I allowed all the buds to blossom,\\nwith the hope of getting some seed, but only one pod seemed to ripen,\\nand the seeds of that, when sown, never came up. The past summer,\\nI concluded to pickle the buds. This was done merely by dropping\\nthem into ajar of vinegar as soon as they were grown. Some of the\\nfirst gathered were rather large, but those of a later growth were of\\na proper size. When pickled, they resemble, both in taste and ap-\\npearance, imported capers. This plant could be cultivated very readily\\nin a garden, to an extent more than sufficient to supply the wants\\nof a family.\\nThe caper here, dies, down to the root, every winter, and sprouts up\\nagain in the spring. No care nor protection was bestowed upon it\\nduring the winter, although planted in a clayey soil, which experience\\nwould warrant me in saying is preferable to one that is sandy. The\\nblossom, also, is sufficiently conspicuous to render this plant an object\\nof culture for ornament; but, in this case, the pickles must be given.\\nup, as the small flower-buds are the parts used for that purpose.\\nTHE CASSADA PLANT.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John B. Gazzo, of La Fourche parish, Louisiana.\\nThe cassada plant, (Janipha manihot,) on account of its nutritious\\nqualities, and ready convertibility into bread, is a most valuable pro-\\nduct. It was extensively cultivated by the first inhabitants of Louis-\\niana, where it grows so abundantly that a quantity of ground planted\\nwith it will feed more than six times as many persons as if sown with\\nany of the Cereals. It sends forth numerous crooked branches,\\nto a height of 4 or 5 feet, full of knots, which are easily broken.\\nThe cassada is propagated by planting the joints, or slips, after the\\nmanner of sugar-cane. The roots attain maturity in about nine\\nmonths, although they possess the extraordinary advantage of re-\\nmaining uncorrupted in the ground for many years.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 287\\nTHE BENE PLANT.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of H. M. Bry, of Monroe, Ouachita parish, Louisiana.\\nLast spring, I planted my bene seeds (Sesamum orientate) about a\\nmonth later than I should have done, on the 1st of May, instead\\nof the 1st of April. The consequence was, I did not get more than\\nhalf a crop, as the pods did not mature before the 24th of October,\\nwhen there was an unusually early freeze, the temperature being\\nas low as 30\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nThis plant, to succeed well, should have the whole of the warm\\nseason, in order to mature in such a year, as the present and, as a\\ngeneral rule, it will always prove a certain crop, if planted early.\\nStill, it will sometimes mature its pods, if planted as late as the end\\nof May.\\nFRIJOLES, OR TURTLE-SOUP BEANS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John Spines, of Blachwater, Kemper county, Mississippi.\\nI have tried the c Turtle-soup Bean you sent me, and find it very\\nproductive, bearing early in the summer, and continuing to bear until\\nfrost comes. The season was unfavorable for a fair trial, as we had\\nno rain from the 1st of July to the 1st of September. It bore a\\nlittle all the time; but, when the rain began, it yielded until Novem-\\nber 5th. I have saved seed enough to supply this county.\\nONIONS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Julius Meeker, of Westport, Fairfield county, Connecticut.\\nThere are devoted to the culture of onions, in this town, more than\\nGO acres of land, yielding on an average 500 bushels to the acre, and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "288 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthey are a most profitable crop. We can raise theni on the same\\nground for years in succession.\\nOur mode of preparing the ground is, as early as practicable in the\\nspring, to cart on about 20 tons of manure to the acre, having pre-\\nviously had it thrown into a heap, that it may be well heated, and\\nthus kill all noxious weeds. After spreading, we plough it in, turn-\\ning it- under so deep that the harrow will not draw it to the surface.\\nIf it will not turn under readily, a man, following the plough, pushes\\nit into the furrow. We next cover it thoroughly with a wooden-\\ntoothed harrow, then use the brush, leaving the ground in good order\\nfor raking, which is done with a common wooden hay-rake. We\\nthen sow from 3i to 4 pounds of seed to the acre. When the onions\\nare up, we commence hoeing, and the weeding follows, which is con-\\ntinued at regular intervals, as long as required. In September, the\\ntops become dry and fall, when onions should be pulled and spread\\non the ground, separating the green ones from the dry. The latter\\nshould be raked into heaps, after a few days for, if allowed to remain\\ntoo long exposed to the sun, they will assume a dull-red color, and be\\nliable to injury. When well cured, remove them to a building for\\nthe winter, where they should be spread upon a platform, about a\\nfoot from the floor, giving them air, when the weather will permit.\\nIn topping them, cut about an inch from their bulbs. Hog-manure\\nand wood-ashes are the best fertilisers for this crop.\\nOnions sell here for 50 cents a bushel.\\nENGLISH RED CABBAGE.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of William D. Brackenridge, of Govanstoion, Baltimore,\\ncounty, Maryland.\\nThe few seeds and roots, received from you last year, turned out\\nwell, particularly the English Red Cabbage. The heads raised\\nfrom it were admitted to be the finest ever brought to the Baltimore\\nmarket.\\nCHILI BIRD-PEPPER.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John H. Rogers, San Antonio, Bexar county, Texas.\\nThe Chili, or Bird-pepper grows in great abundance 2a\\nSouth-western Texas, and will doubtless, in time, form a considerable", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "MARKET GARDENING. 2B\\narticle of commerce. When cultivated, it improves in size and quality,\\nand is very pungent. As it is a perennial, when once planted with,\\ncare, it will spread and increase for many years and is an ornament\\nto any garden. It commences ripening in July, and continues until\\nits foliage is destroyed by frost.\\nMARKET GARDENING.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of George P. Norris, of Newcastle, Newcastle county,\\nDelaware.\\nUntil of late, very little attention has been paid, in this county, to\\nthe cultivation of vegetables indeed, many persons, at the present\\ntime, are dependent for them on the Neck, near Philadelphia.\\nAbout eighteen months ago, I commenced market gardening, by pro-\\ncuring the services of an experienced trucker, of Philadelphia\\ncounty, and find that my garden has produced me a very handsome\\nreturn. I gave the two acres intended for the purpose, which wer\\nvery high and stony, a dressing of manure, at the rate of 30 two-horse\\ncart loads to the acre, ploughing it in deep, and planted it with po-\\ntatoes. I then picked off the small stones, and blasted out the large\\nones. As soon as the potatoes were dug, in the fall, I applied to\\nthe ground another coat of manure, turned it under, and left it until\\nthe spring of 1854, when I ploughed in another coat of manure, and\\nsowed the vegetables, which produced a good crop.\\nLast winter, instead of applying stable manure, as formerly, I\\ncommenced using night-soil, and am perfectly satisfied that my\\nsuccess has resulted in a great measure from its use. For the pro-\\nduction of early vegetables, which should be the aim of the market\\ngardener, it cannot be too highly recommended. I apply it in the\\ncrude state, in December, when the ground is sufficiently frozen to\\nbear up the cart, spread it on the surface, and let it remain until\\nspring. As soon as the weather is open enough to commence the\\noperations of gardening, I work the ground with the plough and\\nharrow, plant out my cabbages, and sow my radishes and beets. By\\nthis method, I produce fine vegetables ten days in advance of those\\nwho do not employ this kind of manure. I should have stated, that\\nthe cost of night-soil, delivered at the garden, which is about a mil\\nfrom the main street of Wilmington, is 20 cents a hogshead, or load.\\nThe most profitable crop to the marketman is cabbages, the seeds\\nof which are sown in a southern border, about the 15th of September.\\nIn a month or six Aveeks after, the young plants are transferred to a\\nframe, and covered with boards, which are removed on fine davs\\n19", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "290 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthrough the winter, but always replaced at evening. The plants are\\ntaken out as early in the spring as the ground will permit, and set\\nin rows. Many of the plants are destroyed by an insect which much\\nresembles the corn-worm. It eats the stalk just at the surface ofthe\\nground, but is generally discovered about an inch below, near the\\nplant.\\nNext, in point of profit, to cabbages, are beets. They are sown very\\nearly in the spring, on ground prepared as described, above. We sow\\nat the first indications of mild weather, but are sometimes deceived,\\nand the seeds are lost. We find it far more profitable, however, to\\nrun this risk, than to wait until the weather is established.\\nFRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE\\nAPPLES.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Maston S. Gregg, of Fayetteville, Washington county,\\nArkansas.\\nIncreased attention is now paid to the culture of fruit in this section\\nof the country. I have an orchard of 300 grafted apple-trees, which\\nbear every year. Apples have not failed in this district for eighteen\\nyears past. From the elevation of our county, (Ozark mountain\\nridge,) they keep well until June.\\nThe Russet, Limbertwig, Newtown Pippin, and Ken\\ntucky Milam, are our best keepers. The Tennessee Milam, and\\nKentucky Red, are our best early winter apples. The Ranibo\\nis the best fall variety.\\nThe price of apples here is 50 cents a bushel.\\nStatement %f James W. Faulkner, of Stamford, Fairfield county,\\nConnecticut.\\nThis section of the country is well adapted to the raising of fine\\napples. The farmers are introducing all the new varieties, and one\\nof them exhibited at our last county fair thirty-six sorts.\\nNot much attention is given to summer apples, the Red Astra-\\nchan being one of the best. For fall and winter varieties, the\\nFall Pippin, Seek-no-further, Canfield, Russet, Lady,\\nand the Siberian crab, are the most profitable.\\nWithin a few years,, the trees have been attacked by the borer, and", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 291\\nno effectual remedy lias been discovered, except cutting out and de-\\nstroying the grub.\\nApples readily sell here from $1 50 to $2 a barrel, and cider from\\n$4 to $5 a barrel.\\nStatement of Adolphus Engelmann, near Belleville, St. Clair county,\\nIllinois.\\nApples are extensively cultivated in this vicinity. They are a sure\\ncrop, and pay well. Most orchards, however, would pay better, if\\nthey contained fewer summer and more winter apples, as the latter\\nmay be safely shipped to distant markets they make far better\\ncider and dried fruit, and are more valuable for family use. The\\ngreat quantity of summer apples overstocks the market, so that they\\nwill not pay for transportation. They rarely make good cider, and\\nwill not even make good vinegar and they drop from the trees at a\\ntime when they will scarcely pay for picking, as food for hogs.\\nThe only kind of summer apple I have grown, for several years\\npast, to advantage, is called the Queen Pippin, which, from its\\nearly maturity, great size, and generally fine appearance, always\\ncommands a fair price, and is bought by fruit merchants for shipping\\nto the North. The Belle-fleur also pays well, while the Red and\\nYellow June Harvest, and other kinds of summer apples, are\\ndrugs in the market.\\nPersons engaged in drying fruit should provide themselves with\\ndry-houses, as that prepared in them is better, and less liable\\nto the attacks of insects, than that which has been dried in the\\nsun. With such a house, fruit may be dried during any kind of\\nweather, without trouble or injury to it. Last season, large quanti-\\nties of fruit, already peeled and prepared to be dried in the sun, were\\ndestroyed by the continued rains.\\nThe Avinter apples I prize most are the Jenetting, Newtown\\nand Winter Pippins, and Flushing Spitzenberg.\\nStatement of 0. W. Babbitt, of Metamora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nSufficient time has not elapsed since the settlement of this part of\\nthe country, to determine what varieties of apples can be cultivated\\nwith the best success. There are some native seedlings wtih us, which\\nare productive and promise fair.\\nOf summer apples I will notice the\\nEarly Harvest, Sugar-loaf Pippin,\\nSine-qua-non, Red Astrachan,\\nSweet Bough, Golden Sweet,\\nCaroline, American Summer Pearmain,\\nRed June,\\nOf autumn apples, there are the\\nRambo, Red Ingestrie.\\nHolland Pippin,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "292 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nOf winter apples, the\\nLimbertwig, Wine Sap,\\nMilam, Yellow Belle-fleur,\\nRawles Jennetting, Ortley, or White Belle-fleur,\\nEoman Stem, Baldwin.\\nSmall Komanite,\\nMy mode of planting apple-trees is, to set them in the ground no\\ndeeper than they stood in the nursery, as the roots need all the\\nwarmth of the sun which nature provides. I cultivate the ground in\\nthe orchard with potatoes, corn, or beans, for four or five years, not\\nallowing the earth to accumulate over the roots any deeper than at\\nfirst.\\nI remove no thrifty limbs from the trees for the first five years,\\nexcept those which grow within 2 feet from the ground for healthy\\nlimbs promote the quickness of growth. I thin out the tops\\nthoroughly every winter, after the fourth year, leaving the branches\\nlow, and supply the trees liberally with manure as soon as they begin\\nto bear.\\nStatement of B. F. Wilbur, of Monson, Piscataquis county, Maine.\\nLittle attention is paid to the culture of fruit in this region.\\nApples are grown to a limited extent in the older portions of the\\ncounty, but they are generally inferior in quality. In many cases,\\nwhere farmers have undertaken to plant orchards, they have expert\\nenced much trouble in securing the trees against winter-killing.\\nThis might probably be avoided, in a great measure, if the system of\\nmulching, and providing other protection from extreme heat and cold,\\nwere better understood.\\nOur soil is well adapted to the growth of the apple-tree, and also\\nof the pear and, if our cultivators would engage in the business with\\nperseverance, and a proper understanding of the subject, there is no\\ndoubt they would, sooner or later, be successful. Fruits of various\\nkinds, no doubt, might be abundantly raised in this county, and of the\\nbest qualities for preservation.\\nStatement of C. F. Mallort, of Romeo, Macomb county, 3Iichigan.\\nApples are the principal fruit cultivated with us, as they will best\\nbear transportation. The choice varieties for fall use are, the Ram-\\nbo, Fall Pippin, and Gravenstein for winter, Baldwin,\\nHubbardston Nonsuch, Northern Spy, Newtown Pippin,\\nRhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, Swaar, and\\nEsopus Spitzenberg.\\nGood winter apples usually sell here from $1 to $1 50 a barrel.\\nCost of transportation to New York, $1 a barrel.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 293\\nStatement of George Wheaton, of Detroit, Wayne county, Michigan.\\nApples are the principal fruit cultivated in this county not that\\nmany other kinds of fruit will not succeed well, but because apples\\nusually bear a crop without any other cultivation than setting out the\\ntrees, and leaving them to take their chance. They are probably of\\nmore importance than any other fruit in this State, and it is generally\\nconceded that an orchard of apple-trees will pay more per acre than\\nany other crop. They are rarely injured by cold, and the fruit is\\nseldom affected by spring frosts.\\nApples of all the leading varieties do well here. It was admitted\\nby good judges, at our last State Fair, that ours were larger and finer\\nthan the same varieties grown in Western New York. The chief dis-\\nadvantage in culture is the apple-worm, which lays its egg in the\\nblossom-end of the young fruit, causing it to fall before it is ripe.\\nIn some orchards, in this vicinity, much damage is done by this in-\\nsect, and occasionally nearly half of the crop is destroyed. The only\\nremedy for this evil that I know of, however imperfect, is to gathei\\nup the fruit thus affected, as fast as it falls, and feed it to the hogs.\\nThe larger kinds of apples usually sell, in the fall, for 50 cents a\\nbushel, and the ordinary ones for 25 cents.\\nStatement of John Hebron, of La Grange, Warren county, Mississi%)pi\\nThe best apples for this region are the Early Harvest, Vir-\\nginia May, Virginia Red, June Red, Astrachan, Early\\nRed, and Margaret, all ripening in June, and free from the\\ndiseases incident to most apples.\\nThe summer varieties are the Holland Pippin, Gravenstein,\\nHebron s Surprise, Gloria Mundi, Webster Pippin, Spice\\nPippin, Yellow Belle-fleur, Horse Apple, Wine Apple,\\nSummer Pearmain, and Leatherberry s Favorite, all hardy\\nkinds, and well adapted to any latitude south of Nashville.\\nThe hardiest winter kinds are the Spark s Late, Terrie Late,\\nWine Sap, Mississippi Winter Sweet, Esopus Spitzenberg,\\nand Marshall county. Some of the varieties are purely of South-\\nern origin.\\nStatement of Samuel J. Fletcher, near Winchester, Clarke county,\\nMissouri.\\nApples are our principal fruit, and grow well. They bring, in\\nmarket, from 50 cents to $1 a bushel.\\nStatement of D R. Stillman, of Alfred Centre, Alleghany county,\\nNew York.\\nApples are the principal fruit cultivated here, and can be profita-\\nbly raised, either for market or for feeding stock.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "294 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe varieties most esteemed are the following:\\nEarly Harvest, Newtown Pippin,\\nSweet Bough, Esopus Spitzenberg,\\nFall Pippin, Baldwin,\\nGolden Pippin, Northern Spy,\\nGolden Sweet, Swaar,\\nPorter, Rhode Island Greening,\\nHawley, Roxbury Russet.\\nGood apples usually sell here from 25 cents to 50 cents a bushel,\\nand can be transported to New York for 79 cents per 100 pounds.\\nStatement of Joseph Haines, Jotham S. Holmes, Joiin A. Howe,\\nOliver Green, Jr., and A. F. Dickinson, being that portion of their\\nreport on apples, to the Katouah Farmers Club, West Chester\\ncounty, New York.\\nThe apple is the principal fruit raised in our vicinity for market.\\nThe Summer Bough, for summer use, Fall Pippin, for autumn,\\nand the Rhode Island Greening and Russet, for winter, are\\nmost largely produced, though many other kinds are cultivated.\\nThe prices of apples, the present season, are $1 50 per barrel for\\nSummer Boughs, $1 75 for Fall Pippins, and $1 25 for Rhode\\nIsland Greenings. Cost of transportation to New York, 17 cents a\\nbarrel.\\nStatement of Amos Harry, of Farm Valley, Polk county, Oregon\\nTerritory.\\nI have determined to send you a few observations on the apples of\\nthe Willamette valley. When I arrived here in the fall of 1845,\\nthere was an orchard at Fort Vancouver, and a few small ones among\\nthe French settlers in this valley but they were composed entirely\\nof seedling fruit. They were said to be from Canada. The trees\\nbore early, and were very full, but the apples were small, and much\\ninferior in appearance and flavor to those raised in Western Pennsyl-\\nvania and Virginia, forty-five or fifty years ago. From the diminu-\\ntive size of the crab-apple, which is not larger than a common black\\nhaw, the opinion generally prevailed that the Willamette valley,\\nalthough so admirably adapted to the raising of small grain and\\ngrass, would never be a good fruit-growing country.\\nIt was not until the fall of 1847, so far as I have been able to\\nlearn, that any of the cultivated fruits of the United States were in-\\ntroduced into this county. Then Messrs. Llewellen and Meek came\\nto the valley from Iowa, bringing with them, planted in a wagon, in\\na bed, prepared for the purpose, fifty varieties of the choicest apples\\ncultivated in the Western States, a good variety of cherries, pears,\\nplums, and peaches, and quite a stock of apple, pear, and plum seeds.\\nThey set the trees, and planted the seeds, on the east bank of the\\nWillamette river, near Milwaukie. They purchased, that winter,\\nsome seedling nurseries, and, by budding, for the first two years,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "FRUITS; NTJTS, AND WINE. 295\\nmaking every bud count, they were able, in 1849-50, not only to set\\nout a large orchard themselves, but to sell many thousand trees to\\nsettlers in various parts of the valley. Most of the trees that have\\nbeen well cared for have borne fruit for three seasons, which, in size,\\nbeauty, and flavor, will compare favorably with the finest specimens\\nof the same varieties grown in the Eastern States, thus demonstra-\\nting the admirable adaptation of our county to the growth of choice\\nfruit.\\nStatement of D Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nWithin a few years, considerable exertion has been made, in this\\npart of the State, to procure the best varieties of apples, as well as of\\nother kinds of fruits, suited for the various purposes and seasons.\\nThe apple and peach are the most esteemed, on account of their hardi\\nness and certainty of production.\\nOf apples, we have the June, the Early York, the Maid-\\nen s Blush, the Queen, and the Harvest Sweeting for summer\\nuse; the Gate, the Golden Pippin, the Cooper, the Roman\\nBeauty, and the Pawpaw Sweeting, for fall and early winter the\\nStriped Seek-no-further, the Newtown Pippin, the Green\\nRambo, the Rhode Island Greening, the Belle-fleur, the\\nEnglish Rambo, and the Rock Remains, for winter and spring\\nThe price of apples, the past season, has been from 15 to 40 centf\\na bushel.\\nStatement of J. A. Carpenter, of Waukesha, Waukesha county,\\nWisconsin.\\nFor several years past, the scale insect has been on the increase in\\nthis vicinity, in our orchards, and some of the trees are completely\\ncovered with it. The best known remedy is a mixture of equal parts\\nof tar and linseed oil, applied moderately warm, with a brush, to the\\ntrunk and larger limbs.\\nIf apple-trees are planted on a suitable soil, and taken proper care\\nof, they will not become infested with these insects.\\nStatement of Robert W. Baylor, of Wood End, near Charlestoion, Jef-\\nferson county, Virginia.\\nApples are the principal fruit produced in this county. They grow\\nto great perfection, with little or no cultivation. The trees generally\\nbear full on alternate years.\\nOur summer varieties are the Yellow June, Vestal, Grub,\\nGolden Sweet, Doctor Red, and Summer Pearmain.\\nThe autumn varieties are the Gravenstein, Rambo, Blen-\\nheim Orange, Belle-fleur, Fall Pippin, Cat Head, and\\nPound.\\nThe winter varieties are the Newtown Pippin, Green Pippin,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "296 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nLady Finder, Sheep Nose, Eusset, Black Coal, Prior s\\nRed, Limbertwig, Phoenix, Abram, Jennetting,\\nVandervere, and Smoke House.\\nPEARS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of C. W. Babbitt, of Metamora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nThe pear has not generally succeeded very well in this section,\\nbeing somewhat subject to blight. There are trees, however, some\\n20 miles south of this, that have been planted more than twenty\\nyears, and have borne well. I have a small orchard of fifty trees, most\\nof which have been planted five years. Several of them, -growing\\nwhere the ground was highly manured with stable compost, have\\nbeen badly blighted, while those only grown in the turf, and plenti-\\nfully dressed every year with coal ashes, are all thrifty. Some\\ntwelve of them have flowered for two years, but have borne but little\\nfruit.\\nThe varieties referred to are the\\nMarie Louise, Bergamot,\\nPound, Vicar of Wakefield,\\nVirgouleuse, Bell,\\nSurprise, Early Summer,\\nGratiolet, Butter,\\nGolden Drop, Seckel,\\nBartlett, Prettiman.\\nStatement of George Wheaton, of Detroit, Wayne county, Michigan.\\nPears usually succeed well in this county, especially in the vicinity\\nof Detroit. We have many fine old specimens, planted by the early\\nFrench settlers, from 1\u00c2\u00a3 to 2 feet in diameter, which generally yield\\na heavy crop, and sell in the market for about $2 a bushel. Pears,\\non quince stocks commonly .do well. I have trees which have been\\ntransplanted four years, that were two years old when removed, and\\nwhich, last season, produced half a bushel to each tree.\\nThe last winter was very severe upon pears in this vicinity yet,\\nmy trees were not injured, though the fruit-buds were half destroyed\\nby the cold, the glass showing the temperature at 22\u00c2\u00b0 F. below zero,\\nand remaining so for two weeks.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 297\\nStatement of John Hebron, of La Grange, Warren county, Mississippi,\\nThe Madeline, Jargonelle, and Skinless pears are the best\\nearly varieties. The Madeline ripens early in June, and, though\\nsmall, is a delicious fruit. The Jargonelle ripens from the middle to\\nthe last of June, and is a fine pear, except that it is liable to rot at\\nthe core, when it ripens on the tree. The Skinless is a superior early\\nvariety, ripening late in June. It is worth $6 a bushel, at Vicksburg.\\nThe Bartlett, and Beurre Diel are the best summer and au-\\ntumn varieties, and will ripen in the house. They can be gathered\\nas soon as they attain a full size, or even sooner, and ripen so as to\\nretain a delicious flavor. They bring from $6 to $8 a bushel, and\\ncan be safely shipped to any market within 2,000 miles, by steam\\ntransportation. I have 100 acres of these two varieties, and have\\nshipped enough, this season, to bring $5,000.\\nThe Eastern Beurre, Winter Nelis, and Mammoth pears\\nare my best winter varieties, which keep until late in the winter.\\nPEACHES.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Adolphus Engelmann, near Belleville, St. Clair county,\\nIllinois.\\nMany persons, in this section, are turning their attention to the cul\\ntivation of peaches, but they are apparently not aware of the disad-\\nvantage of planting seedling trees, without knowing what kind of\\nfruit they will bear. Though it may be desirable that some persons\\nshould be at the trouble of doing this, in order to obtain new varie-\\nties, yet they will find it to be more profitable to procure budded trees,\\nof choice varieties, as they require no more space, nor culture than\\nthe most indifferent seedlings.\\nPeach-trees may be budded throughout the summer. I have suc-\\nceeded in doing so, from the latter part of June to the 1st of Novem-\\nber, though the most favorable months are August and September.\\nI would suggest, to any one having peach-trees bearing indifferent\\nfruit, to proceed in February, or early in March, to cut off the\\nbranches, a foot or two from the main trunk. By August, one may\\nbud the young sprouts, and after three years, he will obtain the fruit\\nhe has chosen.\\nSome writers on the culture of fruit have recommended removing\\nthe soil, before winter, from the roots of peach-trees, near their\\ntrunks, to destroy by cold the worms infesting that part of the tree.\\nOne of my neighbors followed this advice, and most, if not all his\\ntrees, were killed, while the worms survived.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "298 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe most valuable peaches raised in this vicinity are the several\\nkinds of Rareripes, Early Yorks, July and Heath clings.\\nThe Freestones are preferred for the home market.\\nStatement of C. VV. Babbitt, of Metamora, Woodford county, Illinois.\\nWe are provided with good peaches for more than two months in\\nthe season the earliest is the Morris Ked Rareripe, which matures\\nthe middle of August; the next is the Yellow Rareripe, which\\nmatures the end of that month; and the Golden Drop and Old-\\nmixon Clingstone, which are ripe in September.\\nThe peach-trees, in this section, have not been materially damaged\\nby the winter since 1846 neither have they been injured by the\\nyellows. The borer appears to be their only enemy.\\nPeaches sell here from 20 cents to $1 a bushel.\\nStatement of John Hebron, of La Grange, Warren county, Mississippi.\\nMy best peaches are the Early York, Early Tillotson,\\nGeorge the Fourth, and Smooth-leaved Royal George, ripen-\\ning from the 1st of June until the middle of July. Lemon Cling,\\nMonstrous Free, Druid Hill, La Grange, and Cox s Oc-\\ntober are my choice kinds. I have many others, very fine, but\\nthese are the best.\\nStatement of Amos Harry, of Farm Valley, Polk county, Oregon.\\nThe peach, in this county, has been affected with a disease, known\\nas the curled leaf, which threatens to destroy the trees. It made\\nits appearance on Mill creek, in Marion county, in 1852, and extended\\nconsiderably on that side of the river in 1853, but had reached most\\nparts of the valley in 1854-5. Some trees seem to escape it much\\nmore than others but, if the malady increase for two years to come,\\nas it has for two past, I fear we shall come entirely short of this\\ndelicious fruit. Some think it is owing to cold, wet weather, and\\nrecommend shortening all the limbs as a remedy and some experi-\\nments seem to favor this idea. Others think it is produced by an in-\\nsect, and that no remedy will save the trees, unless it can be applied\\nto the whole surface of the leaves.\\nStatement of D. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nOf peaches, we have a great variety in this section, procured from\\nevery source but our native seedlings, when carefully selected, are\\nsurest to produce a crop, and, for culinary purposes, are equal to any.\\nThe price of peaches, the past season, has been from 10 to 15 cents\\na bushel.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 299\\nStatement of James Houghton, of East Cleveland, Cuyahoga county,\\nOhio.\\nSince the fall of 1845, my attention has been directed to the culti-\\nvation of orchard trees and. orcharding, and more especially to the\\npeach-tree. The year 1856 will long be remembered by all cultiva-\\ntors in this county and State, for its barrenness of a peach-crop, as\\nwell as for the extensive destruction of trees, both young and old, in\\nconsequence of the unusual severity of the preceding winter. For in-\\nstance, ^on the 9th of January, the thermometer was, at 6 A. M., 19\u00c2\u00b0\\nbelow zero, and did not rise 10\u00c2\u00b0 above that point for more than thirty\\nhours; and, after this, it was repeatedly from 10 to 14\u00c2\u00b0 below zero.\\nIn regard to the destruction of trees, there has been great variable-\\nness in this and the two adjoining townships, to the east and west of it.\\nIn some small orchards, say from 200 to 1,000 trees, the loss has varied\\nfrom 25 to 50 per cent., killed root and branch, while the ravages of\\nthe peach-worm have proved more extensive than usual. In orchards\\nwithin a mile of my own, the loss has been trifling, and in mine,\\nwhich comprises 3,200 trees, I have lost but 69 and, the end shoots\\nof last year s growth being entirely killed, the centre of the head of\\nthe trees has been so filled up that I consider my trees in better order\\nthan they were in the fall of 1855 and this remark applies generally\\nin this vicinity, on the shore of Lake Erie.\\nCuyahoga county has been distinguished, for years, for the supe-\\nriority of its location, and the perfect adaptedness of the generality of\\nits soil, for the production of the finest flavor and succession of varie-\\nties of this choice fruit.\\nThe loss of the crop, this year, will not be less than $100,000 to\\nthis county alone but two successive failing years have never befor6\\nbeen known here, and ought not, and, I believe, will not, deter en-\\nterprising and shrewd cultivators from the prosecution of this profit-\\nable branch of industry. It is hoped that they will take courage, and\\nre-plant.\\nThe usual life of peach-trees, in New Jersey, and in some parts of\\nNew York, only extends to a bearing period of three, or, at most, four\\nyears. The period of bearing, in this lake region, extends, with proper\\ncultivation, to twenty years, and this, too, for very fine fruit. An\\nadvantage resulting from this seeming misfortune, is, that improved\\nvarieties may be introduced, from which the profits will be enhanced,\\nand that the varieties may be abridged to less than half of the num-\\nber heretofore cultivated.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "300 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nAPRICOTS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Victor Scriba, of Pittsburg, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nIn the central and northern parts of Europe, apricots are generally\\nraised in the espalier form at the sides of buildings or along walls,\\nsecure from the north winds. Although the blossoms shoot forth\\nvery early in the spring, nevertheless they succeed very well, even in\\nthe northern parts of Germany. When in flower, they should be\\nprotected from frosts, during the night, with some light covering, as\\na piece of muslin, or other kind of cloth. This protection is only\\nnecessary, however, at the period when the blossom-buds are opening,\\nor the time required for the fecundation of the fruit, as the young\\ndrupes are not so easily injured by the late vernal frosts.\\nIn 1854, I planted several trees, rom which I raised, last year,\\nsome very fine apricots. They sold for 37^ cents a dozen. The varie-\\nties I cultivate are, the Breda, the Early Golden, and a kind I\\nimported from Europe, the name of which I do not remember.\\nPLUMS.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of Victor Scriba, of Pittsburg, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nIn that part of Germany from which I came, plums, especially the\\nZwetschen prune, are grown in great abundance, for home consump-\\ntion, as well as for exportation to Belgium, Holland, and the northern\\nparts of Europe. Some farmers annually raise from 80 to 100 or\\nmore bushels of dried prunes. The trees are generally planted along\\nlarge and small streams, and the water-ditches of the meadows,\\nand in the shade of apple and pear orchards, between the trees,\\nwhere they grow most luxuriantly. The fruit attain a larger size, and\\na deeper color, than in more elevated and exposed locations.\\nFrom a knowledge of the above-named facts, I was induced, four\\nyears ago, to rent a neighboring orchard, in which stood some large\\nplum-trees that had scarcely ever produced any ripe fruit. I dug\\nsmall holes around the trees, and occasionally filled them, say every\\nthree or four days, during the warm season, with rain water, dish-\\nwatei, or soap-suds, whereupon the trees grew more luxuriantly than\\nbefore, and, every year since, a good crop of excellent plums has libe-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 301\\nrally remunerated me. Last season, the crop was larger than any I\\nhad ever seen before, on account of the abundance of rain, the plums\\nhanging like clusters of grapes on the trees. One tree of the grafted\\nprune bore about 10 bushels, and they readily sold in market for 8\\ncents a quart. In 1854, when scarcely any body raised plums in this\\nvicinity, in consequence of the great heat and drought of that year,\\nI had a small crop, which sold in the market at 25 cents a quart.\\nDuring all this time, I had but little trouble with the curculio,\\n(Rhynchamus,) so destructive to the plum in other regions.\\nIn my native country, plum and cherry-trees are never pruned,\\nexcept occasionally in removing the dead branches, or in trimming\\nthe roots at transplanting.\\nI would state, that the grafted or budded prune, upon the common\\nplum-tree, degenerates, and is not so highly valued as that raised by\\ncuttings or from seed. I am sustained in this opinion by the ob-\\nservations of the Economists (Rapp s Economy, Beaver county, in\\nthis State,) who imported the genuine scions of the prune and\\ngrafted them on stocks of the plum.\\nI procured my Zwetschen plum-trees from Mr. Charles Schmidt, of\\nWinesburg, Holmes county, Ohio, a gentleman who has done a great\\ndeal in propagating this luscious fruit in many parts of that State, as\\nwell as in Western Pennsylvania. Mr. Pfeiffer, of Indiana, Indiana\\ncounty, Pennsylvania, also raises prune-trees in great numbers, from\\nthe seed, and sells them at good prices. He exhibited some of his\\nprunes at the late State Fair, where they readily sold at 50 cents a\\nquart.\\nStatement of Abram Rosenberger, of Perkiomen, Montgomery county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nPlums are easily raised with us, notwithstanding the ravages of\\nthe curculio on the fruit. I have read of many preventives, and tried\\nseveral. I experimented the last season with mine, and, from obser-\\nvation, am led to believe that air-slacked lime, sprinkled over the\\nleaves of the trees, is a sure preventive. Having a plum-tree on the\\nsouth side of my bake-house, I commenced strewing air-slacked lime\\nover it as soon as the fruit was set, and repeated it as often as the\\nrain fell. I took care, however, to omit one limb, in order to test\\nthe means used, and the result was, that not a single plum was\\nstung by the curculio, except those on this branch, not one of which\\nescaped.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "3 02 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nGHAPES AND WINE.\\nDECREASE OF THE WINE-CULTURE IN PORTUGAL.\\nBY NICHOLAS PIKE, U. S. CONSUL, AT OPORTO.\\nSince my communication of the 10th January, 1855, on the\\nGrape Disease, I have carefully watched its progress, and am\\nnow fully prepared to give further information on the subject.\\nThe disease made its appearance early in March, and spread with\\ngreat rapidity over the whole kingdom. The vines which came\\nunder my immediate notice, indicated sickness, and, by the middle of\\nApril, the young shoots were spotted, and did not grow with their\\nusual vigor. The leaves assumed a yellowish green, curled, and,\\nduring the month, most of them became covered with the oidium.\\nThe bloom was rather later than usual, and much of the fruit be-\\ncame shrivelled, and dropped to the ground, almost as soon as it was\\nformed. In many instances, after the branches had been well devel-\\noped, a small black spot appeared on the stem of the bunch where it\\nunited to the branch; this gradually extended down the stem, cover-\\ning the whole cluster with the oidium. Many of the bunches thus\\naffected, dried on the vine.\\nThroughout the wine district, the disease made its ravages, and it\\nwas impossible to find a vine that was not affected. The weather,\\nduring the months of May, June, July, and August, was very favor-\\nable, and it was generally supposed that the fruit which had escaped\\nearly in the season would mature. But, as soon as the berries began\\nto change color, they shrivelled and dried up, and very few cracked\\nopen, as those had done the preceding year. The fruit did not con-\\ntain the usual quantity of juice, was sour and unpleasant, both to the\\ntaste and smell almost all of it, when nearly matured, began to rot\\non the vines, and many farmers, to save what remained, gathered\\nand made it into wine.\\nIn ordinary years, about 21 baskets of grapes make a pipe of wine;\\nbut, on pressing the grapes of this year s vintage, it was found\\nthey contained so little juice, that double the quantity of fruit would\\nbe required to make that measure of wine. To supply the defect,\\nin many cases, water was added to the must. Throughout the\\nmonth of September, there were excessive cold rains, and the little\\nfruit remaining on the vines was almost totally destroyed. I be-\\nlieve there was not a bushel of good healthy grapes produced in the\\nwine district la t year.\\nThe produce of the wine region of the Douro has, within a few\\nyears, reached as high as 100,000 pipes. The usual quantity, how-\\never, is about 80,000 pipes. In the year 1855, there were produced\\nabout 7,000 pipes Although 26,600 pipes have been enrolled at\\nRegou, much of this wine has been brought from the adjoining dis-\\ntricts, and will be mixed with geropiga, sugar, elder-berry, c, and\\nbrought down the river to Oporto, and exported to different parts of\\nthe world as Port wine.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE.\\n303\\nThe great falling off of the produce of a number of well-cultivated\\nvineyards in the wine district of the Douro, is seen by the following\\ntable:\\nVineyards\\nPipes produced in\\nregular years.\\nPipes produced\\nin 1855.\\nNo. 1.\\n2.\\n3.\\n4.\\n5.\\n6.\\n7.\\n8.\\n9.\\n10.\\n150\\n140\\n140\\n200\\n200\\n80\\n35\\n60\\n105\\n80\\n30\\n60\\n2\\n60\\n25\\n10\\n2\\n6\\n3\\n2\\nTotals\\n1,190\\n200\\nThe total amount of wine at Villa Nova, on the 1st of October,\\n1855, did not amount to the one year s production of the Port-wine\\nvintage of 1847. Of this stock, a very large proportion consists of\\nwine of the vintages of 1850 to 1855, inclusive, which, notwithstand-\\ning its very doubtful quality, cost double the price of the vintage\\nwines prior to the year 1850. Those of 1855 are all void of body,\\nharsh to the taste, and require a large quantity of brandy to keep\\nthem sound.\\nThe quantity of Port wine, exported from this place, in the year\\n1855, was as follows\\nPipes.\\nAlmudes.\\nCan. id as.\\nBrazil,\\n3,644\\n12\\n6\\nBremen,\\n103\\n20\\n8\\nCanada,\\n605\\n20\\n6\\nDenmark,\\n435\\n12\\n1\\nFrance,\\n27\\n13\\n8\\nGreat Britain,\\n26,755\\n11\\n11\\nHamburg,\\n1,076\\n10\\nMorocco,\\n15\\n6\\nNew Foundland,\\n189\\n19\\n9\\nPortuguese Possessions,\\n317\\n6\\n8\\nPrussia,\\n256\\n3\\n8\\nSpain,\\n13\\n3\\nSweden\\n288\\n14\\n2\\nUnited States,\\n683\\n15\\n9\\n34,386\\n12\\n11", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "304 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThis great falling off of the vintage has caused much distress\\nthroughout the wine districts of Portugal, and more especially in the\\nrugged and rocky hill-sides of the Douro, which are adapted only\\nfor the cultivation of the vine and olive.\\nON THE MANUFACTURE OF CHAMPAGNE WINE.\\nBY D. PONCE, OP MOUNT ZION, HANCOCK COUNTY, GEORGIA.\\nAs I have not noticed, in the Patent Office Reports, any informa-\\ntion relative to making Champagne wine, as it is manufactured in\\nFrance, it has occurred to me that the proper mode has not heen adopt-\\ned in the United States. The celebrated Catawba Champagnes, of\\nOhio, do not, as far as they have come to my knowledge, retain their\\neffervescent quality so long as those imported from abroad. I have\\ntasted some two years old, which was quite sparkling; while others,\\nat four years of age, when opened, were perfectly still. I have also\\nmade some Champagne myself, which has been attended with the\\nsame result.\\nThe following method of making Champagne, as practised at Chd-\\nlons-sur-Marne, by M. Jaquesson, one of the largest manufacturers\\nin France, may be useful to those who are engaged in wine-making\\nin this country:\\nWhen the fruit is gathered and pressed, the juice is exquisitely,\\nsweet, but, in a few days, this is changed by fermentation in the casks\\nin which it is placed. When fermentation subsides, the wine is vapid\\nand very disagreeable. It is then stopped, and fined to as great a\\ndegree of brightness as can be obtained before the bottling season,\\nwhich is usually in March following the vintage. When it is put\\nup, a second fermentation is induced by putting into each bottle a\\nsmall glass of what is called liqueur (sugar-candy dissolved in\\nwine and fined to brightness.) This fermentation produces a fresh\\ndeposit of sediment, or lees, however bright the wine may be when\\nbottled. In this process, the greatest attention is necessary, and the\\nbottles are closely watched, the temperature of the air being care-\\nfully regulated, to promote or check the fermentation yet thousands\\nof bottles explode, so that at least 10 per cent, is charged as a cost\\nof manufacture in seasons of great and sudden heat, 20 or 25 per\\ncent, are broken. When the wine, after clouding with fermentation,\\nbegins to deposit a sediment, the bottles are placed, with the necks\\ndownward, in long beds or shelves, having holes obliquely cut in\\nthem, so that the bottoms are scarcely raised. Everyday, a man lifts\\nthe end of each bottle, and after a slight vibration, replaces it a little\\nmore upright in the hole thus detaching the sediment from the side,\\nand letting it pass towards the neck of the bottle. This is done for\\nsome time, until the bottle is placed quite upright, and the sediment\\nis entirely deposited in the neck of the bottle, which is then ready\\nfor disgorging. In this process, a man holds the bottle steadily,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 305\\nwith, the mouth downwards, before a recess prepared for the opera-\\ntion; cuts the wire, when the internal force drives out the cork, and\\nwith it the foul sediment. The skill of the workman is shown in his\\npreserving all the pure wine, and losing only the foul. There is an\\nindescribable manipulation in this. Another cork is ready to replace\\nthat blown out, the bottle is filled from some previously purified\\nwine, and again stacked. A second disgorgement is always necessary,\\nwhen the wine is prepared for sale; sometimes a third. When ready,\\nit is sweetened to suit the taste. This preparation is, in fact, a second\\ndisgorgement. But the wine now gets another dose of liqueur,\\nwhich is prepared with great care and purity, of candy, dissolved in\\nwhite wine for the ordinary Champagne, and red wine for the pink,\\nand the coloring thus given is sufficient. The quantity put into\\neach bottle depends on the market for which it is intended generally\\na good wine-glassful. This gives it the exquisite sweetness, and\\naids its quality for sparkling w T hen opened. It may be added, that in\\nthe last operation, the corks should be well compressed before they\\nare driven into the bottle.\\nThe above was procured from a friend, who lately travelled through\\nthe Continent of Europe.\\nTHE GRAPE-CULTURE IK NORTHERN OHIO.\\nBY JAMES HOUGHTON, OF EAST CLEVELAND.\\nWithin the past eight years, the culture of the vine has received\\nmuch attention in this county, in consequence of the various horticul-\\ntural exhibitions having brought together specimens of this fruit from\\nthe prominent grape-growing districts of the State, and demonstrating\\nthat, in the region of Lake Erie, but more particularly of Cleveland,\\nthe Isabella grape had been found in the greatest perfection, alike\\nin the profuseness of its bearing and the largeness of its berry; and,\\nalso, because it was not liable to mildew, as in other districts, and\\nyielded larger profits to the cultivator than any other fruit.\\nThe Catawba, as an open vineyard grape, is not so well adapted\\nto this locality, as it requires a longer season to ripen neither is\\nits product so great, although, considering the excess of clear juice\\nit affords beyond that of the Isabella, its increase in value, in the\\nestimation of the growers here, must follow, from the fact that it is the\\nWine grape. Even this variety is here produced in finer clusters\\nthan in Hamilton county, and, from the warmer nature of the soil,\\ncontains more of the vinous quality than the product of the clayey\\nhills of the Ohio river.\\nThe Clinton has been tried to a limited extent, but is too\\nrambling a grower to be profitable for vineyard purposes. Its berry\\nis small also. I have a vineyard of 7 acres, directly on the Lake\\nshore, which, has been planted for five years, in rows 10 feet apart,\\nand 10 feet from vine to vine. But this is occupving more ground\\n20", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "306 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthan is necessary, and I purpose planting another vine in each space\\nin the row. I have also an acre planted 5 by 6 feet apart, which, I\\nam inclined to believe, is as near as they ought to be on level ground,\\nwhere the air does not circulate so freely as on the steep hill-sides.\\nI train to stakes. Those at 10 feet allow four stakes, 6 feet out of\\nthe ground then the intervening one, intended to be planted, will\\ngive two stakes to a vine. Some growers are training upon trellises of\\nwood-slats, four of them on five-foot posts, and a few on wires but I\\nperceive a practical objection to trellises, in large vineyards, as lessen-\\ning the free circulation of air amongst the vines, which is absolutely\\nrequired for the production of fine fruit and well-ripened wood.\\nI have had eighteen years experience in raising fruit in Cleveland,\\nand remember that the remark commonly made in former times was,\\nthat fruit, but especially grapes, would not remunerate the culturist.\\nAt the beginning of this period, fine grapes were sold at from 4 to 6\\ncents a pound. I have raised and sold them annually during this\\ntime, and, in 1854, I sold, from 8 to 10 cents a pound, enough\\nto realise $1,280, besides producing 210 gallons of wine. Although\\nthere are over 200 acres of vineyard, now planted in the vicinity of\\nCleveland, the market is not so well supplied as it was five years ago;\\nfor large quantities are sent to Eastern and Western markets, by ex-\\npress, on the different railroads, and can be transported with as little\\ninjury to the grape as would occur to any other fruit. They can be\\npacked in bulk, in Champagne baskets, and kept in fine order for a\\nweek, in transportation.\\nThe small expense of planting vineyards, in Cuyahoga county, lite-\\nrally astonishes the vine-growers of the southern part of the State.\\nWith them, the estimated expense of vines, trenching the land, and\\nplanting, is an average of $500 to the acre. In this county, with deep\\nily\\ntwo, or at most three buds, or eyes, and planted at an angle of 45 c\\nencouraging the growth of the roots to a depth of 15 inches below the\\nsurface, and running directly between the rows which this angle will\\ngive, and thereby receiving the full power of the sun s heat, will pro-\\nduce a higher flavor and finer fruit than can be obtained on the high\\nhill-sides, where almost perpendicular planting is necessary, with deep\\ntrenching. In view of the facts here presented, the attention of vine-\\ngrowers ought to be directed to the Lake region.\\nMuch has been said and written about the application of artificial\\nmanures to the grape, and much that is erroneous. The Catawba and\\nIsabella vines do not require such sustenance, and the representations\\nthat have been made have deterred many from going into this branch\\nof cultivation.\\nGrape-growing is yet in its infancy, with us, but it bids fair to\\nequal, or excel, any of the branches of rural industry pursued in this\\ncountry. Although, as yet, comparatively little wine has been made\\nin this county, it has been sufficient to establish its excellent quality.\\nOhio State premiums having been awarded to the northern part of the\\nState.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 307\\nCONDENSED COREESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Adolphus Engelmann, near Belleville, St. Clair county,\\nIllinois.\\nThe Catawba grape has been cultivated to some extent in this\\nregion, and the wine made from it is most excellent but the yield,\\nowing to late frosts, mildew, summer rot, and insects, has been quite\\nuncertain and the attention of wine-producers has been directed to\\nthe discovery of some other kind of grape, less liable to injury from\\nthese causes.\\nThe Isabella, Bland and Fox grapes are also known\\nhere, but are not considered of sufficient merit to supersede the\\nCatawba.\\nStatement of John S. Keid, of Connersville, Fayette county, Indiana.\\nThe culture of the grape, in the White Water valley, is rapidly\\nextending, and promises, at some future day, to be an article of domes-\\ntic luxury, if not of commercial importance. In the adjoining county\\nof Franklin, which contains a large German population, the grape is\\nalso cultivated, in almost all their gardens, besides in many small\\nvineyards ranging from 1 to 5 acres each. Judge McCarty, a resident\\nof that county, has two vineyards, under the charge of an intelligent\\nGerman, from which, this season, he will make about 30 barrels of\\nwine.\\nFrom my own vineyard, containing about an acre, set with the\\nCatawba grape, I have made 150 gallons of excellent wine, which\\nbrought me, in Cincinnati, $1 25 a gallon, when only six months\\nold. I have several varieties of the grape in my collection, among\\nwhich is the Sweet Water, or Early Muscadine, and the Mam-\\nmoth Catawba, an excellent large grape of the Catawba kind. I\\nam experimenting with a hybrid, or cross, between these grapes, in\\norder to produce a fruit that will combine the best qualities of the\\ntwo. The Isabella is considered good only as a fruit for the table,\\nthe wine not being so rich, nor so palatable, as that made from the\\nCatawba, although of greater yield.\\nA gentleman, some time ago, presented me with several slips of\\nwhat some call the Early Harvest, the fruit of which ripens by\\nthe end of August, or the beginning of September. It is larger and\\nrounder than the Isabella, of a light-purple color, inclining to an\\namber shade. It is very sweet and juicy, with a strong musky flavor.\\nWhether it will prove good for wine or not, I cannot now say,\\nalthough I think it will answer well to mix with other wines, such as\\nthe Isabella or Catawba, but I have never heard nor seen any grape\\nfor wine equal to the latter. All my grapes grow in the open air,\\nand are sustained on upright posts, about 7 feet high, and 4 feet\\napart. In trimming, the spur and renewal system is followed, which", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "308 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nkeeps the vines always young and vigorous, although I think it ren-\\nders them more liable to early as well as late spring frosts. My\\nvineyard, this season, so far as fruit-hearing is concerned, was nearly\\nruined by the frost of May last, hut in the making of wood for an-\\nother year, it shows well.\\nSeveral gentlemen, of this vicinity, have vines of the Charter\\nOak grape, said to be a native of Connecticut, the fruit of which\\ngrows almost as large as a plum, and lias the hardness of a Siberian\\ncrab-apple.\\nThe mode adopted by me of making wine, is as follows: From the\\n1st to the 15th of October, I continue pulling the grapes, always se-\\nlecting the ripest ones first, and, after mashing them in a tub made\\nfor the purpose, subject them to a small press made in the form of a\\ncider-press. The barrels, into which the juice is put, are well\\nwashed with cold water, dried, and fumigated with sulphur, before\\nthe must is put into them. I then place over the bung-hole a piece\\nof tin, or sheet-iron, perforated with small holes. The must is then\\nallowed to ferment slowly for about three weeks, until the scum,\\ncaused by the fermentation, apparently ceases. The barrels are then\\nfilled and bunged tight, until spring, when I rack the wine off into\\nclean casks, washed out with cold water and juniper berries, and fu-\\nmigated with sulphur as before, in order to destroy any bad flavor.\\nIt is then ready for market; but, during this time, the casks require\\nto be frequently examined, and filled up, keeping them always full to\\nthe bunsr.\\nStatement of Frederick Munch, of Nartliasville, Warren county,\\nMissouri.\\nThe culture of the grape, in this State, is progressing rather slowly,\\nwhen compared with the ardor devoted to it some eight years ago, in\\nconsequence of the numerous failures from disease, which are confined\\nprincipally to a few varieties. I have, growing promiscuously in my\\nvineyard, about a dozen sorts, eight of which are certainly exempt\\nfrom the rot, irrespective of the weather or seasons. The Cataw-\\nba and Isabella suffer the most from disease.\\nBy recent observations, I have learned to make an important dis-\\ntinction in the vines. All the native varieties, on which I have ex-\\nperimented, produce a fruit of a dark-blue color; but, by pressing this\\nfruit, it is found that the juice of some is colored very little, if at all,\\nwhile that of others produces a wine of the true purple color. It is\\nonly the latter varieties which contain that astringent principle char-\\nacteristic of all genuine red wines. From this circumstance, I shall\\npropagate no other.\\nThe varieties referred to above are the Little Ozark, the Wa-\\nterloo, or Rock House Indian, and the Ozark seedling, the\\nlatter of which I have raised from seed brought from the Ozark\\nmountains, in 1851. Its berries are of a medium size, the clusters\\ncompact and conical in their shape. It may be regarded as a supe-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 309\\nrior variety in every respect. This year, I have made a red wine from\\neach of these varieties, of a peculiar aroma and taste, which, by\\nconnoisseurs, is judged to he not inferior to the best red wines im-\\nported from France. These vines are all good hearers, under proper 1\\ntreatment, grow vigorously, and remain sound wherever they may be\\nplanted.\\nStatement ofD. Minis, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nThe Isabella and Catawba grapes are cultivated here, to a\\nlimited extent, for table use, but not much for wine. It is doubtful\\nwhether wine-making can ever be made profitable with us. Our cli-\\nmate does not ripen the grape very well, nor equally, every year.\\nStatement of Victor Scriba, of Pittsburg, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nIn 1855, I imported some choice varieties of grapes, for table use,\\namong which were the Frankenthaler/ with a beautiful blue berry,\\nlarger than a cherry, growing in bunches more than a foot in length;\\nthe White Leipsic; the Gutedel; the Blue Burgundy; the\\nMuscat rouge; and the Fontainbleau noir. I selected these\\nkinds, in preference to others, as most delicious table fruits, and on\\naccount of their standing a cold climate better than any others.\\nThey are the sorts principally grown in the northern part of Ger-\\nmany, and I have occasionally seen some of them doing well in this\\nsection of the county, especially the Frankenthaler and the Gutedel.\\nFor wine-making, I prefer the Catawba to any other grape.\\nThe imported varieties, for this purpose, will not succeed very well, as\\nfrequent experiments have shown. The Isabella is an inferior\\ngrape for the table, or for wine, but much hardier than the Catawba,\\nand, for this reason, is preferred by many. The latter, being a late\\ngrape, should be trained very low, in this latitude and elevation, in\\norder to bring it earlier into simultaneous ripening. It should be\\npruned after the Rockschnitt method, as adopted in the north of\\nFrance, and, with success, of late, in some parts of Germany, as well\\nas in the vineyards about Cincinnati.\\nWithin the last two years, the vine has been cultivated to some\\nextent in this vicinity, principally by Germans. According to the\\nbest information I can obtain, between 40 and 50 acres have been\\nplanted in this immediate neighborhood, chiefly the Catawba, on the\\nhill-sides, facing the Alleghany, Monongahela and Ohio rivers, most\\nof which, however, are near the banks of the former. The wine\\nmade from the Catawba, as well as from the Isabella grapes, is good\\nand praiseworthy, and sells from $1 to $2 a gallon.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "310 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nTHE OLIVE.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of Robert Chisolm, of Beaufort, Beaufort district, South\\nCarolina.\\nMy olive trees were imported from the neighborhood of Florence,\\nby the way of Leghorn, in 1833, and consist of two kinds, the Small\\nRound, esteemed best for oil, and a much larger and more oval-\\nfruited sort, which turns white before it becomes purple, the latter\\nhaving been sent as stocks to engraft the other upon. The winter of\\n1834-5 was an excessively cold one, and injured to the roots, all the\\norange-trees in the South, and some of them so severely that they\\nnever afterwards sprouted yet I do not recollect that my olive-trees\\nsuffered at all certainly none were killed. No cold, which we have\\nexperienced since, has ever caused them to shed a leaf, whereas, in\\nrepeated instances, our orange-trees have suffered much, and, about\\nfour years since, barely escaped being again killed, to the ground.\\nMy olive-trees are planted in a rather flat, clayey piece of land,\\nquite near the salt water, and but little elevated above high tides.\\nIn Italy, I believe, it is generally thought that this tree does not\\nthrive well far from the sea but does best on what they call a fat\\nsoil, which contains more or less clay. From what I have seen\\nof it on sandy soils, in this vicinity, it has proved not very fruitful.\\nFinding that my trees grew very slowly, and not expecting to de-\\nrive profit enough from them to pay for their culture, the idea oc-\\ncurred to me of trying to cultivate the sweet-potato, field and cow\\npeas, among them, hoping that the expense of cultivating the olives\\nmight be covered by these means. The land, therefore, was well\\nmanured every year in June, and cultivated with one or other of these\\ncrops, in sucli a manner as the other operations of the plantation\\nwould render convenient, generally, however, with sweet potatoes, ir-\\nrespective of rotation. The result has much more than answered my\\nexpectations, as I very seldom failed to make a fair crop of potatoes,\\nand the trees have grown vigorously, and rapidly come into bearing,\\nand, what I did not expect, they have continued to bear good crops\\nof fruit every year, occasionally abundant ones, while, in Europe, the\\nhabit of almost every variety of this tree is to bear only in alternate\\nyears.\\nAs the olive ripens, during the months of October and November,\\nat a time we are straining every nerve to save most of our other crops,\\nno attempt has ever been made to gather all the fruit but, one year,\\nenough was gathered, pounded in a mortar, and the oil pressed out,\\nto justify me in saying that, I produced a very clear and good-look-\\ning article which was exhibited about two years since at, the Fair\\nof the South Carolina Institute. The only use that has thus far been\\nmade of the olives is to pickle them, while green, in a full-grown", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 311\\nstate, in August or September, for which purpose they seem admira-\\nbly adapted. A few may now be found on sale, which are preferred\\nto those imported. The receipe for pickling was obtained from\\nFrance, and is as follows:\\nFor each pound of the fruit, take a pound of good strong ashes,\\n(those from the hickory wood are the best we have,) and an ounce of\\ngood slacked lime mix the lime and ashes with water, until a soft\\npaste or mortar is formed, into which stir or imbed the olives, and\\nfinish by covering the whole mass with a layer of dry ashes. Let\\nthem remain in this state until all the bitumen is extracted, which\\nmay be known by the stones slipping readily out of the pulp, when\\nsqueezed between the fore finger and thumb, for which purpose a\\nfew may be tried once an hour, or oftener, if desired. The length\\nof time required for this, however, will depend entirely upon the\\nquality of the ashes and lime, and may vary from two or three\\nhours to as many days. As soon as the olives have been deprived of\\ntheir bitterness, they must be cleanly washed, and put to soak in fresh\\nwater, which must be changed about once an hour, for twenty-four\\nhours, when the taste of potash will have been removed, and the water\\ncease to be discolored. The olives must then be put into bottles or\\njars, and a strong brine put over them, made from good rock or alum\\nsalt. This brine will generally require to be changed several times, in\\nconsequence of becoming ash-colored, after which, the bottles must be\\nsealed air-tight and, if kept in a cool, dry, dark place, the olives\\nwill keep good for years.\\nOlives carefully cured after this plan, will be found less salt than\\nthose pickled in France, which are usually sold in this country, and\\nwill retain much of the nutty flavor of pure olive-oil.\\nI do not think that the making of oil from the olive will be likely\\nto prove sufficiently profitable to be pursued in this country, for many\\nyears, as labor is too expensive, and other crops will necessarily take\\nthe lead, unless the price, of labor or soil in Europe should be in-\\ncreased, when there will consequently become a greater demand.\\nTHE JUJUBE TREE.\\nCONDENSED C E RE SP O N D E N CE\\nStatement of Robert Chisolm, of Beaufort, Beaufoi^t district, South\\nCarolina.\\nIn 1837, while traveling in the south of Europe, I was induced to\\npurchase some plants of the jujube, which I have cultivated ever\\nsince and, as this shrub suckers freely, I have considerably increased\\nmy stock, though to nothing like the extent I might have done, had\\nI been disposed. It appeared to me to have been many years before\\nmy imported trees had come into bearing but those propagated from", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "312 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nsuckers, produced fruit much sooner, and have thus far proved more\\nproductive.\\nWith us, this shrub is deciduous, stands the climate well, and does\\nnot appear to he at all fastidious about the soil in which it grows.\\nIt is quite ornamental, when in leaf, and is delightfully fragrant when\\nin bloom. Like most other fruit-trees, it usually bears most abun-\\ndantly in alternate years but, this probably might be remedied by\\npulling off the young fruit from a part of the tree the fruitful year,\\nin order to allow it to rest and bear the next. The fruit is about the\\nsize of an olive, having rather a husky skin, like the date. It has a\\nvery pleasant, nutty taste, and, when eaten relieves a cough. A few\\ntrees should be cultivated on every plantation and garden of the\\nSouth.\\nTHE FILBERT.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE\\nStatement of Victor Scriba, of Pittsburg, Alleghany county,\\nPennsylvania.\\nLast year, I imported a favorite kind of filbert, or hazel-nut, (Cory-\\nlus tubulosa,) and hope to multiply it in a few years. It is decidedly\\nto be preferred to most other nuts growing in this country, being\\nhardy enough to withstand the cold of Germany, and, doubtless,\\nwould be adapted to the climate of the middle portion of the United\\nStates, as well as to that of the South.\\nTHE CURRANT.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John Danforth, of New London, New London county,\\nConnecticut.\\nFor three or four years I have cultivated the red currant in con-\\nsiderable quantities. The past season, I sold 50 bushels at $2 a\\nbushel.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "FRUITS, NUTS, AND WINE. 313\\nTHE NEW ROCHELLE BLACKBERRY.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of James W. Faulkner, of Stamford, Fairfield county,\\nConnecticut.\\nThe New Rochelle blackberry bids fair to be one of the staples\\nof our country. Bushes, two years old, frequently yield from 4 to\\n6 quarts each.\\nMELONS.\\nCULTIVATION OF THE WATERMELON AT THE SOUTH.\\nBY HAWES H. COLEMAN, OF CACHEMASSO, ARKANSAS.\\nIn the cultivation of watermelons, the first point is to procure\\ngood seed, as there is much difference in the varieties. One which I\\nhave kept since 1827, I think superior to any other, in the following\\nparticulars First, it is the earliest bearer second, it is the longest;\\nthird, it is of the most convenient size, the half being sufficient for a\\nhealthy man to eat at one time and, fourth, it is superior in juice\\nand pulp to any other I have seen. While some object to its small\\nsize, they seem not to be aware of the fact that large melons are long\\nin maturing, and soon gone. It is better to have ten good melons,\\nof proper size, .fully developed and matured, ripening through two\\nmonths, than to have two or three coarse ones which are hard and\\nwhite in the heart, and all gone in a week.\\nThe time of planting, in this section, is about the 5th of April.\\nThe best plan is to dig a hole 18 inches square, and of the same depth,\\nand fill the hole with rich earth from the woods, elevating the hill 6\\ninches above the surface. As soon as the April showers have started\\nthe plants, throw a bushel of cotton-seed around each hill, or, in\\ndefault of cotton-seed, use decayed leaves, covering slightly with earth.\\nThe hills should have two vines to each, and be 12 feet apart. Draw\\nup the earth, so as to make the hill the highest point in a circle of 12\\nfeet in diameter. In a dry season, this method will protect the hills,\\nelevated as they must be to get an early start in a wet one, the sur-\\nface declining every way from the hill, will carry off the excess of\\nwater. Melons need all the ground they occupy. The smallest weeds\\naffect them. They require all the sunshine that falls on the plat in\\nwhich they are planted, and every breeze that sweeps over them, and\\nthat the soil should be light and well worked.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "314 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nI have three varieties of melon: First, the Coleman, which I\\nhave planted for twenty-nine years. It is long in shape, striped,\\ngreen, having a thick rind, with a red meat and seeds.\\nThe Rattlesnake melon is my next variety. It should he planted\\nin hills 12 feet or more from centre to centre, on land properly pre-\\npared. It takes its name from its resemblance to the rattlesnake. It\\nis moderately large, weighing from 20 to 40 pounds. The seed is\\nalmost white, the rind thin and brittle, and the meat red. It is larger\\nand more beautiful than the Coleman, but inferior in flavor.\\nThe Bough melon is my third variety. It is cultivated in the\\nvicinity of Richmond and Baltimore. From its size and red meat it\\ncommands a ready sale in market. It is long, and white-skinned, and\\nhas red meat and seed, and is brittle in the rind.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John T. C. Clark, of Washington, District of Columbia.\\nIn order to have melons in perfection, each variety should be\\nplanted remote from all other plants of the natural family to which\\nit belongs, such as every other variety of melon, and the cucumber,\\ngourd. Bquash, pumpkin, c.\\nThe fruit should be cut crosswise, and the seeds taken from the\\nend next to the stem or vine. If taken when just ripe, the next crop\\nwill be found to be less impregnated with other sorts than those\\nsaved in the ordinary way.\\nTHE PLANTAIN AND THE BANANA.\\nCONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE.\\nStatement of John B. C. Gazzo, of La Fourche parish, Louisiana.\\nThe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and the banana (31. sapient um)\\ndiffer but little in appearance, but the fruit of the latter is some-\\nwhat smaller than that of the former. The stalks, or trunks, grow\\nfrom 12 to 14 feet high, springing from a large pear-shaped bulb of a\\nshining green color. The leaves are about 4 feet in length, in\\nbreadth, very thin and soft, and of a delicate green. The fruit grows\\nat the top of the stems, in clusters, frequently containing, in the\\nplantain, from fifty to eighty, and, in the banana, from eighty to one\\nhundred, weighing from 55 to GO pounds to a cluster. The fruit of\\nthe plantain grows from 10 to 12 inches in length, curving inward at", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "LIVE FENCES. 315\\nthe extremities, and is about an incli and a half in thickness. The\\nflesh is firm and solid, and may be prepared, for eating, when green,\\nby roasting, frying, or boiling. The banana may be cooked in the\\nsame way, when green, or may be eaten raw, when ripe.\\nThe plantain and banana may be propagated from cuttings of the\\nroots, which grow with facility where the soil is rich. Perhaps there\\nare no other plants on the globe which produce so much nutriment as\\nthese, in proportion to the space they occupy.\\nLIVE FENCES.\\nCONDENSED C ERE SP N D E N CE\\nStatement 0/ William N. White, of Athens, Clark county, Georgia.\\nThe single white Macartney rose, I find, in this region, forms\\nan excellent hedge. The double-flowered variety is also good for the\\npurpose, and has the advantage of the beauty of its flowers, but I\\nthink the single one preferable in ease of management.\\nThis plant is an evergreen, with us, and is easily grown from cut-\\ntings. It is very thorny, and of beautiful foliage. It never dies out\\nat the bottom, whether pruned or not, and is very hardy, and of lux-\\nuriant growth. The most satisfactory fence can be made with this,\\nby setting good chestnut or cedar posts, 8 feet apart, with their small\\nends charred and planted 1\\\\ or 3 feet in the ground. Upon this,\\nform the usual paling fence, or nail a good wide bottom-board, and\\nfinish the fence with stout wire, strained through holes in the j)osts.\\nThe wire fence may be 4 feet high. The plants should be rooted\\ncuttings, and may be located at first, even 8 feet apart, and by lay-\\nering and training the bottom shoots, if the ground is kept in good\\norder, in three years, it will repel every intruder. It is better, where\\nplants are abundant, to set them out 4 feet apart.\\nThis hedge requires less pruning than any other to keep it impen-\\netrable. The holly would also make an efficient and beautiful hedge,\\nwere it not so difficult to transplant. My own hedge of Macartney\\nrose;, when three years old, trained on a common fence of rails and\\npalings, forms a barrier perfectly secure, and has proved very orna-\\nmental.\\nStatement of Stephen A. Lindley, of Monroe, Jasper county, Iowa.\\nThe Osage orange hedge-plant is receiving great attention in the\\nmiddle and southern parts of this State. While some are sanguine\\nof its entire success, others are disposed to regard it as a vain specu-\\nlation. The difficulties in growing a good hedge are neither few nor\\nslight. Some writers affirm that the plant has no enemies but this", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "316 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nI know from experience to be erroneous.. The Chinch bug, (1\\nknow no other name for it,) a minute insect, of disagreeable odor,\\nlike a bed-bug, exists in great numbers in our light prairie soil. It\\nappears to breed upon a kind of knot-grass. It often preys upon late\\ncrops of spring wheat, and has destroyed at least 50,000 of my plants\\nthis season. It attacks plants from 1 to 3 inches high, when the\\nroots are white and sweet.\\nThe Osage plant has, at all periods of its growth, a tap-root, longer\\nand thicker than the top or stem. The bug eats off the bark, some\\ndistance below the ground, and either kills it, or so checks its growth\\nthat it is worthless. At a later stage, the gopher, an animal of the\\nmole species, but much larger, will cut off any Osage orange root\\nthat it finds in its way. Plants, with stems more than an inch in\\ndiameter, may be seen in some of our older hedges, dry and dead.\\nThey may be easily lifted out of the ground, when it will be seen\\nthat the gopher has cut them off a few inches below the surface.\\nThe ravages of the bug may be in a great degree avoided, by\\nplanting in new ground, broken the year before but the gopher is an\\nenemy much more difficult to defeat, as no part of the State is free\\nfrom it, and, in the newer portions, it is very abundant. The best de-\\nfence against its ravages is a good steel-trap. If a trap be properly\\nset. in its path, it will rarely fail to step into it. Poison is sometimes\\nused but, besides being dangerous, it is not so certain. The gopher\\ndoes not feed on the roots of the Osage orange, as it does on that of the\\nhickory and some other trees but it is a most determined burrower,\\nand, when constructing its subterranean highways, will turn aside for\\nnothing that will yield to its strong, protruding front teeth. In\\ncleaning out barren lands, near the timber, roots, 2 or 3 inches in di-\\nameter, will often be found cut off by them.\\nThose who have had most experience in hedge-growing are never-\\ntheless willing to devote time any money to the business. The first\\nexperimenters were without information or practical knowledge, and\\nmany, of course, failed altogether. The plants are now raised by nur-\\nserymen, who sell them in most cases to those who have large con-\\ntracts for fencing, at so much per rod. As the contractors agree to\\nfurnish, set out, and tend the plants, till a good fence is produced, at\\nthe rate of $100 a mile, it is probably the best plan for all concerned,\\nsince experience has shown that any business, when reduced to a sys-\\ntem, is better conducted by each one having his own appropriate\\nwork to do.\\nStatement of D. F. Maurice, of Brushvitte, King s county, New York.\\nThe American Arbor-vitas (Thuja occidentalis) makes the finest\\nornamental hedge known to this climate. It is indigenous, growing\\nabundantly on the bank;-; of the Hudson. It requires pruning every\\nyear, attains any required height, and is very compact and beau-\\ntiful. I have hedges of from 2 to 14 years growth, from 1 to\\n10 feet high, that will compare favorably with any in this country or\\nin England. It is easily cultivated, and readily increased by layers.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 317\\nIf the hedge is for ornament, considerable care and labor should be\\nbestowed on it. It requires two men for a month, each year, to trim\\nmine, which are about 1,200 feet in length. If the hedge is simply\\nfor protection, and is to be trimmed, as in England, with hedge-hooks,\\nthree or four times as much may be done in the same time. It is\\nessential to success that all hedges be pruned once every year, and it\\nis more easily done in August than at any other time, the wood then\\nbeing tender and easily cut. No one should plant them who is not\\nwilling to give them this attention.\\nStatement of D. Mints, of Beaver Plain, Beaver county, Pennsylvania.\\nBut little attention has been as yet bestowed on live fences in this\\nsection of the State, as timber of the best quality has been abundant\\nfrom the first settlement of the country, and the want of a substitute\\nis not generally felt.\\nThe Osage orange, thus far, bids fair to be the best for hedges of\\nanything that has been tried. From my own experience, I know it\\nwill withstand our coldest winters, as well as severe drought, like that\\nof 1854. This plant has already perfected its fruit with me, and I\\nhave a quantity now growing from seeds raised by myself.\\nStatement of Robert W. Baylor, of Wood End, near Charleston, Jef-\\nferson county, Virginia.\\nThe Osage orange makes a good handsome fence here, in four\\nyears. The cost of plants and setting is 25 cents a rod; trimming\\n12| cents a rod, per annum.\\nThe plants should be cut close to the ground the first two years\\nthe third year, they may be clipped 18 inches above the ground and\\nthe fourth year, at about 3 feet in height then suffered to grow at the\\nrate of about 18 inches a year, until they acquire the requisite height.\\nNeither frost nor drought affect the plants after the first year.\\nCLIMATOLOGY.\\nTHE COTTON DISTRICTS OF THE GLOBE CONSIDERED\\nWITH REFERENCE TO THEIR CLIMATES.\\n[Deduced from authentic sources.]\\nOn inquiring into the climate best suited to the cultivation of cot-\\nton, we must remember that we have to pay attention, not only to\\nthe air, but also to the vapor. These may be considered in some re-\\nspects as forming two distinct atmospheres the one uniform in quan-\\ntity, and in the proportion of its ingredients, but ever-varying in\\ntemperature while the vapor varies not only in this respect, but in", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "318 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nthe quantity in which it is present, and also in its point of deposition,\\nwhen alone it becomes perceptible as moisture.\\nCotton is cultivated in so many countries, that we cannot but ex-\\npect it to be capable of flourishing in considerable diversities of cli-\\nmate. Thus, the rich alluvial lands of the Mississippi differ not only\\nin soil, but also in temperature and dryness, from the sandy fields of\\nGeorgia. In dryness, both must differ from the uniformity of mois-\\nture which prevails in the islands where Sea Island cotton is pro-\\nduced. Some grows naturally in the warmer parts of Mexico, as Avell\\nas in the countries situated along the east of the Andes and much is\\ncultivated in the moist parts of Guiana and Brazil. Humboldt has\\nseen it at 900 feet of elevation in the equatorial Andes, and at 5.500\\nfeet in Mexico. But here different species may, perhaps, be included,\\nas we know that which yields Pernambuco cotton is cultivated in\\nmany parts of South America. In the Old World, we find cotton\\ngrowing in the interior, both of Africa and of India, where there\\nmust be considerable dryness of climate. It is cultivated with some\\nsuccess in Egypt, and also, of late, in Algeria, and near Port Natal, in\\nSouth Africa but, in the two former, only by the aid of artificial irri-\\nrigation. It is produced in various islands of the Indian ocean, in\\nmany parts of China, and in almost every part of Continental India.\\nThence it may be said to extend into Persia, Asia Minor, and to the\\nsouthern parts of Europe, including the islands of the Mediterranean,\\nwhence the English manufacturers received their earliest supplies of\\ncotton.\\nWithin these limits, extending from the equator to 40\u00c2\u00b0 of latitude,\\nwe know that there are considerable diversities of climate but the\\nheat of summer, in many of these localities, does not differ so much as\\nmight be expected from their latitudes. The temperature of tropi-\\ncal regions is known to be modified by the amount of moisture, while\\nthat of the interior of continents, even in high latitudes, is increased\\nby the greater clearness of sky, which is dependent on the compara-\\ntive absence of moisture. This cause tends to increase even the cold\\nof winter, from the more free radiation which takes place at night in\\na cloudless atmosphere. Humboldt has remarked that Gossypium bar-\\nbadense, Mrsutum, and religiosum, have each their favorite climate,\\nfrom 0\u00c2\u00b0 to 34\u00c2\u00b0 of latitude, where the mean annual temperature is from\\n82\u00c2\u00b0 to 68\u00c2\u00b0 F., but that G. Kerbaceum is successfully cultivated in the\\ntemperate zone, where, with a mean summer heat of 73\u00c2\u00b0 to 15\u00c2\u00b0, the\\nmean of winter is not less than 40\u00c2\u00b0 or 48\u00c2\u00b0.\\nBut, in taking a general survey of the localities where cotton\\nis chiefly cultivated, we should observe that many of them are in\\nislands, and others in the vicinity of the sea. This is certainly the\\ncase with the districts where the finest cottons are produced, and the\\nlargest returns to the acre obtained. It has frequently been stated\\nthat the beneficial effects of such localities are chiefly due to the\\npresence of salt in the soil, or to its being carried up in the spray,\\nwhich is transported, by winds, into the interior. Koster, in his\\nTravels in Brazil, states, on the contrary, that the districts\\nwhich are universally allowed to be the best adapted for the growth\\nof cotton, are far removed from the sea-coast, arid, and oftentimes", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 319\\nvery scantily supplied with water also, that the opinion is very gen-\\neral, that the cotton-plant will not thrive in the neighborhood of the\\ncoast, and also that plantations were yearly receding further into the\\ninterior, the soil preferred being a deep-red earth, which becomes ex-\\ntremely hard after a long interval without rain. Something, no\\ndoubt, must be owing to the species which is cultivated, and to the\\nclimate of the plantation being more or less moist. Thus, Spix and\\nMartins, in their Travels, state that the cotton-tree cultivated at\\nRio de Janeiro (G. barbadense sometimes, but, more rarely, the G.\\nherbaceum) thrives very well, but is stated not to furnish such dura-\\nble materials as that in the higher and drier districts of Minas Novas.\\nProximity to the sea has, however, other peculiarities besides the\\nfacility of affording saline ingredients to the soil or to the atmos-\\nphere. It participates, to a certain degree, in the peculiarities of au\\ninsular climate that is, in greater uniformity of temperature than is\\nfound in places further in the interior, and in the freer circulation of\\nair from the usually alternating land and sea breezes. There is also\\ngreater equability of moisture for air, passing over the surface of\\nthe sea, necessarily takes up a larger proportion of water. This it\\ndoes not immediately deposit on the coast, unless it is backed by\\nhills, because it usually becomes a little warmed by the heated land,\\nand is then capable of taking up more moisture. But, as it reaches\\nthe coast in a comparatively moist state, it necessarily rather checks\\nthan favors excessive evaporation, and thus does not force the fo-\\nliage, exposed to its influence, to give up an undue quantity of mois-\\nture. This, however, is necessarily the case whenever a dry current\\nof air passes over the surface of the leaves. To the influence of\\nmoisture, therefore, we must ascribe the more luxuriant vegetation\\nof some sea-coasts, and of many tropical islands.\\nBaron Humboldt and Professor Dove have pointed out that, while\\nEurope has a true insular or sea climate, both in winter and summer,\\nNorth America inclines to a continental one in winter, and, in many\\nparts, to a sea climate in summer; that is, it has a cold winter,\\nwith a cool summer, with the exception of certain districts, which are\\nexcessively hot. But Northern and Central Asia have a true conti-\\ntinental climate, both in winter and summer, or a cold winter and a\\nhot summer. Notwithstanding this, we must also recollect that,\\nthough each locality may participate in the characteristic climate of\\nits continent, all places near the coast will have more or less of an\\ninsular climate, while those in the interior have such as are of a con-\\ntinental nature, though in varying degrees.\\nThe different varieties of cotton cultivated in the United States are\\nbelieved to belong to one species; that is, that the Georgian, or\\nShort-staple, is the Sea Island, carried into the interior; and that\\nthe Sea Island itself was originally introduced from the Bahamas,\\nor, more remotely, from Anguilla, one of the West India Islands.\\nThe New Orleans does not differ specifically from the Sea Island\\ncotton, and is admitted by the planters of the South to be identical\\nwith the plant of Mexico, whence they procure their finest seeds. It\\nis conjectured that it was from the neighboring coast of Mexico that\\nthe indigenous cotton of that country was introduced into the West", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "320\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nIndies, and thence taken to the Island of Bourbon. Hence we mar\\naccount for Gossypium barbadense being identical in species with the\\nNew Orleans and Sea Island, as well as with the Bourbon cotton.\\nThe Mexican plant is not a native of the temperate regions of that\\ncountry, but of the tierras calientes, or hot districts. It is produced,\\nfor instance, in the neighborhood of Vera Cruz, and is represented as\\ngrowing spontaneously near Valladolid, a town situated on the great\\nplain of the Peninsula of Yucatan, described by Humboldt as one of\\nthe warmest regions in equatorial America. Mr. Stephens states\\nthat the spontaneous growth of cotton around that town had led to\\nthe erection of a cotton factory in the place. Mr. Norman, in his\\nBambles in Yucatan, says: The cotton plantations, or, rather,\\nthe districts where the material is raised, that is consumed in the man-\\nufactory in this city, are to the north, and known as the Tizemen\\ndistrict. The same spot is seldom cultivated for two successive\\nseasons. After the crop is gathered, the ground is suffered to be\\noverrun with weeds and brushwood, which, when years have elapsed,\\nare cut down and burned, and the field is replanted. This rude\\nmethod of culture is adduced only to show how little attention is\\npaid to the plant in its native country. But, as it is desirable to\\nknow something precise respecting the climate of one at least of its\\nnative districts, we take from Professor Dove the subjoined notice of\\nthe means of observations made at Vera Cruz for thirteen years.\\nThis town, situated on the coast, in latitude 19\u00c2\u00b0 12 N., and in longi-\\ntude 96\u00c2\u00b0 9 W., has a mean temperature of *77\u00c2\u00b0.02 F., with a differ-\\nerence of only 12\u00c2\u00b0. 42 between the hottest and coldest months, thus:\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMarch.\\nApril.\\nMay. June.\\n1\\nJuly, j Aug. Sept.\\n1 i 1\\nOct. j Nov. Dec.\\n69.98\\n71.60\\n73.40\\n72.17\\n80.48\\n81.86\\n81.50\\n82.40 S0.96\\n78.44 j 75.38 71. IKS 1\\nThe Mexican cotton has been introduced into Texas, as well as into\\nLouisiana and Alabama. In the southern parts of Texas, where the\\nclimate is very congenial, the plant does not require to be renewed\\nmore frequently than once in three or four years, to yield a crop\\nsuperior in quality and quantity to the annual planting of Louisiana.\\nCotton planting, in that part of Texas, commences in February, and\\npicking begins at an earlier and continues for a longer period than in\\nthe other States the average return also, to the acre, is considerably\\ngreater in Texas than in the other States, and the expense of culti-\\nvation considerably less, in consequence, not only of the greater\\nrichness of the soil, but also of the peculiar mildness of the climate.\\nThe cotton, moreover, is of a superior quality, and planters of ac-\\nknowledged veracity state that it is not uncommon to pick 4,000\\npounds of seed-cotton from an acre.\\nMr. Featherstonhaugh, after crossing into Northern Texas, in\\nabout latitude 33\u00c2\u00b0 40 observed that he had never seen the cotton-\\nplant grooving in greater perfection before; for, in the cotton districts", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n321\\nhe had passed through, the plant was a low dwarfy bush, not exceed-\\ning 2 feet in height; hut here the plants were 5 feet high, often\\nbearing three hundred bolls, and yielding from 1,500 to 2,500 pounds\\nof seed-cotton to the acre, which gives from 25 to 30 per cent., in\\nweight, of raw marketable fibre.\\nThe most successful cultivation of cotton in the United States, it is\\nwell known, is in the lower parts of (xeorgia, Alabama, Mississippi,\\nLouisiana, and Texas. In these regions, there is comparatively lit-\\ntle frost, and the winter is always mild, with considerable heat\\nin summer; but this is tempered, to a great extent, by the pleasant\\nand salutary effects of the sea breeze, which sets in from the Gulf or\\nthe Atlantic for a great part of the day. There are heavy dews at\\nnight, and frequent showers occur, in the spring as well as in the\\nsummer. In the interior and more northern portions of these States,\\n(which are in some parts elevated from 500 to 1,000 feet above the\\nlevel of the sea,) frost is expected in October, and often continues\\nuntil April sometimes it occurs even in May, so as to injure, but does\\nnot then usually destroy, the plant. The heat of summer, though\\nfrequently high, still is tempered by the influence of the ocean or the\\nGulf of Mexico, and of the numerous great rivers, as well as by the\\ndews and occasional showers. The cultivation of cotton is generally\\ncommenced about the beginning of April, when the land is still satu-\\nrated with the winter rains, and difficulty is sometimes experienced\\nin getting the land sufficiently dry otherwise, a good shower is essen-\\ntial when cotton is first sown, and it is desirable also to have occa-\\nsional showers during the planting, ploughing, and hoeing seasons.\\nThe bolls begin to open about the middle of July, and continue to\\ndo so until the appearance of frost, from the middle to the end of\\nOctober.\\nIn order to have a more precise idea of the climates of the most\\nfavorable cotton districts, and for the advantage of comparing them\\nwith those of other countries, the subjoined Table is selected fron\\\\\\nProfessor Dove, as published by the British Association\\nMEAN TEMPERATURE.\\nLOCALITIES.\\nGalveston, Tex 29\u00c2\u00b018*\\nNew Orleans, La 29 58\\nMobile, Ala J30 12\\nBaton Rouge, La 130 26\\nJackson, La 30 51\\nHouston, Tex 131 54\\nNatchez, Miss i3l 34\\nVicksburg, Miss 132 24\\n95\u00c2\u00b0l r\\n90 70\\n87 59\\n91 81\\n91 10\\n95 56\\n91 5*5\\n91 60\\n60.30 62.50 75.00 73.20 83.50 86.5O 88.20 38.50l87.10 64.20 6O.r0 59 4\\ni56.75l58.39 l 66.58 i 72.41 77.26i81. 18182.22 S2.12l79.42 69.71 58.71 52 26\\n:56.4057.37;65.64 70.00 76.36 82.17;82.41|82.73 78.94 69.97,61.5055 50\\n52.37;51.86;61.55 i 68.99 l 76.58:82.90j80.10:82.04i76.58 66.84 62.47l55 89\\n47.60 49.40j56.60 65.40 70.80178.7081. 70|79.90!75.10 67.40 50.0048 40\\n,65.20 60.50|68.70;72.70 85.50]80.10;84.20i81.40l83.50i72 3O 62.30 60 00\\nf 50.13j50.89!62.20 69.93 72.7280.62 81.7880.13J74.99 64.58 5 5.Q3i49 09\\n51.40 53.7263.99l74.01 76.84 80.6582.48 80.11 76.40:64.92 56.26150 Ul\\nI I I I I I I I I\\n2 -2\\n74.03\\n69.80\\n69.92\\n68.15\\n64.23\\n73.00\\n06.10\\n67.56\\nTo compare with these, we shall further adduce, from the same\\nTables, the mean temperatures of places on the Atlantic coast, as in\\nFlorida, Georgia, and Carolina, as well as in the interior, of the last\\ntwo\\n21", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "3?o\\nAGRICULTURAL RErORT.\\ni,of\\\\r,iTn:s.\\nSt. Augustine, Fla...\\nl- avnunali, Ga\\nCharleston, S. C\\nFori Johnston, C.S..\\nColumbia, S. C\\nAugusta, Ga\\n.Ifc\\n29\u00c2\u00b050\\n3-2 5\\n33 47\\n34\\n34\\n81 -27 iJ60.73 64.97\\n52. 15i53.74\\n49.61:52.80\\nI..42I52.1S\\n37.70 42.90\\n45.69i47.63\\n81 10\\n79 57\\n78 5 I\\n180 58 i\\n57.55 70.06 76.S9;8l.4l\\n3.1477.89\\n5.19:78.85\\n3.7078.98\\n67.30 72. 10\\n69.3877.72\\n58.34\\n50.52\\n17.30\\n53.66\\n63.20\\n63.28\\n52.20\\n62.34\\n82.81\\n82.23\\n80.7(1\\n81.57\\n76.10\\n79.47\\n82.67 80.1673.83 63.55 60.92\\n82.0975.96 66.92 57.20 59.50\\n80.15 74.30 66.70\\n80.39 76.32169.1 1\\n76.50 66.30 53.20\\n75.95l72.96 60.35\\n58.60:51.80\\n60. 13153.83\\n43.70(39.50\\n54.23:43.45\\n72.13\\n66.70\\n65.91\\n66.96\\n57.09\\n61.90\\nCLIMATE OF THE COTTON REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES\\nThe climate of Georgia is somewhat warmer than that of Carolina,\\nbut the low, flat country of both, in summer and autumn, is moist,\\nand somewhat unhealthy. The spring is commonly rainy, and the\\nheat of summer is considerable, but is tempered by the gentle breezes,\\nwhich blow almost daily from the sea. The winds change from south-\\neast to south-west about the end of July, but are variable, from storms\\nof thunder, and the heavy rains of July and August. The cold weather\\nseldom commences before the beginning of December, and terminates\\nin March, but the winter is usually mild, and snow seldom falls near\\nthe sea, and soon melts away. The hilly parts, 200 miles from the\\nsea, are agreeable and favorable to health. The winter is colder\\nsnow falls to a depth of 5 or 6 inches. Though the preceding tables\\nare sufficient to give a general idea of the climates, it would be desira-\\nble, for agricultural purposes, to have also the maxima and minima for\\nthe spring, summer and autumnal months, for a series of years, as a\\nnight of frost may destroy the plants, and great heat, with drought,\\nwill be equally injurious, from drying them up. Cotton, as before\\nobserved, is sown in April picking commences in July or August,\\nand continues until November, and on the coast, sometimes even as\\nlate as December. The Sea Island plant yields about 125 or 130\\npounds of clean ginned cotton per acre. Of the short-staple, in\\nthe hill country, from the Mississippi to the Carolinas, not more\\nthan 500 pounds of seed cotton, or 150 pounds of clean cotton; can\\nbe obtained to the acre. The short-staple cotton is more or less\\ncultivated all the way from the southern borders of Virginia to the\\nsouth Avestern streams of the Mississippi. The mean quantity over\\nall is estimated at 125 pounds of ginned cotton, of both Sea-Island\\nand of the short-staple, to an acre, but the amount of labor is much\\ngreater for the former than for the latter.\\nIn comparing the climates of the cotton regions above described\\nwith those of other countries, it is necessary to remember the pecu-\\nliarity of that of America, with Avhich this subject Avas commenced,\\nand also how much the best cotton districts are influenced by the\\nAtlantic, or the Mexican Gulf. The climate, to the west of the\\nAlleghany mountains, is considered more mild than that under the\\nsame parallels in the Atlantic States, and, by some, even to the extent", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 323\\nof three degrees of latitude. This has been explained as caused by\\nthe warm air of the Gulf of Mexico being driven up the basin of the\\nMississippi and that of the Ohio. The direction of the valley, north\\nand south, no doubt favors the course of the southern winds, while\\nthe regions of the Atlantic slopes, being transverse, oppose any such\\ntransmission, and also the migration of plants. The majority of the\\nplaces of which the mean temperatures have been adduced are on\\nthe sea-coast, and necessarily participate, to some extent, in the peculi-\\narities of an insular climate that is, of seasons moderately contrasted.\\nStill, the difference between the hottest and the coldest month of\\nthe year is much greater than at Vera Cruz that is, than 12\u00c2\u00b0; be-\\ning, at Mobile, Galveston, and New Orleans, 27\u00c2\u00b0. 23, 29\u00c2\u00b0. 10, and\\n29\u00c2\u00b0. 96, respectively. But in the interior, at Natchez and Vieks-\\nburg, the differences are greater, being 32\u00c2\u00b0. 69 and 31\u00c2\u00b0. 57. In the\\nAtlantic districts the differences are nearly as great as those on the\\nsouth coast, being -31\u00c2\u00b0. 73 at Savannah, and 31\u00c2\u00b0. 09 at Charleston,\\nwhile, in the interior, the differences are much greater, being 36\u00c2\u00b0. 02\\nat Augusta, and 38\u00c2\u00b0. 10 at Columbia.\\nIn addition to the foregoing, it is desirable to notice some of the\\ngeneral features of the climate, both of the Gulf and of the Atlantic\\nStates, as it will then be readily seen how much it is modified by the\\nvicinity to the sea, and by the configuration of the coast:\\nMississippi. Near the Gulf of Mexico, the climate resembles that\\nof the lower parts of Louisiana the winter is mild, the summer warm,\\nbut tempered by the constant prevalence of the breeze from the\\nGulf, together with the elevation of the surface. At Natchez, how-\\never, the thermometer in winter sometimes stands as low as 10\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nIn sickly seasons, the inhabitants frequently remove to the high banks\\nof the bay of St. Louis.\\nAlabama. In the low and southern parts of this State, the heat is\\nvery great. The climate of the inland and upper parts resembles that\\nof Georgia, and may be considered remarkably mild. Frost com-\\nmences generally in October, and continues sometimes as late as the\\n20th of May, so as to injure, but not destroy, the cotton, in the more\\nelevated parts. During summer, there is usually a prevalence of\\nwesterly winds. Those from the south-east are regarded as the sun\\nharbingers of rain. At Mobile, from nine in the morning till even-\\ning, the pleasant and salutary effects of the sea breeze are felt. The\\nrich verdure of the earth, with the copious dews that fall during the\\nnight, and the elevation of the soil, which, in the upland parts, is\\nfrom 600 to 1,000 feet above the sea, produce a beneficial effect on\\nthe climate.\\nLouisiana. The climate of most parts of this State is somewhat\\nvariable. From the sea to Point Coupee, it seldom snows or freezes,\\nexcept in the months of December and January, and then when the\\nwind is from the north or north-west. There is less heat and more\\nmoisture than in similar latitudes on the Eastern Continent, and the\\nclimate is generally very mild. In winter, the thermometer seldom\\nfalls more than 2\u00c2\u00b0 below the freezing point. In December, 1800, the\\nthermometer sunk to 12\u00c2\u00b0 near New Orleans, and snow fell for the first\\ntime in twenty years. In January, 1811, the mercury fell from", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "324 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\n78\u00c2\u00b0 to 10\u00c2\u00b0, and the Mississippi was completely frozen over. At the\\npresent time, (February, 1856,) it is reported as low as 20\u00c2\u00b0, and the\\nMississippi as frozen quite over with the ice several inches in thick-\\nness, and the ground covered with ice and sleet to a depth of 6 or 8\\ninches.\\nGeorgia. All the flat country of this State is described as moist ami\\nunhealthy, during the warmer months, especially the rice swamps\\nthe climate is somewhat warmer than that of South Carolina. The\\nwinter is the most pleasant season of the year, when the thermometer\\nusually ranges from 40\u00c2\u00b0 to 66\u00c2\u00b0, though sometimes a considerable de-\\ngree of cold has prevailed snow is uncommon, but frosts have been\\nexperienced even as late as April. A strong northeast wind will\\noccasionally blight a promising field of cotton, as insects will some-\\ntimes destroy it. The spring is usually rainy, the summer inconstant,\\nwith a temperature of from 76\u00c2\u00b0 to 90\u00c2\u00b0 from June to September. The\\natmosphere feels springy and enlivening, being refreshed by gentle\\nbreezes, which blow almost daily from the sea-shore. About the 20th\\nof July, the summer rains set in, often accompanied with storms of\\nthunder, and severe winds, and, though not tropical in their violence,\\nare often so heavy as to deluge the fields. About the end of July, or\\nbeginning of August, the wind usually changes its direction from south-\\neast to southwest. The month of August is the period of most solici-\\ntude to the cotton-grower, as heavy rains at that time occasionally cause\\nthe plant to part with its young bolls, and even with its leaves.\\nThe autumn is usually fine and clear and, about the 20th of October,\\nfrosts are expected, but do not often come before the end of the month.\\nThe inhabitants of the hilly tracts, two hundred miles from the coast,\\nenjoy an agreeable climate, which is favorable to health. The winter\\nis colder, snow sometimes falling to a depth of 5 or 6 inches. The\\nsummer is not so hot, and the winds of autumn are less violent and\\nthe cotton, being less exposed, is allowed to hang longer, so as to\\nbecome perfectly mature.\\nSouth Carolina. The winter of the lower parts of this State is\\nmild and the difference between the mildest and severest winter is\\nabout 1*7\u00c2\u00b0, often with heavy frosts, and sometimes snow, but with a\\nhot sun during the day though snow seldom falls near the sea. The\\nwinter may be considered, as terminating in March, when snow and\\nheavy rains usually occur but April and May are commonly dry\\nmonths. In the low country, the heat of summer is intense but the\\nclimate is liable to sudden changes of temperature, when it is damp\\nwith fogs and heavy dews. June, July, and August are generally the\\nwettest months, and the rains consist of heavy bursts and frequent\\nshowers, which are liable to occur in spring, summer, and autumn.\\nNovember is usually fine, even after the coming of frosts, which some-\\ntimes do not occur until December. The average quantity of rain,\\nfor ten years, was 49.3 inches the largest quantity 83.4, and the least\\n36.6, in any one year. In the upper country, frost appears earlier\\nand continues later but the weather is not so variable. In winter,\\nthe cold is considerable, but does not last very long. The climate of\\nthe Santee Hill3, which are situated eighty or ninety miles from the\\ncoast, is similar in character.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n325\\nTexas. The climate of Texas is decidedly more healthy than that\\nof Louisiana, or any other of the Gulf States still, on the low alluvial\\ncoast, intermittents are prevalent during the summer and autumnal\\nmonths hut the yellow fever is rarely known. Comparatively\\nlittle rain falls from March to October, though gusts of wind, with\\nthunder, frequently occur, with sufficient rain to make excellent crops.\\nDuring the rest of the year, hot weather generally prevails.\\nThe winters are warm and mild on the coast, and, for some distance\\ninland, snow is seldom seen, except on the higher table-lands or moun-\\ntains. From April to September, the thermometer, near the coast,\\nusually ranges from 63\u00c2\u00b0 to 100\u00c2\u00b0. The greatest heats, however, are\\ntempered by strong and constant breezes, which begin to blow soon\\nafter the rising of the sun, and continue until past noon. The nights\\nthroughout the middle regions are cool and refreshing, during the\\nyear.\\nCLIMATE OF THE COTTON DISTRICTS NEAR PERNAMBUCO.\\nIn connection with the climate of the United States, it is desirable\\nto take some notice of that in which another species, the Brazil\\nor Kidney cotton, is cultivated. From the observations of the\\nlate Dr. Loudon, at Pernambuco, it will be seen that the quantitv\\nof rain which falls at that place is considerable, and that the air must\\nalways be in a moist state. As Koster states that cotton succeeds\\nbetter from fifty to one hundred and fifty leagues interior, the climato\\nmay still be more moist than that on the coast.\\nMeteorological observations, made in the year 1842, at the city of the\\nRecipe de Pernambuco, by John Loudon, M. D.\\nMONTHS.\\nTemperature by the ther-\\nmometer of Fahrenheit.\\nSaussure s hy-\\ngrometer at\\nmid-day.\\na\\n3\\n.*?.2\\nc a\\nzj\\n3\\nNumber of days\\nand nights in\\nwhich it rained.\\nMax m.\\nMin m.\\nMean.\\nMax m.\\nMin m.\\nDays. Nights.\\n86.00\\n86.00\\n87.00\\n84.00\\n83.00\\n82.00\\n82.00\\n81.00\\n85.00\\n87.00\\n87.00\\n88.00\\n72.00\\n73.00\\n72.00\\n73.00\\n71.00\\n70.00\\n67.00\\n69.00\\n70.00\\n70.00\\n73.00\\n74.00\\n79.59\\n81.19\\n81.80\\n78.30\\n78.22\\n76.44\\n75.38\\n75.03\\n76.33\\n81.06\\n82.93\\n81.09\\n6.09\\n2.01\\n8.23\\n25.24\\n16.21\\n25.26\\n16.11\\n3.15\\n1.04\\n1.13\\n0.29\\n1.31\\n20\\n3\\n5\\n17\\n15\\n20\\n17\\n7\\n20\\n19\\n21\\n20\\nJuly\\n19\\n96.00\\n98.00\\n99.00\\n97.50\\n100.00\\n75.00\\n80.00\\n70.00\\n85.00\\n87.05\\n11\\n4 6\\n2 S\\n5\\n9\\nDecember\\nK\\n84.23\\n.71.10\\n79.00\\n98.01\\n77.05\\n109.27\\n124 130", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "326 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nCLIMATE OF THE COTTON REGIONS ON THE PARANA.\\nThe river Parana lias its source in the long range of mountains sit-\\nuated at the north-west of Rio cle Janeiro, in latitude 21\u00c2\u00b0 S. Its\\norigin, like that of most rivers, is humble, until, uniting with the\\nParancuba, the Tiese, the Paranapane, and the Curitaba, it directs its\\ncourse to the north-west, to latitude 9\u00c2\u00b0 S., where, changing its direc-\\ntion, it turns southward till it enters the Missiones de las Guarames.\\nFrom this point it begins to display its peculiar character, forming\\nan archipelago of an infinite number of islets, and, bearing towards\\nthe west, it proceeds to unite with the river Paraguay. Until it\\nreaches the city of Las Siete Corrientes, its waters are solely formed\\nby the rivers running into it from the mountains of Brazil and there\\nit begins to receive the streams from the Andes of Peru, by its conflu-\\nence with the Bermejo and Pilcomayo, which disembogue themselves\\ninto the Paraguay. Here it is that it assumes the grand and majes-\\ntic appearance it retains, until, united with the Paraguay, and\\nswollen by the waters from the mountains of the Andes, and from\\nthe ridge of hills in that neighborhood, it descends, like a fresh-water\\nsea, towards the ocean, with which it commingles, under the name of\\nthe Rio de la Plata.\\nOne of the peculiarities of the Parana, which most interests the\\ncurious observer, is the nature of its periodical inundations, very\\nmuch resembling those of the Nile. In fact, it is believed that there\\nare not two rivers on the globe, the characteristics of which are\\nmore analogous. Both have their sources in the torrid zone; and\\nnearly equi-distant from the equator, although in different hemis-\\npheres. Both disembogue themselves almost in the same latitude,\\ndirecting their courses to their respective poles. Both are navigable\\nfor many leagues, and each possesses its cataracts. Both also have\\ntheir periods of increase, in the respective seasons, which cause them\\nto inundate immense tracts; and the reason of such rising is the\\nsame in each, namely, the abundant rains, falling in torrents in\\nthe regions of the torrid zone, during the four months in which\\nthe sun is nearest to the tropics, and tending to swell the body of\\nthese waters.\\nThe rising of the Parana begins towards the end of December,\\nsome time after the commencement of the rainy season in the coun-\\ntries situated between the tropic of Capricorn and the equator, and\\ncontinues, without interruption, till the month of April; when, de-\\ncreasing until July, with somewhat more rapidity than it rose, it\\nagain returns to its regular level. In this month, it is usual to\\nperceive a slight rising, which the people of the country call el re-\\npunt e, and which is attributed to the waters the river receives from\\nthe streams pouring down from the temperate zone, where the season\\nof winter is almost always rainy.\\nAlthough rivers, in general, which overflow their banks, are a\\nscourge, and consequently objects of disquietude to the cultivators,\\ndestroying the fruits of their labors, and sweeping away the manure\\nand substance of the lands, which hence remain unproductive for", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 32T\\nyears yet, along the course of the Parana, the contrary is the case.\\nIts risings being periodical, they cannot surprise the .vigilance of the\\nhusbandman and, as they come on in a slow and progressive man-\\nner, rendering the land which they overflow of a better quality, so\\nfar from being injurious, they improve the soil. So gradual is the rise\\nin its progress, that, in order to attain 12 feet, the average annual\\nheight to which the waters ascend, four months are required.\\nThus, the surface of the river is seen to rise as gently as a well, hav-\\ning its reservoirs in the interior of the earth so that the same plants\\nwhich were thriving before the inundation, reappear, when it falls,\\nwith greater luxuriance and all vegetation, even the humblest\\ngrasses, is perceived gently to wave in the midst of the waters, when\\nthey are at their greatest height. The river then is always turbid,\\nholding in solution a great quantity of vegetable matter, clay, and\\nsalts, which are borne along from the highlands, wherein the streams\\ntake their rise, and which the velocity of their descent does not per-\\nmit them to deposit till they reach the alluvial flats, where, remain-\\ning nearly stationary for some time, over the lands and islands sub-\\nject to be overflowed, they gradually deposit all the substances they\\ncontain. This is the more perceptible after the waters have retired,\\nsince the lands are then covered with a grey and viscous slime, the\\nutility of which, for vegetable growth, is known from the prodigious\\nincrease of the pasturage, and the height and luxuriance of the trees\\nand shrubs which clothe the previously inundated lands. It is\\ntherefore evident, that this periodical overflow of the Parana con-\\ntributes to fertilise the lands they irrigate and that, were man to\\napply his hands to improve this treasure of Nature, the crops, which\\nmight be produced there, would be immense, nay, almost incalculable,\\nespecially of rice, and those species of grain which delight in mois-\\nture and fertility in a temperate clime.\\nConsidering the extent of territory inundated by the Parana, from\\nits mouth to Cayasta, it waters, during the inundation, about 10,000\\nsquare miles and, making an approximate calculation of the whole\\nextent of the country, which receives this beneficial visitation, from\\nnear the tropic of Capricorn, (where the banks of the river begin to\\nassume this peculiarity,) to its mouth, the space participating in so\\nvast an advantage, without any aid from art, may be estimated at\\nnearly 36,000 square miles.\\nWere this country to enjoy peace and the influences of a bene-\\nficent government, one interested in the development of the industry\\nand the promotion of the happiness of the whole people, who could\\npossibly calculate to what degree of perfection, and with what pro^\\nfi table results, cultivation might be pursued? When that epoch shall\\nhave arrived, so ardently desired by all who can feel and think, then\\nthe great Parana, which is capable of producing all that is to be\\nfound in the torrid and temperate zones, will possess more celebrity\\nthan the Nile.\\nThat the soil and climate of portions, if not all of this territory,\\nare well adapted to the successful growth of cotton, is evident from\\nthe fact that the valley of Catamarca, where the temperature is of\\nthe most genial kind, and its territorial extent more than 300 miles,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "328\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nproduces an article, which, in the opinion of good judges, is not sur-\\npassed by any in the world. The quantity annually raised is hut\\nsmall, and only suffices for limited exports to other provinces, and for\\nthe weaving of the ordinary stuffs made by the women for domestic\\nuses but the facilities of the territory for its production are such\\nthat great crops might be grown, and a considerable export might be\\ncarried on, in that particular trade, to foreign ports, with advantages\\nof no ordinary kind inasmuch as, not only this cotton is of a fitting\\nquality to compete with the best produced elsewhere, but, also, because\\nthe expenses would not be very heavy in a country where laborers\\ncan be maintained at a trifling cost, and where cultivation never need\\nbe exposed to the severity of climate in the slightest degree.\\nCLIMATE OF THE COTTON REGION OF THE NILE.\\nThe soil and climate of Egypt are adapted to the growth of cotton,\\nbut the yield depends greatly on the rise of the Nile. When the\\nriver is low, the crop suffers, as little or no rain falls before Decem-\\nber. Almost all the land in Lower Egypt is particularly well adapted\\nto the growth of this product, yet it is not all equally good.\\nAccording to the observations of Mr. Hugh Thurburn, in one of\\nthe most airy and shady places at Alexandria, where the heat is\\nalways tempered by the sea breeze, the mean temperature in 1847,\\n1848, and 1849, was as indicated in the table annexed\\nMay, 70\u00c2\u00b026F.\\nJune,\\nJuly,\\nAugust,\\nSeptember,\\nOctober,\\n70.25\\n78.50\\n28\\n13\\n84\\n80\\n78\\n74\\nhot-\\nThe summer temperature at Cairo is represented as fully 12\\nter than at Alexandria.\\nFrom the observations of Mr. Thurburn, during the same period\\nas above, at Alexandria, the amount of rain which fell was as follows:\\nInches.\\n6.247\\n0.278\\n0.008\\nWinter,\\nSpring,\\nSummer,\\nAutumn,\\n0.974\\nMean, 7.507\\nIt rains frequently in the vicinity of Alexandria, and but seldom\\non the Delta.\\nThe culture of cotton in Egypt, on a large scale, is comparatively\\nrecent. It was first undertaken by M. Jumel, a Frenchman, who,\\nin 1821, laid before the Viceroy all the advantages and results arising\\nfrom its production. Previous to that period, the cotton produced in\\nthat country was of inferior quality. A few plants only had been\\nintroduced from India, and were to be found in the garden at Cairo,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGI 329\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0where they served as ornaments. From these, the culture was ex-\\ntended on a grand scale, and became one of the principal branches\\nof the agriculture of the Viceroy. Although the soil along the Nile\\nappears to be generally well adapted to the growth of the Jumel\\nor Mako cotton, it is planted in preference in rich, heavy lands,\\nwhich retain considerable moisture, and where the plant can acquire\\nsufficient strength to produce well-filled bolls. The grounds, where\\nthe cotton is cultivated, are kept free from the overflowing of the\\nriver, as the standing water would rot the plants, and cause them\\nto perish. The Fellahs* take great care to protect the fields by dykes\\nof earth, where they are subject to inundation at the time of the rise\\nof the Nile. Nevertheless the cotton-plants are watered periodically\\nby means of SakyieJis, Shadou/s, or water-wheels. In winter, they\\nwater them every fifteen days in the spring, if there is much dew,\\nevery twelve days and, in summer, every eight days. It may here\\nbe remarked, that, in summer and autumn, the dews are very co-\\npious. The system of irrigation is admirable. The planters of some\\nof our Southern States might profit by its adoption. In every other\\nrespect, the culture by the Fellahs is slovenly to the last degree.\\nThey begin to prepare the land for culture by flooding it in De-\\ncember, and allowing the water to remain upon it from ten to twenty\\ndays. No manure is employed, as the ordure of the animals of bur-\\nden is used for fuel. The only fertiliser is the deposit of the sedi-\\nment, of the Nile when the land is overflown. They plant in March\\nand April in Lower Egypt, before which they usually give only one\\ntillage to the ground, if it be rich but, if the soil be indifferent, it\\nis worked two or three times. In the vicinity of the Said, they\\neverywhere plough to a depth of about 15 inches. They then\\nrun furrows at the distance of about 3^ feet. After ploughing they\\nlevel the ground by breaking the clods, and it requires no further\\npreparation They then make holes from 3 to 4 inches in depth,\\nand 3\u00c2\u00a3 feet apart, in which they deposit from two to four seeds that\\nhave been previously steeped in water for twenty-four hours to hasten\\ntheir germination. In some cases, the Fellahs cultivate vegetables,\\nc, in the intervals between the plants. At the time of the inun-\\ndation, they eradicate the weeds. The first year, they cut the cotton-\\nplants with a kind of pruning knife, and remove all the branches,\\nwhich they use for fuel. This operation gives more strength to the\\nplants, and protects them from cold, which would otherwise cause the\\nbranches to perish. The second year, they only work the ground\\nwhen making a new weeding, and the plants, which had before ac-\\n*Tbe agricultural labor of the country is performed exclusively by the Fellahs, (peasantry,)\\na peculiar race, who labor under a system similar to that of the serfage of Russia. The black\\nslaves (chiefly Nubians and Abyssinians) in the country, are occupied exclusively in domestic\\nduties, and live better and labor less than the Fellahs. The latter are not permitted to leave\\nthe premises to which they belong, and the reward of their labor is left to the will of the pro-\\nprietor, and generally is the minimum of subsistence. They live in mud hovels, and are\\nallowed to partake of animal food but once a year, and then as a religious duty. Like the\\nEmperor of Russia, the present Viceroy has made some experiments in making the Fellahs\\nnominal proprietors of small farms but the exactions of the Turkish officials never leave\\nmuch margin in their profits. Therefore, having but little interest in the soil they cultivate,\\nbeyond the merest subsistence, their labor is slovenly, their fields poorly tilled, and, conse-\\nquently, improvements cannot well be introduced.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "330 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nquired a growth of from 3| to 5 feet in height, the first year, now\\ngrow only in a less degree.\\nThe cotton begins to flower early in July, and continues to bloom\\ntill December, and even into February or March. The period of\\nharvesting varies in different districts. The first year, it commences\\nin July and ends in January, when the season is not too cold. The\\nproduct of each plant is 1|- pounds in the rough the second and third\\nyears, from 1\u00c2\u00a3 to 2 pounds but, in the subsequent years, the plants lose\\ntheir fecundity, and it has been found necessary to renew them every\\nthree, and, in some instances, every two years. They would produce\\nbolls, however, for a long period say fifty years. At the expiration\\nof three years, the plant increases in its shrubby character, producing\\na very thick foliage, with but few bolls.\\nThe yield of cotton varies according to the circumstances under\\nwhich it is cultivated. That which is sown in winter, called Baaly,\\nand which is watered only during the inundation of the Nile, gives,\\non an average, above 200 pounds to the acre. That watered by means\\nof wheels, and called Miskaivi, gives about 300 pounds to the acre.\\nThe maximum yield has been as high as 700 pounds but such in-\\nstances are rare.\\nCLIMATE OF THE COTTON REGIONS OF ALGERIA.\\nThe soil of Algeria is generally well adapted to the cultivation of\\ncotton; but the climate is quite the reverse, from the deficiency of\\nrain, the very light dews, the extreme heat of summer, and the almost\\nincessant rains in autumn. Nor is the whole of Algeria suited to\\nthe growth of cotton it is necessary to select those parts which are\\nthe most propitious. On the chain of the Atlas, as well as on the\\nplains which crown its heights, the heat, although in summer exces-\\nsive, does not continue long enough in autumn to permit the com-\\nplete maturity of the bolls. In the region of Tell, it becomes neces-\\nsary to abandon its culture, at an elevation of 2,000, or even 1,000\\nfeet, above the level of the sea. But, beyond this central and moun-\\ntainous country, there extend two zones, which are declared suitable\\nfor the growth of cotton, and it is said that proof has been given\\nto that effect one is the region of the coast from La Calle to Ne-\\nmours the other, that of the Salmrian oasis. Another obstacle to\\nits culture is, that cotton, in general, cannot be planted, before the\\nmiddle of April, without running the risk of the seeds perishing from\\nthe excessive moisture of the land. Consequently, it cannot arrive at\\nmaturity before the prolonged rains of autumn commence, which\\nnearly stop its growth.\\nThe province of Oran is reputed to be better adapted to the growth\\nof cotton than the other two, Algiers and Constantine.\\nAlgeria, situated, as it is, between the 34th and 37th degrees of\\nnorth latitude, bounded on one side by the Mediterranean, and, on\\nthe other, by the desert of Sahara, from which it is separated by\\nmountains, possesses a climate, in most parts, similar to the zones\\nbordering on the tropics. It is not, however, strictly a tropical,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n331\\nneither can it be said to be a temperate region. It is particularly re-\\nmarkable for the uniformity of its temperature throughout the year.\\nThe following table shows the maximum, minimum, and mean an-\\nnual temperature at Algiers, Oran, and Bone, for four years, taken\\nat mid-day:\\nPlaces.\\nYears.\\nMaximum.\\nMinimum.\\nMean.\\nAlgiers.\\nBone\\n1837\\n1838\\n1839\\n1841\\n1841\\n1841\\n88\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\n88\\n91\\n90\\n84\\n95\\n50\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\n59\\n50\\n50\\n42\\n43\\n11\u00c2\u00b0. F.\\n72\\n73\\n72\\n62\\n71\\nThis equality of temperature is quite as apparent from the mean of\\neach of the four seasons. Thus, at Algiers, during the four years\\nabove mentioned, the mean temperature of the three winter months\\nwas 64\u00c2\u00b0 F. the three spring months, 67\u00c2\u00b0; that of the summer months,\\n80\u00c2\u00b0; and that of autumn 73\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe mean temperature of Bone, for the year 1841, was,\\nwinter, 57\u00c2\u00b0 F.; for spring, 67\u00c2\u00b0. 5; for summer, 84\u00c2\u00b0; and\\ntumn, 73\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAt Oran, they have a mean winter temperature of 52\u00c2\u00b0;\\n60\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 72\u00c2\u00b0; and autumn, 63\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe mean temperature of the seasons, for the year 1838, at Algiers\\nand Constantine, fully corroborates the equableness of the climate of\\nAlgeria, as indicated in the annexed table\\nfor the\\nfor au-\\nspring,\\nSeasons.\\nMean at Algiers.\\nMean at Constantine.\\nWinter\\nSpring....\\nSummer\\nAutumn\\n66\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\n69.\\n75.\\n75.\\n50\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\n24.\\n79.\\n66.5.\\nIt may be remarked, that the transitions of temperature, in this\\nclimate, are very rapid, the changes of wind sudden, and their effects\\nupon the weather immediate.\\nIn regard to the amount of rain which falls in Algeria, it cannot\\nbe well ascertained, from the limited number of observations that\\nhave been made. The mean number of days, for four years, in which\\nthere was rain in April, was five in May, two days in June, one\\nday in September, two days in October, six days but, in July and\\nAugust, only a fraction of a day.\\nIn -1840, a remarkably dry year, there fell, in April, 1.65 inches\\nin May, 0.67 inches in June, 1.02 inches in July, O.OS inches in\\nAugust, none and in September, 1.5 inches.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "332 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nOran, which is situated in an arid country, is much drier than\\nAlgiers. But Bone, on the contrary, situated near the woody moun-\\ntains of Edough, at the entrance of the fertile plains of Seybouse,\\npossesses a greater degree of moisture in the atmosphere.\\nThe mean amount of rain, which fell at Algiers from 1839 to 1841,\\ninclusive, was 22.95 inches at Oran, in 1841, 13.54 inches at\\nCherchell, the same year, 26.34 inches and at Bone, also the same\\nyear, 16.06 inches.\\nThe monthly amount of rain, in inches and parts, which fell at\\nConstantine, in the year 1838, was as follows: January, 0.71; Feb-\\nruary, 1.93; March, 8.31; April,5.83; May, 0.08; June, 1.11; July,\\n2.91 August, 0.51 September, 0.71 October, 2.2 November, 6.54\\nDecember, 16.06. Total, 47.56 inches.\\nFrom the preceding observations, it will be perceived that more\\nrain falls in the mountainous districts than on the coast that it is\\nnearly equally divided among the seasons of the year and, in fact,\\nthey have almost*a climate of summer rains.\\nThe amount of rain, in inches and parts, which fell at Algiers,\\nduring the last cotton-growing season that is, between the 1st of\\nApril, 1855, and January 31st, 1856, inclusive, was as follows In\\nApril, 3.92; May, 1.29; June, 1.8; July, none August, none Sep-\\ntember, 0.008; October, 3.18; November, 2.24; December, 5.55;\\nJanuary, 1.05. Total, in ten months, 19.038 inches.\\nIt may be here remarked, that there has been much less rain at\\nAlgiers, during the last fall and winter, than has been known for a\\nnumber of years, many of the cisterns having failed, and caused great\\nanxiety among the inhabitants.\\nIn the cultivation of cotton, in Algeria, stable-dung is sometimes\\nused, though but few farmers pay any attention to their fields. As\\ntheir cattle are never housed, their means of making manure become\\nvery limited. They plant from the 15th of April till the 10th of\\nMay, in rows, about 2 feet apart. The crop is hoed four times, and\\nirrigated as often as water can be spared from other plants and,\\nwhen abundant, it is applied every four days. The bolls begin to\\nform in July, and the plants continue in flower from September until\\nthe latter part of February. The harvesting also commences in Sep-\\ntember, and lasts until the following spring.\\nCLIMATE OF THE COTTON DISTRICTS OF OTHER PARTS OF\\nAFRICA.\\nCotton of a very good quality has been cultivated, for some years,\\nat Natal, nearly at the southern extremity of Africa. The coast is\\nlow along that region, and, in some parts, even swampy; but the\\nland, within ten miles of the sea, is considered most favorable to the\\ncultivation of cotton, probably from the constant moisture of the\\natmosphere, and the warmth of the climate though, no doubt, it\\nmay be successfully grown further in the interior. The country be-\\nyond is described as being better adapted to the purposes of grazing.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY 333\\nVarious attempts have been made to obtain cotton from the west\\ncoast of Africa, and the seed of the best varieties have been intro-\\nduced from the United States. In Liberia, Dahomey, and other\\nplaces, fine samples have been produced, principally from the Green-\\nseeded and Kidney-seeded sorts. The climate is represented as favor-\\nable, but a different population is required for an extended and\\nprofitable production.\\nCLIMATE OF THE COTTON REGIONS AND ISLANDS OF THE\\nMEDITERRANEAN.\\nConsiderable quantities of cotton are cultivated in other countries\\nbordering on the Mediterranean. It is generally the product of the\\nIndian species, though seeds have been introduced from Egypt and\\nthe United States. These are cultivated in Asia Minor, in parts of\\nGreece, and the islands generally known as the Levant. The Italian\\ncottons are produced in Sicily, in Calabria, near Naples, and in\\nMalta. Those of Sicily, Calabria, and Castellamare are the best,\\nand are usually produced from American seed. A Nankin cotton\\nis cultivated in Malta, but is all manufactured for domestic use,\\nAt Naples, the soil and climate are well suited to the growth of\\ncotton, with the aid of artificial irrigation in times of drought. In\\nsome seasons, however, the plants receive injury from insects, as well\\nas from fogs and mists, in July and August. The maximum, mini-\\nmum, and mean temperature, in the sun, near Naples, is as follows:\\nMax.\\nMin.\\nMean.\\nMay,\\n80\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\n75\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\n77\u00c2\u00b0. 5 F\\nJune,\\n100\\n80\\n90\\nJuly,\\n112\\n100\\n106\\nAugust,\\n112\\n100\\n106\\nAs little or no rain falls in these months, recourse necessarily ha*\\nto be had to artificial irrigation.\\nThe manure, when employed, is the dung of animals, but no other\\nfertiliser is ^ed. The seed is planted in April, in rows, with suffi-\\ncient space between them for the passage of water, for the purposes of\\nirrigation. The plants are in flower in June and July; the cotton\\nharvested from September to November and the yield per acre, un-\\nginnecl, besides other crops between the rows, 600 pounds.\\nThe soil and climate of Sicily are better adapted to the growth of\\ncotton than those of Naples, particularly on the southeast side of the\\nisland, and within twenty miles of the sea. Further inland, the heat\\nis not sufficient to mature the crop. The maximum temperature of\\nthe cotton regions, from May till October, is 77\u00c2\u00b0 F.; minimum, 61^\u00c2\u00b0;\\nthe mean 68\u00c2\u00b0. The quantity of rain which falls during the cotton-\\ngrowing months is generally fully sufficient for the perfection of the\\nplant. The principal injury to the crop is occasioned by long-con-\\ntinued north winds, which, however, but seldom occur.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nCLIMATE OF THE COTTON DISTRICTS OF BRITISH INDIA.\\nIn the Peninsula of India, the climate is greatly influenced by the\\ntwo monsoons one from the north-east, which blows chiefly on the\\neastern coast, and the other, from the south-west, which is mostly felt,\\nin Malabar and the western parts of the country. In some parts, the\\nadvantages of both monsoons are enjoyed but, in others, the change\\nfrom the moisture of the rains to the heat and dryness which succeed\\nthem, is nearly as marked in its character as at Saharunpore, and the\\ncotton-plants suffer as much from the transition. Such being the\\nextremes of temperature and of dryness, as well as the shortness of\\nthe several seasons in which the plant may be made to grow that is,\\nduring the hot and dry weather, from March to June, or during the\\nsteaming moisture of the rainy season, followed, at first, by a hot and\\nmoist summer, and then by a cold and dry autumn, succeeded by a\\nbracing winter a plant must be hardy to sustain uninjured such\\nextreme and sudden vicissitudes. But all India is not identical in\\nclimate. In some, parts the accession of the rains is earlier, their ter-\\nmination more gradual, and the cold of winter less, or the country\\nenjoys the advantages of a double monsoon so that there is a longer\\nperiod of growth.\\nTemperature, as we have seen, is only one of the elements of cli-\\nmate, and, though a very important one, is yet unable of itself to do\\nanything towards the growth of a plant, unless water be within the\\nreach of its roots to dissolve and carry into the vegetable cells and\\nvessels the elements of nutrition. It must be decomposed, in contact\\nwith air, not too dry, nor yet too damp, but containing its due pro-\\nportion of oxygen and carbonic acid gas, and illuminated by the light\\nof the sun. There is no doubt that cotton-plants may exist through\\na long range of temperature, and of moisture and dryness of the\\natmosphere but it is equally certain that they will never attain\\nhealthy vigor of growth unless there is a due supply of moisture in a\\nmoderately warm, or rather hot atmosphere. Though the degree of\\nheat may be measured with a thermometer, moisture is not always\\nindicated by the rain-gauge, for rain may fall, and run off the surface.\\nor percolate the soil, and the earth and the atmosphere both be left in\\na parched state, even during the season of growth. The moisture can\\nonly be determined by the hygrometer, or the wet and dry-bulbed\\nthermometer; and, imperfect as the majority of such instruments are,\\nthe information obtained from many situations would be invaluable,\\nas we might then be more sure of drawing correct inferences, be-\\ncause, though we might not be able to calculate correctly the exact\\nquantity of moisture contained in the atmosphere, we could see\\nwhether this was in a state of saturation, or was capable of taking up\\na still larger quantity, and thus in the one case checking, and in the\\nother favoring, evaporation from the soil, and from the surface of\\nplants. To the comparative moisture of the air, on the sea-coast,\\nand in places within the reach of the moist sea air, must chiefly bo\\nascribed the preference of the cotton-plant for such situations, or, at\\nleast, for its successful culture in so many islands, and along so many", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": ":limatology.\\n335\\ncoasts. But to this it may be objected, that a long-stapled cotton is\\nsuccessfully grown in the dry climate of Egypt. In that country,\\nhowever, copious irrigation produces the same beneficial effects in a\\nwarm, dry atmosphere. Excess of moisture in a warm climate, how-\\never, may prove as injurious as its deficiency for then the parts of\\nvegetation may be altogether stimulated, or may be in a state of con-\\ntinual growth, when plenty of branches and leaves are produced,\\nbut few flowers and very little cotton.\\nThe seasons of India, over a great part of the country, are divided\\ninto the cold, the hot, and the rainy-names which sufficiently indicate\\nthe particular characteristics of each. If we take an equatorial cli-\\nmate, like that of Sincapore, as a standard of comparison, we shall\\nobserve a very great difference between it and that of a northwestern\\nsituation in the plains, such as Saharunpore, in 30\u00c2\u00b0 of north latitude,\\nthe first being remarkable for uniformity, and the latter for a great\\nrange, both of the dry and wet-bulbed thermometer. Plants, which live\\nthroughout the year in the open air at Sincapore, will, in most cases,\\nsuffer, both from the cold and the heat of Saharunpore, thougfrthey\\nmay flourish in the rainy season almost as well in the one as the\\nother. D. J. B.\\nMean temperature in the shade, by Fahrenheit s scale, of several local-\\nities in India, where cotton has been cultivated.\\nLOCALITIES.\\nSincapore\\nCawiipore\\n1\u00c2\u00b023*\\n13 4\\n2-2 23\\n25 18\\n26 29\\n28 41\\nSaharunpore\\nDeyrah Doon\\n29 57\\n30 15\\nw\\nHeight\\nabove\\nsea.\\nh\\n0Q\\nYear.\\n103\u00c2\u00b052\\\\\\n80 14\\n88 28\\n82 56\\n80 22\\n77 13\\n77 32\\n78 5\\nsea level\\nsea level\\nsea level\\n300 ft.\\n500 ft.\\n800 ft.\\n1,000 ft.\\n2,350 ft.\\n8P.OO188,\\n75.50177,\\n66.20-69,\\n62.56172\\n63.0869\\n51.43 59,\\n52.0563\\n52.08,59\\n0089.00:\\n70l80.80i\\n8080.00\\n4979.07\\n05 72..15\\n29 67.22\\n25 68.00\\n05 67.00,\\n85.00 85,\\n83.70 86\\n85.40 85.\\n89.91 94,\\n88.55 96\\n75.0382\\n79.00 86,\\n73.00 81.\\n00:87.00\\n80 87.70\\n70 83.70\\n35 90.28\\n05 91.23\\n53 87.75\\n05 89.00\\n0086.00\\n88.00 86.0087.00|87.00!86\\n85.30 84.60 83.70,82.02178\\n81.80 82.0082.00 79.20,74\\n85.71,85.7285.99 81.49(72\\n86.65 87.04 85.03|78.95|75\\n88.61i88.90i77.83 72.3260\\n86.7585.2578.0074.00164\\n83.00 81.00l78.05j73.u5.57\\n.oote.oo\\n.90J76.30\\n,2066.60\\n.1363.45\\n2567.05\\n26,49.35\\n7556.05\\n00)56.65\\n86.58\\n81.91\\n78.05\\n80.26\\n80.01\\n71.71\\n73.51\\n70.52\\nAverage quantity of rain, in inches and parts, on the sites of experiments\\nin the culture of cotton, on the low lands of the coast, and on the table-\\nland of the Deccan, in India.\\nSITES.\\nis\\nc\\no\\nH\\nHeight\\nabove\\nsea.\\n3\\nC\\na\\nid\\na\\n.a\\n09\\nQ.\\nIS\\n09\\nC\\n3\\n3\\n3\\n3\\ne\\nV\\no\\nu\\nO\\ns\\no\\nS5\\nc\\nYear.\\nInches\\n13* 4 l 8n\u00c2\u00b0l4*\\nsea level,\\nsea level.\\n150 ft.\\nsea level.\\n900 ft.\\n1,740\\n4,500\\n4,000\\n2,320\\n1.33\\n0.23|\\n0.36\\n3.20\\n5.24\\n4.76J10.09\\n12.43\\n3.25\\n37.20\\n18 56\\n72 53\\nKonkun, seaco.\\ntt it t\\n68.73\\n114.55\\n19 00\\n73 00\\ninl\\nit\\n106.16\\nt.\\n134.96\\nWestern Ghats.\\nii f\\nDeccan, table-Is\\ni it\\nit it\\nit it\\n11 M\\nti it\\nti ti\\nti it\\n141.59\\nMahabnleshwur.\\n17 56\\n73 30\\n254.84\\nast branch\\n50.69\\n17 l6 73 12\\n16 20 73 10\\n18 00 j73 00\\n19 56 73 56\\n16 00 !75 00\\n15 28 75 8\\n19 10173 15\\n39.20\\n30.74\\nPoo\u00c2\u00abah\\n1,842\\n19.02\\n26.72\\n2,000\\n40.90\\nY\\n38.81\\nAhinednuggcr\\n1,900\\n21.83\\n32.16", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nPROTECTION AGAINST THE DANGERS OF LIGHTNING\\n[Condensed from the American Almanac of 1856; from the pen of Professor Josaph Lovering\\nof Harvard Universitj.]\\nAmong the means which human ignorance or soience has adopted\\nin seeking protection against the dangers, great or small, real or\\nimaginary, as the case may be, of the lightning s stroke, it may be\\nmentioned that the Romans had an idea that seal-skins were a de-\\nfence against this celestial weapon. Tents were made of them, and\\nSuetonius informs us that Augustus always kept one on hand.\\nSome will trace back to this prejudice the custom which prevailed to\\na late day in Cevenses, a Roman colony, of wearing the cast skin of a\\nserpent around the hat. According to Koempfer, the emperors of\\nJapan not only took refuge, like Augustus, in a cave, but placed a\\nreservoir of water above the cave, thinking the lightning would be\\nextinguished by its passage through the water. If this were the case,\\nfishes, it would seem, must be safe. But it appears, on the contrary,\\nthat when, in 1670, the lightning struck the lake of Zirknitz, twenty-\\neight full wagon-loads of fish were collected from the surface of the\\nwater, for manure. In 1772, at Besancon, the water was covered\\nwith stunned fish. During a thunder-storm, the Jews open the\\nwindows, that their Messiah may come in. Salverto relates that, in\\nRussia, the windows are shut, and all the cracks stuffed, from fear of\\nleaving an entrance to the evil spirit whom God is pursuing in the 1\\nstorm. By others, three blows with a thunder-stone were believed to\\nconsecrate a building against lightning.\\nThe question has been raised, whether the danger from lightning\\nis increased by running, or even walking, especially against the wind.\\nSome argue that motion, especially if it is rapid, leaves a vacuum\\nbehind the body, which invites the lightning also, that it promotes\\nevaporation. Instances have been adduced to prove that a lateral\\ndischarge, from a conductor of electricity, is promoted by the dimin-\\nished pressure of the air which a wind produces. Others oppose to\\nthis danger that of exposure to the rain, if you do not run. Nollet\\nthought that wet clothing exposed the person who wore it to the\\nlightning itself. But this was not Franklin s opinion. He was un-\\nable to hurt a wet rat by making it the discharger to a Leyden battery,\\nthough he could easily kill a dry rat. The moist surface carried the\\ncharge, and saved what was beneath it from violence. Neverthe-\\nless, animals wholly plunged in water have been killed, as if the sa-\\nline liquids in their bodies conducted better than the water itself.\\nSome stress is laid upon the quality of the clothing on the body\\nfor it is said that once, of three priests, the one who was clad in\\nsilk was singled out to to be saved, while the other two were killed.\\nBalitoro and other meteorologists affirm that lightning never strikes\\na building on the northern side. Hence, in Italy, the inhabitants\\ncrowd to the northern end of their houses, in thunder-storms. Arago\\nthinks we have an ample explanation, of whatever in this statement", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 331\\nrequires any, in the fact that the thunder-storms of that country corns\\nfrom the south so that, if they strike without waiting to he verti-\\ncally over the fatal spot, they must attack the southern side. Ham-\\nmocks suspended by silken cords have been sought as an asylum.\\nThere may be a slight advantage in a horizontal position, especially\\nupon the bed. But more than one case can be adduced, from Howard\\nand other meteorologists, to prove that this circumstance gives no\\ncertain protection, and for this reason, with others, that the charge\\nmay come horizontally. Cages of glass have been made for the very\\ntimid and some would advise to sit upon a decanter turned bottom\\nupwards, and to make a footstool of two tumblers. A building of\\nglass will not exclude the lightning for conservatories have been\\nstruck, and eight hundred panes of glass destroyed, and the frames\\nleft and not always by the jar, for sometimes fine punctures, such\\nas electricity alone can produce, are found in the glass. Metal about\\nthe person, or the house, modifies, no doubt, the effect of the light-\\nning, when it strikes. But it is too much to say that it determines\\nthe stroke except, perhaps, when a broken line of metallic bodies\\nforms a partial chain of conductors from the roof to the earth. In\\n1819, twenty persons were together, and the one with a chain around\\nhis waist was struck. Steel corsets, ear-rings, finger-rings, brace-\\nlets, knives, forks, chains, pencils, each, it is thought, adds to the\\nhazard. This is one objection also to a metallic currency. Some are\\nso scrupulous as to shun iron nails in their shoes. Brydone recom-\\nmends that ladies should carry small chains, or a fine wire, which\\nthey can suspend from their bonnets, or other out-works, in time of\\ndanger, as the ship displays in the storm her lightning-chain. But\\nwe may fairly inquire whether the presence of small quantities of\\nmetal about the person may not, by taking the charge, if the light-\\nning should strike the individual, be of as much service as they\\nthreaten to do injury by provoking a stroke which otherwise would\\nnot come for it is well known that, in one case, a bonnet, with an\\niron frame, vanished into thin air without any personal injury. Kund-\\nman mentions the fact, that a pin in the hair was melted, when the\\nhair was not singed, and the wearer escaped, as it were, by the hair\\nof the head.\\nMore importance must be attached to the larger masses of metal,\\nwhich belong to the structure or furniture of a building, than to\\nthose small portions which are worn in the dress. Nails, picture-\\nframes, chandeliers, and, especially, bell-wires, water-pipes, gas-pipes,\\nthe clamps used in masonry, the spindles of weather-cocks, which by\\ntheir length and other dimensions admit of comparison with light-\\nning rods, may increase the danger, as well as affect the character of\\nthe stroke, when it comes. Nollet affirms that steeples of slate are\\nare struck oftener than those of stone, on account of the nails, but,\\nperhaps rather by reason of the moisture absorbed. Because females\\nand children enjoy greater impunity than men, it is thought to be\\nsafer in-doors than abroad. If it is safer in cities, where there are\\nso many spires to neutralise the clouds, than in the open country,\\nstill there may be more danger in a crowd than out of it not only\\nbecause it is a mass of conducting matter, but also on account of the-\\n22", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "338 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nvapor which rises from it, which adds to the conducting power of\\nthe air. For this reason, flocks of sheep and herds of cattle are in\\ndanger. Barns and granaries exhale vapors, and are often struck.\\nWhen lightning falls among a crowd, it appears, sometimes, to seek\\nout some individuals and to shun others. Often this may have heen the\\nresult of peculiarity of position, which was not known, or is not remem-\\nbered. Color also has some influence. Three cases are described in\\nwhich horses or oxen had all their white hair singed and burnt off,\\nwhile the rest was left. It is well known that all persons do not con-\\nduct artificial electricity equally well, and that a few, if made parvs\\nof the line of discharge, arrest it. The soot of chimneys is a good\\nconductor. The middle of a street is thought to be safer than the\\nside-walk.\\nNor is the greatest danger in a cloud. Yolta called the idea of\\ntraversing a thunder-cloud fool-hardy. If the thunder strike with\\nSuch destruction at a distance, what will it do near? In spite of this\\nargument, the engineers on the Pyrenees, and other parties, have\\npained safely through a storm, having it first above and then below\\nthel n. While making the critical passage, their hair and the strings\\nto iheir crips stood on evd, and a buzzing noise was heard. The\\nsister of j^rago passed through a storm-clour The parties shut their\\nejes, stopped their ears, and, in a quarter of an hour, they were above\\nthe awful scene. Peytier and Hossard traversed thunder-clouds with\\nthe same s?curity, though their companions, who were below, never\\nexpected to see them again.\\nArago recalls the fact, that noise has always been used as a panacea\\nagainst every kind of evil, real or imaginary, as eclipses, comets, and\\nlocusts. Mariners have the notion that the noise of cannon dissi-\\npates clouds. Conte d Estree routed a WeSu Indian hurricane in this\\nway. Arago finds that faith in noise, for this purpose, has been\\ncommon in Europe since 1*765 and that it has been tried in the fields\\nagainst hail. In some places, from nine to twelve hundred pounds of\\npowder have been consumed yearly, being fired in high places. But,\\nhe objects to its utility that ships are struck by lightning when\\ncannonading that storms have broken out during dreadful bombard-\\nments and explosions, and that the usual number of stormy days is\\nfound at forts where artillery practise constantly. In 1718, Des\\nLandes informed the French Academy that, on the 14th of April,\\ntwenty-four churches were struck in Bretagne, in all of which the bells\\nwere ringing, while others, in which the bells were silent, escaped.\\nNotwithstanding this statement of a single case, we may doubt, with\\nArago, whether the acoustic disturbance of the air increases the\\ndanger of being struck by lightning though it may be very true\\nthat, when churches are struck, those who have hold of the ropes are\\neminently exposed to the charge. The reputation of the bells for\\npreventing the strokes of lightning did not suffer by the disasters of\\nthe 18th of April. It was argued that the catastrophe occurred on\\nGood Friday, and that no bells ought to be rung on that day. As\\nFranklin sayt still they continue to bless the new hells, and jingle\\nthe old ones, whenever it thunders. The government, however, inter-\\nposed at last, in some places, and forbade the ringing. In Bomagaa,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 339\\nheaps of straw and other light combustibles are prepared in the field,\\nand lighted, on the appearance of a storm, to disperse it. Arago\\ndoes not think the practice of three years conclusive, and compares\\nthe agricultural districts of England with the mining regions,\\nabounding in furnaces. He finds fewer storms in the latter, but he\\ndoubts whether the cause must not be sought in the mineral character\\nof the soil, more than in the heat or the smoke of the conflagration.\\nI now come to the lightning-rod, by general consent the invention\\nof Franklin. There are those who tell us that, if he did not\\nconscientiously appropriate the knowledge of others, he was in faet\\nanticipated, perhaps by thousands of years, because Herodotus says\\nthat the Thracians shot arrows into the air to threaten the thun-\\nder. Dutens pretends to trace back the invention to that ancient\\ndate. The Hyperboreans disarmed the thunder-cloud, as they\\nthought, by launching upon it their darts, armed with iron points.\\nPliny says that the Etruscans, renowned in antiquity for their know-\\nledge on this subject, were able to direct the lightning. Among\\nthe Romans, Numa had some control over it, but Tullius Hostilius\\nmade the attempt, and was killed for his audacity. There is a story\\nabout a medal of Augustus whereon appears a temple supplied with,\\nmany pointed stakes, which some would have us to suppose are so\\nmany lightning-rods. Another story tells of a different medal, on\\nwhich is seen the Jupiter of the ancients, cloud-compelling and the\\nthunderer, soaring in a cloud, while an Etruscan is below flying a\\npajDer kite. Artaxerxes believed that two swords, planted in the\\nground, dispersed the clouds. In the time of Charlemagne poles\\nwere used for the same purpose, but, unfortunately for the antiquarian,\\nthey were not supposed to have any efficacy till bits of magical paper\\nwere stuck to them. In the fifteenth century, a naked sword was put\\nupon the mast-head to disenchant the storm. On the banks of the\\nAdriatic, near one of the bastions of the castle of Duino, there has\\nstood from time immemorial an iron rod, in a vertical position. The\\nsoldier who mounted guard was in the habit of presenting an iron\\nhalbert to it, when the weather was cloudy and, whenever he perceived\\nthat the iron afforded sparks, he rang a bell to give notice to the\\ncountrymen in the fields, and to the fishermen, that stormy weather\\nwas approaching. This was as far back as 1602. Something like a\\nrod was mentioned, in an old manuscript, as in use in 1610.\\nIn the discharge of atmospherical electricity, it is possible, per-\\nhaps, to recognise all the varieties which Faraday has made out for\\nartificial electricity. By convection and conduction, by the rain,\\nthe snow, the moist air, and also by those natural and eternal light-\\nning-rods which stand erect upon the earth, such as the mountain\\npinnacles or the forests, the charge, which accumulates in the upper\\nregions of the air, is silently drawn, or is otherwise brought down,\\nto the earth. Mr. Arrowsmith saw no houses in Yucatan which\\nhad been struck by lightning. The palm-tree has the credit of pro-\\ntecting them. Tristan studied sixty-four storms, which raged in\\nFrance between the years 1811 and 1837, and he noticed the fact\\nthat, whenever one passed over a forest, it was disarmed and shorn of\\nits dangerous power. In cutting trees, very many are found to have", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "340 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nbeen struck. Captain Dibblin, in writing of Virginia, in 1763, tells us\\nthat, when oaks and pines are growing together, the oaks are struck,\\nalthough the pines are the taller. Some have supposed that certain\\nkinds of trees were lightning-proof, but not in the sense in which Tibe-\\nrius understood the property. He wore a crown of laurels to ward off\\nthe thunder-bolt. Tarchon surrounded his dwelling with white vines.\\nLaborers in Europe, whenever they see branches of the vine dried up,\\nascribe the decay to lightning. In 1787, Mr. H. Maxwell published\\na paper on this subject, in which it is said that the beech, birch, and\\ntnaple are safe, or, according to some, all resinous trees but Arago\\niias found instances to show that all kinds of trees may be struck,\\nwnen standing alone. No one can doubt -the reality of the mighty\\ninfluence which a forest, or even a single large tree with its out-\\nstietcned arms, may exert upon the electrical state of the neighbor-\\nhood, if he reflects upon the experiments of Mr. Pine, which prove\\nthe great superiority of pointed leaflets to metallic points. If a spear\\nof fresn grass is brought towards the charged prime conductor of an\\nelectrical machine, it begins to glow at the distance of 14 feet, al-\\nthough a metallic point would show no light farther off than 3 or 4\\nfeet. Mr. Pine also discharged a large Leyden jar through the body, by\\nholding a blade of grass in each hand. With these vegetable points\\nhe was able to discharge it in 4 minutes and 6 seconds, while fine\\nsewing-needles could only do it in 11 minutes and 18 seconds. More-\\nover, a gold-leaf electroscope was troubled by a jar at the distance of\\n7 feet, if its cap was pointed with the branch of a shrub, as the\\nbutcher s broom, whereas, metallic points required that the distance\\nshould be reduced to 2 feet, to betray any electrical sensibility;\\nClouds, too, passing over the instrument, disturbed it in the first case,\\nand not in the second. What, then, must be the accumulated agency\\nof a forest, assisted by the thousand thorns, twigs, and buds, and the\\nmillion spicule upon the rye and barley? It is no serious objection\\nto the foregoing remarks, that trees, and bodies near them, are some-\\ntimes struck and damaged. In Conway, Massachusetts, a house was\\nstruck, in 1816, although surrounded by trees. Perfect exemption\\nfrom lightning cannot be claimed, even in the neighborhood of a good\\nlightning-rod and a tree may add to the danger, instead of lessen-\\ning it, for one who stands too near the trunk, or under the overhang-\\ning branches, since the roots of a tree are not good conductors.\\nI shall now make some remarks on the manner of constructing the\\nlightning-rod, though it would be impossible to exhaust this subject\\nin any narrow limits. First, in respect to the material of the rod,\\nwhich metal is the best? Iron is strong, and can resist mechanical\\nviolence, but it rusts, and the oxide formed is a poor conductor.\\nBrass grows brittle, and copper, therefore, though expensive, being\\ndurable and a good conductor, is preferred. Secondly, in considering\\nthe form of the rod, I do not lay much stress upon the shape of the\\ncross section. The square figure with its edges may have some ad-\\nvantage over the circular section but I am not certain that as much\\nis not lost, by the facility afforded for a lateral discharge at a danger-\\nous point, as is gamed by relieving the rod of a part of its charge all\\nalong the four edges. These edges are also relied upon to discharge", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n341\\nthe cloud quietly, as the points at the top of the rod discharge it\\nand, for this purpose, the rod is twisted, so that its edge may be pre-\\nsented to all points of the horizon. The twisting slightly injures the\\nconducting power of the rod, and cannot be needed for the object in,\\nview, as the lightning is not tied down to a geometrical straight line\\nfor its orbit. The only important question which has ever been raised\\nconcerning the shape of the rod is an old one, and it was soon put to\\nrest. In 1764, Nollet, a rival of Franklin, encouraged the idea that\\nthe points which the American discoverer recommended for the top\\nof the lightning-rod, provoked the attack of the clouds. In England/\\nGeorge the III. had parasites about him, who flattered the political\\nprejudices of that king, and advocated blunt rods, because Franklin\\ninsisted on points. Mr. Wilson, a member of the Royal Society,\\npublished a paper in opposition to the points, alleging that they in-\\nvited the electrical fluid in the clouds. Nairne, well versed in elec-\\ntrical experiments, wrote upon Franklin s side. The far-sighted\\nefficiency of the pointed rod, in disabling the clouds, while yet a great\\nway off, was proved by Beccaria s experiment on an interrupted rod.\\nThe sparks at the break betrayed the passing electricity. With a\\nbreak of one-eighth, or one-tenth of an inch, a constant succession\\nof sparks will be seen during a storm. Captain Wynne, on one occa-\\nsion, found them to continue at an accidental fracture in a rod, for 2^\\nhours. The destruction, by lightning, in 1769, of the powder maga-\\nzine at Brescia, awakened the attention of the British government to\\nthe safety of their own magazines, at Purfleet. At the request of the\\nBoard of Ordnance, Dr. Franklin visited Purfleet, and recommended\\nthe use of pointed lightning-rods, such as had been used with success\\nin America for twenty years. But Mr. Wilson, then of some note\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0as an electrician, advised the adoption of blunt conductors. On ac-\\ncount of this difference of opinion, the Royal Society was consulted,\\nand, in 1772, a committee, consisting of Cavendish, Watson, Frank-\\nlin, Wilson, and Robertson, men eminent in electrical science, was\\nappointed to suggest the best means for protecting these powder-mag-\\nazines. The committee adopted Franklin s views in regard to the\\nsuperiority of pointed over blunt conductors, and the report, drawn\\nup by Franklin himself, was signed by all the members, except\\nMr. Wilson. The objection of Mr. Wilson to the pointed rod was the\\nsame as that of Nollet namely, that the point invited and increased\\nthe lightning. Every point, as such, I consider as soliciting the\\nlightning, and, by that means, not only contributing to increase the\\nquantity of every actual discharge, but also frequently occasioning a\\ndischarge where it might not otherwise have happened. But\\nFranklin refuted this position of his opponent, in the paper which he\\nread to the committee, entitled Experiments, Observations, and\\nFacts tending to support the Opinion of the Utility of long pointed\\nRods for securing Buildings from damage by Strokes of Lightning.\\nUnfortunately, the magazine at Purfleet, which was provided with\\npointed rods, according to Franklin s advice, was struck by lightning\\nin 1772, though without suffering any damage. This revived thb\\ncontroversy between Franklin and Wilson, in regard to pointed\\nand blunt conductors, in which the court sided with Wilson, for it", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "342 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nwas now 1777 and not 1772, and the battle of Bunker Hill, in the mean\\ntime had been fought. At the instigation of parties hostile to Frank-\\nlin, and flatterers of the king, the pointed conductors were removed\\nfrom the queen s palace, and blunt ones substituted. But Franklin s\\nfame was not disturbed thereby, neither was Franklin himself. Wheu\\nhe heard of Dr. Ingenhousz s indignation at the change, he said:\\nHe seems as much heated about this one point as the Jansenists\\nand Molinists were about the five. Franklin then added the follow-\\ning noble sentiments, worthy to be placed by the side of Kepler s en-\\nthusiastic challenge to mankind, upon the discovery of his three cel-\\nebrated laws: I have never entered into any controversy in de-\\nfence of my philosophical opinions I leave them to take their chance\\nin the world. If they are right, truth and experience will support\\nthem if wrong, they ought to be refuted and rejected. Disputes\\nare apt to sour one s temper and disturb one s quiet. I have no pri-\\nvate interest in the reception of my inventions by the world, hav-\\ning never made, nor proposed to make, the least profit by any of\\nthem. The king s changing his pointed conductors for blunt ones is,\\ntherefore, a matter of small importance to me. If I had a wish about\\nit, it would be, that he had rejected them altogether as ineffectual for\\nit is only since he thought himself and family safe from the thunders\\nof heaven, that he dared to use his own thunder in destroying his in-\\nnocent subjects. A subscription was raised at court to enable Wil-\\nson to make some experiments in the Pantheon, favorable to knobs.\\nBut Henly, Nairne, and Lord -Mali on, men of weight in electrical\\nscience, exposed the fallacy of Wilson s arguments. The Privy\\nCouncil applied to the Royal Society to investigate the subject again.\\nIt was referred to a new committee, and this committee endorsed the\\nconclusions of the earlier committee. The Royal Society was urged to\\nchange their report, but they steadily rejected any interference with\\ntheir scientific privileges, the President, Sir John Pringle, declaring\\nthat he could not change the laws of Nature.\\nIn France, the lightning-rod sends up one solitary aspiring point\\nto disenchant the thunder-cloud. But in Germany, England, and\\nAmerica, it is a common practice to surround the principal vertical\\npoint with a cluster of subordinate and inclined points, which stand\\n-eady to charge with fixed bayonet upon the hostile electricity of the\\nsky, from whatever quarter it may threaten an attack. The multi-\\nple points may also serve to make up, by their number, for the imper-\\nfection of any one, an imperfection which may arise from its oxidation\\nby air, or its fusion by lightning. The imperfections from these\\ncauses have not been overlooked. The iron point has been gilded,\\nor, better still, a gilded point of copper has been used. In 1790, Robert\\nPatterson, of Philadelphia, proposed to make the points of plumbago,\\non account of its ability to resist fusion. But the improvement:.-!\\nwhich Wollasten introduced into the mode of purifying platinum, and\\nrendering it malleable, have rendered the great resistance of that\\nmetal to the influence of the air, or of heat, available in the selection\\nof a proper material with which to point the lightning-rod. Too\\nmuch, howeTer, cannot be said in disparagement of points, however\\npatented, made, not of platinum, but of a platinum needle sunk into", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 343\\nanother metal so soft, that it can he melted down in the flame of a\\ncandle. The plan, adopted by some, of pointing a rod with a\\nmagnetised needle, rests upon no scientific basis whatever. The\\nquestion is often asked, whether electricity exhibits signs of inertia,\\nor shows any tendency to leave a circuitous path, and dash off in a\\ntangent. The common impression, with scientific and practical men,\\nis, that electricity moves without any perceptible inertia. Hence, in\\nthe construction of lightning-rods, but little care has been taken to\\navoid short turns and sharp angles in the longitudinal shape of the\\nconductor. But the attention of both cannot fail to be arrested by\\nthe facts to the contrary cited by Arago, in his posthumous work,\\nLe Tonnerre.\\nThe efficiency of a lightning-rod depends upon its height above sur-\\nrounding objects. This is proved by experiment. Several rods of\\nunequal height are placed near each other, and it is observed that\\nthe highest carries down the largest amount of electricity, this\\namount being measured for each rod by the number of sparks which\\ncan be counted, in a given time, at a break made for that purpose in\\nthe rod. An experiment with artificial electricity would be equally\\ninstructive. Under the same circumstances, the most elevated object\\nwill be chosen, as the principal conductor, by the lightning. There-\\nfore, the rod must rise higher than the objects which it is designed to\\nprotect.\\nIt is of much importance to know the necessary height of a rod\\nabove these objects, or, in other words, to know the horizontal area\\nwhich is protected by a rod of a given height. Franklin did not\\ngive attention to this inquiry. In England, rods rose 10 feet above\\nthe roof; in France, they mounted sometimes to 30 feet. In 1788. J.\\nB. Leroy, guided by vague analogies, gave the rule that the space\\nprotected was a circle of 16 metres in radius, when the height of the\\nrod was 5 metres above the building. In 1823, the Physical Section\\nof the French Institute was consulted on this subject, by the Minister\\nof War, and adopted, as ita own, the opinion of Charles, that a light-\\nning rod protects, at its point of contact with the top of the building,\\na circular space around, the radius of which is double the height of\\nthe rod above that point. This rule has been generally adopted sinoe\\nthat time, though it is not known upon what grounds Charles estab-\\nlished it. In extending this rule to different levels, above and below\\nthe point of contact of the rod with the highest point of the building,\\nwe might suppose that so large a circle could not possibly be pro-\\ntected on the higher levels, while a still larger one might be pro-\\ntected on the lower levels. And thus we might reach the generali-\\nsation, that the whole space protected, from the top of the rod down to\\nthe ground, would be included in a cone, the radius of whose base\\nwas twice its altitude. By referring to the case of a tree struck at\\nCambridge, Massachusetts, as described by Dr. Winthrop, and\\nother instances, Arago has concluded, that bodies are not exempt\\nfrom danger within this cone while there is no instance to overthrow\\nthe supposition of a protected cylinder of space, having the uniform\\nradius which Charles law would give it, at the top. Pouillet, in the\\nsixth edition of his Elemens de Physique, adopts a rule, nearly", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "344 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nagreeing with that of Charles, as a deduction from experiment. We\\nsdall avoid the necessity of raising the rod to an inconvenient height\\naoove the roof of the building, if we use several rods, each of which\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0will protect its own charmed circle, while the united conducting\\npower of all will he in requisition to carry off extraordinary dis-\\ncharges, at whichever rod they may first strike. In oblique dis-\\ncharges, which come from clouds when they are not vertically above\\nthe point struck, the degree of exposure is measured, not by the ver-\\ntical elevation of a rod, but its oblique distance and it may there-\\nfore, happen, that the highest point will escape, while one at a less\\ndistance will take the discharge from the clouds. In 1824, Leslie ad-\\nvised that advantage should be taken of the copper gutters and spouts\\nof buildings to help the lightning-rod carry off its electrical burden\\nand Professor Henry has made a similar suggestion in regard to the tin\\nroofs of houses, if they are connected with the ground by metallic pipes.\\nThe precautions, recommended for the protection of powder-maga-\\nzines from lightning, are peculiar. These magazines are generally\\nsurrounded by an atmosphere of fine powder-dust, ready to be inflamed\\nby a small spark originating in some accidental want of continuity\\nin a lightning conductor. Hence, as early as 1*776, Toaldo advised\\nthat conductors should never be placed directly upon these magazines,\\nbut upon masts, at the distance of about 10 feet from them. Where\\na mistake might involve such great destruction, Toaldo thought it wise\\nfor men to stand upon the defensive, and not to be too familiar with\\nthe tremendous energies of Nature. Voltaire has likewise said:\\nThere are great dignitaries whom it is only safe to approach with\\ngreat care and lightning belongs to the same class. When G-ay-\\nLussac made his Report, in the name of the Commission appointed at\\nthe request of the Minister of the Interior, by the Physical Section\\nof the French Academy, to draw up instructions as to the best\\nmethod of preparing lightning-conductors, he adopted, with approba-\\ntion, the old suggestion of Toaldo in relation to powder-magazines.\\nBut if, as has been intimated before, the proper interpretation of\\nCharles law requires that the radius of the space protected should be\\nmeasured by the height of the rod, not above the ground, but above\\nthe highest point of the object to be protected, the erection of sub-\\nstantial masts, to sustain these high rods, and at distances from each\\nother, all around the magazine, not exceeding one quarter of the\\nheight of the rod itself, will involve no inconsiderable expense.\\nSturgeon has proposed to line the walls of powder magazines with\\nmetal, which would protect the interior of the building from any in-\\nductive action.\\nDid not experience prove the contrary, it would seem superfluous\\nto say that a good lightning-rod must be uninterrupted throughout\\nits whole length, and, when it reaches the ground, must be bent\\naway from the foundations of the building it is intended to protect,\\nand enter to such a depth into the sub-soil as to be surrounded by\\nground always moist. The lower end of the rod may be soldered to\\na large plate of metal, or it may be surrounded by a large body of\\ncharcoal not common charcoal, but such as has been heated red-hot\\nor by coke. Sometimes, the rod can communicate with a well, or other", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\nreservoir of water. It has been proposed that, where practicable,\\naghtningj-rods should be attached to the water-pipes under ground.\\nIt is an old saying, that the danger is over when the lightning reaches\\nthe well [ocean.] An artificial fountain may not be large enough to\\nmake a good discharging train.\\nGreat improvements have been made since the time of Franklin,\\nin the manner of jointing the several pieces of which the lightning-rod\\nis composed. Formerly, they hooked upon each other like the links\\nof a chain. Dr. King, of Boston, turned up a point on one piece of\\nthe rod at right angles to the length. This point entered an eye upon\\nthe next piece of rod, and so on. These points answered for oblique\\ncharges, but nothing in this arrangement prevents two pieces of rod\\nfrom disconnecting, if the attachment to the side of the building\\nshould give way. Mr. Orcutt connects the rod by means of a hollow\\nnut, cut on the inside, to which is affixed a point. The two pieces of\\nrod screw into this nut until they touch one another. Mr. Strong\\noverlaps the two pieces of rod, and screws a pointed piece through\\nboth. But this enumeration does not exhaust all the varieties.\\nThe consequences of being struck by lightning at sea are so fearful,\\nand often so fatal, that the smallest chance of such an accident ought\\nto be guarded against, at any cost. Sir William Snow Harris, of\\nEngland, deserves credit for having called public attention to this\\nsubject of late, and for having improved upon the old method of pro-\\ntecting ships from lightning. The agency was simply a chain, gene-\\nrally stowed away, and left to be raiced to the mast-head in the hurry\\nof preparations to meet a storm. Sometimes the men employed\\nin raising it have been killed by the lightning before their work was\\nfinished. Sometimes the chain was carelessly short, so that during\\nthe rolling of the ship the lower end was lifted out of the water.\\nBesides, in a chain there must be great obstruction and heat at the\\nlinks. It is no wonder that accidents from lightning still happened\\nto ships so poorly provided, and that these accidents brought the\\nchain itself into discredit; so that, frequently, even public vessels were\\nnot provided with one. In the British navy, the old chains were of\\ncopper, one-sixth of an inch in diameter, and the links two feet long.\\nThey were only supplied when demanded. In the French navy,\\nmetallic ropes were used. But Harris lightning-conductor for ships\\nconsists of flat strips of copper let into the masts. They contain twenty\\ntimes as much metal as the old English chains. There is no break in\\nthe strips of copper, as Roberts objected. They do not interfere with\\nthe rigging, and they are always in position, ready for use. The mast\\nhelps conduct, as is seen by experimenting on a fine wire completely\\ninsulated, and on another laid upon a piece of wood. The strips of\\ncupper connect with the copper sheathing, and bands also lead off,\\nunder deck, to the knees and other pieces of iron in the sides of the\\nv sel.\\nIt is singular, that the question is still an open one, whether the\\npower of a lightning-conductor is proportional to the area, or the\\ncircumference, of its cross section. If the question is decided by\\nthe analogy of voltaic electricity, as, in the absence of direct experi-\\nment, it ought to be, then the conducting power for frictional eleo-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "346 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ntricity is proportional to the mass, and not to the surface, of the con-\\nductor. Leslie has said, but I do not know on what experimental\\nauthority, that the conducting power for such electricity is measured\\nby the surface of the conductor. Professor Henry has more recently\\nalluded to experiments of his own, which confirm this law. They\\nhave never been published but, as far as I can judge from a brief\\naccount of them, which he once gave me in conversation, they prove\\nsatisfactorily that electricity tends to travel more and more upon the\\nBurface, in proportion to its tension. While the question remains in\\nan unsettled state, it is rash to assume that the conducting power for\\natmospherical electricity violates the acknowledged law for voltaic\\nelectricity. And yet this assumption lies at the foundation of many\\ninnovations, and pretended improvements, in the construction of light-\\nning-conductors. J. Murray insists upon this hypothetical law of\\nsurface, when he recommends his hollow tubes as a substitute for solid\\nrods, the interior to be kept clean, on the same galvanic principle by\\nwhich Davy proposed to protect the copper sheathing of vessels.\\nOthers, in this neighborhood, have proposed to make conductors of\\nmetallic strips, bent so that the cross section is in the shape of the\\nletter S, or of X, or of the letter Z.\\nOf late, it has become a question of importance, whether any attempt\\nshould be made to insulate a conductor from the structure it is de-\\nsigned to protect. There have been those foolish enough to suppose,\\nthat the lightning might be received upon a mass of metal which was\\ninsulated, not only from the building, but from the ground also, and\\nmight then be spit out harmlessly from it into the air. There have\\nbeen those, again, who, less presumptuous than the former, have not\\nattempted to insulate the rod from the earth, but only from the build-\\ning. Spratt s rods and Otis rods are arranged upon this plan.\\nBecause metal conducts so much better than air, so much better even\\nthan water, it is supposed that the electricity will not leave the metal\\nand go through the glass into the building. One truth, at least,\\nseems to be admitted, by those who espouse the cause of insulated\\nconductors, namely, that lightning may leave a common rod, and go\\nthrough the supports into the building, instead of rushing to the\\nground on the rod exclusively. And the question is whether this\\ndivision of the charge will be prevented by such insulation as is usual,\\nor, as is practicable. Because a glass knob, of a few inches in diameter,\\nwill insulate the telegraph wire, it is supposed that a lightning-con-\\nductor may be insulated in the same way, no allowance being made\\nfor the vast difference between the tension of voltaic electricity and\\nthat of friction electricity or lightning. Columns of glass, one or two\\nfeet in length, are required to insulate the prime conductor of an active\\nelectrical machine, and even these are insufficient in damp weather.\\nHow can anything less than this, or even so much as this, suffice to\\ninsulate the electricity which flows down the lightning-conductor?\\nIt is well known, to those familiar with experimental electricity, that\\nall insulation fails in certain states of the air. For what matters it\\nwhether the glass does or does not conduct, if the all-surrounding air\\nfails to insulate? Now, although air, and even water, and conse-\\nquently damp air, conduct far more feebly than metals, under", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 347\\nthe same circumstances, it should not be forgotten that the great hulk\\nof the air which is present and touches the rod everywhere, makes up\\nfor the vast disparity in conducting power. Even if the electricity\\ncould not go to the building on the damp glass, it may go, and will\\ngo, by the damp air. If the electricity has tension enough to strike\\nfrom the cloud to the earth, an inch or two more or less, of air, will\\nmake no great difference, and this small difference may be outweighed\\nby advantages belonging to the extraordinary path. Arago condemns\\nthe plan of attempting to insulate the conductor from the building,\\non the ground that it is an excess of precaution not worth the cost.\\nAfter so much detail in regard to the construction of lightning-\\nconductors, what shall we say of their efficacy, when they are good\\nand in their place There have always been a few to maintain that\\nthe conductor increased the liability to being struck. Frederick the\\nGreat was not so great that he did not take sides against Franklin s\\ninvention. He would not allow a conductor to be placed upon his\\nown chateau at Sans-Souei, though he yielded to the advice of the\\nBerlin Academy so far as to have conductors on his arsenals, bar-\\nracks, and powder magazines. Cavendish was so sanguine in favor\\nof artificial conductors, as to say that the chances of escape were in-\\ncreased in the ratio of four hundred million to one. Leslie decided\\nagainst the efficacy of lightning-conductors, in consequence of his\\npeculiar views of electrical conduction, which he supposed to be solely\\nby currents of air. The whole effect he regards as only one drop in\\nthe ocean. He estimates that a thousand years would be necessary\\nto neutralise a thunder-cloud with a pointed conductor, and ten thou-\\nsand years with a blunt one. Nevertheless, he says, If happiness\\nconsists merely in idea, why not indulge delicious error? The Eng-\\nlish electrician, Walker, is so confident of Harris conductors, as to\\nsay that he would willingly make his couch within the powder-maga-\\nzine of a ship which carried them. And, with respect to the faith of\\nmen in lightning-conductors in general, Harris asks, Is not every\\npowder-magazine in Europe protected by rods? A little less than\\na century ago, the poor-house at Heckingham was struck by light-\\nning, in spite of its eight rods, and instances of buildings, though\\nhaving the same protection, sharing a similar fate, may be multiplied\\nfrom the annals of any country. No doubt, a principle reason of the\\nformer failure of the lightning-rod to protect was, the carelessness\\nwith which it was put up. Murray alleges that nine-tenths of the\\nconductors in G-reat Britain are worse than useless, because of their\\nfaulty construction.\\nI am far, however, from claiming for any rod, however complete in\\nits appointments, the power of perfectly protecting from lightning.\\n]*i their zeal to vindicate the virtues of the artificial lightning-rod,\\nor of their peculiar way of constructing it, and because the material\\nof which the rod is composed is a better conductor of electricity than\\nthe materials of the structure it is designed to protect, some maintain\\nthe lightning cannot possibly strike anything but the conducting\\nrod and that when it strikes that, there is no possibility of the light-\\nning, or a part of it, leaving this conductor for other bodies. But I\\nclaim less than this. The greatest service which the lightning-con-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "348 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nductor renders, is when, by its uplifted point, it silently, and, at a\\ngreat distance, neutralises the electrical excitement of the cloud while\\nit is approaching into a dangerous neighborhood; so that, when it\\nhas come within striking distance, much of its power to strike has\\nbeen withdrawn. How effectually the point operates to this end may\\nbe learned, not from theory merely, but from observation and experi-\\nment yet, when, from the insufficient number of these points,\\nor the extraordinary excitement of the cloud, or the rapidity with\\nwhich it is driven overhead by the wind, the lightning strikes\\nwith violence upon the conductor, although the effect may be much\\nless terrible than without any conductor, I do not suppose that, in all\\ncases, the stroke will be harmless. Franklin confessed as follows, of\\nhis own invention: If God, for our sins, should think fit to rain lire\\nupon us, as upon some cities of old, it is not expected that our con-\\nductors, of whatever size, should secure our houses against a miracle.\\nThose best acquainted with the science of electricity are at a loss,\\nwhen they are called upon to define the nature of electricity and its\\ndynamical conditions. Nevertheless, they are generally agreed in\\nassuming it, provisionally, to be a delicate, elastic fluid. In its stati-\\ncal equilibrium, it justifies the expectations founded upon this\\nanalogy. The dynamical division ot mechanical electricity is con-\\nversant, not so much with the manner in which electricity is propa-\\ngated, as with the effects which it produces while under way. If wo\\ncarry, however, into electro-dynamics, the analogies which statical\\nelectricity suggests, whether we suppose the electrical force to be\\npropagated through the electrical fluid, as a wave, after the analogy\\nof light, heat, and sound, or to flow directly and bodily, as common\\nfluids may, in either case, there is no good reason for narrowing the\\nmotion down to a single channel.\\nBy direct or secondary radiation, and by reflection and refraction,\\ndouble and single, the original central disturbance is broken up and\\nsent out in a multiplicity of directions, according to the fundamental\\nlaw of wave motion. Or, in the other point of view, a liquid, espe-\\ncially when under a great head of pressure, does not confine itself to\\na single channel, however broad and deep, but embraces the first\\nopportunity to swell out laterally, trespassing upon its old banks,\\nand sometimes carving out for itself new fortunes, by washing out\\nfresh channels. In similar ways, if not for similar reasons, electri-\\ncity divides itself between all the channels which are presented to it\\nand, although the best may carry the largest part of the charge, it\\nholds no monopoly in Nature. This division of the charge, particu-\\nlarly if a heavy one, is indicated most unequivocally in experiment,\\nand often stands out prominently to observation from the great labo-\\nratory of nature. Lightning follows the course of least resistanc^;\\nand whenever the sum of the two resistances in two different courses\\nis less than the resistance in a single course, the lightning will divide\\nmore or less equally between them. This division of the charge has\\nbeen triumphantly proclaimed by the telegraph posts, when the wire\\nhas been struck. In 1845, on the line between New York and Phila-\\ndelphia, eight of the posts were struck simultaneously. According\\nto Landernann, in 1718 twenty-four churches were struck, but only", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 349\\nthree explosions were heard. When the steeple of St. Bride s was\\nstruck, although there seemed to be hut one stroke, eighteen holes\\nwere pierced, nine with beards on one side, and nine with beards on\\nthe other. If a small electrical conductor is insulated, and several\\nbranches of chain are hung from it, with the ends touching the\\nground, whenever a spark from the prime conductor of an electrical\\nmachine, or from a Leyden jar, is sent to it, all the bains are lighted\\nup, each, under the same circumstances, to the degree in which it\\nconducts. There is no end to the experiments which might be ad-\\nduced to prove this law of division, said to have been first pointed\\nout, by Cavendish, in 1776. When the conductor of an excited elec-\\ntrical machine is connected, by a substantial chain or wire, to the earth,\\nit is still possible to take a spark, bright or faint, from it, by touching\\nit even with a poorer conductor. The galvanic current submits to\\nthe same law. If we connect the two poles of a galvanic battery, by\\na stout wire, and then attach, to two points of it, the fine wire of a\\ngalvanometer, this instrument will show that a part of the current\\nhas been diverted from the highway, and has run into the by-way.\\nProfessor Joseph Henry stated to the British Association for the Ad-\\nvancement of Science, when it met at Liverpool in 1837, that a copper\\nwire, one-eighth of an inch thick, the lower end of which entered a\\nwell, and the other terminated in a ball near the prime conductor of\\nan electrical machine, gave out, when the machine was in action,\\nsparks sufficient to inflame Volta s pistol. He also attached to the\\nmiddle of a lightning-rod such a ball, and when sparks an inch and\\na half^long were thrown on it from the machine, lateral sparks could\\nbe drawn from the rod at any point, even above the ball, and as far\\nup as the top. This experiment I have often repeated, by attaching\\nfirmly a stout piece of wire, three-eighths of an inch in diameter, to\\na lightning-rod, and bringing it into my lecture-room. For the\\nsame reason, a slight shock is felt in grasping a wire through which\\na spark is sent from a machine to the earth. A wire, 27 feet in length,\\nattached to one of the discharging rods, three-eighths of an inch in\\ndiameter, gave out sparks, through its whole length, to a ball 2 inches\\nin diameter; and dense sparks in a continuous volley were sent\\nto the ball, when it was held near to the safety-rod itself, although\\nthe ground had become very wet. This law of the probable, or at\\nleast the possible, division of the lightning, warns us not to trust too\\nimplicitly, and even wantonly, to the efficacy of the lightning-rod,\\nand to avoid, in the construction and furnishing of buildings, an\\narrangement of metal, between the roof and the ground, which might\\ntempt the lightning to divide with it and the proper conductors and,\\nat any rate, when such a broken metallic circuit exists, to keep our-\\nselves out of a position which would make us a part of its communi-\\ncation with the ground. I should hardly agree with the distinguished\\nFaraday, that a man might lean against Harris conductor without\\nbeing injured. What has been said, in relation to this division of the\\ncharge, shows the advantage, in another view, of placing lightning-\\nconductors at the four corners of a building, and upon all the masts\\nand the bow-sprit also of a ship, especially if they are all united into\\none system by horizontal bands of metal. If the charge can freely", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "350 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\ndivide between so many conductors, its tension is so much relieved\\nthat it is less likely to seek still other ways of reaching the earth. A\\ncharge of lightning, which would he fatal if received upon one con-\\nductor, is often so divided as to be harmless. Dr. King saw a mili-\\ntary company receive a charge from the clouds, upon their uplifted\\nbayonets, without flinching. Another similar case occurred in 1842.\\nWhen the State Prison in Charlestown, Massachusetts, was struck, on\\nthe 30th of July, 1829, in spite of its three conductors, three hundred\\npersons, over a space of 500 feet, felt the shock, though no one was\\ninjured. An armory of guns and pikes was in the neighborhood.\\nI do not think that Mr. Harris is successful, in his attempt to make\\na distinction between Henry s experiment upon the lightning-rod and\\nthe case in which the lightning descends upon a rod. Harris asks if\\nsparks have ever been taken from a rod at such times. Perhaps there\\nis no instance on record, though Kinnersley states that once the light-\\nning was seen to spread around the ground at the foot of the con-\\nductor. Experiment shows, not only that electricity will leave an\\nample conductor, and jump, in part, to poorer conductors, which either\\npursue a distinct route all the way to the ground, or finally unite\\nagain with the main channel, but also that it will overflow the masses\\nof metal which are insulated. To illustrate this, I have been in the\\nhabit of using a stout wire, lashed by a metal wire to a lightning-rod,\\nas before described. I insulate the hydrogen cannon, which belongs\\nto the thunder-house apparatus, by placing it upon a wine-glass, and\\nbring the knob near to the stout wire. Whenever a spark from an\\nelectrical machine is sent to the discharging train, the hydrogen is\\nfired by the small portion of electricity which leaves the rod and\\nenters the knob of the cannon.\\nThe principle which regulates this movement I understand to be\\nthis: All bodies strive to acquire their share of free electricity, which\\nis greater or less, according to their shape and position. If the earth\\nwere a great metallic ball, so that electricity received from the clouds\\nat any spot were instantly diffused, the portion which would be al-\\nlotted to a small insulated body, such as I have supposed, would be\\nvery minute. But this is not the case. Parts of the earth s surface are\\ninsulated, more or less perfectly, from each other. Hence, a small body\\nmay take at first more than it will afterwards be able to retain, when\\nthere has been time for the final distribution. On this account, there\\nis need of observing the following rule, in which the best English,\\nauthorities, on this subject, as Farraday, Walker, Sturgeon, and Har-\\nris, are agreed, although the latter is sometimes inconsistent in his\\nstatements with regard to it, namely, that lightning conductors\\nshould be removed as far as possible from other metallic bodies, even\\nwhen the latter are insulated or, when a dangerous proximity can-\\nnot be avoided, that the exposed masses of metal should be substan-\\ntially connected to the lightning conductor by the most direct and\\neasy path for electricity. In this way, the electricity which supplies\\nthese bodies can spread quietly into them, and afterwards, if neces-\\nsary, any surplus may return to the rod and pass down into the earth;\\nwhereas, otherwise, if the way is obstructed, the electricity will accu-\\nmulate until it breaks open a lateral path for itself by violence.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 351\\nThe effects of lightning, when it strikes, next claim our attention.\\nThey are, of course, the same as those of electrical discharges in gene-\\nral. But we distinguish, as the especial work of the thunderbolt, those\\neffects of electricity which characterise fractional electricity much\\nmore than those in which voltaic electricity excels. Besides the sound\\nand the flash, which, though local in their origin, are heard and seen\\nat a distance all around, I have to speak more particularly of the\\ncalorific, mechanical, and physiological effects of electricity, which are\\nessentially local. These effects of electricity originate in the resist-\\nance which imperfect conductors offer to its passage, and this resist-\\nance arises, either from the nature of the material, or the small size\\nof the body which transmits the charge. Hence, says Aristotle,\\nresisting substances suffer something but those which do not resist\\nsuffer nothing. But his illustrations are not good. Even a metal\\nmay not be so large, in relation to the charge which it carries, as to\\nescape destruction.\\nFirst, of the calorific effect: Imperfect conductors are often ignited\\nby lightning, in its passage through them, and the metals, if not very\\nstout, are fused, or even volatilised. Aristotle, Lucretius, Seneca, and\\nPliny had observed this fusion but, with their relation of facts, there\\nis mixed up much which is fanciful. It was pretended that money\\ncould be melted in the pocket, or in a bag, or a sword in its scabbard,\\nor a javelin on its handle, without the pocket, the bag, the scabbard,\\noi the handle exhibiting any traces of heat and hence arose the\\nnotion of a cold fusion, produced directly by lightning, without any\\ndevelopment of heat a notion which Franklin countenanced at one\\ntime, though he afterwards corrected himself. In many cases, espe-\\ncially in metals, it maybe difficult to trace the effects of heat, because\\nconductors of heat cool so rapidly. But that the fusion of metals,\\nwhen produced by lightning, is a consequence of heat, is proved by\\nthe fact, more than once observed, that the globules of melted metal\\nhave singed the matter upon which they fell. When the ship New\\nYork was struck by lightning, in 1827, the drops of burning metal\\nscorched the deck. Need I add, says Kaentz, that a fire kindled\\nby lightning is as easily extinguished as any other. There are cer-\\ntainly cases of extraordinary escape. When the theatre at Mantua\\nwas struck, on the 20th March, 1784, the electricity melted ear-rings\\nand watch-keys without wounding those who wore them. On the\\n15th of November, 1755, the magazine of Maromme, near Rouen,\\nwas struck by lightning, and two casks of powder were scattered, with-\\nout its being ignited. And again, on the 11th of June, 1775, some cases\\nof powder, in the tower at Venice, were overturned, but not exploded.\\nHence, some have concluded that lightning will not set fire to pow-\\nder. It may, indeed, be difficult to fire the powder, as in experi-\\nmental electricity, the mechanical disturbance scattering it, and\\nremoving it from the influence of the heat which electricity always\\nelicits in its passage along poor conductors. The heating effect\\ndiminishes as the size of the metal acted on increases. We must try\\nto ascertain the largest rod which has ever been melted by lightning,\\nand then we shall be able to assign the minimum value to the size of\\na good lightning-rod. Captain Cook, while in the Roads of Batavia,", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "552 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nsaw his lightning-conductor, which was five millimetres in diameter,\\nall on fire. Franklin recites the case of a church in Newburgh, where\\na small wire conducted the charge, though it was melted in perform-\\ning this service. Harris says that there is no instance on record in\\nwhich a bolt or chain of any considerable magnitude has been heated\\nmuch. It is not known that a copper wire of one-half an inch has\\never been heated red-hot. Captain Dibdin relates that, at Martinico,\\na bar one inch in thickness was diminished in size by being struck hy\\nlightning, and in some places was reduced to the size of a small wire.\\nIn 1773, the conductor on St. Paul s Cathedral, London, which was\\nof iron, and 4 inches broad by half an inch thick, showed marks of\\nhaving been heated, though perhaps not red-hot. Large bars of iron,\\nin contact, if not fused, have been softened so much as to become\\nwelded. The links of a chain have united in this way to form a rod,\\nand a key has solidified to the ring on which it was hanging. Boyle\\nsaw the lightning strike a table on which were two drinking-cups.\\nOne was slightly bent, but the other suffered so much that it could\\nhardly stand. They must have been softened by heat to admit of so\\ngreat a change of figure without breaking. A wire, through which\\nthe lightning, or a heavy charge from a Leyden battery, has passed,\\nis shortened, and therefore sometimes broken, by the mechanical strain\\nupon it.\\nI now pass to the meclianical effects of electricity, which are very\\ncurious, and in their details inexplicable. Trees are split longitudi-\\nnally into thin laths, or so as to resemble an old broom. Arago de-\\nscribes instances of this sort, and I have seen the same effect upon\\na tree struck by lightning in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. Limbs\\nof trees, over 20 inches in diameter, have been cut short off. The\\niron bar of a shade to a store, in Boston, has been bent to a right\\nangle. Lights are extinguished. This occurred when the theatre of\\nFeltre was struck, on the 26th of July, 1*759, and also when a build-\\ning was struck in Harrison Avenue, Boston, a few years ago. The\\nbark of trees is thrown 30 or 40 feet. On the 11th of June, 1849, an\\noak, 14 feet in circumference, was struck, where other trees had\\n8ufTer\u00c2\u00abL before, and parts of it were split up fine enough for Lucifer\\nmatcnes. The lightning often goes between the bark and wood, be-\\ncause the sap conducts. The wood itself is a poor conductor, or it\\nwrald not be so badly torn. Muncke saw an oak, 3 feet in diameter,\\nshivered into filaments. Mr. Wilson states that a bar of iron, half\\nun inch thick, and two inches and a half broad, was bent and broken,\\nwhen St. Bride s steeple, in London, was struck. On one occasion, a\\nblock of mica-schist, 28 by 7 and 5 feet, was thrown 50 yards. A wall,\\nconsisting of seven thousand bricks, was raised and transported, one\\nend 9 feet and the other 4 feet.\\nIt is a remarkable fact, that the fragments of bodies struck by\\nlightning are dispersed in all directions. Masses of stone, weighing\\n1*70 pounds, are thrown, one 60 yards to the south, and another 400\\nyards to the north. Men, too, have been thrown in opposite direc-\\ntions. The hoops of masts which have been struck come rattling\\ndown. Franklin referred such effects as we have described to the\\nvapor, suddenly generated from the moisture contained in flie body", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 35?\\nstruck, when subjected to the electrical heat. Watt exclaimed, upon\\nseeing some holes made in the sand by lightning: Behold the effects\\nof steam, generated by heat Harris also says: Lightning exhibits,\\nin non-conducting intervals, the effects of an explosive force. Arago\\nsupports this view as his own. His experiments, and those of Du-\\nlong, show that the elastic force of steam, when heated to 500\u00c2\u00b0 F.,\\namounts to forty-five atmospheres. This temperature is far below\\nthat of red-hot iron, which is 2,000\u00c2\u00b0. In founderies, when a small\\nquantity of water is by accident in the mould, into which the melted\\nliquid is poured, a terrible explosion occurs. Rocks contain water\\nin their fissures, the trees have sap in their cells, and the ground is\\nnot without its buried moisture. The mechanical effect certainly\\nsuggests the agency of some highly elastic fluid, generated by the\\nlightning. But it has been objected to this view, that many of the\\nsubstances exploded are non-conductors of heat, so that it could not\\neasily reach the moisture, supposed to be present in their interior,\\nin force sufficient to convert it suddenly into high-pressure steam.\\nAnother explanation, preferred by Dr. Lardner, is, that the light-\\nning strives by induction to decompose the natural* electricities of\\nbodies; and that, when they are non-conductors, they are broken\\nby the efforts of the two electricities to separate upon them.\\nThe mechanical effect, produced by the passage of a given amount\\nof electricity through a body, is proportional to the resistance it en-\\ncounters. The violence, therefore, is local, and appears wherever a\\ngood conductor terminates, or is interrupted. When the spire of\\na church in Kingsbridge was struck, no damage was done, until the\\nlightning reached the end of the spindle to the weather-cock. On\\nthe 18th of June, 1764, a church in South Weald, Essex, was struck\\nby lightning, and also the steeple of St. Bride, London. The\\ncharge descended quietly until it reached the end of the spindle\\nin the steeple, and then commenced its ravages. A stone, weighing\\n72 pounds, was carried horizontally 150 feet, besides falling 200 feet.\\nThe steeple suffered particularly, in consequence of being fastened\\nby iron clamps. Eighty-five feet of it were taken down to be rebuilt.\\nIn one place, where there was much lead and iron, 1,200 pounds\\n^f stone were thrown down; 25 tons in the whole were damaged,\\nand all in the neighborhood of iron. In 1750, one of the stones of\\nchis spire, 7 feet from the top, was observed to project several inches,\\nand the steeple was taken down and rebuilt. The cause was not sus-\\npected at the time, but after the accident, in 1764, it was thought\\nthat it might have been done by a former stroke of lightning. The\\naccident to St. Bride s excited apprehension for St. Paul s spire,\\nwhich is 100 feet higher.\\nAnother effect of lightning is called physiological. When animals\\nare injured or killed by it, either the nervous system is paralysed, or\\nthe vascular system is torn. In the latter case, perhaps, the action\\nmight properly be called mechanical. On the 2d of June, 1849, a batta-\\nlion of French infantry were struck, between Monzon and Stenay.\\nTwo men were killed, and two hundred more were struck to the ground.\\nBlood issued from their mouths, ears, and noses. When the light-\\nning passes through a series of nun, or other animals, the extreme\\n23", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "354 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nones are most injured. The greatest violence is always done where\\nthe electrical fluid enters or leaves a non-conductor. In 1*785, a file\\nof thirty-two horses was struck. The first was killed, the last was\\nseverely hurt, while the others were only thrown down. In 1808,\\nfive children on the same hench were struck, and the first and last\\nonly were killed. Once, when five horses were struck, the first two\\nand last two were killed, and the middle one escaped. It was sup-\\nposed at Flavigny, where this occurred, that the horse which escaped\\nowed his safety to his blindness But, in another instance, when five\\nhorses were struck, the three nearest the middle escaped. A miller,\\nbetween a horse and a mule, was not injured, though both the beasts\\nwere killed. The heel is a bad conductor, and hence it is often per-\\nforated. There is no end to the apparent eccentricities and pranks\\nof the lightning. Horses have been killed and not their riders. Dogs\\nhave been killed, the men in company with them escaping. When\\nthe British ship of the line, Tonnant, was struck, in 1804, one man\\nwas killed, while in the arms of another man, who was not hurt.\\nAgain, a place which is struck by lightning is recognised by a pecu-\\nMar smell, which has been compared to that of sulphur, phosphorus,\\nor nitrous-acid gas. Wafer observed this peculiar smell on the Isthmus\\nof Darien; during showers it took away the respiration. In 1771,\\nGentil passed a place in the Isle of France, four hours_ after it had\\nbeen struck, and recognised the strange smell, although it had rained\\nmuch. When the ship Montague was struck, in 1749, it seemed to\\nbe filled with sulphur. Also, when the New York was struck, in\\n1827, there were clouds of sulphurous smoke, but no fire. When a\\nbuilding was struck, in 1778, the smell lasted a day and night. In\\n1770, a church, which was struck, war filled with this sulphurous\\nodor, almost to suffocation. Some havt purposed the smell in these\\ncases to come from nitrous-acid gas, which was been formed^ by the\\ndecomposition and recomposition of the atmosphere. Cavendish pro-\\nduced nitric acid by sending a charge of electricity through a tube\\nfull of atmospheric air. In 1827, Liebig, in illustration of this point,\\nexamined seventy-seven samples of rain-water. In seventeen cases,\\nwhen thunder had occurred, the acid Avas found. In fifty-eight of the\\nother cases, the acid was not detected. So it has been thought that\\nlightning, so frequent in tropical countries, explains the presence of\\nnitrates where animal substances are not found. How wonderful, if\\none element of gunpowder (nitre) should be elaborated by the light-\\nning, which is heaven s artillery Is the acidity alleged to be pro-\\nduced in milk by thunder, the effect of nitrous-acid gas? Lardner\\nthinks that the testimony of brewers, cooks, and butchers in favor of\\nthe effects of lightning in curdling milk, souring beer and wine, and in\\nchanging meat, is nofrto be lightly esteemed. In 1 840, Professor Schon-\\nbein, of Basle, discovered a substance to which he gave the name\\nof ozone, and which is supposed to be a tritoxide of hydrogen. This\\nhe considers as the origin of that peculiar smell which all familiar\\nwith electrical experiments have observed when sparks are emitted\\nfrom an electrical machine, or when water is decomposed by voltaic\\nelectricity, and which Weekes particularly noticed, in the working of\\nhis apparatus for studying atmospherical electricity.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 355\\nVolta supposed that the formation of hail was an elev.\\\\. cal phe-\\nnomenon, the moisture collecting and congealing upon the nucleus of\\nthe stone, while it danced up and down between two strata of clouds,\\nlike the little images of pith between the positive and negative plates\\nin the familiar electrical experiment. However this may he, the fall\\nof hail is an exhibition which often attends a violent thunder-storm.\\nIn some parts of Europe, as France, Switzerland, and Italy, hail-\\nstones are so frequent and so destructive, that insurance companies\\nhave been formed to equalise the losses, and protect the srffering indi-\\nvidual. In 1704, it was written by the French envoy that there never\\nwas a year in which the hail did not ravage half, and sometimes\\nthree-quarters, of the diocese. The storm of July 13, 1788, struck\\na thousand and thirty-nine communes, causing, according to an\\nofficial statement, a damage equal to $5,000,000. During a thun-\\nder-storm, pieces of ice 5 or 6 inches in diameter, have been found\\nin Derbyshire. On November 1, 1826, a violent storm of thunder\\nand hail laid waste Wolverhampton, and one gentleman sunV vd, to\\nthe amount of $750, by the breaking of glass in his hot-house.\\nOn May 2, 1811, great havoc was caused by the bursting of a\\ncloud against a hill in Shrewsbury. The hail stood a foot in depth,\\nand most of the stones were 2 inches in diameter. On June 21,\\n1828, in Hanover, the hail was a ftr t deep, and as large as duck s\\neggs it did not melt away for six hours. Murray adds, that he has\\nseen fields of grain, near Ve\\\\ona, taken down by the hail as smoothly\\nas if a scythe had passed over it.\\nIn 1788, Pinnanzi proposed lightning-rods as a preventive of hail,\\nby silently discharging the electricity of the clouds, and anticipating\\nthe formation of the hail. The French Academy reported favorably.\\nSuch rods wev e, at one time extensively used in France, Switzerland,\\nand Italy. In IS ^,9, they were attempted in America. These rods\\nwere made 35 feet high, and placed 140 feet apart. It was urged in\\nfavor of these paragreles that those who used them were saved from\\nfrom the losses which afflicted their neighbors. Murray says that, in\\n1825, he could not find in Switzerland a single case of failure.\\nAccording to Babinet, the experiment was made successfully in\\nSwitzerland and Itaty, under the advice of the Linnaean Society of\\nParis. But there were not wanting those who considered paragretes^\\nas insulting to Providence. They met with frequent attacks. As\\nsome one pithily remarked, La grele seule les epargne. Notwith-\\nstanding all that has been said in their favor, the great meteorolo\\ngist, Kaemtz, does not seem to trust their efficacy in reducing the elec\\ntricity of the clouds. He asks, Are not the houses at Zurich studded\\nwith rods, and yet thunder-storms are just as frequent as before?\\nRomas and Charles, in France, and Dr. Lining, in Charleston, South\\nCarolina, noticed, in their experiments, that whenever the clouds\\nhad beeu drained of electricity by kites, the thunder and lightning\\nceased. Arago, therefore, recommends kites as a defense against\\nhail-stones. Perhaps captive ballons would answer the same purpose,\\nand protect the vineyards. Gay-Lussac, in his report on lightning-\\nrods, made to the French Academy, in 1823, renews the claim of rods,\\nand intimates that, if they were placed on very high steeples, as that", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "356 v AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nof Strasbourg, which is 437 feet above the ground, and were suffici-\\nently multiplied, hail might be prevented.\\nNot only does lightning figure on its own special arena, the thunder\\nstorm, but it acts a conspicuous part in every grand elemental display\\nof nature as, in the tornado and the volcano. Sometimes no thun-\\nder is heard, but perhaps other noises distract the attention of the\\nobserver. Pliny the younger alludes to the lightning which attended\\nthe eruption of Vesuvius, in the year 79. The smoke, which spread\\nat the eruptions in 1182, 1631, and 1707, emitted lightning, by which\\nsometimes men and other animals were killed. The same was\\ntrue of the eruptions of 1767, 1779, and 1794. On the last occasion,\\na cloud of ashes was taken to Tarentum, three hundred miles away,\\nthe lightning of which struck a building and destroyed it. Seneca\\nrecords similar electrical exploits of Mount Etna, which were re-\\npeated in 1755. The smoke which appeared at the uprising of the\\nnew Azore, (now departed,) in 1811, was resplendent with lightning.\\nThe strange volcanic island, which started up near Sicily, in 1831, had\\nthe same electrical celebrity. If the lightning is generated in these\\nconvulsions, by the sudden formation of aqueous vapor, wha^ can be\\nsaid of the case of 1794? For a great vapor must be soon con-\\ndensed. Is friction, therefore, the electro-motive force?\\nFinally, I may notice the light enjoyed in cloudy nights, which\\ncannot, Arago supposes, come from the stars, but from the phospho-\\nrescent clouds. It is never so dark out of doors as in a subterranean\\napartment, or in a room without windows. During the dry mist of\\n1783, the sky was as bright as during a full moon when over-clouded.\\nIs this light the glow-discharge of electricity If so, has the solar\\nlio-ht the same electrical origin, more intensely developed? And is\\nthe colored light, which Nicholson saw in the clouds on the 30th of\\nJuly, 1797, the result of processes similar to those that give a color\\nto certain of the stars which differ from the white sunlight", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 357\\nMETEOROLOGY\\nIN ITS CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.\\nBY JOSEPH HENRY, SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.*\\nAll the changes on the surface of the earth, and all the movements\\nof the heavenly bodies, are the immediate results of natural forces,\\nacting in accordance with established and invariable laws and it is\\nonly by that precise knowledge of these laws, which is properly de-\\nnominated science, that man is enabled to defend himself against the\\nadverse operations of Nature, or to direct her innate powers in ac-\\ncordance with his will. At first sight, it might appear that meteor-\\nology was an exception to this general proposition, and that the\\nchanges of the weather, and the peculiarities of climate, in differ-\\nent portions of the earth s surface, were of all things the most un-\\ncertain, and farthest removed from the dominion of law but scien-\\ntific investigation establishes the fact, that no phenomenon is the re-\\nsult of accident, nor even of fitful volition. The modern science of\\nstatistics has revealed a permanency and an order in the occurrence\\nof events depending on conditions in which nothing of this kind\\ncould have been supposed. Even those occurrences which seem to be\\nleft to the free will, the passion, or the greater or less intelligence of\\nmen, are under the control of laws, fixed, immutable and eternal.\\nNo one knows the day nor hour of his own death, and nothing is more\\nentirely uncertain than, in a given case of expected birth, whether\\na boy or a girl shall be born but the number out of a million of\\nmen living together, in one country, who shall die in ten, twenty,\\nforty or sixty years, and the number of boys and girb who shall be\\nborn in a million of births, may be predicted from statistical data\\nwith almost unerring precision. The statistics of courts of justice\\nhave disclosed the astonishing fact, incomprehensible to our under-\\nstanding, because we do not know the connecting influences which\\nconcur to produce the result, that in every large country the number\\nof crimes, as well as each kind of crime, can be foretold for every\\ncoming year, with the same certainty as the number of births and\\ndeaths. Of every hundred persons accused before the supreme tribu-\\nnal in France, sixty-one ape condemned in England, seventy-one\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe variation on an average, from these numbers hardly amounting\\nto a hundredth part of the whole. Not only the number of suicides,\\nin general, for several years to come, can be foretold with confidence,\\nbut also the relative proportion by fire-arms and by hanging. The\\nastonishing facts of this class lead us inevitably to the conclusion that\\nall events are governed by a Supreme Intelligence, who knows no\\nDear Sir: In accordance with the arrangements made between your Office and the\\nSmithsonian Institution, for the purpose of cooperation in the advance of meteorology, I\\nhave the honor to present you a communication, intended to accompany the summary of\\nmeteorological observations for the years 1854 and 1855.\\nVerv respectfully, your obedient servant,\\nJOSEPH HENRY, Secretary\\nTo Hon. Charles Mason,\\nComissioner of Patents.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "358 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nchange, and that, under the same conditions, the same results are in-\\namiably produced. If the conditions, however, are permanently\\nvaried, a corresponding change in the results will he observed for\\nexample, the effect of the introduction of an extended system of mo-\\nral education, in diminishing crime, would he revealed by the sta-\\ntistics. It is this regularity which is observed in phenomena, when\\nstudied in groups of large numbers, which enables us to arrive at re-\\nliable and permanent laws in regard to meteorology, and to pre-\\ndict, with certainty, the average temperature of a given place for a\\nseries of decades of years, and which furnishes the basis, in accord-\\nance with the principles of assurance, of a knowledge of what spe-\\ncies of plant or animal may be profitably raised in a given local-\\nity. We, however, need not, in this branch of knowledge, as in that\\nof the statistics of crime, be confined to the mere discovery of the\\nexistence, and the measure of the constants of nature, but, uniting\\nthe results of observations with those of experiments in the labora-\\ntory, and mathematical deductions from astronomical and other data,\\nwe are enabled, not only to refer the periodic changes to estab-\\nlished laws, but also to trace to their source, various perturbing influ-\\nences which produce the variations from the mean, and thus arrive,\\nat least, at an approximate explanation of the meteorological pheno-\\nmena which are constantly presented to us.\\nNo truth is more important in regard to the material well-being of\\nman, and none requires to be more frequently enforced upon the pub-\\nlic mind, than that the improvement and perfection of art depend\\nupon the advance of science. Although many processes have been\\ndiscovered by accident, and practised from age to age, without a\\nknowledge of the principles on which they depend, yet, as a general\\nrule, such processes are imperfect, and remain, like Chinese art, for\\ncenturies unchanged or unimproved. They are generally wasteful\\nin labor and material, and involve operations which are not merely\\nunessential, but actually detrimental. The dependence of the im-\\nprovement of agriculture upon the advance of general science, and\\nits intimate connexion with meteorology in particular, must be evi-\\ndent, when we reflect that it is the art of applying the forces of Na-\\nture to increase and improve those portions of her productions which\\nare essential to the necessity and comfort of the human race.\\nModern science has established, by a wide and careful induction,\\nthe fact that plants and animals principally consist of solidified air,\\nthe only portions of an earthy character which enter into their com-\\nposition, being the ashes that remain after combustion. All the\\nother parts were originally in the atmosphere, were absorbed from\\ntlie mass of air during the growth of the plant or animal, and are\\njiiven back again to the same fountain from which they were drawn,\\nm the decay of the vegetable, and in the breathing and death of the\\nanimal.\\nThe air consists of oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid, the vapor of\\nwater, traces of ammonia, and of nitric acid. A young plant, placed\\nin the free atmosphere, and exposed to the light of the sun, gradu-\\nally increases in size and weight, and receives carbon constantly from\\nthe carbonic acid of the air, which is decomposed, and evolves the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 359\\nliberated oxygen. The power by which this decomposition is pro-\\nduced is now known to be due to the solar ray, which consists of a\\npeculiar impulse, or vibration, propagated from the distant sun,\\nthrough a medium filling all space.\\nIt is a principle of nature, that power is always absorbed in produ-\\ncing a change in matter. This change may be permanent, or it may\\nbe of such a character, as to reproduce the power which was expended\\nin effecting it. For example, the moving power of a cannon ball is\\npermanently expended in passing into the side of a ship but if the\\nsame ball were shot into the mouth of another cannon, and made to\\ncompress a spring, the recoiling of the latter would give to the ball,\\nin an opposite direction, precisely the same velocity which it had\\nexpended in compressing the spring, supposing nothing lost by\\nfriction, c. This example serves to illustrate the effect of the im-\\npulse from the sun. It decomposes the carbonic acid which sur-\\nrounds the leaf of the plant, or, in other words, overcomes the natu-\\nral attraction between the carbon and the oxygen of which the acid is\\ncomposed and, in this effort, the motions of the atoms of the ethe-\\n?ial medium are themselves stopped. The power, however, in this\\ncase, is not permanently neutralised for, when the plant is con-\\nsumed, either by rapid combustion or by slow decay that is, when\\nthe carbon and the oxygen are again suffered to rush into union, to\\nform carbonic acid the same amount of power is evolved in the\\nform of light, heat, or nervous force, which was absorbed in the ori-\\nginal composition. If the plant, moreover, be consumed in the ani-\\nmal, the same power is expended in building up the organisation, in\\nproducing locomotion and the incessant action of the heart, and the\\nother involuntary movements necessary to the vital process.\\nPlants are, therefore, the recipients of the power of the sun-beam.\\nThey transfer this power to the animal, and the animal again returns\\nit to celestial sj)ace, whence it emanated. Properly to so direct this\\npower of the sun-beam, that no part of it may run to waste, or be un-\\nproductive of economical results, it is essential that we know some-\\nthing of its nature and the lifetime of labor of many individuals,\\nsupported at public expense, would be well expended in exclusive de-\\nvotion to this one subject. The researches which have been made, in\\nregard to it, have developed the fact, that the impulses from the sun\\nare of, at least, four different characters, namely, the lighting im-\\npulse, the heating impulse, the chemical impulse, and the phospho-\\nrogenic impulse and it has further been ascertained that, though\\neach of these impulses may produce an effect on the plant, the decom-\\nposition of the carbonic acid is mainly due to the chemical action. A\\nseries of experiments is required to determine the various conditions\\nunder which these impulses from the sun may be turned to the great-\\nest amount of economical use, and what modifications they may de-\\nmand, in order to the growth of peculiar plants. The fact has not\\nyet been clearly ascertained, whether some of these emanations can-\\nnot be excluded with beneficial result, or, in other words, whether\\nthey do not produce an antagonistic effect, and what relative propor-\\ntions of them are absorbed by the atmosphere, or reflected from our\\nplanet, without reaching the earth, by the floating clouds of the air.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "^60 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nTo determine these, requires a series of elaborate experiments and ac-\\ncurate observations. We have said that the chemical vibration is\\nthat which principally decomposes the carbonic acid, in the growth\\nof the plant but we know that the heating impulse is an auxiliary\\nto this, and that heat and moisture are essential elements in the\\ngrowth of vegetation. The small amount of knowledge we already\\npossess of the character of the emanations from the sun, has been\\nturned to admirable account in horticulture. In this branch of hus-\\nbandry, we seek, even more than in agriculture, to modify the pro-\\ncesses of nature to cultivate the plants of the torrid zone amid the\\nchilling winds of the northern temperate aone and to render the cli-\\nmate of sterile portions of the earth congenial to the luxurious produc-\\ntions of more favored regions. We seek to produce artificial atmos-\\npheres, and to so temper the impulses from the sun, that the effects of\\nvariations in latitude, and the rigor of the climate, may be obviated.\\nFrom all that has been said, therefore, it will be evident, that the\\nhopes of the future, in regard to agriculture, principally rest upon\\nthe advance of abstract science not upon the mere accumulation of\\nfacts, of which the connexion and dependence are unknown, but upon\\na definite conception of the general principles of which these facts\\nare the result. All the phenomena of the atmosphere should be\\nstudied arid traced to the laws on which they depend. The labor be-\\nstowed upon investigations of this kind is not as, the narrow-sighted\\nadvocate of immediate utilitarian results would affirm, without practi-\\ncal importance on the contrary, it is the basis of the highest improve-\\nment of which the art of agriculture is susceptible. On every acre\\nof ground, a definite amount of solar force is projected, which may,\\nunder proper conditions, be employed in developing organisation\\nand the great object of the husbandman is, to so arrange the condi-\\ntions, that the least amount possible of this may be lost in uneconomi-\\ncal results. Independent, however, of the practical value of a knowl-\\nedge of the principles on which the art of agriculture depends, the\\nmind of the farmer should be cultivated, as well as his fields, and,\\nafter the study of God s moral revelation, what is better fitted to im-\\nprove the intellect than the investigation of the mode by which He\\nproduces the changes in the material universe.\\nThe climate and productiveness of a country are determined, first\\nDy its latitude, or its distance on either side of the equator second,\\nby the configuration of the surface, as to elevation and depression\\nthird, by its position, whether in the interior of a continent, or in\\nproximity to the ocean fourth, by the direction and velocity of the\\nprevailing winds fifth, by the nature of the soil and, lastly, the\\ncultivation to which it has been subjected.\\nFirst, in regard to latitude: The productive power of a soil, other\\nthings being the same, depends on two circumstances, solar radiation\\nand moisture and these increase as we approach the equator.\\nIf the kind of food were a matter of indifference, the same extent\\nof ground which supports one person at the latitude of 60\u00c2\u00b0 would\\nsupport twenty-five at the equator but the food necessary to the sup-\\nport of persons in different latitudes varies with respect to quality, as\\nwell as to quantity, and the other conditions mentioned, with re-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 361\\ngard to climate, should enter largely into the estimate we form in\\nrelation to the actual productiveness of different parallels of latitude.\\nThough some of the heat of the sun is absorbed, in its passage\\nthrough the atmosphere, yet by far the greater portion, particularly\\nat the equator, arrives at the surface of the earth, is absorbed by the\\nsoil, and is imparted to the stratum of air in contact with it. From\\nvarious determinations, it is a well-established fact, that the tempera-\\nture of celestial space, beyond our atmosphere, is at least 50\u00c2\u00b0 below\\nthe zero of Fahrenheit s scale. The upper surface of the atmos-\\nphere, and the arctic regions, must, therefore, partake of this low\\ntemperature, while that of the lower stratum, at the surface of the\\nearth, is, at the equator, about 80\u00c2\u00b0. The air, therefore, diminishes\\nin temperature, as we ascend, but the rate of this diminution varies,\\nwithin certain limits, in different parts of the earth and, to settle\\nthe law of diminution definitely, a series of observations, by means\\nof ascents in balloons, will be required. For practical purposes,\\nhowever, we may assume, in the temperate zone, that the diminution\\ndue to altitudes, or mountains, is about 1\u00c2\u00b0 of Fahrenheit for 300 feet.\\nFurthermore, the air, as we ascend, and the pressure of the superin-\\ncumbent strata is removed, becomes lighter; and, though the temper-\\nature of the several portions diminishes very rapidly, yet the whole\\namount of heat in each pound of air is very nearly the same. For ex-\\nample, if a certain weight of air were carried from the surface of the\\nearth to such a height that it would expand into double its volume,\\nthe heat which it contained would then be distributed throughout\\ntwice the space, and the temperature would consequently be much di-\\nminished, though the absolute amount of heat would be unchanged.\\nIf the same air were returned to the earth, whence it was taken, con-\\ndensation would ensue, and the temperature would be the same as at\\nfirst.\\nOn this principle, a wind passing over a high mountain is not\\nnecessarily cooled for the diminution of temperature, which is pro-\\nduced by the rarefaction of the ascent, would be just equivalent to the\\nincrease which is due to the condensation in an equal descent. This\\nwould be the case if the air were perfectly dry; but, if it contained\\nmoisture, paradoxical as it may seem, it would be warmer when it\\nreturned to the lower level than when it left it. In ascending to the\\ntop of the mountain, it would deposit its moisture in the form of water\\nor snow, and the latent heat given out from this would increase the\\nheat of the air, and when it descended, on the opposite side, to the\\nsame level from which it ascended, it would be warmer, on account\\nof this additional heat. The configuration of the surface of our con-\\ntinent, on this account, has therefore a marked influence on the tem-\\nperature of its different parts.\\nThe effect of the position of a country, as regards its proximity to\\nthe ocean, on its climate, will be evident from the facts relative to the\\nradiation and absorption of heat by different substances. All bodies,\\non the surface of the earth, are constantly receiving and giving out\\nheat. A piece of ice, exposed to the sun, sends rays to this luminary,\\nand receives in return a much greater amount. The power, however,\\n..f radiating and receiving heat, in different bodies, is very variable.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "362 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nWater, exposed to the same source of heat, receives and radiates far\\nless in a given time than earth consequently, the land, especially in\\nthe higher latitudes, during the long summer clays, or during the\\ngrowing season, receives much more heat than the corresponding\\nwaters of the same latitude and, though the radiation at night is\\nless from the water than the land, yet the accumulating increase of\\ntemperature of the latter will be much greater than that of the for-\\nmer. The reverse takes place in the winter. While, therefore, the\\nmean temperature of the ocean and of the land, in the same latitude,\\nmay remain the same, the tendency of the land is to receive the greater\\nportion of the heat of the whole year during the months of summer,\\nand thus, by a harmonious arrangement with respect to the produc-\\ntion of organic life, to increase the effect of the solar radiation, and to\\nwiden the limits within which plants of a peculiar character may be\\ncultivated. Proximity to the sea, however, has another effect on the\\nclimate, which depends upon the currents of the former, by which the\\ntemperature of the earth, due to the latitude, is materially altered.\\nHeated water is constantly carried from the equatorial regions towards\\nthe poles, and streams of cold water returned, by means of which the\\ntemperature of the earth is modified, and the extremes reduced in\\n\\\\ntensity. The great currents of the ocean are seven in number, and\\nmay be best and most clearly described in connexion with a hypo-\\nthesis as to their origin. For this purpose, let us suppose the earth\\nat rest, and the equatorial regions continually heated by the sun, in\\nMs diurnal revolutions. In this condition, a continuous current of\\nair from the north, and another from the south, would blow towards\\nthe equator, there ascend, and flow backward, in the upper regions,\\ntowards the poles. If we next suppose the earth to be in motion, on\\nits axis, from west to east, and compound the effects of this motion\\nwith that of the winds towards the equator, on either side, they will\\nnot meet directly opposite each other, as in the previous supposition,\\nbut at an acute angle, and produce a belt of wind from east to west\\nentirely around the earth, in the region of the equator. The continued\\naction of this wind, on the surface of the water, would evidently give\\nrise to a current of the ocean in the belt over which the wind passed.\\nIf, now, instead of considering the earth entirely covered with water,\\nwe suppose the existence of two continents, extending from north to\\nsouth, forming barriers across the current we have described, and\\nestablishing two separate oceans, similar to the Atlantic and Pacific,\\nthen the continuous current to the west would be deflected right and\\nleft, or north and south, at the western shore of each ocean, and would\\nform four immense whirlpools, namely, two in the Atlantic, one north\\nand the other south of the equator, and two in the Pacific, similar in\\nsituation and direction of motion. The regularity of the outline^ of\\nthese whirls will be disturbed by the configuration of the deflecting\\ncoasts, and the form of the bottom of the sea, as wejl as by islands\\nand irregular winds. For a like reason, a similar whirlpool will tend\\nto be produced in the Indian ocean, the current from the east being\\ndeflected down the coast of Africa, and returning again,_ into itself,\\nf )ong a southern latitude on the western side of Australia. A fifth\\ntflurl exists in this ocean, and, in some seasons, is at times divided", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 363\\ninto two, giving rise to the peculiar currents of this part of the earth s\\nsurface. Besides these great circular streams, the water supplied by\\nall the rivers emptying into the Arctic basin, as well as that from\\nall the precipitation in this region, return to the south, in a current\\nbetween Europe and America, which, as we shall hereafter see, has\\na very marked influence on the temperature of our coast. A simi-\\nlar current, but more diffuse and less in amount, must constantly flow\\nfrom the Antarctic regions. In this view, we have adopted the hypo-\\nthesis which ascribes the principal effect to the trade winds a por-\\ntion; however, will be due to the currents produced by the heating of\\nthe water itself. To illustrate the effect of these currents on the cli-\\nmate of the United States, let us consider those of the North Atlantic\\nand North Pacific oceans, between which our continent is situated.\\nThe great whirl, in the North Atlantic, the western and northern\\nportions of which are known as the Gulf stream, passes southward\\ndown the coast of Africa, crosses the ocean in the region of the equa-\\ntor, is deflected from the northern portion of South America, and the\\ncoast of Mexico, along the United States, and recrosses the Atlantic\\nat about the latitude of 40\u00c2\u00b0, to return into itself at the place where it\\nstarted. A portion, however, of this current, probably owing to the\\nconfiguration of the bottom, passes off in a tangent to the circumfer-\\nence of the great whirl, and flows northward along the coasts of Ire-\\nland and Norway. By this current, the heated waters of the equator\\nare carried northward, along the eastern coast of the United States,\\nand precipitated upon the shores of Northern Europe, giving the\\ntemperature of a southern latitude even to North Cape, the extremity\\nof Europe, which would otherwise be as cold as Greenland. This\\nstream has less effect upon tjhe climate of the United States than that\\nupon the western coast of Europe first, because the prevailing wind\\nis from the west, and, secondly, because, between our shores and the\\nGulf stream, the cold polar current intervenes.\\nIn the North Pacific ocean, on the western side of our continent,\\nthe great circle of water passes up along the coast of Japan, recrosses\\nthe ocean in the region of the Aleutian islands, mingles with, the fitful\\ncurrent outward, through Bhering s strait, and thence down along the\\nnorthwest coast of North America. In this long circuit, the north-\\neastern portion of it is much more cooled than the similar portion of\\nthe whirl of the Atlantic. It therefore modifies the temperature of\\nthe northwestern coast, and produces a remarkable uniformity along\\nits whole extent, from Sitka to the southern extremity of California.\\nIt is an interesting fact, which we have just derived from Captain\\nRodgers, that an offshoot from the great whirl in the Pacific, analo-\\ngous to that which impinges on the coast of Norway, enters along the\\neastern side of Bhering s strait, while a cold current passes out on the\\nwestern side, thus producing almost as marked a difference in the\\ncharacter of the vegetation on the two shores of the strait, as between\\nthat of Ireland and Labrador.\\nThe effect of prevailing currents of air, on the climate of different\\nportions of the earth, is no less marked than proximity to the sea.\\nWe have seen that on one side of a line, over which the sun passes, a\\ncurrent of air flows from the north-east, and on the other from the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "364 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nsouth-east, giving rise to the trade winds. These winds ascend\\nobliquely, and, according to the views of Dove and others, rise to the\\nupper regions of the atmosphere, flow backward towards the poles,\\nand, partaking of the rotary motion of the earth, gradually turn to\\nthe eastward and approach its surface, producing a series of whirls\\noverlapping each other entirely around the globe. Whatever may be\\nthe cause, however, of the phenomena, Professor Coffin, in his ad-\\nmirable paper on the winds of the northern hemisphere, has shown\\nthat, from the equator to the pole, the whole space is occupied by\\nthree great belts, or zones, of prevailing wind: the first extends from\\nthe equator to an average latitude of 35\u00c2\u00b0 north, in which the current\\nis from the north-east, constantly growing less intense as we approach\\nthe northern limit the second is that from 35\u00c2\u00b0 to about 60\u00c2\u00b0, the cur-\\nrent from the west being more intense in the middle of the belt, and\\ngradually diminishing, almost into a calm, on either side third, from\\n60\u00c2\u00b0 to the pole, or, rather, to a point of greatest cold in the Arctic\\nregions, the wind is in a northeasterly direction.\\nThe first of these belts would constitute what is called the trade\\nwinds, produced, as we have said, by the combined effects of the heat\\nof the sun, and the rotation of the earth the second, is the return\\ntrade, and the third, the current which would be produced by an\\nopposite effect to that of the rarefaction of the air by the sun at the\\nequator, namely, the condensation of the air by the cold portion of\\nthe earth. The air should flow out, in every direction, from the cold-\\nest point, and, combining its motion towards the south with the rota-\\ntion of the earth, it should take a direction from the east to the west,\\nor become a northeasterly wind.\\nThe effects which these currents must have upon the climate of the\\nUnited States will be made clear by a little reflection. The trade\\nwinds within the tropics, charged with vapor, impinging upon the\\nmountainous parts of South America, in their course towards the west,\\nwill deposit their moisture on the eastern slope, and produce a rain-\\nless district on the western side. Again, a lower portion of the Atlan-\\ntic and Gulf trade wind will be deflected from these mountains along\\nthe eastern coast of the United States, and through the valley of the\\nMississippi, as a surface wind, and thus give rise to the moist and\\nwarm breezes from the south, of our summers, while the principal or\\nupper portion of the trade wind, or the return westerly current, sweep-\\ning over the Pacific ocean, and consequently charged with moisture,\\nwill impinge on the coast range of mountains of Oregon and Califor-\\nnia, and, in ascending its slopes, deposit moisture on the western\\ndeclivity, giving fertility and a healthful climate to a narrow strip of\\ncountry bordering on the ocean, and sterility to the eastern slope.\\nAll the moisture, however, will not be deposited in the passage oyer\\nthe first range, but a portion will be precipitated on the western side\\nof the next, until it reaches the eastern elevated ridge of the Rocky\\nmountain system, where, we think, it will be nearly, if not quite,\\nexhausted. East of this ridge, and, as it were, in its shadow, there\\nwill exist a sterile belt, extending in a northerly and southerly direction,\\nmany hundred miles. The whole country, also, included between the\\neastern ridge of the Rocky mountains and the Pacific ocean, with the", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 365\\nexception of the narrow strip before mentioned, will be deficient in\\nmoisture, and on account of the heat, evolved, as before shown, by the\\ncondensation of moisture on the ridges, will be at a much higher\\ntemperature than that due to latitude. This mountain region, and\\nthe sterile belt east of it, occupy an area about equal to one-third of\\nthe whole surface of the United States, which, with our present\\nknowledge of the laws of nature, and their application to economical\\npurposes, must ever remain of little value to the husbandman.\\nAccording to this view, the whole valley of the Mississippi owes\\nits fertility principally to the moisture which proceeds from the Gulf\\nof Mexico, and the intertropical part of the Atlantic ocean. The\\nAtlantic Gulf stream, therefore, as already remarked, produces very\\nlittle effect in modifying the climate of the northern portion of the\\nUnited States first, on account of the cold polar current which inter-\\nvenes between it and the shore; and secondly, because of the preva-\\nlent westerly wind, which carries the heat and moisture from us, and\\nprecipitates them on the coast of Europe.\\nThe influence of the nature of the soil, on the climate of a country,\\nmay be inferred from its greater or less power to absorb and radiate\\nheat, and from its capacity to absorb, or transmit over its surface, the\\nwater which may fall upon it in rain, or be deposited in dew. In\\nthe investigation of this part of the subject, the observations of the\\ngeologist, and the experiments of the chemist and the physicist, must\\nbe called into requisition.\\nIn regard to the influence of cultivation on the climate of a country,\\nmuch also may be said, though, at first sight, it might appear that\\nman, with his feeble powers, could hope to have no influence in modi-\\nfying the action of the great physical agents which determine the\\nheat and moisture of any extended portions of the globe. But,\\nthough man cannot direct the winds, nor change the order of the\\nseasons, he is enabled, by altering the conditions under which the\\nforces of nature operate, materially to modify the results produced;\\nfor example, removing the forests from an extended portion of coun-\\ntry exposes the ground to the immediate radiation of the sun, and in-\\ncreases, in many cases, the amount of evaporation in other places,\\nit bakes the earth, and allows the water to be carried off to the ocean,\\nin freshets, and, in some instances, in destructive inundations.\\nDrying extensive marshes, or the introduction of a general system\\nof drainage, has a remarkable influence in modifying the temperature.\\nThe water, which would evaporate, and, by the latent heat thus ab-\\nsorbed, would cool the ground, is suffered to pass through it to the\\ndrain beneath, and is thus carried off without depriving the earth of\\na large amount of heat, which would otherwise be lost. Besides this,\\nthe removal of forests gives greater scope to the winds, which are\\nhence subjected to less friction in their passage over the earth.\\nThe whole subject of the removal of forests is one which deserves\\nmore attention than it has usually received. In the progress of set-\\ntlement, it is evident that a great portion of the wooded land of a\\nnew country must give place to the cleared field, in order that man\\nmay reap the rich harvest of the cereals, which, in his civilised con-\\ndition, are necessaries, as well as luxuries, of life; yet the indiscrimi-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "366 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nnate destruction of the forests is of doubtful propriety. _ By the judi-\\ncious reservation of trees, along the boundaries of certain portions of\\nland, in accordance with the known direction of the prevailing wind,\\nthe climate, both for the production of plants and animals, within a\\nrestricted portion of the earth, may be ameliorated. While, in some\\nparts of the country, the clearing of nearly all the ground is abso-\\nlutely necessary for agricultural purposes, in others, it may be pro-\\nfitable to allow forests of considerable extent to remain in their pris-\\ntine condition. Cases of this kind, however, can only be determined\\nby the particular climate of each district of country.\\nIt is now an established truth, that certain locations are screened\\nfrom miasmatic influence by the intervention of trees. A more gen-\\neral recognition of this fact might add much to the healthfulness of\\nlocations in other respects highly desirable.\\nThe solar rays, in passing through the atmosphere, do not heat it\\nin any considerable degree, but they heat the earth against which\\nthey impinge therefore, the temperature of the lower stratum of air\\nis derived, directly or indirectly, from the soil on which it rests and\\njhis temperature, as has been remarked will depend upon whether the\\nsurface be marshy or dry, clothed with herbage, or covered with sand,\\nclay, or an exposed rock. From this fact it is evident, that man has,\\nin this particular also, considerable power in modifying the climate\\nof portions of the earth and history furnishes us with many examples\\nin which great changes, within human control, have been produced\\nin the course of ages. Nineveh and Babylon, once so celebrated for\\ntheir advance in civilisation and opulence, and Palmyra and Balbec,\\nfor their magnificence, offer at this day to the traveller the site of\\nruins which attest their past greatness, in the midst of desolation.\\nCanaan, described in the Bible as a fertile country, flowing with\\nmilk and honey, is now nearly deprived of vegetation, and presents\\na scene of almost uninterrupted barrenness. The climate of these\\ncountries is undoubtedly modified by the present state of the surface,\\nand might again be ameliorated by cultivation, and, Avere the en-\\ncroachments of the sands of the desert stayed, by borders of vegeta-\\ntion of a proper character. Many parts, even of our own country,\\nwhich now exhibit a surface of uninterrupted sand, may be rendered\\nproductive, or covered with trees and herbage.\\nA series of observations on the progress of temperature below the\\nsurface, in different parts of the country, and even in different fields\\nof the same plantation, would be of value in ascertaining the proper\\ntime to introduce the seed, in order that it might not be subjected to\\ndecay by premature planting, or lose too much of the necessary influ-\\nence of summer, by tardy exposure in the ground. This may, per-\\nhaps, be most simply effected, by burying a number of bottles filled\\nwith water, at different depths in the ground, say one at the depth\\nof 6 inches, another at 12, and a third at 18 inches. These, in the\\ncourse of time, would take the temperature of the earth in which\\nthey were embedded, and would retain it sufficiently long, unchanged,\\nto admit of its measurement, by inserting a thermometer into the\\nriouth of the bottle.\\nNo improvement is more necessary, for rendering the art of agricul-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 367\\nture precise, than the introduction into its processes of the two essen-\\ntial principles of science, namely, those of weight and of measure.\\nAll the processes in our manufactories, on a great scale, which were\\nformerly conducted hy mere guesses, as to heat and quantities, are\\nnow subjected to rules, in which the measure of temperature, and the\\nweight of materials, are definitely ascertained by reliable instruments.\\nThe foregoing are general views as to the great principles which\\ngovern the peculiarities of climate, and especially that of the United\\nStates, the truth of which, in reference to our continent, and the\\nmodifications to which they are to be subjected, are to be settled by\\nobservations in the future.\\nIn order, however, that the science of meteorology may be founded\\non reliable data, and attain that rank which its importance demands,\\nit is necessary that extended systems of cooperation should be estab-\\nlished. In regard to climate, no part of the world is isolated that\\nof the smallest island in the Pacific is governed by the general cur-\\nrents of the air and the waters of the ocean. To fully understand,\\ntherefore, the causes which influence the climate of any one country,\\nor any one place, it will be necessary to study the conditions, as to\\nheat, moisture, and the movements of the air, of all others. It is evi-\\ndent, also, that, as far as possible, one method should be adopted,\\nand that instruments affording the same indications, under the same\\nconditions, should be employed.\\nIt is true that, for determining the general changes of temperature,\\nand the great movements of the atmosphere of the globe, compara-\\ntively few stations of observation, of the first class, are required but,\\nthese should be properly distributed, well furnished with instruments,\\nand supplied with a sufficient corps of observers, to record, at all pe-\\nriods of the day, the prominent fluctuations. Such stations, however,\\ncan only be established and supported by the cooperation of a combi-\\nnation of governments.\\nA general plan of this kind, for observing the meteorological and\\nmagnetical changes, more extensively than had ever before been pro-\\njected, was digested by the British Association, in 1838, in which the\\nprincipal governments of Europe were induced to take an active part;\\nand had that of the United States, and those of South America,\\njoined in the enterprise, a series of watch-towers of nature would\\nhave been distributed over every p.irt of the earth. The following\\nwere the stations of the several observatories established Those\\nof the English government were at Greenwich, Dublin, Toronto,\\nSt. Helena, Cape of Good Hope, Van Dieman s Land, Madras, Simla,\\nSingapore, and Aden. The Russian observatories were at Boulowa,\\nHelsingfors, Petersburg, Sitka, Gatherinenburg, Kasan, Barnaoul,\\nNicolaieff, Nertschinsk, Tiflis, and Pekin. Those of Austria wore at\\nPrague and Milan. In the United States, an observatory was estab-\\nlished at Girard College, under the direction of Professor Bache. The\\nFrench government had one at Algiers the Prussian government,\\none at Breslau the Bavarian government, one at Munich and the\\nBelgian, one at Brussels. There was one at Cairo, supported by the\\nPasha of Egypt, and one in India, at Travandrum.\\nThese observatories were established to carry out a series of obser-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "368 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nvations, at the same moment of absolute time, every two hours, day\\nand night, (Sunday excepted,) during three years, together with\\nobservations once every month, continuing 24 hours, at intervals of\\nfive minutes each. They were all furnished with standard instru-\\nments, and followed instructions adopted by the directors of the\\ngeneral system. Operations were commenced in 1839, and, in a num-\\nber of cases, were continued through nine years. The number of sep-\\narate observations amounted to nearly six millions, which required\\nat least as much labor for their reduction as any expended in the\\nobservations themselves. The comparisons of these observations\\nare still in progress, and will occupy the attention of the student\\nof magnetism and meteorology, for many years to come. The sys-\\ntem was established more particularly to study the changes of the\\nmagnetic needle, and on this subject alone, it has afforded information\\nof sufficient importance to repay all the labor and time expended on\\nit. It has shown that the magnetic force is scarcely constant from\\none moment to another, that the needle is almost incessantly in mo-\\ntion, that it is affected by the position of the sun and moon, and by\\nperturbations, connected with meteorological phenomena, of a most\\nextraordinary character.\\nIn regard to meteorology, this system furnished reliable data for\\nthe great movements of the atmosphere, and the changes in its ther-\\nmal and hygrometric condition. But, to obtain a more minute\\nknowledge of the special climatology of different countries, it is ne-\\ncessary that a series of observations, at a great many places, should\\nbe continued through a number of years, and at stated periods of the\\nday not as frequent as tliose of the observations we have mentioned,\\nbut embracing as many elements, and even adding to these, as new\\nfacts may be developed, or new views entertained. In many coun-\\ntries, accordingly, provision has been made, by their respective gov-\\nernments, for continued though local systems of this kind. The gov-\\nernment of Prussia appears to have taken the lead in this important\\nlabor, and its example has been followed by those of Great Britain,\\nRussia, Austria, Bavaria, Belgium, Holland, and France. In these\\ncountries, regular and continuous observations are made, with relia-\\nble instruments, on well-digested plans.\\nThough the government of the United States took no part with the\\nother nations of the earth, in the great system before described, yet\\nit has established and supported for a number of years a partial sys-\\ntem of observation at the different military posts of the army.\\nAmong other duties assigned to the surgeons, at the suggestion of\\nSurgeon General Lovell, was that of keeping a diary of the weather,\\nftnd of the diseases prevalent in their vicinity. The earliest register\\nreceived, under this regulation, was in January, 1819. The only in-\\nstruments at first used were a thermometer and wind-vane, to which,\\nin 183G, a rain-gauge was added. The observations were made at\\n7 a. m. and 9 p. m., and the winds and weather were observed\\nmorning, noon and evening. It is to be regretted that, in 1841, the\\nvariable hour of sunrise was substituted for that of 7 a. m., since\\nthe latter admits of an hourly correction which cannot be applied to\\nthe former, except at the expense of too great an amount of labor.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 369\\nThe results of the observations for 1820 and 1821 were published at\\nthe end of each year; those from 1822 to 1825, inclusive, were issued\\nin the form of a volume, by Surgeon General Lovell those from\\n1826 to 1830, and from 1830 to 1842, inclusive, were prepared and\\npublished in two volumes, under the direction of the present Surgeon\\nGeneral, Dr. Thomas Lawson. At the commencement of 1843, an\\nextension of the system was made, by the introduction of new instru-\\nments, and an additional observation to the number which had pre-\\nviously been recorded, each day, and hourly observations for twenty-\\nfour hours were directed to be taken at the equinoxes and solstices.\\nDuring the past year, a quarto volume has been published, which\\ncontains the results of the observations of the thermometer, direc-\\ntion and force of winds, clearness of sky, and fall of rain and snow,\\nduring a period of twelve years, from the first of January, 1843, to\\nJanuary, 1855, arranged in monthly tables and annual summaries.\\nTo these are added consolidated tables of temperature and rain, for\\neach separate station, comprising the results of all the thermometric\\nobservations made by medical officers since 1822, and of all measure-\\nments of rain and snow, since the introduction of the rain-gauge, in\\n1836.\\nThe tabular part of this volume contains the most important re-\\nsults of the observations of the Army system of registration, and will\\nbe considered the most valuable contribution yet made toward a\\nknowledge of the climatology of the United States. Truth, however,\\nwill not permit us to express the same opinion in reference to the iso-\\nthermal charts which accompany this volume. These we consider as\\npremature publications, constructed from insufficient data, and on a\\nprinciple of projection by which it is not possible to represent cor-\\nrectly the relative temperatures in mountainous regions.\\nWith the learning and zeal for science possessed by the officers of\\nthe United States Army, and the importance which they attach to\\nmeteorology, in its connection with engineering and topography, it\\nis hoped that this system may be farther extended and improved,\\nthat each station may be supplied with a compared thermometer and\\npsychrometer, and that, at a few stations, a series of hourly observa-\\ntions may be established, for at least a single year. The present Sec-\\nretary of War, we are assured, would willingly sanction any propo-\\nsition for the improvement of this system, and we doubt not the Sur-\\ngeon General is desirous of rendering it as perfect as the means at\\nhis disposal will permit.\\nA local system of meteorological observations was established in\\nthe State of New York, in 1825, and has been uninterruptedly con-\\ntinued from that time until the present. Each of the academies,\\nwhich participated in the literature fund of the State, was furnished\\nwith a thermometer and rain-gauge, and directed to make three\\ndaily observations relative to the temperature, the direction of the\\nwind, cloudiness, c. The system was remodelled, in 1850, so as to\\n?onform to the directions of the Smithsonian Institution, and a con-\\nsiderable number of the academies were furnished with full sets of\\ncompared instruments, consisting of a barometer, thermometer, psy-\\nchrometer, rain-gauge and wind-vane.\\n24", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "370 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nA summary of the results of the observations from 1826 to 1850,\\ninclusive, has just been published by the State of New York, under\\nthe direction of the Kegents of the University. They are presented\\nin the form of a quarto volume, to which is prefixed a map of the\\nState, showing the direction of the wind, and the position of each\\nstation. This volume, the computations for which werem^de by Dc.\\nFranklin B. Hough, is also a valuable contribution to meteorology,\\nand does much credit to the intelligence and perseverance of those\\nwho introduced and have advocated the continuance of this system,\\nand to the liberality of the State which has so long and so generously\\nsupported it.\\nA system of State observations, in Pennsylvania, was established,\\nin 1837. For this purpose, the legislature appropriated $4,000,\\nwhich sum was placed at the joint disposal of a committee of the\\nAmerican Philosophical Society and the Franklin Institute. The re-\\nsults of this system have not yet been presented to the world, in a\\ndigested form.\\nAnother State system was established in Massachusetts, in 1849,\\nthe records of which have been presented to the Smithsonian Institu-\\ntion, and will be published, in considerable detail, either at the ex-\\npense of the State or of the Smithsonian fund.\\nA system of meteorological observations was established by the\\nSmithsonian Institution, in 1849, the principal object of which was\\nto study the storms that visit the United States, particularly during\\nthe winter months. This system, which has been continued up to\\nthe present time, was afterwards extended, with a view to collect the\\nstatistics necessary to ascertain the character of the climate of North\\nAmerica, to determine the average temperature of various portions of\\nthe country, and the variations from this at different periods of the\\nyear. It was intended to reduce, as far as possible, to one general\\nplan, the several systems of observations which had previously been\\nestablished, and to induce others to engage in the same enterprise.\\nBut it was, in the first place, desirable, in order that the results\\nmight be comparable with those obtained in other countries, that the\\ninstruments should be more accurate than those which might be re-\\nquisite for the mere determination of the phenomena of storma.\\nThe institution, therefo-.. procured standard barometers and ther-\\nmometers from London and Paris, and, with the aid of Professor\\nGuyot, a distinguished meteorologist, copies of these were made, with\\nimprovements, by Mr. James Green, a scientific artist of New York.\\nA large number of these instruments have been constructed and sold\\nto observers. Full sets have been furnished by the Institution to par-\\nties in important positions, and, in some cases, half the cost has\\nbeen paid at the expense of the Smithsonian fund.\\nA growing taste having been manifestly created for the study of prac-\\ntical meteorology, directions for observations, and a volume of tables\\nfor their reduction, have been prepared, and widely circulated at the\\nexpense of the Institution. It has also distributed blanks to all the\\nobservers of the different systems alluded to, except those of the\\nArmy, and has received, in return, copies of all the observations\\nwhich have been made. It has, in this way, accumulated a large", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 371\\namount of valuable material, relative to the climate of this country,\\nand to the character of the storms to which it is subjected. The com-\\npleteness and accuracy of the observations have also increased from\\nyear to year and, by an arrangement which the Institution lias now\\nmade with the Patent Office, it is hoped that the system will be ex-\\ntended, and its character improved.\\nIt being manifest, from the foregoing statements, and from other\\nevidences, that much interest is awakened in this country on the sub-\\nject of meteorology, it is hoped that the means may be afforded for\\nreducing and publishing the materials which have been and shall be\\naccumulated, and that important results to agriculture, as well as to\\nother arts, may be hence deduced.\\nDESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES.\\nThe numbers given, in the accompanying meteorological tables, are\\nmostly those indicating average or mean results. The principle of de-\\nducing general laws from a multiplicity of facts or observations, though\\nliable in themselves to error, is of the greatest value in modern\\nscience. If we observe the temperature of a given place every hour\\nin the day, add all the observations into one sum for a year, and\\ndivide by the number of hours in a year, we shall get the mean annual\\ntemperature. By this method of observation, we shall ascertain the\\nwarmest and the coolest hours of each day, and, by repeating the\\nsame process for a number of years, we shall learn the temperature\\nof each hour, eliminated from all perturbations, and in this way\\narrive at truths which could not be obtained by any other means.\\nIf we examine the individual records, we shall find the warmest- time\\nto recur, on different days, at different hours. We know, however,\\nthat, if there were no perturbing influences, the warmest period of\\nthe day would be that at which the heat received from the sun is just\\nequal to the cooling of the earth by radiation into space. At r very\\ninstant, from the rising of the sun, previous to this, the earth would\\nbe receiving more heat than it gave off, and hence the temperature\\nwould constantly increase, until the heating and cooling were equal.\\nAfter this, the earth would give off more heat than it would receive,\\nand the temperature would begin to descend. On individual days,\\nhowever, clouds may intervene, or winds of varying temperatures\\nand velocities, may prevail, so as to change the hour of maximum\\nheat; but, as these are not periodical and. governed by recurring\\nlaws, the probability is that they will act in opposite directions that\\nis, on some days, hasten the maximum period, and on other days\\nretard it, and thus, in the course of a year, or several years, neu-\\ntralise each other. The method, therefore, of averages, enables us\\nto separate the effects produced by irregular variations from those\\nwhich are due to permanent causes. The latter are called periodic\\nvariations, while to the former has been given the name of non-peri-\\nodic. By continuing the observations for a number of years, in\\nascertaining the temperature at a given place, we find, by the method\\nwe have explained, a result from which that of the individual year?", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "372 AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nwill oscillate, on either side, within certain limits, while, for two sep-\\narate decades of years, it will scarcely differ at all and this is the\\nmean temperature of the place. The same statement may he made\\nin regard to the other elements of meteorology, and the result of all\\nthe observations may be divided into two great classes, periodical and\\nnon-periodical, though, by a very long series of observations, it may\\nhappen that a phenomenon, which at first may appear entirely fitful,\\nwill afterwards prove to be recurring; and, at all events, the non-\\nperiodic variations are found to be restricted within definite limits,\\nthe maximum amount of which it is highly necessary to obtain.\\nThe first element given in the tables is that of the mean height of\\nthe barometer, from month to month. This is, perhaps, less imme-\\ndiately essential to the agriculturist than any other meteorological\\nelement. It is, however, of much importance, in determining the\\nprogress of storms, and the area over which the commotions of the\\natmosphere, connected with them, are perceptible, though no violent\\ndisturbances may be observed. For example, if the barometer, on a\\ngiven day, is higher or lower than the average for the month, we are\\nthen convinced that it is subjected to some unusual perturbation and,\\nby drawing a line on a map through all the places at which a given\\namount of disturbance is felt, at a particular time, we are enabled to\\ntrace the boundary of a storm, and to indicate its progress, develop-\\nment, and end. For this purpose, it is not necessary, even that the\\nbarometers should be strictly comparable with each other it is only\\nnecessary that the results should be comparable among themselves.\\nWhen the barometers have been accurately compared with each other,\\nas, for instance, those of Green, of New York, constructed under the\\ndirection of the Smithsonian Institution, they afford the date for de-\\ntermining the relative elevation of different places of observation\\nabove the level of the sea.\\nThe indications of the barometer, compared with those of the hy-\\ngrometer, thermometer, and wind-vane, furnish us with a method\\nof predicting changes in the weather. These, however, in many\\ncases, will be found to depend upon rules applicable to particular\\nplaces, and which can only be determined by a long series of local\\nobservations.\\nThe next element given in the tables is the mean monthly temper-\\nature. By comparing this with the average deduced from a number\\nof years observations, we are enabled to ascertain the variations of\\neach month from the normal temperature of the same month, as\\ndeduced from a series of years, and to compare the temperature of\\nthe growing portions of different years with each other. When\\nexperiments shall have been made upon the amount and distribution\\nof heat, necessary to give the best development to particular plants,\\nby a table of this kind, we are enabled to select the months best\\n6uited to their cultivation. Moreover, each plant requires a certain\\namount of heat for its proper growth, though this amount may vary\\nconsiderably in intensity for example, a comparatively low degree\\ntit heat may be compensated by its longer continuance. This rule,\\nuowever, is confined within certain limits; for, if the temperature\\n*jses above a given degree, or falls below a particular point, the vi-", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY. 373\\ntality of the plant may be destroyed. By a well-conducted series of\\nexperiments and observations, the agriculturist may be enabled to\\ndetermine, without a ruinous series of actual trials, what plant may.\\non the principle of assurance, be safely cultivated in a given place.\\nBesides the mean temperature, the extremes are also given, and\\nthese are of essential importance in determining the variations of\\ntemperature to which the plant is to be subjected. The length of the\\ngrowing summer in a given year, and in a particular place, may, for\\ninstance, be measured by the interval which occurs between two kill-\\ning frosts.\\nThe next element in order, presented in the accompanying tables,\\nis that of the moisture and this is of much importance in judging\\nof the productiveness of different years and different places. Unfor-\\ntunately, however, comparatively few observations are regularly\\nmade on the variations of moisture in the atmosphere, in the United\\nStates. It is to be hoped that our returns for another year will indi-\\ncate an increased number of the stations where valuable observations\\nof this kind are taken. The figures in the tables do not indicate the\\nactual amount of water, for example, in a cubic foot of air, but the frac-\\ntional part of the whole amount necessary to produce entire satura-\\ntion thus, if saturation is represented by 100, 57 indicates that this\\nnumber of parts of water is contained in the air, or that it is a little\\nmore than half saturated. We are obliged to adopt this method of\\nrepresentation, because the relative moisture and dryness of the air\\ndepend upon the temperature, and not on the absolute quantity, of\\nvapor present. Thus, air at 32\u00c2\u00b0, which contains as much water as it\\ncan hold, or, in other words, is saturated, would, by heating, become\\nexceedingly dry, though containing absolutely the same amount of\\nwater. The relative dryness is indicated by the complement of the\\nnumbers in the table, and consequently may be found by subtracting\\nthese numbers from 100. The state of our feelings is much more af-\\nfected by the moisture of the atmosphere than by the temperature,\\nand the sensation called closeness is principally due to the great\\namount of humidit3 r or, in other words, to the diminution of the dry-\\nness of the air, which prevents evaporation from the surface of the\\nbody, and its attendant cooling effects. A series of observations on\\nthe relative humidity, in the regions west of the Mississippi, and the\\nnorthern portions of the middle part of our continent, in connexion\\nwith the different winds would be highly interesting, in determining\\nthe source of the vapor in these regions, as well as settling definitely\\nthe fact in regard to their average productiveness.\\nAnother element, intimately connected with the moisture in the\\nair, is, the amount of rain and snow, particularly the former. Be-\\nsides the whole amount which falls during a year, it is necessary to\\nknow the relative quantity which falls in different months. A large\\namount of rain may fall at once, and a greater relative proportion of\\nit will, before the earth can have time to be fully saturated, be carried\\ntff, through the streams of creeks and rivers, and thus do much less,\\nji the way of fertilising the earth, than if the same amount were dis-\\nfributed over a longer period.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "374\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nThe indications of the rain, as of the other elements, would he\\nmore interesting, could they be compared with the average amount\\ndeduced from a series of observations made through a number of\\nyears.\\nThe direction of the wind, as well as the amount of cloudiness and\\nsunshine, besides being of much importance in determining the me-\\nteorological elements of the climate of a country, are of interest to the\\nfarmer, in comparing them with the other elements with which it is in-\\ntimately connected, and thus deducing rules for the prognostication\\nof the weather.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at ALEXANDRIA, Virginia; Latitude,\\n38\u00c2\u00b0 49 N.; Longitude, 77\u00c2\u00b0 V W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide water, 56 feet.\\nHours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Benjamin Hallowell.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\n1854.\\n1\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\n30.15\\n30.07\\n29.98\\n29.97\\n29.96\\n09.95\\n30.02\\n30.02\\n30.10\\n30.11\\n29.93\\n30.02\\n30.02\\ni\\n30.59\\n30.58\\n30.47\\n30.62\\n30.26\\n30.24\\n30.20\\n30.25\\n30.52\\n30.49\\n30.53\\n30.64\\n29.36\\n29.52\\n29.36\\n29.39\\n29.74\\n29.59\\n29.86\\n29.80\\n29.53\\n29.50\\n29.33\\n29.4-1\\n35.-4\\n37.97\\n46.10,\\n51.87\\n67.05\\n74.37\\n80.83\\n78.17\\n71.30\\n57.33\\n44.72\\n32.19\\n56.47\\nt\\n57.23\\n59.67\\n68.17\\n70.00\\n76.50\\n86.80\\n89.80\\n90.30\\n87.70\\n73.33\\n60.50\\n45.00\\nThermometer, extremes I\\n21.83\\n22.17\\n31.00\\n33.00\\n50.17\\n61.20\\n69.00\\n65.30\\n52.00\\n39.66\\n28.31\\n19.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\n73.00\\n81.00\\n66.00\\n70.00\\n65.00\\n65.00\\n75.00\\n76.00\\n74.00\\n79.00\\n100.00\\n51.00\\n100.00\\n50.00\\n100.00\\n20.00\\n100.00\\n00.00\\n91.00\\n23.00\\n96.00\\n39.00\\n100.00\\n23.00\\n100.00\\n33.00\\n100.00\\n28.00\\n100.00\\n00.00\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n30.09\\n29.99\\n29.95\\n30.02\\n29.97\\n29.91\\n30.00\\n30.04\\n30.10\\n30.00\\n30.11\\n30.09\\n30.0-:\\nc\\n30.80\\n30.33\\n30.47\\n30.36\\n30.25\\n30.20\\n30.28\\n30.35\\n30.35\\n30.30\\n30.43\\n30.681\\nBarometer, extremes...?\\n29.33\\n29.57\\n29.36\\n29.43\\n29.61\\n29.57\\n29.80\\n29.73\\n29.76\\n29.63\\n29.47\\n29.15\\nThermometer, mean\\n34.94\\n26.69\\n39.17\\n54.87\\n64.10\\n71.20\\n77.82\\n73.80\\n69.09\\n51.89\\n48.23\\n37.47\\n54.11\\ni\\n50.67\\n46.00\\n55.30\\n77.70\\n77.70\\n87.33\\n86.33\\n80.00\\n82.00\\n65.67\\n62.33\\n55.67\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n23.67\\n14.00\\n25.00\\n36.00\\n48.00\\n58.33\\n64.33\\n63.00\\n55.00\\n38.00\\n5.00\\n19.00\\n82.00\\n81.00\\n77.00\\n76.00\\n68.00\\n79.00\\n80.00\\n83.00\\n85.00\\n86.00\\n88.00\\n86.00\\n81.00\\nr\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.0(1\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n00.00\\n26.00\\n30.00\\n18.00\\n32.00\\n42.00\\n53.00\\n53.00\\n63.00\\n57.00\\n55.00\\n06.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made near ANN ARBOR, Michigan; Latitude,\\n42\u00c2\u00b0 15 N.; Longitude 83\u00c2\u00b0 30 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and\\nat 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, L. Woodrdff.\\n1854.\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nThermometer, extremes}\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\nc\\ne\\n21.40\\n43.35\\n00.00\\n25.70\\n56.00\\n04.67\\n25.86\\n42.67\\n04.33\\n16.18\\n36.67\\n05.67\\n35.63\\n54.00\\n19.67\\n29.80\\n44.00\\n16.30\\n46.99\\n65.33\\n28.67\\n50.53\\n74.00\\n24.60\\n58.73\\n69.33\\n45.33\\n59.27\\n75.30\\n36.70\\n68.47\\n85.00\\n55.60\\n63.07\\n81.33\\n44.67\\n75.10\\n85.30\\n62.00\\n70.86\\n82.00\\n64.00\\n73.90\\n86.60\\n61.00\\n67.82\\n78.00\\n54.67\\n65.97\\n84.30\\n49.00\\n64.11\\n77.67\\n49.67\\n56.47\\n62.60\\n38.30\\n45.77\\n58.33\\n32.00\\n36.32\\n47.00\\n22.66\\n39.45\\n58.00\\n23.33\\n24.97\\n38.33\\n00.33\\n25.59\\n46.33\\n04.17\\n49.15\\n47.51", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n375\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at AMHERST, Massachusetts; Latitude,\\n42\u00c2\u00b0 22 15 M 6 N. Longitude, 72\u00c2\u00b0 3K 28 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water,\\n267 feet. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M.\\nObserver, Professor, C. S. Snhli*\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar. April.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\nC\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean iiiches,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a239.81\\n29.80\\n29.66\\n29.73\\n29.69\\n29.67\\n29.76\\n29.76\\n29.84\\n29.83 29.6o| 29.68 29.74\\nBarometer, extremes.... j\\n30.39\\n30.43\\n30.12\\n30.38\\n30.11\\n29.98\\n29.99\\n30-11\\n30.24\\n30.241 30.27 30.5.\\n29.18\\n29.17\\n28.89\\n29.25\\n29.34\\n29.37\\n29.49\\n29.49\\n29.40\\n29.161 28.92 28.69\\n22.36\\n21.97\\n30.47\\n43.07\\n57.27\\n66.80\\n74.23\\n68.80\\n63.27\\n5 1.51 1 39.82 22.23i 46.81\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n40.23\\n03.20\\n38.67\\n04.63\\n52.00\\n19.47\\n59.60\\n30.00\\n69.33\\n37.80\\n76.70\\n53.60\\n85.10\\n65.70\\n78.90\\n60.70\\n77.80\\n43.80\\n66.001 60.27; 38.30!\\n37.201 22.67: 02.331\\n85.00\\n71.00\\n81.00\\n73.00\\n74.00\\n80.00\\n77.00\\n71.00\\n83.00\\n84.00| 86.00! 91.00 80.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes. J\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00: 100.00 100. 00)\\n51.00\\n54.00\\n19.00\\n19.00\\n36.00\\n37.00\\n31.00\\n21.00\\n40.00\\n43.00\\n41.00\\n36.0CM\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\n29.83\\n29.66\\n29.62\\n29.74\\n29.69\\n29.64\\n29.77\\n29.82\\n29.85\\n29.66\\n29.81\\n29.82 29.74\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n30.60\\n30.15\\n30.14\\n30.06\\n30.04\\n29.95\\n30.09\\n30.15\\n30.18\\n30.1-2\\n30.22\\n30.381\\n28.641\\n28.76\\n29.29\\n29.04\\n28.80\\n29.30\\n29.13\\n29.50\\n29.23\\n29.40\\n29.22\\n29.13\\n27.72\\n19.88\\n31.53\\n43.83\\n56.63\\n64.84\\n71.22\\n65.75\\n60.19\\n49.61\\n38.49\\n28.12l46.48\\nThermometer, extremes, j\\n41. 33\\n38.33\\n44.20\\n62.00\\n70.30\\n84.67\\n81.67\\n74.07\\n74.90\\n65.33\\n53.70\\n40.50J\\n11.90\\n08.00\\n19.00\\n22.30\\n40.80\\n53.67\\n58.33\\n53.57\\n45.90\\n38.67 25.20\\n09.00|\\n90.00\\n90.00\\n79.00\\n78.00\\n65.00\\n80.00\\n86.00\\n81.00\\n80.00\\n86.00! 81.00\\n84.0082.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\ni\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00 100.00,100.00)\\n54.00\\n50.00\\n33.00\\n26.00\\n22.00\\n36.00\\n48.00\\n31.00\\n45.00\\n42.00; 43.00 41.03\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at AUGUSTA, Illinois Latitude, 40\u00c2\u00b0 12 N.\\nLongiUde, 90\u00c2\u00b0 45 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 0,\\nP. M. Observer, Dr. S. B. Mbad.\\n1854.\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nThermometer, extremes, j\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDoc.\\nc\\n21.03\\n51.00\\n00.66\\n26.96\\n60.00\\n02.00\\n33.37\\n55.33\\n10.33\\n21.09\\n42.33\\n01.67\\n42.48\\n66.67\\n26.67\\n33.77\\n53.00\\n12.30\\n54.32\\n75.00\\n26.33\\n58.17\\n79.70\\n36.00\\n62.93\\n72.00\\n47.67\\n62.83\\n84.00\\n48.00\\n71.57\\n84.00\\n53.30\\n69.33\\n82.67\\n44.33\\n76.67\\n88.30\\n68.00\\n75.62\\n83.67\\n67.67\\n77.27\\n83.30\\n66.30\\n70.78\\n85.33\\n58.33,\\n70.77\\n86.00\\n53.00\\n69.37\\n80.00\\n53.33\\n57.51\\n71.33\\n41.33\\n53.07\\n67.00\\n33.00\\n39.53\\n56.00\\n23.33\\n42.17\\n59.33\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a222.67\\n30.93\\n47.00\\n15.00\\n24.00\\n51.67\\n06.00\\n33.20\\n50.60\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at ATHENS, Illinois Latitude, 39\u00c2\u00b0 52 N.;\\nLongitude, 89\u00c2\u00b0 56 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP. M. Observer, Jobl Halu\\nt\\n1854.\\n1\\n(Thermometer, mean\\nIThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\niThermometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\ns\\n23.01\\n51.33\\n00.03\\n28.36\\n59.67\\n03.33\\n34.63\\n56.33\\n17.66\\n22.41\\n43.67\\n02.33\\n44.00\\n67.00\\n29.00\\n35.23\\n56.00\\n15.70\\n55.47\\n77.67\\n27.67\\n60.39\\n81.70\\n36.00\\n66.32\\n78.00\\n50.67\\n64.90\\n85.00\\n46.00\\n72.80\\n85.70\\n52.70\\n69.94\\n84.67\\n52.33\\n79.80\\n99.00\\n70.60\\n78.97\\n89.33\\n70.00\\n79.30\\n88.70\\n06.30\\n75.57\\n87.33\\n62.00\\n73.57\\na5.30\\n57.00\\n72.31\\n81.67\\n58.00\\n59.71\\n74.33\\n44.33\\n52.21\\n68.33\\n35.00\\n41.06\\n58.33\\n25.33\\n44.11\\n63.00\\n25.00\\n32.97\\n51.67\\n15.67\\n26.76\\n52.67\\n07.00\\n55.22\\n1\\n52.59^", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "376\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at BALDWINSVILLE, New York Latitude,\\n43\u00c2\u00b0 V N.; Longitude, 76\u00c2\u00b0 41/ W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation,? A. M., and at\\n2 and 9 P. M. Observer, John Bowman.\\nJ 1854.\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nThermometer, extremes. 5\\nJan.\\n24.10\\n44.33\\n04.00\\n26.57\\n42.00\\n6.67\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\n66.20\\n76.30\\n55.00\\n61.24\\n81.00\\n47.33\\nJuly.\\n72.40\\n81.00\\n64.60\\n69.31\\n79.33\\n59.00\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nC3\\n3\\nB\\n21.90\\n37.67\\n8.67\\n16.80\\n33.67\\n16.67\\n32.28\\n48.33\\n17.67\\n29.10\\n43.00\\n13.30\\n41.42\\n58.00\\n26.00\\n43.07\\n63.30\\n20.00\\n56.17\\n68.33\\n33.67\\n54.20\\n70.70\\n38.70\\n67.90\\n78.00\\n58.70\\n65.68\\n73.67\\n54.33\\n61.53\\n79.00\\n45.00\\n60.12\\n76.67\\n44.00\\n51.72\\n63.20\\n36.20\\n47.53\\n61.00\\n34.33\\n37.27\\n51.66\\n25.00\\n39.82\\n54.33\\n22.67\\n23.75\\n38.33\\n7.00\\n28.57\\n43.67\\n8.67\\n46.39\\n45.17\\nSummary of Meteorological ObserTations, made at AUSTIN, Texas; Latitude, 30\u00c2\u00b0 20 Nr,\\nLongitude, 97\u00c2\u00b0 46 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP. M. Observer, Dr. S. K. Jennings.\\nThermometer, mean....\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nPsychrometer, mean\\nPeychrometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nPsych rometer, mean\\nPaychrometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\n47.45\\n69.66\\n23.33\\n75.00\\n100.00\\n24.00\\n49.38\\n64.33\\n26.6\\n/.I 70.00\\nj loo.oo\\n0.00\\nFeb.\\n54.4\\n68.33\\n35.33\\n72.00\\n100.00\\n23.00\\n47.94\\n64.6\\n28.6\\n76.00\\n100.00\\n18.00\\nMar.\\n65.41\\n76.33\\n48.00\\n73.00\\nApril\\n66.88\\n78.67\\n51.00\\n53.00\\n100.00 100.00\\n25.00 13.00\\n56.80\\n77.00\\n40.00\\n68.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n71.13\\n77.70\\n53.30\\n68.00\\n100.00\\n22.00\\nMay,\\nJune. July.\\n83. 00\\n64.33\\n74.00\\n100.00\\n22.00\\n77.23\\n83.00\\n68.00\\n66.00\\n100.00\\n27.00\\nAug. Sept.\\n81.93 77.63\\n84.70 83.70\\n75.00 68.70\\n66.00 73.00\\n100.00 100.00\\n31.00 29.00\\n80.80 78.13\\n87.33. 82.33\\n73.33 70.00\\n65.00 72.00\\n100.00,100.00 100.00 100.00\\n31.00 31.00! 27.00 37.00\\n1\\ns\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n1\\n70.77\\n57.22\\n46.68\\n66.71\\n78.60\\n68.66\\n60.00\\n62.00\\n40.00\\n28.33\\n74.00\\n77.00\\n76.00\\n70.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n33.00\\n10.00\\n16.00\\n63.69\\n58.89\\n54.47 66.39\\n76.00\\n76.67\\n70.00*\\n44,67\\n45.33\\n17.33\\n74.00\\n72.00\\n75.00 80.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00,\\n12.00\\n0.00\\n7.001\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at BELOIT, Wisconsin, Latitude 42\u00c2\u00b0 30 7 N::\\nLongitude, 89\u00c2\u00b0 4 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide water, 750 feet. Hours of\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observers, S. P. Lathrop, Professor W. Porter,\\nand others.\\n1\\nv 1854*\\ni\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nt\\n73\\n9\\nc\\nc\\niBarometer, mean inches...\\nBarometer, extremes.\\nIThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches...\\nIBarometer, extremes.\\nIThermometer, extremes.\\n1\\n29.20\\n29.76\\n28.60 1\\n15.12\\n38.33\\n9.00\\n29.16\\n29.81\\n28.64\\n22.64\\n51.67\\n2.33\\n29.19\\n29.66\\n28.61\\n26.29\\n44.35\\n5.36\\n29.23\\n29.68\\n28.66\\n13.98\\n35.00\\n3.33\\n29.12\\n29.99\\n28.59\\n39.67\\n55.00\\n23.33\\n29.11\\n29.62\\n28.37\\n28.17\\n41.70\\n8.30\\n29.12\\n29.68\\n28.61\\n50.03\\n71.00\\n28.00\\n29.18\\n29.66\\n28.87\\n50.43\\n74.00\\n26.30\\n29.03\\n29.37\\n28.35\\n60.87\\n74.00\\n45.00\\n29.20\\n29.53\\n28.78\\n60.03\\n81.00\\n39.00\\n29.11\\n29.49\\n28.83\\n70.40\\n86.00\\n46.70\\n29.09\\n29.44\\n28.65\\n65.19\\n80.33\\n48.33\\n29.20\\n29.41\\n28.96\\n76.60\\n87.00\\n65.30\\n29.16\\n29.32\\n28.83\\n72.27\\n87.00\\n60.00\\n29.21\\n29.41\\n29.05\\n74.03\\n82.70\\n62.00\\n29.22\\n29.54\\n28.93\\n68.79\\n81.33\\n56.67\\n29.24\\n29.66\\n28.93\\n65.77\\n84.30\\n48.00\\n29.24\\n29.39\\n29.00\\n66.42\\n76.33\\n48.67\\n29.28\\n29.63\\n28.52\\n53.70\\n64.00\\n38.33\\n29.18\\n29.45\\n28.80\\n45.16\\n63.67\\n30.67\\n29.02\\n29.83\\n28.40\\n34.28\\n50.33\\n20.00\\n29.20\\n29.63\\n28.60\\n38.51\\n60.00\\n21.33\\n29.19\\n29.48\\n28.52\\n24.38\\n37.33\\n10.00\\n29.19\\n29.69\\n28.29\\n22.07\\n50.67\\n9.33\\n29.16\\n49.26\\n29.18\\n45.89\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at BATTLE CREEK, Michigan, Latitude 4T2P\\n20 N.; Longitude 85\u00c2\u00b0 V W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and\\n9 P. M. Observer, Dr. W. M. Campbell.\\nThrrmomeiri, mean..\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nThermometer, mean\\nThormometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\n1\\n22.32\\nFeb.\\n26.11\\nMar.\\n35.97\\nApril.\\n47.27\\nMay.\\n56.17\\nJune.\\n71.03\\nJuly.\\n_\\n78.90\\nAug.\\n74.07\\nSept.\\n68.53\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n73\\ns\\na\\nc\\n50 43\\n55.06\\n38.30\\n26.84\\n44.66\\n40.67\\n55.67\\n71.33\\n76.00\\n87.30\\n90.00\\n87.70\\n88.30\\n67.20\\n52.33\\n39.53\\n1.00\\n8.67\\n20.00\\n27.33\\n43.00\\n53.00\\n63.00\\n61.70\\n53.30\\n40.20\\n27.0(1\\n9.00\\n25.84\\n18.92\\n31.40\\n51.40\\n60.90\\n66.14\\n73.61\\n70.47\\n66.50\\n47.52\\n41.52\\n27.05\\n4S.44\\n52.67\\n40.33\\n47.00\\n72.70\\n77.30\\n86.00\\n87.33\\n82.67\\n81.00\\n63.67\\n59.67\\n51.00\\n6.33\\n2.00\\n12.30\\n25.00\\n38.30\\n48.33\\n63.67\\n59.00\\n52.67\\n32.00\\n27.00\\n8.67", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n377\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at BRANDON, Vermont, Latitude 43\u00c2\u00b0 45\\nN.; Longitude 73\u00c2\u00b0 8 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP. M. Observer, David Buckland.\\nT 1854.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0r\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\nc\\ne\\n20.78\\n17.92\\n29.12\\n39.02\\n57.64\\n63.73\\n72.87\\n67.20\\n59.47\\n50.98\\n37.01\\n17.77\\n44.46,\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n45.50\\n36.00\\n48.00\\n55.60\\n70.67\\n72.50\\n82.90\\n78.20\\n79.00\\n67.00\\n55.67\\n38.00\\n5.67\\n5.60\\n14.13\\n23.00\\n28.67\\n58.00\\n64.30\\n60.30\\n47.30\\n39.00\\n19.84\\nll.00|\\n1855.\\n25.63\\n17.53\\n27.80\\n42.70\\n55.63\\n62.72\\n70.70\\n65.35\\n58.62\\n47.47\\n35.06\\n26.04\\n44.60\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n43.00\\n36.33\\n46.70\\n60.30\\n71.70\\n83.16\\n82.34\\n75.00\\n75.67\\n68.33\\n52.67\\n41.33\\n1.50\\n17.83\\n14.00\\n18.00\\n44.30\\n51.00\\n59.83\\n52.00\\n42.17\\n35.00\\n17.00\\n1.50\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations made at BLOOMFIELD, New Jersey Latitude 40\u00c2\u00b0\\n49 N.; Longitude 74\u00c2\u00b0 11/ W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water 120 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 1 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Robert L. Cook.\\n1855.\\nu\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov. Dec.\\n3\\na\\nc\\nc\\n29.94\\n29.90\\n29.80\\n29.87\\n29.81\\n29.79\\n29.88\\n29.86\\n29.95\\n29.94\\n29.72 29.85\\n29.86\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n30.44\\n30.42\\n30.21\\n30.52\\n30.21\\n30.11\\n30.05\\n30.17\\n30.39\\n30.32\\n30.35\\n30.61\\n29.00\\n29.34\\n29.20\\n29.39\\n29.40\\n29.49\\n29.70\\n29.57\\n29.50\\n29.29\\n29.01\\n28.91\\nThermometer, mean\\n28.22\\n29.93\\n37.48\\n46.72\\n61.54\\n68.83\\n75.90\\n72.53\\n66.23\\n55.65\\n43.05\\n27.71\\n51.15\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n49.00\\n45.00\\n62.67\\n61.00\\n70.50\\n77.30\\n87.00\\n85.20\\n84.70\\n70.00\\n62.50\\n41.33\\n14.66\\n16.00 20.17\\n29.33\\n45.67\\n57.30\\n60-30\\n60.50\\n47.50\\n41.50\\n27.00\\n8.17\\n76.00\\n75.00 68.00\\n72.00\\n73.00\\n80.00\\n76.00\\n72.00\\n77.00\\n81.00\\n73.00\\n78.00\\n75.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes. 5\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n96.00\\n100.00\\n97.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n97.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\n40.00\\n34.00\\n23.00\\n48.00\\n25.00\\n28.00\\n40.00\\n33.00\\n30.00\\n39.00\\n39.00\\n28.00\\n29.91\\n29.76\\n29.74\\n29. 85\\n29.80\\n29.73\\n29.84\\n29.92\\n29.95\\n29.76\\n29.93\\n29.90\\n29.84\\nBarometer, extremes J\\n30.66\\n30.21\\n30.22\\n30.19\\n30.13\\n30.02\\n30.15\\n30.38\\n30.23\\n30.22\\n30.29\\n30.40\\n28.95\\n29.40\\n29.22\\n29.05\\n29.43\\n29.30\\n29.60\\n29.35\\n29.55\\n29.27\\n29.26\\n29.04\\n31.90\\n23.69\\n35.47\\n46.57\\n59.23\\n67.13\\n75.21\\n69.48\\n64.77\\n51.65\\n45.07\\n36.77\\n50.58\\nThermometer, extremes, j\\n44.16\\n37.17\\n46.50\\n68.00\\n73.30\\n85.33\\n86.50\\n78.33\\n80.67\\n67.83\\n56.83\\n47.67\\n16.17\\n2.67\\n24.20\\n31.80\\n40.00\\n57.83\\n63.66\\n57.00\\n52.50\\n43.00\\n30.16\\n28.33\\n80.00\\n74.00\\n66.00\\n70.00\\n66.00\\n77.00\\n81.00\\n77.00\\n77.00\\n77.00\\n73.00\\n71.00\\n74.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n100.00\\n95.00\\n95.00\\n97.00\\n97.00\\n97.00\\n98.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\n97.00\\n97.00\\n96.00\\n42.00\\n17.00\\n22.00\\n12.00\\n22.00\\n35.00\\n42.00\\n32.00\\n34.00\\n17.00\\n37.00\\n25.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at BURLINGTON, Vermont, Latitude 44\u00c2\u00b0\\n29^ N.; Longitude 73\u00c2\u00b0 IV W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water 346 feet.\\nHours of observation, 1 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Professor Z. Thompson.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nBarometer, extremes...)\\nThermometer, moan\\nThermometer, extremes\\nPsychrometer, mean\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches\\nBarometer, extremes.... I\\nThermometer, mean\\n(Thermometer, extremes\\njP*ychrometer, mean\\nIPsychrometer, extremes. 5\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\n29.61\\n29.72\\n30.28\\n30.29|\\n28.73\\n29.06\\n19.59\\n16.551\\n41.66\\n41.67\\n7.33\\n3.67\\n60.00\\n55.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n0.00\\n29.67\\n29.56\\n30.49\\n30.01\\n28.65\\n29.15\\n25.08\\n16.61\\n43.33\\n38.33\\n0.67\\n19.00\\n66.0C\\n57.00\\n90.0C\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n0.00\\nMar.\\n29.44\\n29.98\\n28.73\\n30.53\\n14.00\\n63.00\\nApril.\\n29.62\\n30.17\\n29.13\\n40.04\\nMay,\\n47.00 54.00\\n27.00\\n61.00\\n9o.ooaoo.oo\\n8.00 9.00\\n29.49\\n30.07\\n28.77\\n28.40\\n43.70\\n12.70\\n62.00\\n100.00\\n4.00\\n29.55\\n29.93\\n29.21\\n60.04\\n72.67\\n28.67\\n62.00\\nJune,\\n29.55\\n29.92\\n29.35\\n66.10\\n73.70\\n55.30\\n69.00\\n91.00!l00.00\\n26.00 27.00\\n29.62 29.49\\n29.92\\n29.23\\n57.30\\n74.30\\n46.00\\n51.00\\n100.00\\n23.00\\n29.88\\n29.05\\n64.56\\n84.60\\n54.67\\n72.00\\n100.00\\n35.00\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\n29.61\\n29.60\\n29.67\\n29.87\\n29.90\\n30.08\\n29.32\\n29.27\\n29.13\\n76.27\\n71.83\\n61.10\\n85.00\\n79.00\\n81.70\\n67.30\\n61.00\\n43.30\\n65.00\\n56.00\\n69.00\\n86.00\\n89.00\\n94.00\\n35.00\\n18.00\\n36.00\\n29.66\\n29.69\\n29.75\\n29.91\\n30.05\\n30.07\\n29.32\\n29.10\\n29.32\\n72.46\\n66.79\\n60.62\\n82.33\\n77.00\\n77.67\\n64.67\\n53.33\\n43.33\\n74.00\\n73.00\\n73.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n4G.00\\n38.00\\n43.00\\nOct.\\n29.67\\n30.06\\n29.00\\n51.54\\n67.67\\n41.33\\n70.00\\n100.00\\n29.00\\n29.44\\n30.17\\n28.74\\n37.68\\n56.67\\n20.00\\n68.00\\n100.00\\n41.00\\n30.031\\n29.07\\n49.45\\n66.67\\n35.00\\n70.00\\n100.00\\n19.00\\n30.13\\n28.97\\n36.39\\n52.67\\n17.00\\n70.00\\n100.00\\n37.00\\n29.55\\n30.35\\n28.73\\nIf\\n38.67\\n14.33\\n60.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n29.65\\n30.21\\n28.56\\n26.93\\n45.331\\n0.67\\n59.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n29.59\\n45.85\\n63.00\\n29.62\\n45.68\\n66.00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "378\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at BURLINGTON, New Jersey; Latitude,\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 N. Longitude, 75\u00c2\u00b0 12 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 26 fee4.\\nHours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Rev. A. Frost.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes. j\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes j\\n1835.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes...]\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\n30.13\\n30.18\\n29.96\\n29.85\\n29.91\\n29.76\\n29.81\\n29.84\\n30.58\\n30.50\\n30.35\\n30.60\\n30.26\\n30.05\\n30.02\\n30.17\\n29.50\\n29.60\\n29.30\\n29.50\\n29.67\\n29.45\\n29.64\\n29.57\\n30.36\\n32.25\\n39.73\\n50.10\\n63.50\\n71.10\\n76.87\\n72.90\\n55.33\\n46.00\\n60.00\\n72.00\\n73.00\\n79.70\\n87.00\\n82.70\\n]7.33\\n20.0*\\n23.33\\n32.67\\n48.00\\n56.30\\n70.00\\n62.70\\n30.10\\n29.98\\n29.94\\n29.97\\n29.89\\n29.89\\n29.98\\n30.04\\n30.78\\n30.31\\n30.47\\n30.32\\n30.16\\n30.15\\n30.23\\n30.33\\n29.27\\n29.64\\n29.46\\n29.34\\n29.59\\n29.60\\n29.80\\n29.59\\n33.40\\n25.65\\n38.50\\n51.13\\n61.67\\n70.50\\n76.72\\n71.60\\n48.33\\n47.00\\n51.30\\n69.30\\n77.70\\n86.93\\n87.33\\n80.67\\n21.33\\n3.67\\n23.70\\n32.70\\n43.00\\n60.00\\n63.67\\n62.67\\nSep.\\nOct.\\n29.91\\n30.33\\n29.59\\n68.03\\n86.30\\n50.70\\nNov.\\n30.04 29.89\\n30.40 30.50\\n29.58 29.25\\n57.56 44.42\\n72.00 63.00\\n39.33 30.33\\n30.08 29.92\\n30.32 30.24\\n29.70 29.50\\n67.10\\n82.00\\n53.33\\n54.42\\n72.00\\n39.00\\n30.O\\n30.35\\n29.50\\n45.79\\n60.33\\n31.33\\n30.00\\n30.70\\n29.20\\n29.76\\n40.33\\n10.00\\n30.04\\n30.54\\n29.10\\n34.38\\n54.33\\n16.00\\n.3.05\\nVimmary of Meteorological Observations, made at CANTON, New York Latitude, 44\u00c2\u00b0 38 N.;\\nLongitude, 76\u00c2\u00b0 15 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 304 feet. Hours ot\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P.M. Observer, E. W. Johnsok.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes...)\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes\\n1855.\\n.Barometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes.... J\\nThermometer, mean\\n[Thermometer, extremes\\n29.46\\n30.10\\n28.55\\n16.47\\n46.67\\n12.67\\n29.43\\n30.27\\n28.56\\n23.34\\n48.00\\n6.67\\n29.52\\n30.0\\n28.86\\n15.38\\n36.67\\n7.00\\n29.39\\n29.8\\n28.9\\n12.42\\n34.33\\n27.00\\nMar.\\n29.33\\n29.82\\n28.26\\n28.31\\n48.00\\n12.67\\n29.26\\n29.91\\n28.63\\n26.27\\n46.00\\n6.70\\nApril,\\n29.45\\n29.98\\n28.91\\n40.21\\n56.30\\n24.00\\n29.40\\n29.81\\n28.85\\n42.67\\n63.00\\n18.00\\nMay.\\n29.40\\n29.78\\n29.13\\n59.03\\n78.67\\n29.67\\n29.43\\n29.70\\n29.13\\n58.30\\n77.30\\n44.30\\n29.38\\n29.73\\n29-0\\n67.00\\n78.30\\n54.70\\n29.30\\n29.66\\n28.82\\n63.30\\n81.67\\n50.6\\nJuly.\\n29.47\\n29.71\\n29.20\\n75.67\\n85.30\\n68.00\\n29.43\\n29.66\\n29.17\\n72.45\\n80.33\\n62.00\\nAug.\\n29.43\\n29.66\\n29.12\\n70.70\\n80.70\\n57.70\\n29.45\\n29.83\\n28.85\\n67.23\\n80.6\\n52.00\\nSep.\\n29.52\\n29.92\\n29.08\\n61.13\\n83.30\\n44.00\\n29.52\\n29.82\\n29.08\\n50.65\\n78.33\\n41.00\\nOct.\\n29.47\\n29.89\\n28. b5\\n51.10\\n66.70\\n30.70\\n29.33\\n29.79\\n28.86\\n48.17\\n64.6\\n33.00\\n29 24\\n30.00\\n28.53\\n37.00\\n51.00\\n14.00\\n29.45\\n29.89\\n28.70\\n36.1\\n51.33\\n14.33\\n29.40\\n30.15\\n28.73\\n15.97\\n40.33\\n17.33\\n29.37\\n29.94\\n28.33\\n25.46\\n45.33\\n7.33\\ni.40\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at CAMDEN, South Carolina Latitude, 34\u00c2\u00b0\\n17 N.; Longitude, 80\u00c2\u00b0 33 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 275 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observers, Thornton Carpenter,\\nJ. A. Young.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep. Oct.\\nNov.\\nXi\\nDec. g\\nV\\n30.01\\n29.95\\n29.87\\n29.83\\n29.81\\n29.79\\n29.89\\n29.87 29.891 29.96\\n29.83\\n29.99 29.8!\\n30.48\\n30.33\\n30.27\\n30.38\\n30.05\\n29.94\\n30.02\\n29.98\\n30.241 30.29\\n30.20\\n30.35\\nBarometer, extremes.\\n29.36\\n29.41\\n29.44\\n29,39\\n29.60\\n29.56\\n29.78\\n29.73\\n29.37| 29.53\\n29.23\\n29.50\\n46.31\\n49.84\\n61.27\\n60.83\\n72.97\\n78.23\\n82.47\\n79.43\\n75.77i 62.31\\n48.79\\n40.92\\n63.26\\nc\\n45.16\\n66.76\\n78.90\\n77.20\\n81.47\\n93.00\\n87.30\\n86..80\\n84.00 76.34\\n66.33\\n58.33\\n32.67\\n38.43\\n44.77\\n41.60\\n63.47\\n63.00\\n74.50\\n73.00 62.00 49.67\\n33.00\\n28.33\\nPsychrometer, mean\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n75.00\\n70.00\\n66.00\\n69.00\\n69.00\\n70.00\\n73.00\\n77.00J 81.00\\n73.00\\n71.00\\n70.00\\n72.001\\n100.00\\n100.0C\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.0ft\\n95.00\\n100.00;100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n25.00\\no.oc\\n20.00\\n20.00\\n24.00\\n28.00\\n43.00\\n40.001 42.00\\n26.00\\n23.00\\n19.00*\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\n29.96\\n29.88\\n29.86\\n29.93\\n29.85\\n29.83\\n29.9C\\n29.88\\n29.93\\n29.85\\n29.93\\n29.97\\n29.90\\nBarometer, extremes\\n30.49\\n30.1S\\n30.25\\n30.19\\n30. LC\\n30.12\\n30. 1C\\n30.11\\n30.16\\n30.15\\n30.23\\n30.47\\n29.23\\n29.41\\n29.42\\n29.54\\n29.53\\n29.53\\n29.71\\n29.64\\n39.68\\n29.4b\\n29.41\\n29.33\\nThermometer, mean\\n45.42\\n41.16\\n52.27\\n65.87\\n71.60\\n75.6S\\n81.55\\n79.81\\n77.12\\n59.40\\n57.71\\n45.95\\n63.79\\nThermometer, extremes\\n60.33\\n54.3:\\n72.6C\\n86.7C\\n83.3(\\n83.6\\n85.3;\\n85.3\\n84.33\\n74,67\\n70.67\\n66.3\\n29.67\\n28.00\\n31.30\\n48.00 59.70\\n64.67\\n75.00\\n66.67\\n65.67\\n43.00\\n40.33\\n30.671\\n75.00\\n67.00\\n63.0C\\n60.00 64.0C\\n70.00\\n72.0(\\n75.00\\n74.00\\n71.00! 74.00 79.00|70.0O|\\n1\\n!00.0C\\n100.00100.00] 94.00li00.0(\\n100.0C\\n95.0C\\n95.0C\\nj 95.0C\\nlOO.OOl 94.00il00.00l\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n1\\n31.00\\n10.001 11.00 19.00 31.00i 32.0C\\n1\\n44.0C\\n43.0C\\n44.00\\n27.00\\nI 18.00\\n|34.00\\ni l", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n379\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at CEDAR KEYS, Florida Latitude, 29\u00c2\u00b0 8\\nN.; Longitude, 83\u00c2\u00b0 3 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP. M. Observer, Judge A. Steele.\\n185*.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\n58.67\\nDec.\\n3\\na\\na\\n53.64\\n60.72\\n69.07\\n67.28\\n78.07\\n82.00\\n84.37\\n82.90\\n82.03\\n73.69\\n54.96\\n71.03\\nr\\n69.33\\n69.00\\n73.67\\n75.67\\n82.00\\n87.00\\n88.00\\n88.30\\n85.70\\n79.60\\n72.33\\n64.67\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mtran inches..\\n46.60\\n48.00\\n58.67\\n52.33\\n68.33\\n70.30\\n79.70\\n76.00\\n76.70\\n71.33\\n47.00\\n41.33\\n29.97\\n29.92\\n29.90\\n29 96\\n29.85\\n29.92\\n29.93\\n29.89\\n29.90\\n29.88\\n29.89\\n29.93\\n29.91\\nt\\n30.30\\n30.22\\n30.23\\n30.13\\n30.01\\n30.04\\n30.05\\n30.03\\n30.04\\n30.09\\n30.07\\n30.30\\n29.52\\n29.68\\n29.66\\n29.65\\n29.67\\n29.83\\n29.84\\n29.79\\n29.79\\n29.69\\n29.58\\n28.91\\nThermometer, mean\\n57.44\\n52.13\\n59.90\\n69.40\\n74.93\\n80.75\\n80.54\\n82.07\\n80.62\\n69.11\\n69.48\\n60.99\\n69.78\\n66.00\\n62.00\\n71.30\\n75.00\\n82.50\\n83.33\\n83.31\\n85.00\\n84.00\\n80.67\\n76.33\\n67.67\\nThermometer, extremes. 1\\n40.67\\n40.00\\n42.70\\n59.00\\n68.30\\n77.00\\n76.33\\n74.23\\n76.33\\n49.33\\n54.33\\n49.67\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at CARMEL, Maine; Latitude, 44\u00c2\u00b0 47 N.;\\nLongitude, 69\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide water, 115 feet. Hours of obse\u00c2\u00bb\\nvation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, John J. Beu*\\nj 1854.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n73\\nc\\nBarometer, mean inches\\n29.64\\n29.68\\n29.55\\n29.60\\n29.62\\n29.50\\n29.60\\n29.65\\n29.67\\n29.75\\n29.48\\n29.54\\n29.61\\ni\\n30.28\\n30.37\\n30.09\\n30.20\\n30.36\\n29.83\\n29.85\\n29.98\\n30.12\\n30.14\\n30.11\\n30.47\\n28.94\\n28.94\\n28.83\\n29.19\\n29.01\\n29.17\\n29.29\\n29.33\\n28.94\\n28.77\\n28.94\\n28.46\\n10.42\\n9.87\\n27.00\\n36.65\\n55.07\\n65.43\\n73.87\\n62.67\\n57.57\\n45.63\\n36.26\\n14.29\\n41.23\\ni\\n42.83\\n30.25\\n43.33\\n48.67\\n68.33\\n72.70\\n82.70\\n73.00\\n79.30\\n62.67\\n59.3:;\\n38.33\\n.Thermometer, extremes l\\n19.66\\n12.83\\n16.00\\n19.00\\n27.00\\n52.30\\n66.00\\n54.70\\n31.50\\n35.00\\n15.67\\n14.00\\n1855.\\ni Barometer, mean inches..\\n29.66\\n29.49\\n29.43\\n29.54\\n29.55\\n29.48\\n29.62\\n29.74\\n29.68\\n29.56\\n29.69\\n29.65\\n29.59\\nc\\n30.65\\n30.04\\n29.99\\n29.99\\n29.83\\n29.79\\n29.96\\n29.93\\n30.05\\n29.97\\n30.19\\n30.19\\n28.83\\n29.08\\n28 81\\n28.39\\n29.21\\n28.90\\n29.34\\n29.46\\n29.29\\n29.08\\n28.97\\n28.62\\n21.64\\n12.63\\n26.30\\n38.33\\n52.97\\n61.40\\n70.10\\n62.18\\n55.88\\n47.86\\n32.43\\n22.17\\n41.99\\n40.00\\n35.33\\n39.70\\n58.30\\n70.00\\n78.00\\n80.00\\n73.00\\n76.67\\n61.63\\n47.67\\n39.67\\ni\\n3.33\\n12.67\\n14.70\\n15.50\\n38.30\\n50.67\\n59.00\\n49.00\\n42.67\\n37.00\\n15.00\\n2.00\\n1\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at CONCORD, New Hampshire Latitude,\\n43\u00c2\u00b0 12 N.; Longitude, 71\u00c2\u00b0 29 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide water, 374 feet.\\nHours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. Wm. Prescotj.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n73\\n3\\na\\n29.66\\n29.66\\n29.51\\n29.61\\n29.57\\n29.54\\n29.64\\n29.64\\n29.72\\n29.71\\n29.46\\n29.53\\n29.60\\nBarometer, extremes.\\n30.27\\n30.33\\n30.01\\n30.24\\n30.00 29.86\\n29.88\\n30.01\\n30.13\\n30.18\\n30.14\\n30.41\\n28.90\\n29.07\\n28.83\\n29.17\\n29.17\\n29.23\\n29.34\\n29.34\\n29.20\\n28.95\\n28.85\\n28.52\\n19.69\\n18.56\\n29.49\\n40.69\\n59.82\\n67.17\\n71.67\\n69.57\\n61.03\\n50.64\\n38.91\\n20.61\\n45.65\\nThermometer, extremes, j\\n39.66\\n38.60\\n47.00\\n55.33\\n69.67\\n74.70\\n84.30\\n81.70\\n80.00\\n63.00\\n59.00\\n35.67\\n7.66\\n2.70\\n18.00\\n27. OC\\n35.67\\n57.00\\n60.00\\n59.70\\n49.00\\n37.66\\n24.00\\n1.67\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.71\\n29.53\\n29.47\\n29.59\\n29.58\\n29.51\\n29.66\\n29.69\\n29.74\\n29.55\\n29.69\\n29.65\\n29.61\\nBarometer, extremes... 1\\n30.60\\n30.05\\n29.97\\n29.9!\\n29.9C\\n29.82\\n29.96\\n30.00\\n30.05\\n30.00\\n30.11\\n30.17\\n28.61\\n29.15\\n28.87\\n28.67 29.22i 29.06, 29.38\\n29.30\\n29.31\\n29.06\\n29.00\\n28.53\\n24.40\\n18.26\\n30.13\\n42.43; 55.70! 64.07 72.21\\n66.24\\n60.65\\n49.97\\n37.09\\n27.0945.69\\nVrh\u00c2\u00abnnometer, extremes.\\n40.001 35.3c\\n42.3C\\n60.00; 68.30; 63.67! 84.33\\n75.0C\\n74.33\\n64.33\\n50.67\\n38.67\\n\u00c2\u00a3.00! 11.33\\n1 1\\n16.00\\n24.301 43.701 54.00 63.67\\n54.67\\n44.33\\n38.33\\n23.67\\n4.33", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "380\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at CHAPEL HILL, North Carolina Latitude,\\n35\u00c2\u00b0 54 v 21 N.; Longitude, 79\u00c2\u00b0 17 30 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M.J\\naud at 2 and 9 P. AI. Observer, Professor James Phillips.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nBarometer, extremes....\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes. 1\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar. April.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\na\\nc.\\n29.60\\n30.07\\n29.05\\n40.70\\n58.33\\n26.00\\n29.52\\n30.07\\n28.88\\n41.79\\n58.67\\n28.00\\n29.59\\n29.93\\n29.19\\n45.31\\n64.00\\n31.33\\n29.41\\n29.71\\n28.93\\n36.40\\n53.00\\n25.00\\n29.50\\n29.88\\n29.14\\n54.77\\n73.67\\n38.33\\n29.40\\n29.81\\n28.91\\n46.83\\n63.60\\n30.00\\n29.49\\n30.04\\n29.11\\n56.88\\n77.33\\n34.33\\n29.49\\n29.70\\n28.97\\n64.03\\n84.00\\n40.00\\n29.45\\n29.67\\n29.28\\n68.70\\n76.00\\n57.00\\n29.42\\n29.64\\n29.11\\n67.73\\n78.60\\n54.00\\n29.41\\n29.62\\n29.10\\n75.93\\n88.30\\n56.30\\n29.40\\n29.63\\n29.13\\n74.11\\n86.67\\n59.67\\n29.46\\n29.58\\n29.35\\n81.07\\n89.60\\n71.60\\n29.47\\n29.66\\n29.30\\n80.20\\n86.67\\n71.33\\n29.46\\n29.59\\n29.29\\n78.30\\n88.70\\n68.00\\n29.46\\n29.69\\n29.25\\n76.68\\n83.67\\n62.67\\n29.50\\n29.83\\n29.06\\n74.90\\n86.30\\n59.30\\n29.53\\n29.77\\n29.32\\n73.56\\n83.33\\n62.00\\n29.54\\n29.83\\n29.09\\n62.65\\n76.66\\n48.66\\n29.44\\n29.67\\n29.12\\n58.50\\n71.67\\n43.00\\n29.42\\n29.85\\n28.95\\n49.17\\n67.00\\n36.00\\n29.53\\n29.77\\n29.00\\n53. S7\\n67.33\\n38.33\\n29.48 29.49\\n29.93\\n29.01\\n39.5160.66\\n59.67\\n28.00\\n29.52 29.47\\n30.07\\n28.83\\n43.50 60.68\\n63.67\\n27.67\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at DETROIT, Michigan Latitude, 42\u00c2\u00b0 24/ N.;\\nLongitude, 83\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide- water, 620 feet. Hours of ob-\\nservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Rev. George Doffibld.\\n1\\nI 1854.\\nj\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\n3\\nC\\nC\\n29.56\\n29.63\\n29.51\\n29.56\\n29.49\\n29.49\\n29.60\\n29.54\\n29.57\\n29.56| 29.35\\n29.49\\n29.53\\nBarometer, extremes...]\\n30.13\\n30.05\\n29.99\\n29.99\\n29.87\\n29.84\\n29.76\\n29.70\\n29.99\\n30.04\\n30.02\\n29.90\\n28.76\\n29.04\\n28.81\\n29.10\\n28.89\\n29.07\\n29.29\\n29.39\\n29.22\\n28.70\\n28.53\\n28.86\\n24.01\\n27.07\\n37.40\\n45.39\\n59.40\\n70.96\\n76.72\\n73.40\\n66.17\\n54.46\\n38.73\\n27.09\\n50.07\\nThermometer, extremes\\n45.00\\n44.33\\n53.00\\n64.33\\n74.00\\n87.60\\n87.67\\n85.30\\n65.00\\n50.33\\n39.67\\n5.00\\n6.60\\n20.33\\n29.67\\n42.00\\n59.00\\n61.67\\n60.00\\n50.30\\n37.67\\n26.33\\n5.67\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches\\n29.48\\n29.50\\n29.42\\n29.52\\n29.53\\n29.40\\n29.50\\n29.52\\n29.58\\n29.44\\n29.55\\n29.51\\n29.50.\\nBarometer, extremes.... j\\n30.30\\n29.93\\n29.99\\n29.91\\n29.78\\n29.70\\n29.72\\n29.82\\n29.78\\n29.79\\n29.95\\n30.04\\n1\\n28.54\\n29.13\\n28.76\\n29.22\\n29.22\\n28.89\\n29.24\\n29.15\\n29.23\\n28.98\\n29.01\\n28.41\\nTheririometer, mean....\\n28.31\\n18.01\\n31.37\\n49.67\\n58.20\\n64.74\\n73.08\\n69.77\\n65.24\\n47.26\\n41.62\\n28.41\\n47.97\\nThermometer, extremes\\n56.00\\n38.00\\n46.00\\n73.00\\n73.70\\n83.33\\n84.33\\n80.60\\n78.00\\n62.33\\n58.67\\n46.67\\n8.67\\n7.00\\n17.70\\n25.00\\n36.30\\n46.00\\n62.67\\n57.00\\n50.00\\n33.00\\n26.33\\n8.33\\n1\\nJnimmary of Meteorological Observations, made at the DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION,\\nNew York city; Latitude, 40\u00c2\u00b0 43 N.; Longitude, 74\u00c2\u00b0 5 W. from Greenwich; Elevation\\nabove tide-water, 159 feet. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M.\\nObserver, Professor 0. W. Morris.\\nS* 1854.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nrt 1\\nII\\n1\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.85\\n29.93\\n29.83\\n29.88\\n29.84\\n29.83\\n29.90\\n29.89\\n29.98\\n29.99\\n29.80\\n29.87\\n29.88.\\nBarometer, extremes.\\n30.52\\n30.44\\n30.24\\n30.55\\n30.20\\n30.09\\n30.12\\n30.16\\n30.39\\n30.36\\n30.41\\n30.60\\nI\\n29.36\\n29.39\\n29.07\\n29.34\\n29.47\\n29.52\\n29.69\\n29.61\\n29.61\\n29.39\\n29.07\\n28.98\\n29.59\\n33.12\\n37.13\\n46.69\\n60.85\\n70.00\\n77.20\\n74.10\\n66.30\\n56.71\\n44.11\\n28.07\\n51.99;\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n50.03\\n42.00\\n60.73\\n63.50\\n73.53\\n77.70\\n86.60\\n83.50\\n83.80\\n68.67\\n60.63\\n42.00\\n13.86\\n16.70\\n23.86\\n32.00\\n45.80\\n58.60\\n62.00\\n63.00\\n51.10\\n40.00\\n27.83\\n10.00\\n77.00\\n79.00\\n72.00\\n73.00\\n69.00\\n68.00\\n67.00\\n62.00\\n68.00\\n69.00\\n69.00\\n77.00\\n71.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n96.00\\n100.00\\n92.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\n32.00\\n22.00\\n29.00\\n28.00\\n24.00\\n29.00\\n39.00\\n30.00\\n30.00\\n29.00\\n37.00\\n34.00\\n1855.\\nIBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.99\\n29.89\\n29.89\\n29.95\\n29.91\\n2P.86\\n29.95\\n30.00\\n30.05\\n29.90\\n30.03\\n30.0139 8:\\nr c\\n30.72\\n30.26\\n30.36\\n30.27\\n30.22\\n30.11\\n30.25\\n30.33\\n30.34\\n30.30\\n30.35\\n30.4\u00c2\u00bb\\n29.05\\n29.52\\n29.25\\n29.20\\n29.53\\n29.44\\n29.80\\n29.48\\n29.67\\n29.50\\n29.39\\n29.08\\n31.52\\n23.83\\n35.57\\n47.40\\n59.33\\n68.40\\n75.14\\n71.30\\n66.16\\n53.31\\n44.38\\n34.72\\n50.92i\\nc\\n42.10\\n37.41\\n47.90\\n68.10\\n74.00\\n84.54\\n87.40\\n78.60\\n80.67\\n67.40\\n55.16\\n48.60\\nThermometer, extremes, i\\n16.90\\n4.73\\n23.80\\n32.70\\n39.40\\n57.63\\n60.40\\n61.56\\n51.96\\n39.83\\n30.33\\n18.73\\nPaTchxorieter, extremes.\\n78.00\\n73.00\\n69.00\\n69.00\\n62.00\\n70.00\\n76.00\\n70.00\\n68.00\\n71.00\\n71.00\\n58.00\\n70.001\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n95.00\\n96.00\\n100.00\\n100.00, 97.00\\n33.00\\n10.00\\n15.00\\n18.00\\n25.00\\n24.00 43.00\\n37.00\\n42.00\\n38.00\\n41.00J 9.00\\n1\\ni", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n381\\nSummary of Meterological Observations, made at EXETER, New Hampshire Latitude, 42\u00c2\u00b0 Stf\\nN.; Longitude, 70\u00c2\u00b0 55 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP. M. Observer, Rev. L. W. Leonard.\\n1854.\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1S55.\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril. May. June.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nIIS\\n3\\na\\na\\n18.53\\n40.00\\n6.33\\n25.11\\n40.67\\n14.33\\n19.S5\\n36.67\\n0.00\\n17.12\\n35.33\\n11.33\\n29.73\\n49.33\\n18.33\\n30.27\\n42.00\\n18.00\\n38.87\\n52.00\\n25.33\\n40.80\\n57.70\\n24.00\\n56.90\\n66.67\\n35.33\\n52.07\\n68.70\\n41.30\\n62.97\\n70.00\\n56.00\\n61.47\\n77.00\\n53.00\\n70.20\\n80.00\\n58.00\\n68.54\\n79.67\\n60.33\\n65.73\\n77.00\\n57.30\\n62.72\\n70.33\\n51.33\\n58.13\\n77.70\\n42.70\\n57.73\\n74.33\\n44.33\\n48.80\\n63.33\\n35.00\\n52.18\\n61.33\\n34.33\\n38.11\\n58.00\\n23.00,\\n36.56\\n56.00\\n20.33\\n21.61\\n36.00\\n0.33\\n26.52\\n41.00\\n10.3l\\n44.10\\n44.26\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at DUBUQUE, Iowa; Latitude, 42\u00c2\u00b0 29^ N.-;\\nLongitude, 90\u00c2\u00b0 50 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 680 feet. Hours of\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. Asa Has.\\n1854.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\n29.26\\nApril.\\nM\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.37\\n29.31\\n29.28\\n29.16\\n29.25\\n29.34\\n29.3\\n29.37\\n29.37\\n29.23\\n29.33\\n29.30\\nBarometer, extremes...\\n29.99\\n29.81\\n29.82\\n29.87\\n29.50\\n29.61\\n29.60\\n29.60\\n29.79\\n29.75\\n29.91\\n29.65\\n28.69\\n28.80\\n28.81\\n28.75\\n28.46\\n28.94\\n29.14\\n29.19\\n29.08\\n28.71\\n28.38\\n28.76\\n15.35\\n27.84\\n39.00\\n52.19\\n60.73\\n70.23\\n77.27\\n74.60\\n68.07\\n56.57\\n37.92\\n27.35\\n51.43}\\nThermometer, extremes 5\\n41.50\\n42.00\\n54.67\\n79.00\\n74.33\\n86.00\\n87.70\\n84.70\\n86.00\\n72.33\\n53.67\\n38.33\\n7.33\\n12.00\\n21.00\\n26.00\\n52.33\\n45.00\\n67.70\\n62.00\\n55.00\\n38.50\\n20.33\\n12.00\\n80.00\\n76.00\\n65.00\\n54.00\\n55.00\\n69.00\\n70.00\\n68.00\\n70.00\\n66.00\\n68.00\\n75.00\\n68.0O 1\\nI sychrometer, extremes\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean, inches.\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n91.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n92.00\\n95.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n28.00\\n48.00\\n21.00\\n9.00\\n14.00\\n29.00\\n36.00\\n34.00\\n27.00\\n28.00\\n22.00\\n31.00\\n29.26\\n29.37\\n29.27\\n29.31\\n29.31\\n29.21\\n29.27\\n29.35\\n29.34\\n29.32\\n29.30\\n29.35\\n29.31\\nBarometer, extremes\\n29.93\\n29.85\\n29.76\\n29.78\\n29.67\\n29.61\\n29.47\\n29.63\\n29.55\\n29.65\\n29.78\\n29.94\\n28.83\\n28.77\\n28.52\\n28.97\\n28.80\\n28.85\\n28.99\\n29.08\\n29.04\\n28.80\\n28.58\\n28.25\\n24.23\\n18.75\\n31.33\\n55.43\\n63.90\\n68.05\\n73.23\\n69.32\\n64.61\\n48.45\\n39.58\\n21.63\\n48.91\\nThermometer, extremes\\n57.00\\n35.33\\n45.00\\n77.30\\n81.00\\n83.33\\n86.33\\n86.33\\n79.67\\n66.00\\n59.33\\n46.67\\n2.67\\n0.67\\n11.30\\n32.30\\n48.00\\n53.00\\n60.00\\n56.00\\n52.33\\n31.33\\n9.33\\n81.00\\n84.00\\n78.00\\n57.00\\n55.00\\n67.00\\n7000\\n75.00\\n78.00\\n64.00\\n67.00\\n64.00\\n70.0C\\nPsychrometer, extremes\\n_\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n96.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n11.00\\n44.00\\n31.00\\n12.00\\n16.00\\n20.00\\n32.00\\n43.00\\n40.00\\n14.00\\n17.00\\n11.00\\n1\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at FREDERICK, Maryland; Latitude, 39\u00c2\u00b0 2Y\\nN. Longitude, 71\u00c2\u00b0 18 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP.M. Observer, H. E. Hanshaw.\\nlS54t.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\n3\\nc\\nC\\nBarometer, mean inches\\n29.82\\n29.77\\n29.66\\n29.68\\n29.65\\n29.61\\n29.69\\n29.69\\n29.76\\n29.78\\n29.60\\n29.66\\n29.701\\nBarometer, extremes\\n30.28\\n30.25\\n30.08\\n30.36\\n29.92\\n29.94\\n29.87\\n29.96\\n30.17\\n30.16\\n30.21\\n30.331\\n28.97\\n29.19\\n29.09\\n29.09\\n29.43\\n29.23\\n29.51\\n29.42\\n29.32\\n29.18\\n28.97\\n29.\\nThermometer, mean\\n32.32\\n35.21\\n41.24\\n50.83\\n65.84\\n74.07\\n81.33\\n77.10\\n70.30\\n55.83\\n42.78\\n31.56\\n54.871\\nThermometer, extremes 5\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n49.60\\n56.60\\n65.40\\n68.80\\n74.57\\n87.70\\n90.70\\n89.10\\n85.60\\n70.63\\n59.43\\n46.67\\n19.33\\n21.26\\n28.50\\n32.33\\n49.77\\n60.50\\n71.50\\n63.90\\n52.70\\n37.40\\n31.37\\n18.00\\n29.76\\n29.61\\n29.51\\n29.57\\n29.53\\n29.47\\n29.58\\n29.61\\n29.68\\n29.55\\n29.66\\n29.67\\n39.60\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n30.46\\n29.92\\n30.01\\n29.88\\n29.77\\n29.74\\n29.78\\n29.93\\n29.90\\n29.92\\n29.93\\n30.35\\n29.01\\n29.29\\n29.01\\n29.12\\n29.22\\n29.09\\n2936\\n29.22\\n29.34\\n29.20\\n29.06\\n28.61\\n33.39\\n26.39\\n38.37\\n54.47\\n64.50\\n70.79\\n78.46\\n72.66\\n67.76\\n51.43\\n46.25\\n35.08\\n53.30\\n(Thermometer, extremes\\n48.23\\n41.10\\n51.30\\n76.20\\n78.20\\n89.00\\n87.33\\n79.27\\n79.83\\n64.97\\n59.07\\n47.27\\n21.93\\n5.43\\n25.60\\n34.90\\n47.90\\n61.07\\n63.00\\n62.17\\n53.67\\n39.10\\n32.13\\n20.40\\n80.00\\n74.00\\n64.00\\n61.00\\n55.00\\n70.0C\\n73.00\\n80.00\\n87.00\\n76.00\\n75.00\\n72.00\\n72.00)\\nhoo.oo.\\n100.00\\n99.0C\\n100.00 99.0C\\n100.0C\\n100.0C\\n100.01\\n100.0C\\n100.01\\n100.00\\n100.00\\nfrfychrometer extreme*.*?\\n4 tmo[ aa.oo\\n0.00 22.00| 18.00\\n27.00\\n42.00\\n47.00\\n62.00\\n39.00\\n34.00\\n0.00\\nJ\\nr i ii\\n1", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "382\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at FORT MADISON, Iowa Latitude, 40\u00c2\u00b0 3V\\nN.; Longitude, 01\u00c2\u00b0 28 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\ni*. M. Observer, D. McCready.\\n1854.\\nThermometei, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\n[Thermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n30.44\\ns\\na\\nc\\n21.16\\n32.97\\n42.67\\n56.20\\n65.96\\n76.33\\n85.77\\n81.57\\n72.70\\n58.40\\n39.25\\n55.29\\n49.00\\n55.00\\n63.00\\n78.00\\n78.00\\n89.60\\n94.00\\n91.30\\n91.00\\n75.00\\n56.00\\n45.00\\n6.00\\n8.00\\n29.00\\n27.00\\n53.00\\n50.00\\n67.00\\n67.00\\n55.00\\n41.00\\n24.00\\n9.33\\n26.95\\n21.15\\n33.87\\n57.37\\n64.73\\n72.21\\n79.26\\n73.49\\n70.39\\n49.73\\n41.26\\n24.02\\n51.20\\n61.00\\n42.67\\n51.60\\n80.30\\n88.70\\n88.00\\n91.33\\n90.33\\n81.00\\n65.67\\n62.00\\n51.00\\n2.67\\n0.67\\n11.30\\n35.00\\n47.00\\n55.67\\n64.00\\n60.33\\n50.33\\n32.67\\n21.00\\n7.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at GLENWOOD, Tennessee Latitude, 36\u00c2\u00b0 28\\nN.; Longitude, 87\u00c2\u00b0 13 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 481 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, H. M. Stewart.\\n1854.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\ncJ\\n3\\na\\ns\\nBarometer, mean inches\\n29.67\\n29.60\\n29.54\\n29.53\\n29.45\\n29.51\\n29.58\\n29.58\\n29.58\\n29.62\\n29.54\\n29.63\\n29.57\\nBarometer, extremes.\\n30.35\\n29.99\\n29.94\\n30.26\\n29.72\\n29.70 29.74\\n29.71\\n30.05\\n29.96\\n29.98\\n29.85\\n28.91\\n28.97\\n29.12\\n29.12\\n29.04\\n29.231 29.43\\n29.46\\n29.17\\n29.15\\n28.93\\n29.24\\n1\\n37.40\\n44.24\\n52.84\\n58.66\\n66.29\\n72.97\\n80.53\\n80.77\\n76.47\\n60.39\\n45.38\\n38.69\\n59.551\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n56.60\\n63.17\\n71.07\\n76.25\\n75.33\\n84.00\\n87.50\\n88.40\\n85.10\\n76.69\\n57.36\\n58.66\\n13.93\\n27.20\\n38.47\\n36.25\\n52.60\\n60.60\\n73.60\\n72.70\\n63.60\\n48.00\\n29.67 20.80\\n1\\n69.00\\n64.00\\n65.00\\n58.00\\n74.00\\n80.00\\n76.00\\n68.00\\n69.00\\n78.00\\n67.00\\n69.00\\n70.oo;\\ni J c\\n100.00\\n96.00\\n98.00\\n92.00\\n99.00\\n98.00\\n96.00\\n99.00\\n97.00\\n99.00\\n98.00\\n98.00\\n4.00\\n0.00\\n20.00\\n19.00\\n29.00\\n49.00\\n41.00\\n26.00\\n28.00\\n36.00\\n22.00\\n23.00\\n1855.\\n1\\niBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.60\\n29.60\\n29.56\\n29.58\\n29.50\\n29.49\\n29.55\\n29.56\\n29.58\\n29.58\\n29.59\\n29.62\\nyy.57.\\n30.23\\n29.92\\n30.07\\n29.94\\n29.72\\n29.77\\n29.76\\n29.80\\n29.75\\n29.82\\n29.99\\n30.02\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n28.77\\n29.05\\n28.87\\n29.31\\n29.21\\n29.23\\n29.41\\n29.27\\n29.33\\n29.26\\n29.24\\n29.04\\n[Thermometer, extremes, i\\n39.67\\n34.35\\n44.00\\n63.07\\n66.07\\n69.7i\\n76.82\\n76.36\\n73.79\\n54.68\\n52.59\\n38.06\\n57.45\\n64.40\\n58.50\\n67.20\\n80.30\\n82.80\\n79.97\\n82.33\\n82.00\\n79.23\\n62.83\\n67.77\\n57.23\\n1\\n16.00\\n15.77\\n27.00\\n43.20\\n50.30\\n55.57\\n68.03\\n71.80\\n57.70\\n34.87\\n35.90\\n12.87\\n72.00\\n68.00\\n58.00\\n58.00\\n72.00\\n79.00\\n82.00\\n86.00\\n85.00\\n74.00\\n72.00\\n71.00\\n73.\u00c2\u00ab l\\nc\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n99.00\\n98.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\nlOt.OO\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\nj\\n14.00\\n25.00\\n14.00\\n19.00\\n21.00\\n33.00\\n43.00\\n51.00\\n40.00\\n26.00\\n27.00\\n14.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at GETTYSBURG, Pennsylvania Latitude,\\n39\u00c2\u00b0 51/ N.; Longitude, 77\u00c2\u00b0 15 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and\\nat 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Professor M. Jacobs.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nIBarometer, extremes...\\n[Thermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes...\\nThermometer, mean\\n(Thermometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\n29.50\\n29.46\\n29.41\\n29.42\\n29.36\\n29.36\\n29.44\\n29.44\\n29.50\\n29.51\\n29.34\\n29.97\\n29.94\\n29.84\\n30.05\\n29.66\\n29.66\\n29.61\\n29.66\\n29.87\\n29.93\\n29.93\\n28.74\\n28.92\\n28.67\\n28.83\\n29.11\\n29.00\\n29.28\\n29.19\\n29.06\\n28.84\\n28.63\\n27.91\\n31.64\\n41.09\\n49.26\\n63.80\\n71.70\\n79.00\\n75.83\\n69.60\\n55.54\\n41.10\\n47.33\\n48.67\\n65.33\\n69.00\\n73.00\\n86.00\\n88.00\\n85.70\\n84.30\\n70.33\\n58.33\\n12.66\\n17.33\\n24.00\\n31.00\\n48.50-\\n59.70\\n71.00\\n62.00\\n50.70\\n37.00\\n28.33\\n29.49\\n29.39\\n29.36\\n29.44\\n29.39\\n29.34\\n29.44\\n29.48\\n29.53\\n29.38\\n29.53\\n30.20\\n29.77\\n29.87\\n29.76\\n29.65\\n29.61\\n29.72\\n29.80\\n29.76\\n29.79\\n29.63\\n28.78\\n29.02\\n28.79\\n28.89\\n29.04\\n28.92\\n29.23\\n29.02\\n29.10\\n28.98\\n28.86\\n30.04\\n22.64\\n35.37\\n52.21\\n63.85\\n67.54\\n78.53\\n70.56\\n67.94\\n49.98\\n44.03\\n49.67\\n38.33\\n48.0C\\n77.00\\n76.30\\n86.00\\n84.33\\n77.67\\n78.00\\n62.67\\n55.33\\n19.00\\n1.33\\n21.30\\n31.00\\n43.30\\n58.00\\n61.33\\n60.33\\n51.67\\n36.00\\nSte.KO\\nDec.\\n29.43\\n30.08\\n28.81\\n28.44\\n41.00\\n12.00\\n29.49 29.44 1\\n30.06\\n28.47( i\\n31.59^;. :y\\n4RP- 1\\n12.\\n33| f", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n383\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at GOUVERNEUR, New York; Latitude, 44\u00c2\u00b0\\n25 N.; Longitude, 75\u00c2\u00b0 35 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2\\nand 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. P. 0. Williams.\\n1854.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\nC\\na\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n17.93\\n47.33\\n14.33\\n24.66\\n46.33\\n8.67\\n16.05\\n37.33\\n0.14\\n13.94\\n35.67\\n26.00\\n27.77\\n45.00\\n7.43\\n27.47\\n42.00\\n6.00\\n39.40\\n56.33\\n24.67\\n43.60\\n62.00\\n18.70\\n60.13\\n75.67\\n30.00\\n58.53\\n72.70\\n44.70\\n66.70\\n78.30\\n57.30\\n62.91\\n80.00\\n47.33\\n78.10\\n86.70\\n62.00\\n72.58\\n83.33\\n60.00\\n70.37\\n78.70\\n59.30\\n68.05\\n81.33\\n58.00\\n59.73\\n81.30\\n41.30\\n62.22\\n77.33\\n40.33\\n49.47\\n65.67\\n32.00\\n48.24\\n62.00\\n31.33\\n34.87\\n52.33\\n18.67\\n36.15\\n50.67\\n18.67\\n20.76\\n38.33\\n0.16\\n30.04\\n49.33\\n10.87\\n45.11\\n45.701\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at HARRISBURG, Pennsylvania Latitude)\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 16 N.; Longitude, 76\u00c2\u00b0 50 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at\\n2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. J. Herselt.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\ns\\na\\na\\n29.80\\n29.78\\n29.67\\n29.69\\n29.65\\n29.65\\n29.75\\n29.75\\n29.81\\n29.83\\n29.60 29.71\\n29.72\\nBarometer, extremes..\\n30.27\\n30.24\\n30.13\\n30.34\\n29.94\\n29.95\\n29.91\\n30.00\\n30.19\\n30.21\\n30.16! 30.39\\n29.04\\n29.23\\n29.05\\n29.31\\n29.45\\n29.29\\n29.60\\n29.51\\n29.41\\n29.12\\n28.96\\n29.10\\n31.22\\n33.54\\n42.56\\n51.13\\n67.67\\n75.27\\n80.63\\n78.03\\n73.40\\n58.66\\n45.02\\n30.93\\n55.67\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n50.33\\n47.00\\n60.67\\n72.00\\n76.00\\n87.70\\n90.60\\n85.70\\n88.00\\n72.67\\n63.00\\n41.00\\n20.00\\n24.00\\n28.33\\n33.00\\n53.33\\n67.70\\n78.60\\n68.30\\n56.00\\n40.67\\n36.67\\n16.67\\n29.75\\n29.71\\n29.67\\n29.74\\n29.71\\n29.64\\n29.74\\n29.77\\n29.86\\n29.70\\n29.85\\n29.81\\n29.7.\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n30.40\\n30.09\\n30.17\\n30.07\\n29.98\\n29!97\\n30.02\\n30.10\\n30.07\\n30.03\\n30.12\\n30.35\\n29.05\\n29.33\\n29.11\\n29.20\\n29.34\\n29.24\\n29.56\\n29.33\\n29.49\\n29.25\\n29.31\\n28.83\\n31.80\\n25.74\\n37.80\\n53.60\\n64.93\\n71.54\\n79.05\\n75.05\\n66.17\\n53.06\\n47.83\\n35.34\\n53.49\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n41.00\\n39.33\\n50.30\\n72.00\\n78.00\\n89.33\\n89.00\\n81.33\\n82.67\\n63.00\\n58.67\\n46.67\\n23.33\\n1.33\\n27.70\\n34.70\\n48.70\\n62.00\\n64.00\\n66.67\\n56.67\\n40.67\\n37.67| 20.00\\ni\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at JACKSONVILLE, Florida; Latitude, 30 r\\n15 N.; Longitude, 82\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide- water, 14 feet. Hours of\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. A. S. Baldwin.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\n1 111\\nNov. Dec. a 1\\n1 El\\nK\\n30.25\\n30.18\\n30.12\\n30.08\\n29.99\\n30.01\\n30.11\\n30.10\\n30.05\\n30.12\\n30.09 30.14\\n30.10\\n30.62\\n30.46\\n30.42\\n30.57\\n31.21\\n30.15\\n30.26\\n30.18\\n30.30\\n30.32\\n30.351 30.44\\nBarometer, extremes..\\n29.80\\n29.41\\n29.40\\n29.62\\n29.81\\n29.81\\n29.92\\n30.01 1 29.42\\n29.86\\n29.60| 29.34\\n57.48\\n60.43\\n67.88\\n65.19\\n76.36\\n80.50\\n83.33\\n82.67\\n80.90\\n71.23\\n59.28 49.44\\n69.56\\n~\u00e2\u0080\u009e_\\n69.67\\n70.67\\n77.67\\n76.67\\n82.00\\n87.30\\n89.30\\n89.00\\n85.30\\n78.00\\n73.67 66.35\\n1\\nThermometer, extremes. J\\n42.67\\n45.67\\n50.33\\n50.33\\n64.33\\n65.70\\n76.70\\n78.00\\n73.30\\n61.66\\n44.33 39.67\\n1\\n86.00\\n83.00\\n82.00\\n81.00\\n84.00\\n86.00\\n81.00\\n81.00\\n85.00\\n83.00\\n81.00| 88.00\\n83.00 1\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n95.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n96.00\\n96.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00! 100.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\n13.00\\n5.00\\n56.00\\n45.00\\n49.00\\n56.00\\n49.00\\n38.00\\n59.00\\n56.00\\n51.00\\n18.00\\n1\\n30.17\\n30.10\\n30.10\\n30.16\\n30.04\\n30.08\\n30.15\\n30.10\\n30.12\\n30.09\\n30.09\\n30.20\\n30.12\\n30.60\\n30.55\\n30.43\\n29.45\\n30.36\\n30.27\\n30.28\\n30.30\\n30.31\\n30.32\\n30.36\\n30.31\\n30.58\\nBarometer, extremes...\\n29.58\\n29.65\\n29.85\\n29.64\\n29.85\\n30.02\\n29.94\\n29.91\\n29.80\\n29.61\\n29.81\\n55.31\\n51.77\\n60.50\\n70.31\\n76.46\\n78.37\\n81.32\\n82.15\\n80.56\\n66.13\\n68.91\\n59.05\\n69.24\\n66.33\\n69.00\\n76.30\\n80.67\\n91.00\\n82.67\\n84.67\\n85.67\\n85.33\\n80.00 77.00\\n71.67\\nThermometer, extremes. 5\\n37.00\\n40.67\\n39.30\\n58.33\\n65.70\\n72.6?\\n75.67\\n74.67\\n75.66\\n49.00 49.33\\n42.33\\ni\\n83.00\\n81.00\\n77.00\\n80.00\\n80.00\\n86.00\\n86.00\\n87.00\\n88.00\\n86.00\\n91.00\\n89.00\\n85.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n95.00\\n91.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n96.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n39.00\\n51.00\\n0.00\\n15.00\\n45.00\\n50.00\\n60.00\\n66.00\\n65.00\\n65.00\\n65.00\\n47.00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "384\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at LEWISBURG, Virginia Latitude, 37\u00c2\u00b0 49\\nN.; Longitude, 80\u00c2\u00b0 28 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 ajid\\n9 p. M. Observer, Dr. T. Pattos.\\n1854.\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nThermometer, extremes. I\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\nc\\ne\\n33.2B\\n58.67\\n17.33\\n37.55\\n50.67\\n22.33\\n38.42\\n54.33\\n25.67\\n30.08\\n40.67\\n17.00\\n47.19\\n62.67\\n30.67\\n41.60\\n55.00\\n25.30\\n51.62\\n72.67\\n2S-.00\\n56.10\\n70.30\\n38.30\\n65.33\\n74.00\\n50.67\\n64.33\\n77.00\\n44.30\\n70.93\\n83.00\\n59.00\\n67.15\\n77.67\\n51.33\\n79.67\\na^.oo\\n71.30\\n74.62\\n79.00\\n65.33\\n74.90\\n85.30\\n66.70\\n72.94\\n78.00\\n60.67\\n70.00\\n81.30\\n56.30\\n67.58\\n76.33\\n50.67\\n56.47\\n69.33\\n42.00\\n50.46\\n60.67\\n33.00\\n42.27\\n56.33\\n31.33\\n47.77\\n60.67\\n33.33\\n34.4355.29\\n52.67\\n30.33\\n36.46 53.89\\n50.33\\n17.67\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at LIMA, Pennsylvania; Latitude, 39\u00c2\u00b0 55 N.:\\nLongitude, 75\u00c2\u00b0 25 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 196 feet. Hours oi\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, J. Edwards.\\n185*.\\nj\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\na\\n1)\\n29.95\\n29.90\\n29.78\\n29.81\\n29.78\\n29.77\\n29.86\\n29.86\\n29.94\\n29.93\\n29.73\\n29.82\\n29.84\\nr\\n30.46\\n30.39\\n30.23\\n30.50\\n30.14\\n30.06\\n30.05\\n30.14\\n30.32\\n30.34\\n30.33\\n30.54\\nBarometer, extremes I\\n29.23\\n29.39\\n29.05\\n29.20\\n29.52\\n29.45\\n29.69\\n29.58\\n29.51\\n29.28\\n29.07\\n29.09\\n29.86\\n31.79\\n39.95\\n48.19\\n62.34\\n70.07\\n76.60\\n72.23\\n66.43\\n54.03\\n42.29\\n28.96\\n51.90\\nm\\n51.95\\n50.00\\n63.47\\n68.00\\n71.60\\n81.50\\n89.10\\n81.90\\n82.60\\n66.30\\n59.83\\n43.07\\nThermometer, extremes l\\n18.10\\n18.40\\n26.10\\n30.40\\n47.17\\n56.60\\n67.70\\n64.50\\n48.90\\n37.40\\n27.73\\n8.00\\n79.00\\n76.00\\n68.00\\n73.00\\n73.00\\n79.00\\n78.00\\n77.00\\n77.00\\n76.00\\n72.00\\n78.00\\n7MX)|\\nLOO. OH\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n98.00\\n99.00\\n96.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\ni\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n37.00\\n27.00\\n20.00\\n12.00\\n20.00\\n43.00\\n38.00\\n42.00\\n35.00\\n21.00\\n35.00\\n44.00\\n1855.\\n29.8*}\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.93\\n29.79\\n29.76\\n29.85\\n29.79\\n29.75\\n29.85\\n29.89\\n29.95\\n29.80\\n29.93\\n29.91\\n30.62\\n30.20\\n30.28\\n30.17\\n30.1.1\\n30.03\\n30.16\\n30.24\\n30.21\\n30.18, 30.23\\n30.4b\\nBarometer, extremes. i\\n29.04\\n29.44\\n29.20\\n29.18\\n29.38\\n29.39\\n29.61\\n29.42\\n29.57\\n29.33 29.28\\n28.921\\n32.46\\n24.85\\n36.57\\n50.40\\n60.50\\n68.73\\n76.33\\n70.51\\n64.95\\n50.89. 44.95\\n33.72\\n51. V\\n50.40\\n42.03\\n49.10\\n72.60\\n75.3C\\n86.20\\n84.00\\n77.20\\n74.50\\n66.10\\n58.40\\n51.00\\nThermometer, extreme?.\\n20.60\\n3.63\\n18.90\\n32.60\\n44.60\\n58.20\\n62.33\\n60.70\\n50.50\\n38.50\\n30.00\\n17.10\\n80.00\\n72.00\\n64.00\\n67.00\\n60.00\\n78.00\\n81.00\\n80.00\\n81.00\\n80.00\\n77.00\\n77.00\\n75.0**\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n97.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes\\n34.00\\n23.00\\n24.00\\n12.00\\n10.00\\n39.00\\n46.00\\n40.00\\n38.00\\n34.00\\n33.00\\n33.00\\n1\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at LODI, New York; Latitude, 42\u00c2\u00b0 37/ N.; Lon-\\ngitude, 76\u00c2\u00b0 53 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. ML and at 2 and 9 P. U.\\nObserver, J. Lefferts*\\nh\\nt 1854\u00c2\u00bb\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\n[Thermometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n25.12\\n47.07\\n3.00\\n25.95\\n39.33\\n9.33\\n23.06\\n43.34\\n5.67\\n15.87\\n37.00\\n18.33\\n31.88\\n52.67\\n13.67\\n29.17\\n47.30\\n13.00\\n41.79\\n63.00\\n22.00\\n45.04\\n66.30\\n19.70\\n58.77\\n71.00\\n32.67\\n55.73\\n72.00\\n36.30\\n68.10\\n82.00\\n56.70\\n62.91\\n83.33\\n48.67\\n75.80\\n86.00\\n63.00\\n71.61\\n83.33\\n62.33\\n71.80\\n82.00\\n57.00\\n66.29\\n74.33\\n52.67\\n63.77\\n84.00\\n45.30\\n61.51\\n78.00\\n42.33\\n53.28\\n66.00\\n36.00\\n46.10\\n63.67\\n30.00\\n36.70\\n53.33\\n22.00\\n39.53\\n55.00\\n22.67\\n22.75\\n39.33\\n5.67\\n2S.43\\n43.33\\n11.00\\n47.\\ni\\n45.68\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at MENDEN, Massachusetts Latitude, 42\u00c2\u00b0\\nN.; Longitude, 71\u00c2\u00b0 34 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and\\n9 p. M. Observer, Dr. J. G. Metcalf.\\n1 1854.\\nI\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n1\\n1\\nThermometer, extremes\\nj 1855.\\nThermometer, extremes\\n23.66\\n47.67\\n0.00\\n28.11\\n45.67\\n12.67\\n22.51\\n38.66\\n1.50\\n19.14\\n36.00\\n10.33\\n30.77\\n53.67\\n17.67\\n30.57\\n40.70\\n20.70\\n40.64\\n57.20\\n28.00\\n44.30\\n57.30\\n22.00\\n56.33\\n65.33\\n35.35\\n54.77\\n68.10\\n40.00\\n65.80\\n78.10\\n55.00\\n65.16\\n84.33\\n56.00\\n73.80\\n83.10\\n57.10\\n72.52\\n87.00\\n63.00\\n67.40\\n77.10\\n56.00\\n66.96\\n75.67\\n55.33\\n61.50\\n78.20\\n47.00\\n61.48\\n78.67\\n43.33\\n51.96\\n67.00\\n39.20\\n53.28\\n65.00\\n39.33\\n40.99\\n64.67\\n29.33\\n39.60\\n53.00\\n25.33\\n23.70\\n38.67\\n3.53\\n29.63\\n44.00\\n12.33\\n46.591\\n1\\n47.is|\\n1", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n385\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at MANCHESTER, New Hampshire; Lati\\ntude, 42\u00c2\u00b0 59 N.; Longitude, 71\u00c2\u00b0 28 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 300\\nfeet. Eiours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, S. N. Bell.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nBarometer, extremes....\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches\\nBarometer, extremes....\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\n30.06\\n30.07\\n29.91\\n30.02\\n29.95\\n29.93\\n30.02\\n30.01\\n30.08\\n30.08\\n30.07\\n30.70\\n30.39\\n30.63\\n30.42\\n30.22\\n30.25\\n30.47\\n30.57\\n30.48\\n29.37\\n29.45\\n29.27\\n29.50\\n29.57\\n29.65\\n29.74\\n29.85\\n29.68\\n29.33\\n21-79\\n22.47\\n32.61\\n43.55\\n61.52\\n68.30\\n75.63\\n70.43\\n61.33\\n51.60\\n41.35\\n40.33\\n52.33\\n57.00\\n72.00\\n77.30\\n86.30\\n80.70\\n83.30\\n63.33\\n7.67\\n1.67\\n19.67\\n28.67\\n37.33\\n57.70\\n60.00\\n60.30\\n47.70\\n39.33\\n30.09 29.91\\n29.89\\n29.94\\n29.95\\n29.87\\n30.01\\n30.02\\n30.06\\n29.85\\n30.91 30.51\\n30.37\\n30.30\\n30.29\\n30.16\\n30.29\\n30.33\\n30.35\\n30.18\\n29.14\\n29.64\\n29.26\\n29.05\\n29.60\\n29.43\\n29.72\\n29.50\\n29.63\\n29.43\\n26.67\\n19.92\\n32.33\\n42.03\\n56.72\\n66.46\\n74.70\\n67.13\\n60.12\\n55.63\\n44.33\\n37.33\\n47.00\\n53.30\\n70.33\\n86.33\\n87.00\\n76.33\\n76.67\\n65.00\\n9.00\\n15.33\\n20.00\\n24.30\\n44.67\\n56.67\\n64.33\\n52.33\\n45.33\\n40.33\\n29.86\\n30.50\\n29.27\\n40.09,\\n59. 7|\\n24.6\\n30.10\\n30.48\\n29.44\\n36.05\\n48.67\\n21.00\\n29. HO\\n30.7\\n28.93\\n23.15\\n38.33\\n2.00\\n29.93\\n30.34\\n29.08\\n27.81\\n39.33\\n7.00\\n29.99\\n17.7!\\n29.97\\n47.13\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at MORRTSV1LLE, Pennsylvania Latitude,\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 12 N.: Longitude, 74\u00c2\u00b0 53 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide water, 30 feet\\nHours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, E. Hance.\\n_\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\n1554.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar. April. May. [June.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\na\\ne\\n30.17\\n29.731 3I..04\\n30.06 30.03! 30.02\\n30.10\\n30.10\\n30.16\\n30.17\\n29.99\\n30.11\\n30 06\\n30.65\\n30.60! 30.4S\\n30.701 30.35 30.35\\n30.25\\n30.30\\n30.50\\n30.50\\n30.55\\n30.80\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n29.45\\n29.60 1 29.30\\n29.501 29.70 29.75\\n29.95\\n29.85\\n29.80\\n29.60\\n29.35\\n29.35\\n29.15\\n31.18 39.00\\n47.85 63.83 68.73\\n75.00\\n71 63: fiR.03\\n55.51\\n42.70\\n28.00\\n51.5a\\n51.67\\n44.00\\n60.67\\n66.67 71.00, 78.30\\n85.00\\n81.30 82.00\\n69.00\\n59.00\\n40.67\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n16.33\\n19 67\\n25.67\\n31.33 49.00 56.70\\n65.00\\n61.30\\n52.00\\n42.66\\n28.67\\n11.00\\n30.18\\n30.05\\n30.03! 30.12| 30.07 30.03\\n30.11\\n30.16\\n30.20\\n30.04\\n30.15\\n30.14\\n30.11\\nBarometer, extremes.\\n30.90\\n29.25\\n30.-15\\n29 65\\n30.50\\n29.45\\n30.451 30.40 30.30\\n29.501 29.70 29.65\\n30.40\\n29.90\\n30.50\\n29.70\\n30.45\\n29.a5\\n30.45\\n29.60\\n30.48\\n29.52\\n30.65\\n29.20\\n1\\n31.88\\n24.95\\n36.17\\n49.07i 59.70 67.38\\n74.16\\n69.70\\n64.69\\n50.62\\n44.24\\n33.45\\n50.50\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n49.00\\n21.00\\n40.00\\n3.33\\n50.00\\n23.30\\n67.70 73.30 81.33\\n34.70 40.70, 60.00\\nI\\n83.67\\n64.67\\n76.67\\n62.00\\n77.33\\n52.67\\n67.33\\n39.67\\n56.67\\n32.00\\n46.0C\\n18.67\\n1\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at MILTON, Indiana; Latitude, 39\u00c2\u00b0 47 N/\\nLongitude, 85\u00c2\u00b0 2 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide water, 800 feet. Hours of\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. V. Kusey\\n1854.\\nBarometer, menn inches.\\nBarometeer, extremes..\\niThermometer, mean\\n^Thermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes....\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n25\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\n29.00\\nApril.\\n29.06\\n29.09\\n29.06\\n29.64\\n29.48\\n29.40\\n29.47\\n28.46\\n28.42\\n28.45\\n28.60\\n27.35\\n34.12\\n42.75\\n51.35\\n51.16\\n50.00\\n59.50\\n72.50\\n3.67\\n21.67\\n27.00\\n29.80\\n29.02\\n29.07\\n29.02\\n29.09\\n29.67\\n29.51\\n29.47\\n29.43\\n28.07\\n28.48\\n28.16\\n28.82\\n31.62\\n23.53\\n33.60\\n54.43\\n57.50\\n40.50\\n47.20\\n78.50\\n8.16\\n7.33\\n19.70\\n30.50\\nMay. June\\nI\\n28.98 29.02\\n29.26 29.30\\n28.37 28.66\\n62.88 71.63\\n75.16 85.30\\n47.50 50.70\\n29.04 28.99 29.06\\n29.31 29.28 29.23\\nJuly.\\n29.09\\n29.2\\n28.87\\n79.37\\n87.70\\n71.70\\n28.64 28.53\\n62.47 66.82\\n79.20 82.67\\n42.20 46.17\\n28.84\\n75.75\\na5.33\\n68.50\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\n29.09\\n29.09\\n29.06\\n29.17\\n29.34\\n29.38\\n28.94\\n28.71\\n28.44\\n75.10\\n70.17\\n55.33\\n87.20\\n83.50\\n68.67\\n64.00\\n53.00\\n42.83\\n29.08\\n29.10\\n29.03\\n29.38\\n29.26\\n29.33\\n28.89\\n28.83\\n28.73\\n72.19\\n68.81\\n51.82\\n83.00\\n78.83\\n65.00\\n56.83\\n53.67\\n35.33\\nNov.\\n28.91\\n29.62\\n27.74\\n38.21\\n50.00\\n25.00\\nDec.\\n29.00 29.0*\\n29.291\\n28.591\\n32.00l,53.3tf\\n51.001-\\n18.831\\n29.06 29.06|29 06\\n29.40! 29.51\\n28.53 SH.fjs\\n43. Ml 29.C8\\n60.151 47.85\\n27.101 0.66\\n51.2V!", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "386\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at NANTUCKET, Massachusetts Latitude, 41\u00c2\u00b0\\n\\\\Y N.; Longitude 70\u00c2\u00b0 6 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide water, 30 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, W. Mitchell.\\n1851.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nBarometer, extremes. 1\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nBarometer, extremes....\\nThermometer, extremes. 1\\nPsychrometer, mean\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDee.\\n3\\nc\\nc\\n30.09\\n30.80\\n29.10\\n32.61\\n48.50\\n12.86\\n80.00\\n100.00\\n8.00\\n30.11\\n30.86\\n29.15\\n37.3!\\n49.50\\n31.33\\n73.00\\n100.00\\n33.00\\n30.05\\n30.70\\n29.56\\n30.67\\n43.50\\n15.27\\n69.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n29.89\\n30.39\\n29.51\\n29.00\\n42.50\\n8.33\\n66.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n29.91\\n30.35\\n29.10\\n37.07\\n49.67\\n25.83\\n57.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n29.87\\n30.35\\n29.32\\n36.40\\n45.80\\n29.80\\n67.00\\n100.00\\n32.00\\n29.97] 29.98\\n30.60 30.38\\n29.28. 29.51\\n43.95 53.13\\n54.67 62.33\\n33.33: 42.33\\n70.00 72.00\\n100.00 loo.oo\\n0.00 17.00\\n29.95 29.91\\n30.31 30.30\\n28.89 29.35\\n44.771 52.30\\n53.20: 61.70\\n31.50! 42.80\\n67.00 69.00\\n100.00100.00\\n20.00 14.00\\n29.92 30.02\\n30.18 30.21\\n29.61 29.7S\\n63.47 71.73\\n74.20 77.70\\n51.70 63.60\\n74.00 74.00\\n93.001 94.00\\n17.00 35.00\\n29.92 30.02\\n30.17 30.32\\n29.41 29.77\\n63.74 70.35\\n76.00 78.33\\n59.00 61.33\\n74.00 78.00\\n97.00,100.00\\n29.00 45.00\\n30.01\\n30.30\\n29.74\\n69.23\\n77.50\\n61.30\\n74.00\\n100.00\\n41.00\\n30.05\\n30.37\\n29.47\\n68.64\\n75.50\\n60.67\\n69.00\\n100.00\\n25.00\\n30.08\\n30.49\\n29.65\\n62.73\\n74.50\\n51.30\\n73.00\\n97.00\\n22.00\\n30.09\\n30.35\\n29.69\\n64.13\\n75.83\\n54.10\\n67.00\\n97.00\\n12.00\\n30.05\\n30.46\\n29.37\\n56.11\\n63.60\\n45.30\\n77.00\\n100.00\\n37.00\\n29.92\\n30.35\\n29.40\\n57.31\\n64.73\\n45.67\\n76.00\\n100.00\\n26.00\\n29.85 29.88\\n30.49 30.73\\n29.11 29.02\\n47.22 35.07\\n60.33 45.33\\n33.67 23.33\\n73.00 73.00\\n100.00 100.00\\n37.00 0.00\\n30.02 29.98\\n30.40 30.54\\n29.37 29.11\\n44.53 39.27\\n57.67 51.83\\n34.00 25.83\\n74.00 73.00\\n100.00; 100.00\\n38.00 37.00\\n29.9sJ\\n1\\n50.25\\n72.00\\n29.98\\n50.66\\n71.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at MUSCATINE, Iowa; Latitude, 41\u00c2\u00b0 26 N.;\\nLongitude, 91\u00c2\u00b0 5 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 586 feet. Hours of\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, T. S. Parvin.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches...\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril. May.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\n|-a\\nDec. 1 c\\n29.57\\n29.56\\n29.47\\n29.471 29.38\\n29.47\\n29.55\\n29.53\\n29.55\\n29.54\\n29.45\\n29.60J29.51I\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n30.15\\n30.01\\n29.95\\n29.96 29.70 29.76\\n29.71\\n29.72\\n29.93\\n29.86\\n30.11\\n29.90\\n29.00\\n29.03\\n28.96\\n29.00 28.74\\n29.23\\n29.22\\n29.37\\n29.28\\n29.11\\n28.85\\n29.10\\n16.21\\n28.39\\n38.91\\n51.44\\n58.55\\n69.02\\n76.39\\n73.19\\n68.12\\n55.41\\n36.85\\n26.84\\n49.9*\\nThermometer, extremes. 5\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches...\\n45.00\\n48.66\\n56.67\\n68.33\\n75.00\\n82.33\\n84.67\\n81.67\\n84.33\\n71.67\\n53.33\\n40.00\\n4.00 0.00\\n21.00\\n22.33\\n45.67\\n47.00\\n62.00\\n62.33\\n50.00\\n40.33\\n22.67\\n13.33\\n29.49 29.61\\n29.45\\n29.52\\n29.49\\n29.38\\n29.40\\n29.47\\n29.48\\n29.49\\n29.48\\n29.53\\n29.48\\nBarometer, extremes.\\n29.93 1 29.99\\n29.90\\n29.92\\n29.77\\n29.73\\n29.61\\n29.82 29.69\\n29.86\\n29.93\\n30.04\\n29.10: 29.03\\n28.75\\n29.23\\n28.99\\n29.05\\n29.23 29.20 29.23\\n29.05\\n28.94\\n28.56\\n24.24 1 19.851 30.30\\n54.30\\n60.43 67.67\\n73.05 70.45 67.66\\n47.11\\n37.69\\n21.23\\n47.83\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n59.33! 36.33 46.00\\n77.30\\n75.70 84.*\\nK4.G7 83.001 83.00\\n64.33\\n53.67\\n45.67\\n4.67J 3.00 5.70\\n32.70\\n42.70 50.33\\n62.33 58.35 48.00\\n31.00\\n20.00\\n9.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at NEW HARMONY, Indiana; Latitude, 38\u00c2\u00b0\\n8 N.; Longitude, 87\u00c2\u00b0 9 W. from Greenwich Elevation above-tide-water, 320 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 7 A.M., and at 2 and 9 P.M. Observer, J. Chappellsmith,\\nrt\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nc\\nc\\n29.78\\n29.70\\n30.27\\n29.64\\n29.56\\n29.61\\n29.67\\n29.66\\n29.67\\n29.72\\n29.61\\n29.70\\n29.72\\nBarometer, extremes.... 1\\n30.46\\n30.21\\n30.09\\n30.15\\n29.81\\n29.82\\n29.79\\n29.76\\n30.03\\n29.97\\n30.09\\n29.95\\n29.14\\n29.04\\n29.16\\n29.18\\n29.07\\n29.32\\n29.46\\n29.52\\n29.30\\n29.10\\n29.06\\n29.30\\nThermometer, mean\\n31.33\\n40.55\\n48.30\\n57.07\\n66.97\\n79.93\\n83.50\\n80.67\\n75.00\\n59.59\\n41.97\\n35.70\\n58.38\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n53.00\\n60.67\\n67.00\\n77.33\\n78.67\\n88.30\\n90.00\\n92.50\\n86.00\\n75.50\\n54.33\\n56.00\\n9.33\\n26.00\\n34.00\\n33.67\\n53.33\\n56.30\\n72.30\\n70.50\\n57.60\\n47.00\\n27.33\\n18.33\\n82.00\\n77.00\\n69.00\\n68.00\\n71.00\\n75.00\\n63.00\\n71.00\\n77.00\\n79.00\\n79.00\\n86.00\\n75.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n97.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n33.00\\n5 00\\n1.00\\n22.00\\n28.00\\n44.00\\n25.00\\n31.00\\n34.00\\n45.00\\n19.00\\n45.00\\n1855.\\nThermometer, mean\\n35.18\\n29.84\\n38.87\\n59.69\\n66.61\\n72.49\\n79.63\\n75.79\\n74.16\\n52.82\\n48.60\\n33.79\\n55.62J\\nThermometer, extremes, j\\n57.33\\n50.33\\n59.00\\n80.33\\n85.30\\n85.67\\n87.67\\n83.00\\n81.00\\n63.33\\n68.33\\n51.33\\n16.33\\n13.33\\n23.30\\n39.00\\n49.30\\n56.33\\n71.67\\n64.33\\n57.67\\n35.67\\n31.67\\n8.00\\n89.00 86.00\\n79.00\\n66.00\\n72.00\\n76.00\\n80.00\\n84.00\\n87.00\\n83.00\\n82.00\\n82.00\\n81.00\\nPsy hrometer, extremes.\\n100.00jl00.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.0C\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n46.00 30.00\\n32.00\\n26.00\\n13.00\\n45.00\\n51.00\\n54.00\\n65.00\\n39.00\\n41.00\\n42.00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n387\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at NEW BEDFORD, Massachusetts Lati-\\ntude, 41\u00c2\u00b0 39 N. Longitude, 70\u00c2\u00b0 56 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 90\\nfeet. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P.M. Observer, S. Rodman.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar. (April\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nI\\nAug. 1 Sep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\n1 1\\nDec.\\n1854r.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\n29.85\\n1\\ni\\n29.84 29.9S\\n30.40\\n30.22\\n29.79\\n29.90\\n29.92\\n30.04\\n30.021 30.10\\n30.07\\n29.76\\nBarometer, extremes.... i\\n30.67\\n30.64\\n30.24\\n30.52\\n30.29\\n30.17\\n30.24\\n30.33; 30.49\\n30.43\\n30.37; 30.64\\n29.66\\n30.03\\n29.15\\n29.47\\n29.43\\n29.62\\n29.79\\n29.75! 29.66\\n29.35\\n29.23 28.67\\n28.83\\n26.79\\n34.05\\n43.23\\n57.17\\n65.33\\n72.30\\n70.93! 62.10\\n54.54\\n43.77 28.2848.94\\nThermometer, extremes\\n47.50\\n42.50\\n54.67\\n59.17\\n65.83\\n75.80\\n82.20\\n77.70 75.70\\n64.50\\n61.83 42.33\\n6.17\\n7.00\\n31.33\\n30.50\\n43.17\\n54.30\\n60.80\\n61.30 46.50\\n40.50\\n24.17 9.50\\nPsychrometer, mean\\n89.00\\n90.00\\n85.00\\n80.00\\n84.00\\n87.00\\n89.00\\n89.00 90.00\\n89.00\\n86.00 90.00 87.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00 100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00 100.00\\n50.00\\n50.00\\n36.00\\n40.00\\n48.00\\n57.00\\n62.00\\n64.001 55.0(1\\n29.00\\n52.00 68.00\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches...\\n29.98\\n29.83\\n29.82\\n29.86\\n29.85\\n29.81\\n29.93\\n30.07\\n30.00\\n29.83\\n29.95 29.91 29.90\\nBarometer, extremes\\n30.75\\n30.32\\n30.27\\n30.21\\n30.22\\n30.08\\n30.25\\n30.28\\n30.29\\n29.53\\n30.29\\n30.32 30.47\\n26.98\\n29.48\\n29.13\\n28.87\\n29.37\\n29.40\\n29.70\\n29.37\\n29.32\\n29.25; 28.89\\nThermometer, mean\\n32.04\\n23.54\\n33.80\\n44.50\\n53.77\\n64.49\\n70.63\\n66.34\\n61.1!)\\n54.10\\n42.99; 34.25 48.47\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n49.00\\n39.17\\n44.80\\n60.30\\n63.70\\n86.67\\n80.1\\\\7\\n75.80\\n76.33\\n65.70\\n56.33i 49.00\\n14.80\\n7.83\\n23.00\\n27.20\\n39.00\\n55.16\\n62.67\\n55. 17\\n48.67\\n42.70\\n26.67! 17.67\\n89.00\\n81.00\\n77.00\\n61.00\\n82.00\\n84.00\\n87.00\\n80.00\\n81.00\\n81.00 80.00 77.90 82.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes, j\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00 100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00 100.00\\n100.00 100.00 100.00\\n15.00\\n51.00\\n51.00 0.00\\n26.00\\n46.00\\n56.00\\n36.001 38.00\\n1\\n41.00 37.00 27.00\\n1\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at NORTH ATTLEBORO Massachusetts;\\nLatitude, 41\u00c2\u00b0 52 N.; Longitude, 71\u00c2\u00b0 23 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water,\\n175 feet. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, 11. Rice.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov. Dec.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a i\\n2 1\\n29.86\\n29.87\\n2:i.7i\\n29.81\\n29.75\\n29.73\\n29.69\\n29.60\\n29.91\\n29.90\\n29.67\\n29.71\\n29.77\\nBarometer, extremes... 5\\n30.48\\n29.18\\n30.53\\n29.17\\n30.18\\n29.09\\n30.43\\n29.22\\n30.22\\n29.33\\n30.02\\n29.42\\n30.05\\n29.38\\n30.16\\n29.30\\n30.37\\n29.43\\n30.29\\n29.18\\n30.31\\n29.09\\n30.58\\n28.76\\n1\\n24.85\\n24.46\\n32.77\\n43.58\\n57.37\\n66.10\\n73.23\\n67.53\\n60.93\\n51.56\\n41.22\\n20.27\\n47.49|\\nThermometer, extremes\\n45.40\\n3.00\\n39.00\\n1.50\\n55.70\\n19.57\\n62.40\\n29.00\\n67.77\\n38.93\\n75.80\\n55.90\\n85.90\\n57.70\\n77.30\\n56.00\\n80.80\\n44.60\\n66.80\\n36.67\\n62.20\\n30.33\\n43.33\\n6.40\\nI\\nl\\n77.00\\n70.00\\n71.00\\n68.00\\n72.00\\n74.00\\n07.00! 77.00i 77.00\\n77.00\\n75.00\\n78.00\\n74.00l\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n100.00\\n8.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n100.00\\nO.00\\n100.00\\n25.00\\n98.00\\n22.00\\n100.00\\n34.00\\n100.00\\n37.00\\n100.00\\n29.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n100.00\\n17.00\\n100.00\\n28.00\\n1\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.89\\n29.70\\n29.67\\n29.78\\n29.75\\n29.71\\n29.84\\n29.87\\n29.91\\n29.74\\n29.87\\n29.83\\n29.80\\nBarometer, extremes...]\\n30.71\\n28.87\\n30.23\\n29.34\\n30.18\\n29.06\\n30.13\\n28.79\\n30.11\\n29.35\\n30.01\\n29.27\\n30.15\\n29.59\\n30.21\\n29.27\\n30.22\\n29.44\\n30.18\\n29.24\\n30.27\\n29.17\\n30.37\\n28.76\\n29.51\\n20.84\\n32.53\\n44.13\\n54.27\\n64.88\\n71.97\\n64.32\\n57.66\\n39.17\\n41.51\\n31.49\\n46.02\\nThermometer, extremes\\n46.20\\n13.00\\n40.43\\n9.00\\n45.1\\n22.60\\n58.30\\n23.50\\n67.80\\n39.00\\n81.90\\n56.26\\n84.33\\n60.00\\n71.57\\n51.40\\n74.83\\n45.33\\n62.10\\n36.66\\n50.63\\n25.20\\n45.30\\n10.83\\n81.00| 73.00\\n61.00\\n59.00\\n57.00\\n69.00\\n77.00\\n74.00\\n67.00\\n72.00\\n71.00\\n69.00\\n69.00,\\nPsychrometer, extremes\\n100.00 100.00\\n100.00\\n94.00\\n97.00\\n96.00\\n96.00\\n98.0C\\n95.00\\n100.0(1\\n100.0C\\n100.0C\\n40.00J 0.00\\n7.00\\n2.00\\n13.00\\n18.00\\n17.00\\n30.00\\n23.00\\n23.00\\n25.00\\n24.00\\n1\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at NEW WIED, Texas Latitude, 29\u00c2\u00b0 42 N.;\\nLongitude, 98\u00c2\u00b0 15 W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP. M. Observer, Professor J. C. Ervendberg.\\n1854.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\n48.39\\n54.86\\n68.33\\n69.33\\n75.07\\n82.47\\n84.53\\n85.73\\n80.87\\n73.56\\n59.51\\n49.11\\n(19.31\\nThermometer, extremes\\n65.00\\n68.67\\n79.00\\n81.00\\n87.00\\n88.40\\n88.60\\n89.60\\n86.30\\n81.00\\n72.67\\n64.67\\n1\\n22.66\\n40.00\\n52.60\\n53.00\\n66.00\\n72.70\\n79.00\\n79.70\\n70.30\\n66.00\\n42.50\\n29.67\\n57.00\\n69.00\\n76.00\\n70.00\\n78.00\\n79.00\\n77.00\\n71.00\\n76.00\\n78.00 69.00\\n67.00\\n72.001\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n96.00\\n100.00\\n100.00100.00\\n100.00\\n1855.\\nThermometer, mean\\n0.00\\n18.00\\n11.00\\n23.00\\n31.00\\n37.00\\n30.00\\n41.00\\n36.00\\n47.00\\n13.00\\n0.00\\n51.98\\n50.59\\n59.80\\n73.33\\n81.47\\n81.17\\n83.64\\n83.79\\n80.9 S\\n67.17\\n62.75\\n51.18\\n68.991\\nc\\n65. 3?\\n68.00\\n80.30\\n81.30\\n88.30\\n87.33\\n87.67\\n88.67\\n85.67\\n84.33\\n80.33\\n71.33\\n30.67\\n29.67\\n39.70\\n55.30\\n71.70\\n65.67\\n77.33\\n75.67\\n73.67\\n49.33\\n47.67\\n23.67\\n72.00\\n76.00\\n72.00\\n77.00\\n75.00\\n78.00\\n80.00\\n85.00\\n86.00\\n80.00\\n78.00\\n72.00\\n78.001\\n100.0c\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n1\\n0.00\\n13.00\\n24.00\\n20.0u\\n33.00\\n29.00\\n39.00\\n44.00\\n58.00\\n33.00\\n29.00\\n0.00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "388\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at OBERLIN, Ohio Latitude, 41\u00c2\u00b0 20 7 N.j\\nLongitude, 82\u00c2\u00b0 15 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 800 feet. Hours of ob-\\nservation, I A. M., and at 2 and.9 P. M. Observer, Professor J. H. Fairchild\\n1854.\\nBarom\u00c2\u00abt;r, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly. Aug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\ns\\ns\\n29.11\\n29.11\\n29.04\\n29.09\\n29.07\\n29.07\\n29.16\\n29.15\\n29.22\\n29.18\\n28.95\\n29.06\\n29.10\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n29.66\\n29.88\\n29.44\\n29.61\\n29.40\\n29.38\\n29.36\\n29.32\\n29.61\\n29.87\\n29.61\\n29.49\\n28.33\\n28.55\\n28.41\\n28.67\\n28.50\\n28.70\\n28.93\\n28.96\\n28.83\\n28.36\\n28.12\\n28.52\\n36.96\\n29.18\\n40.29\\n43.82\\n59.47\\n69.80\\n76.67\\n73.03\\n68.60\\n55.66\\n39. 5\\n29.4-5\\n51.07\\n^Thermometer, extremes, i\\n48.66\\n48.66\\n59.00\\n67.70\\n70.00\\n85.30\\n87.00\\n85.70\\n87.00\\n66.00\\n54.67\\n46.33\\n3.24\\n12.00\\n27.00\\n29.70\\n43.00\\n55.00\\n63.70\\n60.70\\n49.60\\n40.00\\n30.33\\n10.33\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.05\\n29.68\\n29.01\\n29.15\\n29.11\\n29.01\\n29.11\\n29.17\\n29.18\\n29.08i\\n29.14\\n29.10\\n29.10\\nBarometer, extremes j\\n29.89\\n29.60\\n29.58\\n29.51\\n29.39\\n29.30\\n29.32\\n29.48\\n29.ai\\n29.37\\n29.50\\n29.70\\n28.16\\n28.69\\n28.37\\n28.85\\n28.87\\n28.56\\n28.87\\n28.81\\n28.86\\n28.68\\n28.48\\n28.02\\n29.42\\n20.37\\n33.33\\n52.53\\n59.30\\n65.31\\n74.30\\n70.43\\n67.97\\n48.32\\n43.70\\n30.42\\n49.62\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1\\n55.67\\n42.00\\n51.00\\n75.30\\n76.30\\n84.67\\n82.67\\n80.33\\n77.67\\n64.00\\n60.33\\n46.33\\n11.00\\n2.33\\n8.00\\n19.00\\n38.00\\n52.33\\n63.67\\n56.67\\n52.67\\n33.67\\n31.33\\n9.33\\n3umnzp.ry of Meteorological Observations, made at NORRISTOWN, Pennsylvania Latitude,\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 8 N.; Longitude, 75\u00c2\u00b0 19 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 153 feet.\\nHoura of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Rev. J. G. Ralston.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\n3\\nC\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches,\\na\\n29.96\\n29.95\\n29.82\\n29.89\\n29.83\\n29.83\\n29.91\\n29.93\\n30.00\\n30.04\\n29.77\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a229.8G\\n29.9o!\\nBarometer, extremes....\\n30.69\\n30.52\\n30.29\\n30.55\\n30.20\\n30.14\\n30.11\\n30.19\\n30.41\\n30.42\\n30.37\\n30.66\\n29.13\\n29.39\\n29.27\\n29.28\\n29.54\\n29.51\\n29.73\\n29.64\\n29.55\\n29.40\\n29.14\\n29.22\\n31.78\\n32.30\\n40.47\\n50.36\\n62.75\\n70.50\\n76.87\\n72.43\\n67.87\\n54.69\\n43.37\\n29.04\\n52.70\\nt\\n55.00\\n49.00\\n64.00\\n70.33\\n71.67\\n80.30\\n85.60\\n83.50\\n82.30\\n71.33\\n61.33\\n40. 1 7\\njThermometer, extremes. 1\\n17.33\\n19.33\\n24.67\\n32.80\\n48.43\\n57.50\\n67.30\\n62.70\\n49.00\\n38.67\\n31.83\\n8.67\\n71.00\\n71.00\\n75.00\\n71.00\\n73.00\\n78.00\\n78.00\\n77.00\\n77.00\\n79.00\\n74.00\\n66.00\\n74.09\\nt\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n10000\\n20.00\\n34.00\\n26.00\\n26.00\\n15.00\\n38.00\\n45.00\\n37.00\\n43.00\\n26.00\\n45.00\\n23.00\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.99\\n29.85\\n29.81\\n29.94\\n29.86\\n20.81\\n29.89\\n29.93\\n30.03\\n29.89\\n59.97\\n30.03\\n39.99\\ni\\n30.71\\n30.26\\n30.35\\n30.43\\n30.18\\n30.09\\n30.19\\n30.29\\n30.28\\n30.26\\n30.28\\n30.55\\n29.12\\n29.48\\n29.16\\n29.46\\n29.45\\n29.45\\n29.68\\n29.45\\n29.66\\n29.46\\n29.12\\n29.27\\n31.88\\n25.07\\n37.17\\n49.70\\n58.63\\n67.55\\n75.73\\n70.27\\n63.99\\n52.22\\n45.17\\n32.2.\\n50.8c\\n40.10\\n40.67\\n50.00\\n69.70\\n72.00\\n83.60\\n83.67\\n77.60\\n77.33\\n65.33\\n57.67\\n44.67\\nThermometer, extremes. 1\\n22.00\\n3.33\\n20.80\\n34.70\\n43.30\\n57.03\\n62.00\\n61.67\\n52 33\\n39.00\\n30.00\\n17.60\\n72.00\\n58.00\\n73.00\\n77.00\\n61.00\\n6900\\n77.00\\n77.00\\n75.00\\n76.00\\n70.00\\n67.00\\n71.00\\nc\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n93.00\\n100.00\\n95.00\\n95.00\\n100.0.0\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n1O0.00\\n1\\nfaychrometer, extremes. 1\\n36.90\\n0.00\\n8.00\\n22.00\\n0.00\\n32.00\\n24.00\\n49.00\\n38.00\\n33.00\\n31.00\\n15.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at PENN TAN, New York Latitude, 42\u00c2\u00b0 42\\nN.; Longitude, 77\u00c2\u00b0 IV W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 740 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9, P. M. Observer, Dr. H. P. Sartwell.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n9\\nS\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nS\\n29.20\\n29.19\\n29.10\\n29.19\\n29.18\\n29.19\\n29.29\\n29.28\\n29.32\\n29.34\\n29.08\\n29.14\\n29.21\\nBarometer, extremes.\\n29.67\\n29.62\\n29.58\\n29.67\\n29.48\\n29.53\\n29.49J\\n29.47\\n29.71\\n29.73\\n29.70\\n29.73\\n28.41\\n28.59\\n28.46\\n28.40\\n28.91\\n28. 5\\n29.10\\n29.06\\n29.02\\n28.56\\n28.39\\n28.59 1\\n25.27\\n24.54\\n33.58\\n41.63\\n56.2s\\n66.23\\n73.28\\n70.16\\n64.62\\n53.22\\n37 74\\n25.36\\n47.68\\nThermometer, extremes. 1\\n50.67\\n40.00\\n54.67\\n64.33\\n63.00\\n79.33\\n79.67\\n81.67\\n85.30\\n68.67\\n52.67\\n40.67\\n6.00\\n9.33\\n15.33]\\n27.33\\n34.67\\n51.00\\n65.33\\n60.00\\n46.70\\n35.00\\n24.33\\n8.33\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\n29.22\\n29.14\\n29.10\\n29.24\\n29.26\\n29.16\\n29.29\\n29.31\\n29.36\\n29.17\\n29.28\\n29.22\\n29.23\\nBarometer, extremes I\\n30.0C\\n29.50\\n29.60-\\n29.64\\n29.45\\n29.46\\n29.51V\\n29.59\\n29.59\\n29.96\\n29.65\\n29.74\\n28.39\\n28.79\\n28.55\\n28.70\\n28.90\\n28.69\\n29.0)\\n28.83\\n28.9-1\\n28.6.5\\n28.63\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a228.18\\n28.01\\n19.02\\n30.76\\n45.07\\n54.03\\n61.51\\n69.18\\n65.48\\n61.70\\n47.74\\n40.48\\n29.81\\n46.07\\n42.67\\n39.33\\n44.33\\n68.30\\n67.1(1\\n77.67\\n81.33\\n73.67\\n78.00\\n64.67\\n55.00\\n45.33\\n12.00\\n14.00\\n17.33\\n21.30\\n36.67\\n49.33\\n59.00\\n56.00\\n44.33\\n33.67\\n22.00\\n13.67", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n389\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at OTTAWA, Illinois; Latitude, 41\u00c2\u00b0 20 N.;\\nLongitude, 88\u00c2\u00b0 47 W. from Greenwich. Hours \u00c2\u00aef observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP. M. Observer, Dr. J. 0. Harris.\\n1854.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune. July.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nre\\n3\\nc\\nc\\n.Thermometer, mean\\nr\\nThermometer, extremes. 1\\n1855.\\n.Thermometer, mean\\n[Thermometer, extremes.\\n1 j\\n20.01\\n43.35\\n1.33\\n25.10\\n55.67\\n1.33\\n31.46\\n53.33\\n12.33\\n18.70\\n39.33\\n2.67\\n38.48\\n56.00\\n22.67\\n32.70\\n45.00\\n12.70\\n51.67\\n73.33\\n21.67\\n55.13\\n78.70\\n31.30\\n69.39\\n74.00\\n48.67\\n63.17\\n84.70\\n44.30\\n71.87\\n86.00\\n49.30\\n69.48\\n88.33\\n50.67\\n79.80\\n88.00\\n67.30\\n74.72\\n86.33\\n62.67\\n75.87\\n85.00\\n62.70\\n70.74\\n84.00\\n62.67\\n69.00\\n85.30\\n54.70\\n67.94\\n78.33\\n53.67\\n54.58\\n70.67\\n40.67\\n48.88\\n66.00\\n36.00\\n37.98\\n59.80\\n23.33\\n34.86\\n42.67\\n24.00\\n27.35\\n43.33\\n13.33\\n25.86\\n56.33\\n3.00\\n51.70\\n18.91*\\n1\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at PITTSBURG, Oakland Station, Pennsyl-\\nvania; Latitude, 40\u00c2\u00b0 32 N.; Longitude, 80\u00c2\u00b0 2 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide\\nwater, 850 feet. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M.\\nObserver, W. W. Wilson.\\n1\\n1854.\\nTBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay. June. July.\\n1 1\\nAug. Sept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nS 1\\n3\\n28.96\\n28.97\\n28.87\\n28.87\\n28.86; 28.90\\n28.99\\n28.981 29.03\\n29.00\\n28.81\\n28.95\\n28.93J\\nBarometer, extremes..\\n29.46\\n29.35\\n29.29\\n29.41\\n29.15! 29.18\\n29.16\\n29.14 29.40\\n29.43\\n29.40\\n29.41\\n1\\n28.07\\n28.38\\n28.37\\n28.46\\n28.471 28.56\\n28.80\\n28.77\\n28.56\\n28.32\\n28.18\\n28.44\\nThermometer, mean\\n26.82\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a231.18\\n39.33\\n47.28\\n61.00 70.23\\n78.00\\n81.90\\n71.53\\n56.49\\n40.15\\n29.91\\n52.82\\ni t\\n50.00\\n49.33\\n56.00\\n65.33\\n72.33 83.70\\n87.30\\n87.00\\n87.70\\n68.00\\n56.33\\n48.00\\nThermometer, extremes. 1\\n4.00\\n10.67\\n18.00\\n28.00\\n41.00 55.30\\n67.70\\n60.30\\n53.30\\n39.33\\n31.00\\n11.33\\n1855.\\nj\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n28.97\\n28.92\\n28.91\\n28.99\\n28.92\\n28.85\\n28.98\\n29.05\\n29.04\\n28.90\\n29.01\\n28.94\\n28.9ft\\nBarometer, extremes.... i\\n29.79\\n29.36\\n29.49\\n29.39\\n29.16\\n29.11\\n29.19\\n29.36\\n29.23\\n29.1.5\\n29.35\\n29.53\\n28.02\\n28.53\\n28.39\\n28.59\\n28.61\\n28.42\\n28.79\\n28.72\\n28.68\\n28.58\\n28.45\\n27.94\\n1\\n31.20\\n20.18\\n33.37\\n51.14\\n58.19\\n65.47\\n73.37\\n70.13\\n68.9S\\n48.90\\n44.66\\n31.84\\n49.79]\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1\\n50.00\\n36.67\\n48.70\\n72.00\\n71.30\\n84.00\\n80.00\\n76.67\\n78.00\\n61.00\\n58.67\\n47.33\\n14.33\\n3.33\\n19.30\\n24.00\\n44.00\\n53.34\\n6C.00\\n58.67\\n52.25\\n35.33\\n27.00\\n11.33\\ni\\nI\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at PHILADELPHIA, Pennsylvania Lati-\\ntude, 39\u00c2\u00b0 57 9 N. Longitude, 75\u00c2\u00b0 10 37 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-\\nwater, 53 feet. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M.\\nObserver, Professor Jambs. A. Kirkpatrick.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nD.c.\\n73\\ng i\\ni\\n30.07\\n29.91\\n29.85\\n29.87\\n29.85\\n29.82\\n29.91\\n29.95\\n30.00\\n29.98\\n29.83\\n29.89\\n29.9l|\\n30.47\\n30.40\\n30.26\\n30.51\\n30.13\\n30.09\\n30.12\\n?0.18\\n30.39\\n30.33\\n30.36\\n30.50\\n1\\n29.46\\n29.43\\n29.15\\n29.24\\n29.58\\n29.54\\n29.71\\n29.70\\n29.66\\n29.5.-.\\n29.26\\n29.24\\nj\\n32.91\\n34.84\\n43.06\\n51.39\\n65.43\\n73.13\\n80.37\\n76.63\\n70.20\\n59.12\\n46.11\\n31.27\\n55.37.\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n45.33\\n49.67\\n65.33\\n70.00\\n74.50\\n83.00\\n91.30\\n85.70\\n85.20\\n73.70\\n63.00\\n44.33\\n21.83\\n22.70\\n28.00\\n33.00\\n50.00\\n60.30\\n69.80\\n68.00\\n52.50\\n43.00\\n32.67\\n14.33\\n1\\n87.00\\nS3. 11(1\\n73.00\\n69.00\\n67.00\\n70.00\\n69.00\\n70.00\\n74.00\\n72.00\\n72.00\\n77.00\\n74.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\n100. 00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n95.00\\n95.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n97.00\\n97.00\\n100.00\\n48.00\\n33.00\\n23.00\\n31.00\\n25.00\\n33.00\\n36.00\\n40.00\\n45.00\\n40.00\\n36.00\\n50.00\\n29.97\\n29.84\\n29.80\\n29.85\\n29.81\\n29.74\\n29.85\\n29.92\\n29.98\\n29.83\\n29.95\\n29.92\\n29.87\\n30.61\\n30.20\\n30.27\\n30.18\\n30.12\\n30.02\\n30.13\\n30.25\\n30.22\\n30.18\\n30.22\\n30.44\\n29.16\\n29.54\\n29.31\\n29.22\\n29.45\\n29.39\\n29.64\\n29.51\\n29.62\\n29.45\\n29.33\\n28.98\\nThermometer, mean.\\n34.33\\n26.67\\n38.80\\n52.90\\n63.77\\n71.87\\n79.73\\n75.03\\n70.21\\n52.74\\n48.20\\n37.50 54.31\\n52.33\\n43.33\\n52.80\\n74.00\\n77.50\\n88.67\\n88.00\\n80.80\\n83.67\\n72.16\\n60.00\\n53.00\\n21.33\\n4.50\\n25.09\\n34.0G\\n45.3d\\n60.0C\\n64.17\\n67.67\\n58.83\\n41.67\\n33.17\\n20.00\\nPsychrometer. mean\\n78.00\\n71.00\\n63.0(1\\n64.00 57.00\\n68.00\\n72.00\\n70.00\\n72.00\\n74.80\\n71.00\\n73.00 69.00i\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n100.00\\nloo.oo\\n94.00\\n96.00 100.0C\\n95.0C\\n94.00\\n94.00\\n94.00\\n97.00\\n97.00\\n100.00 j\\n36.00\\n23.00\\n27.00\\n22.001 16.00\\n34.00\\n43.00\\n39.00\\n45.00\\n42.00\\n28.00\\n40.00|\\n1", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "390\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at POMFRET, Connecticut Latitude, 41\u00c2\u00b0\\n52 N. Longitude, 12\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 1,000 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 1 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Rev. D. Hunt.\\n185*.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\n73\\nDec.\\nc\\n28.92\\n28.76\\n28.57\\n28.S7\\n28.87\\n28.85\\n28.95\\n28.94\\n29.00\\n28.99\\n28.77\\n28.77 28.86\\nBarometer, extremes 5\\n29.66\\n29.51\\n29 22\\n29.45\\n29.37\\n29.19\\n29.13\\n29.24\\n29.36\\n29.35\\n29.35\\n29.55\\n28.16\\n28.44\\n28.20\\n28.41\\n28.55\\n28.70\\n28.71\\n28.68\\n28.59\\n28.34\\n28.22\\n27.96\\n24.17\\n23.51\\n31.46\\n41.58\\n57.63\\n65.40\\n72.10\\n67.03\\n59.87\\n51.98\\n39.76\\n23.74 46.52\\nThermometer, extremes j\\n48.66\\n37.00\\n52.00\\n60.00\\n66.33\\n75.30\\n82.70\\n76.30\\n75.30\\n64.33\\n61.67\\n38.33\\n1.00\\n6.33\\n18.33\\n28.33\\n36.67\\n52.70\\n57.00\\n57.30\\n44.30\\n37.67\\n22.33\\n4.00\\n88.00\\n\u00c2\u00a77.00\\n87.00\\n83.00\\n84.00\\n83.00\\n84.00\\n85.00\\n88.00\\n87.00\\n86.00\\n91.00\\n86.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes. 1\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n53.00\\n53.00\\n51.00\\n38.00\\n48.00\\n42.00\\n56.00\\n43.00\\n61.00\\n54.00\\n50.00\\n0.00\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n28.96\\n28.80\\n28.77\\n28.88\\n28.86\\n29.83\\n28.93\\n28.96\\n29.00\\n2S.83\\n28.95\\n28.90\\n28.97\\nBarometer, extremes\\n29.70\\n29.23\\n29.22\\n29.18\\n29.20\\n29.10\\n29.22\\n29.2S\\n29.26\\n29.22\\n29.32\\n29.35\\n28.03\\n28.46\\n28.21\\n28.00\\n28.51\\n28.43\\n28.65\\n28.42\\n28.74\\n28.33\\n28.32\\n27.95\\nThermometer, mean\\n27.91\\n19.65\\n31.00\\n42.73\\n54.23\\n63.85\\n70.34\\n65.05\\n60.02\\n43.51\\n39.29\\n29.32\\n45.5RJ\\nThermometer, extremes\\n47.33\\n37.00\\n44.30\\n59.30\\n68.70\\n81.33\\n82.00\\n73.67\\n71.67\\n64.33\\n54.33\\n42.33\\n10.00\\n9.00\\n19.70\\n22.00\\n38.30\\n53.67\\n69.67\\n53.33\\n47.67\\n38.33\\n23.67\\n12.00\\nPsychrometer, mean\\n92.00\\n91.00\\n78.00\\n80.00\\n77.00\\n85.00\\n91.00\\n86.00\\n84.00\\n87.00\\n86.00 8-1.00\\n85.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes. 1\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00100.00\\n62.00\\n53.00\\n42.00\\n41.00\\n43.00\\n50.00\\n65.00\\n45.00\\n58.00\\n51.00\\n45.00 46.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at POULTNEY, Iowa Latitude. 42\u00c2\u00b0 40 N.;\\nLongitude, 91\u00c2\u00b0 21/ W. from Greenwich. Hours of observation, V A. M., and at 2 and 9\\nP. M. Observer, Dr. B. F. Odbll.\\n1854.\\nThermometer, extremes\\n1855.\\nThermometer, extremes\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nn. o.\\na\\n3\\n9.94\\n30.40\\n12.40\\n21.86\\n55.67\\n6.33\\n23.05\\n39.76\\n7.50\\n14.37\\n32.00\\n7.33\\n36.44\\n53.97\\n17.60\\n27.90\\n41.30\\n5.70\\n49.42\\n72.20\\n20.00\\n51.93\\n78.30\\n28.00\\n57.46\\n71.00\\n47.00\\n61.23\\n78.00\\n44.70\\n67.67\\n82.30\\n43.00\\n67.09\\n82.67\\n46.33\\n73.67\\n83.30\\n63.00\\n72.63\\n85.67\\n58.33\\n70.40\\n79.70\\n58.00\\n68.56\\n77.67\\n52.00\\n63.80\\n79.70\\n50.70\\n63.62\\n79.00\\n48.67\\n53.54\\n67.70\\n34.70\\n45.08\\n63.33\\n29.00\\n33.51\\n51.00\\n15.33\\n33.83\\n50.00\\n14.00\\n24.36\\n39.33\\n11.67\\n17.49\\n41.33\\n13.67\\n16.94 1\\n45.47\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at PRINCETON, Massachusetts; Latitude, 42\u00c2\u00b0\\n28 N.; Longitude, 71\u00c2\u00b0 53 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 1,113 feet\\nHours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, J. Brooks\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSep.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\nq\\nc\\n28.81\\n28.81\\n28.70\\n28.77\\n28.78\\n28.78\\n28.90\\n28.86\\n28.94\\n28.94\\n28.69\\n28.69\\n28.81\\n29.38\\n29.45\\n29.13\\n29.39\\n29.38\\n29.06\\n29.10\\n29.18\\n29.34\\n29.64\\n29.28\\n29.50\\n28.10\\n28.20\\n28.10\\n28.27\\n28.38\\n28.25\\n28.64\\n28.42\\n28.47\\n28.21\\n26. 1 1\\n27.76\\nThermometer, mean\\n21. IS\\n19.06\\n26.27\\n39.97\\n55.53\\n63.23\\n70.93\\n66.33\\n58.60\\n52.81\\n37.33\\n20.99\\n44.35\\nThermometer, extremes\\n43.38\\n38.00\\n36.67\\n56.20\\n68.2tr\\n70.70\\n81.20\\n73.40\\n76.30\\n64.33\\n57.67\\n36.93\\n3.00\\n3.73\\n11.90\\n21.00\\n32.64\\n52.70\\n53.90\\n56.50\\n42.30\\n36.67\\n20.50\\n2.33\\n82.00\\n82.00\\n80.00\\n72.00\\n70.00\\n72.00\\n73.00\\n65.00\\n75.00\\n76.00\\n81.00\\n86.00\\n76.00\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\n^iarometer, mean inches..\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n98.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n49.00\\n39.00\\n52.00\\n0.00\\n30.00\\n29.60\\n35.00\\n27.00\\n18.00\\n29.00\\n20.00\\n6.00\\n28.87\\n28.67\\n28.66\\n28.78\\n28.79\\n28.75\\n28.89\\n28.91\\n28.95\\n98.75\\n28.87\\n28.80\\n28.81\\n[Barometer, extremes\\n29.68\\n29.20-\\n29.10\\n99.58\\n29.11\\n29.03\\n29.87\\n29.23\\n29.27\\n29.19\\n29.27\\n29.31\\n27.88\\n28.30\\n28.08\\n27.84\\n28.45\\n28.30\\n28.18\\n28.33\\n28.46\\n28.28\\n28.21\\n27.76\\n24.74\\n17.12\\n28.17\\n40.50\\n52.87\\n61.03\\n69.76\\n63.55\\n58.70\\n48.15! 36.26\\n26.65\\n43.96\\nThermometer, extremes I\\n44.50\\n34.33\\n44.20\\n55.70\\n66.20\\n78.20\\n79.00\\n72.50\\n73.80\\n62.00; 52.00\\n38.33\\n6.67\\n5.57\\n17.40\\n17.80\\n36.80\\n49.33\\n57.33\\n54.17\\n42.80\\n36.17! 19.33\\n8.67\\n81.00\\n73.00\\n62.00\\n63.00\\n57.00\\n71.00\\n79.00\\n71.00\\n71.00\\n77.00 75.00\\n77.00\\n71.001\\nPsychrometer, extremes. 5\\n1\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n100.00\\n24.00\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n100.00\\n9.00\\n100.00\\n26.00\\n98.00\\n45.00\\n96.00\\n33.00\\n97.00\\n31.00\\n100.00 100.00\\n42.00J 30.00\\n100.00\\n30.00\\n1\\n1", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n591\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at SAVANNAH, Georgia Latitude, 32\u00c2\u00b0\\nN.; Longitude, 81\u00c2\u00b0 Y W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 42 feet. Hours\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M.\\nObserver, Dr. J. F. Posey\\nr\\n1S54.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nPsychrometer, mean\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes... j\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nPsychrometer, mean\\nPsychrometer, extremes.\\nJ;in.\\n30.19\\n30.61\\n29.60\\n52.60\\n69.90\\n39.13\\n75.00\\n99.00\\n28.00\\n30.12\\n30.61\\n29.47\\n50.96\\n62.20\\n35.90\\n69.00\\n96.00\\nIS. 00\\n30.13\\n30.46\\n29.62\\n54.80\\n69.03\\n40.96\\n70.00\\n96.00\\n26.00\\n30.03\\n30.35\\n29.51\\n47.23\\n66.97\\n32.73\\n61.00\\n93.00\\n16.00\\n30.07\\n30.43\\n29.71\\n63.73\\n76.80\\n48.77\\n67.00\\n97.00\\n18.00\\n30.04\\n30.42\\n29.40\\n56.37\\n72.70\\n36.90\\n57.00\\n93.00\\n11.00\\nApril.\\nMay.\\n30.03\\n29.99\\n30.58\\n30.22\\n29.52\\n29.77\\n63.75\\n73.77\\n75.50\\n80.20\\n46.90\\n59.73\\n66.00\\n75.00\\n95.00\\n93.00\\n26.00\\n32.00\\n30.10\\n30.00\\n30.34\\n30.26\\n29.76\\n29.07\\n73.87\\n74.07\\n85.90\\n85.80\\n55.90\\n63.70\\n67.00\\n62.00\\n96.00\\n92.00\\n25.00\\n30.00\\n29.98\\n30.14\\n29.76\\n78.60\\n88.60\\n56.00\\n77.00\\n94.00\\n37.00\\nJuly\\n30.07\\n30.21\\n29.86\\n82.67\\n88.00\\n76.50\\n74.00\\n93.00\\n26.00\\nAug.\\n30.06\\n30.15\\n29.91\\n81.83\\nSept.\\n30.02\\n30.35\\n29.04\\n8.10\\n90.30 84.30\\n75.70 65.60\\n76.00 79.00\\n92.00 98.00\\n39.00 49.00\\n30.02 30.10 30.06\\n30.27 30.27 30.26\\n29.75 29.93i 29.86\\n77.431 82.07\\n82.46 84.33\\n70.06 76.00\\n71.00; 73.00\\n95.00 95.00\\n31.00 42.00\\n81.77\\n87.17\\n70.43\\n75.00\\n95.00\\n42.00\\n30.09\\n30.30\\n29.84\\n78.67\\n85.00\\n71.00\\n79.00\\n97.00\\n40.00\\n30.11\\n30.37\\n29.74\\n67.37\\n77.50\\n58.00\\n70.00\\n97.00\\n28.00\\n30.03\\n30.31\\n29.70\\n64.13\\n77.36\\n46.20\\n68.00\\n94.00\\n20.00\\nNov.\\n30.02\\n30.32\\n29.49\\n55.63\\n70.77\\n40.10\\n64.00\\n96.00\\n31.00\\n30.08\\n30.35\\n29.61\\n62.47\\n71.80\\n45.67\\n77.00\\n97.00\\n32.00\\nDec\\n30.10\\n30.44\\n29.66\\n48.5\\n62.53\\n35.88\\n64.00\\n96.00\\n25.00\\n30.12\\n30.60\\n29.68\\n52.50\\n67.90\\n38.30\\n78.00\\n98.00\\n22.00\\n30.00\\n66.79\\n71.00\\n30.07\\n66.80\\n0.00\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at SPARTA, Georgia; Latitude, 33\u00c2\u00b0 \\\\Y N,\\nLongitude, 83\u00c2\u00b0 9 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 550 feet. Hours of\\nobservation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. E. M. Pendleton.\\n1854.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\n29.52\\n29.48\\n29.41\\n29.39\\n29.32\\n29.34\\n29.40\\n29.4 1\\n29.41\\n29.47\\n29.47\\nBarometer, extremes. j\\n29.90\\n29.80\\n29.72\\n29 .89\\n29.58\\n29.47\\n29.54\\n29.51\\n29.70\\n29.68\\n29.08\\n29.03\\n29.04\\n29.06\\n28.98\\n29.18\\n29.15\\n29.27\\n29.29\\n28.89\\n29.12\\n28.88\\n46.32\\n48.15\\n60.84\\n57. 1 1\\n72.97\\n78.10\\n81.87\\n81.37\\n76.67\\n63.92\\n51.70\\nThermometer, extremes\\n70.33\\n30.00\\n63.00\\n32.67\\n79.00\\n45.33\\n78.00\\n40.67\\n81.67\\n56.00\\n86.30\\n54.30\\n88.00\\n76.00\\n87.70\\n72.70\\n85.30\\n63.30\\n77.00\\n53.67\\n65.33\\n33.67\\n1555.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.48\\n29.39\\n29.42\\n29.44\\n29.37\\n29.38\\n29.44\\n29.42\\n29.44\\n29.42\\n29.45\\nBarometer, extremes\\n29.92\\n29.69\\n29.79\\n29.65\\n29.60\\n29.58\\n29.59\\n29.55\\n29.61\\n29.64\\n29.66\\n28.90\\n29.00\\n29.08\\n29.17\\n29.12\\n29.15\\n29.30\\n29.27\\n29.23\\n29.19\\n29.05\\n46.33\\n42.15\\n52.47\\n66.27\\n71.67\\n74.23\\n61.29\\n77.88\\n75.94\\n58.54\\n58.09\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n63.67\\n27.67\\n60.67\\n26.00\\n73.00\\n31.00\\n82.70\\n49.00\\n86.30\\n56.00\\n81.67\\n60.67\\n83.00\\n70.67\\n83.33\\n67.33\\n80.67\\n69.67\\n70.67\\n38.00\\n70.67\\n40 67\\n29.41 29\\n29.801\\n29.171\\n43.6163.5:\\n60.67\\n29.67\\n29.49 29.431\\n29.90J\\n29.04\\n46.43 l 60 94|\\n64.00\\n28.33 I\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at SCHELLMAN HALL, Maryland Lati-\\ntude, 39\u00c2\u00b0 23 N.; Longitude, 76\u00c2\u00b0 Y W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 700\\nfe*. Hours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M.\\nObserver, Harriet M. Baer\\nI\\n1\\n1\\nrt\\n1854t.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar. April.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\na\\n31.28\\n35.44\\n44.73\\n50.98\\n65.50\\n71.40\\n78.63\\n75.67\\n70.40\\n58.47\\n43.70\\n30.58\\n54.r.\\nThermometer, extremes 5\\n55.33\\n60.00\\n63.33\\n69.33\\n75.33\\n84.70\\n87.60\\n86.30\\n86.00\\n69.33\\n62.67\\n44.33\\n17.33\\n18.67\\n29.00\\n29.33\\n48.33\\n59.30\\n69.30\\n65.70\\n55.00\\n36.67\\n31.00\\n14.67\\n1855.\\nThermometer, mean\\n32.65\\n24.96\\n38.27\\n53.97\\n63.93\\n68.78\\n76.04\\n71.61\\n67.86\\n52.48\\n45.90\\n33.41\\n52,49\\nThermometer, extremes\\n52.33\\n20.00\\n43.33\\n2.33\\n51.70\\n24.70\\n77.30\\n34.30\\n77.70; 87.67\\n47.00J 56.67\\n85.67\\n64.67\\n80.00\\n62.67\\n81.00\\n55.33\\n66.00\\n38.00\\n61.00\\n30.33\\n52.00\\n16.67", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "392\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at ST. LOUIS, Missouri Latitude, 38\u00c2\u00b0 37\\nN.; Longitude, 90\u00c2\u00b0 16 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 482 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. G. Engelman.\\n1851.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes\\nPsychrometer, mean....\\nPsych roineter, extremes\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches.\\nBarometer, extremes. j\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes. J\\niPsyhrometer, mean\\n,PsycJirometer, extremes.\\n1\\nJan.\\n29.5\\n30.26\\n28.88\\n28.43\\n53.67\\n5.33\\n69.00\\n100.00\\n30.00\\n29.47\\n30.19\\n28.64\\n33.82\\n47.67\\n11.80\\n71.00\\n95.00\\n23.00\\n29.50\\n29.89\\n28.9S\\n39.42\\n59.33\\n25\\n66.00\\n100.00\\n20.00\\n29.53\\n30.00\\n28.83\\n29.8\\n47.00\\n7.33\\n70.00\\n93.00\\n25.00\\n29.4\\n29.92\\n28.96\\n47.40\\n70.67\\n35.33\\n62.00\\n96.00\\n15.00\\n29.48\\n30.03\\n28.78\\n39.40\\n60.80\\n20.00\\n63.00\\n100.00\\n20.00\\nApril. May.\\n29.43\\n29.93\\n28.91\\n56.8\\n78.00\\n31.00\\n61.00\\n97.00\\n28.00\\n29.48\\n29.92\\n29.24\\n62.22\\n82.20\\n4033\\n49.00\\n93.00\\n17.00\\n29.33\\n29.63\\n28.84\\n67.97\\n76.33\\n54.33\\n63.00\\n94.00\\n21.60\\n29.41\\n29.70\\n29.03\\n66.76\\n84.02\\n51 .02\\n65.00\\n93.00\\nJune\\n29.41\\n29.65\\n29.15\\n76.53\\n8?.00\\n57.30\\n68.00\\n98.00\\n37.00\\n29.38\\n29.74\\n29.11\\n71.65\\n85.83\\n55.50\\n68.00\\n100.00\\n9.00 20.00\\nJuly. Aug. Sept\\n29.48\\n29.66\\n29.25\\n84.03\\n90.50\\n71.20\\n62.00\\n91.00\\n26.00\\n29.43\\n29.61\\n29.27\\n79.65\\n86.67\\n74.00\\n70.00\\n100.00\\n30.00\\n29.48\\n29.61\\n29.31\\n82.30\\n91.40\\n70.70\\n59.00\\n93.00\\n23.00\\n29.49\\n29.75\\n29.26\\n74.36\\n85.00\\n64.00\\n79.00\\n100.00\\n38.00\\n29.50\\n29.82\\n29.18\\n76.03\\n88.30\\n60.00\\n63.00\\n93.00\\n28.00\\n29.48\\n29.65\\n29.30\\n73.06\\n80.81\\n57.83\\n79.00\\n100.00\\n42.00\\n29.52\\n29.81\\n29.08\\n60.93\\n75.00\\n48.6\\n74.00\\n97.00\\n29.00\\n29.49\\n29.83\\n29.07\\n53.93\\n67.00\\n34.00\\n66.00\\n100.00\\n24.00\\nNov.\\n29.43\\n29.96\\n28.S4\\n43.33\\n56.17\\n28.17\\n63.00\\n100.00\\n21.00\\n29.49\\n29.92\\n28.99\\n47.11\\n66.00\\n28.67\\n7000\\n100.00\\n0.00\\n29.5i\\n29.78\\n29.12\\n37.15\\n54.33\\n17.50\\n68.00\\n100.00\\n25.00\\n29.52\\n29.99\\n28.60\\n32.06\\n54.17\\n2.50\\n71.00\\n100.00\\n16.00\\n29.4\\n58.37\\n65.00\\n29.47\\n55.32\\n68.00\\nNummary of Meteorological Observations, made at SPRINGFIELD, Massachusetts Latitude.\\n42\u00c2\u00b0 C N.; Longitude, 72\u00c2\u00b0 35 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 199 feet.\\nHours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, L. C. Allen.\\nThermometer, mean\\nITIiermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\n[Thermometer, mean\\njThermometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar-\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n1?\\ne\\nc\\n22.75\\n22.75\\n32.17\\n44.05\\n60.59\\n67.73\\n75.03\\n70.23\\n62.30\\n52.29\\n40.62\\n23.1547.81\\n40.67\\n38.67\\n53.33\\n62.00\\n69.67\\n76.30\\n87.00\\n79.30\\n78.70\\n66.00\\n61.67\\n41.33\\n1.33\\n6.00\\n19.00\\n30.67\\n38.67\\n54.00\\n58.30\\n60.30\\n45.30 38.00\\n22.33\\n1.67\\n28.26\\n20.53\\n33.00\\n45.10\\n57.73 1 66.64\\n74.04\\n68.89\\n63.54| 51.22\\n40.32\\n29.53\\n48.23\\n42.33\\n36.33\\n47.00\\n63.30\\n71.30 86.33\\n84.33\\n77.33\\n79.001 67.33 54.67\\n42.00|\\n9.33\\n6.00\\n20.70\\n22.30\\n40.70\\n55.33\\n61.67\\n57.00\\n48.67\\n39.33\\n26.00\\n10.33\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at WARRINGTON, Florida; Latitude, 30\u00c2\u00b0 2 Y\\nN.; Longitude, 87\u00c2\u00b0 16 W. from Greenwich Elevation above tide-water, 12 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, J. Pearson.\\nIS54K\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar. April.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nr)\\n3\\na\\na\\n30.13 30.10\\n30.17 30.04\\n29.91\\n29.91\\n29.99\\n29.96\\n29.94\\n30.03\\n30.03\\n30. 12 30.03\\nBarometer, extremes...]\\n3054 1 30.54\\n30.60 30.56\\n30.19\\n30.08\\n30.19\\n3012\\n30.19\\n30.25\\n30.29\\n30.311\\n29.53 29.67\\n29.81 29.69\\n29.70\\n29.77\\n29.88\\n29.85\\n29.65\\n29.76\\n29.57\\n29.82*\\n54.05 70.101\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n55.-27 60.04\\n65.72 63.91\\n75.86\\n81.90\\n85.20\\n83.60\\n81.70\\n72.51\\n61.43\\n72.00 74.33\\n75.67, 72.67\\n82.00\\n89.70\\n91.60\\n89.00\\n89.00\\n81.33\\n75.00\\n62.67\\n37.33; 43.67\\n53.33 51.33\\n65.00\\n69.30\\n79.30\\n76.30\\n76.00\\n66.67\\n46.33\\n40.00\\n30.09| 30.07\\n30.04 30.05\\n29.93\\n29.98, 30.03\\n30.02\\n30.04\\n30.04\\n30.00\\n30.10 30.03J\\nBarowieter, extremes..\\n30.44 30.34\\n30.48 30.26\\n30.15\\n30.16 30.19\\n30.19\\n30.20\\n30.27\\n30.21\\n30.48)\\n29.57 29.67\\n29.73 29.74\\n29.71\\n29.75 29.88\\n29.83\\n29.81\\n29.81\\n29.79\\n29.79\\n56 61 51.03\\n58.67 69.73\\n75.80\\n79.03 80.73\\n81.19\\n80.82\\n67.82\\n66.82\\n56.85 68.7S\\nTheif.vimeter, extremes.\\n1\\n67.33 6 4.67\\n37.33! 35.67\\n73.30 76.70\\n40.70 61.30\\ni\\n81.00 82.67 83.67\\n67.70 73.33- 77.00\\n1 1\\n85.00\\n76.33\\n83.67\\n75.33\\n76.67\\n48.00\\n76.00\\n54.67\\n72.67J\\n33.331", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "CLIMATOLOGY.\\n393\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at WAMPSVILLE, New York, Latitude, 43\u00c2\u00b0\\n4 N.; Longitude, 75\u00c2\u00b0 50 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 500 feet. Hours\\nof observation, 7 A, M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, Dr. S. Spooner.\\n1854.\\nThermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes. S\\n1853.\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nJan. Feb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\na\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a026.01\\n49.O0\\n0.00\\n27.73\\n43.00\\n9.33\\n-23,00\\n40.00\\n2.67\\n17.62\\n36.00\\n21.00\\n32.23\\n51.00\\n17.00\\n30.43\\n45.00\\n11.70\\n42.87\\n62.00\\n27.00\\n44.65\\n65.00\\n22.00\\n58.77\\n72.67\\n33.33\\n56.35\\n75.30\\n41.00\\n67.83\\n79.00\\n58.00\\n64.75\\n81.00\\n52.33\\n74.47\\n84.00\\n68.00\\n72.28\\n81.00\\n61.00\\n70.10\\n80.30\\n60.30\\n67.67\\n76.67\\n55.33\\n62.80\\n81.00\\n43.00\\n61.88\\n78.33\\n46.33\\n52.35\\n68.00\\n36.67\\n47.88\\n64.33\\n33.67\\n37.86\\n54.33\\n21.00\\n39.95\\n55.33\\n22.33\\n23.72\\n39.67\\n5.67\\n29.92\\n46.00\\n47.59\\n46.76\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at WHITE-MARSH ISLAND, Georgia\\nLatitude, 32\u00c2\u00b0 N.; Longitude, 81\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 18 feet!\\nHours of observation, 7 A. M., and at 2 and 9 P. M. Observer, R. T. Gibson.\\n1854.\\n^Thermometer, mean\\nThermometer, extremes. I\\n1855.\\nThermometer, extremes.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune. July.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\n3\\na\\n52.10\\n63.33\\n37.67\\n49.76\\n61.67\\n35.33\\n53.95\\n66.00\\n38.33\\n46.60\\n66.33\\n32.33\\n61.52\\n71.33\\n50.00\\n54.60\\n69.30\\n36.30\\n62.17\\n73.10\\n45.10\\n65.67\\n81.00\\n54.00\\n72.03\\n78.00\\n57.00\\n73.43\\n83.00\\n62.70\\n76.57\\n85.00\\n56.00\\n76.86\\n81.67\\n69.00\\n80.73\\n87.10\\n75.00\\nHI .93\\n84.33\\n77.33\\n79.33\\n87.00\\n73.30\\n81.59\\n86.00\\n70.67\\n76.43\\n84.00\\n65.00\\n78.27\\n83.33\\n71.00\\n66.20 53.85\\n76.00 69.67\\n56.20 39.00\\n63.5l| 61.95\\n75.331 71.67\\n46.67 45.00\\n46.48\\n59.00\\n33.67\\n52.29\\n65.33\\n37.33\\n65.11\\nS5.54]\\nSummary of Meteorological Observations, made at WORCESTER, Massachusetts; Latitude,\\n42\u00c2\u00b0 16 N.; Longitude, 71\u00c2\u00b0 48 W. from Greenwich; Elevation above tide-water, 536 feet.\\nHours of observation, 7 A.M., and at 2 and 9 P.M. Observer, Dr. E. A. Smith.\\n1854.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nJune.\\nJuly.\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nC3\\na\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n29.49\\n29.47\\n29.33\\n29.43\\n29.39\\n29.37\\n29.45\\n29.46\\n29.53\\n29.54\\n29.34\\n29.34\\n29.43\\nBarometer, extremes.\\n30.05\\n30.00\\n29.77\\n30.05\\n29.81\\n29.66\\n29.70\\n29.79\\n29.90\\n29.91\\n29.97\\n30.16\\n28.84\\n28.85\\n28.65\\n29.00\\n29.00 29.11\\n29.22\\n29.20\\n29.02\\n28.82\\n28.89\\n28.34\\n23.68\\n23.39\\n32.34 43.23\\n60.20 67.20\\n74.87\\n69.63\\n61.87\\n52.30\\n40.23\\n24.23\\n47.76\\n4033\\n40.00\\n54.00; 61.30\\n69.83 78.50\\n87.80\\n78.60\\n79.00\\n65.00\\n58.00\\n43.00\\n1 .33\\n6.00 -22.00! 26.00\\n37.00| 55.30\\n56.00\\n59.50\\n45.00\\n38.00\\n22.33\\n4.33\\nPsychrometer, mean\\n54.00\\n51.00 55.00 64.00\\n64.00! 66.00\\n62.00\\n58.00\\n68.00\\n70.00\\n75.00\\n57.00\\n62.00\\n100.00 100.00il00.00il00.00\\n99.00:100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n100.00! 1 00.00\\n100.00\\n10000\\n1855.\\nBarometer, mean inches..\\n0.00\\n0.00 0.00 0.00\\n12.00 30.00\\n30.00\\n24.00\\n25.00\\n39.00\\n14.00\\n0.00\\n29.45\\n29.38 29.35 29.44\\n29.441 29.39\\n29.50\\n29.47\\n29.54\\n29.39\\n29.51\\n29.47\\n29.44\\nBarometer, extremes\\n30.17\\n29.871 29.80; 29.79\\n29.781 29.67\\n29.82\\n29.83\\n29.88\\n29.78\\n29.88\\n30.24\\n28.59 29.0 28.851 28.57\\n29.09| 28.94\\n29.27\\n28.92\\n29.16 28.88\\n28.44\\n28.65J\\nThermometer, mean\\n27.63 19.20 32.60] 43.47\\n55.20 65.07\\n72.25\\n66.17\\n59.94 50.20\\n39.59\\n29.93\\n46.77\\nThermometer, extremes.\\n41.33] 37.00! 53.30 58.70\\n12.33; 10.33! 21.70 24.00\\n70.30 85.33\\n39.20 55.00\\n85.00\\n60.00\\n75.00\\n54.00\\n76.67 65.00\\n42.00 37.67\\n53.00\\n22.00\\n42.67\\n9.67", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "394\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nFLOWERING OF THE APPLE-TREE IN MASSACHUSETTS.\\nTable showing the date of the flowering of the apple-tree at Mansfield, Massachu-\\nsetts, from 1798 to 1856, inclusive Isaac Stearns, observer.\\n1793, May\\n1799, May\\n1800, May\\n1801, May\\n1802, May\\n1803, May\\n1804, May\\n1805, May\\n3806, May\\n1807, May\\n1808, May\\n1809, May\\n13.\\nlit.\\n17.\\n17.\\n26.\\n22.\\n22.\\n14.\\n27.\\n27.\\n18.\\n25.\\n1810,\\n1811,\\n1812,\\n1813,\\n1814,\\n1815,\\n1816,\\n1817,\\n1818,\\n1819,\\n1820,\\n1821,\\nMay\\n19.\\nMay\\n15.\\nJune\\n2.\\nMay-\\n25.\\nMay\\n14.\\nMay\\n27.\\nMay\\n28.\\nMay\\n23.\\nMay\\n27.\\nMay\\n27.\\nMay\\n17.\\nMay.\\n27.\\n1822,\\n1823,\\n1824,\\n1825,\\n1826,\\n1827,\\n1828,\\n1829,\\n1830,\\n1831,\\n1832,\\n1833,\\nMay\\n15.\\nMay\\n23.\\nMay\\n19.\\nMay\\n15.\\nMay\\n15.\\nMay\\n17.\\nMay\\n17.\\nMay\\n21.\\nMay\\n9.\\nMay\\n14.\\nMay\\n31.\\nMay\\n12.\\n1834,\\n1835,\\n1836,\\n1837,\\n1838,.\\n1839,\\n1840,\\n1841,\\n1842,\\n1843,\\n1844,\\n1845,\\nMay\\n20.\\nMay\\n29.\\nMay\\n21.\\nMay\\n30.\\nMay\\n30.\\nMay\\n18.\\nMay\\n17.\\nMay\\n29.\\nMay\\n19.\\nMay\\n22.\\nMay\\n11\\nMay\\n21.\\n1846, May\\n1847, May\\n1848, May\\n1849, May\\n1850, June\\n1851, May\\n1852, May\\n1853, May\\n1854, May\\n1855, May\\n1856, May\\n15.\\n28.\\n19.\\n29.\\n3.\\n22.\\n26.\\n14.\\n21.\\n26.\\n28.\\nThese dates refer to the days on which the flowers had fully ex-\\npanded on the different varieties of the apple-tree, excepting some of\\nthe late kinds, such- as the Russet. The notes were commenced by\\nIsaac Stearns, sr., and prosecuted until his death, in 1837, since which\\ntime they have been carefully continued by his family.\\nThe extreme dates are May 9, 1830, and June 3, 1850, a difference\\nof twenty-five days. The mean of these two dates is May 21|, which\\nis the mean of the whole fifty-nine years the first half averaging\\nMay 21, and the second half May 22.\\nThe evidence afforded by these records is opposed to the theories of\\nthose who allege that our seasons are gradually growing colder. Ac-\\ncording to this table, the spring of 1812 opened later than any since,\\nwith the exception of that of 1850. The spring of 1856 was consid-\\nered very tardy, but was earlier than the spring of 1812, 1818, 1832,\\n1835, 1837, 1838, 1849, or 1850, and varied but little from that of\\n1802, 1806, 1807, 1809, 1813, 1815, 1816, 1819, 1829, 1841, 1847,\\n1852, or 1855.\\nThe earliest thirteen seasons were, in order, 1830, 1844, 1833,\\n1798, 1805, 1814, 1831, 1853, 1811, 1822, 1825, 1826, 1846 in each\\nof which years the full blossoms appeared before or on the 15 th of\\nMay.\\nThe latest thirteen seasons occurred in 1851, 1812, 1832, 1837,\\n1838, 1818, 1835, 1856, 1816, 1847, 1806, 1807, and 1815.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nCOMMEKCIAL STATISTICS.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic groicth and manufacture, exported from St. Marks,\\nFlorida, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by Hugh Archer,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nCotton, Sea Island bales\\nCotton, Upland bales,\\nCotton yarn -bales,\\nCattle, beef. number,\\nCedar logs number,\\nFish barrels,\\nHides bales,\\nHides number,\\nLumber, sawed M. feet.\\nLeather sides.\\nMoss bales,\\nMolasses barrels.\\nOranges thousand.\\nOil, rosin barrels.\\nOil, rosin casks.\\nOtter skins number.\\nPitch barrels.\\nPotatoes, sweet barrels.\\nPalmetto logs feet.\\nRosin barrels.\\nReeds number.\\nRope cuttings bales.\\nRags bales.\\nSkins, deer bales.\\nSkins, deer number.\\nSugar hogsheads.\\nSugar barrels.\\nSyrup barrels.\\nTar barrels.\\nTurpentine, spirits of. barrels.\\nTallow barrels.\\nTobacco, leaf. cases.\\nVarnish barrels.\\nWool bales.\\nWax, bees barrels.\\nWood cords.\\nTotal\\nAm t conveyed\\ncoastward by\\nAverage\\nValuation.\\nriver.\\nprices.\\n5,000\\n$80 00\\n$400,000 00\\n41,856\\n40 00\\n1,674,240 00\\n1,564\\n30 00\\n46,920 00\\n239\\n15 00\\n3,585 00\\n1,564\\n5 00\\n7,820 00\\n256\\n5 00\\n1,2S0 00\\n50\\n60 00\\n3,000 00\\n6,398\\n1 50\\n9,597 00\\n62\\n15 00\\n930 00\\n100\\n7 00\\n700 00\\n4\\n12 00\\n48 00\\n3,168\\n12 00\\n38,016 00\\n12\\n35 00\\n420 00\\n1,038\\n10 00\\n10,380 00\\n100\\n50 00\\n5,000 00\\n130\\n2 00\\n260 00\\n2,34V\\n2 00\\n4,694 00\\n50\\n2 25\\n112 50\\n12,080\\n3\\n362 40\\n14,833\\n1 50\\n22,249 50\\n201\\n25\\n50 25\\n15\\n24 00\\n360 00\\n4\\n15 00\\n60 00\\n122\\n25 00\\n3,050 00\\n1,383\\n25\\n345 75\\n650\\n80 00\\n52,000 00\\n50\\n22 00\\n1,100 00\\n50\\n15 00\\n750 00\\n24?\\n3 00\\n750 00\\n3,684\\n20 00\\n73,680 00\\n20\\n25 00\\n500 00\\n1,577\\n60 00\\n94,620 00\\n10\\n12 00\\n120 00\\n74\\n50 00\\n3,700 00\\n11\\n45 00\\n495 00\\n1,640\\n3 00\\n4,920 00\\n2,466,115 50", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "396\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from New London,\\nConnecticut, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by H. Hobart,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nApples, dried pounds.\\nBacon, hams pounds.\\nBeans bushels.\\nBeef, salt barrels.\\nBiscuit or ship-bread pounds.\\nBricks, common thousand.\\nBroad-cloth yards.\\nGutter pounds.\\n^andles pounds.\\n/iieese pounds.\\n!oal, anthracite tons.\\nCordage and cables pounds.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nCorn-meal barrels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nGin gallons.\\nImplements, agricultural valuation.\\nLard pounds.\\nLead, bar pounds.\\nLumber, all kinds feet.\\nMolasses gallons.\\nOil, linseed gallons.\\nOnions bushels.\\nPaint, mineral pounds.\\nPeaches, dried pounds.\\nPeas bushels.\\nPork barrels.\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nRice tierces.\\nRum gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nShot pounds.\\nShooks for 19,700 barrels\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSugar, cane pounds.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nTobacco, chewing pounds.,\\nTwine pounds.,\\nVinegar gallons-\\nWhiskey gallons-\\nWood, hard cords.,\\nTotal\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nfor n ports.\\n7,300\\n8,666\\n85\\n931\\n188,300\\n10\\n73\\n5,420\\n1,979\\n3,041\\n166\\n57,847\\n14\\n60\\n636\\n400\\n2,596\\n500\\n193,000\\n9,300\\n205\\n237\\n1,800\\n540\\n50\\n1,083\\n482\\n14\\n2,440\\n460\\n1,000\\nAverage\\nprices.\\n$0 8\\n12\\n2 00\\n15 20\\n8 00\\n25\\n22;\\n13\\n18\\n15\\n00\\n57\\n68\\n63\\n121\\n6\\n33\\n97\\n52\\n15^\\n14\\n1 50\\n16 73\\n53\u00c2\u00a3\\n36 21\\n48.\\n39j\\n6h\\n35\\n46\\n9,250\\n8\\n7\\n5 14\\n14,014\\n14\\n25\\n24\\n1,466\\n9|\\n2,154\\n47\u00c2\u00a3\\n115\\n5 22\\nValuation.\\n$584\\n1,040\\n170\\n14,151\\n10,959\\n80\\n136\\n1,355\\n442\\n395\\n1,192\\n8,677\\n14\\n334\\n5,520\\n252\\n30\\n.30\\n30\\n5,180\\n3,069\\n199\\nF23\\n2 75\\n76\\n75\\n18,119\\n258\\n507\\n1.183\\n182\\n65\\n18,965\\n16\\n740\\n36\\n1,962\\n6\\n143\\n1,023\\n610\\n?8,453", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nS9 y\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Portsmouth,\\nNew Hampshire, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by Zenas\\nClement, Collector of Customs.\\nARTICLES.\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nfor n ports.\\nValuation\\n146\\n5\\n90\\n612\\n5\\n31?\\n2\\n5\\n394\\n$208\\n32\\n89\\n755\\n8\\n3,091\\n174\\nPork\\n109\\n165\\nTotal\\n4,631\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic groioth and manufacture, exported from Wcstville,\\nIndiana, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by G. W. Crawford,\\nCollector of Customs, at La Porte.\\nCattle nu-iber.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nHogs, live number.\\nHogs, dead number.\\nHorses number.\\nOats bushels.\\nPotatoes, common bushels,\\nWheat bushels\\nWool pounds,\\nOther articles\\nAm t convey-\\ned coastward\\nbv lake.\\n10\\n66,613\\n450\\n400\\n8\\n2,300\\n2,984\\n11,676\\n600\\nValuation\\n5C) 0C\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic groioth and manufacture, exported from Plymouth,\\nNorth Carolina, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by J. Haf\\\\y,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nLumber, pine M. feet.,\\nPeas bushels.,\\nShingles thousand.,\\nStaves and heading thousand.,\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nTotal\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nfor n ports.\\nValual on.\\n$280 0\u00c2\u00bb\\n226 33\\n13,880 62\\n7,440 00\\n308 67\\n22,135 62", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "398\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Philadel-\\nphia, Pennsylvania, in the year ending December 31,, 1S55: by\\nCharles Brown, Collector of Customs.\\nApples barrels.\\nBacon, hams pounds.\\nBeef, salt barrels.\\nBeef, salt tierces.\\nBeeswax pounds.\\nBiscuit or ship-bread barrels or kegs.\\nButter pounds.\\nCandles pounds.\\nCattle number.\\nCheese pounds.\\nCoal, anthracite tons.\\nCordage and cables pounds.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nCorn-meal barrels.\\nCotton bales.\\nCotton goods, printed or colored yards.\\nCotton goods, uncolored yards.\\nFlour barrels.\\nHogs, live number.\\nHops pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nIron nails pounds.\\nIron, other manufactures of.\\nLard pounds.\\nOil, lard gallons.\\nOil, linseed gallons.\\nPork tierces and barrels.\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nRice tierces.\\nRosin barrels.\\nRye bushels.\\nRye-meal barrels.\\nSheep and lambs number.\\nSnuff. pounds.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nTallow pounds.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nTobacco, chewing pounds.\\nVinegar gallons.\\nWheat bushels.\\nTotal\\nAm t shipped\\nto foreign\\nports.\\n801\\n5,0*71,567\\n1,745\\n5,467\\n27,477\\n22,550\\n349,897\\n618,994\\n8\\n58,110\\n20,103\\n11,984\\n686,252\\n95,168\\n368\\n218,197\\n100\\n19,672\\n2\\n432,900\\n1,023,699\\n8,828\\n756\\n7,680\\n5,034\\n1,749\\n26,907\\n41,771\\n12,757\\n62\\n17,187\\n21,077\\n746,289\\n1,560\\n194,865\\n59,110\\n226,071\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\n801\\n5,071,567\\n1,745-1\\n5,467/\\n27,477\\n22,550\\n349,897\\n618,994\\n8\\n58,110\\n20,103\\n11,984\\n686,252\\n95,168\\n368\\n218,197\\n100\\nValuation.\\n$1,587\\n452,187\\n195,611\\n7,466\\n88,092\\n61,310\\n109,026\\n430\\n6,550\\n94,806\\n1,554\\n683,732\\n465,204\\n14,282\\n73,924\\n72,112\\n1,962,618\\n500\\n6,012\\n500\\n16,495\\n197,935\\n119,727\\n7,496\\n723\\n149,856\\n3,202\\n56,943\\n46,113\\n51,149\\n86,238\\n229\\n2,608\\n10,446\\n97,430\\n4,478\\n20,278\\n6,354\\n451,921\\n5,627,124\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Roselle,\\nIndiana, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by G-. W. Crawford,\\nCollector of Customs, at La Porte.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nOats bushels.\\nPork barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nOther articles\\nAm t con d\\ncoastward\\nby lake.\\n24,000\\n6,000\\n333\\n5,000\\nValuation.\\n$600 00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n399\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Oswego,\\nNew York, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by E. B. Talcott,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nAlcohol gallons\\nApples barrels\\nAshes, pot pounds\\nBacon, assorted I\\nhogsheads casks, j\\nBacon, hams I\\nhhds. and tierces... J\\nBarley bushels\\nBeef, salt barrels\\nBricks, com n. .thousand\\nButter pounds\\nCandles pounds\\nCheese pounds\\nCider barrels\\nCoal, anthracite tons\\nCoal, bituminous tons\\nCordage cables. pounds\\nCorn, shelled. ...bushels\\nCorn meal barrels\\nCotton goods, printed I\\nor colored\\nCotton goods, uncol d I\\nyards J\\nEarthenware\\nFlaxseed bushels\\nFlour barrels\\nFox skins number\\nGin gallons\\nGipsum tons\\nGipsum, ground. .barrels\\nHemp, common. .pounds\\nHides number\\nHoops number\\nHops pounds\\nHorses number\\nIron, pig tons\\nIron, bar pounds\\nIron castings tons\\nLard pounds\\nLard kegs\\nLeather rolls\\nLime barrels\\nLumber, pine feet\\nLumber, hemlock.. ..feet\\nLumber, oak feet\\nMarble, quarried. ...tons\\nMolasses gallons\\nOats bushels\\nOil, linseed gallons\\nOnions .bushels\\nPeas bushels\\nPork.... tierces barrels\\nPotatoes, com n.. bushels\\nRice tierces\\n-o a\\na\\no fc o\\na\\n10,131\\n1,414\\n203,500\\n908\\ns-\\no g\\n25,710\\n1,058\\n432i\\n5,600\\n5,300\\n4\\n943\\n2,131,604\\n7,945\\n64\\n875\\n3,580,600\\n12,400\\n369\\n20,000\\n18\\n268,662\\n230\\n4,489,545\\n330,000\\n469,000\\n3\\n168,921\\n850\\n384\\n3,799\\n200\\n1,100\\n710,534\\n18,600\\n84\\n3,972\\n300\\n10,000\\n134,333\\n52,600\\n3 a\\nto hfl\\n8,256\\nTotal\\namount.\\n15\\n1,600\\n29,594\\n23,082\\n13,694\\n6,847\\n68,330\\n46,917\\n3,372\\n16,925\\n87,614\\n3,950\\n11,217\\n3,480\\n438\\n318\\n1\\n9,501\\n34,000\\n4,874\\n87.352\\n964\\n11\\n*53\\n10,131\\n9,670\\n203,500\\n908\\n15\\n25.710\\n1,058\\n432|\\n7,200\\n30,694\\n28,382\\n4\\n13,694\\n7,790\\n68,330\\n2,889,055\\n3 372\\n35,525\\n84\\n9S 531\\n300\\n64\\n3,950\\n11,217\\n10,000\\n4,355\\n3,580,600\\n12,400\\n438\\n369\\n20,000\\n336\\n402,995\\n1\\n9,501\\n230\\n4,576,145\\n330,000\\n469,000\\n4,877\\n87,352\\n168,921\\n850\\n5\\n384\\n4.763\\n211\\n653\\nAv rage\\nprices\\n$1 00\\n1 00\\n5\\n60 00\\n64 66|\\n1 00\\n14 00\\n6 00\\n21*\\n15|\\n10\\n2 00\\n7 00\\n6 25\\n20\\n87\u00c2\u00a3\\n4 00\\n1 50\\n8 50\\n75\\n3 00\\n60\\n1 00\\n10\\n2 75\\n30\\n70 00\\n100 00\\n8\\n200 00\\n12\\n15 00\\n4 00\\n62^\\nH\\n4\\n6\\n2\\n20 00\\n55\\n45\\n1 00\\n3\\n1 00\\n17 00\\n1 20\\n30 00\\nValuation.\\n$10,131 00\\n9,670 00\\n10,175 00\\n54,480 00\\n696 90\\n25,710 00\\n14,812 00\\n2,595 00\\n1,530 00\\n4,839 30\\n2,838 20\\n8 00\\n95,858 00\\n48,687 50\\n13,666 00\\n2,527,923 12\\n13,488 00\\n76,382 00\\n3,188 26\\n13,869 00\\n126 00\\n846,031 50\\n225 00\\n192 00\\n2,370 00\\n11,217 00\\n1,000 00\\n11,976 25\\n14,322 40\\n3,720 00\\n30,660 00\\n36,900 00\\n1,600 00\\n67,200 00\\n48,359 40\\n15 00\\n38,004 00\\n143 75\\n54,913 74\\n2,640 00\\n9,380 00\\n97,540 00\\n48,043 60\\n76,014 45\\n850 00\\n15 00\\n384 00\\n80,971 00\\n253 20\\n19,590 00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "400\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nARTICLES.\\nAm t conveyed\\ncoastward by\\nriver or canal.\\nAm t conveyed\\ncoastward by\\nrailroad or by\\nland.\\no\\na, t;\\nc\\nM Oil\\n\u00c2\u00b05\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\nAv rage\\nPrices.\\nValuation.\\n2,334\\n2,334\\n5,452\\n610,730\\n39,059\\n1,429\\n2,728,006\\n25,020\\n386\\n1,800\\n579,629\\n2,355\\n4,222,399\\n572\\n546J\\n78,900\\n$5 00\\n1 00\\n$11,670 00\\n3,000\\n2,452\\n5,452 00\\n610,730\\n39,059\\n244,292 00\\nSnuff pounds\\nTallow pounds\\nTar and pitch. ...barrels\\nTobacco leaf pounds\\nTobacco, chew g. pounds\\n231\\n30 00\\n9\\n10$\\n5 50\\n10\\n30\\n24\\n2 00\\n38\\n3 00\\n20\\n9,178 86\\n1,429\\n42,870 00\\n2,728,006\\n16,320\\n386\\n245,520 54\\n6,000\\n2,700\\n2,627 10\\n2,123 00\\n1,800\\n180 00\\n579,629\\n2,355\\n173,888 70\\n505 20\\n3,166,800\\n572\\n546^\\n78,900\\n1,055,599\\n8,444,798 00\\n217 36\\n1,638 75\\n15,780 00\\nTotal\\n$13,711,136 91J\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Marblehead,\\nMassachusetts, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by William\\nBartoll, Collector of Customs.\\nCorn-meal barrels...\\nFlour barrels...\\nMolasses gallons...\\nPork tierces and barrels...\\nTobacco, chewing pounds...\\nTetal\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nAverage\\nValuation.\\nforeign ports.\\n48\\n4 S\u00c2\u00ab\\n200\\n563\\n9 17\\n5,163\\n30\\n30\\n9\\n1\\n22 00\\n22\\n120\\n25\\n30\\n5,433", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n401\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Key West,\\nFlorida, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by John P. Baldwin,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nArrowroot pounds...\\nBacon, assorted... hhds. and casks...\\nBananas bunches...\\nBeans bags...\\nBeef, salt barrels...\\nButter firkins...\\nCattle number...\\nCoco-nuts..- number...\\nCorn, shelled bushels...\\nCotton bales...\\nCranberries bushels...\\nFish, salted tons...\\nFish, salted barrels...\\nFlour barrels...\\nGrapes pounds...\\nHemp, Sisal pounds...\\nHides number...\\nLemons barrels...\\nPork tierces and barrels...\\nRice tierces...\\nSalt bushels...\\nShingles thousand...\\nSponge pounds...\\nTallow pounds...\\nTurtles number...\\nTurtle-shell pounds...\\nTotal.\\nAmount\\nconveyed\\ncoastward.\\n56,13*7\\n500\\n5\\n6,000\\n197\\n375\\n400\\n200\\n3,240\\n481\\n240\\n15,000\\n49,076\\n2,200\\n505\\n240\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nfor n ports\\n100\\n14\\n10\\n37\\n227\\n1,000\\n300\\n235\\n140\\nTotal\\namount\\n56,237\\n14\\n500\\n5\\n10\\n37\\n227\\n6,000\\n1,000\\n197\\n375\\n300\\n400\\n235\\n200\\n3,240\\n481\\n240\\n20\\n60\\n15,000\\n140\\n49,076\\n2,200\\n505\\n240\\nAverage\\nprices.\\n$0 07\\n48 00\\n50\\n4 00\\n10 50\\n5 00\\n15 00\\n5\\n95\\n80 00\\n55\\n80 00\\n6 00\\n10 50\\n30\\n10\\n1 00\\n5 00\\n16 30\\n9 00\\n30\\n2 75\\n40\\n10\\n6 00\\n4 00\\nValuation.\\n$3,396 59\\n672 00\\n250 00\\n20 00\\n105 0,0\\n185 00\\n3,406 00\\n300 00\\n950 00\\n15,760 00\\n206 25\\n24,000 00\\n2,400 00\\n2,467 50\\n60 00\\n324 00\\n481 00\\n1,200 00\\n326 00\\n540 00\\n4,500 00\\n385 00\\n19,630 40\\n220 00\\n3,030 00\\n960 00\\n118,389 74\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Machias,\\nMaine, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by Daniel W. Donnan,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nLaths number...\\nLumber, pine feet...\\nLumber, other feet...\\nRags, paper tons...\\nShingles number...\\nTotal.\\n26\\nAmount\\nconveyed\\ncoastward.\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nfor n ports.\\nTotal\\namount.\\n66,000,000\\n30,619,000\\n17\\n1,000,000\\n2,381,000\\n66,000,000\\n3,300,000\\n17\\n1,000,000\\nAv ge\\nprices.\\n1\\n1\\n80 00\\nValuation.\\n$660,000\\n33 000\\n3,513\\n1,360\\n2,500\\n$700,373", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "402\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Washington,\\nNorth Carolina, in fhe year ending December 31, 1855 by H. F.\\nHancock, Collector of Customs.\\nBeans bushels,\\nBeeswax pounds.\\nCopper, sheet pounds,\\nCorn, shelled bushels,\\nCotton bales,\\nEggs number,\\nFlaxseed bushels,\\nHides number,\\nIron, bar pounds,\\nLumber, pine ffeet.\\nMolasses gallons,\\nOats bushels,\\nP\u00c2\u00abas bushels,\\nRags, paper pounds\\nRice tierces,\\nRosin barrels\\nSpts. of turpentine gallons.\\nStaves and heading number.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nWheat m bushels.\\nTotal\\n13 ~3\\n\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a33\\na B\\na o u\\n191\\n12,030\\n7,550\\n232,742\\n8,705\\n10,000\\n104\\n4,813\\n21,000\\n4,000,000\\n500\\n3,800\\n979\\n79,000\\n234\\n30,748\\n262,920\\n10,500\\n106,880\\n25,205\\na, p*\\n1,005,598\\n1,010\\n1,086,180\\n336\\nTotal\\nAverage\\nAmount.\\nPrices.\\n191\\n$1 00\\n12,030\\n25\\n7,550\\n20\\n232,742\\n70\\n8,705\\n35 00\\n10,000\\n1\\n104\\n1 00\\n4,813\\n2 00\\n21,000\\n1.1\\n5,005,598\\n14\\n500\\n25\\n3,800\\n35\\n979\\n75\\n79,000\\n3\\n234\\n15 00\\n30,748\\n1 33\\n263,930\\n40\\n1,096,680\\n2\\n107,216\\n2 25\\n25,205\\n2 00\\nValuation.\\n$191 00\\n3,007 50\\n1,510 00\\n162,919 40\\n304,675 00\\n100 00\\n104 00\\n9,626 00\\n315 00\\n70,078 37\\n125 00\\n1,330 00\\n734 25\\n2,370 00\\n3,510 00\\n40,997 33\\n105,572 00\\n21,933 60\\n241,236 00\\n50,410 00\\n1,020,744 45\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from the city\\nof La Porte, Indiana, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by G.\\nW, Crawford, Collector of Customs, at La Porte.\\nCattle number\\nCorn, shelled bushels\\nFruit barrels\\nHogs, live number\\nHorses number\\nPork barrels\\nSheep and lambs number\\nWheat bushels\\nWool pounds\\nOther articles\\nTotal\\nAmount\\nconveyed\\nAverage\\ncoastward\\nPrices.\\nby lake.\\n6,591\\n$50 00\\n387,035\\n62\u00c2\u00a3\\n945\\n2 00\\n1,715\\n6 50\\n579\\n100 00\\n291\\n16 00\\n1,046\\n2 50\\n256,578\\n1 50\\n58,300\\n32\\nValuation.\\n$329,550 00\\n241,896 87J\\n1,890 00\\n11,147 50\\n57,900 00\\n4,656 00\\n2,615 00\\n384,867 00\\n18,656 00\\n1,053,178 37J\\n15,000 00\\n1,068,178 37$", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n403\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from New York,\\nin the year ending December 31, 1855: by H. J. Kedfield, Collector\\nof Customs.\\nAm t shipped\\nto foreign\\nports.\\nAlcohol gallons...\\nApples barrels...\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nBacon pounds...\\nBark, oak cords...\\nBeef, salt barrels...\\nBeef, salt tierces...\\nBeeswax pounds...\\nBiscuit or shipbread barrels and kegs...\\nBricks, common number...\\nButter pounds...\\nCandles pounds...\\nCheese pounds...\\nClover seed pounds...\\nCoal, anthracite 1\\nCoal, bituminous J\\nCopper ore tons... 1\\nCopper, pig pounds... I\\nCopper pipe pounds... J\\nCopper sheet pounds... J\\nCordage and cables pounds...\\nCorn, shelled bushels...\\nCorn meal barrels...\\nCotton bales...\\nCotton goods, printed or colored yards...\\nCotton goods, uncolored yards...\\nEarthenware\\nFlour barrels...\\nGinseng pounds...\\nHemp, common pounds...\\nHides number...\\nHogs, live number...\\nHops pounds...\\nHorses number...\\nIron castings and other manufactures of iron\\nLard pounds...\\nLeather pounds...\\nLumber, pine feet...\\nLumber, hemlock feet...\\nLumber, poplar feet...\\nLumber, oak feet...\\nLumber, maple feet...\\nLumber, black walnut feet...\\nLumber, cherry feet...\\nMolasses gallons..\\nOil, lard gallons...\\nOil, linseed gallons...\\nOnions bushels...\\nOnions bunches... j\\nPaint, mineral pounds...\\nPork tierces...\\nPork barrels...\\nPotatoes, common barrels...\\nRice tierces...\\nRice barrels...\\nRosin barrels...\\nRum gallons...\\n23,170\\n2,460\\n3,395\\n17,224,923\\n25,062\\n37,046/\\n157,400\\n55,379\\n1,083,070\\n1,706,036\\n6,128,960\\n16,266\\n986,000\\n3,806,989\\n58,185\\n273,674\\n990,563\\n72,740\\n60,400\\n27,764\\n4\\n1,592,286\\n110\\n8,694,720\\n914,757\\n29,478\\n3-3,240\\n90,786\\n25,687\\nValuation.\\n2,997\\n143,004/\\n22,590\\n13,628\\n11,591/\\n505,950\\n1,414.255\\n$15,383\\n9,275\\n439,739\\n1,521,263\\n38,646\\n1,370,880\\n42,989\\n214,701\\n19,068\\n220,397\\n320,696\\n654,839\\n17,731\\n91,404\\n547,651\\n127,565\\n3,811,245\\n297,149\\n12,057,905\\n149,353\\n1,378,429\\n8,341\\n9,018,673\\n38,876\\n6,546\\n117,782\\n35\\n419,520\\n20,080\\n1,250,450\\n963,798\\n156,759\\n635,174\\n8,464\\n76,454\\n23,646\\n21,950\\n68,138\\n2,517,165\\n50,111\\n612,466\\n1,214,574\\n684,534", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "404\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nRye bushels.\\nRye meal barrels,\\nSheep and lambs number,\\nSnuff pounds,\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons,\\nStaves and beading thousand,\\nSugar, cane pounds,\\nTallow pounds,\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nTobacco, leaf. hogsheads,\\nTobacco, strips bales,\\nTobacco stems cases,\\nTobacco, chewing pounds\\nVinegar gallons,\\nWheat bushels,\\nWhiskey gallons,\\nTotal\\nAm t shipped\\nto foreign\\nports.\\n650,000\\n20,100\\n1,781\\n14,380\\n1,619,649\\n19,512\\n577,635\\n1,964,713\\n60,467\\n6,868\\n8,514\\n5,244\\n5,426,021\\n25,815\\n3,455,234\\n55,826\\nValuation.\\n$824,885\\n133,381\\n11.317\\n1,424\\n776,359\\n1,324,596\\n35,734\\n239,630\\n192,408\\n1,030,515\\n934,106\\n3,281\\n6,952,393\\n36,514\\n53,756,387\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic groivth and manufacture, exported from Providence,\\nRhode Island, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by GL Bradford,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nBacon, hams pounds.\\nBeef, salt barrels.\\nBiscuit barrels.\\nBricks, fire number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCorn meal barrels.\\nCotton goods, colored yards.\\nCotton goods, uncolored yards.\\nFlannel, cotton yards,\\nFlour barrels.\\nHoops thousand.\\nLumber, pine f ee\\nNails, cut pounds.\\nOnions bushels,\\nPickles boxes.\\nPork barrels,\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nRosin barrels,\\nShingles, pine and cedar thousand,\\nShooks and heading thousand,\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nStaves number.\\nStoves number.\\nTobacco pounds.\\nVinegar gallons,\\nTotal\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nValuation.\\nforeign ports.\\n579\\n$67\\n39\\n605\\n50\\n287\\n4,000\\n26\\n254\\n84\\n4\\n15\\n87,228\\n8,436\\n771,388\\n44,677\\n22,527\\n1,593\\n102\\n990\\n1,180,751\\n30,243\\n245,527\\n4,057\\n60,200\\n2,408\\n45\\n90\\n28\\n68\\n17\\n255\\n405\\n301\\n600\\n1,125\\n171,375\\n658\\n2,742\\n6,784\\n2,400\\n1,515\\n20,000\\n1,000\\n72\\n808\\n30,000\\n3,000\\n3,881\\n439\\n109,591", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n405\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from, Mobile,\\nAlabama, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by T. Sanford,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nARTICLES.\\nBricks, common thousand.\\nCotton pounds\\nHides number.\\nLumber, pine thousand.\\nLumber, pine, hewn tons.\\nMasts and spars number.\\nOysters bushels.\\nOysters gallons\\nRosin barrels\\nSpirits \u00c2\u00abf turpentinw. .gallons.\\nStaves thousand\\nTallow pounds\\nTar and pitch barrels\\nTotal\\nAmount\\nconveyed\\nby river.\\n10,230\\n26,500\\n2,000\\nAm t con-\\nveyed coast-\\nwise by sea,\\n2,260\\n63,244,815\\n12,136\\n7,S30\\n5,592\\n54,000\\n1,500\\nAm t shipped\\nto\\nforeign ports.\\n189,774,382\\n7,284\\n1,660\\n1,588\\n104\\n8,800\\nTotal\\nAverage\\nAmount.\\nPrices.\\n2,260\\n$7 20\\n253,019,197\\nS\\n22,366\\n2 44\\n14,914\\n10 25\\n1,660\\n6 85\\n1,588\\n91 50\\n26,500\\n80\\n2,000\\n2 00\\n12,292\\n1 50\\n54,000\\n50\\n104\\n49 65\\n8,800\\n10\\n1,500\\n2 00\\n1\\nValuation.\\n.$16,272 00\\n22,771,727 73\\n54,573 04\\n152,868 50\\n11,371 00\\n145,302 00\\n21,200 00\\n4.000 00\\n18,438 00\\n27,000 00\\n5, 163 60\\n880 00\\n3,000 00\\n23,231,795 87\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic groivth and manufacture, exported from Galveston,\\nTexas, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by H. Stuart, Collector\\nof Customs.\\nARTICLES.\\nAmount\\nconveyed\\ncoastward.\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nfor gn ports\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\nAverage\\nPrices.\\nValuation.\\nCattle number... 4.3fil\\n4,361\\n76,953\\n20,517\\n84,945\\n1,934,710\\n$16 00\\n35 00\\n4 00\\n25\\n7\\n$69,776 00\\n2,693,355 00\\n82,068 00\\n21 236 25\\n68,853\\n20,517\\n84,815\\n1,934,710\\n8,100\\n135 429 70\\nTotal\\n3,001,864 95\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic groivth and manufacture, exported from Haskels,\\nIndiana, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by GJ-. W. Crawford,\\nCollector of Customs at La Porte.\\nAmount con-\\nveyed coast-\\nward by lake,\\nValuation.\\nCorn, shelled bushels...\\nOats bushels...\\nWheat bushels...\\nOthtr articles\\n15,000\\n6,085\\n1,000\\n200 00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "406\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchandise,\\nof domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Rochester, Neiv\\nYork, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by James 0. Campbell,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nAm t shipp d to\\nforeign ports by\\nriver and lake.\\nAverage\\nprices.\\nValuation.\\nApples barrels...\\nBarley bushels...\\nBricks, common thousand\\nBuffalo robes, dressed number...\\nButter pounds...\\nCalves number...\\nCandles pounds...\\nCattle number...\\nCheese pounds...\\nCider barrels...\\nCordage and cables pounds...\\nCorn, shelled bushels...\\nCorn meal bushels...\\nEarthenware\\nFeathers pounds...\\nFlour barrels...\\nHides number...\\nHops pounds...\\nHorses number...\\nIron, pig pounds...\\nIron castings tons...\\nLead pipe pounds...\\nLeather rolls...\\nLumber, black walnut thousand...\\nMolasses gallons...\\nOats bushels...\\nOnions bushels...\\nPork tierces and barrels...\\nPotatoes, common bushels...\\nRice tierces...\\nRum gallons...\\nSalt bushels...\\nSheep and lambs number...\\nSnuff pounds...\\nStaves and heading number...\\nTallow pounds...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nTobacco, chewing pounds...\\nVinegar gallons...\\nWheat bushels...\\nWhiskey gallons...\\nWool pounds...\\n7,281\\n6\\n221\\n88\\n4,754\\nT\\n4,446\\n2\\n80,572\\n108\\n10,561\\n108\\n100\\n$1 87\\n2 50\\n5 00\\n15 00\\n19\\n3 57\\n15\\n20 00\\n8\\n9 87\\n14\\n1 00\\n74\\n4,175\\n754\\n542\\n2,369\\n42\\n283,400\\n516\\n8,636\\n87\\n52\\n10,921\\n118\\n318\\n141\\n436\\n14\\n36\\n261\\n104\\n400\\n30,000\\n8,966\\n2\\n22,480\\n2,020\\n56\\n23,821\\n1,680\\n20\\n10 19\\n3 23\\n15\\n154 76\\n1J\\n120 00\\n5\\n37 11\\n42 00\\n40\\n40\\n1 14\\n13 67\\n65\\n35 50\\n24 64\\n75\\n2 74\\n25\\n6\\n$0 12\\n10 00\\n20\\n23\\n2 00\\n44\\n25\\n$13,615 47\\n15 00\\n1,105 00\\n1,320 00\\n903 26\\n24 99\\n666 90\\n40 00\\n6,445 76\\n1,065 96\\n1,478 54\\n108 00\\n74 00\\n570 00\\n835 00\\n7,683 26\\n1,750 66\\n355 35\\n6,499 92\\n4,251 00\\n619 20\\n431 80\\n3,228 57\\n2,184 00\\n4,368 40\\n47 20\\n362 52\\n1,927 47\\n283 40\\n497 00\\n887 04\\n195 75\\n284 96\\n100 00\\n1,800 00\\n1,075 92\\n20 00\\n4,496 00\\n464 60\\n112 00\\n10,481 24\\n420 00\\n136,040 28\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Holmesville,\\nIndiana, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by G-. W. Crawford,\\nCollector of Customs at La Porte.\\nARTICLES.\\nAmount con-\\nveyed coast-\\nward by lake.\\nValuation.\\n55,576\\n19,036\\nWheat\\n1,100 00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n407\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Milwaukie,\\nWisconsin, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by John White,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nI iii\\nTotal\\nAmouut.\\nAverage\\nPrices.\\nValuation.\\nApples barrels.\\nAshes, pot tons\\nAshes, pearl tons\\nBacon, assorted boxes.\\nBacon, ass d..hhds. casks.\\nBacon hams. .hhds. tierces.\\nBacon, in bulk pounds.\\nBarley bushels\\nBeans.. bushels.\\nBeef, salt barrels.\\nBeef, salt tierces\\nBricks, common .thousand\\nButter pounds.\\nButter firkins.\\nCalves number.\\nCandles pounds\\nBattle number.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nCorn meal bushels.\\nCranberries bushels.\\nEggs number.\\nFlour barrels.\\nHides number.\\nHoys, live... number.\\nHops pounds\\nIron, pig tons.\\nLard pounds.\\nLard kegs\\nLead, bar pounds.\\nLead, pig pounds.\\nLeather rolls.\\nLime barrels.\\nOats bushels.\\nOnions bushels.\\nPeas bushels\\nPelts, sheep or lambs. .num r.\\nPo k tierces and bbls.\\nPork in bulk pounds\\nPotatoes, common.. bushels.\\nRye bushels\\nSalt bushels.\\nSheep and lambs .number.\\nShot pounds.\\nStaves and heading M.\\nTimothy seed bushels.\\nTobacco, leaf pounds.\\nTurkeys number.\\nVenison hams, dried pounds\\nVinegar gallons.\\nWheat bushels.\\nWhiskey gallons.\\nWood, hard cords.\\nWool pounds\\nTotal\\n15,000\\n450\\n3\\n215,250\\n16,600\\n400\\n500\\n1,000\\n13,528\\n5,100\\n215,250\\n86,000\\n5,900\\n16,800\\n5,300\\n6,500\\n450,000\\n3,520\\n150,\\n2,\\n117,\\n177,\\n5,\\n1,500.\\n18i;\\n15,\\n5,\\n40.\\n35,354\\n18,278\\n11.\\n75,\\n450,\\niV\\n124,\\n2,\\n2\\n9,\\n51,\\n1, 12%\\n42\\n69,\\n3.\\n255,\\n9,\\n125,\\n3,\\n20,\\n50,\\n2,676,\\n100,\\n36\\n552,\\n160,000\\n5,960\\n3,946\\n8,400\\n225,000\\n150,000\\n2,715\\n117,000\\n177,850\\n5,000\\n1,500,000\\n235,621\\n15,000\\n5,000\\n40,000\\n616\\n160,000\\n11,286\\n75,000\\n450, 000\\n1,975\\n20,000\\n124,980\\n2,400\\n2.300\\n9,500\\n55,637\\n1,125,000\\n42,373\\n69,600\\n225,000\\n11,900\\n255.033\\n1,500\\n9,500\\n125, 000\\n3,000\\n20, 000\\n50, 000\\n2,815,946\\n36,000\\n552,000\\n$2 25\\n100 00\\n100 00\\n30 00\\n50 00\\n60 00\\n9\\n1 20\\n2 25\\n11 00\\n16 50\\n10 00\\n18\\n16 00\\n15\\n50 00\\n60\\n75\\n5 00\\n1\\n8 00\\n4 50\\n10 00\\n15\\n37 00\\n10\\n10 00\\n7\\n40 00\\n2 00\\n40\\n50\\n1 25\\n65\\n17 00\\ni\\n75\\n1 00\\n40\\n3 50\\n8\\n14 00\\n2 50\\n7\\n1 00\\n15\\n20\\n1 65\\n42\\n3 50\\n36\\n$37\\n40\\n50\\n30\\n676\\n306\\n19\\n103\\n13\\n184\\n87.\\n65\\n81\\n56\\n1,712\\n22\\n135.\\n70\\n133,\\n25,\\n15\\n1,884\\n67\\n50\\n6\\n22\\n16\\n112\\n5\\n29\\n79,\\n40\\n49\\n1\\n2\\n6\\n945\\n70,\\n31\\n69\\n90\\n41\\n20\\n21\\n23\\n8,\\n3\\n3\\n10\\n4,646\\n42\\n126\\n198\\n350 00\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n400 00\\n000 00\\n372 50\\n200 00\\n275 00\\n800 00\\n450 00\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n320 00\\n577 00\\n500 00\\n750 00\\n200 00\\n387 50\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n968 00\\n500 00\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n792 00\\n000 00\\n860 00\\n250 00\\n250 00\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n992 00\\n200 00\\n875 00\\n175 00\\n829 00\\n312 50\\n779 75\\n600 00\\n000 00\\n650 00\\n402 64\\n000 00\\n750 08\\n750 00\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n310 90\\n000 00\\n000 00\\n720 00\\n12,590,54S 79", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "4JD8\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Dubuque,\\nIowa, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by Gr. K. West.\\n1854.\\n1855.\\n1855.\\nARTICLES.\\nAmount\\nof\\nTonnage.\\nAmount Amount\\nof of\\nValue. Tonnage.\\nAmount\\nof\\nValue.\\nIncrease\\nof\\nTonnage.\\nIncrease\\nof\\nValue.\\nDecrse\\nof\\nTo:-. ge.\\nDecrease\\nof\\nValue.\\n30.00\\n36.00\\n5.10\\n3.00\\n650.00\\n100.00\\n265.00\\n196.00\\n18.10\\n880.00\\n1.00\\n33.00\\n9.00\\n50.00\\n780.00\\n120.00\\n58.00\\n6.00\\n21.00\\n135.00\\n720.00\\n1,200.00\\n34.00\\n4,385.00\\n180.00\\n125.00\\n385.00\\n12.12\\n138.00\\n480.00\\n5.00\\n4.10\\n330.00\\n20.00\\n20.00\\n60.00\\n540.00\\n$4,000 00\\n1,800 00\\n40 00\\n2,500 00\\n52,650 00\\n1,000 05\\n300,000 00\\n22,240 00\\n650 00\\n48,000 00\\n800 00\\n2,000 00\\n9,000 00\\n6,000 00\\n191,000 00\\n32,000 00\\n11,200 00\\n400 00\\n21,000 00\\n31,025 50\\n24,720 00\\n192,000 00\\n6,000 00\\n526,200 00\\n1,200 00\\n5,000 00\\n5,555 00\\n4,320 00\\n10,000 25\\n12,800 00\\n1,500 00\\n1,687 50\\n3,600 00\\n300 00\\n5,000 00\\n120.00\\n18.00\\n5.10\\n6.00\\n1,300.00\\n150.00\\n795.00\\n392.00\\n9.05\\n2,640.00\\n1.10\\n99.00\\n18.00\\n250.00\\n3,120.00\\n240.00\\n174.00\\n36.00\\n26.05\\n270.00\\n2,880.00\\n2,400.00\\n136.00\\n5,262.00\\n60.00\\n375.00\\n289.00\\n31.10\\n552.00\\n600.00\\n15.00\\n6.15\\n60.00\\n40.00\\n40.00\\n$16,000 00\\n1,850 00\\n40 00\\n7,500 00\\n105,300 00\\n1,500 00\\n900,000 00\\n44,480 00\\n405 25\\n216,000 00\\n1,200 00\\n9,000 00\\n18,000 00\\n33,000 00\\n776,000 00\\n64,000 00\\n36,960 00\\n3,600 00\\n13,125 00\\n62,051 00\\n98,880 00\\n384,600 00\\n24,000 00\\n631,440 00\\n400 00\\n15.000 00\\n6,943 00\\n10,800 00\\n40.001 00\\n16,000 00\\n4,500 00\\n2,531 25\\n7,200 00\\n900 00\\n10,000 00\\n45,660 00\\n81,000 00\\n90.00\\n$13,000 09\\n50 00\\n18.00\\n3.00\\n650.00\\n50.00\\n530.00\\n196.00\\n5,000 00\\n52,650 00\\n500 03\\n600,000 00\\n22,240 00\\nEngines and castings\\n9.05\\n244 75\\nFlour\\n1,760.00\\n10\\n66.00\\n9.00\\n200.00\\n2,340.00\\n120.00\\n116.00\\n30.00\\n5 05\\n168,000 00\\n400 00\\n7,000 00\\n9,000 00\\n27,000 00\\n582,000 00\\n32,000 00\\n25,760 00\\n3,200 00\\nFruits, dried green\\nGlass, sash and doors\\nHardware cutlery.\\n7,875 00\\n135 00\\n2,160.00\\n1,200.00\\n102.00\\n877.00\\n31,025 50\\n74,160 00\\n192,000 00\\n18.000 00\\n105,240 00\\nHousehold furniture.\\nIron, steel and nails.\\n120 00 800 00\\n250.00\\n10,000 00\\n1,388 00\\n6,480 00\\n96.00\\n18.18\\n414.00\\n120.00\\n10.00\\n2.05\\n30.00\\n40.00\\n20.00\\n120.00\\n1,080.00\\nPork\\n,i\\n3,200 00\\n3,000 00\\n843 75\\n3,600 00\\n600 00\\n5,000 00\\n30,440 00\\n63,000 00\\n:::::::i::::::\\nReapers and mowers\\nStone, caps and sills.\\nThreshing machines\\nWagons carriages.\\nWheat\\n15,220 00 1 180.00\\n18,000 00 1,620.*0\\n12,034.42\\n$1,573,408 30\\n2-;,215.55\\n12,034.42\\n3,689.266 50\\n1,573,408 30\\n12,944.18\\n243.05\\n2,018,538 03\\n8,919 75\\n243.05\\n8,919 75\\n12,181.13\\n2,115,858 20\\n12,701.13\\n2.009,618 28\\nThe whole number of tons exported from Dubuque, on the Mississippi, in 1854, wasl2,034j;\\nvalue, $1,573,408 30. The tonnage for 1855 is 24,215^ tons; value, $3,689,266 50; making\\nan increase of tonnage, in 1855, of 12,701^ tons exported. Increase of value, $2,009,618 28,\\nequal to 134.47 per cent, on the value exported this year over 1854 and tonnage equal to\\n101.22 per cent.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of Articles of Merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Jacksonville,\\nFlorida, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by James G. Dell,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nAmount con-\\nveyed to\\nforeign ports.\\nAverage\\nPrice.\\nValuation.\\nLumber, pine thousand feet.\\n9,020\\n$14 00 126,280 00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n409\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Franklin,\\nLouisiana, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by R. W. McMil-\\nlan, Collector of Customs.\\nARTICLES.\\nAm t conveyed\\ncoastward or\\ncoastwise by\\nriver or canal.\\nAm t conveyed\\ncoastward or\\ncoastwise by\\nrailroad or by\\nland.\\nAm t conveyed\\ninland.\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\nAv rage\\nPrices.\\nValuation\\n780\\n420\\n2,050\\n1,200\\n3,500\\n$4 00\\n12 00\\n$4,800\\n42,000\\n225,000\\nEo-o-s .number 150.000\\n110,000\\n850\\n2,500\\n260,000\\n1,350\\n5,500\\n10,000\\n1,720,000\\n60,000\\n106,000\\n4,800\\n57,000,000\\n12$\\n20\\n1 00\\n4\\n25\\n2\\n1\\n40\\n6\\n2,708\\n500\\n3,000\\n10,000\\n1,720,000\\n60,000\\n100,000\\n4,800\\n48,000,000\\n270\\n5,500\\n400\\n430,000\\n1,200\\n6,000\\n1,060\\n1,920\\n9,000,000\\n3,420,000\\n4,134,858\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from George-\\ntown, District of Columbia, in the year ending December 31, 1855:\\nby Robert White, Collector of Customs.\\nBacon, hams pounds...\\nBoards, white pine M. feet...\\nButter pounds...\\nCornmeal barrels...\\nFlour barrels...\\nTotal\\nQuantity.\\n445\\n78\\n275\\n392\\n2,550\\nValue.\\n11\\n19 00\\n25\\n4 00\\n9 17\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\n$49\\n1,482\\n69\\n1,568\\n23,384\\n26,552\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Boiling\\nPrairie, Indiana, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by (x. W.\\nCrawford, Collector of Customs at La Porte.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nOats bushels.\\nPork barrels.\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nWool pounds.\\nOther articles\\nValuation.\\n510 00", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "410\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Toledo, Ohio,\\nin the year ending December 31, 1855: by Charles K. Dennett,\\nDeputy Collector of Customs.\\nAimei.KS.\\na s\\n5s\\na\u00c2\u00ab2\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\nAverage\\nPrices.\\nValuation.\\nAlcohol gallons\\nApples, dried pounds\\nAshes, pot pounds\\nBacon, hams...hhds. and tierces\\nBacon, in bulk pounds\\nBarley bushels\\nBeans bushels\\nBeef, salt barrels\\nBeef, salt tierces\\nBees wa x pounds\\nBricks, common number\\nBatter firkins\\nCandles pounds\\nCattle number\\nCheese pounds\\nCoal, bituminous tons\\nCorn, shelled bushels\\nCornmeal barrels\\nCotton pounds\\nCotton yarn pounds\\nEarthenware\\nEggS barrels\\nFlour barrels\\nHides number\\n1 1 og8, live number\\nHorses number\\nIron, pig and bar pounds\\nIron, railroad tows\\nLard pounds\\nLard kegs\\nLaths pieces\\nLead, pig pounds\\nLeather rolls\\nLumber, pine feet\\nLumber, oak feet\\nLumber, black walnut feet\\nMarble, quarried tons\\nMolasses gallons\\nOats bushels\\nOil, lard gallons\\nOil! linseed gallons\\nPork tierces and bbls.\\nPork in bulk pounds\\nPotatoes, common bushels\\nRye bushels\\nSalt bushels\\nSheep and lambs number\\nStaves and heading... thousand\\nTallow pounds\\nTobacco, leaf pounds\\nTobacco, chewing pounds\\nWheat bushels\\nWool pounds\\nTotal\\n987,720\\n18,269\\n1,402,865\\n8,958\\n140,500\\n22,066\\n208\\n9,623\\n1,901\\n3,000\\n15,985\\n2,361\\n3,570\\n10,674\\n37,037\\n499\\n3,864,375\\n402,360\\n180\\n35,824\\n11,577\\n987,720\\n18,269\\n1,402,865\\n8,958\\n140,500\\n22,066\\n208\\n9,623\\n1,961\\n3,000\\n15,985\\n2,366\\n3,570\\n10,674\\n37,037\\n499\\n4,266,735\\n180\\n35,824\\n11,577\\n$0 30\\n12\\n5\\n30 00\\n10\\n80\\n1 00\\n10 00\\n25 00\\n20\\n8 00\\n15\\n30 00\\n10\\n5 00\\n70\\n7 00\\n504\\n271,437\\n23,084\\n50,828\\n83\\n3,596,259\\n12,499\\n4,312,600\\n1,890\\n3,912,850\\n28,783\\n3,613\\n8,792,000\\n1,842\\n2,528\\n24,000\\n44,154\\n10,188\\n1,200\\n45,116\\n6,776,000\\n34,330\\n19,219\\n575,145\\n11 12 1\\n2,428\\n26,894\\n312,600\\n105,000\\n2,931\\n273,\\n23,\\n50,\\n3,596,\\n12,\\n4,339,\\n1,\\n3,912,\\n28,\\n3,\\n8,792,\\n312,\\n105,\\n2\\n24;\\n44,\\n10,\\n1,\\n48,\\n6,776,\\n34,\\n19.\\n575,\\n11,\\n504\\n279\\n084\\n8 28\\n83\\n259\\n494\\nB90\\n850\\n?83\\n6 1 a\\nooo\\n600\\n000\\n528\\n000\\n154\\n188\\n200,\\n047\\nooo\\n330\\n2 1 9\\n145\\n121\\n8 00\\n3 00\\n9 00\\n100 00\\n10\\n1\\n1.1\\n30\\n80\\n90\\n25 00\\n6\\n50\\n1 00\\n30\\n2 00\\n$296,316 00\\n2,192 28\\n70,143 25\\n268,740 00\\n14,050 00\\n17,652 80\\n208 00\\n96,230 00\\n49,025 00\\n600 00\\n79 93\\n18,928 00\\n535 60\\n320,220 00\\n3,703 70\\n2,495 00\\n2,986,714 50\\n1,260 00\\n2,789 00\\n2,186,232 00\\n69,252 00\\n457,452 00\\n8,300 00\\n433,949 40\\n3,912 85\\n3,126 00\\n1,260 00\\n13,246 20\\n8,150 40\\n1,080 00\\n1,201,175 00\\n406,560 00\\n17,165 00\\n19,219 00\\n172,543 50\\n22,242 00\\n14,607\\n232,796\\n1.002.275\\n1,196,000\\n51,990\\n51,990\\nlo\\n5,199 00\\n8,712\\n1,700,987\\n1,196,000\\n1 60\\n30\\n2,721,579 20\\n358,800 00\\n12,262,326 51", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n411\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchandise,\\nof domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Leiuiston, New\\nYork, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by A. V. E. Hotchkiss,\\nCollector of Customs.\\nAlcohol gallons..\\nApples barrels.,\\nApples, dried pounds.,\\nBacon, assorted hogsheads and casks.\\nBeans bushels.,\\nBricks, fire number.\\nBrooms dozen.\\nBuffalo robes, dressed number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCandles pounds.\\nCarpets yards.\\nCattle number.\\nCheese pounds.\\nCider barrels.\\nClover seed, red pounds.\\nCoal, bituminous tons.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nCorn meal barrels.,\\nCotton goods, printed or colored yards.\\nCotton goods, uncolored yards.,\\nEarthenware valuation.\\nEggs dozen.\\nFlour barrels.\\nFowls, common number.\\nGypsum tons.\\nGypsum, ground barrels.\\nHay bales or tons.\\nHemp, common pounds.\\nHides number.\\nHops pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nIron, bar pounds.\\nIron castings tons.\\nLard pounds.\\nLeather rolls.\\nLime barrels.\\nLumber, oak feet.\\nMolasses gallons.\\nOats bushels.\\nOil, lard gallons.\\nOnions bushels.\\nOysters gallons.\\nPaint, mineral pounds.\\nPork tierces and barrels.\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nRice tierces.\\nRosin barrels.\\nRum gallons.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSatinet yards.\\nSheep and lambs number.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nStaves and heading M.\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nforeign ports.\\nAverage\\nPrices.\\n137,948\\n4,448\\n46,288\\n8\\n154\\n1,211\\n6\\n9,268\\n4,665\\n1,650\\n31\\n106,031\\n233\\n77,340\\n21\\n1,215\\n14\\n366,040\\n87,315\\n1,400\\n82\\n28\\n8\\n20\\n7\\n423\\n175\\n6,757\\n285\\n2,816\\n137\\n10,308\\n120\\n786\\n25,000\\n6,847\\n5,080\\n1,400\\n441\\n200\\n39,337\\n120\\n112\\n15\\n36\\n221\\n12\\n178\\n61,500\\n469\\n500\\n814\\n76\\n$0 40\\n1 50\\n6\\n21 87\u00c2\u00a3\\n42\\n2 17\\n5 00\\n20\\n16\\n48\\n73 00\\n11\\n4 00\\n10*\\n5 70\\n82\\n4 00\\n10\\n10\\n5 35\\n50\\n6 25\\n2 41\\n7 43\\n8 44\\n4 11\\n39\\n134 00\\n9\\n60 00\\n10\\n20 96\\n1 00\\n1*\\n37\\n40\\n1 13\\n1 00\\n1 90\\n8\\n15 60\\n1 00\\n44 00\\n3 30\\n2 26\\n4 16\\n35\\n48\\n3 65\\n20\\n80\\n7 40\\nValuation.", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "412\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nTallow pounds...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nTimothy seed bushels...\\nTobacco, leaf. pounds...\\nTobacco, chewing.., pounds...\\nVinegar gallons...\\nWine gallons...\\nWood, hard cords...\\nTotal\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nforeign ports.\\n222,4S2\\n169\\n2,638\\n11,800\\n41,956\\n714\\n21\\n510\\nAverage\\nPrices.\\n$0 12\u00c2\u00a3\\n10 44\\n1 45\\n10\\n24\\n29\\n88\\n2 25\\nTaluation.\\n$27,810\\n1,764\\n3,825\\n7,780\\n10,069\\n207\\n24\\n1,148\\n299,287\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from the port of\\nGrand Haven, Michigan, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by\\nMessrs. Cutler Warts and Terry Sons.\\nBedsteads dozen.\\nCanal boats\\nFelloes bundles.\\nFlour barrels.\\nGround feed bags.\\nHemlock bark cords.\\nHoops M.\\nHubs, wagon\\nLaths pieces.\\nLeather packages.\\nLumber feet.\\nMerchandise tons.\\nPails dozen.\\nPaper rags pounds.\\nPlaster barrels.\\nSalseratus pounds.\\nSawed staves bundles.\\nShingles number.\\nShip knees\\nSpokes, wagon\\nStaves\\nStucco barrels.\\nTimber M. feet.\\nTubs dozen.\\nWheat bushels.\\nWhite fish.. half barrels.\\nWool pounds.\\nWood cords.\\nTotal\\nAmount\\nconveyed\\ncoastward\\nby lake.\\n60\\n2\\n160\\n22,807\\n447\\n500\\n20\\n11,740\\n15,000,000\\n2,190\\n45,000,000\\n196\\n542\\n56,750\\n11,646\\n64,822\\n2,086\\n40,000,000\\n250\\n11,250\\n6,00S\\n30\\n452\\n76,430\\n1,135\\n65,972\\n1,511\\nValuation.\\n$1,500\\n1,800\\n205,263\\n447\\n2,000\\n200\\n1,174\\n33,000\\n42,190\\n450,000\\n90,000\\n1,355\\n2,270\\n11,646\\n3,989\\n1,000\\n100,000\\n1,000\\n1,100\\n30,400\\n21,028\\n1,800\\n4,000\\n152,860\\n4,540\\n32,986\\n3,022\\n1,200,570", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n413\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Perth Am-\\nboy, New Jersey, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by Frank\\nW. Brinlet, Collector of Customs.\\nI Am t conveyed\\ni coastward or\\ncoastwise by\\nriver or bay.\\nd Valuation.\\nPrices. I\\nApples barrels,\\nApples, dried pounds.\\nBacon hams number.\\nBarley bushels.\\nBeans bushels.\\nBeeswax pounds.\\nBricks, common number.\\nBricks, fire number.\\nBrooms number.\\nBuckwheat bushels.\\nButter pounds.\\nButter firkins.\\nCalves number.\\nCattle number.\\nCedar posts number.\\nCedar rails number.\\nCharcoal bushels.\\nCheese pounds.\\nCherries quarts.\\nCider barrels.\\nClay tons.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nCorn meal bushels.\\nCranberries bushels.\\nEarthenware\\nEggs dozen.\\nFlour barrels.\\nFowls, common number.\\nHay tons.\\nHickory nuts bushels.\\nHogs, live number.\\nHoops or hoop poles M.\\nHorses number.\\nIron castings tons.\\nLard pounds.\\nLumber, pkie M. feet.\\nLumber, cedar M. feet.\\nOats bushels.\\nOnions bushels.\\nOysters bushels.\\nOysters gallons.\\nPeaches bushels.\\nPeaches, dried bushels.\\nPeas baskets.\\nPlums bushels.\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nPotatoes, sweet bushels.\\nRye bushels.\\nSheep and lambs number.\\nStrawberries quarts.\\nTallow pounds.\\nWheat bushels.\\nWhortleberries bushels.\\nWood, pine cords.\\nWood, hard cords.\\nTotal\\n14\\n40\\n1,500\\n1\\n9,000\\n4,000\\n25\\n4\\n75\\n1\\n26\\n18\\n25\\n25\\n2,500\\n60\\n50\\n10\\n30\\n225\\n15\\n6\\n16\\n50\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n3\\n6\\n60\\n1\\n2\\n150\\n18\\n600\\n10\\n250\\n20\\n4\\n2\\n1,200\\n4\\n40\\n100\\n80\\n15\\n25\\n50\\n10\\n3\\n500\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n500\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n800\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n00\u00c2\u00a9\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n500\\n150\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n500\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n$2 00\\n1 25\\n70\\n25\\n4 50\\n35 00\\n12\\n1 00\\n20\\n6 00\\n3 00\\n40 00\\n10\\n8\\n15\\n10\\n12\u00c2\u00a3\\n3 00\\n3 00\\n1 00\\n1 25\\n3 00\\n18\\n8 00\\n50\\n16 00\\n75\\n5 00\\n15 00\\n60 00\\n60 00\\n10\\n18 00\\n28 00\\n40\\n00\\n00\\n00\\n50\\n50\\n00\\n50\\n75\\n00\\n50\\n12*\\n10\\n25\\n00\\n00\\n00\\n1$\\n18\\n4\\n4\\n40\\n140\\n4\\n15\\n10\\n78\\n720\\n2\\n2\\n375\\n6\\n6\\n30\\n90\\n225\\n18\\n18\\n65\\n14\\n128\\n25\\n112\\n1\\n22\\n2\\n180\\n360\\n6\\n27\\n56\\n60\\n15\\n600\\n10\\n250\\n30\\n6\\n4\\n600\\n3\\n40\\n250\\n10\\n1\\n31\\n150\\n40\\n15\\n000\\n000\\n750\\n900\\n993\\n375\\n500\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n800\\n000\\n000\\n500\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n250\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n750\\n000\\n000\\n400\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n500\\n500\\n250\\n000\\n000\\n000\\noop\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n500\\n250\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n4,976,218", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "414\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nAbstract of agricultural products, domestic and farm animals, c, in\\nIndiana, as returned by the several Township Assessors, June 1, 1855\\nby B. Collins, Secretary of State.\\nAmount.\\nValuation.\\nBacon pounds.\\nBarley bushels.\\nCattle number.\\nCorn bushels.\\nHay tons.\\nHemp tons.\\nHomemade manufactures\\nHops pounds.\\nHorses, mules, and asses number.\\nLard pounds.\\nMaple sugar pounds.\\nMarket garden products\\nOats bushels.\\nOrchard products\\nPork barrels.\\nOther slaughtered animals\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nPoultry\\nRye bushels.\\nSeeds, grass. c bushels.\\nSheep number.\\nSwine number.\\nTobacco pounds.,\\nWheat bushels.\\nWine gallons.\\nWool pounds.\\nTotal.\\n24,950,763\\n90,867\\n798,419\\n34,811,902\\n422,280\\n326\\n143,818\\n304,028\\n5,055,199\\n611,129\\n8,041,919\\n234,073\\n1,170,290\\n226,559\\n103,808\\n882,797\\n2,668,572\\n1,195,549\\n6,658,952\\n7,632\\n1,396,544\\n$1,270,604\\n74,244\\n7,578,200\\n11,756,064\\n2,205,810\\n1,831\\n2,373,674\\n27,675\\n13,657,874\\n345,376\\n54,164\\n259,273\\n1,997,752\\n435,122\\n1,658,453\\n510,293\\n628,197\\n481,128\\n171,005\\n231,405\\n937,370\\n5,514,098\\n55,413\\n7,789,324\\n6,741\\n422,326\\n60,444,016\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Baltimore,\\nMaryland, in the year ending. December 31, 1855: by Philip F.\\nThomas, Collector of Customs.\\nAm t shipped\\nto foreign\\nports.\\nValuation.\\nAlcohol gallons.\\nApples barrels.\\nApples, dried pounds.\\nBacon, assorted boxes.\\nBacon, assorted hhds. and casks.\\nBacon hams hhds. and tierces.\\nBacon, in bulk pounds.\\nBark, oak\\nBarley bushels.\\nBeans bushels.\\nBeef, salt barrels.\\nBeef, salt tierces.\\nBeeswax pounds.\\n22,122\\n158\\n36,533\\n6,038\\n21\\n93\\n1,436,399\\n68\\n316\\n4.310\\n9,438\\n28,488\\n13.096\\n318\\n2,678\\n206,763\\n465\\n4,481\\n131,532\\n19,857\\n69\\n466\\n75,482\\n330,050\\n8,459", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n415\\nBiscuit or shipbread barrels or kegs\\nBrooms number,\\nButter pounds\\nCandles pounds\\nCheese pounds\\nCider barrels\\nCoal, bituminous tons,\\nCopper ore tons\\nCordage and cables pounds\\nCorn, shelled bushels\\nCorn meal barrels\\nCotton pounds,\\nCotton goods, printed or colored yards,\\nCotton goods, uncolored yards,\\nEarthenware\\nFlour barrels,\\nHay bales or tons,\\nHops pounds,\\nImplements, agricultural\\nIron castings .....tons,\\nLard .pounds.\\nLead, bar pounds.\\nLeather pounds.\\nLumber, pine M. feet.\\nLumber, oak M. feet.\\nMasts and spars\\nMolasses gallons.\\nOats bushels.\\nOil, lard gallons.\\nOil, linseed gallons.\\nOnions bushels.\\nOnions bunches.\\nOysters gallons.\\nPeas bushels.\\nPork tierces and barrels.\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nRice tierces.\\nRosin barrels.\\nRum gallons.\\nRye bushels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nSheep and lambs number.\\nShot pounds.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nStaves and heading M.\\nSugar, cane pounds.\\nTallow pounds.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nTobacco, leaf pounds.\\nTobacco, strips pounds.\\nTobacco stems pounds.\\nTobacco, chewing pounds.\\nVinegar gallons.\\nWheat bushels.\\nWhiskey gallons.\\nWine gallons.\\nTotal\\nAm t shipped\\nto foreign\\nValuation.\\nports.\\n25,614\\n$95,813\\n15,720\\n2,733\\n271,327\\n43,373\\n689,208\\n119,355\\n100,292\\n12,576\\n25\\n195\\n10,774\\n87,198\\n192\\n116,000\\n290,528\\n32,078\\n429,704\\n402,939\\n44,036\\n207,078\\n229,880\\n19,503\\n2,100,656\\n189,059\\n5,963,171\\n417,422\\n1,537\\n4,346,558\\n479,821\\n348\\n1,132\\n3,368\\n951\\n13,523\\n40\\n3,221\\n1.304,553\\n155,511\\n2,000\\n144\\n6,768\\n1,786\\n3,052\\n53,953\\n612\\n13,528\\n108\\n1,045\\n332\\n2,399\\n1,451\\n4,603\\n3,907\\n663\\n653\\n1,625\\n2,084\\n11,879\\n598\\n9,820\\n5,241\\n14,928\\n18,380\\n24,846\\n432,570\\n2,004\\n2,047\\n617\\n19,468\\n21,224\\n38,764\\n15,085\\n6,317\\n28,804\\n38,892\\n5,223\\n35,600\\n216\\n1,043\\n5,450\\n458\\n900\\n108\\n28,11 6\\n15,348\\n578\\n20,160\\n14,490\\n1,015\\n79,732\\n9,031\\n4,089\\n10,521\\n30,767,051\\n2,229,661\\n346,366\\n15,355\\n2,803,657\\n164,418\\n254,525\\n28,887\\n15,023\\n2,791\\n167,032\\n349,904\\n24,430\\n14,323\\n667\\n306\\n10,230,623", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "416\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from the port\\nof Buffalo, New York, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by P.\\nHoffman, Deputy Collector of Customs.\\njAm t shipped\\nI to foreign I\\ni ports. I\\nValuation.\\nApples barrels\\nBacon in bulk pounds,\\nBark, hemlock cords\\nBeef, salt barrels\\nBiscuit or shipbread barrels or kegs\\nBricks, common number,\\nBrooms number,\\nBuffalo robes, dressed number,\\nBuffalo skins number,\\nButter pounds.\\nCandles pounds,\\nCattle number,\\nCheese pounds.\\nCoal, bituminous tons.\\nCordage and cables pounds.\\nCorn, shelled barrels.\\nCorn meal barrels.\\nCotton goods, printed or colored yards,\\nCotton goods, uncolored yards.\\nEarthenware\\nFlour barrels.\\nHides number.\\nHorses number.\\nIron, bar pounds.\\nIron castings tons.\\nLard pounds.\\nLead, bar pounds.\\nLeather pounds.\\nLumber, pine feet.\\nMarble, quarried tons.\\nMolasses gallons.\\nOats bushels.\\nOilcloth yards.\\nOil, lard gallons.\\nOil, linseed gallons.\\nOnions bushels.\\nOysters gallons.\\nPaint, mineral pounds.\\nPeaches bushels.\\nPork tierces and barrels.\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nRice...- tierces.\\nRosin barrels.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSugar, cane pounds.\\nTallow pounds.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nTobacco, chewing pounds.\\nVinegar gallons.\\nWheat bushels.\\nWhiskey gallons.\\nTotal\\n341\\n121,661\\n54\\n133\\n109\\n32,000\\n5,998\\n2,350\\n42,335\\n36\\n92,829\\n1,004\\n26,666\\n100,709\\n481\\n2,638\\n191\\n51\\n13,178\\n21,689\\n31,963\\n54,730\\n124,579\\n7,395\\n55,076\\n2,031\\n506\\n8,158\\n47\\n430\\niio\\n791\\n305\\n64\\n73\\n18,970\\n2,682\\n1,395\\n54,550\\n162,060\\n308\\n83,906\\n3,600\\n25,500\\n95,116\\n945\\n11,079\\n162\\n2,063\\n761\\n1,68*\\n1,357\\n1 ,500\\n1,650\\n341\\n4,544\\n1,623\\n8,719\\n5,809\\n5,039\\n81,173\\n1,633\\n10,129\\n5,577\\n2,927\\n22,474\\n596\\n4,893\\n489\\n29,201\\n11,979\\n2,604\\n10,095\\n2,696\\n1,118\\n4,089\\n30,458\\n1,991\\n402\\n2,152\\n47\\n430\\n2,40,3\\n275\\n12,558\\n181\\n1,647\\n426\\n7,868\\n513\\n1,186\\n4,391\\n13,575\\n1,515\\n16,256\\n531\\n44,622\\n32,500\\n415,771", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n417\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Cape Vin-\\ncent, New York, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by Alfred\\nFox, Collector of Customs.\\nfew* g\\nAlcohol gallons...\\nApples ..barrels...\\nApples, dried pounds...\\nAshes, pot pounds...\\nAshes, pearl pounds...\\nBacon hams.. hhds. tierces...\\nBagging pieces...\\nBarley bushels...\\nBeans bushels...\\nBeef, salt barrels...\\nBeef, salt tierces...\\nBeeswax pounds...\\nBonedust... pounds...\\nBricks, fire number...\\nBrooms number...\\nBuffalo skins, l -ess d\\nButter pounds...\\nButter firkins...\\nCandles ..pounds...\\nCattle number...\\nCheese ounds...\\nClover seed, white.. pounds...\\nClover seed, red. ...pounds...\\nCoco-nuts number...\\nCopper, pig pounds...\\nCopper pipe pounds...\\nCopper, sheet pounds...\\nCordage cables ...pounds...\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nCorn meal barrels...\\nCotton goods, p. or c.yds...\\nCotton goods, uncol d..yds...\\nCotton yarn pounds...\\nCranberries bushels...\\nEggs number...\\nFeathers pounds...\\nFlax pounds...\\nFlour barrels...\\nFowls, common.... number...\\nGin gallons...\\nGinseng pounds...\\nHay tons...\\nHickory nuts bushels...\\nHides number...\\nHogs, live number...\\nHops pounds...\\nHorn shavings pounds...\\nHorses number...\\nImplements, agricultural\\n[ndigo pounds...\\nIron, pig pounds...\\nIron, bar pounds...\\n27\\n7,694\\n87,455\\n88,000\\n85,470\\n1,9G4\\n7,800\\n.a a\\nto Sjo\\nS.S\\n675\\n183,523\\n9,689\\n669\\n31,325\\n1,200\\n1,684\\n1,865\\n3,391\\n9,511\\n20,542\\n8,090\\n647\\n453,193\\n38,475\\n216,800\\n1,802,400\\n9,878\\n36,876\\n5,000,000\\n589,720\\n69,450\\n284,647\\n1,441\\n511\\n240,000\\n1,206\\n10,232\\n12,423\\n2,085\\n125\\n187\\n8,895\\n1,526\\n30,878\\n5,500\\n127\\n24,826\\n2,260\\n370\\n41,000\\n580\\n63,796\\n240\\n570\\n20,149\\n16,575\\n83,020\\n2,500\\n11,096\\n19,470\\n238,670\\n1,500\\n2,390\\n666,630\\n519,685\\n24,692\\n100\\n36\\n1,718,100\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\n9,954\\n370\\n41,675\\n183,523\\n97,144\\n669\\n580\\n31,325\\n1,200\\n1,684\\n1,865\\n3,391\\n9,511\\n88,000\\n149,266\\n240\\n22,506\\n570\\n36,039\\n647\\n469,768\\n38,475\\n83,020\\n2,500\\n69,450\\n11,096\\n19,470\\n455,470\\n286,147\\n3,831\\n666,630\\n2,322,085\\n34,570\\n511\\n240,000\\n1,206\\n10,232\\n12,423\\n2,085\\n36,876\\n125\\n100\\n187\\n8,895\\n1,526\\n30,878\\n5,500\\n163\\n6,718,100\\n614,546\\nAverage\\nprices.\\n$0 90\\n2 00\\n4\\n4\\n6\\n12 50\\n1 00\\n1 25\\n12 00\\n18 00\\n30\\n10 00\\n15\\n4 00\\n20\\n30\\n40 00\\n10\\nH\\n38\\n10\\n10 00\\n25\\n1 25\\n9 00\\n1 25\\n3 00\\n5 00\\n20\\n9\\n117 00\\n50\\n5\\n$8,959\\n740\\n1,667\\n7,341\\n5,829\\n8,363\\n2,886\\n31,325\\n1,500\\n20,208\\n33,570\\n1,017\\n880\\n22,390\\n960\\n4,501\\n10,812\\n25,880\\n46,977\\n132,375\\n498,120\\n250\\n27,780\\n6,658\\n9,73-5\\n68,321\\n286,147\\n15,324\\n66,663\\n162,546\\n5, 186\\n3,000\\n458\\n1,023\\n12.4,230\\n521\\n46,095\\n900\\n234\\n26,685\\n7,630\\n6,176\\n50\\n19,071\\n46,436\\n2,856\\n100,772\\n30,.7.2t", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "418\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nIron castings tons...\\nIron pipe pounds...\\nIron, sheet pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nLead pipe pounds...\\nLeather rolls...\\nLime barrels...\\nLumber, pine M.feet...\\nLumber, hemlock. ..M. feet...\\nLumber, blk. walnut. M. feet...\\nMarble, quarried slabs...\\nMolasses gallons...\\nOats bushels...\\nOil, lard gallons...\\nOil, linseed gallons...\\nOnions bushels...\\nOysters gallons...\\nPaint, mineral pounds...\\nPeaches bushels...\\nPeanuts bushels...\\nPelts, sheep or lambs nu r...\\nPickles pounds...\\nPork tierces bbls...\\nPork, in bulk pounds...\\nPotatoes, sweet bushels...\\nRags, paper pounds...\\nRice tierces...\\nRosin barrels...\\nRum gallons...\\nRye bushelp...\\nRye meal barrels...\\nSheep and lambs. ..number...\\nShot pounds...\\nSnuff. pounds...\\nSpts. of turpentine. gallons...\\nStaves and heading ML..\\nTallow pounds...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nTimothy seed bushels...\\nTobacco leaf pounds...\\nTobacco stems pounds...\\nTobacco, chewing. .pounds...\\nTurkeys number...\\nTwine pounds...\\nVinegar gallons...\\nWheat bushels...\\nWhiskey gallons...\\nWrne gallons...\\nWool pounds...\\nWoollen yarn pounds...\\nTotal\\ni*\\na S\\no o\\n-_. o.S\\na o\\n428\\n228,120\\n18,790\\n36,816\\n1,192\\n893\\n300\\n85\\n165,664\\n16,720\\n155,520\\n167\\n2,600\\n884\\n253\\n14,128\\n120,170\\n7,328\\n88,704\\n480\\n230,400\\n283,200\\n4,768\\n2,152\\n24,678\\n2,567\\n8,879\\n64,920\\n151\\n257\\n11,000\\n4 2\\nen\\np, O\\nco bo\\n;f 3\\n8,000\\n392\\n756\\n19,827\\n24,770\\n3,019\\n28,060\\n35,610\\n33,408\\n437\\n1,989\\n67,576\\n4,900\\n9,876\\n5,853\\n684\\n1,987\\n79,918\\n642 I.\\n78,186\\n645\\n27,389\\n20,940\\n14,790\\n202\\n43,393\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\n9,420\\n670\\n5,000\\n317\\n457\\n50\\n370\\n321\\n4,950\\n7,475\\n199\\n274,367\\n999\\n1,073\\n255,509\\n18,790\\n85,860\\n51,666\\n1,545\\n1,150\\n11,000\\n300\\n42\\n85\\n209,507\\n8,000\\n17,112\\n165,696\\n670\\n5,000\\n19,827\\n317\\nAverage\\nPrices.\\n24,770\\n2,600\\n3,476\\n28,060\\n50\\n35,610\\n1,254\\n574\\n14,128\\n33,408\\n437\\n1,989\\n120,170\\n7,328\\n93,654\\n67,576\\n12,375\\n679\\n9,876\\n5,853\\n230,406\\n557,567\\n684\\n4,768\\n5,129\\n79,918\\n24,678\\n3,209\\n78,186\\n8,879\\n$100 00\\n10\\n13\\n13\\n24\\n50\\n12 00\\n7 00\\nlb\\n40 00\\n25\\n40\\n88\\n1 00\\n1 00\\n1 50\\n5\\n5 00\\n60\\n10\\n18 00\\n10 00\\n1 50\\n3\\n41 78\\n3 00\\n60\\n1 00\\n5 00\\n3 00\\n10\\n30\\n75\\n40 00\\n10\\n3,233,653", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n419\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Elizabeth\\nCity, North Carolina, in the year ending December 31, 1855 by L.\\nD. Starke, Collector of Ciistoms.\\nBeef, salt barrels...\\nPeas bushels...\\nStaves and heading M...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nTotal\\nValuation.\\n9,743\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Darien,\\nGeorgia, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by Woodford\\nMabry, Collector of Customs.\\nAm t conv d\\ncoastwise by\\nriver.\\nAmount\\nshipped to\\nfor n ports.\\nTotal\\namount.\\nAv ge\\nprices.\\nValuation.\\nCotton pounds...\\nHides pounds...\\nLumber M. feet...\\nMoss pounds...\\nOars feet...\\nRosin barrels...\\nRice tierces...\\nShingles M...\\nTotal\\n500,000\\n50,000\\n25,544\\n15,000\\n20,000\\n35,558\\n45,000\\n500,000\\n2,456\\n442\\n500,000\\n50,000\\n28,000\\n15,000\\n20,000\\n36,000\\n45,000\\n500,000\\n$0 15\\n10\\n10 00\\n10\\n3 00\\n37 00\\n5 00\\n$75,000\\n5,000\\n280,000\\n450\\n2,000\\n108,000\\n1,665,000\\n2,500,000\\n4,635,450\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufaetitre, exported from Detroit,\\nMichigan, in the year ending December 31_, 1855: by John H. Har-\\nmon, Collector of Customs.\\npa\\nTotal\\namount.\\nAverage\\nprices.\\nValuation.\\nAlcohol gallons...\\nApples barrels...\\nAshes, pot pounds...\\nBeef, salt barrels...\\n226,915\\n417\\n34,500\\n25,685\\n5,175\\n1,430\\n232,090\\n417\\n34,500\\n27,115\\n$e 30\\n1 50\\n6 00\\n10 00\\n$69,627 00\\n625 50\\n2,070 00\\n271,150 09", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "420\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\no\\nTotal\\namount.\\nAverage\\nPrices.\\nValuation.\\nBricks, common number.\\nBuffalo skins, dressed.. ..number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCalves number.\\nCandles pounds.\\nCattle number.\\nCheese pounds.\\nCoal, bituminous tons.\\nCopper ore tons.\\nCorn, shelled bushels.\\nCotton piece goods pieces.\\nFeathers pounds.\\nFlannel, woollen yards.\\nFlour barrels.,\\nFowls, common number.\\nHay bales or tons.\\nHides number.,\\nHogs, live number.,\\nHops pounds.,\\nImplements, agricultural\\nLard pounds.\\nLeather rolls..\\nLumber, pine M. feet.,\\nLumber, oak M. feet.\\nLumber, black walnut. ...M. feet.\\nMolasses gallons.\\nMuskrat skins number.\\nOats bushels.\\nOil, lard gallons.\\nPeas bushels.\\nPork tierces and barrels..\\nPotatoes, common bushels.\\nRaccoon skins number.\\nRags, paper pounds.\\nRosin barrels.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSatinet yards.\\nSheep and lambs number.\\nShot pounds.\\nSnuff. pounds.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallon;.\\nStaves and heading M.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nTobacco, leaf. pounds.\\nTobacco, chewing pounds.\\nTurkeys number.\\nVinegar gallons.\\nWheat bushels.\\nWhiskey gallons.\\nWool pounds.\\nTotal\\n225\\n525\\n632\\n7,212\\n2,020\\n8,324\\n3,790\\n4,150\\n212,429\\n75,000\\n11\\n1,320\\n18,130\\n2,331\\n6,230\\n2,550\\n195,769\\n5,250\\n510\\n3,225\\n1,210\\n6,232\\n137,542\\n5,585\\n2,260\\n10,457\\n3,520\\n75,000\\n236\\n525\\n632\\n8,532\\n20,150\\n10,655\\n10,020\\n4,150\\n349,971\\n5,585\\n2,550\\n2,260\\n204,226\\n5,250\\n510\\n3,225\\n4,730\\n5,232\\n7,545\\n1,094\\n23,155\\n22,560\\n5,325\\n320\\n1,200\\n35,195\\n2,270\\n444\\n8,194\\n32,275\\n340\\n22,355\\n251\\n151,040\\n231\\n6,554\\n250\\n3,450\\n131\\n10,552\\n16,326\\n225\\n2,630\\n22,361\\n152\\n535\\n5,230\\n520\\n525\\n221\\n23,555\\n1,000\\n500\\n521\\n564\\n250\\n1,000\\n308,219\\n3,609,090\\n1,0-37,200\\n110\\n512,450\\n136,310\\n10,995\\n1,225\\n33,707\\n38,886\\n5,325\\n545\\n1,200\\n35,195\\n4,900\\n444\\n30,555\\n32,275\\n492\\n22,355\\n786\\n156,270\\n751\\n6,554\\n775\\n335\\n221\\n23,555\\n1,250\\n500\\n1,521\\n564\\n110\\n820,669\\n3,745,400\\n1,037,200\\n$4 00\\n10 00\\n10\\n4 00\\n10\\n20 00\\n10\\n5 00\\n300 00\\n50\\n15 00\\n25\\n37\\n8 00\\n10\\n10 00\\n3 00\\n8 00\\n12i\\n6\\n15 00\\n12 00\\n12 00\\n14 00\\n50\\n6\\n30\\n1 00\\n50\\n16 00\\n50\\n50\\n2\\n4 00\\n50\\n50\\n2 00\\n6\\n50\\n50\\n10 00\\n6 00\\n10\\n50\\n1 00\\n12\\n1 50\\n30\\n25\\n$300,000 00\\n2,360 00\\n52 50\\n2,528 00\\n853 20\\n403,000 00\\n1,065 50\\n50,100 00\\n1,245,000 00\\n174,985 50\\n83,775 00\\n637 50\\n836 20\\n1,633,808 00\\n525 00\\n5,100 00\\n9,675 00\\n37,840 00\\n654 00\\n5,000 00\\n659 70\\n13,375 00\\n404,484 00\\n466,632 CO\\n74,550 00\\n272 50\\n72 00\\n10,558 50\\n4,900 00\\n222 00\\n488,880 00\\n16,137 50\\n246 00\\n447 10\\n3,144 00\\n78,135 00\\n375 50\\n13,108 00\\n46 50\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2167 50\\n110 50\\n235,550 00\\n7,500 00\\n50 00\\n760 50\\n564 00\\n13 75\\n1,231,003 50\\n1,123,620 00\\n259,300 00\\n8,741,152 95", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n421\\nStatement of the quantity and estimated value of articles of merchan-\\ndise, of domestic growth and manufacture, exported from Chicago,\\nIllinois, in the year ending December 31, 1855: by Philip Conley,\\nCollector of Customs.\\no\\no 3\\noil o\\n5 a\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\nA v rage\\nPrices.\\n234,328\\n$0 40\\n6,356\\n2 50\\n332,313\\n7\\n38,943\\n5\\n170\\n100 00\\n1,162\\n8 00\\n93,602\\n1 00\\n60,665\\n2 00\\n55,763\\n13 00\\n6,386\\n20 00\\n3,840\\n40\\n800,398\\n1\\n534,802\\n15\\n1,068,174\\n16\\n31,440\\n10 50\\n20,404\\n40 00\\n832,087\\n12\\n1,181,904\\n10\\n13,717\\n9 00\\n5,331\\n7 50\\n7,618,310\\n8,396\\n60\\n5 00\\n2,271\\n4 00\\n902,809\\n1\\n57,056\\n56\\n15,868\\n2 00\\n303,497\\n8 00\\n4,325,567\\ni\\n1,473\\n9 00\\n14,360\\n4\\n327,100\\n5 00\\n110,384\\n12 00\\n2,177\\n126 00\\n593,537\\n3,927\\n60 00\\n2,191,956\\n10\\n45,531,606\\n1\\n4,927,843\\n6\\n1,973,123\\n7\\n6,552\\n2 00\\n236,114,814\\n2\\n269,210\\n45\\n2,341,960\\n35\\n69,784\\n1 00\\n13,970\\n19,370\\n2 00\\n2 00\\n71,646\\n13,890,805\\n16 00\\n5\\n68,798\\n1 00\\n20,233\\n90\\n78,381\\n2 00\\n1,491,183\\ni\\nValuation.\\nAlcohol gallons\\nApples barrels\\nApples, dried.. pounds\\nAshes, pot pounds\\nAshes, pot tons\\nBark, hemlock. ..cords\\nBarley bushels\\nBeans bushels\\nBeef, salt barrels\\nBeef, salt tierces\\nBeeswax pounds\\nBricks number\\nBrooms number\\nButter pounds\\nButter firkins\\nCattle number\\nCedar posts ...number\\nCheese pounds\\nCoal, anthracite. .tons\\nCoal, bituminous. tons\\nCorn, shelled.. bushels\\nCorn meal barrels\\nCranberries.. ..bushels\\nEggs number\\nFeathers pounds\\nFlaxseed bushels\\nFlour barrels\\nGrass seed pounds\\nHay bales or tons\\nHemp pounds\\nHides number\\nHogs, live number\\nHorses number\\nIron, pig pounds\\nIron, railroad tons\\nLard pounds\\nLaths pieces\\nLead, pig pounds\\nLead pipe pounds\\nLime barrels\\nLumber, pine feet\\nMolasses gallons\\nOats bushels\\nOil, lard gallons\\nPeaches, dried. bushels\\nPeas bushels\\nPork tierces bbls.\\nPork in bulk. .pounds\\nPotatoes, com n.bush.\\nRye bushels\\nSalt barrels\\nStaves head g. numb.\\n146,934\\n913\\n289,672\\n170\\n728\\n51,315\\n2,346\\n47,677\\n3,450\\n1,360\\n342,000\\n392,418\\n386,381\\n13,480\\n16,483\\n713,460\\n760,841\\n857\\n1,460\\n7,439,986\\n8,396\\n1,396\\n875,386\\n44,385\\n12,386\\n116,384\\n3,118,250\\n1,473\\n14,360\\n316,426\\n1,720\\n129,700\\n1,874,972\\n21,383,481\\n4,927,843\\nL973,123\\n134,627,893\\n171,346\\n2,341,960\\n27,863\\n13,970\\n19,370\\n49,162\\n763,421\\n18,470\\n18,470i\\n22,4211\\n\\\\446,831|\\n87,394\\n7,384\\n38,943\\n5,443\\n35,257\\n114\\n40,327\\n58,319\\n8,086\\n2,936\\n2,480\\n458,398\\n142,384\\n681,793\\n17,960\\n3,921\\n118,627\\n421,063\\n12,860\\n3,871\\n178,324\\n320\\n1,960\\n875\\n27,483\\n12,671\\n3,482\\n187,113\\n15,630\\n10,674\\n110,384\\n457\\n463,837\\n3,927\\n316,984\\n24,148,125\\n6,552\\n101,486,921\\n97,864\\n41,921\\n22,484\\n13,127,384\\n50,328\\n1,763\\n55,960\\n44,352\\n1,191,687\\n$93,731 20\\n15,890 00\\n23,261 91\\n1,947 15\\n17.000 00\\n9,296 00\\n93,602 00\\n121,330 00\\n724,919 00\\n127,720 00\\n1,536 00\\n8,003 98\\n80,220 30\\n170,907 84\\n330,120 00\\n816,160 00\\n99,850 44\\n118,190 40\\n123,453 00\\n39,982 50\\n4,570,986 00\\n41,980 00\\n9,084 00\\n9,028 69\\n31,951 36\\n31,736 00\\n2,427,976 00\\n302,789 69\\n13,257 00\\n574 40\\n1,635,500 00\\n1,324,608 00\\n274,302 00\\n14,838 42\\n235,620 00\\n219,195 60\\n113,829 01\u00c2\u00a3\\n295,670 58\\n138,118 61\\n13,104 00\\n4,722,296 28\\n121,144 50\\n819,686 00\\n69,784 00\\n27,940 00\\n38,740 00\\n1,146,336 00\\n694,540 25\\n68,798 00\\n18,209 70\\n156,762 00\\n7 455 91J", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nARTICLES.\\nAm t conveyed\\ncoastward by\\nriver or lake.\\nAm t conveyed\\ncoastward by\\nrailroad or by\\nland.\\nT3\\nIB\\n1\\na\\nTotal\\nAmount.\\nAv rage\\nPrices.\\nValuatien.\\nSugar, cane. ..pounds\\nTobacco, chew g\\nWoollen yarn. ..skeins\\n120,960\\n900,321\\n16,535\\n5,719,168\\n898,940\\n147,382\\n79,466\\n21,684\\n721,863\\n1,687,664\\n268,342\\n979,787\\n38,219\\n6,441^031\\n2,586,604\\n$0 05 h\\n13\\n50\\n1 60\\n35\\n$14,758 81\\n127,372 31\\n19,109 50\\n10,305,649 60\\n905,311 40\\nTotal\\ni\\n33,985,165 35", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "OREIGN EXPORTS,\\nFROM 1821 TO 1855.\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation oj he\\nprincipal exports of the groicth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1S21.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number..\\nPork barrels..\\nBacon and hams pounds..\\nLard pounds..\\nHorned cattle number..\\nBeef barrels..\\nTallow pounds..\\nHides number..\\nButter pounds..\\nCheese pounds..\\nTallow candles pounds..\\nSoap pounds..\\nHorses number..\\nMules number..\\nLeather pounds..\\nBoots pairs..\\nShoes pairs..\\nSheep number..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples bushels..\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels..\\nIndian meal barrels..\\nWheat bushels..\\nFlour barrels..\\nRye meal barrels..\\nRye, oats, c*\\nRice t tierces..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels..\\nBiscuit, oc\u00c2\u00abhip-bread kegs..\\nPotatoes bushels..\\nCables and cordage cwt...\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds..\\nOther kinds pounds..\\nFlaxseed bushels..\\nGinseng pounds..\\nHops pounds..\\nIndigo pounds..\\nLinseed oil gallons..\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons..\\nSpirits from grain gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozens..\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n7,885)\\n66,647 I\\n1,607,506\\n3,996,561 J\\n5,018\\n66,887\\n81,691\\n13,558 J\\n1,069,024\\n766,431\\n1,453,628\\n3,915,272\\n853)\\n94 I\\n243,555\\n3,392\\n187,889)\\n11,117\\n241,909\\n68,643\\n607,277\\n131,669\\n25,821\\n1,056,119\\n23,523\\n88,221\\n47,509\\n31.370\\n90J889\\n2,384\\n11,344,066\\n113,549,339\\n264,310\\n352,992\\n319,501\\n1,004\\n16,370\\n19,010\\n167,422\\n87,592 S\\n14,456\\nValuation.\\n1,354,116\\n698,323\\n190,287\\n661,400\\n59,830\\n263,258\\n22,175\\n766,205\\n85,654\\n39,966\\n261,099\\n345,180\\n20,925\\n4,298,^543\\n55,226\\n47,137\\n1,494,307\\n157,389\\n30,500\\n26,662\\n20,157,484\\n420,202\\n171,786\\n18,498\\n714\\n20,532\\n120,561", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "424\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, c M feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\n840, 761\\n24,592\\n156,527\\n66,858\\n1,332,949\\n44,552/\\n25,506\\n53,583 I\\n76,244 f\\n15, 220 J\\n8,353\\n71,196\\\\\\n79,213 f\\n280,648\\n1,975\\n24,051\\n5,648,962\\n149,083\\n1,367,660\\n90,521\\n54,627\\n139,534\\n889,348\\n314,660\\nyu,?nmary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1822.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nHorned cattle number...\\nBeef barrels...\\nTallow pounds...\\nHides number...\\nButter pounds...\\nCheese pounds...\\nTallow candles pounds...\\nSoap pounds...\\nHorses number...\\nMules uumber...\\nLeather pounds...\\nBoots pairs...\\nShoes pairs...\\nSheep number...\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds...\\nApples bushels...\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels...\\nIndian meal barrels...\\nWheat bushels...\\nFlour barrels...\\nRye meal barrels...\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces...\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels...\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs...\\nPotatoes bushels...\\n9,798]\\n1,564,460 1\\n5,727,738/\\n238,795\\n63,689\\n509,098\\n148,228\\n4,418\\n827,865\\n19,971\\n87,089\\n44,581\\n33,382\\n129,814\\n1,357,899\\n844,534\\n221,041\\n788,946\\n93,753\\n326,030\\n12,276\\n501,302\\n93,129\\n48,499\\n378,427\\n522,229\\n3,080\\n5,103,280\\n75,736\\n63,832\\n1,553,482\\n180,926\\n45,758", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n425\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nCables and cordage.\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds\\nFlaxseed\\nGinseng\\nHops.\\n.cwt.\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and eider, (in casks,)..,\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,).\\nSpirits from molasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff\\nWood, and its products\\nStares and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.....bushels.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\ngallons.\\ngallons.\\ngallons.\\ngallons.\\ndozens.\\ngallons.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.thousand,\\n.thousand.\\nM feet.\\ntons.\\n2,914\\n11,250,635\\n133,424,460/\\n289,111\\n153, tVl\\n283,200\\n3,283\\n18,527)\\n25,205\\n196,277\\n37,654\\n19,340^\\n166,925\\n8,593\\n177,065\\n83,169\\n1,414,424)\\n44,602\\n15,784]\\n52,183 I\\n68,490\\n10,487\\n....tons,\\n.oarrels.\\n.barrels.\\n9,606\\n100,213\\n96,166\\n$33,807\\n24,035,058\\n392,772\\n313,943\\n23,025\\n2,399\\n27,985\\n124,140\\n60,045\\n805\\n26,320\\n6,222,838\\n157,182\\n1,184,399\\n92,733\\n30,538\\n145,705\\n1,099,053\\n447,869\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the groivth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1823.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nHorned cattle number...\\nBeef barrels...\\nTallow pounds...\\nHides number...\\nButter pounds...\\nCheese pounds...\\nTallow candles pounds...\\nSoap pounds...\\nHorses number...\\nMules number...\\nLeather pounds...\\nBoots pairs...\\nShoes pairs...\\n11,436]\\n55,529 I\\n1,637,157\\n6,067,071 J\\n2,865\\n61,418\\n735,333\\n42,499\\n1,171,701\\n591.689\\n1,682,917\\n5,195,016\\n1,630\\n438\\n322,464\\n9,965\\n439,004\\n$1,291,\\n739,461\\n192,\\n664,\\n123,\\n778\\n807\\n373\\n492,504", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "426\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\n4.pptes bushels.\\nBrf., r -.d stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlout barrels.\\nRy? meal barrels.\\nRye, oatr, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit and i?hip-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit and ship-bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea. Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nGinseng pounds.\\nHops pounds.\\n6,880\\n325,110\\n53,606\\n749,034\\n141,501\\n4,272\\n756,702\\n25,665\\n.pov\\nIndigo pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozens.\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff* pounds.\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\n101,365\\n43,700)\\n30,094\\n104,187\\n2,287\\n12,136,688)\\n161,586,582\\n232,761\\n385,877\\n240,927\\n2,990\\n13,594\\n16,796\\n111,314\\n26,568 S\\n20,793\\n95,119\\n3,846\\n55,187\\n99,009\\n1,987,507\\n36,684\\n18,667 I\\n40,383 I\\n64,620\\n3,756)\\n13,214\\n45,\\n137,\\n,032\\n(,530$\\n15,029\\n672,917\\n112,574\\n30,429\\n453,622\\n476,867\\n5,663\\n4,962,373\\n91,957\\n89,354\\n1,820,985\\n183,401\\n37,241\\n22,659\\n20,445,520\\n262,314\\n150,976\\n27,124\\n2,314\\n17,192\\n89,615\\n37,807\\n353\\n6,654\\n6,282,672\\n154,955\\n1,186,118\\n128,525\\n20,957\\n111,333\\n1,770,523\\n457,562\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1824.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Eeport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels^\\nBacon and ham? pounds.\\nLard pounds.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n8,838\\n67,229 I\\n1,400.199\\n5,053,182\\nValuation.\\n$1,439,051", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n427\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef barrels.\\nTallow pounds.\\nHides number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nBye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nGinseng pounds.\\ninds.\\nHops.\\n.pour\\nIndigo pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozens.\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff. pounds.\\nWood and it3 products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n2,759\\n66,074\\n96,261\\n46,166\\n1,386,232\\n933,158\\n2,180,177\\n6,988,081\\n2,711\\n840\\n557,614\\n10,447\\n682,865\\n7,421\\n308,733\\n27,055\\n779,297\\n152,723\\n20,373\\n996,792\\n31,879\\n113,229\\n50,888\\n33,282\\n131,194\\n4,769\\n9,525,722\\n132,843,941\\n377,226\\n600,046\\n389,788\\n818\\n13,924\\n30,933\\n340,808\\n28,539\\n20,923\\n158,556\\n5,960\\n57,908\\n77,883\\n2,477,990\\n45,174\\n28,682)\\n38,129 J\\n77,292\\n7,160\\n12,933\\n40,537\\n170,136\\nValuation\\n$107,299\\n204,205\\n816,095\\n213,396\\n710,924\\n14,938\\n661,455\\n107,451\\n46,813\\n351,665\\n384,675\\n20,740\\n5,759,176\\n85,651\\n95,401\\n1,882,982\\n197,339\\n44,042\\n47,262\\n21,947,401\\n504,327\\n229,080\\n81,810\\n836\\n23,607\\n154,144\\n51,172\\n434\\n7,195\\n4,855,566\\n203,789\\n1,491,986\\n206,949\\n35,651\\n95,074\\n1,613,796\\n555,055", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "428\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1825.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number..\\nPork barrels..\\nBacon and hams pounds..\\nLard pounds..\\nHorned cattle number..\\nBeef barrels..\\nTallow pounds..\\nHides number..\\nButter pounds..\\nCheese pounds..\\nTallow candles pounds..\\nSoap pounds-\\nHorses number..\\nMules number..\\nLeather pounds..\\nBoots pairs.,\\nShoes pairs-\\nSheep number.,\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread studs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels-\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nGinseng pounds.\\ninds.\\nHop:\\n.pour\\nIndigo pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozens.\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n4,525\\n85,709\\n1,896,359\\n5,483,048\\n3,095\\n88,025\\n533,451\\n56,043\\n1,442,197\\n1,230,104\\n2,336,408\\n6,555,075\\n3,861\\n576\\n590,441\\n12,488\\n513,000\\n9,681\\n219,884\\n32,354\\n869,644\\n187,285\\n17,990\\n813,906\\n29,545\\n97,015\\n68,627\\n37,873/\\n106,954\\n2,472\\n9,665,278\\n166,784,629/\\n234,042\\n475,974\\n117,623\\n9,955\\n9,022\\n39,469/\\n332,084 1\\n36,565\\n20,553)\\n127,950\\n27,782\\n50,017\\n75,984\\n1,871,\\n53,9\\n68\\n20/\\n23,507)\\n40,959 I\\n78,061 f\\n18,176 J\\nValuation.\\n$1,832,679\\n930,465\\n247,787\\n790,975\\n283,835\\n621,702\\n20,027\\n524,692\\n85,592\\n53,662\\n429,906\\n448,167\\n18,570\\n4,212,127\\n73,245\\n92,226\\n1,925,245\\n235,982\\n37,583\\n28,114\\n36,846,649\\n234,845\\n144,599\\n13,865\\n7,034\\n25,569\\n154,223\\n51,505\\n2,632\\n6,963\\n6,115,623\\n172,353\\n1,481,266\\n163,952\\n67,353", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n42iJ\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons..,\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n18,479\\n47,340\\n158,863/\\nValuation.\\n$93,809\\n1,994,381\\n463,897\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the groioth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1826.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs\\nPork\\nBacon and hams\\nLard\\nHorned cattle\\nBeef.\\nTallow\\nHides\\nButter\\nCheese\\nTallow candles\\nSoap\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins.\\nLeather\\nBoots\\nShoes\\nSheep\\nSkins and furs\\nWax\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn\\nIndian meal\\nWheat\\nFlour\\nRye meal\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nPotatoes\\nCables and cordage\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread....\\nAll other manufactures\\n.number.\\n..barrels.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..barrels.\\n,.pound3.\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number,\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\npairs.\\npairs.\\n.number.\\n.pounds,\\n.barrels.\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels,\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels.\\n..barrels.\\n..tierces.\\n..barrels.\\nkegs.\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\n6,939\\n88,994 I\\n1,836,133\\n7,231, 643 J\\n3,427\\n72,886\\n423,610\\n29,841\\n1,176,5791\\n735,399/\\n2,062,225\\n6,089,408/\\n2,931\\n922/\\n607,334\\n13,365\\n448,807\\n8,695\\n473,832\\n15,695\\n505,381\\n158,652\\n45,166\\n857,820\\n14,472\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds.\\n111,063\\n72,253\\n49,705/\\n87,734\\n2,743\\n5,972,8521\\n198,562,563/\\n$1,892,429\\n733,430\\n207,765\\n722,417\\n47,543\\n43,834\\n586,576\\n17,693\\n582,473\\n206,001\\n27,370\\n384,955\\n622,366\\n38,676\\n4,121,466\\n49,297\\n72,371\\n1,917,445\\n251,728\\n41,583\\n31,482\\n25,025,214\\n68,884\\n821,62-9\\n8,903\\n11,135\\n227,574", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "430\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nmds.\\n.pour\\nHops.\\nIndigo pounds.\\nLirrseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozens.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnufif pounds.\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scanning M feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\n117,61\\n437,420\\n383,718\\n5,289\\n9,117\\n88,032 J\\n212,9701\\n57,813\\n25,003 J\\n194,204\\n57,025\\n168,991\\n64,098\\n2,179,774\\\\\\n61,801/\\n23,193]\\n71,991 I\\n76,345 f\\n7,515j\\n9,210\\n46,337\\n96\\n,337\\n,157/\\n$144,908\\n2,937\\n5,444\\n137,014\\n100,668\\n3,922\\n27,116\\n143,966\\n5,801\\n70,212\\n621\\n4,964\\n27,043\\n5,347,208\\n210,134\\n1,843,985\\n167,709\\n37,482\\n65,120\\n900,458\\n254,491\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the groiuth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1827.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAJiimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nHorned cattle number...\\nBeef. barrels...\\nTallow pounds...\\nHides number...\\nButter pounds...\\nCheese pounds...\\nTallow candles pounds...\\nSoap.... pounds...\\nHorses number...\\nMules ..number...\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n18,441)\\n73,813 I\\n1,864,956\\n6,927,084 J\\n3,768)\\n90,685 I\\n301,983 f\\n22,883 I\\n1,148,480\\n641,385/\\n2,236,397\\n7,591,260/\\n1,666\\n1,067/\\nValuation.\\n$1,555,698\\n772,636\\n184,049\\n901,751\\n173,629\\n119,545", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n431\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat busbels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.,\\nPotatoes bushels.,\\nCables and cordage cwt.,\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds..\\nOther kinds pounds..\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels..\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds..\\nHops pounds,,\\nIndigo pounds..\\nLinseed oil gallons..\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons..\\nSpirits from grain gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen..\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons..\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds..\\nSugar, refined pounds..\\nTobacco hogsheads..\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds..\\nSnuff pounds..\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand..\\nShingles thousand..\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M feet..\\nHewn timber tons..\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons..\\nTar and pitch barrels..\\nRosin and turpentine barrels..\\n255,303\\n9,220\\n315,260\\n8,745\\n386,161\\n30,6-48\\n978,664\\n131,041\\n22,182\\n868,492\\n13,345\\n133,518\\n59,856\\n44,236/\\n95,748\\n3,971\\n15,140,7981\\n219,169,317/\\n124,287\\n253,741\\n88,460\\n13,589\\n9,673\\n31,529/\\n227,747)\\n62,104\\n25,085 j\\n260,924\\n18.703\\n236,744\\n100,025\\n2,730,255 1\\n45,812 J\\n24,192)\\n37,696 I\\n82,003 f\\n5, 940 J\\n6,810\\n55, 737\\n141,728/\\n$388,525\\n13,586\\n441,690\\n123,354\\n35.828\\n583,462\\n434,002\\n14,800\\n4,420,081\\n47,698\\n87,284\\n2,343,908\\n210,903\\n39,174\\n63,074\\n29,359,545\\n45,120\\n951,001\\n14,750\\n11,175\\n137,368\\n188,606\\n11,084\\n5,364\\n79,566\\n8,284\\n8,.358\\n20,704\\n144,832\\n8,182\\n97,003\\n1,511\\n1,489\\n34,012\\n6,577,123\\n239,024\\n1,515,162\\n144,548\\n37,460\\n19,884\\n643,171\\n402,4Si?", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "432\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1828.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs\\nPork\\nBacon and hams\\nLard\\nHorned cattle\\nBeef\\nTallow\\nHides\\nButter\\nCheese\\nTallow candles\\nSoap\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather\\nBoots\\nShoes\\nSheep\\nSkins and furs\\nWax\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn\\nIndian meal\\nWheat\\nFlour\\nRye meal\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nPotatoes\\nCables and cordage\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kiuds\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures\\nGinseng\\nHops.\\n.number.\\n...barrels.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..barrels.\\n..pounds.\\nnumber.\\n..pounds.\\npounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\nnumber.\\ni6,nn\\n53,836 I\\n1,837,920 f\\n7,493,319J\\n1,193]\\n66,640 I\\n422,130\\n39,642 J\\n1,184,329\\n688,548/\\n2,348,501\\n7,782,039/\\n1,442\\n1,377/\\n.pounds.\\npairs.\\npairs.\\n.number.\\n233,391\\n6,245\\n401,188\\n5,545\\n.pounds.\\n..barrels.\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels,\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels,\\n.barrels.\\n486,530\\n13,839\\n704,902\\n174,639\\n8,906\\n860,809\\n22,214\\n...tierces.\\n..barrels.\\nkegs.\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\n175,019\\n51\\n35,\\n94,898\\n2,425\\nil,494\\\\\\n(5,191/\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds.\\n11,288,419\\n199,302,044/\\n.bushels.\\n118,492\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,)...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,).\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\n.pounds,\\npounds.\\npounds,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons.\\n...dozen.\\n220,396\\n375,058\\n2,648\\n9,200\\n22,547/\\n468,888\\n37,690\\n20,574 J\\n..gallons.\\n506,052\\n$1,495,830\\n719,961\\n176,354\\n912,322\\n185,542\\n81,221\\n401,259\\n7,499\\n626,235\\n134,886\\n22,700\\n342,824\\n480,034\\n6,730\\n4,286,939\\n59,036\\n67,997\\n2,620,696\\n171,105\\n35,371\\n20,030\\n22,487,229\\n76,012\\n887,628\\n5,149\\n12,570\\n28,873\\n144,095\\n5,335\\n3,365\\n91,164\\n25,432\\n1,495\\n22,119\\n203,780\\n5,8S4\\n155,096\\n601", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "COM?.IERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco., manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff. pounds.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n54,035\\n260,291\\n90,278\\n2,637,411\\n35,655 J\\n25,9811\\n51,612 I\\n86,981 j\\n4,523 J\\n8,501\\n68,008\\n103,443\\nValuation.\\n$4,095\\n38^207\\n5,209,900\\n210,74\\n1,629,249\\n182,303\\n10,354\\n101,115\\n701,370\\n487,701\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1829.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels.\\nBacon and hams pounds.,\\nLard pounds.,\\nHorned cattle number.,\\nBeef. barrels\\nTallow pounds..\\nHides number..\\nButter .pounds..\\nCheese pounds..\\nTallow candles pounds..\\nSoap pounds..\\nHorses number...\\nMules number..\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds..\\nBoots pairs..\\nShoes pairs..\\nSheep number..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples barrels..\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels..\\nIndian meal barrels..\\nWheat bushels..\\nFlour barrels..\\nRye meal barrels..\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces..\\n28\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n10,7791\\n59,539 I\\n2,305,405 j\\n7,154, 742 J\\n2,044 1\\n51,100 I\\n491,100 j\\n44, 282 J\\n969,137\\n916,695/\\n2,522,975\\n5,441,303/\\n1,985\\n1,299/\\n259,586)\\n6,324 I\\n359,041 J\\n6,846\\n532,422\\n8,193\\n897,656\\n173,775\\n4,007\\n837,385\\n34,191\\n171,636\\nValuation.\\n$1,493,629\\n674,955\\n170,205\\n692,691\\n207.858\\n80,173\\n356,658\\n10,644\\n520,507\\n132,939\\n15,958\\n478,802\\n495,67:;\\n6,372\\n5,793,651\\n127,00-1\\n74,896\\n2, 511, 370", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "434\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nBiscnit, or ship-bread\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nPotatoes\\nCables and cordage\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng\\nHops.\\n.barrels.\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n44, 254\\n26,84*9\\n77,226\\n660\\n12,833,307\\n252,003,879/\\n.bushels.\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,)..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,).\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\npounds,\\n.pounds,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons.\\ngallons.\\n...dozen.\\n.gallons.\\npounds.\\npounds,\\nhogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.thousand.\\n..thousand.\\nMfeet.\\ntons.\\ntons.\\n.barrels,\\n.barrels.\\n68,758\\n411,602\\n128,482\\n5,322\\n184,199/\\n591,109)\\n36,563\\n14,024 J\\n464,225\\n53,778\\n479,218\\n71,131\\n,619,399\\n19,509/\\n29,253 1\\n62,459 I\\n75,257 f\\n36,435\\n6,881\\n48,329\\n142,761/\\n$172,897\\n30,079\\n7,984\\n26,575,311\\n145,024\\n981,370\\n1,878\\n3,849\\n127,336\\n113,040\\n2,166\\n14,954\\n114,396\\n6,917-\\n30,442\\n215,494\\n5,953\\n166,740\\n1,992\\n3,289\\n50,739,\\n4,982,974\\n202,396\\n1,553,828\\n126,575\\n17,768\\n165,406\\n817,434\\n377,613\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1830.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs .....number..\\nPork barrels..\\nBacon and hams pounds..\\nLard pounds\\n22,294]\\n45,645 I\\n2,154,986 f\\n6 001.417 J\\n$1,315,245", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n435\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef. barrels.\\nTallow pounds.\\nHides number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tieroes.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nHops.\\n.pounds\\nIndigo pounds...\\nLinseed oil gallons...\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons...\\nSalt bushels...\\nSpirits from grain gallons...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles, ..dozen...\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons...\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds...\\nSugar, refined pounds...\\nTobacco hogsheads...\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds...\\nSnuff. pounds...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n4,125\\n46,842\\n533,436\\n50,146\\n899, 396\\n688,241\\n2,443,045\\n5,361,46?\\n2,138\\n695\\n244,214)\\n4,253\\n355,875 J\\n15,460\\n581,201\\n14,458\\n444,10?\\n145,301\\n45,286\\n1,22?,434\\n26,298\\n130,69?\\n5?,101\\\\\\n38,592/\\n105,620\\n351\\n8,147,165\\n290,311,93?/\\n115,762\\n321,692\\n383,060\\n1,140\\n3,914\\n78,629\\n47,488\\n653,290\\n52,397\\n17,536\\n753,160\\n37,646\\n1,586,220\\n83,810\\n3,199,151\\n29,425/\\nValuation.\\n$717,683\\n142,370\\n619,238\\n182,244\\n70,668\\n338,603\\n22,110\\n641,760\\n153,666\\n23,727\\n224,823\\n372,296\\n46,176\\n6,085,953\\n87,796\\n66,249\\n1,986,824\\n188,474\\n39,027\\n4,135\\n29,674,883\\n61,800\\n964,196\\n1,093\\n24,744\\n266,350\\n180,973\\n2,152\\n1,779\\n67,852\\n30,312\\n827\\n35,039\\n22,978\\n225,357\\n6,690\\n49,798\\n3,968\\n2,975\\n193,084\\n5,586,365\\n246,747", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "436\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand...\\nShingles thousand...\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M feet...\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n23,069]\\n41,115 J\\n67,300 f\\n19,203J\\n8,951\\n44,343\\n120,722/\\nValuation.\\n$1,501,658\\n148,251\\n13,321\\n220,215\\n1,105,121\\n321,119\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1831.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nA.nimals and their products\\nHogs number..\\nPork barrels..\\nBacon and hams pounds..\\nLard pounds..\\nHorned cattle number..\\nBeef barrels..\\nTallow pounds..\\nHides number..\\nButter pounds..\\nCheese pounds..\\nTallow candles pounds..\\nSoap pounds..\\nHorses number..\\nMules number..\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds..\\nBoots pairs-\\nShoes pairs..\\nSheep number..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples.... barrels-\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels-\\nIndian meal barrels-\\nWheat bushels-\\nFlour barrels-\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces-\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels-\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs-\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt...\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n14,690\\n51, \u00c2\u00a763\\n1,477,446\\n6,963,516\\n5,881\\n60,770\\n679,623\\n299,473\\n1,728,21;\\n1,131,817\\n2,669,211\\n5,752,430\\n2,184\\n1,540\\n316,795\\n4,777\\n257,150\\n8,262\\n430,929\\n16,375\\n571,312\\n207,604\\n408,910\\n,806,529\\n19,100\\n116,517\\n67,113\\n46,048\\n112,875\\n622\\n8,311,762}\\n268,668,022 S\\nValuation.\\n$1,501,644\\n829,982\\n204,796\\n643,252\\n218,015\\n58,146\\n290,937\\n14,499\\n750,938\\n114,017\\n31,148\\n396,617\\n595,434\\n523,270\\n9,938,453\\n71,881\\n132,717\\n2,016,267\\n250,533\\n41,147\\n6,109\\n25,289,492", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n437\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nHops pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch ....barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\n120,702\\n357,002\\n265,043\\n8,643\\\\\\n131,934/\\n45,847\\n326,491)\\n76,856\\n17,875 J\\n110,554\\n180,132\\n2,057,487\\n86,718\\n3,639,856\\n27,967 J\\n22,838)\\n33,122 I\\n65,045\\n32,335J\\n10,219\\n52,995\\n156,319\\n$96,931\\n947.932\\n2 ,397\\n17,221\\n61,832\\n216,376\\n231\\n2,599\\n115,928\\n26,664\\n54,092\\n26,848\\n141,794\\n7,178\\n34,569\\n948\\n10,105\\n215,794\\n4,892,388\\n292,475\\n1,467,065\\n214,105\\n7,806\\n99,116\\n935,613\\n397,687\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1832.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLa rd pounds\\nHorned cattle number...\\nBeef. barrels...\\nTallow pounds...\\nHides number...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n5,266]\\n88^625 I\\n1,810,880\\n7, 756, 782 J\\n8,123)\\n55,507 I\\n622,522 j\\n52,110J\\nValuation\\n$1,928,196\\n774,087", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "438\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nST ATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded\\nNumber\\nand quantities,\\nValuation.\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice....; tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nHops pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, fin casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\n1,501,686\\n1,391,853/\\n2,498,776)\\n5,743,602/\\n1,798\\n1,128/\\n318,590)\\n4,215\\n263,081 J\\n12,260\\n258,559\\n6,928\\n451,230\\n146,710\\n88,304\\n864,919\\n17,254\\n120,327\\n73,883)\\n29,208/\\n100,517\\n1,086\\n8,743,3731\\n313,471,749/\\n57,537\\n40S,404\\n184,729\\n4,4951\\n71,766/\\n45,072\\n258,961\\n40,988 V\\n12,120)\\n119,416\\n154,160\\n701,862\\n106,806\\n3,456,071\\n31,175/\\n20,282]\\n39,123 I\\n67,820\\n26,439 J\\n$290,820\\n701,184\\n164,034\\n42,565\\n277,388\\n22,385\\n691,909\\n02,444\\n15,314\\n278,740\\n480,035\\n93,500\\n4,880,623\\n75,392\\n78,447\\n2,152,631\\n255,735\\n42,077\\n13,863\\n31,724,682\\n104,870\\n1,052,891\\n341\\n12,618\\n58,854\\n123,036\\n1,570\\n2,685\\n99,545\\n25,448\\n33,304\\n27,914\\n127,583\\n4,677\\n38,221\\n2,493\\n11,232\\n74,673\\n5,999,769\\n295,771\\n1,522,053\\n188,608\\n73,368", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n430\\nARTICLES.\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch.... v barrels..,\\nRosin and turpentine barrels..,\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n8,859\\n47,523\\n168,770/\\nValuation.\\n$52,944\\n930,398\\n470,291\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the grotuth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1833.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels.\\nBacon and hams pounds.\\nLard pounds.\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef. barrels.\\nTallow pounds.\\nHides number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pair3.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.,\\nApples barrels.,\\nBread stutFs\\nIndian corn bushels.,\\nInd ian meal barrels\\nWheat bushels.,\\nFlour barrels..\\nRye meal barrels..\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs..\\nPotatoes bushels..\\nCables and cordage cwt..\\nCotton\u00e2\u0080\u0094;\\nSea Island pounds..\\nOther kinds pounds..\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\n6.819\\n105^870\\n1,786.637 J\\n7,655,198j\\n6.8371\\n64,322 I\\n676,841 I\\n58, 179 J\\n1,346,364\\n1,213,092/\\n2,410,385\\n5,537,161\\n2,040\\n1,011/\\n275,453\\n9,628\\n167,622\\n11,821\\n783,843\\n17,075\\n487,174\\n146,678\\n32,221\\n955.768\\n36,038\\n144,163\\n72,042\\n23,718/\\n136,127\\n10,342\\n11,142,987\\n313,555,617 j\\n$2,151,558\\n958,070\\n258,452\\n673,070\\n167,380\\n38,267\\n213,510\\n21,464\\n841,933\\n178,74\u00c2\u00ab\\n33,262\\n337,505\\n534,309\\n29,595\\n5,013,010\\n140,017\\n102,568\\n2,744,418\\n252,565\\n52,062\\n23,140\\n36.191,105\\n421,721\\n1,802,110\\n2,054\\n104,335\\n202,291", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "440\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nST ATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nHops.\\n.pounds\\ntndigo pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) t dozen.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dve\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\n117,292\\n546,878\\n468,798\\n300\\n3,159\\n71,654/\\n25,009\\n295,695)\\n65,044\\n14,658 J\\n79,693\\n100,340\\n416,736\\n83,153\\n3,790,310)\\n13,453/\\n30,984\\n40,950\\n76,755 f\\n20,247j\\n11,052\\n41,024 I\\nL76,146\\n$228,300\\n5,964\\n18,985\\n183,194\\n92,963\\n180\\n30,293\\n18,211\\n144,009\\n3,34t\\n28,463\\n2,279\\n7,635\\n40,327\\n5,755,968\\n2S8,973\\n1,969,191\\n249,036\\n32,625\\n93,609\\n814,398\\n483,712\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the groivth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1834.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nUiitnals and their products\\nHogs\\nPork\\nBacon and hams\\nLard\\nHorned cattle\\nBeef.\\nTallow\\nHides\\nButter\\nCheese\\nTallow candles\\nSoap\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins.\\n.number...\\n..barrels...\\n..pounds...\\n..pounds...\\n.number...\\n...barrels...\\n..pounds...\\n.number...\\n..pounds...\\n..pounds...\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..number.\\n..number.\\n3,3381\\n82,691 I\\n1,520,638 f\\n9,050,342 J\\n6,441\\n46,181\\n771.239\\n60^015 j\\n1,084,960\\n819,567 J\\n2,950,301\\n4,327,602 f\\n2,954\\n1,000/\\n$1,796,001\\n755,219\\n190,099\\n616,693\\n233,554\\n11,822", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n441\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nj Rye meal barrels.,\\n1 Rye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.,\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.,\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.,\\nPotatoes bushels..\\nCables and Cordage cwt.,\\nCotton\\nSea Island, pounds.,\\nOther kinds pounds.,\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels..\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds..\\naids..\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n.pour\\nHops.\\nIndigo pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in casks) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in bottles) dozen.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.,\\nSnuff pounds.\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, aud scantling M. feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak bark, and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\n257,813\\n1,874\\n134,729\\n16,054\\n364,674\\n25,276\\n303,449\\n149,609\\n36,948\\n835,352\\n39,151\\n121,886\\n60,309)\\n25,161\\n97,427\\n2,087\\n8,085,937\\n376,631,970\\n187,468\\n181,002\\n917,600\\n102\\n15,728\\n54,624\\n89,064\\n269,046)\\n51,853 V\\n7,976J\\n222,852\\n108,087\\n2,355,7,54\\n87,979\\n3,956,579}\\n57,826$\\n29,797] j\\n37,917 I\\n69,996\\n20,383j\\n6,481\\n49,792\\n172,391\\nValuation.\\n$177,73]\\n29.002\\n797J844\\n86,803\\n41,849\\n203,573\\n491,910\\n39,598\\n4,520,781\\n140,306\\n49,465\\n2,122,272\\n231,708\\n38,567\\n22,062\\n49,448,402\\n188,619\\n1,756,136\\n1,061\\n88,376\\n51,802\\n281,990\\n4,889\\n6,162\\n70,202\\n164,577\\n143\\n42,912\\n54,007\\n110,601\\n3,805\\n73,827\\n5,934\\n6,461\\n219,153\\n6,595,305\\n328,409\\n1,901,028\\n192,098\\n22,457\\n71,747\\n557,500\\n525,390", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "442\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1835.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels.\\nBacon and hams pounds.\\nLard pounds.\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef. barrels.\\nTallow .....pounds.\\nHides number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles. pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nAppks .-.barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\ninds.\\n3,930\\n61,827\\n1,492,027\\n10,637,490\\n7,348\\n38,028\\n491,412\\n41,495j\\n684,624\\n887,000/\\n2,503,883\\n3,708,101/\\n3,616\\n1,100/\\n355,274\\n5.692\\n129^781\\n19,145\\n375,061\\n9,745\\n755,781\\n166,782\\n47,762\\n779,396\\n30,854\\n110,851\\n59,013\\n36,447/\\n83,823\\n2,530\\n7,752,7361\\n379,606,256/\\nHops.\\n.pour\\nIndigo pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBe\u00c2\u00abr, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen.\\n228,863\\n308,020\\n625,684\\n1,031\\n2,370\\n81,837/\\n126,230\\n264,857)\\n78,644\\n12,541 J\\n$1,776,732\\n638,761\\n164,809\\n534,467\\n285,02S\\n11,847\\n224,722\\n36,566\\n759,953\\n93,919\\n20,959\\n588,276\\n629,389\\n51,405\\n4,394,777\\n129,140\\n96,478\\n2,210,331\\n221,699\\n41,543\\n11,686\\n64,961,302\\n397,412\\n2,355,202\\n400\\n97,808\\n7,859\\n451,886\\n795\\n1,575\\n94.960\\n90,720\\n1,060\\n47,728\\n46,483\\n134,823", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n443\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, man ufactured\\nSnuff.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling.\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\n.gallons.\\npounds.\\npounds,\\nhogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.thousand,\\n.thousand.\\n....M. feet.\\ntons.\\ntons.\\n.barrels,\\n.barrels.\\n507,910\\n102,431\\n168,075\\n94,353\\n3,817,854\\n36,\\n,S54\\n3,471$\\n57,636\\n39,288\\n153,671\\n36,020 J\\n6,448\\n51,248\\n170,282]\\n$4,540\\n158,544\\n1,963\\n8,526\\n62,293\\n8,250,577\\n357.611\\n2,635,056\\n247,032\\n29,437\\n73,877\\n571,591\\n5C7.566\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the groicth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1836.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs\\nPork\\nBacon and hams\\nLard\\nHorned cattle\\nBeef.\\nTallow\\nHides\\nButter\\nCheese\\nTallow candles\\nSoap\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins.\\nLeather\\nBoots\\nShoes\\nSheep\\nSkins and furs\\nWax\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn\\nIndian meal\\nWheat\\nFlour\\nRye meal\\n.number.\\n..barrels.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..barrels.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n...pounds,\\n.number.\\nnumber.\\n..pounds.\\npairs.\\npairs.\\nnumber.\\n.pounds.\\n..barrels.\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels,\\n.bushels.\\nbarrels.\\n..barrels.\\n1,231\\n22,550\\n1,398,475\\n6,493,878\\n4,683\\n50,226\\n443,\\n39,\\n361,395\\n486,23^\\n2,275,943\\n2,796,\\n4,\\n5,765 f\\n),379J\\n~35)\\n5,943)\\n3,110\\n,553)\\n875 5\\n337,335\\n3,563\\n51,440\\n6,342\\n311,807\\n22,235\\n124,791\\n140,917\\n2,062\\n505,400\\n36,646\\n$1,383,344\\n699,116\\n114,033\\n478,310\\n346,689\\n21,367\\n133,411\\n18,548\\n653,662\\n91,676\\n39,668\\n103,702\\n621,560\\n2,062\\n3,572,599\\n173,976", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "4-14\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice\\nBiscuit or ship-bread\\nBiscuit or ship-bread\\nPotatoes\\nCables and cordage\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures.\\nGinseng\\nHops.\\ntierces.\\n..barrels.\\nkegs.\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds.\\n212,983\\n55,986\\n30,691\\n91,581\\n525\\n8,544,419\\n415,086,888\\n.bushels.\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine.\\nSalt\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,)..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,).\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff.\\nWood, and its products-\\nStaves and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl _\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..gallons.\\n..gallons,\\n.bushels.\\n..gallons.\\n..gallons.\\n.dozen.\\n.gallons.\\n.....pounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.thousand,\\n.thousand.\\n....M. feet.\\ntons.\\ntons.\\n.barrels,\\n.barrels.\\n123,926\\n405,619\\n207,548\\n1,005\\n1,785)\\n84,261 J\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a210,917\\n180,965)\\n79,758\\n15, 593 J\\n92.228\\n128,119\\n1,442,989\\n109,442\\n3,246,675)\\n40,018\\n23,346\\n43,604\\nT6,950\\n28 744\\n6,003\\n49,4\\n216,41\\n1!\\n$80,492\\n2,548,750\\n244,760\\n43,630\\n8,502\\n71,284,925\\n256,625\\n1,950,795\\n637\\n32.765\\n14,912\\n250,132\\n6.720\\n7,385\\n211,405\\n25,886\\n1,020\\n51,910\\n31,943\\n117,032\\n3,634\\n34,721\\n851\\n12,342\\n165,048\\n10,058,640\\n435,464\\n2,153,623\\n195,188\\n22,106\\n68,758\\n723,606\\n912,376", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n445\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited Stales, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1837\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.,\\nPork barrels.,\\nBacon and bams pounds.,\\nLard pounds..\\nHorned cattle number..\\nBeef barrels..\\nTallow pounds..\\nHides number..\\nButter pounds..\\nCheese pounds..\\nTallow candles pounds..\\nSoap pounds..\\nHorses number..\\nMules number..\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds..\\nBoots pairs..\\nShoes pairs..\\nSheep number\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples barrels..\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels..\\nIndian meal barrels..\\nWheat bushels..\\nFlour barrels..\\nRye meal barrels..\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs..,\\nPotatoes bushels..,\\nCables and cordage cwt...\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds...\\nOther kinds pounds...\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels...\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds...\\nHops pounds...\\nLinseed oil gallons...\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons...\\nSalt bushels...\\nSpirits from grain gallons...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen...\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons...\\nMolasses\\n1,1101\\n24,583 I\\n965,935\\n6,388,174\\n3,237\\n28,076\\n168,795\\n11 2, 096 J\\n281,9391\\n411,338/\\n1,606,424\\n2,208,497 J\\n5,022\\n764)\\n202,006)\\n2,388\\n62,286j\\n3,460\\n311,202\\n20,594\\n151,276\\n159,435\\n17,303\\n318,719\\n28,323\\n106,084\\n43,308\\n17,606/\\n100,703\\n1,260\\n5,280,9711\\n438,924,566/\\n3,147\\n215,007\\n1,096,428\\n4,660\\n112,602/\\n99,133\\n231,957)\\n92,280\\n17,653 J\\n141,556\\n$1,299,796\\n585,146\\n96,176\\n393,031\\n368,094\\n21,316\\n114,553\\n16,852\\n051,908\\n91,168\\n40,990\\n147,982\\n763,652\\n27,206\\n2,987,269\\n165,457\\n80,785\\n2,309,279\\n244,292\\n53,630\\n15,327\\n03,240,102\\n549,801\\n2,043,115\\n1,815\\n61,702\\n175,040\\n50,553\\n18,422\\n29,898\\n109,398\\n89,705\\n59,726\\n58,472\\n145,519\\n4,313\\n53,513\\n7,171", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "446\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nARTICLES.\\nNumber i\\nI and quantities. I\\nValuation.\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling.\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\npounds.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0fc.... pounds.\\nhogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.thousand,\\n.thousand.\\nM.feet.\\ntons.\\ntons.\\n.barrels,\\n.barrels.\\n306.602\\n1,844 ,167\\n100,232\\n3,615.501\\n40^883/\\n20,880)\\n42,108 I\\n88,721 f\\n17,187J\\n6,565\\n42,303\\n216,624/\\n$22,668\\n215,728\\n5,795,647\\n427,836\\n2,333,663\\n251,083\\n30,654\\n96,443\\n731,596\\n823,410\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1838.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number..\\npork barrels..\\nBacon and hams pounds..\\nLard pounds..\\nHorned cattle number..\\np,eef barrels..\\nTallow pounds..\\nHfdes number..\\nButter pounds-\\nCheese pounds..\\nTallow candles pounds..\\nSoap pounds-\\nHorses number..\\nMules number-\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds-\\nBoots pairs-\\nShoes Pairs-\\nSheep number-\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds\\nbarrels-\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.\\n366)\\n,356\\n31\\n1,194,890\\n7,209,478\\n2,826\\n23,491\\n363,036\\n56,762\\n495,108\\n664,660\\n1,820,145\\n3,105,714\\n4,418\\n409\\n172,958\\n8,131\\n79,105\\n6,698\\n241,819\\n20,157\\n172,321\\n171,843\\n6,291\\n448,161\\n22,864\\n71,048\\n49,566\\n21,633/\\nValuation.\\n$1,312,346\\n528,231\\n148,191\\n513,721\\n331,620\\n28,071\\n132,476\\n20,462\\n633,945\\n67,181\\n41,121\\n141,992\\n722,399\\n8,125\\n3,603,299\\n110,792\\n94,533\\n1,721,819\\n263.686", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATE MENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n447\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nPotatoes\\nCables and cordage\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng\\nHops\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine\\nSalt\\n.bushels..\\ncwt..\\n.pounds...\\n.pounds\\n118,627\\n1,814\\n7,286,340\\n588,665,957/\\n.bushels.\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,)...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,).\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobaoco, manufactured\\nSnuff\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\n.pounds,\\npounds,\\n.pounds,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.bushels,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons.\\n...dozen.\\n.gallons.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.thousand,\\n.thousand.\\nM.feet.\\ntons.\\ntons.\\n.barrels,\\n.barrels.\\n35,651\\n69,187\\n854,106\\n50-\\n5,604\\n225,231 J\\n114,155\\n226,962\\n108,897\\n24,211\\n249,356\\n408,802\\n2,610,649\\n100,593\\n5,008,147\\n75,083\\n24,177\\n36,007\\n87,217\\n21,238\\n7,745\\n33,629\\n245,860\\n$56,898\\n21,547\\n61,556,811\\n252,044\\n3,250,130\\n6,017\\n168,021\\n82,543\\n55,954\\n1,244\\n2,146\\n36,622\\n53,602\\n50\\n94,295\\n67,707\\n165,316\\n5,241\\n99,473\\n6,62ft\\n30,487\\n249,671\\n7,392,029\\n577,420\\n2,102,053\\n267,134\\n36,150\\n161,694\\n710,342\\n703,394\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September oOth, 1839.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals anu their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nNumber\\nand quantities,\\nValuation\\nSI, 777,230", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "448\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nHorned cuttle number..\\nBeef ....barrels..\\nTallow pounds..\\nHides number..\\nButter pounds..\\nCheese pounds..\\nTallow candles pounds..\\nSoap pounds..\\nHorses number..\\nMules number..\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds..\\nBaots pairs..\\nShoes pairs..\\nSheep number..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples barrels..,\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels..,\\nIndian meal barrels..,\\nWheat bushels...\\nFlour barrels...\\nRye meal barrels..,\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces..,\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels...\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs...\\nPotatoes bushels...\\nCables and cordage cwt...\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds..,\\nOther kinds pounds..,\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels..,\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nos\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nHops\\n.pounds\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine _. gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen.\\nVinegar v.\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff. pounds.\\n1,115\\n16,189\\n118,037\\n33,852\\n424,609\\n519,017\\n1,310,008\\n3,322,049/\\n3,1681\\n882/\\n336,350\\n9,283\\n73,587^\\n6,084\\n236,520\\n23,470\\n162,306\\n165,672\\n96,325\\n923,151\\n29,458\\n93,320\\n68,824\\n41,178/\\n96,569\\n2,237\\n5,107,404\\n408,516,808]\\n66,781\\n319,564\\n747,164\\n3,253\\n178,248\\n264,337\\n164,845\\n161,166\\n18,798\\n463,760\\n387,203\\n4,782,723\\n78,995\\n4,214,943\\n42,467\\nValuation.\\n$371,646\\n127,550\\n453,471\\n291,625\\n12,952\\n173,859\\n15,960\\n732,087\\n68,961\\n50,875\\n141,095\\n658,421\\n144,191\\n6,925,170\\n145,448\\n72,050\\n2,460,198\\n349,871\\n57,536\\n25,899\\n61,238,982\\n412,661\\n2,525,301\\n1,492\\n17,465\\n18,114\\n161,896\\n2,010\\n2,047\\n118,904\\n72,425\\n78,757\\n64,272\\n142, 0S5\\n3,745\\n183,446\\n3,438\\n28,722\\n521,117\\n9,832,943\\n616,212", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n449\\nNumber\\nand quantities\\nValuation\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand...\\nShingles thousand...\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet...\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\n51,182 I\\n37,569 I\\n84,630 I\\n20,899\\n6,052\\n61,584\\n197,267\\n,270,603\\n327,687\\n37,122\\n309,696\\n620,369\\n688,800\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1840.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels.\\nBacon and hams pounds.\\nLard pounds.\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef. barrels.\\nTallow pounds.\\nHides number.\\n.Butter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax..... pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.,\\nRye meal barrels.,\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.,\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.,\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.,\\nPotatoes bushels.,\\nCables and cordage cwt..,\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.,\\n29\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n4,854\\n66,281\\n1,643,397\\n7,418,847\\n4,259\\n19,681\\n273,946\\n112,500\\n1,177,639\\n723,217\\n1,710,454\\n3,335,641\\n2,759\\n872/\\n207,623\\n23,396\\n574,279\\n206,063\\n1,720,860\\n1,897,501\\n53,218\\n101,660\\n106,276\\n40,767/\\n123,549\\n3,552\\n8,779,669\\n735,161,392\\nValuation\\n\u00c2\u00a71,894,894\\n623,373\\n210,749\\n451,995\\n246,320\\n19,557\\n214,360\\n30,698\\n1,237,789\\n59,685\\n55,131\\n338,333\\n705,183\\n1,635,483\\n10,143,615\\n170,931\\n113,393\\n1,942,076\\n428,988\\n54,524\\n43,510\\n63,870.307", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "400\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels.,\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nHops pounds.\\nIndigo pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff pounds.\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M.feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\n76,970\\n46,581\\n82,086\\n209\\n3,968)\\n162,309 I\\n92,145\\n192,327)\\n105,159\\n12,613)\\n832,210\\n769,908\\n10,741,648\\n119,484\\n6,787,165\\n37,132/\\n28,136]\\n31,359 I\\n83,075 J\\n12,484 J\\n5,572\\n44,655\\n215.121\\n$398,977\\n2,925,257\\n1,200\\n31,445\\n192,728\\n120,000\\n7,114\\n1,128\\n22,728\\n11,235\\n209\\n63,343\\n42,246\\n128,330\\n6,401\\n283,707\\n9,775\\n45,940\\n1,214,058\\n9,883,957\\n813.67:\\n.,301,049\\n270,933\\n29,049\\n229,510\\n533,193\\n602.522\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending September 30, 1841.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nHorned cattle number...\\nBeef. barrels...\\nTallow pounds...\\nHides number...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n7,901\\n133,290\\n2,794,517\\n10,597,654\\n7,861\\n56,537\\n980,027\\n45,898\\nValuation.\\n$2,621,537\\n904,918", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n451\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit or ship-bread kegs.,\\nPotatoes bushels.,\\nCables and cordage cwt..\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds..\\nOther kinds pounds..\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels..\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds..\\nHops pounds..\\nLinseed oil gallons..\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons..\\nSalt bushels..\\nSpirits from grain gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in casks) gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in bottles) dozen..\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons..\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds..\\nSugar, refined pounds..\\nTobacco hogsheads..\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds..\\nSnuff pounds..\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand..\\nShingles thousand..\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet..\\nHewn timber tons..\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nNumber\\nand quantities\\n$3,7S5,993\\\\\\n1,748,471/\\n2,145,845\\n3,414,122 J\\n2,930\\n1,418\\n390,055\\n14,619\\n83,853\\n14,639\\n254,088\\n25,216\\n535,727\\n232,284\\n868.585\\n1,515^817\\n44,031\\n101,617\\n103,995\\n39,410\\n136,095\\n2,805\\n6,237,424\\n523,966,676\\n32,243\\n640,967\\n176,619\\n10,072\\n107,640\\n215,084\\n328,791\\n106,017\\n19,763\\n1,281,142\\n312,864\\n13,435^084\\n147,828\\n7,503,644;\\n68,553\\n42,507\\n37,759\\n93,049\\n61, 249 J\\nValuation.\\n$504,815\\n494,577\\n293,143\\n38,689\\n193,583\\n35,767\\n993,262\\n74,120\\n48,396\\n312,954\\n682,457\\n882,881\\n7,759,646\\n138,505\\n159,893\\n2,010,107\\n378,041\\n64,402\\n31,582\\n54,330,341\\n450,503\\n2,324,839\\n43,503\\n303, 701\\n50,781\\n2,764\\n10,636\\n437,245\\n28,823\\n52,162\\n62,765\\n97,150\\n59,133\\n12,957\\n371,294\\n7,999\\n23^837\\n1,348,974\\n12,576,703\\n873,877\\n2,549,812\\n266,175\\n58,991\\n153.519", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "452\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons..,\\nTar and pitch barrels..,\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\nValuation.\\n$573,02?.\\n684,514\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending Septemher 30, 1842.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals, and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels.\\nBacon and hams pounds.\\nLard pounds.\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef. barrels.\\nTallow pounds.\\nHides number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread.\\nAll other manufactures\\nNumber\\nand quantities\\n5,564\\n180,032\\n2,518,841\\n20,102,397\\n9,887\\n48,581\\n7,038,092\\n58,187\\n2,055,133\\n2,456,607\\n1,981,602\\n3,854,836\\n2,964\\n1,503\\n363,693\\n4,615\\n89,525\\n19,557\\n331,856\\n14,239\\n600,308\\n209,199\\n817,958\\n1,283,602\\n34,190\\n114,617\\n83,594)\\n29,773$\\n194,946\\n2,589\\n7,254,099\\n577,462,918\\nValuation.\\n$2,629,403\\n1,212,638\\n388,185\\n485,128\\n299,654\\n22,502\\n168,925\\n38,892\\n598,487\\n103,626\\n32,245\\n345,150\\n617,817\\n916,616\\n7,375,356\\n124,396\\n175,082\\n1,907,387\\n323,759\\n85,844\\n30,457\\n47,593,46-1\\n385,f)40\\n2,297,964\\n37,325\\n250,361", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n453\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nBags, and all other manufactures.\\nGinseng\\nHops.\\n.bushels.\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine.\\nSalt\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in casks)...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in bottles).\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco manufactured\\nSnuff.\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark, and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\n.pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.pounds,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.bushels,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons.\\n...dozen.\\n.gallons.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.thousand,\\n.thousand.\\n....M. feet.\\ntons.\\ntons...\\n.barrels...\\n.barrels...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n18,354\\n144,426\\n339,181\\n2,200\\n4^67\\n74,193/\\n110,400\\n193,860\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a070,626\\n19,10\\n998,409\\n166,533\\n3,430,346\\n158, no\\n4,434,214\\n42,668]\\n31,843]\\n34,050 (_\\n162,639 I\\n13, 633 J\\n8,012\\n52,455\\n277,787/\\nValuation.\\n$34,991\\n1,038\\n63,702\\n36,547\\n1,042\\n34,773\\n39,064\\n50,708\\n54,674\\n10,208\\n247,74!\\n19,04f\\n8,89\\n291,491\\n9,540, 75!\\n525.49;\\n2,203,53\\n253,931\\n37,73(\\n111,08\\n882,74\\n743,33\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, from the 1st of October, 1842, to the oOth of June, 1843.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products i\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nHorned cattle...... number...\\nBeef barrels...\\nTallow pounds...\\nHides number...\\nButter pounds...\\nCheese pounds...\\nTallow candles pounds...\\nSoap pounds...\\nHorses number-\\nMules number...\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n7,162]\\n80,310\\n2,422,067 f\\n24,534,217 J\\n5,181\\n37,812\\n7,489,582\\n50,340 J\\n3,408,247\\n3,440,144$\\n1,998,357\\n3,186,652\\n2,002\\n1,193 j)\\nValuation\\n$2,120,020\\n1,092,949\\n508,963\\n407,105\\n212,696\\n26,782", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "454\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nLeather pounds..\\nBoots pairs..\\nShoe s pairs..\\nSheep number..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples barrels...\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels...\\nIndian meal barrels...\\nWheat bushels...\\nFlour barrels...\\nRye meal barrels...\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces...\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels...\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread .....kegs...\\nPotatoes bushels...\\nCables and cordage cwt....\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds...\\nOther kinds pounds...\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels...\\nFl x and hemp\\nBags, and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds...\\nHops pounds...\\nIndigo pounds...\\nLinseed oil gallons...\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons...\\nSalt bushels...\\nSpirits from grain gallons...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen...\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons...\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds...\\nSugar, refined pounds..\\nTobacco hogsheads..\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds..\\nSnuff. pounds..\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand..\\nShingles thousand..\\nBoards, plank and scantling M. feet..\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak bark, and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\n31?, 560\\n3,646\\n65,499\\n13,609\\n475,727\\n15,412\\n672,608\\n174,354\\n311,685\\n841,474\\n21,770\\n106,766\\n96,572)\\n29,351/\\n144,991\\n2,204\\n7,515,079\\n2,027/\\n784,78\\n35,002\\n556,533\\n1,182,565\\n208\\n4,185\\n61,053 j\\n40,678\\n89,546\\n14\\n,433)\\n,182$\\n491,947\\n68,563\\n598,884\\n94,454\\n3,404,252\\n20,455/\\n19,765\\n20,270 I\\n49,754 f\\n1,230 J\\n5,436\\n37,454\\n188,952/\\n$115,355\\n29,061\\n453,869\\n137,532\\n32,825\\n281,749\\n454,166\\n264,109\\n3,763,073\\n65,631\\n108,640\\n1,625,726\\n312,232\\n47,757\\n22,198\\n49,119,806\\n358,415\\n2,575,049\\n57,312\\n232,774\\n49,406\\n326\\n193,870\\n123,745\\n198\\n29,434\\n10,262\\n21,395\\n44,064\\n7,555\\n117,537\\n1,317\\n3,435\\n47,345\\n4,650,979\\n278,319\\n1,026,179\\n211,111\\n19,669\\n39,53S\\n541,004\\n475,357", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\n455\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending June 30th, 1844.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number..\\nPork barrels..\\nBacon and hams pounds..\\nLard pounds..\\nHorned cattle number..\\nBeef. barrels..\\nTallow pounds..\\nHides number..\\nButter pounds..\\nCheese pounds..\\nJTallow candles pounds..\\nHSoap pounds..\\nHorses number..\\nMules number..\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds..\\nBoots pairs..\\nShoes pairs..\\nSheep number..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.,\\nApples barrels-\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian com bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cw\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nHops pounds.\\nIndigo pounds.\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSalt bushels.\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, fin casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\n9,615\\n161,629\\n3,886,976\\n25,746,355\\n10,822\\n106,474\\n9,915,366\\n62,658\\n3,251,952\\n7,343,145/\\n3,086,566)\\n4,732,751\\n3,135\\n2,019/\\n591,951)\\n10,409\\n95,532 J\\n12,980\\n963,031\\n22,324\\n825,282\\n247,882\\n558,917\\n,438,574\\n32,690\\n134,715\\n117,781\\n41,920\\n182,238\\n5,078\\n6,099,076\\n657,534,379\\n15,206\\n301,408\\n664,363\\n2,500\\n6,327\\n156,203\\n157,529\\n215,719\\n113,029\\n18,990\\n881,325\\nValuation\\n53,236,479\\n1,810,551\\n758,829\\n619,544\\n315,696\\n39,197\\n204,000\\n27,824\\n742,196\\n278,039\\n51,465\\n404,008\\n641,029\\n500,400\\n6,759,488\\n104,391\\n133.47V\\n2,182^468\\n388,603\\n*74,108\\n49,242\\n54,063,501\\n385.403\\n2,293, 800\\n44,421\\n170,156\\n23,749\\n311\\n95,008\\n51,550\\n1,176\\n68,476\\n47,755\\n56,697\\n59,312\\n8,315\\n241,604", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "456\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds...\\nSugar, refined pounds...\\nTobacco hogsbeads...\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds...\\nSnuff. pounds...\\nVood and its products\\nStaves and beading thousand...\\nShingles .....thousand...\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M.feet...\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\n187,118\\n1,671,107\\n163,042\\n6,046,878\\n28,668\\n23,246\\n42,615 I\\n92,179 f\\n4,700J\\n18,271\\n62,477\\n362,668\\n$3,921\\n12,363\\n128,594\\n8,397,255\\n536,600\\n1,672,279\\n326,945\\n23,274\\n70,370\\n1,140,848\\n818,692\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1845.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals, and their products\\nHogs number..,\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nHorned cattle number...\\nBeef....: barrels...\\nTallow pounds...\\nHides number...\\nButter pounds...\\nCheese pounds\\nTallow candles pounds...\\nSoap pounds...\\nHorses number...\\nMules number...\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds...\\nBoots pairs...\\nShoes pairs...\\nSheep number...\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds...\\nApples barrels...\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn ..bushels...\\nIndian meal barrels...\\nWheat bushels...\\nFlour barrels...\\nRye meal barrels...\\nRye, oats, c\\nBice tierces-\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n6,384\\n161,609\\n2,719,360\\n20,060,993\\n5,252\\n101,538\\n10,022,504\\n111,636\\n3,587,489)\\n7,941,187\\n3,490,736)\\n4,138,313\\n3,052\\n3,248$\\n6,464\\n814,499\\n54,022\\n840,184\\n269,030\\n389,716\\n1,195,230\\n35,371\\nValuation\\n118,621\\n2,991,284\\n1,926,809\\n878,865\\n623,946\\n385,488\\n16,363\\n328,091\\n23,948\\n1,248,355\\n234,794\\n81,306\\n411,741\\n641,552\\n336,779\\n5,398,593\\n112,908\\n177,953\\n2,160,456", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n457\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread... barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-lread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nGables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels..\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.,\\nHops pounds.,\\nIndigo pounds..\\nLinseed oil gallons..\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons..\\nSalt bushels..\\nSpirits from grain gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider Hn casks) gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in bottles) dozen..\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons..\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds..\\nSugar, refined pounds..\\nTobacco hogsheads..\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds^.\\nSnuff pounds..\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand..\\nShingles thousand..\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M.feet..\\nHewn timber tons..\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons..\\nTar and pitch.... barrels..\\nRosin and turpentine barrels..\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nU7\u00c2\u00ab529\\\\\\n30,183/\\n274,216\\n5,654\\n9,389,625\\n863,516,371\\n178,007\\nValuation\\n468,530.\\n902,072\\n100\\n7,416\\n182,989/\\n131,500\\n277,514\\n185,033)\\n21,226 J\\n710,612\\n195,985\\n1,997,992\\n147,168\\n5,3*2,971\\n44,399/\\n21,264]\\n60,918 I\\n96,673 f\\n4, 590 J\\n24,219\\n58,002\\n347,683\\n$366,294\\n122,926\\n55,016\\n51,739,643\\n516,243\\n2,343,104\\n1,174,038\\n14,379\\n280.164\\n81,978\\n950\\n13,812\\n177,146\\n90,341\\n70\\n92,614\\n45,151\\n75,108\\n69,582\\n14,375\\n216,118\\n20,771\\n11,107\\n164,662\\n7,469,819\\n538,49S\\n1,953,222\\n369,505\\n28,692\\n70,616\\n1,210,496\\n814,969\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture^ of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the oOth of June, 1846.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\n7,437\\n190,422\\n3,006,630\\n21,843,164\\n$3,883,884", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "458\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nHorned cattle\\nBeef.\\nTallow\\nHidea\\nButter\\nCheese\\nTallow candles\\nSoap\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather\\nBoots]\\nShoes\\nSheep\\nWool\\nSkins and furs\\nWax\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn\\nIndian meal\\nWheat\\nFlour\\nRye meal\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice\\nBiscuit, or ship bread\\nBiscuit, or ship bread\\nPotatoes\\nGables and cordage\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags, and all other manufactures.\\nGinseng\\nHops.\\n.number.\\n...barrels,\\n.pounds,\\n.number,\\n.pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..number.\\n3,1011\\n14i*,223 I\\n10,435,696 f\\n143,323j\\n3,436,6601\\n8,675,390/\\n3,718, 714\\\\\\n3,161,910;\\n3,082\\n3,020 J\\n.pounds.\\npairs.\\npairs.\\nnumber.\\n..pounds.\\n1,326,251\\n17,183\\n121,139\\n9,254\\n668,386\\n.pounds.\\n..barrels.\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels,\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels.\\n..barrels.\\n542,250\\n30,903\\n1,826,068\\n298,790\\n1,613,795\\n2,289,476\\n38,530\\n...tierces.\\n..barrels.\\nkegs.\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds.\\n124,007\\n114,792\\n25,505\\n125,150\\n5,860\\n9,388,533\\n538,169,522\\n.bushels.\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine.\\nSalt\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, fin casks,).\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nT obacco\\ntobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.bushels,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons.\\n...dozen.\\n.gallons.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n107,959\\n567,297\\n287,754\\n90\\n8,656\\n329,570\\n117,627\\n257,496\\n195,662\\n17,350\\n850,402\\n109,295\\n4,128,512\\n147,998\\n6,854,856\\n52,458\\n$2,474,208\\n1,063,087\\n630,041\\n382,382\\n26,667\\n346,516\\n30,303\\n203,996\\n1,063,009\\n162,790\\n69,253\\n1,186,663\\n945,081\\n1,6#1,975\\n11,668,669\\n138,110\\n638,221\\n2,564,901\\n366,688\\n69,934\\n62,775\\n42,767,341\\n380,549\\n1,978,331\\n848,989\\n81,813\\n255,799\\n105,438\\n1,364\\n10,765\\n237,562\\n41,692\\n90\\n159,915\\n30,520\\n13,116\\n67,735\\n17,489\\n268,652\\n1,581\\n7,235\\n392,312\\n8,478,270\\n695,914", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n45\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand...\\nShingles thousand...\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M.feet...\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n28,800]\\n42,093 I\\n100,119\\n6,779J\\n9,800\\n65,805\\n351,914\\nValuation.\\n$2,319,443\\n324,979\\n21,682\\n61,382\\n735,689\\n1,085,712\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the groioth, produce, and manufacture of tJie\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the 30\u00c2\u00a3A of June, 1847.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels.\\nBacon and hams pounds.\\nLard pounds.\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef barrels.\\nTallow pounds.\\nHides number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nWool pounds.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nNumber\\nand quantities,\\n3\\n200\\n17,921\\n37,611\\n3\\n111\\n11,172\\n181\\n4,214\\n15,637\\n3,094\\n3,802\\n2\\n2\\n969\\n5\\n87\\n10\\n378\\n627\\n45\\n16,326\\n948\\n4,399\\n4,382\\n48\\n144\\n160\\n31\\n164\\n6,293\\n520,925\\n2741\\n190\\n471\\n161\\n383\\n979 I\\n975 f\\n394 J\\n433\\n600$\\n985)\\n783$\\n077)\\n341\\n013\\n300\\n050\\n060\\n951\\n496\\n892\\n427\\n980\\n082/\\n365\\n302\\n973\\n985 j\\nValuation.\\n$6,630,842\\n2,434,003\\n1,741,770\\n606,798\\n277,359\\n29,856\\n243,818\\n29,100\\n89,460\\n747,145\\n161,527\\n92,961\\n14,395.212\\n4,301,334\\n6,049.350\\n26,133,811\\n225,502\\n1,600,962\\n3,605,896\\n556,266\\n109,062\\n27,054\\n53,415,848", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "460\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures.\\nGinseng\\nHops.\\n.bushels.\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine.\\nSalt\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,).\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,]\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.bushels.\\n..gallons,\\n.gallons.\\n...dozen.\\n.gallons.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.thousand,\\n.thousand.\\nM.feet.\\ntons.\\ntons.\\n.barrels,\\n.barrels.\\n968\\n139,906\\n1,227,453\\n25\\n6,701\\n1,093,464\\n202,244\\n202,547\\n215,025\\n14,575\\n859,732\\n388,057\\n1,539,415\\n135,762\\n7,844,\\n37,\\n4^592\\n7,051 J\\n21,206\\n38,147 I\\n90,481\\n9,7l4j\\n7,235\\n47,245\\n312,059\\n51\\n9 J\\n$281,320\\n3,345,902\\n8,794\\n108,132\\n338,375\\n1,346\\n477\\n5,305\\n64,466\\n150,654\\n10\\n498,110\\n42,333\\n67,781\\n68,114\\n9,526\\n293,609\\n26,959\\n25,483\\n124,824\\n7,242,086\\n658,950\\n1,849,911\\n342,781\\n23,720\\n95,35. r\\n618,000\\n759,221\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the 30th of June, 1848.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals, and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nL\u00c2\u00abrd pounds...\\nHorned cattle number...\\nBeef barrels...\\nTallow pounds...\\nHides number...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n4,750\\n248,269\\n33,551,034\\n49,625,539\\n1,919\\n103,719\\n8,004,235\\n36,145\\nValuation\\n\u00c2\u00a39, 003,2 7 J\\n1,905,341", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n401\\nNumber\\nand quantities\\nValuation\\nButter\\nCheese\\nTallow candles\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins.\\nLeather\\nBoots\\nShoes\\nSheep\\nWool\\nSkins and furs\\nWax\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn\\nIndian meal\\nWheat\\nFlour\\nRye meal\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nPotatoes\\nCables and cordage\\nCoal\\n...pounds.\\n...pounds.\\n...pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..number.\\n...number.\\n2,751,086)\\n12,913,305\\n3,468,593\\n3,644,031\\n996)\\n1,625)\\npounds.\\npairs.\\npairs.\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\n497,102\\n6,553\\n130,242\\n6,231\\n781,102\\n.pounds,\\n.barrels.\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels,\\n.bushels.\\nbarrels,\\n.barrels.\\n...tierces,\\n.barrels.\\nkegs.\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\ntons.\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds..\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nHemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures.\\nGinseng\\nHops\\n.pounds.,\\npounds..\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\nIce.\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine.\\nSalt\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds.\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,)..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,).\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff.\\npounds.\\ngallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.bushels,\\n.gallons.\\ngallons.\\n...dozen.\\n.gallons.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n529,691\\n38,719\\n5,817,634\\n582,339\\n2,034,704\\n2,119,393\\n41,584\\n100,403\\n167,790)\\n38,121\\n133,170\\n2,326\\n9,309\\n7,724,148\\n806,550,283\\n1,017\\n5,085\\n465,460\\n257,016\\n1,150\\n11,066\\n729,500\\n219,145\\n242,579\\n254,607)\\n20,389\\n805,701\\n135,006\\n3,378,773\\n130,665\\n6,698,507\\n36,122\\n$1,361,668\\n670,223\\n190,295\\n16,483\\n194,095\\n20,823\\n57,497\\n607,780\\n134 ,577\\n88,944\\n3,837,483\\n1,807,601\\n2,669,175\\n13,194,109\\n174,566\\n376,572\\n2,331,824\\n619,096\\n86,271\\n29,91)\\n47,115\\n61.998,294\\n351,169\\n4,866,559\\n2,365\\n170,633\\n327,479\\n1,584\\n27,657\\n495\\n6,218\\n162,647\\n17,671\\n75,547\\n1,100\\n331,404\\n73,274\\n90,957\\n78,071\\n13,920\\n289,467\\n5,563\\n8,891\\n253,900\\n7,551,122\\n568,435", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "462\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nST ATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded\\nNumber\\nland quantities.\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand...\\nShingles thousand...\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet...\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nMast? and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch..... barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\n22,463 1\\n39,743 I\\n100,590\\n21,033J\\n4,465\\n60,3.40\\n324,738 J\\nValuation.\\n,429,863\\n283,433\\n129,760\\n184,126\\n466,477\\n752,303\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the 30th of June, 1849.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Eeport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValua tion.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nHorned cattle number...\\nJ5 ee f. barrels...\\nTallow. pounds...\\nHides number...\\nButter pounds...\\nCheese pounds...\\nTallow candles pounds...\\nSoap pounds...\\nHorses number...\\nMules number...\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds...\\nBoots pairs..,\\nShoes. pairs..\\nSheep t number..\\nWool pounds..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples barrels..\\nijread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels..\\nIndian meal barrels..\\nWheat bushels..\\nFlour barrels..\\nBye meal barrels..\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs..\\nPotatoes bushels.,\\nCables and cordage cwt.,\\nCoal tons.\\n1,121\\n253,486\\n56,060,822\\n37,446,761\\n2,607\\n103,286 I\\n9,334,138 f\\n23,390 J\\n3,406,242\\n17,433,682$\\n3,170,109\\n3.959,770\\n896\\n568\\n314,894)\\n14,634\\n98,662 J\\n4,195\\n159,925\\n538,056\\n47,694\\n13,257,309\\n405,169\\n1,527,534\\n2,108,013\\n64,830\\n128,861\\n111,372\\n21,378\\n109,665\\n5,944\\n9,661\\n$9,245,885\\n2,058,958\\n1,654,157\\n627,280\\n96,982\\n9,427\\n151,774\\n16,305\\n81,015\\n656,228\\n121,720\\n93,904\\n7,966,369\\n1,169,625\\n1,756,848\\n11,280,582\\n218,248\\n139,793\\n2,569,362\\n364,318\\n83,313\\n41,636\\n40,396", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n463\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nCotton-\\nSea Island pounds..\\nOther kinds pounds..\\nCotton, pieee goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nNankeen\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels..\\nFlax and hemp\\nHemp cwt..\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds..\\nHops.. pounds..\\nIce...f\\n11,969,259\\n1,014,633,010 J\\nIndigo pounds.,\\nLinseed oil gallons.,\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.,\\nSalt bushels.,\\nSpirits from grain gallons.,\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen.,\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons..\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds..\\nSugar, refined pounds..\\nTobacco hogsheads..\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds..\\nSnuff. pounds..\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand..\\nShingles thousand..\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M.feet..\\nHewn timber tons..\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons..\\nTar and pitch barrels..\\nRosin and turpentine barrels..\\n4\\n621\\n584,021\\n411,164\\n493\\n1,191\\n394, 746\\n312,063\\n222,375\\n155,584\\n13,496\\n974,899\\n399,209\\n1,9-56,895\\n101,521\\n7,159,397\\n49,888\\n22,6181\\n30,277 I\\n67,346\\n9,979J\\n4,603\\n79,1251\\n325,694/\\n$60,396,967\\n466,574\\n3,955,117\\n3,203\\n92,555\\n415,6S0\\n4\\n8,458\\n1,009\\n4,549\\n182,966\\n29,123\\n95,027\\n49\\n148,056\\n82,972\\n67,129\\n51,320\\n14,036\\n288,452\\n7,442\\n24,906\\n129,001\\n5,804,207\\n613,044\\n1,776,749\\n60,344\\n87,720\\n95,392\\n515,603\\n845,164\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the groivth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the 30th of June, 1850.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Keport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\n$7,550,287", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "404\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef. barrels.\\nTallow pounds.\\nHides number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCbeese pounds.\\nTallow candles pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorses number.\\nMules number.\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.\\nBoots pairs.\\nShoes g pairs.\\nSheep number.\\nWool pounds.\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds.\\nApples barrels.\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels.\\nIndian meal barrels.\\nWheat bushels.\\nFlour barrels.\\nRye meal barrels.\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels.\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs.\\nPotatoes bushels.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nGoal tons.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored......\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nHemp cwt.\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nHops pounds.\\nIce\\nLinseed oil gallons.\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons.\\nSalt bushels.,\\nSpirits from grain gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,) gallons.\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,) dozen.\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons.\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds.\\nSugar, refined pounds.\\nTobacco hogsheads.\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds.\\nSnuff. pounds.\\n1,848]\\n95,307 I\\n5,858,459\\n71,940 J\\n3,816,115\\n13,020,817$\\n3,587,884)\\n4,402,542 I\\n957)\\n871 S\\n514,096\\n11,215\\n6,595,092\\n259,442\\n608,661\\n1,385,448\\n69,903\\n127,069\\n97,561\\n26,368\\n155,595\\n4,177\\n38,741\\n8,236,463)\\n627,145,141 J\\n2,501\\n787\\n367,448\\n1,275.455\\n13,488\\n644,616\\n319,175\\n176,685\\n168,791)\\n11,282 5\\n919,956\\n458,839\\n2,786,022\\n145,729\\n5,918,583)\\n44,690 J\\n$1,605,008\\n1,215,463\\n664,963\\n139,494\\n9,800\\n193,598\\n15,753\\n22,77-8\\n852,466\\n118,055\\n24,974\\n3,892,193\\n760,611\\n643,745\\n7,098,570\\n216,076\\n121,191\\n2,631,577\\n334,123\\n99,333\\n51,357\\n167,090\\n71,984,616\\n606,631\\n3,774,407\\n17,405\\n335,981\\n4,040\\n5,633\\n1,183\\n10,593\\n122,916\\n142,692\\n107,018\\n229,741\\n75,103\\n48,314\\n52,251\\n11,183\\n268,290\\n14,137\\n23,037\\n285,056\\n9,951,023\\n648,832", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n465\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading\\nShingles\\nBoards, plank, and scantling.\\nHewn timber\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl\\nTar and pitch\\nRosin and turpentine\\n.thousand...\\n.thousand...\\n...M. feet...\\ntons...\\ntons..\\n.barrels..,\\n.barrels..,\\n32,4591\\n32, 779\\n74,743\\n20,287\\n4,593\\n133,\\n398,\\n^833)\\n3,m 5\\n$2,437,079\\n107,827\\n52,109\\n205,771\\n572,870\\n1,142,713\\nNummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the groivth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the SOth of June, 1851.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nARTICLES.\\nAnimals, and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork barrels.\\nBacon and hams pounds.\\nLard pounds.\\nHorned cattle number.\\nBeef. barrels.\\nTallow pounds.\\nHides number.\\nButter pounds.\\nCheese pounds.\\nTallow candles v .....pounds.\\nSoap pounds.\\nHorsse number.,\\nMules number.,\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds.,\\nBoots pairs..\\nShoes pairs.,\\nSheep number..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples barrels..\\nBread stuffs\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIndian corn bushels..\\nIndian meal barrels..\\nWheat bushels..\\nFlour barrels..\\nRye meal barrels..\\nRye, oats, c\\nBice tierces..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels..\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs..\\nPotatoes bushels..\\nCables and Cordage cwt.,\\nOoal tons..\\n30\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n1,030\\n165,206\\n18,027,302\\n19,683,082\\n1,350\\n90,648\\n8,198,278\\n86,624\\n3,994,542\\n10,361,189\\n3,227,633\\n4,288,378\\n1,364\\n2,946\\n222,676\\n77,478\\n205,198 J\\n4,357\\n415,923\\n28,842\\n3,426,811\\n203,622\\n1,026,725\\n2,202,335\\n44,152-\\n105,590\\n106,399\\n34,815/\\n106,342\\n7,303\\n37,727\\nValuation.\\n$4,368,015\\n1,689,958\\n1,124,652\\n609,732\\n198,155\\n13,309\\n458,838\\n18,875\\n977,762.\\n122,885\\n71,376\\n1,762,549\\n622,866\\n1,025,732\\n10,524,331\\n145,802\\n120,670\\n2.170,927\\n254,286\\n79,314\\n52,054\\n163,977", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "466\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds..\\nOther kinds pounds..\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels..\\nFlax and hemp\\nHemp cwt\u00c2\u00bb\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds..\\nHops pounds..\\nIce.\\nIndigo pounds..\\nLinseed oil gallons..\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons..\\nSalt bushels..\\nSpirits from grain gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in casks) gall *n\u00c2\u00a3..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in bottles) dozen..\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons..\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds..\\nSugar, refined pounds..\\nTobacco hogsheads..\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds..\\nSnuff pounds.,\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand.,\\nShingles thousand.\\nBoards, plauk, and scantling M. feet.\\nHewn timber tons.\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons.\\nTar and pitch barrels.\\nRosin and turpentine barrels.\\n8.299,656\\n918^,937,433/\\n9,185\\n4,769\\n196,510\\n110,360\\n2,740\\n20,193\\n368,828\\n344,061\\n95,245\\n143\\n15\\n,122/\\nValuation.\\n756,246\\n561,828\\n2,689,541\\n95,945\\n7,235,358)\\n37,422\\n33,006^\\n34,871 1\\n100,604 f\\n13,372 J\\n5,918\\n112,97\\n387,2\\n7n\\n20/\\n$112,315,317\\n1,006,561\\n5,571,576\\n37,260\\n625,808\\n18,988\\n29,114\\n1,647\\n6,376\\n100,549\\n11,636\\n106,805\\n2,803\\n145,410\\n61,424\\n36,084\\n57,975\\n16,915\\n339,622\\n16,830\\n29,170\\n219,588\\n9,219,2,51\\n1,143,547\\n2,348,621\\n205,190\\n70,095\\n355,477\\n649,091\\n1,063,842\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the 30\u00c2\u00a37i of June, 1852.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels..\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\n5 1\\n1\\n83,382\\n5,746,816 j\\n21,281,951 J\\n765,470", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n467\\nHorned cattle\\nBeef.\\nTallow\\nHides\\nButter\\nCheese\\nTallow candles\\nSoap\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins.\\nLeather\\nBoots and shoes\\nSheep\\nWool\\nSkins and furs\\nWax\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn\\nIndian meal\\nWheat\\nFlour\\nRye meal\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nPotatoes\\nCables and cordage\\nCoal\\n.number.\\n..barrels.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number,\\n.number.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n1,078)\\n122,259 I\\n4,767,020 f\\n55,421 J\\n2,222,264 1\\n6,650,420/\\n3,612,002\\n4,233,481/\\n1,550\\n1,233 J\\n..pounds.\\npairs.\\n.number,\\n.pounds..\\n.pounds,\\n.barrels.\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels,\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels.\\n..barrels.\\n..tierces...\\n..barrels...\\nke.gs...\\n.bushels...\\ncwt...\\ntons...\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nHemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng\\nHops\\npounds.,\\n.pounds..\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\n966,5191\\n303,472/\\n2,968\\n55,550\\n326,368\\n18,411\\n2,627,075\\n181,105\\n2,694,540\\n2,799,339\\n18,524\\n119,733\\n93, 694\\n46,625/\\n148,916\\n13,220\\n45,336\\n11,738,0751\\n1,081,492,564/\\nIce.\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine.\\nSalt\\n.pounds,\\npounds.\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,)...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,).\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff.\\n.pounds,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.bushels,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons.\\n...dozen.\\n..gallons.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n31,304\\n3,067\\n158,455\\n238,008\\n1,079\\nIS, 073\\n358,658\\n1.467,676\\n136,347\\n111,372\\n13,058\\n1,102,096\\n401,620\\n2,096,770\\n137,097\\n8,436,153\\n58,475/\\nValuation.\\n$1,500,429\\n779,391\\n660,054\\n247,550\\n18,617\\n428,708\\n16,291\\n14,308\\n798,504\\n91,499\\n43,635\\n1,540,225\\n574,380\\n2,555,209\\n11,869,143\\n64,476\\n334,471\\n2,471,024\\n318.899\\n115,121\\n.62,903\\n188,900\\n87,657,735\\n926,404\\n6,199,391\\n3t,7l8\\n571,638\\n5o,187\\n18,649\\n5,463\\n8,154\\n102,073\\n69,042\\n161,086\\n910\\n14,981\\nL37,856\\n89,316\\n48,737\\n48,052\\n12,220\\n323,949\\n13,163\\n2%057\\n149,921\\n10,031,283\\n1,317,622", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "468\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nWeod and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand...\\nShingles thousand...\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet...\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\n29,1061\\n53,405 I\\n100,695 j\\n24,409 J\\n5,052\\n63,254\\n449,194/\\n$2,674,577\\n123,522\\n95,459\\n160,154\\n507,673\\n1,209,173\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the 30th of June, 1853.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs\\nPork\\nBacon and hams\\nLard...\\nHorned cattle\\nBeef\\nTallow\\nHides\\nButter\\nCheese...\\nTallow candles\\nSoap\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins.\\nLeather\\nBoots and shoes\\nSheep\\nWool\\nSkins and furs\\nWax\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn\\nIndian meal\\nWheat\\nFlour\\nRye meal\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nBiscuit, or snip-bread\\nPotatoes\\nGables and cordage\\nCoal\\nnumber.\\n..barrels.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..barrels.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\nnumber.\\n.pounds.\\npairs,\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\n.pounds.\\nbarrels.\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels,\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels.\\n..barrels.\\n..tierces.\\n..barrels.\\nkegs.\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\ntons.\\n22\\n129,881\\n18,390,027\\n24,435,014\\n1,076*\\n126,041\\n3,926,593\\n25,955\\n2,658,911\\n3,763,932/\\n2,772,188\\\\\\n5,190,880/\\n1,390\\n1,337/\\n1,172,561\\n440,709/\\n3,669\\n216,472\\n376,693\\n45,075\\n2,274,909\\n212,118\\n3,890,141\\n2,920,918\\n8,910\\n67,707\\n121,281\\n56,089/\\n225,905\\n8,125\\n79,510\\n$0,202,324\\n2,214,554\\n862,343\\n681,362\\n246,731\\n6,448\\n673,708\\n17,808\\n26,567\\n796,101\\n113,602\\n107,283\\n1,374,077\\n709,974\\n4,354,403\\n14,783,394\\n34,186\\n165,824\\n1,657,658\\n454,020\\n152,569\\n103,216\\n336,00k", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n469\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nCotton-\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels.\\nFlax and hemp\\nHemp cwt.\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds.\\nips\\n11,165,165\\n1,100,405,205/\\nHops\\nIce.\\n.pounds\\nIndigo pounds..\\nLinseed oil gallons..\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons..\\nSalt bushels..\\nSpirits from grain gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (ill casks) gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in bottles) dozen..\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses gallons..\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown pounds..\\nSugar, refined pounds..\\nTobacco hogsheads..\\nTobacco, manufactured pounds..\\nSnuff. pounds..\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand..\\nShingles thousand..\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet..\\nHewn timber tons..\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons..\\nTar and pitch barrels..\\nRosin and turpentine barrels..\\n3,932\\n2,413\\n230,726\\n245,647\\n36\\n18,266\\n634,371\\n515,857\\n360,633\\n133,979\\n17,390/\\n1,065,396\\n672,274\\n5,155,057\\n159,853\\n10,561,09\\n39,641\\n28,693\\n41,932 I\\n78,599 f\\n45, 564 j\\n3,421\\n59,144 V\\n454,715/\\n$109,456,404\\n1,086,167\\n6,926,485\\n22,594\\n733,648\\n7,719\\n18,195\\n2,924\\n13,860\\n133,813\\n40,054\\n175,056\\n36\\n15,468\\n347,492\\n119,729\\n141,173\\n64,677\\n20,443\\n329,381\\n17,582\\n33,864\\n375,780\\n11,319,319\\n1,671,500\\n2,578,149\\n123,743\\n129,628\\n118,894\\n334,321\\n1,406,488\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited States, during the fiscal year, ending the oOth of June, 1854.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Eeport on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number...\\nPork barrels...\\nBacon and hams pounds...\\nLard pounds...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n279]\\n220,147 I\\n45,953,473 f\\n44,450,154 J\\nValuation.\\n$11,061,016", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "470\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nARTICLES.\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\nHorned cattle\\nBeef\\nTallow\\nHides\\nButter\\nCheese\\nTallow candles\\nSoap\\nHorses\\nMules\\nLeather and morocco skins.\\nLeather\\nBoots and shoes\\nSheep\\nWool\\nSkins and furs\\nWax\\nApples\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn\\nIndian meal\\nWheat\\nFlour\\nRye meal\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread\\nPotatoes\\nCables and cordage\\nCoal\\n.number.\\n..barrels.\\n..pounds,\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds.\\n..pounds,\\n.number,\\n.number.\\n1,022 I\\n126,220 I\\n9,325,471\\n23,622 J\\n3,774,634\\n7,003,974/\\n3,389,577\\n5,445,809/\\n1,241 1\\n903/\\n..pounds.\\npairs.\\n.number.\\n..pounds.\\n1,763,066\\n455,680/\\n2,642\\n114,268\\n.pounds,\\n.barrels.\\n.bushels.\\n..barrels.\\n.hushes.\\n..barrels.\\n..barrels.\\n327,554\\n15,326\\n7,768,816\\n257,403\\n8,036,665\\n4,022,386\\n23,624\\n..tierces.\\n..barrels.\\nkegs.\\n.bushels.\\ncwt.\\ntons.\\nCotton\\nSea Island\\nOther kinds\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nTwist, yarn, and thread\\nAll other manufactures\\nFlaxseed\\nFlax and hemp\\nHemp\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng\\nHops\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds.\\n105,121\\n107,844\\n34,582/\\n140,575\\n14,443\\n93,884\\n10,486,423\\\\\\n977,346,683/\\n.bushels,\\ncwt.\\n2,757\\n9,210\\nIce.\\nIndigo\\nLinseed oil\\nSpirits of turpentine.\\nSalt\\n.pounds,\\n.pounds.\\n37,491\\n260,026\\nSpirits from grain\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in casks,)...\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider, (in bottles,)\\nVinegar\\nSpirits from molasses\\nMolasses\\nSugar, brown\\nSugar, refined\\nTobacco\\nTobacco, manufactured\\nSnuff\\n.pounds,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons,\\n.bushels,\\n.gallons,\\n.gallons.\\n...dozen.\\n1,509\\n32,622\\n1,669,523\\n548,185\\n780,056\\n118.669\\n16,702/\\n.gallons.\\n2,120,620\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n.hogsheads.\\npounds.\\npounds.\\n5,104,340\\n4,789,411\\n126,107\\n10,273,152\\n36,287/\\n$2,757,022\\n1,258\\n200\\n15\\n893\\n15\\n33\\n888\\n87\\n51\\n6,074\\n1,002\\n12,420\\n27,701\\n112\\n570\\n2,634\\n495\\n121\\n186\\n443\\n93,596\\n1,136\\n3,927\\n49\\n422\\n4\\n93\\n24\\n55\\n17\\n63\\n202\\n1\\n28\\n1,055\\n159\\n280\\n53\\n16\\n809\\n130\\n220\\n370\\n10,016\\n1,550\\n763\\n118\\n320\\n609\\n720\\n026\\n648\\n945\\n965\\n924\\n256\\n488\\n046\\n327", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\n471\\nWood and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand...\\nShingles thousand...\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M.fcet...\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nMasts and spars\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\n34, 594]\\n26,174 I\\n197,154 f\\n41,964j\\n3,217\\n76,989\\n601,280/\\nValuation.\\n$5,122,854\\n165,178\\n130,522\\n95,863\\n322,728\\n2,066,306\\nSummary statement of the estimated quantities and valuation of the\\nprincipal exports of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the\\nUnited Slates, during the fiscal year, ending the 30th of June, 1855.\\n[Condensed from the Annual Report on Commerce and Navigation.]\\nAnimals and their products\\nHogs number.\\nPork a barrels.\\nPork tierces.\\nBacon and hams pounds.\\nLard pounds.\\nLard oil n gallons.,\\nHorned cattle number.,\\nBeef barrels.,\\nTallow pounds-\\nHides number.,\\nButter pounds..\\nCheese pounds..\\nAdamantine and other candles pounds..\\nSoap pounds..\\nHorses number..\\nMules number..\\nLeather and morocco skins\\nLeather pounds..\\nBoots and shoes pairs..\\nSheep number..\\nWool pounds..\\nSkins and furs\\nWax pounds..\\nApples barrels..\\nBread stuffs\\nIndian corn bushels..\\nIndian meal barrels..\\nWheat bushels..\\nFlour barrels..\\nRye meal barrels..\\nRye, oats, c\\nRice tierces..\\nRice barrels..,\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread barrels..,\\nBiscuit, or ship-bread kegs..,\\nPotatoes bushels...\\nNumber\\nand quantities.\\nValuation.\\n431\\n8,639\\n285,801/\\n38,188,989\\n39,025,492\\n103,200\\n1,501\\n46,375\\n11,866,992\\n114,787\\n2,315,249\\n4,846,568\\n4,014,457\\n7,714,243\\n1,003\\n912\\n1,488,385\\n616,104\\n4,235\\n257,415\\n33,959\\n7,807,585\\n267,208\\n798,884\\n1,204,540\\n35,364\\n52,520\\n19,774\\n110,907\\n42,380\\n81,823\\n$2,192\\n4,390,979\\n3,195,978\\n4,018,016\\n82,945\\n84,680\\n2,600,547\\n1,352,406\\n361,982\\n418,723\\n514,034\\n699,141\\n412,208\\n108,484\\n83,420\\n36,045\\n288,867\\n763,539\\n18,837\\n27,802\\n709,531\\n69,905\\n107,643\\n6,961,571\\n1,237,122\\n1,329,240\\n10,896,908\\n236,248\\n238,976\\n1,717,953\\n657,783\\n203,410", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "472\\nAGRICULTURAL REPORT.\\nSTATEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded.\\nCables and cordage cwt.\\nClover seed\\nCoal tons.\\nCotton\\nSea Island pounds.\\nOther kinds pounds.\\nBales number.,\\nOil cake\\nCotton, piece goods\\nPrinted and colored\\nWhite\\nDuck\\nOther manufactures\\nFlaxseed bushels..\\nHemp cwt..\\nHemp, manufactured\\nCloth and thread\\nBags and all other manufactures\\nGinseng pounds..\\nHops pounds..\\nIce tons..\\nLinseed oil gallons..\\nOnions\\nSalt bushels..\\nSpirits of turpentine gallons..\\nSpirits from grain gallons..\\nSpirits from molasses gallons..\\nSpirits from other materials gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider fin casks) gallons..\\nBeer, ale, porter, and cider (in bottles) dozen..\\nVinegar gallons..\\nSugar, brown pounds...\\nSugar, refined pounds...\\nMolasses gallons...\\nTobacco\\nHogsheads\\nCases\\nBales\\nManufactured pounds...\\nSnuff. pounds...\\nWood, and its products\\nStaves and heading thousand...\\nShingles thousand...\\nBoards, plank, and scantling M. feet...\\nHewn timber tons...\\nOther lumber\\nOak-bark and other dye\\nAshes, pot and pearl tons...\\nTar and pitch barrels...\\nRosin and turpentine barrels...\\nNumber\\nand quantities,\\n23,728\\n110,586\\n13,058,590\\n995,366,011\\n.2,303,403\\n5,808\\n13,289\\n47,367\\n4,021,816\\n41,117\\n56,692\\n536,073\\n2,339,138\\n742,961\\n3,269,231\\n166,199\\n84,194\\n13,615\\n147,664\\n4,\u00c2\u00abC2,625\\n7,098,320\\n790,956\\n150,213;\\n13,366\\n12,913\\n9,624,282\\n72,534\\n89,454\\n36,825\\n144,718\\n52,377\\n3,596\\n89,999\\n731,060\\nValuation.\\n$315,2*6\\n13,570\\n637,006\\n88,143,844\\n739,589\\n2,613,655\\n2,793,910\\n113,366\\n336,250\\n6,016\\n121,320\\n2,506\\n34,002\\n19,796\\n1,310,720\\n190,793\\n49,580\\n64,496\\n156,879\\n1,137,15*2\\n384*, 144\\n1,448,280\\n101,836\\n18,603\\n26,46(6\\n17,281\\n286,408\\n526,463\\n189,830\\n14,712,466\\n1,486,075\\n14,033\\n1,922,2-38\\n143,362\\n2,544,065\\n306,643\\n677,659\\n99,168\\n448,490\\n288,028\\n1,761,428", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0554.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nA.\\nPage.\\nAcacia vera lviii\\nAgave sisalana xxxiii\\nCulture of, in Florida 242\\namericana 243\\nAlmond, Earth xiii\\nSweet xvii\\nAlpina vel matonia xxix\\nAinygdalus communis xvii\\nAmyjis gileadensis lvii\\nAnalysis of Corn-cobs 183\\nCotton-seed 237\\nCotton-seed ash 237\\nSugar-cane 274\\nAnimals, Domestic, changed by soil, climate, and food 1\\nGrowth of, retarded by low temperature 6\\nStructure and constitution of, determined by external signs 7\\nApple Tree, flowering of, in Massachusetts 394\\nApples, Statement of Babbitt, C. W 291\\nBaylor, Robert W 295\\nCarpenter, J. A 295\\nDickinson, A. F.... 294\\nEngelmann, Adolphu s 291\\nFaulkner, James Vv 290\\nFletcher, Samuel J 293\\nGregg, Maston S 290\\nGreen, jr., Oliver 2,91\\nHaines, Joseph 294\\nHarry, Amos 294\\nHebron, John 293\\nHolmes, Jotham S 294\\nHowe, John A 294\\nMallory,C. F 292\\nMinis, D 295\\nStillman, D. R 293\\nWheaton, George 29C5\\nWilbur.B.F 292\\nAprioots, Statement of Scriba. Victor 360\\nAraucaiia bidwellii x\\nAsBes of France 31\\nB.\\nBalsam of Gilead Tree M\\nBanana, Statement of Gazzo, John B. C 314\\nBarley, Economical uses of 200\\nStatement of Green, Nathaniel 201\\nWiborn, Gershom...- 201", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0555.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "474 INDEX.\\nPago.\\nBeans, Turtle-soup, Statement of Spinks, Jlhn 2b?\\nBee Culture in Russia 120\\nBees, Statement of Eddy, Henry 121\\nBene Plant, Statement of Bry, H. M 2ti7\\nBlackberry, New Rochelle, Statement of Faulkner, James W 313\\nBcekuieria nivea, history and uses of xxxiii 244\\nBoswellia serrata l i\\nBox-wood xlviii\\nBread, Corn 163\\nBuckwheat, Statement of Srillraan, D. R 204\\nWiborn, Gershom 205\\nBull, Devon, points of 15\\nBunya-Buuya )x\\nBaxus sempervirens xlviii\\nC.\\nCabbage, English red, Statement of Brackenridge, W. D 288\\nCactus cochinillifer xxxiii\\nCalf, Effects of food on 8\\nRelative proportions of stomachs 4\\nCaper, Common 285\\nStatement of Chisolm, Robert 286\\nCardamom, Malabar c xxix\\nCarrots, Statement of Wiborn, Gershom 260\\nCassia senna lix\\nlanceolata lix\\nCastania vesca xlviii\\nCassada Plant, Statement of Gazzo, John B.C 286\\nCattle, Devon 13\\nEffects of climate on 1\\nExternal signs forjudging 7\\nLai-ge lungs and livers indicative of coarseness of muscle and bone 7\\nNiata 2\\nNumber of, in Russia 19\\nRaces of, in Russia 17\\nRaising of, in Russia 15\\nPoints by which judged 8\\nStatement of Babbitt, C. W 20\\nBarnes, D 20\\nBaylor, Robert W 27\\nBrooke, John 26\\nBrush, John B 26\\nButt, D. L. R 20\\nDickinson, A. F 23\\nDupuy, L. E 21\\nFletcher, Samuel J 22\\nFoster, Charles 26\\nGiddings, W. B 22\\nGore, J. S 25\\nGreen, jr., Oliver 23\\nHaines, Joseph 23\\nHart, T. L 20\\nHeron. Alexander 21\\nHolmes, J otham S 23\\nHoopes, Albeit 25\\nHowe, John A\\nJones, J. W 22\\nKendall, James E 27\\nLechnor, Richard 25\\nMatcham, E 24\\nMinis, D 25\\nNorris, George P 20\\nOdell, Benjamin F 21\\nSnively, C 25", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0556.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 475\\nPage.\\nCattle, Statement of Snodgrass, James McK 24\\nStillmau, D. R 23\\nWiborn, Gershom 23\\nYoung, jr., John 24\\nCedar, Deodar or Indian Ixj\\nOf Lebanon Ixii\\nCensus, Equire, of France 31\\nEussia 37\\nCetraria islandica xxiv\\nChestnut, European, sweet xlviii\\nMode of Cooking x lix\\nChina-grass, history and uses of 244\\nNotice of xxxiii\\nChinese Sugar-cane 279\\nStatement of Clapham, Samuel... 281\\nHammond, J. H 282\\nJones, Ap Catesby 284\\nKelly, O. H 280\\nMinis, D 281\\nMunch, Frederick 280\\nOrth, Joseph C 279\\nClunese Yam 223\\nNotice of xiii\\nStatement of Brackeuridge, W. D 224\\nBoll, D 225\\nChufa, Notice of xiii\\nStatement of Scriba, Victor 259\\nCities and Towns, fecal matter of 129\\nClimate, Effects of variations on animals 1\\nOf Cotton Districts of the globe 317\\nAlgeria 330\\nBritish India 334\\nPernambuco 325\\nSouth Africa 332\\nThe Mediterranean 333\\nThe Nile 328\\nThe Parana 326\\nThe United States 322\\nClimatology 3J7\\nCoccus baohica li\\ncacti xxxiv\\nilicis li\\nCochineal xxxiii\\nColza, or Rape, Statement of Case, Jareb 266\\nCork Oak xviii\\nCorn Bread 163\\nCobs, Analyses of 163\\nExport of, to Europe 155\\nGreen, for fodder 168\\nKing Philip, improved xi\\nIndian, Statement of Babbitt, C. W 170\\nBaylor, Robert W 181\\nBennett, John F 179\\nBoone, A. J 171\\nBrown, John 175\\nClifton, C. S. G 174\\nCramer, Peter 177\\nDupuy, L. E 172\\nFletcher, Samuel J 175\\nGiddings, William B 175\\nGreen, Nathaniel 180\\nGregg, Maston S 169\\nHadsell, William 173\\nHaller, John P 177\\nHeron Alexander 171", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0557.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "476\\nINDEX.\\nPage.\\nCorn, Indian, Statement of Hibber, Alton H 175\\nHo)man,E. A 174\\nJackson, Thomas 174\\nKendall, James E 181\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Lechnor, Richard 179\\nLindsley, W. D 178\\nMarshall, Moody 176\\nMinis D 170\\nNorris, George P 170\\nOdell, Benjamin F 172\\nPayne, William J 171\\nPratt, J. J 169\\nSnodgras*, James McK 179\\nStabler, Edward 173\\nStillman, D. R 177\\nStone, H. G 177\\nStone, Richard 174\\nWalker, G P 172\\nWasson. George M 180\\nWoodbridge, William W 170\\nWoodsides, J 178\\nWright, J. H 177\\nCotton Districts, climate of 317\\nAlgeria 330\\nBritish India 334\\nPernambuco 325\\nSouth Africa 33e\\nThe Mediterranean 333\\nThe Nile 328\\nThe ParanA 386\\nThe United States 822\\nCotton, Statement of Pratt, J J 23fc\\nHistory and results of culture of, in India 22!i\\nPlant, accidents and diseases of 28U\\nBad sub-soil, effects of 231\\nFrenching 231\\nRot 233\\nRust\\n232\\nSore-shin 230\\nWet weather, effects of 283\\nInsects frequenting 64\\nBeneficial to WU\\nInjurious to 08\\nNot injurious to i0\\nCotton Seed Ash, analysis of 237\\nChemical researches on 234\\nOil 23G\\nCow, Devon 15\\nPoints of 15\\nRelative proportions of stomachs 5\\nCows, Effects of climate on\\nWith small lungs, yield most butter 7\\nCrops, Rotation of.. 276\\nStatement of Green, Nathaniel 15 5\\nLechnor, Richard 155\\nMinis, D 155\\nCulture of Bees in Russia 120\\nCurrant, Zante or Corinth *x\\nStatement of Danforth, John 31*\\nCynanchum arquel 1*\\nCynips quercus calycis v\\nscriptorum\\nCyperus eeculentus ind", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0558.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 477\\nD\\nPage.\\nDairies of Russia 1?\\nStatement of Babbitt, C. W 28\\nBarnes, D 28\\nBrush, John B 30\\nButt, D. L.R 27\\nDickinson, A. F 29\\nGreen, jr., Oliver 29\\nHaines, Joseph 29\\nHolmes, Ji.tham S 29\\nHoopes, Albert 30\\nHowe, John A 29\\nLechnor, Richard 30\\nMinis, D 30\\nNorris, George P 28\\nStillman, D.R 28\\nWaite, James S 28\\nWiborn, Gershoin 29\\nDate Tree l v\\nDenu Walnut\\nDeodar Cedar 1\u00c2\u00bb\\nDeodorisation of fecal matter of cities and towns 129\\nDevon Cattle _ 13\\nDioscorea batatas xiii, 224\\nDomestic Animals changed by soil, climate, and food 1\\nE.\\nEarth Almond xnl\\nEconomical uses of Barley 200\\nEggs, Statement of Norris, George P _ 63\\nExperiments with Potatoes 206,218\\nTurnips 262\\nWheat 182\\nExports, foreign, from 1^21 to 1855, inclusive 423\\nFrom Baltimore, Maryland 414\\nBuffalo, New York 416\\nCape Vincent, Now York 417\\nChicago, Illinois 421\\nDarien, Georgia 419\\nDetroit, Michigan.. 419\\nDubuque, Iowa 408\\nElizabeth City, North Carolina 419\\nFranklin, Louisiana 409\\nGalveston, Texas 405\\nGeorgetown, District of Columbia. 409\\nGrand Haven, Michigan 412\\nHaskell s, Indiana 405\\nHolmesville, Indiana 406\\nJacksonville, Florida 408\\nKey West, Florida 401\\nLa Porte, Indiana 402\\nLewistou, New York 411\\nMachias, Maine 401\\nMarblehead, Massachusetts\\nMilwaukie, Wisconsin 40/\\nMobile, Alabama 40- r\\nNew London, Connecticut 396\\nNew York City 4\\nOswego, New York \u00c2\u00ab*J9\\nPerth Amboy, New Jersey\\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 3- 8\\nPlymouth, North Carolina 397\\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire\\nProvidence, Rhode Island 40", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0559.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "478 INDEX.\\nPage.\\nExports trom Rochester, New York 406\\nRolling Prairie, Indiana 409\\nRoselle, Indwna 398\\nSt. Mark s, Florida 395\\nToledo, Ohio 410\\nWashington, North Carolina 402\\nWestville, Indiana 397\\nF.\\nFences, Live, Statement of Baylor, Robert W 317\\nLindley, Stephen A 315\\nMaurice, D. F 316\\nMinis, D 317\\nWhite, William N 315\\nFertilisers, from citiea and towns 129\\nStatement of Babbitt, C. W 151\\nBarnes, D 151\\nBuchanan, R 153\\nHeron, Alexander 152\\nLechnor, Richard 154\\nMinis D 154\\nMorris, George P 151\\nSnively, G 154\\nSnodgrass, James McK 153\\nStillman, D. R 153\\nStone, H.G 152\\nVan Meter, Edward 153\\nFerula assaftatida xxviii\\nFestuca flabellata I xxxi\\nFilbert, Statement of Scribay Victor 312\\nFlax, Culture of, in Russia 23^\\nNew Zealand xxxiii\\nFodder, from Green Com 168\\nSorgho sucre xii\\nStatement of Claphara, Samuel 281\\nHammond, J. H 282\\nJones, Ap Catesby 284\\nKelly, O. H 280\\nOrth, Joseph C 279\\nFood, Variations of, effects on animals 1\\nForage Plants xii, xxx\\nFrankincense lvi\\nFrijoles, Statement of Spinks, John 287\\nG.\\nGall-nuts lii.liv\\nGardening, Market, Statement of Norris, George P 289\\nGinger Plant xxiv\\nGleditschia triacanthos lvi\\nGlycyrrhiza glabra xx\\nGoats, Cashmere, Breeding of in United States 54,57\\nEffects of climate on 2\\nHair of 57\\nGrape, Culture of, in Northern Ohio 305\\nGrapes and Wine, Statement of Engelmann, Adolphus 307\\nMinis, D 309\\nMunch, Frederick 308\\nEeid, John S 307\\nSciiba, Victor 309\\nGrass, China, history and uses of. 244\\nChinese, Statement of Smith, W. R 247\\nGuinea xxx\\nTussack xxxi\\nGrass and Hay 248", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0560.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 479\\nPage.\\nGrass and Hay, Statement of Bennett, John F 254\\nDupuy, L. E 251\\nFletcher, Samuel J 25.2\\nGazzo, John B. C 2-52\\nGilmer, J. B 252\\nGreen, Nathaniel 255\\nHall, George W 250\\nKaller. John P 253\\nLechnor, Richard 254\\nLindley, Stephen N 251\\nSuodgrass, James McK 253\\nStillman, D R 253\\nTaylor, James 253\\nGreen Corn, for fodder 163\\nGrowth and fattening of animals 6\\nOf animals retarded by low temperature 6\\nGuano, Good Effects of, on Sugar-cane 272\\nGum-Arabic Tree Iviii\\nH.\\nHaarlem Lake, drainage of 122\\nHealth of Cities and Towns 129\\nHemp, Culture of, in Russia 233\\nManilla. xxxiii\\nSisal, Culture of, in Florida 242\\nNotice of. xxxiii\\nStatement of Dupuy, L. E 212\\nPaterson, Daniel 242\\nHoney, Russian 120\\nStatement of Eddy, Henry 121\\nHorse, Effects of Climate on 1\\nHorses of France 31\\nRussia 34\\nNumber of, in Russia 37\\nRaces of, in Russia 35\\nStatement of Babbitt, C. W 38\\nBavlor, Robert W 43\\nClifton, C. S. G 40\\nGiddings, William B 40\\nlialler, John P 42\\nHeron, Alexander 39\\nHoopes, Albert 43\\nJone?, J. W 40\\nLeehnor, Richard 43\\nMallory, C. F 39\\nMiuis.D 42\\nNorris, George P 38\\nOdell, Benjamin F 39\\nSnodgrass, James MgK 42\\nStillman, D. R 41\\nStone, H. G 41\\nVan Meter, Edward 41\\nWlborn, Gershom 41\\nWilliams, James 33\\nWoodbridge, William W 38\\nHybrid Wheat, how to produce 181\\nImprovement of Land 122\\nStatement of Snively, C 128\\nIndiana, Agricultural products of. 414\\nIndian Corn, Analysis of Cobs 1G3", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0561.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "1 80 [NDEX.\\nPage\\nIndian Corn, Bread from 163\\nExport of, to Europe 155\\nGreen, for Fodder 168\\nKing Philip, improved xi\\nStatement of Babbitt, C. W 170\\nBaylor, Robert W 181\\nBennett, John F 179\\nBoone, A. J 171\\nBrown, John 175\\nClifton, C.S.G 174\\nCramer, Peter 177\\nDupuy.L. E 172\\nFletcher, Samuel J 175\\nGiddings, William B 175\\nGreen, Nathaniel 180\\nGregg, Maston S 169\\nHadsell, William 173\\nHaller, John P 177\\nHeron, Alexander 171\\nHibber, Alton H 175\\nHolman, E. A 174\\nJackson, Thomas O 174\\nKendall, J.ames E 181\\nLechnor, Richard 179\\nLindsley, W. D 178\\nMarshall, Moody 176\\nMinis, D 179\\nNorris, George P 170\\nOdell, Benjamin F 172\\nPayne, William J 171\\nPratt, J. J 169\\nSnodgrass, James McK 179\\nStabler, Edward 173\\nStiilman, D. R 177\\nStone, H. G 177\\nStone, Richard C 174\\nWalker, G. P 172\\nWasson, George M 180\\nWoodbridge, William W 170\\nWoodsides, J 178\\nWright, J. H 177\\nInsects frequenting the Cotton Plant t 4\\nAcarua 79\\nAgraulis vanillcB 106\\nAnisoscelis, brownish-black 95\\n.Light-banded-winged 94\\nAnts 106\\nAphis 68\\nArctia, Cotton 84\\nArg}nni8 columbina 65, 105, 114\\nBeetle, Carolina Tiger 109\\nPredatory 110\\nBoll-worm 99\\nCantharis strigosa 88\\nCarpophilus 97\\nCaterpillor, Cotton 71\\nGrass 77\\nPea-green.. 85\\nStriped pale-green 103\\nYellow\\nCetonia inda 96\\nmelancholica 96\\nChauliognathus pennsylvanieus 89\\nCoach-horse, Devil s 110\\nCoccinella 113", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0562.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 481\\nInseets frequeuting the Cotton Plant, Coccus 115\\nCorn-worm 93\\nCotton-louse 68\\nCut-worm 68\\nFly, blister 88\\nFly, Ichneumon Ill, 112\\nFly, Lace- wing 115\\nFly, Smaller ichneumon 112\\nFrittellary, great American 106\\nGalereuca duodecimpunctata 90\\nGalereuca vittata 90\\nGrasshoppers 69\\nHang or Drop-worm 79\\nHarpalus 110\\nHeliothes 98,99\\nHemerobius 115\\nLady-bird 113\\nLeaf-hopper 70\\nLygseus 103\\nCotton 86\\nMegacephela Carolina 109\\nMoth, Corn-empsror 81\\nNoctua zylina 71\\n(Eceticus 79\\nOrange-scale 115\\nPeutatoma 93\\nPlant-bug, Green 93\\nGrey 93\\nRed-bug, or Cotton-stainer 103\\nReduvius novenarius 110\\nRed-edged-winged 94\\nSap-suckers 87\\nSaturnia io 81\\nSpan-worm, Larger 92\\nSmall, cotton 91\\nSpan-worms, or Loopers 90\\nSphynx Carolina 66\\nSpiders 108\\nSpider, Red 79\\nSylvanus quadricollis 97\\nSyrphus 112\\nTetigonia 70\\nTortiix, Cotton 82\\nTrichius delta 89\\nZanthidia niceppe 65\\nZabrus gibbus 110\\nInsects injurious and beneficial to the Orange Tree 115\\nIris, Florentine xxiv\\nJuglans regia xiv\\nJujube, Statement ofChisohn, Robert.. 311\\nK.\\nKaghazi Walnut xi?\\nKanak Walnut xiv\\nKermes li\\nKrameria triaudria lx\\n31", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0563.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "482 INDEX.\\nL,\\nTage.\\nLake, Haarlem, drainage of 122\\nLambs, Effects of food on 3\\nLand, Arable, in Russia 19\\nMeadow, in Russia 19\\nImprovement of, Statement of Suively, C 123\\nLightning, Protection against the dangers of 336\\nLiquorice xx\\nLocust, Honey lvi\\nLotus XXX\\nM.\\nMadder, Culture of, in France xxxvi\\nHolland xxxvii\\nUnited States xxxviii\\nPreparation of, for market xxxviii\\nMadeira Nut, Notice of xiv\\nMaize, Export of, to Europe 155\\nMangold- Wurzel, Statement of Kelly, O. H 260\\nManure, from cities and towns 129\\nMastic Tree lviii\\nMelon, Cultivation of, at the South 313\\nStatement of Clark, John T. C 314\\nMeteorology in its Connexion with Agriculture 357\\nMeteorological Observations at Alexandria, Virginia 374\\nAmherst, Massachusetts 375\\nAnn Arbor, Michigan 374\\nAthens, Illinois 375\\nAugusta, Illinois 375\\nAustin, Texas 376\\nBaldwinsville, New York 376\\nBattle Creek, Michigan 376\\nBeloit, Wisconsin 376\\nBloomfield, New Jersey 377\\nBrandon, Vermont 377\\nBurlington, New Jersey 378\\nBurlington, Vermont 377\\nCamden, South Carolina 378\\nCanton, New York 378\\nCarmel, Maine 379\\nCedar Keys, Florida 379\\nChapel Hill, North Carolina 380\\nConcord, New Hampshire 379\\nDetroit, Michigan 380\\nDubuque, Iowa 38]\\nExeter, New Hampshire 331\\nFort Madison, Iowa 382\\nFrederick, Maryland 331\\nGettysburg, Pennsylvania 382\\nGlen wood, Tennessee 382\\nGouverneur, New York 383\\nHarrisburg, Pennsylvania... 383\\nJacksonville, Florida 383\\nLewisburg. Virginia 384\\nLima, Pennsylvania 384\\nLodi, New York 381\\nManchester, New Hampshire 385\\nMenden, Massachusetts 384\\nMilton. Indiana 385\\nMorrisville, Pennsylvania 385\\nMuscatine, Iowa 386\\nNantucket, Massachusetts 386\\nNew Bedford, Massachusetts 387\\nNew Harmony, Indiana 386", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0564.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 483\\nPage.\\nMeteorological Observations at New Wied, Texas 387\\nNew York City 380\\nNorristown, Pennsj lvaisia 388\\nNorth Attleboro Massachusetts 387\\nOberlin, Ohio 388\\nOttawa, Illinois 389\\nPenn Yam New York 388\\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 389\\nPittsburg, Pennsylvania 389\\nPomfrec, Connecticut 390\\nPoultney Iowa 399\\nPrinceton, Massachusetts 391\\nSavannah, Georgia 390\\nSchellrnan Hall, Maryland 391\\nSparta, Georgia 391\\nSpringfield, Massachusetts 392\\nSt. Louis, Missouri 392\\nWauipsville, New York., 393\\nWarrington, Florida 392\\nWlriteniarsh Island, Georgia 393\\nWorcester, Massachusetts 393\\nMilk, Cow s, Qualities and Effects of 5,6\\nMillet, German xiri\\nSugar 282\\nMolasses, Statement of Chainpoinier, P. A 278\\nMoss, Iceland xxiv\\nMules of France 31\\nStatement of Clifton, C. S. G 4(?\\nGiddiugs, William B 40\\nJones, J. W 40\\nNorris, George P 38\\nSnodgrass, James McK 42\\nWilliams, James 3S\\nMusa textilis xxxiii\\nN.\\nNut, Gall la\\nNut-grass xiv\\nNut-trees, Almond xvii\\nWalnut, Denu xiv\\nKanak xiv\\nKaghazi xiv\\nPersian xiv\\nTitmouse xiv\\nWantu xiv\\nNut, Pindar or Pea, Statement of Gazzo, John B. C.\u00e2\u0080\u009e 259\\nNymphsea lotus xxx\\nO.\\nOak, Cork xviii\\niEgilops liii\\nGall-nut lii\\nGrammont xlix\\nKermes 1\\nOats, Statement of Boyd, John 203\\nElliott, Augustus 204\\nGoudy, William H 203\\nGreen, Nathaniel 204\\nHaller, John P 203\\nLechnor, Richard 203\\nMinis, D 203\\nNorris, George P 202\\nPratt, J. J 202\\nSnodgrass, James McK 203", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0565.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "484 INDEX.\\nPage.\\nOats, Statement of Stillman, D. R 202\\nWiborn, Gershom 202\\nOil, Cotton-seed 236\\nCake 236\\nWalnut xv\\nOlibanum Tree lvi\\nOlive, Statement of Chisolra, Robert 310\\nOnions, Statement; of Meeker, Julius 287\\nOpium xxii\\nOrange Tree, Insects injurious and beneficial to 115\\nOrris-root Plant xxiv\\nOx, Devon, points of 15\\nOx, Fat, marks forjudging 9\\nLean, points for judging 10\\nMarks of purity 9\\nP.\\nPalma-Christi xxiii\\nPanicum jumentorium xxx\\ngermanicum xiii\\nPapaver somuiferum xxi\\nPea, Oregon, Statement of Bry, H. M 257\\nGoudy, William H 258\\nLuther, George 258\\nScriba, Victor 259\\nPea, Japan, Statement of Danforth, John 256\\nLind*ley,W.D 257\\nLuce, John B 256\\nWeaver, Abram 256\\nPeaches, Statement of Babbitt, C W 293\\nEngelmann, Adolphus 297\\nHarry, Amos 298\\nHebron, John 298\\nHoughton, James 299\\nMinis, D 298\\nPears, Statement of Babbitt, C. W 296\\nHebron, John 297\\nWheaton, George 296\\nPepper, Chili Bird, Statement of Rogers, JohnH 288\\nPistacia lentiseus lviii\\nPncenix dactylifera liv\\nPhormium tenax xxxiii\\nPlant, Bene, Statement of Bry, H. M 287\\nAseafcetida xxviii\\nCentury 243\\nCochineal xxxiii\\nGinger xxiv\\nOrris-root xxiv\\nQuassia lix\\nRhatany lx\\nTea xlii\\nVanilla xxiii\\nPlantain, Statement of Gazzo, John B. C 314\\nPlants, Deterioration, or wearing out of. 269\\nPlums, Statement of Rosenberger, Abram 301\\nScriba, Victor 300\\nPoints of Devon Bull 15\\nPoppy, Opium xxi\\nPopulation, Rural, in Russia _ 19\\nPotato, Experiments with, in Prussia 206\\nPropagation of new varieties from seed 205\\nStatement of Brown, John 218\\nGoudy, William H 220\\nGreen, Nathaniel 221\\nHaller, John P 219", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0566.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n485\\nPage.\\nPotato, Statement of Kendall, James E 222\\nLeehnor, Richard 220\\nLindsley, W. D 219\\nMinis, D 220\\nSriodgrasg, James. McK 220\\nStillmau, I R 219\\nWasson, George M 221\\nWiborn, Gershom 219\\nWoodbridge, William W 218\\nPotato, Sweet, Cultivation and management of 222\\nStatement of Clifton, C. S. G 22?\\nPoultry, Statement of Noma, George P 6?\\nPrune, d agen xx\\nSainte Catharine xx\\nQ.\\nQuassia amara lix\\nPlant lix\\nQuercus, aegilops liii\\neoccifera 1\\ngramuntia xlix\\nhispanica xvii\\ninfectoria lii\\nsuber xviii\\nE.\\nRaisin, Sultana r xx\\nReport of Commissioner of Patents iii\\nOn Seeds and Cuttings x\\nRhatany Plant lx\\nRheum palmatum xxv\\nRhubarb, Palmated .1 xxv\\nKice, Wild, Statement of Gazzo, John B. C 258\\nRye, Statement of Leehnor, Richard 200\\nSnodgrass, James McK 200\\nRubia tinctoria xxxiv\\nS.\\nSalt, Marine, manufacture of 142\\nSoarlet Grain li\\nSenna Plant lix\\nSheep, Effects of Climate on 2\\nFarming in Russia 43\\nNumber of, in Russia 48\\nStatement of Baylor, Robert W 53\\nButt, D. L. R 50\\nGore, J. S 53\\nHart, T. L 50\\nHeron, Alexander 51\\nKendall, James E 53\\nMinis, D 52\\nOdell, Benjamin F 51\\nSnively, C 52\\nSnodgrass, James McK 52\\nStillmau, D. R 51\\nWoodbridge, William W 50\\nYoung, j r., John 52\\nSinhara xxx\\nSorgho sucre ^79\\nSorghum saccharatum xii\\nStatistics (if Cattle in Russia 19\\nFlax in Russia 240\\nHorses in Russia 37\\ni France r 31", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0567.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "486 INDEX.\\nPage.\\nf ratistics cf Madder. xli\\nPort Wine 303\\nProposed plan of taking.. iv\\nOf Sheep in Russia 48\\nSugar 272,277,278\\nSwine in Russia 60\\nTobacco in Russia 266\\nWax and Honey in Russia. 12 J\\nWool in Russia 45\\nStomachs of Calf. 4\\nCow 5\\nStructure and Constitution of animals determined by external signs 7\\nSugar, Amount produced to the acre in various countries 272\\nIn Louisiana, Statement of* Champomier, P. A 277\\nSugar-cane, Chinese, 279\\nAs fodder xii\\nAs red or pink dye xii\\nStatement of Clapham, Samuel 281\\nHammond J. II 282\\nJones, Ap Catesby 284\\nKelly, O. H 280\\nMinis, D 281\\nMunch, Frederick 280\\nOrth, Joseph C 279\\nValue of, to the United States. xiii\\nS ugar-cane, Analysis of 274\\nFailure of, in Louisiana 268\\nHistory, and introduction of, into Louisiana 268\\nProposed plan of restoration of, in Louisiana 268\\nVarieties of, in Louisiana 273\\nSwine, number of, in Russia 60\\nRearing of, in Russia 60\\nStatement of Butt, D. L. R 61\\nDupuy, L. E 61\\nHeron, Alexander 61\\nHolman, E. A 62\\nHoopes, Albert 63\\nKendall, James E 63\\nMinis, D 63\\nSnodgrass, James McK 62\\nWiborn, Gershoin 22\\nT.\\nTamarind Iv\\nNor, in Virginia lvi\\nTainarindus indioa Iv\\nTea, all classes of, produced by same plant xliv\\nArtificial xlvii\\nPing xlvi\\nBlack xliv, xlvi\\nBohea xlvi\\nCongou xlvi\\nGreen xliv, xlvi\\nImperial xlvi\\nMode of Drying xlvii\\nGathering xlvii\\nPekoe xlvi\\nSouchong xlvi\\nTa-cha xlvi\\nTootsjaa xlvi\\nVoul, or Vou-tche xlvi\\nYoung Hyson xlvi\\nTea Plant, Cultivation of, in the United States xlii\\nArguments in favor of xliii", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0568.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 487\\nPage.\\nTea Plant, Geographical range of xiv\\nMode of culture in China xiv\\nVarieties of xliv\\nWhere indigenous xliv\\nThea bohea xliv\\nviridis xlii, xliv\\nTimothy, Proper time for cutting 248\\nTobacco, Culture of, in Russia 266\\nStatement of Barnes, D 267\\nPaterson, Daniel 267\\nTurnips, Experiments with 262\\nStatement of Andrew, John T 26 1\\nComings, A. G 263\\nCooke, Joseph J 265\\nMartin, 8amuel D 262\\nNason, Charles A 264\\nWilbur, B. F 261\\nTurtle-soup Beans, Statement of Spinks, John 287\\nTussack-grass xxxi\\nU.\\nUrtica tenacissima 245\\nV\\nVanilia Plant xyiii\\nViene chevele s xx\\ncorinth. xx\\nW.\\nV\\\\ muut, Culture ot xy\\nDemi. xiv\\nKaghazi. xiv\\nKanak xiv\\nPersian... xiv\\nTitmouse xiv\\nWantu xiv\\nWater Not xxx\\nWheat, Experiments with in England 18*2\\nProduction of new varieties by cross fecundation 181\\nSeed, selection and sowing of 18b\\nSmut in, how to prevent 189\\nStatement of Babbitt, C. W 193\\nBaylor, Robert W 199\\nFletcher, Samuel J 191\\nGoudy, William H 196\\nHall, Matthew 196\\nHaller, John P 195\\nHarrison, Matthew 199\\nHeron, Alexander 193\\nKelly, 0. H 194\\nLechnor, Richard..,. 198\\nMinis, D 197\\nMorley, J. D 192\\nNorris, George P 192\\nOdell, Benjamin F 193\\nParker, Joseph 199\\nPaterson, Daniel 195\\nPayne, William J 193\\nPratt, J. J 191\\nSnively, C 19?\\nSuodgrass, James McK 196\\nBtillman, D. S 1%", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0569.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "488 INDEX.\\nPage\\nWheat, Statement of Wasson, George M 198\\nWiborn, GershoHi 195\\nWoodbridge, William W 192\\nTurkish Flint xi\\nWine, Champagne, Manufacture of. 304\\nCulture, decrease of, in Portugal 302\\nWool, Effects of climate on 2\\nGrowing, in Russia 43\\nStatement of Baylor, Robert W 53\\nButt, D. L. R 50\\nGore, J. S 53\\nHart, T. L 50\\nHeron, Alexander 51\\nKendall, James E 53\\nMinis, D 52\\nOdell, Benjamin F 51\\nSnively, C 52\\nSnodgrass, James McK 52\\nStillman, D. R 51\\nWoodbridge, William W 50\\nYoung, jr., John 52\\nY\\nYam, Chiuese 223\\nNotice of xiii\\nStatement of Brackenridge, W. D 224\\nBoll, D 225\\nYam, Common, Statement of Gazzo, John B. C 225\\nZ.\\nZante Grape xx\\nZinziber officinale xxiv", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0570.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0571.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0572.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0573.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3521", "width": "2243", "jp2-path": "reportofcommissi11unit_0574.jp2"}}