{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3492", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3377", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3388", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3372", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3372", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "The Blue-Grass Region\\nof Kentucky\\nAND OTHER KENTUCKY ARTICLES\\nBY\\nJAMES LANE ALLEN\\nILLUSTRATED\\nNEW YORK AND LONDON\\nHARPER BROTHERS PUBLISHERS\\n1899", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nlibrary of CongrM**\\nOffice of the\\nRegister of Copyright*,\\nIX\\n86C0ND COPY,\\nCopyright, 1892, 1899. by Harper Brothers.\\nAll rights reserved.\\n,d", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nThe articles herein reprinted from Harper s\\nand The Cefitury magazines represent work\\ndone at intervals during the period that the\\nauthor was writing the tales already published\\nunder the title of Flute and Violin.\\nIt was his plan that with each descriptive\\narticle should go a short story dealing with the\\nsame subject, and this plan was in part wrought\\nout. Thus, with the article entitled Uncle\\nTom at Home goes the tale entitled Two\\nGentlemen of Kentucky and with the article\\nentitled A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\ngoes the tale entitled The White Cowl. In\\nthe same way, there were to be short stories\\nseverally dealing with the other subjects em-\\nbraced in this volume. But having in part\\nwrought out this plan, the author has let it\\nrest not finally, perhaps, but because in the\\nmean time he has found himself engaged with\\nother themes.\\nJ. L. A.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nPAGE\\nThe Blue-Grass Region 3\\nUncle Tom at Home 45\\nCounty Court Day in Kentucky 87\\nKentucky Fairs XI 7\\nA Home of the Silent Brotherhood 149\\nHomesteads of the Blue-Grass 181\\nThrough Cumberland Gap on Horseback 217\\nMountain Passes of the Cumberland 249", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS\\nOLD STONE HOMESTEAD\\nSHEEP IN WOODLAWN PASTURE\\nNEGRO CABINS\\nCATTLE IN BLUE-GRASS PASTURE\\nHARRODSBURG PIKE\\nTHE MAMMY\\nTHE COOK\\nTHE PREACHER\\nCOURT-HOUSE SQUARE, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY\\nTHE TICKLER\\nGENTLEMEN OF LEISURE\\nHARNESS HORSES\\nA FORTNIGHTLY SHAVE\\nOLD FERRY AT POINT BURNSIDE\\nNATIVE TYPES\\nFORD ON THE CUMBERLAND\\nFrontispiece\\nFacing p. 6\\n14\\n18\\n30\\n53\\n64\\n78\\n94\\n96\\n10S\\n132\\n166\\n218\\n228\\n274", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE BLUE-GRASS REGION", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "ONE might well name it Saxon grass, so\\nmuch is it at home in Saxon England,\\nso like the loveliest landscapes of\\ngreen Saxon England has it made other land-\\nscapes on which dwell a kindred race in Amer-\\nica and so akin is it to the type of nature that\\nis peculiarly Saxon being a hardy, kindly,\\nbeautiful, nourishing stock loving rich lands\\nand apt to find out where they lie uproot-\\ning inferior aborigines, but stoutly defending\\nits new domain against all invaders paying\\ntaxes well, with profits to boot thriving best\\nin temperate latitudes and checkered sunshine\\nbenevolent to flocks and herds; and allying it-\\nself closely to the history of any people whose\\ncontent lies in simple plenty and habitual\\npeace the perfect squire-and-yeoman type of\\ngrasses.\\nIn the earliest spring nothing is sooner afield\\nto contest possession of the land than the blue-\\ngrass. Its little green spear-points are the first", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nO\\nto pierce the soft rich earth, and array them-\\nselves in countless companies over the rolling\\nlandscapes, while its roots reach out in every di-\\nrection for securer foothold. So early does this\\ntake place, that a late hoar-frost will now and\\nthen mow all these bristling spear-points down.\\nSometimes a slow-falling sleet will incase each\\nemerald blade in glittering silver but the sun\\nby-and-by melts the silver, leaving the blade\\nunhurt. Or a light snowfall will cover tufts\\nof it over, making pavilions and colonnades\\nwith white roofs resting on green pillars. The\\nroofs vanish anon, and the columns go on si-\\nlently rising. But usually the final rigors of\\nthe season prove harmless to the blue -grass.\\nOne sees it most beautiful in the spring, just\\nbefore the seed stalks have shot upward from\\nthe flowing tufts, and while the thin, smooth,\\npolished blades, having risen to their greatest\\nheight, are beginning to bend, or break and fall\\nover on themselves and their nether fellows\\nfrom sheer luxuriance. The least observant\\neye is now constrained to note that blue-grass\\nis the characteristic element of the Kentucky\\nturf the first element of beauty in the Ken-\\ntucky landscape. Over the stretches of wood-\\nland pasture, over the meadows and the lawns,\\nby the edges of turnpike and lane, in the fence\\ncorners wherever its seed has been allowed\\n4", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nto flourish its spreads a verdure so soft in fold\\nand fine in texture, so entrancing by its fresh-\\nness and fertility, that it looks like a deep-ly-\\ning, thick-matted emerald moss. One thinks\\nof it, not as some heavy, velvet -like carpet\\nspread over the earth, but as some light, seam-\\nless veil that has fallen delicately around it,\\nand that might be blown away by a passing\\nbreeze.\\nAfter this you will not see the blue-grass so\\nbeautiful. The seed ripens in June. Already\\nthe slender seed stalks have sprung up above\\nthe uniform green level, bearing on their sum-\\nmits the fuzzy, plumy, purplish seed-vessels;\\nand save the soft, feathery undulations of\\nthese as the wind sweeps over them, the beauty\\nof the blue-grass is gone. Moreover, certain\\nrobust and persistent weeds and grasses have\\nbeen growing apace, roughening and diversify-\\ning the sward, so that the vista is less charm-\\ning. During July and August the blue-grass\\nlies comparatively inactive, resting from fructi-\\nfication, and missing, as well, frequent show-\\ners to temper the sunshine. In seasons of se-\\nvere drought it even dies quite away, leaving\\nthe surface of the earth as bare and brown as\\na winter landscape or arid plain. Where it\\nhas been closely grazed, one may, in walking\\nover it, stir such a dust as one would raise on\\n5", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "The Blue- Grass Region\\na highway and the upturned, half exposed\\nrootlets seem entirely dead. But the moder-\\nated heats and the gentle rains that usually\\ncome with the passing of summer bring on a\\nsecond vigorous growth, and in the course of\\nseveral weeks the landscape is covered with a\\nverdure rivalling the luxuriance of spring.\\nThere is something incongruous in this mar-\\nvellous autumnal rejuvenescence of the blue-\\ngrass. All nature appears content and rest-\\ning. The grapes on the sunward slopes have\\nreceived their final coloring of purple and\\ngold the heavy mast is beginning to drop in\\nthe forest, followed by the silent lapse of rus-\\nset and crimson leaves the knee-deep after-\\nmath has paled its green in the waiting au-\\ntumn fields the plump children are stretch-\\ning out their nut-stained hands towards the\\nfirst happy fire-glow on chill, dark evenings\\nand the cricket has left the sere, dead garden\\nfor a winter home at the hearth. Then, lo as\\nif by some freakish return of the spring to the\\nedge of winter the pastures are suddenly as\\nfresh and green as those of May. The effect\\non one who has the true landscape passion is\\ntransporting and bewildering. Such contrasts\\nof color it is given one to study nowhere but in\\nblue-grass lands. It is as if the seasons were\\nmet to do some great piece of brocading.\\n6", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nOne sees a new meaning in Poe s melancholy\\nthought the leaves of the many colored\\ngrass.\\nAll winter the blue-grass continues green\\nit is always green, of course, never blue and it\\neven grows a little, except when the ground is\\nfrozen. Thus, year after year, drawing need-\\nful nourishment from the constantly disinte-\\ngrating limestone below, flourishes here as no-\\nwhere else in the world this wonderful grass.\\nEven while shivering in the bleak winds of\\nMarch, the young lambs frolicked away from\\nthe distent teats of the ewes, with growing rel-\\nish for its hardy succulence, and by and by\\nthey were taken into market the sooner and\\nthe fatter for its developing qualities. During\\nthe long summer, foaming pails of milk and\\nbowls of golden butter have testified to the\\nKentucky housewife with what delight the\\ncows have ruminated on the stores gathered\\neach plentiful day. The Kentucky farmer\\nknows that the distant metropolitan beef-eater\\nwill in time have good reason to thank it for\\nyonder winding herd of sleek young steers\\nthat are softly brushing their rounded sides\\nwith their long, white, silky tails, while they\\nplunge their puffing noses into its depths and\\ntear away huge mouthfuls of its inexhaustible\\nrichness. Thorough bred sire and dam and", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nfoal in paddocks or deeper pastures have drawn\\nfrom it form and quality and organization\\nhardness and solidity of bone, strength of ten-\\ndon, firmness and elasticity of muscle, power\\nof nerve, and capacity of lung. Even the Fal-\\nstaff porkers, their eyes gleaming with glut-\\ntonous enjoyment, have looked to it for the\\nshaping of their posthumous hams and the\\npadding of their long backbones in depths of\\nsnowy lard. In winter mules and sheep and\\nhorses paw away the snow to get at the green\\nshoots that lie covered over beneath the full,\\nrank growth of autumn, or they find it attrac-\\ntive provender in their ricks. For all that live\\nupon it, it is perennial and abundant, beautiful\\nand beneficent the first great natural factor\\nin the prosperity of the Kentucky people.\\nWhat wonder if the Kentuckian, like the\\nGreek of old, should wish to have even his\\nparadise well set in grass or that, with a\\nknowing humor, he should smile at David for\\nsaying, He maketh his grass to grow upon\\nthe mountains, inasmuch as the only grass\\nworth speaking of grows on his beloved plain", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "J\\nII\\nBUT if grass is the first element in the\\nlovely Kentucky landscape, as it must\\nbe in every other one, by no means\\nshould it be thought sole or chief. In Dante,\\nas Ruskin points out, whenever the country is\\nto be beautiful, we come into open air and\\nopen meadows. Homer places the sirens in a\\nmeadow when they are to sing. Over the\\nblue-grass, therefore, one walks into the open\\nair and open meadows of the blue-grass land.\\nThis has long had reputation for being one\\nof the very beautiful spots of the earth, and it\\nis worth while to consider those elements of\\nnatural scenery wherein the beauty consists.\\nOne might say, first, that the landscape pos-\\nsesses what is so very rare even in beautiful\\nlandscapes the quality of gracefulness. No-\\nwhere does one encounter vertical lines or\\nviolent slopes nor are there perfectly level\\nstretches like those that make the green fields\\nmonotonous in the Dutch lowlands. The dark,\\n9", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "The Blue- Grass Region\\nfinely sifted soil lies deep over the limestone\\nhills, filling out their chasms to evenness, and\\nrounding their jagged or precipitous edges,\\nvery much as a heavy snow at night will leave\\nthe morning landscape with mitigated rugged-\\nness and softer curves. The long, slow action\\nof water has further moulded everything into\\nsymmetry, so that the low ancient hills de-\\nscend to the valleys in exquisite folds and un-\\ninterrupted slopes. The whole great plain un-\\ndulates away league after league towards the\\ndistant horizon in an endless succession of gen-\\ntle convex surfaces like the easy swing of the\\nsea presenting a panorama of subdued swells\\nand retiring surges. Everything in the blue-\\ngrass country is billowy and afloat. The spirit\\nof nature is intermediate between violent en-\\nergy and complete repose and the effect of\\nthis mild activity is kept from monotony by\\nthe accidental perspective of position, creat-\\ning variety of details.\\nOne traces this quality of gracefulness in the\\nlabyrinthine courses of the restful streams, in\\nthe disposition of forest masses, in the free, un-\\nstudied succession of meadow, field, and lawn.\\nSurely it is just this order of low hill scenery,\\njust these buoyant undulations, that should be\\ncovered with the blue-grass. Had Hawthorne\\never looked on this landscape when most beau-\\n10", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ntiful, he could never have said of England that\\nno other country will ever have this charm\\nof lovely verdure.\\nCharacteristically beautiful spots on the\\nblue grass landscape are the woodland past-\\nures. A Kentucky wheat field, a Kentucky\\nmeadow, a Kentucky lawn, is but a field, a\\nmeadow, a lawn, found elsewhere but a Ken-\\ntucky sylvan slope has a loveliness unique\\nand local. Rightly do poets make pre-eminent-\\nly beautiful countries abound in trees. John\\nBurroughs, writing with enthusiasm of Eng-\\nlish woods, has said that in midsummer the\\nhair of our trees seems to stand on end the\\nwoods have a frightened look, or as if they\\nwere just recovering from a debauch. This\\nis not true of the Kentucky woods, unless it be\\nin some season of protracted drought. The\\nfoliage of the Kentucky trees is not thin nor\\ndishevelled, the leaves crowd thick to the very\\nends of the boughs, and spread themselves\\nfull to the sky, making, where they are close\\ntogether, under-spaces of green gloom scarcely\\nshot through by sunbeams. Indeed, one often\\nfinds here the perfection of tree forms. I\\nmean that rare development which brings the\\nextremities of the boughs to the very limit of\\nthe curve that nature intends the tree to de-\\nfine as the peculiar shape of its species. Any", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nbut the most favorable conditions leave the\\noutline jagged, faulty, and untrue. Here and\\nthere over the blue-grass landscape one s eye\\nrests on a cone-shaped, or dome-shaped, or in-\\nverted pear-shaped, or fan-shaped tree. Nor\\nare fulness of leafage and perfection of form\\nalone to be noted pendency of boughs is an-\\nother distinguishing feature. One who loves\\nand closely studies trees will note here the com-\\nparative absence of woody stiffness. It is ex-\\npected that the willow and the elm should\\ndroop their branches. Here the same char-\\nacteristic strikes you in the wild cherry, the\\nmaple, and the sycamore even in great wal-\\nnuts and ashes and oaks and I have occasion-\\nally discovered exceeding grace of form in\\nhackberries (which usually look paralytic and\\nas if waiting to hobble away on crutches), in\\nlocusts, and in the harsh hickories loved by\\nThoreau.\\nBut to return to the woodland pastures.\\nThey are the last vestiges of that unbroken\\nprimeval forest which, together with cane-\\nbrakes and pea-vines, covered the face of the\\ncountry when it was first beheld by the pioneers.\\nNo blue-grass then. In these woods the timber\\nhas been so cut out that the remaining trees\\noften stand clearly revealed in their entire form,\\ntheir far-reaching boughs perhaps not even", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ntouching those of their nearest neighbor, or in-\\nterlacing them with ineffectual fondness. There\\nis something pathetic in the sight, and in the\\nthought of those innumerable stricken ones that\\nin years agone were dismembered for cord-wood\\nand kitchen stoves and the vast fireplaces of\\nold-time negro cabins. In the well-kept blue-\\nglass pasture undergrowth and weeds are an-\\nnually cut down, so that the massive trunks\\nare revealed from a distance the better be-\\ncause the branches seldom are lower than ten\\nto twenty feet above the earth. Thus in its\\ndaily course the sun strikes every point beneath\\nthe broad branches, and nourishes the blue-\\ngrass up to the very roots. All savagery, all\\nwildness, is taken out of these pastures they\\nare full of tenderness and repose of the ut-\\nmost delicacy and elegance. Over the grace-\\nful earth spreads the flowing green grass, uni-\\nform and universal. Above this stand the full,\\nswelling trunks warm browns and pale grays\\noften lichen-flecked or moss-enamelled. Over\\nthese expand the vast domes and canopies of\\nleafage. And falling down upon these comes\\nthe placid sunshine through a sky of cerulean\\nblueness, and past the snowy zones of gleaming\\ncloud. The very individuality of the tree comes\\nout as it never can in denser places. Always\\nthe most truly human object in still, voiceless\\n13", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nnature, it here thrown out its arms to you with\\nimploring tenderness, with what Wadsworth\\ncalled the soft eye -music of slow -waving\\nboughs. One cannot travel far in the blue-\\ngrass country without coming upon one of these\\nwoodland strips.\\nOf the artistic service rendered the landscape\\nof this region by other elements of scenery\\natmosphere and cloud and sky much might,\\nbut little will, be said. The atmosphere is\\nsometimes crystalline, sometimes full of that\\nintense repose of dazzling light which one, with-\\nout ever having seen them, knows to be on can-\\nvases of Turner. Then, again, it is amber-hued,\\nor tinged with soft blue, graduated to purple\\nshadows on the horizon. During the greater\\npart of the year the cloud-sky is one of strongly\\noutlined forms; the great white cumuli drift\\nover, with every majesty of design and grace\\nof grouping but there come, in milder seasons,\\nmany days when one may see three cloud belts\\nin the heavens at the same time, the lowest far,\\nfar away, and the highest brushing softly, as it\\nwere, past the very dome of the inviolable blue.\\nYou turn your eye downward to see the light\\nwandering wistfully among the low distant\\nhills, and the sweet tremulous shadows cross-\\ning the meadows with timid cadences. It is a.\\nbeautiful country the Kentucky skies are not\\n14", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nthe cold, hard, brilliant, hideous things that so\\nmany writers on nature style American skies\\n(usually meaning New England skies), as con-\\ntrasted with skies European. They are at times\\nineffably warm in tone and tender in hue, giv-\\ning aerial distances magical and fathomless\\nabove, and throwing down upon the varied soft\\nharmonious greens of the landscape below, upon\\nits rich browns and weathered grays and whole\\nscheme of terrene colors, a flood of radiance as\\nbountiful and transfiguring as it is chastened\\nand benign.\\nBut why make a description of the blue-grass\\nregion of Kentucky What one sees may be\\nonly what one feels only intricate affinities\\nbetween nature and self that were developed\\nlong ago, and have become too deep to be view-\\ned as relations or illusions. What two human\\nbeings find the same things in the face of a\\nthird, or in nature s Descriptions of scenery\\nare notoriously disappointing to those whose\\ntaste in landscape is different, or who have lit-\\ntle or no sentiment for pure landscape beauty.\\nSo one coming hither might be sorely disap-\\npointed. No mountains no strips of distant\\nblue gleaming water nor lawny cascades no\\ngrandeur no majesty no wild picturesque-\\nness. The chords of landscape harmony are\\nvery simple nothing but softness and amenity,\\ni5", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ngrace and repose, delicacy and elegance. One\\nmight fail at seasons to find even these. This\\nis a beautiful country, but not always there\\ncome days when the climate shows as ugly a\\ntemper as possible. Not a little of the finest\\ntimber has been lost by storms. The sky is for\\ndays one great blanket of grewsome gray. In\\nwinter you laugh with chattering teeth at those\\nwho call this the South, the thermometer\\nperhaps registering from twelve to fifteen de-\\ngrees below zero. In summer the name is but\\na half-truth. Only by visiting this region dur-\\ning some lovely season, or by dwelling here\\nfrom year to year, and seeing it in all the humors\\nof storm and sunshine, can one love it.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nBUT the ideal landscape of daily life must\\nnot be merely beautiful it should be\\nuseful. With what may not the fertility\\nof this region be compared With the valleys\\nof the Schuylkill, the Shenandoah, and the\\nGenesee with the richest lands of Lombardy\\nand Belgium with the most fertile districts\\nof England. The evidences of this fertility\\nare everywhere. Nature, even in those places\\nwhere she has been forced for nearly a hun-\\ndred years to bear much at the hands of a not\\nalways judicious agriculture, unceasingly strug-\\ngles to cover herself with bushes of all sorts\\nand nameless annual weeds and grasses. Even\\nthe blue-grass contends in vain for complete\\npossession of its freehold. One is forced to\\nnote, even though without sentiment, the rich\\npageant of transitory wild bloom that will\\nforce a passage for itself over the landscape\\nfirmaments of golden dandelions in the lawns\\nvast beds of violets, gray and blue, in dim\\nb 17", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nglades patches of flaunting sunflowers along\\nthe road-sides purple thistles and, of deeper\\npurple still and far denser growth, beautiful\\nironweed in the woods with many clumps\\nof alder bloom, and fast-extending patches of\\nperennial blackberry, and groups of delicate\\nMay apples, and whole fields of dog fennel\\nand goldenrod. And why mention indomitable\\ndock and gigantic poke, burrs and plenteous\\nnightshade, and mullein and plantain, with\\ndusty gray green ragweed and thrifty fox-\\ntail? an innumerable company.\\nMaize, pumpkins, and beans grow together\\nin a field a triple crop. Nature perfects them\\nall, yet must do more. Scarce have the ploughs\\nleft the furrows before there springs up a varied\\nwild growth, and a fourth crop, morning-glo-\\nries, festoon the tall tassels of the Indian-corn\\nere the knife can be laid against the stalk.\\nHarvest fields usually have their stubble well\\nhidden by a rich, deep aftermath. Garden\\npatches, for all that hoe and rake can do, com-\\nmonly look at last like spots given over to\\nweeds and grasses. Sidewalks quickly lose their\\nborders. Pavements would soon disappear from\\nsight the winding of a distant stream through\\nthe fields can be readily followed by the line\\nof vegetation that rushes there to fight for\\nlife, from the minutest creeping vines to forest\\n18", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ntrees. Every neglected fence corner becomes\\nan area for a fresh colony. Leave one of these\\nsweet, humanized woodland pastures alone for\\na shore period of years, it runs wild with a\\ndense young natural forest vines shoot up to\\nthe tops of the tallest trees, and then tumble\\nover in green sprays on the heads of others.\\nA kind, true, patient, self-helpful soil if ever\\nthere was one Some of these lands after be-\\ning cultivated, not always scientifically, but\\nalways without artificial fertilizers, for more\\nthan three-quarters of a century, are now, if\\nproperly treated, equal in productiveness to\\nthe best farming lands of England. The\\nfarmer from one of these old fields will take\\ntwo different crops in a season. He gets two\\ncuttings of clover from a meadow, and has rich\\ngrazing left. A few counties have at a time\\nproduced three fourths of the entire hemp\\nproduct of the United States. The State itself\\nhas at different times stood first in wheat and\\nhemp and Indian-corn and wool and tobacco\\nand flax, although half its territory is covered\\nwith virgin forests. When lands under im-\\nproper treatment have become impoverished,\\ntheir productiveness has been restored, not by\\nartificial fertilizers, but by simple rotation of\\ncrops, with nature s help. The soil rests on\\ndecomposable limestone, which annually gives\\n19", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nup to it in solution all the essential mineral\\nplant food that judicious agriculture needs.\\nSoil and air and climate the entire aggre-\\ngate of influences happily co-operative make\\nthe finest grazing. The Kentucky horse has\\ncarried the reputation of the country into\\nregions where even the people could never\\nhave made it known. Your expert in the\\nbreeding of thoroughbreds will tell you that\\nthe muscular fibre of the blue-grass animal is\\nto that of the Pennsylvania-bred horses as silk\\nto cotton, and the texture of his bone, com-\\npared with the latter s, as ivory beside pumice-\\nstone. If taken to the Eastern States, in\\ntwelve generations he is no longer the same\\nbreed of horse. His blood fertilizes American\\nstock the continent over. Jersey cattle brought\\nhere increase in size. Sires come to Kentucky\\nto make themselves and their offspring fa-\\nmous.\\nThe people themselves are a fecund race.\\nOut of this State have gone more to enrich\\nthe citizenship of the nation than all the other\\nStates together have been able to send into it.\\nSo at least your loyal-hearted Kentuckian looks\\nat the rather delicate subject of inter -State\\nmigration. By actual measurement the Ken-\\ntucky volunteers during the Civil War were\\nfound to surpass all others (except Tennessee-", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nj\\nans) in height and weight, whether coming\\nfrom the United States or various countries\\nof Europe. But for the great-headed Scandi-\\nnavians, they would have been first, also, in\\ncircumference around the forehead and occi-\\nput. Still, Kentucky has little or no litera-\\nture.\\nOne element that should be conspicuous in\\nfertile countries does not strike the observer\\nhere much beautiful water; no other State\\nhas a frontage of navigable rivers equal to that\\nof Kentucky. But there are few limpid, lovely,\\nsmaller streams. Wonderful springs there are,\\nand vast stores of water in the cavernous earth\\nbelow but the landscape lacks the charm of\\nthis element clear, rushing, musical, abundant.\\nThe watercourses, ever winding and graceful,\\nare apt to be either swollen and turbid or in-\\nsignificant of late years the beds seem less\\nfull also a change consequent, perhaps, upon\\nthe denudation of forest lands. In a dry sea-\\nson the historic Elkhorn seems little more than\\na ganglion of precarious pools.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "IV\\nTHE best artists who have painted culti-\\nvated ground have always been very-\\ncareful to limit the area of the crops.\\nUndoubtedly the substitution of a more scien-\\ntific agriculture for the loose and easy ways of\\nprimitive husbandry has changed the key-note\\nof rural existence from a tender Virgilian sen-\\ntiment to a coarser strain, and as life becomes\\nmore unsophisticated it grows less picturesque.\\nWhen the work of the old-time reaper is done\\nby a fat man with a flaming face, sitting on a\\ncast-iron machine, and smoking a cob pipe, the\\nartist will leave the fields. Figures have a ter-\\nrible power to destroy sentiment in pure land-\\nscape so have houses. When one leaves nature,\\npure and simple, in the blue-grass country, he\\nmust accordingly pick his way circumspectly\\nor go amiss in his search for the. beautiful. If\\nhis taste lead him to desire in landscapes the\\nfinest evidences of human labor, the high arti-\\nficial finish of a minutely careful civilization,\\n22", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nhe will here find great disappointment. On the\\nother hand, if he delight in those exquisite rural\\nspots of the Old World with picturesque bits of\\nhomestead architecture and the perfection of\\nhorticultural and unobtrusive botanical details,\\nhe will be no less aggrieved. What he sees\\nhere is neither the most scientific farming,\\nsimply economic and utilitarian raw and rude\\nnor that cultivated desire for the elements in\\nnature to be so moulded by the hand of man\\nthat they will fuse harmoniously and inextri-\\ncably with his habitations and his work.\\nThe whole face of the country is taken up by\\na succession of farms. Each of these, except\\nthe very small ones, presents to the eye the\\nvariation of meadow, field, and woodland past-\\nure, together with the homestead and the sur-\\nrounding grounds of orchard, garden, and lawn.\\nThe entire landscape is thus caught in a vast\\nnet-work of fences. The Kentuckian retains\\nhis English ancestors love of enclosures but\\nthe uncertain tenure of estates beyond a single\\ngeneration does not encourage him to make\\nthem the most durable. One does, indeed,\\nnotice here and there throughout the country\\nstone-walls of blue limestone, that give an as-\\npect of substantial repose and comfortable firm-\\nness to the scenery. But the farmer dreads\\ntheir costliness, even though his own hill-sides\\n23", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nfurnish him an abundant quarry. He knows\\nthat unless the foundations are laid like those\\nof a house, the thawing earth will unsettle them,\\nthat water, freezing as it trickles through the\\ncrevices, will force the stones out of their places,\\nand that breaches will be made in them by boys\\non a hunt whenever and wherever it shall be\\nnecessary to get at a lurking or sorely pressed\\nhare. It is ludicrously true that the most ter-\\nrible destroyer of stone-walls in this country is\\nthe small boy hunting a hare, with an appe-\\ntite for game that knows no geological impedi-\\nment. Therefore one hears of fewer limestone\\nfences of late years, some being torn down and\\nsuperseded by plank fences or post-and-rail\\nfences, or by the newer barbed-wire fence an\\neconomic device that will probably become as\\npopular in regions where stone and timber were\\nnever to be had as in others, like this, where\\ntimber has been ignorantly, wantonly sacrificed.\\nIt is a pleasure to know that one of the most\\nexpensive, and certainly the most hideous,\\nfences ever in vogue here is falling into disuse.\\nI mean the worm-fence called worm because\\nit wriggled over the landscape like a long brown\\ncaterpillar, the stakes being the bristles along\\nits back, and because it now and then ate up a\\nnoble walnut-tree close by, or a kingly oak, or\\nfrightened, trembling ash a worm that decided\\n24", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nj\\nthe destiny of forests. A pleasure it is, too, to\\ncome occasionally upon an Osage orange hedge-\\nrow, which is a green eternal fence. But you\\nwill not find many of these. It is generally too\\nmuch to ask of an American, even though he\\nbe a Kentuckian, to wait for a hedge to grow\\nand make him a fence. When he takes a notion\\nto have a fence, he wants it put up before Sat-\\nurday night.\\nIf the Kentuckian, like the Englishman, is\\nfond of fencing himself off, like the Frenchman,\\nhe loves long, straight roads. You will not\\nfind elsewhere in America such highways as\\nthe Kentuckian has constructed over his coun-\\ntry broad, smooth, level, white, glistening\\nturnpikes of macadamized limestone. It is a\\nluxury to drive, and also an expense, as one\\nwill discover before one has passed through\\nmany toll gates. One could travel more\\ncheaply on the finest railway on the con-\\ntinent. What Richard Grant White thought\\nit worth while to record as a rare and interest-\\ning sight a man on an English highway break-\\ning stones is no uncommon sight here. All\\nlimestone for these hundreds of miles of road,\\nhaving been quarried here, there, anywhere,\\nand carted and strewn along the road-side, is\\nbroken by a hammer in the hand. By the\\nhighway the workman sits usually an Irish-\\n25", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nman pecking away at a long rugged pile as\\nthough he were good to live for a thousand\\nyears. Somehow, in patience, he always gets\\nto the other end of his hard row.\\nOne cannot sojourn long without coming to\\nconceive an interest in this limestone, and lov-\\ning to meet its rich warm hues on the land-\\nscape. It has made a deal of history lime-\\nstone blue -grass, limestone water, limestone\\nroads, limestone fences, limestone bridges and\\narches, limestone engineering architecture,\\nlimestone water-mills, limestone spring-houses\\nand homesteads limestone Kentuckians\\nOutside of Scripture no people was ever so\\nfounded on a rock. It might be well to note,\\nlikewise, that the soil of this region is what\\nscientists call sedentary called so because it\\nsits quietly on the rocks, not because the peo-\\nple sit quietly on it.\\nUndoubtedly the most picturesque monu-\\nments in the blue-grass county are old stone\\nwater-mills and old stone homesteads land-\\nmarks each for separate trains of ideas that\\nrun to poetry and to history. The latter, built\\nby pioneers or descendants of pioneers, nearly\\na hundred years ago, stand gray with years,\\nbut good for nameless years to come great\\nlow chimneys, deep little windows, thick walls,\\nmighty fireplaces situated usually with keen\\n26", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ndiscretion on an elevation near a spring, just\\nas a Saxon forefather would have placed them\\ncenturies ago. Haply one will see the water\\nof this spring issuing still from a recess in a\\nhill-side, with an overhanging ledge of rock\\nthe entrance to this cavern being walled across\\nand closed with a gate, thus making, according\\nto ancient fashion, a simple natural spring-\\nhouse and dairy.\\nSomething like a feeling of exasperation is\\napt to come over one in turning to the typical\\nmodern houses. Nowhere, certainly, in rural\\nAmerica, are there, within the same area, more\\nsubstantial, comfortable homesteads. They\\nare nothing if not spacious and healthful,\\nframe or brick, two stories, shingle roofs.\\nBut they lack characteristic physiognomy\\nthey have no harmony with the landscape,\\nnor with each other, nor often with them-\\nselves. They are not beautiful when new,\\nand can never be beautiful when old for the\\nbeauty of newness and the beauty of oldness\\nalike depend on beauty of form and color,\\nwhich here is lacking. One longs for the sight\\nof a rural Gothic cottage, which would har-\\nmonize so well with the order of the scenery,\\nor for a light, elegant villa that should over-\\nlook these light and elegant undulations of a\\nbeautiful and varied landscape. It must be\\n27", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nj\\nunderstood that there are notable exceptions\\nto these statements even in the outlying dis-\\ntricts of the blue-grass country, and that they\\ndo not apply to the environs of the towns, nor\\nto the towns themselves.\\nNowhere does one see masses of merely\\nbeautiful things in the country. The slum-\\nbering art of interior decoration is usually\\nspent upon the parlor. The grounds around\\nthe houses are not kept in the best order.\\nThe typical rural Kentucky housewife does\\nnot seem to have any compelling, controlling\\nsense of the beautiful. She invariably con-\\ncedes something to beauty, but not enough.\\nYou will find a show of flowers at the poorest\\nhouses, though but geranium slips in miscel-\\nlaneous tins and pottery. But you do not gen-\\nerally see around more prosperous homes any\\nsuch parterres or beds as there is money to\\nspend on, and time to tend, and grounds to\\njustify.\\nA like spirit is shown by the ordinary blue-\\ngrass farmer. His management strikes you\\nas not the pink of tidiness, not the model of\\nsystematic thrift. Exceptions exist many ex-\\nceptions but the rule holds good. One can-\\nnot travel here in summer or autumn without\\nobserving that weeds flourish where they harm\\nand create ugliness fences go unrepaired\\n28", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ngates may be found swinging on one hinge.\\nHe misuses his long-cultivated fields he cuts\\ndown his scant, precious trees. His energy is\\nnot tireless, his watchfulness not sleepless.\\nWhy should they be Human life here is not\\nmassed and swarming. The occupation of the\\nsoil is not close and niggard. The landscape\\nis not even compact, much less crowded.\\nThere is room for more, plenty for more to\\neat. No man here, like the ancient Roman\\npraetor, ever decided how often one might,\\nwithout trespass, gather the acorns that fall\\nfrom his neighbors trees. No woman ever\\nwent through a blue-grass harvest-field glean-\\ning. Ruth s vocation is unknown. By nature\\nthe Kentuckian is no rigid economist. By\\nbirth, education, tradition, and inherited ten-\\ndencies he is not a country clout, but a rural\\ngentleman. His ideal of life is neither vast\\nwealth nor personal distinction, but solid com-\\nfort in material conditions, and the material\\nconditions are easy fertility of soil, annual\\nexcess of production over consumption, com-\\nparative thinness of population. So he does\\nnot brace himself for the tense struggle of life\\nas it goes on in centres of fierce territorial\\nshoulder- pushing. He can afford to indulge\\nhis slackness of endeavor. He is neither an\\nalert aggressive agriculturist, nor a landscape-\\n29", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ngardener, nor a purveyor of commodities to\\nthe green-grocer. If the world wants vegeta-\\nbles, let it raise them. He declines to work\\nhimself to death for other people, though they\\npay him for it. He wife is a lady, not a do-\\nmestic laborer and it is her privilege, in\\nhousehold affairs, placidly to surround herself\\nwith an abundance which the life-long female\\neconomists of the North would regard with\\nconscientious indignation.\\nIn truth, there is much evidence to show that\\nthis park like country, intersected by many\\nbeautiful railroads, turnpikes, and shaded pict-\\nuresque lanes, will become less and less an ag-\\nricultural district, more and more a region\\nof unequalled pasturage, and hence more park-\\nlike still. One great interest abides here, of\\ncourse the manufacture of Bourbon whiskey.\\nAnother interest has only within the last few\\nyears been developed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the cultivation of to-\\nbacco, for which it was formerly thought that\\nthe blue-grass soils were not adapted. But as\\nyears go by, the stock interests invite more\\ncapital, demand more attention, give more\\npleasure\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in a word, strike the full chord of\\nmodern interest by furnishing an unparalleled\\nmeans of speculative profit.\\nForty years ago the most distinguished citi-\\nzens of the State were engaged in writing es-\\n30", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nsays and prize papers on scientific agriculture.\\nA regular trotting track was not to be found\\nin the whole country. Nothing was thought of\\nthe breeding and training of horses with refer-\\nence to development of greater speed. Pacing\\nhorses were fashionable and two great rivals\\nin this gait having been brought together for a\\ntrial of speed, in lieu of a track, paced a mighty\\nrace over a river-bottom flat. We have changed\\nall that. The gentlemen no longer write their\\nessays. Beef won the spurs of knighthood. In\\nKentucky the horse has already been styled the\\nfirst citizen. The great agricultural fairs of the\\nState have modified their exhibits with refer-\\nence to him alone, and fifteen or twenty thou-\\nsand people give afternoon after afternoon to\\nthe contemplation of his beauty and his speed.\\nHis one rival is the thoroughbred, who goes on\\nrunning faster and faster. One of the brief\\ncode of nine laws for the government of the\\nyoung Kentucky commonwealth that were\\npassed in the first legislative assembly ever\\nheld west of the Alleghanies dealt with the pres-\\nervation of the breed of horses. Nothing was\\nsaid of education. The Kentuckian loves the\\nmemory of Thomas Jefferson, not forgetting\\nthat he once ran race-horses. These great in-\\nterests, not overlooking the cattle interest, the\\nmanufacture of whiskey, and the raising of to-\\n31", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nbacco, will no doubt constitute the future deter-\\nmining factors in the history of this country.\\nIt should not be forgotten, however, that the\\nNorthern and Eastern palate becomes kindly\\ndisposed at the bare mention of the many thou-\\nsands of turkeys that annually fatten on these\\nplains.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "IN Kentucky, writes Professor Shaler, in\\nhis recent history, we shall find nearly\\npure English blood. It is, moreover, the\\nlargest body of pure English folk that has,\\nspeaking generally, been separated from the\\nmother-country for two hundred years. They,\\nthe blue-grass Kentuckians, are the descend-\\nants of those hardy, high-spirited, picked Eng-\\nlishmen, largely of the squire and yeoman class,\\nwhose absorbing passion was not religious dis-\\nputation, nor the intellectual purpose of found-\\ning a State, but the ownership of land and\\nthe pursuits and pleasures of rural life, close to\\nthe rich soil, and full of its strength and sun-\\nlight. They have to this day, in a degree per-\\nhaps equalled by no others living, the race qual-\\nities of their English ancestry and the tastes and\\nhabitudes of their forefathers. If one knows\\nthe Saxon nature, and has been a close student\\nof Kentucky life and character, stripped bare\\nof the accidental circumstances of local environ-\\nc 33", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ni=\\nmcnt, he may amuse himself with laying the two\\nside by side and comparing the points of essen-\\ntial likeness. It is a question whether the Ken-\\ntuckian is not more like his English ancestor\\nthan his New England contemporary. This is\\nan old country, as things go in the West. The\\nrock formation is very old the soil is old the\\nrace qualities here are old. In the Sagas, in\\nthe Edda, a man must be overbrave. Let all\\nwho are not cowards follow me cried McGary,\\nputting an end to prudent counsel on the eve\\nof the battle of the Blue Licks. The Kentuckian\\nwinced under the implication then, and has\\ndone it in a thousand instances since. Over-\\nbravery The idea runs through the pages of\\nKentucky history, drawing them back into the\\ncenturies of his race. It is this quality of tem-\\nper and conception of manhood that has oper-\\nated to build up in the mind of the world the\\nfigure of the typical Kentuckian. Hawthorne\\nconversed with an old man in England who\\ntold him that the Kentuckians flayed Tecum-\\nseh where he fell, and converted his skin into\\nrazor-strops. Collins, the Kentucky Froissart,\\nspeaking of Kentucky pioneers, relates of the\\nfather of one of them that he knocked Wash-\\nington down in a quarrel, and received an apol-\\nogy from the Father of his Country on the fol-\\nlowing day. I have mentioned this typical\\n34", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nHotspur figure because I knew it would come\\nforemost into the mind of the reader whenever\\none began to speak with candor of Kentucky-\\nlife and character. It was never a true type\\nsatire bit always into burlesque along lines of\\ncoarseness and exaggeration. Much less is it\\ntrue now, except in so far as it describes a kind\\nof human being found the world over.\\nBut I was saying that old race qualities are\\napparent here, because this is a people of Eng-\\nlish blood with hereditary agricultural tastes,\\nand because it has remained to this day largely\\nuncommingled with foreign strains. Here, for\\ninstance, is the old race conservatism that ex-\\npends itself reverentially on established ways\\nand familiar customs. The building of the first\\ngreat turnpike in this country was opposed on\\nthe ground that it would shut up way-side tav-\\nerns, throw wagons and teams out of employ-\\nment, and destroy the market for chickens and\\noats. Prior to that, immigration was discour-\\naged because it would make the already high\\nprices of necessary articles so exorbitant that\\nthe permanent prosperity of the State would\\nreceive a fatal check. True, however, this op-\\nposition was not without a certain philosophy\\nfor in those days people went to some distant\\nlick for their salt, bought it warm from the\\nkettle at seven or eight cents a pound, and\\n35", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\npacked it home on horseback, so that a fourth\\ndropped away in bitter water. Coming back\\nto the present, the huge yellowish-red stage-\\ncoach rolls to-day over the marbled roads of the\\nblue-grass country. Families may be found\\nliving exactly where their pioneer ancestors ef-\\nfected a heroic settlement a landed aristocra-\\ncy, if there be such in America. Family names\\ncome down from generation to generation, just\\nas a glance at the British peerage will show\\nthat they were long ago being transmitted in\\nkindred families over the sea. One great hon-\\nored name will do nearly as much in Kentucky\\nas in England to keep a family in peculiar re-\\nspect, after the reason for it has ceased. Here\\nis that old invincible race ideal of personal lib-\\nerty, and that old, unreckoning, truculent, ani-\\nmal rage at whatever infringes on it. The\\nKentuckians were among the very earliest to\\ngrant manhood suffrage. Nowhere in this\\ncountry are the rights of property more invio-\\nlable, the violations of these more surely pun-\\nished neither counsel nor judge nor any power\\nwhatsoever can acquit a man who has taken\\nfourpence of his neighbor s goods. Here is the\\nold land -loving, land -holding, home -staying,\\nhome defending disposition. This is not the\\nlunching, tourist race that, to Mr. Ruskin s\\nhorror, leaves its crumbs and chicken-bones on\\n36", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nthe glaciers. The simple rural key-note of life\\nis still the sweetest. Now, after the lapse of\\nmore than a century, the most populous town\\ncontains less than twenty thousand white souls.\\nAlong with the love of land has gone compara-\\ntive content with the annual increase of flock\\nand field. No man among them has ever got\\nimmense wealth. Here is the old sense of per-\\nsonal privacy and reserve which has for cen-\\nturies intrenched the Englishman in the heart\\nof his estate, and forced him to regard with in-\\nexpugnable discomfort his neighbor s bounda-\\nries. This would have been a densely peopled\\nregion, the farms would have been minutely\\nsubdivided, had sons asked and received per-\\nmission to settle on parts of the ancestral estate.\\nThis filling in and too close personal contact\\nwould have satisfied neither father nor child,\\nso that the one has generally kept his acres in-\\ntact, and the other, impelled by the same land-\\nhunger that brought his pioneer forefather\\nhither, has gone hence into the younger West,\\nwhere lie broader tracts and vaster spaces. Here\\nis the old idea, somewhat current still in Eng-\\nland, that the highest mark of the gentleman\\nis not cultivation of the mind, not intellect, not\\nknowledge, but elegant living. Here is the old\\nhereditary devotion to the idea of the State.\\nWrite the biographies of the Kentuckians who\\n37", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nhave been engaged in national or in local poli-\\ntics, and you have largely the history of the\\nState of Kentucky. Write the lives of all its\\nscientists, artists, musicians, actors, poets, nov-\\nelists, and you find many weary mile-stones be-\\ntween the chapters.\\nEnter the blue-grass region from what point\\nyou choose and you may do this, so well\\ntraversed is it by railways and you become\\nsensitive to its influence. If you come from\\nthe North or the East, you say This is not\\nmodern America. Here is something local\\nand unique. For one thing, nothing goes fast\\nhere. By-and-by you see a blue-grass race-\\nhorse, and note an exception. But you do not\\nalso except the rider or the driver. The speed\\nis not his. He is a mere bunch of mistletoe to\\nthe horse. Detach him, and he is not worth\\ntiming. Human speed for the most part lies\\nfallow. Every man starts for the goal of life\\nat his own natural gait, and if he sees that it\\nis too far off for him to reach it in a lifetime,\\nhe does not run the faster, but has the goal\\nmoved nearer him. The Kentuckians are not\\nprovincial. As Thoreau said, no people can\\nlong remain provincial who have a propensity\\nfor politics, whittling, and rapid travelling.\\nThey are not inaccessible to modern ideas,\\nbut the shock of modern ideas has not elec-\\n38", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\ntrifled them. They have walled themselves\\naround with old race instincts and habitudes,\\nand when the stream of tendency rushes\\nagainst this wall, it recoils upon itself instead\\nof sweeping away the barrier.\\nThe typical Kentuckian regards himself an\\nAmerican of the Americans, and thinks as lit-\\ntle of being like the English as he would of\\nimitating the Jutes. In nothing is he more\\nlike his transatlantic ancestry than in strong\\nself -content. He sits on his farm as though\\nit were the pole of the heavens a manly\\nman with a heart in him. Usually of the\\nblond type, robust, well formed, with clear,\\nfair complexion, that grows ruddier with age\\nand stomachic development, full neck, and an\\nopen, kind, untroubled countenance. He is\\nfrank, but not familiar talkative, but not\\ngarrulous full of the genial humor of local\\nhits and allusions, but without a subtle nim-\\nbleness of wit indulgent towards purely mas-\\nculine vices, but intolerant of petty crimes\\nno reader of books nor master in religious de-\\nbate, faith coming to him as naturally as his\\nappetite, and growing with what it feeds upon\\nloving roast pig, but not caring particularly\\nfor Lamb s eulogy loving his grass like a\\nGreek, not because it is beautiful, but because\\nit is fresh and green a peaceful man with\\n39", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\nstrong passions, and so to be heartily loved\\nand respected or heartily hated and respected,\\nbut never despised or trifled with. An occa-\\nsional barbecue in the woods, where the sad-\\ndles of South Down mutton are roasted on\\nspits over the coals of the mighty trench, and\\nthe steaming kettles of burgoo lend their savor\\nto the nose of the hungry political orator, so\\nthat he becomes all the more impetuous in his\\ninvectives the great agricultural fairs the\\nrace-courses the monthly county court day,\\nwhen he meets his neighbors on the public\\nsquare of the nearest town the quiet Sunday\\nmornings, when he meets them again for rather\\nmore clandestine talks at the front door of the\\nneighborhood church these and his own fire-\\nside are his characteristic and ample pleasures.\\nYou will never be under his roof without be-\\ning touched by the mellowest of all the virtues\\nof his race simple, unsparing human kindness\\nand hospitality.\\nThe women of Kentucky have long had rep-\\nutation for beauty. An average type is a re-\\nfinement on the English blonde greater deli-\\ncacy of form, feature, and color. A beautiful\\nKentucky woman is apt to be exceedingly\\nbeautiful. Her voice is low and soft her\\nhands and feet delicately formed her skin\\npure and beautiful in tint and shading her\\n40", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "The Blue -Grass Region\\neyes blue or brown, and hair nut brown or\\ngolden brown to all which is added a cer-\\ntain unapproachable refinement. It must not\\nfor a moment be supposed, however, that there\\nare not many genuinely ugly women in Ken-\\ntucky.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "UNCLE TOM AT HOME", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "I\\nON the outskirts of the towns of central\\nKentucky, a stranger, searching for the\\npicturesque in architecture and in life,\\nwould find his attention arrested by certain\\nmasses of low frame and brick structures, and\\nby the multitudes of strange human beings that\\ninhabit them. A single town may have on its\\nedges several of these settlements, which are\\nthemselves called towns, and bear separate\\nnames either descriptive of some topographical\\npeculiarity or taken from the original owners\\nof the lots. It is in these that a great part of\\nthe negro population of Kentucky has packed\\nitself since the war. Here live the slaves of the\\npast with their descendants old family ser-\\nvants from the once populous country places\\nold wagon-drivers from the deep-rutted lanes\\nold wood-choppers from the slaughtered blue-\\ngrass forests old harvesters and ploughmen\\nfrom the long since abandoned fields old cooks\\nfrom the savory, wasteful kitchens old nurses\\n45", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nfrom the softly rocked and softly sung-to cra-\\ndles. Here, too, are the homes of the younger\\ngeneration, of the laundresses and the barbers,\\nteachers and ministers of the gospel, coachmen\\nand porters, restaurant-keepers and vagabonds,\\nhands from the hemp factories, and workmen\\non the outlying farms.\\nYou step easily from the verge of the white\\npopulation to the confines of the black. But it\\nis a great distance like the crossing of a vast\\ncontinent between the habitats of alien races.\\nThe air seems all at once to tan the cheek. Out\\nof the cold, blue recesses of the midsummer sky\\nthe sun burns with a fierceness of heat that\\nwarps the shingles of the pointed roofs and\\nflares with blinding brilliancy against some\\nwhitewashed wall. Perhaps in all the street\\nno little cooling stretch of shade. The un-\\npaved sidewalks and the roadway between are\\nbut undistinguishable parts of a common thor-\\noughfare, along which every upspringing green\\nthing is quickly trodden to death beneath the\\nubiquitous play and passing of many feet. Here\\nand there, from some shielded nook or other\\ncoign of vantage, a single plumy branch of\\ndog -fennel may be seen spreading its small\\nfirmament of white and golden stars close to\\nthe ground or between its pale green stalks\\nthe faint lavender of the nightshade will take\\n46", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nthe eye as the sole emblem of the flowering\\nworld.\\nA negro town Looking out the doors and\\nwindows of the cabins, lounging in the door-\\nways, leaning over the low frame fences, gath-\\nering into quickly forming, quickly dissolving\\ngroups in the dusty streets, they swarm. They\\nare here from milk-white through all deep-\\nening shades to glossy blackness octoroons,\\nquadroons, mulattoes some with large liquid\\nblack eyes, refined features, delicate forms\\nworking, gossiping, higgling over prices around\\na vegetable cart, discussing last night s church\\nfestival, to-day s funeral, or next week s railway\\nexcursion, sleeping, planning how to get work\\nand how to escape it. From some unseen old\\nfigure in flamboyant turban, bending over the\\nwash-tub in the rear of a cabin, comes a crooned\\nsong of indescribable pathos behind a half-\\nclosed front shutter, a Moorish-hued amoroso in\\ngay linen thrums his banjo in a measure of\\necstatic gayety preluding the more passionate\\nmelodies of the coming night. Here a fight\\nthere the sound of the fiddle and the rhythmic\\npatting of hands. Tatters and silks flaunt them-\\nselves side by side. Dirt and cleanliness lie\\ndown together. Indolence goes hand in hand\\nwith thrift. Superstition dogs the slow foot-\\nsteps of reason. Passion and self-control eye\\n47", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\neach other across the narrow way. If there is\\nanywhere resolute virtue, round it is a weltered\\nmuck of low and sensual desire. One sees the\\nsurviving types of old negro life here crowded\\ntogether with and contrasted with the new\\nphases of colored life sees the transitional\\nstage of a race, part of whom were born slaves\\nand are now freemen, part of whom have been\\nborn freemen but remain so much like slaves.\\nIt cannot fail to happen, as you walk along,\\nthat you will come upon some cabin set back\\nin a small yard and half hidden, front and side,\\nby an almost tropical jungle of vines and mul-\\ntiform foliage patches of great sunflowers,\\nnever more leonine in tawny magnificence and\\nsun-loving repose; festoons of white and pur-\\nple morning-glories over the windows and up\\nto the low eaves around the porch and above\\nthe door-way, a trellis of gourd-vines swing-\\ning their long-necked, grotesque yellow fruit\\nabout the entrance flaming hollyhocks and oth-\\ner brilliant bits of bloom, marigolds and petu-\\nnias evidences of the warm, native taste that\\nstill distinguishes the negro after some centu-\\nries of contact with the cold, chastened ideals\\nof the Anglo-Saxon.\\nIn the door-way of such a cabin, sheltered\\nfrom the afternoon sun by his dense jungle of\\nvines, but with a few rays of light glinting\\n43", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nthrough the fluttering leaves across his seamed\\nblack face and white woolly head, the muscles\\nof his once powerful arms shrunken, the gnarl-\\ned hands folded idly in his lap his occupation\\ngone you will haply see some old-time slave\\nof the class of Mrs. Stowe s Uncle Tom. For\\nit is true that scattered here and there through-\\nout the negro towns of Kentucky are represent-\\natives of the same class that furnished her with\\nher hero true, also, that they were never sold\\nby their Kentucky masters to the plantations\\nof the South, but remained unsold down to the\\nlast days of slavery.\\nWhen the war scattered the negroes of Ken-\\ntucky blindly, tumultuously, hither and thither,\\nmany of them gathered the members of their\\nfamilies about them and moved from the coun-\\ntry into these towns and here the few sur-\\nvivors live, ready to testify of their relations\\nwith their former masters and mistresses, and\\nindirectly serving to point a great moral that,\\nhowever justly Mrs. Stowe may have chosen\\none of their number as best fitted to show the\\nfairest aspects of domestic slavery in the United\\nStates, she departed from the common truth of\\nhistory, as it respected their lot in life, when\\nshe condemned her Uncle Tom to his tragical\\nfate. For it was not the character of Uncle\\nTom that she greatly idealized, as has been so\\nd 49", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\noften asserted it was the category of events\\nthat were made to befall him.\\nAs citizens of the American Republic, these\\nold negroes now known as colored gentle-\\nmen, surrounded by colored ladies and gentle-\\nmen have not done a great deal. The bud\\nof liberty was ingrafted too late on the ancient\\nslave-stock to bear much fruit. But they are\\ninteresting, as contemporaries of a type of Ken-\\ntucky negro whose virtues and whose sorrows,\\ndramatically embodied in literature, have be-\\ncome a by-word throughout the civilized world.\\nAnd now that the war cloud is lifting from\\nover the landscape of the past, so that it lies\\nstill clear to the eyes of those who were once\\nthe dwellers amid its scenes, it is perhaps a\\ngood time to scan it and note some of its great\\nmoral landmarks before it grows remoter and\\nis finally forgotten.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "II\\nTHESE three types\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mrs. Stowe s Uncle\\nTom, and the Shelbys, his master and\\nmistress were the outgrowth of nat-\\nural and historic conditions peculiar to Ken-\\ntucky. Perhaps, wrote Mrs. Stowe in her\\nnovel, the mildest form of the system of sla-\\nvery is to be seen in the State of Kentucky.\\nThe general prevalence of agricultural pursuits\\nof a quiet and gradual nature, not requiring\\nthose periodic seasons of hurry and pressure\\nthat are called for in the business of more\\nsouthern districts, makes the task of the negro\\na more healthful and reasonable one while\\nthe master, content with a more gradual style\\nof acquisition, had not those temptations to\\nhard-heartedness which always overcome frail\\nhuman nature when the prospect of sudden and\\nrapid gain is weighed in the balance with no\\nheavier counterpoise than the interests of the\\nhelpless and unprotected. These words con-\\ntain many truths.\\n5i", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nFor it must not be forgotten, first of all, that\\nthe condition of the slave in Kentucky was\\nmeasurably determined by certain physical\\nlaws which lay beyond the control of the\\nmost inhuman master. Consider the nature\\nof the country elevated, rolling, without mi-\\nasmatic districts or fatal swamps the soil in\\nthe main slave-holding portions of the State\\neasily tilled, abundantly yielding the climate\\ntemperate and invigorating. Consider the sys-\\ntem of agriculture not that of vast planta-\\ntions, but of small farms, part of which regu-\\nlarly consisted of woodland and meadow that\\nrequired little attention. Consider the further\\nlimitations to this system imposed by the range\\nof the great Kentucky staples it being in the\\nnature of corn, wheat, hemp, and tobacco, not\\nto yield profits sufficient to justify the employ-\\nment of an immense predial force, nor to re-\\nquire seasons of forced and exhausting labor.\\nIt is evident that under such conditions slavery\\nwas not stamped with those sadder features\\nwhich it wore beneath a devastating sun, amid\\nunhealthy or sterile regions of country, and\\nthrough the herding together of hundreds of\\nslaves who had the outward but not the inward\\ndiscipline of an army. True, one recalls here\\nthe often quoted words of Jefferson on the\\nraising of tobacco words nearly as often mis-", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\napplied as quoted for he was considering the\\ncondition of slaves who were unmercifully\\nworked on exhausted lands by a certain prole-\\ntarian type of master, who did not feed and\\nclothe them. Only under such circumstances\\ncould the culture of this plant be described as\\nproductive of infinite wretchedness, and\\nthose engaged in it as in a continual state of\\nexertion beyond the powers of nature to sup-\\nport. It was by reason of these physical facts\\nthat slavery in Kentucky assumed the phase\\nwhich is to be distinguished as domestic and\\nit was this mode that had prevailed at the\\nNorth and made emancipation easy.\\nFurthermore, in all history the condition of\\nan enslaved race under the enslaving one has\\nbeen partly determined by the degree of moral\\njustification with which the latter has regarded\\nthe subject of human bondage and the life of\\nthe Kentucky negro, say in the days of Uncle\\nTom, was further modified by the body of laws\\nwhich had crystallized as the sentiment of the\\npeople, slave holders themselves. But even\\nthese laws were only a partial exponent of\\nwhat that sentiment was for some of the se-\\nverest were practically a dead letter, and the\\nclemency of the negro s treatment by the pre-\\nvailing type of master made amends for the\\nhard provisions of others.\\n53", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nIt would be a difficult thing to write the his-\\ntory of slavery in Kentucky. It is impossible\\nto write a single page of it here. But it may\\nbe said that the conscience of the great body\\nof the people was always sensitive touching\\nthe rightfulness of the institution. At the\\nvery outset it seems to have been recognized\\nsimply for the reason that the early settlers\\nwere emigrants from slave-holding States and\\nbrought their negroes with them. The com-\\nmonwealth began its legislation on the sub-\\nject in the face of an opposing sentiment.\\nBy early statute restriction was placed on\\nthe importation of slaves, and from the first\\nthey began to be emancipated. Through-\\nout the seventy -five years of pro -slavery\\nState life, the general conscience was always\\ntroubled.\\nThe churches took up the matter. Great\\npreachers, whose names were influential beyond\\nthe State, denounced the system from the pul-\\npit, pleaded for the humane and Christian\\ntreatment of slaves, advocated gradual eman-\\ncipation. One religious body after another\\nproclaimed the moral evil of it, and urged that\\nthe young be taught and prepared as soon as\\npossible for freedom. Antislavery publications\\nand addresses, together with the bold words of\\ngreat political leaders, acted as a further leaven\\n54", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nin the mind of the slave-holding class. As evi-\\ndence of this, when the new constitution of the\\nState was to be adopted, about 1850, thirty\\nthousand votes were cast in favor of an open\\nclause in it, whereby gradual emancipation\\nshould become a law as soon as the majority of\\nthe citizens should deem it expedient for the\\npeace of society and these votes represented\\nthe richest, most intelligent slave holders in\\nthe State.\\nIn general the laws were perhaps the mildest.\\nSome it is vital to the subject not to pass over.\\nIf slaves were inhumanly treated by their own-\\ner or not supplied with proper food and cloth-\\ning, they could be taken from him and sold to\\na better master. This law was not inoperative.\\nI have in mind the instance of a family who\\nlost their negroes in this way, were socially dis-\\ngraced, and left their neighborhood. If the\\nowner of a slave had bought him on condition\\nof not selling him out of the county, or into the\\nSouthern States, or so as not to separate him\\nfrom his family, he could be sued for violation\\nof contract. This law shows the opposition of\\nthe better class of Kentucky masters to the\\nslave-trade, and their peculiar regard for the\\nfamily ties of their negroes. In the earliest\\nKentucky newspapers will be found advertise-\\nments of the sales of negroes, on condition that\\n55", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nthey would be bought and kept within the\\ncounty or the State. It was within chancery\\njurisdiction to prevent the separation of fami-\\nlies. The case may be mentioned of a master\\nwho was tried by his Church for unnecessarily\\nseparating a husband from his wife. Some-\\ntimes slaves who had been liberated and had\\ngone to Canada voluntarily returned into ser-\\nvice under their former masters. Lest these\\nshould be overreached, they were to be taken\\naside and examined by the court to see that\\nthey understood the consequences of their\\nown action, and were free from improper con-\\nstraint. On the other hand, if a slave had\\na right to his freedom, he could file a bill\\nin chancery and enforce his master s assent\\nthereto.\\nBut a clear distinction must be made between\\nthe mild view entertained by the Kentucky\\nslave-holders regarding the system itself and\\ntheir dislike of the agitators of forcible and im-\\nmediate emancipation. A community of mas-\\nters, themselves humane to their negroes and\\nprobably intending to liberate them in the end,\\nwould yet combine into a mob to put down in-\\ndividual or organized antislavery efforts, be-\\ncause they resented what they regarded as in-\\nterference of the abolitionist with their own\\naffairs, and believed his measures inexpedient\\n56", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nfor the peace of society. Therefore, the history\\nof the antislavery movement in Kentucky, at\\ntimes so turbulent, must not be used to show\\nthe sentiment of the people regarding slavery\\nitself.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nFROM these general considerations it is\\npossible to enter more closely upon a\\nstudy of the domestic life and relations\\nof Uncle Tom and the Shelbys.\\nWhoever visits some estates there, wrote\\nMrs. Stowe, and witnesses the good-humored\\nindulgence of some masters and mistresses and\\nthe affectionate loyalty of some slaves, might\\nbe tempted to dream of the oft-fabled poetic\\nlegend of a patriarchal institution. Along\\nwith these words, taken from Uncle Tom s Cab-\\nin, I should like to quote an extract from a let-\\nter written me by Mrs. Stowe under date of\\nApril 30, 1886\\nIn relation to your letter, I would say that I never\\nlived in Kentucky, but spent many years in Cincinnati,\\nwhich is separated from Kentucky only by the Ohio\\nRiver, which, as a shrewd politician remarked, was dry\\none-half the year and frozen the other. My father\\nwas president of a theological seminary at Walnut\\nHills, near Cincinnati, and with him I travelled and\\n58", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE MAMMY", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nvisited somewhat extensively in Kentucky, and there\\nbecame acquainted with those excellent slave-holders\\ndelineated in Uncle Toms Cabin. I saw many coun-\\nterparts of the Shelbys people humane, conscien-\\ntious, just and generous, who regarded slavery as an\\nevil and were anxiously considering their duties to the\\nslave. But it was not till I had finally left the West,\\nand my husband was settled as professor in Bowdoin\\nCollege, Brunswick, Maine, that the passage of the\\nfugitive-slave law and the distresses that followed it\\ndrew this from me.\\nThe typical boy on a Kentucky farm was ten-\\nderly associated from infancy with the negroes\\nof the household and the fields. His old black\\nMammy became almost his first mother, and\\nwas but slowly crowded out of his conscience\\nand his heart by the growing image of the true\\none. She had perhaps nursed him at her bosom\\nwhen he was not long enough to stretch across\\nit, sung over his cradle at noon and at midnight,\\ntaken him out upon the velvety grass beneath\\nthe shade of the elm-trees to watch his first\\nmanly resolution of standing alone in the world\\nand walking the vast distance of some inches.\\nOften, in boyish years, when flying from the\\nhouse with a loud appeal from the incompre-\\nhensible code of Anglo-Saxon punishment for\\nsmall misdemeanors, he had run to those black\\narms and cried himself to sleep in the lap of\\n59", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nAfrican sympathy. As he grew older, alas his\\nfirst love grew faithless and while Mammy\\nwas good enough in her way and sphere, his\\nwandering affections settled humbly at the feet\\nof another great functionary of the household\\nthe cook in the kitchen. To him her keys\\nwere as the keys to the kingdom of heaven, for\\nhis immortal soul was his immortal appetite.\\nWhen he stood by the biscuit bench while she,\\npausing amid the varied industries that went\\ninto the preparation of an old-time Kentucky\\nsupper, made him marvellous geese of dough,\\nwith farinaceous feathers and genuine coffee-\\ngrains for eyes, there was to him no other artist\\nin the world who possessed the secret of so com-\\nmingling the useful with the beautiful.\\nThe little half-naked imps, too, playing in the\\ndirt like glossy blackbirds taking a bath of dust,\\nwere his sweetest, because perhaps his forbid-\\nden, companions. With them he went clan-\\ndestinely to the fatal duck-pond in the stable\\nlot, to learn the art of swimming on a walnut\\nrail. With them he raced up and down the\\nlane on blooded alder-stalk horses, afterwards\\nleading the exhausted coursers into stables of\\ngreen bushes and haltering them high with a\\ncotton string. It was one of these hatless\\nchildren of original Guinea that had crept up\\nto him as he lay asleep in the summer grass\\n60", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nand told him where the best hidden of all nests\\nwas to be found in a far fence corner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that of\\nthe high-tempered, scolding guinea-hen. To\\nthem he showed his first Barlow knife for\\nthem he blew his first home-made whistle.\\nHe is their petty tyrant to day to morrow\\nhe will be their repentant friend, dividing with\\nthem his marbles and proposing a game of hop-\\nscotch. Upon his dialect, his disposition, his\\nwhole character, is laid the ineffaceable impress\\nof theirs, so that they pass into the final reck-\\noning-up of his life here and in the world to\\ncome.\\nBut Uncle Tom the negro overseer of the\\nplace\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the greatest of all the negroes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 greater\\neven than the cook, when one is not hungry.\\nHow often has he straddled Uncle Tom s neck,\\nor ridden behind him afield on a barebacked\\nhorse to the jingling music of the trace-chains\\nIt is Uncle Tom who plaits his hempen whip\\nand ties the cracker in a knot that will stay.\\nIt is Uncle Tom who brings him his first young\\nsquirrel to tame, the teeth of which are soon\\nto be planted in his right forefinger. Many a\\ntime he slips out of the house to take his din-\\nner or supper in the cabin with Uncle Tom\\nand during long winter evenings he loves to\\nsit before those great roaring cabin fireplaces\\nthat throw their red and yellow lights over the\\n61", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nhalf circle of black faces and on the mysteries\\nof broom making, chair bottoming, and the\\ncobbling of shoes. Like the child who listens\\nto Uncle Remus, he, too, hears songs and\\nstories, and creeps back to the house with a\\nwondering look in his eyes and a vague hush\\nof spirit.\\nThen come school-days and vacations, during\\nwhich, as Mrs. Stowe says, he may teach Uncle\\nTom to make his letters on a slate or expound\\nto him the Scriptures. Then, too, come early\\nadventures with the gun, and coon hunts and\\npossum hunts with the negroes under the\\nround moon, with the long-eared, deep-voiced\\nhounds to him delicious and ever-memorable\\nnights The crisp air, through which the\\nbreath rises like white incense, the thick au-\\ntumn leaves, begemmed with frost, rustling\\nunderfoot the shadows of the mighty trees\\nthe strained ear the heart leaping with excite-\\nment the negroes and dogs mingling their\\nwild delight in music that wakes the echoes\\nof distant hill-sides. Away Away mile after\\nmile, hour after hour, to where the purple and\\ngolden persimmons hang low from the boughs,\\nor where from topmost limbs the wild grape\\ndrops its countless clusters in a black cascade\\na sheer two hundred feet.\\nNow he is a boy no longer, but has his first\\n62", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nlove-affair, which sends a thrill through all\\nthose susceptible cabins has his courtship,\\nwhich gives rise to many a wink and innuendo;\\nand brings home his bride, whose coming con-\\nverts every youngster into a living rolling ball\\non the ground, and opens the feasts and festiv-\\nities of universal joy.\\nThen some day ole Marster dies, and the\\nnegroes, one by one, young and old, file into\\nthe darkened parlor to take a last look at his\\nquiet face. He had his furious temper, ole\\nMarster had, and his sins which God for-\\ngive To-day he will be buried, and to-mor-\\nrow young Marster will inherit his saddle-\\nhorse and ride out into the fields.\\nThus he has come into possession of his ne-\\ngroes. Among them are a few whose working\\ndays are over. These are to be kindly cared\\nfor, decently buried. Next are the active la-\\nborers, and, last, the generation of children.\\nHe knows them all by name, capacity, and dis-\\nposition is bound to them by live-long asso-\\nciations hears their communications and com-\\nplaints. When he goes to town, he is charged\\nwith commissions, makes purchases with their\\nown money. Continuing the course of his\\nfather, he sets about making them capable,\\ncontented workmen. There shall be special\\ntraining for special aptitude. One shall be\\n63", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nmade a blacksmith, a second a carpenter, a\\nthird a cobbler of shoes. In all the general\\nindustries of the farm, education shall not be\\nlacking. It is claimed that a Kentucky negro\\ninvented the hemp-brake. As a result of this\\neffective management, the Southern planter,\\nlooking northward, will pay him a handsome\\npremium for his blue -grass slave. He will\\nhave no white overseer. He does not like the\\ntype of man. Besides, one is not needed.\\nUncle Tom served his father in this capacity\\nlet him be.\\nAmong his negroes he finds a bad one. What\\nshall he do with him Keep him Keeping\\nhim makes him worse, and, moreover, he cor-\\nrupts the others. Set him free? That is to\\nput a reward upon evil. Sell him to his neigh-\\nbors They do not want him. If they did, he\\nwould not sell him to them. He sells him into\\nthe South. This is a statement, not an apol-\\nogy. Here, for a moment, one touches the\\nterrible subject of the internal slave-trade. Ne-\\ngroes were sold from Kentucky into the South-\\nern market because, as has just been said, they\\nwere bad, or by reason of the law of partible\\ninheritance, or, as was the case with Mrs.\\nStowe s Uncle Tom, under constraint of debt.\\nOf course, in many cases, they were sold\\nwantonly and cruelly but these, however\\n64", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "i! i l 1llfcsSH\u00c2\u00bbi,,i M\\nTHE COOK", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nmany, were not enough to make the internal\\nslave-trade more than an incidental and sub-\\nordinate feature of the system. The belief that\\nnegroes in Kentucky were regularly bred and\\nreared for the Southern market is a mistaken\\none. Mrs. Stowe herself fell into the error of\\nbasing an argument for the prevalence of the\\nslave-trade in this State upon the notion of ex-\\nhausted lands, as the following passage from\\nThe Key to Uncle Tom s Cabi?i shows\\nIn Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky\\nslave-labor long ago impoverished the soil almost be-\\nyond recovery and became entirely unprofitable.\\nThose words were written some thirty-five\\nyears ago and refer to a time long prior to that\\ndate. Now, the fact is that at least one-half\\nthe soil of Kentucky has never been under\\ncultivation, and could not, therefore, have\\nbeen exhausted by slave labor. At least a\\nhalf of the remainder, though cultivated ever\\nsince, is still not seriously exhausted and of\\nthe small portion still left a large share was al-\\nways naturally poor, so that for this reason\\nslave -labor was but little employed on it.\\nThe great slave holding region of the State\\nwas the fertile region which has never been\\nimpoverished. To return from this digres-\\nsion, it may be well that the typical Kentucky\\ne 65", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nfarmer does not find among his negroes a bad\\none for in consequence of the early non-im-\\nportation of slaves for barter or sale, and\\nthrough long association with the household,\\nthey have been greatly elevated and human-\\nized. If he must sell a good one, he will seek\\na buyer among his neighbors. He will even\\nask the negro to name his choice of a master\\nand try to consummate his wish. No pur-\\nchaser near by, he will mount his saddle-horse\\nand look for one in the adjoining county. In\\nthis way the negroes of different estates and\\nneighborhoods were commonly connected by\\nkinship and intermarriage. How unjust to\\nsay that such a master did not feel affection\\nfor his slaves, anxiety for their happiness, sym-\\npathy with the evils inseparable from their con-\\ndition. Let me cite the case of a Kentucky\\nmaster who had failed. He could pay his debts\\nby sacrificing his negroes or his farm, one or\\nthe other. To avoid separating the former,\\nprobably sending some of them South, he kept\\nthem in a body and sold his farm. Any one\\nwho knows the Kentuckian s love of land and\\nhome will know what this means. A few years,\\nand the war left him without anything. An-\\nother case is more interesting still. A master\\nhaving failed, actually hurried his negroes off\\nto Canada. Tried for defrauding his creditors,\\n66", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nand that by slave holding jurors, he was ac-\\nquitted. The plea of his counsel, among other\\nargumerfts, was the master s unwillingness to\\nsee his old and faithful servitors scattered and\\nsuffering. After emancipation old farm hands\\nsometimes refused to budge from their cabins.\\nTheir former masters paid them for their ser-\\nvices as long as they could work, and support-\\ned them when helpless. I have in mind an in-\\nstance where a man, having left Kentucky,\\nsent back hundreds of dollars to an aged, needy\\ndomestic, though himself far from rich and\\nanother case where a man still contributes an-\\nnually to the maintenance of those who ceased\\nto work for him the quarter of a century ago.\\nThe good in human nature is irrepressible.\\nSlavery, evil as it was, when looked at from\\nthe remoteness of human history as it is to be,\\nwill be adjudged an institution that gave de-\\nvelopment to certain noble types of character.\\nAlong with other social forces peculiar to the\\nage, it produced in Kentucky a kind of farmer,\\nthe like of which will never appear again. He\\nhad the aristocratic virtues: highest notions\\nof personal liberty and personal honor, a fine\\nespecial scorn of anything that was mean, lit-\\ntle, cowardly. As an agriculturist he was not\\ndriving or merciless or grasping the rapid\\namassing of wealth was not among his pas-\\n6 7", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nsions, the contention of splendid living not\\namong his thorns. To a certain carelessness\\nof riches he added a certain profuseness of ex-\\npenditure and indulgent towards his own\\npleasures, towards others, his equals or de-\\npendents, he bore himself with a spirit of\\nkindness and magnanimity. Intolerant of\\ntyranny, he was no tyrant. To say of such a\\nman, as Jefferson said of every slave-holder,\\nthat he lived in perpetual exercise of the most\\nboisterous passions and unremitting despotism,\\nand in the exaction of the most degrading sub-\\nmission, was to pronounce judgment hasty and\\nunfair. Rather did Mrs. Stowe, while not blind\\nto his faults, discern his virtues when she made\\nhim, embarrassed by debt, exclaim If any-\\nbody had said to me that I should sell Tom\\ndown South to one of those rascally traders, I\\nshould have said, l Is thy servant a dog that he\\nshould do this thing", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "IV\\nBUT there was another person who, more\\nthan the master, sustained close rela-\\ntionship to the negro life of the house-\\nhold the mistress. In the person of Mrs.\\nShelby, Mrs. Stowe described some of the best\\ntraits of a Kentucky woman of the time but\\nperhaps only a Southern woman herself could\\ndo full justice to a character which many du-\\nties and many burdens endued with extraor-\\ndinary strength and varied efficiency.\\nShe was mistress of distinct realms the\\nhouse and the cabins and the guardian of the\\nbonds between the two, which were always\\ntroublesome, often delicate, sometimes distress-\\ning. In those cabins were nearly always some\\npoor creatures needing sympathy and watch-\\ncare the superannuated mothers helpless with\\nbabes, babes helpless without mothers, the sick,\\nperhaps the idiotic. Apparel must be had for\\nall. Standing in her doorway and pointing to\\nthe meadow, she must be able to say in the\\n69", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nwords of a housewife of the period, There are\\nthe sheep now get your clothes. Some must\\nbe taught to keep the spindle and the loom go-\\ning others trained for dairy, laundry, kitchen,\\ndining-room others yet taught fine needle-\\nwork. Upon her fell the labor of private in-\\nstruction and moral exhortation, for the teach-\\ning of negroes was not forbidden in Kentucky.\\nShe must remind them that their marriage\\nvows are holy and binding must interpose be-\\ntween mothers and their cruel punishment of\\ntheir own offspring. Hardest of all, she must\\nherself punish for lying, theft, immorality. Her\\nown children must be guarded against tempta-\\ntion and corrupting influences. In her life no\\ncessation of this care year in and year out.\\nBeneath every other trouble the secret convic-\\ntion that she has no right to enslave these creat-\\nures, and that, however improved their con-\\ndition, their life is one of great and necessary\\nevils. Mrs. Stowe well makes her say I have\\ntried tried most faithfully as a Christian wom-\\nan should to do my duty towards these poor,\\nsimple, dependent creatures. I have cared for\\nthem, instructed them, watched over them, and\\nknown all their little cares and joys for years.\\nI have taught them the duties of the family, of\\nparent and child, and husband and wife. I\\nthought, by kindness and care and instruction,\\n70", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nI could make the condition of mine better than\\nfreedom. Sorely overburdened and heroic\\nmould of woman Fulfilling each day a round\\nof intricate duties, rising at any hour of the\\nnight to give medicine to the sick, liable at any\\ntime, in addition to the cares of her great house-\\nhold, to see an entire family of acquaintances\\narriving unannounced, with trunks and ser-\\nvants of their own, for a visit protracted in ac-\\ncordance with the large hospitalities of the time.\\nWhat wonder if, from sheer inability to do all\\nthings herself, she trains her negroes to differ-\\nent posts of honor, so that the black cook finally\\nexpels her from her own kitchen and rules over\\nthat realm as an autocrat of unquestioned pre-\\nrogatives\\nMistresses of this kind had material reward\\nin the trusty adherence of their servants dur-\\ning the war. Their relations throughout this\\nperiod so well calculated to try the loyalty of\\nthe African nature would of themselves make\\nup a volume of the most touching incidents.\\nEven to-day one will find in many Kentucky\\nhouseholds survivals of the old order find\\nAunt Chloe ruling as a despot in the kitch-\\nen, and making her will the pivotal point of the\\nwhole domestic system. I have spent nights\\nwith a young Kentuckian, self-willed and high-\\nspirited, whose occasional refusals to rise for a\\n7i", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nhalf-past five o clock breakfast always brought\\nthe cook from the kitchen up to his bedroom,\\nwhere she delivered her commands in a voice\\nworthy of Catherine the Great. We shall have\\nto get up, he would say, or there ll be a row\\nOne may yet see old negresses setting out for\\nan annual or a semi-annual visit to their former\\nmistresses, and bearing some offering a basket\\nof fruits or flowers. I should like to mention\\nthe case of one who died after the war and left\\nher two children to her mistress, to be reared\\nand educated. The troublesome, expensive\\ncharge was faithfully executed.\\nHere, in the hard realities of daily life, here\\nis where the crushing burden of slavery fell\\non the women of the South. History has yet\\nto do justice to the n\u00c2\u00aeblest type of them, wheth-\\ner in Kentucky or elsewhere. In view of what\\nthey accomplished, despite the difficulties in\\ntheir way, there is nothing they have found\\nharder to forgive in the women of the North\\nthan the failure to sympathize with them in the\\nstruggles and sorrows of their lot, and to real-\\nize that they were the real practical philanthro-\\npists of the negro race.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "BUT as is the master, so is the slave, and it\\nis through the characters of the Shelbys\\nthat we must approach that of Uncle\\nTom. For of all races, the African super-\\nstitious, indolent, singing, dancing, impression-\\nable creature depends upon others for enlight-\\nenment, training, and happiness. If, therefore,\\nyou find him so intelligent that he may be sent\\non important business, so honest that he may\\nbe trusted with money, house, and home, so\\nloyal that he will not seize opportunity to be-\\ncome free if you find him endowed with the\\nmanly virtues of dignity and self-respect united\\nto the Christian virtues of humility, long-suf-\\nfering, and forgiveness, then do not, in marvel-\\nling at him on these accounts, quite forget his\\nmaster and his mistress they made him what\\nhe was. And it is something to be said on their\\nbehalf, that in their household was developed a\\ntype of slave that could be set upon a sublime\\nmoral pinnacle to attract the admiration of the\\nworld.\\n73", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nAttention is fixed on Uncle Tom first as\\nhead servant of the farm. In a small work\\non slavery in Kentucky by George Harris, it\\nis stated that masters chose the cruelest of\\ntheir negroes for this office. It is not true,\\nexceptions allowed for. The work would not\\nbe worth mentioning, had not so many people\\nat the North believed it. The amusing thing\\nis, they believed Mrs. Stowe also. But if Mrs.\\nStowe s account of slavery in Kentucky is true,\\nHarris s is not.\\nIt is true that Uncle Tom inspired the other\\nnegroes with some degree of fear. He was\\ncensor of morals, and reported derelictions of\\nthe lazy, the destructive, and the thievish.\\nFor instance, an Uncle Tom on one occasion\\ntold his master of the stealing of a keg of lard,\\nnaming the thief and the hiding-place. Say\\nnot a word about it, replied his master. The\\nnext day he rode out into the field where the\\nculprit was ploughing, and, getting down,\\nwalked along beside him. What s the mat-\\nter, William he asked, after a while you\\ncan t look me in the face as usual. William\\nburst into tears, and confessed everything.\\nCome to night, and I will arrange so that\\nyou can put the lard back and nobody will\\never know you took it. The only punish-\\nment was a little moral teaching but the\\n74", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nUncle Tom in the case, though he kept his\\nsecret, looked for some days as though the dig-\\nnity of his office had not been suitably upheld\\nby his master.\\nIt was Uncle Tom s duty to get the others\\noff to work in the morning. In the fields he\\ndid not drive the work, but led it being a\\nmaster workman led the cradles and the\\nreaping hooks, the hemp breaking and the\\ncorn shucking. The spirit of happy music\\nwent with the workers. They were not goad-\\ned through their daily tasks by the spur of\\npitiless husbandry. Nothing was more com-\\nmon than their voluntary contests of skill and\\npower. My recollection reaches only to the\\nlast two or three years of slavery; but I re-\\nmember the excitement with which I witnessed\\nsome of these hard-fought battles of the ne-\\ngroes. Rival hemp-breakers of the neighbor-\\nhood, meeting in the same field, would slip\\nout long before breakfast and sometimes nev-\\ner stop for dinner. So it was with cradling,\\ncorn -shucking, or corn -cutting in all work\\nwhere rivalries were possible. No doubt there\\nwere other motives. So much work was a\\nday s task for more there was extra pay. A\\ncapital hand, by often performing double or\\ntreble the required amount, would clear a\\nneat profit in a season. The days of severest\\n75", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nlabor fell naturally in harvest-time. But then\\nintervals of rest in the shade were commonly\\ngiven; and milk, coffee, or, when the prejudice\\nof the master did not prevent (which was not\\noften), whiskey was distributed between meal-\\ntimes. As a rule, they worked without hurry.\\nDe Tocqueville gave unintentional testimony\\nto characteristic slavery in Kentucky when he\\ndescribed the negroes as loitering in the\\nfields. On one occasion the hands dropped\\nwork to run after a rabbit the dogs had start-\\ned. A passer-by indignantly reported the fact\\nto the master. Sir, said the old gentle-\\nman, with a hot face, I d have whipped the\\nlast d n rascal of em if they Jiadn t run\\nim\\nThe negroes made money off their truck-\\npatches, in which they raised melons, broom-\\ncorn, vegetables. When Charles Sumner was\\nin Kentucky, he saw with almost incredulous\\neyes the comfortable cabins with their flowers\\nand poultry, the fruitful truck-patches, and a\\ngenuine Uncle Tom a black gentleman with\\nhis own watch Well enough does Mrs. Stowe\\nput these words into her hero s mouth, when\\nhe hears he is to be sold I m feared things\\nwill be kinder goin to rack when I m gone.\\nMas r can t be spected to be a-pryin round\\neverywhere as I ve done, a-keepin up all the\\n76", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nends. The boys means well, but they s power-\\nful car less.\\nMore interesting is Uncle Tom s character\\nas a preacher. Contemporary with him in\\nKentucky was a class of men among his peo-\\nple who exhorted, held prayer-meetings in the\\ncabins and baptizings in the woods, performed\\nmarriage ceremonies, and enjoyed great free-\\ndom of movement. There was one in nearly\\nevery neighborhood, and together they wrought\\neffectively in the moral development of their\\nrace. I have nothing to say here touching the\\nvast and sublime conception which Mrs. Stowe\\nformed of Uncle Tom s spiritual nature.\\nBut no idealized manifestation of it is better\\nthan this simple occurrence One of these ne-\\ngro preachers was allowed by his master to fill\\na distant appointment. Belated once, and re-\\nturning home after the hour forbidden for\\nslaves to be abroad, he was caught by the pa-\\ntrol and cruelly whipped. As the blows fell,\\nhis only words were: Jesus Christ suffered\\nfor righteousness sake so kin I. Another\\nof them was recommended for deacon s orders\\nand actually ordained. When liberty came, he\\nrefused to be free, and continued to work in\\nhis master s family till his death. With con-\\nsiderable knowledge of the Bible and a fluent\\ntongue, he would nevertheless sometimes grow\\n77", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nconfused while preaching and lose his train of\\nthought. At these embarrassing junctures it\\nwas his wont suddenly to call out at the top of\\nhis voice, Saul Saul why persecutest thou\\nme The effect upon his hearers was electri-\\nfying and as none but a very highly favored\\nbeing could be thought worthy of enjoying\\nthis persecution, he thus converted his loss of\\nmind into spiritual reputation. A third, named\\nPeter Cotton, united the vocations of exhorter\\nand wood-chopper. He united them literally,\\nfor one moment Peter might be seen standing\\non his log chopping away, and the next kneel-\\ning down beside it praying. He got his mis-\\ntress to make him a long jeans coat and on the\\nample tails of it to embroider, by his direction,\\nsundry texts of Scripture, such as Come\\nunto me, all ye that are heavy laden Thus\\nliterally clothed with righteousness, Peter went\\nfrom cabin to cabin preaching the Word.\\nWell for him if that other Peter could have\\nseen him.\\nThese men sometimes made a pathetic ad-\\ndition to their marriage ceremonies Until\\ndeath or our higher powers do you separate!\\nAnother typical contemporary of Uncle\\nTom s was the negro fiddler. It should be re-\\nmembered that before he hears he is to be sold\\nSouth, Uncle Tom is pictured as a light-heart-\\n73", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE PREACHER", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\ned creature, capering and dancing in his cabin.\\nThere was no lack of music in those cabins.\\nThe banjo was played, but more commonly the\\nfiddle. A home-made variety of the former\\nconsisted of a crook-necked, hard-shell gourd\\nand a piece of sheepskin. There were some-\\ntimes other instruments the flageolet and the\\ntriangle. I have heard of a kettle-drum s being-\\nmade of a copper still. A Kentucky negro car-\\nried through the war as a tambourine the skull\\nof a mule, the rattling teeth being secured in\\nthe jawbones. Of course bones were every-\\nwhere used. Negro music on one or more in-\\nstruments was in the highest vogue at the house\\nof the master. The young Kentuckians often\\nused it on serenading bravuras. The old fid-\\ndler, most of all, was held in reverent esteem\\nand met with the gracious treatment of the\\nminstrel in feudal halls. At parties and wed-\\ndings, at picnics in the summer woods, he was\\nthe soul of melody and with an eye to the\\nhigh demands upon his art, he widened his\\nrange of selections and perfected according to\\nnative standards his inimitable technique. The\\ndeep, tender, pure feeling in the song Old\\nKentucky Home is a true historic interpre-\\ntation.\\nIt is wide of the mark to suppose that on\\nsuch a farm as that of the Shelbys, the negroes\\n79", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nwere in a perpetual frenzy of discontent or felt\\nany burning desire for freedom. It is difficult\\nto reach a true general conclusion on this deli-\\ncate subject. But it must go for something\\nthat even the Kentucky abolitionists of those\\ndays will tell you that well -treated negroes\\ncared not a snap for liberty. Negroes them-\\nselves, and very intelligent ones, will give you\\nto-day the same assurance. It is an awkward\\ndiscovery to make, that some of them still cher-\\nish resentment towards agitators who came se-\\ncretly among them, fomented discontent, and\\nled them away from homes to which they af-\\nterwards returned. And I want to state here,\\nfor no other reason than that of making an his-\\ntoric contribution to the study of the human\\nmind and passions, that a man s views of slavery\\nin those days did not determine his treatment\\nof his own slaves. The only case of mutiny\\nand stampede that I have been able to discover\\nin a certain part of Kentucky, took place among\\nthe negroes of a man who was known as an out-\\nspoken emancipationist. He pleaded for the\\nfreedom of the negro, but in the mean time\\nworked him at home with the chain round his\\nneck and the ball resting on his plough.\\nChristmas was, of course, the time of holiday\\nmerrymaking, and the Ketchin marster an\\nmistiss Christmus gif was a great feature.\\n80", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nOne morning an aged couple presented them-\\nselves.\\nWell, what do you want for your Christmas\\ngift?\\nFreedom, mistiss\\nFreedom Haven t you been as good as\\nfree for the last ten years\\nYaas, mistiss but freedom mighty sweet!\\nThen take your freedom\\nThe only method of celebrating the boon was\\nthe moving into a cabin on the neighboring\\nfarm of their mistress s aunt and being freely\\nsupported there as they had been freely sup-\\nported at home.\\nMrs. Stowe has said, There is nothing pict-\\nuresque or beautiful in the family attachment\\nof old servants, which is not to be found in\\ncountries where these servants are legally free.\\nOn the contrary, a volume of incidents might\\nreadily be gathered, the picturesqueness and\\nbeauty of which are due wholly to the fact that\\nthe negroes were not free, but slaves. Indeed,\\nmany could never have happened at all but in\\nthis relationship. I cite the case of an old ne-\\ngro who was buying his freedom from his mas-\\nter, who continued to make payments during\\nthe war, and made the final one at the time of\\nGeneral Kirby Smith s invasion of Kentucky.\\nAfter he had paid him the uttermost farthing,\\nf 81", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nhe told him that if he should ever be a slave\\nagain, he wanted him for his master. Take the\\ncase of an old negress who had been allowed\\nto accumulate considerable property. At her\\ndeath she willed it to her young master instead\\nof to her sons, as she would have been allowed\\nto do. But the war what is to be said of the\\npart the negro took in that Is there in the\\ndrama of humanity a figure more picturesque\\nor more pathetic than the figure of the African\\nslave, as he followed his master to the battle-\\nfield, marched and hungered and thirsted with\\nhim, served and cheered and nursed him that\\nmaster who was fighting to keep him in slavery\\nInstances are too many but the one may be\\nmentioned of a Kentucky negro who followed\\nhis young master into the Southern army,\\nstayed with him till he fell on the field, lay hid\\nout in the bushes a week, and finally, after a\\nlong time and many hardships, got back to his\\nmistress in Kentucky, bringing his dead mas-\\nter s horse and purse and trinkets. This sub-\\nject comprises a whole vast field of its own\\nand if the history of it is ever written, it will\\nbe written in the literature of the South, for\\nthere alone lies the knowledge and the love.\\nIt is only through a clear view of the peculiar\\nfeatures of slavery in Kentucky before the war\\nthat one can understand the general status of", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "Uncle Tom at Home\\nthe negroes of Kentucky at the present time.\\nPerhaps in no other State has the race made\\nless endeavor to push itself into equality with\\nthe white. This fact must be explained as in\\npart resulting from the conservative ideals of\\nKentucky life in general. But it is more large-\\nly due to the influences of a system which,\\nthough no longer in vogue, is still remember-\\ned, still powerful to rule the minds of a natu-\\nrally submissive and susceptible people. The\\nkind, affectionate relations of the races under\\nthe old regime have continued with so little in-\\nterruption that the blacks remain content with\\ntheir inferiority, and lazily drift through life.\\nI venture to make the statement that, wherever\\nin the United States they have attempted most\\nto enforce their new-born rights, they have\\neither, on the one hand, been encouraged to do\\nso, or have, on the other, been driven to self-\\nassertion by harsh treatment. But treated al-\\nways kindly, always as hopelessly inferior be-\\nings, they will do least for themselves. This,\\nit is believed, is the key-note to the situation in\\nKentucky at the present time.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "COUNTY COURT DAY IN KENTUCKY", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "I\\nTHE institutions of the Kentuckian have\\ndeep root in his rich social nature. He\\nloves the swarm. The very motto of\\nthe State is a declaration of good-fellowship,\\nand the seal of the commonwealth the act of\\nshaking hands. Divided, he falls. The Ken-\\ntuckian must be one of many must assert him-\\nself, not through the solitary exercise of his\\nintellect, but the senses must see men about\\nhim who are fat grip his friend, hear cordial,\\nhearty conversation, realize the play of his emo-\\ntions. Society is the multiple of himself.\\nHence his fondness for large gatherings\\nopen-air assemblies of the democratic sort\\ngreat agricultural fairs, race-courses, political\\nmeetings, barbecues and burgoos in the woods\\nwhere no one is pushed to the wall, or re-\\nduced to a seat and to silence, where all may\\nmove about at will, seek and be sought, make\\nand receive impressions. Quiet masses of peo-\\nple in-doors absorb him less. He is not fond of\\n87", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nlectures, does not build splendid theatres or ex-\\npend lavishly for opera, is almost of Puritan\\nexcellence in the virtue of church-going, which\\nin the country is attended with neighborly re-\\nunions.\\nThis large social disposition underlies the\\nhistory of the most social of all his days a day\\nthat has long had its observance embedded in\\nthe structure of his law, is invested with the\\nauthority and charm of old-time usage and\\nreminiscence, and still enables him to com-\\nmingle business and pleasure in a way of his\\nown. Hardly more characteristic of the Athe-\\nnian was the agora, or the forum of the Roman,\\nthan is county court day characteristic of the\\nKentuckian. In the open square around the\\ncourt-house of the county-seat he has had the\\ncentre of his public social life, the arena of his\\npassions and amusements, the rallying-point of\\nhis political discussions, the market-place of his\\nbusiness transactions, the civil unit of his in-\\nstitutional history.\\nIt may be that some stranger has sojourned\\nlong enough in Kentucky to have grown famil-\\niar with the wonted aspects of a county town.\\nHe has remarked the easy swing of its daily\\nlife amicable groups of men sitting around\\nthe front entrances of the hotels the few pur-\\nchasers and promenaders on the uneven brick\\n88", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\npavements the few vehicles of draught and\\ncarriage scattered along the level white thor-\\noughfares. All day the subdued murmur of\\npatient local traffic has scarcely drowned the\\ntwittering of English sparrows in the maples.\\nThen comes a Monday morning when the whole\\nscene changes. The world has not been dead,\\nbut only sleeping. Whence this sudden surg-\\ning crowd of rural folk these lowing herds in\\nthe streets Is it some animated pastoral come\\nto town some joyful public anniversary some\\nsurvival in altered guise of the English coun-\\ntry fair of mellower times or a vision of what\\nthe little place will be a century hence, when\\nAmerican life shall be packed and agitated and\\ntense all over the land? What a world of\\nhomogeneous, good-looking, substantial, re-\\nposeful people with honest front and amiable\\nmeaning What bargaining and buying and\\nselling by ever-forming, ever-dissolving groups,\\nwith quiet laughter and familiar talk and end-\\nless interchange of domestic interrogatories\\nYou descend into the street to study the doings\\nand spectacles from a nearer approach, and\\nstop to ask the meaning of it. Ah! it is county\\ncourt day in Kentucky it is the Kentuckians\\nin the market-place.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "II\\nTHEY have been assembling here now for\\nnearly a hundred years. One of the first\\ndemands of the young commonwealth\\nin the woods was that its vigorous, passionate\\nlife should be regulated by the usages of civil\\nlaw. Its monthly county courts, with justices\\nof the peace, were derived from the Virginia\\nsystem of jurisprudence, where they formed the\\naristocratic feature of the government. Vir-\\nginia itself owed these models to England; and\\nthus the influence of the courts and of the de-\\ncent and orderly yeomanry of both lands passed,\\nas was singularly fitting, over into the ideals\\nof justice erected by the pure-blooded colony.\\nAs the town-meeting of Boston town perpet-\\nuated the folkmote of the Anglo-Saxon free\\nstate, and the Dutch village communities on\\nthe shores of the Hudson revived the older\\nones on the banks of the Rhine, so in Ken-\\ntucky, through Virginia, there were transplant-\\ned by the people, themselves of clean stock and\\n90", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nwith strong conservative ancestral traits, the\\ninfluences and elements of English law in rela-\\ntion to the county, the court, and the justice\\nof the peace.\\nThrough all the old time of Kentucky State\\nlife there towers up the figure of the justice of\\nthe peace. Commissioned by the Governor to\\nhold monthly court, he had not always a court-\\nhouse wherein to sit, but must buy land in the\\nmidst of a settlement or town whereon to build\\none, and build also the contiguous necessity of\\ncivilization a jail. In the rude court-room he\\nhad a long platform erected, usually running\\nits whole width on this platform he had a\\nruder wooden bench placed, likewise extend-\\ning all the way across and on this bench, hav-\\ning ridden into town, it may be, in dun-colored\\nleggings, broadcloth pantaloons, a pigeon-tailed\\ncoat, a shingle caped overcoat, and a twelve-\\ndollar high fur hat, he sat gravely and sturdily\\ndown amid his peers looking out upon the\\nbar, ranged along a wooden bench beneath,\\nand prepared to consider the legal needs of his\\nassembled neighbors. Among them all the\\nvery best was he chosen for age, wisdom,\\nmeans, weight and probity of character as a\\nrule, not profoundly versed in the law, perhaps\\nknowing nothing of it being a Revolutionary\\nsoldier, a pioneer, or a farmer but endowed\\n9i", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nwith a sure, robust common-sense and recti-\\ntude of spirit that enabled him to divine what\\nthe law was shaking himself fiercely loose\\nfrom the grip of mere technicalities, and decid-\\ning by the natural justice of the case giving\\ndecisions of equal authority with the highest\\ncourt, an appeal being rarely taken perpet-\\nuating his own authority by appointing his\\nown associates with all his shortcomings and\\nweaknesses a notable, historic figure, high-\\nminded, fearless, and incorruptible, dignified,\\npatient, and strong, and making the county\\ncourt days of Kentucky for wellnigh half a\\ncentury memorable to those who have lived\\nto see justice less economically and less honor-\\nably administered.\\nBut besides the legal character and intent of\\nthe day which was thus its first and dominant\\nfeature, divers things drew the folk together.\\nEven the justice himself may have had quite\\nother than magisterial reasons for coming to\\ntown certainly the people had. They must\\ninterchange opinions about local and national\\npolitics, observe the workings of their own laws,\\npay and contract debts, acquire and transfer\\nproperty, discuss all questions relative to the\\nwelfare of the community holding, in fact, a\\ncounty court day much like one in Virginia\\nin the middle of the seventeenth century.\\n92", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nBUT after business was over, time hung\\nidly on their hands and being vigorous\\nmen, hardened by work in forest and\\nfield, trained in foot and limb to fleetness and\\nendurance, and fired with admiration of phys-\\nical prowess, like riotous school-boys out on a\\nhalf-holiday, they fell to playing. All through\\nthe first quarter of the century, and for a lon-\\nger time, county court day in Kentucky was,\\nat least in many parts of the State, the occa-\\nsion for holding athletic games. The men,\\nyoung or in the sinewy manhood of more than\\nmiddle age, assembled once a month at the\\ncounty-seats to witness and take part in the\\nfeats of muscle and courage. They wrestled,\\nthrew the sledge, heaved the bar, divided and\\nplayed at fives, had foot-races for themselves,\\nand quarter-races for their horses. By-and-by,\\nas these contests became a more prominent\\nfeature of the day, they would pit against each\\nother the champions of different neighbor-", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nhoods. It would become widely known before-\\nhand that next county court day the bully\\nin one end of the county would whip the\\nbully in the other end so when court day\\ncame, and the justices came, and the bullies\\ncame, what was the county to do but come\\nalso The crowd repaired to the common, a\\nring was formed, the little men on the outside\\nwho couldn t see, Zaccheus like, took to the\\nconvenient trees, and there was to be seen a\\nfair and square set-to, in which the fist was the\\nbattering-ram and the biceps a catapult. What\\nbetter, more time -honored proof could those\\nbackwoods Kentuckians have furnished of the\\nhumors in their English blood and of their\\nEnglish pugnacity? But, after all, this was\\nonly play, and play never is perfectly satisfy-\\ning to a man who would rather fight so from\\nplaying they fell to harder work, and through-\\nout this period county court day was the\\nmonthly Monday on which the Kentuckian\\nregularly did his fighting. He availed himself\\nliberally of election day, it is true, and of regi-\\nmental muster in the spring and battalion mus-\\nter in the fall great gala occasions but county\\ncourt day was by all odds the preferred and high-\\nly prized season. It was periodical, and could\\nbe relied upon, being written in the law, noted\\nin the almanac, and registered in the heavens.\\n94", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nA capital day, a most admirable and serene\\nday for fighting. Fights grew like a fresh-\\nwater polype by being broken in two each\\npart produced a progeny. So conventional\\ndid the recreation become that difficulties oc-\\ncurring out in the country between times regu-\\nlarly had their settlements postponed until the\\nbelligerents could convene with the justices.\\nThe men met and fought openly in the streets,\\nthe friends of each standing by to see fair play\\nand whet their appetites.\\nThus the justices sat quietly on the bench\\ninside, and the people fought quietly in the\\nstreets outside, and the day of the month set\\napart for the conservation of the peace became\\nthe approved day for individual war. There\\nis no evidence to be had that either the jus-\\ntices or the constables ever interfered.\\nThese pugilistic encounters had a certain\\nlaw of beauty they were affairs of equal com-\\nbat and of courage. The fight over, animosity\\nwas gone, the feud ended. The men must\\nshake hands, go and drink together, become\\nfriends. We are touching here upon a grave\\nand curious fact of local history. The fighting\\nhabit must be judged by a wholly unique stand-\\nard. It was the direct outcome of racial traits\\npowerfully developed by social conditions.\\n95", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "IV\\nANOTHER noticeable recreation of the day\\nwas the drinking. Indeed, the two pleas-\\nures went marvellously well together.\\nThe drinking led up to the fighting, and the\\nfighting led up to the drinking and this amia-\\nble co-operation might be prolonged at will. The\\nmerchants kept barrels of whiskey in their cel-\\nlars for their customers. Bottles of it sat open-\\nly on the counter, half-way between the pocket\\nof the buyer and the shelf of merchandise.\\nThere were no saloons separate from the tav-\\nerns. At these whiskey was sold and drunk\\nwithout screens or scruples. It was not usu-\\nally bought by the drink, but by the tickler.\\nThe tickler was a bottle of narrow shape, hold-\\ning a half-pint just enough to tickle. On a\\ncounty court day wellnigh a whole town would\\nbe tickled. In some parts of the State tables\\nwere placed out on the sidewalks, and around\\nthese the men sat drinking mint -juleps and\\nplaying draw-poker and old sledge.\\n96", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "MM", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nMeantime the day was not wholly given over\\nto playing and fighting and drinking. More\\nand more it was becoming the great public day\\nof the month, and mirroring the life and spirit\\nof the times on occasion a day of fearful, mo-\\nmentous gravity, as in the midst of war, finan-\\ncial distress, high party feeling more and\\nmore the people gathered together for discus-\\nsion and the origination of measures determin-\\ning the events of their history. Gradually new\\nfeatures incrusted it. The politician, observ-\\ning the crowd, availed himself of it to announce\\nhis own candidacy or to wage a friendly cam-\\npaign, sure, whether popular or unpopular, of\\na courteous hearing for this is a virtue of the\\nKentuckian, to be polite to a public speaker,\\nhowever little liked his cause. In the spring,\\nthere being no fairs, it was the occasion for ex-\\nhibiting the fine stock of the country, which\\nwas led out to some suburban pasture, where\\nthe owners made speeches over it. In the win-\\nter, at the close of the old or the beginning of\\nthe new year, negro slaves were regularly hired\\nout on this day for the ensuing twelvemonth,\\nand sometimes put upon the block before the\\ncourt-house door and sold for life.\\nBut it was not until near the half of the sec-\\nond quarter of the century that an auctioneer\\noriginated stock sales on the open square, and\\ng 97", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nthus gave to the day the characteristic it has\\nsince retained of being the great market-day of\\nthe month. Thenceforth its influence was to\\nbe more widely felt, to be extended into other\\ncounties and even States thenceforth it was\\nto become more distinctively a local institution\\nwithout counterpart.\\nTo describe minutely the scenes of a county\\ncourt day in Kentucky, say at the end of the\\nhalf-century, would be to write a curious page\\nin the history of the times for they were pos-\\nsible only through the unique social conditions\\nthey portrayed. It was near the most prosper-\\nous period of State life under the old regime.\\nThe institution of slavery was about to cul-\\nminate and decline. Agriculture had about as\\nnearly perfected itself as it was ever destined\\nto do under the system of bondage. The war\\ncloud in the sky of the future could be covered\\nwith the hand, or at most with the country gen-\\ntleman s broad-brimmed straw-hat. The whole\\natmosphere of the times was heavy with ease,\\nand the people, living in perpetual contempla-\\ntion of their superabundant natural wealth, bore\\nthe quality of the land in their manners and\\ndispositions.\\nWhen the well-to-do Kentucky farmer got\\nup in the morning, walked out into the porch,\\nstretched himself, and looked at the sun, he", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nknew that he could summon a sleek, kindly ne-\\ngro to execute every wish and whim one to\\nsearch for his misplaced hat, a second to bring\\nhim a dipper of ice-water, a third to black his\\nshoes, a fourth to saddle his horse and hitch it\\nat the stiles, a fifth to cook his breakfast, a sixth\\nto wait on him at the table, a seventh to stand\\non one side and keep off the flies. Breakfast\\nover, he mounted his horse and rode out where\\nthe hands were at work. The chance was\\nhis overseer or negro foreman was there before\\nhim his presence was unnecessary. What a\\ngentleman he was This was called earning\\none s bread by the sweat of his brow. Whose\\nbrow? He yawned. What should he do One\\nthing he knew he would do take a good nap\\nbefore dinner. Perhaps he had better ride over\\nto the blacksmith-shop. However, there was\\nnobody there. It was county court day. The\\nsky was blue, the sun golden, the air delightful,\\nthe road broad and smooth, the gait of his horse\\nthe very poetry of motion. He would go to\\ncounty court himself. There was really noth-\\ning else before him. His wife would want to\\ngo, too, and the children.\\nSo away they go, he on horseback or in the\\nfamily carriage, with black Pompey driving in\\nfront and yellow Caesar riding behind. The\\nturnpike reached, the progress of the family\\n99", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\ncarriage is interrupted or quite stopped, for\\nthere are many other carriages on the road,\\nall going in the same direction. Then pa,\\ngrowing impatient, orders black Pompey to\\ndrive out on one side, whip up the horses, pass\\nthe others, and get ahead, so as to escape from\\nthe clouds of white limestone dust, which set-\\ntles thick on the velvet collar of pa s blue\\ncloth coat and in the delicate pink marabou\\nfeathers of ma s bonnet which Pompey can t\\ndo, for the faster he goes, the faster the oth-\\ners go, making all the more dust so that pa\\ngets red in the face, and jumps up in the seat,\\nand looks ready to fight, and thrusts his head\\nout of the window and knocks off his hat\\nand ma looks nervous, and black Pompey and\\nyellow Cassar both look white with dust and\\nfear.\\nA rural cavalcade indeed Besides the car-\\nriages, buggies, horsemen, and pedestrians,\\nthere are long droves of stock being hurried on\\ntowards the town hundreds of them. By the\\ntime they come together in the town they will\\nbe many thousands. For is not this the great\\nstock-market of the West, and does not the\\nwhole South look from its rich plantations and\\ncities up to Kentucky for bacon and mules\\nBy-and-by our family carriage does at last get\\nto town, and is left out in the streets along with\\nioo", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nmany others to block up the passway according\\nto the custom.\\nThe town is packed. It looks as though by\\nsome vast suction system it had with one exer-\\ncise of force drawn all the country life into it-\\nself. The poor dumb creatures gathered in\\nfrom the peaceful fields, and crowded around\\nthe court-house, send forth, each after its kind,\\na general outcry of horror and despair at the\\ntumult of the scene and the unimaginable mys-\\ntery of their own fate. They overflow into the\\nby-streets, where they take possession of the\\nsidewalks, and debar entrance at private resi-\\ndences. No stock-pens wanted then none want-\\ned now. If a town legislates against these stock\\nsales on the streets and puts up pens on its out-\\nskirts, straightway the stock is taken to some\\nother market, and the town is punished for its\\nairs by a decline in its trade.\\nAs the day draws near noon, the tide of life\\nis at the flood. Mixed in with the tossing horns\\nand nimble heels of the terrified, distressed,\\nhalf-maddened beasts, are the people. Above\\nthe level of these is the discordant choir of\\nshrill-voiced auctioneers on horseback. At the\\ncorners of the streets long-haired and long-\\neared doctors in curious hats lecture to eager\\ngroups on maladies and philanthropic cures.\\nEvery itinerant vender of notion and nostrum", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nin the country-side is there every wandering\\nItalian harper or musician of any kind, be he\\nbut a sightless fiddler, who brings forth with\\npoor unison of voice and string the brief and\\ntoo fickle ballads of the time, Gentle Annie,\\nand Sweet Alice, Ben Bolt. Strangely con-\\ntrasted with everything else in physical type\\nand marks of civilization are the mountaineers,\\nwho have come down to the settlemints\\ndriving herds of their lean, stunted cattle, or\\nbringing, in slow-moving, ox-drawn steam-\\nboat wagons, maple-sugar, and baskets, and\\npoles, and wild mountain fruit faded wagons,\\nfaded beasts, faded clothes, faded faces, faded\\neverything. A general day for buying and\\nselling all over the State. What purchases at\\nthe dry-goods stores and groceries to keep all\\nthose negroes at home fat and comfortable and\\ncomely cottons, and gay cottonades, and gor-\\ngeous turbans, and linseys of prismatic dyes,\\nbags of Rio coffee and barrels of sugar, with\\nmany another pleasant thing All which will\\nnot be taken home in the family carriage, but\\nin the wagon which Scipio Africanus is driving\\nin vScipio, remember for while the New-Eng-\\nlander has been naming his own flesh and blood\\nPeleg and Hezekiah and Abednego, the Ken-\\ntuckian has been giving even his negro slaves\\nmighty and classic names, after his taste and\\n1 02", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nfashion. But very mockingly and satirically\\ndo those victorious titles contrast with the con-\\ndition of those that wear them. A surging pop-\\nulace, an in -town holiday for all rural folk,\\nwholly unlike what may be seen elsewhere in\\nthis country. The politician will be sure of his\\naudience to-day in the court-house yard the\\nseller will be sure of the purchaser the idle\\nman of meeting one still idler friend of seeing\\ndistant friend blushing Phyllis, come in to buy\\nfresh ribbons, of being followed through the\\nthrong by anxious Corydon.\\nAnd what, amid this tumult of life and affairs\\nwhat of the justice of the peace, whose figure\\nonce towered up so finely Alas quite out-\\ngrown, pushed aside, and wellnigh forgotten.\\nThe very name of the day which once so sternly\\ncommemorated the exercise of his authority\\nhas wandered into another meaning. County\\ncourt day no longer brings up in the mind the\\nimage of the central court-house and the judge\\non the bench. It is to be greatly feared his\\nnoble type is dying. The stain of venality has\\nsoiled his homespun ermine, and the trail of the\\noffice-seeker passed over his rough-hewn bench.\\nSo about this time the new constitution of the\\ncommonwealth comes in, to make the auto-\\ncratic ancient justice over into the modern\\nelective magistrate, and with the end of the\\n103", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nhalf-century to close a great chapter of wonder-\\nful county court days.\\nBut what changes in Kentucky since 1850\\nHow has it fared with the day meantime What\\ndevelopment has it undergone What con-\\ntrasts will it show?\\nUndoubtedly, as seen now, the day is not\\nmore interesting by reason of the features it\\nwears than for the sake of comparison with the\\nothers it has lost. A singular testimony to the\\nconservative habits of the Kentuckian, and to\\nthe stability of his local institutions, is to be\\nfound in the fact that it should have come\\nthrough all this period of upheaval and down-\\nfall, of shifting and drifting, and yet remained\\nso much the same. Indeed, it seems in nowise\\nliable to lose its meaning of being the great\\nmarket and general business day as well as the\\ngreat social and general laziness day of the\\nmonth and the State. Perhaps one feature has\\ntaken larger prominence the eager canvassing\\nof voters by local politicians and office-seek-\\ners for weeks, sometimes for months, before-\\nhand. Is it not known that even circuit court\\nwill adjourn on this day so as to give the clerk\\nand the judge, the bar, the witnesses, an oppor-\\ntunity to hear rival candidates address the as-\\nsembled crowd? And yet we shall discover\\ndifferences. These people these groups of\\n104", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\ntwos and threes and hundreds, lounging, sit-\\nting, squatting, taking every imaginable post-\\nure that can secure bodily comfort are they\\nin any vital sense new Kentucldans in the new\\nSouth If you care to understand whether this\\nbe true, and what it may mean if it is true, you\\nshall not find abetter occasion for doing so than\\na contemporary county court day.\\nThe Kentuckian nowadays does not come to\\ncounty court to pick a quarrel or to settle one.\\nHe has no quarrel. His fist has reverted to\\nits natural use and become a hand. Nor does\\nhe go armed. Positively it is true that gentle-\\nmen in this State do not now get satisfaction\\nout of each other in the market-place, and that\\non a modern county court day a three-cornered\\nhat is hardly to be seen. And yet you will go\\non defining a Kentuckian in terms of his grand-\\nfather, unaware that he has changed faster than\\nthe family reputation. The fighting habit and\\nthe shooting habit were both more than satis-\\nfied during the Civil War.\\nAnother old-time feature of the day has dis-\\nappeared the open use of the pioneer bever-\\nage. Merchants do not now set it out for their\\ncustomers in the country no longer is it the\\nlaw of hospitality to offer it to a guest. To do\\nso would commonly be regarded in the light of\\nas great a liberty as to have omitted it once\\n105", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nwould have been considered an offence. The\\ndecanter is no longer found on the sideboard\\nin the home the barrel is not stored in the\\ncellar.\\nSome features of the old Kentucky market-\\nplace have disappeared. The war and the\\nprostration of the South destroyed that as a\\nmarket for certain kinds of stock, the raising\\nand sales of which have in consequence de-\\nclined. Railways have touched the eastern\\nparts of the State, and broken up the distant,\\ntoilsome traffic with the steamboat wagons of\\nthe mountaineers. No longer is the day the\\ngeneral buying day for the circumjacent coun-\\ntry as formerly, when the farmers, having great\\nhouseholds of slaves, sent in their wagons and\\nbought on twelve-months credit, knowing it\\nwould be twenty-four months if they desired.\\nThe doctors, too, have nearly vanished from\\nthe street corners, though on the highway one\\nmay still happen upon the peddler with his\\npack, and in the midst of an eager throng still\\nmay meet the swaying, sightless old fiddler,\\nsinging to ears that never tire gay ditties in a\\ncracked and melancholy tone.\\nThrough all changes one feature has re-\\nmained. It goes back to the most ancient\\ndays of local history. The Kentuckian will\\ncome to county court to swap horses it is\\n106", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nin the blood. In one small town may be seen\\nfifty or a hundred countrymen assembled dur-\\ning the afternoon in a back street to engage in\\nthis delightful recreation. Each rides or leads\\nhis worst, most objectionable beast of these,\\nhowever fair-seeming, none is above suspicion.\\nIt is the potter s field, the lazar-house, the beg-\\ngardom of horse flesh. The stiff and aged\\nbondsman of the glebe and plough looks out\\nof one filmy eye upon the hopeless wreck of\\nthe fleet roadster, and the poor macerated car-\\ncass that in days gone by bore its thankless\\nburden over the glistening turnpikes with the\\nspeed and softness of the wind has not the\\nstrength to return the contemptuous kick\\nwhich is given him by a lungless, tailless\\nrival. Prices range from nothing upward.\\nExchanges are made for a piece of tobacco or\\na watermelon to boot.\\nBut always let us return from back streets\\nand side thoughts to the central court-house\\nsquare and the general assembly of the peo-\\nple. Go among them they are not danger-\\nous. Do not use fine words, at which they will\\nprick up their ears uneasily or delicate senti-\\nments, which will make you less liked or in-\\ndulge in flights of thought, which they despise.\\nRemember, here is the dress and the talk and\\nthe manners of the street, and fashion yourself\\n107", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\naccordingly. Be careful of your speech men\\nin Kentucky are human. If you can honestly\\npraise them, do so. How they will glow and\\nexpand Censure, and you will get the cold\\nshoulder. For to them praise is friendship and\\ncensure enmity. They have wonderful solidar-\\nity. Sympathy will on occasion flow through\\nthem like an electric current, so that they will\\nsoften and melt, or be set on fire. There is a\\nKentucky sentiment, expending itself in com-\\nplacent, mellow love of the land, the people,\\nthe institutions. You speak to them of the\\nhappiness of living in parts of the world where\\nlife has infinite variety, nobler general possi-\\nbilities, greater gains, harder struggles they\\nsay, We are just as happy here. It is ea-\\nsier to make a living in Kentucky than to keep\\nfrom being run over in New York, said a\\nyoung Kentuckian and home he went.\\nIf you attempt to deal with them in the busi-\\nness of the market-place, do not trick or cheat\\nthem. Above all things they hate and despise\\nintrigue and deception. For one single act of\\ndishonor a man will pay with life-long aversion\\nand contempt. The rage it puts them in to\\nbe charged with lying themselves is the exact\\nmeasure of the excitement with which they re-\\ngard the lie in others. This is one of their\\nidols an idol of the market-place in the true\\n1 08", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "GENTLEMEN OK LEISURE", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nmeaning of the Baconian philosophy. The new\\nKentuckian lias not lost an old-time trait of\\ncharacter so high and delicate a sense of per-\\nsonal lienor that to be told he lies is the same\\nas saying he has ceased to be a gentleman.\\nAlong with good faith and fair dealing goes\\nliberality. Not prodigality they have changed\\nall that. The fresh system of things has pro-\\nduced no more decided result than a different\\nregard for material interests. You shall not\\nagain charge the Kentuckians with lacking\\neither the telescopic appreciation of distant\\ngain, or tin; microscopic appreciation of pres-\\nent ^ain. The influence of money is active,\\nand the illusion of wealth become a reality.\\nProfits are now more likely to pass into accu-\\nmulation and structure. There is moredisons-\\nsion of costs and value:;. Small economies are\\nmore dwelt upon in thought and conversation.\\nActually you shall find the people higgling with\\nthe dealer over prices. And yet how signifi-\\ncant a fact is it in their life that the merchant\\ndoes not, as a rule, ^ive exact change over the\\ncounter At least the cent has not yet been\\nput under the microscope.\\nPerhaps you will not accept it as an evidence\\nof progress that so many men will leave their\\nbusiness all over the country for an idle day\\nonce a month in town nay, oftener than once\\n[09", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\na month for many who are at county court in\\nthis place to-day will attend it in another coun-\\nty next Monday. But do not be deceived by\\nthe lazy appearance of the streets. There arc\\nfewer idlers than of old. You may think this\\nquiet group of men who have taken possession\\nof a buggy or a curb-stone are out upon a cost-\\nly holiday. Draw near, and it is discovered that\\nthere is fresh, eager, intelligent talk of the new-\\nest agricultural implements and of scientific\\nfarming. In fact, the clay is to the assembled\\nfarmers the seed-time of ideas, to be scattered\\nin ready soil an informal, unconscious meet-\\ning of grangers.\\nThere seems to be a striking equality of sta-\\ntions and conditions. Having travelled through\\nmany towns, and seen these gatherings togeth-\\ner of all classes, you will be pleased with the\\nfair, attractive, average prosperity, and note\\nthe almost entire absence of paupers and beg-\\ngars. Somehow misfortune and ill-fortune and\\nold age save themselves here from the last hard\\nnecessity of asking alms on the highway. But\\nthe appearance of the people will easily lead you\\nto a wrong inference as to social equality. They\\nare much less democratic than they seem, and\\ntheir dress and speech and manners in the\\nmarket-place are not their best equipment.\\nYon shall meet with these in their homes. In", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\ntheir homes, too, social distinctions begin and\\nare enforced, and men Avho find in the open\\nsquare a common footing never associate else-\\nwhere. But even among the best of the new\\nKentuckians will you hardly observe fidelity to\\nthe old social ideals, which adjudged that the\\nvery flower of birth and training must bloom\\nin the bearing and deportment. With the\\ncrumbling and downfall of the old system fell\\nalso the structure of fine manners, which were\\nat once its product and adornment.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "VI\\nANEW figure has made its appearance in\\nthe Kentucky market-place, having set\\nits face resolutely towards the immemo-\\nrial court-house and this periodic gathering to-\\ngether of freemen. Beyond comparison the\\nmost significant new figure that has made its\\nway thither and cast its shadow on the people\\nand the ground. Writ all over with problems\\nthat not the wisest can read. Stalking out of\\nan awful past into what uncertain future\\nClothed in hanging rags, it may be, or a garb\\nthat is a mosaic of strenuous patches. Ah\\nPompey, or Caesar, or Cicero, of the days of\\nslavery, where be thy family carriage, thy mas-\\nter and mistress, now\\nHe comes into the county court, this old Af-\\nrican, because he is a colored Kentuckian and\\nmust honor the stable customs of the country.\\nHe does little buying or selling he is not a\\npolitician he has no debt to collect, and no\\nlegal business. Still, example is powerful and", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\nthe negro imitative, so here he is at county\\ncourt. It is one instance of the influence ex-\\nerted over him by the institutions of the Ken-\\ntuckian, so that he has a passion for fine stock,\\nmust build amphitheatres and hold fairs and\\nattend races. Naturally, therefore, county court\\nhas become a great social day with his race.\\nThey stop work and come in from the country,\\nor from the outskirts of the town, where they\\nhave congregated in little frame houses, and\\nexhibit a quasi-activity in whatever of business\\nand pleasure is going forward. In no other\\nposition of life does he exhibit his character\\nand his condition more strikingly than here.\\nAlways comical, always tragical, light-hearted,\\nsociable his shackles stricken off, but wearing\\nthose of his own indolence, ignorance, and help-\\nlessness the wandering Socrates of the streets,\\nalways dropping little shreds of observation on\\nhuman affairs and bits of philosophy on human\\nlife; his memory working with last Sunday s\\nsermon, and his hope with to-morrow s bread\\ncitizen, with so much freedom and so little lib-\\nerty the negro forms one of the conspicuous\\nfeatures of a county court day at the present\\ntime.\\nA wonderful, wonderful day this is that does\\nthus always keep pace with civilization in the\\nState, drawing all elements to itself, and por-\\nh 113", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "County Court Day in Kentucky\\ntraying them to the interpreting eye. So that\\nto paint the scenes of the county court days in\\nthe past is almost to write the history of the\\ncontemporary periods and to do as much with\\none of the present hour is to depict the oldest\\ninfluences that has survived and the newest\\nthat has been born in this local environment.\\nTo the future student of governmental and\\ninstitutional history in this country, a study\\nalways interesting, always important, and al-\\nways unique, will be county court day in Ken-\\ntucky.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "KENTUCKY FAIRS", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "I\\nTHE nineteenth century opened gravely\\nfor the Kentuckians. Little akin as was\\nthe spirit of the people to that of the\\nPuritans, life among them had been almost as\\ngranitic in its hardness and ruggedness and\\ndesolate unrelief. The only thing in the log-\\ncabin that had sung from morning till night\\nwas the spinning-wheel. Not much behind\\nthose women but danger, anxiety, vigils, devas-\\ntation, mournful tragedies scarce one of them\\nbut might fitly have gone to her loom and\\nwoven herself a garment of sorrow. Not much\\nbehind those men but felling of trees, clearing\\nof land, raising of houses, opening of roads, dis-\\ntressing problems of State, desolating wars of\\nthe republic. Most could remember the time\\nwhen it was so common for a man to be killed,\\nthat to lie down and die a natural death seem-\\ned unnatural. Many must have had in their\\nfaces the sadness that was in the face of Lin-\\ncoln.\\n117", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nNevertheless, from the first, there had stood\\nout among the Kentuckians broad exhibitions\\nof exuberant animal vigor, of unbridled animal\\nspirits. Some singularly and faithfully enough\\nin the ancestral vein of English sports and re-\\nlaxations dog-fighting and cock-fighting, rifle\\ntarget-shooting, wrestling matches, foot-racing\\nfor the men, and quarter-racing for the horses.\\nWithout any thought of making spectacles or\\nof becoming themselves a spectacle in history,\\nthey were always ready to form an impromptu\\narena and institute athletic games. They had\\neven their gladiators. Other rude pleasures\\nwere more characteristic of their environment\\nthe log-rolling and the quilting, the social\\nfrolic of the harvesting, the merry parties of\\nflax-pullers, and the corn-husking at nightfall,\\nwhen the men divided into sides, and the green\\nglass whiskey-bottle, stopped with a corn-cob,\\nwas filled and refilled and passed from mouth\\nto mouth, until out of those lusty throats rose\\nand swelled a rhythmic choral song that could\\nbe heard in the deep woods a mile or more away\\nat midnight those who were sober took home\\nthose who were drunk. But of course none of\\nthese were organized amusements. They are\\nnot instances of taking pleasures sadly, but of\\nattempts to do much hard, rough work with\\ngladness. Other occasions, also, which have\\n118", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nthe semblance of popular joys, and which cer-\\ntainly were not passed over without merriment\\nand turbulent, disorderly fun, were really set\\napart for the gravest of civic and political rea-\\nsons militia musters, stump-speakings, county\\ncourt day assemblages, and the yearly July cele-\\nbrations. Still other pleasures were of an eco-\\nnomic or utilitarian nature. Thus the novel\\nand exciting contests by parties of men at squir-\\nrel-shooting looked to the taking of that de-\\nstructive animal s scalp, to say nothing of the\\nskin the hunting of beehives in the woods had\\nsome regard to the scarcity of sugar and the\\nnut gatherings and wild-grape gatherings by\\nyounger folks in the gorgeous autumnal days\\nwere partly in memory of a scant, unvaried\\nlarder, which might profitably draw upon nat-\\nure s rich and salutary hoard. Perhaps the\\ndearest pleasures among them were those that\\nlay closest to their dangers. They loved the\\npursuit of marauding parties, the solitary chase\\nwere always ready to throw away axe and mat-\\ntock for rifle and knife. Among pleasures, cer-\\ntainly, should be mentioned the weddings. For\\nplain reasons these were commonly held in the\\ndaytime. Men often rode to them armed, and\\nbefore leaving too often made them scenes of\\ncarousal and unchastened jocularities. After\\nthe wedding came the infare, with the going\\n119", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nfrom the home of the bride to the home of the\\ngroom. Above everything else that seems to\\nstrike the chord of common happiness in the\\nsociety of the time, stands out to the imagi-\\nnation the picture of one of these processions\\na long bridal cavalcade winding slowly along a\\nnarrow road through the silent, primeval forest,\\nnow in sunlight, now in the shadow of mighty\\ntrees meeting over the way at the head the\\nyoung lovers, so rudely mounted, so simply\\ndressed, and, following in their happy wake, as\\nthough they were the augury of a peaceful era\\nsoon to come, a straggling, broken line of the\\nmen and women who had prepared for that\\nera, but should never live to see its appear-\\ning.\\nSuch scenes as these give a touch of bright,\\ngay color to the dull homespun texture of the\\nsocial fabric of the times. Indeed, when all\\nthe pleasures have been enumerated, they\\nseem a good many. But the effect of such\\nan enumeration is misleading. Life remained\\ntense, sad, barren character moulded itself\\non a model of Spartan simplicity and hardi-\\nhood, without the Spartan treachery and cun-\\nning.\\nBut from the opening of the nineteenth cen-\\ntury things grew easier. The people, rescued\\nfrom the necessity of trying to be safe, began to", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nindulge the luxury of wishing to be happy.\\nLife ceased to be a warfare, and became\\nan industry the hand left off defending,\\nand commenced acquiring the moulding\\nof bullets was succeeded by the coining of\\ndollars.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "II\\nIT is against the background of such a strenu-\\nous past that we find the Kentucky fair\\nfirst projected by the practical and pro-\\ngressive spirit that ruled among the Kentuck-\\nians in the year 1816. Nothing could have\\nbeen conceived with soberer purpose, or worn\\nless the aspect of a great popular pleasure.\\nPicture the scene A distinguished soldier\\nand honored gentleman, with a taste for agri-\\nculture and fine cattle, has announced that on\\na certain day in July he will hold on his farm a\\nGrand Cattle Show and Fair, free for every-\\nbody. The place is near Lexington, which\\nwas then the centre of commerce and seat of\\nlearning in the West. The meagre newspapers\\nof the time have carried the tidings to every\\ntavern and country cross-roads. It is a novel\\nundertaking the like has never been known\\nthis side of the Alleghanies. The summer\\nmorning come, you may see a very remarkable\\ncompany of gentlemen old pioneers, Revolu-", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\ntionary soldiers, volunteers of the War of 1812,\\nwalking in picturesque twos and threes out of\\nthe little town to the green woods where the\\nfair is to be held others jogging thitherward\\nalong the by-paths and newly opened roads\\nthrough the forest, clad in homespun from heel\\nto head, and mindful of the cold lunches and\\nwhiskey-bottles in their coat-pockets or saddle-\\nbags some, perhaps, drawn thither in wagons\\nand aristocratic gigs. Once arrived, all step-\\nping around loftily on the velvet grass, peering\\ncuriously into each other s eyes, and offering\\ntheir snuffboxes for a sneeze of convivial aston-\\nishment that they could venture to meet under\\nthe clear sky for such an undertaking. The\\nfive judges of the fair, coming from as many\\ndifferent counties, the greatest personages of\\ntheir day one, a brilliant judge of the Federal\\nCourt the second, one of the earliest settlers,\\nwith a sword hanging up at home to show how\\nVirginia appreciated his services in the Revo-\\nlution the third, a soldier and blameless gen-\\ntleman of the old school the fourth, one of the\\nfew early Kentuckians who brought into the\\nnew society the noble style of country-place,\\nwith park and deer, that would have done credit\\nto an English lord and the fifth, in no respect\\ninferior to the others. These perform the\\nduties assigned them with assiduity, and hand\\n123", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nover to their neighbors as many as fifteen or\\ntwenty premium silver cups, costing twelve\\ndollars apiece. After which the assemblage\\nvariously disperses part through the woods\\nagain, while part return to town.\\nSuch, then, was the first Kentucky fair. It\\nwas a transplantation to Kentucky, not of the\\nEnglish or European fair, but of the English\\ncattle show. It resembled the fair only in\\nbeing a place for buying and selling. And it\\nwas not thought of in the light of a merry-\\nmaking or great popular amusement. It seems\\nnot even to have taken account of manufact-\\nures then so important an industry or of\\nagriculture.\\nLike the first was the second fair held in the\\nsame place the year following. Of this, little\\nis and little need be known, save that then was\\nformed the first State Agricultural Society of\\nKentucky, which also was the first in the West,\\nand the second in the United States. This so-\\nciety held two or three annual meetings, and\\nthen went to pieces, but not before laying\\ndown the broad lines on which the fair con-\\ntinued to be held for the next quarter of a\\ncentury. That is, the fair began as a cattle-\\nshow, though stock of other kinds was ex-\\nhibited. Then it was extended to embrace\\nagriculture and with branches of good hus-\\n124", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nbandry it embraced as well those of good\\nhousewifery. Thus at the early fairs one finds\\nthe farmers contesting for premiums with\\ntheir wheats and their whiskeys, while their\\nskilful helpmates displayed the products the\\nnever -surpassed products of their looms\\nlinens, cassinettes, jeans, and carpetings.\\nWith this brief outline we may pass over the\\nnext twenty years. The current of State life\\nduring this interval ran turbulent and stormy.\\nNow politics, now finance, imbittered and dis-\\ntressed the people. Time and again, here and\\nthere, small societies revived the fair, but all\\nefforts to expand it were unavailing. And yet\\nthis period must be distinguished as the one\\nduring which the necessity of the fair became\\nwidely recognized for it taught the Kentuck-\\nians that their chief interest lay in the soil,\\nand that physical nature imposed upon them\\nthe agricultural type of life. Grass was to be\\ntheir portion and their destiny. It taught\\nthem the insulation of their habitat, and the\\nneed of looking within their own society for\\nthe germs and laws of their development. As\\nsoon as the people came to sec that they were\\nto be a race of farmers, it is important to note\\ntheir concern that, as such, they should be\\nhedged with respectability. They took high\\nground about it they would not cease to be\\n125", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\ngentlemen they would have their class well re-\\nputed for fat pastures and comfortable homes,\\nbut honored as well for manners and liberal in-\\ntelligence. And to this end they had recourse\\nto an agricultural literature. Thus, when the\\nfair began to revive, with happier auspices,\\nnear the close of the period under consider-\\nation, they signalized it for nearly the quarter\\nof a century afterwards by instituting literary\\ncontests. Prizes and medals were offered for\\ndiscoveries and inventions which should be of\\ninterest to the Kentucky agriculturist and\\nhundreds of dollars were appropriated for the\\nvictors and the second victors in the writing\\nof essays which should help the farmer to be-\\ncome a scientist and not to forget to remain a\\ngentleman. In addition, they sometimes sat\\nfor hours in the open air while some eminent\\ncitizen the Governor, if possible delivered\\nan address to commemorate the opening of\\nthe fair, and to review the progress of agri-\\ncultural life in the commonwealth. But there\\nwere many anti-literarians among them, who\\nconceived a sort of organized hostility to what\\nthey aspersed as book farming, and on that\\naccount withheld their cordial support.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nIT was not until about the year 1840 that the\\nfair began to touch the heart of the whole\\npeople. Before this time there had been\\nno amphitheatre, no music, no booths, no side-\\nshows, no ladies. A fair without ladies How\\ncould the people love it, or ever come to look\\nupon it as their greatest annual occasion for\\nlove-making\\nAn interesting commentary on the social\\ndecorum of this period is furnished in the fact\\nthat for some twenty years after the institu-\\ntion of the fair no woman put her foot upon\\nthe ground. She was thought a bold woman,\\ndoing a bold deed, who one day took a friend\\nand, under the escort of gentlemen, drove in\\nher own carriage to witness the showing of her\\nown fat cattle for she was herself one of the\\nmost practical and successful of Kentucky\\nfarmers. But where one of the sex has been,\\nmay not all the sex may not all the world\\nsafely follow From the date of this event,\\n127", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nand the appearance of women on the grounds,\\nthe tide of popular favor set in steadily tow-\\nards the fair.\\nFor, as an immediate consequence, seats\\nmust be provided. Here one happens upon a\\ncurious bit of local history the evolution of\\nthe amphitheatre among the Kentuckians. At\\nthe earliest fairs the first form of the amphi-\\ntheatre had been a rope stretched from tree to\\ntree, while the spectators stood around on the\\noutside, or sat on the grass or in their vehicles.\\nThe immediate result of the necessity for pro-\\nviding comfortable seats for the now increasing\\ncrowd, was to select as a place for holding the\\nfair such a site as the ancient Greeks might\\nhave chosen for building a theatre. Sometimes\\nthis was the head of a deep ravine, around the\\nsides of which seats were constructed, while the\\nbottom below served as the arena for the ex-\\nhibition of the stock, which was led in and out\\nthrough the mouth of the hollow. At other\\ntimes advantage was taken of a natural sink\\nand semicircular hill side. The slope was\\nsodded and terraced with rows of seats, and\\nthe spectators looked down upon the circular\\nbasin at the bottom. But clearly enough the\\nsun played havoc with the complexions of the\\nladies, and a sudden drenching shower was still\\none of the uncomfortable dispensations of Prov-\\n128", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nidence. Therefore a roofed wooden structure\\nof temporary seats made its appearance, de-\\nsigned after the fashion of those used by the\\ntravelling show, and finally out of this form\\ncame the closed circular amphitheatre, mod-\\nelled on the plan of the Colosseum. Thus first\\namong the Kentuckians, if I mistake not, one\\nsaw the English cattle-show, which meantime\\nwas gathering about itself many characteristics\\nof the English fair, wedded strangely enough\\nto the temple of a Roman holiday. By-and-by\\nwe shall see this form of amphitheatre torn\\ndown and supplanted by another, which recalls\\nthe ancient circle or race-course a modifica-\\ntion corresponding with a change in the char-\\nacter of the later fair.\\nThe most desirable spot for building the old\\ncircular amphitheatre was some beautiful tract\\nof level ground containing from five to twenty\\nacres, and situated near a flourishing town and\\nits ramifying turnpikes. This track must be\\nenclosed by a high wooden paling, with here\\nand there entrance gates for stock and pedes-\\ntrians and vehicles, guarded by gate-keepers.\\nAnd within this enclosure appeared in quick\\nsuccession all the varied accessories that went\\nto make up a typical Kentucky fair near the\\nclose of the old social regime that is, before\\nthe outbreak of the Civil War.\\ni 129", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nHere were found the hundreds of neat stalls\\nfor the different kinds of stock the gay booths\\nunder the colonnade of the amphitheatre for\\nrefreshments the spacious cottages for wom-\\nen and invalids and children the platforms of\\nthe quack doctors the floral hall and the\\npagoda like structure for the musicians and\\nthe judges the tables and seats for private din-\\ning the high swings and the turnabouts the\\ntests of the strength of limb and lung the\\ngaudy awnings for the lemonade venders the\\nhuge brown hogsheads for iced water, with\\nbright tin cups dangling from the rim the\\ncircus and, finally, all those tented spectacles\\nof the marvellous, the mysterious, and the\\nmonstrous which were to draw popular atten-\\ntion to the Kentucky fair, as they had- been\\nthe particular delight of the fair-going thou-\\nsands in England hundreds of years before.\\nFor you will remember that the Kentucky\\nfair has ceased by this time to be a cattle-\\nshow. It has ceased to be simply a place for\\nthe annual competitive exhibition of stock\\nof all kinds, which, by-the-way, is beginning to\\nmake the country famous. It has ceased to be\\neven the harvest-home of the Blue-grass Re-\\ngion, the mild autumnal saturnalia of its rural\\npopulation. Whatever the people can discover\\nor invent is indeed here or whatever they\\n130", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nown, or can produce from the bountiful earth,\\nor take from orchard or flower-garden, or make\\nin dairy, kitchen, or loom-room. But the fair\\nis more than all this now. It has become the\\ngreat yearly pleasure-ground of the people as-\\nsembled for a week s festivities. It is what the\\nEuropean fair of old was the season of the\\nhappiest and most general intercourse between\\ncountry and- town. Here the characteristic\\nvirtues and vices of the local civilization will\\nbe found in open flower side by side, and types\\nand manners painted to the eye in vividest\\ncolorings.\\nCrowded picture of a time gone by Bright\\nglancing pageantry of life, moving on with\\nfeasting and music and love making to the\\nvery edge of the awful precipice, over which\\nits social system and its richly nurtured ideals\\nwill be dashed to pieces below why not pause\\nan instant over its innocent mirth and quick,\\nawful tragedies", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "IV\\nTHE fair has been in progress several days,\\nand this will be the greatest day of all\\nnothing shown from morning till night\\nbut horses horses in harness, horses under the\\nsaddle. Ah but that will be worth seeing\\nLate in the afternoon the little boys will ride\\nfor premiums on their ponies, and, what is not\\nso pretty, but far more exciting, young men\\nwill contest the prize of horsemanship. And\\nthen such racking and pacing and loping and\\nwalking such racing round and round and\\nround to see who can go fastest, and be grace-\\nfulest, and turn quickest Such pirouetting\\nand curveting and prancing and cavorting and\\nriding with arms folded across the breast while\\nthe reins lie on the horse s neck, and suddenly\\nbowing over to the horse s mane, as some queen\\nof beauty high up in the amphitheatre, trans-\\nported by the excitement of the thousands of\\nspectators and the closeness of the contest,\\nthrows her flowers and handkerchief down\\n132", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\ninto the arena Ah, yes this will be the\\ngreat day at the fair at the modern tourney\\nSo the tide of the people is at the flood. For\\ndays they have been pouring into the town.\\nThe hotels are overflowing with strangers the\\nopen houses of the citizens are full of guests.\\nStrolling companies of players will crack the\\ndusty boards to-night with the tread of buskin\\nand cothurnus. The easy-going tradespeople\\nhave trimmed their shops, and imported from\\nthe North their richest merchandise.\\nFrom an early hour of the morning, along\\nevery road that leads from country or town to\\nthe amphitheatre, pour the hurrying throng of\\npeople, eager to get good seats for the day\\nfor there will be thousands not seated at all.\\nStreaming out, on the side of the town, are pe-\\ndestrians, hacks, omnibuses, the negro drivers\\nshouting, racing, cracking their whips, and\\nsometimes running into the way -side stands\\nwhere old negro women are selling apples and\\ngingerbread. Streaming in, on the side of the\\ncountry, are pedestrians, heated, their coats\\nthrown over the shoulder or the arm buggies\\ncontaining often a pair of lovers who do not\\nkeep their secret discreetly family carriages\\nwith children made conspicuously tidy and\\nmothers aglow with the recent labors of the\\nkitchen comfortable evidences of which are\\ni33", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nthe huge baskets or hampers that are piled up\\nin front or strapped on behind. Nay, some-\\ntimes may be seen whole wagon-loads of pro-\\nvisions moving slowly in, guarded by portly\\nnegresses, whose eyes shine like black diamonds\\nthrough the setting of their white-dusted eye-\\nlashes.\\nWithin the grounds, how rapidly the crowd\\nswells and surges hither and thither, tasting\\nthe pleasures of the place before going to the\\namphitheatre to the stalls, to the booths, to\\nthe swings, to the cottage, to the floral hall, to\\nthe living curiosities, to the swinish pundits,\\nwho have learned their lessons in numbers\\nand cards. Is not that the same pig that was\\nshown at Bartholomew s four centuries ago\\nMixed in with the Kentuckians are people of a\\ndifferent build and complexion. For Kentucky\\nnow is one of the great summering States for\\nthe extreme Southerners, who come up with\\ntheir families to its watering-places. Others\\nwho are scattered over the North return in the\\nautumn by way of Kentucky, remaining till\\nthe fair and the fall of the first frost. Nay, is\\nnot the State the place for the reunion of fam-\\nilies that have Southern members? Back to\\nthe old home from the rice and sugar and cot-\\nton plantations of the swamps and the bayous\\ncome young Kentucky wives with Southern\\ni34", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nhusbands, young Kentucky husbands with\\nSouthern wives. All these are at the fair\\nthe Lexington fair. Here, too, are strangers\\nfrom wellnigh every Northern State. And, I\\nbeg you, do not overlook the negroes a solid\\nacre of them. They play unconsciously a great\\npart in. the essential history of this scene and\\nfestival. Briskly grooming the stock in the\\nstalls strolling around with carriage whips in\\ntheir hands running on distant errands\\nshowering a tumult of blows upon the newly\\narrived boss with their nimble, ubiquitous\\nbrush-brooms everywhere, everywhere, happy,\\nwell-dressed, sleek the fateful background of\\nall this stage of social history.\\nBut the amphitheatre Through the mild,\\nchastened, soft-toned atmosphere of the early\\nSeptember day the sunlight falls from the un-\\nclouded sky upon the seated thousands. Ah,\\nthe women in all their silken and satin bravery\\ndelicate blue and pink and canary colored\\npetticoats, with muslin over-dresses, black lace\\nand white lace mantles, white kid gloves, and\\nboots to match the color of their petticoats.\\nOne stands up to allow a lemonade-seller to\\npass she wears a hoop-skirt twelve feet in\\ncircumference. Here and there costumes\\nsuitable for a ball arms and shoulders glisten-\\ning like marble in the sunlight gold chains\\ni35", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\naround the delicate arching necks. Oh, the\\njewels, the flowers, the fans, the parasols, the\\nribbons, the soft eyes and smiles, the love and\\nhappiness And some of the complexions\\npaint on the cheeks, powder on the neck, stick-\\npomatum plastering the beautiful hair down\\nover the temples. No matter it is the fashion.\\nRub it in Rub it in well up to the very-\\nroots of the hair and eyebrows Now, how\\nperfect you are, madam You are the great\\nKentucky show of life-size wax-works.\\nIn another part of the amphitheatre noth-\\ning but men, red-faced, excited, standing up\\non the seats, shouting, applauding, as the ri-\\nval horses rush round the ring before them.\\nIt is not difficult to know who these are. The\\nmoney streams through their fingers. Did\\nyou hear the crack of that pistol How the\\ncrowd swarms angrily. Stand back A man\\nhas been shot. He insulted a gentleman. He\\ncalled him a liar. Be careful. There are a\\ngreat many pistols on the fair grounds.\\nIn all the United States where else is there\\nto be seen any such holiday assemblage of\\npeople any such expression of the national\\nlife impressed with local peculiarities? Where\\nelse is there to be seen anything that, while it\\nfalls far behind, approaches so near the spirit\\nof uproarious merriment, of reckless fun, which\\n136", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nused to intoxicate and madden the English\\npopulace when given over to the sports of a\\nruder age\\nThese are the descendants of the sad pio-\\nneers of those early cavalcades which we\\nglanced at in the primeval forests a few min-\\nutes ago. These have subdued the land, and\\nare reclining on its tranquil autumn fulness.\\nTime enough to play now more time than\\nthere ever was before more than there will\\never be again. They have established their\\ngreat fair here on the very spot where their\\nforefathers were massacred or put to torture.\\nSo, at old Smithfield, the tumblers, the jesters,\\nthe buffoons, and the dancers shouldered each\\nother in joyful riot over the ashes of the earlier\\nheroes and martyrs.\\nIt is past high noon, and the thousands\\nbreak away from the amphitheatre and move\\ntowards a soft green woodland in another part\\nof the grounds, shaded by forest trees. Here\\nare the private dinner tables hundreds of\\nthem, covered with snowy linen, glittering\\nwith glass and silver. You have heard of\\nKentucky hospitality here you will see one\\nof the peaceful battle-fields where reputation\\nfor that virtue is fought for and won. Is there\\na stranger among these thousands that has\\nnot been hunted up and provided for And\\ni37", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nsuch dinners Old Pepys should be here\\nimmortal eater so that he could go home and\\nset down in his diary, along with other gastro-\\nnomic adventures, garrulous notes of what he\\nsaw eaten and ate himself at the Kentucky\\nfair. You will never see the Kentuckians\\nmaking a better show than at this moment.\\nWhat courtesy, what good-will, what warm and\\ngracious manners Tie a blue ribbon on them.\\nIn a competitive exhibition of this kind the\\npremium will stay at home.\\nBut make the most of it\u00e2\u0080\u0094 make the most of\\nthis harmony. For did you see that? A\\nfather and a son met each other, turned their\\nheads quickly and angrily away, and passed\\nwithout speaking.\\nLook how these two men shake hands with\\ntoo much cordiality, and search each other s\\neyes. There is a man from the North stand-\\ning apart and watching with astonishment\\nthese alert, happy, efficient negroes perhaps\\nfollowing with his thoughtful gaze one of Mrs.\\nStowe s Uncle Toms. A Southerner has drawn\\nthat Kentucky farmer beside a tree, and is\\ntrying to buy one of these servants for his\\nplantation. Yes, yes, make the most of it\\nThe war is coming. It is in men s hearts, and\\nin their eyes and consciences. By-and-by this\\nbright, gay pageant will pass so entirely away\\n138", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nthat even the thought of it will come back to\\none like the unsubstantial revelry oi a dream.\\nBy and by there will be anothei throng filling\\nthese ound i not in pink and white and\\ncanary, but in blue, solid blue blue o\\nshowing sad and old above th All\\nround the amphitheatre tents will be spread\\nnot covei ing, as now, the hideous and the mon\\n.i,i ous, but the sleeping foi ms oi young men,\\nathletic, sinewy, beautiful. This, too, shall\\nvanish. And some day, when the fierce sum\\njn -.r sun is killing the little gray leaves and\\nblades oi gi as in through the te des i ted\\ngal es will pass a long e line of\\nbrown, I \\\\o\\\\ hing in the floral hall now but\\ncots, around which are nurses and weeping\\nwomen. Lying there, some poor young fellow,\\nwith the death dew on his forehead, will open\\nhis shadowy eyes and remember this Hay of\\nthe fair, where he walked among the flo\\nand made love.\\nBut it is late in the afternoon, and the peo-\\nple are beginning to disperse by turnpike and\\nlane to their homes in the country, or to\\nhasten back into town for the festivities oi\\nthe night; for to-night the spirit of the fair\\nwill be continued in other amphitheatres. To\\nnight comedy and tragedy will tread the vil-\\nlage boards; but hand in hand also they will\\n39", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nflaunt their colors through the streets, and\\nhaunt the midnight alleys. In all the year no\\ntime like fair-time parties at private houses\\nhops, balls at the hotels. You shall sip the\\nfoam from the very crest of the wave of revelry\\nand carousal. Darkness be over it till the east\\nreddens Let Bacchus be unconfined", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "THE fair languished during the war, but\\nthe people were not slow to revive it\\nupon the return of peace. Peace, how-\\never, could never bring back the fair of the\\npast it was gone forever\u00e2\u0080\u0094 gone with the stage\\nand phase of the social evolution of which it\\nwas the unique and memorable expression.\\nFor there was no phase of social evolution in\\nKentucky but felt profoundly that era of up-\\nheaval, drift, and readjustment. Start where\\nwe will, or end where we may, we shall always\\ncome sooner or later to the war as a great rent\\nand chasm, with its hither side and its farther\\nside and its deep abyss between, down into\\nwhich old things were dashed to death, and out\\nof which new things were born into the better\\nlife.\\nTherefore, as we study the Kentucky fair of\\nto-day, more than a quarter of a century later,\\nwe must expect to find it much changed.\\nWithal it has many local variations. As it is\\n141", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nheld here and there in retired counties or by\\nlittle neighborhoods it has characteristics of\\nrural picturesqueness that suggest the manners\\nof the era passed away. But the typical Ken-\\ntucky fair, the fair that represents the leading\\ninterests and advanced ideas of the day, bears\\ntestimony enough to the altered life of the\\npeople.\\nThe old circular amphitheatre has been torn\\ndown, and replaced with a straight or a slightly\\ncurved bank of seats. Thus we see the arena\\nturned into the race-course, the idea of the\\nColosseum giving way to the idea of the Circus\\nMaximus. In front of the bank of seats stretch\\na small track for the exhibition of different\\nkinds of stock, and a large track for the races.\\nThis abandonment of the old form of amphi-\\ntheatre is thus a significant concession to the\\ntrotting-horse, and a sign that its speed has\\nbecome the great pleasure of the fair.\\nAs a picture, also, the fair of to-day lacks the\\nTyrolean brightness of its predecessors and\\nas a social event it seems like a pensive tale\\nof by -gone merriment. Society no longer\\nlooks upon it as the occasion of displaying\\nits wealth, its toilets, its courtesies, its hospi-\\ntalities. No such gay and splendid dresses\\nnow no such hundreds of dinner-tables on the\\nshaded greensward. It would be too much to\\n142", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nsay that the disappearance of the latter be-\\ntokens the loss of that virtue which the gra-\\ncious usages of a former time made a byword.\\nThe explanation lies elsewhere. Under the old\\nsocial regime a common appurtenance to every\\nwell-established household was a trained force\\nof negro servants. It was the services of these\\nthat made the exercise of generous public en-\\ntertainment possible to the Kentucky house-\\nwife. Moreover, the lavish ideals of the time\\nthrew upon economy the reproach of mean-\\nness and, as has been noted, the fair was then\\nthe universally recognized time for the dis-\\nplay of munificent competitive hospitalities. In\\ntruth, it was the sharpness of the competition\\nthat brought in at last the general disuse of the\\ncustom for the dinners grew more and more\\nsumptuous, the labor of preparing them more\\nand more severe, and the expense of paying\\nfor them more and more burdensome. So to-\\nday the Kentuckians remain a hospitable peo-\\nple, but you must not look to find the noblest\\nexercise of their hospitality at the fair. A few\\ndinners you will see, but modest luncheons are\\nnot despicable, and the whole tendency of\\nthings is towards the understanding that an\\nappetite is an affair of the private conscience.\\nAnd this brings to light some striking differ-\\nences between the old and the new Kentuck-\\ni43", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nians. Along with the circular amphitheatre,\\nthe dresses, and the dinners, have gone the\\nmiscellaneous amusements of which the fair\\nwas erewhile the mongrel scene and centre.\\nThe ideal fair of to-day frowns upon the side-\\nshow, and discards every floating accessory.\\nIt would be self-sufficient. It would say to\\nthe thousands of people who still attend it as\\nthe greatest of all their organized pleasures,\\nFind your excitement, your relaxation, your\\nhappiness, in a shed for machinery, a floral\\nhall, and the fine stock. But of these the\\ngreatest attraction is the last, and of all kinds\\nof stock the one most honored is the horse.\\nHere, then, we come upon a noteworthy fact\\nthe Kentucky fair, which began as a cattle-show,\\nseems likely to end with being a horse-show.\\nIf anything is lacking to complete the con-\\ntrast between the fair in the fulness of its\\ndevelopment before the war and the fair of\\nto-day, what better could be found to reflect\\nthis than the different morale of the crowd\\nYou are a stranger, and you have the im-\\npression that an assemblage of ten, fifteen,\\ntwenty thousand Kentuckians out on a holi-\\nday is pervaded by the spirit of a mob. You\\nthink that a few broken heads is one of its\\ncherished traditions that intoxication and\\ndisorderliness are its dearest prerogatives. But\\n144", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "Kentucky Fairs\\nnowadays you look in vain for those heated,\\nexcited men with money lying between their\\nfingers, who were once the rebuke and the\\nterror of the amphitheatre. You look in vain\\nfor heated, excited men of any kind there\\nare none. There is no drinking, no bullying,\\nno elbowing, or shouldering, or swearing.\\nWhile still in their nurses arms you may\\nsometimes see the young Kentuckians shown\\nin the ring at the horse-fair for premiums.\\nFrom their early years they are taken to the\\namphitheatre to enjoy its color, its fleetness,\\nand its form. As little boys they ride for\\nprizes. The horse is the subject of talk in the\\nhotels, on the street corners, in the saloons,\\nat the stables, on county court day, at the\\ncross-roads and blacksmiths shops, in country\\nchurch-yards before the sermon. The barber,\\nas he shaves his morning customer, gives him\\npoints on the races. There will be found many\\na group of gentlemen in whose presence to\\nreveal an ignorance of famous horses and com-\\nmon pedigrees will bring a blush to the cheek.\\nNot to feel interested in such themes is to lay\\none s self open to a charge of disagreeable ec-\\ncentricity. The horse has gradually emerged\\ninto prominence until to-day it occupies the\\nforeground.\\nk 145", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "A HOME OF THE SILENT BROTHER\\nHOOD", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "M\\nI\\nORE than two hundred and fifty years\\nhave passed since the Cardinal de\\nRichelieu stood at the baptismal font\\nas sponsor to a name that within the pale of\\nthe Church was destined to become more fa-\\nmous than his own. But the world has well-\\nnigh forgotten Richelieu s godson. Only the\\ntireless student of biography now turns the\\npages that record his extraordinary career,\\nponders the strange unfolding of his moral\\nnature, is moved by the deep pathos of his\\ndying hours. Dominique Armand Jean Le\\nBouthillier de Ranee! How cleverly, while\\nscarcely out of short clothes, did he puzzle\\nthe king s confessor with questions on Homer,\\nand at the age of thirteen publish an edition\\nof Anacreon Of ancient, illustrious birth,\\nand heir to an almost ducal house, how ten-\\nderly favored was he by Marie de Medicis\\nhappy hearted, kindly, suasive, how idolized\\nby a gorgeous court In what affluence of\\n149", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nrich laces did he dress in what irresistible\\nviolet colored close coats, with emeralds at\\nhis wristbands, a diamond on his finger, red\\nheels on his shoes How nimbly he capered\\nthrough the dance with a sword on his hip\\nHow bravely he planned quests after the man-\\nner of knights of the Round Table, meaning\\nto take for himself the part of Lancelot How\\nexquisitely, ardently, and ah how fatally he\\nflirted with the incomparable ladies in the cir-\\ncle of Madame de Rambouillet And with a\\nzest for sport as great as his unction for the\\npriestly office, how wittily laying one hand\\non his heart and waving the other through the\\nair could he bow and say, This morning I\\npreached like an angel I ll hunt like the devil\\nthis afternoon\\nAll at once his life broke in two when half\\nspent. He ceased to hunt like the devil, to\\nadore the flesh, to scandalize the world and\\nretiring to the ancient Abbey of La Trappe in\\nNormandy the sponsorial gift of his Emi-\\nnence and favored by many popes there un-\\ndertook the difficult task of reforming the re-\\nlaxed Benedictines. The old abbey situated\\nin a great fog-covered basin encompassed by\\ndense woods of beech, oak, and linden, and\\ntherefore gloomy, unhealthy, and forbidding\\nwas in ruins. One ascended by means of a\\n150", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nladder from floor to rotting floor. The refec-\\ntory had become a place where the monks\\nassembled to play at bowls with worldlings.\\nThe dormitory, exposed to wind, rain, and snow,\\nhad been given up to owls. In the church the\\nstones were scattered, the walls unsteady, the\\npavement was broken, the bell ready to fall.\\nAs a single solemn reminder of the vanished\\nspirit of the place, which had been founded by\\nSt. Stephen and St. Bernard in the twelfth\\ncentury, with the intention of reviving in\\nthe Western Church the bright examples of\\nprimitive sanctity furnished by Eastern sol-\\nitaries of the third and fourth, one read over\\nthe door of the cloister the words of Jeremiah\\nSe debit solitarins et tacclrit. The few monks\\nwho remained in the convent slept where they\\ncould, and were, as Chateaubriand says, in a\\nstate of ruins. They preferred sipping ratafia\\nto reading their breviaries and when De\\nRanee undertook to enforce reform, they\\nthreatened to whip him for his pains. He,\\nin turn, threatened them with the royal inter-\\nference, and they submitted. There, accord-\\ningly, he introduced a system of rules that a\\nsybarite might have wept over even to hear\\nrecited carried into practice cenobitical aus-\\nterities that recalled the models of pious anch-\\norities in Syria and Thebais and gave its\\n151", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\npeculiar meaning to the word Trappist, a\\nname which has since been taken by all Cis-\\ntercian communities embracing the reform of\\nthe first monastery.\\nIn the retirement of this mass of woods and\\nsky De Ranee passed the rest of his long life,\\ndoing nothing more worldly, so far as is now\\nknown, than quoting Aristophanes and Horace\\nto Bossuet, and allowing himself to be enter-\\ntained by Pellisson, exhibiting the accomplish-\\nments of his educated spider. There, in acute\\nagony of body and perfect meekness of spirit,\\na worn and weary old man, with time enough\\nto remember his youthful ardors and emeralds\\nand illusions, he watched his mortal end draw\\nslowly near. And there, asking to be buried\\nin some desolate spot some old battle-field\\nhe died at last, extending his poor macerated\\nbody on the cross of blessed cinders and straw,\\nand commending his poor penitent soul to the\\nmercy of Heaven.\\nA wonderful spectacle to the less fervid\\nBenedictines of the closing seventeenth cen-\\ntury must have seemed the work of De Ranee\\nin that old Norman abbey A strange com-\\npany of human souls, attracted by the former\\ndistinction of the great abbot as well as by the\\npeculiar vows of the institute, must have come\\ntogether in its silent halls One hears many\\n152", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nstories, in the lighter vein, regarding some\\nof its inmates. Thus, there was a certain\\nfurious ex-trooper, lately reeking with blood,\\nwho got himself much commended by living\\non baked apples and a young nobleman who\\ndevoted himself to the work of washing daily\\nthe monastery spittoons. One Brother, the\\nstory runs, having one day said there was too\\nmuch salt in his scalding -hot broth, imme-\\ndiately burst into tears of contrition for his\\nwickedness in complaining and another went\\nfor so many years without raising his eyes\\nthat he knew not a new chapel had been built,\\nand so quite cracked his skull one day against\\nthe wall of it.\\nThe abbey was an asylum for the poor and\\nhelpless, the shipwrecked, the conscience-\\nstricken, and the broken-hearted for that\\nmeditative type of fervid piety which for ages\\nhas looked upon the cloister as the true earth-\\nly paradise wherein to rear the difficult edifice\\nof the soul s salvation. Much noble blood\\nsought De Ranch s retreat to wash out its ter-\\nrifying stains, and more than one reckless\\nspirit went thither to take upon itself the\\nyoke of purer, sweeter usages.\\nDe Ranee s work remains an influence in\\nthe world. His monastery and his reform con-\\nstitute the true background of material and\\ni53", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nspiritual fact against which to outline the pres-\\nent Abbey of La Trappe in Kentucky. Even\\nwhen thus viewed, it seems placed where it is\\nonly by some freak of history. An abbey of\\nLa Trappe in Kentucky How inharmonious\\nwith every element of its environment appears\\nthis fragment of old French monastic life It\\nis the twelfth century touching the last of the\\nnineteenth the Old World reappearing in the\\nNew. Here are French faces here is the\\nFrench tongue. Here is the identical white\\ncowl presented to blessed St. Alberick in the\\nforests of Burgundy nine hundred years ago.\\nHere is the rule of St. Benedict, patriarch of\\nthe Western monks in the sixth century.\\nWhen one is put out at the way-side station,\\namid woodlands and fields of Indian-corn, and,\\nleaving the world behind him, turns his foot-\\nsteps across the country towards the abbey,\\nmore than a mile away, the seclusion of the re-\\ngion, its ineffable quietude, the infinite isola-\\ntion of the life passed by the silent brother-\\nhood all bring vividly before the mind the\\nimage of that ancient distant abbey with which\\nthis one holds connection so sacred and so\\nclose. Is it not the veritable spot in Norman-\\ndy? Here, too, is the broad basin of retired\\ncountry here the densely wooded hills, shut-\\nting it in from the world here the orchards\\ni54", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nand vineyards and gardens of the ascetic\\ndevotees and, as the night falls from the low,\\nblurred sky of gray, and cuts short a silent\\ncontemplation of the scene, here, too, one rinds\\none s self, like some belated traveller in the\\ndangerous forests of old, hurrying on to reach\\nthe porter s lodge, and ask within the sacred\\nwalls the hospitality of the venerable abbot.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "II\\nFOR nearly a century after the death of\\nDe Ranee it is known that his followers\\nfaithfully maintained his reform at La\\nTrappe. Then the French Revolution drove\\nthe Trappists as wanderers into various coun-\\ntries, and the abbey was made a foundery for\\ncannon. A small branch of the order came in\\n1804 to the United States, and established it-\\nself for a while in Pennsylvania, but soon turn-\\ned its eyes towards the greater wilds and soli-\\ntudes of Kentucky. For this there was rea-\\nson. Kentucky was early a great pioneer of\\nthe Catholic Church in the United States.\\nHere the first episcopal see of the West was\\nerected, and Bardstown held spiritual jurisdic-\\ntion, within certain parallels of latitude, over\\nall States and Territories between the two\\noceans. Here, too, were the first Catholic mis-\\nsionaries of the West, except those who were\\nto be found in the French stations along the\\nWabash and the Mississippi. Indeed, the Cath-\\n156", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nolic population of Kentucky, which was prin-\\ncipally descended from the colonists of Lord\\nBaltimore, had begun to enter the State as\\nearly as 1775, the nucleus of their settlements\\nsoon becoming Nelson County, the locality of\\nthe present abbey. Likewise it should be re-\\nmembered that the Catholic Church in the\\nUnited States, especially that portion of it in\\nKentucky, owes a great debt to the zeal of\\nthe exiled French clergy of early days. That\\nbuoyancy and elasticity of the French charac-\\nter, which naturally adapts it to every circum-\\nstance and emergency, was then most demanded\\nand most efficacious. From these exiles the\\ninfant missions of the State were supplied with\\ntheir most devoted laborers.\\nHither, accordingly, the Trappists removed\\nfrom Pennsylvania, establishing themselves on\\nPottinger s Creek, near Rohan s Knob, several\\nmiles from the present site. But they remained\\nonly a few years. The climate of Kentucky was\\nill-suited to their life of unrelaxed asceticism\\ntheir restless superior had conceived a desire to\\nchristianize Indian children, and so removed\\nthe languishing settlement to Missouri. There\\nis not space for following the solemn march of\\nthose austere exiles through the wildernesses\\nof the New World. From Missouri they went\\nto an ancient Indian burying-ground in Illinois,\\n157", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nand there built up a sort of village in the heart\\nof the prairie but the great mortality from\\nwhich they suffered, and the subsidence of the\\nfury of the French Revolution recalled them in\\n1813 to France, to reoccupy the establishments\\nfrom which they had been banished.\\nIt was of this body that Dickens, in his\\nAmerican Notes, wrote as follows:\\nLooming up in the distance, as we rode along, was\\nanother of the ancient Indian burial-places, called\\nMonk s Mound, in memory of a body of fanatics of\\nthe order of La Trappe, who founded a desolate con-\\nvent there many years ago, when there were no settle-\\nments within a thousand miles, and were all swept of!\\nby the pernicious climate; in which lamentable fatal-\\nity few rational people will suppose, perhaps, that\\nsociety experienced any very severe deprivation.\\nThis is a better place in which to state a\\nmiracle than discuss it and the following ac-\\ncount of a heavenly portent, which is related to\\nhave been vouchsafed the Trappists while so-\\njourning in Kentucky, may be given without\\ncomment\\nIn the year 1808 the moon, being then about two-\\nthirds full, presented a most remarkable appearance.\\nA bright, luminous cross, clearly defined, was seen in\\nthe heavens, with its arms intersecting the centre of\\nthe moon. On each side two smaller crosses were\\nalso distinctly visible, though the portions of them\\n158", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nmost distant from the moon were more faintly marked.\\nThis strange phenomenon continued for several hours,\\nand was witnessed by the Trappists on their arising, as\\nusual, at midnight, to sing the Divine praise.\\nThe present monastery, which is called the\\nAbbey of Gethsemane, owes its origin immedi-\\nately to the Abbey of La Meilleraye, of the de-\\npartment of the Loire-Inferieure, France. The\\nabbot of the latter had concluded arrangements\\nwith the French Government to found a house\\nin the island of Martinique, on an estate grant-\\ned by Louis Philippe but this monarch s rule\\nhaving been overturned, the plan was aban-\\ndoned in favor of a colony in the United States.\\nTwo Fathers, with the view of selecting a site,\\ncame to New York in the summer of 1848, and\\nnaturally turned their eyes to the Catholic set-\\ntlements in Kentucky, and to the domain of the\\npioneer Trappists. In the autumn of that year,\\naccordingly, about forty five religious left\\nthe mother-abbey of La Meilleraye, set sail from\\nHavre de Grace for New Orleans, went thence\\nby boat to Louisville, and from this poin t walked\\nto Gethsemane, a distance of some sixty miles.\\nAlthough scattered among various countries of\\nEurope, the Trappists have but two convents\\nin the United States this, the oldest, and one\\nnear Dubuque, Iowa, a colony from the abbey\\nin Ireland.\\n159", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nTHE domain of the abbey comprises some\\nseventeen hundred acres of land, part of\\nwhich is tillable, while the rest consists\\nof a range of wooded knobs that furnish timber\\nto the monastery steam saw-mill. Around this\\ndomain lie the homesteads of Kentucky farm-\\ners, who make indifferent monks. One leaves\\nthe public road that winds across the open\\ncountry and approaches the monastery through\\na long, level avenue, enclosed on each side by a\\nhedge-row of cedars, and shaded by nearly a\\nhundred beautiful English elms, the offspring\\nof a single parent stem. Traversing this dim,\\nsweet spot, where no sound is heard but the\\nwaving of boughs and the softened notes of\\nbirds, one reaches the porter s lodge, a low,\\nbrick building, on each side of which extends\\nthe high brick-wall that separates the inner\\nfrom the outer world. Passing beneath the\\narchway of the lodge, one discovers a graceful\\nbit of landscape gardening walks fringed with\\n1 60", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\ncedars, beds for flowers, pathways so thickly\\nstrewn with sawdust that the heaviest footfall\\nis unheard, a soft turf of green, disturbed only\\nby the gentle shadows of the pious -looking\\nBenedictine trees a fit spot for recreation and\\nmeditation. It is with a sort of worldly start\\nthat you come upon an enclosure at one end of\\nthese grounds wherein a populous family of\\nwhite-cowled rabbits trip around in the most\\nnoiseless fashion, and seemed ashamed of being\\ncaught living together in family relations.\\nArchitecturally there is little to please the\\naesthetic sense in the monastery building, along\\nthe whole front of which these grounds extend.\\nIt is a great quadrangular pile of brick, three\\nstories high, heated by furnaces and lighted by\\ngas modern appliances which heighten the\\ncontrast with the ancient life whose needs they\\nsubserve. Within the quadrangle is a green\\ninner court, also beautifully laid off. On one\\nside are two chapels, the one appropriated to\\nthe ordinary services of the Church, and en-\\ntered from without the abbey-wall by all who\\ndesire the other, consecrated to the offices of\\nthe Trappist order, entered only from within,\\nand accessible exclusively to males. It is here\\nthat one finds occasion to remember the Trap-\\npist s vow of poverty. The vestments are far\\nfrom rich, the decorations of the altar far from\\nl 161", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nsplendid. The crucifixion-scene behind the\\naltar consists of wooden figures carved by one\\nof the monks now dead, and painted with lit-\\ntle art. No tender light of many hues here\\nstreams through long windows rich with holy\\nreminiscence and artistic fancy. The church\\nhas, albeit, a certain beauty of its own that\\ncharm which is inseparable from fine proportion\\nin stone and from gracefully disposed columns\\ngrowing into the arches of the lofty roof. But\\nthe cold gray of the interior, severe and unre-\\nlieved, bespeaks a place where the soul comes\\nto lay itself in simplicity before the Eternal as\\nit would upon a naked, solitary rock of the\\ndesert. Elsewhere in the abbey greater evi-\\ndences of votive poverty occur in the various\\nstatues and shrines of the Virgin, in the pict-\\nures and prints that hang in the main front\\ncorridor in all that appertains to the material\\nlife of the community.\\nJust outside the church, beneath the per-\\npetual benediction of the cross on its spire, is\\nthe quiet cemetery garth, where the dead are\\nside by side, their graves covered with myrtle\\nand having each for its headstone a plain\\nwooden crucifix bearing the religious name and\\nstation of him who lies below Father Hon-\\norius, Father Timotheus, Brother Hilarius,\\nBrother Eutropius. Who are they And\\n162", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nwhence? And by what familiar names were\\nthey greeted on the old play-grounds and battle-\\nfields of the world\\nThe Trappists do not, as it is commonly\\nunderstood, daily dig a portion of their own\\ngraves. When one of them dies and has been\\nburied, a new grave is begun beside the one\\njust filled, as a reminder to the survivors that\\none of them must surely take his place therein.\\nSo, too, when each seeks the cemetery enclos-\\nure, in hours of holy meditation, and, standing\\nbareheaded among the graves, prays softly for\\nthe souls of his departed brethren, he may\\ncome for a time to this unfinished grave, and,\\nkneeling, pray Heaven, if he be next, to dismiss\\nhis soul in peace.\\nNor do they sleep in the dark, abject kennel,\\nwhich the imagination, in the light of mediaeval\\nhistory, constructs as the true monk s cell. By\\nthe rule of St. Benedict, they sleep separate,\\nbut in the same dormitory\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a great upper\\nroom, well lighted and clean, in the body of\\nwhich a general framework several feet high is\\ndivided into partitions that look like narrow\\nberths.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "IV\\nWE have acquired poetical and pictorial\\nconceptions of monks praying with\\nwan faces and upturned eyes half\\ndarkened by the shadowing cowl, the coarse\\nserge falling away from the emaciated neck,\\nthe hands pressing the crucifix close to the\\nheart; and with this type has been associated\\na certain idea of cloistral life that it was an\\nexistence of vacancy and idleness, or at best of\\ndeep meditation of the soul broken only by\\nexpress spiritual devotions. There is another\\nkind of monk, with the marks of which we seem\\ntraditionally familiar the monk with the rubi-\\ncund face, sleek poll, good epigastric develop-\\nment, and slightly unsteady gait, with whom,\\nin turn, we have connected a different phase\\nof conventual discipline fat capon and stubble\\ngoose, and midnight convivial chantings grow-\\ning ever more fast and furious, but finally dying\\naway in a heavy stertorous calm. Poetry, art,\\nthe drama, the novel, have each portrayed\\n164", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nhuman nature in orders the saint-like monk,\\nthe intellectual monk, the bibulous, the feloni-\\nous, the fighting monk (who loves not the her-\\nmit of Copmanhurst until the memory is\\nstored and the imagination preoccupied.\\nLiving for a while in a Trappist monastery\\nin modern America, one gets a pleasant actual\\nexperience of other types no less picturesque\\nand on the whole much more acceptable. He\\nfinds himself, for one thing, brought face to\\nface with the working monk. Idleness to the\\nTrappist is the enemy of the soul, and one of\\nhis vows is manual labor. Whatever a monk s\\nprevious station may have been, he must per-\\nform, according to abbatial direction, the most\\nmenial services. None are exempt from work\\nthere is no place among them for the sluggard.\\nWhen it is borne in mind that the abbey is a\\nself-dependent institution, where the healthy\\nmust be maintained, the sick cared for, the\\ndead buried, the necessity for much work be-\\ncomes manifest. In fact, the occupations are\\nas various as those of a modern factory. There\\nis scope for intellects of all degrees and talents\\nof wellnigh every order. Daily life, unremit-\\ntingly from year to year, is an exact system\\nof duties and hours. The building, covering\\nabout an acre of ground and penetrated by cor-\\nridors, must be kept faultlessly clean. There\\n165", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nare three kitchens one for the guests, one for\\nthe community, and one for the infirmary\\nthat require each a coquinarius and separate\\nassistants. There is a tinker s shop and a phar-\\nmacy a saddlery, where the broken gear used\\nin cultivating the monastery lands is mended\\na tailor s shop, where the worn garments are\\npatched a shoemaker s shop, where the coarse,\\nheavy shoes of the monks are made and cob-\\nbled and a barber s shop, where the Trappist\\nbeard is shaved twice a month and the Trap-\\npist head is monthly shorn.\\nOut-doors the occupations are even more\\nvaried. The community do not till the farm.\\nThe greater part of their land is occupied by\\ntenant farmers, and what they reserve for their\\nown use is cultivated by the so-called family\\nbrothers, who, it is due to say, have no fam-\\nilies, but live as celibates on the abbey domain,\\nsubject to the abbot s authority, without being\\nmembers of the order. The monks, however,\\ndo labor in the ample gardens, orchards, and\\nvineyard, from which they derive their suste-\\nnance, in the steam saw-mill and grain-mill,\\nin the dairy and the cheese factory. Thus\\npicturesquely engaged one may find them in\\nautumn monks gathering apples and making\\npungent cider, which is stored away in the vast\\ncellar as their only beverage except water\\n1 66", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "A FORTNIGHTLY SHAVE", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nmonks repairing the shingle roof of a stable\\nmonks feeding the huge swine, which they\\nfatten for the board of their carnal guests, or\\nthe fluttering multitude of chickens, from the\\neggs and young of which they derive a slender\\nrevenue monks grouped in the garden around\\na green and purple heap of turnips, to be stored\\nup as a winter relish of no mean distinction.\\nAmid such scenes one forgets all else while\\nenjoying the wealth and freshness of artistic\\neffects. What a picture is this young Belgian\\ncheese -maker, his sleeves rolled above the\\nelbows of his brawny arms, his great pinkish\\nhands buried in the golden curds, the cap of\\nhis serge cloak falling back and showing his\\nclosely clipped golden-brown hair, blue eyes,\\nand clear, delicate skin Or this Australian\\nex-farmer, as he stands by the hopper of grist\\nor lays on his shoulder a bag of flour for the\\ncoarse brown-bread of the monks. Or this\\ndark old French opera singer, who strutted his\\nbrief hour on many a European stage, but now\\nhobbles around, hoary in his cowl and blanched\\nwith age, to pick up a handful of garlic. Or\\nthis athletic young Irishman, thrusting a great\\niron prod into the glowing coals of the saw-\\nmill furnace. Or this slender Switzer, your at-\\ntendant in the refectory, with great keys dang-\\nling from his leathern cincture, who stands by\\n167", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nwith folded hands and bowed head while you\\nare eating the pagan meal he has prepared for\\nyou.\\nFrom various countries of the Old World\\nmen find their way into the Abbey of Geth-\\nsemane, but among them are no Americans.\\nRepeatedly the latter have joined the order,\\nand have failed to persevere up to the final\\nconsecration of the white cowl. The fairest\\nwarning is given to the postulant. He is made\\nto understand the entire extent of the obliga-\\ntion he has assumed and only after passing\\nthrough a novitiate, prolonged at the discre-\\ntion of the abbot, is he admitted to the vows\\nthat must be kept unbroken till death.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "FROM the striking material aspects of\\ntheir daily life, one is soon recalled to a\\nsense of their subordination to spiritual\\naims and pledges for upon them, like a spell\\nof enchantment, lies the sacred silence. The\\nhoney has been taken from the bees with solem-\\nnity the grapes have been gathered without\\nsong and mirth. The vow of life-long silence\\ntaken by the Trappist must of course not be\\nconstrued literally; but there are only two oc-\\ncasions during which it is completely set aside\\nwhen confessing his sins and when singing\\nthe offices of the Church. At all other times\\nhis tongue becomes, as far as possible, a super-\\nfluous member he speaks only by permission\\nof his superior, and always simply and to the\\npoint. The monk at work with another ex-\\nchanges with him only the few low, necessary\\nwords, and those that provoke no laughter.\\nOf the three so-called monastic graces, Sim-\\nplicitas, Bcnignitas, Hilaritas, the last is not\\n169", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nhis. Even for necessary speech he is taught\\nto substitute a language of signs, as fully sys-\\ntematized as the speech of the deaf and dumb.\\nShould he, while at work, wound his fellow-\\nworkman, sorrow may be expressed by strik-\\ning his breast. A desire to confess is shown\\nby lifting one hand to the mouth and striking\\nthe breast with the other. The maker of\\ncheese crosses two fingers at the middle point\\nto let you know that it is made half of milk\\nand half of cream. The guest-master, whose\\nbusiness it is to act as your guide through the\\nabbey and the grounds, is warily mindful of\\nhis special functions and requests you to ad-\\ndress none but him. Only the abbot is free to\\nspeak when and as his judgment may approve.\\nIt is silence, says the Trappist, that shuts out\\nnew ideas, worldly topics, controversy. It is\\nsilence that enables the soul to contemplate\\nwith singleness and mortification the infinite\\nperfections of the Eternal.\\nIn the abbey it is this pervasive hush that\\nfalls like a leaden pall upon the stranger\\nwho has rushed in from the talking universe.\\nAre these priests modern survivals of the\\nrapt solitaries of India? The days pass, and\\nthe world, which seemed in hailing distance\\nto you at first, has receded to dim remote-\\nness. You stand at the window of your room\\n170", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nlooking out, and hear in the autumn trees\\nonly the flute -like note of some migratory-\\nbird, passing slowly on towards the south.\\nYou listen within, and hear but a key turning\\nin distant locks and the slow-retreating foot-\\nsteps of some dusky figure returning to its\\nlonely self-communings. The utmost precau-\\ntion is taken to avoid noise in the dormitory\\nnot even your guide will speak to you, but ex-\\nplains by gesture and signs. During the short\\nsiesta the Trappists allow themselves, if one\\nof them, not wishing to sleep, gets permission\\nto read in his so-called cell, he must turn the\\npages of his book inaudibly. In the refectory,\\nwhile the meal is eaten and the appointed\\nreader in the tribune goes through a service,\\nif one through carelessness makes a noise by\\nso much as dropping a fork or a spoon, he\\nleaves his seat and prostrates himself on the\\nfloor until bidden by the superior to arise.\\nThe same penance is undergone in the church\\nby any one who should distract attention with\\nthe clasp of his book.\\nA hard life, to purely human seeming, does\\nthe Trappist make for the body. He thinks\\nnothing of it. It is his evil tenement of flesh,\\nwhose humors are an impediment to sanctifi-\\ncation, whose propensities are to be kept down\\nby the practice of austerities. To it in part his\\n171", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nmonastic vows are addressed perpetual and\\nutter poverty, chastity, manual labor, silence,\\nseclusion, penance, obedience. The perfections\\nand glories of his monastic state culminate in\\nthe complete abnegation and destruction of\\nanimal nature, and in the correspondence of\\nhis earthly life with the holiness of divine in-\\nstruction. The war of the Jesuit is with the\\nworld the war of the Trappist is with himself.\\nFrom his narrow bed, on which are simply a\\ncoarse thin mattress, pillow, sheet, and coverlet,\\nhe rises at two o clock, on certain days at one,\\non others yet at twelve. He has not undressed,\\nbut has slept in his daily garb, with the cincture\\naround his waist.\\nThis dress consists, if he be a brother, of the\\nroughest dark-brown serge-like stuff, the over-\\ngarment of which is a long robe if a Father,\\nof a similar material, but white in color, the\\nover-garment being the cowl, beneath which\\nis the black scapular. He changes it only once\\nin two weeks. The frequent use of the bath,\\nas tending to luxuriousness, is forbidden him,\\nespecially if he be young. His diet is vege-\\ntables, fruit, honey, cider, cheese, and brown-\\nbread. Only when sick or infirm may he take\\neven fish or eggs. His table-service is pewter,\\nplain earthenware, a heavy wooden spoon and\\nfork of his own making, and the bottom of a\\n172", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nbroken bottle for a salt-cellar. If he wears\\nthe white cowl, he eats but one such frugal\\nrepast a day during part of the year if the\\nbrown robe, and therefore required to do more\\nwork, he has besides this meal an early morn-\\ning luncheon called mixt. He renounces\\nall claim to his own person, all right over his\\nown powers. I am as wax, he exclaims\\nmould me as you will. By the law of his\\npatron saint, if commanded to do things too\\nhard, or even impossible, he must still under-\\ntake them.\\nFor the least violations of the rules of his\\norder for committing a mistake while recit-\\ning a psalm, responsory, antiphon, or lesson\\nfor giving out one note instead of another, or\\nsaying dominus instead of domino; for break-\\ning or losing anything, or committing any\\nfault while engaged in any kind of work in\\nkitchen, pantry, bakery, garden, trade, or busi-\\nness he must humble himself and make pub-\\nlic satisfaction forthwith. Nay, more each\\nby his vows is forced to become his brother s\\nkeeper, and to proclaim him publicly in the\\ncommunity chapter for the slightest overt\\ntransgression. For charity s sake, however,\\nhe may not judge motives nor make vague\\ngeneral charges.\\nThe Trappist does not walk beyond the en-\\ni73", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nclosures except by permission. He must re-\\npress ineffably tender yearnings that visit and\\nvex the human heart in this life. The death\\nof the nearest kindred is not announced to\\nhim. Forgotten by the world, by him it is\\nforgotten. Yet not wholly. When he lays\\nthe lashes of the scourge on his flesh\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it may\\nbe on his carious bones he does it not for his\\nown sins alone, but for the sins of the whole\\nworld; and in his searching, self-imposed\\nhumiliations, there is a silent, broad out-reach-\\ning of sympathetic effort in behalf of all his\\nkind. Sorrow may not depict itself freely on\\nhis face. If a suffering invalid, he must mani-\\nfest no interest in the progress of his malady,\\nfeel no concern regarding the result. In his\\nlast hour, he sees ashes strewn upon the floor\\nin the form of a cross, a thin scattering of\\nstraw made over them, and his body extended\\nthereon to die and from this hard bed of\\ndeath he knows it will be borne on a bier by\\nhis brethren and laid in the grave without\\ncoffin or shroud.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "VI\\nBUT who can judge such a life save him\\nwho has lived it? Who can say what\\nundreamt-of spiritual compensations\\nmay not come even in this present time as a\\nreward for bodily austerities What fine real-\\nities may not body themselves forth to the eye\\nof the soul, strained of grossness, steadied from\\nworldly agitation, and taught to gaze year after\\nyear into the awfulness and mystery of its own\\nbeing and deep destiny Monasticism, says\\nMr. Froude, we believe to have been the real-\\nization of the infinite loveliness and beauty of\\npersonal purity and the saint in the desert\\nwas the apotheosis of the spiritual man. How-\\never this may be, here at Gethsemane you see\\none of the severest expressions of its faith that\\nthe soul has ever given, either in ancient or in\\nmodern times and you cease to think of these\\nmen as members of a religious order, in the\\nstudy of them as exponents of a common hu-\\nmanity struggling with the problem of its rela-\\ni75", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\ntion to the Infinite. One would wish to lay\\nhold upon the latent elements of power and\\ntruth and beauty in their system which enables\\nthem to say with quiet cheerfulness, u We are\\nhappy, perfectly happy.\\nExcepting this ceaseless war between flesh\\nand spirit, the abbey seems a peaceful place.\\nIts relations with the outside world have always\\nbeen kindly. During the Civil War it was un-\\ndisturbed by the forces of each army. Food\\nand shelter it has never denied even to the\\npoorest, and it asks no compensation, accept-\\ning such as the stranger may give. The savor\\nof good deeds extends beyond its walls, and near\\nby is a free school under its control, where for\\nmore than a quarter of a century boys of all\\ncreeds have been educated.\\nThere comes some late autumnal afternoon\\nwhen you are to leave the place. With a strange\\nfeeling of farewell, you grasp the hands of those\\nwhom you have been given the privilege of\\nknowing, and step slowly out past the meek\\nsacristan, past the noiseless garden, past the\\nporter s lodge and the misplaced rabbits, past\\nthe dim avenue of elms, past the great iron gate-\\nway, and, walking along the sequestered road\\nuntil you have reached the summit of a wood-\\ned knoll half a mile away, turn and look back.\\nHalf a mile! The distance is infinite. The\\n176", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nlast rays of the sun seem hardly able to reach\\nthe pale cross on the spire which anon fades\\ninto the sky; and the monastery bell, that\\nsends its mellow tones across the shadowy land-\\nscape, is rung from an immemorial past.\\nIt is the hour of the Compline, the Salve, and\\nthe Angelus the last of the seven services that\\nthe Trappist holds between two o clock in the\\nmorning and this hour of early nightfall. Stand-\\ning alone in the silent darkness you allow im-\\nagination to carry you once more into the\\nchurch. You sit in one of the galleries and look\\ndown upon the stalls of the monks ranged along\\nthe walls of the nave. There is no light except\\nthe feeble gleam of a single low red cresset that\\nswings ever-burning before the altar. You can\\njust discern a long line of nameless dusky fig-\\nures creep forth from the deeper gloom and glide\\nnoiselessly into their seats. You listen to the\\ncantns plemis gravitate those long, level notes\\nwith sorrowful cadences and measured pauses,\\nsung by a full, unfaltering chorus of voices, old\\nand young. It is the song that smote the heart\\nof Bossuet with such sadness in the desert of\\nNormandy two and a half centuries ago.\\nAnon by some unseen hand two tall candles\\nare lighted on the altar. The singing is hush-\\ned. From the ghostly line of white-robed Fa-\\nthers a shadowy figure suddenly moves towards\\nm 177", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "A Home of the Silent Brotherhood\\nthe spot in the middle of the church where the\\nbell-rope hangs, and with slow, weird move-\\nments rings the solemn bell until it fills the\\ncold, gray arches with quivering sound. One\\nwill not in a lifetime forget the impressiveness\\nof the scene the long tapering shadows that\\nstretch out over the dimly lighted, polished\\nfloor from this figure silhouetted against the\\nbrighter light from the altar beyond the bowed,\\nmoveless forms of the monks in brown almost\\nindiscernible in the gloom the spectral glam-\\nour reflected from the robes of the bowed Fa-\\nthers in white the ghastly, suffering scene of\\nthe Saviour, strangely luminous in the glare of\\nthe tall candles. It is the daily climax in the\\ndevotions of the Old World monks at Geth-\\nsemane.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "HOMESTEADS OF THE BLUE-GRASS", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "KENTUCKY is a land of rural homes.\\nThe people are out in the country with\\na perennial appetite and passion for the\\nsoil. Like Englishmen, they are by nature no\\ndwellers in cities like older Saxon forefathers,\\nthey have a strong feeling for a habitation even\\nno better than a one-story log-house, with fur-\\nniture of the rudest kind, and cooking in the\\nopen air, if, only, it be surrounded by a plot of\\nground and individualized by all-encompassing\\nfences. They are gregarious at respectful dis-\\ntances, dear to them being that sense of per-\\nsonal worth and importance which comes from\\nterritorial aloofness, from domestic privacy,\\nfrom a certain lordship over all they survey.\\nThe land they hold has a singular charm\\nand power of infusing fierce, tender desire of\\nownership. Centuries before it was possessed\\nby them, all ruthless aboriginal wars for its\\nsole occupancy had resolved themselves into\\nthe final understanding that it be wholly\\n181", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue- Grass\\nclaimed by none. Bounty in land was the\\ncoveted reward of Virginia troops in the old\\nFrench and Indian war. Hereditary love of\\nland drew the earliest settlers across the peril-\\nous mountains. Rapacity for land caused\\nthem to rush down into the green plains, fall\\nupon the natives, slay, torture, hack to pieces,\\nand sacrifice wife and child, with the swift,\\nbarbaric hardihood and unappeasable fury of\\nNorthmen of old descending upon the softer\\nshores of France. Acquisition of land was the\\ndeterminative principle of the new civilization.\\nLitigation concerning land has made famous\\nthe decisions of their courts of law. The sur-\\nveyor s chain should be wrapped about the\\nrifle as a symbolic epitome of pioneer history.\\nIt was for land that they turned from the Ind-\\nians upon one another, and wrangled, cheat-\\ned, and lied. They robbed Boone until he had\\nnone left in which to lay his bones. One of\\nthe first acts of one of the first colonists was to\\nglut his appetite by the purchase of all of the\\nState that lies south of the Kentucky River.\\nThe middle-class land-owner has always been\\nthe controlling element of population. To-day\\nmore of the people are engaged in agriculture\\nthan in all other pursuits combined taste for\\nit has steadily drawn a rich stream of younger\\ngenerations hither and thither into the young-\\n182", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\ner West and to day, as always, the broad,\\naverage ideal of a happy life is expressed in\\nthe quiet holding of perpetual pastures.\\nSteam, said Emerson, is almost an English-\\nman grass is almost a Kentuckian. Wealth,\\nlabor, productions, revenues, public markets,\\npublic improvements, manners, characters,\\nsocial modes all speak in common of the\\ncountry, and fix attention upon the soil. The\\nstaples attest the predominance of agriculture\\nunsurpassed breeds of stock imply the verdure\\nof the woodlands turnpikes, the finest on the\\ncontinent, furnish viaducts for the garnered\\nriches of the earth, and prove the high develop-\\nment of rural life, the every-day luxury of de-\\nlightful riding and driving. Even the crow,\\nthe most boldly characteristic freebooter of\\nthe air, whose cawing is often the only sound\\nheard in dead February days, or whose flight\\namid his multitudinous fellows forms long\\nblack lines across the morning and the evening\\nsky, tells of fat pickings and profitable thefts\\nin innumerable fields. In Kentucky a rustic\\nyoung woman of Homeric sensibility might be\\nallowed to discover in the slow-moving pano-\\nrama of white clouds her father s herd of short-\\nhorned cattle grazing through heavenly past-\\nures, and her lover to see in the halo around\\nthe moon a perfect celestial race-track.\\n183", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nComparatively weak and unpronounced are\\nthe features of urban life. The many little\\ntowns and villages scattered at easy distances\\nover the State for the most part draw out a\\nthin existence by reason of surrounding rural\\npopulations. They bear the pastoral stamp.\\nUp to their very environs approach the culti-\\nvated fields, the meadows of brilliant green,\\nthe delicate woodlands in and out along the\\nwhite highways move the tranquil currents of\\nrural trade; through their streets groan and\\ncreak the loaded wagons; on the sidewalks\\nthe most conspicuous human type is the owner\\nof the soil. Once a month county-seats over-\\nflow with the incoming tide of country folk,\\nlivery stables are crowded with horses and\\nvehicles, court house squares become market-\\nplaces for traffic in stock. But when emptied\\nof country folk, they sink again into repose,\\nall but falling asleep of summer noonings, and\\nin winter seeming frost-locked with the outly-\\ning woods and streams.\\nRemarkable is the absence of considerable\\ncities, there being but one that may be said\\ntruly to reflect Kentucky life, and that situ-\\nated on the river frontier, a hundred miles\\nfrom the center of the State. Think of it A\\npopulation of some two millions with only one\\ninterior town that contains over five thousand\\n184", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nwhite inhabitants. Hence Kentucky makes\\nno impression abroad by reason of its urban\\npopulation. Lexington, Bowling Green, Har-\\nrodsburg, Winchester, Richmond, Frankfort,\\nMount Sterling, and all the others, where do\\nthey stand in the scale of American cities?\\nHence, too, the disparaging contrast liable to\\nbe drawn between Kentucky and the gigantic\\nyoung States of the West. Where is the mag-\\nnitude of the commonwealth, where the ground\\nof the sense of importance in the people No\\nhuge mills and gleaming forges, no din of fac-\\ntories and throb of mines, nowhere any colos-\\nsal centres for rushing, multiform American\\nenergy. The answer must be: Judge the\\nState thus far as an agricultural State the\\npeople as an agricultural people. In time no\\ndoubt the rest will come. All other things\\nare here, awaiting occasion and development.\\nThe eastern portions of the State now verge\\nupon an era of long-delayed activity. There\\nlie the mines, the building- stone, the illimit-\\nable wealth of timbers there soon will be\\nopened new fields for commercial and indus-\\ntrial centralization. But hitherto in Kentucky\\nit has seemed enough that the pulse of life\\nshould beat with the heart of nature, and be\\nin unison with the slow unfolding and deca-\\ndence of the seasons. The farmer can go no\\n185", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nfaster than the sun, and is rich or poor by the\\nlaw of planetary orbits. In all central Ken-\\ntucky not a single village of note has been\\nfounded within three-quarters of a century,\\nand some villages a hundred years old have\\nnot succeeded in gaining even from this fecund\\nrace more than a thousand or two thousand\\ninhabitants. But these little towns are inac-\\ncessible to the criticism that would assault\\ntheir commercial greatness. Business is not\\ntheir boast. Sounded to its depths, the serene\\nsea in which their existence floats will reveal a\\nbottom, not of mercantile, but of social ideas;\\nstudied as to cost or comfort, the architecture\\nin which the people have expressed themselves\\nwill appear noticeable, not in their business\\nhouses and public buildings, but in their\\nhomes. If these towns pique themselves\\npointedly on anything, it is that they are the\\ncentres of genial intercourse and polite enter-\\ntainment. Even commercial Louisville must\\nfind its peculiar distinction in the number of\\nits sumptuous private residences. It is well-\\nnigh a rule that in Kentucky the value of the\\nhouse is out of proportion to the value of the\\nestate.\\nBut if the towns regard themselves as the\\nprovincial fortresses of good society, they do\\nnot look down upon the home life of the coun-\\n186", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\ntry. Between country and town in Kentucky\\nexists a relation unique and well to be studied\\nsuch a part of the population of the town own-\\ning or managing estates in the country such\\na part of the population of the country being\\nbusiness or professional men in town. For it\\nis strikingly true that here all vocations and\\navocations of life may and do go with tillage,\\nand there are none it is not considered to adorn.\\nThe first Governor of the State was awarded\\nhis domain for raising a crop of corn, and laid\\ndown public life at last to renew his compan-\\nionship with the plough. I retire, said Clay,\\nmany years afterwards, to the shades of Ash-\\nland. The present Governor (1888), a man of\\nlarge wealth, lives, when at home, in a rural\\nlog-house built near the beginning of the cen-\\ntury. His predecessor in office was a farmer.\\nHardly a man of note in all the past or present\\nhistory of the State but has had his near or\\nimmediate origin in the woods and fields.\\nFormerly it was the custom less general now\\nthat young men should take their academic\\ndegrees in the colleges of the United States,\\nsometimes in those of Europe, and, returning\\nhome, hang up their diplomas as votive offer-\\nings to the god of boundaries. To-day you\\nwill find the ex-minister to a foreign court\\nspending his final years in the solitude of his\\n187", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nfarm-house, and the representative at Wash-\\nington making his retreat to the restful home-\\nstead. The banker in town bethinks him of\\nstocks at home that know no panic the clergy-\\nman studies St. Paul amid the native corn, and\\nmuses on the surpassing beauty of David as he\\nrides his favorite horse through green pastures\\nand beside still waters.\\nHence, to be a farmer here implies no social\\ninferiority, no rusticity, no boorishness. Hence,\\nso clearly interlaced are urban and rural so-\\nciety that there results a homogeneousness of\\nmanners, customs, dress, entertainments, ideals,\\nand tastes. Hence, the infiltration of the coun-\\ntry with the best the towns contain. More,\\nindeed, than this rather to the country than\\nto the towns in Kentucky must one look for the\\nlocal history of the home life. There first was\\nimplanted under English and Virginian influ-\\nences the antique style of country-seat there\\nflourished for a time gracious manners that\\nwere the high-born endowment of the olden\\nschool there in piquant contrast were devel-\\noped side by side the democratic and aristo-\\ncratic spirits, working severally towards equal-\\nity and caste there was established the State\\nreputation for effusive private hospitalities\\nand there still are peculiarly cherished the\\nfading traditions of more festive boards and\\n188", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nkindlier hearthstones. If the feeling of the\\nwhole people could be interpreted by a single\\nsaying, it would perhaps be this that whether\\nin town or country and if in the country, not\\nremotely here or there, but in wellnigh un-\\nbroken succession from estate to estate they\\nhave attained a notable stage in the civilization\\nof the home. This is the common conviction,\\nthis the idol of the tribe. The idol itself may\\nrest on the fact of provincial isolation, which\\nis the fortress of self-love and neighborly\\ndevotion but it suffices for the present pur-\\npose to say that it is an idol still, worshipped\\nfor the divinity it is thought to enshrine.\\nHence, you may assail the Kentuckian on many\\ngrounds, and he will hold his peace. You may\\ntell him that he has no great cities, that he does\\nnot run with the currents of national progress;\\nbut never tell him that the home life of his\\nfellows and himself is not as good as the best\\nin the land. Domesticity is the State porcu-\\npine, presenting an angry quill to every point\\nof attack. To write of homes in Kentucky,\\ntherefore, and particularly of rural homes, is\\nto enter the very citadel of the popular affec-\\ntions.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "II\\nAT first they built for the tribe, working to-\\ngether like beavers in common cause\\nagainst nature and their enemies. Home\\nlife and domestic architecture began among\\nthem with the wooden-fort community, the idea\\nof which was no doubt derived from the frontier\\ndefences of Virginia, and modified by the Ken-\\ntuckians with a view to domestic use. This\\nbuilding habit culminated in the erection of\\nsome two hundred rustic castles, the sites of\\nwhich in some instances have been identified.\\nIt was a singularly fit sort of structure, ad-\\njusting itself desperately and economically to\\nthe necessities of environment. For the time\\nsociety lapsed into a state which, but for the\\nwant of lords and retainers, was feudalism of the\\nrudest kind. There were gates for sally and\\nswift retreat, bastions for defence, and loop-\\nholes in cabin walls for deadly volleys. There\\nwere hunting-parties winding forth stealthily\\nwithout horn or hound, and returning with\\n190", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\ngame that would have graced the great feudal\\nhalls. There was siege, too, and suffering, and\\ndeath enough, God knows, mingled with the\\nlowing of cattle and the clatter of looms. Some\\nmorning, even, you might have seen a slight\\ngirl trip covertly out to the little cotton-patch\\nin one corner of the enclosure, and, blushing\\ncrimson over the snowy cotton-bolls, pick the\\nwherewithal to spin her bridal dress; for in\\nthese forts they married also and bore children.\\nMany a Kentucky family must trace its origin\\nthrough the tribal communities pent up within\\na stockade, and discover that the family plate\\nconsisted then of a tin cup, and, haply, an iron\\nfork.\\nBut, as soon as might be, this compulsory\\nvillage life broke eagerly asunder into private\\nhomes. The common building form was that\\nof the log-house. It is needful to distinguish\\nthis from the log -house of the mountaineer,\\nwhich is found throughout eastern Kentucky\\nto-day. Encompassed by all difficulties, the\\npioneer yet reared himself a better, more en-\\nduring habitation. One of these, still intact\\nafter the lapse of more than a century, stands\\nas a singularly interesting type of its kind, and\\nbrings us face to face with primitive architec-\\nture. Mulberry Hill, a double house, two and\\na half stories high, with a central hall, was built\\n191", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nin Jefferson County, near Louisville, in 1785,\\nfor John Clark, the father of General George\\nRogers Clark.\\nThe settlers made the mistake of supposing\\nthat the country lacked building-stone, so deep\\nunder the loam and verdure lay the whole\\nfoundation rock but soon they discovered that\\ntheir better houses had only to be taken from\\nbeneath their feet. The first stone house in the\\nState, and withal the most notable, is Travel-\\nler s Rest, in Lincoln County, built in 1783 by\\nGovernor Metcalf, who was then a stone-mason,\\nfor Isaac Shelby, the first Governor of Ken-\\ntucky. To those who know the blue-grass land-\\nscape, this type of homestead is familiar enough,\\nwith its solidity of foundation, great thickness\\nof walls, enormous, low chimneys, and little\\nwindows. The owners were the architects and\\nbuilders, and with stern, necessitous industry\\ntranslated their condition into their work, giv-\\ning it an intensely human element. It har-\\nmonized with need, not with feeling was built\\nby the virtues, and not by the vanities. With\\nno fine balance of proportion, with details few,\\nscant, and crude, the entire effect of the archi-\\ntecture was not unpleasing, so honest was its\\npoverty, so rugged and robust its purpose. It\\nwas the gravest of all historic commentaries\\nwritten in stone. Varied fate has overtaken\\n192", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nthese old-time structures. Many have been\\ntorn down, yielding their well-chosen sites to\\nnewer, showier houses. Others became in time\\nthe quarters of the slaves. Others still have\\nbeen hidden away beneath weather-boarding\\na veneer of commonplace modernism as\\nthough whitewashed or painted plank were\\nfiner than roughhewn graystone. But one is\\nglad to discover that in numerous instances\\nthey are the preferred homes of those who have\\ntaste for the old in native history, and pride in\\nfamily associations and traditions. On the\\nthinned, open landscape nothing stands out\\nwith a more pathetic air of nakedness than one\\nof these stone houses, long since abandoned and\\nfallen into ruin. Under the Kentucky sky\\nhouses crumble and die without seeming to\\ngrow old, without an aged toning down of col-\\nors, without the tender memorials of mosses\\nand lichens, and of the whole race of clinging:\\nthings. So not until they are quite overthrown\\ndoes Nature reclaim them, or draw once more\\nto her bosom the walls and chimneys within\\nwhose faithful bulwarks, and by whose cavern-\\nous, glowing recesses, our great-grandmothers\\nand great-grandfathers danced and made love,\\nmarried, suffered, and fell asleep.\\nNeither to the house of logs, therefore, nor\\nto that of stone must we look for the earliest\\nN I93", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nembodiment of positive taste in domestic archi-\\ntecture. This found its first, and, considering\\nthe exigencies of the period, its most note-\\nworthy expression in the homestead of brick.\\nNo finer specimen survives than that built in\\n1796, on a plan furnished by Thomas Jefferson\\nto John Brown, who had been his law student,\\nremained always his honored friend, and be-\\ncame one of the founders of the commonwealth.\\nIt is a rich landmark, this old manor-place on\\nthe bank of the Kentucky River, in Frankfort.\\nThe great hall with its pillared archway is wide\\nenough for dancing the Virginia reel. The\\nsuites of high, spacious rooms the carefully\\ncarved woodwork of the window-casings and\\nthe doors the tall, quaint mantel-frames the\\ndeep fireplaces with their shining fire-dogs and\\nfenders of brass, brought laboriously enough\\non pack-mules from Philadelphia; the brass\\nlocks and keys the portraits on the walls all\\nthese bespeak the early implantation in Ken-\\ntucky of a taste for sumptuous life and enter-\\ntainment. The house is like a far-descending\\necho of colonial Old Virginia.\\nFamous in its day for it is already beneath\\nthe sod and built not of wood, nor of stone,\\nnor of brick, but in part of all, was Chau-\\nmiere, the home of David Meade during the\\nclosing years of the last, and the early years of\\n194", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nthe present, century. The owner, a Virginian\\nwho had been much in England, brought back\\nwith him notions of the baronial style of coun-\\ntry-seat, and in Jessamine County, some ten\\nmiles from Lexington, built a home that lin-\\ngers in the mind like some picture of the imag-\\nination. It was a villa-like place, a cluster of\\nrustic cottages, with a great park laid out in\\nthe style of Old World landscape-gardening.\\nThere were artificial rivers spanned by bridges,\\nand lakes with islands crowned by temples.\\nThere were terraces and retired alcoves, and\\nwinding ways cut through flowering thickets.\\nA fortune was spent on the grounds a retinue\\nof servants was employed in nurturing their\\nbeauty. The dining room, wainscoted with\\nwalnut and relieved by deep window seats,\\nwas rich with the family service of silver and\\nglass on the walls of other rooms hung fam-\\nily portraits by Thomas Hudson and Sir Joshua\\nReynolds. Two days in the week were ap-\\npointed for formal receptions. There Jackson\\nand Monroe and Taylor were entertained\\nthere Aaron Burr was held for a time under\\narrest; there the old school showed itself in\\nbuckles and knee-breeches, and rode abroad in\\na yellow chariot with outriders in blue cloth\\nand silver buttons!\\nNear Lexington may be found a further not-\\ni95", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue- Grass\\nable example of early architecture in the Todd\\nhomestead, the oldest house in the region, built\\nby the brother of John Todd, who was Govern-\\nor of Kentucky Territory, including Illinois.\\nIt is a strong, spacious brick structure reared\\non a high foundation of stone, with a large,\\nsquare hall and square rooms in suites, con-\\nnected by double doors. To the last century\\nalso belongs the low, irregular pile that be-\\ncame the Wicklifle, and later the Preston,\\nhouse in Lexington a striking example of the\\ntaste then prevalent for plain, or even com-\\nmonplace, exteriors, if combined with interiors\\nthat touched the imagination with the sug-\\ngestion of something stately and noble and\\ncourtly.\\nThere are few types of homes erected in the\\nlast century. The wonder is not that such\\nplaces exist, but that they should have been\\nfound in Kentucky at such a time. For society\\nhad begun as the purest of democracies. Only\\na little while ago the people had been shut up\\nwithin a stockade. Stress of peril and hardship\\nhad levelled the elements of population to more\\nthan a democracy it had knit them together\\nas one endangered human brotherhood. Hence\\nthe sudden, fierce flaring up of sympathy with\\nthe French Revolution hence the deep re-\\nechoing war cry of Jacobin emissaries. But", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nscarcely had the wave of primitive conquest\\nflowed over the land, and wealth followed in\\nits peaceful wake, before life fell apart into the\\nextremes of social caste. The memories of\\nformer position, the influences of old domestic\\nhabits were powerful still so that, before a\\ngeneration passed, Kentucky society gave\\nproof of the continuity of its development\\nfrom Virginia. The region of the James Riv-\\ner, so rich in antique homesteads, began to re-\\nnew itself in the region of the blue-grass. On\\na new and larger canvas began to be painted\\nthe picture of shaded lawns, wide portals, broad\\nstaircases, great halls, drawing-rooms, and din-\\ning-rooms, wainscoting, carved wood-work, and\\nwaxed hard- wood floors. In came a few yellow\\nchariots, morocco lined, and drawn by four\\nhorses. In came the powder, the wigs, and the\\nqueues, the ruffled shirts, the knee breeches,\\nthe glittering buckles, the high-heeled slippers,\\nand the frosty brocades. Over the Alleghanies,\\nin slow-moving wagons, came the massive ma-\\nhogany furniture, the sunny brasswork, the tall\\nsilver candlesticks, the nervous looking, thin\\nlegged little pianos. In came old manners and\\nold speech and old prides the very Past gath-\\nered together its household gods and made an\\nexodus into the Future.\\nWithout due regard to these essential facts\\n197", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nthe social system of the State must ever remain\\npoorly understood. Hitherto they have been\\nbut little considered. To the popular imagina-\\ntion the most familiar type of the early Kentuc-\\nkian is that of the fighter, the hunter, the rude,\\nheroic pioneer and his no less heroic wife peo-\\nple who left all things behind them and set\\ntheir faces westward, prepared to be new creat-\\nures if such they could become. But on the\\ndim historic background are the stiff figures of\\nanother type, people who were equally bent on\\nbeing old-fashioned creatures if such they could\\nremain. Thus, during the final years of the\\nlast century and the first quarter of the present\\none, Kentucky life was richly overlaid with an-\\ncestral models. Closely studied, the elements\\nof population by the close of this period some-\\nwhat resembled a landed gentry, a robust\\nyeomanry, a white tenantry, and a black peas-\\nantry. It was only by degrees by the dying\\nout of the fine old types of men and women,\\nby longer absence from the old environment\\nand closer contact with the new that society\\nlost its inherited and acquired its native char-\\nacteristics, or became less Virginian and more\\nKentuckian. Gradually, also, the white ten-\\nantry waned and the black peasantry waxed.\\nThe aristocratic spirit, in becoming more Ken-\\ntuckian, unbent somewhat its pride, and the\\n198", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\ndemocratic, in becoming more Kentuckian,\\ntook on a pride of its own; so that when social\\nlife culminated with the first half century,\\nthere had been produced over the Blue-grass\\nRegion, by the intermingling of the two, that\\nwidely diffused and peculiar type which may\\nbe described as an aristocratic democracy, or\\na democratic aristocracy, according to one s\\nchoosing of a phrase. The beginnings of Ken-\\ntucky life represented not simply a slow devel-\\nopment from the rudest pioneer conditions, but\\nalso a direct and immediate implantation of\\nthe best of long-established social forms. And\\nin nowise did the latter embody itself more\\npersuasively and lastingly than in the building\\nof costly homes.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nWITH the opening of the present cen-\\ntury, that taste had gone on develop-\\ning. A specimen of early architect-\\nure in the style of the old English mansion\\nis to be found in Locust Grove, a massive\\nand enduring structure not in the Blue-grass\\nRegion, it is true, but several miles from\\nLouisville built in 1800 for Colonel Croghan,\\nbrother-in-law of General George Rogers\\nClark and still another remains in Spring\\nHill, in Woodford County, the home of Na-\\nthaniel Hart, who had been a boy in the fort\\nat Boonesborough. Until recently a further\\nrepresentative, though remodelled in later\\ntimes, survived in the Thompson place at\\nShawnee Springs, in Mercer County.\\nConsider briefly the import of such country\\nhomes as these Traveller s Rest, Chau-\\nmiere, Spring Hill, and Shawnee Springs.\\nBuilt remotely here and there, away from the\\nvillages or before villages were formed, in a\\n200", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\ncountry not yet traversed by limestone high-\\nways or even by lanes, they, and such as they,\\nwere the beacon-lights, many-windowed and\\nkind, of Kentucky entertainment. Travel-\\nler s Rest was on the great line of emigra-\\ntion from Abingdon through Cumberland Gap.\\nIts roof-tree was a boon of universal shelter,\\nits very name a perpetual invitation to all the\\nweary. Long after the country became thickly\\npeopled it, and such places as it, remained the\\nrallying-points of social festivity in their sev-\\neral counties, or drew their guests from re-\\nmoter regions. They brought in the era of\\nhospitalities, which by-and-by spread through\\nthe towns and over the land. If one is ever to\\nstudy this trait as it flowered to perfection in\\nKentucky life, one must look for it in the so-\\nciety of some fifty years ago. Then horses\\nwere kept in the stables, servants were kept\\nin the halls. Guests came uninvited, unan-\\nnounced; tables were regularly set for sur-\\nprises. Put a plate, said an old Kentuckian\\nof the time with a large family connection\\nalways put a plate for the last one of them\\ndown to the youngest grandchild. What a\\nKentuckian would have thought of being\\nasked to come on the thirteenth of the month\\nand to leave on the twentieth, it is difficult to\\nimagine. The wedding-presents of brides were\\n20 1", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nnot only jewels and silver and gold, but a\\nround of balls. The people were laughed at\\nfor their too impetuous civilities. In what-\\never quarter of the globe they should hap-\\npen to meet for the hour a pleasing stranger,\\nthey would say in parting, And when you\\ncome to Kentucky, be certain to come to my\\nhouse.\\nYet it is needful to discriminate, in speaking\\nof Kentucky hospitality. Universally gracious\\ntowards the stranger, and quick to receive\\nhim for his individual worth, within the State\\nhospitality ran in circles, and the people turned\\na piercing eye on one another s social positions.\\nIf in no other material aspect did they em-\\nbody the history of descent so sturdily as in\\nthe building of homes, in no other trait of\\nhome life did they reflect this more clearly\\nthan in family pride. Hardly a little town\\nbut had its classes that never mingled scarce\\na rural neighborhood but insisted on the sanc-\\ntity of its salt-cellar and the gloss of its ma-\\nhogany. The spirit of caste was somewhat\\nPersian in its gravity. Now the Alleghanies\\nwere its background, and the heroic beginnings\\nof Kentucky life supplied its warrant now it\\noverleaped the Alleghanies, and allied itself to\\nthe memories of deeds and names in older\\nStates. But if some professed to look down,\\n202", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nnone professed to look up. Deference to an\\nupper class, if deference existed, was secret\\nand resentful, not open and servile. The his-\\ntory of great political contests in the State is\\nlargely the victory and defeat of social types.\\nHerein lies a difficulty you touch any point\\nof Kentucky life, and instantly about it cluster\\nantagonisms and contradictions. The false is\\ntrue the true is false. Society was aristo-\\ncratic it was democratic it was neither it\\nwas both. There was intense family pride, and\\nno family pride. The ancestral sentiment was\\nweak, and it was strong. To-day you will dis-\\ncover the increasing vogue of an Jieraldica\\nKentnckicnsis, and to-day an absolute disre-\\ngard of a distinguished past. One tells but\\npartial truths.\\nOf domestic architecture in a brief and gen-\\neral way something has been said. The pre-\\nvailing influence was Virginian, but in Lexing-\\nton and elsewhere may be observed evidences\\nof French ideas in the glasswork and designs\\nof doors and windows, in rooms grouped around\\na central hall with arching niches and alcoves\\nfor models made their way from New Orleans\\nas well as from the East. Out in the country,\\nhowever, at such places as those already men-\\ntioned, and in homes nearer town, as at Ash-\\nland, a purely English taste was sometimes\\n203", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nshown for woodland parks with deer, and, what\\nwas more peculiarly Kentuckian, elk and buf-\\nfalo. This taste, once so conspicuous, has\\nnever become extinct, and certainly the land-\\nscape is receptive enough to all such stately\\npurposes. At vSpring Hill and elsewhere,\\nto-day, one may stroll through woods that have\\nkept a touch of their native wildness. There\\nwas the English love of lawns, too, with a low\\nmatted green turf and wide-spreading shade-\\ntrees above elm and maple, locust and poplar\\nthe English fondness for a home half hid-\\nden with evergreens and creepers and shrub-\\nbery, to be approached by a leafy avenue, a\\nsecluded gate-way, and a gravelled drive for\\nhighways hardly admit to the heart of rural\\nlife in Kentucky, and way-side homes, to be\\ndusted and gazed at by every passer-by, would\\nlittle accord with the spirit of the people. This\\nfeeling of family seclusion and completeness\\nalso portrayed itself very tenderly in the cus-\\ntom of family graveyards, which were in time\\nto be replaced by the democratic cemetery and\\nno one has ever lingered around those quiet\\nspots of aged and drooping cedars, fast-fading\\nviolets, and perennial myrtle, without being\\nmade to feel that they grew out of the better\\nheart and fostered the finer senses.\\nAnother evidence of culture among the first\\n204", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\ngenerations of Kentuckians is to be seen in the\\nprivate collections of portraits, among which\\none wanders now with a sort of stricken feeling\\nthat the higher life of Kentucky in this regard\\nnever went beyond its early promise. Look\\ninto the meagre history of native art, and you\\nwill discover that nearly all the best work\\nbelongs to this early time. It was possible\\nthen that a Kentuckian could give up law and\\nturn to painting. Almost in the wilderness\\nJouett created rich, luminous, startling can-\\nvases. Artists came from older States to\\nsojourn and to work, and were invited or sum-\\nmoned from abroad. Painting was taught in\\nLexington in 1800. Well for Jouett, perhaps,\\nthat he lived when he did better for Hart,\\nperhaps, that he was not born later they\\nmight have run for Congress. One is prone to\\nrecur time and again to this period, when the\\nideals of Kentucky life were still wavering or\\nunformed, and when there was the greatest\\nreceptivity to outside impressions. Thinking\\nof social life as it was developed, say in and\\naround Lexington of artists coming and\\ngoing, of the statesmen, the lecturers, the law-\\nyers, of the dignity and the energy of charac-\\nter, of the intellectual dinners one is inclined\\nto liken the local civilization to a truncated\\ncone, to a thing that should have towered to a\\n205", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nsymmetric apex, but somehow has never risen\\nvery high above a sturdy base.\\nBut to speak broadly of home life after it\\nbecame more typically Kentuckian, and after\\narchitecture began to reflect with greater\\nuniformity the character of the people. And\\nhere one can find material comfort, if not aes-\\nthetic delight for it is the whole picture of\\nhuman life in the Blue-grass Region that\\npleases. Ride east and west, or north and\\nsouth, along highway or by-way, and the picture\\nis the same. One almost asks for relief from\\nthe monotony of a merely well-to-do existence,\\nalmost sighs for the extremes of squalor and\\nsplendor, that nowhere may be seen, and that\\nwould seem out of place if anywhere con-\\nfronted. On, and on, and on you go, seeing\\nonly the repetition of field and meadow, wood\\nand lawn, a winding stream, an artificial pond,\\na sunny vineyard, a blooming orchard, a stone-\\nwall, a hedge-row, a tobacco barn, a warehouse,\\na race-track, cattle under the trees, sheep on\\nthe slopes, swine in the pools, and, half hidden\\nby evergreens and shrubbery, the homelike,\\nunpretentious houses that crown very simply\\nand naturally the entire picture of material\\nprosperity. They strike you as built not for\\ntheir own sakes. Few will offer anything that\\nlays hold upon the memory, unless it be per-\\n206", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nhaps a front portico with Doric, Ionic, or Co-\\nrinthian columns for the typical Kentuckian\\nlikes to go into his house through a classic\\nentrance, no matter what inharmonious things\\nmay be beyond; and after supper on summer\\nevenings nothing fills him with serener comfort\\nthan to tilt his chair back against a classic sup-\\nport, as he smokes a pipe and argues on the\\nimmortality of a pedigree.\\nOn the whole, one feels that nature has long\\nwaited for a more exquisite sense in domestic\\narchitecture that the immeasurable possibili-\\nties of delightful landscape have gone unrecog-\\nnized or wasted. Too often there is in form\\nand outline no harmony with the spirit of the\\nscenery, and there is dissonance of color color\\nwhich makes the first and strongest impres-\\nsion. The realm of taste is prevailingly the\\nrealm of the want of taste, or of its mere-\\ntricious and commonplace violations. Many\\nof the houses have a sort of featureless, cold,\\ninsipid ugliness, and interior and exterior deco-\\nrations are apt to go for nothing or for some-\\nthing worse. You repeat that nature awaits\\nmore art, since she made the land so kind to\\nbeauty for no transformation of a rude, un-\\ngenial landscape is needed. The earth does\\nnot require to be trimmed and combed and\\nperfumed. The airy vistas and delicate slopes\\n207", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nare ready-made, the park-like woodlands invite,\\nthe tender, clinging children of the summer,\\nthe deep, echoless repose of the whole land, all\\nask that art be laid on every undulation and\\nstored in every nook. And there are days with\\nsuch Arcadian colors in air and cloud and sky\\ndays with such panoramas of calm, sweet\\npastoral groups and harmonies below, such\\nrippling and flashing of waters through green\\nunderlights and golden interspaces, that the\\nshy, coy spirit of beauty seems to be wandering\\nhalf sadly abroad and shunning all the haunts\\nof man.\\nBut little agricultural towns are not art-cen-\\ntres. Of itself rural life does not develop\\naesthetic perceptions, and the last, most difficult\\nthing to bring into the house is this shy, elu-\\nsive spirit of beauty. The Kentucky woman\\nhas perhaps been corrupted in childhood by\\ntasteless surroundings. Her lovable mission,\\nthe creation of a multitude of small, lovely\\nobjects, is undertaken feebly and blindly. She\\nmay not know how to create beauty, may not\\nknow what beauty is. The temperament of her\\nlord, too, is practical a man of substance and\\nstomach, sound at heart, and with an abiding\\nsense of his own responsibility and impor-\\ntance, honestly insisting on sweet butter and\\nnew-laid eggs, home-made bread and home-\\n208", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\ngrown mutton, but little revelling in the deli-\\ncacies of sensibility, and with no more eye for\\ncrimson poppies or blue corn-flowers in his\\nhouse than amid his grain. Many a Kentucky\\nwoman would make her home beautiful if her\\nhusband would allow her to do it.\\nAmid a rural people, also, no class of citizens\\nis more influential than the clergy, who go\\nabout as the shepherds of the right and with-\\nout doubt in Kentucky, as elsewhere, minis-\\nterial ideals have wrought their effects on taste\\nin architecture. Perhaps it is well to state\\nthat this is said broadly, and particularly of\\nthe past. The Kentucky preachers during\\nearlier times were a fiery, zealous, and austere\\nset, proclaiming that this world was not a home,\\nbut wilderness of sin, and exhorting their peo-\\nple to live under the awful shadow of Eter-\\nnity. Beauty in every material form was a\\nperil, the seductive garment of the devil. Well-\\nnigh all that made for aesthetic culture was\\nput down, and, like frost on venturesome flow-\\ners, sermons fell on beauty in dress, entertain-\\nment, equipage, houses, church architecture,\\nmusic, the drama, the opera\u00e2\u0080\u0094 everything. The\\nmeek young spirit was led to the creek or\\npond, and perhaps the ice was broken for her\\nbaptism. If, as she sat in the pew, any vision\\nof her chaste loveliness reached the pulpit,\\no 209", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nback came the warning that she would some\\nday turn into a withered hag, and must in-\\nevitably be eaten of worms. What wonder\\nif the sense of beauty pined or went astray\\nand found itself completely avenged in the\\nbuilding of such churches? And yet there is\\nnothing that even religion more surely de-\\nmands than the fostering of the sense of beauty\\nwithin us, and through this also we work tow-\\nards the civilization of the future.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "M\\nIV\\nANY rural homes have been built since\\nthe war, but the old type of country\\nlife has vanished. On the whole, there\\nhas been a strong movement of population\\ntowards the towns, rapidly augmenting their\\nsize. Elements of showiness and freshness have\\nbeen added to their once unobtrusive archi-\\ntecture. And, in particular, that art move-\\nment and sudden quickening of the love of\\nbeauty which swept over this country a few\\nyears since has had its influence here. But for\\nthe most part the newer homes are like the\\nnewer homes in other American cities, and the\\nstyle of interior appointment and decoration\\nhas few native characteristics. As a rule the\\npeople love the country life less than of yore,\\nsince an altered social system has deprived it\\nof much leisure, and has added hardships. The\\nKentuckian does not regard it as part of his\\nmission in life to feed fodder to stock and\\nservants are hard to get, the colored ladies and\\n211", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\ngentlemen having developed a taste for urban\\nsociety.\\nWhat is to be the future of the Blue-grass\\nRegion? When population becomes denser\\nand the pressure is felt in every neighborhood,\\nwho will possess it One seems to see in cer-\\ntain tendencies of American life the probable\\nanswer to this question. The small farmer\\nwill be bought out, and will disappear. Es-\\ntates will grow fewer and larger. The whole\\nland will pass into the hands of the rich, being\\ntoo precious for the poor to own. Already\\nhere and there one notes the disposition to\\ncreate vast domains by the slow swallowing\\nup of contiguous small ones. Consider in this\\nconnection the taste already shown by the rich\\nAmerican in certain parts of the United States\\nto found a country-place in the style of an\\nEnglish lord. Consider, too, that the landscape\\nis much like the loveliest of rural England;\\nthat the trees, the grass, the sculpture of the\\nscenery are such as make the perfect beauty\\nof a park; that the fox, the bob -white, the\\nthoroughbred, and the deer are indigenous.\\nApparently, therefore, one can foresee the dis-\\ntant time when this will become the region of\\nsplendid homes and estates that will nourish\\na taste for out-door sports and offer an escape\\nfrom the too-wearying cities. On the other\\n212", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "Homesteads of the Blue-Grass\\nhand, a powerful and ever-growing interest is\\nthat of the horse, racer or trotter. He brings\\ninto the State his increasing capital, his types\\nof men. Year after year he buys farms, and\\nlays out tracks, and builds stables, and edits\\njournals, and turns agriculture into grazing.\\nIn time the Blue -grass Region may become\\nthe Yorkshire of America.\\nBut let the future have its own. The coun-\\ntry will become theirs who deserve it, whether\\nthey build palaces or barns. Only one hopes\\nthat when the old homesteads have been torn\\ndown or have fallen into ruins, the tradition\\nmay still run that they, too, had their day and\\ndeserved their page of history.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "THROUGH CUMBERLAND GAP\\nON HORSEBACK", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "1\\nFRESH fields lay before us that summer of\\n1 885. We had left the rich, rolling plains\\nof the Blue-grass Region in central Ken-\\ntucky and set our faces towards the great Ap-\\npalachian uplift on the south-eastern border of\\nthe State. There Cumberland Gap, that high-\\nswung gateway through the mountain, abides\\nas a landmark of what Nature can do when she\\nwishes to give an opportunity to the human\\nrace in its migrations and discoveries, without\\nsurrendering control of its liberty and its fate.\\nIt can never be too clearly understood by those\\nwho are wont to speak of the Kentuckians\\nthat this State has within its boundaries two\\nentirely distinct elements of population ele-\\nments distinct in England before they came\\nhither, distinct during more than a century of\\nresidence here, and distinct now in all that goes\\nto constitute a separate community occupa-\\ntions, manners and customs, dress, views of life,\\ncivilization. It is but a short distance from the\\n217", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nblue-grass country to the eastern mountains\\nbut in traversing it you detach yourself from\\nall that you have ever experienced, and take up\\nthe history of English-speaking men and wom-\\nen at the point it had reached a hundred or a\\nhundred and fifty years ago.\\nLeaving Lexington, then, which is in the\\nmidst of the blue-grass plateau, we were come\\nto Burnside, where begin the navigable waters\\nof the Cumberland River, and the foot-hills of\\nthe Cumberland Mountains.\\nBurnside is not merely a station, but a moun-\\ntain watering-place. The water is mostly in\\nthe bed of the river. We had come hither to get\\nhorses and saddle-bags, but to no purpose. The\\nhotel was a sort of transition point between the\\ncivilization we had left and the primitive society\\nwe were to enter. On the veranda were some\\ndistinctly modern and conventional red chairs\\nbut a green and yellow gourd-vine, carefully\\ntrained so as to shut out the landscape, was a\\ngenuine bit of local color. Under the fine\\nbeeches in the yard was swung a hammock, but\\nit was made of boards braced between ropes,\\nand was covered with a weather-stained piece\\nof tarpaulin. There were electric bells in the\\nhouse that did not electrify and near the front\\nentrance three barrels of Irish potatoes, with\\nthe tops off, spoke for themselves in the ab-", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "OLD FERRY A I POINT r.DRNSIDE", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nsence of the bill of fare. After supper, the cook,\\na tall, blue-eyed, white fellow, walked into my\\nroom without explanation, and carried away his\\nguitar, showing that he had been wont to set his\\nsighs to music in that quarter of the premises.\\nThe moon hung in that part of the heavens, and\\nno doubt ogled him into many a midnight fren-\\nzy. Sitting under a beech-tree in the morning, I\\nhad watched a child from some city, dressed\\nin white and wearing a blue ribbon around her\\ngoldenish hair, amuse herself by rolling old bar-\\nrels (potato barrels probably, and she may have\\nhad a motive) down the hill-side and seeing\\nthem dashed to pieces on the railway track be-\\nlow. By-and-by some of the staves of one fell\\nin, the child tumbled in also, and they all rolled\\nover together. Upon the whole, it was an odd\\noverlapping of two worlds. When the railway\\nwas first opened through this region a young-\\nman established a fruit store at one of the sta-\\ntions, and as part of his stock laid in a bunch\\nof bananas. One day a mountaineer entered.\\nArrangements generally struck him with sur-\\nprise, but everything else was soon forgotten\\nin an adhesive contemplation of that mighty\\naggregation of fruit. Finally he turned away\\nwith this comment Damn me if them ain t\\nthe damnedest beans /ever seen\\nThe scenery around Burnside is beautiful,\\n219", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nand the climate bracing. In the valleys was\\nformerly a fine growth of walnut, but the prin-\\ncipal timbers now are oak, ash, and sycamore,\\nwith yellow pine. I heard of a wonderful wal-\\nnut tree formerly standing, by hiring vehicles\\nto go and see which the owner of a livery-stable\\nmade three hundred and fifty dollars. Six hun-\\ndred were offered for it on the spot. The hills\\nare filled with the mountain limestone that\\nKentucky oolite of which the new Cotton Ex-\\nchange in New York is built. Here was Burn-\\nside s depot of supplies during the war, and\\nhere passed the great road made in part a cor-\\nduroy road at his order from Somerset, Ken-\\ntucky, to Jacksborough, over which countless\\nstores were taken from central Kentucky and\\nregions farther north into Tennessee. Supplies\\nwere brought up the river in small steamboats\\nor overland in wagons, and when the road grew\\nimpassable, pack-mules were used. Sad sights\\nthere were in those sad days the carcasses of\\nanimals at short intervals from here to Knox-\\nville, and now and then a mule sunk up to his\\nbody in mire, and abandoned, with his pack on,\\nto die. Here were batteries planted and rifle-\\npits dug, the vestiges of which yet remain but\\nwhere the forest timbers were then cut down a\\nvigorous new growth has long been reclaiming\\nthe earth to native wildness, and altogether the\\n220", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\naspect of the place is peaceful and serene. Doves\\nwere flying in and out of the corn-fields on the\\nhill-sides there were green stretches in the val-\\nleys where cattle were grazing and these, to-\\ngether with a single limestone road that wound\\nupward over a distant ridge, recalled the richer\\nscenes of the blue-grass lands.\\nAssured that we should find horses and sad-\\ndle-bags at Cumberland Falls, we left Burnside\\nin the afternoon, and were soon set down at a\\nstation some fifteen miles farther along, where\\na hack conveyed us to another of those moun-\\ntain watering-places that are being opened up\\nin various parts of eastern Kentucky for the\\nenjoyment of a people that has never cared to\\nfrequent in large numbers the Atlantic sea-\\nboard.\\nAs we drove on, the darkness was falling,\\nand the scenery along the road grew wilder\\nand grander. A terrific storm had swept over\\nthese heights, and the great trees lay uptorn\\nand prostrate in every direction, or reeled and\\nfell against each other like drunken giants a\\nscene of fearful elemental violence. On the\\nsummits one sees the tan bark oak lower\\ndown, the white oak and lower yet, fine speci-\\nmens of yellow poplar while from the val-\\nleys to the crests is a dense and varied under-\\ngrowth, save where the ground has been burned\\n221", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nover, year after year, to kill it out and improve\\nthe grazing. Twenty miles to the south-east\\nwe had seen through the pale -tinted air the\\nwaving line of Jellico Mountains in Tennessee.\\nAway to the north lay the Beaver Creek and\\nthe lower Cumberland, while in front of us rose\\nthe craggy, scowling face of Anvil Rock, com-\\nmanding a view of Kentucky, Tennessee, and\\nVirginia. The utter silence and heart-oppress-\\ning repose of primeval nature was around us.\\nThe stark white and gray trunks of the im-\\nmemorial forest dead linked us to an inviolable\\npast. The air seemed to blow upon us from\\nover regions illimitable and unexplored, and to\\nbe fraught with unutterable suggestions. The\\nfull moon swung itself aloft over the sharp\\ntouchings of the green with spectral pallor\\nand the evening star stood lustrous on the\\nwestern horizon in depths of blue as cold as a\\nsky of Landseer, except where brushed by\\ntremulous shadows of rose on the verge of the\\nsunlit world. A bat wheeled upward in fan-\\ntastic curves out of his undiscovered glade.\\nAnd the soft tinkle of a single cow-bell far be-\\nlow marked the invisible spot of some lonely\\nhuman habitation. By-and-by we lost sight of\\nthe heavens altogether, so dense and interlaced\\nthe forest. The descent of the hack appeared\\nto be into a steep abyss of gloom then all at\\n222", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nonce we broke from the edge of the woods into\\na flood of moonlight; at our feet were the\\nwhirling, foaming rapids of the river in our\\nears was the roar of the cataract, where the\\nbow-crowned mist rose and floated upward and\\naway in long trailing shapes of ethereal light-\\nness.\\nThe Cumberland River throws itself over\\nthe rocks here with a fall of seventy feet, or a\\nperpendicular descent of sixty-two, making a\\nmimic but beautiful Niagara. Just below, at\\nEagle Falls, it drops over its precipice in a\\nlawny cascade. The roar of the cataract, un-\\nder favorable conditions, may be heard up and\\ndown stream a distance of ten or twelve miles.\\nYou will not find in mountainous Kentucky a\\nmore picturesque spot.\\nWhile here, we had occasion to extend our\\nacquaintance with native types. Two young\\nmen came to the hotel, bringing a bag of small,\\nhard peaches to sell. Slim, slab-sided, stomach-\\nless, and serene, mild, and melancholy, they\\nmight have been lotos-eaters, only the sugges-\\ntion of poetry was wanting. Their unutter-\\nable content came not from the lotos, but\\nfrom their digestion. If they could sell their\\npeaches, they would be happy if not, they\\nwould be happy. What they could not sell,\\nthey could as well eat and since no bargain\\n223", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nwas made on this occasion, they took chairs on\\nthe hotel veranda, opened the bag, and fell to.\\nI talked with the Benjamin of his tribe\\nIs that a good coon dog\\nA mighty good coon dog. I hain t never\\nseed him whipped by a varmint yit.\\nAre there many coons in this country\\nSeveral coons.\\nIs this a good year for coons\\nA mighty good year for coons. The woods\\nis full o varmints.\\nDo coons eat corn\\nCoons is bad as hogs on corn, when they\\ngit tuk to it.\\nu Are there many wild turkeys in this coun-\\ntry\\nSeveral wild turkeys.\\nHave you ever caught many coons\\nI ve cotched high as five coons out o one\\ntree.\\nAre there many foxes in this country\\nSeveral foxes.\\nWhat s the best way to cook a coon\\nKetch him and parbile him, and then put\\nhim in cold water and soak him, and then put\\nhim in and bake him.\\nAre there many hounds in this country?\\nSeveral hounds.\\nHere, among other discoveries, was a lin-\\n224", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nguistic one the use of several in the sense\\nof a great many, probably an innumerable\\nmultitude, as in the case of the coons.\\nThey hung around the hotel for hours, as\\nbeings utterly exempt from all the obligations\\nand other phenomena of time.\\nWhy should we only toil, the roof and crown of\\nthings\\nThe guide bespoken the evening before had\\nmade arrangements for our ride of some eigh-\\nteen miles was it not forty? to Williamsburg,\\nand in the afternoon made his appearance with\\nthree horses. Of these one was a mule, with\\na strong leaning towards his father s family.\\nOf the three saddles one was a side-saddle, and\\nanother was an army saddle with refugee stir-\\nrups. The three beasts wore among them some\\nseven shoes. My own mincing jade had none.\\nHer name must have been Helen of Troy\\n(all horses are named in Kentucky), so long\\nago had her great beauty disappeared. She\\npartook with me of the terror which her own\\nmovements inspired and if there ever was a\\nwell-defined case in which the man should have\\ncarried the beast, this was the one. While on\\nher back I occasionally apologized for the in-\\njustice of riding her by handing her some sour\\np 225", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\napples, the like of which she appeared never to\\nhave tasted before, just as it was told me she\\nhad never known the luxury of wearing shoes.\\nIt is often true that the owner of a horse in\\nthis region is too poor or too mean to have it\\nshod.\\nOur route from Cumberland Falls lay-\\nthrough what is called Little Texas, in\\nWhitley County a wilderness some twenty\\nmiles square. I say route, because there was\\nnot always a road but for the guide, there\\nwould not always have been a direction. Rough\\nas the country appears to one riding through\\nit on horseback, it is truly called flat woods\\ncountry and viewed from Jellico Mountains,\\nwhence the local elevations are of no account,\\nit looks like one vast sweep of sloping, densely\\nwooded land. Here one may see noble speci-\\nmens of yellow poplar in the deeper soil at the\\nhead of the ravines pin-oak, and gum and\\nwillow, and the rarely beautiful wild-cucumber.\\nAlong the streams in the lowlands blooms the\\nwild calacanthus, filling the air with fragrance,\\nand here in season the wild camellia throws\\nopen its white and purple splendors.\\nIt was not until we had passed out of Lit-\\ntle Texas and reached Williamsburg, had gone\\nthence to Barbourville, the county-seat of the\\nadjoining county of Knox, and thence again\\n226", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\ninto Bell County, that we stopped at an old\\nway-side inn on the Wilderness road from Ken-\\ntucky through Cumberland Gap. Around us\\nwere the mountains around us the mountain-\\neers whom we wished to study.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "II\\nSTRAIGHT, slim, angular, white bodies\\naverage or even unusual stature, without\\ngreat muscular robustness features reg-\\nular and colorless unanimated but intelligent\\nin the men sometimes fierce in the women\\noften sad among the latter occasional beauty\\nof a pure Greek type a manner shy and defer-\\nential, but kind and fearless eyes with a slow,\\nlong look of mild inquiry, or of general listless-\\nness, or of unconscious and unaccountable\\nmelancholy the key of life a low minor strain,\\nlosing itself in reverie voices monotonous in\\nintonation movements uninformed by ner-\\nvousness these are characteristics of the Ken-\\ntucky mountaineers. Living to-day as their\\nforefathers lived a hundred years ago hearing\\nlittle of the world, caring nothing for it re-\\nsponding feebly to the influences of civilization\\nnear the highways of travel in and around the\\ntowns, and latterly along the lines of railway\\ncommunication but sure to live here, if unin-\\n228", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": ".NATIVE TYPES", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nvaded and unaroused, in the same condition\\nfor a hundred years to come lacking the spirit\\nof development from within devoid of sympa-\\nthy with that boundless and ungovernable\\nactivity which is carrying the Saxon race in\\nAmerica from one state to another, whether\\nbetter or worse. The origin of these people,\\nthe relation they sustain to the different pop-\\nulation of the central Kentucky region in\\nfine, an account of them from the date of their\\nsettling in these mountains to the present\\ntime, when, as it seems, they are on the point\\nof losing their isolation, and with it their dis-\\ntinctiveness would imprison phases of life and\\ncharacter valuable alike to the special history\\nof this country and to the general history of\\nthe human mind.\\nThe land in these mountains is all claimed,\\nbut it is probably not all covered by actual\\npatent. As evidence, a company has been\\nformed to speculate in lands not secured by\\ntitle. The old careless way of marking off\\nboundaries by going from tree to tree, by\\npartly surveying and partly guessing, explains\\nthe present uncertainty. Many own land by\\nright of occupancy, there being no other claim.\\nThe great body of the people live on and cul-\\ntivate little patches which they either own, or\\nhold free, or pay rent for with a third of the\\n229", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\ncrop. These not unfrequently get together\\nand trade farms as they would horses, no deed\\nbeing executed. There is among them a mobile\\nelement squatters who make a hill-side clear-\\ning and live on it as long as it remains produc-\\ntive then they move elsewhere. This accounts\\nfor the presence throughout the country of\\nabandoned cabins, around which a new forest\\ngrowth is springing up. Leaving out of con-\\nsideration the few instances of substantial pros-\\nperity, the most of the people are abjectly poor,\\nand they appear to have no sense of accumula-\\ntion. The main crops raised are corn and\\npotatoes. In the scant gardens will be seen\\npatches of cotton, sorghum, and tobacco flax\\nalso, though less than formerly. Many make\\ninsufficient preparation for winter, laying up\\nno meat, but buying a piece of bacon now and\\nthen, and paying for it with work. In some\\nregions the great problem of life is to raise\\ntwo dollars and a half during the year for\\ncounty taxes. Being pauper counties, they\\nare exempt from State taxation. Jury fees\\nare highly esteemed and much sought after.\\nThe manufacture of illicit mountain whiskey\\nmoonshine was formerly, as it is now, a\\nconsiderable source of revenue; and a desper-\\nate sub-source of revenue from the same busi-\\nness has been the betrayal of its hidden places.\\n230", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nThere is nothing harder or more dangerous to\\nfind now in the mountains than a still.\\nFormerly digging sang, as they call gin-\\nseng, was a general occupation. For this\\nChina was a great market. It has nearly all\\nbeen dug out except in the wildest parts of the\\ncountry, where entire families may still be\\nseen out sangin They took it into the\\ntowns in bags, selling it at a dollar and ten\\ncents perhaps a dollar and a half a pound.\\nThis was mainly the labor of the women and\\nthe children, who went to work barefooted,\\namid briers and chestnut burs, copperheads\\nand rattlesnakes. Indeed, the women prefer\\nto go barefooted, finding shoes a trouble and\\nconstraint. It was a sad day for the people\\nwhen the sang grew scarce. A few years\\nago one of the counties was nearly depopu-\\nlated in consequence of a great exodus into\\nArkansas, whence had come the news that\\nsang was plentiful. Not long since, during\\na season of scarcity in corn, a local store-keeper\\ntold the people of a county to go out and\\ngather all the mandrake or May-apple root\\nthey could find. At first only the women and\\nchildren went to work, the men holding back\\nwith ridicule. By-and-by they also took part,\\nand that year some fifteen tons were gathered,\\nat three cents a pound, and the whole country\\n231", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nthus got its seed-corn. Wild ginger was an-\\nother root formerly much dug also to less ex-\\ntent golden-seal and bloodroot. The sale\\nof feathers from a few precarious geese helps\\nto eke out subsistence. Their methods of\\nagriculture if methods they may be styled\\nare the most primitive. Ploughing is com-\\nmonly done with a bull-tongue, an imple-\\nment hardly more than a sharpened stick with\\na metal rim this is often drawn by an ox, or\\na half-yoke. But one may see women plough-\\ning with two oxen. Traces are made of hickory\\nor papaw, as also are bed-cords. Ropes are\\nmade of lynn bark. In some counties there is\\nnot so much as a fanning-mill, grain being\\nwinnowed by pouring it from basket to basket,\\nafter having been threshed with a flail, which\\nis a hickory withe some seven feet long. Their\\nthreshing-floor is a clean place on the ground,\\nand they take up grain, gravel, and dirt together,\\nnot knowing, or not caring for, the use of a sieve.\\nThe grain is ground at their homes in a hand\\ntub-mill, or one made by setting the nether\\nmillstone in a bee-gum, or by cutting a hole in\\na puncheon-log and sinking the stone into it.\\nThere are, however, other kinds of mills the\\nprimitive little water-mill, which may be con-\\nsidered almost characteristic of this region in\\na few places improved water-mills, and small\\n2 22", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nsteam-mills. It is the country of mills, farm-\\nhouses being furnished with one as with coffee-\\npot or spinning-wheel. A simpler way of\\npreparing corn for bread than by even the\\nhand-mill is used in the late summer and early\\nautumn, while the grain is too hard for eating\\nas roasting-ears, and too soft to be ground in\\na mill. On a board is tacked a piece of tin\\nthrough which holes have been punched from\\nthe under side, and over this tin the ears are\\nrubbed, producing a coarse meal, of which\\ngritted bread is made. Much pleasure and\\nmuch health they get from their gritted\\nbread, which is sweet and wholesome for a\\nhungry man.\\nWhere civilization has touched on the high-\\nways and the few improved mills have been\\nerected, one may see women going to mill\\nwith their scant sacks of grain, riding on a\\njack, a jennet, or a bridled ox. But this is not\\nso bad as in North Carolina, where, Europa-\\nlike, they ride on bulls.\\nAside from such occupations, the men have\\nnothing to do a little work in the spring, and\\nnine months rest. They love to meet at the\\ncountry groceries and cross-roads, to shoot\\nmatches for beef, turkeys, or liquor, and to\\ngamble. There is with them a sort of annual\\nsuccession of amusements. In its season they\\n233", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nhave the rage for pitching horse-shoes, the\\nricher ones using dollar pieces. In conse-\\nquence of their abundant leisure, the loneli-\\nness of the mountains, and their bravery and\\nvigor, quarrels are frequent and feuds deadly.\\nPersonal enmities soon serve to array entire\\nfamilies in an attitude of implacable hostility\\nand in the course of time relatives and friends\\ntake sides, and a war of extermination ensues.\\nThe special origins of these feuds are various\\nblood heated and temper lost under the influ-\\nence of moonshine reporting the places and\\nmanufacturers of this local politics the survi-\\nval of resentments engendered during the Civil\\nWar. These, together with all causes that lie\\nin the passions of the human heart and spring\\nfrom the constitution of all human society, often\\nmake the remote and insulated life of these\\npeople turbulent, reckless, and distressing.\\nBut while thus bitter and cruel towards each\\nother, they present to strangers the aspect of\\na polite, kind, unoffending, and most hospita-\\nble race. They will divide with you shelter\\nand warmth and food, however scant, and will\\nput themselves to trouble for your convenience\\nwith an unreckoning, earnest friendliness and\\ngood -nature that is touching to the last de-\\ngree. No sham, no pretence a true friend, or\\nan open enemj^. Of late they have had much\\n234", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\noccasion to regard new-comers with distrust,\\nwhich, once aroused, is difficult to dispel and\\nnow they will wish to know you and your busi-\\nness before treating you with that warmth\\nwhich they are only too glad to show.\\nThe women do most of the work. From the\\nfew sheep, running wild, which the farm may\\nown, they take the wool, which is carded, reeled,\\nspun, and woven into fabrics by their own hands\\nand on their rude implements. One or two\\nspinning-wheels will be found in every house.\\nCotton from their little patches they clean by\\nusing a primitive hand cotton-gin. Flax, much\\nspun formerly, is now less used. It is surpris-\\ning to see from what appliances they will bring\\nforth exquisite fabrics garments for personal\\nwear, bedclothes, and the like. When they can\\nafford it they make carpets.\\nThey have, as a rule, luxuriant hair. In\\nsome counties one is struck by the purity of\\nthe Saxon type, and their faces in early life\\nare often handsome. But one hears that in\\ncertain localities they are prone to lose their\\nteeth, and that after the age of thirty-five it\\nis a rare thing to see a woman whose teeth are\\nnot partly or wholly wanting. The reason is\\nnot apparent. They appear passionately fond\\nof dress, and array themselves in gay colors\\nand in jewelry (pinchbeck), if their worldly es-\\n235", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\ntate justifies the extravagance. Oftener, if\\nyoung, they have a modest, shy air, as if con-\\nscious that their garb is not decorous. Whether\\nmarried or unmarried, they show much natural\\ndiffidence. It is told that in remoter districts\\nof the mountains they are not allowed to sit at\\nthe table with the male members of the house-\\nhold, but serve them as in ancient societies.\\nCommonly, in going to church, the men ride\\nand carry the children, while the women walk.\\nDancing in some regions is hardly known, but\\nin others is a favorite amusement, and in its\\nmovements men and women show grace. The\\nmountain preachers oppose it as a sin.\\nMarriages take place early. They are a fec-\\nund race. I asked them time and again to fix\\nupon the average number of children to a fam-\\nily, and they gave as the result seven. In case\\nof parental opposition to wedlock, the lovers\\nrun off. There is among the people a low\\nstandard of morality in their domestic rela-\\ntions, the delicate privacies of home life hav-\\ning little appreciation where so many persons,\\nwithout regard to age or sex, are crowded to-\\ngether within very limited quarters.\\nThe dwellings often mere cabins with a\\nsingle room are built of rough -hewn logs,\\nchinked or daubed, though not always. Often\\nthere is a puncheon floor and no chamber roof.\\n236", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nOne of these mountaineers, called into court to\\ntestify as to the household goods of a defend-\\nant neighbor, gave in as the inventory, a string\\nof pumpkins, a skillet without a handle, and\\na wild Bill. A wild Bill is a bed made by\\nboring auger holes into a log, driving sticks\\ninto these, and overlaying them with hickory\\nbark and sedge-grass a favorite couch. The\\nlow chimneys, made usually of laths daubed,\\nare so low that the saying, inelegant though\\ntrue, is current, that you may sit by the fire\\ninside and spit out over the top. The cracks\\nin the walls are often large enough to give in-\\ngress and egress to child or dog. Even cellars\\nare little known, potatoes sometimes being kept\\nduring winter in a hole dug under the hearth-\\nstone. More frequently a trap door is made\\nthrough the plank flooring in the middle of the\\nroom, and in a hole beneath are put potatoes,\\nand, in case of wealth, jellies and preserves.\\nDespite the wretchedness of their habitations\\nand the rigors of mountain climate, they do not\\nsuffer with cold, and one may see them out in\\nsnow knee-deep clad in low brogans, and nothing\\nheavier than a jeans coat and hunting shirt.\\nThe customary beverage is coffee, bitter and\\nblack, not having been roasted but burned.\\nAll drink it, from the youngest up. Another\\nbeverage is mountain tea/ which is made\\n237", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nfrom the sweet-scented golden-rod and from\\nwinter-green the New England checkerberry.\\nThese decoctions they mollify with home-made\\nsorghum molasses, which they call long sweet-\\nening, or with sugar, which by contrast is\\nknown as short sweetening.\\nOf home government there is little or none,\\nboys especially setting aside at will parental\\nauthority but a sort of traditional sense of\\nduty and decorum restrains them by its silent\\npower, and moulds them into respect. Chil-\\ndren while quite young are often plump to\\nroundness, but soon grow thin and white and\\nmeagre like the parents. There is little desire\\nfor knowledge or education. The mountain\\nschools have sometimes less than half a dozen\\npupils during the few months they are in ses-\\nsion. A gentleman who wanted a coal bank\\nopened, engaged for the work a man passing\\nalong the road. Some days later he learned\\nthat his workman was a school-teacher, who,\\nin consideration of the seventy-five cents a day,\\nhad dismissed his academy.\\nMany, allured by rumors from the West,\\nhave migrated thither, but nearly all come\\nback, from love of the mountains, from indis-\\nposition to cope with the rush and vigor and\\nenterprise of frontier life. Theirs, they say, is\\na good lazy man s home.\\n238", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nTheir customs respecting the dead are inter-\\nesting. When a husband dies his funeral ser-\\nmon is not preached, but the death of the wife\\nis awaited, and vice versa. Then a preacher\\nis sent for, friend and neighbor called in, and\\nthe respect is paid both together. Often\\ntwo or three preachers are summoned, and\\neach delivers a sermon. More peculiar is the\\ncustom of having the services for one person\\nrepeated so that the dead get their funerals\\npreached several times, months and years after\\ntheir burial. I heard of the pitiful story of\\ntwo sisters who had their mother s funeral\\npreached once every summer as long as they\\nlived. You may engage the women in mourn-\\nful conversation respecting the dead, but hard-\\nly the men. In strange contrast with this re-\\ngard for ceremonial observances is their neglect\\nof the graves of their beloved, which they do not\\nseem at all to visit when once closed, or to dec-\\norate with those symbols of affection which are\\nthe common indications of bereavement.\\nNothing that I have ever seen is so lonely,\\nso touching in its neglect and wild, irreparable\\nsolitude, as one of these mountain graveyards.\\nOn some knoll under a clump of trees, or along\\nsome hill-side where dense oak-trees make a\\nmid-day gloom, you walk amid the unknown,\\nundistinguishable dead. Which was father\\n239", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nand which mother, where are lover and strick-\\nen sweetheart, whether this is the dust of\\nlaughing babe or crooning grandam, you will\\nnever know no foot stones, no head stones\\nsometimes a few rough rails laid around, as\\nyou would make a little pen for swine. In\\nplaces, however, one sees a picket fence put\\nup, or a sort of shed built over.\\nTraditions and folk lore among them are\\nevanescent, and vary widely in different locali-\\nties. It appears that in part they are sprung\\nfrom the early hunters who came into the\\nmountains when game was abundant, sport\\nunfailing, living cheap. Among them now are\\nstill -hunters, who know the haunts of bear\\nand deer, needing no dogs. They even now\\nprefer wild meat even possum and coon\\nand ground-hog to any other. In Bell County\\nI spent the day in the house of a woman eighty\\nyears old, who was a lingering representative\\nof a nearly extinct type. She had never been\\nout of the neighborhood of her birth, knew the\\nmountains like a garden, had whipped men in\\nsingle-handed encounter, brought down many\\na deer and wild turkey with her own rifle, and\\nnow, infirm, had but to sit in her cabin door\\nand send her trained dogs into the depths of\\nthe forests to discover the wished -for game.\\nA fiercer woman I never looked on.\\n240", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nOUR course now lay direct towards Cum-\\nberland Gap, some twenty miles south-\\nward. Our road ran along the bank of\\nthe Cumberland River to the ford, the imme-\\nmorial crossing-place of early travel and a\\nbeautiful spot thence to Pineville, situated in\\nthat narrow opening in Pine Mountain where\\nthe river cuts it, and thence through the valley\\nof Yellow Creek to the wonderful pass. The\\nscenery in this region is one succession of dense-\\nly wooded mountains, blue-tinted air, small cul-\\ntivated tracts in the fertile valleys, and lovely\\nwatercourses.\\nAlong the first part of our route the river\\nslips crystal-clear over its rocky bed, and be-\\nneath the lone green pendent branches of the\\ntrees that crowd the banks. At the famous\\nford it was only two or three feet deep at the\\ntime of our crossing. This is a historic point.\\nHere was one of the oldest settlements in the\\ncountry here the Federal army destroyed the\\nQ 241", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nhouses and fences during the Civil War and\\nhere Zollikoffer came to protect the Kentucky\\ngate that opens into East Tennessee. At Pine-\\nville, just beyond, we did not remain long. For\\nsome reason not clearly understood by travel-\\nlers, a dead-line has been drawn through the\\nmidst of the town, and not knowing on which\\nside we were entitled to stand, we hastened\\non to a place where we might occupy neutral\\nground.\\nThe situation is strikingly picturesque the\\nmountain looks as if cleft sheer and fallen apart,\\nthe peaks on each side rising almost perpendicu-\\nlarly, with massive overhanging crests wooded\\nto the summits, but showing gray rifts of the\\ninexhaustible limestone. The river when low-\\nest is here at an elevation of nine hundred and\\nsixty feet, and the peaks leap to the height of\\ntwenty-two hundred. Here in the future will\\nmost probably pass a railroad, and be a popu-\\nlous town, for here is the only opening through\\nPine Mountain from the brakes of Sandy to\\nthe Tennessee line, and tributary to the water-\\ncourses that centre here are some five hundred\\nthousand acres of timber land.\\nThe ride from Pineville to the Gap, fourteen\\nmiles southward, is most beautiful. Yellow\\nCreek becomes in local pronunciation Yaller\\nCrick. One cannot be long in eastern Ken-\\n242", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\ntucky without being struck by the number and\\ncharacter of the names given to the water-\\ncourses, which were the natural avenues of\\nmigratory travel. Few of the mountains have\\nnames. What a history is shut up in these\\nnames! Cutshin Creek, where some pioneer,\\nthey say, damaged those useful members but\\nmore probably where grows a low greenbrier\\nwhich cuts the shins and riddles the pantaloons.\\nThese pioneers had humor. They named one\\ncreek Troublesome, for reasons apparent to\\nhim who goes there another, No Worse Creek,\\non equally good grounds another, Defeated\\nCreek and a great many, Lost Creek. In\\none part of the country it is possible for one to\\nenter Hell fur Sartain, and get out at King-\\ndom Come. Near by are Upper Devil and\\nLower Devil. One day we went to a moun-\\ntain meeting which was held in a school-house\\nand church-house on Stinking Creek. One\\nmight suppose they would have worshipped in\\na more fragrant locality but the stream is very\\nbeautiful, and not malodorous. It received its\\nname from its former canebrakes and deer licks,\\nwhich made game abundant. Great numbers\\nwere killed for choice bits of venison and hides.\\nThen there are Ten-mile Creek and Six-\\nteen-mile Creek, meaning to clinch the dis-\\ntance by name; and what is philologically in-\\n243", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nteresting, one finds numerous Trace Forks,\\noriginally Trail Forks.\\nBell County and the Yellow Creek Valley\\nserve to illustrate the incalculable mineral and\\ntimber resources of eastern Kentucky. Our\\nroad at times cut through forests of magnifi-\\ncent timbers oak (black and white), walnut\\n(black and white), poplar, maple, and chestnut,\\nbeech, lynn. gum, dogwood, and elm. Here are\\nsome of the finest coal-fields in the world, the\\none on Clear Creek being fourteen feet thick.\\nHere are pure cannel-coals and coking-coals.\\nAt no other point in the Mississippi Valley are\\niron ores suitable for steel-making purposes so\\nclose to fuel so cheap. With an eastern coal-\\nfield of 10,000 square miles, with an area equally\\nlarge covered with a virgin growth of the finest\\neconomic timbers, with watercourses feasible\\nand convenient, it cannot be long before eastern\\nKentucky will be opened up to great industries.\\nEnterprise has already turned hither, and the\\ndistinctiveness of the mountaineer race already\\nbegins to disappear. The two futures before\\nthem are, to be swept out of these mountains\\nby the in-rushing spirit of contending indus-\\ntries, or to be aroused, civilized, and devel-\\noped.\\nLong before you come in sight of the great\\nGap, the idea of it dominates the mind. While\\n244", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nyet some miles away, it looms up, 1675 feet in\\nelevation, some half a mile across from crest to\\ncrest, the pinnacle on the left towering to the\\nheight of 2500 feet.\\nIt was late in the afternoon when our tired\\nhorses began the long, winding, rocky climb\\nfrom the valley to the brow of the pass. As we\\nstood in the passway, amid the deepening shad-\\nows of the twilight and the solemn repose of\\nthe mighty landscape, the Gap seemed to be\\ncrowded with two invisible and countless page-\\nants of human life, the one passing in, the other\\npassing out and the air grew thick with un-\\nheard utterances primeval sounds, undistin-\\nguishable and strange, of creatures nameless\\nand never seen by man the wild rush and\\nwhoop of retreating and pursuing tribes the\\nslow steps of watchful pioneers; the wail of\\ndying children and the songs of homeless wom-\\nen the muffled tread of routed and broken\\narmies all the sounds of surprise and delight,\\nvictory and defeat, hunger and pain, and weari-\\nness and despair, that the human heart can\\nutter. Here passed the first of the white race\\nwho led the way into the valley of the Cum-\\nberland here passed that small band of fear-\\nless men who gave the Gap its name; here\\npassed the Long Hunters here rushed the\\narmies of the Civil War here has passed the\\n245", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "Through Cumberland Gap on Horseback\\nwave of westerly emigration, whose force has\\nspent itself only on the Pacific slopes; and\\nhere in the long future must flow backward\\nand forward the wealth of the North and the\\nSouth.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "MOUNTAIN PASSES OF THE\\nCUMBERLAND", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "THE writer has been publishing during the\\nlast few years a series of articles on\\nKentucky. With this article the series\\nwill be brought to a close. Hitherto he has\\nwritten of nature in the Blue-grass Region and\\nof certain aspects of life but as he comes to\\ntake leave of his theme, he finds his attention\\nfixed upon that great mountain wall which lies\\nalong the southeastern edge of the State. At\\nvarious points of this wall are now beginning\\nto be enacted new scenes in the history of Ken-\\ntucky and what during a hundred years has\\nbeen an inaccessible background, is becoming\\nthe fore-front of a civilization which will not\\nonly change the life of the State within, but ad-\\nvance it to a commanding position in national\\neconomic affairs.\\nBut it should not be lost sight of that in writ-\\ning this article, as in writing all the others, it\\nis with the human problem in Kentucky that\\nhe is solely concerned. He will seem to be deal-\\n249", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\ning with commercial activities for their own\\nsake. He will write of coals and ores and tim-\\nbers, of ovens and tunnels and mines but if the\\nreader will bear with him to the end, he will\\nlearn that these are dealt with only for the sake\\nof looking beyond them at the results which\\nthey bring on town-making in various stages,\\nthe massing and distributing of wealth, the\\nmovements of population, the dislodgment of\\nisolated customs on the whole, results that lie\\nin the domain of the human problem in its\\ndeepest phases.\\nConsider for a moment, then, what this great\\nwall is, and what influence it has had over the\\nhistory of Kentucky and upon the institutions\\nand characteristics of its people.\\nYou may begin at the western frontier of\\nKentucky on the Mississippi River, about five\\nhundred miles away, and travel steadily east-\\nward across the billowy plateau of the State,\\ngoing up and up all the time until you come to\\nits base, and above its base it rises to the height\\nof some three thousand feet. For miles before\\nyou reach it you discover that it is defended by\\na zone of almost inaccessible hills with steep\\nslopes, forests difficult to penetrate, and narrow\\njagged gorges and further defended by a sin-\\ngle sharp wall-like ridge, having an elevation of\\nabout twenty-two hundred feet, and lying near-\\n250", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nly parallel with it, at a distance of about twenty\\nmiles. Or, if you should attempt to reach this\\nwall from the south, you would discover that\\nfrom that side also it is hardly less hostile to\\napproach. Hence it has stood in its virgin wil-\\nderness, a vast isolating and isolated barrier,\\nfierce, beautiful, storm-racked, serene in win-\\nter, brown and gray, with its naked woods and\\nrifts of stone, or mantled in white; in summer,\\ngreen, or of all greens from darkest to palest,\\nand touched with all shades of bloom in au-\\ntumn, colored like the sunset clouds curtained\\nall the year by exquisite health-giving atmos-\\npheres, lifting itself all the year towards lovely,\\nchanging skies.\\nUnderstand the position of this natural for-\\ntress-line with regard to the area of Kentucky.\\nThat area has somewhat the shape of an enor-\\nmous flat foot, with a disjointed big toe, a\\nroughly hacked-off ankle, and a missing heel.\\nThe sole of this huge foot rests solidly on Ten-\\nnessee, the Ohio River trickles across the\\nankle and over the top, the big toe is washed\\nentirely off by the Tennessee River, and the\\nlong-missing heel is to be found in Virginia,\\nnever having been ceded by that State. Be-\\ntween the Kentucky foot and the Virginia\\nheel is piled up this immense, bony, grisly\\nmass of the Cumberland Mountain, extending\\n251", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nsome three hundred miles northeast and south*\\nwest.\\nIt was through this heel that Kentucky had\\nto be peopled. The thin, half-starved, weary\\nline of pioneer civilizers had to penetrate it,\\nand climb this obstructing mountain wall, as a\\nline of travelling ants might climb the wall of\\na castle. In this case only the strongest of the\\nants the strongest in body, the strongest in\\nwill succeeded in getting over and establish-\\ning their colony in the country far beyond.\\nLuckily there was an enormous depression in\\nthe wall, or they might never have scaled it.\\nDuring about half a century this depression\\nwas the difficult, exhausting entrance -point\\nthrough which the State received the largest\\npart of its people, the furniture of their homes,\\nand the implements of their civilization; so\\nthat from the very outset that people repre-\\nsented the most striking instance of a survi-\\nval of the fittest that may be observed in the\\nfounding of any American commonwealth.\\nThe feeblest of the ants could not climb the\\nwall the idlest of them would not. Observe,\\ntoo, that, once on the other side, it was as hard\\nto get back as it had been to get over. That\\nis, the Cumberland Mountain kept the little\\nultramontane society isolated. Being isolated,\\nit was kept pure blooded. Being isolated, it\\n252", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\ndeveloped the spirit and virtues engendered\\nby isolation. Hence those traits for which\\nKentuckians were once, and still think them-\\nselves, distinguished passion for self-govern-\\nment, passion for personal independence, brav-\\nery, fortitude, hospitality. On account of this\\nmountain barrier the entire civilization of the\\nState has had a one-sided development. It has\\nbecome known for pasturage and agriculture,\\nwhiskey, hemp, tobacco, and fine stock. On\\naccount of it the great streams of colonization\\nflowing from the North towards the South,\\nand flowing from the Atlantic seaboard tow-\\nards the West, have divided and passed around\\nKentucky as waters divide and pass around an\\nisland, uniting again on the farther side. It\\nhas done the like for the highways of com-\\nmerce, so that the North has become woven\\nto the South and the East woven to the West\\nby a connecting tissue of railroads, dropping\\nKentucky out as though it had no vital con-\\nnection, as though it were not a controlling\\npoint of connection, for the four sections of the\\ncountry. Thus keeping out railroads, it has\\nkept out manufactures, kept out commerce,\\nkept out industrial cities. For three-quarters\\nof a century generations of young Kentuck-\\nians have had to seek pursuits of this charac-\\nter in other quarters, thus establishing a con-\\n253", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nStant draining away from the State of its\\nresolute, vigorous manhood. Restricting the\\nKentuckians who have remained to an agri-\\ncultural type of life, it has brought upon them\\na reputation for lack of enterprise. More than\\nall this has that great barrier wall done for\\nthe history of Kentucky. For, within a hun-\\ndred years, the only thing to take possession\\nof it, slowly, sluggishly overspreading the re-\\ngion of its foot-hills, its vales and fertile slopes\\nthe only thing to take possession of it and\\nto claim it has been a race of mountaineers,\\nan idle, shiftless, ignorant, lawless population,\\nwhose increasing numbers, pauperism, and\\nlawlessness, whose family feuds and clan-like\\nvendettas, have for years been steadily gain-\\ning for Kentucky the reputation for having\\none of the worst backwoods populations on the\\ncontinent, or, for that matter, in the world.\\nBut for the presence of this wall the history\\nof the State indeed the history of the United\\nStates would have been profoundly different.\\nLong ago, in virtue of its position, Kentucky\\nwould have knit together, instead of holding\\napart, the North and the South. The cam-\\npaigns and the results of the Civil War would\\nhave been changed the Civil War might never\\nhave taken place. But standing as it has stood,\\nit has left Kentucky, near the close of the first\\n254", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\ncentury of its existence as a State, with a repu-\\ntation somewhat like the shape of its territory\\nunsymmetric, mutilated, and with certain\\nparts missing.\\nBut now consider this wall of the Cumber-\\nland Mountain from another point of view. If\\nyou should stand on the crest at any point\\nwhere it forms the boundary of Kentucky or\\nsouth of it, where it extends into Tennessee\\nor north of it, where it extends into Virginia\\nif you should stand thus and look northward,\\nyou would look out upon a vast area of coal.\\nFor many years now it has been known that\\nthe coal measure rocks of eastern Kentucky\\ncomprise about a fourth of the area of the\\nState, and are not exceeded in value by those\\nof any other State. It has been known that\\nthis buried solar force exceeds that of Great\\nBritain. Later it has become known that the\\nKentucky portion of the great Appalachian\\ncoal-field contains the largest area of rich can-\\nnel coals yet discovered these having been\\ntraced in sixteen counties, and some of them\\nexcelling by test the famous cannel coal of\\nGreat Britain later it has become known\\nthat here is to be found the largest area of\\ncoking -coal yet discovered, the main coal\\ndiscovered a few years ago, and named the\\nElkhorn having been traced over sixteen\\n255", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nhundred square miles, and equalling American\\nstandard coke in excellence.\\nFurther, looking northward, you look out\\nupon a region of iron ores, the deposits in\\nKentucky ranking sixth in variety and extent\\namong those to be found in all other States,\\nand being better disposed for working than any\\nexcept those of Virginia, Tennessee, and Ala-\\nbama. For a hundred years now, it should\\nbe remembered in this connection, iron has\\nbeen smelted in Kentucky, and been an impor-\\ntant article of commerce. As early as 1823 it\\nwas made at Cumberland Gap, and shipped by\\nriver to markets as remote as New Orleans and\\nSt. Louis. At an early date, also, it was made\\nin a small charcoal forge at Big Creek Gap,\\nand was hauled in wagons into central Ken-\\ntucky, where it found a ready market for such\\npurposes as plough-shares and wagon tires.\\nFurther, looking northward, t you have ex-\\ntending far and wide before you the finest pri-\\nmeval region of hard-woods in America.\\nSuppose, now, that you turn and look from\\nthis same crest of the Cumberland Mountain\\nsouthward, or towards the Atlantic seaboard.\\nIn that direction there lie some two hundred\\nand fifty thousand square miles of country\\nwhich is practically coalless but practically\\ncoalless, it is incalculably rich in iron ores\\n256", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nfor the manufacture of iron and steel. You\\nlook out upon the new industrial empire of\\nthe United States, with vast and ever grow-\\ning needs of manufactures, fuel, and railroads.\\nThat is, for a hundred miles you stand on the\\ndividing line of two distinct geological forma-\\ntions to the north, the Appalachian coal-fields;\\nto the south, mountains of iron ores rearing\\nitself between these, this immense barrier wall*\\nwhich creates an unapproachable wilderness\\nnot only in southeastern Kentucky, but in East\\nTennessee, western Virginia, and western\\nNorth Carolina the largest extent of country\\nin the United States remaining undeveloped.\\nBut the time had to come when this wilder-\\nness would be approached on all sides, attacked,\\npenetrated to the heart. Such wealth of re-\\nsources could not be let alone or remain unused.\\nAs respects the development of the region, the\\nindustrial problem may be said to have taken\\ntwo forms the one, the development of the\\ncoal and iron on opposite sides of the mountains,\\nthe manufacture of coke and iron and steel, the\\nestablishment of wood-working industries, and\\nthe delivery of all products to the markets of\\nthe land second, the bringing together of the\\ncoals on the north side and the ores through-\\nout the south. In this way, then, the Cumber-\\nland Mountain no longer offered a barrier\\nr 257", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nmerely to the civilization of Kentucky, but to\\nthe solution of the greatest economic problem\\nof the age the cheapest manufacture of iron\\nand steel. But before the pressure of this need\\nthe mountain had to give way and surrender\\nits treasures. At any cost of money and labor,\\nthe time had to come when it would pay to\\nbring these coals and ores together. But how\\nwas this to be done The answer was simple\\nit must be done by means of natural water\\ngaps and by tunnels through the mountain.\\nIt is the object of this paper to call attention\\nto the way in which the new civilization of the\\nSouth is expected to work at four mountain\\npasses, and to point out some of the results\\nwhich are to follow.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "II\\nON the Kentucky side of the mighty wall\\nof the Cumberland Mountain, and\\nnearly parallel with it, is the sharp\\nsingle wall of Pine Mountain, the westernmost\\nridge of the Alleghany system. For about a\\nhundred miles these two gnarled and ancient\\nmonsters lie crouched side by side, guarding\\nbetween them their hidden stronghold of treas-\\nure an immense valley of timbers and irons\\nand coals. Near the middle point of this in-\\nner wall there occurs a geological fault. The\\nmountain falls apart as though cut in twain\\nby some heavy downward stroke, showing on\\nthe faces of the fissure precipitous sides wooded\\nto the crests. There is thus formed the cele-\\nbrated and magnificent pass through which the\\nCumberland River one of the most beautiful\\nin the land slips silently out of its mountain\\nvalley, and passes on to the hills and the pla-\\nteaus of Kentucky. In the gap there is a space\\nfor the bed of this river, and on each side of\\n259", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nthe river space for a roadway and nothing\\nmore.\\nNote the commanding situation of this in-\\nner pass. Travel east along Pine Mountain or\\ntravel west, and you find no other water gap\\nwithin a hundred miles. Through this that\\nthin, toiling line of pioneer civilizers made its\\nway, having scaled the great outer Cumberland\\nwall some fifteen miles southward. But for this\\nsingle geological fault, by which a water gap of\\nthe inner mountain was placed opposite a de-\\npression in the outer mountain, thus creating\\na continuous passway through both, the colo-\\nnization of Kentucky, difficult enough even with\\nthis advantage, would have been indefinitely\\ndelayed, or from this side wholly impossible.\\nThrough this inner portal was traced in time\\nthe regular path of the pioneers, afterwards\\nknown as the Wilderness Road. On account\\nof the travel over this road and the controlling\\nnature of the site, there was long ago formed\\non the spot a little backwoods settlement, call-\\ning itself Pineville. It consisted of a single\\nstraggling line of cabins and shanties of logs\\non each side of a roadway, this road being the\\npath of the pioneers. In the course of time it\\nwas made the county-seat. Being the county-\\nseat, the way-side village, catching every trav-\\neller on foot or on horse or in wagons, began\\n260", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nsome years ago to make itself still better known\\nas the scene of mountain feuds. The name of\\nthe town when uttered anywhere in Kentucky\\nsuggested but one thing a blot on the civil-\\nization of the State, a mountain fastness where\\nthe human problem seems most intractable.\\nA few such places have done more to foster the\\nunfortunate impression which Kentucky has\\nmade upon the outside world than all the towns\\nof the blue-grass country put together.\\nFive summers ago, in 1885, in order to pre-\\npare an article for Harper s Magazine on the\\nmountain folk of the Cumberland region, I\\nmade my way towards this mountain town,\\nnow riding on a buck-board, now on a horse\\nwhose back was like a board that was too stiff\\nto buck. The road I travelled was that great\\nhighway between Kentucky and the South,\\nwhich at various times within a hundred years\\nhas been known as the Wilderness Road, or\\nthe Cumberland Road, or the National Turn-\\npike, or the Kaintuck Hog Road, as it was\\ncalled by the mountaineers. It is impossible\\nto come upon this road without pausing, or to\\nwrite of it without a tribute. It led from Balti-\\nmore over the mountains of Virginia through\\nthe great wilderness by Cumberland Gap. All\\nroads below Philadelphia converged at this\\ngap, just as the buffalo and Indian trails had\\n261", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nthe river space for a roadway and nothing\\nmore.\\nNote the commanding situation of this in-\\nner pass. Travel east along Pine Mountain or\\ntravel west, and you find no other water gap\\nwithin a hundred miles. Through this that\\nthin, toiling line of pioneer civilizers made its\\nway, having scaled the great outer Cumberland\\nwall some fifteen miles southward. But for this\\nsingle geological fault, by which a water gap of\\nthe inner mountain was placed opposite a de-\\npression in the outer mountain, thus creating\\na continuous passway through both, the colo-\\nnization of Kentucky, difficult enough even with\\nthis advantage, would have been indefinitely\\ndelayed, or from this side wholly impossible.\\nThrough this inner portal was traced in time\\nthe regular path of the pioneers, afterwards\\nknown as the Wilderness Road. On account\\nof the travel over this road and the controlling\\nnature of the site, there was long ago formed\\non the spot a little backwoods settlement, call-\\ning itself Pineville. It consisted of a single\\nstraggling line of cabins and shanties of logs\\non each side of a roadway, this road being the\\npath of the pioneers. In the course of time it\\nwas made the county-seat. Being the county-\\nseat, the way-side village, catching every trav-\\neller on foot or on horse or in wagons, began\\n260", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nsome years ago to make itself still better known\\nas the scene of mountain feuds. The name of\\nthe town when uttered anywhere in Kentucky\\nsuggested but one thing a blot on the civil-\\nization of the State, a mountain fastness where\\nthe human problem seems most intractable.\\nA few such places have done more to foster the\\nunfortunate impression which Kentucky has\\nmade upon the outside world than all the towns\\nof the blue-grass country put together.\\nFive summers ago, in 1885, in order to pre-\\npare an article for Harper s Magazine on the\\nmountain folk of the Cumberland region, I\\nmade my way towards this mountain town,\\nnow riding on a buck-board, now on a horse\\nwhose back was like a board that was too stiff\\nto buck. The road I travelled was that great\\nhighway between Kentucky and the South,\\nwhich at various times within a hundred years\\nhas been known as the Wilderness Road, or\\nthe Cumberland Road, or the National Turn-\\npike, or the Kaintuck Hog Road, as it was\\ncalled by the mountaineers. It is impossible\\nto come upon this road without pausing, or to\\nwrite of it without a tribute. It led from Balti-\\nmore over the mountains of Virginia through\\nthe great wilderness by Cumberland Gap. All\\nroads below Philadelphia converged at this\\ngap, just as the buffalo and Indian trails had\\n261", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nearlier converged, and just as many railroads\\nare converging now. The improvement of\\nthis road became in time the pet scheme of\\nthe State governments of Virginia and Ken-\\ntucky. Before the war millions of head of\\nstock horses, hogs, cattle, mules were driven\\nover it to the southern markets and thou-\\nsands of vehicles, with families and servants\\nand trunks, have somehow passed over it, com-\\ning northward into Kentucky, or going south-\\nward on pleasure excursions. During the war\\nvast commissary stores passed back and forth,\\nfollowing the movement of armies. But de-\\nspite all this despite all that has been done to\\ncivilize it since Boone traced its course in 1790,\\nthis honored historic thoroughfare remains to-\\nday as it was in the beginning, with all its\\nsloughs and sands, its mud and holes, and jut-\\nting ledges of rock and loose bowlders, and\\ntwists and turns, and general total depravity.\\nIt is not surprising that when the original\\nKentuckians were settled on the blue grass\\nplateau they sternly set about the making of\\ngood roads, and to this day remain the best\\nroad-builders in America. One such road was\\nenough. They are said to have been notorious\\nfor profanity, those who came into Kentucky\\nfrom this side. Naturally. Many were infidels\\nthere are roads that make a man lose faith.\\n262", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nIt is known that the more pious companies of\\nthem, as they travelled along, would now and\\nthen give up in despair, sit down, raise a hymn,\\nand have prayers before they could go farther.\\nPerhaps one of the provocations to homicide\\namong the mountain people should be reck-\\noned this road. I have seen two of the mild-\\nest of men, after riding over it for a few hours,\\nlose their temper and begin to fight fight their\\nhorses, fight the flies, fight the cobwebs on\\ntheir noses, fight anything.\\nOver this road, then, and towards this town,\\none day, five summers ago, I was picking my\\ncourse, but not without pale human apprehen-\\nsions. At that time one did not visit Pineville\\nfor nothing. When I reached it I found it\\ntense with repressed excitement. Only a few\\ndays previous there had been a murderous af-\\nfray in the streets the inhabitants had taken\\nsides a dead-line had been drawn through the\\ntown, so that those living on either side crossed\\nto the other at the risk of their lives and there\\nwas blue murder in the air. I was a stranger\\nI was innocent I was peaceful. But I was\\ntold that to be a stranger and innocent and\\npeaceful did no good. Stopping to eat, I fain\\nwould have avoided, only it seemed best not to\\nbe murdered for refusing. All that I now re-\\nmember of the dinner was a corn-bread that\\n263", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nwould have made a fine building stone, being\\nof an attractive bluish tint, hardening rapidly\\nupon exposure to the atmosphere, and being\\nsusceptible of a high polish. A block of this,\\nfreshly quarried, I took, and then was up and\\naway. But not quickly, for having exchanged\\nmy horse for another, I found that the latter\\nmoved off as though at every stop expecting\\nto cross the dead-line, and so perish. The im-\\npression of the place was one never to be for-\\ngotten, with its squalid hovels, its ragged armed\\nmen collected suspiciously in little groups, with\\nangry, distrustful faces, or peering out from\\nbehind the ambush of a window.\\nA few weeks ago I went again to Pineville,\\nthis time by means of one of the most extensive\\nand powerful railroad systems of the South.\\nAt the station a bus was waiting to take pas-\\nsengers to the hotel. The station was on one\\nside of the river, the hotel on the other. We\\nwere driven across a new iron bridge, this be-\\ning but one of four now spanning the river\\nformerly crossed at a single ford. At the hotel\\nwe were received by a porter of metropolitan\\nurbanity and self-esteem. Entering the hotel,\\nI found it lighted by gas, and full of guests\\nfrom different parts of the United States. In\\nthe lobby there was a suppressed murmur of\\nrefined voices coming from groups engaged in\\n264", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nserious talk. As by-and-by I sat in a spacious\\ndining-room, looking over a freshly printed\\nbill of fare, some one in the parlors opposite\\nwas playing on the piano airs from Tann-\\nhauser and Billee Taylor. The dining-\\nroom was animated by a throng of brisk, tidy,\\nwhite young waiting-girls, some of whom were\\nfar too pretty to look at except from behind a\\nthick napkin and presently, to close this ex-\\nperience of the new Pineville, there came along\\nsuch inconceivable flannel-cakes and molasses\\nthat, forgetting industrial and social problems,\\nI gave myself up to the enjoyment of a prob-\\nlem personal and gastric and ere long, having\\nspread myself between snowy sheets, I melted\\naway, as the butter between the cakes, into\\nwarm slumber, having first poured over my-\\nself a syrup of thanksgiving.\\nThe next morning I looked out of my win-\\ndow upon a long pleasant valley, mountain-\\nsheltered, and crossed by the winding Cumber-\\nland; here and there cottages of a smart modern\\nair already built or building in another direc-\\ntion, business blocks of brick and stone, graded\\nstreets and avenues and macadamized roads\\nand elsewhere, saw and planing mills, coke\\novens, and other evidences of commercial de-\\nvelopment. Through the open door of a church\\nI saw a Catholic congregation already on its\\n265", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nknees, and the worshippers of various Prot-\\nestant denominations were looking towards\\ntheir own temples. The old Pineville, happily-\\nsituated farther down the river, at the very-\\nopening of the pass, was rapidly going to ruins.\\nThe passion for homicide had changed into a\\npassion for land speculation. The very man\\non whose account at my former visit the old\\nPineville had been divided into two deadly\\nfactions, whose name throughout all the re-\\ngion once stood for mediaeval violence, had be-\\ncome a real-estate agent. I was introduced to\\nhim.\\nSir, said I, I don t feel so very much\\nafraid of you.\\nSir, said he, I don t like to run myself.\\nSuch, briefly, is the impression made by the\\nnew Pineville a new people there, new indus-\\ntries, new moral atmosphere, new civilization.\\nThe explanation of this change is not far to\\nseek. By virtue of its commanding position\\nas the only inner gateway to the North, this\\npass was the central point of distribution for\\nsoutheastern Kentucky. Flowing into the\\nCumberland, on the north side of the moun-\\ntain, is Clear Creek, and on the south side is\\nStrait Creek, the two principal streams of this\\nregion, and supplying water-power and drain-\\nage. Tributary to these streams are, say, half\\n266", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\na million acres of noble timber land; in the\\nmountains around, the best coals, coking and\\ndomestic elsewhere, iron ores, pure brown,\\nhematite, and carbonates inexhaustible quan-\\ntities of limestone, blue-gray sandstone, brick\\nclays gushing from the mountains, abundant\\nstreams of healthful freestone water; on the\\nnorthern hill-sides, a deep loam suitable for\\ngrass and gardens and fruits. Add to this\\nthat through this water-gap, following the path\\nof the Wilderness Road, as the Wilderness Road\\nhad followed the path of the Indian and the\\nbuffalo through this water -gap would have\\nto pass all railroads that should connect the\\nNorth and South by means of that historic\\nand ancient highway of traffic and travel.\\nOn the basis of these facts, three summers\\nago a few lawyers in Louisville bought 300\\nacres of land near the riotous old town of Pine-\\nville, and in the same summer was organized\\nthe Pine Mountain Iron and Coal Company,\\nwhich now, however, owns about twenty thou-\\nsand acres, with a capital stock of $2,000,000.\\nIt should be noted that Southern men and\\nnative capital began this enterprise, and that\\nalthough other stockholders are from Chicago\\nand New England, most of the capital remains\\nin the State. Development has been rapidly\\ncarried forward, and over five hundred thou-\\n267", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nsand dollars worth of lots have been sold the\\npresent year. It is pleasant to dwell upon the\\nfuture that is promised for this place; pleasant\\nto hear that over six hundred acres in this\\npleasant valley are to be platted that there\\nare to be iron furnaces and electric lights,\\nconcrete sidewalks and a street railway, more\\nbridges, brick yards, and a high school and\\nthat the seventy-five coke ovens now in blast\\nare to be increased to a thousand. Let it be\\nput down to the credit of this vigorous little\\nmountain town that it is the first place in\\nthat region to put Kentucky coke upon the\\nmarket, and create a wide demand for it in\\nremote quarters Cincinnati alone offering to\\ntake the daily output of five hundred ovens.\\nThus the industrial and human problems\\nare beginning to solve themselves side by side\\nin the backwoods of Kentucky. You begin\\nwith coke and end with Christianity. It is the\\nboast of Pineville that as soon as it begins to\\nmake its own iron it can build its houses with-\\nout calling on the outside world for an ounce\\nof material.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nMIDDLESBOROUGH! For a good\\nmany years in England and through-\\nout the world the name has stood as-\\nsociated with wealth and commercial greatness\\nthe idea of a powerful city near the mouth\\nof the Tees, in the North Riding of Yorkshire,\\nwhich has become the principal seat of the\\nEnglish iron trade. It is, therefore, curious to\\nremember that near the beginning of the cen-\\ntury there stood on the site of this powerful\\ncity four farm-houses and a ruined shrine of\\nSt. Hilda that it took thirty years to bring\\nthe population up to the number of one hun-\\ndred and fifty-four souls that the discovery\\nof iron-stone, as it seems to be called on that\\nside, gave it a boom, as it is called on this so\\nthat ten years ago it had some sixty thousand\\npeople, its hundred and thirty blast-furnaces,\\nbesides other industries, and an annual output\\nin pig-iron of nearly two million tons.\\nBut there is now an English Middlesborough\\n26g", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nin America, which is already giving to the\\nname another significance in the stock market\\nof London and among the financial journals\\nof the realm and if the idea of its founders\\nis ever realized, if its present rate of develop-\\nment goes on, it will in time represent as much\\nwealth in gold and iron as the older city.\\nIn the mere idea of the American or Ken-\\ntucky Middlesborough for while it seems to\\nbe meant for America, it is to be found in\\nKentucky there is something to arrest atten-\\ntion on the score of originality. That the at-\\ntention of wealthy commoners, bankers, scien-\\ntists, and iron-masters of Great Britain some\\nof them men long engaged in copper, tin, and\\ngold mines in the remotest quarters of the\\nglobe that the attention of such men should\\nbe focused on a certain spot in the backwoods\\nof Kentucky that they should repeatedly send\\nover experts to report on the combination of\\nmineral and timber wealth that on the basis\\nof such reports they should form themselves\\ninto a company called The American Associ-\\nation, Limited, and purchase 60,000 acres of\\nland lying on each side of the Cumberland\\nMountain and around the meeting-point of\\nthe States of Virginia, Tennessee, and Ken-\\ntucky that an allied association, called The\\nMiddlesborough Town Company, should place\\n270", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nhere the site of a city, with the idea of making\\nit the principal seat of the iron and steel manu-\\nfacture of the United States that they should\\ngo to work to create this city outright by pour-\\ning in capital for every needed purpose that\\nthey should remove gigantic obstacles in order\\nto connect it with the national highways of\\ncommerce that they should thus expend some\\ntwenty million dollars, and let it be known\\nthat all millions further wanted were forth-\\ncoming in the idea of this there is enough to\\nmake one pause.\\nAs one cannot ponder the idea of the enter-\\nprise without being impressed with its large-\\nness, so one cannot visit the place without\\nbeing struck by the energy with which the\\nplan is being wrought at. It is not sufficient\\nto know that this property possesses coal and\\niron of good quality and in considerable quan-\\ntities, and that the deposits are situated close\\ntogether, but that they exist in such circum-\\nstances as will give us considerable advantages\\nover any competitors that either now exist or\\nwhose existence can in any way be foreseen in\\nthe near future. Such were the instructions\\nof these English capitalists to their agent in\\nAmerica. It was characteristic of their race\\nand of that method of business by which they\\nhave become the masters of commerce the\\n271", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nworld over. In it is the germ of their idea\\nto establish a city for the manufacture of iron\\nand steel which, by its wealth of resources, ad-\\nvantages of situation, and complete develop-\\nment, should place competition at a disadvan-\\ntage, and thus make it impossible.\\nIt yet remains to be seen whether this can\\nbe done. Perhaps even the hope of it came\\nfrom an inadequate knowledge of how vast a\\nregion they had entered, and how incalculable\\nits wealth. Perhaps it was too much to expect\\nthat any one city, however situated, however\\nconnected, however developed, should be able\\nto absorb or even to control the development\\nof that region and the distribution of its re-\\nsources to all points of the land. It suggests\\nthe idea of a single woodpecker s hoping to\\ncarry off the cherries from a tree which a\\nnoble company of cats and jays and other\\nbirds were watching; or of a family of squir-\\nrels who should take up their abode in a cer-\\ntain hole with the idea of eating all the wal-\\nnuts in a forest. But, however this may turn\\nout, these Englishmen, having once set before\\nthemselves their aim, have never swerved from\\ntrying to attain it and they are at work de-\\nveloping their city with the hope that it will\\nbring as great a change in the steel market\\nof the United States as a few years ago was\\n272", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nmade in the iron market by the manufacture\\nof Southern iron.\\nIf you take up in detail the working out of\\ntheir plan of development, it is the same no\\nstint, no drawing back or swerving aside, no\\nabatement of the greatest intentions. They\\nmust have a site for their city they choose\\nfor this site what with entire truthfulness\\nmay be called one of the most strategic moun-\\ntain passes in American history. They must\\nhave a name they choose that of the principal\\nseat of the English iron trade. They must\\nhave a plant for the manufacture of steel by\\nthe basic process they promise it shall be the\\nlargest in the United States. They want a\\ntannery it shall be the biggest in the world.\\nA creek has to be straightened to improve\\ndrainage they spend on it a hundred thou-\\nsand dollars. They will have their mineral re-\\nsources known they order a car to be built,\\nstock it with an exposition of their minerals,\\nplace it in charge of technical experts, and set\\nit going over the country. They take a notion\\nto establish a casino, sanitarium, and hotel it\\nmust cost over seven hundred thousand dollars.\\nThe mountain is in their way that mighty\\nwall of the Cumberland Mountain which has\\nbeen in the way of the whole United States for\\nover a hundred years they remove this moun-\\ns 273", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\ntain; that is, they dig through it a great union\\ntunnel, 3750 feet long, beginning in Kentucky,\\nrunning under a corner of Virginia, and com-\\ning out in Tennessee. Had they done nothing\\nbut this, they would have done enough to en-\\ntitle them to the gratitude of the nation, for it\\nis an event of national importance. It brings\\nthe South and the Atlantic seaboard in con-\\nnection with the Ohio Valley and the Lakes\\nit does more to make the North and the South\\none than any other single thing that has hap-\\npened since the close of the Civil War.\\nOn the same trip that took me to Pineville\\nfive summers ago, I rode from that place south-\\nward towards the wall of Cumberland Moun-\\ntain. I wished to climb this wall at that vast\\ndepression in it known as Cumberland Gap. It\\nwas a tranquil afternoon as I took my course\\nover the ancient Wilderness Road through the\\nvalley of the Yellow Creek. Many a time since\\nthe memory of that ride has come back to me\\nthe forests of magnificent timbers, open\\nspaces of cleared land showing the amphithea-\\ntre of hills in the purple distance, the winding\\nof a shadowy green-banked stream, the tran-\\nquil loneliness, the purity of primeval solitude.\\nThe flitting of a bird between one and the azure\\nsky overhead was company, a wild flower bend-\\ning over the water s edge was friendship. Noth-\\n274", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "v\\nFORD ON THE CUMBERLAND", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\ning broke rudely in upon the spirit of the scene\\nbut here and there a way-side log-cabin, with\\nits hopeless squalor, hopeless human inmates.\\nIf imagination sought relief from loneliness, it\\nfound it only in conjuring from the dust of the\\nroad that innumerable caravan of life from\\nbarbarism to civilization, from the savage to\\nthe soldier, that has passed hither and thither,\\nleaving the wealth of nature unravished, its\\nsolitude unbroken.\\nIn the hush of the evening and amid the si-\\nlence of eternity, I drew the rein of my tired\\nhorse on the site of the present town. Before\\nme in the mere distance, and outlined against\\nthe glory of the sky, there towered at last the\\nmighty mountain wall, showing the vast depres-\\nsion of the gap the portal to the greatness of\\nthe commonwealth. Stretching away in every\\ndirection was a wide plain, broken here and\\nthere by wooded knolls, and uniting itself with\\ngraceful curves to the gentle slopes of the sur-\\nrounding mountains. The ineffable beauty, the\\nvast repose, the overawing majesty of the his-\\ntoric portal, the memories, the shadows they\\nare never to be forgotten.\\nA few weeks ago I reached the same spot as\\nthe sun was rising, having come thither from\\nPineville by rail. As I stepped from the train\\nI saw that the shadowy valley of my remem-\\n275", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nbrance had been incredibly transformed. Some\\nidea of the plan of the new town may be under-\\nstood from the fact that Cumberland Avenue\\nand Peterborough Avenue, intersecting each\\nother near the central point of it, are, when\\ncompleted, to be severally three and a half or\\nfour and a half miles long. There are twenty\\navenues and thirty streets in all, ranging from\\na hundred feet to sixty feet wide. So long and\\nbroad and level are the thoroughfares that the\\nplan, as projected, suggests comparison with\\nLouisville. The valley site itself contains some\\nsix thousand available acres.\\nIt should be understood that the company\\nowns property on the Tennessee side of the gap,\\nand that at the foot of the valley, where a mag-\\nnificent spring gushes out, with various other\\nmineral springs near by chalybeate and sul-\\nphur it is proposed to establish a hotel, sani-\\ntarium, and casino which shall equal in sump-\\ntuousness the most noted European spas.\\nAs I stood one day in this valley, which has\\nalready begun to put on the air of civilization,\\nwith its hotel and railway station and mills and\\npretty homesteads, I saw a sight which seemed\\nto me a complete epitome of the past and pres-\\nent tendencies there at work a summing up\\nof the past and a prophecy of the future. Creep-\\ning slowly past the station so slowly that one\\n276", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nknows not what to compare it to unless it be\\nthe minute-hand on the dial of a clock creep-\\ning slowly along the Wilderness Road towards\\nthe ascent of Cumberland Gap, there came a\\nmountain wagon, faded and old, with its dirty\\nragged canvas hanging motionless, and drawn\\nby a yoke of mountain oxen which seemed to\\nbe moving in their sleep. On the seat in front,\\nwith a faded shovel-hat capping his mass of\\ncoarse tangled hair, and wearing but two other\\ngarments a faded shirt and faded breeches\\nsat a faded, pinched, and meagre mountain boy.\\nThe rope with which he drove his yoke had\\ndropped between his clasped knees. He had\\nforgotten it there was no need to remember\\nit. His starved white face was kindled into an\\nexpression of passionate hunger and excite-\\nment. In one dirty claw-like hand he grasped\\na small paper bag, into the open mouth of which\\nhe had thrust the other hand, as a miser might\\nthrust his into a bag of gold. He had just\\nbought, with a few cents, some sweetmeat of\\ncivilization which he was about for the first time\\nto taste. I sat and watched him move away\\nand begin the ascent to the pass. Slowly, slow-\\nly, winding now this way and now that across\\nthe face of the mountain, now hidden, now in\\nsight, they went sleeping oxen, crawling wag-\\non, starved mountain child. At length, as they\\n277", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nwere about disappearing through the gap, they\\npassed behind a column of the white steam from\\na saw-mill that was puffing a short distance in\\nfront of me and, hidden in that steam, they\\ndisappeared. It was the last of the mountain-\\neers passing away before the breath of civiliza-\\ntion.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "IV\\nSUPPOSE now that you stand on the south\\nside of the great wall of the Cumberland\\nMountain at Cumberland Gap. You have\\ncome through the splendid tunnel beneath, or\\nyou have crawled over the summit in the an-\\ncient way but you stand at the base on the\\nTennessee side in the celebrated Powell s River\\nValley.\\nTurn to the left and follow up this valley,\\nkeeping the mountain on your left. You are\\nnot the first to take this course the line of\\nhuman ants used to creep down it in order to\\nclimb over the wall at the gap. Mark how in-\\naccessible this wall is at every other point.\\nMark, also, that as you go two little black par-\\nallel iron threads follow you\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a railroad, one\\nof the greatest systems of the South. All\\nalong the mountain slope overhanging the\\nrailroad, iron ore beyond the mountain crest,\\ntimber and coals. Observe, likewise, the feat-\\nures of the land water abundant, clear, and\\n279", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\ncold fields heavy with corn and oats an ever-\\nchanging panorama of beautiful pictures. The\\nfarther you go the more rich and prosperous\\nthe land, the kinder the soil to grains and gar-\\ndens and orchards bearing its burden of\\ntimbers walnut, chestnut, oak, and mighty\\nbeeches lifting to the eye in the near distance\\ncultivated hill-sides and fat meadows stretch-\\ning away into green and shadowy valley glades\\ntuneful with swift, crystal streams a land of\\nlovely views.\\nRemember well this valley, lying along the\\nbase of the mountain wall. It has long been\\nknown as the granary of southwest Virginia\\nand east Tennessee but in time, in the devel-\\nopment of civilization throughout the Appa-\\nlachian region, it is expected to become the\\nseat of a dense pastoral population, supplying\\nthe dense industrial population of new mining\\nand manufacturing towns with milk, butter,\\neggs, and fruit and vegetables. But for the\\ncontiguity of such agricultural districts to the\\ncentres of ores and coals, it would perhaps be\\nimpossible to establish in these remote spots\\nthe cities necessary to develop and transport\\ntheir wealth.\\nFollow this valley up for a distance of sixty\\nmiles from Cumberland Gap and there pause,\\nfor you come to the head of the valley, and\\n280", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nyou have reached another pass in the moun-\\ntain wall. You have passed out of Tennessee\\ninto Virginia, a short distance from the Ken-\\ntucky border, and the mountain wall is no\\nlonger called the Cumberland twenty miles\\nsouthwest of where you now are that moun-\\ntain divided, sending forth this southern\\nprong, called Stone Mountain, and sending\\nthe rest of itself between the State line of\\nKentucky and Virginia, under the name of\\nthe Big Black Mountain. Understand, also,\\nthe general bearings of the spot at which you\\nhave arrived. It is in that same Alleghany\\nsystem of mountains the richest metallifer-\\nous region in the world the northern section\\nof which long ago made Pittsburgh the south-\\nern section of which has since created Birming-\\nham and the middle section of which, where\\nyou now are, is claimed by expert testimony,\\ncovering a long period of years and coming\\nfrom different and wholly uninterested author-\\nities, to be the richest of the three.\\nThis mountain pass not being in Kentucky,\\nit might be asked why in a series of articles on\\nKentucky it should deserve a place. The an-\\nswer is plain not because a Kentuckian se-\\nlected it as the site of a hoped-for city, or be-\\ncause Kentuckians have largely developed it,\\nor because Kentuckians largely own it, and\\n281", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nhave stamped upon it a certain excellent social\\ntone but for the reason that if the idea of its de-\\nvelopment is carried out, it will gather towards\\nitself a vast net-work of railways from eastern\\nKentucky, the Atlantic seaboard, the South,\\nand the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, which\\nwill profoundly affect the inner life of Ken-\\ntucky, and change its relations to different\\nparts of the Union.\\nBig Stone Gap It does not sound very big.\\nWhat is it At a certain point of this contin-\\nuation of Cumberland Mountain, called Stone\\nMountain, the main fork of Powell s River has\\nin the course of ages worn itself a way down\\nto a practical railroad pass at water-level, thus\\nopening connection between the coking coal\\non the north and the iron ores on the south of\\nthe mountain. No pass that I have ever seen\\nexcept those made by the Doe River in the\\nCranberry region of North Carolina has its\\nwild, enrapturing loveliness towering above\\non each side are the mountain walls, ancient\\nand gray and rudely disordered at every\\ncoign of vantage in these, grasping their pre-\\ncipitous buttresses, as the claw of a great eagle\\nmight grasp the uttermost brow of a cliff,\\nenormous trees above trees, and amid the trees\\na green lace-work of undergrowth. Below, in\\na narrow, winding channel piled high with\\n282", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nbowlders, with jutting rocks and sluice like\\nfissures below and against these the river\\nhurls itself, foaming, roaring, whirling, a long\\ncascade of white or lucent water. This is Big\\nStone Gap, and the valley into which the river\\npours its full strong current is the site of the\\ntown. A lofty valley it is, having an elevation\\nof 1600 feet above the sea, with mountains gir-\\ndling it that rise to the height of 4000 a val-\\nley the surface of which gently rolls and slopes\\ntowards these encircling bases with constant\\nrelief to the eye, and spacious enough, with\\nthose opening into it, to hold a city of the pop-\\nulation of New York.\\nThis mountain pass, lying in the heart of this\\nreserved wilderness of timbers, coals, and ores,\\nhas always had its slender thread of local his-\\ntory. It was from a time immemorial a buffalo\\nand Indian trail, leading to the head-waters of\\nthe Cumberland and Kentucky rivers during\\nthe Civil War it played its part in certain local\\nmilitary exploits and personal adventures of a\\nquixotian flavor and of old the rich farmers\\nof Lee County used to drive their cattle through\\nit to fatten on the pea- vine and blue-grass grow-\\ning thick on the neighboring mountain tops.\\nBut in the last twenty-five years that quar-\\nter of the century which has developed in the\\nUnited States an ever-growing need of iron and\\n283", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nsteel, of hard-woods, and of all varieties of coal\\na period which has seen one after another of the\\nreserve timber regions of the country thinned\\nand exhausted during the past twenty -five\\nyears attention has been turned more and\\nmore towards the forests and the coal-fields in\\nthe region occupied by the south Alleghany\\nMountain system.\\nIt was not enough to know that at Big Stone\\nGap there is a water-gap admitting the passage\\nof a railway on each side at water-level, and\\nconnecting contiguous workable coals with\\nores not enough repeatedly to test the abun-\\ndance, variety, and purity of both of these not\\nenough to know that a short distance off a sin-\\ngle vertical section of coal-measure rocks has a\\nthickness above drainage level of 2500 feet, the\\nthickest in the entire Appalachian coal-field\\nfrom Pennsylvania to Alabama not enough\\nthat from this point, by available railroad to\\nthe Bessemer steel ores in the Cranberry dis-\\ntrict of North Carolina, it is the shortest dis-\\ntance in the known world separating such coke\\nand such ores not enough that there are here\\nsuperabundant limestone and water, the south\\nfork of Powell s River winding about the val-\\nley, a full, bold current, and a few miles from\\nthe town the head-waters of this same river\\nhaving a fall of 700 feet not enough that near\\n284", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nby is a rich agricultural region to supply need-\\ned markets, and that the valley itself has a\\nnatural drainage, delightful climate, and ideal\\nbeauty all this was not enough. It had to be\\nknown that the great water-gap through the\\nmountain at this point, by virtue of its position\\nand by virtue of its relation to other passes and\\nvalleys leading to it, necessitated, sooner or\\nlater, a concentration here of railroad lines for\\nthe gathering, the development, and the distri-\\nbution of its resources.\\nFrom every imaginable point of view a place\\nlike this is subject to unsparing test before it\\nis finally fixed upon as a town site and enters\\nupon a process of development. Nothing would\\nbetter illustrate the tremendous power with\\nwhich the new South, hand in hand with a\\nnew North, works with brains and capital and\\nscience. A few years ago this place was seventy\\nmiles from the nearest railroad. That road\\nhas since been built to it from the south a\\nsecond is approaching it from* a distance of a\\nhundred and twenty miles on the west a third\\nfrom the east and when the last two come to-\\ngether this point will be on a great east and\\nwest trunk line, connecting the Ohio and Mis-\\nsissippi valleys with the Atlantic seaboard.\\nMoreover, the Legislature of Kentucky has just\\npassed an act incorporating the Inter-State\\n285", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nTunnel Railroad Company, and empowering it\\nto build an inter-State double-track highway\\nfrom the head-waters of the Cumberland and\\nKentucky rivers to Big Stone Gap, tunnelling\\nboth the Black and Cumberland Mountains, and\\naffording a passway north and south for the\\nseveral railways of eastern Kentucky already\\nheading towards this point. The plan embraces\\ntwo double-track toll tunnels, with double-track\\napproaches between and on each side of the\\ntunnel, to be owned and controlled by a stock\\ncompany which shall allow all railroads to pass\\non the payment of toll. If this enterprise, in-\\nvolving the cost of over two million dollars, is\\ncarried out, the railroad problem at Big Stone\\nGap, and with it the problem of developing\\nthe mineral wealth of southwest Virginia and\\nsoutheast Kentucky, would seem to be prac-\\ntically solved.\\nThat so many railroads should be approach-\\ning this point from so many different directions\\nseems to lift it at once to a position of extraor-\\ndinary importance.\\nBut it is only a few months since the nearest\\none reached there and, since little could be\\ndone towards development otherwise, at Big\\nStone Gap one sees the process of town-making\\nat an earlier stage than at Middlesborough.\\nStill, there are under construction water-works,\\n286", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nfrom the pure mountain river, at an elevation\\nof 400 feet, six miles from town, that will sup-\\nply daily 2,500,000 gallons of water two iron-\\nfurnaces of a hundred tons daily capacity an\\nelectric-light plant, starting with fifty street\\narc-lights, and 750 incandescent burners for\\nresidences, and a colossal hotel of 300 rooms.\\nThese may be taken as evidences of the vast\\nscale on which development is to be carried for-\\nward, to say nothing of a steam street railway,\\nbelt line, lumber and brick and finishing plants,\\nunion depot, and a coke plant modelled after\\nthat at Connellsville. And on the whole it\\nmay be said that already over a million dollars\\nworth of real estate has been sold, and that\\neight land, coal, and iron development com-\\npanies have centred here the development of\\nproperties aggregating millions in value.\\nIt is a peculiarity of these industrial towns\\nthus being founded in one of the most beauti-\\nful mountain regions of the land that they shall\\nnot merely be industrial towns. They aim at\\nbecoming cities or homes for the best of peo-\\nple fresh centres to which shall be brought\\nthe newest elements of civilization from the\\nNorth and South retreats for jaded pleasure-\\nseekers asylums for invalids. And therefore\\nthey are laid out for amenities and beauty as\\nwell as industry with an eye to using the ex-\\n287", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nquisite mountain flora and park -like forests,\\nthe natural boulevards along their water-\\ncourses, and the natural roadways to vistas\\nof enchanting mountain scenery. What is to\\nbe done at Middlesborough will not be forgot-\\nten. At Big Stone Gap, in furtherance of this\\nidea, there has been formed a Mountain Park\\nAssociation, which has bought some three\\nthousand acres of summit land a few miles\\nfrom the town, with the idea of making it a\\ngame preserve and shooting park, adorned\\nwith a rambling club-house in the Swiss style\\nof architecture. In this preserve is High Knob,\\nperhaps the highest mountain in the Alleghany\\nrange, being over four thousand feet above\\nsea-level, the broad summit of which is car-\\npeted with blue-grass and white clover in the\\nmidst of magnificent forest growth.", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "V\\nSUPPOSE once more that you stand out-\\nside the Cumberland or Stone Mountain\\nat the gap. Now turn and follow down\\nthe beautiful Powell s Valley, retracing your\\ncourse to Cumberland Gap. Pass this, con-\\ntinuing down the same valley, and keeping on\\nyour right the same parallel mountain wall.\\nMark once more how inaccessible it is at every\\npoint. Mark once more the rich land and pros-\\nperous tillage. Having gone about thirty miles\\nbeyond Cumberland Gap, pause again. You\\nhave come to another pass another remarkable\\ngateway. You have travelled out of Kentucky\\ninto Tennessee, and the Cumberland Mountain\\nhas changed its name and become Walden s\\nMountain, distant some fifteen miles from the\\nKentucky State line.\\nIt is necessary once more to define topo-\\ngraphical bearings. Running northeast and\\nsouthwest is this Cumberland Mountain, hav-\\ning an elevation of from twenty-five hundred\\nt 289", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nto three thousand feet. Almost parallel with\\nit, from ten to twenty miles away, and having\\nan elevation of about two thousand feet, lies\\nPine Mountain, in Kentucky. In the outer or\\nCumberland Mountain it has now been seen\\nthat there are three remarkable gaps Big\\nStone Gap on the east, where Powell s River\\ncuts through Stone Mountain Cumberland\\nGap intermediate, which is not a water -gap,\\nbut a depression in the mountain and Big\\nCreek Gap in the west, where Big Creek cuts\\nthrough Walden s Mountain the last being\\nabout forty miles distant from the second,\\nabout ninety from the first. Now observe that\\nin Pine Mountain there are three water-gaps\\nhaving a striking relation to the gaps in the\\nCumberland that is, behind Cumberland Gap\\nis the pass at Pineville behind Big Stone Gap\\nand beyond it at the end of the mountain are\\nthe Breaks of Sandy and behind Big Creek\\nGap are the Narrows, a natural water-gap con-\\nnecting Tennessee with Kentucky.\\nBut it has been seen that the English have\\nhad to tunnel Cumberland Mountain at Mid-\\ndlesborough in order to open the valley between\\nPine and Cumberland mountains to railroad\\nconnections with the south. It has also been\\nseen that at Big Stone Gap it has been found\\nnecessary to plan for a vast tunnel under Big\\n290", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nBlack Mountain, and also under Pine Moun-\\ntain, in order to establish north and south con-\\nnections for railroads, and control the devel-\\nopment of southeast Kentucky and southwest\\nVirginia. But now mark the advantage of the\\nsituation at Big Creek Gap: a water -gap at\\nrailroad level giving entrance from the south,\\nand seventeen miles distant a corresponding\\nwater -gap at railroad level giving exit from\\nthe south and entrance from the north. There\\nis thus afforded a double natural gateway at\\nthis point, and at this point alone an inesti-\\nmable advantage. Here, then, is discovered a\\nthird district centre in Cumberland Mountain\\nwhere the new industrial civilization of the\\nSouth is expected to work. All the general\\nconditions elsewhere stated are here found\\npresent timbers, coals, and ores, limestone,\\ngranite, water, scenery, climate, flora the\\nbeauty is the same, the wealth not less.\\nWith a view to development, a company\\nhas bought up and owns in fee 20,000 acres\\nof coal lands and some seven thousand of\\niron ore in the valley and along the foot-\\nhills on the southern slope of the mountain.\\nThey have selected and platted as a town\\nsite over sixteen hundred acres of beautiful\\nvalley land, lying on both sides of Big Creek\\nwhere it cuts through the mountain, 1200\\n291", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nfeet above the sea level. But here again\\none comes upon the process of town-making\\nat a still earlier stage of development. That\\nis, the town exists only on paper, and im-\\nprovement has not yet begun. Taken now,\\nit is in the stage that Middlesborough, or Big\\nStone Gap, was once in. So that it should\\nnot be thought any the less real because it\\nis rudimentary or embryonic. A glance at\\nthe wealth tributary to this point will soon\\ndispel doubt that here in the future, as at the\\nother strategic mountain passes of the Cum-\\nberland, is to be established an important\\ntown.\\nOnly consider that the entire 20,000 acres\\nowned by the Big Creek Gap Company are\\nunderlain by coal, and that the high mountains\\nbetween the Pine and Cumberland contain\\nvertical sections of greater thickness of coal-\\nmeasure rocks than are to be found anywhere\\nelse in the vast Appalachian field that Wal-\\nnut Mountain, on the land of the company\\nthe western continuation of the Black Moun-\\ntain and the Log Mountain of Kentucky is\\n3300 feet above sea, and has 2000 feet of coal-\\nmeasures above drainage and that already\\nthere has been developed the existence of six\\ncoals of workable thickness above drainage\\nlevel, five of them underlying the entire 20,000\\n292", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nacres, except where small portions have been\\ncut away by the streams.\\nThe lowest coal above drainage the Sharpe\\npresents an outcrop about twenty feet above\\nthe bed of the stream, and underlies the entire\\npurchase. It has long been celebrated for\\ndomestic use in the locality. An entry driven\\nin about sixty feet shows a twelve-inch cannel-\\ncoal with a five-inch soft shale, burning with a\\nbrilliant flame, and much used in Powell s\\nValley also a bituminous coal of forty-three-\\ninch thickness, having a firm roof, cheaply min-\\nable, and yielding a coke of over 93 per cent,\\npure carbon,\\nThe next coal above is a cannel-coal having\\nan outcrop on the Middle Fork of Big Creek\\nof thirty-six inches, and on the north slope of\\nthe mountains, six miles off, of thirty-eight\\ninches, showing a persistent bed throughout.\\nAbove this is the Douglass coal, an entry of\\nforty feet into which shows a thickness of fifty\\ninches, with a good roof, and on the northern\\nslope of the mountains, at Cumberland River,\\na thickness of sixty inches. This is a gas coal\\nof great excellence, yielding also a coke, good,\\nbut high in sulphur. Above the Douglass\\nis an unexplored section of great thickness,\\nshowing coal stains and coals exposed, but un-\\ndeveloped.\\n293", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nThe uppermost coal discovered, and the high-\\nest opened in Tennessee the Walnut Moun-\\ntain coal is a coking variety of superior qual-\\nity, fifty-eight inches thick, and, though lying-\\nnear the top of the mountain, protected by a\\nsandstone roof. It is minable at a low cost,\\nadmirable for gas, and is here found underly-\\ning some two thousand acres.\\nAs to the wealth of iron ores, it has been\\nsaid that the company owns about seven thou-\\nsand acres in the valley and along the southern\\nslopes of Cumberland Mountain. There is a\\ncontinuous outcrop of the soft red fossilifer-\\nous, or Clinton, iron ore, ten miles long, no-\\nwhere at various outcrops less than sixty inches\\nthick, of exceptional richness and purity, well\\nlocated for cheap mining, and adjacent to the\\ncoal-beds. Indeed, where it crosses Big Creek\\nat the gap, it is only a mile from the coking\\ncoal. Lying from one to two hundred feet\\nabove the drainage level of the valley, where\\na railroad is to be constructed, and parallel\\nto this road at a distance of a few hundred\\nfeet, this ore can be put on cars and delivered\\nto the furnaces of Big Creek Gap at an esti-\\nmated cost of a dollar a ton. Of red ore two\\nbeds are known to be present.\\nParallel and near to the red fossiliferous,\\nthere has been developed along the base of\\n294", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nCumberland Mountain a superior brown ore,\\nthe Limonite the same as that used in the\\nLow Moor, Longdale, and other furnaces of the\\nClifton Forge district. This the Oriskany\\nhas been traced to within ten miles of the\\ncompany s lands, and there is every reason to\\nbelieve that it will be developed on them. At\\nthe beginning of this article it was stated that\\niron of superior quality was formerly made at\\nBig Creek Gap, and found a ready market\\nthroughout central Kentucky.\\nParallel with the ore and easily quarriable\\nis the subcarboniferous limestone, one thick\\nstratum of which contains 98 per cent, of car-\\nbonate of lime so that, with liberal allowance\\nfor the cost of crude material, interest, wear\\nand tear, it is estimated that iron can here be\\nmade at as low a cost as anywhere in the\\nUnited States, and that furnaces will have an\\nadvantage in freight in reaching the markets of\\nthe Ohio Valley and the farther South. More-\\nover, the various timbers of this region attain\\na perfection seldom equalled, and by a little\\nclearing out of the stream, logs can be floated\\nat flood tides to the Clinch and Tennessee\\nrivers. To-day mills are shipping these tim-\\nbers from Boston to the Rocky Mountains.\\nSituated in one of the most beautiful of\\nvalleys, 1200 feet above sea-level, surrounded\\n295", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nby park-like forests and fertile valley lands,\\nhaving an abundance of pure water and per-\\nfect drainage, with iron ore only a mile from\\ncoke, and a double water-gap giving easy pas-\\nsage for railroads, Big Creek Gap develops\\npeculiar strength and possibilities of impor-\\ntance, when its relation is shown to those cities\\nwhich will be its natural markets, and to the\\nsystems of railroads of which it will be the\\ninevitable outlet. Within twenty miles of it\\nlie three of the greatest railroad systems of\\nthe South. It is but thirty eight miles from\\nKnoxville, and eight miles of low-grade road,\\nthrough a fertile blue-grass valley, peopled by\\nintelligent, prosperous farmers, will put it in\\nconnection with magnetic and specular ores for\\nthe making of steel, or with the mountain of\\nBessemer ore at Cranberry. Its coke is about\\nthree hundred miles nearer to the Sheffield\\nand Decatur furnaces than the Pocahontas\\ncoke, which is now being shipped to them. It\\nis nearer St. Louis and Chicago than their\\npresent sources of supply. It is the nearest\\npoint to the great coaling-station for steam-\\nships now building at Brunswick. And it is\\none of the nearest bases of supply for Pensa-\\ncola, which in turn is the nearest port of sup-\\nply for Central and South America.\\nNo element of wealth or advantage of posi-\\n296", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\ntion seems lacking to make this place one of\\nthe controlling points of that vast commercial\\nmovement which is binding the North and the\\nSouth together, and changing the relation of\\nKentucky to both, by making it the great high-\\nway of railway connection, the fresh centre of\\nmanufacture and distribution, and the lasting\\nfountain-head of mineral supply.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "VI\\na TTENTION is thus briefly directed to\\nthat line of towns which are springing\\nup, or will in time spring up, in the moun-\\ntain passes of the Cumberland, and are making\\nthe backwoods of Kentucky the fore-front of a\\nnew civilization. Through these three passes\\nin the outer wall of Cumberland Mountain,\\nand through that pass at Pineville in the inner\\nwall behind Cumberland Gap through these\\nfour it is believed that there must stream the\\nrailroads carrying to the South its timbers and\\ncoals to the North its timbers, coal, and iron\\nand carrying to both from these towns, as in-\\ndependent centres of manufacture, all those\\nproducts the crude materials of which exist in\\neconomic combinations on the spot.\\nIt is idle to say that all these places cannot\\nbecome important. The competition will be\\nkeen, and the fittest will survive but all these\\nare fit to survive, each having advantages of\\nits own. Big Stone Gap lies so much nearer", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nthe East and the Atlantic seaboard Big\\nCreek Gap so much nearer the West and the\\nOhio and Mississippi valleys and the Lakes\\nCumberland Gap and Pineville so much near-\\ner an intermediate region.\\nBut as the writer has stated, it is the human,\\nnot the industrial, problem to be solved by\\nthis development that possessed for him the\\nmain interest. One seems to see in the per-\\nforation and breaking up of Cumberland\\nMountain an event as decisive of the destiny\\nof Kentucky as though the vast wall had fall-\\nen, destroying the isolation of the State, bring-\\ning into it the new, and letting the old be\\nscattered until it is lost. But while there is no\\nspace here to deal with those changes that are\\nrapidly passing over Kentucky life and obliter-\\nating old manners and customs, old types of\\ncharacter and ideals of life, old virtues and\\ngraces as well as old vices and horrors there\\nis a special topic too closely connected with\\nthe foregoing facts not to be considered the\\neffect of this development upon the Kentucky\\nmountaineers.\\nThe buying up of the mountain lands has\\nunsettled a large part of these people. Al-\\nready there has been formed among them a\\nclass of tenants paying rent and living in their\\nold homes. But in the main there are three\\n299", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nmovements among them. Some desert the\\nmountains altogether, and descend to the Blue-\\ngrass Region with a passion for farming. On\\ncounty-court days in blue-grass towns it has\\nbeen possible of late to notice this peculiar type\\nmingling in the market-places with the tradi-\\ntional type of blue-grass farmer. There is thus\\ngoing on, especially along the border counties,\\na quiet interfusion of the two human elements\\nof the Kentucky highiander and the Kentucky\\nlowlander, so long distinct in blood, physique,\\nhistory, and ideas of life. To less extent, the\\nmountaineers go farther west, beginning life\\nagain beyond the Mississippi.\\nA second general tendency among them is\\nto be absorbed by the civilization that is\\nspringing up in the mountains. They flock to\\nthese towns, keep store, are shrewd and active\\nspeculators in real estate, and successful de-\\nvelopers of small capital. The first business\\nhouse put up in the new Pineville was built by\\na mountaineer.\\nBut the third, and, as far as can be learned,\\nthe most general movement among them is to\\nretire at the approach of civilization to remot-\\ner regions of the mountains, where they may\\nlive without criticism or observation their he-\\nreditary, squalid, unambitious, stationary life.\\nBut to these retreats they must in time be\\n300", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "Mountain Passes of the Cumberland\\nfollowed, therefrom dislodged, and again set\\ngoing. Thus a whole race of people are being\\nscattered, absorbed, civilized. You may go far\\nbefore you will find a fact so full of conse-\\nquences to the future of the State.\\nWithin a few years the commonwealth of\\nKentucky will be a hundred years old. All in\\nall, it would seem that with the close of its\\nfirst century the old Kentucky passes away\\nand that the second century will bring in a\\nnew Kentucky new in many ways, but new\\nmost of all on account of the civilization of the\\nCumberland.\\nTHE END", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "By JAMES LANE ALLEN\\nA KENTUCKY CARDINAL. Illustrated by Albert\\nE. Sterner. New Edition. 16mo, Cloth, Orna-\\nmental, $1 00 Half Calf, $2 00.\\nThe portrayal of nature alone would give the book high\\nrank, but the story sets the poem to music. Chicago limes.\\nAFTERMATH. Part Second of A Kentucky Car-\\ndinal. New Edition. lGmo, Cloth, Ornamental,\\n$1 00 Half Calf, $2 00.\\nA slender stream of tender and delicate imagining, filtered\\nthrough prose which is almost poetry. New York Observer.\\nTHE BLUE -GRASS REGION OF KENTUCKY,\\nand Other Kentucky Articles. New Edition. Illus-\\ntrated. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1 50.\\nWe are indebted to Mr. James Lane Allen for the first\\nadequate treatment of an interesting subject adequate both\\nin respect of knowledge and of literary skill in the book\\nentitled The Blue-Grass Region of Kentucky. New York\\nSun.\\nFLUTE AND VIOLIN, and Other Kentucky Tales\\nand Romances. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, Orna-\\nmental, $1 50 Silk Binding, $2 25.\\nThe stories of this volume are fiction of high artistic value\\nfiction to be read and remembered as something rare, fine,\\nand deeply touching. New York Independent.\\nNEW YORK AND LONDON:\\nHARPER BROTHERS, Publishers\\nT Any of the above works mil be sent by mail, postage\\nprepaid, to any part of the United States, Canada, or Mexico,\\non receipt of thejmce.", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "By MARY E. WILKINS\\nSILENCE, and Other Stories. Illustrated. 16mo, Clotb,Oiv\\nnamental, $1 25.\\nJEROME, A POOR MAN. A Novel. Illustrated. 16mo,\\nCloth, Ornamental, $1 50.\\nMADELON. A Novel. lumo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1 25.\\nPEMBROKE. A Novel. Illustrated. 16mo, Cloth, Orna.\\nmental, $1 50.\\nJANE FIELD. A Novel. Illustrated. 16mo, Cloth, Orna-\\nmental, $1 25.\\nA NEW ENGLAND NUN, and Other Stories. lGmo, Cloth,\\nOrnamental. $1 25.\\nA HUMBLE ROMANCE, and Other Stories. lGmo, Cloth,\\nOrnamental, $1 25.\\nYOUNG LUCRETIA, and Other Stories. Illustrated. Post\\n8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1 25.\\nGILES COREY, YEOMAN. A Play. Illustrated. 32mo,\\nCloth, Ornamental, 50 cents.\\nMary E. Willcins writes of New England country life, analyzes New\\nEngland country character, with the skill and deftness of one who\\nknows it through and through, and yet never forgets that, while real-\\nistic, she is first and last an artist. Boston Advertiser.\\nMissWilkins has attained an eminent position among her literary\\ncontemporaries as one of the most careful, natural, and effective\\nwriters of brief dramatic incident. Few surpass her in expressing the\\nhomely pathos of the poor and ignorant, while the humor of her stories\\nis quiet, pervasive, and suggestive.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Philadelphia Press.\\nIt takes just such distinguished literary art as Mary E. Wilkins pos-\\nsesses to give an episode of New England its soul, pathos, and poetry.\\nN. Y. Times.\\nThe pathos of New England life, its intensities of repressed feeling,\\nits homely tragedies, and its tender humor, have never been better\\ntold than by Mary E. Wilkins. Boston Courier.\\nThe simplicity, purity, and quaintness of these stories set them apart\\nin a niche of distinction where they have no rivals.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Literary World,\\nBoston.\\nThe charm of Miss Wilkins s stories is in her intimate acquaintance\\nand comprehension of humble life, and the sweet human interest she\\nfeels and makes her readers partake of, in the simple, common, homely\\npeople she draws. Springfitid Republican.\\nHARPER BROTHERS, Publishers\\nNEW YORK AND LONDON\\n/gsfAny of the above works will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any\\npart of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of the price.\\n9 6 6^", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proce\\nNeutralizing Agent: Magnes.um Cxide\\nTrea,msntDate AU6 1998\\nn] r jr fPflCl\\nPRESERVATION I twiw^i\\n111 Thomson Park Drive\\nCranberry Township, PA 16066", "height": "3429", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3471", "width": "2145", "jp2-path": "bluegrassregiono00alle_0356.jp2"}}