{"1": {"fulltext": "PA WI.\\nV:. i\\nt\u00c2\u00a35i|:l:; ;;t i\\nm^k", "height": "3615", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "2AiJ^^\\nBIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY\\nOF\\niS^ fl^^ i^r^ ^W^# 1^^ W ll^k\\nOR\\nItltifttt l\u00c2\u00bbtt$f\\nIE AND DURING THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE,\\nWith A SKETCH OF THE FIRST STEAM\\nNAVIGATION of FULTON and\\nLIVINGSTON.\\nBY\\nTiiOMAS STREATFEIIB CLAMSON.\\n^UfitlSHED FOR, AND tN THE ISaNDS ONLY, OF SUBSCRIBERS.\\nCLERMONT, N. Y.;\\n1869.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "IH EXCHANGE\\nFEB 1 5 1915\\nPrinted by\\nBRYAN WEBB,\\nHudson, N. Y.\\na", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nA man having lived the greater portion of his life upon a part\\nof the Livingston Manor, and a descendant of that noble old fam-\\nily, may indeed be pardoned if he shows a family pride, and wiites\\nabout his ancestors, and although living in the vicinity of the\\nnoble blue Kaatskills,* or Katsbergs, whose dark shadows fall\\nover the once romantic haunts of HendricK Hudson, and his crew\\nof ghostly Dutchmen, and the more quiet retreat of Rip Van Win-\\nkle, when he enjoyed his long nap, out of the reach of Dame Van\\nWinkle s tongue and other localities of historic lore and legend,\\nmade immortal by that greatest of all American writers, Irving,\\nwho thus gives us a lively picture of the crew of the Half Moon\\nat their favorite game of nine-pins Some wore short doublets,\\nothers jerkins with long knives in their belts, and most of them\\nhad enormous breeches of similar style with that of the guides.\\nTheir visages, too, were pecuUar one had a large head, broad\\nface and small piggish eyes the face of another seemed to consist\\nentirely of a nose, and was surmounted by a white sugai Joaf hat\\nset off with a little red cock s tail. They all had beai ds of various\\nshapes and colors. There was one who seemed to be the com-\\nmander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten\\ncountenance, he wore a lace doublet, broad belt, hanger and high-\\ncrowned hat and feather, and high heeled shoes with roses on\\nthem what seemed particularly odd to Rip was, that though here\\nevidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest\\nfaces, the most mysterious silence, and were withal the most mel-\\n*The origin of the name Catskill is as follows The Indians called this range of hills\\nOn-ti-o-ra, signifying Mountains of the Sky. The Dutch called them Kaatsbergs, or Cat\\nMountains, from the number of panthers or wild cats abounding there. The word Cat^\\nkill is partly English and partly Dutch\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kaatskill Dutch, Cats Qreek Englisb,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "IV INTRODUCTION.\\nanclioly party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Nothing inter-\\nrupted the stilhiess of the scene but the noise of the balls, which\\nwhenever they were rolled echoed along the mountains like rum-\\nbling peals of thunder and the Dutch inhabitants near the Kats-\\nbergs, even to this day, never hear a thunder storm of a summer\\nafternoon about the Katsbergs but they say Hendi-icK Hudson and\\nhis crew are at theu* game of nine-pins. But a man of energy\\nmay shake oif the dust of centuries, and lethargy, and awake to\\naction, when he undertakes to write of his ancestors, particularly\\nso when they were great and good, and whose lives have been for\\nthe greater part given for the national honor and advancement of\\ntheir countiy. For the good that men do live after them.\\nWhen we read the Declaration of Independence we there see\\nthe name of Livingston also, when we read of the introduction\\nof the first Steam Navigation upon the Hudson River, we see the\\nname of Livingston. The name of Livingston is connected with\\nthe inauguration of the first President of the United States, is\\nattached to the Federal Constitution it is honorably associated\\nwith our Foreign diplomacy, our Domestic politics, and our Judi-\\ncial history and there has been probably no time in our annals\\nwhen its respectability has not been supported by some conspicu-\\nous member of this illustrious family and last but not least, when\\nwe read of the Christian s life, and death, we can then take exam-\\nples, as foot-i^rints for us to follow, of many that have passed away\\nand gone before us to that undiscovered country, many of the\\nname of Livingston, who have left records illumined by the light\\nof other days, which grow brighter and brighter as years roll on.\\nFor, as the poet says\\nLife is real, life is earnest.\\nAnd the grave is not its goal\\nDust thou art, to dust retm uest,\\nWas not spoken of the soul.\\nArt is long, and time is fleeting,\\nAnd our hearts, though stout and brave,\\nStill like mufiied drums ai e beating\\nFuneral marches to the grave.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. V\\nLives of great men all remind us,\\nWe can make our lives sublime,\\nAnd departing leave behind us\\nFootprints on the sands of time\\nFootprints that perhaps anothei*,\\nSailing o er life s solemn main,\\nA forlorn and shipwi-ecked brother,\\nSeeing shall take heart again.\\nBoth the poet and the novelist have given romantic interest to\\nthe revolutionary era. My own ambition is to rescue from oblivi-\\non records for the use of the futm*e historian of this State. Like\\nthe wandering Ai ab, who whilst passing lays a stone upon his\\nfather s gi ave, or cairn, so I bring my contribution in the shape of\\nthis collection of Livingstones, which I hope may be always\\nstrongly cemented in our hearts and ajBTections, as well as in the\\narch of our Union. Our great Washington being the key-stone,\\nand this grand temple of Liberty having been erected upon so\\nsure a foundation, cannot but stand to become the pride of all\\nAmericans, as well as the admiration of all the nations of the\\nearth for where freedom and equality reign, tyrants tremble.\\nA person writing a book at this period concerning the Livings-\\nton Manor and family of the revolutionary era, and prior to it,\\nhas to be in a great measure guided by what has been related to\\nhim as facts, and by depending upon or copying freely from au-\\nthors that have written upon this subject. It has been a work of\\npleasure, but not an easy task to gather the information contained\\nin the following pages, and I now retm-n thanks and crave pardon\\nfrom the numerous authors for the liberty I have taken, in making\\nextracts from their works. I am greatly indebted to the authors\\nof the following works\\nLife of John Jay, by his Son, William Jay.\\nLife of General Montgomery, by Gen l Armstrong,\\nLife of Robert Fulton, by Renwick.\\nLife of Jay and Hamilton, by Renwick\\nOld New York, by John W. Francis.\\nQueens of American Society, Mrs. EUet.\\nWgmeif of the Rpyojutioo, Mrs. EUet.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VI INTRODUCTION.\\nHistory of Wonderful InveDtiona, London.\\nLife of William Livingston, T. Sedgwick.\\nPanorama of the Hudson Kiver, Wade Croome.\\nMiller s Guide to the Hudson Eiver.\\nLossing 8 Book of the Hudson.\\nLossing s Field Book of the Kevolution.\\nHead ley s Washington and his Generals.\\nParton a Life of Aaron Burr.\\nLossing s 1776, or War of Independence.\\nChambers Papers for the People.\\nLife of Washington by Irving.\\nLife of Edward Livingston, by Hunt.\\nDowning s Eural Essays. i\\nCampbell s Border Warfare of Now York.\\nJefTrrson s Papers, 1834.\\nKnapp s American Biography, 1833.\\nJournal of N. Y. Convention of 1776-7.\\nLife of Gouveneur Morris.\\nKobertson s History of Scotland.\\nAikman s Buchanan.\\nChalmers s History.\\nMrs. Jameson s Celebrated Female Sovereigns.\\nThe Livingston Family Eecord,\\nAlso my thanks are due to Mr. Cleksiont Livingston, of the\\nold Manor House, for the use of the old library, in which I found\\nmany works of value.\\nI have not dwelt long on the history of political parties, or the\\npolitics of the period of which I have written, but have confined\\nmyself to stating facts. As politics, however great the interest it\\nmay have for men, drags rather hea vdly upon the female reader, if\\ngiven in more than homoeopathic doses, in a work of this charac-\\nter, I have endeavored to keep up as much as possible the general\\ninterest. Since the good old times have passed away of which I\\nhave herein chronicled, another rovolution or civil war has con-\\nvulsed our country, compared to which the battles of the revolu-\\ntion were mere skirmishes, and although all the old Heroes and\\nPatriots of 76 have been laid in their last resting place, others\\nfollowing in their footsteps joined hand in hand in the ranks of\\nthe Union, and utterly routed both rebels and their sympathisers,\\nthe Tories of this last war. But thanks be to God, that he gave\\nus the gi eat inamprtal Lincoln, ow second Washiis[gton, to Btancl", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. VII\\nfirmly at the helm, and to steer the Ship of State out of the trou-\\nbled waters of civil war unto more placid ones, even unto the\\nHaven of Peace. And let evei-y true American pray That the\\nLord our God be with us as He was with our Fathers; let Him\\nnot leave us nor forsake us and in the words of our sainted Lin-\\ncoln Say: We here highly resolve that these honoured dead\\nshall not have died in vain; that the nation Shall under God have\\na new birth of Freedom, and that the goVemment of the people,\\nby the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the Earth.\\nChiddingbtonk, N. Ti, \u00c2\u00abJ uue lot, 18694", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "TO THE HUDSON.\\nI dream of thee fairest of fairy streams,\\nSweet Hudson. Float we on thy Summer breast.\\nWho views thy enchanted windings, ever deems\\nThy banks of mortal shores the loveliest.\\nHail to thy shelving slojjes, with verdure dressed.\\nBright break thy waves the varied beach upon,\\nSoft rise thy hills, by amorous clouds caressed.\\nClear flow thy waters, laughing in the sun.\\nWould thro such peaceful scenes my life might gently run.\\nAnd lo the Catskills print the distant sky,\\nAnd o er their airy tops the faint clouds driven,\\nSo softly blending that the cheated eye\\nForgets or which is Earth or which is Heaven.\\nSometimes like thunder clouds they shade the even,\\nTill as you nearer draw, each wooded height\\nPuts off the azure hues by distance given,\\nAnd slowly break upon the enamored sight,\\nRavine, crag, field and wood, in colorfs true and bright.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTEB. page-\\nTo the Hudson, 9\\nThe Livingston Family in Scotland, 1 H\\nin Scotland and America, Concluded, 2 17\\nJudge Robert E. Livingston, 3 25\\nLivingston Manor, 4 39\\nBirth and Youth of R. R. Livingston, (Chancellor,) 5 48\\nFrom 1774-6, and Declaration of Independence, 6 53\\nFirst State Convention of 1776, 7 58\\nCongress of 1778, and Articles of Confederation, 8 63\\nPolitical Parties 1783 to 1789, 9 69\\nChancellor Livingston and Governor Clinton on Negro Suffrage, 10 75\\ninterest in Agriculture, 11 81\\nCorrespondence between Chancellor Livingston and John Jay, 12 86\\nInauguration of Washington in 1789, 13 97\\nPolitical Records from 1792 to 1800, 14 105\\nChancellor Livingston s Mission to France, 15 119\\nThe First Introduction of Steam Navigation, 16 121\\nSteam Navigation and Sketch of Fulton, 17 127\\nContinued, 18 133\\nChancellor Livingston as an Orator, and Close of Life, 19 146\\nHenry B. Livingston, 20 149\\nJohn R. Livingston, 21 158\\nBirih, Youth and Marriage of Edward Livingston, 22 157\\nEdward Livingston in Congress, 23 157\\nAttorney for United States and Mayor of New Yori, 24 164\\nin New Orleans, 25 168\\nThe Livingston Code, Election to Congress, and Secretary of State, 26 177\\nMinister to France, and Death, 27 188\\nBirth and Marriage of Janet Livingston, 28 194\\nGeneral Montgomery s Expedition to Canada, 29 199\\nContinued, 30 208\\nArnold s advance to join Montgomery, 31 217\\nGeneral Montgomery s Expedition to Canada Continued, 32 225\\nJudge Henry s account of Montgomery s Death, 33 235\\nMontgomery Place, 34 241\\nLetters and Private Life of Mrs. Montgomery, 35 246\\nMargaret Livingston, 36 256\\nCatharine 37 257\\nGertrude 38 262\\nJohanna 39 264\\nAlida 40 266\\nPhilip Livingston, 41 285\\nSarah Livingston, 42 287\\nWilliam Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, 43 290\\nFamily Sketches and Letters, 44 294\\nIncidents and Anecdotes of Governor Livingston, -45 307\\nConclusion, 313\\nAppendix, 317", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nBETWEEN PAGES,\\nOld Manor House, or Birth-place of Chancellor Livingston, Frontispiece.\\nJudge Eohert E. Livingston, from old Family Portrait, 24-5\\nMargaret B. Livingston, wife of the Judge, from old picture, 156-7\\nChancellor Robert E. Livingston, from original picture, 96-7\\nHome of Chancellor Livingston at Clermont, 256-7", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nTHE LIVINGSTONE FAMILY IN SCOTLAND.\\nBefore commencing with the history of the first settlement of\\nthe Livingstons in America, I thought it woukl be but proper to\\ngive a short sketch of the origin of this old family, and can find\\nno better account, or as well told as that, by Mr. Theodore Sedg-\\nwick, in his Life of Governor William Livingston, of New Jersey.\\nI have therefore extracted most of the following, in this chapter,\\nfrom that work.\\nThe name of Livingston as now written is differently spelt in\\nancient documents and by different authors, viz.: Livingstoune,\\nLevingstoune, Livingstone. This ancient and distinguished fam-\\nily is said to derive its origin from an Hungarian gentleman of\\nthe name of Livingius, (vide Anderson s Genealogies,) who accom-\\npanied Margaret, the sister of Edgar Atheling, and wife of King\\nMalcolm Canmore, from his native country to Scotland, about the\\nperiod of the Norman Conquest in 1008. In the reign of David\\nthe First of Scotland, says a tradition which seems not to pay a\\nscrupulous regard to the usual duration of human existence, this\\nsame individual received a grant of lands in West Lothian, which\\nwas created a barony and named after the proprietor. This estate\\nwas transmitted through his descendants for nearly four hundred\\nyears, when in the reign of James IV, (1488-1513) Bartholomew\\nLivingston dying without issue, the direct line became extinct a,\\n2", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ncollateral brancli had however, in the mean time, acquired wealth,\\nand consequence, and it is from this that the Earls of Linlithgow,\\nin Scotland, and the Livingstons of America are descended.\\nIn the reign of David II, (1329-1370) Sir William Livingston\\nKt., marrying Christian, daughter and heh to Patrick de Callendar,\\nLord of Callendar, in the County of Stirling, received that barony\\nwith her. His grandson John had, besides his eldest son Alexan-\\nder, two others, Robert, the ancestor of the Earls of Newbm gh a\\ntitle illustrated by Granville s Mira, (see Mrs. Jameson s Loves\\nof the Poets, and William, progenitor of the viscounts of Kilsyth.\\nThe article in Nicol s British Compendium, (2d Ed. London\\n1725,) from which this account is so far drawn, is got up with a\\nconsiderable show of accuracy, and perhaps compiled from the tra-\\nditions, communicated to the editor by some member of the family.\\nHistory steps in to lend, descending from this period, her less\\ndoubtful aid. Sir Alexander Livingstone, of Callendar, just men-\\ntioned, was in 1437, on the death of James I, appointed by the\\nestates of the Kingdom joint regent with Crichton, during the\\nminority of James II he not long after {vide Aikman s Buchanan II,\\n117,) yielded to the formidable power of the young Earl of Doug-\\nlas, his property was confiscated, (but subsequently restored,) and\\nhis son brought to the block. His other son, James, who succeed-\\ned his father in the barony of Callendar, was created Lord Livings\\nton. He died in 1467.\\nThe lordship of Livingston apj^ears to have been one of the most\\nimportant baronies. In the list of members of the Scottish Parlia-\\nment for the year 1560, I find the name of Livingston, and this is\\nthe parliament which upon petition admitted the lesser barons to\\nthe privilege of voting, which they had not before enjoyed, (Rob-\\nertson s History app.) William, the gi-eat-grandson of the last\\nmentioned James, and fourth Lord Livingston, married Agnes,\\ndaughter of Sjr Patrick Hepburn, of Waughtenn, or Patrick Lord\\nHales, (perhaps the same individual is meant by these appellations,)\\nand from him the Livingstons of this country are descended.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 13\\nthrough his son Robert, who was slain at the battle of Pinkiefield.\\nAlexander, his eldest son, sx;cceeded to the title, and it is his\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0daughter who was one of the four Maries that accompanied the\\nScottish Queen to the French Court. Vide Chalmers History and\\nMrs. Jameson s Celebrated Female Sov s.)\\nLast night the Queen had four Maries,\\nTo-night she ll hae but three,\\nThere was Mary Seaton, and Mary Beaton\\nAnd Mary Livingstone, and me.\\nIn the person of Alexander, the seventh Lord, the barony was\\nexchanged for an Earldom, he being in 1600 created by James\\nVI, Earl of Linlithgow. The title in full ran thus Earl of Lin-\\nlithgow, Lord Livingstone, of Almont, hereditary keeper of the\\nKing s Castle at Linlithgow, hereditary Bailiff of the Bailiewick,\\nthere belonging to the Crown, hereditary Sheriff of the County of\\nStirling, and hereditary Governor of Blackness.\\nThe second son of the first Earl of Linlithgow was created\\nEarl of Callendar, which title finally fell into the former, in the\\nperson of its last possessor. The Earldom of Linlithgow remained\\nin the family for more than a century, and was transmitted through\\nfive descendants. They distinguished themselves by their grate-\\nful attachment to the house of Stuart, from whom they had de-\\nrived their honors they shared their dangers durmg the civil\\nwars, and were rewarded with offices of dignity and consequence,\\nwhen the times permitted it. They appear to have been generally\\nin the possession of some considerable civil or military post, and\\nthe name repeatedly occurs on the list of privy council.\\nThe head of the family was in arms with Dundee, in 1688-9,\\nand the devotion of Anne, the daughter of the last Earl, to the\\nsame cause, resembles in its romantic details the events of an\\nearlier date. She is said to have brought over her husband, the\\nunfortunate Earl of Kilmarnock, to support the interests of the\\nPretender, and to have gained the battle of Falkirk, in 1746, for\\nher party, by using the influence of her wit and beauty to detain", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nIlawlcy at Callcndar House until too late to take the command of\\nhis troops. In the year 1715, James, last Earl of Linlithgow,\\nand Callendar, who in 1713 was chosen one of the peers of the\\nUnited Kingdom, true to his hereditary faith, joined the Earl of\\nMar. On the failure of that nobleman s enterprise, his title and\\nestates w^ere forfeited, together with their attendant rights and\\nprivileges. Tliis Earldom has not, like many of the Scottish peer-\\nages, been restored. The present heir declines, it is said, the\\nbarren and expensive honor.\\nWe now return to William, the fom-th Lord Livingstone. His\\nson Robert, who fell at the battle of Pinkiefield in 1547 is, as has\\nbeen stated, the reputed ancestor of the family in America. Here\\noccurs one of those tantalizing difficulties of so common occurrence\\nin tracing pedigrees. By one statement this Robert is made the\\ngrandfather, and by another the great-grandfather of John Liv-\\ningston, the parent of the first emigrant of the name, to America.\\nBe this important -question settled as it may, and it seems probable\\nthat the second supposition is nearer the truth the individuals\\nintervening between Robert and John appear to have been minis-\\nters of the Church of Scotland, and to have left no more conspicu-\\nous memorial of the exercise of their sacred functions, than may\\nbe found in their parish records. With John Livingston however\\nthe case is diirerent. He appears to have possessed both power of\\nintellect, and vigor of resolution, and his name ranks high in the\\nannals of the Scottish Church. I Avill here introduce a very cu-\\nrious letter written by a son of John Livingston of Ancram.\\nThis letter was found by the late General Henry Livingston,\\namong some old papers belonging to the family at Ancram, Co-\\nlumbia County, N. Y., and is printed from a copy made in 1811\\nEdinburgh, 13 December, 1698.\\nDk.vr Buotiier\\nI have yours of the 20th of September last, from New York it\\ncame to hand with the printed narrative of the five Indian Nations\\nthen treating with the Earl of Belloraont, your Governor, under", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "GLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 15\\ncover of Mr. Hacksham the 28th of November, for which I am\\nmuch obliged to you. It was in my last, I sent to Mr. Hacksham\\nan attestation under the hand and seal of our Magistrate, of your\\nbeing a native of this country, but had no account from him what\\nuse he had made of it. I did then write him yt I pui posed to\\nprocure your coat of arms, and the Lyon Hercuels warrant, and\\nyour birth brief, and desyred to know, if he had effects of yours,\\nyt I might draw for about 7 or 8 1. that I found it would cost\\nbut had no answer, so have forborne it hitherto, but have prepared\\nit so- far that I find you are the son of Mr. John, whose father was\\nMr. Alexander and Mr. Alexander, his father was Robert, who\\nwas killed at Pinkiefield in 1547, and was brother german to Alex-\\nander Lord Livingston their father was William the fourth Lord\\nLivingston, and the eighth of the house of Callendar he Avas mar-\\nried to Hepburn daughter of Sir Patrick Hepburn of\\nWaughtenn So that your propper coat to be given you is this\\nenclosed which is thus emblazoned viz. quarterly 1st and 4th Argent,\\nthree gilliflowers Gules, slipped propper within a double tressure\\number florevest, the name of Livingston 2d quartered first and\\nlast Gules, a chifron Argent, a role between two lyons counter\\nrampant of the field, 2d and 3d Argent three martletts Gules, the\\nname of Hepburn of Waughtenn, 3d quarter Sable a bend between\\nsix billets, or the name of Callendar yom* liveries is green faced\\nup wh whytt and red, green and whytt passments. I would cause\\ncutt you a seal with this coat-of-arms, having one James Clark, a\\nvery honest man, who is graver to our mint-house here, and the\\nmost dexterous in that art, but could not get a steel block to cut\\nupon. There is gi eat alterations among us. My sister Jeanet\\ndyed in August 1696; our brother-in-law Mr* Russell came home\\nin August 1697, and was very sicklie; he dyed in November after\\nwithout leaving any testament of his will, so that his only son\\nJames, is left as low as any of his daughters two of them were\\nmarried in his own tyme, but neither with his nor my sister s good\\nliking; but they refused to submit, and accordingly were but\\nmeanly provided; the three sisters jX were yet unmarried di4", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "16 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nchoose James Dimlip and me Cm-ators, but have not taken our\\ncounsell upon their marriages, their great tochers have made them\\na prey. He left towards ten thousand pounds Stirling but in such\\nconfusion yt there will be little credit by it. We shall writt more\\nat length. This I send wh some letters from my brother direct to\\nMr. Hacksham. My entire love to your second self and your dear\\nchildren, and to nephew Robert, tell him to writt to me.\\nI am your loving and most affectionate brother,\\nWILL. LIVINGSTON.\\nI have written to a friend in Linlithgow and to David Jameson,\\nand spoke in full to send attestations of what you desyre, over to\\nthe people you direct, and expres thereof to yourself.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. IT\\nCHAPTER II.\\nTHE LIVIXGSTOXS IN SCOTLAND AND AMERICA, CONTINUED.\\nOn the beautiful river, Hudson, opposite the lofty Kaatskills,\\nand in the midst of scenery unsur^jassed by any in Europe, even\\nupon the Rliine, was situated a fine estate belonging to Robert\\nLivingston, the grandfather of the late Chancellor Livingston.\\nHe was the youngest son of Robert, the first Lord of the Manor,\\n(which contained about one hundi ed and sixty thousand acres,)\\nand a grandson of John Livingston, a celebrated preacher in the\\nScottish Church.\\nThis John Livingston, or Mess John, as he was called in the\\nballads of these days, was gi eat-grandson to the Robert that we\\nread of in the previous Chapter, who was killed in the battle of\\nPinkiefield in 1547, son of the Earl of Linlithgow. Mess John was\\nappointed a Commissioner, with others commissioned by Parlia-\\nment, to negotiate ^v^th Charles II, for the terms of his restoration\\nto power.\\nThe story has been often told, and now the same old story will\\nbe told again, of this young minister preaching to a large congre-\\ngation in the open aii\\\\ He lost his notes, and from an overlook-\\ning hill he beheld the multitude awaiting his coming to address\\nthem his heart sank within him, and he dropped upon his knees\\nin prayer for guidance his prayers were answered, (as the stoiy or\\ntradition runs) Have I ever been a ban-ea wilderness to thee,\\n3", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "18 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nHe got up, walked to the appointed spot where the multitude\\nawaited him, and preached with so much force that three hundred\\nof his hearers were converted at the time by his eloquence.\\nHe was afterwards persecuted on account of nonconformity, and\\nmany of his hearers and himself took passage for America. They\\nwere nearly shipwrecked, and he set apart three days for fisting\\nand prayer, and resolved if the storm did not abate within that\\ngiven time they would return to Scotland. The time having\\nexpired and the storm not abating, they put about the vessel and\\nsailed for the home they had left. He was afterwards exiled to\\nRotterdam, where his son learned the Dutch language.\\nHis son Robert was born on December 13th, 1634, at Ancram,\\nin Teviotdale, Roxburghshire, Scotland. He was ambitious,\\nshrewd, acquisitive, sturdy and bold. His whole career was a per-\\nsistent illustration of the motto upon the scroll of his ancestors\\ncoat of arms, Si je Puis. He emigrated to America in 1674, and\\nmarried about 1683, Alida, widow of the Reverend, sometimes\\ncalled Patroon, Nicholas Van Rensselaer, and daughter of Philip\\nPieterre Schuyler. We find him in 1676, in responsible employ-\\nment at Albany, under the Colonial administration, and in 1686,\\nestabhshed by Governor Dongan in possession of the territorial\\nmanor of Livingston, on the Hudson, acquired by purchase of the\\nIndians, which large tracts were all incorporated into Livingston\\nManor.\\nAlbany was then a Dutch Village of the old Knickerbockers.\\nI will here give a curious old letter of Robert Livingston s, at\\nAlbany, to the authorities of the city of Albany\\nBy ye Mayor, Aldermen mid Commonalty of ye city of Albany,\\nand ye Jiistlce of ye county aforesaid:\\nWhereas, The selling and giving of strong drhiks to ye In-\\ndians, at this present juncture, is founde by experience extreme\\ndangerous insomuch, yt diverse inhabitants at Schinnechtady, and\\nelsewhere, have made then- complaint, that there is no living if ye\\nJndiau be not kept from diinke, we do therefore hereby Strikly", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 19\\nProhibit nnd forbid, in ye name of King William Queen Mary,\\nyt no Inhabitants of ye city and county of Albany, doe sell or give\\nany Kum, Brandy, Strong Liquer or Beer, to any Indian, or Indi-\\nans, upon any pretence whatsoever, upon ye Penalty of Two\\nmonths imj^risonment, without Baile or mainj^rise, and moreover a\\nfine of five pounds toties quoties, ye proofs hereof to be made, as\\nis inserted in ye Proclamation, Prohibiting ye selling of strong\\ndrink, dated ye 21st day of May, 1689, which is by proof, or\\nPurgation, by oath, always provided, yt it shall, and may be in ye\\nPower, of ye Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of ye sd city, if\\nthey see cause to give any small quantity of rum to any Sachems\\nwho come here about public bussiness, any prohibition above sd in\\nany manner notwithstanding, given att ye City Hall of Albany\\nye 12th day of September, 1689. pord\\nROBERT LIVINGSTON.\\nThat the Mayor and Commonalty of Albany assisted Robert\\nLivingston in his Avork, will be seen from the following order also\\nfound in (Dawson s Historical Magazine.)\\nAt a 3feeting of ye 3Iayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty, of ye\\ncity of Albany, and ye 3filitary Officers of ye same ye 2dt/i\\nday of Ju7ie, 1689\\nWhereas, complaint is made to us, ye Mayor, Aldermen, and\\nCommonalty, assisted with ye Military Oflicers of ye citty of Al-\\nbany, yt ye Collector is Denyed ye liberty, to gage ye rum, yt is\\nbrought up from N. York, according to ye law and former practice\\nof this Province, Pretending that there is no authority for ye\\nsame. The said Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty, and Mili-\\ntary Ofiicers, are unanimously resolved to maintain ye sd Excises,\\nin ye self same vigour and Power, as formerly, for ye use of their\\nMajsts now itpon ye Throne, to be accomptable to such governor,\\nor ofiicers, as their Majts shall be Pleased to send to Rule over us.\\nWe, ye Mayor, Aldermen, Commonalty, and Military Ofiicers,\\nhave therefore Thought fit unanimously to order and require ye\\nhigh Sherifi and Constables of this city, to be aiding and assisting", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR\\nto Robt. Livingston, Col., in carrying ye sd Rum to be gaged, and\\nall ye casks to viewed, yt is now come out of ye sloop of Peter\\nBogardus, which is suspected to be Rum, instead of Molasses, and\\nto enter into ye houses cellers of any Inhabitants of this city,\\nwhere any of said casks are Lodged, and if any person shall Resist\\nyou by force, that you then take special notice Avho they are that\\nresist, that the may be called to acct. for their contempt in Due\\ntime, in doing where this shall be yr sufficient Warrant. Given\\nunder our hands and scales in Albany, ye 29th day of June, 1689.\\nPR. SCHUYLER,\\nJOHN WENDELL.\\nIn the autumn of 1694, Robert Livingston, thinking it necessary\\nto go to England, to advance his interests at his former home in\\nthe old country, before leaving, resigned the office which he\\nheld at Albany, and then sailed on his destination. If we may\\ncredit the family tradition, his voyage was disastrous he was\\nshipwrecked on the coast of Portugal, and compelled to cross\\nSpain and France by land. This anecdote is in some measure\\ncorroborated by the change in the Li\\\\ ingston coat-of-arms, which\\nhave, so far back as they can be traced in this country, borne for\\ncrest, a demi-savage and, it is said, that the alteration was made\\nby him, in commemoration of this event. A ship in distress, in\\nlieu of the original demi-savage, still borne by the fiunily in Scot-\\nland, and again replaced by the present members of the fimiily in\\nthis country. In allusion to this incident, it is said that he chang-\\ned the motto also, adopting, instead of that of the Scottish family,\\nSije Puis, the motto Spero Meliora.\\nGovernor William Livingston, of New Jersey, writes thus to\\nCol. Livingston, in Holland, June 10th, 1785\\nMy Grandfither (Robert,) on the occasion of his being cast\\naway on the coast of Portugal, altered the crest and motto of the\\nfamily arms, the former into a Ship in an adverse Avind, the latter\\ninto Spero Meliora. These have since been retained by all the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": ":ioj9\\nCLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 21\\nfamily except myself, who not being able, Avitliout ingratitude to\\nProvidence, to wish for more than I had, changed the former into\\na Ship under full sail, and the latter into Aut Mors Vita decora.\\nThe patent of the Manor and Lordship of Livingston, granted to\\nRobert, bears date the 22d of July, 1685, and comjDrised from one\\nhundred and twenty thousand, to one htmdred and sixty thous-\\nand aci-es on the Hudson River. In the year 1715 the grant of\\nthe Livingston Manor was confirmed by the royal authority, and\\nthe additional privileges of electing a representative to the general\\nassembly of the colony, and two constables, were conferred upon\\nthe tenants. The advantage in effect resulted to their Lord and\\nthis Manor until the revolution, belonged strictly to that perni-\\ncious class of institutions, close boroughs, which gave way with\\ninstantly before the equal influences of Rejjublicanism but which\\nfrom the more congenial soil of England, half a century has hardly\\nextirpated.\\nOf the Manors created in the Province of New York, the princi-\\npal of which were those of Rensselaer, Livingston, Cortlandt,\\nPhilipsburg and Beekman, that of Livingston was, with the ex-\\nception of the first, the largest, though not comparatively the\\nrichest or most valuable. I have noted the number of acres it\\noriginally comprised. It commenced about five miles south of\\nthe city of Hudson, (or where it now is,) extending twelve miles\\non the Hudson River, and. from that River easterly to the State\\nline between Ncav York and Massachusetts, and widening, as it\\nreceded from the river, so as to embrace not far from twenty miles\\non the boundary of the latter colony. Five or six thousand acres\\nwere taken from it as a settlement for the Palatines, who came\\nout with Gov. Hunter in 1710, and was called Germantown, and\\nso called to this day. This purchase was made by the Crown, for\\nthe sum of two hundred pounds sterling, which if it may be con-\\nsidered as an average, though as the result of a government trans-\\naction it Avas probably a high one, gives the whole Manor a value\\nof between twenty-five and thirty thousand dollars. This is to be", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "22 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nlooked upon however as a nominal estimate, for even a generation\\nafter this, the dower of the widow of Philip, the second proprietor\\nin this extensive estate, is said to have been but \u00c2\u00a390 currency per\\nannum, or about $280. Governor Livingston, speaking of it in a\\nletter to the son of the last proprietor, dated November 10th, 1755,\\nsays\\nWithout a large personal estate, and their own uncommon in-\\ndustry and capacity for business, instead of making out of their\\nextensive tract of land a fortune for their children, it Avould have\\nproved both to you and my Father but a competent maintenance.\\nThirteen thousand acres or thereabouts of land were set oiF by\\nthe last will of Robert, the first lord, to form the Lower Manor of\\nClermont, which was given to his son Robert, the grandfather\\nof the late Chancellor Livingston.\\nThe bulk of this extensive estate, properly, was devised Sntail,\\nand transmitted through the two next generations, in the hands of\\nthe eldest son and grandson, Philip and Robert. On the death of\\nthe latter, the estate being divided, the shares of his four sons\\nwere understood to be about twenty-eight thousand acres, some\\nfurther deductions having been made by the running of the line\\nbetween this State and Massachusetts. The first conveyance of\\nland to Robert Livingston was dated July 12th, 1683, and was\\nfor two thousand acres on Roelof Jansen s Kill. The deed was\\nexecuted by two Indians and two squaws. The consideration was\\nthe purchasers promise to pay to the said owners the following\\ngoods, in five day s time, to wit\\nThree hundred guilders in zewaut, eight blankets and two\\nchild s blankets, five and twenty ells of duficls, and four garments\\nof strouds, ten large shirts and ten small ditto, ten pairs of largo\\nstockings and ten small pairs, six guns, fifty pounds of poM der,\\nfifty staves of lead, four caps, ten kettles, ten axes, ten adzes, two\\npounds of paint, twenty little scissors, twenty little looking glasses,\\none hundred fish-hooks, aAvls and nails of each one hundred, four", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 23\\nrolls of tobacco, one hiindrod pipes, ten bottles, three kegs of rum,\\none ban-el of strong beer, twenty knives, four stroud coats and two\\nduffel coats, and four tin kettles.\\nSuch were the agreements made in those good old times when\\nland was cheap and taxes nowhere.\\nPhilip Livingston, son of Robert, who succeeded to the Manor-\\nial estate, w^as born at Albany in 1686, (his father died in 1728,)\\nand prominent in the history of the colony, married Catherine\\nVan Brugh, daughter of Peter Van Brugh, of Albany, of the\\nDutch family of Van Brugge, of whom w\\\\as Carl Van Brugge,\\nLieutenant Governor under Peter Stuyvesant in 1648. Among\\nthe children by this marriage were Robert, who succeeded to the\\nManor as the last lord, the revolution breaking the entail Peter\\nVan Brugh, Merchant of New York, who married Mary Alexan-\\nder, sister of Lord Stirling, Peter and his wife adhering to the\\ncrown during the Revolutionary War Philip, Signer of the\\nDeclaration of Independence, John, also a Merchant of New York,\\nWilliam, Governor of New Jersey Sarah, wife of Alexander Lord\\nStirling Alida, who married first, Henry HaAVsen, and secondly\\nMartin Hoffman Catherine, who married John L. Laurence, and\\nlastly, Henry. I will give a short sketch of Governor William\\nLivingston in the concluding part of this work, but will first take\\nthe descendants of Robert, and of those who have lived in the old\\nClermont Manor House.\\nRobert Livingston, after receiving his estate from his father,\\nbuilt a large Stone House at Clermont, which he afterwards, in his\\nold age, gave to his son. Judge Robert R. Livingston, in w^hose\\nfamily he lived beloved until his death, which took place in the\\nSpring of 1775, just after the eventful battle of Lexington. Says\\nMrs. Olin He was a man of extraordinary attainments for his\\ntime, and distinguished for his early prophecies of American Inde-\\npendence, the fulfillment of which he was not permitted to see. I\\nshall not see America independent, were the remarkable words he\\nused before the war, and Robert, he said to his son, you will not.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "24 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nMontgomery, speaking to General Montgomery who had married\\nhis granddaughter, you may. Robert, addressing his grandson,\\nafterwards Chancellor Livingston, you will. Prophetic words\\nthat had a literal fulfillment.\\nTwo very interesting sketches of him have been written by his\\ngrandson, Edward Livingston, and his granddaughter, Mrs.\\nGeneral Montgomery. Edward Livingston thus describes him, at\\nthe advanced age of eighty-four His figixre was tall and some-\\nwhat bent, but not emaciated by age, which had marked, but not\\ndisfigtn-ed, a face once remarkable for its regular beauty of feature,\\nand still beaming with the benevolence, and intelligence, that had\\nalways illuminated it. He marked the epoch at which he retired\\nfrom the world, by preserving its costume, the flowing well\\npowdered wig, the bright brown coat, with large cuffs, and square\\nsKirts, the cut velvet waistcoat, with ample flaps, and the breeches\\nscarcely covering the knee, the silk stockings, rolled over them\\nwith embroidered clocks, and shining squared-toed shoes, fastened\\nnear the ancle with small embossed gold buckles. These were\\nretained in his service, not to effect a singularity, but because he\\nthought it ridiculous, at his time of life, to allow the quick succes-\\nsion of fashion. Mrs. Montgomery thus writes of him He\\nalways rose at five in the morning and read without ceasing until\\nnear breakfast. The year before his death he learned the German\\ntongue and spoke it fluently. On the breaking out of the war, he\\nwas in raptures. In beginning with the Bostonians, he said, they\\nhad taken the bull by the horns. His sanguine temper made him\\nexpect with confidence our independence. He seemed to begin\\nlife again, his eye had all the fire of youth, and I verily believe the\\nbattle of Bunker Hill, of which such a disastrous rei)ort was made,\\nwas his death. He took to his bed immediately, lay a week with-\\nout pain, and died.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 25\\nCHAPTER III.\\nJUDGE IIOBERT R. LIVINGSTON.\\nI forgot to mention in a previous chapter, as I should have done,\\nthat the Lower Manor of Clermont was given to Robert Livings-\\nton, by his father, as a reward for having discovered and frustrated\\na plot, which had been formed among the Indians, for the massacre\\nof all the white inhabitants of the Province. Judge Robert R.\\nLivingston, the son of the first proprietor of Clermont, was born in\\n1719, and married in 1742 to Margaret Beekman, daughter of Col.\\nHenry Beekman, and granddaughter, on her mother s side, of\\nRobert, nephew of the first proprietor of the Livingston Manor,\\nand Margaretta Schuyler. The children of Judge Livingston,\\nwere four sons and six daughters. One daughter died in infancy.\\nThe names of the children were as follows\\nJanet, born 1743, and married to the celebrated Richard Mont-\\ngomery, who fell at Quebec. Robert R., first Chancellor of State\\nof New York, born 1746. Margaret, born in 1748, married Dr.\\nTillotson, of Rhinebeck, who was one of the early Secretaries of\\nthe State of New York. Henry B., born in 1750, a Colonel in the\\narmy of the Revolution. Catharine, born in 1752, married the\\nRev. Freeborn Garrettson, of Rhinebeck, formerly of Mainland, and\\none of the early Pioneers qf the Methodist Chm-ch in the United\\nStates. John Rj, born in 1755. Gertmde, born in 1757, married\\nthe Politician, General, and Governor Morgan Lewis. Joanna,\\n4", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "2Q CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nborn in 1759, married tlie great Politician, Peter P. Livingston.\\nAlida, born in 17G1, married General John Armstrong, of the\\nRevolution. Edward, born in 17G4, one of America s most dis-\\ntinguished men.\\nThe father of this large family, Judge Livingston, was a man\\nof solid judgment, extensive knowledge, and high christian charac-\\nter. His wife has left a pen and ink sketch of him. At the age\\nof eighteen, she writes, I was made the happy wife of Robert R.\\nLivingston to say that my best friend was an agreeable man,\\nwould but ill express a character that shone among the brightest\\nhis finely cultivated understanding, his just and wise decisions as\\na judge, a patriot ever attentive to the interests of his country, and\\na discerning politician. These were all brightened by an unequal-\\ned sweetness of disposition, and a piety that gilded every action of\\nhis life. His daughter, Catharine, remembers him Avith solemn\\n.and devout aspect, pacing up and down the walks, at Clermont.\\nHe lost his position as Judge of the King s Bench, on account of\\nhis sympathy with the popular side. He writes to his wife about\\nthis time thus\\nThis morning, I entertained myself walking and reading among\\nthe blossoms, which was as pleasant and agreeable as any thing\\ncan be at this distance from you, and I hope will not be unprofit-\\nable to me hereafter. I put up my prayers often, and in an ar-\\ndent manner to God, and beseech him with tears, if it be his will,\\nto put me in some way of being useful to myself, my dear family,\\nof which you are the dearest to me, and to my fellow creatures.\\nIf an alteration in my circumstances be best for me, I humbly hojie\\nI shall not petition in vain. In the meantime, I hope he will\\nenable me to practice those duties which are suited to my circum-\\nstances, patience, resignation to the divine will, piety towards\\nGod, duty to my parents, a tender and sincere love to my wife,\\nand a fatherly afiection for my little ones. Thus musing I spent\\nthe forenoon of this day, and this afternoon I have sat down to\\nconverse with you. If you find me either too serious, or too dull,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 27\\nremember you have taken me for better or worse. I for my part\\nhave pleased myself in conversing with her who is my greatest\\nhappiness on earth.\\nHis wife was an heiress to a very large landed estate. Her\\ngrandmother was Margaret Schuyler, called by the Indians of the\\ntime, the great Quidor. One of the squaws named her son\\nEdward Livingston, after Mrs. Livingston s yoiingest son, when\\nshe had returned from a visit to the old Manor House. Mrs. Liv-\\ningston was a stately lady, always addressed as the Madam by her\\ntenantry, and a good christian. The following letter will be found\\ninteresting in its details of a long journey from New York to\\nClermont, then counted by days, and now performed in between\\nthree and four hours, written by Mrs. Livingston to the Judge,\\nher husband\\nClemiont, July 12th, 1766.\\nWith joy I embrace this opportunity of conversing with you,\\nby the Manor Sloop, since it is the only means now left of convey-\\ning our sentiments to each other. We set out from New York in\\nso great a hurry that I could not give myself the pleasure of see-\\ning or the pain of parting with you. We had a very pleasant ride\\nthe first day, which brought us to Croton. Here we were detained\\nuntil the next day by rain, but it is imj)0ssible to describe this\\nday s journey the crags, precipices and mountains that we had a\\nview of, together with the excessive badness of the roads, that\\nwere laid bare by streams of water taking their course through the\\nmidst, which made it very disagreeable to me. We could go no\\nfurther that day than Warren s, who lives in the midst of the\\nHighlands, but the next day made up for the fatigue of this. We\\nhad a most charming journey the remaining part of the way. We\\nbreakfasted at Van Wick s, who lives at Fishkill, dined at Pough-\\nkeepsie, and slept at Rhinebeck, where we came at 6 o clock.\\nThe next morning, which was Sunday, we came home at 9 o clock,\\nand found all my flimily in good health and spirits. As for myself,\\nI was not at all fatigued, thanks be to God for all his mercies but,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "ZQ CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nwhatever was the reason, the day was not to my soul as my New\\nYork Sabbaths. My heart was in your solemn assemblies. Ah,\\nthought I, for one of those precious hours I have been favored\\nAvith there. Everything about me is very agreeable. The countiy\\nat this season is delightful, and everything calls aloud, remember\\nthe goodness of God, to the most unworthy of his creatures. Ah,\\nmy dear religion is the one thing needful this will support us\\nunder every trial, even the last closing scene of life. It will make\\nus quit all our near and dear connexions with joy, and cheerfully\\nresign them into the same all Gracious hand that hath supported\\nand led us in so wonderful a manner unto Himself\\nThe following is one of Judge Livingston s letters, written to\\nhis wife in July, 1755, thirteen years after their marriage, and\\nwhen she had borne him seven childi en\\nMy last letter was written in a melancholy mood. To you I\\nam not used to disguise my thoughts. Indeed I have for a long\\ntime been generally sad, except when your presence, and idea, en-\\nlivens my spirits. Think, then, with how much pleasure I receiv-\\ned your favors of the 30th of June and od inst. This I did not do\\nuntil last Sunday, and I have been happy ever since. You are the\\ncordial drop, with which Heaven has graciously thought fit to\\nsweeten my cup. This makes me taste of happiness, in the midst\\nof disappointments. My imagination paints you, with all your\\nloveliness, with all the charms my soul has for so many years\\ndoated on, with all the sweet endearments j^ast, and those which\\nI flatter myself I shall still experience. I may truly say, I have\\nnot a pleasant thought (abstracted from those of an hereafter) with\\nwhich your idea is not connected, and even those of future happi-\\nness give me a prospect of a closer union with you. I have not\\nagreed with the Benthuysens yet; and what is unaccountable,\\nthey say that ray offers are not fair. I fear that I must go to law\\nwith them at last, but I shall try once more to get their final an-\\nswer. I expect to-morrow the pleasure of the last letter from you,\\nwhile I am absent, I^et the next, after your receipt of this, be to", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 29\\nmy father, for I hope to be on my voyage to you next Saturday.\\nTo-morrow I intend to go and see your father, to consult with\\nhim. Your letters give me some hope of Bedloe s, which would\\nbe a very agreeable thing indeed. We must depend on Provi-\\ndence, and hope for the best. May God in his mercy preserve you\\nand gi ant us a happy meeting, for without you I am nothing.\\nYours, most affectionately,\\nROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.\\nP. S. Remember me to all the little ones Providence has com-\\nmitted to our charge, and kiss them for me. Wednesday the 9th.\\nBegan to write on Tuesday, intending to send by a sloop, but it\\ngoes now by the mail.\\nI here introduce another letter written from Clermont, by Judge\\nLivingston s father, to his grandson, Robert R. Livingston, Jr.,\\nafterwards the Chancellor. The Judge and his father were both\\nresiding at Clermont, while the future Chancellor was studying\\nlaw in New York. It is indeed a valuable relic of the past\\nClermont, the 29th March, 17G9.\\nDr. Grandson Robert\\nI reed, yrs of the 6th of March but your good father opened it\\nby mistake consequently he knew you had applyed to me, in\\npursuance of my orders, for a little money, in case you should be\\nstraitened, which I take in good part. Yr. daddy was a little out\\nof humour, alledging you was a little too lavish, but I told him\\nyou could not receive cash for law, till bills were taxt, and then\\nnot to be too hasty, which would look necessitous and griping,\\nwherein he acquiesced. I should immediately have enclosed you a\\n10 lb. bill, but he told me you would receive aljout \u00c2\u00a350 or \u00c2\u00a360\\nof his money, Avhereout you could deduct that amount so I gave\\nhim the \u00c2\u00a310.\\nJudge Livingston was a man, whose religious feeling was the\\nruling quality of his character. His judicial duties, political\\nlabors, and private affairs, gave him plenty of employment. He", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nwas Chainnan of the Committee appointed by the General Assem-\\nbly of New York, to correspond with other Assemblies, in relation\\nto the grievances of the Colonies. He was admitted, in the\\nabsence of delegates regularly appointed, by New York, in the\\nStamp Act Congress of 1765. He was the author of the address\\nto the King, adopted by that body, praying for the invaluable\\nrights of taxing ourselves, and trials by our peers. Judge Living-\\nston s moderation kept him rather behind his father and his son, in\\ntheir views of Indej^endence. (The petition to the King can be\\nfound in tlie appx. to this work.) Now we are on the Stamp Act,\\na few remarks, and the connection of Judge Livingston with it,\\nwill not be out of place. A Stamp Act Bill passed the House of\\nCommons in March, 1764. It had been proposed as early as 1734\\nby Crosby, Governor of New York, and in 1739 by Keith, Gover-\\nnor of Pennsylvania. It was suggested by Clarke, Lieutenant-\\nGovernor of New York, in 1744, by Dr. Franklin in the First\\nColonial Congress in 1754, and by Lieutenant-Governor Delancey\\nin 1755. The Americans would listen to jiroj^ositions for taxation\\nby theii local governments, but would not brook such imposition\\nfrom abroad. It was proposed to Sir Robert Walpole in 1732,\\nwhen that sagacious statesman said, No, no; I Avill leave the\\ntaxation of America to some of my successors who have more\\ncourage than I have and when it was proposed to Pitt in 1759,\\nhe said, emphatically, I will never burn my fingers with an\\nAmerican Stamp Act. But Gienville, honest but utterly unable\\nto look beyond the routine of official duty, took the step boldly,\\nbecause he could not perceive the danger, and illustrated the asser-\\ntion that\\nFools rush in where angola fear to tread.\\nHe wholly mistook the temper of the Americans at that time. It\\nhad been sorely tried by earlier offensive measures and a con-\\nsciousness of latent power made the colonists restive under petty\\noppressions. They had resolved not to he taxed icitlioiit their oxen\\nconsent. A great principle was involved in their resolution, and\\nthey were firni,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 31\\nWhen intelligence of these tax measures reached America it\\nproduced Avide-spread discontents among the people. The right\\nof Parliament to tax them without their consent Avas generally\\ndenied and they asserted a present inability to pay increased taxes\\nbecause of the depression in business produced by the late war.\\nThey pleaded justly, that the operations of the new revenue laAvs\\nwould work disastrously upon their trade with the Spanish Main\\nand the West Indies, from which alone they derived the means of\\npaying taxes in coin. But the Imperial Government Avas deaf to\\nall petitions and remonstrances, several of which Avere presented.\\nThe assurances of Dr. Franklin, who was sent to England as the\\nagent for Pennsyh^ania, that the taxes Avould never be paid, and\\nthat an attempt to collect them by force might endanger the unity\\nof the British empire, Avere unheeded. The Ministry openly\\ndeclared that it Avas intended to establish noio the poAver of Great\\nBritain to tax the colonies at all hazards and the King, in his\\nspeech at the opening of Parliament early in January, 1765, alluded\\nto the excitement in America, recommended the adoption of a\\nStamj) Act, and declared his intention to use every means in his\\npower to enforce obedience in the colonies. The Act the\\nfamous Stamp Act which figures so conspicuously in the events\\nimmediately preceding the old war for Independence that gave\\nbirth to our republic was passed after some opposition in Parlia-\\nment, and on the 22d of March became a law by receiA ing the\\nsignature of the King. The Act Avas to go into eifect on the 1st\\nof November folloAving.\\nFor almost a year the colonists had been in expectation of the\\npassage of a Stamp Act, and their feelings were at fever heat.\\nWhen news of its having actually become a law reached them the\\nwhole country was agioAV Avith intense excitement. In every\\ncolony the people expressed their determination to resist its\\nenforcement. Massachusetts and Virginia were loudest in their\\ndenunciations of it, while New York and Pennsylvania were not\\nmuch behind them in active zeal. Indeed Ncav York had led in\\nthe matter. As early as October the previous year, the Assembly", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nof that Province appointed a Committee, with Robert R. Livings\\nton as chairman, to correspond with their agent in Great Britain,\\nand with the other Colonial Legislatures, on the subject of this\\nAct and kindred oj^pressive measures adopted by Parliament.\\nThat Committee, early in 1765, urged upon the Colonial Assem-\\nblies the necessity for holding a General Congi-ess of delegates to\\nremonstrate and protest against the continued violation of their\\nrights and liberties. The idea was popular. Massachusetts was\\nthe first to take public action on the subject. That action originat-\\ned in a conversation one evening at the house of James Warren, of\\nPlymouth, when James Otis the elder, father of Mrs. Wan-en, and\\nJames Otis the younger, her brother, were guests there. The\\nrecommendation of the New York Committee was the topic and\\nit was agreed that, at the next meeting of the General Assembly\\nof the Province, the proposition should be presented by the\\nyounger Otis, who was a member of that body. Accordingly, on\\nthe 6th of June he moved in the Assembly, that It is highly\\nexpedient there should be a meeting, as soon as may be, of Com-\\nmittees from the Houses of Representatives, or Burgesses, in the\\nseveral colonies, to consult on the present circumstances of the\\ncolonies, and the difficulties to which they are, and must be,\\nreduced, and to consider of a General Addi ess to be held at the\\ncity of New York the first Tuesday of October. The resolution,\\nand a circular letter to the other Assemblies, were adopted, and\\nthe Speaker was instructed to send a copy to the Speaker of each\\nof those Assemblies. The following is a copy of the letter\\nBoston, June, 1765.\\nSir,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The House of Representatives of this Province, in the\\npresent session of the General Court, have unanimously agreed to\\npropose a meeting, as soon as may be, of Committees from the\\nHouses of Representatives or Burgesses of the several British\\ncolonies on this continent, to consult together on the present\\ncircumstances of the colonies, and the difficulties to which they\\nare, and must be, reduced by the operation of the acts of Parlia-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LTYINGSTON MANOR. 33\\nment for levying duties and taxes on the colonies and to consider\\nof a general, and united, diitiful, loyal, and linmble representation\\nof their condition to his Majesty and the Parliament, and to\\nimplore relief The House of Representatives of this Province has\\nalso voted to propose that such meeting be at the city of New\\nYork, in the Province of New York, on the first Tuesday in Octo-\\nber next and have appointed a Committee of three of their mem-\\nbers to attend that service, with such as the other Houses of\\nRepresentatives, or Burgesses, in the several colonies, may think\\nfit to appoint to meet them. And the Committee of the House of\\nRepresentatives of this Province are directed to repair to New\\nYork on said first Tuesday in October next accordingly. If, there-\\nfore, your honorable House should agree to this proposal, it would\\nbe acceptable that as early notice of it as possible might be trans-\\nmitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives of this\\nProvince.\\nSAMUEL WHITE, Speaker r\\nThis letter was received with joy in all the colonies. More than\\nten years before Dr. Franklin had printed in his paper a rude\\npicture of a disjointed snake, with the initials of a colony on each\\npart, and the significant words, Join or Die. That symbol of\\nweakness in separation that hint of life and strength in Union,\\nhad been pondered by the people all that time. The idea of a\\nnational confederation had become a sentiment and a ho^^e in the\\nhearts of thoughtful men and now, when a way for Union seemed\\nwide open and inviting, the people accepted the opportunity with\\nthankfulness.\\nThe Congress assembled in the city of New York on Monday,\\nthe 7th day of October, 17G5. Nine of the thirteen colonics were\\nrepresented, as follows\\nMassachusetts. ^~5 -Ames, Otis, Oliver Partridge, Timothy Ruggles.\\nRhode Island. Metcalfe Bowler, Henry Ward.\\nConnecticut. Eliphalet Dyer, David Rowland, William Samuel\\nJohnson.\\n5", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "34 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nN ev) Yorl: Robert R. Livingston, John Cruger, Philip Liv-\\ningston, William Bayard, Leonard Lispenard.\\nKew Jersey. Robei-t Ogden, Hendi-ick Fisher, Joseph Borden.\\nPennsylvania. John Dickenson, John Morton, George Bryan.\\nDelaware. Cajsar Rodney, Thomas M Kean,\\nMaryland. William Murdock, Edward Tilghman, Tliomas\\nRinggold.\\nSouth Carolina. Thomas Lynch, Christopher Gadsden, John\\nRutledge.\\nIt Avill be observed that six of the twenty-seven delegates were\\nsigners of the Declaration of Independence, eleven years afterward.\\nIn the Address to the King, the most loyal attachment to his\\nperson, family, and office was avowed. They alluded to vested\\nrights and liberties found in their charters and they expressed\\ntheir belief that if His Majesty should fix the pillars of liberty and\\njustice, and secure the rights and privileges of his subjects in\\nAmerica, upon the principles of the British Constitution (which is\\nsimply the body of the laws,) a foundation would be laid for\\nrendering the British empire the most extensive and powerful of\\nany recorded in history.\\nTheir voice Avas potential and on the 18th of March, 1766, an\\nAct to repeal the Stamp Act, accompanied by Pitt s Declaratory\\nAct, so called, was passed, and became a law on the same day by\\nreceiving the signature of the King. He signed the Stamp Act\\ncheerfully, but affixed his signature to the Act for its repeal most\\nreluctantly. It was carried in the Commons by a vote of two hun-\\ndred and seventy-five to one hundred and sixteen. It met stren-\\nuous ojjposition in the House of Lords, Avhere it had a majority of\\nthirty-four. Thirty-three peers entered a strong protest against it,\\nembodying ten argumentative reasons, the most forcible of which\\nthat seemed to operate on their minds being that such a submis-\\nsion of King, Lords, and Commons, under such circumstances, in\\nso strange and unheard-of a contest, would in effigct surrender their\\n^ncient, unalienable rights of supreme jurisdiction, and give them", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LI KINGSTON MANOR. 35\\nexclusively to the subordinate Provincial Legislatures. Precisely\\nwhat the peojjle demanded, and what the Congress had declared to\\nbe the inalienable right of the people.\\nThe news of the repeal of the Stamp Act was received with\\nunbounded joy by the Americans, and the shackles uj^on commerce\\nwere immediately loosened. London had already been illuminat-\\ned, and the shipping of the Thames decorated with flags in honor\\nof the event. In Boston the intelligence Avas received at noon on\\na bright May day. The bells were rung; cannon roared; the Sons\\nof Liberty di-ank toasts all the debtors in jail were set free John\\nHancock treated the poj^ulace to a pipe of wine, and the capital of\\nNew England was jubilant until midnight. Philadel2:)hia Avas\\nmade equally merry. Maryland voted a portrait of Lord Camden\\nfor the State-house, for he had said in the House of Peers that\\nTaxation and representation are inseparable. Virginia resolved\\nto decorate her old cajutal Williamsburg Avith a statue of the\\nKing South Carolina ordered a statue of the author of the repeal-\\ning Act for her only city and Xew York s joy and loyalty Avere\\ndisplayed by A oting to erect within the borders of the city a statue\\nof both Pitt and the King.\\nThe statue of the King (equestrian) was set up in the BoAvling\\nGreen at the foot of Broadway. It was made of lead, and gilded.\\nWhen the storm of the Revolution broke over the land, and the\\nKing had been denounced as a tyrant unfit to be the ruler of a\\nfree peoi:)le, his statue Avas pulled doAvn and cast into bullets, and\\nthe ministerial troops soon afterward had melted Majesty fired\\nat them. When that statue fell royal power was at an end in the\\ncolonies. They had just declared themseh es free and independ-\\nent States, and were fighting manfully imder the banner of that\\nUnion Avhich Avas formed in the Stamp Act Congress.\\nSuch was Robert R. Livingston, the filth er, and it will be seen,\\nas stated, that he filled as important a part in the adA-ent stages of\\nthe Revolution, as his sons and daughters bore in and through the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "36 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ngreat -war for freedom. On the 5th of May, 1775, he wrote to his\\nson Robert, (afterwards the Chancellor,) as follows\\nMy Dear Son\\nYou, I suppose, are now on your way to Philadelphia, and Avill\\nsoon make one of that important body, which will engage the\\nattention of all America, and a great part of Europe. May Heaven\\ndirect your counsels, to the good of the Avhole empire. Keep\\nyourself cool on this important occasion from heat, and passion,\\nprudent counsels can seldom proceed. It is yours to plan and\\ndeliberate, and whatever the Congress directs I hope will be exe-\\ncuted with firmness, unanimity, and spirit. Every good man\\nwishes that America may remain free. In this I join heartily at\\nthe same time I do not desire that we should be wholly independ-\\nent of the mother country. How to reconcile these jarring prin-\\nciples, I profess, I am altogether at a loss. The benefit we receive\\nof protection, seems to require that we should contribute to the\\nsupport of the Navy, if not to the Armies of Britain. I would\\nhave you consider, whether it would not be proper to lay hold of\\nLord North s overture, to open a negotiation and procure a suspen-\\nsion of hostilities. In the meantime, the check General Gage has\\nreceived, and our non-importation, will perhaps have a good effect\\nin our favor on the other side of the water. This seems to be the\\nthought of our counsel here, as Mr. Jay, and Mr. Livingston, will\\ninform you. I should think, if you offered Britain all the duties\\nusually paid here by our Merchants, even those paid since the\\ndisturbances began, those on tea excepted, which seems to be too\\nodious, and all other duties they may think convenient to levy, for\\nthe regulation of trade, shall be lodged in the treasury of each\\ncolony, to be disposed of by their respective Assemblies, and\\nLegislatures, on an engagement on their side that no other taxes\\nshall be imposed on them but by their own representatives, we\\nought to be contented. Some specious offer should be made to\\nincrease our friends in England. This, or some other of that\\nkind, if Lord North meant anything by his motion but to deceive", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 37\\nthe i: eople of England, ought to put a stop to his proceedings for\\nthe present otherwise the odium he lies under must increase.\\nThe Boston charter, ought by all means to be restored, and were\\nthe tea paid for, as a doucem*, by the whole continent, it would be\\nno matter. But this you will not insist on, unless you are Avell\\nsupported. These are my present thoughts however, judge for\\nyourself, and unite by all means, for on this all depends. As to\\nwhat relates to war, after agreeing on quotas, the manner of levying\\nmen and money, will I sujipose, be left to each colony. May God\\ndirect you in all things a dependence on him will inspire both\\nwisdom and courage and if His Providence interfere in anything,\\nas I firmly believe it does in all things, it certainly does in the rise\\nand fall of nations.\\nYour most afi^ectionate father,\\nR. R. LIVINGSTON.\\nP. S. Inquire Avhether I can have a quantity of saltj^etre; I\\nhear there is a large quantity imported at Philadelphia.\\nThe saltpetre, in this postscript, sought after, M as for use in a\\npowder mill, which the writer was then erecting, and in which\\nhis son John R., manufactured gunpowder during the Revolution.\\nThe following letter to Robert, dated June 19th, 1775, shows the\\nproneness of Judge Livingston s views, and mentions his powder\\nmill\\nI conclude, fi-om the King s answer to the Lord Mayor, that if\\nAmerican liberty is maintained, it must be by the greatest exertion\\nof our force, under the favor and direction of Providence. In this\\nsituation I am under no apprehension but from the enemies we\\nhave amongst ourselves a hearty and united opposition would\\nrender us to all appearance invincible. In this part of the country,\\nwe have many opposers, but still the whig interest appears to be\\ngrowing committees have been, or will be, chosen in every part\\nof Dutchess, but I believe there will be many who will not sign\\nthe association, and great ojiposition is made to the choosing of a\\ncommittee in Rhinebeck. Cousin Robert found the Manor people", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "38 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nuiuler arms, last Tuesday. About two tliirds signed tlic associa-\\ntion, tlie rest are to consider it a fortnight, but many o})pose\\nwarmly. The Avhigs are predominant at least in Tryon, and if I\\ncan depend upon the information I have received, have sent depu-\\nties to the PI. Congress. I hear the adjourning of your Congress to\\nHartford, or Albany, has been mentioned. As the object of most\\nconsequence is union, the greater attention should be paid to the\\nthree counties, Albany, Charlotte, and Tryon. It seems to be\\nabsolutely necessary, that they should be in a state of defence. In\\nthis purpose, nothing could be more effectual than the Congress\\nsitting in Albany. This would oblige all the Tories, as they are\\ncalled, to join, to say nothing of its being one hundred and fifty\\nmiles nearer the seat of action. My powder mill will be set ago-\\ning, I hope, the beginning of next week. Mr. F s conduct\\nappears to me unaccountable. Does he, or does he not ajiprove\\nof vigorous measures. I still expect much good from his counsels.\\nI see by the genuine speech of Lord North, that he disdains treat-\\ning. I am convinced they don t know America yet. I don t\\nwonder at it we are hardly yet ourselves apprised of the power\\nwe are able to exert, and that makes many afraid to join in the\\ncause.\\nOne of Judge Livingston s most intimate friends, William Smith,\\nthe Historian, w\\\\as accustomed to say If I Avere to be placed on\\na desert island, with but one book, and one friend, that book\\nshould be the Bible, and that friend Robert R. Livingston.\\nMargaret Beekman survived her husband many years, and died in\\nJune, 1800, at Clermont. Her husband, the Judge, died in 1775,\\nalso buried at Clermont. She was a brave, lieroic and patriotic\\nwoman, and bore a noble part in the home life as one of the women\\nof the American Revolution.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 89\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nLIVINGSTON MANOK.\\nIn the year 1710, Livingston s grants were consolidated, and\\nHunter, the Royal Governor, gave him a patent for a tract of land,\\nas before stated, a little more than one hundred and sixty thousand\\nacres, for which he was to pay into the King s treasury, an annual\\nrent of twenty-eight shillings, lawful money of New York, a trifle\\nover fourteen shillings sterling. This magnificent estate was con-\\nstituted a Manor, with political privileges. The freeholders upon\\nit were allowed a representation in the Colonial Legislatures,\\nchosen by themselves, and in 1716 the Lord of the Manor, by\\nvirtue of that privilege, took his seat as a Legislator. He had\\nalready built a Manor House, to which the real title belongs, on a\\ngrassy sjiot upon the banks of the Hudson, environed vcith grape\\nvines, bowers, and gigantic trees, at the mouth, and upon the\\nnorth side of Roeleffe Jansen s Kill, which is now usually called\\nLivingston Creek, of which house hardly a vestige now remains to\\nmark the site.\\nIn the year above stated. Governor Hunter, by order of Queen\\nAnne, bouglit of Mr. Livingston 6,000 acres of his Manor for the\\nsum of a little more than \u00c2\u00a3200, for the use of Protestant Germans,\\nthen in England, who had been driven from their homes, in the\\nlower Palatinate of the Rhine, then the dominions of a cousin of", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "40 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nthe British Queen. About eighteen hundred of them settled\\nupon the Manor lands, and also at a place upon the opposite side\\nof the river, the respective localities being and still are known, as\\nEast and West Camp. The Lord of the Manor gave, by his will,\\nthe lower portion of his domain to his youngest son, Robert, as a\\nreward, as previously stated, where he built a much finer stone\\nmansion than the old Manor house, and named this Manor, Cler-\\nmont. This, to distinguish it from the old House, was called the\\nlower Manor House. There Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor,\\nwas born, and after his marriage he built a mansion for himself a\\nlittle south of the old Manor House. His zeal in the Republican\\ncause, at the opening of the revolution, made him an arch rebel in\\nthe estimation of the British Ministry, and army, in America.\\nWhen in the fall of 1777, General Vaughan at the head of the\\nroyal troops went up the Hudson, on a marauding expedition to\\nproduce a diversion in favor of Burgoyne, then environed by the\\nAmerican army at Saratoga, they proceeded up the river as far as\\nClermont, burnt Livingston s new house, and the old Manor\\nHouse adjoining, where his widowed mother resided, and then re-\\ntreated to New York, after hearing of the bad news, to them, from\\nSaratoga.\\nMrs. Livingston, immediately after, built another Mansion House\\nupon the site of the old House, using the same side walls, which\\nwere of stone, and which remained firmly standing to rebuild\\nupon. A lociist tree, still standing on the lawn at Clermont, is\\nshown, whose limbs were removed by a cannon ball fired at the\\nhouse from the British vessel, before a landing was made by the\\ntroops. This House is now occupied by a grandson of the Chan-\\ncellor, Mr. Clermont Livingston, a most Avorthy representative of\\nthat noble old family. The Chancellor, or as the British called\\nhim, (the rebel,) erected a more elegant House for himself south\\nof the ruins of the old one, that had been destroyed. This he also\\nnamed Clermont. This Mansion, still standing, is most beautifully\\nsituated, and like all the fine villas of this neighborhood, com-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 41\\nmands a splendid view of the river, and the always changing,\\nlegendary Kaatsbergs.\\nIt was described as long ago as 1812, as one of the most com-\\nmodious houses in the State, having a river front of 104 feet, and\\na depth of 91 feet, and built in the form of a letter H consisting\\nof a main body of two stories, and four pavillions, in one of which\\nthe Chancellor had a fine library of over 4000 well chosen volumes.\\nIt was furnished in that olden time, with furniture and tapestries,\\nimported expressly for it, from France by the Chancellor.\\nHis silver service was also magnificent, and said to have been\\nworth at least from $20,000 to $30,000. The centre piece was\\nvalued at $3,000. The House is built in the French style of ar-\\nchitecture, and has on three sides of it one of the most extensive\\nlawns in this country. Downing thus describes this fine place\\nOn the banks of the Hudson the show place of the last age\\nwas the still interesting Clermont, then the residence of Chancel-\\nlor Livingston. Its level or gently undulating lawn, a mile or\\nmore in length, the rich native woods, and the long vistas of plant-\\ned avenues, added to its fine water view, rendered this a noble\\nplace. The mansion, the green-houses and the gardens, show\\nsomething of the French taste in design, which Mr. Livingston s\\nlong residence abroad, at the time when that mode was i^opular,\\nno doubt led him to adopt. The finest specimens of the yellow\\nlocusts in America are now standing upon the pleasure grounds\\nhere. One of them measures sixteen feet in circumference, and\\nmost all are very large trees and form one of the many beauties of\\nthis fine old place.\\nIn thia House, and upon these grounds, was the grand reception\\ngiven to Lafayette, upon his last visit to this Countiy, in 1824,\\nwhen the lawn for half a mile was crowded with people, and the\\nwaters in front were white with vessels, freighted with visitors\\nfrom the neighboring counties, and all the oupS| plates, ladies\\n6", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "42 CLERMONT, GR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ngloves and slij^pers, bore tlie image, or name, of Lafayette. All\\nthat was most distinguished in the world of politics or of letters,\\nin this country, used to be gathered under the shades of this fine\\nrural retreat. Since that period, however, the place has occupied\\nbut a quiet space in the public eye. At the time of the grand\\nreception it was occupied by Robert L. Livingston, who married\\none of Chancellor Livingston s two daughters, and Edward P. Liv-\\ningston married the other and occupied at this time the old Manor\\nHouse adjoining.\\nThe Chancellor s place was purchased from the estate of Robert\\nL. Livingston s son, Mr. Montgomery Livingston, by the Misses\\nClarkson, in 1858, who have put the old House in complete re-\\npair, and are always pleased to show it to the admirers of fine old\\nrural homes, where beautiful views, magnificent lawns and fine old\\ntrees are appreciated, coupled with the queenly grace and welcome\\naddress of its present owners, offer the strongest inducements to\\nmake a visit to this hospitable Mansion, so renowned and linked\\nas it is with the remembrances of past days, and of a joast age.\\nMrs. Julia M. Olin, in her work, the Perfect Light, thus de-\\nscribes Clermont and the appearance there of the British troops\\nThe summers were spent in their lovely home, beside which\\nthe broad Hudson rolled its abundant stream, and before which\\nthe Catskills rose up with their grand beauty. Locust trees shaded\\nthe lawn, while the terraced garden, gay with flowers, and rich in\\nfruit, crept up the hill behind the house adjoining the place, and\\nconnected with it by a beautiful walk, w^as Chancellor Livings-\\nton s place, -with its superb lawns, stretching to the south and\\nnorth, bounded by fine trees War threw its shadows over this\\npleasant home. All Avere deeply interested in the war for Inde-\\npendence. The eldest son, Robert, departed for the first Congress\\nat Philadelphia, and Montgomery left his fixir young wife, and\\nhome, for liis Northern Campaign, in which he lost his life, given\\n^s a sacrifice upon the altar of his countiy, but won a name and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 43\\nfame immortal. His brother-in-law, Henry B. Livingston, accom-\\npanied liim, while the father encouraged volunteering at home\\namong his tenants, by offering special privileges to the families of\\nthose who should fall in the war. Many went forth to fight the\\nbattle of freedom, and\\nThey left the ploughshare in the mold.\\nTheir flocks and herds without a fold,\\nThe sickle in the unshorn grain,\\nThe corn half garnered on the plain,\\nAnd mustered in their simple dress,\\nFor wrongs to seek a stern redress.\\nTo right those wrongs, come weal come woe,\\nTo perish or o ercome their foe.\\nOh few, and weak their numbers were,\\nA handful of brave men,\\nBut to their God they gave their prayer,\\nAnd rushed to battle then,\\nThe God of battles heard their cry\\nAnd sent to them the victory.\\nAt the close of 1775, while ]\\\\Ii-s. Livingston and her daughters\\nwere at the dying bed of her honored father. Col. Henry Beekman,\\nat Rhinebeck, the beloved husband and father at home was taken\\nsick and died with a sudden attack of apoplexy, at the age of fifty-\\none. My father died Avithout blessing me, he had been accus-\\ntomed to remark, and I shall die without blessing my children.\\nAnd so for years they had never parted from him without a father s\\nblessing. As trouble, they say, never comes singly, so whilst the\\nfamily were suffering from this double bereavement, the heavy\\ntidings arrived of the death of the hero who died in the front of\\nbattle, General Montgomery, at Quebec, Thus in the short space\\nof three weeks three homes were made desolate. But this was\\nnot all, for even the quiet shades of Clermont, where so much\\nnatural beauty reigned, one would suppose, would be exempt from\\ntrouble, but even Clermont was not to be exempted from the sound\\nand desolation of war,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "44 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nThe aim of the British was to obtain, if possible, the entire\\npossession of the Hudson River, and thus isolate New England\\nfrom the rest of the States. To effect this much desired object,\\nBm-goyne, was to march from the North, and Vaughan from the\\nSouth. There was intense excitement at Clermont when the news\\narrived of Burgoyne s surrender. Margaret, afterwards Mrs.\\nTillotson, was knitting a long stocking for an old family servant,\\nwhich, for a wager, she was to finish in a day. It was near mid-\\nnight, the stocking was rapidly approaching its completion, when\\nblack Scipio rushed in with the joyful news of Burgoyne s surren-\\nder. The stocking Avas at once thrown aside and the wager lost.\\nThe enemy, however, were steadily approaching from the South,\\nlighting their way by burning towns and private dwellings. Cler-\\nmont might have been untouched, as at that time two British\\nofficers, a wounded captain named Montgomery, and his Sm-geon,\\nhad been for some time very hospitably entertained by Mrs. Liv-\\ningston, at Clermont. They proposed to extend their protection\\nto the house and family, but Mrs. Livingston and son both\\nrefused to have their property protected by the enemies of their\\ncountry, and her son, the future Chancellor, sent them to the house\\nof a Tory neighbor. The preparations for the quick departure of\\nthe family were made. All were busy. The females of the house-\\nhold all giving a hand, to assist the general packing, for the\\nremoval of clothing and all movable valuables. Silver and other\\narticles of value were bm-ied in the wood, books were placed in\\nthe basin of a dry fountain and covered with rubbish wagons and\\ncarts were piled up with baggage and all necessary articles requir-\\ned by so large a family, both for immediate use as well as preser-\\nvation. Even at this hour, Mrs. Livingston burst into a hearty\\nlaugh, at the odd figiu-e of an old black woman perched upon this\\nmiscellaneous assortment of trunks and bundles. There was not\\nmuch time to spare, for as the last load from the house had disap-\\npeared, aud when the carriages containing the family had reached\\nthe top of the hill overlooking the house they beheld the smoke", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 45\\nalready arising from its walls. It had been fired as soon as enter-\\ned by the British soldiers, one party of whom had amved by\\nland from Rhinebeck, which place they had burned, and another\\nparty landed from the British ship of war, which lay south of the\\npoint.\\nLarge looking-glasses had been carefully hung in an out-house,\\nby the family before their departure, and an inside frame made to\\nconceal them from view, but the soldiers discharged their muskets\\nat the building and reduced to splinters the valuable mirrors.\\nWith heavy hearts the family left a home, endeared to them by all\\nthe associations which make a home one of cheerfulness, happi-\\nness and contentment. They took refuge in the town of Salisbu-\\nry, in Berkshire, just beyond the border of Massachusetts, where\\nthey made a temporary home, in a house which is still standing\\na stone house near a picturesque lake here they remained but a\\nshort time. The hasty retreat of Vaughan s forces rendering Cler-\\nmont a safe residence again, Mrs. Livingston and her family re-\\nturned to her farm house and at once commenced to rebuild the\\nMansion House, and in about a year removed into it. Whilst\\nwriting of Mrs. Livingston I will here give a letter written to her,\\nby the Hon. John Jay in the year 1782, from Paris:\\n7b 3Irs. Margaret Livingston\\nPakis, 26th August, 1782.\\nDear Mada3i: Your favour of the 21st of April, reached me\\nthe 18th of July last, and is the only letter I have as yet been\\nhonored with, from you, the one you allude to having miscarried\\nI regi et its loss, for I am persuaded it was a friendly one.\\nThe first and only intelligence I have received of my father s\\ndeath is contained in yours and Robert s letters. That event was\\nnot unexpected, but my long absence greatly increased the bitter-\\nness of it. From the day I left him I never ceased to regret\\nthat it was not in my power to soften his troubles, by those sooth-\\ning attentions, and returns of gratitude which he had a right to", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "46 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nexpect and which always make the most pleasing impressions on\\nthose by whom we have been the most highly obliged. His affec-\\ntion for me was unbounded, and he knew how sensible I was of it.\\nHe has had severe trials, but they are over. I have lost in him an\\nhonest friend and a kind father, who never denied me anything,\\nbut from my youth Avas ever studious to anticipate my very wishes.\\nThank God there is another world in which we may meet and be\\nhappy. His being there is a new motive to my following his foot-\\nsteps. I assure you I know the value of Christian resignation\\nit has been friendly to me on several occasions, which may, per-\\nhaps, one day furnish us with matter for conversation. I thank\\nyou most sincerely for reminding me of the great business and\\npurpose of my life. Such admonitions, so given, are never\\nunseasonable, and always kind. I am persuaded that they who\\nhave no regard for their own souls, will seldom have much for the\\nhappiness or interest of others and I have learned to exj^ect no\\nsincere attachment, from those whose principles of action are cre-\\nated by occasional convenience. These reflections afford a test for\\nprofessions, and that test tells me to believe yours to be real, and\\nto rely upon it accordingly. The regard and good opinion of the\\ngood, yield rational pleasure, and I value this ground of satisfac-\\ntion too highly to omit any opportunity of cultivating it. I rejoice\\nin Robert s good health, and in that of his daughter I believe\\nevery syllable you say of her temper and disposition, for unless by\\nsupposing some perverse cross, it would be difficult to account for\\nher having a bad one. I should be happy if this blessing Avere to\\nbe soon followed by that of a son, equally promising for Clare-\\nmont has my best wishes, that it may administer affluence to a\\nlong succession of wise and good possessors.\\nYou ask me when we shall meet I wish it Avas in my power\\nto answer this question with certainty, but it is not all I can say\\nis, that one of my first wishes, is to return, and to spend my days\\nwith a brother and sister whom I tenderly love, and whose afflic-\\ntions I earnestly desire to alleviate by every proof of fraternal", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, 0R LIVINGSTON MANOR. 47\\naffection. It might, jDerhaps, be in my power to pass a more\\nsplendid and easy life on this, than on that side of the water,\\nwhere the wrecks of the fortunes of the family afford no very\\nflattering prospects. But as personal considerations ought to have\\nno influence, I adhere to my first determination, that the term of\\nmy absence shall depend entirely on public convenience, which\\nin my opinion, will not detain me longer than until the conclusion\\nof the treaties, which are to terminate the war, Mrs. Jay assures\\nyou of her affection and respect be pleased to present our com-\\npliments and best wishes to your good family, and believe me to\\nbe Dear Madam,\\nWith sincere esteem and attachment,\\nYour most obedient and very humble servant,\\nJOHN JAY.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "48 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nBIUTII AND YOUTH OF ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, (CHANCELLOR.)\\nWe have sketched the lives of the Judge, and his wife we will\\nnow enter upon the life of their eldest son, Robert R., the Chan-\\ncellor. Judge Livingston and his wife were blessed by a most\\nremarkable group of children, four sons and six daughters, all of\\nwhom, when married, settled upon the banks of the Hudson,\\nextending from Staatsburgh to Clermont. The oldest and young-\\nest sons were prominent as statesmen, Robert R. and Edward.\\nRobert R. Livingston was born in the city of New York, on the\\n27th day of November, 1746, and in the record in the old family\\nBible it is written under the above heading The Lord bless and\\nbe with hira. Amen. And no man was ever more blessed than\\nhe, both in public and private life. He was educated by the best\\nteachers of the period, and afterwards at King s, (now Columbia,)\\nCollege, then under the Presidency of Myles Cooper, of Revolu-\\ntionary celebrity, where he graduated at the early age of eighteen,\\nin 1764. Upon that occasion he delivered a stirring oration, in\\npraise of liberty, in Which he had given the eVery day sentiment\\nof his family and friends, who in a few years from that date formed\\nthe head and life blood of the young Republic struggling for\\nFreedom.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 49\\nThe New York Gazette, of May 30th, 1764, has an article on\\nyoung Livingston s oration, as follows In particular, Mr. Liv\\ningston, whose oration in praise of liberty was received with\\ngeneral and extraordinary approbation, and did great honor to his\\njudgment and abilities in the choice of his subject, the justice and\\nsublimity of his sentiments, the elegance of his style, and the\\ngraceful propriety of his j^ronunciation and gesture and many of\\nthe audience pleased themselves with the hopes that the young\\norator may prove an able and zealous asserter, and defender, of the\\nrights and liberties of his country, as well as an ornament to it.\\nAbout three years or so after this, when Robert was home at his\\nfather s, the old homestead at Clermont, on a short visit, the follow-\\ning incident occurred. His brother Edward, the then baby of the\\nfamily, as he was only five or six years of age at the time, had for\\nhis first teacher a Clergyman of the Dutch Reformed Church, and\\nof Dutch ancestry, known by the name of Dominie Doll. He was\\na widower with only one child, a daughter, who was a young lady\\nof gay and sprightly manner, full of frolic and good nature. With\\nthis daughter the Dominie lived for some time in the family of\\nJudge Livingston, as tutor for the young children. One day as\\nRobert was leaving home for Albany, he inquired of the Dominie s\\ndaughter, Miss Doll, in his characteristically friendly, gallant man-\\nner, Well, Miss Doll, Avhat shall I bring back for you from\\nAlbany T A good husband, was the lively reply. Agreed,\\nreplied the future Chancellor and it happened that he really did\\nbring back with him, as a guest, a gentleman who in due time\\nmarried the Dominie s daughter, and they afterward lived a happy\\nlife together at Kinderhook, I presume she ever after thought\\nthat there s many a true word spoken in jest.\\nRobert studied law under William Smith, the Historian of New\\nYork, and afterwards in the office of his relative, William Living-\\nston, the distinguished Governor of New Jersey. In October,\\n1773, he was admitted to the bar, and worked hard, becoming\\n7", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "a\u00c2\u00ab CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nvery eminent in his profession, and for a sliort time was in\\npartnership with his intimate friend, Jolm Jay. Soon after this he\\nwas appointed Recorder of his native city, and soon became an\\nearly opponent of British oppression, taking a very active part in\\npolitics. The Revolution found him in the above position, so that\\nboth father and son relinquished at the same time important judi-\\ncial stations, to take part with their fellow patriots in the libera-\\ntion of their country. But amidst all his duties Robert found time\\nfor courtship, for we find that upon the 9th day of September,\\n1770, at Hunterdon, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, at the resi-\\ndence of the Hon. John Stevens, he was married to Miss Elizabeth\\nStevens, daughter of the above. Upon which occasion were gath-\\nered all the relatives and friends of both families, called together\\nto witness the bridal ceremony, which always occasions those hap-\\npy re-unions of members of a large family, that meet but seldom\\nand for once, at least, all the gentlemen and ladies of the Manor,\\nlike the birds in Autumn, had migrated southward.\\nTwo daughters were the fruits of their union. Their first\\ndaughter, Elizabeth Stevens, was born at Hunterdon, the seat of\\nthe Hon. John Stevens, on the 5th day of May, 1780. This\\ndaughter afterwards married in the year 1800, Edward P. Living-\\nston, and she died June 10th, 1827, leaving two sons and three\\ndaughters.\\nTheir second daughter, Margaret Maria, was born in the city of\\nPhiladelphia on the 11th day of April, 1783. She was married\\nin the year 1799, to Robert L. Livingston, and died March 8th,\\n1818, leaving three sons and five daughters.\\nTlie trying question of the rights of the British Parliament, in\\nwhich we were unrepresented, to impose exactions on our citizens\\nthen first began to be agitated, and the subject of this memoir, as\\nwell as his illustrious father, were both ejected (as I have before\\nstated,) from their ofticial stations the latter as one of the Justices\\nof the Court of Oyer and Terminer, for adherence to the rights of", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": ",CLERMONT, OR LI KINGSTON MANOR. 51\\ntheir countrymen. It Avas early predicted that these rights could\\nbe successfully asserted only by the SAVord but remonstrance\\nafter remonstrance, petition after petition, was presented to a\\nm inistry attentiAe only to their passions and heedless of the rights\\nof others. The colonies, separated from one another by a thous-\\nand feelings and prejudices, soon exhibited a united resolution to\\nresist these pretensions Avith manly effort.\\nThe official stations of Mr. LiAdngston did not prevent his join-\\ning the great body of his countrymen, in resisting claims so\\nunjust and oppressive. In return for royal persecution Mr. Liv-\\ningston Avas reAvarded by popular favor, and the confidence of his\\ncountry. In this Avar of principle noAV commencing, Massachu-\\nsetts, NeAV York and Virginia, represented not imperfectly th\u00c2\u00ab\\nentire population of the American Colonies. The first Avas settled\\nby emigrants chiefly from England, puritans in religion and in\\npolitics Virginia Av^as colonized by ana dventurous population,\\nAvho transferred Avith them the rights and feelings of Englishmen.\\nThe central colonies, of Avhicli Ncav York Avas the fairest represen-\\ntative, had emigrated from Holland, Avhich preceded even the\\nEnglish, in the assertion and vindication of the rights of con-\\nscience, and even during a struggle of eighty years Avafted their\\ncommerce to every region of the earth.\\nThis various population united for the most part in one spon-\\ntaneous spirit of opposition to the claims of Parliament. Yet in\\nNcAV York, her magnificent but unprotected harbor and frontier\\nexposed to the depredations of the ruthless savage, laid her open\\nto the naval force of Great Britain, and paralyzed for a time the\\nefforts of her patriots. Virginia Avas foremost in resisting the\\nodious Stamp Act, Avliich, under a deceitful vizor, concealed the\\narroAV of destruction. In Boston the fatal poison lurked in the tea\\nchest. In the vicinity of that toAvn the blood of Englishmen and\\nAmericans first mingled in hostile conflict. The names of George\\nClinton, John Jay, Philip Schuyler, and Robert R, Livingston,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "52 CLERMONTj OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nare sufficient evidence that this State was not behind her ekler\\nsisters in devoted ardor and patriotism, Tliese noble champions\\nof our cause justly deemed their power and influence pledges\\nof fidelity to the people, which it required their highest eflbrts to\\nredeem.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 53\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nFROM 1774-6 AND DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nThe Delegates from the Colony of New York to the first Con-\\ntinental Congi-ess in 1774, were not chosen by the General Assem-\\nbly, but by the suffrage of the j)eople, manifested in some\\nsufficiently authentic shape in the several counties. The Dele-\\ngates to the second Continental Congress, which met in May,\\n1775, were chosen by the Provincial Congress, which the people\\nof the colony had already created, and which was held in April of\\nthat year, and had virtually assumed the powers of the govern-\\nment. The delegates from this colony, New York, to this second\\nCongress, were John Jay, John Alsop, James Duane, Philip\\nSchuyler, George Clinton, Lewis Morris, and Robert R. Livings-\\nton, and the weight of their talents and character may be inferred\\nfrom the fact that Mr. Jay, Mr. Duane, Mr. Schuyler, and Mr.\\nLivingston, were early placed upon the Committees charged with\\nthe most arduous and responsible duties.\\nWe find Washington and Schuyler associated together in the\\nCommittee appointed on the 14th of June, 1775, to prepare rules\\nand regulations for the government of the army. This associa-\\ntion of those great men, commenced at such a critical moment,\\nwas the beginning of a mutual confidence, respect, and adiiiiration", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "54 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nwhich continued with uninterrupted and unabated vividness during\\ntlie remainder of their lives. An alhision is made to this friend-\\nship in the memoir of a former President of this society, and the\\nallusion is remarkable for its strength and pathos. After mention-\\ning General Schuyler, he adds I have 2)laced thee, my friend, by\\nthe side of him who knew thee thy intelligence to discern, thy\\nzeal to promote thy country s good, and knowing thee, prized thee-\\nLet this be thy eulogy, I add, and with truth peculiarly thine, con-\\ntent it should be mine to have expressed it.\\nThe Congress of this Colony, during the years 1775 and 1776,\\nhad to meet difficulties and changes almost sufficient to subdue the\\nfirmest resolution. The population of the colony was short of\\n200,000 souls. It had a vast body of disaffected inhabitants within\\nits own bosom. It had numerous tribes of hostile Indians on its\\nextended frontier. The bonds of society seemed to have been\\nbroken up, and society itself resolved into its primitive elements.\\nThere was no civil government but such as had been introduced\\nby the Provincial Congress and County Committees, as tempor-\\nary expedients. It had an enemy s province in the rear strength-\\nened by large and well appointed forces. It had an open and\\nexposed seaport, without adequate means to defend it. In the\\nSummer of 1776 the State was actually invaded, not only upon\\nour Canadian but upon our Atlantic frontier by a formidable fleet\\nand army, calculated by the power that sent them to be sufficient\\nto annihilate at once all our infiint Republics.\\nRobert R. Livingston was one of the leading spirits of those\\ndays being a man of rare ability and accomplishments, he\\ntook a leading part in the debates in the Congress, both of 1775\\nand 1776, and he was placed as one of the Committee to prepare\\nand report a plan of confederation for the colonies. He was also\\none of the Committee of five appointed to draw up and prepare the\\nDeclaration of Independence. This Committee was instructed by\\nCongress to draw up a declaration in accordance witli a resolution", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 65\\noiFered June 7th, by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia. Thomas\\nJefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and\\nRobert R. Livingston formed the Committee.\\nThe Declaration of Independence Avas drawn up by Jefferson,\\nassisted by the others of the Committee, and on the 4th of July,\\n1776, was adopted by Delegates of all the thirteen Colonies.\\nThey thus declared themselves free and independent, assuming the\\nname of the United States of America. The Declaration was\\nreceived with demonstrations of great public and private rejoic-\\nings it was hailed with delight when read in the Churches, the\\nCourts, the Taverns, Stores, and wherever a gatliering of people\\ncould be collected together. It was read from a platform in the\\nrear of the State House.\\nThere hung an old bell in the tower of old Independence Hall,\\nPhiladelphia. It had been cast in England a hundred years or\\nmore before the revolution. On it was the following inscription\\nor words, from the Bible Proclaim liberty throughout all the\\nland, unto all the inhabitants thereof Very significant words, a\\ntrue prophecy about to be fulfilled. On the day, and at the hour\\nthe signatures were to be attached to this important paper, an old\\nman stood with bell rope ready in hand. The delegates were all\\nassembled in the hall below, preparing to sign the Declaration to\\nbind themselves for freedom or death, with lives, fortunes and\\ntheir sacred honor. A boy stood near the delegates by the table\\nto run out and call to the old man to ring the bell as soon as the\\nlast delegate had signed.\\nAs I have said, the old man stood ready, doubtless with tremb-\\nling, earnest, breathless attention. The last signer took up the pen,\\nsubscribed his name, threw down the pen upon the table. The deed\\nwas done, the Rubicon was crossed. The boy quickly ran out\\ninto the street and called out to the old man, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^H m.g. The old\\ngray-beard pulled with all his might and the old bell proclaimed\\nLiberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "56 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nI need not dwell for n moment upon the awful responsibility\\nassumed by our representatives. Suffice it to say, that as when the\\nelder Brutus annoimced to the Roman people the outrage commit-\\nted by Tarquin, and invoked their bravery and patriotism, our\\nvirtuous ancestors responded to the call, and with their hearts and\\nvotes united in pledging their lives and fortunes to maintain their\\nsacred rights. When, at the recommendation of Congress, each\\nState proceeded to frame a constitution of government, Mr. Liv-\\ningston was elected a member of the Convention of New York,\\nand was the chairitian of the Committee who presented the draft\\nof that instrument, which, as subsequently adopted, formed an era\\nin Legislation, and may be fairly pronounced the most judicious\\nscheme of polity then known to the world.\\nIn that immortal Congress of 1776, Robert R. Livingston\\nrepresented the feelings and interests of the peoj^le of the State of\\nNew York, and in that consecrated assembly his zeal and patriot-\\nism were universally acknowledged. The persevering efforts of\\nthe crown, against the rights of the people, produced that memor-\\nable declaration of the freemen of the colonies to dissolve forever\\nall political connection with the parent country. Philip Livings-\\nton, Judge Livingston s cousin, was one of the signers of the\\nDeclaration of Independence, and Robert R., although one of\\nits chief advocates and framers, was prevented from signing, being\\ncalled home to attend to duties in New York, in the Provincial\\nCongi-ess, of which he was a member. So he had not the good\\nfortune to place his signature to that instrument. He thus lost\\nthe opportunity of being enrolled in popular biographies as one\\nof the signers.\\nIt was one of the regrets of Mrs. Montgomery s life that her\\nbrother was prevented from being a signer. He was, however,\\nrendering most important service in the Provincial Congress, in\\npreparation for the defence of the Hudson, which had engaged his\\nattention on his first appearance at Philadelphia. Great rejoicings", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 67\\nwere throughout all the States at the signing of the Declaration.\\nOn board of the frigate Washington, in the Delaware, the festivi-^\\nties terminated with a ball in the evening. The Declaration was\\nread at the head of each brigade in the Continental army station-\\ned at New York, and was received with joyful huzzas. On the\\nsame day all the imprisoned debtors were released and in the\\nevening the equestrian statue of George III, raised in the Bowling\\nGreen, New York, in 1770, was thrown down. It was resolved\\nthat the lead of which it was composed should be melted into\\nbullets and fired at the enemies of liberty.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "58 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nFIRST STATE COXA^ENTION OF 1777 AND ADOPTION OF STATE\\nCONSTITUTION.\\nAfter the adoijtion of tlie Declaration of Independence of 177G,\\nthe General Assembly of the State of New York changed its title\\nfrom Provincial Congress of the Colony of New York, to that of\\nthe Congress of Representatives of the State of New York. This\\nfirst Convention of the Representatives of this State, having been\\nelected to meet in the city of New York on July 8th, 1776, but\\nfor fear of being disturbed by the British army under Lord Howe,\\nheld adjourned sessions at White Plains, Harlem, Philipses Manor,\\nFishkill, and at last at Esopus, or what is now called Kingston,\\nwhich then had a population of about thirty-five hundred souls,\\nand was the third town in number of population in the Colony.\\nThe object of tlie session was the forming of a State Constitu-\\ntion. At the first meeting, at White Plains, the Convention\\nreceived the intelligence of the adoption of the Declaration of\\nIndependence, and its first action was to approve that measure by\\nunanimous vote. A committee was formed to draw up and rei)ort\\na Constitution for this State to the Convention. Tlie following\\nmembers were a^jpointed upon the above connnittec John Jay,\\nRobert R. Livingston, John Sloss Ilobert, William Smith, William\\nDuer, Gouvprneur Morris, John Broome, John Morris Scott,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 59\\nAbraham Yates, Jr., Henry Wisner, Sr., Samuel Towusend,\\nCharles DeWitt, and Robert Yates. James Duane was after-\\nwards placed upon the committee. It was submitted, or present-\\ned to the Assembly by Mr. John Jay, in which Mr. Jay bore\\nso prominent a part. Robert R. Livingston introduced into the\\nabove instrument the section creating the Council of Revision, a\\nbody comi^osed of the Governor, Chancellor, and Judges of the\\nSupreme Com*t, which sat to revise all bills about to be passed into\\nlaws, by the Legislature, and of which he himself became a promi-\\nnent member. The Court existed till it was abolished by the\\nConvention of 1823, and its power lodged solely in the hands of\\nthe Governor, by the Constitution of that year.\\nOn the 20th April, 1777, the first Constitution was adopted.\\nRobert R. Livingston was at the time but thiiiy-one years of age,\\nand was a consi^icuous member of this body. He performed the\\nlabor of revising the draxaght of that instrument, not by any\\nmeans an easy task, but one Avhich required a man of large mind\\nto accomplish. The new Constitution, adopted after an able,\\npatriotic and deliberate discussion, was at last hurriedly printed\\nand published to the State. It was printed in the old town of\\nFishkill, and read as a proclamation at Esojius, in front of the old\\nCourt House, to Avhat Avas considered in those days quite a gather-\\ning of people. It was read by the Secretary of the Convention.\\nOther duties of a more active though not more responsible\\ncharacter, engaged Mr. Livingston s attention, as member of the\\nCouncil of Safety, by which body he Avas charged with military\\npowers, to aid General Schuyler on the Northern and Western\\nfrontiers, as well as for the protection of the Hudson River.\\nWhen the State Convention met at Fishkill, the members all\\narmed themselves, for defence against the British, or Tories, who^\\n.should attempt to assail them. Esopus afterAvards became the\\nCapitol of this State, in those days of terror. The first Governor\\nand the first Legislature ever elected in this State, met there in", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "60 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nSeptember. They boarded in the stone and frame farm houses\\nand inns of the vicinity, and had plenty to employ them through\\nall those autumnal days. The Constitution adopted there and\\nrevised by Mr. Livingston, is a document of great merit, and\\nEnglish jurists all gave it praise, and it was highly ajiproved of\\nthroughout this country. As stated, with but slight amendments,\\nthe first constitution continued in force until 1823, when a new\\none was formed by a State Convention, and a third was made and\\nbecame a law, in 1846.\\nThe Governor, we have mentioned, Avho was elected in 1777,\\nand with the Legislature held their first meeting at Esopus, was\\nGeorge Clinton. Elections had been held in all the counties of\\nthis State, except New York, Kings, Queens and Sufi olk, which\\nwere then held in possession by the enemy. Pierre Van Court-\\nlandt, who was President of the Senate, became Lieutenant-Gov-\\nernor John Jay, Chief Justice Robert Yates, and John Sloss\\nHobert, Judges of the Supreme Court Egbert Benson, Attorney\\nGeneral.\\nLossing, in his great work, The Field Book of the Kevolution,\\nthus describes the attack of the British upon Kingston and the\\nupper Hudson, in 1777. Kingston or (Esopus,) being the\\nCapitol of the State, when Sii* Henry Clinton gained possession of\\nthe forts in the Hudson Highlands, was marked by the conqueror\\nfor special vengeance. Having demolished the Chevaux-de-frise\\nat Fort Montgomery, the British fleet proceeded up the Hudson.\\nThe massive iron chain was then not yet stretched across the\\nriver at West Point, and all impediments being removed, a flying\\nsquadron of light frigates, under Sir James Wallace, bearing three\\nthousand six hundi-ed men, under the command of General Vaugh-\\nan, sailed up the river. They were instructed to scatter desola-\\ntion in their track, and well did they perform their mission.\\nEvery vessel upon the river was burned or otherwise destroyed\\nbouses of kiio\\\\yn \\\\yhigs, such as Henry Livingston, at Poughkeep-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 61\\nsie, were fired upon from the shijjs, and small parties landing from\\nthe vessels desolated neighborhoods with fire and sword. They\\njjenetrated as far north as Kingston, where they landed on the\\n13th of October. The frigates were anchored a little above the\\npresent landing of Kingston Point, and a portion of the invaders\\ndebarked in the cove, north of the steamboat Avharf another\\ndivision in small boats proceeded to the mouth of Esopus, now\\nRondout Creek, and landed at a j^lace a little north-east of Ron-\\ndout Village, called Ponkhocken Point. The people at the Creek\\nfled affrighted to Marbletown, seven miles south-west of Kingston,\\nand their houses was destroyed. The two divisions then marched\\ntowards the village, one by the upper road and one by the Esopus\\ncreek road, near the house of Mr. Yeoman, who was in the Ameri-\\ncan army, at Stilhvater\\nThey set fire to this house, but the flames were subdued by a\\nnegro woman. They forced a negro man here to show them the\\nnearest way to the town. The two columns of the enemy joined\\ntogether upon a hill in sight of the town, and after a few hours\\nhalt proceeded to Kingston, where they fired every house in the\\ntown, which, together with a large quantity of provisions there,\\nand at the wharves, was destroyed. The town was built mostly of\\nrough stone, in the old lashioned style of rubble stone and mortar.\\n(Many of thisCkind of houses are yet standing in this vicinity,\\nClermont, N. Y.)\\nThe inhabitants fled, taking Avith them what valuables they\\ncould save in their flight, which of course was but few. There\\nwere between three and four thoiisand inhabitants (many wealthy,)\\nof Kingston, in those days. The Governor and Legislature of the\\nState were there at the time, and they endeavored to raise a num,-\\nber of Militia to protect them, but they failed to do so.\\nThe enemy remained no longer than to burn the town and to\\ninflict all the wanton damage they could upon the property\\nowners in it, and upon the highways in the neighborhood, and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "62 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nreturned to the shij^s. They sent one vessel up the Hudson on an\\nexpedition of dcstniction, and a detachment of troops crossed the\\nriver and marched to Rliinebeck, where they burned many dwell-\\nings, and then proceeded northAvard on the river road as far as\\nChancellor Livingston s and his mother s residences, which they\\nburned, as related in a previous chapter. Here the work of\\ndestruction was stopped by their receiving the news of the sun-en-\\nder of General Burgoyne to General Gates, at Saratoga, Avhicli\\nnews defeated their j^lan of joining their forces Avitli the expected\\nsouthward victorious army of Burgoyne.\\nSo at Clermont they, with heavy hearts, all sorroAvfully embark-\\ned in the vessel anchored off the point, and sailing down the river,\\nrejoined the fleet at Esopus Creek, from which place the Avhole\\nsquadron sailed back to New York, having done much damage to\\nthe Patriots, but also having done much more damage to the\\ncause of King George, as it kindled the spark of revenge in every\\nAmerican bosom, and adding fuel to the flame, made them only\\nthe more determined to resist the British power. Mr. Livingston,\\nalthough deprived of a house for a time, thought not of this, but\\nlabored with the rest of his fellow countrymen with renewed vigor\\nfor freedom, and his gifted mind was ever working out some new\\nplan to bring about this most desired result.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 63\\nCHAPTER yill.\\nTHE CONGRESS OF 1778 AND ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. MR.\\nLIVINGSTON APPOINTED SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.\\nOn June 22d, 1778, Congress proceeded to consider the various\\nobjections of the States to the Articles of Confederation, and on tlie\\n27tli day of June a form of ratification was adopted and ordered\\nto be written upon parchment, with the order tliat it shoukl be\\nsigned by those delegates appointed so to do by their respective\\nLegislatures. On the 9th of July, 1778, the delegates of New\\nHampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts,\\nPennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina, signed the articles.\\nThe delegates from New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, had\\nnot the power to sign given them at that date by their several\\nLegislatures. Georgia and North Carolina were not represented,\\nand the ratification of New York was conditional that all the other\\nStates should likewise ratify.\\nThe delegates from North Carolina signed on the 2l8t day of\\nJuly, those of Georgia on the 24th day of July, New Jersey on the\\n26th of November, Delaware on the 22d of February, 1779. Mary-\\nland still firmly refused to ratify until the question of the conflict-\\ning claims of the Union and of the separate States to the crown\\nlands, should be fully adjusted. This point was finally settled by\\ncesslops of the plaiming States to the United States, of all the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "64 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nunsettled and unappropriated lands for the benefit of the whole\\nUnion. This cession of the crown lands to the Union originated\\nthe territorial system, and the erection of the North Western Terri-\\ntory into a distinct government, similar to the existing States,\\nhaving a local Legislature of its own.\\nThe insuperable objection of Maryland having been removed\\nby the settlement of this question, her delegates signed the articles\\nof confederation on the 1st day of March, 1781, four years and\\nfour months after they were adojited by Congress. By this act\\nof Maryland they became the original law of the Union, and on\\nthe 2d of March Congress assembled under the new powers.\\nA few weeks previous to the final ratification of the articles of\\nconfederation. Congress made a new arrangement in the machinery\\nof the civil government. A foreign bureau was established equiva-\\nlent in its functions to our present Department of State, the head\\nof which was styled, Secretary of Foreign Affiiirs. A financial\\nbureau was also established and a Secretary of the Treasury, called\\nSuperintendent of Finance, was aj^pointed. Secretaries of War\\nand Marine were also appointed, and under the power of the con-\\nfederation, new energy was manifested in the management of\\naffairs.\\nIt was in 1781 that Mr. Robert R. Livingston, of New York,\\nwas appointed the first Foreign Secretary, and Robert Morris, of\\nPhiladelphia, the first Superintendent of Finance. Robert R. Liv^\\ningston had in his office two under Secretaries, Louis R. Morris,\\nand Peter S. Duponceau, and two Clerks, John Stone, afterwards\\nGovernor of Maryland, and Henry Remsen, of New York, to assist\\nhim. Reverend Mr. Tetard, of Philadelphia, was the translator.\\nThe office, for the transaction of business, was a building on the\\neastern side of South-Sixth Street, No. 13, three stories in height,\\nwith only twelve feet front. From that humble edifice went forth\\ninstructions which arrested the attention of European diplomatists,\\nand turned their minds with astonishment to the rising nation in", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 65\\nthe west. This office of Secretary of Foreign Afiairs, filled by\\nRobert R. Livingston, was witliont doubt the most important that\\ncould be held nnder the Confederacy. The Secretary conducted\\nall foreign correspondence, as well as that with the States.\\nTlirough him passed all instructions to Ministers abroad. It was\\nhis duty to prepare plans of treaties, to make reports to Congress,\\nand to lay before them such information as he considered\\nnecessary.\\nThis office, after being resigned by Mr. Robert R. Livingston,\\nwas afterwards filled by Mr. John Jay. Mr. Livingston resigned,\\nas he had received the appointment of Chancellor of the State of\\nNew York. He served as Secretary of Foreign Affiiirs from 1781\\nto 1783, when upon retii ing from that office he received the thanks\\nof Congress, and an assui ance of the high sense they entertained\\nof his ability, zeal, and fidelity, and also the great diligence,\\npromptness, and impartiality, with which he discharged the impor-\\ntant trusts rejDosed in him. The diplomatic coiTespondence of the\\nrevolutionary war may be here referred to as documentary testi-\\nmony to his cabinet services in our great contest.\\nWatson, in his Annals of the City of Philadelphia, thus\\ndescribes the old building wherein were the offices of the Foreign\\nSecretary. At No. 13, South-Sixth Street, Philadelphia, stood\\nthe ancient edifice, on the premises of the late P. S. Duponceau,\\nEsq., now demolished, and fine stores now occupy the site. It is a\\nhouse appropriately owned by such a possessor, (Duponceau,) for\\nin it, he who came as a volunteer to join our fortunes and aid our\\ncause, as a Captain under Baron Steuben, became afterward one of\\nthe under Secretaries to our Minister of Foreign Affiiirs, and in\\nthat building gave his active and early service. In the year 1782\\n-83, under that humble roof, presided as our then Secretary of\\nForeign Affiiirs, the Honorable Robert R. Livingston. Up staii-s in\\nthe small front room facing the street sat that distinguished\\npersonage wielding by his mind and pen the destinies of our\\n9", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "QQ CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nnation. In the adjoining back room sat the two under Secreta-\\nries, Louis R. Morris, since Governor of Vermont, and our vene-\\nrated citizen, Mr. Duj^onceau. These, having charge of the\\narchives of the nation, preserved them all within the enclosure of\\na small wooden press. The only room down stairs on the ground\\nfloor was that occupied by the two clerks and the interpreter.\\nOne of these clerks, Mr. Henry Remsen, was afterward the Presi-\\ndent of a Bank in New York. Mr. Tetard was the pastor of the\\nFrench Reformed Church, in Philadelpliia. The house at that\\ntime was quite beyond the verge of city population, now the site\\nis about the centre of business.\\nRobert R. Livin^ton, when appointed Chancellor of the State\\nof New York, in Mi83^ was the first person who had ever held\\nthat ofiice. (There have been five Chancellors of this State up to\\nthis date.) He continued in this highest legal distinction in the\\nState until his mission to France in 1801. For his ability and\\nfidelity in the discharge of his judicial duties, I leave it to the\\nlearned members of the profession to answer. No published docu-\\nments record the evidences of his laborious researcli and accurate\\ndiscrimination.\\nBut a most distinguished successor of his has asserted, That\\nthe august tribunal whose justice he dispensed, though since\\ncovered with a halo of glory, never has boasted a more prompt,\\nmore able, or more faithful officer. When at length the valor of\\nour ancestors had borne them successfully through the revolution-\\nary contest, and redeemed those pledges which had been ofliered\\non the altar of their country, another and still more arduous task\\nremained. In vain had our patriots moistened the soil with their\\nblood, had our countrymen been left the victims to their own tor-\\nmenting feuds and passions.\\nIn no public employment involving important deliberations does\\nChancellor Livingston seem to have been overlooked. He was in\\nthe State Commission with Jay and others, relative to the disputed", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LI7INGST0N MANOR. 67\\nrights of Massachusetts and New York as to western territory, and\\nwhen two years later, in 1786, the Convention at Annapolis was\\nproposed for the considei ation of some national regulation of trade\\nand commerce, he was appointed a delegate with Hamilton,\\nBenson, and Duane. He was not, however, present at this meet-\\ning, more important in its sequel than for what it accomplished.\\nThere Hamilton and Madison met together, and out of their joint\\ndeliberations with their fellow members, grew the Convention of\\nthe succeeding year for the formation of the Constitution. Liv-\\ningston Avas not a member of this body, but sat at the State Rati-\\nfication Convention, where he voted for the adoption.\\nIn 1787, Chancellor Livingston was called u^ion to deliver the\\nFourth of July discourse before the New York State Society of the\\nCincinnatti. It is an elegant production, written with warmth and\\nfeeling, occupied not w^itli the customary eulogies of the day,\\nbut with the consideration of the practical working of the Confed-\\neration, which gave birth to the Declaration of Independence.\\nIt was the season, it will be remembered, before the meeting of\\nthe Federal Convention, a dark moment of our political history\\npreceding the second dawn another morning risen on mid-day.\\nDisappointment he freely admits in respect both to our internal\\nand Federal Governments either, to those Avho are disposed to\\nview only the gloomy side of the picture, will afford sufficient mat-\\nter for censure, and too much cause for uneasiness. Many\\ndesponding spirits, misled by these reflections, have ceased to\\nrejoice in independence, and to doubt whether it is to be consider-\\ned as a blessing.\\nTurning from the constitutional methods of government in\\noperation in the States, which he finds to lack only proper consid-\\neration on the part of the people, he turns to the Federal Admin*\\nistration. Nothing presents itself to my view, but a nerveless\\ncouncil, united by imaginary ties, brooding over ideal decrees,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "68 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON JIANOR.\\nwhich caprice or fancy is at pleasure to annul or execute. I see\\ntrade languish, public credit expire, and that glory which is not\\nless necessary to the prosperity of a nation than reputation to\\nindividuals, a victim to opprobrium and disgrace, and who will\\ndeny that the most serious evils daily flow from the debility of our\\nFederal Constitution\\nWho but owns that we are at this moment colonies, for every\\npurpose but that of internal taxation, to the nation fi om which\\nwe vainly hoped our sword had freed us Who but sees with\\nindignation British ministers daily dictating laws for the destruc-\\ntion of our commerce Who but laments the ruin of that brave,\\nhardy, and generous race of men, who are necessary for its sup-\\nport? Who but feels that we are degi-aded from the rank we\\nought to hold among the nations of the earth despised by some,\\nmaltreated by others, and unable to defend ourselves against the\\ncruel depi-edations of the most contemptible pirates. (The last\\nalhision is to the Barbary Powers.) He concludes with an apj^eal\\nto his fellow patriots to reject the trammels of party, and unite\\ntheir eiforts in the common cause.\\nWhat noble names Avere at the head of the Government in those\\ndays R. K. Livingston, Chancellor John Jay, Secretary of\\nForeign Affairs Henry Knox, Secretary of War George Clin-\\nton, Governor of the State of New York Philip Schuyler, Sena-\\ntor James Duane, Mayor of New York.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 69\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nPOLITICAL PARTIES, 1783-9, AND FEDEKAL CONSTITUTION.\\nDuring the period that elapsed between the condusion of peace\\nin 1783, and the formation of the Constitution in 1787, the ques-\\ntion upon which parties in this State were divided was this\\nWhat rights have Tories in these States Shall we Whigs, after\\nseven years of war, deem them yet as our enemies, or as misguided\\ncitizens Shall past ill feelings be kept up, and cherished, or shall\\nthe victors say, Let by-gones be by-gones, and hold out the olive\\nbranch and give again the hand of friendship\\nThe country was thus divided into three parties first the Tories,\\nwho yet seemed to think that England would again try to regain\\nher lost colonies others who thought they would enjoy the same\\neminence they had in the colonies before the war, and others who\\nhad been disfranchised, now sued for a restoration of their estates.\\nAll of the above formed quite a strong party, and were for grant-\\ning the Tories all the rights and privileges of citizenship.\\nThe second party w^ere the Whigs, who had stood hand and\\nhand together during the long war for independence had suffered\\ngreatly in property destroyed, fortune lost, friends killed and\\nwounded, and had seen that veiy struggle prolonged by those", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "70 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nsame Tories, and had learned to hate a Tory, even more tlian a\\nBritish soldier. These men thought, and wisely, that their free-\\ndom had been dearly enough j^urchased, without sharing the\\nbenefits derived with the past enemies of freedom.\\nThe third party might be called tlie Conservative party, or a\\nclass of men that did not take the extreme or radical side with\\neither of the foregoing parties, either to punish or pardon, and\\nwere for giving the Tories their rights in the country who Avere\\nsorry or repentant for their past misdeeds. As there Avere three\\nparties, so likewise, there were three groups of leaders or partisans.\\nFirst, there Avere the Clintons, Avith Governor George Clinton,\\nof this State, as leader. He had been elected Governor, succes-\\nsively, for eighteen years. He AA as elected first in 1777. The\\nClintons at that time were not A^ery numeroias or Avealthy.\\nDeWitt Clinton, a nephcAV of the Governor, Avas a student in\\nColumbia College at that period. The Clintons emigrated to this\\ncountry in 1710.\\nThe next leaders Avere the Schuylers and Hamiltons, Avitli Gen-\\nei al Schuyler, and his son in-laAV, General Alexander Hamilton,\\nat the head. The Schuylers and Hamiltons opposed the Clintons.\\nGeneral Schuyler Avas nominated for Governor against George\\nClinton, in 1777.\\nThe leaders of the third party Avere the Livingstons, avIio Avcre\\nboth rich, numerous and influential, and at that time had nine\\nmembers of the family in public life, pohticians, judges, c.,\\nmany of A\\\\diom, as Ave have seen, Avere of national celebrity. They,\\nas a family, Avere more numerous than any family in the State. Of\\ncourse two of the above parties had to unite to defeat the third.\\nIn 1787 GoA crnor George Clinton, of this State, led the i)arty\\nAvho opposed ratification of the Constitution. Hamilton, Jay,\\nGeneral Schuyler, and Chancellor Livingston Avere all strong sup-\\nporters of the same, and the united action of the ILamiltons,\\nSchuylevs and Livingstons, added NeAV York to the States that", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. Tl\\nhad accepted the Constitution, Chancellor Livingston and Alex-\\nander Hamilton were the framers of the instrument.\\nThe New York Convention accepted the Constitution by a\\nmajority of only three out of fifty-seven votes. Yet, after the\\nquestion was settled, there was a powerful reaction in favor of the\\nFederal party. The feeling became general that as the Constitu\\ntion had been adopted, it should be supported and tried. The\\nAnti-Federalists were almost annihilated, and it was some years\\nbefore they regained power.\\nIn the Spring of 1788, the Federal majority in Ncav York city\\nwas overwhelming, and considerable in the State. The next year,\\n1789, George Clinton was again nom.inated for Governor. The\\nFederalists nominated Judge Yates, but George Clinton, who was\\nmuch beloved by the people, was elected. Clinton received G,391\\nvotes, and Yates 5,962 majority for Clinton 429.\\nThe credit is due to this State, for from it emanated the plan of\\nthat national compact which binds the States together. In\\nAlexander Hamilton s great mind originated that happy comprom-\\nise between the rights of sovereigns and of individuals, so ably\\nexpounded on a later occasion, by a successor to his reputation\\nand glory, (Daniel Webster, in the TJ. S. Senate.) The good\\nsense of our people ratified it by their sufii*ages. Let it not be\\ndeemed irrelevant on this occasion if I refer to that excellent\\nseries of papers. The Federalist, for it may be consulted by the\\nclassical scholar for the elegance of its language, and by the\\nstatesman as the best vindication extant of the principles of a\\nrepublican form of government.\\nWe will give a short sketch of the meeting to consider the\\nConstitution, at Poughkeepsie. This State Convention met at the\\nold Van Kleek House, Poughkeepsie, on the 17th of June, 1788.\\nThere were fifty-seven delegates present, and George Clinton was\\nPresident of the meeting. In no State of the Union was more", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "72 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhostility shown to the Constitution than in the State of New York.\\nIn that assembly were gathered some of the most distinguished\\nmen of the Revolution, and their debates were most interesting.\\nIts principal advocates, as before stated, Avere Hamilton, Jay and\\nLivingston besides those named, at the Convention, were\\nChristopher P. Yates, John Frey and General James Clinton.\\nThe debates were continued for about six weeks with all the\\ntalent and address of the distinguished speakers. Opposed to its\\nadoption were George Clinton, Melancthon Smith, John Lansing,\\nGeneral James Clinton. George Clinton stated that in times of\\ntrouble and difficulty, men were always in danger of passing to\\nextremes that while he admitted the confederation to be weak\\nand inefficient, and entirely inadequate for the purposes of Union,\\nhe, at the same time feared that the new Constitution, proposed to\\nbe adopted, would give too much power to the Federal Govern-\\nment. The sturdy democrat foresaw that powers were conferred\\nupon the Executive of the Union by that Constitution which\\ncould be used with almost irresistible force, for good or for evil,\\nand had his life been spared to have witnessed its operation until\\nthe close of the first century of its existence, he Avould have learned\\nthat his prophecy to some extent, at least, had become history.\\nIt was under these views that both the Clintons voted in Con-\\nvention against the unconditional adoption of the present Federal\\nConstitution. They were in favor of a modification, or of only a\\nqualified adoption. However, when the Constitution was adopted\\nand became the law of the land, they both sujiported and cherish-\\ned it with their usual decision and energy of character.\\nChancellor Livingston was one of the most efficient members\\nand prevailed in effecting its ratification by his native State, thus\\nsecuring its adojjtion by the United States. We are now in full\\nenjoyment of its blessings. May no vaulting ambition, on the part\\nof our statesmen, or madness on the part of our people, again jnct\\nit i7i jeojmrd^ for a moment. It was on the 26th of July that it", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 73\\nwas adoioted by the majority of three votes in this State. A full\\naccount of it and its signers can be found in Blake s History of\\nPutnam County, page 102-143, inclusive.\\nJames Renwick, in his Life of Alexander Hamilton, writes as fol-\\nlows on the meeting of the Convention Hamilton was chosen a\\nmember of this Convention. He, with all who we re committed\\nin its favor, counted no more than ten votes, while its opponents\\nwere nearly four times that number, but he had with him Chan-\\ncellor Livingston and Jay, who were in themselves a host. Upon\\nthe opening of the Convention, Chancellor Livingston, who, from\\nhigh station and long public service deservedly claimed to be\\nplaced V) the front of the Federal Party moved the consideration\\nof the instrument by sections. The great question of acceptance\\nor rejection, was, by the adoption of this motion, left to the close of\\nthe proceedings, instead of being encountered at the beginning.\\nIn the discussion thus adroitly commenced the majority became\\ncommitted to the general policy of a more close Union of the\\nStatas, and the questions Avere confined to the detail. The oppo-\\nnents of the Constitution thus wasted their strength in the pro-\\nposal of amendments and changes. Many of these, and a bill of\\nrights among the number, were unobjectionable in themselves, and\\nonly to be opposed on the gi ound that they were in fact unneces-\\nsary, as being implied or covered by the common law. It now\\nbecame a matter of consideration whether they should be adopted\\nby the Federalists with a view of conciliation or opposed. The\\nlatter policy prevailed, it being discovered that a ready acquies-\\ncence would have caused new grounds of objection to be sought for.\\nIn the discussions which were thus protracted every occasion\\nWas seized by Hamilton to portray with all the j^owers of his\\neloquence, the advantages of Union, the dangers of a broken Con-\\nfederacy, and other evils which would follow in case the Constitu-\\ntion were not adopted. Every means of conciliation and com-\\npromise that could be employed, were exhausted, until the majority\\n10", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "74 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nwas broken into two parties directed by different motives.\\nDuring the debates the news of the ratification by other States\\nwere received in succession, until finally it appeared that the con-\\ndition upon which the Constitution was to go into effect had been\\nfulfilled, and that New York was likely to be left almost alone if\\nit should refuse to enter into the Federal Union. Finally, after a\\nlong and protracted discussion, the Convention of the State\\nadopted the Constitution unconditionally.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LI7INGST0N MANOR. 75\\nCHAPTER X.\\nCHANCELLOR LIVINGSTON AND GEORGE CLINTON ON NEGRO SUFFRAGE.\\nI will here break off, in our sketch of Chaiicellor Livingston, to\\ngive an account of events at Albany in 1785, to show his opinions,\\nas well as those of George Clinton, on the very important question\\nat this day (1869,) of Negro Suffrage. The following letter was\\npublished by the Editors of the New York Evening Post, in an\\nissue published in the year 1867, and is valuable as giving the\\nviews of those distinguished men\\nTo the Editors of the Evening Post\\nIt is the object of this communication to show that it was the\\npolicy of the New York statesmen who were the contemporaries\\nand coadjutors of Jefferson, to place the Negro, when emancipa-\\nted, upon the same footing of civil and political rights with the\\nwhite man. They regarded such a course as the natural and\\nnecessary result of the principles laid down in the Declaration of\\nIndejiendence. Such a fact, if substantiated, furnishes a most\\nvaluable lesson to those, Avho, at Albany and Washington are\\nengaged in the business of State and National Reconstruction, and\\nre-aiTanging the basis of Suffrage. Probably the most distinguish-\\ned and influential of the statesmen just mentioned were George", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "76 CLERMONTj OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nClinton and Robert R. Livingston. They were members of the\\nContinental Congress that severed the connection of this country\\nwith Great Britain, and Livingston as Avell as Jefferson, was\\nappointed on the committee of five to draft the Declaration of\\nIndependence,\\nThe lasting power and practical wisdom of Clinton are well\\nattested by a simple recital of the honors bestOAved upon him. He\\nwas seven times elected Governor of New York tliroughout the\\nstormy period of the Revolution, and for a long time afterwards,\\ntwenty-one years in all, he administered this exalted trust. Still\\nlater he was twice elected Vice President of the United States,\\nand for more than a quarter of a century he was the undisputed\\nleader in this State of the party which elevated Jefferson and\\nMadison to the Presidency. Let us now turn to Livingston.\\nFor a period of twenty-four years he stood at the head of the\\nJudiciary in New York, occujiying the position of Chancellor.\\nWhen Jefferson first became President he offered Livingston the\\npost of Secretary of the Navy, ^chich he declined. Afterwards,\\nat the urgent solicitation of Jefferson, he left the bench and went\\nas Ambassador to France, where he undertook, and successfully\\naccomplished, the task of negotiating the purchase of Louisiana.\\nAs a patriot, as a jurist, and diplomatist, as the friend of Robert\\nFulton in his experiments in steam navigation, and as a patron of\\nagriculture, and the fine arts, his memory will always be honored.\\nWhat then did these New York statesmen have to say about tlie\\nsubject of Negro Suffrage.\\n^^Fortunately they have left their ojnnions vj)on record in clear\\nand unmistakable terms, in a document still jH-eserved among the\\narchives at Albany, a copy of whicli is to be found in full below.\\nAfter a preliminary statement of the occasion which called it fortli\\nin March, 1785, a bill for the gradual abolition of Slavery passed\\nthe Legislature. Four years had not then elapsed since the sur-\\nrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. The object of the bill, and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 77\\nthe feeling and spirit wiiich promi^ted its enactment, were fully\\nexj^ressed in the preamble, which ran as follows\\nWhereas, It has pleased the Almighty Governor of the\\nUniverse graciously to rescue us from that state of unconditional\\nsubmission to which Ave were doomed by the councils of Great\\nBritain, and to establish us as a people in all the blessings of\\npeace, liberty and independence, and Ave are called upon by\\nmotives of gratitude for our own deliA erance, and of benevolence\\ntOAvards our felloAV creatures, to communicate the freedom and\\nhai^pluess which Ave enjoy, as far as circumstances permit and\\nwhereas, the condition of those persons denominated Negro and\\nMulatto SlaA es is degrading to human nature, and injurious to\\nsociety, and cannot consistently with our own duty and interest,\\nor the spirit of our excellent Constitution, be perpetuated; in\\norder, therefore, to lay a solid foundation, Avhich in due time AA^ill\\nutterly abolish slavery Avithin this State, be it enacted, c.\\nThe bill then provided that every person born Avithin this\\nState, after its passage, of any Negro, Mulatto, Indian, Mustee, or\\nof any person of any other description whatsocA er, commonly\\nreported and deemed a slave, should be taken, deemed and\\nadjudged, to all intents and purposes, to be free-born, but should\\nnevertheless remain in the ca^jacity of an indentured servant with\\nthe master or mistress of his or her mother, until the attainment of\\nthe age of twenty-five years, if a male, or tAventy-two years, if a\\nfemale. In the next place such master or mistress was required\\nto cause such servant to be taught to read and to write a lesrible\\nhand, and then on their final discharge to fit them out Avith good\\nsufiicient clothing and a new Bible. The bill contained several\\narticles not necessary here to notice, as they related chiefly to the\\nimiDOsition of penalties for its A^iolation, A oluntaiy manumission,\\nand various other matters of practical detail. It then Avound np\\nAA ith the following proA isions to which the attention of the reader\\nis specially directed.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "78 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nAnd be it fiirtlier enacted by tlie autliority aforesaid, that all\\nnegroes and those of any description whatsoever, commonly\\nreputed and deemed slaves, shall forever hereafter have the privi-\\nlege of being tried by a jury, in all capital cases, according to the\\ncourse of the common law and be it further enacted by the\\nauthority aforesaid, that no Negro, Mulatto or Mustee, shall have\\na legal vote in any case whatsoever.\\nTliis bill never became a law, solely on account of the obnox-\\nious clause just quoted, excluding the colored man from the right\\nof SuiFrage. It was rejected by the Council of Revision, consisting\\nof Governor George Clinton, Chancellor Livingston, and Judge\\nHobart, of the Supreme Court. This Council, under the State\\nConstitution of 1777, then in operation, (the present Federal Con-\\nstitution had not yet been framed,) was vested with the veto\\npowers now exercised by the Governor alone. The proceedings\\nof the Council and its objections to the bill are given in full, as\\nfollows\\nCity of Nkw Yokk, March 21st, 1785.\\nPresent, Governor^^Clinton Livingston, Chancellor Hobart,\\nJustice. A bill entitled an act for the gradual abolition of Slavery\\nwithin this State was before the Council, which adopted the follow-\\ning objections, reported by Chancellor Livingston, viz\\n1st. Because the last clause of the bill enacts that no Negro,\\nMulatto, or Mustee, shall have a legal vote in any case whatsoever,\\nwhich implicatively excludes people of this description from all\\nshare in the Legislature, and those offices in which a vote may be\\nnecessary, as well as from the important privilege of electing those\\nby whom they are to be governed. The bill having in other\\ninstances placed the children that shall be born of slaves in the\\nrank of citizens, agreeable both to the letter and spirit of the Con-\\nstitution, they are as such entitled to all the privileges of citizens\\nnor can they be deprived of these essential rights Avithout shocking\\nthose principles of equal liberty which every page in that Consti-\\ntution labors to enforce.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 79\\n2d. Because it holds up a doctrine which is repugnant to the\\nprincijoles on which the United States justify their separation from\\nGreat Britain, and either enacts what is wrong, or supposes that\\nthose may rightfully be charged with the burdens of government,\\nwho have no representative share in imposing them.\\n3d. Because this class of disfranchised and discontented citizens,\\nwho, at some future period may be both numerous and wealthy,\\nmay under the direction of ambitious and factious leaders, become\\ndangerous to the State, and effect the ruin of a Constitution whose\\nbenefits they are not permitted to enjoy.\\n4th. Because the creation of an order of citizens who are to\\nhave no legislative or representative share in the government\\nnecessarily lays the foundation of an aristocracy of the most\\ndangerous and malignant kind, rendering power permanent and\\nhereditary in the hands of those persons who deduce their origin\\nthrough white ancestors only, though these at some future period\\nshould not amount to a fiftieth part of the people. That this is\\nnot a chimerical supposition will be apparent to those who reflect\\nthat the term Mustee is indefinite that the desire of power will\\ninduce those who possess it to exclude competitors by extending\\nit as far as possible that supposing it to extend to the seven-\\nteenth generation, every man will have the blood of many more\\nthan two hundred thousand ancestors running in his veins, and\\nthat if any of these should have been colored, his posterity will,\\nby the operation of this law, be disfranchised so that if only one\\nthousandth part of the black inhabitants now in the State, should\\nintermany with the white, their posterity will amount to so many\\nmillions that it will be difiicult to suppose a fiftieth part of the\\npeople born within this State two hundred years hence, who may\\nbe entitled to share in the benefits which our excellent Constitu\\ntion intended to secUl e to every free inhabitant of the State*\\n5th. Because the last clause of the bill being general, deprives\\nthose Black, Mulatto, and Muetee citizens, who have heretofore", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "80 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nbeen entitled to a vote, of this essential privilege, and under the\\nidea of political expediency, without their having been charged\\nwith any offence, disfranchises them in direct violation of the estab-\\nlished rules of justice, against the letter and spirit of the Constitu-\\ntion, and tends to support a doctrine Avhich is inconsistent with\\nthe most obvious principles of government, that the Legislature\\nmay arbitrarily dispose of the dearest rights of their constituents.\\nThese words need no comment. They come down to us from\\nClinton and Livingston like an oracle from above. To the honest\\nconservative they will serve as a precedent established eighty\\nyears ago. To the honest radical they Mall stand as the reason for\\nthe faith that is in him. To the doctrine that Negro Suffrage is\\na dangerous innovation, a freak of political modern philanthropy,\\nthey ought to prove an effectual antidote. To democracy they\\nconvey rebuke administered by those of whom it pretends to be\\nfollower and disciple.\\nSigned, H. H.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 8l\\nCHAPTER XI.\\ncii.vxcELLOu Livingston s interest in agrioultuke.\\nChancellor Livingston, says a contemporary, was n very useful\\nand benevolent man, a scholar of profound erudition, an ardent\\npatriot, and a prompt and decided promoter of all the essential\\ninterests of the country. He took special interest in improve-\\nments in Agriculture and Manufactures, and upon his return to\\nthe United States from an embassy to France, at the beginning of\\nthe present century, he introduced into this country some of the\\nfinest specimens of Merino Sheep, from the celebrated flock of\\nTlambouillet, in France. As early as 1812 it was estimated that\\nthere were in the United States at least 60,000 descendants of this\\nClermont flock of the Chancellor s, of which about 1,000 were at\\nClermont.\\nThe Chancellor wi ote a small book on Sheep in America. His\\nagricultural labors are worthy of sj^ecial mention. He was corres-\\nponding member of the Agiicultural Society of the Seine, and\\nhonorary member of the Agricultural Society of Dutchess County.\\nHe took a gi-eat interest in the cultivation of fruit trees and in\\nraising the finest specimens of fruit of the time, known in this\\ncountry. In 1787 he wrote a letter to Governor William Livings-\\n11", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "82 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nton, of New Jersey, on the cultivation of plum trees. The letter\\nI here introduce it speaks for itself:\\nCLEmioxT, Nov. 15th, 1787.\\nDear Sir Having been informed that you are not successful\\nin raising the green gage plumb, I send you two trees from a\\nstock that is remarkably hardy. I have now about twenty bear-\\ning trees, none of which are grafted, but are the offspring of one\\ntliat was raised from the stone, the shoots of Avhich have furnished\\nsome hundred trees, as those I now send you will do, if planted\\nin a loose soil. The general complaint is that the fruit drops\\nwithout ripening. I do not find this to be the case with mine.\\nI cannot help thinking that these trees in most instances suffer in\\ncommon with a higher order of being, from the ignorance of their\\nphysicians, who insist uison it that this disorder arises from too\\ngreat a quantity of sap, or in other words from too much health,\\nand accordingly direct spare regimen, planting them in stiff sods,\\nwhere tliey feed with difficulty and lest they should not suffer\\nenough from this, they cut their roots, choke them with stones,\\nbind their bodies with bandages, and even go so far as to beat\\nthem, as if they believed the fruit of this tree like that of religion,\\nthe offspring of mortification. I have never yet heard that these\\nprescriptions have been attended with success, and as they proba-\\nbly never will, it might not be amiss for the college to alter them.\\nExcept man, I knoAV of no animal that suffers from plethora, nor\\nwould he, unless luxury had provoked his appetite to exceed its\\nnatural bounds all others acquire additional health and vigor from\\nplenty of food. The same holds good of vegetables, Avhose seed\\nand fruit arc most perfect when a sufiicicncy of food is afforded\\nthem.\\nThe plumb is in no soil a very luxuriant tree its groAvth is\\nslow, and when it begins to bear it is generally very heavily laden\\nas the fruit grows large it makes a demand upon the roots for\\nmore sap than they can readily furnish, more especially as the\\ndroughts prevail at the very time this requisition is made. The", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LI7INGST0N MANOR. 83\\ncirculation thus becoming more languid, the fruit withers and\\ndrops for want of nourishment. If this theory is just, the remedy\\nmust be the reverse of that usually prescribed. I have accord-\\ningly planted most of my plumbs in the richest part of my garden,\\n(the natural soil of which is a light loom, upon a sharp sand.)\\nThe ground about them has been annually manured and dug.\\nMy trees scarce ever fail to ripen as much fruit as they can bear,\\nand indeed this year though carefully propped many branches broke\\nwith its weight. I have some plumbs of diflerent kinds, on a hard\\nclay, which neither yield so much nor such good fruit as those in\\nmy garden, besides they take twice the time before they begin to\\nbear. This convinces me that my theory is right, and has induced\\nme to enlarge upon, in hopes, if it should not interfere with some\\nsystem of your own, that it may be useful to you, and your friends.\\nI am, dear sir, with great respect and esteem\\nYour most obedient hu.mble servant,\\nROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.\\nThe Chancellor was exceedingly fond of trying experiments in\\nHorticulture and Agricultm e, and was also fond of a good joke\\non any subject. He had read somewhere, and wished to try the\\nexperiment himself, that corn-cobs ground up were good feed for\\ncattle, and he determined to give it a fair trial. He one day\\ntherefore ordered his man to take a load of cobs to the nearest\\ngrist mill and have them ground fine. The load was sent off, and\\nthe man returned and said to the Chancellor, that the miller\\nwanted to know what pay he was to receive for grinding the cobs.\\nOh, replied the ready Chancellor, tell him to take out his cus-\\ntomary toll. As this was the usual custom for millers to be paid\\nfor grinding, the miller could find no fault with his own rules,\\nmuch, this time, to his own chagrin.\\nAs we are now in the line of anecdote we will relate another of\\nthe Chancellor. He was what is often called a very absent man,\\nand was exceedingly fond of shooting, when he had any leisure to", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "84 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ndevote to tliis amusement. lie frequently used to take his gun\\nand dog, and with a boy to hold the horse, would drive back in\\nthe country in an old fashioned gig, to some low, SAvampy thicket\\nof brushwood for game. One day he went out as above, and hav-\\ning shot one bird put it in his coat pocket, and as game was not\\nplenty that day, returned home, changed his coat and hung the\\ncoat he had been wearing, with the bird in the pocket, up in the\\ncloset. Some days after the family could not conceive what made\\nthe air of the house near the closet so disagreeable, particularly on\\nthe side near the Chancellor s coat. The coat was removed, as\\nwell as all in the closet, to give them a good airing and shaking\\nout, when all the source of the troiible was discovered by the tail\\nof the bird appearing out of the Chancellor s coat pocket.\\nAnother anecdote is related of the Chancellor, by one of his\\ngi andsons. A certain Mr. Briggs, of Bristol, (now called Maiden,)\\nopposite the Clermont Manor House, applied personally to the\\nChancellor, to allow him to carry passengers from Bristol to the\\nManor dock, to meet the New York and Albany boats, (the then\\nfloating palaces of the Hudson.) His ferry consisted of a large\\nrow boat. The Chancellor gave his consent, and thought no more\\nof the matter until some days after the above interview, he chanc-\\ned to be taking a stroll down to his dock, when what was his\\nsuprise to behold a sign placed upon an upright pole by the side\\nof the dock. He hastened his pace to read it, when he found it\\ncontained the following announcement \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^JBriggs Ferry to Bris-\\ntol. It is needless to add that, as the Chancellor considered this\\ndecidedly cool, Mr. Briggs sign soon disappeared from view and\\nwas one of the signs of the fimes that passed into oblivion.\\nOne of the last efforts of the Chancellor s pen was a pajicr on\\nAgriculture. In this spirited essay he vindicated the soil,\\nclimate, and capabilities of his native country. He showed the\\nvalue of agric\\\\iltural connections between agriculture and manu-\\nf^ictures. The inherent fertilitv, and the indigenous resources of", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 85\\nthe country are the themes of his admh-atiop and eulogy. He was\\namong the earliest with Judge Peters to employ gypsum as the\\nmeans of fertilizing soil, and the introduction of clover and a\\nbetter breed of domestic cattle attest his vigilant and enlightened\\nzeal. He was also a great believer in drainage, as some of the\\nlarge open drains (I might almost say canals), to this day certify\\non the old Manor farm of Clei mont, which stand as living monu-\\nments of the Chancellor. He was one of the few men that find\\namid the turmoil and strife of political life, time to look after the\\nhome life, home pursuits and ennobling pleasures of agriculture,\\nthat most healthy, most useful, and most noble employment of\\nman.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "86 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nCORRESrOXl EXCE BE nVKEN CHANCELLOR LIVINGSTON AND THE HON.\\nJOHN JAY.\\nThis Chapter Ave devote to letters between those two warm\\nfriends, Chancellor Livingston and John Jay. These letters show\\nthe depth of their friendshiji, as well as, touching npon the ncAVS\\nof the day, give the style of letter- writing of that period; all of\\nwhich will be found valuable and interesting\\n[From R. K. LiviugstoD.]\\nClarejiont, 20th March, 1776.\\nDear John Your letters of 26th Jan., 25th Feb and 4th\\ninst., are all before nie. They are written with so much friend-\\nship and affection as to afford me great consolation, and convince\\nme, notwithstanding my heavy losses, that in you I have more left\\nthan falls to the lot of most of my fellow mortals. May the bless-\\ning be continued to me, and I know how to value it. I sympa-\\nt hise most sincerely with you in your melancholy apprehensions\\nabout your parents. I know and I can feel such a loss but you\\ndraw your consolations from a never-failing source, which Avill\\nenable you to bear this misfortune, whenever it shall happen, with\\nthat resignation to the will of Heaven which becomes one who is\\nsatisfied both of its wisdom and goodness. If we could shake off", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 87\\nhuman frailty in the hour of affliction, we should certainly think\\nit less reasonable to lament the death of a good man than to com\\nplain of the absence of a friend, who by that absence infinitely\\nincreases his happiness. To wish them back is selfish and imwor-\\nthy of true friendship and yet we may, we must grieve when Ave\\nare not permitted to take leave. It is, I am sensible, a weakness,\\nbut I cannot help suffering myself to be afflicted at this circum-\\nstance. I know the pleasure that the best of fothers always took\\nin my company and conversation, and when I indulge the thought\\nI am unhappy that by my absence I lessened any of his enjoyment.\\nBut where am I running God bless you farewell.\\nYour friend,\\nROBT. R. LIVINGSTON.\\n[From U. K. Livingston.]\\nPiiiLAPELPiiiA, 21st May, 1776.\\nBeak John I am much mortified at not hearing from you.\\nI wrote to you last week, and am just now setting out for Bristol,\\nin order to meet Mrs. Livingston. I could wish to meet Mrs. Jay\\nthere also. Pray send some of our colleagues along, otherwise I\\nmust be more confined than either my health or inclination will\\nallow. You have doubtless seen the account brought by the\\nli ifleman from London, by which it appears we shall have at\\nleast 34,000 Commissioners. If your Congress have any spirit,\\nthey will at least build fourteen or fifteen light boats, capable of\\ncarrying a twelve-pounder, to secure Hudson River, which is to\\nbe the chief scene of action. The carpenters employed on the\\nfrigate would build two or three a day, if they were built in the\\nmanner of batteaux, which is the true construction. I wish you\\nwould direct Gaine to send me his paper. God bless you.\\nYours most sincerely,\\nR. R. LIVINGSTON.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "88 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\n[To K. R. Livingston.]\\nNew York, 29th May, 1776.\\nDear Robert The pleasure I expected from a junction of\\nall our families at Bristol has vanished. Dr. Bard tells me the\\nwaters there Avould be injurious to Mrs. Jay s complaints, so that I\\nshall again take a solitary ride to Philadelphia, whenever the Con-\\nvention, who directed me to abide here until their further order,\\nshall think proper to dismiss me. Messrs. Alsop and Lewis set\\nout next Saturday for Philadelphia. Mr. Duane informs me that\\nhe is about to return home, and considering how long he has been\\nabsent from his family, I think him entitled to that indulgence,\\nI pray God that your health may enable you to attend constantly,\\nat least until it may be in my power to relieve you. Is Mr. Clin-\\nton returned 1 Our Convention will, I believe, institute a better\\ngovernment than the present, which, in my opinion, will no longer\\nwork anything but mischief and although the measure of obtain-\\ning authority by instructions may have its advocates, I have reason\\nto think that such a resolution will be taken as Avill open a door\\nto the election of new or additional members. But be the reso-\\nlution what it may, you shall have the earliest advice of it, and\\nshould my conjectures prove right, I shall inform the members of\\nDutchess of your readiness to serve, and advise them to elect you.\\nDon t be uneasy at receiving so few letters from me. I have been\\nso distressed by the ill health of my wife and parents, that I have\\nscarce written anything. I am, dear Robert,\\nP Your affectionate friend,\\nJOHN JAY.\\nLirro:n R. R livingston.l\\nKixGSTOx, 6th October, 1779.\\nDear John I have just now heard that you are on the point\\nof leaving us. I might have expected to have received this intel-\\nligence from yourself, rather than from loose report, since there is", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 89\\nscarce a transaction in the world in Avliich I feel myself more inter-\\nested. I rejoice at it, as it advances your fortune and reputation. I\\nlament it, as it adds to the losses I have already felt in the course\\nof this war, that of a friend whom I had sense enough to value,\\neven before age had ripened my judgment, and whom an after ac-\\nquaintance with the world has taught me to think inestimable. I\\ncall it a loss, for I have but little prospect of seeing you here again.\\nYou will now move in an enlarged sphere, and will hardly think\\nof re-crossing the Atlantic till the blood runs too slowly in our veins\\nto keep up the ardour of friendship. I was going to give you a\\nlong detail of State politics, but they are now unworthy your at-\\ntention. Besides that, I by no means feel myself disposed at this\\nmoment to view them in any other than the most contemptible\\nlight, or to execrate them for detaining me here, when I so ardent-\\nly wish to receive your last adieu. When do you embark, and\\nwhere If from Boston, tell me when to meet you at Fishkill,\\nand perhaps, (if the Legislature adjourns,) to accompany you. If\\nthis pleasure is denied me, believe that you, and yours, are attend-\\ned by every tender wish which the sincerest friendship can dictate.\\nI will not WTong you so much as to ask you to omit no occasion\\nof lessening the pain I feel in your absence by writing to me by\\nevery conveyance. Your own heart has and will forever suggest\\nthat thought. Adieu, my dear John.\\nMay you be as happy as I wish you.\\nR. R. LIVINGSTON.\\n[From Rubort R. Livingston.]\\nPhiladelphia, 26th August, 1780.\\nDear John I received yours of the 23d May, from Madrid,\\nwith duplicates thereof, and the letters you wrote from Cadiz and\\nMartinique. Your remembrance of the pleasurable days of our\\nyouth, and the scenes in which we mutually bore our parts, to-\\ngether with the attractions which this country still has for you,\\nafford us the most pleasing hope that neither time nor absence will\\n12", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "99 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nweaken a frieiulsliip which has so long stood the test of both.\\nThis indeed I expected from the steadiness of your temper, but I\\nmust confess that I had little hope that yoiir early return would\\nafford me a prospect of deriving that consolation from it, in the\\ndecline of life, to which I looked, even while it directed the pur-\\nsuits and animated the pleasures of youth. You mistake your own\\nheart when you say you are unambitious, and without the assur-\\nance contained in your letter, I should have believed that the love\\nof glory would have always kept you in the- line in which you\\nnow are, more especially as the general satisfaction that your ap-\\npointment and conduct since has given, renders it the Avish of\\neverybody, less interested in your return than I am, to keep you\\nabroad.\\nI have not been able to procure at this place the key to the\\ncipher that you directed me to, though I believe I have it at home.\\nBesides that, it is very intricate and troublesome. I shall there\\nfore be obliged to confine what I have to say to mere common\\noccurrences. I enclose you a cipher which is very simple and not\\nto be deciphered while the key is concealed, as the same figure\\nrepresents a variety of letters. In order that you may know\\nwhether it comes safely to hand, I have in this letter used\\nthe precaution mentioned in yoiu-s. Nothing astonishes me\\nmore than the confidence with which the British ministry and\\ntheir dependants assert that America sighs to return to their gov-\\nernment, since the fact is that we never were more determined in\\nopposition, nor, if we except the derangement of our finances,\\n(which the loan of half a million would re-establish, if remitted in\\nspecie or merchandise,) were we ever so capable of resistance.\\nOur crops are uncommonly fine, and the militia of every State\\nnorth and east of Delaware is armed, disciplined and inured to\\nthe duties of a camp. The southern militia are now at school,\\nand I have no doubt will improve by the lessons they receive from\\nthe enemy. Our friend Smith, who has probably contributed to\\nthis ministerial madness, uninstructed by his repeated disappoint-\\nments from the beginning of the war, is said to have advised", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 91\\nKnipliauseu to erect the royal standard in the Jerseys before Gen-\\neral Clinton returned from Charleston, persuaded that oui* troo^js,\\nand particularly the militia would flock to it, and thus he have the\\nhonor of reducing the country without sharing it with Clinton.\\nlie accordingly came OA er with great parade with his whole force,\\nscattering exaggerated accounts in printed hand-bills of the loss\\nof Charleston, which, instead of discouraging, only animated the\\nmilitia. They were all in motion upon the first alarm and, though\\nojjposed only by them, and less than a thousand Continental troops,\\nhe was disgracefully driven out, with the loss of 500 men killed,\\nwounded and taken, after having penetrated ten miles from the\\nshore and done us no other injury than the burning of a few hous-\\nes and the abuse and murder of some women since which they\\nhave been more cautious and less sanguine. Adieu remember\\nmy compliments to the Colonel and Mr. Carmichael.\\nI am, dear John, most sincerely yours,\\nROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.\\n[John Jay to Eobcit K. Livingston.]\\nParis, 13th August, 1782.\\nDear Robert Almost ever since my arrival here I have\\nliad, and still have, a sick family. The epidemic disorder, which\\nhas spread through the northern part of Em ope, has been severe\\nupon us. ^I am free from it at present, but it has taken from me some\\nflesh and much strength. Mrs. Jay has frequent attacks of an\\nirregular intermitting fever, and our little girl is not yet wholly\\nout of danger. Your letter of the 22d May, and the one enclosed\\nwith it, from your good mother, contain the first advices I received\\nof my father s death. My last letter from Frederick Avas an earlier\\ndate. That intelligence was not unexpected. I wish I had been\\nwith him but it is a temporary separation, and I am resigned.\\nIt has added to the number of my inducements to Avalk in his\\nsteps, and thereby arrive at the same home. I feel very sensibly\\nfor Peter and Nancy. They are ever in my thoughts. I thank", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "92 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nyou sincerely for becoming my agent. Dr. Franklin had paid me\\nnine months salary a few days before your letters arrived, and too\\ngreat a part of it was pre-engaged to admit of my repaying it,\\nand waiting for bills. I must request the favor of you to pay\\ntvrenty pounds York money to Miss Kitty Livingston, on account\\nof ray little boy, and one hundred and fifty pounds like money to\\nFrederick, Peter, and Nancy to each fifty pounds. Arrange this\\nthrough Mr. Benson. I hear my father has given some of the\\nservants free, and that some other of the older ones have been put\\nout. Old servants are sometimes neglected. Desire Mr. Benson\\nto keep an eye over them, and not let any of them want and for\\nthat purpose, jilace fifty pounds in his hands, which he will apply\\naccording to his discretion, as necessity may from time to time\\nrequire. He must also reimburse himself for any expenses he may\\nbe at, on this account. I should write to him also on this subject,\\nbiit have neither health nor time, having at present a violent head-\\nache, and a little fever, and my letter must be sent to the Marquis\\nde LaFayette s this evening.\\nAdieu my friend. Yours, c.,\\nJOHN JAY.\\n[From Eobert E. Livingston.]\\nNew York, 29th Nov., 1783.\\nDear John I am tAvo letters in your debt, and am conscious\\nthat I shall make an ill-return for them in oflJering you this\\nproduct of a midnight hour, after a day sjDent in the fatigue of\\nbusiness and ceremony that our present situation exacts. But\\nhaving just been informed by Mr. Piatt that he sails to-morrow\\nmorning, I cannot permit him to go without ofiering you my con-\\ngratulations on an event which you have so greatly contributed to\\nbring about, the evacuation of this city by the British on Tuesday\\nlast. Our enemies are hardly more astonished than we are our-\\nselves, and than you will be, when you hear that we have been\\nfive days in town without the smallest disturbance that the most", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CLERaiONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 93\\nobnoxious royalists that had sufficient confidence in oiu clemency\\nto stay, had not met the least insult. Their shops were opened\\nthe day after we came in, and Rivington himself goes on as usual.\\nThe State of New York Gazette is as well received, as if he had\\nnever been printer to the King s most excellent majesty. So that\\nyour friends in Europe will find their ap2)rehension ill-founded, and\\nthat the race of Tories will not, after all, be totally extinct in\\nAmerica. Perhaps by good training, and by crossing the breed\\nfrequently, (as they are very tame,) they may be rendered useful\\nanimals, in a few generations. I thank you for your prints of the\\nair balls but wish to have some fuller account of their composi-\\ntion, and the use proposed to be made of them. As an architect,\\nI cannot but be curious about the first castles in the air that\\npromise to have some stable use. Receive my congratulations on\\nthe birth of your daughter, and make my comiDliments to Mrs.\\nJay on the occasion. I had hardly finished the last line, when I\\nVv as alarmed by a very loud nimbling noise, accompanied by a\\nquick tremulous motion of the earth. The family are too much\\nalarmed to permit me to add more. Adieu.\\nR. R. LIVINGSTON.\\n[From Eobert R. Livingston.]\\nNew York, 25th Januaiy, 1784.\\nDear John The quiet which in my last I mentioned to have\\nprevailed here still continues with very few interruptions, though\\nthe imprudence of the Tories has, in some instances, given disgust\\nto the warm Whigs, j^articularly in a contest for the government\\nof the church corporation, to the exclusion of those out of the\\nlines, and in aj)pointing Mr. Moore, Rector, in order to fill the\\nchurch a few days before we came in. The Legislature have in-\\nterposed, and the government of the church is transferred to the\\nWhigs. Our parties are, first, the Tories, who still hoj^e for pow-\\ner, under the idea that the remembrance of the past should be lost,\\nthough they daily keep it up by their avowed attachment to Great", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "94 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nBritain. Secondly, the violent Whigs, who are for expelling the\\nTories from the State, in hopes by that means to preserve the\\nl)ower in their own hands. The third are those who wish to sup-\\npress all violences, to soften the rigonr of the laws against the\\nroyalists, and not to banish them from that social intercourse\\nwhich may by degrees obliterate tlie remembrance of past mis-\\ndeeds but Avho, at the same time, are not willing to shock the\\nfeelings of the virtuous citizens that have at every expense and\\nhazard fulfilled their duty, by at once destroying all distinction\\nbetween them and the royalists, and giving the reins into\\nthe hands of tlie latter but who, at the same time, wish that this\\ndistinction should rather be found in the sentiments of the people,\\nthan marked out Ijy the laws. You will judge to which of these\\nparties the disqualifications contained in our election bill has given\\nthe representation, when I tell you that the members for this city\\nare Lambs, Harper, Sears, Van Zant, Mallone, Rutgers, Hughes,\\nStag and Willet. I must however do all parties the justice to say\\nthat they profess the higbest respect for the laws, and that, if we\\nexcept one or two persons, they have as yet by no act contradict-\\ned that profession. We are very angry here with Great Britain\\non account of her West India restrictions, (from Avhich, by the bye,\\nthey suflfer greatly,) and are fulminating resolutions to prohibit\\nall intercourse with her, which I think Avill probably be the case\\nere long. Thus have I given you a sketch of our politics, which\\nwill only be interesting to you if, as I sincerely hope, you mean\\nsoon to return to us. Politics has extended this letter to such an\\nunreasonable length that I dare not hazard a subject, nearer my\\nheart than either, but must at this time confine all its dictates to\\nsimple assurances of the firm and tender affeclioii, with which I\\nam, and ever shall be,\\nDear John, your friend,\\nROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIYINGSTON MANOR. 95\\n[From E. E. Livingston.]\\nCiAREMOXT, 30tli July, 1784.\\nPermit me, my dear friend, to congratulate you on yonr return\\nto your native shore, and to the friendly embraces of those who\\nlove you in every situation in -which you have been or can be\\nplaced. My impatience to see you led me to New York about\\nthree weeks since, where, from the time you had set for sailing, I\\nthought it probable that you must have arrived before this. An\\nunfortunate accident which has happened to my eldest daughter,\\nwho a few days ago broke her arm, obliges me to send you these\\ncold expressions of my friendship, rather than comply with my\\nwishes in offering them and receiving yours in person. Having,\\nas I hope, concluded my political career, I have no other wish left\\nbut that of spending the remainder of my life with those who\\nhave contributed so much to the hapj)iness of its gayest period.\\nWhether you entertain the same moderate wishes, whether you\\ncontent yourself with the politics of this State, or whether you\\nwill engage in the great field which Congress has again opened to\\nyou, I shall still have the -consolation to reflect that seas do not\\nroll between us, that I may sometimes see you and freqitently hear\\nfrom you. If you are not cured of your ambition, you have every-\\nthing to hope for, both in the State and Continental line. I need\\nnot tell you that I only wish to know yom* objects that I may\\nconcur in them.\\nBelieve me, dear John,\\nMost sincerely and warmly your friend,\\nR R. LIVINGSTON.\\n[To H. E. Liviugston\\nNew York, 18th August, 1V84.\\nYour kind lettef of 30th ult. was delivered to me yesterday by\\nMr. Lewis. I thank you very sincerely for your friendly congratu^\\nlations on my return, and assure you that among the pleasili es I", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "96 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhave long promised myself from it, that of renewing our former\\nintercourse and correspondence is not the least. I lanient the\\nunfortunate accident which has hajipened to yoiu oldest daughter,\\nand which has deprived me of the satisfaction of meeting you\\nhere. I have had, and have, so many applications about pajoers\\nand business, respecting causes in which I Avas formerly concerned,\\nthat I shall be obliged to pass a fortnight or three Aveeks here.\\nWhen it will be in my power to pay you a visit, is uncertain. I\\nconsider it as a pleasure to come, and shall endeavor to realize it\\nas soon as possible. When I resigned my appointment in Europe\\nI purposed to return to the practice of the law what effect the\\nunexpected offer of Congress, (of which I was ignorant until after\\nmy arrival here,) may have on that design as yet remains undecid-\\ned. How for either of us have been or may be under the influence\\nof ambition, are questions which, however clear to ourselves, must\\nnecessarily be less so to others.\\nPresent my affectionate compliments to your mother, and Mrs.\\nLivingston. Remember me to all the family,\\nYours, sincerely,\\nJOHN JAY.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 97\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nIXArCIKATION OF AVASIIINGTON IX 1789, C.\\n^Ye now arrive at the period of the most important event in the\\neventfiil life of Chancellor Livingston, which is the inauguration\\nof Washington as the first President of the United States. It was\\non the first Wednesday in February, 1789, that the Presidential\\nElectors were chosen, and on the first Wednesday in March, they\\nmet to vote for the first President. General Washington received\\nthe unanimous vote of the College, and probably without a dissent-\\ning voice in the whole nation. John Adams was chosen Vice-\\nPresident. The intelligence of his election being communicated\\nto Washington, at Mount Vernon, on the 16th of April.\\nWashington soon afterward proceeded to New York, the seat\\nof the general government. His journey to that city was one\\ncontinued triumphal march. Addresses and crowds met him at\\nevery place. So great were the honors with which he was loaded,\\nthat they could scarcely have failed to produce a self-haughtiness\\nin most men. But not so with our Washington he was both\\ngreat and humble. On arriving at Philadelphia he was received\\nwith distinguished honors. The bridge, across the Schuylkill, was\\nhighly decorated M ith laurel wreaths, and at each end were\\ntriumphal arches of evergi-eens. As he passed the bridge a civic\\n13", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "98 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ncrown was let down from above, upon his head, and at that mo-\\nment a loud shout arose from nearly twenty thousand people who\\nlined the avenues.\\nAt Trenton he was met by a deputation of the members of Con-\\ngress, and the highest honors were paid to him. On the brow of\\na hill, near Trenton, a triumphal arch was erected under the\\ndirection of the ladies of that place. The crown of the arch was\\ndecorated with laurels and flowers, and on it was displayed, in\\nlarge characters, December 1776, the month of the year in\\nwhich the battle of Trenton took place. On the sweep of the arch\\nwas this inscription The defender of the mothers will also pro-\\ntect the daughters. On one side of this arch a row of young\\ngirls, dressed in white, with baskets of floAvers in their hands,\\nstood awaiting his approach. As he passed under the arch the\\nyoung girls sang the following ode, at the same time brewing his\\npath with flowers\\nWelcome mighty chief once more,\\nWelcome to this grateful shore\\nNow no mercenary foe,\\nAims again the fatal blow.\\nVirgins fair, and Matrons grave.\\nThese thy conquering arm did save.\\nBuild for thee triimiphal bowers.\\nStrew, ye fair, his way with flowers.\\nStrew your Hero s way with flowers.\\nAt Elizabethtown point he embarked in an elegant barge,\\nrowed by thirteen men, and as he passed the shipping in the bay\\nthe vessels manned the yards and showed colors. He was receiv-\\ned at the dock in New York by Governor Clinton and other\\ndistinguished persons, and a vast concourse of people, and in the\\nevening the houses of all avIio were not Tories, were brilliantly\\nilluminated. Old Federal Hall, Avhere the inauguration took place,\\nstood upon the site where the present Sub-Treasury of the United\\nStates now stands, corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, and facing", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 99\\nBroad Street. It was erected at the beginning of the last centllrJ^\\nIts upper part projected over the sidewalk and formed an arcade.\\nSome apartments within the building were used as jails, the pro-\\nvost prison of the Revolution.\\nI cannot better describe the inauguration ceremony than in the\\nwords of Washington Irving, in his life of Washington he gives\\nthe most clear description of the scene of any that I have read. It\\nis as follows The inauguration took place on the 30th day of\\nApril, 1789. At nine o clock in the morning there was religious\\nservices in all the churches, and prayers put up for the blessing of\\nHeaven on the new government. At twelve o clock the city\\ntroops paraded before Washington s door, and soon after the com-\\nmittees of Congress, and heads of Departments, came in then*\\ncarriages. At half-j^ast twelve the procession moved forward,\\npreceded by the troops next came the Committees, and heads\\nof Departments, in their carnages then Washington, in a coach\\nof State, his Aide-de-camp, Colonel Humphreys, and his Secretary,\\nMl Lear, in his own carriage. The Foreign Ministers and a large\\ntrain of citizens brought up the rear.\\nAbout two hundred yards before reaching Federal Hall,\\nWashington and his suite alighted from their carriages and passed\\nthrough the troops, who were drawn up on each side, into the Hall\\nand Senate Chamber, where the Vice-President, the Senate, and\\nHouse of Representatives were assembled. The Vice President,\\nJohn Adams, recently inaugurated, advanced and conducted\\nWashington to the Chair of State, at the upper end of the room\\na solemn silence prevailed, when the Vice-President rose and\\ninformed him that all things were prepared for him to take the\\noath of office required by the Constitution. The oath was to bo\\nadministered by Chancellor Livingston, of the State of New York,\\non a balcony in front of the Senate Chamber, and in full view of\\nan immense multitude occupying the street, the windows and even\\nroofs of the adjacent houses,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "100 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nThe balcony formed a kind of open recess, with lofty columns\\nsupporting the roof. In the centre Avas a table with a covering of\\ncrimson velvet, upon which lay a superbly bound Bible on a crim-\\nson velvet cushion. This was all the paraphernalia for the august\\nscene. All eyes were fixed upon the balcony, when at the appoint-\\ned hour Washington made his appearance, accompanied by various\\npublic functionaries, and members of the Senate and House of\\nRepresentatives. He was clad in a full suit of dark brown cloth,\\nbrown coat of American manufacture, with a steel hilted dress\\nsword, white silk stockings and silver shoe buckles. His hair was\\ndressed and powaiered in the fjxshion of the day, and worn in a bag\\nand solitaire. His entrance upon the balcony was hailed by uni-\\nversal shouts he was evidently moved by this demonstration of\\npublic affection. Advancing to the front of the balcony, he laid\\nhis hand upon his heart, bowed several times and then retreated\\nto an arm chair near the table. The populace ajipeared to under-\\nstand that the scene had overcome him and were hushed at once\\ninto profound silence. After a few moments Washington rose\\nand again came forward. John Adams, the Vice-President, stood\\non his right on his left the Chancellor of the State, Robert R.\\nLivingston somewhat in the rear were Roger Sherman, Alexan-\\nder Hamilton, Generals Knox and St. Clair, the Baron Steuben\\nand others.\\nThe Chancellor advanced to administer the oath prescribed by\\nthe Constitution, and Mr. Otis, the Secretary of the Senate, held\\nup the Bible on its crimson cushion. Tlie oath was read slowly\\nand distinctly, Washington at the same time laying his hand on\\nthe open Bible when it was concluded he replied solemnly I\\nswear, so help me God. Mr. Otis would have raised the Bible to\\nhis lips, but he bowed down reverently and kissed it. The Chan-\\ncellor now stepped forward, waved his hand, and exclaimed:\\nLong live George Washington, President of the United States.\\nAt this moment a flag Avas displayed on the cupola of the Hall,\\non which signal there was a general discharge of artillery on the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 101\\nbattery; all the bells of the city rang out a joyful peal, and the\\nmultitude rent the air with their exclamations. Washington again\\nbowed to the people and returned into the Senate Cliamber, where\\nhe delivered to both Houses of Congress his inaugural address,\\ncharacterized by his usual modesty, moderation and good sense,\\nbut uttered with a voice deep, slightly tremulous, and so low as to\\ndemand close attention in the listeners. After this he proceeded\\nwith the whole assemblage, on foot, to St. Paul s Church, Avhere\\nprayers, suited to the occasion, were read by Dr. Prevost, Bishop\\nof the Protestant Episcopal Church, in New York, who had been\\nappointed by the Senate one of the chaplains of Congress. So\\nclosed the ceremonies of the inauguration. The whole day was\\none of sincere rejoicing, and in the evening were brilliant illumi-\\nnations and fire works.\\nThe above, writes Lossing, the Historian, was the crowning\\nact of the war of Independence. By this act the foundation of a\\nmighty State was laid, the corner stone of a great temple of Uni-\\nversal Freedom^ was implanted, the divine truth of mem s eqxicdity\\nwas vindicated, and the dawn of a glorious era broke upon the\\nAvorld.\\nAs soon as Washington had assumed the Presidency, he request-\\ned the heads of the various departments of the government, as it\\nwas then carried on, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War,\\nthe Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and the Secretary of the Treasury,\\nto draw up an elaborate report, each of the affairs of his own\\ndepartment. These reports Washington read and condensed with\\nhis own hand, and at the same time he perused with care the\\nAvhole of the official records, from the treaty of peace down to his\\nown election to the Presidency, making an abridgment of them\\nfor his own use. Thus he acquired a thorough undei^standing of\\nthe condition of the nation over which he presided. We have\\n*We may now indeed say (1869,) tbat our country is I roe, for Universal Freedom rei ;ns\\nthroughout our land, and we now have the re-gilded Stars xoithnut the Stripes. Thanks to\\nthe Proclamation ol Emancipation of that immortal champion of FreeUoxn, Lincoln,\\nJehovah has in }eed triuajphed, His people are free.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "102 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nread in the life of Wasliingtoii, tliat wliile Comiuander-iu-Chief of\\ntlie Armies, he exercised a vigihuit superiuteudence over his own\\nprivate affairs, and this superintendence he continued to exert\\nwhile burdened with the cares of civil government. Every Aveek\\nhe received accurate reports from the manager he had left in\\ncharge of ]\\\\Iount Vernon, these reports being drawn up accord-\\ning to a form, which he had himself prepared. In this way ho\\nperceived what was going on at Mount Vernon, almost as distinct-\\nly as if he had been on the spot and once a week at least he\\nwrote a letter of directions to his manager in reply to the reports\\nreceived. So laboriously accurate was he that this letter of dii-ec-\\ntions was usually copied from a rough draft.\\nIt is another proof of the extreme interest which Washington,\\nlike Chancellor Livingston, took in agricultural pursuits, that,\\nduring his presidency he kept up a correspondence with the most\\nskillful agriculturists, both in Europe and America, exchanging his\\nideas on the subject with them. For it is the interchange of\\nthought for thought tliat fornis the cultivated mind, and also the\\ncultivated field. At first there was no established etiquette at\\nWashington s MejnihUcan Court, as to the times when he should\\nreceive visitors, and the consequence was that he had to receive\\nthem at all times, from morning till night, just as they pleased to\\ncome. To put a stop to this torrent of people it was arranged\\nthat Washington should receive ordinary visitors on Tuesdays\\nonly, from three to four o clock, while Mrs. Washington, in like\\nmanner, received visitors on Fridays, from three to five o clock,\\nthe President being always present at her levees.\\nHe never accepted any invitations to dinner, but every day,\\nexcept Sunday, he invited to his own table a number of guests,\\nofficial persons, private friends, or foreigners who were introduced\\nto him. On Sundays he received no company. In the morning\\nhe regularly attended church, and the evening he spent in the\\nsociety of his own family and such intimate friends as were privi-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR, 103\\nleged to drop in. During the first year of Washington s Presi-\\ndency his mother died at the age of eighty-two.\\nThe first session of Congress, under his Presidency, was spent\\nin organizing the several departments of the Executive. Wash-\\nington, as President, nominated the heads of those departments.\\nThe celebrated Thomas JeflTerson, he appointed Secretary of State,\\nAlexander Hamilton, whose political opinions were considerably\\nless democratic than Jefierson s was named Secretary of the\\nTreasury, Henry Knox was continued in the ofiice of Secretary of\\nWar, Edward Randolph, was made Attorney General, and John\\nJay Chief Justice. These appointments reflected great credit on\\nWashington s sagacity and impartiality. It is impossible, in this\\nshort sketch, to give the history of Washington s Presidency\\nsuffice it to say, that the same talents and probity which had\\ncharacterized him hitherto appeared conspicuously in the discharge\\nof the new duties which now fell to his lot.\\nIn nothing was his ability more manifest, than in the manner in\\nwhich he maintained the balance between the two political parties,\\ninto which his own cabinet and the nation generally split. The\\nFederal party, whose aim was to strengthen the central authority,\\nand the Democratic party, whose aim was to increase the power\\nof the citizens in their local Courts and in the separate State\\nLegislatures. The head of the Republican, (afterwards called the\\nDemocratic party,) was Jefferson. Washington personally inclined\\nto the former party, but as President he made it his object to\\nmake the different elements work as harmoniously as possible. It\\nwas impossible, however, to prevent the parties from diverging\\nmore and more, and as Washington s term of Presidency was\\ndrawing to a close, fears began to be entertained of the conse-\\nquences which might result from such division of ojjinion. The\\nnation had not yet been consolidated, and a struggle between the\\nFederal and Republican parties might produce the most disastrous\\neffects.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "104 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nThe only means of prcA enting sucli a calamity was the re-elec-\\ntion of Washington for another term of four years. Accordingly\\nall his friends and the members of his cabinet earnestly solicited\\nhim to alloAV himself to be re-elected. With considerable reluc-\\ntance Washington yielded to these solicitations and suffered him-\\nself to be re-elected. The time of his re-election was just that\\n})eriod when the French Revolution was at its height, and it requir-\\ned all of Washington s skill and strength of purpose, to prevent the\\nUnited States from being di-awn into the vortex of a Eurojiean\\nAvar. But although he succeeded in preserving the neutrality of\\nthe States, there were many citizens Avho sympathised Avith tlie\\nFrench Revolutionists.\\nThe Republican party, Avith Jefferson at its head, AA\\\\as gaining\\nground. So A ehement did the struggle betAA cen the tAvo parties\\nbecome, towards the end of Washington s second Presidency, that\\neven he did not escape the attacks of calumny, and the accusations\\nof an excited public. So disturbed Avas the state of political opin-\\nion in the Union that many AA^ere anxious that Washington should\\nfor a third time accept the office of President, but against this\\nproposal he AA^as resolute. Accordingly, in 1797, the election of a\\nncAV President took place. John Adams, of the Federalist j^arty,\\nhaving the largest number of A otes, Avas declared President.\\nThomas Jefferson, of the Republican party, having the next largest\\nnumber of votes, was declared elected Vice-President.\\nAdams Avas inaugurated on the 4th of March, and immediately\\nafter the ceremony Washington retired to Mount Vernon, Avhere\\nhe resided for tAVO and a half years, finding a recreation in his old\\nage in those quiet agricultural pursuits Avhich had always been his\\ndelight. He Avas suddenly taken sick Avith a cold, and died on\\nthe 14th of December, 1790, aged sixty-seven years. lie was\\nburied at Mount Vernon on the 18th. The ncAVs of his death Avas\\nspeedily carried through America, and all over Europe, and cvery-\\nAvhcre men vied with each other in doing honor to his mcmorv.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 105\\nOne circumstance connected Avitli the deatli of this great man\\nis gratifying to record. On his estate was a large number of\\nnegro slaves. Part of them belonged to Washington himself, -the\\nrest were the property of Mrs. Washington. During his life, the\\nfounder of American Liberty seems to have acted the same as\\nother Virginian gentlemen, but at his death he left a benevolent\\nclause in his Will, directing that all the Slaves he possessed, in his\\nown right, should be emancipated after the death of Mrs. Wash-\\nington. Chancellor Livingston having been previously one of the\\nCommissioners to adjust tlie Massachusetts controversy, he was in\\n1790 appointed on the Commission to negotiate with Vermont in\\nthe great Territorial dispute witli that State. The desired conces-\\nsions were made by New York, and the aifair satisfactorily ended.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "lOG CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XIY.\\nPOLITICAL RECOKUS FKOM 1792 TO 1800.\\nThe Federalists noniin.ited for Governor tlie virtuous John Jay,\\nand the Republicans nominated their old standard-bearer Governor\\nGeorge Clinton. The contest was so close it liad to be left to the\\nofficial canvass to decide it, which Avas then decided by the Secre-\\ntaiy of State, pronouncing George Clinton again elected Governor.\\nIn 1796 the Federalists re-noniinated John Jay, and this time\\nvictory crowned their bannei S, for John Jay Avas elected Governor\\nof New York.\\nAt that date Chancellor Livingston s brother, EdAvard Livings-\\nton, Avas in Congress. The Chancellor Avrote to him a letter of\\nadvice, of Avhich the folloAving extracts are made. This AV as in the\\nmonth of February, 1796: As I naturally feel myself much\\ninterested in your political career, I cannot but entreat you to con-\\nsider that you are at this moment making immense sacrifices of\\nfortune and professional reputation, by remaining in Congress.\\nNothing can comjiensate for these losses but attaining the highest\\nl)olitical distinction, but believe me, this Avill never be obtained\\nAvithout tlie most uuAvearied application, both in and out of the\\nHouse. Read everything that relates to the state of Aour laAvs,\\nconunerce, and finances. Fonn and perfect vour })lans so as to\\n14", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LI7INGST0N MANOR. 107\\nbring them forward in tlie best shape. Forgive, my dear brother,\\nboth my freedom and my style. I write from my heart, not from\\nmy head. Be persuaded that no extent of talent will avail Avith-\\nout a considerable portion of industry, to make a distinguished\\nStatesman.\\nIn Greenleaf s New York Journal and Patriotic Register, for\\nFebruary 2d, 1797, was inserted a letter i )aragraph, thus On\\nthe 24th inst. General Philip Schuyler, (unanimously, excepting\\none vote in the Assembly and one in the Senate,) was elected to\\nthe office of Senator of the United States, by the two Houses of\\nthe Legislature of this State, for six years from the 4th day of\\nMarch next, on which day the seat of Aaron Burr, one of our\\npresent Senatoi s in Congress, becomes vacant.\\nThe services of this old soldier were at last recognized. The\\nFederalists were in power, and the Republicans preferred to vote\\nfor the old soldier rather than to throw them away upon a candi-\\ndate of their own party. General Schuyler was much touched, or\\nflattered, by the unanimity of the vote. He was a member of the\\nState Senate at the time, and he took occasion to make a short\\nspeech full of honest feeling.\\nThe Federalists, as I have stated, were in the ascendant in this\\nState. John Jay Avas Governor. The party looked strong, and was\\nstrong, but at this time they sustained a heavy loss, which led\\nafterwards to damaging results. The Livingstons, headed by\\nChancellor Livingston, Avith fcAV exceptions, according to Dr.\\nHammond, the Historian of Ncav York Political Parties, left\\nunitedly the Federal party, and associated themselves Avith the\\nRepublicans.*\\n*In 1798 John .Tay again ran for Governor, and this time against Chancellor Livingston.\\nFrom the Life of Jay, by his son William Jay, I have extracted as follows: The mode\\nlation and forhearauce evinced by Governor Jay towards his political opponents, arose\\nfiom other and higlier motives tlian a desire to conciliate their favour and he was there-\\nfore neither surprised nor disappointed at finding the electioneering campaign opened\\nagainst him at least one year before the expiration of his term of service. Hi.s enemies\\ntook the tield under the banners of his old friend, Chancellor Livingston, whom they\\nannounced as their candidate for Governor. Mr. Jay would gladly have retired fromthe\\ncontest, but the indignities which Franco was at this time heaping upon his country, and\\nthe probability that they would soon lead to war, forbade him to consult only his personal\\ngratiticatiou. His fellow-citizens still claimed his services, and be resolved not to abandon", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "108 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nWe find Cliancellor Livingston, writes Parton, at the banquet\\ngiven in New York, in 1796, to celebrate the ninth anniversary\\nof tlie alliance between France and the United States, offering the\\nfollowing toast May the present coolness between France and\\nAmerica produce, like the quarrels of lovers, a renewal of love.\\nIn 1798 we find John Jay elected Governor of the State of New\\nYork, by a majority of 2,382 votes, over Chancellor Livingston.\\nJay was surprised and sorry to be opposed to his old friend in this\\nrace for the ofiice.\\nIn 1799 the Republican ticket in the city of New York Avas\\ndefeated by a majority of 900. It was headed with the name of\\nAaron Burr. Then it was that the party began to submit to that\\nstrict discipline which gave it twenty-five years of victory. All\\nwho numbered themselves as its members, writes Remvick in his\\nLife of Dewitt Clinton, were required to yield implicit obedience\\nto the will of its majority that majority was made to move at the\\nbeck of committees, which concentrated the power in the hands of\\na few individuals. Denunciation as a traitor was the fate of liim\\nwho ventured to act in conformity to his individual opinion, when\\nit did not meet with the general sanction.\\nthe helm at a momeiit when the lowering clouds portended a storm. No competitor\\ncould probably have been selected with whom lie would have been more reluctant to con-\\ntend than the Chancellor. Ancient friendship, and ancient associations must have render-\\ned it peculiarly painful to him to find in his ohl companion and fellow-laborer a voluntary\\nrival, liut whatever may have been his rcllcctious on the occasion they were conttiicd\\nto bis own bosom, and notbinfj unkind towards liis opponent escaped from his lips or his\\npen. During the six years of Governor Jay s aduiinistration not one individual was dis-\\nmissed by him from office on account of his politics. So long as an oflicer discharged his\\nduties with fidelity and ability he was certain of being continued, and hence his devotion\\nto the public became identified with his personal interest. It is related that in the Coun-\\ncil a member was urging, in behalf of a candidate, his zeal and usefulness as a Federalist,\\nwhen he was interrupted by the Governor with, That, sir, is not the question. Is ho fit\\nfor the oiBce About the time of the campaign of Jay against Chancellor Livingston,\\na satirical and highly personal letter was addressed to tlie latter in the columns of a\\nnewspaper under a fictitious signature, and pains was taken to give currency to the opin-\\nion that tlie Chief Justice was the writer of this and other articles. To aid this impres-\\nsion an answer to the letter soon after appeared in the same paper addressed to Mr. Jay,\\nas its author. There is reason to believe that both publications proceeded from the same\\npen. The success of this base design was defeated by the appearance in the papers of the\\nfollowing card\\nTo the Puhlic.\\nIt h.aving been deemed expedient to consider me as the author of certain i)olitical\\npapers, lately published, I think it proper to declare upon my honor that I am iu)t the\\nauthor of any political paper that has been published this j ear that I have neither writ-\\nten, dictated, nor seen the manuscrijjts of any of those which have appeared against\\nGovernor Clinton, or any other person whatever and that I do not even know who the\\nwriters are, further than I have heard some of these papers ascribed to one person and\\nsome to another. Whoever they may bo they have not boon actuated by my advice or\\ndesire, and not being under my direption or control I cap;iot, be responsible for tlie paiu\\ntheir publications have given. JOUN JAY.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 109\\nThe next year, 1800, anotlier important presidential election took\\nplace. A President and Vice-President were now to be chosen by\\nthe electors, and, writes Parton, in his Life of Aaron Burr, Among\\nthe Republicans there Avas but one man mentioned for the first\\noffice, and that was Thomas Jefferson. For the second, or Vice-\\nPresidency, there was competition. What we now accomplish by\\nnominating conventions was done in those days by party caucuses\\nof the members of Congress. A few days after that the news of\\nthe great New York election reached PhiladeljDhia. A Re2)ublican\\ncaucus was held for the purpose of deciding upon a candidate for\\nthe Vice-Presidency. The choice lay between three men.\\nChancellor Livingston, George Clinton, and Aaron Burr. It was\\nconcluded that Chancellor Livingston s deafness was an insuper-\\nable objection to an officer who would have to j^reside over a\\ndeliberative body, and he was set aside. The nomination was\\ngiven to Aaron Burr. Jefferson and Burr were elected.\\nJust before his election took place Mr. Jefferson feeling sm e of\\nhis success, wrote a letter to Chancellor Livingston and offered\\nhim a seat in his Cabinet, as Secretary of the Navy, but which\\noffer the Chancellor declined. The 4th of March, 1801, was a day\\nof rejoicing, throughout the United States, as it was inauguration\\nday. Far away at Albany, the Republicans of the. New York\\nLegislature, were banqueting hilariously to keep the day joyous\\nfor them.\\nIn the distribution of the spoils of victory the members and\\nadherents of the two great ftimilies met with favor. Edward Liv\\ningston was appointed Mayor of the city of New York Chancel-\\nlor Livingston went as ambassador to France Brockholst Liv-\\ningston and Smith Thompson, (who had married a Livingston,)\\nAvere elevated to the Supreme Court Morgan Lewis, Dr. Tillot-\\nson, and General Armstrong, all had appointments. DcAvitt\\nClinton Avas in the Senate. Thus the Republican party had cause\\nto rejoice, for it looked strong and Avas strong.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "110 CLERMONT, Oil LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCIMPTEU XV.\\nClIANOKLLOU LIVIXGSTOn s 3IISS10N TO FKAXCE.\\nTlie appointment of Chancellor Livingston as ambassador to the\\nCourt of France, in 1801, was one of the first acts of the new\\nailministration of President Jefferson. Napoleon Bonaparte, tlie\\nyouthful conquerer of Italy, was at that time first Consul of the\\nFrench Republic. His Court, even then, rivalled in magnificence\\nand splendor the most august Courts of Europe. Chancellor Liv-\\ningston at once conciliated the good feeling of that extraordinary\\nman, by the amenity of his manners, and promoted the best inter-\\nests of his country by perseveri)ig and enlightened exertions.\\nDm ing the sliort lived peace of Amiens, Paris was visited by the\\nrefined and intelligent from every part of the civilized world, and\\nhere the Chancellor found leisure amidst the duties of official\\nstation to cultivate those ornate studies for which that Capital\\nfurnishes every facility.\\nOn the day of a great levee, which Avas held at the Tuillerics,\\ntlie numerous representatives of all nations, and strangers from\\nevery country, assembled to pay their respects to the First Consul\\nof France, now established, as the sole head of tlie government.\\nTiie American Ambassador, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, of\\nNew York, plain and simple in maTiners and dross, represented\\nliis Republic with propriety and dignity.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. Ill\\nIn that important negotiation with the government of France,\\nwhich resulted in the acquisition of Louisiana to the United\\nStates, Chancellor Livingston was the prominent and efficient\\nagent. Its transfer by the Spanish Government to France\\nI- in 18Q2, had excited the most lively feelings of the American\\nRepublic. By this unexpected measure they were made the\\nneighbors to a power, which, under the giant energies of the\\nFirst Consul, threatened, in case of rupture, the very existenceof\\noiir Republic. Immediately preceding the entrance into it of\\nthe French authorities, the Spanish powers prohibited the inhabit-\\nants of the Avestern country the vise of New Orleans as a place of\\ndeposit for their productions, contrary to the treaty Avith his\\nCatholic Majesty.\\nA universal sj^irit of indignation aninuited the American peoi)lc,\\nand there were not wanting tliose who recommended an immediate\\nrecourse to arms. The discussions on this question in the Con-\\ngress of the United States elicited debates, in which Dewitt Clin-\\nton and Gouverneur Mon-is, representatives of this State in the\\nAmerican Senate, sustained the different views of the rival parties\\nof this country.\\nIn pursuance of the sounder counsels of those who urged the\\nprojjriety of negotiation and peace, the Executive of the United\\nStates deputed as Minister to the Court of France, the late Presi-\\ndent Monroe. But previous to his arrival. Chancellor Livingston,\\nin an elaborate and interesting w^ itten address to the French\\nGovernment, had induced them to afterward sell us the vast terri-\\ntory of Louisiana. To further this gi eat object, he liad also\\npersonally importuned the First Consul. In April, 1802, Chancel-\\nlor Livingston received a letter from President Jefferson, a part of\\nwhich is here given.\\nWashington, April 18th, 1802.\\nDeau Sir The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas, by\\nSpain to France, works most sorely on the United States. On this\\nsubject the Secretary of State has \\\\mtten to you fully. It com-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "112 CLERMONT. OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\npletely reverses all the political relations of the United States and\\nwill form a new ej^och in our political course.\\nThere is on the globe one single spot the possessor of which is our\\nnatural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through whicli\\nthe produce of three-eighths of our territory must j^ass to market,\\nand from its fertility it Avill ere long yield more than half of our\\nwhole produce and contain more thau half of our inhabitants.\\nFrance, placing herself in that door, assumes to us the attitude of\\ndefiance. Spain might have retained it quietly for years. Per-\\nhaps nothing since the Revolutionary Avar has produced more\\nuneasy sensations through the body of the nation.\\nTHOMAS JEFFERSON.\\nThe result of Chancellor Livingston s efforts Avas prompt and\\nliighly successful in the end. When Bonaparte was made the First\\nConsul, he had conceived a magnificent project for establishing a\\ngrand military colony in Louisiana, the territory of which he had\\njust extorted from the imbecility of Spain, having first jirocured\\nthe exclusion of our people from the privilege of deposit at New\\nOrleans.\\nHis veteran legions, released from active service by the transient\\npeace of Amiens, were to be planted on the shores of the Gulf of\\nMexico and of the Mississij^pi, to overawe and curb, and eventually\\nto dominate this republic. It was the precursor of the more\\ngigantic and grasping project of his successor, now in process of\\nexecution a little further to the South.\\nThe province was likely to prove a new instrument of power, or\\nplaything in the hands of the successful soldier of fortune Avho\\ndirected the movements of armies at his Avill. It Avas something\\nmore than a mere speculation that he Avould turn a portion of his\\nforce to the NcaV World. The troops Avere assembled to embark\\nfor his American possessions on the Mississippi, and there Avas a\\nprospect of far greater difticulties as to the navigation of that river\\nthan had ever presented themselves in the feeble dii)lomacy and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 118\\nscant authority of the former Spanisli owners. Livingston warned\\nhis government at home of the danger, and advised preparation to\\nmeet the emergency, while he exerted every nerve to bring his\\nnegotiation to a successful issue.\\nAt tliat moment Napoleon was not in a humor to listen to\\ntlie proposal. President Jefferson then threw upon Mr. Monroe\\nthe perilous and almost hopeless res^Jonsibility of the case on\\nAvhich the whole future of the country so much depended, by send-\\ning him to France as Envoy Extraordinary, to preserve and secure\\nto us the use of the Mississippi River. lie reached Havre on the\\n10th of April, and Paris on the 12th, to find that everything was\\nmost unexpectedly changed. Tlie flames of war had broken out\\nagain in Europe, the twenty thousand veterans encamped at\\nHelvoetsluys for the military colony in Louisiana, were wanted\\nelsewhere. France wanted money, and must have it. The First\\nConsul had already, on the 8tli, announced to his Council his\\ndetermination to sell the Avhole territory to the United States. In\\nfact, Talleyrand had gone so far, on the 10th, as to ask Mr. Liv-\\ningston how much the United States would give for the whole.\\nOf course nothing remained for Mr. Monroe but to agree in the\\nprice, and the negotiation was concluded within a month after\\nhis arrival, April 30th.\\nThus the whole valley of the Mississippi, the Rocky Mountains,\\nthe Great Plains, and the Pacific Coast, doAvn to the forty-second\\ndegree of latitude, became the territory of the United States in\\nfoot, doubling the extent of our national domain.\\nThe correspondence of Chancellor Livingston, addressed to\\nMadison, the Secretary of State, at this time, is of unusual interest.\\nThere is one letter in particular, dated Paris, April 13th, 1803,\\nmidnight, some little time before Monroe s arrival, naiTating the\\ninterview of the day with the Minister of the Treasury, which\\nshows us the machinery of the negotiation.\\nChancellor Livingston appears to liave conducted tlie whole\\n15", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "114 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nfifFair Avitli masterly ability making his national bargain with the\\nskill of a diplomatic chapman haggling over millions. The First\\nConsul mentioned a snm impatiently to his minister. Well, you\\nhave the charge of the Treasury let them give you one hundred\\nmillions of francs, and pay their own claims and take the country.\\nlie suggested that the nation had no means of raising such a sum.\\nThey can borrow it, said the Consul. In reply, Livingston\\nstated to Marbois his agreement with him, that the sum was exor-\\nbitant, the more so as they only wished the east side of the Missis-\\nsippi and the Floridas, Texas then not being dreampt of in the\\npolitical philosoi^hy. Marbois talked of sixty millions, and the\\nAmerican claims to the amount of twenty more. The American\\nnegotiator found this still greatly beyond the national means, and\\nurged the possibility of the Americans taking it by force. All\\nthis and more was admitted by Marbois Avith a shrug. You\\nknow the temper of a youthful conqueror everything lie does is\\nrapid as lightning we have only to speak to him as an oppor-\\ntunity presents itself, perhaps in a crowd, when he can bear no\\ncontradiction. The affair went through some additional barsrain-\\ning of the kind upon the arrival of Monroe, Avhen a treaty was at\\nlength concluded, April 30th, on the basis of a payment of sixty\\nmillions of francs, and an assumption of the debts to the amount\\nof tAvcnty additional millions, making the entire sum paid for tlie\\npurchase, about fifteen millions of dollars.\\nIt was justly regarded as a diplomatic triumph, and though it\\ndepended very much upon the will or conveniences of Napoleon,\\ncredit is certainly due in the negotiation to Livingston.\\nThe menacing posture, also, of affairs between England and\\nFrance doubtless facilitated the object of these arrangements, and\\nresulted as shown in the transfer of the entire country to the\\nAmerican Republic. Hunt, in his Life of Edward Livingston,\\ngives the following account of the above transaction Barbc\\nMarbois took upon himself to demand 80,000,000 of francs for the\\nTen-itory, 30,000,000 francs more than the First Consul had", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, Oil LIVINGSTON MANOll. 115\\nauthorized him to demand for it. To this demand the American\\nMinisters, Messrs. Livingston and Monroe, soon acceded, only\\nasking a stijiulation, to which France agreed, that out of the 80,-\\n000,000 francs the United States should reserve the sum of 20,000,-\\n000 francs, to be applied to the satisfaction of claims of their own\\ncitizens against France under the Convention of 1800. It was\\ndeclared by the treaty that five and one-third francs sliould equal\\nthe dollai of the United States. So that the sum paid directly to\\nFrance, on the purchase, was $11,250,000, and the sum reserved\\nto satisfy claims of citizens of the United States was 83,750,000\\nmaking the whole price $15,000,000.\\nBy this most important treaty, contrary to the anticipations of\\nthe timid or interested, the confederacy of our States Avas placed\\non an invulnerable basis. Territory was added to our country\\nnearly equal in extent to that of the original States of our Union,\\nand the blessings of a free government secured to millions who had\\notherwise groaned under the vassalage of foreign powers and\\ndominion. The vast deserts of Louisiana are now thickly popu-\\nlated, and in the field New Orleans has been added to the lists of\\nBunker Hill, StilhVater, Chippewa, Gettysburg, and Richmond.\\nAfter the signing of this eventful treaty the three ministers ai ose\\nfrom the table, (says one of them, the Count Marbois,) when\\nChancellor Livingston, expressing the general satisfaction, said,\\nwith prophetic sagacity We have lived long, but this is the\\nnoblest work of our whole lives. The treaty which we have just\\nsigned has not been obtained by art or dictated by force, equally\\nadvantageous to the two contracting parties. It will change vast\\nsolitudes into flourishing districts from this day the United States\\ntake their place among the powers of the first rank. The English\\nlose all exclusive influence in the affairs of America. Thus one of\\nthe principal causes of European rivalries and animosities is about\\nto cease. The United States Avill re-establish the maritime rights\\nof all the Avorld, which are now usurped by a single nation.\\nThese treaties will thus be a guarantee of peace and concord", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "116 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\namong coininevciul States. Tlie instruiuonts Vv liich wc liave just\\nsigned will cause no tears to be shed they prepare ages of happi-\\nness for innumerable generations of human creatures. The Missis-\\nsippi and Missoiu i will see them succeed one another and multiply,\\ntruly Avorthy of the regard of Providence, in the bosom of equality,\\nunder just laws, freed from the errors of superstition and the\\nscourges of bad government.\\nThe consequences of this act did not escape the keen penetra-\\ntion of the First Consul. This accession of territory, said he,\\nstrengthens forever the power of the United States, and I have\\njust given to England a maritime rival that Avill sooner or later\\nhumble her pride. This successful mission to the Court of\\nFrance secured for that able diplomatist, Chancellor Livingston,\\nimperishable fame.\\nIn 1804 he left the French Capital and traveled extensively in\\nEm ope. On his return to Paris, Napoleon, who was then\\nEmperor, presented him with a splendid gold snuff box with a\\nminiature likeness of himself painted on it, by that celebrated\\npainter, Isabey. Chancellor Livingston, when in Paris in 1803,\\nAvrote a letter to his sister, Mrs. Garrettson, as follows, in which\\nhe describes the horrible guillotine\\nWhen I compare the rage for destruction at that day with the\\nfacility this instrument affords for taking off the heads, I almost\\nwonder that any one Avas left in France. When Ave arrived here\\nthe fashionable shaAvds Avere all crimson, in imitation of those\\nAvorn by the victims of the guillotine. Would you believe it pos-\\nsible that the fair and the gay should sportively recall by their\\ndress, horrors by Avhich almost every one of them had lost a rela-\\ntive or a friend Nothing more fully characterizes the nation, as\\nat once amiable and frivolous, possessing at the same time every\\nrefinement of the understanding and every Avcakness of the heart.\\nThe nerves of the people are certainly more delicately strung than\\nthose of other nations, and the power of imagination over their\\nactions is inconceivable.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 117\\nThe official duties of Chancellor Livingston, as Resident Minis-\\nter at Paris, did not prevent him from bestowing his attention to\\nthose objects of taste, congenial to his feelings and beneficial to\\nhis country. (To the American Academy of Fine Arts, established\\nin New York in 1801, and of which he was the princij^al founder,\\nand afterwards the President, in 1808, when he had returned from\\nhis mission to France. It then received the act of incorporation,\\nunder the name of the American Academy of Fine Arts Chan-\\ncellor Livingston, President Col. John Trumbull, Vice President\\nDewitt Clinton, David Hosack, John R. Murray, William Cutting,\\nand Charles Wilkes, Directors and if we add the names of C. D.\\nGolden, Edward Livingston and Robert Fulton, we include in this\\nenumeration the leading New Yorkers who, for many years, were\\nliberal in their patronage to promote the undertaking.) He added\\nthe excellent collection of busts and statues which are noAv the\\nboast of that institution, and was instrumental in procuring, from\\nthe liberality of the First Consul, its rich paintings and prints. He\\ncontinued through life devoted to its interests, and was for many\\nyears its chief officer.\\nTo the transactions of the Society for the promotion of the Use-\\nful Arts, established in 1793, chiefly through his exertions, he\\ncontributed many appropriate papers, and during his long resi-\\ndence abroad enriched our Agriculture with the improvements of\\nFrench husbandry. He also purchased in Paris a large number\\nof books for his own private library, and handsome furniture and\\ntapestries for the adornment of his splendid rural home, at Cler-\\nmont, New York.\\nHe, among other things, sent out a large gilt and bronze Amer-\\nican eagle, which he had placed over his bed in his bed-room, to\\nliold the canopy over the same. It was still fjistened to the wall\\nin 1858, and at the sale of the furniture to close up the estate of\\nMontgomeiy Livingston, a grandson of the Chancellor, it remain-\\ned in the house and was presented by the purchasers of Clermont\\nto the author, a descendant of the old Chancellor, and now orna-\\nments the head of the stair-case in his dwelling at Chiddingstoue.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "118 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nIn the year 1803, Thomas Jefferson, then President of tlie Unit-\\ned States, wrote tlie following letter, Avhich is of interest on many\\nsubjects, to Cliancellor Livingston, in Paris\\n76\u00c2\u00bb Hon. Robert R. Ijivingston.\\nWashington, November 4th, 1803.\\nDeau Siu A report reaches us this day from Baltimore, (on\\nl)robable but not certain gi-ounds,) that Mr. Jerome Bonaparte,\\nbrother of the First Consul, was yesterday married to Miss Patter-\\nson, of that city. The effect of this measure, on the mind of the\\nFirst Consul, is not for me to suppose but as it might occur to\\nhim prima facie that the Executive of the United States ought to\\nhave prevented it, I have thought advisable to mention the subject\\nto you, that if necessary you may by explanations set that idea to\\nrights. You know that by our laM S, all persons are free to enter\\ninto marriage if of twenty-one years of age, no one having a power\\nto restrain it, not even tlieir parents and that under that age no\\none can prevent it but the parent or guardian. The lady is under\\nage and the parents placed between her affections, which were\\nstrongly fixed, and the considerations opposing the measure,\\nyielded with pain and anxiety to the former. Mr. Patterson is\\nthe President of the Bank of Baltimore, the wealthiest man in\\nMaryland, perhaps in the United States, except Mr. Carrol, a mem-\\nber of great virtue and respectability. The mother is the sister\\nof the lady of General Samuel Smith, and consequently the station\\nof the family in society is with the first in the United States.\\nThese circumstances fix rank in a country where there are no\\nhereditary titles.\\nYour treaty has obtained nearly a general approbation. The\\nFederalists spoke and voted against it, but they are now so reduc-\\ned in their numbers as to be nothing. The question on its ratifi-\\ncation in the Senate Mas decided by twenty-four against seven,\\nwhich Avas ten more than enough. The vote in the House of\\nRepresentatives for making provisions for its execution, was\\ncarried by eighty-nine against twenty-three, which was a majority", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 119\\nof sixty-six, and the necessary bills are going througli the Houses\\nby greater majorities. Mr. Pichon, according to instructions from\\nhis government, proposed to have added to the ratification a pro-\\ntestation against any failure in time, or other circumstances, of\\nexecution on our part. He was told that in that case we should\\nanswer a counter protestation, which would leave the thing exactly\\nwhere it was that this transaction had been conducted from the\\ncommencement of the negotiation to this stage of it, with a frank-\\nness and sincerity honorable to both nations, and comfortable to\\nthe heart of an honest man to review. That to annex to this last\\nchaj)ter of the transaction such an evidence of mutual distrust, was\\nto change its aspect, dishonorably for us both and contrary to\\ntruth as to us, for that we had not the smallest doubt that France\\nwould punctually execute its part, and I assured Mr. Pichon that\\nI had more confidence in the word of the First Consul than in all\\nthe parchment we could sign. He saw that we had ratified the\\ntreaty, that both branches had passed, by great majorities, one of\\nthe bills for execution, and would soon pass the other two that no\\ncircumstances remained that could leave a doubt of our punctual\\nperformance, and like an able and honest minister (which he is in\\nthe highest degree,) he undertook to do what he knew his emjiloy-\\ners would do themselves, were they here, spectators of all the exist-\\ning circumstances, and exchanged the ratifications pm-ely and\\nsimply. So that this instrument goes to the world as an evidence\\nof the candor and confidence of the nations in each other, which\\nwill have the best efiects.\\nThis was the more justifiable as Mr. Pichon knew that Sjiain\\nhad entered with us a protestation against the ratification of the\\ntreaty, grounded first, on the assertion that the First Consul had\\nnot executed the conditions of the treaties of cession and second-\\nly, that he had broken a solemn promise not to alienate the country\\nto any nation. We answered that these were private questions\\nbetween France and Spain, which they must settle together that\\nwe derived our title from the First Consul, and did not doubt his\\nguarantee of it, and we, four days ago, sent off orders to the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "120 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nGovernor of tlie Mississippi Territory, and General Wilkinson, to\\nmove down with tlie troo})s at hand to New Orleans, to receive\\nthe possession from M. Loussat. If he is heartily disposed to carry\\nthe order of the Consul into execution, he can probably command\\na volunteer force at New Orleans, and will havti tlie aid of ours\\nalso, if he desires it, to take possession and deliver it to us. If he\\nis not so disposed we shall take the possession, and it will rest\\nwith the government of France by adopting the act as their own,\\nand obtaining the confirmation of Spain, to supply the non-execu-\\ntion of this stipulation to deliver and to entitle tliemselves to the\\ncomplete execution of our part of the agreement.\\nAccept my affectionate salutations, and assurances of my con-\\nstant esteem and respect.\\nTHOMAS JEFFERSON.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 121\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nTHE FIKST INTRODUCTION OF STEAM NAVIGATION.\\nAnother benefit conferred on nifinkind, will of itself convey the\\nname of Chancellor Livingston to the remotest posterity: his co\\noperation with Robert Fulton in effecting the successful applica-\\ntion of steam navigation, the most important improvement since\\nthe invention of printing. By it the great community of nations\\nis bound together by commercial and social intercourse the arts\\nof war are made to yield to the profitable pursuits of peace, uni-\\nversal civilization, universal education, and the benign influence\\nof religion, conveyed to every land.\\nThe connection between Livingston and Fulton, says the lament-\\ned Clhiton, realized to a great degree the vision of the poet. All\\nformer experiments had failed, and the genius of Livingston and\\nFulton, aided by Chancellor Livingston s public spirit, discernment\\nand purse, created one of the greatest accommodations for the\\nbenefit of mankind. These illustrious men will be considered\\nthrough all time as the benefactors of the world.\\nI will here prove that Chancellor Livingston conceived the idea\\nof applying steam as a motive power for boats some years before\\nhis connection with Fulton, for in 1797 Chancellor Livingston had\\nemployed a man by the name of Nisbet to construct a steamboat\\n16", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "122 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nat a i^lace south of Tivoli, lately called De Koven s Bay, wliicli\\nboat was unsuccessful. In March, 1798, three years before Chan-\\ncellor Livingston s appointment to France, where his connection\\nwith Fulton commenced, he had obtained from the Legislature of\\nthe State of New York a grant of the exclusive right to navigate\\nby steam the waters within the limits of the State, for twenty\\nyears, provided he should produce and keep running at regular\\nand convenient intervals, a boat of the average speed of not less\\nthan four miles an hour.\\nSo wild and impracticable did his scheme appear to the\\nwiseacres of the Legislature, that they would with equal readiness\\nhave granted him the monopoly of travel to and from the moon,\\nif he had asked for it. The bill was introduced into the House by\\nDr. Samuel L. Mitchell, then a member of the Assembly. This\\nwas at the time of his experiments with Nisbet, and as we have\\nseen, he failed to fulfil the conditions of the grant. But in 1803\\nhe obtained a renewal of it, on the express condition that he and\\nhis associate, Robert Fulton, should produce a boat of the requir-\\ned speed within two years. Failing again, the Legislature again\\nrenewed the grant, which they had probably concluded by this\\ntime as a standing joke, and were no doubt considerably sm-prised,\\nAvlien, in 1807, the terms of the agreement, at that time existing,\\nhaving been complied with, Livingston and Fulton became the\\nmonopolists of steam navigation on all the waters within the\\nlimits of the State of New York.\\nIn most of the Lives written of Fulton, all the credit of the first\\napplication of steam to boats is given to Fulton, and the Chan-\\ncellor only named as supplying the funds to carry out Fulton s\\nplans. This is all a mistake, as is proved that Chancellor Livings-\\nton conceived the idea and formed plans years before his connec-\\ntion with Fulton that he had the Nisbet boat constructed under\\nliis own plans, and that he had a wooden boiler constructed at his\\nresidence at Clermont, and that a wooden boiler was actually used\\non the first steamboat, Clermont, which you will see hereinafter", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 123\\ndescribed by a passenger on tlie first trip of tlie Clermont, whose\\nletter will be introduced.\\nKenwick, in his Life of Fulton, is the only author Avho gives\\ncredit where credit is due. Chancellor Livingston, who had, by\\nhis own experiments, approached as near success as any other\\nperson, loho, before Fulton had attempted to navigate hy steam,\\nand who had furuislied all the capital necessary for the experiment,\\nhad plans and projections of his own. Chancellor Livingston\\nwrote Thomas Jefferson several letters giving his ideas and plans\\non the aj^plication of steam to the navigation of boats. A copy of\\none of these letters, in the Chancellor s own hand writing, and\\nsigned by himself, I have been so fortunate as to obtain from a\\ngrandson of his, which after being read Avill put to flight any\\nbelief my readers may have indulged in, that Robert Fulton Avas\\nthe first inventor of steam navigation. This important letter is as\\nfollows\\nCleemont, 26th Jan., 1799.\\nDear Sir Surrounded as you at present are by the mists of\\npolitics, and those, too, partaking of the nature of physical fogs in\\ntheir obscurity and the glooms they diflfuse on surrounding objects,\\nI flatter myself it will not be unpleasant to you to let your eye\\nrest for a moment upon a sj^ot inundated by a slight glimmering of\\nphilosophy. With this view I take the liberty to communicate to\\nyou and to ask your sentiments on the subject of an invention\\nwith which I have a few days past amused my leisure hours.\\nPhysicks and Mechanics never formed a more noble union than\\nin the invention of the steam engine, whioh at once subjects the\\nmost i^owerful and the most common agents to serve man he\\nreposes at ease while fire and water perform his most laborious\\ntasks. The slow steps which this engine has advanced to its pres-\\nent state of improvement are really astonishing, considering how\\nnaturally most of those improvements would suggest themselves,\\nand even now it appears to me extremely imperfect. Its first\\n(iefect is the \\\\yant of simplicity, in those forms of it in vl4ch tl^e", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "124 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nobject is merely to raise water to no very great heights. As this\\ncase occurs very frejquently, it would be extremely desirable to\\nhave an engme so constructed as to cost little and not require the\\ncare and attention of an artist.\\nThe second defect of Dr. Watts machine, is the great loss of\\npower by friction working Avith a dry piston, which must be\\nrammed extremely tight he loses on that and on his working rod\\nat least J of his power to this we must also add the friction of his\\nair pump on and above the loss of power by the pressure of the\\natmosphere against it, and when to this is added the friction of\\nthe pumps, where water is to be raised Avhich amounts to of tlie\\nforce applied, it will be found that near one-half of his poAver is\\nlost even when his machine is applied, to-Avit, to the raising of\\nwater.\\nThe third defect is the great loss of poAver in obtaining a circu-\\nlar motion, Avhich can only be got by a Avrench or planner Avheel\\nthe latter he prefers in this case supposing his gross poAver 2100,\\nlost in friction, 700, leaves 1400. The friction of the air pump\\n(exclusive of its opposition to the atmosphere,) is 89|-, the ftiction\\nand inertia of the common beam, AA^liich Ave Avill call 50, leaves the\\nAvhole poAver applied to the planner AAdieel about 1268| the fric-\\ntion of the planner Avheel is of this, Avhich leaA -es about 951, but\\nas in turning a Avrench by this means there are but tAvo points on\\nAvhich the Avheels act Avith their full force, and tAvo in Avhich they\\ndo not act at all, but depend on the fly to enable them to pass,\\none-half then of the poAver on the mean between and 951, or\\n475^ must be the Avhole poAver that remains of 2100 to turn the\\nAvheel, so that about 3-5 of the Avhole poAver is throAvn aAvay, Avhen\\na circular poAver is sought by means of Watts engine. I have\\nattempted to remedy these several defects, Avith Avhat success you\\nAvill judge when you com^jare my descri^^tion Avith the rough\\nsketches I enclose.\\nFirst, to obtain a simple machine I take a box, or hogshead,\\nof wood, Avell hooped and of sufficient strength; to this I connect", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 125\\nin the manner hereafter mentioned a wooden tube, which serves\\nas a pump, and is immersed in the water to be raised the box in\\nthe lower part of this passage to be small, and at the height to\\nwhich the water is to be raised, say 20 feet, let there be a large\\nchamber to hold a considerable quantity of water, with a valve\\nthat opens into it from the narrow part. To this let there be a\\nnozel with a valve that opens outward from this chamber a pipe\\nleads into the cylinder with a valve that opens inward into the\\nbox or cylinder. To have care that this must be placed not less\\nthan 30 feet from the surface of the water, below the pump, lest\\nany Avater should rise into the cylinder. On the top of the pump\\nmust be a cock to let in air, that the water may run out of the\\nchamber, the cylinder must be fitted with a valve through which\\nthe air and condensed water may be driven. A steam cock and a\\ncondensing cock, all of which may be worked by hand or by the\\nwater that the pump discharges by floats within the pump, or by\\na small Newcomb engine, on the top of the cylinder. Suppose\\nthe box, or cylinder, to contain 30 cubic feet, and the chamber of\\nthe pump to contain 10, Avhen a vacuum is made in the cylinder\\nthe air Avill rush in from the pump to supply its place that is to\\nsay, the air, which before occupied 10 feet, Avill now occupy forty\\nand of course be f lighter in the pump than the external air if\\nthus the weight of the atmosphere is equal to a column of 32 feet\\nof water, the water in the pump must rise 24 feet. Wlien tlie\\nsteam is again let into the cylinder the valve of comnnmication\\nwill close, the air cock on the top of the pump must open, which\\nwill force the water out by opening the valve on the nozel of the\\nl)ump, that the pressure of the air before kept close. Thus at every\\nstroke 10 cubic feet of water will be discharged at the height of 20\\nfeet if a greater height is sought it may be done equally well by\\nworking several pumps at once, each communicating with the\\ncylinder and raising the water from the reservoir of the others\\nthe cylinder being proportionally larger when compared to the\\ncontents of the pumps,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "12G CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nIt is true tliat this engine wastes some steam, because the\\nvacuum is only tlie difference between tlie contents of the cylinder\\nand the contents of the pump, wliich we will call but Dr.\\nWatts loses jL in friction, of the remainder in the friction of\\nthe pump, and in the opposition the air pump meets with from\\nthe atmosphere, so that in fact the machine recpiircs a smaller pro-\\nportion of steam than his, to do the same work. As the cylinder\\nis of wood and may be lined with mats or blankets, and covered\\nwith ashes or any otlier non-conductor, it will always be kept\\nnearly the temperature of the steam the air which will be admitted\\nbeing a bad conductor of heat, can carry off little of it the con-\\ndensing water Avill be the only active agent for this purpose, but\\nas the wood or blanket will part Avith their heat but slowly, not so\\nmuch by 4-5th parts of the heat Avill be lost in tliis engine, as Dr.\\nWatts carrys his steam over double higher tlian the pressure of\\nthe atmosphere. Now boiling Avater will suffice for this engine,\\nsince all that is required is to raise the Avater. For a similar rea-\\nson, and because of its cheapness, the boiler should be of woodAvith\\na furnace Avithin. I have made one in this Avay and find that\\nwhen tlie steam is so hot as to raise a Aveight of 6 lbs. on a square\\ninch, the Avood on the outside of a 2| inch plank is not so Avarm\\nbut that you may lay your cheek against it Avithout inconvenience.\\nThat I may not engross too much of your very valuable time at one\\nperiod, I shall defer till my next a description of another engine,\\nin Avhich I think I have the full poAver of Dr. Watt, Avithout losing\\nany jjower by the friction of the piston, Avorking rod, or air\\npumps, and also another in Avhich the engine is applied to a circu-\\nlar motion Avithout Moss by Aveight or planner Avheel. I must\\nhowever afford you an opportunity of detecting the faults of this\\nbefore I e.vpose a second child of fancy to your critical eye. How\\nfew people would believe that so long a letter should be addressed\\nto you Avithout a Avord of politicks.\\nI am, dear sir, Avith the highest esteem, c., yours,\\nROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.\\nTiio:\\\\iAs Ji ^FKEusoN, Esq r,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LTYITsGSTON MANOR. 127\\nCHAPTER XVIL\\nSTEAHI NAVIGATION AND SKKTCII OF FULTON.\\nIn 1801 Cliancellor Livingston went as Ambassador to France.\\nIt was in France tliat lie met Robert Fulton, who, like tlie Chan-\\ncellor, had been experimenting in the application of steam to\\nnavigation. As Fulton is so nearly connected, both by marriage\\nand by the union of inventive mind, with the Chancellor, it will\\nnot be out of place to give, before we proceed, a short sketch of\\nhim. The Chancellor s intimate acquaintance with Fulton was\\nthe commencement of a new era in the history of science. It was\\nthe union of congenial spirits a junction of minds alike distin-\\nguished for capacity, energy, and perseverance, and bent upon the\\nsame grand design, and from whose embrace sprung into being\\nthat mighty improvement, which, in its influence on Imman affairs,\\nhas outstripped all other efforts of modern times.\\nRobert Fulton, who became connected with Chancellor Livings-\\nton in this great enterprise, Avas born at Little Britain, Lancaster\\nCounty, in the State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1765 both his\\nparents were of Irish descent. He went to England and placed\\nhimself under the tuition of Benjamin West, the artist. It has\\nbeen remarked as a note-worthy coincidence that Benjamin West\\nand Robert Fulton came into the world in the same vicinity, in", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "128 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nwhat was at the time of their birtli a wild and uncultivated portion\\nof the country. West was born at Sj^ringfield, Pennsylvania, in\\n1738.\\nMr. West, the kind Quaker painter, received him with friendly\\nhospitality, making him a sharer of his home and artistic resources.\\nFor several years. he followed the profession of an artist on his\\nown account, but his head soon teemed with plans for the improve-\\nment of inland navigation and utility. Experiments had been\\nmade in England, Scotland and Wales, but all the experiments\\nhad virtually foiled until he met with Chancellor Livingston, who,\\nwith him, brought their united efforts to such a glorious termina-\\ntion in 1807.\\nAbout the time that Fulton lived with West he met witli Dr.\\nCartwright, who had contrived a steam barge, in England, which\\nhe explained to Fulton in 1793) others state it was in 1796 when\\nFulton was introduced to Dr. Cartwright, at Paris. Colden, the\\nbiographer of Fulton, states that he made a drawing of an appar-\\natus for steam navigation in 1793, and submitted them to Lord\\nStanhope in 1795, ^v]\\\\o was then experimenting Avith duck feet\\npaddles, but never got beyond three miles an hour. Fulton\\naddressed a letter to Lord Stanhope on the subject of some experi-\\nments in the application of steam to navigation, containing the\\nviews which were afterwards put in practice on the Hudson, and\\nwhich, if heeded by the noble earl, the important invention of a\\nsuccessful steamboat, says Professor Renwick, might have been\\ngiven to the world ten years earlier than its actual introduction.\\nFulton possessed much inventive genius, and in 1797 he jiassed\\nover to Paris, with the design of bringing to tlie notice of the\\nFrench Government his invention of the torpedo, a device for the\\nblowing up of enemy s vessels by attaching beneath the water a\\ncopper canister of gunpowder, to be discharged by a gunlock and\\nclockwork. He found his ingenious countryman, Joel Barlow, the\\npoet, in the French capital, a kindred spirit with whom he formed", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 129\\nan .acquaintance which, as in the case of West, was intimately\\ncontinued for years under the same roof. FuUon availed himself\\nof this opportunity to study the French, German and Italian lan-\\nguages, and improve his acquaintance with the higher branches of\\nmechanical science. Among other employments, he projected, it\\nis said, two buildings for the exhibition of panoramas, the success\\nof which owed much to his assistance. On the arrival of Chan-\\ncellor Livingston in France, in 1801, as minister, he found a ready\\nassistant in Fulton to the schemes of steam navigation in which he\\nhad been already engaged on the Hudson. Experiments were set\\non foot in the two following years which resulted in sufficient suc-\\ncess in the movement of a boat of considerable size, propelled by\\nsteam on the Seine, to justify the prosecution of the w^ork in\\nAmerica.\\nFulton took notes in his memorandum book of all experiments\\nfor the accomplishment of steam navigation in England. After\\nmaking experiments, aided with Chancellor Livingston s plans,\\nmind and purse, they both returned to the United States, to com-\\nplete and put in actual operation the united genius of these two\\ngreat men. Fulton s genius took also a wide range. He was an\\nexcellent writer, and might have acquired fame as a painter had\\nlie pursued the profession. He always retained an affection for\\nart, from his early efforts at Philadelphia and first intimacy with\\nWest in London. When his friend Joel Barlow reproduced his\\nearly poem, The Vision of Columbus, as the Columbiad, in a\\ncostly quarto edition, the beautiful illustrations were planned by\\nFulton, and executed under his direction and it is to his pencil\\nthat we owe the characteristic portrait of the author prefixed to\\nthe work. From his will we learn that Fulton expended five\\nthousand dollars for the engravings, printing of plates, and letter-\\npress of the i)oem. He mentions this for the sake of resigning all\\nproperty in the work to the widow of his friend, the author. He\\nalso in his will provides, in certain contingencies, for the gift of\\nhis pictures, of which he had a valuable collection, including\\n17", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "130 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nWest s 02)liclia and King Lear, to a i^roposed National Academy\\nat the seat of Governincnt.\\nThe amiable social qualities of Fulton arc remembered in New\\nYork by many yet living, who were his companions. lie had\\ntoo much sense, remarks his friend and biographer, Golden, for\\nthe least affectation. He was emphatically, adds his younger\\nassociate, Dr. Francis, a man of the people, ambitious, indeed,\\nbut void of all sordid designs he pursued ideas more than\\nmoney. His home in State street is spoken of as the seat of a\\ngenial hosi)itality. In person, he was tall and slender, but well\\nproportioned. The portrait by West has a certain reserved look\\nof the gentleman, with an air of meditation and refinement.\\nWhen in the United States, after their return from France, Ful-\\nton had time in his leisure moments to court, or pay his attentions,\\nto Miss Harriet Livingston, a relative of Chancellor Livingston,\\nwlio, writes Professor Renwick, in his Life of Fulton, was pre-\\neminent in beauty, grace and accomplishments. She liad speedily\\nattracted the ardent admiration of Fulton, and this was returned\\nby an estimate of his talent and geniiis amounting almost to enthu-\\nsiasm. Tlie epoch of their nuptials, the spring of 1808, was tliat\\not Fulton s greatest glory. Everything, in fact, appeared to con-\\ncur in enhancing the advantages of his position. Leaving out of\\nview all questions of romance, his bride was such as the luost\\nimpartial judgment would have selected, young, lovely, highly\\neducated, intelligent, possessed of what in those days was account-\\ned wealth. His long labors had been followed Avith success.\\nEsteemed and honored even by those who had been most incredu-\\nlous while his scheme was in embryo, he felt himself placed on the\\nhighest step of the social scale.\\nFulton after this date lost money in many enterprises he had\\nentered into. The history of the first steamboat Ave will give in\\nthe next chapter.\\nIn these later years of his life, for unhappily he was now", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 131\\napproaching its close, Fulton was mainly employed at New York\\nin building and equipping, under the supervision of Government,\\nhis famous cannon-proof steam-frigate, named after him, the Ful-\\nton, and in perfecting his favorite devices of submarine sailing\\nvessels, in connection with the torpedo warfare. The steam-\\nfi-igate w\\\\as launched in October, 1814, but its projector did not\\nlive to witness its completion. He may be said, indeed, to have\\nbeen a martyr to the undertaking. His constitution, not of the\\nstrongest, was exposed to a severe test in mid-winter, in January,\\n1815, in a passage across the Hudson, amidst the ice in an open\\nboat. He was retm-ning from the Legislature of New Jersey, at\\nTrenton, Avhither he had gone to give evidence in the protracted\\nsteamboat controversy. He w^as taken ill on his return home, and\\nbefore he was fully restored, ventured out to superintend some\\nwork on the exi: osed deck of the Fulton. This brought on\\nincreased illness, Avhicli speedily terminated in death, February\\n24, 1815.\\nThus perished, at the age of fifty, in the midst of his labors, one\\nof the most ingenious and eminent inventors, and his quiet grave\\nis in our midst in New York, in the ftimily tomb of the Livings-\\ntons, in the ground of Old Trinity. Adjoining, Wall street\\nexchanges millions, borne on every sea on the wings of his enter-\\nprise. Does she not owe her benefactor a monument\\nDr. John W. Francis, in his address before the New York\\nHistorical Society, and published in his work, Old New York,\\nthus describes Fulton, and it is a most fitting conclusion of my\\nshort sketch of him. He writes Fulton s patriotic spirit was so\\neminently American, his impulses so generous, and the intimate\\nrelations which he held with the Livingstons, many of whom were\\nmost anxious to secure the perpetuity of your institutions, all\\nserved to rivet liis aiFections to advance the great ends you had in\\nview. Amid a thousand individuals you might readily point out\\nRobert Fulton. He was conspicuous for his gentle, manly bear-\\ning and freedom from embarrassment, for his extreme activity, his", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "132 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nheight, somewhat over six feet, his slender, yet energetic form\\nand well accommodated dress, for his full and curly dark brown\\nhair, carelessly scattered over his forehead and falling round about\\nhis neck. His complexion was fair, his forehead high, his eyes\\nlarge, dark, and penetrating, and revolving in a capacious orbit of\\ncavernous depth his brow was thick, and evinced strength and\\ndetermination his nose was long and prominent, his mouth and\\nlips were beautifully proportioned, giving the impress of eloquent\\niitterance. Trifles were not calculated to impede him or damp his\\nperseverance. His hat might have fallen in the water, and his\\ncoat be lying on a pile of lumber, yet Fulton s devotion was not\\ndiverted.\\nI shall never forget that night of February 24tli, 1815, a frosty\\nnight indeed, on which he died. Dr. Hosack, with whom I was\\nassociated in business and who saw him in consultation with Dr.\\nBruce, in the last hours of his illness, returning home at midnight\\nfrom his visit, remarked Fulton is dying his severe cold, amidst\\nthe ice in crossing the river, has brought on an alarming inflamma-\\ntion and glossitis. He extended to me, continued the Doctor,\\nhis generous hand, grasping mine closely, but he could no longer\\nspeak. I had been with Mr. Fulton at his residence but a short\\ntime before, to arrange some papers relative to Chancellor Livings\\nton and the floating dock erected at Brooklyn. Biisiness dispatch-\\ned, we entered upon the character of West, the painter, the\\nColumbiad of Barlow, and the great pictures of Lear and Ophelia,\\nwhich he had deposited in the American Academy. This inter-\\nview of an hour with the illustrious man has often furnished\\ngrateful reflections. At the time the Clermont steamed her Avay\\nfrom New York to Albany, on September 7th, 1807, not another\\nsteamboat was in successful operation throughout the globe. Well\\nmight the eloquent Gouverncur Morris exclaim, in his inaugural dis-\\ncourse before your Society A bird hatched on the Hudson will\\nsoon people the floods of the Wolga and cygnets, descended from\\nan American Swan, glide along the surface of the Caspian Sea.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 133\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nSTEAM NAVIGATIOX, COXTIXUEU.\\nIn May, 1786, John Fitch had constructed a steam packet which\\nmade several trijDS between Philadelphia and Trenton, but on a\\ndiflerent plan from Livingston and Fulton s, as it had not paddle\\nwheels but what might be called side propelling oars. But less for-\\ntunate than Robert Fulton, he found no Livingston to aid him and\\ndied broken hearted, so unbefriended indeed that to this day it is\\nnot known where he is buried. We do not mean to intimate that\\nFulton was merely fortunate, for he was a man of great and origi-\\nnal mechanical genius, and Remvick, in his Life of Fulton, has\\nshown clearly enough that Fitch s engine, although very ingenious,\\nwas not susceptible of such improvements as would ever have made\\nit of much practical use. He goes so far as to say that if Fulton\\nand Livingston had failed. Fitch would never have been heard of.\\nTwo years later than Fitch s experiment, in 1789, a steamboat\\nsixty feet long, which made seven miles an hour, had been tried\\non the Forth and Clyde canal and abandoned, because of the dam\\nage it was feared would be done to the artificial banks of the\\ncanal by the waves produced from the movement of the paddle\\nwheels. The maker of this boat, after Fulton w\\\\as dead, accused\\nhim of having stolen his invention from him, but there is no reason\\nfor believing the charge. Chancellor Livingston s and Nesbit s", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "134 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nboat was, as stated, not siiccessful. This experiment derived\\nadditional interest from the fact tliat the engineer Avas Brunei,\\naftenvards the engineer of the Thames tnnnel, a Frenchman who\\nhad sought refuge in the United States from the revolution of\\n1793.\\nIn 180G Chancellor Livingston and Fulton, after having S2)ent\\nmany years and much money in cxi^eriments, had at last resolved\\nupon a plan, and commenced in that year to construct at the ship-\\nyard of Mr. Brown, in New York, a boat to be propelled by steam,\\nsomewhat similar but larger than the one they had built in France.\\nThis boat they afterwards named the Clermont, so named after\\nMr. Livingston s home on the Hudson. It was launched in Au-\\ngust, 1807, and on the following 7th of September, set out on her\\nfirst trial trip to Albany, amid the shouts of the hitherto unbeliev-\\ning multitude that crowded the banks of the river, all filled with\\nan interest as intense as was ever excited by any invention. In\\nfact most all inventions have crept noiselessly forth from the brain\\nthat nursed them, but this one was greeted with shouts of wonder\\nand exultation, and Fulton s folly, as the boat had long been\\nderisevely called, when in building, became now the eighth wonder\\nof the world as she ploughed the waters of a river that not quite\\ntwo hundred years before was unknown to the civilized world.\\nThe steamboat Clermont was one hundred feet long, twelve feet\\nwide, and seven feet deep. The engines were constructed at the\\nworks of Boulton Watt, at Birmingham, England, and finished\\nin August. The whole exj^ense of this vessel, by the contract\\nbetween Chancellor Livingston and Fulton, both for vessel and\\nengines, was to be paid by the former xmtil the experiment met\\nAvith success. Mr. Fulton thus described to a friend the disheart-\\nening circumstances under which the construction of the first\\nsteamboat, nicknamed by his fellow-countrymen, Fulton s Folly,\\nwas patiently persevered in by himself So Noah Avlien he\\nwas building his ark was make a laughing stock, but the laugh\\nwas soon turned into a stern reality.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 135\\nFulton writes to a friend as follows When I was building my\\nfirst steamboat, at New York, the j^roject was viewed by the\\npublic, either with indifference or with contempt as a visionary\\nscheme. My friends indeed were civil, but they were shy. They\\nlistened with patience to my explanations, but with a settled cast\\nof incredulity on their countenances. Never did a single word of\\nencouragement, or of bright Iwpe, or a warm wish cross my path.\\nSilence itself was but politeness, veiling doubts or hiding its\\nreproaches.\\nFulton s biogi apher describes the trial Before the boat had\\nmade the progi ess of half a mile the greatest unbeliever was con-\\nverted, (this was on Friday afternoon, September 4th, 1807.)\\nFulton was received with shouts and acclamations of congratula-\\ntion and applause. She made this her first voyage from New York\\nto Albany, 154 miles, at the average rate of five miles an hour,\\nstopping for some time at Chancellor Livingston s dock, at Cler-\\nmont, to take in wood. The whole voyage up the river was one\\ncontinued triumph. The vessel is described as having the most\\nterrific appearance. The diy pine wood fuel sent up many feet\\nabove the flue a column of ingnited vapor, and when the fire was\\nstirred tremendous showers of sparks. The wind and tide were\\nadverse to them, but the crowds saw with astonishment the vessel\\nrapidly coming toward them, and when it came so near that the\\nnoise of the machinery and paddles was heard, the crews of many\\nsailing vessels shrunk beneath their decks from the terrific sight,\\nwhile others prostrated themselves and besought Providence to\\nprotect them from the approach of the horrible monster which was\\nmarching on the tide and lighting its path by the fire that it\\nvomited.\\nMr. Dyer had sailed in the Clermont and remembers the sensa-\\ntion created by her appearance, and the high admiration bestowed\\non the projectors of so great an enterprise. That sensation in\\n1807 was the same precisely the Margery some years afterwards\\ncreated among the crews of the vessels of the Thames River, in", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "13G CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\n1815. In 1816 the Marquis de Jauffray complained that Livings-\\nton and Fulton s vessel on the Seine had taken the paddle wheels\\ninvented by him and used at Lyons thirty-four years previously,\\nbut abandoned by him. To this charge Monsr. Royon rei)lied in\\nthe Journal des Debats thus It is not concerning an invention\\nl)ut the means of applying a power already known.\\nThe application of steam to navigation had been thought of by\\nall inventors, but the means of applying it were wanting until\\nChancellor Livingston and Fulton made this much needed appli-\\ncation. As we are now engaged upon the subject of the first\\nsteamboat I Avill give all the facts and incidents I have been able\\nto collect in relation to her, as the accounts are various and differ\\nin many particulars of this first navigation of the river Hudson,\\nwhose mountains, hills, and valleys now echo with the shrill\\nwhistle of the iron horse, and whose banks are bordered Avith the\\nstill more wonderful invention of the Telegraph. If Kip Van\\nWinkle hud lived in these progressive days he would have quickly\\nbeen awakened, even in the most inmost recesses of the Katsbergs.\\nIt is stated on the authority of Capt. E. S. Bunker, that the Cler-\\nmont, or experiment boat, was in 1808 lengthened from 100 to\\n150 feet, and Avidened to 18 feet, and her name changed to North\\nRiver. The engine was constructed in Birmingham, as stated.\\nIn August, 1807, the boat was propelled by steam from the East\\nRiver to Jersey City, and on the 7th of September, 1807, started\\non her first trip to Albany. The following advertisement was\\ntaken from the columns of the Albany Gazette, dated September\\n2d, 1807:\\nThe North River Steamboat will leave Pauler s Hook, now\\n(Jersey City,) on Friday, the 4th day of Sei^tember, at 9 o clock in\\nthe morning, and arrive at Albany on S.aturday at 9 in the eve-\\nning. Provisions, good berths, and acconnnodations are provided.\\nThe charge for each passenger will be as follows", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 137\\nTo Newburgh,\\nPoughkeepsie,\\nEsopus,\\nHudson,\\nAlbany,\\n14 Hours,\\n.17\\n.20\\n.30\\n.36\\n..Fare,\\na\\n$3\\n$4\\na\\n$5\\na\\na\\n$51\\n$7\\nFor places apply to William Vandervoort, No. 48 Courtlandt\\nStreet, on the corner of Greenwich Street.\\nThe following is from the New York Evening Post, dated\\nOctober 2, 1807.:\\nThe newly invented steamboat, which is fitted up in a neat\\nstyle for passengers, and is intended to run from New York to\\nAlbany as a packet, left here this morning Avith ninety passengers\\nagainst a strong head wind, notwithstanding which it was judged\\nshe moved through the water at the rate of six miles an hour.\\nAn interesting reminiscence of the first voyage south of this\\nvessel was recently communicated to an American paper. A\\ngentleman from New York happened to be in Albany at the time\\nthe Clermont first arrived there. He found that the vessel was a\\ngeneral object of wonder, but that few people seemed willing to\\ntrust themselves to it as a means of conveyance. He however\\ndetermined to embark for a trip down the Hudson in this new\\nsteamer. He therefore proceeded on board to secure his passage,\\nand in the cabin he found a plain gentlemanly looking man, quite\\nalone, and engaged in writing. This was Fulton, and the follow-\\ning dialogue took place\\nStranger. Do you intend to return to New York with this\\nboat\\nFulton. We mean to go back with her, Sir.\\nStranger. Can I have a passage.\\nFulton. Yes, if you choose to take a chance with us, Sir\\nSeven dollars were then paid as passage money. With his eye\\nfixed on the money, which he retained in his open hand, Fulton\\nremained so long motionless that the stranger supposed that he\\nhad miscounted the sum, and asked is that right sirf This\\n18", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "138 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nroused the projector from his reveries, and as he looked up, the big\\ntear was brimming in his eye, and his voice faltered as he said\\nExcuse me, sir, but memory was busy as I contemplated this\\namong the first pecuniary rewards I have received for all my exer-\\ntions in adapting steam to navigation. I would gladly commemo-\\nrate the occasion over a bottle of wine with you, but really I am\\ntoo poor for even that, just now. Yet I trust we may meet again\\nwhen this will not be so. They did meet again four years after-\\nwards. Fulton had not forgotten the incident, and at thd second\\nmeeting that wine was not spared.\\nThe Clermont made her first passage from New York to Albany\\nin thirty-two hours, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles.\\nOn her return to New York, a few days after, the voyage was made\\nin thirty hours. A passage from the letter of Fulton to his friend\\nJoel^Barlow, affords an interesting memorial of the occasion.\\nAfter stating that the voyage had turned out rather more favor-\\nably than he had calculated, and remarking that, with a light\\nbreeze against him, he had, solely by the aid of the engine, over-\\ntaken many sloops and schooners beating to windward, and parted\\nwith them as if they had been at anchor, he adds, the power of\\npropelling boats by steam is now fully proved. The morning I\\nleft New York, there were not perhaps thirty persons in the city\\nwho believed that the boat would ever move one mile an hour, or\\nbe of the least utility and while we were putting oflT from the\\nwharf, which was crowded with spectators, I heard a number of\\nsarcastic remarks. This is the way in whicli ignorant men com-\\npliment what they call philosophers and projectors. Having\\nemployed much time, money and zeal in accomi^lishing this work,\\nit gives me, as it will you, great pleasure to see it fully answer my\\nexpectations. It will give a cheap and quick conveyance to the\\nmerchandise on the Mississippi, Missouri and other great rivers,\\nwhich are now laying open their treasures to the enterprise of our\\ncountrymen and although the prospect of personal emolument\\nhas been some inducement to me, I feel infinitely more pleasure", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 139\\nin reflecting on the immense advantage my country mil derive\\nfrom the invention.\\nI here insert another letter of Fulton. The original letter is\\nin possession of Persen Brink, Esq., of the town of Saugerties,\\nUlster county, and a copy of it was sent to the Kingston Argus\\nfor publication. It is as follows\\nNeav York, Oct. 9, 1807.\\nCapt. Beink. Sir Inclosed is the number of voyages which\\nit is intended the boat should run this season. You may have them\\npublished in the Albany papers. As she is strongly made, and\\nevery one except Jackson, under your command, you must insist\\non each one doing his duty, or turn him on shore and put another\\nin his place. Every thing must be kept in order every thing in\\nits place, and all parts of the boat scoured and clean. It is not\\nsufficient to tell men to do a thing, but stand over them and make\\nthem do it. One pair of good and quick eyes is worth six pair of\\nhands in a commander. If the boat is du ty or out of order, the\\nfault should be yours. Let no man be idle when there is the least\\nthing to do, and make them move quickly.\\nRun no risque of any kind when you meet or overtake vessels\\nbeating or crossing your way, always run under their stern, if\\nthere be the least doubt that you cannot clear their head by 50\\nyards, or more.\\nGive the amount of receipts and expenses every week to the\\nChancellor.\\nYour most obedient,\\nROBERT FULTON.\\nIn Miller s new Guide Book to the Hudson River, I found and\\nmade the following extracts Opposite Maiden the traveler may\\nget a peep at Clermont, the seat of the late Chancellor Livingston,\\nwith whose family so many of the wealthy people of this neighbor-\\nhood are connected by marriage. Robert R. Livingston, the\\nChancellor of the State of New York, perhaps as well known for", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "140 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhis connection with Robert Fulton, as well as for his own virtues\\nand talents, was descended from a good Scotch family, proud we\\nbeHeve of tracing their blood back to the Earls of Linlithgow.\\nThe Livingston jxatent of nobility is derived, not however from\\nany Scotch Laird, but from their ancestor Robert, who was an able\\nman, a true lover of his country, and one who did her good service,\\nrepresenting her abroad with honor, enriching her by the assis-\\ntance his vast w^ealth and generosity enabled him to give to all\\nplans for improving her material resources, and above all by the\\nefficient help he gave to Fulton in the introduction of steam\\nnavigation.\\nChancellor Livingston and Fulton had no idea of the benefits\\nthey conferred on man. Indeed, up to this time, as remarked by\\nProfessor Renwick, although the exclusive grant had been sought\\nand obtained from the State of New York, it does not appear that\\neither Fulton or his associate had been fully aware of the vast\\nopening which the navigation of the Pludson presented for the use\\nof steam. The demand for travel soon outran the narrow accom-\\nmodations of the Clermont, now put upon her regular trips upon\\nthe river another vessel was built, larger and of finer appoint-\\nments punctuality was established, and the brilliant steamboat\\nservice of the Hudson fairly commenced.\\nThis new vessel Avas named the North River, and was the old\\nClermont re-built. I have found the following letter which was\\nwi-itten by the late Francis Sayre, Esq., of the village of Catskill.\\nHe was the last surviving member of the company who embarked\\non the North River, on her first trip from New York. The letter\\nwill be found an interesting reminiscence\\nCatskill, September, 1857.\\nI am, as far as I know, the only person now living who was on\\nboard the first steamboat on her first trip from New York to\\nAlbany. I do not refer to the trial trip which Avas made in 1807,\\nin what may be termed a scow, but to the first trip made by the\\nold North River, the first passenger boat propelled by steam,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 141\\nThe craft employed by Mr. Fulton, on the trial trip, (called\\nthe Clermont, but probably never registered,) was taken to what\\nwas then called lower Red Hook, and in the Winter of 1807 and\\n1808 was hauled out on ways to be enlarged and converted into a\\ncommodious steamboat. The alterations and enlargement were\\nmade by ship-carpenters of the city of Hudson during the winter\\nand sjOTng. She was launched about the 1st of May, and called the\\nNorth River. She was taken down to New York by Capt. Sam-\\nuel Jenkins, who had her in temporary charge, until Capt. after-\\nwards styled Commodore, Wiswall, should be able to assume the\\ncommand. On arriving at New York she was taken to the dock\\nat the foot of Dey street, (then far up town,) where the machinery\\nwas put on board, and the cabin and carpenter s work were com-\\npleted. This was done with a rapidity Avhich in those days was\\nconsidered extraordinary, Mr. Fulton himself overseeing and\\nattending to every part. He was usually on board as early as five\\no clock in the morning, and would be there almost the entire day.\\nI never knew a more industrious, indefatigable, laborious man.\\nFulton s new steamboat was the wonder of the day. She was\\nvisited daily by hundreds of the curious, who asked many queer\\nquestions in relation to the operation of the steam and machinery\\none of these almost invariably was, Where and how was the\\nsteam to be conveyed to the water wheel The crowd of visitors\\nbecame a great annoyance and hindrance to those employed on\\nboard, and I recollect a very amusing incident, connected with the\\nattempt to prevent intrusion. Mr. Fulton directed a painter to\\nletter a board with the words, One dollar for any person to come\\non board without liberty, which was put up in a conspicuous place.\\nOne day a sailor came along and read the notice. Jack was not\\nlong in putting his construction upon it, and giving his quid a roll\\nin his mouth, and with a laughing, knowing wink of the eye,\\njumped on board without ceremony, pointed to the board and\\naccosted the man nearest him with Mister, who pays me that dol-\\nlar V Mr. Fulton was standing near and laughed heartily, a thing\\nunusual with him, for he was generally, while among the men,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "142 CLEEMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nvery taciturn and grave, giving his orders and directions in a\\nlaconic manner. He would listen, however, to suggestions made\\nby the more j^ractical, and would often modify his orders to accord\\nwith such suggestions. During the time these preparations were\\ngoing forward, trials were made of the working of the machineiy,\\nby hauling out into the stream, putting on steam, and starting the\\nengine. This was no small affair, for when the engineer gave the\\nnotice All ready, all hands were called, carpenters, joiners, paint-\\ners, caulkers, laborers and crew, to prevent what is termed catch-\\ning on the centre. During one of these trials, when going up the\\nriver at the rate of six or eight miles an hour, Mr. Fulton stood\\nlooking over the bow of the boat for fifteen or twenty minutes,\\nintently watching the motion and speed of the boat, apparently\\nwholly absorbed. Suddenly he wheeled and addressed a friend,\\nwho stood near him, with great enthusiasm, with My good friend,\\nshe is a fine boat, and our success is certain.\\nCommodore Wiswall was now in command. At the hour\\nappointed (9 o clock, A. M.,) for her departure for Albany, Chan-\\ncellor Livingston, with a number of invited friends, came on board,\\nand after a good deal of bustle and no little noise and confusion,\\nthe boat was got out into the stream and headed up the river.\\nSteam was put on and sails were set, for she was provided with\\nlarge square sails attached to masts that wereso constructed that\\nthey could be raised and lowered as the direction and strength of\\nthe wind might require. There was at this time a light breeze\\nfi-om the South, and with steam and sails a very satisfactory rate\\nof speed Avas obtained. Fast sailing sloops were passed with ease,\\nthe machinery worked finely, and everything seemed to promise\\nwell. After a time, however, it was discovered that steam was\\nescaping from the boiler. This boiler was constructed of Avood, a\\ncylinder, perhaps twenty feet long and ten in diameter, bound with\\nheavy iron bands, with iron tubes extending from the lower part\\ninto the furnace. The heat imparted to the iron bands by the\\nsteam produced a shrinking of the wood directly under them,\\nwhilst the spaces between them would swell from moistivrc ira-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 143\\nparted by the steam, so that the edges of the planks would be\\nuneven, leaving open spaces through which the steam escaped.\\nHow could the difficulty be obviated Resort was had to covering\\nthe boiler with blankets and carpets, which prevented the evil to\\nsome extent, and as the favorable wind continued, we kept on the\\neven tenor of our way, and just before sunrise next morning we\\nwere at Clermont, the residence of the Chancellor, who, with his\\nfriends, landed and the boat proceeded to Albany, where she\\naii ived at two or three o clock, P. M.\\nFulton s new steamboat, was here, too, the wonder of the\\nday, and was visited by great numbers. There seemed to be but\\none opinion, viz A member of one of the largest freighting estab-\\nlishments in the city of Albany, which relied upon the carrying of\\npassengers to and from New York for a material part of its income,\\nin conversation with the writer remarked, sneeringly, Fulton will\\nnever succeed, but it is well enough for him to make the experi-\\nment. He is only sporting with the Chancellor s money, v/ho has\\nenough to experiment upon without injuring him. Within two\\nyeai S this same gentleman was a large stockholder in the opposi-\\ntion boat started by an association in Albany. These boats, how-\\never, were in a short time laid up under an injunction issued by\\nthe Chancellor, and were never afterwards run on the river so\\nthat my friend lost almost the whole of the money he ventured in\\nexperimenting on the rights of others.\\nAfter two or three days stay in Albany spent in making some\\nrepairs and alterations, in the machineiy, caulking the boiler to\\nprevent the escape of steam, and supplying deficiencies discovered\\non the passage up the river, the return passage was commenced\\nand prosecuted with about the same speed and success. When\\nwithin about thirty miles of New York, the tubes that ran from\\nthe boiler into the furnace, one after another gave way until the\\nfires were entirely extinguished, and the remainder of the passage\\nwas made by the use of the sails. On arriving at New York she\\nwas laid up until a new boiler could be constructed, which was", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "144 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ndone of heavy sheet copper in about two months time, when she\\nwas again started. From that time slie accomplished her trips\\nregularly, but how differently from the boats of the present day.\\nInstead of making a passage in nine or ten hours, she consumed\\nfrom twenty-four to thirty. The landings were effected with\\nmuch trouble and great loss of time, and no little teiTor to those\\nof weak nerves.\\nAnd now, starting from the days of the first steamboat, and\\ntracing events up to the present time, I feel as if I had lived in a\\nvery important era in the world s history I think it hardly possi-\\nble that one starting, at this day, on a pilgrimage of seventy-five\\nyears, will witness anything like the improvements in the arts and\\nsciences, in intercommunication throughout the wide world, and in\\nfacilities for carrying on commercial enterprises.\\nRobert Fulton constructed a steamer of 2,740 tons, in 1813,\\nbuilt for hai bor defence, and launched in that year, and was used\\nas a defence against the British in the last war with England. It\\nwill be seen by drawings of Fulton s plans that he had tried the\\nother kinds of propellors, the chain float, duck s foot, and the screw\\nfan, before adopting the paddle Avheel, for although the screw was\\ngood in principle it was many years before it could be constructed\\nto act efficiently. But the Clermont soon had a comjietitor within\\na short time Mr. Stevens, of Hoboken, launched a steamboat,\\nwhich, as she could not ply on the waters of the Hudson in conse-\\nquence of the exclusive patent of Fulton and Livingston, he took\\nroimd to the Delaware River, and this was the first steamer that\\never braved the tides of ocean.\\nJohn Stevens, who, in common apparently with all the distin-\\nguished men of the time, had married a relative of Livingston,\\nand had been experimenting at Hoboken with a steamboat similar\\nto Fulton s, which he finished only a few weeks after the latter\\nhad made a successful trij), thus securing the monopoly we have\\nmentioned. Stevens named his boat the Phojuix. He afterwards", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 145\\nproduced a boat cajDable of making thirteen and a-lialf miles an\\nhorn*.\\nWe noAv close our sketch of the first steam navigation, and\\nthose that now ride along the banks of our beautiful river Hudson,\\nat the rate of thuty-five miles an hour, will not very much envy\\nthe traveler of days gone by in the old cold stage coach or sleigh\\nin winter, or the long voyage up the river in the Clermont during\\nthe season of navigation. So much for these days of progress.\\nIf some of the old inhabitants of the town of Clermont could\\nreturn from the other world, with what amazement would they\\nview the banks of the Hudson, so closely built up with sj^lendid\\nresidences, and behold the railroad and telegraph, those two ii on\\nbands that now encircle and bind together, as one, all parts of the\\ncivilized world. Who knows what the next century may bring\\nforth We may, who now inhabit this earth, seem to those who\\nwill inhabit it in our stead a hundred years from now, to be as\\nmuch behind the then age, as our forefathers now appear to have\\nbeen to us. For as surely as the age of the ancient Knickerbock-\\ners and Rip Van Winkles has departed, so surely will wonders\\nand inventions never cease.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "146 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR,\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nCHANCELLOR LIVINGSTON AS AN ORATOR, AND CLOSE OF HIS LIFE.\\nThe leisure hours of Chancellor Livingston were devoted to\\nevery variety of science, arts, and literature. He was a man that\\nfilled a great space in the eyes of all the American people. The\\nheroic authors of antiquity, Homer and Virgil, Demosthenes and\\nCicero, were among those which contributed to improve his taste,\\nand expand his thoughts and feelings. His historical researches\\nwere various and extensive. All this was not effected without\\nunremitted industry. Every intervt^ of time afforded from the\\nduties and cares of public life was devoted with scrupulous fidelity\\nto add to his akeady vast store of knowledge. Like the Chancel-\\nlor D Aguesseau, in variety of pursuit he found that relaxation\\nwhich others seek in pleasure and amusement.\\nThe style of his oratory was chaste and classical, and of that\\npersuasive kind which the father of poetry ascribes to Nestor.\\nAll who were witnesses testify to the mute attention with which\\nhe riveted his auditors. But he chiefly delighted in the pathetic,\\nand often by his appeals to the sympathies of his hearers counter-\\nacted the most powerful prejudices. His acknowledged integrity\\nand patriotism doubtless added force to all he uttered. Franklin\\ntermed him the American Cicero. In him were united all those\\nqualities which, according to that illustrious Roman, are necessary\\nin the perfect orator.\\n19", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR, 147\\nThus it appears that the late Cliancellor Livingston was an\\nactive agent in the most momentous events that have influenced\\nthe destinies of mankind. Of the Congress of 1776, which resolv-\\ned tliat these States were free and independent, he was a distin-\\nguished member, and belonged to that committee which framed\\nthe declaration of our giievances and rights, and which will trans-\\nmit their names to the latest posterity. In the Convention of Ncav\\nYork, which formed the Constitution of our State, the best scheme\\nof polity known to the world was devised by the wisdom of Liv-\\ningston, Jay, Hamilton, and Madison. The important actor in a\\nnegotiation which doubled our country in extent, and I trust has\\nrendered it forever secure from foreign intrusion, and the coadju-\\ntor in that noblest of all improvements in mechanics, by which\\ntime and space are annihilated, the invention of steam navigation.\\nIn Chancellor Livingston, to the proud character of integrity,\\nhonor and disinterestedness, were added the mild, yet ennobling\\nfeatures of religion an inquiring believer in its truths, an exem-\\nplar of its gentle effects on the character, he daily sought its\\nconsolations and strengthened his pious resolution in the rich\\ninheritance it promises. He was devoted to the Protestant Episco-\\npal Church from an enlightened preference of its doctrines and\\ndiscipline, without hostile feelings to those who trust to other\\nguides in religion. So he lived he had a strong faith in his\\nHeavenly Father, a fervent hope for the life to come and a charity\\nfor all that never failed. These three sisters, faith, hope and\\ncharity, blended together to form as near as possible a perfect life\\nand an enviable death.\\nHis person, says Dr. Francis, who knew him intimately, was\\ntall and commanding, and of patrician dignity. Gentle and cour-\\nteous in his manners, pure and upright in his morals. His benefac-\\ntions to the poor were numerous and unostentatious. In life\\nwithout reproach, victorious in death over its terrors.\\nThe mental activity of Chancellor Livingston was continued to\\nthe last. A few days before his death he wi ote a vaIual?lQ paper", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "148 CLERMONT. OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\non Agriculture, for the American edition of Brewster s Encyclo-\\npedia. After a life, every portion of wliicli was devoted to the\\nbenefit of his fellow man, he paid the last debt to nature at his\\nseat at Clermont on the 26th of February, 1813. He was at the\\ntime of his death in the 66th year of liis age. He was buried in\\nthe old Manor vault of the Livingston family, at Clermont, and it\\ngrieves me to add that no suitable or fine monument marks his\\nlast resting place. But his life will ever be an enduring monu-\\nment in the hearts and affections of the American peoj^le, and\\nunited with the names of Washington, Hamilton, Jay, Madison,\\nJefferson, Franklin, and Lincoln, dear to our hearts and ever\\ncherished at our hearthstones. Let us teach our children to emu\\nlate or follow their examples, to love and revere their memories as\\nevery true American ought.\\nWho having won the bound of man s appointed years at last,\\nLife s blessings all enjoyed, life s labors done.\\nSerenely to his final rest has jjassed,\\nWhile the soft memory of his virtues yet\\nLingers like twilight-hues when the britjht sun is set.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 149\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nHENRY B. LIVINGSTON, BROTHER OF THE CHANCELLOR.\\nHenry Beekman, the second son of Judge Robert R. Livings-\\nton, and brother of Chancellor Livingston, was born at the Liv\\ningston Manor House, at Clermont, Columbia County, November\\n9th, 1750, and married in March, 1781, to Miss Margaret Shippen.\\nOf his earlier years I have been unable to obtain any records.\\nHe served in the war as Colonel from 1775 to January, 1779, was\\nmade a Brigadier-General at the close of the war, was voted a\\nhandsome sword by Congress, and received also the commenda-\\ntion of General Washington for the bravery he displayed in his\\nNorthern campaign, when he served under his brother-in-law.\\nGeneral Richard Montgomery. Whilst in Canada, he became\\nfamiliar with the French language.\\nHe was among the first to oppose the oppressions of the mother\\ncountry, and to take up arms against Great Britain. He was with\\nMontgomery at St. Johns, Montreal and Quebec. At the storm-\\ning of the latter stronghold, in December, 1775, he led one of the\\nattacks against the upper town, and Major Brown another column\\nwhich were intended merely as feints to distract the attention of\\nthe garrison, whilst Generals Montgomery and Arnold conducted\\nthe two real columns of attack against the lower town. He\\n^saisted in the capture of the fort at Chamby, and otherwise dis^", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "150 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ntinguislied himself throiigh that eventful but disastrous campaign.\\nIn the battle of Stillwater, in 1777, the main body of the army\\nwas the right wing the left Aving was composed of the brigade of\\nGen. Poor, consisting of Cilley s, Scammel s, and Hale s regiments\\nof New Hampshire Van Comtlandt s, and Lieutenant-Colonel\\nHenry B. Livingston s, of New York, and two regiments of Con-\\nnecticut Militia. He was present and witnessed the surrender of\\nBurgoyne and his fine army to General Gates, the happy termina-\\ntion of the battles at Stillwater. He accompanied Arnold, in com-\\nmand of his New York regiment, to the relief of Fort Schuyler,\\nthen held by Gansevoort, who was closely besieged by St. Leger\\nwith his force of British and Indians, but St. Leger retreated upon\\nArnold s approach.\\nHe afterwards commanded, as Ave Avill briefly relate, at Ver-\\nplank s Point during the time of Arnold s treason. He maintained\\nthroughout his life the highest confidence of his felloAV-country-\\nmen. The Marquis de Chastelleux, avIio breakfasted Avith Col.\\nLivingston, at Verplank s Point, Avrites of him in his journal, (1st\\nVol., page 94,) This is a very amiable and well informed young\\nman. In the spring of 1778 Lafayette Avas stationed at Albany.\\nIn March he went up to JohnstOAvn, from Avhich place he AAa-ote to\\nCol. Gansevoort a letter dated March 6th, 1778. This letter Avas\\nenclosed in a letter from Col. Livingston, of the same date, of\\nAvhich the following is an extract Enclosed you have a letter\\nfrom Major-General Marquis de Lafayette, relative to Col. Carle-\\nton, nephcAV to General Carleton, Avho has for some time been in\\nthis part of the country as a spy. The General apprehends he has\\ntaken his route by the way of Oswego, and begs you ll send out\\nsuch parties as you may judge necessary for apprehending him.\\nThe following is Lafayette s letter\\nSm As the taking of Col. Carleton is of the greatest import-\\nance, I wish you Avould try every means in your poAver to have\\nhim apprehended. I have desired Colonel Livingston, who knows\\nhim, to let you have any intelligence he can give, and to join to", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 151\\nthem those I have got by a Toiy, about the dress and figure of\\nCarleton. You may send as many parties as you please and\\neverywhere you ll think proper, and do every convenient thing for\\ndiscovering him. I dare say he knows that we are after him and\\nhas nothing in view but to escape, which I beg you to prevent by\\nall means. You may promise in my name fifty guineas, hard\\nmoney, besides all money, c., they can find about Carleton, to\\nany party of Soldiers or Indians who will bring him alive. As\\nevery one knows now what we send for there is no inconvenience\\nto scatter (them) in the country, which reward is promised in\\norder .to stimulate the Indians.\\nI have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient servant,\\nTHE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE.\\nCol. Carleton, it is believed, was not apprehended. When, in\\n1700, Colonel Livingston had the command at Verplank s Point,\\nhe had but eighty men under arms, and there were but 3,086 in\\nall at West Point and vicinity at the time of Arnold s treason,\\nthe number being stated in the papers found on the person of\\nMajor John Andre, after his capture. The papers given him by\\nArnold not only contained the number of the efiective forces of\\nthe garrisons but also the full account of the distribution of the\\nforces in the vicinity of, and at West Point, to inform and enable\\nSir Henry Clinton, when making the proposed attack upon West\\nPoint, which was the weakest and most vulnerable spot. A link\\nof the great chain at Constitution Island was also to have been\\nremoved, leaving the river open for the ascent of the British\\nvessels.\\nThe British ship Vulture was anchored nearly opposite Ver-\\nplanck s^Point with Andre on board, who made known his place of\\nretreat to Arnold, in the following manner It was in the early\\nforenoon of September 21st, 1780, that Arnold jiroceeded down\\nthe river in a small boat to Verplank s Point, and from there to\\nSmith s House. At Verplank s Point, Colonel Livingston handed", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "152 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhim a letter which lie had received under a flag of truce from\\nCaptain Sutherland of the British ship Vulture. The letter was\\ndated the 21st of September, A. M., and pretended to remonstrate\\nagainst an alleged violation of the rules of war by a band of men\\nat Teller s Point. According to the letter a flag of truce had\\nbeen shown at Teller s Point, inviting the ofiicers of the ship to\\ncome ashore on military business, but as soon as the boat neared\\nthe sliore it was fired upon by a concealed party of armed men\\nhid in the brushwood on the bank. He had also sent a letter upon\\nthe same subject in question to Col. Livingston. Arnold s letter\\nwas in the writing of Major Andre, although signed by Captain\\nSutherland.\\nArnold at a glance understood the meaning of the letter, that\\nAndre was on board the British vessel waiting for an oj^portunity\\nto have a secret interview with him. Arnold found some plan to\\nanswer Andre s letter, and appointed a place and time for a meet-\\ning, which meeting took place in a wood on the bank of the river\\non the night of September 21st, and early morning of Sejitember\\n22d, 1780. The light streaks of the early dawn of the 22d of Sep-\\ntember appeared in the Eastern sky, yet Arnold and Andre still\\nheld their conference, and still there was much to be said and\\nmany plans yet to be formed by both. Smith had repeatedly\\nwarned them to make haste, but they moved not until the near\\napproach of day convinced them that with the light came danger\\nto their plans of darkness and treason.\\nAndre, at length convinced of the importance of moving to a\\nmore secluded place, mounted a horse belonging to Ai n old s servant,\\nand concealing his own imiform by a long blue surtout coat,\\naccompanied by Arnold, Smith, and Arnold s attendant, proceeded\\nto Smith s house, (Avhich is still standing,) about four miles distant.\\nIt is a stone house and stands upon the ascent of a hill, named\\nTreason Hill, a few rods West of the main road leading from\\nStony Point to Haversti-aw, and situated about mid-way between\\nthe above named places. In a room in the second floor of this", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 153\\nhouse the sjiy and the traitor remained concealed during the day\\nof September 22d. Andre felt great uneasiness on the way to\\nSmith s house, as his being in the eneiny s lines without a flag or\\nl^ass would subject him to the fate of a spy, if captured. The\\nvoices of the American sentinels and barking of dogs in the\\nAmerican lines near Haverstraw, filled the hearts of the party\\nwith fear, and it seemed to them the longest four miles that they\\nhad ever passed over.\\nUl^on their ariival at Smith s house the sound of cannonading\\nAvas heard in the direction of the British ship Vulture. For the\\never watchful Col. Livingston, at Verjilank s Point, seeing the\\nVulture anchored so near the shore, sent a party from Verplank s\\nPoint, and another party from Teller s Point, to fire upon the Vul-\\nture, which they did with light field pieces. This firing caused\\nthe Vulture to raise anchor and sail down the river out of range.\\nCol. Livingston had, previous to this event, sent and asked Arnold\\nat West Point for some heavy cannon, to enable him to destroy\\nthe Vulture, but Arnold refused the proposal, making some\\nfrivolous excuse. All the cannon Col. Livingston had was one\\nfield piece at Teller s Point, and one light four pounder at Ver-\\nplank s Point. It was this light four pounder that saved West\\nPoint.\\nHe also sent to Colonel Lamb, at West Point, for a supply of\\nammunition, who complied rather unwillingly, with the answer,\\nthat he thought it but a waste of powder to fire at a Man of War\\nwith a four pounder. But this very cannonade caused a deten-\\ntion of Andre at Smith s house and his after capture, and thus\\nWest Point was saved. Col. Livingston made so good a use of\\nhis little four pounder that had it not been for a flood tide setting\\nin, the Vulture would have been sunk.\\nAndre was very anxious when he heard the firing, but they\\nremained at Smith s house all that day, Avhere the whole plot was\\narranged. Andre was to return on horseback to the British lines\\non the East sicl^ of the river disguised as an American officer, an l\\n20", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "154 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nsupplied with passes from Ai-nold, and with all the important\\npapers relating to West Point, placed in his stockings next his\\nfeet- The British troops were already embarked at New York\\nunder the pretext of going on an expedition to the Chesapeake, but\\nin reality only waiting for Andi-e s an-ival to proceed up the river\\nto West Point. Arnold had agreed so to disperse the ganison in\\ndiiferent du-ections, as if he feared an attack from the rear over\\nthe mountains, and send forces wherever he could, so as to leave\\nbut few men at any one point that could be concentrated together,\\nthus enabling the enemy to take possession without meeting vrith\\nmuch resistance.\\nAndi-e proceeded down the river and was captured at Tarry-\\ntown, and West Point saved. Colonel Livingston saw Arnold\\npass Vei-plank s, in his boat, when he escaped to the Vultm e, and\\nhe aftei-wards remarked that such was his suspicion of Arnold,\\nthat had any of his boats been ready at hand he would have gone\\nafter him to enquire his en-and.\\nLossing, in his excellent work, the Field Book of the Revolu-\\ntion, gives the following: The position of Col. Livingston, at\\nVerplank s Point, with some circumstances that appeared suspi-\\ncious, made him liable to be distrusted, for it might faii ly be pre-\\nsumed that he was directly or indirectly concerned in Arnold s\\nmovements. By a brief letter Washington ordered Col. Livings-\\nton to proceed to headquarters immediately. Conscious of his\\nintegrity that officer promptly obeyed, he expecting his conduct\\nwould be subjected to a strict investigation. Washington made\\nno enquiries, but told him that he had more explicit orders to give\\nthan he could well communicate by letter, and that was the object\\nof calling him to the Highlands. It is a gi*eat som-ce of gratifica-\\ntion to me, said the Commander-in-Chief, that the post was in\\nthe hands of an officer so devoted as yom self to the cause of your\\ncoimtry. Washington s confidence was not misi)laced, for there\\nwas not a pm-er patriot in that wai* than Hemy B. Livingston.\\nHe was a most worthy brother of the Chancellor. In Hunt s Life", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIYINGSTON MANOR, 155\\nof Edward Livingston I found the following During Lafayette s\\ntriumphal visit to this country in Sej^tember, 1824, the steamboat\\nJames Kent was chartered by the citizens of New York to carry\\ntheir illustrious guest upon an excursion to Albany, stopping\\nwherever he might wish along the river. On the way up the\\npaily sj^ent a morning with General Morgan Lewis and Gertrude\\nLivingston, at their country seat at Staatsburgh, and passed the\\nevening festively at Clermont, being entertained by the heir of\\nChancellor Livingston. After leaving Staatsburgh the Marquis\\ninquired of Colonel Fish, Where is my friend Col. Harry Livings-\\nton f Soon afterwards, while the steamer was at Kingston dock,\\nCol. Livingston having crossed the river in a small boat from\\nRhinebeck, came on board. As soon as their eyes met, the two\\nfriends, the Marquis and the Colonel, now old men, rushed into\\neach other s arms, embraced and kissed each other, to the astonish-\\nment of the Americans present. The Colonel had served under\\nLafayette in Rhode Island and at Valley Forge. Colonel Liv-\\ningston lived a life of usefulness, and died at his residence in Co-\\nlumbia County, November 5th, 1831, aged 81 years, all to four\\ndays.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "156\\nCLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXL\\nJOHN K. LIVINGSTON.\\nThe third son of Judge Robert R. Livingston, John R., Avas\\nborn February 13th, 1755, and was married to Margaret Slieaffe,\\nin 1779,* and married a second wife, Miss Eliza J^fcEvers, in 1788.\\nHe had several children. He volunteered several times during\\nthe war and was very active in erecting powder mills to supply\\nthe army with the powder the country then so much needed. He\\nlived a long and prosperous life, and was the last survivor of this\\nnumerous fomily. More than half a century ago he was one of\\nour principal merchants, and lived in Broadway, New York, upon\\nthe site where Mrs. Plummer s Broadway House used to stand.\\nHe there lived in style and entertained with princely hospitality.\\nLie in after years retii-ed to his splendid estate in the town of Red\\nHook, Dutchess County, New York, on the banks of the Hudson,\\nabout a quarter of a mile from the present Barrytown Station.\\nThis fine country seat is now owned by Mr. John Aspinwall, who\\nhas put it in superb order. Here John R. Livingston expired in\\nthe month of November, 1851, aged 9G years, a most remarkable\\nage, almost a century old.\\nMargaret Slieaffe marriod John K. Livingston, then a Boston Merchant. She died in\\niJoston in 1784 at the a^e of twenty-four. So handsome no one couhl take her picture\\nl.al ayette visited and adinned lier. Ho said once to her h)ver, W ere I not a iiianicd\\nman 1 would try to cut you out. After his return to France the Marqni.s sent hor a\\nsatin cardinal, lined witli ermine, and an elegant silk garment to wear under it J lui\\nrelic waa long preserved. ifrs. jEWeJV (^iiec/w o/ Society.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 157\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nBIRTH, YOUTH AND MARRIAGE OF EDWARD LIVINGSTON.\\nEdward Livingston, the youngest son and youngest child of\\nJudge Robert R. Livingston, whose large family, as before stated,\\nconsisted of four sons and seven daughters (one daughter dying in\\ninfancy,) was born at Clermont, Columbia County, NeAV York, on\\nthe 28th May, 17G4. All his brothers and sisters, with one excep-\\ntion, lived to what might be called old age, or from sixty-six to\\nninety six years of age. Such a record is seldom found where all,\\nmembers of one family live to the age of even sixty-six years.\\nHe, as well as all his brothers and sisters, were born under the\\ngovernment of Great Britain, and died under the free Republican\\nform of government of the United States, which they as individ-\\nuals, and as a ftimily, had given time, talent, and fortune to estab\\nlish and erect upon its present firm basis. Hunt, in his life of\\nEdward Livingston, states That Edward Livingston in mature\\nlife conceived the plan of writing a novel, in which the characters\\nshould be drawn faithfully from his own memories of the actual\\ngroup, of which his grandfather was the central figure. He ap-\\npears to have written but one chapter. The fragment is headed\\nwith the couplet,\\nScenes in sad remembrance set.\\nScenes never, never to return.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "158 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nEdward Livingston when a boy was noted for the remarkable\\nsweetness and gentleness of his disposition. Although too often\\nthe case that the youngest in most families turns out to be what is\\noften called a spoiled or self-willed child, in his case it was not so.\\nHis first teacher, as we stated in our sketch of Chancellor Livings-\\nton, was the Dutch Reformed Clergyman, Dominie Doll. He\\nwas about nine years of age when his eldest sister, Janet, was\\nmanied to the heroic General Richard Montgomery, who about\\ntwo years after this left home on his Northern camj^aign. About\\nthis time Edward s father, the Judge, and his grandfather died,\\nand as troubles never come single, soon after came the news of the\\ndeath of General Montgomery before the walls of Quebec. There\\nfore Edward s tender years were darkened by the clouds of sorrow.\\nBut in our baby life our feelings are not deep, and like the\\nmorning dew upon the flower, the sunshine of life soon dries up\\nall tears. Edward soon after this was sent to a boarding school\\nat Albany, and afterwards to another school at Esopus. Every\\nSaturday he returned home to Clermont, walking the entire dis-\\ntance of eighteen miles, and back again to school every black\\nMonday morning. These walks improved his health and gave him\\nthe vigorous constitution which lasted throughout his life. The\\nwalk from Esopus to Clermont always appeared to him much\\nshorter than the Monday return trip. His school was broken up\\nfor a time when the British advanced upon Esopus, and did so\\nmuch damage, as related in a previous chapter.\\nHe was home at the time that his mother s house was burned at\\nClermont, and formed one of the number that retreated at the ap\\nproach of the troops doubtless as a boy he enjoyed the excite-\\nment and confusion incidental to the removal and sudden depart-\\nure. It was in 1779 that he entered as a junior in Nassau Hall\\nCollege, Princeton, New Jersey, and there he graduated in 1781,\\nat the age of seventeen. In the Life of John Jay, by his son Wil-\\nliam Jay, Vol. 1, Page 174, in a letter of his wiitten to Chancellor\\nLivingston, from Paris in 1783, he writes I send you a bo.x of", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 159\\nplaister cojiics of medals if Mrs. Livingston will permit you to\\nkeep so many mistresses, reserve the ladies for yourself, and give\\nthe philosophers and poets to Edward.\\nAfter leaving college Edward studied law in the office of John\\nLansing, in Albany, who was afterwards the second Chancellor of\\nthe State of New York. Among Edward Livingston s fellow stu-\\ndents were James Kent, Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and\\nmany other men afterwards distinguished in their country s book\\nof fjime. After leaving Albany he studied law in New York from\\n1783 to 1785, in which latter year he commenced the practice of\\nlaw. He devoted all his spare time to study. There numbered\\nat this time in the city of New York only about forty members\\nof the bar, amongst whom were Robert Troup, Egbert Benson,\\nBrockholst Livingston, Melanthon Smith, Aaron Burr, Alexander\\nHamilton, Ogden Hoffman, and James Kent.\\nThe Com-ts were held in old Federal Hall, Wall Street. Edward\\nLivingston resided with his mother in the winter season at No.\\n51 Queen Street, (now called Pearl Street,) near Wall. Here he\\nhad his office in the basement front room. His mother removed\\nto the Manor House at Clermont in summer, where Edward rejoin-\\ned her when business was slack enough to permit of his leaving\\nthe city. It was at this city mansion that Lafayette and many\\nofficers and distinguished men called in to spend a pleasant evening,\\nand as all members of the fomily could speak the French language\\nwell, it made it agreeable to the French officers.\\nMrs. Livingston always retired early, at ten o clock. But Mrs.\\nMontgomery and some of her sisters would often join the guests\\nat a game of whist, or unite in some brilliant and instructive con-\\nversation. Mrs, Ellet, in her Queens of American Society, thus\\nwrites of the pleasant society in New York in those good old\\ntimes The dignity of office was then maintained by forms de-\\nsigned to inspu-e respect, and special regard was paid to the wives\\nof men who had deserved much of their country. The widows of", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "160 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nGreene and Montgomery were always handed to and from their\\ncarriages by the President himself, the Secretaries and gentlemen\\nof his household performing those offices for the other ladies.\\nThese New York gayeties in 1788 had been increased by numerous\\nweddings in fashionable circles. M. de Marbois, French Charge\\nd Ai5aires, had married Miss Moore.\\nAbout this time there figured in New York society three beauti-\\nful sisters, the daughters of Charles McEvers, Esq. The eldest\\ndaughter, Mary, had smitten the heart of Edward Livingston, and\\nthis love was reciprocated by her. It was at one of Mrs. Wash-\\nington s evening drawing rooms, owing to the lowness of the ceil-\\ning, the ostrich feathers in the head dress of Miss Mary McEvers,\\na distinguished belle in New York, took fire from the chandelier,\\nto the general confusion and alarm. Major Jackson, Aid-de-Camp\\nto the President, flew to the rescue and clapping the burning plumes\\nbetween his hands extinguished them. This lady married Edward\\nLivingston, the Minister to France.\\nEdward Livingston was married to Miss McEvers on April 10,\\n1788. From the time of this marriage to 1794 he led a quiet\\ndomestic life, free from care, and obtained a high reputation as\\none of the most eminent men in his profession in New York. In\\n1794 his political life commenced, he being nominated and was\\nelected as a Representative in Congress, to the fourth Congress of\\nthe United States. This election took place in December, 1794,\\nand he was re-elected to the fifth and sixth Congress, in 1796 and\\n1798. The city of New York at that time consisted of but one\\nCongressional district. In the first election John Watts was his\\nopponent, in the second James Watson, and in the third his rela-\\ntive, Philip Livingston,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 161\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nEDWARD LIVINGSTON IN CONGRESS.\\nIt Avas on the 7th of December, 1795, that Edward Livingston\\ntook his first seat in Congress. He belonged to the opposition\\nparty under both the administrations of Washington and Adams.\\nHe made but few speeches, but what he did say was always digni-\\nfied and to the point, free from abuse of those that differed from\\nhim in opinion, evidently thinking and acting up to the idea that\\nevery man is entitled to have and express an opinion of his own.\\nAmong the members of the House of Representatives at that time\\nwere Fisher Ames, Theodore Sedgwick, of Mass., Albert Gal-\\nlatin, of Penn., William B. Giles and James Madison, of Virginia,\\nand Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.\\nIn 1796 Edward Livingston presented a measure for the protec-\\ntion of American Seamen who had been impressed into the English\\nservice. He succeeded, but not without opposition, in the passage\\nof the Act in May, 1796. In March and April of that year, great\\ndebates and much excitement occurred in the House, over the pro-\\nposal to make an appropriation to carry into efiect Mr. Jay s treaty\\nwith Great Britain. On the 19th of March Mr. Livingston rose\\nto speak, which speech occupied nearly one day. The following\\nis a lively passage from it\\n21", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "162 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nThus to whatever source of argument we refer we find the\\nconstitutional power of this House fully established. Whether we\\nrecur to the words of the constitution where the power is express-\\nly given, and is only to be lost by implication whether we have\\nrecourse to the opinions of the majorities who adopted the consti-\\ntution, to the uniform practice under it, to the opinions of om* con-\\nstituents as expressed in their petitions, or to the analagous pro-\\nceedings in a government constructed in this particular like our\\nown yet after all this we are told that if we question the suprem-\\nacy of the treaty making power we commit treason against the\\nconstitutional authorities, and are in rebellion against the govern-\\nment. These are gi ave charges and made in improper language.\\nI have not been so long in public life as these gentlemen who\\nmake them, but I will boldly pronounce them unparliamentary and\\nimproper. Besides this language is wi ong in another view it may\\nfrighten men of weak nerves from a worthy pursuit. For my own\\npart when I heard the member from Vermont compare the\\nauthority of the President and Senate to the Majesty of Heaven,\\nand the proclamation to the voice of thunder when he appealed\\nto his services for his country and showed the wounds received in\\nher defence when he completed his pathetic address by a charge\\nof treason and rebellion, I was for a moment astonished at my own\\ntemerity. His eloquence so overpoAvered me that\\nMethought the billows spoke and told me of it,\\nThe winds did sing it to me, and the thunder.\\nThat deep and dreadful organ pipe, pronounced\\nThe charge of treason.\\nI was, however, relieved from this trepidation by a moment s\\nreflection, which convinced me that all the dreadful consequences\\narose from the gentleman s taking for granted that which remained\\nto be proved. He had only assumed that the measure was uncon-\\nstitutional and the rest followed of course. From my soul I honor\\nthe veteran who has fought to establish the liberties of his country.\\nI look with reverence on his wounds, I feel humbled in his pres-\\nence, and regret that a tender age did not permit nie to share hia", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 163\\nglorious deeds. I can forgive anything that such a man may say\\nwhen he imagines the liberty for which he has fought is about to\\nbe destroyed, but I cannot extend my charity to men who, with-\\nout the same merits, coolly re-echo the charge.\\nThe above is but a very short specimen of the power of Edward\\nLivingston as an orator. But we do not propose in our short\\nsketches of these distinguished men to give lengthy debates.\\nOur limits and the purposes of this work would be destroyed by\\nso doing, but we merely wish to state facts in as concise a manner\\nas possible. Mr. Livingston was re-elected to a second term in\\nCongress by a majority of 550 votes. Alexander Hamilton labor-\\ned veiy hard to defeat him, endeavoring to elect his friend, Mr.\\nJames Watson. In 1798 the Naval Department was established\\nby law. The Federalists favored it an(i the Republicans opposed\\nit. Mr. Livingston on the side with his party spoke and voted in\\nopposition to it, but it passed the House by a small majority. He\\nalso opposed two laws called the Alien and Sedition laws, both\\npassed by that Congress.\\nIn 1798 Mr. Livingston presented a measure, which passed in\\nCongress, for the payment of an annuity to each of the four\\n(oi-jihan) daughters of the Count de Grasse an annuity of about\\n$400 a year to each for the term of five years. Mr. Livingston\\nwas re-elected for the third time to Congress in April, 1798, with\\na majority of 175 votes. He was not a candidate for the Seventh\\nCongi-ess, and was succeeded by Dr. S. L. Mitchell. At this time\\nThomas Jefierson was elected President of the United States. The\\nelectoral vote stood as follows Mr. Jefierson 73 Mr. Burr 73\\nMr. Adams 65 Mr. Pinckney 64 and Mr. Jay 1. The vote for\\nMr. Jefierson and Mr. Burr being a tie, had to be voted over by\\nthe Representatives in Congress. On the thirty-sixth ballot Jefier-\\nson received the vote of ten States, and Bun* of four States, and\\ntwo blanks. Mr. Jefierson was therefore declared President, and\\nMr. Burr, Vice President. Mr. Livingston was a very strong ad-\\nherent for Thomas Jefierson.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "104 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\\nEDWARD LIVINGSTON, ATTORNEY FOR UNITED STATES AND MAYOR OE\\nNEAV YORK.\\nOn the 13th of March, 1801, Mr. Livingston lost his beloved\\nwife which loss left him a widower with three children, viz Cliarles\\nEdward, born in 1790, Julia Eliza Montgomery, born in 1794, and\\nLewis, born in 1798. Li his Bible he made the following record\\nof his wife s death On the 13th of March, 1801, it pleased Heav-\\nen to dissolve a union which for thirteen years it had blessed with\\nits own harmony ,with an uninterrupted felicity rarely to be met\\nwith formed by mutual inclination in the spring of life, it was\\ncemented by mutual esteem in its progress, and was terminated by\\na stroke as sudden as it was afflictive.\\nIn the same year, 1801, he received from Mr. Jefferson the\\nappointment of Attorney of the United States, for the District of\\nNcAV York, and Avas soon after selected as Mayor of the city of\\nNew York, and entered upon that office the 2-4th day of August,\\n1801. The population of New York at that time was about fifty\\nthousand. Before him DeWitt Clinton and Richard Varick had\\nboth occupied the office. Mr. Varick had been removed by the\\nRepublican party in New York and Albany to make room for Mr.\\nXiivingston, which caused great dissatisfaction in the ranks of the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 165\\nFederalists who gave a public dinner to Mr. Varick. Mr. Liv-\\ningston was thirty-seven years of age when selected as Mayor of\\nNew York.\\nIn those days to be elected to the mayoralty was considered a\\ngreat honor. But in these degenerate days it is considered every-\\nthing else than an honor, as the office has since been filled, of\\ncourse, by many good men and also by many men whose honor\\nwas not bright, and whose records are far from creditable to the\\ncity of New York. Edward Livingston laid the corner stone of\\nthe present City Hall in 1803, which was about the outskirts of\\nthe city limits. Mr. Livingston then resided at No. 1 Broadway,\\noverlooking the Battery, which was then the fashionable neigh-\\nborhood. In the vicinity lived the Goelet s, Van Home s, Good-\\nhue s, Livingston s, Clarkson s, Cam^jbell s, Beekman s, Clinton s,\\nCruger s, DePeyster s, Morris s, Van Cortlandt s, Van Rensselaer s,\\nSchuyler s, c., and most of the old merchants of the city.\\nMr. Hunt, in his Life of Edward Livingston, gives the following\\nanecdote of Mayor Livingston The late Honorable Charles J.\\nIngersoll, during the last month of his life, gave me from his own\\nmemory after a lapse of sixty years this anecdote On a visit at\\nNew York, during the period referred to, he escorted the cele\\nbrated Theodosia Burr to see a frigate then lying in the harbor\\nupon the invitation and in the company of the Mayor. On the\\nway the latter, in the liveliest manner, exclaimed to the young\\nlady, Now, Theodosia, you must bring none of your sparks on\\nboard. They have a magazine there and we should all be blown\\nup. Another anecdote is the following One of his nieces, Mrs.\\nL of Rhinebeck, has lately told me what she remembers\\nwell that during the same period, when she was about sixteen\\nyears of age, and spending a winter with her uncle she once said\\nin his i^resence, while talking of the play which she had seen the\\nevening before, Oh, I wish I could go to the theatre every night.\\nWell, my dear, said the Mayor, you shall, you shall, and he\\nactually went with her to see every representation there on each", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "166 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nalternate night for two or three weeks, until she voluntarily\\nbegged that the pleasure might be intermitted.\\nEdward Livingston always abounded with wit and humor and\\nwas ready for a good laugh at all times. In 1803, from Jvly to\\nOctober, New York was visited by that scoiu ge, the yellow fever.\\nDuring these trying days the Mayor remained like a faithful senti-\\nnel at the post of duty, doing his utmost to prevent the spread of\\nthat fearful pestilence and to relieve the necessities of the sick\\npoor of the city. But he was at last taken down with the disease\\nhimself, and but for his vigorous constitution, with the kind nurs-\\ning and attention of his numerous friends, would probably have\\nfallen a victim to the destroyer. His son, Charles Edward, had\\ndied the year previous, in November 1802, at the age of twelve\\nyears he had ahvays been in feeble health.\\nMr. Livingston having more to occupy his time after his\\nrecovery than he possibly could attend to himself, hired a clerk,\\nwho was a Frenchman, and having so much to do in various parts\\nof the city, on account of the sickness, left most of the office duties\\nin the hands of this man, and neglected to look over his books as\\nhe should undoubtedly have done. This clerk appropriated large\\nsums of the public money for his own use in a dishonorable course\\nof living, and involved Mr. Livingston in large amounts due the\\npublic. As soon as Mr. Livingston discovered how matters stood\\nhe gave bonds on his own property to cover the amount to the\\nsum of $100,000 the amount short wms afterwards discovered to\\nbe $43,666. Mr. Livingston also resigned both the offices he held.\\nHe received the following letter from Governor Clinton\\nTl* Hon. Edimrd Livmgston, Esq., Mayor of the City of N e^o\\nYork\\nDear Sir I have the honor of receiving your letter of the\\n19th inst. I sincerely regret, as avcII from considerations of a\\npersonal, as of a public nature, the cause which has induced you\\nto offer a resignation of the highly important office you hold, and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 167\\nwhich you are so eminently qualified to fill. My absence from\\nhome has prevented me from thanking you at an earlier day for\\nyour obliging favor of the 19th inst.\\nI am with great esteem and respect,\\nGEORGE CLINTON.\\nHe also received a parting address from the Common Council\\nof New York, which ends as follows Be assured, sir, that our\\nattachment to your person, and gratitude for your services, will\\nendure with the recollection of your virtues, and that you bear\\nwith you our lasting regret and esteem, and our prayers for your\\nprosperity and happiness. Signed by a Committee of the Board.\\nAbout this time Louisiana had been ceded to the United States\\nby Napoleon, the First Consul of France, which negotiation had been\\nsuccessfully accomplished by the skill of Chancellor Livingston,\\nthen our Minister to France. Edward Livingston now determin\\ned to go to Louisiana and establish himself as a member of the bar\\nin New Orleans, as a new field of labor was presented there.\\nLeaving his children under the care of his brother, John R. Liv-\\ningston, who had married the sister of his wife, Eliza McEvers, tie\\nleft New York in December, 1803, with but $100 in gold and a\\nletter of credit for $1,000 more, to seek fortune in this new country\\nnow united to the States.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "168 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXV.\\nEDAVAKD LIVINGSTON IN NEW ORLEANS.\\nHe arrived at New Orleans, after being over six weeks on the\\npassage, February 7, 1804. Its population at that time was only\\n8056, mostly Frenchmen, Spaniards, and Creoles. But he soon\\nreceived as much employment as he could attend to, for in the\\nMay Court he had twenty-nine cases to appear in as counsel. He\\nwrote as follows to his sister, Mrs. Garrettson, May 27th,\\nMy profession and other circumstances have given me a very\\nextensive acquaintance in the province, and the impressions I have\\nreceived are very favorable to the character of the inhabitants.\\nThey are in general, hospitable, honest, and polite, without much\\neducation, but with excellent natural abilities, and in short, people\\nwith whom a man who had nothing to regret might pass his life\\nas happily as can be expected in any part of this uncertain Avorld.\\nIt now seems decided that I must be separated from all the friends\\nof my early life for an uncertain length of time, from some of them\\nprobably forever. This is an idea I did not wish to entertain, but\\ncircumstances have forced me to contemplate it until I have become\\nenabled to regard it, if not Avith composure and tranquility, at least\\nwith the resignation arising from necessity. The labors of a great\\nportion, if not the whole of my life, are now pledged to others, for", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 169\\nI must fear that the losses on selling real estate will leave a large\\ndeficiency in the fund appropriated for my debts. I must make\\nthis up, and as I have a better prospect of effecting it here than at\\nNew York, I am in justice bound to remain. The separation from\\nmy children is the hardest trial, but I cannot, Avithout the greatest\\ninjustice to Julia, take her from the truly maternal protector she\\nhas foiind, and I must try the effects of the summer climate before\\nI will indulge myself with the society of my little Lewis, Avhose\\neducation I can myself direct,\\nThis little boy went with his aunt and her husband, General\\nArmstrong, to Paris, as General Armstrong had been appointed\\nMinister there. Edward Livingston possessing a knowledge of\\nFrench, Spanish and German, enabled him to get through with\\nmany cases that other members of the bar, not knowing the above\\nlanguages, would be unable to accomplish. He belonged to a fra-\\nternity of Free Masons, and was President of the Ncav Orleans\\nLodge, He instituted the shortest code of procedure in the\\nmysteries of the law known in those days. On the 3d day of\\nJune, 1805, Edward Livingston entered for the second time into\\nthe marriage state.\\nMrs. Ellet, in the Queens of American Society, thus describes\\nthe lady he married Edward Livingston married in June, 1805,\\nthe young widow of a Jamaica Agent, Louise Moreau de Lassy,\\nborn Davera de Castera, (her maiden name.) Her beauty was\\ndescribed as extraordinary, and to wondrous graces of person, she\\nadded a brilliant intellect. In 1834, when Edward Livingston,\\nwho had been Secretary of State, accepted the appointment of\\nMinister to France, he was accompanied by Mrs. Livingston and\\nhis daughter. Mrs. Livingston was born in one of the West\\nIndia Islands her family, driven from home by the horrors of\\nrevolution, came to New Orleans her brother was Minister from\\nthe United States to the Hague.\\nShe was possessed of rare intellectual attainments as well as\\npersonal attractions, her manners were gentle and refined, and she", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "170 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nwas brilliant in conversation, for her Avell stored mind and exten-\\nsive observation fitted her to shine among the cultivated, ller\\ndaughter, Cora, inherited her mental qualities and her loveliness.\\nShe was in Washington with her parents when it was menaced\\nby the British troops in 1814. Amid the hurly-burly, says Parton\\nin his Life of Jackson, The grim and steadfast warrior found time\\nto caress and love the little girl who sat on his lap and played\\naround his high splashed boots at headquarters, Avhile he was\\nbusy. For her sake he retained one of his horses from the public\\nservice. When Edward Livingston did not return to Ncav\\nOrleans, Major Mitchell, the English officer in rank among the\\nprisoners, was held as a hostage for the safety of the Americans in\\nthe British fleet. One day General Jackson calling on Mrs. Liv-\\ningston found her in great anxiety about her husband. Cora, the\\nlittle girl, Avhimpered, When are you going to bring me back my\\nfather. General The British will kill him. The mighty man of\\nwar stooped and patting the little one on the head, said, Don t\\ncry, my child, if the British touch so much as a hair of your father s\\nhead I ll hang Mitchell.\\nMiss Livingston was famous as the belle of Washington, in the\\ntime of General Jackson s administration. She was married to\\nThomas P. Barton, who went as Secretary of Legation on the\\nmission to France. The party traveled through Switzerland and\\nGermany. At Heidelburgh Professor Mittermaier, the voluminous\\nand enlightened advocate of jurisprudential reforms, (called the\\nGerman Brougham,) received the card of Mr. Livingston, with\\nwhom he had corresponded. He came to the hotel, and on seeing\\nhim rushed into his arms, clasped and kissed him, to the surprise\\nand amusement of the ladies. When Mr. Livingston returned\\nhome Mr. Barton was left as Charge des Affaires. He came to the\\nUnited States in 1836, bringing water for the fire between Jackson\\nand Louis Philippe. Mrs. Barton continued to reside at Mont-\\ngomery Place, after her mother s death in 18G0. Mr. Livingston s\\nrooms were kept in the same state as when occupied by liiju, ShQ\\nhas for many years resided in New York (in winter.)", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 171\\nA lady thus described an evening scene at the Executive Man-\\nsion in the early part of Jackson s administration The large\\nparlor was scantily furnished there was light from the chandelier\\nand a blazing fire in the grate, four or five ladies sewing round it,\\nMrs. Donelson, Mrs. Andrew Jackson, Mrs. Edward Livingston,\\nc. Five or six children were playing about, regardless of docu-\\nments or work-baskets. At the farther end of the room sat the\\nPresident, in his arm-chair, wearing a long loose coat and smoking\\na long reed pipe, with bowl of red clay combining the dignity of\\nthe patriarch, monarch and Indian chief Just behind was Ed-\\nward Livingston, the Secretary of State, reading him a dispatch\\nfrom the French Minister for Foreign AlKiirs. The ladies glance\\nadmiringly now and then at the President, who listens, waving\\nhis pipe towards the children, when they become too boisterous..\\nBut we must return to where we left off. Mrs. Livingston, be-\\nfore her marriage, with her mother and brother, fled from St. Do-\\nmingo after the revolution on that Island, in which her father, two\\nbrothers and her grandmother were killed. She, herself a widow\\nat the early age of seventeen, her infant sister, and her brother\\nAuguste, narrowly escaped massacre, but arrived in safety in the\\nUnited States by different vessels and afterwards all met together\\nin New Orleans.\\nEdward Livingston had but one child by this marriage, the\\ndaughter above mentioned. Soon after his marriage he became\\ninvolved in a controversy with the government of the United\\nStates for some low lands he possessed along the Mis8issij)pi river\\nit Avas called The Batture Controversy, but it would take more\\nspace than my limits will afford to give the full account ojTit, and\\nnot being of a very interesting nature to any but a lawyer, I will\\nhere give but a short letter from Chief Justice, afterwards Chan-\\ncellor James Kent, addressed to Edward Livingston at New\\nOrleans on this subject.\\nALBA^% May 13, 1814.\\nDear Sir Your favor of the 9th ult, was just now received,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "172 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOK.\\nand I am sentible of the honor done me by the vahie which you\\nare pleased to attach to my legal opinions. On all questions de-\\nl^ending on the civil law my researches are very imperfect, and I\\nknow you are infinitely my superior, and if I had any doubt of\\nyour title to the Battm e after reading Jefferson s pamphlet, your\\nreply had completely removed it. I purchased the reply as soon\\nas I heard it was to be procured, and before the one you was so\\nkind as to intend for me came to hand, and a more conclusive\\nargument I never read. Permit me to assure you that I have\\nsympathized with you throughout the whole of the controversy, as\\nI took a very early impression that you was cruelly and shameful-\\nly persecuted, and that too by the Executive authority of the\\nUnited States. I am more and more confirmed in this ojiinion,\\nand Mr. Jefferson has richly merited all the reproach and indigna-\\ntion which your pamphlet conveys. I never doubted in the least\\n(it would have been impossible,) that his interference, summarily\\nunder the act of Congress, was unauthorized but as I read at\\nonce his book on the title and did not examine his authorities, but\\nassumed them to have been foirly cited, I was left in jierplexity\\nand doubt, and had not leisure to sit doM n to a re-examination of\\nthe subject when yoiu- reply came I read it eagerly and studied\\nit thoroughly, with a re-examination of Jefferson s as I went\\nalong, and I should now be as willing to subscribe my name to\\nthe validity of your title, and to the atrocious injustice you have\\nreceived, as to my opinion contained in Johnson s Reports. This\\nlast pamphlet is the ablest work with which you have hitherto\\nobliged the public, and it gives you new and increasing claims to\\ntheir consideration. I always recollect with pleasure and tender-\\nness the friendship of former days, and I cannot omit any oppor-\\ntunity to assure you of my constant esteem and regard.\\nI am, dear sir, yours sincerely,\\nJA3IES KENT.\\nMr. Livingston was out for a walk one day and returning home\\ncompletely drenched, lii\u00c2\u00a7 -jyife in surprise said to him, You look", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 173\\nas if you had been in the river. And so I have, he replied.\\nAs I was walking on the Levee I amused myself watching the\\nprogress of a little boat crossing the river with. a solitary man\\nrowing it. Suddenly, from some imprudent motion, the boat\\n]titched on one side and the man fell into the water. Evidently\\nhe could not swim. I threw off my coat, jumped in, got hold of\\nthe man just as he appeared to be sinking, and brought him to the\\n1)oat which was righted. He seized the side and clambering in\\nrowed off without looking at me, I suppose because I had not been\\nproperly introduced to him, and I was left to find the shore as best\\nI could, which, loaded as I was with clothes and boots, was not so\\neasy a matter.\\nHis daughter Julia was grown up, but so delicate that she went\\ninto a decline, and her father hearing of her illness sailed for New\\nYork, but she was dead and buried before he arrived there. This\\nwas a terrible shock to him. His son Lewis was still in Paris\\nand corresponded with his father.\\nSoon after Edward Livingston s return to New Orleans, war\\nbroke out between the United States and Great Britain, and in\\nthe fall of 1814 the citizens of New Orleans feared an invasion by\\nthe British. On the 15th of September, 1814, a meeting of the\\ncitizens of New Orleans took place, at which meeting Edward\\nLivingston was President. Pie addressed the meeting and urged\\nthe inhabitants to make immediate preparations to repeal the con-\\ntemplated invasion. They appointed a Committee of Safety, com-\\nposed of the most distinguished citizens of New Orleans, with Liv-\\ningston as Chairman, who sent forth a stirring address to the\\npeople. Governor Claiborne, who, like Livingston, believed the\\nstatements of Lafitte, sent copies of the British papers to General\\nJackson, then at Mobile. The patriotic fire in the bosom of that\\nhero glowed with tenfold intensity when this scheme of invasion\\nwas laid before him. He issued a stirring appeal to the inhabit-\\nants of Louisiana and on the same day he addressed a proclama-\\ntion to the free people of color in that State, inviting them to unite", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "174 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nunder the banner of their country for tlie purpose of contributinc:\\nto its defense.\\nOn the 21st inst. the news was received at New Orleans of\\nMajor Lawrence s gallant defence of Fort Bowyer, at Mobile Point,\\nwhere he gained a most brilliant victory. In May, 1814, Jackson\\nreceived the appointment of Major-Gencral in the Army of the\\nUnited States. Edward Livingston, at the head of a committee,\\nwas the first to welcome him, and furnished him with plans and\\nother important matters relating to the defense of the city. The\\nGeneral dined with him, and from that day they became insepar-\\nable friends. His son Lewis had been sent for to return home\\nfrom Paris, and alter his arrival was a great comfort and assistance\\nto his father. Lewis wrote as follows to his aunt, Mrs. Mont-\\ngomery, from New Orleans, dated IGth of December 1814\\nGeneral Jackson anived here about a fortnight since, and I have\\nl)een all this time with him, visiting the different posts. He has\\npromised to receive me into his staff. To-morrow I am to have\\nmy appointnient as Engineer, with the rajik of Captain, or Lieu-\\ntenant, I know not which. Great bustle biit little alarm now pre-\\nvail in town. We daily expect the enemy to make an attack upon\\nthis place. We are ready, however, to receive them. All the\\nMilitia are now doing duty, and will leave town in a few days,\\nand all do it with pleasure they vie with each other in showing\\ntheir zeal. There now reigns but one party all are determined\\nto oppose the enemy, and even my father, seized with a patriotic\\nor military ardor, has offered himself and has been received as\\nvolunteer aid to General Jackson. The Martial law was published\\nthis morning, and is now in execution. But I am writing a news-\\npaper, not a letter.\\nLewis Livingston received the place of Assistant Engineer, with\\nthe rank of Captain. On the 18th of December General Jackson\\nreviewed the troops, and Edward Livingston delivered an address\\nto them. Fighting soon after commenced, and General Jackson\\nused cotton bales as breastworks. He took a large number of", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 175\\nbales of a Mr. Nolte, who complained to Mr. Livingston of his\\nloss, and in his work called Nolte s Fifty Years in Both Hemis-\\npheres, he describes Mr. Livingston s reply, which was, Well,\\nMr. Nolte, if this is your cotton, you at least will not think it any\\nhardship to defend it. On the 8th of January the decisive battle\\nwas fought and won, and the following letter from Captain Lewis\\nLivingston to Mrs. General Montgomery thus describes the trium-\\nphal entrance of General Jackson and his army into the city after\\nthe victory Was there ever a finer sight, or a more aifecting\\none than that which presented itself to om- view on the 23d ultimo,\\nwhen the main body of the army, mostly composed of fathers of\\nlamilies, returned, with their brave and modest leader, General\\nJackson, at their head, amidst the acclamations of an immense\\nmultitude of old men, Avomen and children, (the only ones who did\\nnot share in the dangers of the field,) who all hailed him as the\\nsaviour of their country and themselves. On the 24th the General\\naccompanied by all his staff, proceeded to the Cathedral, where a\\ngrand Te Demn was to be sung. On the public square facing the\\nbuilding, was erected a triumphal arch. On both sides of this a\\nfew steps back, were stationed our best looking troops, and in front\\nof these, nearest to the arch, were to be seen eighteen young\\nladies, dressed in the same apparel, and each representing one of\\nthe States. In the middle of the arch there were two little child-\\nren, standing on two thrones, erected on both sides, between the\\ncolumns of the arch. Each held a crown in her hand. General\\nJackson easily found out who they were for. His modesty suffer\\ned, but he was obliged to submit. He passed through the arch\\nand was crowned amidst the huzzas of the Americans and accla-\\nmations of the French, who did not dare to repeat Vive Jackson\\nVive Notre General.\\nIn the year 1815, Edward Livingston s son, Lewis, left New Or-\\nleans for the North, purposing to obtain the best teachers in New\\nYork for the finishing of his education. In the summer of 1818\\nGovernor Clinton, of Ne^y York, commissioned Lewis Livingston", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "176 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nto proceed to Canada and to remove to New York the remains of\\nGeneral Montgomery, who fell in front of Quebec.\\nAbout February loth, 1819, the Batture litigation between Ed-\\nAvard Livingston and the United States Government before refer-\\nred to, had been decided adversely to Mr. Livingston, and his son\\nLewis, -writing to his aunt, Mrs. Montgomery, thus alludes to it:\\nMy fother in the evening of his days finds himself robbed of his\\nproperty.\\nBut Mr. Livingston bore up under this as well as the many\\ntrials of his life with patience and resignation. In 1820 he ac-\\ncepted a seat in the lower house of the Louisiana Legislature, and\\nin the Avinter of 1821, his son Lewis s health failing and becoming\\nvery feeble, his physicians advised him to travel in Europe. He\\nconcluded to go, and accordingly sailed in April of that year. He\\nremained in France without any improvement to his health until\\nNovember, when he took passage for New Orleans, but died on\\nthe passage on the 25tli of December, and was buried by strangers\\nat sea sad indeed, and another trial for his poor father.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 177\\nCHAPTER XXVI.\\nTHE LIVINGSTON CODE, ELECTION TO CONGRESS, AND SECKETARY OF\\nSTATE.\\nEdward Livingston in the year 1821 was elected by the General\\nAssembly of Louisiana to revise the Laws, particularly the criminal\\nlaws, of the State. He formed what was afterAvards called\\nthe Livingston Code, which obtained a great reputation.\\nThe following Act, framed and m-ged by him, for the aboli\\ntion of capital punishment, was not passed in the State. As a\\nsubstitute to punishment by death he offered that the culprit\\nbe imprisoned in a cell painted black, and that his food is bread\\nof the coarsest kind his drink is water mingled with his tears\\nhe is dead to the world. This cell is his grave his existence is\\nprolonged that he may remember his crime and repent it, and\\nthat the continuance of his punishment may deter others from the\\nindulgence of hatred, avarice, sensuality and the passions which\\nlead to the crime he has committed. When the Almighty in his\\ndue time shall exercise towards him that dispensation which he\\nhimself arrogantly and wickedly usurped towards another, his\\nbody is to be dissected and his soul will abide that judgment\\nwhich divine justice shall decree.\\nThe name of Edward Livingston had become celebrated through-\\nout the world, Victor Hugo wrote to him, You will be nuni-\\n23", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "178 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nbered among the men of this age who have deserved most and\\nbest of mankind. He was imanimously elected to Congress,\\nwithout opposition, in July, 1822, and afterwards again twice\\nelected, therefore served six sessions as Representative from\\nLouisiana. In Congress at this time were Clay, Randolph, Web-\\nster, Van Buren, and Benton. In 1828 he was elected as Senator\\nof the United States, and became a Senator on the same day that\\nhis friend, General Jackson, became President of the United\\nStates. He discharged the duties of Senator until March, 1831,\\nduring his term delivering many speeches of great power.\\nIn the year 1828 his eldest sister, Janet, widow of General\\nMontgomery, died, and leaving no children, left her splendid farm\\nand country seat of Montgomery Place to him, as well as the\\ngreater part of her fortune. Mr. Livingston left Washington and\\nremoved there in March, 1831, but had not enjoyed the sweetness\\nof quiet life among the beauties of the flowers and the charms of\\nthis delightful retreat over a month, when he received a letter\\nfrom Mr. Van Buren, dated Washington, April 9th, 1831, request-\\ning him to come immediately to Washington. Arriving at Wash-\\nington, he wrote the following letter to his wife, a few extracts\\nfrom which I give here\\nWashington, Saturday night.\\nGuess until you are tired, my dear Louise, and you will not hit\\non the cause of my summons to this place. An offer is made to\\nme of a place that would be the object of the highest ambition to\\nevery politician it is pressed upon me with all the warmth of\\nfriendship, and eveiy aj^peal to my love of country. The selection\\nI tliink, except the first place, a good one E. L., Seo y of State\\nII. L. White, War McLane, Treasury Woodbury, Navy.\\nHe returned home and at last concluded to accept, and arrived\\nat Washington on May 24th, and entered upon his new oflice of\\nSecretary of State. The following letter he wrote to his Avife in\\nJune Here I am in the second place in the United States, some\\nsay the first, in the place filled by Jefferson, Madison, and Mom oe,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 179\\nand by liiin who filled it before any of them, my brother (Chan-\\ncellor Livingston, Secretary of Foreign AfPairs fi om 1781 to 1783.)\\nIn the place gained by Clay, at so great a sacrifice, in the Ycry\\neasy chair of Adams, in the oftice which every politician looks to\\nas the last step but one in the ladder of his ambition in the very\\ncell where the great magician, they say, brewed his spells. Here I\\nam without an efifort, uncontrolled by any engagements, unfettered\\nby any promise to party or to man Here I am, and here I have\\nbeen for a month. I now know what it is am I happier than I\\nwas The question is not easily answered had the bait never\\nbeen thro-wn in my way had I been sufiered to finish the gi-aft I\\nhad begun when your letter summoned me from the country had\\nI been permitted to stay and watch its growth until the fall to\\nwander all the summer through the walks you had planned to\\nsee my daughter improving in health and spirits now and then\\nto plan a pic-nic, or plague myself in the vain attempt to catch a\\ntrout to have exclaimed on hearing of what happened here, among\\nthem be it and taken the opinions of my two heads of depart-\\nments Shoemaker on the crop of Wheat, and Owen on the\\nCelery bed could I have passed my summer thus, and taken my\\nindependent seat in the Senate in the winter, I could then have ans\\nwered the question readily. But the temptation was thrown in\\nmy way the prize for which so many were contending was ofiered\\nto me the acceptance of it was urged upon me if I had rejected\\nit I think it would have been a source of regret that would have\\nmade me undervalue the real enjoyments for which I refused it\\nsuch is human natm e. But as yet I cannot form a proper judg-\\nment of tlie value of my place. My wife and daughter have not\\nbeen with me^ and if the mental exercise and laborious attention\\nit requires have enabled me to bear the solitude I am in, they will\\nturn to positive enjoyment when you are with me, for I now see\\nthat I can master the difiiculties of the office, and although they\\nwill be increased during the session, if my health be preserved I\\nshall not fear them. All this we have thought and said a hundred\\ntimes. Why I repeat it I cannot tell, except that running in my", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "ISO dLERMONf Or LIVINGSTON RfANOtt.\\nmind it flowed from my pen, as all my other thouglits do ^vlien 1\\n^^Tite to you.\\nTowai ds the latter part of the year 1832, General Jackson took\\nliis determined stand against the nullifiers of South Carolina, and\\nbeing formed of different material from our late President, James\\nBuchanan, he soon nipped that rebellion in the bud. The cele-\\nbrated proclamation of December 10, 1832, is AVTitten entirely in\\nEdward Livingston s handwriting. General Jackson wrote the\\nfolloAving letter to him\\nDear Sir I submit the conclusion of the proclamation, for\\nyour amendment and revision. Let it receive your best flight of\\neloquence to strike to the heart and speak to the feelings of my\\ndeluded countrymen of South Carolina. The Union must be pre-\\nserved without blood, if this be possible but it must be preserved\\nat all hazards and at any price.\\nYours with liigh regard,\\nANDREW JACKSON.\\nE. Livingston, Esq., Dec. 4, 1832, 11 P. M.\\nThe following was the jiroclamation decided upon at first. This\\nwas in Edward Livingston s hand-writing\\nMy countrymen, the whole of the momentous case is before\\nyou. On your concord, on your undivided support depends the\\ndecision of the great question it involves. Public opinion every-\\nAvhere is powerful here it is omnipotent. If you should decide,\\nfotally, in my opinion, decide, that a State may annul an act of\\nCongress, or secede from the Union, if even any important part of\\nthe nation should concur in the Carolina doctrines on this subject,\\nit cannot change my conviction of duty or prevent my attempts to\\nexecute it, though it may render tliose attempts inefiicient. But if,\\nas I trust, only one spirit shall })ervade the nation, and that spirit\\nshall inspire a cry from Maine to Louisiana that the Union must\\n1)0 preserved, the voice will be obeyed, the Union will be preserv-\\ned We sliall still be a nation respected tlie more for the decis-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "CLERMON T, or LIVINdSTON MANOR. ISl\\nion we shall have shown in a time of no common danger. New\\nconfidence will be inspired in republican institutions, and we may-\\nyet hope to hand them down to our children, unimpaired, preserv\\ned, invigorated by our prudence, our wisdom and courage in their\\ndefence. Unanimity and a strong unequivocal expression of it\\nmay avert the evils that threaten us. Madness could only inspire\\nour brethren to persevere in principles Avhich a universal reproba-\\ntion of the Union should condemn as unsound, and a contest for\\nthe support of which they must perceive to be utterly hopeless.\\nFor some reason the above was not used. The following is the\\nlatter part of General Jackson s proclamation, which was issued and\\nis noted for its great beauty of style and rhetoric, which has indue\\ned me to insert it here\\nFellow-Citizens of My Native State Let mc not only ad-\\nmonish you, as the first Magistrate of our common country, not to\\nincur the penalty of its laws, but use the influence that a fatl-.cr\\nwould over his children whom he saw rushing to certain ruin. In\\nthat paternal language, with that paternal feeling, let me tell you,\\nmy countrymen, that you are deluded by men who are either de-\\nceived themselves or wish to deceive you. Mark under what pre\\ntences you have been led into the brink of insuiTection and treason\\non which you stand. First, a diminution of the value of your\\nstaple commodity, lowered by our production in other quarters,\\nand the consequent dimiuution in the value of your lands Were the\\nsole effect of the tariff laws. The effect of those laws was con-\\nfessedly injurious, but the evil was greatly exaggerated by the\\nunfounded theory you were taught to believe that its burdens were\\nin proportion to your exports, not to your consumption of import-\\ned articles. Your pride was roused by the assertion tliat a submis-\\nsion to those laws was a state of vassalage, and that resistance to\\nthem was equal in patriotic merit to the opposition our fathers\\noffered to the oppressive laws of Great Britain. You Were told\\nthat this opposition might be peaceably, might be constitutionally\\nmade, that you might enjoy all the advantages of the Union and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "182 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nboar none of its burdens. Eloquent appeals to your passions, to\\nyour state pride, to your native courage, to your sense of real\\ninjury, were used to prepare you for the period when the mask\\nwhich concealed the hideous features of disunion should be taken\\noff. It fell, and you were made to look with complacency on\\nobjects which not long since you Avould have regarded with horror.\\nLook back to the arts which have brought you to this state look\\nforward to the consequences to which it must inevitably lead look\\nback to what Avas first told you as an inducement to enter into this\\ndangerous course.\\nThe great political truth was repeated to you that you had the\\nrevolutionary right of resisting all laws that were palpably uncon-\\nstitutional and intolerably opj)ressive it was added that the right\\nto nullify a law rested on the same principle, but that it was a\\nl)eaceable remedy. This character which \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\vas given to it made you\\nreceive with too much confidence the assertions that were made of\\nthe unconstitutionality of the law and its oppressive effects.\\nMark, my fellow citizens, that by the admission of your leaders\\nthe unconstitutionality must be palpable or it will not justify either\\nresistance or nullification. What is the meaning of the word\\npalpable in the sense in which it is here used That which is ap-\\nparent to every onc,^that which no man of ordinary intellect Avill\\nfail to perceive. Is the unconstitutionality of these laAVs of that\\ndescription Let those among your leaders who once aj^proved\\nand advocated the principles of productive duties answer the ques-\\ntion and let them choose whether they will be considered as in\\ncapable, then, of perceiving that which must have been apparent to\\nevery man of common understanding, or as im2 osing upon your\\nconfidence and endeavoring to niislead you now. In either case\\nthey are unsafe guides in the perilous path they urge you to tread.\\nPonder Well on this circumstance and you will know how to\\nappreciate the exaggerated language they address to you. They\\nare not champions of liberty emulating the fame of our revolution-\\nary fathers 1 Nor are you an oppressed people, contending, as they", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 183\\nrepeat to you, against worse than colonial vassalage. You are free\\nmembers of a flourishing and happy Union. There is no settled\\ndesign to oppress you. You have indeed felt the unequal opera-\\ntion of laws which may have been unwisely, not unconstitutionally\\npassed, but that inequality must necessarily be removed.\\nAt the very moment when you were madly urged on to the\\nunfortunate course you have begun, a change in public opinion had\\ncommenced. The nearly approaching payment of the public debt,\\nand the consequent necessity of a diminution of duties had already\\nproduced a considerable reduction, and that, too, on some articles\\nof general consumption in your State. Tlie importance of this\\nchange was underrated, and you were authoritatively told that no\\nfarther alleviation of your burdens was to be expected, at the very\\ntime when the condition of the country imperiously demanded\\nsuch a modification of the duties as should reduce them to a just\\nand equitable scale. But as if apprehensive of the effect of this\\nchange in allaying your discontents, you were precipitated into the\\nfearful state in which you now find yourselves. I have urged you\\nto look back to the means that were used to hurry you on to the\\n})Osition you have now assumed, and forward to the consequences\\nit will produce. Something more is necessary. Contemplate the\\ncondition of the country of Avhich you still form an important\\npart. Consider its government uniting in one band of common\\ninterest and general protection so many different States giving\\nto all their inhabitants the proud title of American citizens, pro-\\ntecting their commerce, securing their literature and their arts,\\nfacilitating their inter-communication, defending their frontiers,\\nand making their name respected in the remotest parts of the\\nearth. Consider the extent of this territory! its increasing and\\nhappy population, its advance in arts, which render life agreeable,\\nand the sciences which elevate the mind. See education spreading\\nthe lights of religion, morality and general information into every\\ncottage in this wide extent of our Territories and States. Beliold\\nit as the asylum where the wretched and the oppressed find a", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "184 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nrefuge and support. Look on tliis })icture of happiness and honor\\nand say\\nWe too are citizens of America. Carolina is one of these\\nproud States her arms have defended, her blood has cemented\\nthis happy Union,* and then add if you can, without horror and\\nremorse, this happy Union e Avill dissolve this picture of peace\\nand prosperity we will deface this free intercourse we will inter-\\nrupt these fertile fields we will deluge with blood the protection\\nof that glorious flag we renounce the very name of Americans we\\ndiscard And for what, mistaken men, for what do you throw\\naway these inestimable blessings For what Avould you ex_\\nchange your share in the advantages and honor of the Union\\nFor the dream of separate independence a dream interrupted by\\nbloody conflicts Avith your neighbors, and a vile dependence on a\\nforeign power. If your leaders could succeed in establishing\\na separation, what Avould be your situation Are you united at\\nhome Are you free from the apprehension of civil discord, with\\nall its fearful consequences Do our neighboring Republics, every\\nday sufiering some new revolution, or contending Avith some ncAV\\ninsurrection, do they excite your euA y But the dictates of a\\nhigh duty oblige me solemnly to announce that you cannot suc-\\nceed. The laAvs of the United States must be executed. I have\\nno discretionary poAver on the subject. My duty is emphatically\\npronounced in the Constitution. Those Avho told you that you\\nmight peaceably prevent their execution deceived you they could\\nnot have been deceived themselves. They kncAV that a forcible\\nopposition could alone present the execution of the laAvs, and they\\nknoAV that such opposition must be re^^elled. Tlieir object is dis-\\nunion but be not deceived by names. Disunion by armed force\\nis treason. Are you really ready to incur its guilt If you are,\\non the heads of the instigators of the act be the dreadful conse-\\nquences on their heads be tlie dishonor, but on yours may fall\\nthe punishment.\\n*15at alas slio has twice attempted to overthrow it. Once since Jackson s day, 1861\\nto 18C5, and the first to disgrace and fire on the old Hag. She will repent, and lias already\\ndone so.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 185\\nOu your unhappy State Avill inevitably fall all the evils of the\\nconflict you force upon the government of your country. It can-\\nnot accede to the mad project of disunion, of which you would be\\nthe first victims. Its first Magistrate cannot, if he would, avoid\\nthe pei-formance of his duty. The consequence must be fearful for\\nyou distressing to your fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of\\ngood government throughout the world. Its enemies have beheld\\nour prosperity with a vexation they could not conceal it was a\\nstanding refutation of their slavish doctrines, and they will point\\nto our discord with the triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in\\nyour iDower to disappoint them there is yet time to show that the\\ndescendants of the Pinckney s, the Sumter s, the Rutledge s, and\\nof the thousand other names which adorn the pages of your Revo-\\nlutionary history, Avill not abandon that Union to support which, so\\nmany of them fought, and bled, and died. I adjure you, as you\\nhonor their memory, as you love the cause of freedorii, to Avhich\\nthey dedicated their lives, as you prize the peace of the country,\\nthe lives of its best citizens, and your own fair fame, to retrace\\nyour steps snatch from the archives of your State the disorgan-\\nizing edict of its Convention bid its members to re-assemble and\\npromulgate the decided expressions of your will to remain in the\\npath which alone can conduct you to safety, prosperity, and honor\\ntell them that, compared to disunion, all other evils are light, be-\\ncause that brings with it an accumulation of all declare that you\\nwill never take the field unless the Star Spangled Banner of your\\ncountry shall float over you that you will not be stigmatized\\nwhen dead, and dishonored and scorned while you live, as the\\nauthors of the first attack on the Constitution of your country.\\nIts destroyers you cannot be you may disturb its peace you may\\ninterrupt the course of its prosperity, you may cloud its reputation\\nfor stability, but its tranquility will be restored, its prosperity will\\nreturn, and the stain upon its national character will be trans-\\nferred, and remain an eternal blot on the memory of those who\\ncaused the disorder,\\n24", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "186 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nFclloAV -Citizcns of tlie United States, the tlireat of unhallowed\\ndisunion, the names of those once respected by whom it is uttered,\\nthe array of military force to support it, denote the approach of a\\ncrisis in our affairs, on which the continuance of our unexampled\\nprosperity, our political existence, and perhaps that of all free gov-\\nernments, may depend. The conjuncture demanded a free, a full\\nand explicit enunciation not only of my intentions, hut of my prin-\\nciples of action, and as the claim Avas asserted of a right by a\\nState to annul the laws of the Union, and even to secede from it at\\npleasure, a frank exposition of my opinions in relation to the ori-\\ngin and form of our government, and the construction I give to\\nthe instnmient by which it Avas created, seemed proper. Having the\\nfullest confidence in the justness and constitutional opinion of my\\nduties, which has been expressed, I rely with equal confidence on\\nyour undivided support in my determination to execute the laAvs,\\nto preserve the Union by all constitutional means, to arrest if pos-\\nsible, by moderate but firm measures, the necessity of a recourse\\nto force, and if it be the will of Heaven that the recurrence of its\\nprimeval curse on man for the shedding of a brother s blood, should\\nfall upon our land, that it be not called down by any offensive act\\non the part of the United States. Fellow-citizens, the momentous\\ncase is before jou. On your undivided support of your govern-\\nment depends the decision of the great question it involves,\\nwhether yom* sacred Union will be preserved, and the blessings it\\nsecures to us as a people, shall be perpetuated. No one can doubt\\nthat the unanimity with which that decision Avill be expressed will\\nbe such as to inspire new confidence in Rei^ublican institutions,\\nand that the prudence, the wisdom, and the courage which it will\\nbring to their defence, will transmit them unimpaired and invigor-\\nated to our children. May the Great Ruler of nations grant that\\nthe signal blessings with which he has favored ours, may not, by\\nthe madness of party or personal ambition, be disregarded ami lost\\nand may his wise Providence bring those who have produced this\\ncrisis to see their folly before they feel the misery of civil strife,\\nand inspire a returning veneration for that Union, Avhich, if Ave", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 187\\nmay dare to penetrate his designs, he has chosen as tlie only\\nmeans of attaining the high destinies to which we may reasonal^ly\\naspire.\\nThe following extracts are from a letter written to Mrs. Free-\\nborn Garretson, by her brother, Edward Livingston, when he was\\nSecretary of State\\nNew York, October 16, 1832.\\nI was veiy much grieved that I could not stay and dine with\\nyou on Sunday, the more so as it was your birth-day, and that my\\npublic duties may render it more doubtful than even the common\\ncourse of human affairs would do, that we should meet again on a\\nsimilar occasion. Of our large family but four now remain and\\nin a few years these must give place to a new generation, and they\\nin turn to another so without the hope of meeting in another and\\na better world, we should have none of having it remembered that\\nwe had ever existed. This has been very wisely so ordered to\\ndestroy the hope of posthumous glory but it cannot be designed\\nto damp the exertions we should make of being useful to our\\ncountry and our fellow creatures, while Heaven indulges us with\\nfaculty and the means of being so. This may answer, my dear\\nsister, to your enquiry, why I do not return to my farm and give\\nup the cares of public life. It is because I can be useful where I\\nam, and contribute more to the happiness of others than I could\\nin a situation which would certainly be more suitable to my age\\nand more congenial to my feelings.\\nIt was in April, 1833, that his only daughter, Cora, was married\\nto Thomas P. Barton, of Philadelphia. Soon after this marriage\\nthe President selected Edward Livingston as Minister to France,\\nand his son-in-law, Mr. Barton, as Secretary of the Legation.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "188 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR,\\nCHAPTER XXVIL\\nnKISTER TO FRANCE, RETIREMENT TO PRIVATE LIFE, AND DEATH,\\nAs Cliancellor Livingston M fis Secretary of State, and Minister\\nto France, tluis likewise did his illustrious youngest brother,\\nEdward Livingston, fill both those high offices with honor to him-\\nself, and reflected honor on his country. On the 29th day of May,\\n1833, lie resigned the office of Secretary of State, which lie had\\nheld since May 2ith, 1831, and the same day he received the ap-\\npointment of Envoy Extraordhiaiy and Minister Plenipotentiary to\\nFrance. On the 14th of August he embarked with his family on\\nboard the United States ship Delaware, for France. He was at\\nthe time sixty-nine years of age, an old man to leave a comfortable\\nhome and enter office in a foreign land.\\nHe reached the port of Cherbourg on September 12th, 1833, after\\na, voyage of twenty-eight days. Everything in Paris Avas of\\ncourse new to him. The splendid buildings, the palaces, the\\ngalleries of paintings, to a man ol his observation and taste, were a\\nsource of great delight. He met with a most pleasing reception\\nfrom King Louis Philippe, and the members of the royal family.\\nHis able diplomacy saved our country from a long war with\\nFrance, and he felt much anxiety to learn if his course liad met\\niwitli the a])probation of the President and j)olitical friends at", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "GLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 189\\nhome, when he gladly received on the 8th of March the following\\nletter from Mr. Van Buren\\nMr. Forsyth met me this morning at the President s with your\\nlast letter to de Rigny and we went through it very deliberately.\\nI could not express myself too strongly for the opinion I really\\nentertain of its merits. Remember what I say to you, that here-\\nafter when the correspondence is published it will be selected from\\nthe mass as giving the clearest, the strongest and the best temper-\\ned views of the matters in controversy. The General, as well as\\nForsyth, was delighted with it.\\nIn the fall of 1834, Mr. and Mrs. Livingston, his daughter and\\nher husband made a tour of pleasure through Switzerland and\\nGermany. In one of his lettei S to the Secretary of State, at Wash\\nington, he states the cost of living in Paris as being very expen\\nsive. I find that the four articles of house rent, coach hire, ser-\\nvants, and fuel, will take about seven thousand dollars, leaving for\\nall my other expenses in this expensive capital, two thousand dol-\\nlars. I make this statement, not because I can have any interest\\nin it, for I am not rich enough to remain here until some remedy\\ncould be applied to the evil, but for the honor of the country, and\\nto enable it to avail itself of the services of others tlian men of\\nlarge fortune.\\nMr. Livingston and family returned home and arrived in Ncav\\nYork on the 23d of June, 1835, by the frigate Constitution,\\nCrowds of people and his friends met him at the wharf and fol\\nlowed his carriage to his brother s house in Greenwich Street. At\\nthe house he made a short speech, as follows Fellow-citizens,\\nI feel much happiness at yoiu* cordial welcome of my return, and\\nbeg to assure you that during my mission I have studied all that\\nwas due to the dignity of my country, its general interest and its\\nwelfare.\\nHe was, on concluding, greeted Avith cheers, and the next day\\nreceived a public reception in the Governor s Room, City Hall,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "190 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nand had a public dinner given to iiini, whieli he attended. The\\nfollowing toast in his praise was given by the Mayor, Mr. Law-\\nrence Edward Livingston, as a patriot and statesman, belongs to\\nAmerica as a jurist and philosopher, to the world. His exposi-\\ntion of the 2oth of April embodies the sentiments of his country-\\nmen, and stands as a text book for American diplomatists.\\nMr. Livingston rose and responded as follows I had aiTanged\\nsome phrases which I thought might suit the occasion, but they\\nare driven from my mind by the impulse which the scene around\\nme most naturally produces. I find them tame, flat, powerless to\\nexpress the feelings by which I am excited agitated almost\\noverpowered. Gentlemen, I did not ex^ject this I returned with-\\nout having attained final success in my mission. I returned with\\nthe satisfactory but humble consciousness of having done my duty\\nand I anticipated no other pleasiu e on my return than the greetings\\not personal friends, and that exquisite sensation Avhich one who\\nloves his country feels, when after a long absence, his foot presses\\nhis native shore. Such of you, gentlemen, as have been abroad\\nwill understand this, but all of you must join me in lamenting that\\nthe poverty of our language has no other word than the vague\\none of country to express the relation between it and its citizens.\\nWe have no derivative from the Patria of the Romans, and have\\nnot adopted the Faderland of our Saxon ancestors. Nothing can\\nbe more appropriate to express the feeling, nothing more resem-\\nbles filial duty and .affection, than the obligation we owe to our\\nnative land, or the attachment which binds us by voluntary ties to\\nthe country of om* adoption. But if we have not the word in our\\nlanguage, we have the sentiment in our hearts. Properly cultiva-\\nted, it will teach us not only to support our country on occasions\\nlike the present, when it can ajipcal to all nations for the uniform\\nmoderation .and justice of its course, but with the pious sons of\\nthe Patriarch, to veil even the occasional excesses of our common\\nparent from the eyes of the world, not like their degener.atcj\\nunnatural brother, to exaggerate and expose them to derision to", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 191\\nconceal, not to discover the nakedness of the land, to glory in its\\nhonor, to lament its misfortunes, to espouse its cause as our own,\\nand identify ourselves with it in its prosperous or adverse fortune.\\nThis is patriotism this is true love of country and as it is com-\\nmon to all who hear me, I may be permitted to say that it guid-\\ned me in ray conduct, cheered me during the difficulties of my\\nmission, and that I looked to the consciousness of its having ani\\nmated me, for my best reward. I repeat, gentlemen, that I did\\nnot expect the reception that I have met with. But I should be\\nguilty of an absurd aifectation if I attempted to conceal the heart-\\nfelt pleasure it has given me. I thank you for myself, I thank\\nyou more for my country for I have not the vanity to believe\\nthat any merit of mine could excite the enthusiastic demon-\\nstrations that have been made and my feelings of personal gratifi-\\ncation were lost in the higher enjoyment of national pride, Avhcn\\namid the shouts that greeted my arrival, the first words I could\\ndistinguish were those which reprobated any unworthy concession.\\nNever within my recollection, in the course of a large political\\nlife, has public sentiment, on any question, been so strongly ex-\\npressed expressed as it should be calmly, but with energy\\nwithout bluster, without violence, in the language of high minded\\nmen, who appreciate their own character and the dignity of their\\ncountry. In a settled determination to suffer no degrading inter-\\nference with our Legislative councils, all party feelings seem\\nforgotten, and the assurance I gave to the French government on\\nmy departure that every attempt of this nature would be repelled\\nby the undivided energies of the nation, seems nobly confirmed.\\nHe was afterwards entertained by another public dinner at Phil-\\nadelphia. Mr. Livingston, now feeling that he had arrived at an\\nage when rest was important to preserve health, retired from pub-\\nlic life to his beautiful country seat of Montgomery Place, on the\\nHudson. Here he occupied his time and amused himself with\\nplanting trees, reading, correspondence with his numerous friends,\\nalso by shooting, fishing, visiting the members of his family who", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "192 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nresitlecl in the vicinity, liis brother, John R. Livingston, his sister,\\nMrs. Garretson, and others.\\nIn the month of August he wrote to his son-in-law in France,\\nwho tlien was Charge d Affaires of the United States, I wish\\nyou were with us, dear Barton, in this dehghtful retirement, which\\ndoes not lose its charms for me by the comparison I make be-\\ntween its natural beauties and the highly improved gi-ounds of\\nEngland. I feel the same interest that I formerly felt in walking\\nthrough the rough walks in the woods, and in planning new ones,\\nbut I want you to help me.\\nBut these scenes of joy and happiness for him were short his\\ndays were numbered, for on Saturday, May 21st, 1836, he was sud-\\ndenly taken very ill with an attack of bilious colic, from which he\\ndid not recover, but died on Monday, May 23d, 1836, in the sev-\\nenty-second year of his age. Mrs. Garretson, his sister, was then\\neighty-five years of age, and was his constant attendant. lie was\\nburied beside his mother, in the family vault at Clermont.\\nMontgomery Place is still OAvned and occupied by his daughter,\\nMrs. Barton. I have paid many a pleasant visit there and remem-\\nber well the charming manners of IMrs. Edward Livingston, who\\ndied in the year 1860, surviving her husband nearly a quarter of a\\ncentury. Hunt, in his Life of Edward Livingston, relates the fol-\\nlowing anecdote, in a note Mrs. Livingston passed her widow-\\nhood of nearly a quarter of a century in complete retirement. She\\ndied, as she for many years had lived, a member of the JMeth-\\nodist church. No circumstance was wanting to perfect the con-\\ntrast between the beginning and the close of her days. The\\nmemory of her husband, his character, his actions, and his fame,\\ncontinued paramount in her thoughts and conversation to the last.\\nThe following was one of her latest reminiscences of him given to\\na friend with temporary animation at a time Avhen she Avas almost\\ntoo feeble to converse. On one of our returning journeys from\\nNew Orleans, she said, we were traveling through the interior of\\nPennsylvania by stage coach. As we were about to depart from", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 193\\none of the stations, my husband and myself occupying the back\\nseat, and all the other places but one being filled, a plain man\\nholding by the hand a very pretty young girl, presented himself\\nby the side of the vehicle, and carefully scanned the faces of all the\\npassengers. After doing so, he turned to my husband and said,\\nI Avas looking for some one to whom I might confide the charge\\nof my daughter, who is obliged to travel without a protector for\\nsome distance. I think I must select you. You judge rightly,\\nmy friend, said I, you judge rightly he has been the protector of\\ninnocence all his life. What prettier compliment from a loving\\nwife could be more deservedly given", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "194 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\\nBIRTU AND MARRIAGE OP JANET, ELDEST DAUGHTER OF JUDGE\\nROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.\\nJaiict, the eldest cliild of Judge Robert R. Livingston and\\nMargaret Beekman, was born at Livingston Manor, Columbia\\nCounty, on the 27th day of August, 1743, She received a fine ed-\\nucation at Clermont, and was mamed on the 24th day of July,\\n1773, to Richard Montgomery, who was then 37 years of age, and\\nJanet Livingston 30 years of age,\\nRichard Montgomery was a native of Ireland and was born in\\n1736, at his father s estate, Convoy House, in the North part of\\nIreland, near the town of Raphoe. Educated as a gentleman s\\nson at the best college in Dublin, he, at the age of eighteen, re-\\nceived a commission in the English army. His military career\\ncommenced in the same field of service in America, where, in\\nanother war, it was destined to end. He joined in 1758 the Brit-\\nish expedition against Louisburg, and in the attack and capture of\\nthat place he showed such bravery that he was promoted to a lieu-\\ntenancy in the British army. General Abercrombie having been\\ndefeated before Ticonderoga, General Amherst was sent to his re-\\nlief, and young Montgomery, then but 22 years of age, was one of\\nthe officers in his corps. He thus became well acquainted with all\\n25", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "glehjIont, or livisostow manor. 1\u00c2\u00ae5\\nthe localities in the neighborhood of Lake Champlain, and also of\\nCanada, which knowledge became of great use to him in later\\nyears.\\nHeadley, in his Washington and his Generals, thus describes\\nMontgomery, when in the British service One summer eve-\\nning, when a primeval forest covered almost the entire surface of\\nthis now glorious Union, a young British officer, in rich uniform,\\nstood on the shore of Lake Champlain and looked off on that\\nbeautiful sheet of water. He was only twenty-two years of age,\\nand but for his manly, almost perfect form, he would have seemed\\neven younger. His skin was fair, and his countenance beautiful\\nas a Grecian warrior s. As he stood and gazed on the forest\\ngu-dled Lake, studded with islands, his dark eye kindled with the\\npoetry of the scene, and he little thought of the destiny before him.\\nIn the full strength and pride of ripened manhood, he was yet to\\nlead over those very waters a band of freemen against the country\\nunder whose banner he now fought, and fall foremost in freedom s\\nbattle. That handsome young officer was Richard Montgomery,\\na lieutenant in the British army.\\nThe British army was successful in the reduction of Montreal\\nand Quebec, but Montgomery s leading General, (Wolfe,) was\\nkilled in storming Quebec in 1759. Montgomery also accom-\\npanied the expedition against the French and Spanish West In-\\ndies, where he obtained command of a company. The Versailles\\nTreaty of 1763 ended that war, and he went to England where he\\nremained about nine years. He sold his commission in the\\nEnglish army and emigrated to America in the year 1772. He\\nprobably in his last visit imbibed an attachment for this country.\\nAfter his arrival here he went on a visit to Judge Livings-\\nton s place. Whilst there he paid his addresses to the Judge s eld-\\nest daughter, Miss Janet Livingston. It seems they had met some\\nyears previously, when Montgomery was a captain in the British\\narmyj and was then on his way to a distant Western post. That", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "196 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nmeeting was love at first sight, and made and left a deep and last-\\ning impression on both of them, which was probably the very good\\nreason of his disposing of his commission in England and emigi-a-\\nting to Kew York. The marriage soon followed this second meet-\\ning of the lovers, for it took place the 24th of July, 1773. After\\nthe wedding he piu chased a large estate of over four hundred\\nacres, between Barrytown and Rhinebeck, on the Hudson River,\\nknown afterwards as Montgomery Place, and occupied by his\\nAvidow, her brother, Edward Livingston, and now by Mrs. Barton.\\nMontgomeiy devoted his whole time to Agriculture, but never\\nmoved upon his new estate, for the three short years of domestic\\nhappiness that his dear Janet and himself Avere only destined to\\nenjoy, were spent in a plain frame house about a mile north of\\nRhinebeck village on the Post road, which house Avas taken doAvn\\nand removed about five years ago and rebuilt in the village of\\nRhinebeck. His AvidoAV afterAvards erected the fine mansion on\\nthe river estate.\\nThey, of course, during those three short years of unalloyed hap-\\npiness, had bright visions of long years of continued prosperity in\\nstore for them, in the anticipated removal at no distant day to their\\nfine estate. But the projected house AA^as ncA er comjjleted for this\\nhappy pair to occupy together, for Avar, that monster of darkness,\\ntore them asunder to meet no more.\\nAfter their marriage, the controversy betAveen the colonies and\\nthe mother country grcAV Avarmer and Avarmer. Montgomery s\\nfeelings and his judgment Avere both on the side of his adopted\\ncountry. In 1775 he was elected a member of the first Provincial\\nConvention of Ncav York, from Dutchess county. He Avas not a\\nvery active delegate in the Convention, still his vicAvs were so Avell\\nknoAvn that Avhen Congress appointed a Commander-in-Chief and\\nother officers, he Avas made one of the eight Brigadier Generals.\\nHis vicAVS are well expressed in the following letter Avhich he wrote\\nto a friend soon after receiving his appointment\\nConsfress having done me the honor of electing me Brigadier-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 197\\nGeneral in their service, is an event which must put an end for\\nawhile, perhaps forever, to the qniet scheme of life I had pre\\nscribed for myself; for though entirely unexpected and unde-\\nsired by me, the will of an oppressed people, compelled to choose\\nbetween liberty and slavery, must be obeyed.\\nIrving, in his Life of Washington, writes thus of Montgomery\\nAt the time of receiving his commission Montgomery was about\\nthirty-nine years of age, and the beau ideal of a soldier. His form\\nwas well proportioned and vigorous his countenance expressive\\nand prepossessing; he was cool and discriminating in counsel, en-\\nergetic and fearless in action. His principles commanded the Te\\nspect of his friends and foes, and he was noted for winning the af\\nfections of the soldiery.\\nIt was in the autumn of 1775 that he was appointed second in\\ncommand under General Schuyler in the expedition against Cana-\\nda. But the illness of General Schuyler, about the time the expe\\ndition was to start, caused the chief command to devolve upon\\nGeneral Montgomery. A day or two before he left for Canada to\\njoin Schuyler, he went with his wife to pay a parting visit to the\\noccupants of the place near Rhinebeck, afterwards occupied by his\\nbrother-in-law, Mr. Peter R. Livingston. As he was walking on\\nthe lawn in the rear of the mansion he playfully stuck a willow\\ntwig in the gi ound, at the same time making the remark, let that\\ngrow to remember me by. It did grow and is now a willow tree\\nAvith a trunk at least ten feet in circumference, and called Mont-\\ngoraeiy s Willow.\\nIn accepting the command for the Northern expedition he met\\nwith no opposition from his wife, for she was all for her country,\\nand would rather say to him as the Spartan mother remarked to\\nher son, when she gave him a shield, either return with it or\\nupon it, than remain useless at home. Mrs. Montgomery may be\\nclassed among the heroic and great women of the Revolution.\\nShe accompanied him on his way North as far as Saratoga, where\\nhe received the parting kiss and the last word from his loving", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "108 OLEHMOMT, on UVIKGSTON MANOR,\\nwife, who bid Ixim strike for tlie right and for freedom. It was\\nliere she heard him utter those ever memorable words, you shall\\nnever have cause to blush for your Montgomery.\\nEdward Livingston, at this time but a boy, ever remembered\\nthis sad jiarting scene, and in his old age thus describes the affect-\\ning departure from his sister Janet, of her soldier as she always\\nafterwards called General Montgomery. It made such a perma-\\nnent impression upon his young mind that even the cares and du-\\nties of his after eventful political life could not shut out or obliter-\\nate this sad scene. It was just before General Montgomery left\\nfor Canada, we were all three in her room he, my sister, and my-\\nself He was sitting in a musing attitude between his wife, who,\\nsad and silent, seemed to be reading the future, and myself, whose\\nchildish admiration was divided between the glittering uniform\\nand the martial bearing of liira who wore it when all of a sudden\\nthe silence was broken by Montgomery s deep voice repeating the\\nfollowing lines, as one who speaks in a dream\\nTis a mad world, my masters,\\nI once thought so, now I know it.\\nThe tone, the words, the circumstances, all overawed me, and I\\nnoiselessly retired. I have since reflected upon the bearing of this\\nquotation, forcing itself as it were upon the young soldier at that\\nmoment. Perhaps he might have been contrasting the quiet and\\nsweets of the life he held in his grasp Avith the tumults and perils\\nof the camp, which he had resolved to seek without a glance at\\nwhat he was leaving behind. These were the last words I heard\\nfrom his lips, and I never saw him more.\\nMontgomery, writes Lossing, was one of the bravest and\\nnoblest of the men of his age, when he gave his yoimg wife a\\nparting kiss at the house of General Schuyler, at Saratoga, and\\nhastened to join that officer at Ticonderoga in the campaign that\\nproved fatal to him. Gallantly did he vindicate that pledge, and\\nwhen his virtues were extolled by Barre, Burke, and others in the\\nBritish Parliament, Lord North exclaimed, Curse on his virtues,\\nbe has undone his country.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 199\\nCHAPTER XXIX.\\nGENERAL MONTGOMERY S EXPEDITION TO CANADA.\\nGeneral Washington received letters from General Schuyler\\nwhich apprehended danger from the interior. The Indians had\\nbeen stiiTcd to hostility in the western part of the State of New\\nYork, and were preparing to join the British forces in Canada.\\nAs the Americans were fighting along the seaboard, this movement\\nmenaced a combination in the rear. Great rivahy had arisen\\nbetween Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold since their exjDloits at\\nTiconderoga and the frontiers of Canada. Both Arnold and Allen\\nclaimed the command of Ticonderoga Allen on the authority of\\nthe Connecticut Assembly, and Ai-nold from the Massachusetts\\nCommittee of Safety. Colonel Allen, said Arnold, is a proper\\nman to head his own wild jjeople, but entirely unacquainted witli\\nmilitaiy service, and as I am the only person that has been legally\\nauthorized to take possession of this place I am determined to\\ninsist on my right, and shall keep it (the fort,) at every hazard\\nuntil I have further orders.\\nThe Provincial Congress of New York invited Governor Trum-\\nbull, of Connecticut, to send a force to the captured i)0sts, and he\\nsent a notice that one thousand men, under Colonel Ilinmau, were\\non the march to Crown Point and Ticonderosra. Congress favored", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "200 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nan idea of dismounting the cannon and removing tliem and also\\nthe military stores to the South end of Lake George, and to estab-\\nlish a strong post there, but both. Arnold and Allen were opposed\\nto such a measure, seeing the gi eat importance of those forts.\\nThey both wished to lead an expedition into Canada.\\nAllen writes to the New York Congress, The key is ours if the\\nColonies would suddenly push an army of two or three thousand\\nmen into Canada, they might make an easy conquest of all that\\nwould oppose them in the extensive province of Quebec, except a\\nreinforcement from England should prevent it. Such a diversion\\nAvould Aveaken Gage and insure us Canada. I wish to God,\\nAmerica would at this critical juncture exert herself agreeably to\\nthe indignity offered her by a tyrannical ministry. She might rise\\non eagle s wings and mount up to glory, freedom and immortal\\nhonor, if she did but know and exert her strength. Fame is now\\nhovering over her head. A vast continent must now sink to sla-\\nvery, poverty, horror and bondage, or rise to unconquerable free-\\ndom, immense wealth, inexpressible felicity and immortal fame.\\nI will lay my life on it, that with fifteen hundred men and a proper\\ntrain of artillery I will take Montreal, provided I could be thus\\nfurnished, and if an army could command the field it Avould be\\nno insuperable difficulty to take Quebec.\\nArnold also wrote to Congress, and wrote in a letter dated from\\nCrown Point, as follows That Carleton had not six hundred\\neffective men under him the Canadians and Indians were disaf-\\nfected to the British government, and Montreal was ready to throw\\nopen its gates to a patriot force, two thousand men would be suffi-\\ncient, and I beg leave to state that if no person appears who will\\nundertake to carry the plan into execution, I will undertake, and\\nwith the smiles of Heaven answer for the success, provided I am\\nsupplied with men, c., to carry it into execution without loss of\\ntime. In order to give satisfaction to the different Colonies I pro-\\npose tliat Colonel Hinman s regiment, now on their march from\\nConnecticut to Ticonderoga, sliould form part of the army, say", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 201\\none thousand men, five hundred men to be sent from New York,\\nfive hundred of General Arnold s regiment, including the seamen\\nand marines on board the vessels, (no Green Mountain boys).\\nColonel Ilinman, with his Connecticut Regiment, arrived at\\nthe Point a few days after Arnold had sent the above letter.\\nArnold was in command of the fort at Crown Point, and also the\\nfleet, and had about one thousand and fifty men under his com-\\nmand, and expected houi ly to receive a communication from Con\\ngress to lead an expedition into Canada. Pie refused to give up\\nhis post to General Hinman, and at once difficulties arose between\\nthem. At this juncture three members of the Congress of Massa-\\nchusetts arrived as a body to enquire into the manner in which he\\nhad executed his commission. Arnold was furious. He swore he\\nAvould be second to no one in command, disbanded his men, and\\nthrew uj) his commission. His men became turbulent, and a part\\nrefused to serve under any other leader a part joined Arnold on\\nboard of the vessels, and some of them enlisted under Col. Easton.\\nArnold set off for Cambridge to settle and talk the matter over\\nwith the Committee of Safety. Congress at this time did not\\nfavor an invasion of Canada, but subsequent intelligence changed\\nits plans, as they received the news that General Carleton was\\nstrengthening both fortifications and garrison at St. Johns, and\\nbuilding vessels on the shore of the Lake that were nearly ready\\nto launch, for the purpose of regaining the command of the Lake,\\nand retaking the captured forts and posts. England was also send-\\ning reinforcements. Guy Johnson had been stirring up the Indi-\\nans of the Six Nations, Cayugas, and Senecas, and many in Canada\\nfavored the Americans.\\nThus influenced by so many considerations Congress at last de-\\ntermined to fight the British in their stronghold, or the lion in\\nhis den. Congress ordered General Schuyler, who was in New\\nYork when he received the order on June 27th, to proceed to\\nTiconderoga, and should he find it practicable, and not disagreeable\\nto the Canadians, immediately to take possession of St. Johns and\\n26", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "202 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nMontreal, and pursue such other measures in Canada as might\\nhave a tendency to promote the peace and security of those\\nprovinces.\\nEthan Allen and Seth Warner were at Bennington, among the\\nGreen Mountains, enlisting men, but too slowly to suit Allen, who\\nthus wi ote to Governor Trumbull on July 12th: Were it not\\nthat the great Continental Congress had totally incorporated the\\nGreen Mountain boys into a battalion under certain regulations\\nand command, I would forthwith advance them into Canada and\\ninvest Montreal, exclusive of any help from the Colonies, though\\nunder present circumstances I would not for my right arm act\\nwithout or contrary to orders. If my fond zeal for reducing the\\nKing s fortresses and destroying or imprisoning his troops in\\nCanada be the result of enthusiasm, I hope and expect the wisdom\\nof the continent will treat it as such and on the other hand, if it\\nproceed from sound policy, that the plan will be adopted,\\nGeneral Schuyler arrived at Ticonderoga on the 18th of July,\\n1775. After his arrival he wrote to General Washington, as fol\\nlows You will expect that I should say something about this\\nplace, and the troops here. Not one earthly thing for offence or\\ndefence has been done. The commanding officer has no orders,\\nhe only came to reinforce the garrison, and he expected the\\nGeneral about ten o clock last night. I arrived at the landinsr\\nplace, at the North end of Lake George, a post occupied by a\\nCaptain and one hundi-ed men a sentinel on being informed that\\nI was in the boat, quitted his post to go and awaken the guard\\nconsisting of three men, in Avhich he had no success. I walked\\nup and came to another, a sergeant s guard. Here the sentinel\\nchallenged, but suffered me to come up to him the whole guard,\\nlike the first, in the soundest sleep. With a penknife only I could\\nhave cut off both guards, and then have set fire to the block house\\ndestroyed the stores and starved the people here. At this post I\\nhad pointedly recommended vigilance and care, as all the stores\\nfrom Lake George must necessarily be lauded here but I hope to", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 203\\nget the better of this inattention. The officers and men are all\\ngood looking people, and decent in theu deportment, and I really\\nbelieve will make good soldiers as soon as I can get the better of\\nthis nonchalance of theirs. Bravery I believe they are far from\\nwanting.\\nColonel Ilinman had in his command at Fort Ticonderoga about\\ntwelve hundred men, Green Mountain boys, New York and Con-\\nnecticut troops. General Schuyler upon taking command here,\\nsent his agent. Major John Brown, an American, who resided on\\nthe Sorel River, and who was popular among the Canadians, to\\ncollect all the information he possibly could of the British forces\\nand fortifications in Canada, and to ascertain how St. Johns could\\nbe most successfully invaded, he preparing boats and making\\nother arrangements in case Congress should decide upon invasion.\\nFrom Major Brown General Schuyler soon received the informa-\\ntion that there were about seven hundred King s troops only in\\nCanada. Three hundred at St. Johns, about fifty at Quebec, and\\nthe remainder at Montreal, Chamblee, and the upper posts.\\nColonel Guy Johnston had at Montreal three hundi ed men and\\na large number of Indians. St. Johns was defended by two bat-\\nteries of nine guns each, and well intrenched all around. Now\\nwas the time, according to the information he received, to take the\\npost, as many of the Canadians and Indians were disafiected to\\nBritish rule and said to stand ready to join the Americans. After\\nobtaining the above information General Schuyler penned this\\nletter to General Washington I am prepared to move against\\nthe enemy, unless your Excellency and Congress should direct\\notherwise. In the course of a few days I expect to receive the\\nultimate determination. Whatever it may be I shall try to exe-\\ncute it in such a manner as will promote the just cause in which\\nwe are engaged.\\nHe repaired to Albany to hold a conference to endeavor to\\nnegotiate a treaty with the Indians of the Six Nations commis-\\nsioned to meet him there. General Montgomery commanding at", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "204 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nTiconderoga during his absence, and continuing the military prepa-\\nrations. Several Indian Chiefs also met General Washington at\\nCambridge, and they offered to fight for the Americans should\\nCanada be invaded. Washington, thinking that the contemplated\\nmovement ol General Schuyler would make the British concentrate\\nall their forces in the vicinity of Montreal and St. Johns, therefore\\nproposed sending an expedition of twelve hundred men to Quebec\\nby the way of the Kennebec River.\\nHe thus Avrote General Schuyler If you are resolved to pro-\\nceed, which I gather from your last letter is your intention, it\\nwould make a diversion that would distract Carleton. He ,must\\neither break up and follow this party to Quebec, by Avhich he\\nwould leave you a free passage, or he must suffer that important\\nplace to fall into other hands an event that would have a decisive\\neffect and influence on the public interest. The few whom I have\\nconsulted on the project approve it much, but tlio final determina-\\ntion is deferred until I hear from you. Not a moment s time is to\\nbe lost in the preparations for this enterpiise, if the advices from\\nyou favor it. With the utmost expedition the season will be con-\\nsiderably advanced, so that you will dismiss the express as soon\\nas possible.\\nGeneral Schuyler approved of the project, sent word to General\\nMontgomery to have everything in readiness, and then wrote to\\nWashington from Albany I should not hesitate one moment to\\nem))loy any savages that might be willing to join us, and should\\nthe detachment from jour body penetrate into Canada and we\\nmeet with success, Canada must inevitably fall into our hands.\\nAfter dispatching these expresses he returned to Ticonderoga, but\\nbefore he reached there. General Montgomery learned that Carle-\\nton had completed his vessels at St. Johns and was about to send\\nthem into Lake Champlain by Sorel river. No time was to be lost\\nif he wished to obtain possession of the Isle aux Noix, which com-\\nmanded the entrance to the river. General Montgomery with\\ngreat dispatch embarked with about one thousand men, which", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 205\\nnumber filled the boats he had provided, and also took with him\\ntwo pieces of artillery with this force he started down the lake.\\nPrevious to leaving he Avrote a letter to General Schuyler, inform-\\ning him of what he was about to do, expressing his regret at\\nbeing obliged to move or act on the spur of the moment without\\norders, and asking to be excused on the ground that if the enemy\\ngot his vessels into the lakes it would be too late to accomplish the\\ndesired purpose. He entreated him to follow in a boat, leaving\\nthe residue of the artillery to come on as soon as a means of con-\\nveyance could be procured.\\nGeneral Schuyler arrived at Ticonderoga on the night of August\\n30th, 1775, but was suddenly taken very ill of a bilious fever, and\\nwas too sick to follow, as Montgomery had requested, but as soon\\nas he felt better had a bed prepared in a covered bateau, and sick\\nas he was made a start on the following day and joined Mont-\\ngomery at Isle aux Noix, twelve miles south of St. Johns, on the\\n4th day of September.\\nLeaving General Montgomery encamped as above for a brief\\nperiod, we will call your attention to the other expedition which\\nwas to start and enter Canada by way of Kennebec River. A\\nforce of well drilled men were chosen and encamped at Cambridge,\\nready for the expedition. There were ten companies of New\\nEngland infantry, some of General, Greene s Rhode Island regi-\\nments, three from Pennsylvania and Virginia, and a number of\\nvolunteers among them was Aaron Burr, then but twenty years\\nof age, who had got up out of a sick bed as soon as he had receiv-\\ned the news that Colonel Arnold was to lead the expedition\\nthrough the forests of Maine to the attack of Quebec.\\nBm-r s friends tried their best to prevent him, but go he would,\\nand in a few days proceeded to the rendezvous, accompanied by\\nfour or five stout young fellows whom he had fitted out at his own\\nexpense, they all shouldering arms and walking the whole distance\\nto within a few miles of Boston. Burr s uncle wrote him a letter\\ncommanding him to return, and his physician wrote, You will", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "20G CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ndie, it is imiDOSsible for you to endure the fatigue, but he refused\\nto return, and liis health improved by the liealthful exercise and\\ncamp life.\\nThis expedition required a leader of great daring, and such a\\nleader it had in Arnold. He was well acquainted with all parts of\\nCanada, having before the war sold and traded horses at Quebec,\\nwhich he brought from the West Indies. Washington, after ap-\\npointing him to the command, Avrote to him as follows Upon\\nyour conduct and courage and that of the officers and soldiers\\ndetailed on this expedition, not only the success of this jn esent en-\\nterprise and your own honor, but the safety and welfare of the\\nwhole continent, may depend. I charge you therefore, and the\\nofficers and soldiers under your command, as you value yoiu* own\\nsafety and honor and the favor and esteem of your country, that\\nyou consider yourselves as marching, not through the country of\\nan enemy, but of our friends and brethren, for such the inhabitants\\nof Canada and the Indian nations have approved themselves in\\nthis unha2:)py contest between Great Britain and America, and\\nthat you check by every motive of duty and fear of punishment\\nevery attempt to plunder and insult the inhabitants of Canada.\\nShould any American soldier be so base and infamous as to injure\\nany Canadian or Indian in his person or property, I do most earn-\\nestly enjoin you to bring him to such severe and exemplary pun\\nishment as the enormity of the crime may require. Should it ex-\\ntend to death itself it will not be disproportionate to its guilt, at\\nsuch a time and in such a cause. I also give in charge to you, to\\navoid all disrespect to the religion of the country and its ceremo-\\nnies. While we are contending for our own liberty, we should be\\nvery cautious not to violate the rights of conscience in others, ever\\nconsidering that Gcd alone is the judge of the hearts of men and\\nto him only in this case are they answerable.\\nIn the general letter of instructions Washington inserted tliis\\nclause If Lord Chatham s son should be in Canada, and in any\\nway fall into your power, you are enjoined to treat him with all", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR, 207\\npossible deference and respect. You cannot err in paying too\\nmuch honor to the son of so ilhistrions a character and so true a\\nfriend to America.\\nArnold was well supplied with hand-bills to distribute in Cana-\\nda, setting forth the friendly objects of the expedition, and calling\\non Canadians to fiu nish necessaries and accommodations of all\\nkinds, for which they were to be amj^ly repaid. It was on the\\n13th of September, 1775, that Arnold and his forces set out for the\\nNorth he had obtained the command he so much wanted, and\\nhad headed off his rival, Ethan Allen. He was to push forward up\\nKennebec river and try to reach Quebec by the middle of October.\\nGeneral Montgomery, it is remembered, had sent Major Brown\\nto reconnoitre the country between the Sorel river and the St.\\nLawrence. He had also sent Colonel Ethan Allen on an expedi-\\ntion of a similar character. The forces proceeded up Sorel river\\nin boats to within two miles of St. Johns, where they opened their\\ncannon upon the fort they here landed and marched to about a\\nmile and a half of the fort, where they formed their lines in a deep\\nthick wilderness or swamp here they encountered roving bands\\nof Tories and Indians, whom they defeated with but slight loss to\\neither side. The shells from the fort kept constantly bursting in\\ntheir camp throughout the night, but doing very little damage.\\nA messenger arrived during the night with secret information\\nto Schuyler and Montgomery of tlie condition of the fort. The\\nworks were said to be strong and well furnished with cannon,\\nand a vessel with sixteen guns mounted was nearly ready to sail.\\nThe matter was well discussed over in camp, and the Generals con-\\ncluding they had not the necessary cannon, nor sufficient men to\\nun dertake a siege, therefore returned to the Isle aux Noix, threw\\nup earth- works and placed a boom across the river to prevent any\\nvessel of the enemy from entering the lake, and determined here\\nto await the arrival of artillery and reinforcements, which had been\\nordered to follow them with dispatch from Ticonderoga.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "208 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXX.\\nGENERAL MONTGOMERY S EXPEDITION TO CANADA, CONTINUED.\\nGreat preparations were made by the Americans to attack St_\\nJohns by land and water. Major Brown, the scout, was sent with\\na small force of one hundred Americans and thirty Canadians, to\\nadvance towards Chamblee, make friends, drum up more men,\\nand then join the main body of the army in the proposed attack\\non St. Johns. Ethan Allen had been sent in another direction to\\ngain recruits from the country he had recently visited, as described\\nin a former chapter. He took thirty men with him and proceeded\\nto La Prairie.\\nAt this time General Schuyler was again taken ill, with a com-\\nplication of maladies. He was very sick one night, and for many\\ndays after the attack was confined to his bed, and thus was com-\\npelled to surrender all thoughts of leading the army to St. Johns.\\nHe gave up the command into the able hands of General Mont-\\ngomery. After surrendering the command General Schuyler re-\\nturned to Ticonderoga on a bed in a bateau, to hurry forw ard the\\nreinforcements and supplies for Montgomery. About five miles\\nfrom camp he met Colonel Seth Warner with one hundred and\\nseventy Green Mountains boys hastening forward in boats on the\\nriver to join Montgomery.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 209\\nEthan Allen in the meantime was not idle. A week after he\\nleft the camp at Isle aux Noix he was at St. Om-s, twelve miles\\nsouth of the Sorel river, with a force of two hundred and fifty Ca-\\nnadians under arms. He wrote to General Montgomeiy that with-\\nin three day s time he would be at St. Johns with a force of five\\nhundred Canadians. On his way to join Montgomery he marched\\nn]) the East side of the St. Lawrence river to Longueval between\\nthe last named place and La Prairie he met the noted Major\\nBrown, with his advance of Americans and Canadians, who in-\\nformed him that Montreal was weak and not half defended, and\\nsaid he, Let us join forces and make an attack upon the city.\\nAllen was ready for anjihing that required activity and daring,\\nand as he had confidence in Major Brown s courage and judgment,\\nhe agreed to the proposition. So without orders from General\\nMontgomery, Allen returned to Longueval, procured canoes with\\nwhich to cross the St. Lawrence below the city with his force,\\nwhile Major Brown was to cross above the town with two hun-\\ndred men, and each was to make the attack on the two sides at\\nthe same moment.\\nA rough, Avindy, stormy night was that of September 24th, 1775\\nwhen Colonel Ethan Allen crossed the river with his force of but\\none hundred and ten men, eighty Canadians and thirty Americans.\\nThe canoes were so small and frail that they had to make three\\ntrips to take the Avhole number over the foaming white mass. It\\nwas cai-ly in the morning of the following day that Allen listened\\nfor the signal gun of Major Brown, but he heard it not, and it be-\\ncame too evident that he had not succeeded in crossing the river.\\nAllen would have recrossed the river if he could have embarked\\nhis forces and all crossed at one time, but as this was impossible,\\nhe established j^ickets on all the roads to stop all persons from car-\\nrying any information to Montreal.\\nBut he was discovered at last, and from out of the old city gates\\nissued a force of about forty British, two hundred Canadians, and\\nsome Indians. Allen fought bravely, notwithstanding that he was\\n27", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "210 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nSO much outnumbered, and the battle continued for over an hour\\nand three quarters. His men having at last all deserted but twen-\\nty-eight, one of whom was wounded, Allen agreed to surrender if\\npromised honorable terms. They were marched to Montreal, the\\nofficers treating them civilly, and were delivered into the custody\\nof General Prescott, from Avhom they met with the most brutal\\ntreatment, and upon his discovering that Allen was the man that\\nhad captm-ed Ticonderoga, first threatened to hang him, then had\\nhim bound hand and foot with irons, and sent him on board the\\nwar schooner Gaspee. A bar of iron eight feet long was attached\\nto his chains, and his men were handcuffed in pairs, and he and\\nthey thrust into the lowest part of the vessel v/ithout beds or\\nseats.\\nThe cause of the failure to cross the river by Major Brown has\\nnever been explained. If he had done so the attack would doubt\\nless have been successful. Both Allen and Brown were blamed,\\nand not unjustly, as they were acting without orders.\\nWe cannot refrain from giving Allen s own account of his re-\\nception by the British officer. Allen was clothed in the rough\\nfrontier style, a deer skin jacket, a vest and breeches of coarse\\nserge, worsted stockings, stout shoes, and a red woolen cap. He\\nasked my name, said Allen, which I told him he then asked mo\\nwhether I was that Colonel Allen who took Ticonderoga I told\\nhim I was the very man then he shook his cane over my head,\\ncalling me many hard names, among which he frequently used the\\nword Rebel, and put himself in a great rage.\\nFrom Allen s place of confinement on board the ship he wrote\\nas follows to General Prescott:\\nHonorable Sm In the whirl of transitory events I find my-\\nself prisoner and in irons. Probably your honor has certain rea-\\nsons, to me inconceivable, though I challenge an instance of this\\nsort of economy of the Americans during the late war, to any offi-\\ncers of the Crown. On my part I have to assure your honor that", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR, 211\\nwhen I had the command and took Captain Delaplace and Lieu-\\ntenant Fulton, with the garrison of Ticonderoga, I treated them\\nwith every mark of friendshij^ and generosity, the evidence of\\nwhich is notorious, even in Canada. I have only to add that I\\nexpect an honorable and humane treatment, as an officer of my\\nrank and merit should have, and subscribe myself your honor s\\nmost obedient servant, ETHAN ALLEN.\\nGeneral Schuyler wrote thus of Allen s reckless dash at Mon-\\ntreal I am apprehensive of disagreeable consequences arising\\nfrom Colonel Allen s imprudence. I always di eaded his impa-\\ntience of subordination, and it was not until after a solemn prom-\\nise made me in the presence of several officers, that he would de-\\nmean himself with propriety, that I woiald permit him to attend\\nthe army, nor would I have consented then, had not his solicita-\\ntions been backed by several officers.\\nWashington also censured him severely, he wrote His misfor-\\ntune will, I hope, teach a lesson of prudence and subordination to\\nothers who may be ambitious to outshine their general officers, and\\nregardless of order and duty rush into enterprises which have un-\\nfavorable effects on the public and are destructive to themselves.\\nGeneral Washington felt great solicitude about Arnold, as he\\nreceived a letter from him, dated ten days previously, fi*om Fort\\nWestern, on the Kennebec river. He had sent parties ahead to\\nexplore the country and he was making his way by land and\\nwater through an uninhabited and unexplored wilderness, and\\nbeyond reach of recall. Soon after this he received a letter from\\nArnold, dated October 13th, 1775, from a place between Kenne-\\nbec and Dead rivers, where he wrote thus Your Excellency may\\npossibly think we have been tardy in our march, as we have gained\\nso little, but when you consider the badness of the route, and the\\nweight of the bateaux, and the large quantities of provisions, c.,\\nwe have been obliged to force up against a very rapid stream\\nwhere you would have taken the men for amphibious animals, as\\nthey were a great part of the time under water; add to this the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "212 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ngreat fatigue in the portage, you will think I have pushed the men\\nas fast as they could possibly bear. The last division has just\\narrived, three divisions are over the first carrying place, and as the\\nmen are in high spirits, I make no doubt of reaching the river\\nChaudiere in eight or ten days, the greatest difficulty I hope being\\nah cady past.\\nThe toils up Kennebec river and through the wilderness were\\ngreat. A part of the men marched along the banks, a part\\nmanaged the boats wherever there were rapids they had to\\nunload and cany stores, boats, c., sometimes for miles they had\\nto labor against swift currents and often in cataracts the boats\\nwere upset, and ai ms, ammunition and provisions damaged. The\\nland force had to scramble over rocks and precipices, cut their way\\nthrough tangled thickets, wade through mucky swamps, and could\\nmake at best but eight or ten miles per day. At night both divis-\\nions encamped together.\\nBut we must return to General Montgomery s army. On Octo-\\nber 13th, 1775, Majors Livingston and Brown attacked and cap-\\ntured Chamblec, a fort within five miles of St. Johns. They had\\nwith them fifty Americans and three hundred Canadians. A large\\nquantity of gunpowder and military stores fell into General Mont-\\ngomery s hands. He now advanced his lines and pressed the\\nsiege of St. Johns with vigor, and cut oif all supplies from reach-\\ning the garrison, who were suflferiug from want of provisions.\\nBut their commander. Major Preston, still held out, hoping hourly\\nto receive relief from General Carleton, who had been gathering\\ntroops and promised assistance from Montreal. General Carleton\\nhad several hundred Canadians, some Indians, and a Scotch regi-\\nment under Colonel Maclean, a Scot, three hundred strong, called\\nThe Royal Highland Emigrants.\\nGeneral Montgomery, learning of the cruelty with which Allen\\nand his men were treated at Montreal, addressed a letter to Carle-\\nton on the subject Your character. Sir, induces me to hope I\\nJim ill informed, nevertheless, the duty I owe the troops commit-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 213\\nted to my charge, lays me under the necessity of acquainting your\\nExcellency that if you allow this conduct, and persist in it, I shall,\\nthough with the most painful regret, execute with vigor the just\\nand necessary law of retaliation upon the garrison of Chamblee,\\nnow in my possession, and upon all others who may hereafter\\nfall into my hands. I shall expect your Excellency s answer with-\\nin six days. Should the bearer not return in that time, I must\\ninterpret your silence into a declaration of a barbarous war. I\\ncannot pass this opportunity without lamenting the melancholy\\nand fatal necessity which obliges the firmest friends of the consti\\ntution to ojjpose one of the most respectable officers of the crown.\\nGeneral Montgomery, who had become accustomed to the im-\\nplicit obedience of European troops, was greatly displeased with\\nthe continued want of subordination and discipline among these\\nyeomen soldiers. He writes They carry the spirit of freedom\\ninto the field, and think for themselves. Were I not afraid the\\nexample would be too generally followed, and that the public ser-\\nvice might sufiei I would not stay an hour at the head of troops\\nwhose operations I cannot direct. I must say I have no liopcs of\\nsuccess unless from the garrison s wanting provisions.\\nHe commenced the bombardment of the fort on both sides.\\nHe took four prisoners, whose tidings made him order the firing\\nto cease, as they reported that General Carleton had embarked his\\nforces on the 31st of September, in thirty-four boats, crossed the\\nSt. Lawrence, landed at Longueval, and marched for St. Johns.\\nThis report was true, but as Carleton s forces in the boats neared\\nthe bank of the river at Longueval, a terrible fire of musketry and\\nartillery opened upon them from the woods on the bank of the\\nriver, and threw them into great confusion. It was Colonel Seth\\nWarner s force of New York troops and Green Mountain boys\\nwho thus unexpectedly appeared.\\nCarleton was defeated, without being able to give battle. Many\\nof his boats were destroyed, some upset, and with what was left Of\\nhis force, he retreated as fast as possible to Montreal. General", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "21 4 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nMontgomery, well knowing that the garrison in the fort at St.\\nJohns had only held out in expectation of the arrival of Carleton s\\nforce, sent a flag of truce, asking Major Preston to surrender.\\nPreston agi eed to do so in four days, if no relief appeared in that\\ngiven time. These conditions General Montgomery refused.\\nMajor Preston then determined to surrender, which he accordingly\\ndid. The garrison numbered one hundred Canadians, and five\\nhundred British regulars.\\nGeneral Montgomery treated Major Preston and his men with\\ncourtesy, and having sent all the prisoners under a guard up Lake\\nChamjilain to Ticonderoga, prepared to march immediately on\\nMontreal, and wrote to General Schuyler to forward as soon as\\npossible all the men he could spare. He also wrote Not a word\\nfrom Arnold yet. I have sent two expresses to him lately, one by\\nan Indian who promised to return Avith the expedition. The\\ninstant I have any news of him I will acquaint you by express.\\nGeneral Montgomery arrived at Montreal on the 12th of Novem-\\nber, and as General Carleton could not obtain reinforcements, and\\nhearing that Arnold was expected at Point Levi, he embarked his\\nmen and retreated down the St. Lawrence river to oppose Arnold.\\nHe proceeded in a whale boat with muflled oars through Mont-\\ngomery s rafts and boats on a dark night, and reached Quebec in\\nsafety. On the 13th of November Montreal surrendered to Gen.\\nMontgomery. He left a small garrison there, and then liastcned\\nonward towards Quebec.\\nWhen the news of his successes reached Congress he was pro-\\nmoted to the rank of Major-General. Montgomery s great object\\nwas the capture of Carleton, but he had escaped, as stated. He\\nnow descended the St. LaAvrence towards Quebec but four hun-\\ndred troops was all the force he could muster after having\\ngarrisoned the three places he had captm ed, and sending a guard\\nback with his prisoners. Some pleaded ill health, with others their\\nterm of enlistment had expired and they had returned home.\\nGeneral Montgomery was wearied with constant vexations, and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 215\\nonly his gratitude to Congress, and the welfare of his adopted\\ncountry could have induced him to continue in the service.\\nHe thus writes to General Schuyler Will not your health per-\\nmit you to reside in Montreal this winter I must go home if I\\nwalk by the side of the Lake. I am weary of power, and totally\\nwant that patience and temper so requisite for such a command.\\nAn affair happened yesterday, November 24th, which had very\\nnear sent me home. A number of officers presumed to remons-\\ntrate against the indulgence I had given some of the King s troops.\\nSuch an insult I could not bear, and immediately resigned. To-\\nday they qualified it by such an apology as put it in my power to\\nresume the command. I wish some method could be fallen upon\\nfor engaging gentlemen to serve. A point of honor, and more\\nknowledge of the world, to be found in that class of men, would\\ngreatly reform discipline, and render the troops much more\\ntractable.\\nGeneral Montgomery now received letters from Arnold that he\\nwas approaching Quebec, It was now the latter part of Novem-\\nber, and winter in that Northern latitude had set in. After aban-\\ndoning the boats, through di-iving snoAV storms, and over badly\\ndi ifted and most impassable roads, they proceeded onward. Thus\\nthey marched until tlie walls of Quebec arose before them. Here\\nhe found Arnold, and these two brave men combined their small\\nforces and laid plans for the reduction of that stronghold.\\nGeneral Montgomery being the Chief in Command, and finding\\nhis forces were not sufficient to make regular approaches, com-\\nmenced to bombard the town. He tried five small mortars first,\\nbut finding them ineffectual, he planted a battery of six cannon\\nand a howitzer about forty rods from the walls and continued the\\nconstant firing upon the place. The snow being very deep, and\\nthe ground hard frozen, he was obliged to place his guns on blocks\\nof ice. His cannon were not hea^y enough to make impression\\non the solid walls of Quebec. His troops were suffering terribly\\nfrom frost and exposure, the camp was surrounded by huge drifts", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "216 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nof snow, the small-pox also broke out among the men, and those\\nattacked with it were ordered to wear sprigs of hemlock in their\\ncaps, to warn the other men to keep away from them these sprigs\\nincreased very rapidly. We will now leave General Montgomery,\\nhalf buried in snow with his army before Quebec, and trace\\nArnold s expedition through the wilderness, as he is so closely con-\\nnected Avith Montgomery in the attack on Quebec that a full\\naccount of tlie trials of both forces is desirable.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 217\\nCHAPTER XXXI.\\nAKNOLD s advance to QUEBEC TO JOIN MONTGOMEKY.\\nOn September 20th, Arnold, with a force of eleven hundred\\nmen, embarked at Newburyi^ort, in eleven transports, and after\\nsailing to the month of Kennebec river, Maine, foimd there two\\nhundi ed light bateaux, suitable for shallow water and not too heavy\\nto cany when compelled to do so. In a few days they had passed\\nthe last signs of civilization, and found themselves working their\\nway through a wilderness which the foot of none but the Indian\\nhad trod. For thii ty-two days no trace of human beings was seen.\\nForty times or more the boats had to be carried, with all the am-\\nmunition, provisions, and the sick, around rapids, ftills, over hills,\\nand through heavy marshes.\\nLossing, in his American Revolution, thus wiites of Arnold s\\nmarch: This expedition of Arnold, in its conception and execu-\\ntion, is one of the most remarkable on record, and whatever blem-\\nishes afterwards appeai ed on his character, one thing cannot be\\ndenied, that he was a man of great sagacity and boldness of char-\\nacter, and as brave an officer as ever commanded an army. At his\\nown request he was dispatched to Quebec with about eleven hun-\\ndred men. The route was then a dreary desert, intersected by dense\\nforests and swamps. Starting from Cambridge, the headquarters\\n28", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "218 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nof the army blockading Boston, he marched one hundred and tliir-\\nty miles nortliAvard of that city, and embarked with his men in\\nbateaux upon the rough and tortuous Kennebec.\\nHe was totally ignorant of the stream he was ascending, for it\\nhad never been surveyed. The river was full of craggy rocks,\\nshoals, falls, rapids, and other dangers, too numerous to mention*\\nBut, fearless leader that he was, he pressed on. One of the Colo-\\nnels in his command, (Enos,) got entangled in the Avindings ot\\nthe Dead river, a branch of the Kennebec, and being out of pro-\\nvisions, returned home, with nearly one-third of the Avhole of Ai n-\\nold s force. The river being impassable for boats, Arnold aban-\\ndoned them, and for thirty-two days traversed a dreary wilderness.\\nThe troops suffered dreadfully, but without murmuring.\\nIt was on November 3d, that he reached the first Canadian set-\\ntlement on Chaudiere river, which flows into the St. Lawrence\\nnearly opposite Quebec. It was the 9th of November when his\\nforces reached Point Levi, opposite Quebec. Arnold s officers\\nwere Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Greene, (the hero of Red\\nBank on the Delaware,) Majors Meigs and Bigelow the riflemen\\nwere commanded by that great partisan leader. Captain Daniel\\nMorgan. Ai-nold s soldiers were almost famished some had not\\ntasted food for forty-eight hours. When they arrived on the\\nbanks of the Chaudiere, they had cooked dogs, and others had\\nboiled their moccasins, cartouch boxes, and other articles of leather,\\nin the hopes of rendering them eatable.\\nA letter written by an inhabitant of Point Levi describes the\\nstrange appearance there of Arnold s army There are about five\\nhundi-ed Provincials an-ived at Point Levi, opposite to the town,\\nby the way of Chaudiere, across the woods. Surely a miracle\\nmust have been wrought in their favor. It is an undertaking\\nabove the common race of men, in this debauched age. They\\nhave traveled through woods and bogs, and over precipices, for the\\nspace of one hundi-ed and twenty miles, attended with evei-y incon.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 219\\nvenience and difficulty, to be surmounted only by men of indefati-\\ngable zeal and industry.\\nHildreth, in his History of the United States, writes of the wil-\\nderness traversed by Arnold as follows Colonel Montressor, a\\nBritish officer, had traversed the wilderness fifteen years before.\\nHe ascended the Chaudiere from Quebec, crossed the highlands\\nnear the head waters of the Penobscot, passed through Moosehead\\nlake, and entered the eastern branch of the Kennebec. Arnold\\npossessed an imperfect copy of the printed journal of Montressor,\\nand this with information received from some St. Francis Indians\\nwho visited Washington s camp, gave him an idea of the country\\nand the privations his men must suffer. The same region was\\ntraversed by a French Missionary named Dreuillettes, more than\\ntwo hundred years before. He crossed the St. Lawrence to the\\nsources of the Kennebec, down which river he descended to its\\nmouth, and thence coasted eastward to the Missionary station on\\nthe Penobscot.\\nJudge Henry, who at the close of the last century was President\\nof the Second Judicial District in Pennsylvania, was one of Ar-\\nnold s soldiers in this expedition, and wrote as follows in his nar-\\nrative of it, in reference to the destitute condition of the troops be-\\nfore food was sent back from Sertigan Coming to a low, sandy\\nbeach of the Chaudiere, for we sometimes had such, some of our\\ncompanies were observed to dart from the file, and with their nails\\ntear out of the sands roots which they esteemed eatable, and ate\\nthem raw, even without washing. The knowing one sprang, half\\na dozen followed, he who obtained it eat the root instantly. They\\nhad not received food for the last forty-eight hours.\\nGeneral Dearborn wrote to Rev. William Allen at the time\\nMy dog was very large and a great favorite. I gave him up to\\nseveral men of Captain Goodrich s company. They carried him\\nto their company, and killed and divided him among those who\\nwere sufiering most severely from hunger. They eat every part\\nof him, not excepting his entrails.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "220 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nIt was about fifty days after leaving Newburyport, when Arnold,\\nwith but half the force he started with, saw the heights of Quebec.\\nHe had led that army through a wilderness of six hundred miles.\\nAs he ajjproached Quebec it became of great importance to him\\nthat he should send word to General Montgomery, as his numbers\\nwere so reduced that it was utterly impossible for him to move\\nagainst Quebec without General Montgomery s co-operation.\\nThe difficult task of conveying a verbal message one hundred\\nand twenty miles through an enemy s country, and alone, was\\ngiven to young Aaron Burr. Well did he perform the mission.\\nBurr, who had much tact and a pleasant address, well knew that\\nthe French in Canada, especially the Catholic Clergy, abhorred\\nthe aggressive rule of the British. He therefore assumed the\\nbearing and dress of a young priest, and presented himself at the\\nfirst house of a priest that came in his way. Being a good Latin\\nscholar, and also understanding French, he pronounced Latin in\\nthe French manner. He made quite a f ivorable impression on\\nthe aged priest, when, after throwing aside his garb, he frankly\\ntold him who he was, and asked his aid for the further prosecution\\nof his journey.\\nThe priest was surprised that such a mere boy should have the\\ncourage to undertake so dangerous a journey in an enemy s coun-\\ntry alone, and whose fate, if captured, would be that of a spy.\\nBut finding that he was composed of sterner stuff than most mor-\\ntals, and old in courage if not in years, gave him all the informa-\\ntion he could, and also a trusty guide, and an old wagon and horse.\\nFrom one priest s house to another he was conveyed by the guide\\nin perfect safety, and his journey appeared one of pleasure, rather\\nthan one of danger and only once was his progress onward at all\\ninterrupted.\\nThis was at Three Tiivers, where the people, hearing rumors of\\nArnold s arrival, were greatly excited, and the authorities watch-\\nful to prevent communication if possible between Arnold and\\nMontgomery. The guide, fearing capture, would not proceed", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 221\\nfurther, and at last prevailed upon Burr to conceal himself in a\\nconvent in the vicinity. Here they remained concealed for three\\ndays, until the excitement had somewhat subsided. After that\\nlength of time had elapsed, the guide consenting to proceed, they\\nleft the convent and reached Montreal without further detention.\\nBurr immediately repaired to Montgomery s headquarters, gave\\nthe information which was the object of his journey, and naii ated\\nArnold s tramp through the wilderness, and his own through\\nCanada. General Montgomery was so much pleased with Buit s\\nappearance and his courage that he requested him, on the spot, to\\naccept a place on his staff, and a few days after he was formally\\nannounced as one of the General s Aid-de Camps, with rank of\\nCaptain.\\nGeneral Washington was greatly pleased when he received the\\nnews of the capture of Montreal. He thus wrote to General\\nSchuyler, alluding to Arnold The merit of this gentleman is\\ncertainly great, and I heartily wish that fortune may distinguish\\nhim as one of her favorites. I am convinced that he will do\\neverything that prudence and valor shall suggest to add to the suc-\\ncess of our arms, and for reducing Quebec to our possession.\\nShould he not be able to accomj^lish so desirable a work with the\\nforces he has, I flatter myself that it will be effected when General\\nMontgomery joins him, and our conquest of Canada will be com-\\nplete.\\nIt was about eight o clock in the morning when Arnold and his\\narmy emerged from the wilderness and stood upon the banks of\\nthe St. Lawrence. Quebec was at once thrown into a great state\\nof alarm drums beat to arms. Arnold determined to cross the\\nriver immediately, but for several days and nights such a tempest\\nof wind and rain set in that he was obliged to wait. He obtained\\nabout forty birch bark canoes, and about 9 P. M. on the evening\\nof November 13th, 1775, he commenced to cross, and before day-\\nlight the next morning the whole force had crossed the St. Law-\\nrence river and formed lines at Wolfe s Cave. The garrison at", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "222 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nQuebec was daily gaining strength and there was not much time\\nto lose. Recruits had arrived at Qaehec from Nova Scotia. Mc-\\nLean, and his corps of Royal Highland Emigrants, who had been\\ndefeated at the mouth of the river Sorel by Colonel Livingston s\\nand Major Brown s forces of Montgomery s army, had also joined\\nthe forces in Quebec. The Lizard, frigate. Hornet, sloop-of-war,\\nand two armed schooners, were stationed in the river, and guard\\nboats patrolled at night.\\nThe prospect was any but an inviting one. Arnold only man-\\naged to cross by careful watching, and favored by the darkness of\\nthe night. On the 13th Arnold received the news that Montgom-\\nery had captured St. Johns. He and his men were greatly cheered\\nby these tidings.\\nWolfe s Cave is situated about a mile and a half above Cape\\nDiamond. It was at that point that General Wolfe landed before\\nmaking his attack on Quebec, sixteen years previously to Arnold s\\narrival. Arnold, at early dawn, led the attack in person, and just\\nafter daylight i^lanted his flag on the far famed heights of Abra-\\nliam. But here a new difficulty appeared before him a long line\\nof wall and bastions traversed the heights from one of its rocky\\nsides to the other. On the right was the great bastion of Cape\\nDiamond, crowning the height of that name. Upon the left was\\nthe bastion of La Potasse, near the gate of St. Johns, the spot\\nwhere Montcalm was killed in defending Quebec. Arnold held a\\ncouncil of war. He was for immediately advancing and storming\\nthe gate of St. Johns. Had he done so he probably would have\\nbeen successful, as the gate was then unguarded. But while they\\ndeliberated the favorable moment passed away, and Arnold s forces\\nlooked with dismay upon those massive walls.\\nThey had no artillery, and half their arms were rendered useless\\nfrom their march through the swamps of the wilderness, and they\\nnumbered but seven hundred and fifty men. Arnold expected\\nhelp from within Quebec from friendly Canadians. He drew up\\nhis men within eight hundred yards of the walls and gave three", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 223\\ncheers, thinking the troops would rush out to attack him, and the\\ngates being open he might rush in, and with the aid of friends\\nwithin captm e the place. The parapets of the walls were lined\\nby hundreds of people, and many of them cheered in return.\\nThe British troops fired a thirty -two pounder at Arnold s men,\\nbut not a man was injured. They were afraid to trust the French\\nwithin the city and would not be led out by Arnold s bait. Ar\\nnold sent a flag of truce to 3IcLean with a formal summons to sur-\\nrender, but it was treated wnth insult, the bearer being fired upon.\\nArnold, upon inspecting his ammunition and stores, to his surprise\\nfound that nearly all the cartridges were spoiled, hardly five rounds\\nto a man being left, and learning from his friends within the city\\nthat an attack was to be made upon him soon, and also receiving\\nthe news of the capture of Montreal by Montgomery and that\\nCarleton having escaped from that place was on his way to Que-\\nbec, he determined at any rate for the present to draw ofi his army\\nto Point aux Trembles, (aspen tree point,) twenty miles above Que-\\nbec, and there to await the arrival of General Montgomery with\\ntroops and artillery.\\nThis withdrawal took place on the 19th inst. While awaiting\\nMontgomery s arrival he received the following letter from Gen-\\neral Washington It is not in the poAver of any man to command\\nsuccess, but yovi have done more, you have deserved it, and before\\nthis time (December 5th,) I hope you will have met with the laii-\\nrels which are due to your toils in the possession of Quebec. I\\nhave no doubt but a junction of your detachment with the army\\nunder General Montgomery is efiected before this. If so, you will\\nput yourself under his command, and will, I am persuaded, give\\nhim all the assistance in your power to finish the glorious work\\nyou have begun.\\nOn the 31st of December, 1775, Washington received the cheer-\\ning intelligence from Canada that a junction had taken place, a\\nmonth previously, between Aroold and Montgomery at Point aux", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "224 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nTrembles. Tliey were about two thousand strong, and were\\nmaking every preparation for attacking Quebec. Carleton was\\nsaid to have with him at Quebec but twelve hundred men, the\\nmajority of whom were sailors. It was thought that the French\\nwould surrender if they could obtain the same terras that were\\ngranted to the garrison and inhabitants of Montreal.* Upon Ar-\\nnold s arrival at Point aux Trembles he was informed that Carle-\\nton had only left Montreal but a few hours previously and soon\\nafterwards he heard the cannonading at Quebec, that welcomed\\nhim to that city.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Letter of Washington to the President of Congress, December 31st, 1775.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 225\\nCHAPTER XXXII.\\nGENERAL MONTGOMERY S EXPEDITION TO C.VNADA, CONTINUED.\\nAfter the juuction of the two armies General Montgomery estab-\\nlished his headquarters at Holland House, and Arnold occupied a\\nhouse near Scott s Bridge. The army was encamped near the In-\\ntendant s Palace, by the St. Charles, in the suburb of St. Roche.\\nOn December oth, Montgomery thus wrote to General Schuyler\\nI propose amusing Mr. Carleton with a formal attack, erecting\\nbatteries, c., but mean to assault the works, I believe towards\\nthe lower tOAvn, which is the weakest part. There is a style of\\ndiscipline among Arnold s men, much superior to what I have\\nbeen used to see in this campaign. He himself (Ai-nold,) is active,\\nintelligent and enterprising. Fortune often baffles the sanguine\\nexpectations of poor mortals. I am not intoxicated with her\\nfavors, but I do think there, is a fair prosj^ect of success.\\nUpon the day of General Montgomery s arrival at Quebec he\\nsent a flag with a summons to surrender. It was fired upon and\\nobliged to retire. General Montgomery thereupon wrote an in-\\ndignant, reproachful letter to Carleton, on this outrage. By\\nCarleton s orders the messenger -was put in prison a few days and\\nthen drammed out of the town, General Montgomery now made\\n29", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "226 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nevery preparation for an attack upon Quebec. The ground was\\nfrozen very hard, and he was not well provided with intrenching\\ntools, and had only one field train of artillery and a few mortars.\\nBut with great labor he managed to thi ow up a breastwork about\\nfour hundred yards from the walls, and opposite the centre of the\\nenemy s works, called the gate of St. Louis. A part of his works\\nwere formed of ice, or snow thrown up and water thrown over\\nuntil thoroughly frozen.\\nThe following letter, written at that time by General Mont-\\ngomery to his brother-in-law, Chancellor Livingston, then a mem-\\nber of Congress, is interesting For the good fortune which has\\nhitherto attended us, I am, I hope, sufficiently thankful, but this\\nvery fortune, good as it has been, will become a serious and insur-\\nmountable evil, should it lead Congress either to overrate our\\nmeans, or to underrate the difficulties we have yet to contend with.\\nI need not tell you, until Quebec is taken Canada is uuconquered,\\nand that, to accomplish this, we must resort to siege, investment\\nor storm. The first of these is out of the question, from the diffi-\\nculty of making trenches in a Canadian Avinter, and the greater\\ndifficulty of living in them, if we could make them. Secondly,\\nfrom the nature of the soil, which, as I am at present insti ucted,\\nrenders mining impracticable, and were this otherwise, from the\\nwant of an engineer having sufficient skill to direct the process.\\nAnd thirdly, from the fewness and lightness of our artillery, which\\nis quite unfit to break walls like those of Quebec.\\nInvestment has fewer objections and might be sufficient were\\nwe able to shut out entirely from the garrison and town the neces-\\nsary supplies of food and fuel during the winter but to do this\\nwell, the enemy s Avorks being very extensive, and ofiermg many\\navenues to the neighboring settlements, will require a large army,\\nand from present appearances mine will not, when brought\\ntogether, much, if at all, exceed eight hundred combatants. Of\\nCanadians I might be able to get a considerable number, provided\\nI had hard money Avith Avhich to clothe, feed, and pay theii* wages,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 227\\nbut this is wanting unless, therefore, I am soon and amply rein-\\nforced, investment, like siege, must be given up. To the storming\\nplan there are fewer objections, and to this we must come at last.\\nIf my force is small, Carleton s is not great the extensiveness of\\nhis works, which, in case of investment, would favor him, will in\\nthe other case favor us. Masters of our secret, we may select a\\nparticular time and place for attack, and to repel this the garrison\\nmust be prepared at all times and places, a circumstance which\\nwill impose upon it incessant watching and labor by day and by\\nnight, which, in its undisciplined state, must breed discontents\\nthat may compel Garleton to capitulate, or perhaps to make an\\nattempt to drive us off. In this last idea there is a glimmering of\\nhope. Wolfe s success was a lucky hit, or rather a series of lucky\\nhits. All sober and scientific calculation was against him until\\nMontcalm, permitting his courage to get the better of his discre-\\ntion, gave up the advantages of his fortress and came out to try\\nhis strength on the plain. Carleton, who was Wolfe s Quarter-\\nmaster General, understands this well, and it is to be feared will\\nnot follow the Frenchman s example.\\nIn all these views you will discover much uncertainty, but of\\none thing you may be sure, that unless we do something before\\nthe middle of April the game will be up, because by that time the\\nriver may open and let in supplies and reinforcements to the garri-\\nson in spite of anything we can do to prevent it and again be-\\ncause my troops are not engaged beyond that time, and will not\\nbe prevailed l^pon to stay a day longer. In reviewing what I have\\nsaid you will find that my list of wants is a long one men,\\nmoney, artillery, and clothing, accommodated to climate. Of\\nammunition, Carleton took care to leave little behind him. What\\nI wish and expect is that all this be made known to Congress with\\na full assurance that if I fail to execute their wishes or commands\\nit shall not be from any negligence of duty or infirmity of purpose\\non my part. Vale cave ne mamlata frangas.\\nGeneral Montgomery ordered Captain Lamb to mount five light", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "228 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nfield pieces and a liowitzer on the breastworks described. Several\\nmortars were placed on the left of the promontory, below the\\nheights, on a level with the river. From this ice battery Captain\\nLamb fired upon the stone walls, but the guns were not heavy\\nenough to damage them, but with his mortars he set the town on\\nfire in several places by shells. He continued this firing night and\\nday for the space of five days. The object of General Montgomery\\nwas to endeavor to create dissatisfaction among the inhabitants.\\nAll his flags of truce being fired upon, he got some Indians to fire\\narrows into the town with letters Mtached to them, urging them\\nto rise in a body and resist Carleton. But it was all in vain, for\\nthe military preserved order in the town. On the fifth day Mont-\\ngomery paid a visit to the ice battery. The cannon balls from\\nQuebec had shivered the ice ramparts one cannon was disabled,\\nthe flying balls sending huge pieces of ice into the air. This is\\nwarm work, Captain Lamb, said Montgomery. It is indeed,\\nreplied Lamb,* and no place for you, sir. Why so, Captain V\\nBecause there are enough of us here to be killed, without the loss\\nof you, which would be irreparable.\\nMontgomery, seeing the utter uselessness of this battery, ordered\\nLamb to cease firing, and leave it where he thought proper.\\nMontgomery was attended in this visit by his Aide-de-Camp,\\nAaron Burr, whose perfect coolness made Lamb exclaim This\\nyoung volunteer is no ordinary man.\\nThree weeks had now passed away, and as the enlistment of\\nmany of the troops would soon expire. General Montgomery de-\\ntermined without further loss of time to attem2)t to carry Quebec\\nby escalade. One third of the force was to set fire to the stock-\\nades and houses of the lower town, while the main body should\\nscale the bastion or walls of Cape Diamond. It was a hazardous\\nand daring project. He caused ladders to be made and exercised\\nhis men in using them. Captain Burr at his own request was as-\\nsigned the command of a forlorn hope of forty men, whom he com-\\n*Jyifo of John Lamb.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 229\\nmenced to drill, until tliey got so perfect they could mount the\\nladders, although burdened with equipments, with great agility.\\nThe attack as agreed upon was to take place at night and in a\\nheavy snow storm. By the 20th of December the preparations\\nwere all completed, and nightly did the sentinels Avatch the sky\\nfor the expected storm which was to be the signal of the attack^\\nThe weather was intensely cold, and the small-pox still very bad\\nin the camp the array numbering but seven hundred and fifty\\nmen fit for active service. The plan of attack was to be as follows\\nColonel Livingston was to make a false attack on the gate of St.\\nJohns, and set fire to it Major Brown with a small force was to\\nmenace the bastion of Cape Diamond Arnold with three hundred\\nand fifty men of his wilderness army, and Captain Lamb with forty\\nof his men were to assault the batteries of St. Roque while Gen.\\nMontgomery with the balance of the army were to pass below\\nCape Diamond, march along the river, carry the defences at Drum-\\nmond s wharf, and enter the lower town on one side, while Arnold\\nentered it on the other side. These movements at all four points\\nwere to take place at the same time.\\nThe last night but one of the year 1775, December 30th, had\\narrived a fine moon was shining over the snow and over the\\nsleej)ing army of Montgomery. It was Montgomery s last night\\non earth his brave soul went out before the old year had expired.\\nBut clouds soon began to cover the moon, and at midnight a fierce\\nblinding North-easterly snow storm set in. General Montgomery\\nawoke, he saw the hour had come, and the troops were soon\\nordered under arras. Many of them awoke from their last sleep\\non earth, and the morrow found them in the sleep that knows no\\nwaking. Buit was at his commander s side carrying commands\\nat intervals from the General.\\nIt was two o clock of the morning of December Slst, 1775, that\\nthe lines were formed and inspected, and as before stated, divided\\ninto four parties of attack. At the head of the column through\\nthe blinding storm marched the tall form of General Montgomery,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "280 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nnot heeding the remonstrances of Burr and other officers to spare\\nhimself. At 4 A. M. the divisions had reached the designated\\nposts at 5 A. M. the signal of attack was given, and the army\\npressed on through the storm and ascended the heights.\\nColonel Livingston and Major Brown proceeded to make the\\nfeigned attacks against the upper town. The morning was dark\\nand gloomy and the driving snow heat against the soldiers, but\\nthey marched on knee deep through the drifts. Captain Burr\\nmarched by the side of Montgomery, as they hunied along the\\nbank of the St. Lawrence, to the defences under Cape Diamond.\\nArnold was at the same time advancing on the opposite side.\\nGeneral Montgomery passed a picket and block house, which\\nwas qiiickly deserted on his approach. He led his men in\\nthe dark towards the naiTOwest point under Cape Diamond, called\\nPres de Ville, where had been placed by the enemy a battery of\\nthree pounders. This post was in charge of a Captain of Canadian\\nMilitia, with thu-ty-two men and nine British seamen. On the\\nriver side was the precipice, and on the left rough crags of slate\\ntowering far above him.\\nBy some mistake Colonel Livingston failed to make the false\\nattack on St. Johns gate, which was to have caused a division\\nfavorable to Arnold s attack on the suburb below. The feint of\\nMajor BroAvn met with better success, as he attacked the bastion\\nof Cape Diamond and concealed the march of General Mont-\\ngomery.\\nThe pass which Montgomery entered, and which was defended\\nas above stated, was very formidable, a river on one side, the\\ncrags on the other, and filled with drifted ice and snow. Among\\nthe foremost of the troops were some of the New York regiment\\nof Captain Cheeseman. General Montgomery in his eagerness to\\npress forward was in advance of his men and cried out Forward,\\nmen of New York, you will not flinch when your General leads\\nyou on. The Canadians stationed there, taken so suddenly by", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 231\\nsurprise, threw down their arms and fled. Montgomery sprang\\nforward, and with his own hands sawed down several posts of the\\nstockade, making a breach sufficiently wide to admit three men\\nabreast. He entered sword in hand, followed by his staff, Captain\\nCheeseman, Burr, and many of his men. The battery before them\\nwas silent the Canadians in their panic had scattered those in\\nthe rear also. Montgomery paused but for a moment to rally on\\nthe troops through the pass, when he called out Push on, my\\nbrave boys, Quebec is ours, and again pressed forward, but within\\nforty paces of the battery a discharge of grape shot from a single\\ncannon made fearful havoc.\\nSome accounts state that the gunners had returned to the bat-\\ntery, while others state that a sailor who had fled from his post,\\nhad returned to discover why the Americans had not advanced,\\nand applied a match to the cannon. General Montgomery, Mc\\nPherson, and Cheeseman, were killed on the spot. Montgomery\\nfell forward in the snow to rise no more. Every man in the\\nfront column was killed, except Captain Burr, and he was within\\nsix feet of the General when he fell.\\nThe rest of the column halted and wavered, and thus many\\nminutes were lost the enemy returned to the block house and\\nfired on the assailants, and the American retreat became a disor-\\nderly flight. But Montgomery s faithful Aid-de-Camp, Burr, could\\nnot bear to leave the lifeless remains of his beloved General\\nbehind in his snowy shroud. Down the steep, over the snow\\nand ice, his comrades were fleeing in panic. Burr fled not, at\\nfirst, then lifting the heavy body of the General upon his shoulders\\nran with it down the gorge up to his knees in snow, the enemy\\nfollowing in his rear, but he reeled on Avith his heavy burden until\\nthe enemy approached so near that he Avas obliged to drop the\\nGeneral s body and run to save himself from capture.\\nWhile this occurred on the Cape Diamond side, Arnold was lead-\\ning his men against the opposite side of the lower town along the\\nsuburb and street of St. Roque like Montgomery, he and twenty-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "232 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nfive men took the advance. Captain Laml and his battery of\\nartillery came next, but owing to tlie great depth of the snow they\\ncould proceed but Avih one gun, which they had mounted on a\\nsledge, then followed a company with ladders, and after them\\nMorgan and his riflemen, and the main body in the rear.\\nThere was a battery on the wharf that commanded the narrow\\npass, up which they had to advance. This was to be attacked\\nwith their field piece and then scaled with the ladders, but the\\nfield piece became embedded in the snow drifts and was rendered\\nuseless. Arnold then led the advance against a place called\\nSault au Matelot, followed by Captain Morgan. They were in a\\nnarrow pass swept by a battery uj) this pass Arnold marched,\\ncheering on his men, when a musket ball struck his leg and shat-\\ntered the bone he fell in the snow, arose again to press forward,\\nand with difficulty could be persuaded to be carried to the rear.\\nMorgan then led the attack, and he was as daring as Arnold.\\nHe hurried onward and planted ladders against the breastworks,\\nand mounting them fired upon the gunners within. The enemy\\nfled leaving the battery in Morgan s possession; they took the\\nCaptain and thirty of his men prisoners. Morgan here made a\\nshort halt for the main body of his column to come up daylight\\nwas now beginning to dawn, and notliing had been heard from\\nMontgomery. Morgan ran back and called out, through the storm,\\nto his men to press forward. The second ban-ier was reached, they\\nagain applied the ladders the defense was brave and obstinate,\\nbut the defenders were driven from their guns and tlie battery\\ngained. A grape shot carried away part of the cheek bone of\\nCaptain Lamb and he was borne away senseless.\\nThe two barriers being taken, the way to the lower town seemed\\nopen, but by this time the death of General Montgomery, and the\\nretreat ot his force, had enabled the enemy to turn all attention in\\nthe direction of Morgan s force. General Carleton now sent a\\nforce out of the Palace gate, after Morgan had passed it, and cap-\\ntured Dearborn and the guard, and cut off the advanced party s", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 233\\nretreat. Tiie main body hearing of Montgomery s death, gave all\\nup as lost and retreated back to the camp, leaving the field pieces\\nand mortars behind them.\\nMorgan and his men were now surromided on all sides and\\nobliged to take refuge in a stone house to be out of the enemy s\\nheavy fire. They defended themselves out of the windows of the\\nhouse until a cannon was brought to bear upon it, then hearing\\nof Montgomery s death and expecting no aid from any quarter,\\nthey were compelled to surrender themselves prisoners of war.\\nThe American army retreated to within three miles of the town.\\nCarleton contented himself with having secured the safety of Que-\\nbec, and did not come out to attack them. He treated the prison-\\ners well, considering the habitual severity of his temper.\\nThe remains of the gallant Montgomery received a soldier s\\ngrave within the fortifications of Quebec, by the care of Cramhe,\\nthe Lieutenant-Governor, who had formerly known him. Well\\nwould it have been for Arnold, had he at that time shared the\\nsame grave with Montgomery, rather than live and stain his then\\nbright name.\\nGeneral Schuyler, after these sad events, wrote General Wash-\\nington as follows: I wish I had no occasion to send, my dear\\nGeneral, this melancholy account. My amiable friend, the gallant\\nMontgomery, is no more the brave Arnold is wounded, and we\\nhave met with a severe check in an unsuccessful attempt upon\\nQuebec. May Heaven be graciously pleased that the misfortune\\nmay terminate here I tremble for our people in Canada.\\nThe loss of the Americans at Cape Diamond and at Sault au\\nMatelot, in killed and wounded, was about one hundred and sixty.\\nThe British loss was only twenty killed and wounded. The force\\nthat surrendered consisted of one Lieutenant-Colonel, two Majors,\\neight Captains, fifteen Lieutenants, one Adjutant, one Quartermas-\\nter, three hundi ed and fifty rank and file, and forty-four ofiicers\\nand soldiers Avho were wounded, making a total loss of four hundred\\n30", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "234 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nand twenty-six men. The prisoners were treated well. The offi-\\ncers were imprisoned in the Seminary, the oldest college in Que-\\nbec. Major Meigs was eent out for the baggage and clothing of\\nprisoners, and all testified to the humanity of Carleton.\\nAs soon as the fighting had terminated, a search was made for\\nthe bodies of the slain. Thirteen were found buried in the snow,\\namong them Montgomery s orderly sergeant terribly wounded but\\nstill alive. The sergeant could not bear to hear that his General\\nwas killed, and remained silent imtil he died, an hour after he was\\ndiscovered.\\nMontgomery was buried within a wall that surrounded a powder\\nmagazine near the ramparts, bounding on St. Louis Street, where it\\nremained for forty-two years. General Montgomery had a Avatch\\nin his pocket which Mrs. Montgomery was very desirous of obtain-\\nino-. She made her wishes known to Arnold, who sent word to\\nCarleton that any sum would be paid for it. Carleton immediate-\\nly sent the watch to Ai-nold and refused anything in return. High\\nupon the rocks at Cape Diamond, Alfred Hawkins, Esq., of Que-\\nbec, has placed a board with this inscription Here Major-Gen-\\neral Montgomery fell, December 31st, 1775.\\ni", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 235\\nCHAPTER XXXIII.\\nJUDGE henry s eye witness ACCOUNT AFTER THE DEATH OF GENERAL\\nMONTGOMERY.\\nJudge Henry was one of the prisoners taken by the British at\\nQuebec. His opportunities of information appear to have been\\nexcellent he was allowed to go out with several other prisoners\\nto view the place where General Montgomery was slain he also\\ngives in his naiTative of the campaign an account of the death of\\nMontgomeiy different from many we have read. It is addressed\\nto his childi en, and the extract here given commences after his\\naccount of his own capture, which happened on the 31st of Decem-\\nber, 1775, when Montgomery fell. The reasons above stated have\\ninduced me to give it here, as all narratives are considered to be\\nmore reliable when given by soldiers or eye-witnesses, rather than\\nby romantic history manufacturers.\\nGeneral Montgomery had marched at the precise time stipulat-\\ned, and had arrived at his destined place of attack nearly about the\\ntime we attacked the first barrier. He was not one that would\\nloiter. Colonel Campbell of the New York troo^is, a large, good-\\nlooking man, who was second in command of that party, and was\\ndeemed a veteran, accompanied the army to the assault his sta-\\ntion was rearward. General Montgomery, with his aids, was at", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "236 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nthe point of the oolumn. It is impossible to give you a clear, fair\\nand complete idea of the natm e and situation of the place solely\\nwith the pen the pencil is required. As by the special permission\\nof government, obtained by the good offices of Captain Prentis, in\\nthe manner following, Boyd, a few others and myself reviewed the\\ncauses of our disaster it is therefore in my powei*, so far as my\\nabilities will permit, to give you a tolerable notion of the spot.\\nCape Diamond nearly resembles the great jutting rock which\\nis in the narrows at Hunter s falls on the Susquehanna. The rock\\nat the latter place shoots out as steeply as that at Quebec, but by\\nno means forms so great an angle on the margin of the river, but\\nis more craggy. There is a stronger and more obvious difference\\nin the comparison when you surmount the hills at St. Charles, on\\nthe St. Lawrence side, which, to the eye, are equally high and\\nsteep you are on Abraham s plains and see an extensive cham-\\npaign country. The birds-eye view around Quebec bears a strik-\\ning conformity to the sites of Northumberland and Pittsburg, in\\nPennsylvania but the former is on a more gigantic scale, and\\neach of the latter wants the steepness and cragginess of the back\\nground and depth of river. This detail is to instruct you in the\\ngeographical situation of Quebec and for the sole purpose of ex-\\nplaining the manner of General Montgomery s death, and the\\nreasons of our failure. From Wolfe s Cave there is a good beach\\ndown to and around Cape Diamond. The bulwarks of the city\\ncome to the edge of the hill above that place, thence down the side\\nof the precipice, slantingly to the brink of the river. There was a\\nstockade of strong posts, fifteen or twenty feet high, knit together\\nby a stout railing at bottom and top Avith pins. This was no\\nmean defence, and was at the distance of one hundi-ed yards from\\nthe point of rock. Within this palisade, and at a few yards from\\nthe very point itself, there was a like palisade, though it did not\\nrun so high up the hill.\\nAgain, within Cape Diamond, and probably at a distance of\\nfifty yards, there stood a block house, which seemed to take up", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 237\\ntlie space between the foot of the hill and the precipitous bank of\\nthe river, leaving a cartway or passage on each side of it. When\\nheights and distances are spoken of, you must recollect that the\\ndescription of Cape Diamond and vicinity is merely that of the\\neye, made as it were running under the inspection of an officer.\\nThe re\\\\^ew of the ground our army had acted upon, was accorded\\nus as a particular favor. Even to have stepped the spaces, in a\\nformal manner, would have been dishonorable, if not a species of\\ntreason. A block house, if well constnicted, is an admirable\\nmethod of defence, which in the process of the war to our cost was\\nfully experienced. In the instance now before us, (though the\\nhouse was not built upon the most approved principles,) it was a\\nformidable object. It was a square of perhaps forty or fifty feet.\\nThe large logs neatly squared were tightly bound together by dove-\\ntail work. If not mistaken, the lower story contained loop holes\\nfor musketry, so narrow that those within could not be harmed\\nfrom without tlie upper story had four or more port holes for\\ncannon of large calibre. These guns were charged with grape or\\ncanister shot, and were pointed with exactness towards the ave-\\nnue at Cape Diamond. The hero, Montgomery, came. The\\ndrowsy or drunken guard did not hear the sawing of the posts of\\nthe first palisade. Here, if not very eiToneous, four posts were\\nsawed and thrown aside, so as to admit foiir men abreast. The\\ncolumn entered with a manly fortitude. Montgomery, accomjja-\\nnied by his aids, McPherson and Cheeseman, advanced in front.\\nArriving at the second palisade, the General with his own hands\\nsawed down two of the pickets in such a manner as to admit two\\nmen abreast. These sawed pickets were close under the hill and\\nbut a few yards from the very point of the rock, out of the view\\nand fire of the enemy from the block house. Until our troops ad-\\nvanced to the point no harm could ensue but by stones thrown\\nfrom above.\\nEven now there had been but an imperfect discovery of the\\nadvancing of an enemy, and that only by the intoxicated guard.\\nThe guard fled the General advanced a few paces a drunken", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "238 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\naoldier returned to his giin, swearing he would not forsake it While\\nundischarged. This fact is related from the testimony of the\\nguard on the morning of our caj^ture, some of these sailors being\\nour guard. Applying the match, this single discharge deprived us\\nof our excellent commander. Examining the spot, the officer Avho\\nescorted us, professing to be one of those who first came to the\\nplace after the death of Montgomeiy, show^ed the position in\\nwhich the General s body was found. It lay two paces from the\\nbrink of the river on the back, the arms extended. Cheeseman\\nlay on the left, and McPherson on the I ight, in a triangular posi-\\ntion two other brave men lay near them. The ground above\\ndescribed was visited by an inquisitive eye, so that you may rely\\nwith some implicitness on the truth of the picture. As all danger\\nfrom without had vanished, the government had not only permit-\\nted the mutilated palisades to remain without renewing the enclo-\\nsure, but the very sticks sawed by the hand of our commander still\\nlay strewed upon the spot.\\nColonel Campbell, appalled by the death of our General, re-\\ntreated a little way from Cajie Diamond, out of reach of the can-\\nnon of the block house, and called a council of officers, who, it was\\nsaid, justified his receding from the attack. By rushing on, as\\nmilitary duty required, and a brave man would have done so, the\\nblock house might have been occupied by a small number, and\\nwas unassailable from without but by cannon. From the block\\nhouse to the center of the lower town, where we were, there was\\nno obstacle to impede a force so powerful as that under Colonel\\nCampbell. Cowardice, or a want of good will towards our cause,\\nleft us to our miserable fate. A junction, though we might not\\nconquer the fortress, would enable us to make an honorable re-\\ntreat, though with the loss of many valuable lives. Campbell\\nwas forever afterward considered a poltroon for retreating and\\nleaving the bodies of the Generals McPherson and Cheeseman to\\nbe devoured by dogs. The disgust caused among us as to Camp-\\nbell was so great as to create the unchristian wish that he might\\nbe hanged. In that desultory period, though he was tried, he was", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 239\\n.acquitted that was also the case of Colonel Enos, who deserted\\nus on the Kennebec. There never were two men more worthy of\\npunishment of the most exemplary kind.\\nOn the 3d or ith of January, being as it were domesticated in\\nthe sergeant s mess, in the regulars, a file of men headed by an\\nofficer called to conduct me to the Seminary. Adhering to the\\nadvice of Colonel McDougal, the invitation was declined, though\\nthe hero, Morgan, had solicited this grace from Governor Carleton\\nand had sent me a kind and pressing message. My reasons, which\\nwere explained to Morgan, in addition to the one already given,\\noperated forcibly upon my mind having lost all my clothes in\\nthe wilderness, except those on my back, and those acquired by\\nthe provident and gratuitous spirit of General Montgomery, and\\nhaving remained at our quarters and become a prey to the Avomen\\nand invalids of the army, nothing remained fitting me to appear\\nanywhere in company. Additionally, it had become a resolution,\\nwhen leaving Lancaster, as my absence would go near to break\\nthe hearts of my parents, never to break upon my worthy father s\\npurse. Dire necessity compelled me to rescind this resolution in\\npart in the wilderness, but that circumstance made me the more de-\\ntermined to adhere to the resolve afterwards. Again my intimate\\nfriends were not in the Seminary. Steele was in the hospital, and\\nSimpson, by previous command, on the charming Isle of Orleans,\\nwhich from its fruitfuluess, had become as it were our storehouse.\\nAdd to all these reasons, it could not be said of the gentlemen\\nin the Seminary, they are all my intimates, except as to Captain\\nMorgan and Lieutenant F, Nichols.\\nIt was on this day that my heart was ready to burst with grief\\nat viewing the funeral of our beloved General, Carleton had in\\nour former wars with the French been the friend and fellow sol-\\ndier of Montgomery, Though political opinion, perhaps ambition,\\nor interest, had thrown these worthies on different sides of the\\ngreat question, yet the former could not but honor the remains of\\nhis quondam friend. About noon the procession passed our", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "240 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nquarters. It was most solemn. The coffin, covered Avitli a pall,\\nsurmounted by transverse swords, was borne by men. The regu-\\nlar troops, particularly that fine body of men, the Seventh Regi-\\nment, with reversed arms and scai fs on the left elbow, accom-\\npanied the corpse to the grave. The funerals of the other officers,\\nboth friends and enemies, were performed this day. From many\\nof us it drew tears of affection for the deceased, and speaking for\\nmyself, tears of greeting and thankfulness tOAvard General Carle-\\nton. The soldiers and inhabitants appeared affected by the loss\\nof this invaluable man, though he was their enemy. McPherson,\\nCheeseman, Hendricks and Humphreys, were all dignified by the\\nmanner of burial.\\nGeneral Montgomery was alike beloved by his men, and honor-\\ned by his foes. His personal appearance was fine tall, well-form-\\ned and commanding, full of enthusiasm and daring, he was a per\\nfeet specimen of a Military Chieftain. He was but thirty nine\\nyears of age when he fell at Quebec. Had he and Arnold not\\nbeen shot so early in the fight, the fate of the day would certainly\\nhave been chanored.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 241\\nCHAPTER XXXIV.\\nMONTGOMERY PLACE.\\nJanet Livingston Montgomery was overwhelmed with grief at\\nthe loss of her husband, but she bore this great affliction with that\\nresignation to a Divine power which only the Christian can feel.\\nShe now resolved to devote her time to the improvement of the\\nestate purchased by the General near Barrytown, N. Y., before he\\nleft on his northern campaign. Here she erected a fine mansion,\\nand spent over half a century of widowhood, childless but cheer-\\nful. Some of her winters she spent in the city of New York. She\\nhad ample pecuniary means and good taste at command, the two\\nneedfuls in the successful improvement of a country estate. She\\nnamed this fine estate of four hundred acres after her husband,\\nMontgomery Place. I will give a part of Downing s description\\nof this delightful rural home. It is well told and describes the\\nplace very accurately\\nThere are few persons among what may be called the traveling\\nclass who know the beauty of the finest American country seat,\\nMontgomery Place, second as it is to no seat in America for its\\ncombination of attractions. It is one of the superb old seats be-\\nlonging to the Livingston family. Whether the charm lies in the\\ndeep and mysterious wood, full of the echo of water spirits, that\\n31", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "242 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nforms the northern boundary, or whether it grows out of a profound\\nfeeling of completeness and perfection in foregrounds of old trees,\\nand distances of calm serene mountains, we have not been able to\\ndivine but certain it is that there is a spell in the very air, which\\nis fatal to the energies of a great speculation. It is not, we are\\nsure, the spot for a man to plan campaigns of conquest, and we\\ndoubt even whether the scholar, whose ambition it is To scorn\\ndelights and live laborious days, would not find something in the\\nair of this demesne so soothing as to dampen the fire of his great\\npurposes and disj^ose him to believe that there is more dignity in\\nrepose than merit in action. There is not wanting something of\\nthe charm of historical association here. The estate derives its\\nname from General Montgomery, the hero and martyr of Quebec,\\n(whose portrait, among other fine family pictures, adorns the walls\\nof the mansion.) Mrs. Montgomery, after his lamented death on\\nthe heights of Abraham, resided here during the remainder of her\\nlife. At her death she bequeathed it to her brother, the Hon.\\nEdward Livingston, our late Minister to France. Here this dis-\\ntinguished diplomatist and jurist passed in elegant retirement the\\nleisure intervals of a life largely devoted to the service of the\\nState, and here still reside his family, whose greatest pleasure\\nseems to be to add, if possible, every year some admirable improve-\\nment, or elicit some ncAv charm of its extraordinary natural beau-\\nty.\\nThe age of Montgomery Place heightens its interest in no or-\\ndinary degree. Its richness of foliage, both in natural Avood and\\nplanted trees, is one of its marked features. Indeed so gi*eat is\\nthe variety and intricacy of scenery caused by the leafy woods,\\nthickets and bosquets, that one may pass days and even weeks\\nhere and not thoroughly explore all its fine points. A large part\\nof the four hundi-ed acres is devoted to pleasure grounds and or-\\nnamental purposes. The ever varied surface afibrds the finest\\nscope for the numerous roads, drives and walks Avith which it\\nabounds. Even its natural boundaries are admirable. On the\\nWest is the Hudson, broken by islands into an outline unusually", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 243\\nvaried and picturesque. On the North it is separated from An-\\nnandale, the adjoining seat, by a wooded valley, in the depths of\\nwhich runs a broad stream, rich in waterfalls. On the South is a\\nrich oak wood, in the centre of which is a private drive. On the\\nEast it touches the post road here is the entrance gate, and from\\nit leads a long and stately avenue of trees, like the approach to an\\nold French chateau. Half way up its length the lines of planted\\ntrees give place to a tall wood, and this again is succeeded by the\\nlawn, which opens in all its stately dignity, with increased effect,\\nafter the deeper shadows of this vestibule-like wood.\\nThe eye is now caught at once by the fine specimens of hem-\\nlock, lime, ash and fir, whose proud heads and large trunks form\\nthe finest possible accessories to a large and spacious mansion,\\nVv hich is one of the best specimens of our Manor houses. Built\\nmany years ago, in the most substantial manner, the edifice has\\nbeen retouched and somewhat enlarged within a few years, and is\\nat present both commodious and architectural in its character.\\nWithout going into any details of the interior, we may call atten-\\ntion to the unique effect of the pavilion, thirty feet wide, which\\nforms the north wing of this house. To attempt to describe the\\nscenery which bewitches the eye as it wanders over the wide ex-\\npause to the west from this pavilion, would be but an idle effort\\nto make words express what even the pencil of the painter often\\nfails to copy.\\nAs a foreground, imagine a large lawn, waving in undulations\\nof soft verdure, varied with fine groups and margined with rich\\nbelts of foliage. Its base is washed by the river, which is here a\\nbroad sheet of water, lying like a long lake beneath the eye\\nwooded banks stretch along its margin its bosom is studded\\nwith islands which are set like emeralds on its j)ale blue waters.\\nOn the opposite shores, more than a mile distant, is seen a rich\\nmingling of woods and corn fields. But the crowning glory of\\nthe landscape is the background of mountains. The Kaatskills,\\nas seen from this part of the Hudson, are, it seems to us, more", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "244 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nbeautiful than aiiy mountain scenery in the middle States. It is\\nnot merely that their outline is bold, and that tlie summit of\\nRound-top, rising three thousand feet above the surrounding coun\\ntry, gives an air of more grandeur than is usually seen, even in the\\nHighlands, but it is the color which renders the Kaatskills so cap-\\ntivating a feature in the landscape here. Never harsh or cold, like\\nsome of our finest hills, nature seems to delight in casting a veil\\nof the softest azure over these mountains, immortalized by the\\nhistorian of Kip Van Winkle.\\nMorning and noon the shade only varies from softer to deeper\\nblue. But the hour of sunset is the magical time for the fantasies\\nof the color-genii of these mountains. Seen at this period from\\nthe terrace of the pavilion of Montgomery Place, the eye is filled\\nwith wonder at the various dyes that bathe the receding hills, the\\nmost distant of which are twenty or thirty miles away. Azure,\\npurple, violet, pale grayish lilac, and the dim liazy line of tlie most\\ndistant cloud-rift, are all seen distinct, yet blendhig magically into\\neach other in these receding hills. It is a sj^ectacle of rare beauty,\\nand he wlio loves tones of color, soft and dreamy, as one of the\\nmystical airs of a German Maestro, should see the sunset fade into\\ntwilight from the seats on this part of the Hudson.\\nOn this place is a morning walk along the river bank, a wil-\\nderness or wood in which are the falls or cataract, over a rocky\\nprecipice forty feet in depth, a lake above the falls with an island\\nin it, a splendid flower garden, an extensive drive, and an arbore-\\ntum on a fine site in the pleasure grounds, set apart and thorough-\\nly prepared for the purpose.\\nHere is a scientific arrangement of all the most beautiful hardy\\ntrees and shrubs, which will interest the student, who looks upon\\nthe vegetable kingdom with a more curious eye than the ordinary\\nobserver. The whole extent of the private roads and walks within\\nthe precincts of Montgomery Place is between five and six miles.\\nThe remarkable natural beauty which it embraces has been elicited\\nand heightened everywhere in a tasteful and judicious manner.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 245\\nThere are numberless lessons here for the landscape gardener\\nthere are a hundred points that will delight the artist there are\\nmeditative walks and a thousand suggestive aspects of nature for\\nthe poet and the man of the world, engaged in a feverish pursuit\\nof its gold and its glitter, may here taste something of the beauty\\nand refinement of rural life in its highest aspect, and be able\\nafterwards understandingly to wish that\\nOne fair asylum from the world he knew,\\nOne chosen seat, that charms the various vicAV\\nWho boasts of more, (believe the serious strain,)\\nSighs for a home, and sighs, alas in vain.\\nThrough each he roves, the tenant of a day,\\nAnd with the swallow wings the year away.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "246 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXXY.\\nLETTERS AND PRIVATE LIFE OF MRS. MONTGO^IEUY.\\nIn the quiet lioiue life of Mrs. Montgomery, on her beautiful\\nplace, she would comfort herself in her lonely hours by writing to\\nher numerous friends, and these letters, expressive of her thoughts\\nand feelings, have deep interest. Mrs. Warren, widow of Major\\nGeneral Joseph Warren, who Avas killed in the battle of Bunker\\nHill, writes thus to Mrs. Montgomery, November 25th, 1777,\\nnearly two years after the death of the General at Quebec The\\nsensibility of soul, the pathos of grief, so strongly marked in your\\nletters, have convinced me that the brave Montgomery had a part\\nner worthy of his character. To the letter from which the above\\nextract was taken, Mrs. Montgomery wi ote in reply as follows, to\\nMrs. Warren\\nMy Dear Madam The sympathy that is expressed in every\\nfeature of your letter claims from me the warmest acknowledg-\\nments, and the professions of friendship from one who so gener-\\nously feels and melts at the Avoes of a stranger, not only soothe\\nbut flatter me. It is very kind of you, Madam, to seek for allevi-\\nating consolations in a calamity, (though of so much glory.) I\\nthank God, I feel part of their force, and it is owing to such affec-\\ntionate friends as you that have lightened the load of misery. As\\na wife, I must ever mourn the loss of the husband, friend and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 247\\nlover of a thousand virtues, of all domestic bliss, the idol of my\\nwarmest affections, and, in one word, my very dream of happiness.\\nBut with America I Aveep the still greater loss of the firm soldier,\\nand the friend to freedom. Let me repeat his last words when we\\nparted You shall never blush for your Montgomery. Nobly\\nhas he kept his Avord, but how are my sorrows heightened Me-\\nthinks I am like the poor widow in the Gospel, who having given\\nher mite sits down quite desolate. Yet would I endeavor to look\\nforward to the goal with hope and though the path is no longer\\nstrewed with flowers, trust to the sustaining hand of friendship\\nto lead me safely through and in assisting me to rise superior to\\nmy misfortunes, make me content to drag out the remainder of\\nlife, till the Being who has deprived me of husband and fiither,\\nwill kindly close the melancholy scene, and once more unite me\\nto them in a world of peace, where the tyrant shall no more wan-\\ntonly shed the blood of his innocent subjects, and where virtue\\nand vice shall receive then- due reward.\\nAll Mrs. Montgomery s letters to Mrs. Warren dwell on her\\nirreparable loss, breathing a deep sorrow in every line, and a de-\\nvotion to the memory of her soldier husband. She writes Novem-\\nber 20th, 1780 I have been inteiTupted by another alarm of the\\nenemy s being in full march for Saratoga, and the poor, harassed\\nMilitia are again called upon. My impatient spirit pants for\\npeace, when shall the unfortunate individual have the gloomy sat-\\nisfaction of weeping alone for his own particular losses. In this\\nluckless state woes follow woes, every moment is big with some-\\nthing fatal we hold our lives and fortunes on the most precarious\\ntenure. Had Arnold s plan taken place, we could not have escap-\\ned from a fate di eadful in thought for these polished Britons\\nhave proved themselves fertile in inventions to procrastinate (pro-\\ntract) misery.\\nAnother letter of Mrs. Montgomery s, written in 1780, so agree-\\nably describes the beautiful Mrs. John Jay, the daughter of the\\nHon. William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, that we will", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "248 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhere give a short extract from it You speak of my dear friend\\nMrs. Jay we have heard from her at Ilispaniola, wliere she was\\nobliged to put in after the storm in whicli slie had like to be taken.\\nWhen slie arrives from Paris I expect to hear from her. If in the\\ndescriptive way, it shall be entirely at your service. She is one\\nof the most wortliy women I know, has a great fund of knowledge\\nand makes use of most charming language added to this, she is\\nvery handsome, which will secure her a welcome with the un-\\nthinking, whilst her understanding will gain her the hearts of the\\nmost worthy. Her manners will do honor to our countrywomen,\\nand I really believe will please even at the splendid court of Ma-\\ndrid. -pj^Q starting tear and the heaving\\nsigh interrupt my thread. Strange that self will forever discover\\nitself. I find I am to learn much before I become a philosopher\\nbut in every instance of my life, I hope you, my dear Madam, will\\never find me your sincere friend and humble servant,\\nJANET MONTGOMERY.\\nThe following letters were lately published in Dawson s Histor-\\nical Magazine, one written by Mrs. Montgomery to Mrs. Tappan,\\nand the other to her little son\\nThere is no pleasure equal to hearijig, my dear little friend, of\\nthe improvement you and all those who are called after General\\nMontgomery make in their learning, and I will please myself that\\nthey will all strive to be good and great men. I shall always be\\nhappy to hear how you go on, and Avill take an opportunity of\\nsending you some books that may give you a fondness for reading.\\nIn the meantime beg you to make my comj^liments to your mama\\nand your sisters, and wish you to believe me\\nYour affectionate friend,\\nJANET MONTGOMERY.\\nNkw Yokk, April, 178-1.\\n[Addressed]\\nMoNTGOMEUY Tappen, Esq., Poughkecpsie.\\ni\\nMadam To attempt to give consolation on an occasion so", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 249\\nrecent, and so fatal, where the most promising hopes are at once\\nso cruelly blasted where death has snatched to an untimely grave\\nyour only son were an attempt far beyond my abilities was I less\\na mourner than I really am. My dear Madam, I feel very sensibly\\nyour loss, and if the silent tear and the sighing heart would share\\nyom pains, you should not, believe me, want these to console you.\\nI had when I left town purposed to purchase him some books\\nwhich I had promised, and which I in my hurry forgot. I several\\ntimes made myself reproaches for this neglect, and fully intended\\nwriting for them this fall but alas his wants from us are now\\npast. We may weep, but he is happy in the bosom of a father\\nwho supplies all his wants and if so why do we still weep 1 or\\ndo we envy him his happiness\\nWhen we reflect on the pains, the disappointments, the mortifi-\\ncations that the happiest are subject to in this world of care, why\\nshould you regret he has escaped from them all to become an heir\\nof glory Time, and reflections like these, will, I trust, be your\\ncomforters.\\nGod is just He tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. I am one\\nthat speaks from a knowledge of His goodness ^tried in the fur-\\nnace of affliction by the loss of a Father and a Husband which\\nwere the two strongest tyes of my life yet did He not permit me\\nto sink under the weight of my woes, but bid me look forward to\\nthe high reputation they had left behind, and to the hour of death\\nwith the sweetest hopes.\\nI close this with commending you to His care, and with assur-\\ning you that I shall ever remember with pleasm*e the attention you\\nhave shown for my husband s memoiy.\\nMy compliments to Mr. Tappen.\\nI am, dear Madam, yoiu friend and humble S t.\\nJ. MONTGOMERY.\\nClermont, Nov. 24, 1784.\\nMrs. T.vppen.\\n32", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "250 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nShe went to Dublin, Ireland, with one of her nephews to visit\\nher husband s family residing in Dublin, and she writes from there\\nhome When I return home I hope to find my dear country, for\\nwhich I have bled, the envy of her enemies and the glory of her\\npatriots.\\nThe Marquis de Lafayette, an intimate friend of Mrs. Montgom-\\nery, and much at her house, when in America, during the war,\\nwrites to her from Paris, February 22d, 1786, from which letter\\nthe following extracts are made\\nI not to retm-n to America, Madam I do assure you this idea\\nwould render me most miserable. To sever me from this fond\\nhope would be half death to me. If born in France, I have been\\neducated in America. So many friends there so many recollec-\\ntions at every step This year I am not able to go, but the year\\nafter this I hope I shall, as I Avant to plan a visit before the time\\nwhen I shall bring my son over to spend three years on your hap-\\npy side of the Atlantic. He has been a citizen of the United\\nStates, and he must go and learn on what principles he can de-\\nserve the flattering gratification. Be so kind, dear Madam, as to\\npresent my best and most affectionate respects to the ladies and\\nyouth of your beloved family. I feel as if I was one of them.\\nRemember me often to them and let my name be now and then\\npronounced in the family conversation. I heaitily feel for John s\\nmisfortunes which, added to an irreparable loss, must be too heavy\\nindeed. I think a voyage with you will do him good, and I hope,\\nas Madame de Lafayette takes the liberty to entreat you with me,\\nthat your intended excursion to Eiu ope mayn t be deferred.\\nMrs. Montgomery s nephew, Lewis, son of Edward Livingston,\\nwrote to her from Bagnores, in August, the summer that he was\\ntraveling for his health in Europe, as follows: I dined Avith the\\nMarquis de Marbois, a few days before I left Paris. He could\\nhardly recover his sm-prise upon my presenting him a letter from\\nthe widow of General Montgomery. He begged me to assm c you\\nof his gratitude for your recollection of him, and added that he", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR, 251\\nwould himself express to you his feelings by the fii st opportunity\\nthat offered. I must not omit mentioning, either, the compliment\\nthe Count de la Forest paid you. Hearing I was from New York,\\nhe accosted me in a salon, where we both spent the evening, and\\nmade many enquiries respecting his old acquaintances, and among\\nothers asked whether I knew Mrs. Montgomery, describing her as\\nune femme de beaucoup d esprit et d agremen s. Do not accuse\\nme of wishing to flatter you I but repeat the truth.\\nMrs. Montgomery Avas a woman of rare intellectual attainments\\nand vigor of language in conversation. It is related of her that\\nafter entertaining a guest of the heavy sort all day, she expressed\\nrelief at his departure in an audible sigh. One of her neices said\\nto her, Why, Aunt, you have not much patience with dull peo-\\nple. Ah, no, my dear, she answered, I have never been used\\nto them. She did not confine her reading to works of fiction,\\nwhich is the case with too many at the present day, but read all\\nthe old classics and historical works, being well versed in Rollin,\\nGibbon, and such standard authors. When she became advanced\\nin age her sight almost entirely failed. She then employed a wo-\\nman, Mrs. Griifith by name, to read to her. Mrs. Grifiith after-\\nwards stated it was almost impossible to find a book that she had\\nnot previously read, so thoroughly had she stored her mind, evi-\\ndently believing with Marie Antoinette, What a resom ce amid\\nthe calamities of life is a highly cultivated mind.\\nMrs. Montgomery* spent many of her winters in New York.\\nMrs. Ellet, in her Queens of American Society, thus writes of\\nNew York society in those old times A ball was given at the\\nAssembly Rooms on the east side of Broadway, above Wall street,\\n(New York was then the Capital,) on the 7th May, 1789, to cele-\\nbrate the Inauguration. The members of Congress and their\\nfamilies were present, with the Ministers of France and Spain,\\ndistinguished Generals of the Army, and persons eminent in the\\nState. Among the most noted ladies were Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Hamil-\\n*Hunt 8 Life of Edward LiviDgston.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "252 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nton and Mrs. Montgomery, the widow of the hero of Quebec. A\\nspecialty at this ball was the presentation by the committee, to each\\nlady, of a fan made in Paris, the ivory frame containing a medal-\\nlion portrait of Washington in profile. These fans were presented\\nto the ladies as each conple passed the receiver of tickets. It was\\nof this ball that an account was published by Jefferson, in his\\nAna* upon insufiicient authority. Washington danced in two\\ncotillions and a minuet. Colonel Stone, in describing this ball,\\nsays Few jewels were then worn in the United States, but in\\nother respects the costumes were rich and beautiful, according to\\nthe fashions of the day. One favorite dress was a plain celestial\\nblue satin gown, with a Avhite satin petticoat. On the neck was\\nworn a very large Italian gauze handkerchief, with border stripes\\nof satin. The head dress was a puff of gauze in the form of a\\nglobe, the head-piece of which was composed of white satin, hav-\\ning a double Aving in large plaits, and trimmed witli a wreath of\\nartificial roses, foiling from the left at the top, to the riglit at the\\nbottom in front, the reverse behind. The hair was dressed all\\nover in detached curls, four of Avhich, in two ranks, fell on each\\nside of the neck, and were relieved behind by a floating chignon.\\nSome of the ladies wore hats of white satin, with plumes and\\ncockades. A j^lain gauze handkerchief, sometimes striped with\\nsatin, was worn on the neck, the ends tied under the bodice.\\nThe principal ladies of New York, at the time the Republican\\nCourt was established there, were Mrs. George Clinton, Mrs.\\nMontgomery, Lady Stirling, Lady Kitty Duer, Lady Mary Watts,\\nLady Temple, Lady Christiana Grifiin, the Marchioness de Brehan,\\nMadame de la Forest, Mrs. John Langdon, Mrs. Tristram Dalton,\\nMrs. Knox, Mrs. Robert R. Livingston, of Clermont, the Misses Liv-\\ningston, Mrs. Thompson, Mrs. Gerry, Mrs. McComb, Mrs. Edgar,\\nMrs. Lynch, Mrs. Houston, Mrs. Provost, IMi-s. Beekman, the\\nMisses Bayard, g. Washington, after his wife s arrival, had a\\ngrand inaugural dinner, to which all members of the best society\\nin New York were invited, and two days afterwards Mrs. Wash-\\nington held her first levee, at which full dress was required of all.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 253\\nWe now change to a more sad scene. In 1818 a request in be-\\nhalf of Mrs. Montgomery was made to the Governor-in-Chief of\\nCanada, Sir John Sherbrooke, to allow the remains of General\\nMontgomery to be disinterred and removed to New York. This\\nrequest was acceded to, and Mr. James Thompson, of Quebec,\\nwho was one of the Engineers at the time of the storming of the\\ncity, and who helped to bury the General, assisted in the disinter-\\nment, making an affidavit to the identity of the body. He stated\\nin his affidavit that the body was taken to the house of Mr.\\nGobert and placed in a coffin lined with flannel, and covered with\\nblack cloth that Rev. Mr. Montmolin, chaplain to the garrison,\\nperformed the funeral service that Montgomery s aids (McPherson\\nand Cheeseman,) were buried in their clothes without coffins and\\nthat he (Thompson) afterwards Avore Montgomery s sword, but the\\nAmerican prisoners were so affected by the sight of it that he laid\\nit aside. He identified the coffin, taken up on June 16th, 1818,\\nas the one in which General Montgomery was buried.\\nGovernor DeWitt Clinton, in conformity to an act passed by\\nthe Legislature of New York at its previous session, to send to\\nQuebec to remove General Montgomery s remains to New York,\\ncommissioned Lewis Livingston, Hon. Edward Livingston s son,\\nto proceed to Whitehall to receive the remains and attend to hav-\\ning it carried to New York in a proper manner. He received the\\nappointment of Colonel, as the following letter to his father will\\nshow So much for the General now a word for myself The\\ninhabitants of Whitehall, who, with the prophetic spirit of the\\nwitches in Macbeth, had, as I have already informed you, hailed\\nme Colonel, gave me, as the event turned out, the title I had a\\nclaim to. The Adjutant-General, on his arrival, showed me the\\ngeneral order which had been issued, in which the name of Colo-\\nnel Livingston stood prominent, and explained the mystery by pre-\\nsenting me a Colonel s commission which the Governor was\\npleased to call a reward for my good conduct. If other grades are\\nto be obtained at so easy a rate as this, I do not despair of one day\\nbecoming a Major-General and to say the truth, the honor that", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "254 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhas been conferred on me I would willingly have dispensed\\nwith. I have felt so ashamed in opening letters directed to the\\nColonel that I think I could go to Quebec to un-Colonel myself.\\nIt was on the 29th of June that Governor Clinton wrote to Mrs.\\nMontgomery to inform her that the remains of the General were\\nat Whitehall, and had been received with honors there, and that a\\nmilitary escort would accompany the remains to Albany. It ar-\\nrived there on Saturday, July 4th, and lay in state in the Capitol\\nuntil Monday, when it was taken to New York, attended by a mil-\\nitary escort, in the steamboat Richmond.\\nThe Governor had written Mrs. Montgomery about what hour\\nthe boat would pass her residence at Montgomery Place on the\\nHudson. She had lived with the General but three yeai s, and it\\nwas forty years since he had given her the parting kiss at the resi-\\ndence of General Schuyler, at Saratoga, before starting on his\\ncampaign. She stood alone, under the front portico of her house,\\nat the appointed hour, watching for the expected boat. The boat\\nappeared in sight and stopped for a minute in front of her resi-\\ndence, whilst the band on board played the Dead March. A\\nsalute was fired, and then the boat proceeded on her way. Her\\nfriends and servants now looked for her she had been so over-\\ncome by her emotions that she had fallen to the floor in a swoon.\\nHer soldier had gone forth a man in the vigor and prime of life,\\nand naught was returned to her but his ashes.\\nHis name is still honored among us, and even in the hurry and\\nbustle of Broadway the passer by will often stop to read the in-\\nscription on his monument, in front of St. Paul s chapel, which\\nwas erected to his memory in 1776, by the Continental Congress,\\nand beneath which his remains were deposited in 1818, with mili-\\ntary honors. The monument bears this inscription\\nThis monument is erected by order of Congress, January 25th,\\n177G, to transmit to posterity a grateful remembrance of the patri-\\notism, conduct, enterprise and perseverance of Major-General Rich-\\nard Montgomery, who, after a seiies of successes in the midst of", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 255\\nthe most discouraging difficulties, fell in the attack on Quebec,\\n31st December, 1775.\\nTo those whose eyes have not beheld this memorial, we may de-\\nscribe it as a sculpture, composed of helmet, shield and sword, par-\\ntially covered with laurel. Although this monument was ordered\\nwithin a month after Montgomery s death, yet its erection was a\\nmatter of long delay. As no competent artist could be found in\\nAmerica at that time it was executed in Paris two years afterward\\nno doubt under the direction of Benjamin Franklin, who then rep-\\nresented the young Republic at the Bourbon Court. It is pecu-\\nliarly French in its workmanship, and we believe it to be the only\\none of its kind in America. Having been brought over in some ship\\nwhich escaped the blockading fleet, the completion of the work\\nwas delayed, by the presence in New York of the British troops,\\nwho held the city. After the evacuation the monument was\\nplaced in its present commanding position, and Montgomery was\\nthus honored eight years after his death.\\nAfter the removal of Montgomery s remains in 1818, the follow-\\ning inscription was placed upon the monument\\nThe State of New York caused the remains of Major-General\\nMontgomery to be conveyed from Quebec and deposited beneath\\nthis monument the 8th of July, 1818.\\nThe reader of history will recall the fact that the ill success of\\nthis first invasion of Canada by our troops has never been retriev-\\ned in any subsequent attempt. Harrison, Scott and Van Rensse-\\nlear failed to establish a foothold during the war of 1812, while\\nGeneral Pike fell at Toronto.\\nMrs. Montgomery died in the month of November, 1827, es-\\nteemed and beloved by all who knew her. She bequeathed her\\nbeautiful country seat to her brother, Edward Livingston, as she\\nleft no children. She was a worthy sister of such men as Robert\\nR. and Edward Livingston, and was well calculated^to bear the\\nproud appellation of a Lady of the Manor.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "256 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXXVI.\\nMARGARET LIVINGSTON.\\nThe second daughter and third child of Judge Robert R. Liv-\\ningston, Margaret, was born at Clermont, Columbia County, N.\\nY., on January 6th, 1749. She was the young lady before alluded\\nto that was knitting the stocking when the news of Burgoyne s\\nsurrender was so joyfully announced at Clermont. She was a\\nwoman of fine poetical talent and of much humor. She mamed\\nDr. Thomas Tillotson, (Surgeon-General of the United States\\nArmy and Secretary of the State of New York,) in February, 1779,\\nShe died in 1823, at Rhinebeck, leaving several children,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 257\\nCHAPTER XXXVII.\\nCATHARINE LIVINGSTON.\\nThe third daughter of Judge Robert R. Livingston, Catharine,\\nwas born at Clermont, the 14th of October, 1752. She was tall\\nand graceful in person, animated in manners, and of fine mental\\npowers. She had many admirers, but passed the period of middle\\nlife unmarried. She took a deep interest in the war for Independ-\\nence, and was always ready to converse, with a feeling of pride,\\non the part taken by her brother, the Chancellor, and her brother-\\nin-law, General Montgomery, in that eventful war. She thus\\nwrote to Mrs. General Warren in April, 1781\\nThe news from the southward is by no means so fa-\\nvorable as the sanguine among us expected. Arnold, it is feared,\\nwill get off safely, as well as Cornwallis. I think the British un-\\nderstand retreat better than we do pursuit. It has been an obser-\\nvation, this war, whenever the expectations of the multitude were\\nraised to almost a certainty of success, the event has turned direct-\\nly opposite to their views. This I believe we may extend to pri-\\nvate as well as public concerns.\\nMiss Livingston s brother-in-law, Mr. Tillotson, had invited the\\nRev. Freeborn Garrettson to preach at Rhinebeck, and he passed\\nseveral weeks at his house. Miss Catharine Livingston was there\\n33", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "258 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\non a visit at the same time, and this friendship between them\\nended in maniage in 1793.\\nMr. Garrettson, after his marriage, settled at Rliinebeck, and\\nlived in a stone house in that town. Six years after their marriage\\nthey purchased a place near Rhinebeck Station, on tlie banks of\\nthe Hudson, erected a mansion thereon, and named this country\\nseat Wildercliff.\\nLossing, in his Book of the Hudson, thus writes of Mr. and Mrs.\\nGarrettson Freeborn GaiTCttson was an eminent Methodist\\npreacher, and a leader among the plain Methodists in the latter\\npart of the last century, when that denomination was beginning to\\ntake fast hold upon the public mind in America, and his devoted,\\nblameless life did much to commend his people to a public dis-\\nposed to deride them. Mr. Garrettson left the church of England,\\nin which he had been educated. The Methodists were despised\\nin most places. He was a native of Maryland. Eminently con-\\nscientious, he gave his slaves their freedom, and entering upon his\\nministry preached everywhere, on all occasions, and at all times,\\noffending the wicked and delighting the good, and fearless of all\\nmen, having full faith in a Special Providence, and oftentimes ex-\\nperiencing proofs of the truth of the idea to which he clung. One\\nexample of his proofs may be cited. A mob seized him on one\\noccasion, and were taking him to prison by order of a magistrate,\\nwhen a flash of lightning dispersed them and they left him unmo-\\nlested. In 1788 he was appointed Presiding Elder over the\\nchurches in the district extending from Long Island Sound to Lake\\nChamplain, more than two hundred miles. One of his converts\\nwas the daughter of Judge Livingston, of Clermont, whom he\\nmarried. Probably no house in the world has ever held within it\\nso many Methodist preachers as this one at Wildercliff, from the\\nmost humble of weak vessels up to Bishop Asbury, and other dig-\\nnitaries of the church for with ample means at command, the\\ndoors of Mr. Garrettson and his wife were ever open to all, espe-\\ncially to their brethren in the ministry,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 259\\nMrs. Garrettson wrote as follows in the year 1799 Our house\\nbeing neai-ly finished, in October we moved into it, and the first\\nnight spent in fiimily prayer. While my blessed husband was ded\\nicating it to the Lord the place was filled by His presence who, in\\nthe days of old, filled the temj)le with his glory. Every heart re-\\njoiced and felt that God was with us of a truth. Such was our in-\\ntroduction into our new habitation, and had we not reason to say,\\nwith Joshua of old As for me and my house, we will serve the\\nLord.\\nMrs. Olin, in her sketch of Mrs. Garrettson, in her work, The\\nPerfect Light, thus beautifully wiites of this home It was a\\nhome for the Lord s people strangers were welcomed as brethren,\\nand many a weary itinerant has rested there as in the palace Beau-\\ntiful. Relatives and friends came to this pleasant home year after\\nyear, and enjoyed delightful interchange of thought and feeling\\nwith christians of difiering denominations. I shall rejoice to see\\nyou, wrote a lady to a niece of Mrs. Garrettson s, who looked upon\\nher visits to Wildercliflf as pilgrimages to a pleasant land, I shall\\nrejoice to see you with the beams of light that always cluster\\nround you after a Rhinebeck sojourn. How many who have en-\\njoyed the genial hospitality of this house will recall the dignified\\nform of its hostess, with her marked features, her soft, hazel eye,\\nthe brown haii parted under the close fitting cap, with its crimped\\nmuslin border, the neatly fitting dress, always simple yet always\\nbecoming, well formed hands, the slender foot, with its pretty mo-\\nrocco slipper,\\nNo one could for a moment imagine that this was the once gay\\nyoung lady whose hand had been asked for in the dance by Gen-\\neral Washington. One of Mrs. Garretson s nieces had requested\\nher to write something for her in her Album, to which she com-\\nplied and wrote as follows. It shows the turn of her thoughts,\\nwhich were, but for the one thing needful\\nRhinebeck, October 13th, 1835.\\nYou wish, my dear, dear niece, some memorial of your aged", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "260 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nfriend, when slie shall have passed away into a world of si^irits\\nand what interesting event of a long life can I look back upon with\\nmore heartfelt pleasure than the one which took place this day for-\\nty-eight years ago. Yes, my dear, on that blessed day God per-\\nmitted me, in a transport of joy, to cry, Abba, Father to know\\nthat my sins were washed away that I was adopted into the fam-\\nily of Heaven, through the great atonement made on Calvary.\\nMy life, since that period, has been croAvned with blessings from\\nthe upper and the nether springs, and I look forward with bright-\\nening hopes to a day when the light of life shall shine with such\\ncommanding influence on our earth that blind eyes shall see, deaf\\nears hear, and hard hearts melt, and one universal voice of praise\\nascend up like incense to the great white throne of God. Thou-\\nsands and tens of thousands are lifting up the daily cry, Come,\\nLord Jesus, come quickly the voice is gone up, Thy kingdom\\ncome, uttered by every new-born soul, and he who taught us thus\\nto pray will not be slow to answer. The time is drawing on, the\\ngreat work is progressing, let us hasten it by our prayers and by\\nall the influence of a life devoted to the service of God, can give.\\nThe door of usefulness is open Avide, the demand for laborers is\\nimperious. There is a loud call for the exertion of every talent\\nthe whole world is to be regenerated liapj^y they who shall be\\nhonored with any employment in this work they shall be like a\\ntree planted by the rivers, that bringing forth his fruit in his sea-\\nson, his leaf shall not wither his eyes shall be clearer than the\\nnoonday, he shall shine forth, he shall be as the morning. Exert\\nevery talent God has given you for his glory, and you will find,\\nsooner or later, a rich reward. May you, my dear, be ever guided\\nby the good spirit to will and do all that is required of you, and\\nhereafter inherit the rich reward of Well done, good and faithful\\nservant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.\\nNearly all her sisters and brothers died before she closed hci\\nhappy life. She was beside the dying beds of both her brothers,\\nthe Chancellor, Robert R., and Edward Livingston, heard their", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 261\\nlast words, and witnessed their tnist in their Saviour, in wliom,\\nalone, they looked for the life beyond the grave.\\nMr. Garrettson was seized with a sudden illness at the house of a\\nfriend of his in New York, in the year 1827, which illness was fol-\\nlowed by death. Mrs. GaiTetson in the month of July, 1849, then\\nin her 97th year, went to visit her sister-in-law, Mrs. Edward\\nLivingston, at Montgomery Place, and on the way there stopped\\nat her brother s, Mr. John R. Livingston s place, near BaiTytown.\\nShe had not felt veiy well when she left home, and upon her ar-\\nrival at Montgomery Place was suddenly taken ill. Medical aid\\nproved of no avail, and the 14th of July, 1849, was her last day on\\neai th.\\nWhen death shut out the forms of those she loved Avho stood\\nbeside her bed, she cried out, with eyes upturned and hands\\nclasped, Come, Lord Jesus, come quickly, and then clapping her\\nhands together she died with these words on her lips He comes,\\nHe comes. Before her death it yearly had been the custom of all\\nthe members of the family to visit her on her birth-day, when she\\npresided at the head of the table. This happy renewal of friend-\\nship and love was kept up for many years, and I well remember\\nhearing one of her nieces speak with pleasure of the good health\\nof her aunt at one of those love feasts, a few days after one had\\ntaken place.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "262 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXXVIII.\\nGERTRUDE LIVINGSTON.\\nThe fourth daughter and seventh child of Judge Robert R. Liv\\ningston, Gertrude, was born at Clermont, Columbia County, N. Y.,\\non the 16th of April, 1757, and on the 11th of May, 1779, was\\nmarried to General Morgan Lewis, afterwards Governor of the\\nState of New York. Theii- home was a fine country seat on the\\nbanks of the Hudson, at Staatsburgh. It was at this place that\\nthe Marquis de Lafayette passed a morning, in 1824, when on his\\nway up the river to visit Robert L. Livingston, at Clermont.\\nMorgan Lewis was in the battle of Stillwater, and witnessed the\\nsurrender of Burgoyne. He then held the commission of Quarter-\\nmaster in the army. Major-General Wilkinson, Gates Adjutant-\\nGeneral, writes, in his memories of the battle, that no general\\nfield officer was on the field of battle during the day, intimating\\nthat he himself chiefly conducted affairs. He also writes When\\ntowards evening, Gates and Arnold were together in front of the\\ncamp, Major Lewis came in from the scene of action and an-\\nnounced that the battle was still undecisive, when Ai-nold ex-\\nclaimed, I will soon put au end to it, and rode off at full gallop\\nand gained the day.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 263\\nIn October, 1780, Morgan Lewis, then a Colonel under General\\nVan Rensselaer, led the van of the attack against Johnson and\\nBrant with their forces of Indians, and defeated them, on the\\nbanks of the Mohawk river, at the battle called Klock s field.\\nIn January, 1791, Aaron Burr, who had been Attorney General,\\nwas elected to represent the State of New York in the Senate of\\nthe United States. Dr. Hammond, in his History of Political Par-\\nties of the State of New York, writes, that Morgan Lewis, a con-\\nnection of the Livingston s, succeeded Bun* as Attorney-General,\\nand suggests that this may have been foreseen at the time of the\\nelection.\\nGeneral Lewis was afterwards Chief Justice, and nominated for\\nGovernor of the State of New York against Aaron Burr. Gener-\\nal Lewis was supported by the Livingston s and Clinton s, and re-\\nceived 35,000 votes, and Aaron Burr received 28,000 votes, leaving\\na majority in General Lewis favor of 7,000 votes, a large majority.\\nGenei al Lewis may be said to have been the founder of the\\nCommon School system of the State he was President of the So-\\nciety of Cincinnati from 1838 up to the time of his death in 1844,\\nwhen he was in the 90th year of his age. His wife died many\\nyeai S before him, in April, 1833.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "26-4 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XXXIX.\\nJOANNA LIVINGSTON.\\nThe filtli daughter and eighth child of Judge Robert R. Liv-\\ningston, Joanna, was born at Livingston Manor, Clermont, N. Y.,\\nthe 14th of September, 1759. She was a woman of much strength\\nof character, yet very gentle and amiable in her manners. She was\\nmarried to Peter R. Livingston, well known in the political annals\\nof this State both as a Democrat and a Whig. In 1839, or about\\nthat time, many will remember how his eloquence, though his\\nframe was then quivering Avith age, made the multitude thrill, in\\nold Masonic Hall, New York.\\nThe State of New York, about that period, had been for the first\\ntime able to recover from the storm of Jacksonism, and this re-\\ncovery of the great Empire State so inspired the Whigs of the\\nUnion, that they visited New York, in delegations of congi atula-\\ntion. Old Peter R. Livingston was the orator who welcomed\\nthem, and the welcome he gave them was worthy the inspiration\\nof the victory, and of the then great occasion.\\nHis uncle, Peter R. Livingston, eldest son of Robert, the third\\nLord of the Manor of Livingston, who man-ied Mary Tong, was,\\nduring the Revolution, President of the Provincial Congress,\\nseated at Fishkill and Esopus. Peter R, Livingston lived the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 265\\ngreater part of his life at his country seat near Rhinebeck. It is\\non this place that the willow tree planted by General Montgomery\\na few days before he left on his Northern campaign, can be seen.\\nJoanna Livingston died in February, 1827. Singular to relate,\\nall of Judge Livingston s daughters niamed distinguished men.\\nWrites Mrs. Montgomery of a family dinner party Never was a\\ntable so surrounded. All these sisters were ardent politicians, and\\nwomen of more than ordinary ability, and followed with interest\\nand intelligent appreciation the public labors of their brothers and\\nhusbands.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "266 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XL.\\nALIDA LIVINGSTON.\\nThe sixth daughter and ninth child of Judge Robert R. Livings-\\nton, Alida, was born at Clermont, N. Y., on Christmas eve,\\nDecember 24th, 1761. She was married on the 19th of January,\\n1789, to General John Armstrong, who was a Captain at sixteen,\\na Major at eighteen, a Colonel at twenty. Secretary to the Council\\nat Philadelphia at twenty-two, and also Secretary of State of\\nPennsylvania, and in Congress, and a General when twenty-five\\nyears of age. He was Minister to France during the latter part of\\nMr. Jefferson s administration, and Secretary of War under James\\nMadison, when Washington was captured by the British in our\\nsecond war with England.\\nIn 1777 Washington received intelligence that the enemy were\\nlanding in Elk river, at the end of Chesapeake Bay, from the fleet\\nunder General Howe this was seventy miles from Philadelphia.\\nEvery attempt was made to check them the divisions of Generals\\nGreene and Stephens that were within a few miles of Wilmington\\nreceived orders to march forward immediately. Major John Ann-\\nstrong, who now commanded the Pennsylvania militia, was urged\\nto send down at night all the men he could gather, properly armed.\\n34", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 267\\nOn the 8th of September, 1777, Major Armstrong was stationed\\nabout a mile and a half below the main body of the army to pro-\\ntect the lower fords of the river Brandy wine, which extended in\\nfront of the whole line and divided the American from the British\\narmies. The American army was defeated at the battle of Brandy\\nwine and retreated to Germantown, near Philadelphia, but were\\nnot pursued. General Washington left the Pennsylvania militia\\nin Philadelphia to guard that city, and other regiments under\\nGeneral Armstrong were posted at the various passes of the\\nSchuylkill, with orders to throw up earth works. All the boats\\nwere collected and taken over the river to places][of safety.\\nThomas Wharton, Governor of Pennsylvania, on the 17th of\\nOctober received the following earnest appeal from General Wash-\\nington to keep up the quota of troops demanded of the State by\\nCongress, and to furnish additional aid. I assure you sir, writes\\nhe, it is a matter of astonishment to every pait of the continent\\nto hear that Pennsylvania, the most opulent and populous of all\\nthe States, has but twelve hundred militia in the field at a time\\nwhen the enemy are endeavoring to make themselves completely\\nmasters of, and to fix their quarters in her capital.\\nMajor-General Armstrong, commanding the Pennsylvania\\nmilitia, writes at the same time to the Council of his State Be\\nnot deceived with wrong notions of General Washington s num-\\nbers be assured he wants your aid. Let the brave step forth\\ntheir example will animate the many. You all speak well of our\\nCommander-in-Chief at a distance don t you want to see him\\nand pay him one generous, one martial visit, when kindly invited\\nto his camp, near the end of a long campaign. Then you will see\\nfor yourselves the unremitting zeal and toils of all the day and half\\nthe night, multiplied into years, without seeing house or home of\\nhis own, without murmur or complaint but believes and calls this\\narduous task the service of his country and of his God.\\nIn 1782 the headquarters of Washington was at Newburgh, on\\nthe Hiidson he lived there in a stone house, which is still stand-", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "2G8 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ning. Here occurred events most painful to Wasliington, and a\\nblur upon the life of General Armstrong, whicli we would willing-\\nly pass over, but our duty in stating facts compels us to relate.\\nThe soldiers of the army at Newburgh became very discontented,\\nrespecting the arrearages of pay, past and future, and in the Spring\\nof 1782 this feeling spread alarmingly in the camp.\\nComplaints were frequently sent to General Washington through\\nColonel Nicola. In May Colonel Nicola wrote a letter to Wash-\\nington, the tenor of which affected him very deeply. After writ-\\ning of the destitution of the army, and the poor hopes the soldiers\\nhad of receiving their pay from Congress, and after AVi iting further\\nupon different forms of government, he concluded by stating that\\nin his opinion no republic could ever stand, that the English gov-\\nernment was the nearest to perfection, and that if the people\\nwould properly consider matters they would all arrive at the same\\nconclusion, and adopt it.\\nHe further added that in this case it will, I believe, be uncon-\\ntroverted, that the same abilities which have led us through diffi-\\nculties apparently insm-mountable by human power, to victory and\\nglory, those qualities that have merited and obtained the universal\\nesteem and veneration of an army, would be most likely to con-\\nduct and direct us in the smoother paths of peace. Some people\\nhave so connected the idea of tyranny and monarchy, as to find it\\nvery difficult to separate them. It may, therefore, be requisite to\\ngive the head of such a constitution, as I propose, some title\\napparently more moderate, but if all other were once adjusted, I\\nbelieve strong arguments might be produced for admitting the\\ntitle of King, which I conceive would be attended with some\\nnational advantage.\\nBut how much he and others mistook the character of the great\\nWashington may be inferred from the severe and well deserved\\nrebuke which the Commander in-Chief gave them in his answer,\\nas follows\\nSir With a mixture of great surprise and astonishment I", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 269\\nhave read, with attention, the sentiments you have submitted to\\nmy perusal. Be assiu ed, Sir, no occurrence in the course of this\\nwar has given me more painful sensations than your information\\nof there being such ideas existing in the army as you have express-\\ned, and which I must view with abhorrence, and reprehend with\\nseverity. For the present the communication of them will rest in\\nmy own bosom, unless some further agitation of the matter shall\\nmake a disclosure necessary. I am much at a loss to conceive\\nwhat part of my conduct could have given encouragement to an\\naddress which, to me, seems big with the greatest mischiefs that\\ncan befall my country. If I am not deceived in the knowledge of\\nmyself you could not have found a person to whom your schemes\\nare more disagi eeable. At the same time, in justice to my own\\nfeelings, I must add that no man possesses a more serious wish to\\nsee ample justice done to the army than I do and as fiir as my\\npower and influence, in a constitutional way, extend, they shall be\\nemployed to the utmost of my abilities to effect it, should there be\\nany occasion. Let me conjure you, then, if you have any regard\\nfor your country, concern for yourself, or posterity, or respect for\\nme, to banish these thoughts from your mind and never communi-\\ncate, as from yourself or any one else, a sentiment of the like\\nnature. GEORGE WASHINGTON.\\nIf the above did not show the true patriotism of Washington,\\nwhat event in his life did more so What a temptation to an am-\\nbitious man to make himself King. Had he been for self and not\\nfor his country, and had the ambition of the First Consul of\\nFrance, where now would have been our Republic?\\nCongress was still making but feeble efforts to pay off the army\\nand allay the discontents of the soldiers. A plan was arranged\\namong a few officers at Newburgh to draw up a series of resolu-\\ntions whicli, in the hands of a committee, would furnish new and\\npowerful levers of operations to arouse Congress to a sense of its\\nduty. It was at this time that General Gates Aid-de-Camp, Gen-\\neral John Armstrong, a young officer of only twenty-six years of", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "270 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nage, and of much ability, was selected to write an address to the\\narmy, to be circulated anonymously and privately, calculated to\\nmake a deep impression upon the minds of the discontented\\nsoldiery.\\nThe first anonymous paper appeared in the camp on the 10th\\nof March, 1783, calling a meeting at eleven o clock the next day, of\\nthe general and field officers, of an officer from each company, and\\na delegate from the medical staff; to consider a letter received\\nfrom their representatives in Philadelphia, and what measures\\nshould be adopted to obtain redress for all their grievances.\\nOn the next morning another anonymous address was privately\\ncirculated. It professed to be from a fellow-soldier who liad\\nshared in their toils and mingled in their dangers, and who till\\nvery lately had believed in the justice of his coimtry. After a\\npursuit of seven long years, observed he, the object for which\\nwe set out is at length brouglit Avithin our reach. Yes, my friends,\\nthat suffering courage of yours was active once it has conducted\\nthe United States of America through a doubtful and bloody war\\nit has placed her in the chair of independency, and peace returns\\nto bless whom a country willing to redress your wrongs, cherish\\nyour worth, and reward your services a country courting your\\nreturn to private life with tears of gratitude and smiles of admira-\\ntion, longing to divide with you that independency which your\\ngallantry has given, and those riches which your wounds have\\npreserved Is this the case or is it rather a country that tram-\\nples upon your rights, disdains your cries, and insults your dis-\\ntresses Have you not more than once suggested your wishes,\\nand made known your wants to Congress wants and wishes\\nwhich gratitude and policy should have anticipated rather than\\nevaded and have you not lately, in the meek language of entreat-\\ning memorials, begged from their justice, what you could no longer\\nexpect from their favor 1 How have you been answered Let\\nthe letter which you ai e called to consider to-morrow make reply.\\nIf this then be your treatment while the swords you wear are", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 271\\nnecessary for the defence of America, what have you to expect\\nfrom peace, when your voice shall sink and your strength dissipate\\nby division when those very swords, the instruments and com-\\npanions of your glory, shall be taken from your sides, and no re-\\nmaining mark of military distinction left but yom wants, infirmi-\\nties and scars\\nCan you then consent to be the only sufferers by this revolution,\\nand retiring from the field, grow old in poverty, wretchedness and\\ncontempt? Can you]^consent to wade through the vile mire of\\ndependency, and owe the miserable remnant of that life to charity,\\nwhich has hitherto been spent in honor? If you can, go, and carry\\nwith you the jest of Tories, and the scorn of Whigs the ridicule\\nand what is worse, the pity of the world. Go starve and be for-\\ngotten But if your spirits should revolt at this if you have\\nsense enough to discover, and spirit sufficient to oi)j)ose tyranny,\\nunder whatever garb it may assume, whether it be the plain coat\\nof Republicanism, or the splendid robe of royalty if you have\\nyet learned to discriminate between a people and a cause, between\\nmen and principles awake, attend to your situation, and redress\\nyourselves If the present moment be lost, every future effort is\\nin vain and your threats then will be as empty as your entreaties\\nnow.\\nI would advise you, therefore, to come to some final opinion\\nupon what you can bear, and what you will suffer. If your deter-\\nmination be in any proportion to your wrongs, carry your appeal\\nfrom the justice to the fears of government, change the milk-and-\\nwater style of your last memorial assume a bolder tone, decent,\\nbut lively, spirited and determined and suspect the man who\\nwould advise to more moderation and longer forbearance. Let\\ntwo or three men who can feel as well as write be apj)ointed to\\ndi aw up your last remonstrance, for I would no longer give it the\\nsuing, soft, unsuccessful epithet of memorial. Let it represent in\\nlanguage that will neither dishonor you by its rudeness, nor betray\\nyou by its fears, what has been promised by Congress, and Avhat", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "272 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhas been performed how long and how patiently you have suf-\\nfered how little you have asked, and hoAV much of that little has\\nbeen denied. Tell them that though you were the first, and\\nwould wish to be the last to encounter danger, though despair\\nitself can never drive you into dishonor, it may drive you from the\\nfield that the wound often irritated and never healed may at\\nlength become incurable and that the slightest mark of indignity\\nfrom Congress now, must operate like the grave and part you for-\\never that in any political event the army has its alternative.\\nIf peace, that nothing shall separate you from your arms but\\ndeath if war, that courting the auspices and inviting the direction\\nof your illustrious leader, you will retire to some tmsettled country\\nsmile in your tm n and mock when their fear cometh on But let\\nit represent, also, that should they comply with the request of\\nyour late memorial, it would make you more happy and them more\\nrespectable that while war should continue you would follow\\ntheir standard into the shade of private life, and give the world\\nanother subject of wonder and applause an army victorious over\\nits enemies, victorious over itself\\nGeneral Washington noticed the above papers with his iisual\\ncharacteristic firmness and caution. In his general orders he ex-\\npressed that he placed confidence in the good sense of his under\\nofficers in order to prevent, if possible, their paying much regard\\nto the paper that had been circulated in camp, which he pronounc-\\ned as disorderly and irregular.\\nThe following day the second anonymous paper was circulated\\nthroughout the camp, as follows\\nTill now the Commander-in-Chief has regarded the steps you\\nhave taken for redress with good wishes alone his ostensible\\nsilence has authorized your meetings, and his private opinions\\nsanctified your claims. Had he disliked the object in view, would\\nnot the same sense of duty which forbade you from meeting on\\nthe third day of the week, have forbidden you from meeting on the\\nseventh Is not the same subject held up to your view and has", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 273\\nit not passed the seal of office and taken all the solemnity of an\\norder This will give system to yom* proceedings and stability to\\nyour resolves, c., g.\\nOn Satm day, March 15th, 1783, a meeting of officers took place.\\nGeneral Gates was called to the chair. General Washington rose\\nand ai^ologized for being present at the meeting, but the diligent\\nmannei in Avhich anonymous writing had been circulated rendered\\nit absolutely necessary that he should give his sentiments to the\\narmy on the nature and bad effects of such papers. He then pro-\\nceeded to read with deep feeling an address, previous to which,\\nhowever, he put on his spectacles and said I have not only\\ngrown gray, but blind in your service (which remark, under the\\ncircumstances, had a powerful effect upon the assemblage.) He\\nthen read as follows\\nGentlemen, by an anonymous summons an attempt has been\\nmade to convene you together how inconsistent with the rules\\nof propriety, how unmilitary, and how subversive of all order and\\ndiscipline, let the good sense of the army decide. In the moment\\nof this summons another anonymous production was sent into cir-\\nculation, addressed more to the feelings and passions than to the\\nreason and judgment of the army. The author of the piece is\\nentitled to much credit for the goodness of his pen, and I could\\nwish he had as much credit for the rectitude of his heart, for as\\nmen see through different optics and are induced by the reflecting\\nfaculties of the mind to use different means to attain the same end,\\nthe author of the address should have had more charity than to\\nmark for suspicion the man who should recommend moderation\\nand longer forbearance or in other words, who should not think\\nas he thinks, and act as he advises. But he had another plan in\\nview in which candor and liberality of sentiment, regard to justice,\\nand love of country, have no part and he was right to insinuate\\nthe darkest suspicion to effect the blackest design. That the\\naddress is drawn with great art, and is designed to answer the\\nmost insidious pm-poses that it is calculated to impress the mind\\n35", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "274 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nwith an idea of premeditated injustice in the sovereign power of\\nthe United States, and rouse all those resentments which must\\nunavoidably flow from such a belief that the secret mover of this\\nscheme, whoever he may be, intended to take advantage of the\\npassions while they were warmed by the recollection of past dis-\\ntresses, without giving time for cool, deliberate thinking, and that\\ncomposure of mind which is so necessary to give dignity and sta-\\nbility to measures, is rendered too obvious by the mode of conduct-\\ning the business to need other proofs than a reference to the\\nproceedings.\\nThus much, gentlemen, I have thought it incumbent on me to\\nobserve to you, to show upon what principles I opposed the in-egu-\\nlar and hasty meeting which was proposed to have been held on\\nTuesday last, and not because I wanted a disposition to give you\\nevery opportunity, consistent with your own honor and the dignity\\nof the army, to make known your grievances. If my conduct\\nheretofore has not evinced to you that I have been a faithful friend\\nto the army, my declaration of it, at this time, would be equally\\nunavailing and improper. But as I was among the first who\\nembarked in the cause of our common country as I have never\\nleft your side one moment, but when called from you on public\\nduty as I have been the constant companion and witness of your\\ndistresses, and not among the last to feel and acknowledge your\\nmerits as I have ever considered my own military reputation as\\ninseparably connected with that of the army as my heart has ever\\nexpanded with joy when I have heard its praises, and my indigna-\\ntion has arisen when the mouth of detraction has been opened\\nagainst it, it can scarcely be Supposed at this last stage of the war\\nthat I am indifferent to its interests. But how are they to be\\npromoted\\nThe way is plain, says the anonymous addresser. If war con-\\ntinues, remove into the unsettled country, there establish yourselves\\nand leave an ungrateful country to defend itself But who are\\ntliey to defend Our wives and cliildren, our farms and otlier", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 275\\nproperty which we leave behind us or in this state of hostile\\nseparation are we to take the two first, (the latter cannot be re-\\nmoved,) to perish in a wilderness with hvmger, cold and naked-\\nness. If peace takes place, never sheathe your swords says he,\\nuntil you have obtained full and ample justice. This dreadful\\nalternative of either deserting oiu country in the extremest hour\\nof her distress, or turning our arms against it, which is the appar-\\nent object, unless CongTcss can be compelled into instant compli-\\nance, has something so shocking in it that humanity revolts at the\\nidea. My God what can this writer have in view by recommend-\\ning such measures Can he be a friend to the army Can he be\\na friend to this country Rather is he not an insidious foe\\nSome emissary, perhaps from New York, plotting the ruin of both\\nby sowing the seeds ot discord and separation between the civil\\nand military powers of the Continent and what a compliment\\ndoes he pay to our understandings, when he recommends measures\\nin either alternative impracticable in their natm e. But here,\\ngentlemen, I will drop the curtain, because it would be as impru-\\ndent in me to assign ray reasons for this opinion, as it would be\\ni nsulting to your conception to suppose you stood in need of them.\\nA moment s reflection will convince every dispassionate mind\\nof the physical impossibility of carrying either proposal into exe-\\ncution. There might, gentlemen, be an impropriety in my taking\\nnotice in this address to you of an anonymous production but the\\nmanner in which that performance has been introduced to the\\narmy the effect it was intended to have, together with some other\\ncircumstances, will amj^ly justify my observations on the tendency\\nof that writing. With respect to the advice given by the author\\nto suspect the man who shall recommend moderate measures and\\nlonger forbearance, I spurn it, as every man who regards that\\nliberty and reveres that justice for which we contend, undoubted\\nly must for if men are to be precluded from offering their senti-\\nments on a matter which may involve the most serious and alarm-\\ning consequences that can invite the consideration of mankind^\\nreason is no use to us. The freedom of speech may be taken", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "276 CLERMONT, O^LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\naway, and dumb and silent we may be led as sheep to the slaugh-\\nter. I cannot in justice to my own belief, and what I have great\\nreason to conceive is the intention of Congress, conclude this\\naddress, without giving it as my decided opinion that that honor-\\nable body entertains exalted sentiments of the services of the army,\\nand from a full conviction of its merits and suiFerings will do it\\ncomplete justice that their endeavors to discover and establish\\nfunds for this purpose have been unwearied and will not cease till\\nthey have succeeded. I have not a doubt, but like all other large\\nbodies, where there is a variety of different interests to reconcile,\\ntheir determinations are slow. Why, then, should we distrust\\nthem, and in consequence of that distrust adopt measures which\\nmay cast a shade over that glory which has been so justly acquired,\\nand tarnish the reputation of an army which is celebrated through\\nall Europe for its fortitude and patriotism And for what is this\\ndone to bring the object we seek nearer 1 No Most certainly,\\nin my opinion, it will cast it at a greater distance.\\nFor myself, (and I take no merit in giving the assurance,\\nbeing induced to it from principles of gratitude, veracity and jus-\\ntice, a grateful sense of the confidence you have ever placed in me,)\\na recollection of the cheerful assistance and prompt obedience I\\nhave experienced from you under every vicissitude of fortune,\\nand the sincere affection I feel for an army I have so long had the\\nlionor to command, will oblige me to declare in this public and\\nsolemn manner, that in the attainment of complete justice for all\\nyour toils and dangers, and in the gratification of every wish so far\\nas may be done consistently with the great duty I owe my country,\\nand those powers we are bound to respect, you may freely com-\\nmand my services to the utmost extent of my abilities, while I\\ngive you these assurances and pledge myself, in the most unequiv-\\nocal manner, to exert whatever ability I am possessed of in your\\nfixvor. Let me entreat you, gentlemen, on your part, not to take\\nany measures, which, viewed in the calm light of reason, will lessen\\nthe dignity and sully the glory you have hitherto maintained.\\nLet me request you to rely on the plighted faith of your country,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 277\\naud place a full confidence in the purity of the intentions of Con-\\ngress, that, previous to your dissolution, as an army, they will\\ncause all your accounts to be fairly liquidated, as directed in the\\nresolutions which were published to you two days ago, and that\\nthey will adopt the most efiectual measures in their power to ren-\\nder ample justice to you for your faithful and meritorious services\\nand let me conjure you in the name of our common country, as\\nyou value your own sacred honor, as you respect the rights of\\nhumanity, and as you regard the military and national character of\\nAmerica, to express your utmost horror and detestation of the man\\nwho wishes, under any specious pretenses, to overturn the liberties\\nof our country, and who wickedly attempts to open the flood gates\\nof civil discord and deluge our rising Empire in blood.* By thus\\ndetermining and thus acting you will pursue the plain and direct\\nroad to the attainment of your wishes you will defeat the insidi-\\nous designs of our enemies, who are compelled to resort from open\\nforce to secret artifice you will give one more distinguished proof\\nof unexampled patriotism and patient virtue, rising superior to the\\npressure of the most complicated sufferings and you will, by the\\ndignity of your conduct, afford occasion for posterity to say, when\\nspeaking of the glorious example you have exhibited to mankind,\\nhad this day been wanting, the world had never seen the last\\nstage of perfection to which human nature is capable of attaining.\\nWhen Washington had finished reading this beautiful patriotic\\naddress he retired without uttering a word, leaving the officers\\ntogether to talk calmly the whole matter over. Their delibera-\\ntions were short, and they at once drew up and passed resolutions\\nby a unanimous vote, one of which thanked their Commander\\nin-Chief for his good part in the matter, and for his able address,\\nand also expressed their unabated and undying love for his person\\nand willingness to put their faith in Congress, and to wait the\\ndeliberations of that body. One of the resolutions was as follows\\nResolved, unanimously, that the officers of the American army\\n*Je\u00c2\u00a3f. Davis and the conapirators of 1861 to 1865.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "278 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nview with abhorrence, and reject with disdain, the infamous propo-\\nsitions contained in a late anonymous address to the officei s of the\\narmy, and resent with indignation the secret attempts of some un-\\nknoAvn person to collect the officers together in a manner totally\\nsubversive of all discipline and good order.\\nIt was in the old building still standing, at Newburgh, that\\nWashington wrote his addi ess to the officers, and here also he\\nwrote his circular letter addressed to the Governors of all the\\nStates on the disbanding of the army. This letter, -vmtes Sparks,\\nIs remarkable for its ability, the deep interest it manifests for the\\nofficers and soldiers who had fought the battles of their country,\\nthe soundness of its principles, and the wisdom of its counsels.\\nFour great points he aims to enforce, as essential in guiding the\\ndeliberations of every public body, and as claiming the serious\\nattention of every citizen, namely an indissoluble union of the\\nStates a sacred regard to public justice the adoption of a pi oper\\nmilitary peace establishment and a pacific and friendly disposition\\namong the people of the States, which should induce them to\\nforget local prejudices and incline them to mutual concessions for\\nthe advantage of the community.\\nThese he calls the pillars by which alone independence and na-\\ntional character can be supported. On each of these topics lie\\nremarks at considerable length with a felicity of style and cogen-\\ncy of reasoning in all respects worthy of the subject. No public\\naddress could have been better adapted to^the state of the times\\nand coming from such a som ce, its influence on the minds of the\\npeople must have been effectual and most salutary.\\nMajor Shaw, who was present at Newburgh when Wasliington\\nread his address to the officers, thus writes of him Happy for\\nAmerica that she has a patriot army, and equally so that Washing-\\nton is its leader. I rejoice in the opportunities I have had of see-\\ning this great man in a variety of situations calm and intrepid\\nwhen the battle raged patient and persevering under the pressure\\nof misfortune moderate and possessing himself in the full career", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 279\\nof victory. Great as these qualifications deservedly render him,\\nhe never appeared to me more truly so than at the assembly we\\nhave been speaking of. On other occasions he had been support-\\ned by the exertions of an army and the countenance of his friends,\\nbut on this he stood single and alone. There was no saying where\\nthe passions of an army, which were not a little inflamed, might\\nlead but it was generally alloAved that further forbearance was\\ndangerous, and moderation had ceased to be a virtue. Under\\nthese circumstances he appeared, not at the head of his troops,\\nbut as it were in opposition to them and for a dreadful moment\\nthe interests of the army and its General seemed to be in competi-\\ntion. He sj^oke every doubt was expelled, and the tide of patri-\\notism rolled again in its wonted course. Illustrious man what\\nhe says of the army may with equal iustice be applied to his own\\ncharacter Had this day been Avanting, the world had never seen\\nthe last stage of perfection to which human nature is capable of\\nattaining.\\nGeneral Knox drew up a series, of resolutions, which Avere sec-\\nonded by General Putnam, requesting General Washington to\\nwrite to the President of Congress, entreating a speedy decision\\non the late address, and forwarded by a committee of the army.\\nWashington accordingly Avrote as follows\\nThe result of the proceedings of the grand convention of ofli-\\ncers, which I have the honor of enclosing to your Excellency, for\\nthe inspection of Congress, will, I flatter myself, be considered as\\nthe last glorious proof of patriotism which could have been given\\nby men who aspired to the distinction of a patriot army, and will\\nnot only confirm their claim to the justice, but will increase their\\ntitle to the gratitude of their country. Having seen the proceed-\\nings on the part of the army terminate with perfect unanimity, and\\nin a manner entirely consonant to my wishes being impressed\\nwith the liveliest sentiments of afiection for those who have so\\nlong, so patiently and so cheerfully sufiered and fought under my\\nimmediate direction having, from motives of justice, duty and", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "280 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ngratitude spontaneously oiFevecl myself as an advocate for theii-\\nrights and having been i-equested to write to yom* Excellency,\\nearnestly entreating the most speedy decision of Congi-ess upon\\nthe subject of the late address from the army to that honora-ble\\nbody it only remains for me to perform the task I have assumed\\nand to intercede on their behalf, as I now do, that the Sovereign\\npower will be pleased to verily the predictions I have pronounced\\nand the confidence the army have reposed in the justice of their\\ncountry. If beside the simple payment of their wages, a further\\ncompensation is not due to the sufferings and sacrifices of the ofli-\\ncers, then have I been mistaken indeed. If the whole army have\\nnot merited what a grateful people can bestow, then have I been\\nbeguiled by prejudice and built opinions on the basis of error. If\\nthis country should not, in tlie event, perform everything which\\nhas been requested in the late memorial to Congress, then will my\\nbelief become vain, and the hope that has been excited void of\\nloundation and if as has been suggested, for the purpose of in-\\nflaming their passions, the ofiicers of the army are to be the only\\nsufierers by the revolution if retiring from the field they are to\\ngrow old in poverty, wretchedness and contempt if they are to\\nwade through the vile mire of dependency, and owe the miserable\\nremnant of that life to cliarity, which has hitherto been spent in\\nhonor then shall I have learned what ingratitude is, tlicn shall I\\nhave realized a tale which will embitter every moment of my\\nfuture life. But I am under no such apprehensions. A country\\nrescued by their arms, from impending ruin, will never leave\\nunpaid the debt of gratitude.\\nThe letter to the President was accompanied by other letters to\\nmembers of Congress, all making similar, direct, and eloquent\\nappeals. The subject was again taken up in Congress, nine States\\nconcurred in a resolution commuting the half pay into a sum equal\\nto five years whole pay and the whole matter at one moment so\\nfraught with danger to the republic, through the temperate wisdom\\nof Washington was happily adjusted.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 281\\nThe anonymous addresses to the army, whicla were considered\\nat the time so insidious and inflannnatory, and which certainly\\nwere ill-judged and dangerous, have since been avowed by Gen-\\neral John.Ai mstrong, a man who has sustained with great credit\\nto himself various eminent posts under our government. At the\\ntime of Avriting them he was a young man, Aid-de-Camp of Gen-\\neral Gates, and he did it at the request of a number of his fellow-\\nofficers, indignant at the neglect of their just claims by Congress,\\nand in the belief that the tardy movements of that body required\\nthe spur and the lash.\\nGeneral John Armstrong was born at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania,\\non the 2oth of November, 1758. He was the youngest of two\\nsons of General John Armstrong, of Carleton, distinguished for\\nhis services in the French and Indian war of 1756. When the\\nrevolution broke out young Armstrong was a student at Princeton\\nCollege, and joined the army as a volunteer in Potter s Pennsyl-\\nvania Regiment. He was afterwards Aid-de-Camp to General\\nHugh Mercer, and was at the battles of Brandywine and Prince-\\nton. At the latter General Mercer was killed.\\nHe held afterwards the same position in the army of General\\nGates, and served in the northern campaign which ended in the\\ncapture of Burgoyne. In 1780 he was appointed Adjutant-Gen-\\neral of the Southern army, but being taken very ill of a fever, on\\nthe river Pedee, was succeeded by Colonel Otho Williams, a few\\ndays before the defeat at Camden. He then resumed his old\\nplace as aid to General Gates, and remained with him until the\\nclose of the war.\\nGeneral Armstrong, like all the members of the ftimily mention-\\ned in this work, purchased a fine place on the banks of the Hud-\\nson, between Rhinebeck and BarrytOAvn, which is now occupied\\nby his daughter, Mrs. William B. Astor, and known by the name\\nof Rokeby. It is a fine seat and has a most splendid avenue of\\ntrees extending from the public road up to the house.\\n*Irving s Washington.\\n36", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "282 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nFor forty years there was no certainty in tlie public inind who\\nwas the author of the anonymous NcAvburgh papers. Tliat Gene-\\nral Armstrong was generally suspected of being the author, among\\nthose who were well acquainted with his abilities, is very evident\\nfrom a letter to him wiitten by Col. Thomas Pickering, in after\\nyears, in which he states that so certain was he at the time of the\\nidentity of the author that he endorsed a copy of the address,\\nwhich he received, as follows Written by Major John Arm-\\nstrong, Jr.\\nLossing states that an article appeared in the January number\\nof the United States Magazine, for 1823, in which the author,\\nunderstood to be General Armstrong, avowed himself the Avriter\\nof the Newburgh address.\\nIt defends the cause of the writer, that tiie urgent necessity of\\ntlie officers and soldiers of the army justified the act. Washing-\\nton s opinion of the motives of the writer may be gathered from a\\nletter of his during his second term of Presidency, written to Gen-\\neral Armstrong about fourteen years after tlie above events li;id\\noccurred. It was as follows\\nPhiladelphia, Febniary 23d, 1797.\\nSin Believing that there may be times and occasions on\\nAvhich my opinion of the anonymous letters and the author, as\\ndelivered to the army in the year 1783, may be turned to some\\npersonal and malignant purpose, I do hereby declare that I did\\nnot, at the time of writing my address, regard you as the author\\nof said letters and further, that I have since had sufiicient reason\\nfor believing that the object of the author was just, lionorable and\\nfriendly to the country, though the means suggested by him were\\ncertainly liable to nmch misunderstanding and abuse.\\nI am. Sir, with great regard,\\nYour most obedient servant,\\nGEORGE AVASIIINGTON.\\nGeneral Armstrong s first civil appointment was that of Seci c-\\ntary of the State of Pennsylvania he was Adjutant-General under", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 283\\nDickenson s and Franklin s administrations, which he continued\\nto occupy until 1787, when he was chosen a member of Congi-ese.\\nIn tlie fall of 1787 he was appointed by Congi ess one of the\\nJudges for the Western Territory this appointment he declined.\\nHe married in 1789, and in 1793 was oiFered by President Wash-\\nington the place of United States Supervisor of the Collection of\\nInternal Revenue in the State of New York. He declined this\\nand other public offices until the year 1800, when he was elected\\nby all almost unanimous vote of both houses of the Legislatm e as\\nUnited States Senator. Having resigned in 1802, he was again\\nelected in 1803, and the next year was appointed by President\\nJefferson, Minister Plenipotentiary to France, which position he\\nfilled with ability for over six years, and discharged incidentally\\nthe functions of a separate mission to Spain, with which he was\\ninvested.\\nlie commanded the army in the city of New York from 1812 to\\n1813, when he was appointed by Mr. Madison as Secretary of War.\\nThis was in the midst of our second Avar with England. The cap-\\nture of the city of Washington, in 1814, led to his retirement from\\noffice. Many held him responsible for this misfortune, but without\\njustice in so doing.\\nGeneral Armstrong died at his residence at Rhinebeck, N. Y.,\\non the 1st of April, 1843, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. He\\nwas among the remarkable men of a remarkable generation. He\\nleft the folloAving productions of his pen a voluminous correspon-\\ndence, diplomatic and military, a valuable treatise on Agriculture,\\nNotices of the Avar of 1812, and several Biographies.\\nHis Avife, Alida Livingston, died upon her fifty-ninth birth day,\\nDecember 24th, 1822, many years before her husband. We will\\nall agree that General Armstrong Avas a distinguished man, and\\nalthough he made one sad mistake, or error, in his life, he AA as at\\nthe time but a young man, and men often do deeds in early man-\\nhood that riper years and more mature judgment and reflection\\nAvould have prevented. Lut Ave Avill pasg over this one mistake in", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "284 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhis life, and praise him for the good that he hath done, and let\\nthat good live after him.\\nWith this sketch we close with the last member of Judge Liv-\\ningston s immediate family, a family that any father might feel\\nproud of, both in sons and daughters.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 285\\nCHAPTER XLI.\\nPHILIP LIVINGSTON.\\nRobert and Alicia Livingston, the grandparents of Philip Liv-\\ningston, had five sons and four daughters. Two sons and two of\\nhis daughters died unmarried. The three married sons were\\nPhilip, Robert and Gilbert. Philip was born in 1686. His son\\nPhilip Livingston Avas born at Albany, State of New York, on the\\nloth of January, 1716. His father was the second Lord of the\\nManor of Livingston, and inherited all the manorial property and\\noffices, except thirteen thousand acres of land known as the Manor\\nof Clermont, or southern part of the large Manor tract, which was\\nleft to Robert.\\nPhilip Livingston graduated at Yale College, Connecticut, in\\n1737, and entered mercantile life in the city of New York, where\\nhe met with success, and Avas in 1754 elected a member of the\\nboard of Aldermen, and a member of the Colonial Convention at\\nAlbany he was elected a delegate to Congress in 1774, also a\\nmember of the Congresses of 1775-6, and a signer of the Declara-\\ntion of Independence, on that eventful day of our country s his-\\ntory, at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, July 4th, 1776.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "*286 CLERMONT, OK LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nAfter the final adoption of the Constitution of his native State,\\nhe was a member of the board of Treasury of Congi-ess, and of the\\nMarine Committee. lie was a member of the Senate, and again\\nelected to Congress in 1778, where he received the tlianks of that\\nbody for his long and ftxithful services.\\nWhen Mr. Livingston resided at Albany he lived next to the\\ncorner of State and Pearl Streets, and the elm tree (yet standing\\non the corner of Pearl and State Streets,) was planted by him\\nabout one hundred years ago. It was then merely a twig and it\\nis said that Mr. Livingston severely rebuked a young sailor, one\\nmorning, who was about to cut it down for a switch or a cane.\\nTo tlie Albanians, in the heats of Summer, that now noble tree\\nforms a gi ateful monument to the memory of its planter, and more\\ntruly valued than would be the costliest pile of brass or marble.\\nMr. Livingston died while attending Congress, at York, Penn-\\nsylvania, of dropsy in the chest, on the twelfth day of June, 1778,\\nnot quite two years after he had declared his country free and\\nindependent, in the sixty-second year of his age. Ilis monument\\nat York, Pennsylvania, bears the following inscription\\nsacked to the memory of the\\nHONORABLE PHILIP LIVINGSTON,\\nWHO 1 IEI)\\nJlne 12Tn, 1778, Aged G2 Years,\\nWhile attending the Congress of the United States, at York,\\nPennsylvania, as a Delegate from the State of New York.\\nEminently distinguished for his talents and rectitude he\\ndeservedly enjoyed the coniidencc of his country, and the love and\\nveneration of his friends and children.\\nTliis momunent is erected by his grandson, Stei)lien Van\\nKeiisselaer.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVIXOSTON MANOR. 287\\nCHAPTER XLII.\\nSARAH LIVINGSTON.\\nSarah Livingston was the sister of Philip, signer of the Declara\\ntion of Independence, and of Wilham, Governor of New Jersey,\\nand daughter of the second proprietor of the Manor. Slie Avas\\nborn at her father s residence, at Albany, N. Y., in 1722, and was\\nbrought up in the communion of the Dutch Reformed Church, of\\nwhich she continued an earnest member until her death, at the\\nadvanced age of eighty-two. Possessed naturally of a strong mind\\nshe preserved her mental faculties unimpaired to the last, and\\nfound in her religious faith consolation for the reverses of fortune\\nshe experienced in the closing years of her life.\\nOf the mere competency left for her support she always appro-\\npriated a proportionally large part to charitable uses. She was\\nman-ied in early life to Major-General Alexander, (Earl of Stirling.)\\nShe accompanied her husband to the camp, at White Plains, and\\nfrom there paid a visit to New York, then in possession of the\\n]5ritish. She was accompanied in this visit by her youngest\\ndaughter. Lady Catharine Alexander. This visit was made to her\\neldest daughter, who, with her husband, Mr. Robert Watts, liad\\nromained quietly in the city, taking no active part with either side.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "288 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nTlie letters of both mother and daugliter are full of interest, as\\nshowing the situation and temper of those Americans who had\\nremained in the city during its occupation by the enemy, and\\nwhom they met there in the course of their visit. Lady Catharine\\nAlexander, (Earl of Stirling s) daughter was very beautiful and\\nvery much admired in socie :y. She was afterwards married to\\nColonel William Duer, in 1770, at Baskenridge, New Jersey.\\nShe writes in August, 1778, before her marriage, from Pereip\\npany, the place where Governor William Livingston s family had\\ntaken refuge after an invasion of Elizabethtown by the British\\nshe is sanguine in her hope of soon seeing her relatives, as zealous\\npatriots as herself Mr. Watts, (her brother-in-law,) is among the\\nnumber of those who are heartily sick of the tyranny witnessed,\\nand as to Mary, her political principles are perfectly rebellious.\\nThe sentiments of a great number have undergone a thorough\\nchange since they have been with the British army. As they\\nliave many opportunities of seeing flagrant acts of injustice and\\ncruelty of which they could not have believed their friends capable,\\nthis convinces them that if they conquer we must live in abject\\nslaveiy.\\nLady Stirling exhibits her disinterested patriotism by refusing\\nto avail herself of the permission, sent from Sir Henry Clinton, to\\ntake anything she pleased out of the city, fearing there Avould bo\\na handle made of it if she accepted the offer. She writes\\nThe last time I saw him (Mr. Elliott,) he told me I must take\\na box of tea, but I stuck to my text.\\nA letter of condolence of General Washington to Lady Stirling,\\nupon her husband s death, has been preserved in the Historical\\nCollections of New Jersey.\\nHer husband, Avhose proper name was William Alexander, and\\nentitled to an Earldom in Scotland, and generally called Lord\\nStirling, was born in the city of New York in 172G. He received\\nan excellent education, and acted as Commissary in the French", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 289\\nand Indian war was Aid-de-Camp, and finally Secretary to\\nGeneral Shirly, and accompanied the latter to England at the close\\nof those wars to prosecute his Scotch claims, expending large\\nsums of money in this effort.\\nAt the breaking ont of the American Revolution lie was sta-\\ntioned at Boston, and from there one night fitted out a pilot boat,\\nand from under the guns of the British ship of war, Asia, cap-\\ntured an English transjjort laden with stores, c., for the enemy\\nin Boston. He was made a Brigadier at the battle of Long\\nIsland, which he opened, and where he fought bravely, but being\\noutnumbered by the enemy, and surrounded, was compelled to\\nsurrender, and was taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. He\\nwas with Washington at the battle of Brandy wine, in 1777, and\\nat Germantown commanded the reserve.\\nThe next year he led one division of the army into battle at\\nMonmouth, where he fought with such bravery as to astonish the\\nBritish, and served all his guns Avith admirable skill. He was also\\nin many other battles of the Revolution. He died in 1783, in the\\nfifty-seventh year of his age, from a severe attack of the gout.\\nMany fine and heavy pieces of old family silver once owned by\\nthe Alexander family are yet in possession of the Livingston\\nfamily. Among the number may be mentioned a celebrated punch\\nbowl, now in tlie possession of Mrs. Edward H. Ludlow, New\\nYork.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "290\\nJHf.. ir^tfk ^rn.\\nCLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nCHAPTER XLIII.\\nWILLIAM LIVINGSTON, GOVERNOR OF NEW JERSEY.\\nWilliam Livingston was the son of Philip Livingston, and\\nbrother of Robert and Philip. He was born at Albany, in Novem-\\nber, 1723. In the year 1737, before he had terminated his four-\\nteenth year, he left Albany and was entered as a freshman at Yale\\nCollege, Connecticut. In 1741 he graduated at the head of his\\nclass, and commenced the study of law in the city of New York,\\nat the office of Mr. James Alexander, a Scotch gentleman, who\\nemigi ated to New York in the year 1715.\\nThere is in the possession of Mr. John Jay, of Bedford, West-\\nchester County, N. Y., a small ill-painted likeness of young Wil-\\nliam Livingston, which represents him in a cocked hat and feather,\\nruffles, and small clothes. William Livingston was remarkably\\nwell educated, and possessed many solid and brilliant attainments,\\nin both law and literature. He married, in 1745, Susannah French,\\nof New Brunswick, a gi-anddaughter of Philip French, an English\\ngentleman.\\nMr. French at one time owned a tract of land in New Jersey,\\ncomprising what is now New Bnmswick. On her mother s side\\nMiss French was granddaughter of Anthony Brockhold, who was\\n37", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 291\\nLieutenant-Governor of the Colony of New York, under Andross,\\nand afterwards its Governor.\\nMr. Philip French, of England, married a daughter of Frederick\\nPhilii3se, or, as formerly written, Flypsen, who was a Protestant\\nRefugee, from Bohemia, where his father had lost his life. Phil-\\nipse s other children were Eva, (who married Jacobus Van Cort-\\nlandt,) and became the mother of Mai y Van Cortlandt, wife of\\nPeter Jay, and mother of the Honorable John Jay, and had also\\ntwo sons, Frederick and Adolphus. There was a grandson also\\nof the name of Frederick, who joined the Tories in the Revolution\\nhe was the inheritor of the Philipsburg Manor, upon the Hudson\\nRiver his estate was confiscated.\\nGovernor Livingston s political principles were decidedly Re-\\npublican, and he declined to give to his country home at Elizabeth,\\ntown any name more aristocratic than Liberty Hall which\\nhouse is still standing and is the property of Mr. John Kean. It\\nis a fine mansion of the olden time, overshadowed by trees and\\nnearly shut out of sight from the public road by shrubbery. It\\nstands upon the left of the Springfield turnpike, beyond the Eliza-\\nbeth river, and about three quarters of a mile north of the railway\\nstation in the village.\\nWilliam Livingston was a man of marked ability, decided in his\\nviews, fearless in their expression and execution, a writer of much\\nforce, oftentimes exhibiting great powers of satire. His family\\nwas large. He lost several sons in childhood, and had five\\ndaughters, viz Susan, who married John Clere Symmes Kitty,\\nwho married Matthew Ridley, of Baltimore Judith, who married\\nJohn W. Watkins Sarah Van Burgh, born in August, 1757, and\\nwho married the Honorable John Jay, whom Mrs. Ellet writes of\\nas follows\\nSarah, the foui th daughter, inherited some of his finest traits,\\nintellectual and moral, which were developed by a veiy careful\\neducation, which, with the father s stern patriotism and resolution.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "292 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nslie bleuclcd features of gentleness, grace and beauty peculiarly her\\nown. The delicate sensibility occasionally exhibited in her let-\\nters seems to have come from her mother.\\nThe fifth daughter, Mary, married Mr. James Linn. In the\\nautumn of 1770 the principal lawyers of the city of New York\\nformed, or organized themselves, into a law club called The\\nMoot, for the purpose of holding meetings, at certain specified\\ntimes, to discuss legal questions. At the first meeting of this\\nclub, on the 23d day of November, 1770, William Livingston Avas\\nelected President, and William Smith, Vice-President. This\\nprobably afibrds a very correct indication of the standing of these\\ngentlemen at the bar. This club held its meetings usually about\\nonce a month, and from the high character and standing of its\\nmembers their decisions were regarded with much respect, and it\\nhas been stated that they materially influenced the judgment of\\nthe Supreme Court. A question about that time which had arisen\\nconnected with the taxation of costs was sent down to The Moot,\\nby the Chief Justice for the express purpose of obtaining their\\nopinion upon the same.\\nMr. Livingston, according to club rules, retained his position as\\nPresident of the club until the following November, when he was\\nsucceeded in the ofiice by Samuel Jones. As some of the mem-\\nbers of this club were afterwards numbered among the most promi-\\nnent and distinguished men of the country, a fcAV additional\\nparticulars will not be out of place, and may be of interest to many.\\nThe club had the following strict and established By-LaAvs or\\nRules\\nThe Establishment and Rules of the Cluh called the 3Ioot.\\nThe undersigned, subscribers, desirous of forming a Club for\\nsocial conversation, and the mutual improvement of each other,\\nhave determined to meet on the evening of the first Friday of\\nevery month at Barden s, or such other place as a majority of the\\nmembers shall from time to time appoint, and for the better regu-\\nlating the said Club do agree,", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 293\\nThat the said dub shall be called the Moot. No member shall\\npresume, upon any pretence, to introduce any discourse about the\\nparty politics of the province, and to persist in such discourse\\nafter being desired by the President to drop it, on pain of expulsion.\\nThe Constitution is signed by\\nBenjamin Kissam, Thomas Smith,\\nWilliam Livingston, John Morine Scott,\\nRobert R. Livingston, Jk. Peter Van Sciiaack,\\nDavid Matthews, Whitehead Hicks,\\nWilliam Smith, James Ddane,\\nJohn T. Kp:ivrPE, Egbert Benson,\\nWilliam Wickham, Rudolphus Ritzema,\\nRichard Morris, John Jay,\\nSamuel Jones, Stephen DeLancey.\\nOn March 4th, 1774, John Watts, Jr., and Gouverneur Monis\\nwere admitted to the Society, The last or final meeting took\\nplace 6th January, 1775. The following are some of the numer-\\nous offices and dates of the time when filled by Governor Livings-\\nton, and of works written and edited by him.\\nIn 1759 he was elected the second time to the Assembly of New\\nYork from the district of his brother s Manor.\\nHe moved to Elizabethport, New Jersey, in 1772, and was\\nelected to Congress from New Jersey in 1774, and again returned\\nto Congress in 1775, and again in 1776.\\nIn June, 1776, he took the command of the militia at Elizabeth-\\ntown, and was appointed Brigadier-General.\\nHe was elected Governor of New Jersey in August, 1776, and\\nwas elected and filled that office for fourteen years from 1776 until\\n1790.\\nHe was also a delegate in 1789 to the Convention that formed\\nthe Federal Constitution.\\nGovernor Livingston was greatly beloved by the people for his\\nvirtues and republican principles, which Avas sufficient reason for\\ntheir electing him so many years in succession to the Governor s\\nchair. He wrote or edited the following works\\nThe Art of Pleasing.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "294 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nPhilosophic Solitude, 1747.\\nThe Independent Reflector, 1752-53.\\nThe Watch Tower, 1754-55.\\nDigest of N. Y. Laws, 1752-62.\\nReview of Military Operations, c., 175G.\\nEulogium on Rev. Aaron Burr, 1757.\\nEssays under the title of the Sentinel, 17G5.\\nLetter to Bishop of LlanduflT, 1767.\\nThe American Whig, 1768-69.\\nLieut. Governor Colden s Soliloquy, 1770.\\nEssays under the title of the Primitive Whig, in the New\\nJersey Gazette, under the signature of Ilortentieus Scipio,\\n1777-86.\\nEssays in the American Museum, 1788-90.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 295\\nCHAPTER XLIV.\\nGOVERNOR Livingston s family, sketches and letters.\\nOne of Governor Livingston s daugliters writes a letter to a\\nfriend, dated 29th November, 1777 the following extracts from\\nit are valuable,- as they convey some slight idea of the great sacri-\\nfices made by the leading Whigs, in the days of the Revolution\\nK has been to Elizabethtown found our house in a\\nmost ruinous situation. General Dickenson had stationed a Cap-\\ntain with his artillery company in it, and after that it was kept for\\na bullock s guard. K waited on the General, and he order-\\ned the troops removed the next day but then the mischief was\\ndone. Eveiy thing is carried oflF that mama had collected for her\\naccommodation, so that it is impossible for her to go down to\\nhave the grapes and other things secured the very hinges, locks\\nand panes of glass are taken away.\\nAt this period, 1777, whilst Governor Livingston s family were\\nresiding at Percepany, he had retm ned upon a day s visit, which\\nwas discovered by the enemy and an attempt was made to capture\\nhim, probably with the view of taking his life. This incident was\\nmentioned in the Galloway tracts of 1777.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "29G CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nThe house was surrounded in the night by a party of Refugees,\\nwho thought it safest to wait until daylight to secure their prey\\nbiit the Governor s habits of early rising saved him from becoming\\na prisoner. His enemies overslept themselves, and when the sun\\nawoke them Governor Livingston was far away out of danger, en\\nroute to a neighbouring village.\\nTo this period also belongs another incident which is so strong-\\nly illustrative of the character of many agents of the Revolutionary\\nera, that we have to allow it space.\\nSome lady friends of Governor Livingston s daughters, residing\\nin New York, then under military rule, wrote to them to use their\\ninfluence with their father to obtain for them leave to pass a short\\ntime with Governor Livingston s family in New Jersey. Miss\\nLivingston, well knowing her father s strict rules on this subject,\\nand aware of his inflexibility to all such applications, addressed a\\nletter herself to Alexander Hamilton, then an Aid-de-Camp to\\nGeneral Washington, with a request that he would be so kind as to\\nendeavour to procure the much desired permission from the Com-\\nmander-in-Chief To this letter Hamilton returned the following\\nanswer\\nTo Miss Livingston 1 can hardly forgive an application to\\nmy humanity to induce me to exert my influence in an afliiir in\\nwhich ladies are concerned, and especially wlien you are of the\\nparty. Had you appealed to my friendship, or to my gallantry,\\nit would have been irresistible. I should have thought myself\\nbound to have set prudence and policy at defiance, and even to\\nhave attacked Avind mills in your ladyship s service. I am not\\nsure but my imagination would have gone so far as to have fancied\\nNew York an enchanted castle, the three ladies, so many fair dam-\\nsels, ravished from their friends and held in captivity by the spells\\nof some wicked magician. General Clinton, a huge giant, placed\\nas keeper of the gates, and myself a valorous knight destined to\\nbe their champion and deliverer. But when, instead of availing\\nyourself of so much better titles, you appealed to the cold general", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 297\\nprinciple of Inimanity, I confess I felt myself mortified, and deter-\\nmined by way of revenge to mortify you in turn I resolved to\\nshow you that all the eloquence of your fine pen could not tempt\\nTories to do wrong, and avoiding any representation of my own,\\nI put your letter into his hands and let it speak for itself I knew,\\nindeed, this would expose his resolution to a severer trial than it\\ncould experience in any other way, and I was not without my\\nfears for the event but if it should be decided against you, I anti-\\ncipated the triumph of letting you see your influence had fixiled.\\nI congratulate myself on the success of my scheme, for though\\nthere was a harder struggle upon the occasion between inclination\\nand duty than it would be for his honor to tell, yet he at last had\\nthe courage to determine that, as he could not indulge the ladies\\nwith consistency and propriety, he would not run the risk of being\\ncharged with a breach of both. This he desired me to tell you,\\nthough to be sure it Avas done in a diflferent manner, interlarded\\nwith many assurances of his great desire to oblige you, and of his\\nregret that he could not do it in the present case, with a deal\\nof stuflf of the same kind which I have too good an opinion of\\nyour understanding to repeat. I shall therefore only tell you that\\nwhether the Governor and the General are more honest or more\\nperverse than other peo2: le, they have a very odd knack of think-\\ning alike, and it happens in the present case that they both equally\\ndisapprove the intercourse you mention, and have taken pains to\\ndiscourage it. I shall leave you to make your own reflections\\nupon this, with only one more observation, which is that the ladies\\nfor whom you apply would have every claim to be gratified, were\\nit not that it would operate as a bad precedent. But before I con\\nelude, it will be necessary to explain one point. This refusal sup-\\nposes that the ladies mean only to make a visit and return to New\\nYork. If it should be their intention to remain with us, the case\\nwill be altered. There will be no rule against their coming out,\\nand they will be an acquisition. But this is subject to two\\nprovisos\\n38", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "298 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nFirst That they arc not found guilty of treason or any misde-\\nmeanor punishable by the laAvs of the State, in which case the\\nGeneral can have no power to protect them and\\nSecondly That the ladies on our side do not apprehend any\\ninconvenience from increasing.\\nTrifling apart, there is nothing could give me greater pleasure,\\nthan to have been able to serve Miss Livingston and her friends\\non this occasion, but circumstances really did not permit it. I am\\npersuaded she has too just an opinion of the General s politeness,\\nnot to be convinced that he Avould be happy to do anything which\\nhis public character would justify in an affair so interesting to the\\ntender feelings of so many ladies. Tlie delicacy of her own ideas\\nwill easily comprehend the delicacy of his situation. She knows\\nthe esteem of her friend. A. HAMILTON.\\nThe General and Mrs. Washington present their compliments.\\nHeadquakters, March IStli, 1779.\\nWe will next give a letter of Governor Livingston, written to\\nhis daughter, Catharine, then in Philadelphia\\nTo Miss Catharine Livingston, Philadelphia.\\nRauitan, 9tli August, 1779.\\nDear Caty The complaisance Avith which we treat the\\nBritish prisoners, considering how they treat us when in captivity,\\nof which you justly complain, is what the Congress can never\\nanswer to their constituents, however palliated with the specious\\nname of humanity. It is thus that we shall at last be humanized\\nout of om liberties. Their country, their honor, the spirits of\\nthose myriads avIio have fallen a sacrifice to the severity of their\\ntreatment by the enemy, and their own solemn oath, call upon that\\naugust body to retaliate without further procrastination. I knon\\nthere are a number of flirts in Philadeli)hia equally famed for their\\nwant of modesty, as want of patriotism, Avho will triumpli in our\\nover complaisance to the Red Coat prisoners lately arrived in that", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 299\\nmetropolis. I hope none of my connexions will imitate them,\\neither in the dress of their heads or the still more tory feelings of\\ntheir hearts.\\nI am your affectionate fathei\\nWILLIAM LIVINGSTON.\\nOn the 27th of November, 1776, Governor Livingston wrote as\\nfollows to General Washington, showing that whilst many mis-\\njudged him, he truly appreciated our great chieftain in his most\\ntrying ordeal\\nI can easily form some idea of the difficulties under which you\\nlabor, particularly of one for which the public can make no allow-\\nance, because your prudence and fidelity to the cause will not suf-\\nfer you to reveal it to the public an instance of magnanimity,\\nsui)erior perhaps to any that can be shown in battle. But depend\\nupon it, my dear sir, the impartial world will do you ample justice\\nbefore long. May God support you under that fatigue, both of\\nbody and mind, to which you must be constantly exposed.\\nOn November 16th, 1779, Governor Livingston penned the fol-\\nlowing letter, also addressed to his daughter Catharine\\nMount Holly, 16th November, 1779.\\nDear Catharine As we have not yet heard of the safe\\narrival of our friends on board of the Confederacy in the port of\\nNew York, I hope they have got such an offing as to be out of\\nthe track of the copper-bottoms. I am obliged to Mr. Morris for\\nhis promise of giving me the earliest intelligence of their arrival\\nin France. I hope his business with the four quarters of the globe\\nwill not efface it from his memory. I have already suffered more\\nanxiety on their account* than I should have imagined I could be\\naffected by on any account. The tenderness of a parent s heart can\\nnever be known till it is tried. The death of Mr. Ileivcs is a\\npublic loss. He was an honest man, a greater scarcity in these\\ntimes than even Hyson or double Refined. The enemy are col-\\nTlie persons for wliom anxiety is expressed in Governor Livingston s letter were Mr.\\nand Mrs. John Jay.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "300 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nlectecl in great force on Staten Island, and if iliey don t burn my\\nhouse I shall think them still greater rascals than ever as I have\\nreally endeavored to deserve that last and most luminous testi-\\nmony of their inveterate malice. They ought never to forget a\\nman for being ftiithful to his trust. But we are at present in such\\na situation that they cannot travel for into New Jersey, nor stay\\ntwenty-four hours in it, without exposing themselves to a severe\\ndrubbing. I am, c.,\\nWILLIAM LIVINGSTON.\\nThe anecdote of Miss Susan Livingston preserving her father s,\\nthe Governor s, papers Avhen the house was entered by a party of\\nBritish from New York, on the 28th of February, 1779, is well\\nrelated by a friend of Miss Livingston s, who heard it from her\\nown lips, after the war had ended. Governor Livingston, inform-\\ned of the approaching invasion, left home at an early hour to\\nescape capture, having confided his valuable papers to the care of\\nhis daughter. She had them placed in a carriage box, (box of a\\nsulky,) and taken to a room in the upper story of the house.\\nWhen the enemy were advancing Miss Livingston stepped from\\nthe Avindow of the apartment upon the roof of the i)iazza to look\\nat the lied Coats. A horseman in front of the detachment rode\\nhastily up and begged that she would retire, for there was danger\\nof some of his soldiers from a distance mistaking her for a man\\nand firing upon her. The young lady attempted to climb in at\\nthe window, but found it impracticable, though it had been easy\\nenough to get out. The horseman seeing her difficulty instantly\\nsprang from his horse, Avent into the house and up staii s into the\\nchamber, and leaping out upon the roof lifted Miss Livingston\\nthrough the windoAV. She asked to Avhom was she indebted for\\nthe courtesy the reply Avas Lord Cathcart. She then, Avith admir-\\nable presence of mind, appealed to him, as a gentleman, for the\\nprotection of the box, which she said contained lier priA ate\\nproperty i)romising if that could be secui ed to ojjcn her lather s\\nlibrary to the soldiers, A guard Avas ac^rdingly placed over the", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 301\\nbox wliile the libraiy was ransacked, and the men filled their fora-\\nging bags with worthless law papers and then quitted the house.\\nThe box thus saved contained the Governor s correspondence with\\nCongress, the Commander-in-Chief and State Officers.\\nIn one of Governor Livingston s letters to the Earl of Stirling,\\nhe says he has intrusted to his daughter Catharine his despatches\\nto his correspondents in Spain.\\nGeneral Washington s complimentary note to this lady was first\\npublished in Mrs. Ellet s Women of the Kevolution. On the 28th\\nof April, 1774, Governor Livingston s daughter Sarah, then in the\\neighteenth year of her age, Avas married at Elizabethtown, New\\nJersey, to the Hon. John Jay, then a young lawyer in his twenty-\\nninth year. He Avas of a Huguenot family, which, by intermar-\\nriage with the Bayards and Van Cortlandts, had become connected\\nwith the most prominent families of the province.\\nMiss Kitty Livingston wrote to her sister, Mrs. John Jay, at\\nMadrid\\nMay 23d, 1780.\\nLady Mary and Mrs. Watts have rented Mrs. Montgomery s\\nfarm for two years cousin Nancy Brown is one of their family.\\nColonel Lewis has pm chased a house in Albany one of the girls\\nlive there with Gittey. He and Robert have each presented\\nCousin Livingston with a granddaughter. The Chancellor s is a\\nremarkably fine child. Mrs. Livingston never looked so well as\\nshe did the last winter, and was so much admired in Philadelphia.\\nShe and Mrs. Morris were inseparable she was also a first favorite\\nof Mr. Morris. His esteem I think very flattering. Robert is in\\nCongress, and.I believe is at present there she is to accompany\\nhim in the fall. General and Mrs. Schuyler are at Moi ristown.\\nThe General is one of the three that compose a Committee from\\nCongress they expect to be with the army all summer. Mrs.\\nSchuyler returns to Albany when the campaign opens. Apropos\\nBetsey Schuyler is engaged to our friend, Colonel Hamilton. She\\nFrom Mrs. IJllet s Qaeen of Society.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "302 CLERMONT, Oil LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nhas boon at Mornstown, at Dr. Cochrane s, since last February.\\nMorristown continues to bo very lively. Tlie fate of Charlestowu\\nstill depending, and Mrs. 1*. is said to be making a match with her\\ndaughter and her husband s brother. She has absolutely refused\\nto let her go to her relations, and to let her choose a guardian.\\nColonel Burr and she are not on speaking terms.\\nMrs. Morris wrote from New Jersey to Mrs. Jolni Jay, dated\\nSeptember Gtli, 1780\\nYesterday we were informed from camp of the death of your\\ncousin, William Alexander Livingston, who received his death\\nfrom a Mr. Steaks, in a duel also was buried at the same time, in\\nlike circumstances, a Mr. Peyton, from Virginia. You may judge\\nhow fashionable dueling is grown when we have had five in one\\nweek, and one of them so singular that I cannot forbear mention-\\ning it. It happened between two Frenchmen, who Avere to stand\\nat a certain distance and, marching up, were to lire when they\\npleased. One fired and missed, the other reserving his till he had\\nplaced his pistol on his antagonist s forehead, who had just time to\\nsay, Ah Jlon Dleu i )ardonnez moi f at the same time bowing\\nwhilst the pistol went oiF, and did no other mischief than singing\\na few of his hairs.\\nIn October, 1786, Miss Susan LiNingstou wrote from Ilhincbeck\\nto her sister, Mrs. John Jay. The latter part of her letter Avas as\\nfolloAVS\\nI ought to conclude, and beware the third page, as they say a\\nwoman can t Avrite more than two pages Avithoiit scandal. You\\nmust be more or less than Avoman for you have AAaitten thirteen\\npages withoiTt scandal. Witness your letter that A\\\\;e call the con-\\nfederacy. We are in such high spirits about our public afijiirs\\nthat I must tell you a little about it. The letter then gives the\\naccount of a fine naval victory, and exi)resses hopes of soon hear-\\ning of Lord CoruAvall s surrender.\\nA repartee, made by one of Lord Dorchoslor s aids to Miss\\nSusan Livingston has been celebrated.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 303\\nWhen the British were evacuating New York she expressed a\\nAvish, to him, that their departure might be liastened, for among\\nyour incarcerated belles the scarlet fever must rage until you are\\ngone. Major Upham, the aid, replied that he feared if freed from\\nthe prevailing malady they would be tormented by a worse, the\\nblue devils\\nCatharine Livingston, Governor Livingston s second daughter,\\nmarried Matthew Ridley, of Baltimore. He was at Nantes in\\n1778, in the American Commission business.\\nThe following copy of an order sent to Nantes rather curiously\\nshows the precariousness of transi^ortation in those days. It is\\nextracted from a Mss. letter of John Jay, dated Madrid, January\\n21st, 1782, which letter expresses a hope that one of tlie parcels\\nniay meet its destination\\nBe pleased to send for Miss Kitty W. Livingston, to the care\\nof Hon. R. Morris, Esq., at Philadelphia, liy the first three good\\nvessels bound there, the three following parcels, viz\\nNo. 1 to contain 2 white embroidered patterns for Slices 4\\npair of silk stockings a pattern for a Negligee of light colored\\nsilk, with a set of ribbons suitable to it G pair of kid gloves G\\nyards of cat-gut, and capuire in proportion G yards of white silk\\ngauze.\\nNo. 2 to contain the same as above, except that tlie silk for the\\nNegligee must not be pink colored, but of any color that Mrs. John-\\nson may think fashionable and pretty. The shoes and ril)l)ons\\nmay be adapted to it.\\nNo. 3 to contain the same as above, except that the silk for the\\nNegligee must be of a different color fi om the other two, and the\\nshoes and ribljons of a proper color to be worn with it.\\nMiss Kitty Livingston took a deep interest in public affiiirs.\\nHer friend. Lady Catharine Alexander, writes from Valley Forge\\nafter the good and cheering news of the Alliance with France", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "304 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nWe liave nothing liere but rejoicings every one looks happy\\nand seems proud of tlie share he has had in humbling the pride of\\nBritain, and of establishing the name of America as a Nation.\\nShe also received the following letter from General Wasliington,\\naddressed to her from the same place\\nGeneral Washington having been informed lately of the honor\\ndone him by Miss Kitty Livingston in wishing for a lock of his\\nhair, takes the liberty of inclosing one, accompanied by his most\\nrespectful compliments.\\nCamp Valley Forge, 18th March, 1778.\\nSusannah, the Avife of Governor Livingston, was a woman of\\nsimple, unpretending manners, but endowed with a strong intel-\\nlect and a warm and tender heart. The letters of her husband\\nshow his high respect as well as love for her. When the British\\ntroops made their memorable incursion into New Jersey, by Eliza-\\nbethtown, the Governor being absent from his family, suffered\\nintense anxiety on their account, but while the neighboring\\nvillages Avere seen in flames the enemy respected Liberty Hall,\\nand treated its inmates Avith courtesy. A correspondent of Riv-\\nington s Gazette accounts for this by saying that one of the British\\nofficers received a rose from Susan Livingston on his visit to the\\nhouse as a memento of a promise of protection.\\nAn anecdote connected with this invasion has been traditionally\\npreserA ed, Avhich, if proved authentic, Avould furnish curious evi-\\ndence as to the agency concerned in the murder of ]Mrs. Caldwell.\\nAfter a day of alarm the flames of Springfield and Connecticut\\nfarms being in vicAV, and soldiers continually passing the house,\\nMrs. Livingston and her daughters Avere at a late hour surprised\\nby the entrance of several British officers Avho announced their\\nintention of lodging there. Their presence Avas felt to be a pro-\\ntection and the ladies retired. About midnight the officers left\\nthe house, called aAvay by some startling ncAVS, and not long after-\\nAvards a band of straggling soldiers, intoxicated, rushed Avith oaths", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 305\\nand threats into the hall. The maid servant, (as all the males of\\nthe establishment had taken refuge in the woods, early in the\\nday, to avoid being made prisoners,) fastened herself in the kitchen,\\nand tlie ladies crowding together like frightened deer locked them-\\nselves in another apartment. Their place of retreat was soon\\ndiscovered by the ruffians, and afraid to exasperate them by refus-\\ning to come out, one of Governor Livingston s daughters opened\\nthe door a drunken soldier seized her arm she grasped the vil-\\nlain s collar, and at the very moment a flash of lightning illumin-\\ned the hall and, falling full upon her white dress, he staggered\\nback, exclaiming with an oath, Its Mrs. Caldwell that we killed\\nto-day. One of the party was at length recognized and tlie house\\nby his intervention finally cleared of the assailants.\\nThe influence Mrs. Livingston had with her husband was very\\ngreat, this influence was secured by her good sense, her sympathy\\nand her unselfish tenderness. She shared his thoughts in time of\\nwar, and his joy when allowed to relinquish his wandering life\\nand return to his home to enter once more his deserted library,\\nand superintend his long neglected garden. In his simple and\\nrural occupation she was his constant and faithful companion, and\\nhis letters evince the warm afiection he cherished for her through\\nyears of absence and absorbing occupation. She died on the 17th\\nof July, 1789. She had been an invalid for some time, and in\\n1786 went to Lebanon, N. Y., hoping to derive some benefit from\\nits waters, which were even then crowded by believers in their\\nvirtue.\\nA few years before this, in 1786, Mr. Livingston wrote a letter\\nto his wife from Trenton, in answer to one from her in which she\\nhad reproached him for not oftener writing. It shows with what\\ntender solicitude he watched over her health, and how little the\\nfirst warmth of his affection was abated by years of absence\\nTrenton, 4th March, 1786.\\nMy Dear, Dear Susan Considering that for near a fortnight\\nafter I arrived I was so indisposed as scarcely to be able to bold a\\n39", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "I\\n306 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\npen in my liand, unci that notwithstanding my indisposition, I\\nwrote you two letters before I received yours of the 27tli of\\nFebruary, which came to my hands this day, and that during all\\nthat time I was every day anxious in inquiring after your health\\nfrom evei7body that came from our part of the country, you\\nhave greatly distressed me by ascribing my silence to my want of\\naffection for you. If I was to live to the age of Methusalim I\\nbelieve I should not forget a certain flower that I once saw in a\\ncertain garden, and however that flower may have since faded\\ntowards the evening of that day, I shall always remember how it\\nbloomed in the morning, nor shall I ever love it less for that decay\\nwhich the most beautiful and fragrant flowers are subject to in the\\ncourse of nature.\\nI repeat it, that I love you most affectionately, and when I\\nreturn I will by my attentions and assiduities give you the greatest\\ndemonstrations possible of the sincerity of this, my declaration.\\nAfter this I hope you Avill not so far forget your friend and lover\\nas not to acquaint him, as often as you conveniently can, of the\\nstate of your health, which I still hope aTid jn-ay may be perfectly\\nrestored.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 307\\nCHAPTER XLV.\\nINCIDENTS AND ANECDOTES OF GOV. EIVINGSTON, CONTINUED.\\nIll the year 1781, Governor Livingston wrote to his][brother,\\nRobert Livingston, as follows\\nTrenton, 17tli December, 1781.\\nDear Brother I hear that your very numerous family is\\ngoing to be iucreased^by the addition of one of mine. I fear Susan\\nwill be troublesome to a house so overrun with company as yours.\\nBut my poor girls are so terrified at the frequent incursions of the\\nrefugees into Elizabethtown, that it is a kind of cruelty to insist\\non their keeping at home, especially as their mother chooses,\\nrather to submit to her present solitary life than to expose them\\nto such disagreeable apprehensions. But she herself will keep her\\nground to save the place from being ruined, and I must quit it to\\nsave my body from the Provost in New York, so that we are all\\nscattered about the country. But by the blessing of God, and the\\ninstrumentality of General Washington and Robert Morris, I hope\\nwe shall drive the devils to old England before next June. The\\nnaval operations of the United Provinces, (by a letter lately receiv-\\ned from a noble correspondent,) appear still gi eatly retarded by\\nthe faction of the Prince of Orange. If the patriotic party cannot", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "308 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\ngive his serene highness a Dutch for an English heart, I hope that\\nrather than suffer themselves to be outwitted by him he may be\\nDe-witted by them.\\nCornwallis party in New York is open-mouthed against Clin-\\nton, and tlu ows all the blame of his lordship s capture on Sir\\nHarry. The latter justifies himself by the impracticability of\\naffording succour after the arrival of^the French fleet. Whether\\neither of them is to be blamed for this disaster I know not, but I\\nknow somebody on whom they may safely throw it, and who is\\nvery willing to bear it, General Washington. I should be very\\nsorry to have Clinton recalled through any national resentment\\nagainst him, because as fertile as that country is in the production\\nof blockheads I think they cannot easily send us a greater blunder-\\nbuss, unless peradventure it should please his Majesty himself to\\ndo us the honor of a visit. I am, c.,\\nWILLIAM LIVINGSTON.\\nIn another letter, dated 3d March, 1787, to a friend, Governor\\nLivingston writes\\nMy principal Secretary of State, who is one of my daughters,\\nis gone to New York to shake her heels at the balls and assem-\\nblies of a metropolis, which might as Avell be more studious of pay-\\ning its taxes than of instituting expensive diversions.\\nI mention this absence of my Secretary to atone for the sloven-\\nly liandAvi iting of this letter and of my enclosed certificate, because\\nshe is as celebrated for writing a good hand as her father is notori-\\nous for scribbling a bad one. I am, c.,\\nWILLIAM LIVINGSTON.\\nGovernor Livingston s handwriting, as he states in the above\\nletter, was intolerably bad. His early letter books were written\\nwith a plain clerkly hand, but he degenerated by degi*ees so very\\nmuch in this respect that General Washington often used to say\\nthat when he received a letter from Governor Livingston he called\\naround him all his staff to assist him in deciphering it.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 309\\nGovernor Livingston was very fond of trying his hand at\\ncarpenter work he had a lathe and a full set of joiners tools,\\nwhich supplied him in dull rainy weather Avith healthful exercise\\nwithin doors, and he took much pride in the skill with Avhich he\\ncould use the tools to make various useful and ornamental articles.\\nHe said to his daughter one day Come with me, my dear,\\nand see how many houses I own, or how rich I am in real estate.\\nShe followed, as he led the way into his oiRce, study and work-\\nshop, and there found to her surprise the table entirely covered\\nwith a great quantity of wren houses of his own manufacture, and\\nwhich he afterAvards put up all around the house, over the piazzas,\\nupon trees, c., as trophies of his ingenuity. This, together with\\nthe cultivation of his garden, in which he worked much himself,\\nand took great pride in raising the first and finest vegetables at\\nthat time known, as well as fishing, occupied pretty well all his\\nleisure hom s.\\nHad it not been for his domestic trouble, and his own increasing\\ninfirmities, the last years of his life would probably have been the\\nmost happy.\\nIn writing to M, de Marbois, of Paris, under date of 26th Sep-\\ntember, 1783, he says\\nThanks to Heaven that the times again permit me to pursue\\nmy favorite amusement of raising vegetables, which, with the\\nadditional pleasure resulting from my library, I really prefer to all\\nthe bustle and sjilendor of the world.\\nIn speaking of his children he says I have had to the num-\\nber of these United States which was at that time 13 States, now\\nthirty-seven. Six of his children died during his life time.\\nGovernor Livingston was in stature above the middle height,\\nand so remarkably thin in early life as to receive from some female\\nwits of New York, perhaps in allusion to his satmcal dispositiun,\\nthe nickname of the Whipping Post.\\nIn later years he acquired a more dignified corpulency.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "310 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nSpeaking of himself, in the language of one of his opponents in\\nthe American Whig of 1768, he says The Whig is a long-\\nnosed, long-chinncd, iigly looking fellow.\\nGovernor Livingston abounded with wit and fun, and had a play-\\nful temper Avith children, of Avhom he was extremely fond, and\\ntook great delight and interest in all their sports and amusements,\\nmaking all their pleasures his own. In a letter written to his son-\\nin law, Mr. Ilidley, the 10th of March, 1788, he writes what great\\n])lcasure a visit from his children and grand-children would give\\nhim Suppose in reality that you and\\nand Mr. and Mrs. Jay, and should come\\nto Liberty Hall next cherry time why then with my romping\\nAvith some iipon the jiiazza, and shooting robbins with others out\\nof the mazzard trees, and talking and Avalking Avith the elder boys\\nand girls, and their fathers and mothers around the table, I per-\\ntest, as some ladies say, that I would not exchange such a s cene\\nof happiness for any gratification of the Grand Seignoir.\\nNot often at the age of sixty -five years do Ave find the fresh,\\nflexible sympathies Avith all the pastimes and amusements of\\nchildhood and youth.\\nLossing, in his Field Book, states That William Livingston,\\nafterAvard the GoA^ernor of Ncav Jersey, seems to have been one of\\nthe most eminent Avriters against Episcopacy, and Dr. Chandler,\\nand Samuel Seabury, (afterwards Bisho]^,) Avere among its chief\\nsupporters.\\nAn anonymous Avriter, Avhose alias Avas Timothy Tickle, Esq.,\\nAvrote a series of poAverful articles in favor of Episcopacy, in Hugh\\nGaines Ncav York Mercury, in 1708, supposed by some to be\\nDr. Auchmuty, of Trinity Cluirch.\\nThe Synod of Connecticut passed a vote of thanks to Living-\\nston for his Essays, Avhile in Gaines paper. lie was lampooned by a\\nshrcAvd Avriter in a poem of nearly two hundred lines. Livingston\\nAVi ote anonymously, and the ])oet thus refers to the author", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 311\\nSome think him Tindall, some think him Chnbb,\\nSome think him a Ranter that spouts from his tub,\\nSome think him a Newton, some think him a Locke,\\nSome think him a Stone, some tliink him a Stock,\\nBut a Stock he at least may thank Natm-e for givino-,\\nAnd if he s a Stone, I pronounce it a Living.\\nEpiscopacy was introduced into America, took root and flour-\\nished, and when the revolution broke out, some seven or eight\\nyears afterwards, there were many of its adherents found on the\\nside of liberty, though generally so intimate Avas its relations\\nthrough the mother clmrcli, to the throne, its loyalty became a sub-\\nject of reproach and suspicion, for the Episcopal clergy, as a body,\\nwere active or passive loyalists.\\nGovernor Livingston s grief on the loss of his wife was great,\\nas it was a severe shock to him and to his children.\\nAll the family letters show that his grief at this final separation\\nfrom her who had shared in all the anxieties of a long and toil-\\nsome life, continued unabated, and that it accelerated the progress\\nof his own disease. For the year following her death his spirits\\nflagged, and a marked difference was perceptible in his temper.\\nHe appeared more chastened and subdued what the changes of\\nfifty years had not affected, heartfelt \u00c2\u00bborrow at one fell stroke\\naccomplished, and he hardly on any subsequent occasion manifest-\\ned that instability of temper which was previously a part and\\nparcel of his former self or character.\\nOn the 12th day of June, 1790, after Governor Livingston had\\n1-e turned from Amboy to Elizabethtown, he complained of an op-\\npression on his breast, which soon afterwards proved to be the\\ndropsy, and was attended with a severe cough. Doctor Bard, of\\nKew York, was called in. Medical aid and medicine, however,\\nonly served to prolong his sufferings a few days.\\nHis disorder, writes Sedgwick was of a peculiarly harassing\\ncharacter, but he bore it with a patience which the excitability of\\nhis temper would not have given reason to expect", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "812 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nThat religion, which, when invoked truly, is never invoked in\\nvain, sent down her messengers of peace to calm these trying mo-\\nments.\\nThe following extracts from letters written about this time,\\nwith the greatest facilities of observation, will convey the best\\nidea of the closing portion of his life. The more I reflect on the\\npatience and fortitude with which he supported his last illness, the\\nmore I am astonished at it. He never uttered a complaining\\nword the most he ever said was I can t hold it long, if I do\\nnot get relief I have often reflected on a line written in early\\nlife For I who know to live, would never fear to die.\\nWhen they Avould tell him how much better he looked, a\\nstrange misunderstanding between the looks and feelings, he would\\nsay He often said, God s will be done, and would tell me I had\\ndone all I could, I must leave the event to Providence. lie sup-\\nported his illness with uncommon patience and resignation.\\nThe last day of his life I asked him if he was in much pain\\nhe answered no, none at all. Whenever we asked how he felt,\\nthe answer was, weak, very weak. The cough left him a consid-\\nerable time before his death, after which he could lie in bed, and\\nthat was a great relief before that period he sat night and day in\\nan easy chair. This painful scene was at length closed, for on\\nSunday, the 25th day of July, 1790, this statesman, patriot and\\nchristian breathed his last. He was interred by the side of the\\nremains of his wife, at Elizabethtown.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 313\\nCONCLUSION.\\nWith this last sketch of Governor William Livingston we close\\nthe work. My task is done, and I now throw down my pen, with\\nwhat success or failure it must be left for the reader to judge. It\\nhas been a work of pleasure, and has beguiled many an hour of\\ntwo long and tedious winters.\\nOf the family circle and their connections, herein chronicled,\\nwe find distinguished men both in civil and military life. We\\nread of the illustrious general, the statesman, the inventive gen-\\nius, the jurist, the foreign diplomatist, the intellectual citizen,\\nand the true faithful christian, all exemplified in both public and\\nprivate every day life.\\nI have endeavored to make it a journal of facts, and by group-\\ning facts, interspersed with anecdote and letter, to give an insight\\ninto the home, as Avell as public life of our ancestors for a man\\ncannot be great, in the true sense of the word, in public life, if he\\nis not respected in his own home or neighborhood. Greatness\\nhas its birth in the heart and cultivates all christian virtues, and\\nhe who cannot control his own temper or passions cannot be called\\na great man, although he may be the conqueror of a kingdom.\\nBut we do not flatter the memories of the departed ones in this\\n40", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "314 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nbiography, when we state that they were celebrated both in the\\npublic and private walks of life, and we can take them as exam-\\nples for us to follow, both as public men and as christians.\\nThe women of this distinguished family we must not pass by\\nwithout a retrospective glance. We here find the patriotic\\nmother, the brave daughter, the exemplary christian, and faith-\\nful wife. Most all were celebrated both for beauty and intellect-\\nual attainments, whom we may compare to the polished corners\\nof the temple.\\nWho can read the life of Janet Livingston Montgomery without\\nshedding tears. We behold her giving up her handsome,\\nnoble young husband as a sacrifice upon the altar of her country,\\nAvithout a miirmur, and letting her soldier go forth never to return.\\nIt is sad to consider that all those brave hearts have passed away,\\nand like, Xerxes when he wept at the thought on beholding his\\nimmense army, that in a brief century they would all be gone\\nthus likewise we look back with sorrow that they are all number-\\ned with the ai my of the dead. But although they have passed\\nfrom earth, they have left us not only the records of their virtues\\nand patriotism, but a country tliat they helped to free and sustain,\\nand bequeathed to us as our inheritance.\\nWhen we look back with a just pride at the retrospect of their\\nlives and public honors, and then consider the responsibility that\\nrests upon us to care for and preserve this glorious inheritance,\\nthis temple of freedom for their mantle, like that of the Prophet\\nof old, has fallen upon our shoulders, and ungrateful indeed must\\nhe be who is unmindful of such a legacy. Their foot-prints the\\nsands of time can never obliterate, but where are they now\\nThe infant a mother attended and loved\\nThe mother that infant s affection who proved\\nThe husband that mother and infant who blessed,\\nEach, all are away to their dwellings of rest.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 315\\nFor we are the same our fathers have been\\nWe see the same sights our fathers have seen\\nWe drink the same stream, and view the same sun,\\nAnd nin the same course our fathers have run.\\nThe thoughts Ave are thinking our fathers would think,\\nFrom the death we are shrinking our fathers would shrink,\\nTo the life we are clinging they also would cling\\nBut it speeds for us all like a bird on the wing.\\nThey loved, but the story we cannot unfold\\nThey scorned, but the heart of the haughty is cold 5\\nThey grieved, but no wail from their slumber will come\\nThey joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb.\\nThey died, aye they died, we things that are now,\\nThat walk on the turf that lies over their brow.\\nAnd make in their dwellings a transient abode\\nMeet the things that they met on their pilgrimage road.\\nTis the wink of an eye, tis the draught of a breath,\\nFrom the blossom of health to the paleness of death.\\nFrom the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud.\\nOh Avhy should the spirit of mortal be proud.\\nTlie Livingstons as a family have done well for their country,\\nas the past records show. It is to be hoped the descendants of\\nthose noble old patriots will do as much, and let it still be proved\\nin every generation, as has been said by a young poet of Columbia\\nHow firm is the Arch of our Union,\\nWhen built of the true Living-Stone.\\nTHE END.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nPetition to the King, written by Judge Robert R. Livingston,\\n(see page 30,) adopted October 22d, 1765.\\nTO THE king s most exceixent majesty.\\nThe petition of the Freeholders and other Inhabitants of the colo-\\nnies of Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plan-\\ntations, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the government\\nof the counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex, upon Delaware,\\nand province of Maryland,\\nMOST HUMBLY SHOWETII,\\nThat the inhabitants of these colonies, unanimously devoted\\nwith the warmest sentiments of duty and affection to your sacred\\nl^erson and government, and inviolably attached to the present\\nhappy establishment of the Protestant succession in your illustri-\\nous house, and deeply sensible of your royal attention to their\\nprosperity and happiness, humbly beg leave to approach the\\nthrone, by representing to yom- majesty, that these colonies were\\noriginally planted by subjects of the British crown, who, animated\\nwith the spirit of liberty, encouraged by your majesty s royal\\nj)redecessors, and confiding in the public faith for the enjoyment\\nof all the rights and liberties essential to freedom, emigrated from\\ntheir native country to this continent, and, by then* successful\\nperseverance, in the midst of innumerable dangers and difficulties,\\ntogether with a profusion of their blood and treasure, have hap-\\npily added these vast and extensive dominions to the Empire of\\nGreat Britain.\\nThat, for the enjoyment of these rights and liberties, several\\ngovernments were early formed in the said colonies, with full\\npower of legislation, agreeably to the principles of the English\\nconstitution that, under these governments, these liberties, thus\\nvested in their ancestors, and transmitted to their posterity, have", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "318 CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR.\\nbeen exercised and enjoyed, and by the inestimable blessings\\nthereof, under the favor of Almighty God, the inhospitable deserts\\nof America have been converted into flourishing countries sci-\\nence, humanity, and the knowledge of divine truths diffused\\nthrough remote regions of ignorance, infidelity, and barbarism\\nthe number of British subjects wonderfully increased, and the\\nwealth and power of Great Britain proportionably augmented.\\nThat, by means of these settlements and the unparalleled success\\nof your majesty s arms, a foundation is now laid for rendering the\\nBritish empire the most extensive and powerful of any recorded in\\nhistory our connexion with this empire we esteem our gi eatest\\nhappiness and security, and humbly conceive it may now be so\\nestablished by your royal wisdom, as to endure to the latest period\\nof time this, with the most humble submission to your majesty,\\nwe apprehend will be most effectually accomplished by fixing the\\npillars thereof on liberty a d justice, and securing the inlierent\\nrights and liberties of your subjects here, upon the principles of\\nthe English constitution. To this constitution, these two princi-\\nples are essential the rights of your faithful subjects freely to\\ngrant to your majesty such aids as are required for the support of\\nyour government over them, and other public exigencies and\\ntrials by their peers. By the one they are secured from unreason-\\nable impositions, and by the other from the arbitraiy decisions of\\nthe executive power. The continuation of these liberties to the\\ninhabitants of America, we ardently implore, as absolutely neces\\nsary to unite the several parts of your wide-extended dominions,\\nin that harmony so essential to the preservation and happiness of\\nthe whole. Protected in these liberties, the emoluments Great\\nBritain receives from us, however great at present, are inconsider-\\nable, compared with those she has the fairest prospect of acquiring.\\nBy this protection, she will for ever secure to herself the advanta-^\\nges of conveying to all Europe, the merchandize which America\\nfurnishes, and for supplying, through the same channel, whatso^\\never is wanted from thence. Here opens a boundless source of\\nwealth and naval strength. Yet these immense advantages, by", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "CLERMONT, OR LIVINGSTON MANOR. 319\\nthe abridgment of those invahiable rights and liberties, by which\\nour growth has been nourished, are in danger of being for ever\\nlost, and our subordinate legislatures in effect rendered useless by\\nthe late acts of parliament imposing duties and taxes on these\\ncolonies, and extending the jurisdiction of the courts of admiralty\\nhere, beyond its ancient limits statutes by which your majesty s\\ncommons in Britain undertake absolutely to dispose of the property\\nof their fellow-subjects in America without then- consent, and for\\nthe enforcing whereof, they are subjected to the determination of\\na single judge, in a court unrestrained by the wise rulers of the\\ncommon law, the birthright of Englishmen, and the safeguard of\\nthen* persons and properties.\\nThe invaluable rights of taxing ourselves and trial by our peers,\\nof which we implore your majesty s protection, are not, we most\\nhumbly conceive, unconstitutional, but confirmed by the Great\\nCharter of English liberties. On the first of these rights the\\nhonorable house of commons found their practice of originatino-\\nmoney, a right enjoyed by the kingdom of Ireland, by the clergy\\nof England, until relinquished by themselves a right, in fine,\\nwhich all other your majesty s English subjects, both Avithin and\\nwithout the realm, have hitherto enjoyed.\\nWith hearts, therefore, impressed with the most indelible charac-\\nters of gratitude to your majesty, and to the memory of the kings\\nof your illustrious house, whose reigns have been signally distin-\\nguished by their auspicious influence on the prosperity of the\\nBritish dominions and convinced by the most affecting proofs of\\nyour majesty s paternal love to all your people, however distant,\\nand your unceasing and benevolent desires to promote their\\nhappiness Ave most humbly beseech your majesty that you will\\nbe graciously pleased to take into your royal consideration the dis-\\ntresses of your faithful subjects on this continent, and to lay the\\nsame before your majesty s pai liament, and to afford them such\\nrelief as, in your royal wisdom, their unhappy circumstances shall\\nbe judged to require. And your petitioners will pray, c.", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "^V^\\nQ^it.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^.Li.i", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "|J .I I/ Ai\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n|i|ii||| |1l|l||l!|ir!|||i!P II III\\n014 222 340 5\\nM;i .,i!ll;;;;i;^; :i:i.;,ii", "height": "3600", "width": "2201", "jp2-path": "biographicalhist00clar_0336.jp2"}}