{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "1 vV^\\nC, vP\\nG^\\n-^^0^\\nC\\n^^-n^", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "a\\ni\\n^f^9-\\n.-iq*\\nr^o\\noK\\nj^%\\\\ c0^y^^^-o\\n.0", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "THE\\nSFAHIARDS\\niisr\\nFLORIDA.\\nSI BY\\nI\\nGEORGE R. FAIRBANKS.\\nCOLUMBUS DREW,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Pla.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE\\nSPANIARDS IN FLORIDA,\\nCOMPKISING THE NOTABLE SETTLEMENT\\nHUGUENOTS IN 1564,\\nHISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nSt. Augustine,\\nFounded A. D. 1565.\\nGEORGE R. FAIRBANKS,\\nVICE-PEEBIDENT FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY: HONORARY MEMBER NEW-YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY:\\nLECTURER ON AMERICAN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH.\\nJACKSONVILLE, FLA.\\nCOLUMBUS DKEW.\\n1868.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by\\nCOLUMBUS DREW,\\nIn the Clerk s 0\u00c2\u00a3Bce of the District Court of the United States for the Southern\\nDistrict of New York.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "^//J/^_\\nRESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED\\nTO\\nBIJCKINOHAM SMITH, ESQ.,\\nU. S. SECRETART OF LEGATION AT MADRID,\\nTO WHOSE EFFORTS IN THE\\nDISCOYERY AND PRESERVATION OF THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE\\nSPANISH DOMINION IN AMERICA,\\nA GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT\\nIS DUE FKOM\\nAMERICAN SCHOLARS.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PEEFACE.\\nThis volume, relating to the history and antiquities of the oldest\\nsettlement in the United States, has grown out of a lecture delivered\\nthe author, and which he was desired to embody in a more perma-\\nnent form.\\nThe large amount of interesting material in my possession, has made\\nmy work rather one of laborious condensation than expansion.\\nI have endeavored to preserve as fully as possible, the style and\\nquaintness of the old writers from whom I have drawn, rather than to\\ntransform or embellish the narrative with the supposed graces of mod-\\nern diction and, as much of the work consisted in translations from\\nforeign idioms, this peculiarly un-English style, if I may so call it,\\nwill be more noticeably observed. I have mainly sought to give it a\\npermanent value, as founded on the most reliable ancient authorities\\nand thus, to the extent of the ground which it covers, to make it a\\nvaluable addition to the history of our country.\\nIn that portion of the work devoted to the destruction of the Hug-\\nuenot colony and the forces of Ribault, I have in the main followed\\nthe Spanish accounts, desiring to divest the narrative of all suspicion\\nof prejudice or unfairness; Barci a, the principal authority, as is well\\nknown, professing the same faith as Menendez, and studiously endeav-\\noring throughout his work, to exalt the character of the Adelantado.\\nI am under great obligations to my friend, Buckingham Smith,\\nEsq., for repeated favors in the course of its preparation.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.\\nThe interest evinced in the publication of the first edition of this\\nvolume, in 1858, under the title of History and Antiquities of\\nSt. Augustine, has induced the author to prepare a second edition\\nfor the press, under the present title, as being more exactly descriptive\\nof that portion of the liistory of Florida embraced in its pages.\\nHe hopes at no distant day to put to press the History of Florida, in\\na much more complete form, and embracing the chequered and various\\npictures of the many expeditions which sought either to found upon\\nits shores a kingdom to satiate their ambition, or to find wealth com-\\nmensurate with their desires.\\nA chapter of no mean interest in the history of Florida has been\\nadded since the first preface w;is written. Battles have been fought\\nupon its soil, more considerable as to the numbers engaged and the\\nfierceness of the fray, than any ever before recorded. But as this\\nchapter forms a portion of the general history of the State rather than\\nof the old city which played but an inconsiderable part in the contest,\\nit does not fall within the purview of this work to make more than a\\nbrief mention of this period.\\nG. R. F.\\nUniversity Place, Tenx.,\\nOct. 1, 18G8.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPage.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nIntroductory\\nCHAPTER II.\\nFirst discovery, 1512 to 1565. Juan Ponce de Leon 11\\nCHAPTER III.\\nRibault, Laudonniere, and Menendez Settlements of the Huguenots,\\nand foundation of St. Augustine. 1562 1565\u00e2\u0080\u00941568 1:^,\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe attack on Fort Caroline. 1565 I .i\\nCHAPTER V.\\nEscape of Laudonniere and others from Fort Caroline Adventures of\\nthe fugitives\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nSite of Fort Caroline, afterwards called San Matteq 31\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nMenendez s return to St. Augustine Shipwreck of Ribault\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Massacre\\nof part of his command. A. D. 1565 38\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nFate of Ribault and his followers Bloody massacre at Matanzas, 1565. 46\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nFortifying of St. Augustine Disaffections and mutinies Approval of\\nMenendez acts by king of Spain. 1565 1568 ol\\nCHAPTER X.\\nThe notable revenge of Dominic de Gourgues Return of Menendez\\nIndian Mission. 1568 6)", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "8 CONTENTS.\\nPage.\\nCHAPTER XL\\nSir Francis Drake s attack upon St. Augustine Establishment of mis-\\nsions Massacre of missionaries at St. Augustine. 1586 1638 65\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nSubjection of the Apalachian Indians Construction of the fort, sea\\nwall, c.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1638\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1700 71\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nAttack on St. Augustine by Gov. Moore of South Carolina DitBcul-\\nties -with the Georgians.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1702\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1732 77\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nSiege of St. Augustine by Oglethorpe.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1732\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1740 82\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nCompletion of the castle Descriptions of St. Augustine a century\\nago\u00e2\u0080\u0094 English occupation of Florida.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1755\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1763\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1783 HO\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nllo-cession of Florida to Spain Erection of the Parish Church Change\\nof flags.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1783\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1821... 100\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nTransfer of Florida to the United States American occupation An-\\ncient buildings, c lO i\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nPresent appearance of St. Augustine, as given by the author of Thana-\\ntopsis Its climate and salubrity 110\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nSt. Augustine in its old age.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1565\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1868 US", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nOP\\nST. A.TjaXJSTIISrE, Fla.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nINTRODUCTORY.\\nThe Saint Augustine of the present and the St. Augus-\\ntine of the past, are in striking contrast.\\nWe see, to-day, a town less in population than hundreds\\nof places of but few months existence, dilapidated in its\\nappearance, with the stillness of desolation hanging over it,.\\nits waters undisturbed except by the passing canoe of th\\nfisherman, its streets unenlivened by busy traffic, and at\\nmid-day it might be supposed to have sunk under the en-\\nchanter s wand into an almost eternal sleep.\\nWith no participation in the active schemes of life, and\\nno hopes for the future with no emulation, and no feverish\\nvisions of future greatness with no corner lots on sale or\\nin demand; with no stocks, save those devoted to disturbers\\nof the public peace with no excitements and no events a\\nquiet, undisturbed, dreamy vision of still life surrounds its\\nwalls, and creates a sensation of entire repose, pleasant or\\notherwise, as it falls upon the heart of the weary wanderer\\nsick of life s busy bustle, or upon the restless mind of him\\nwho looks to nothing as life except perpetual, unceasing\\naction the one rejoicing in its rest, the other chaling under\\nits monotony. And yet, about the old city there clings a\\nhost of historic associations, that throw around it a charm,\\nwhich few can fail to feel.\\nIts life is in its past and when we recall the fact that it\\nwas the first permanent settlement of the white man, by\\nmore than forty years, in this confederacy that here for the\\nfirst time, isolated within the shadows of the primeval for-\\nest, the civilization of the Old World made its abidinjr\\n9", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nplace, where all was new, and wild, and strange that this\\nnow so insignificant place was the key of an empire that\\nnpon its fate rested the destiny of a nation that its occupa-\\ntion or retention decided the fate of a people that it was\\nitself a vice provincial court, boasted of its adelantados,\\nmen of the first mark and note, of its Royal Exchequer, its\\npublic functionaries, its brave men at arms that its proud\\nname, conferred by its monarch, Le siemprejiel Ciudad de\\nSan Auaustin, The ever faithful City of St. Augustine\\nstood out upon the face of history that here the cross was\\nfirst planted that from the Papal throne itself rescripts\\nwere addressed to its governors that the first great eitbrts\\nat Christianizing the fierce tribes of America proceeded\\nfrom this spot; that the martyr s blood was first here shed\\nthat within these quiet walls the din of arms, the noise of\\nbattle, and the fierce cry of assaulting columns, have been\\nheard Who will not then feel that we stand on historic\\nground, and that an interest attaches to the annals of this\\nancient city far more than is possessed by mere brick and\\nmortar, rapid growth, or unwonted prosperitj^ Moss-\\ngrown and shattered, it appeals to our instinctive feelings of\\nreverence for antiquity and we feel desirous to know the\\nhistory of its earlier days.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 11\\nCHAPTER II.\\nFIRST DISCOVERY, 1^2 TO 15fij\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JUAN PONCE DE LEON.\\nAmong the sturdy adventurers of the sixteenth century\\nwho sought both fame and fortune in the path of discovery,\\nwas Ponce de Leon, a companion of Columbus on his sec-\\nond voyage, a veteran and bold mariner, who, after a long\\nand adventurous life, feeling the infirmities of age and the\\nshadows of the decline of life hanging over him, willingly\\ncredited the tale that in this, the beautiful land of his imag-\\nination, there existed a fountain whose waters could restore\\nyouth to palsied age, and beauty to efface the marks of time.\\nThe story ran that far to the north there existed a land\\nabounding in gold and all manner of desirable things, but,\\nabove all, possessing a river and springs of so remarkable a\\nvirtue that their waters would confer immortal youth on\\nwhoever bathed in them that upon a time a considerable\\nexpedition of the Indians of Cuba had departed northward\\nin search of this beautiful country and these waters of im-\\nmortality, who had never returned, and who, it was suppo-\\nsed, were in a renovated state, still enjoying the felicities ot\\nthe happy land.\\nFurthermore, Peter Martyr affirms, in his second decade,\\naddressed to the Pope, that among the islands on the\\nnorth side of Hispaniola, there is one about three hundred\\nand twenty-five leagues distant, as they say which have\\nsearched the same, in the which is a continual spring ot\\nrunning water, of such marvelous virtue that the water\\nthereof being drunk, perhaps Avith some diet, maketh old\\nmen young again. And here I must make protestation to\\nyour Holiness not to think this to be said lightly, or rashly\\nfor they have so spread this rumor for a truth throughout\\nall the court, that not only all the people, but also many of\\nthem whom wisdom or fortune have divided from the com-\\nmon sort, think it to be true. Thoroughly believing in\\nThe fountain of youth is a very ancient fable and the reader will be\\nreminded of the amusing story of the accomplishment of this miracle, told\\nin Hawthorne s Twice-Told Tales, and of the marvelous effects produced\\nby imbibing this celebrated spring water.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nthe verity of this pleasant account, this gallant cavalier\\niitted out an expedition from Porto Rico, and in the progress\\nof his search came upon the coast of Florida, on Easter\\nMonday, 1512, supposing then, and for a long period after-\\nwards, that it was an island. Partly in consequence of the\\nbright spring verdure and flowery plains that met his eye,\\nand the magnificence of the magnolia, the bay and the lau-\\nrel, and partly in honor of the day, Pascua Florida, or Palm\\nSunday, and reminded, probably, of its appropriateness by\\nthe profusion of the cabbage palms near the point of his\\nlanding, he gave to the country the name of Florida.\\nOn the 3d of April, 1512, three hundred and fifty-five\\nyears ago, he landed a few miles north of St. Augustine,\\nand took possession of the country for the Spanish crown.\\nHe found the natives fierce and implacable and after ex-\\nploring the country for some distance around, and trying\\nthe virtue of all the streams, and growing neither younger\\nnor handsomer, he left the country without making a per-\\nmanent settlement.\\nThe subsequent explorations of E arvaez, in 1526, and of\\nBe Soto, in 1539, were made in another portion of our\\nState, and do not bear immediately upon the subject of our\\ninvestigation, although foraiing a most interesting portion\\nof our general history.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLOKIDA. 13\\nCHAPTER III.\\nRIBAULT, LAUDONNIERE, AND MENENDEZ SETTLEMENTS OF THE\\nHUGUENOTS, AND FOUNDATION OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n1562\u00e2\u0080\u00941565\u00e2\u0080\u00941568.\\nThe settlement of Florida had its origin in the religions\\ntroubles experienced by the Huguenots under Charles IX.\\nin France.\\nTheir distinguished leader, Admiral Coligny, as early as\\n1555 projected colonies in America, and sent an expedition\\nto Brazil, which proved unsuccessful. Having procured\\npermission from Charles IX. to found a colony in Florida\\na designation which embraced in rather an indetinite man-\\nner the whole country from the Chesapeake to the Tortugas\\nhe sent an expedition in 1562 from France, under command\\nof Jean Ribault, composed of many young men of good\\nfamily. They first landed at the tSt. John s River, where\\nthey erected a monument, but finally established a settle-\\nment at Port Royal, South Carolina, and erected a fort.\\nAfter some months, however, in consequence of dissensions\\namong the ofiicers of the garrison, and difl5.culties with the\\nIndians, this settlement was abandoned.\\nIn 1564 another expedition came out under the command\\nof Rene de Laudonniere, and made their first landing at\\nthe River of Dolphins, being the present harbor of St. Au-\\ngustine, and so named by them in consequence of the great\\nnumber of Dolphins (Porpoises) seen by them at its mouth.\\nThey afterwards coasted to the north, and entered the River\\nSt. Johns, called by them the River May.\\nUpon an examination of this river, Laudonniere conclu-\\nded to establish his colony on its banks; and proceeding\\nabout two leagues above its mouth, built a fort upon a pleas-\\nant hill of mean height, which, in honor of his sovereign,\\nhe named Fort Caroline.\\nThe colonists after a few months were reduced to great\\ndistress, and were about taking measures to abandon the\\ncountry a second time, when Ribault arrived with reinforce-\\nments.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nIt is supposed that intelligence of these expeditions was\\ncommunicated by the enemies of Coligny to the court of\\nSpain.\\nJealousy of the aggrandizement of the French in the\\nNew World, mortification for their own unsuccessful efforts\\nin that quarter, and a still stronger motive of hatred to the\\nfaith of the Huguenot, induced the bigoted Philip 11. of Spain,\\nto dispatch Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a brave, bigoted and\\nremorseless soldier, to drive out the French colony, and take\\npossession of the country for himself.\\nThe compact made between the King and Menendez was,\\nthat he should furnish one galleon completely equipped, and\\nprovisions for a force of six hundred men that he should\\nconquer and settle the country. He obligated himselfto\\ncarry one hundred horses, two hundred horned cattle, four\\nhundred hogs, four hundred sheep and some goats, and five\\nhundred slaves, (for which he had a permission free of du-\\nties), the third part of which should be men, tor his own ser-\\nvice and that of those who went with him, to aid in cultiva-\\nting the land and building. That he should take twelve\\npriests, and four fathers of the Jesuit order. He was to build\\ntwo or three towns of one hundred families, and in each town\\nshould build a fort according to the nature of the country.\\nHe Avas to have the title of Adelantado of the country, as also\\nto be entitled a Marquis, and his heirs after him, to have a\\ntract of land, receive a salary of 2,000 ducats, a percentage of\\nthe royal duties, and have the freedom of all the other ports\\nof New Spain.*\\nHis force consisted, at starting, of eleven sail of vessels,\\nwith two thousand and six hundred men but, owing to\\nstorms and accidents, not more than one half arrived. He\\ncame upon the coast on the 28th August, 1565, shortly after\\nthe arrival of the fleet of Ilibault. On the 7th day of Septem-\\nber, Menendez cast anchor in the River of Dolphins, the har-\\nbor of St. Augustine. He had previously discovered and\\ngiven chase to some of the vessels of Pibault, off the mouth\\nof the River May. The Indian village of Selooe then stood\\nupon the site of St. Augustine, and the landing of Menen-\\ndez was upon the spot where the city of St. Augustine now\\nstands.\\nFray Francisco Lopez de Mendoza, the Chaplain of the\\nExpedition, thus chronicles the disembarkation and attend-\\nant ceremonies\\nOn Saturday the 8th day of September, the day of the nativity\\nBarcia Ensayo, Cron. 66.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 15\\nof our Lady, the General disembarked, with numerous banners dis-\\nplayed, trumpets and other martial music resounding, and amid salvos\\nof artillery.\\nCarrying a cross, I proceeded at the head, chanting the hymn Te\\nDeu7n Laudamus. The General marched straight up to the cross,\\ntogether with all those who accompanied him and, kneeling, they all\\nkissed the cross. A great number of Indians looked upon these cere-\\nmonies, and imitated whatever they saw done. Thereupon the General\\ntook possession of the country in the name of his Majesty. All the\\nofficers then took an oath of allegiance to him, as their general, and as\\nadelantado of the whole country.\\nThe name of St. Augustine was given, in the usual man-\\nner of the early voyagers, because they had arrived upon\\nthe coast on the day dedicated in their calendar to that emi-\\nnent saint of the primitive church, revered alike by the\\ngood of all ages for his learning and piety.\\nThe first troops who landed, saj^s Mendoza, were well\\nreceived by the Indians, who gave them a large mansion\\nbelono-inff to the chief, situated near the banks of the river.\\nOct\\nThe engineer officers immediately erected an entrenchment\\nof earth, and a ditch around this house, with a slope made\\nof earth and fascines, these being the only means of defense\\nwhich the country presents for, says the father witli sur-\\nprise, there is not a stone to be found in the whole\\ncountry. They landed eighty cannon from the ships, of\\nwhich the lightest weighed two thousand five hundred\\npounds.\\nBut in the mean time Menendez had by no means forgot-\\nten the errand upon which he principally came and by\\ninquiries of the Indians he soon learned the position of the\\nFrench fort and the condition of its defenders. Impelled\\nby necessity, Laudonniere had been forced to seize from the\\nIndians food to supply his famished garrison, and had thus\\nincurred their enmity, which was soon to produce its sad\\nresults.\\nThe Spaniards numbered about six hundred combatants,\\nand the French about the same but arrangements had been\\nmade for further accessions to the Spanish force, to be drawn\\nfrom St. Domingo and Havana, and these were daily ex-\\npected.\\nIt was the habit of those days to devolve almost every\\nevent upon the ordering of a special providence and each\\nnation had come to look upon itself almost in the light of\\na peculiar people, led like the Israelites of old by signs and\\nwonders and as in their own view all their actions were\\ndirected by the design of advancing God s glory as well asi", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\ntheir own purposes, so the blessing of Heaven would surely\\naccompany them in all their undertakings.\\nSo believed the Crusaders on the plains of Palestine so\\nbelieved the conquerors of Mexico and Peru so believed\\nthe Puritan settlers of j^ew England (alike in their Indian\\nwars and their oppressive social polity) and so believed,\\nalso, the followers of Menendez and of Ribault and in\\nthis simple and trusting faith, the worthy chaplain gives us\\nthe following account of the miraculous escape and deliv-\\nerance of a portion of the Spanish fleet\\nGod and his Holy Mother have performed another great miracle\\nin our favor. The day following the landing of the General in the\\nfort, he said to us that he was very uneasy because his galley and an-\\nother vessel were at anchor, isolated and a league at sea, being unable\\nto enter the port on account of the shallowness of the water; and that\\nhe feared that the French might come and capture or maltreat them.\\nAs soon as this idea came to him he departed, with fifty men, to go on\\nboard of his galleon. He gave orders to three shallops which were\\nmoored in the river to go out and take on board the provisions and\\ntroops which were on board the galleon. The next day, a shallop\\nhaving gone out thither, they took on board as much of the provisions\\nas they could, and more than a hundred men who were in the vessel,\\nand returned towards the shore but half a league before arriving at\\nthe bar they were overtaken by so complete a calm that they were un-\\nable to proceed further, and thereupon cast anchor and passed the night\\nin that place. The day following at break of day they raised anchor\\nas ordered by the pilot, as the rising of the tide began to be felt.\\nWhen it was fully light they saw astern of them at the poop of the\\nvessel, two French ships which during the night had been in search of\\nthem. The etiemy arrived with the intention of making an attack\\nupon us. The French made all haste in their movements, for we had\\nno arms on board, and had only embarked the provisions. When day\\nappeared, and our people discovered the French, they addressed their\\nprayers to our Lady of Bon Secours d i trera, and supplicated her to\\ngrant them a little wind, for the French were already close up to them.\\nThey say that Our Lachj descended, herself, upon the vessel for the\\nwind freshened and blew fair for the bar, so that the shallop could\\nenter it. The French followed it but as the bar has but little depth\\nand their vessels were large, they were not able to go over it, so that\\nour men and the provisions made a safe harbor. When it became still\\nclearer they perceived besides the two vessels of the enemy, four others\\nat a distance, being the same which we had seen in port the evening\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of our arrival. They were well furnished with both troops and artil-\\nlery, and had directed themselves for our galleon and the other ship,\\nwhich were alone at sea. In this circumstance God accorded us two\\nfavors. The first was, that the same evening after they had discharged\\nthe provisions and the troops I have spoken of, at midnight the galleon\\nand other vessel put to sea without being perceived by the enemy", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLOKIDA. 17\\nthe one for Spain, and the other for Havana, for the purpose of seek-\\ning the fleet which was there and in this way neither was taken.\\nThe second favor, by which God rendered us a still greater service,\\nwas that on the day following the one I have described there arose a\\nstorm, and so great a tempest that certainly the greater part of the\\nFrench vessels must have been lost at sea for they were overtaken\\nupon the most dangerous coast I have ever seen, and were very close\\nto the shore and if our vessels, that is, the galleon and its consort, are\\nnot shipwrecked, it is because they were already more than twelve\\nleagues off the coast, which gave them the facility of running before\\nthe wind, and maneuvering as well as they could, relying upon the aid\\nof God to preserve them.\\nMenenclez had ascertained from the Indians that a large\\nnumber of the French troops had embarked on board of the\\nvessels which he had seen oif the harbor, and he had good\\nground for believing that these vessels would either be cast\\nhelpless upon the shore, or be driven off b}^ the tempest to\\nsuch a distance as would render their return for some days\\nimpossible. He at once conceived the project of attacking\\nthe French fort upon the river May, by laud.\\nA council of war was held, and after some discussion, for\\nthe most part adverse to the plan proposed by him, Menen-\\ndez spoke as follows\\nGentlemen and Brothers we have before us now an opportunity\\nwhich if improved by us will have a happy result. I am satisfied that\\nthe French fleet which four days since fled from me, and has now\\ncome to seek me, has been reinforced with the larger part of the gar-\\nrison of their fort, to which, nor to port, will they be able to return for\\nmany days according to appearances and since they are all Lutherans,\\nas we learned before we sailed from Spain, by the edicts which Jean\\nRibault published before embarking, in order that no Catholic at the\\nperil of his life should go in his fleet, nor any Catholic books be taken\\nand this they themselves declared to us the night they fled from us,\\nand hence our war must be to blood and fire, not only on account of\\nthe orders we are under, but because they have sought us in order to\\ndestroy us, that we should not plant our holy religion in these regions,\\nand to establish their own abominable and crazy sect among the Indi-\\nans so that the more promptly we shall punish them, we shall the\\nThe galleon spoken of was Menendez s own flag ship, the El Pelayo,\\nthe largest vessel in his fleet, fitted out at his own expense, and which had\\nbrought four hundred men. He had put on board of her a lieutenant and\\nsome soldiers, besides fifteen Lutherans as prisoners, whom he was sending\\nhome to the Inquisition at Seville. The orders to his ofiicers were to go as\\nspeedily as possible to the island of Hispaniola, to bring provisions and\\nadditional forces. Upon the passage, the Lutheran prisoners, with some\\nLevantine sailors, rose upon the Spaniards, killed the commander, and car-\\nried the vessel into Denmark. Menendez was much chagrined when he\\nascertained the fate of his favorite galleon, a long period afterwards.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nmore speedily do a service to our God and our king, and comply with\\nour conscience and our duty.\\nTo accomplish this, we must choose five hundred arquebuse men\\nand pikemen, and carry provisions in our knapsacks for eight days,\\ndivided into ten companies, each one with its standard and its captain,\\nand go with this force by land to examine the settlements and fort of\\nour enemies and as no one knows the road, I will guide you within\\ntwo points by a mariner s compass; and where we cannot get along,\\nwe will open a way with our axes; and moreover, I have with me a\\nFrenchman who has been more than a year at their fort, and who says\\nhe knows the ground for two leagues around the fort.\\nIf we shall arrive without discovery, it may be that falling upon\\nit at daylight we may take it, by planting upon it twenty scaling lad-\\nders, at the cost of fifty lives. If we are discovered, we can form in\\nthe shelter of the wood, which I am assured is not more than a quarter\\nof a league distant, and planting there ten standards, send forward a\\ntrumpeter requiring them to leave the fort and the country, and return\\nto their own country, off ering them ships and provisions for the voyage.\\nThey will imagine that we have a much greater army with us, and they\\nmay surrender and if they do not, we shall at least accomplish that\\nthey will leave us undisturbed in this our own settlement, and we shall\\nknow the way, so that we may return to destroy them the succeeding\\nspring.\\nAfter some discussion it was concluded that after hearing\\nmass they should undertake the expedition on the third day.\\nConsiderable opposition was manifested on the part of the\\nofficers but, with a consummate knowledge of human na-\\nture, the Adelantado got up the most splendid dinner in his\\npower, and invited his recreant officers to the repast, and\\ndexterously appealed to their fears, as well as their pride,\\nand overcame their reluctance to undortake the unknown\\ndangers of a first march through Florida at a wetseasou, an\\nactual acquaintance with which would still more have damp-\\nened their ardor.\\nThe troops assembled promptly upon the day appointed,\\nat the sound of the trumpet, the life and the drum, and they\\nall went to hear mass, except Juan de Vicente, who said\\nhe had a disorder of the stomach, and in his leg and when\\nsome friends wished to urge his coming, he replied I vow\\nto God, that I will wait until the news comes that our force\\nis entirely cut off, when we who remain will embark in our\\nthree vessels, and go to the Indies, where there will be no\\nnecessity of our all perishing like beasts.\\nThis Juan Vicente seems to have been an apt specimen\\nof a class of croakers not pqculiar to any age or country.\\nOf his future history the chronicle gives other instances of\\na similar spirit and his sole claim to immortality, like that\\nof many an other, is founded upon his impudence.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 19\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nTHE ATTACK ON FORT CAEOLINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1565.\\nThe troops, having heard mass, marched out in order, pre-\\nceded by twenty Biscayans and Asturians having as their\\ncaptain Martin de Ochoa, a leader of great fidelity and bra-\\nvery, furnished with axes to open a road where they could\\nnot get along. At this moment there arrived two Indians,\\nwho said that they had been at the fort six days before, and\\nwho seemed like angels to the soldiers, sent to guide\\ntheir march. Halting for refreshment and rest wherever\\nsuitable places could be found, and the Adelantado always\\nwith the vanguard, in four days they reached the vicinity of\\nthe fort, and came up within less than a quarter of a league\\nof it, concealed by a grove of pine trees. It rained heavily,\\nand a severe storm prevailed. The place where they had\\nhalted was a very bad one, and very marshy but he deci-\\nded to stop there, and went back to seek the rearguard, lest\\nthey might lose the way.\\nAbout ten at night the last of the troops arrived, very\\nwet indeed, for there had been much rain during the four\\ndays they had passed marshes with the water rising to their\\nwaists, and every night there was so great a flood that they\\nwere in great danger of losing their powder, their match-\\nflre, and their biscuit and they became desperate, cursing\\nthose who had brought them there, and themselves for\\ncoming.\\nMenendez pretended not to hear their complaints, not\\ndaring to call a council as to proceeding or returning, for\\nboth officers and soldiers went forward very inquietly. Re-\\nmaining firm in his own resolve, two hours before dawn he\\ncalled together the Master of the Camp and the Captains to\\nwhom he said that during the whole night he had sought of\\nGod and his most Holy Mother that they would favor him\\nand instruct him what he should do most advantageous for\\ntheir holy service; and he was persuaded that they had all\\ndone the same. But now, Gentlemen, he proceeded,\\nwe must make some determination, finding ourselves ex-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nhausted, lost, without ammnnition or provisions, and without\\nthe hope of relief.\\nSome answered very promptly, Why should they waste\\ntheir time in giving reasons for, unless they returned\\nquickly to St. Augustine, they would be reduced to eating\\npalmettos and the longer they delayed, the greater trouble\\nthey would have.\\nThe Adelantado said to them that what they said seemed\\nvery reasonable, but he would ask of them to hear some\\nreasons to the contrary, without being offended. He then\\nproceeded after having smoothed down their somewhat\\nruffled dispositions, considerably disturbed by their first ex-\\nperience in encountering the hardships of such a march to\\nshow them that the danger of retreat was then greater than\\nan advance would be, as they would lose alike the respect\\nof their friends and foes. That if, on the contrary, they\\nattacked the fort, whether they succeeded in taking it or\\nnot, they would gain honor and reputation.\\nStimulated by the speech of their General, they demanded\\nto be led to the attack, and the arrangements for the assault\\nwere at once made. Their French prisoner was placed in\\nthe advance but the darkness of the night and the severity\\nof the storm rendered it impossible to proceed, and they\\nhalted in a marsh, with the water up to their knees, to await\\ndaylight.\\nAt dawn the Frenchman recognized the country, and the\\nplace were they were, and where stood the fort upon which\\nthe Adelantado ordered them to march, enjoining upon all,\\nat the peril of their lives, to follow him and coming to a\\nsmall hill, the Frenchman said that behind that stood the\\nfort, about three bow-shots distant, but lower down, near\\nthe river. The General put the Frenchman into the custody\\nof Castaneda. He went up a little higher, and saw the river\\nand one of the houses, but he was not able to discover the\\nfort, although it was adjoining them and he returned to\\nCastaneda, with whom nov7 stood the Master of the Camp\\nand Ochoa, and said to them that he wished to go lower\\ndown, near to the houses which stood behind the hill, to see\\nthe fortress and the garrison, for, as the sun was now up,\\nthey could not attack the fort without a reconnoisance.\\nThis the Master of the Camp would not permit him to do,\\nsaying this duty appertained to him and he went alone with\\nOchoa near to the houses, from whence they discovered the\\nfort; and returning with their information, they came to\\n*A low palm, bearing an oily berry.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 21\\ntwo paths, and leaving the one by which they came, they\\ntook the other. The Master of the Camp discovered his\\nerror, coming to a fallen tree, and turned his face to inform\\nOchoa, who was following him and as they turned to seek\\nthe right path, he stopped in advance, and the sentinel dis-\\ncovered them, who imagined them to be French but exam-\\nining them he perceived they were unknown to him. He\\nhailed, Who goes there? Ochoa answered, French-\\nmen. The sentinel was conlirmed in his supposition that\\nthey were his own people, and approached them Ochoa did\\nthe same but seeing they were not French, the sentinel\\nretreated. Ochoa closed with him, and Avith his drawn\\nsword gave him a cut over the head, but did not hurt him\\nmuch, as the sentinel fended oif the blow with his sword\\nand the Master of the Camp coming up at tliis moment;,\\ngave him a thrust, from which he fell backwards, making a\\nloud outcry. The Master of the Camp, putting his sword\\nto his breast, threatened him with instant death unless he\\nkept silence. They tied him thereupon, and took him to\\nthe General, who, hearing the noise, thought the Master of\\nthe Camp was being killed, and meeting with the Sergeant-\\nmajor, Francisco de Recalde, Diego de Maya, and Andres\\nLopez Patino, with their standards and soldiers, without be-\\ning able to restrain himself, he cried out, Santiago Upon\\nthem Help of God, Victory The French are destroyed.\\nThe Master of the Camp is in their fort, and has taken it.\\nUpon which, all rushed forward in the path without order,\\nthe General remaining behind, repeating what he had said\\nmany times himself believing it to be certain that the\\nMaster of the Camp had taken with him a considerable\\nforce, and had captured the fort.\\nSo great was the joy of the soldiers, and such their speed,\\nthat they soon came up with the Master of the Camp and\\nOchoa, who was hastening to receive the reward of carrying\\nthe good news to the General of the capture of the sentiueL\\nBut the Master of the Camp, seeing the spirit which ani-\\nmated the soldiers, killed the sentinel, and cried out with a\\nloud voice to those who were pressing forward, Comrades\\ndo as I do. God is with us and turned, running towards\\nthe fort, and meeting two Frenchmen on the way, he killed\\none of them, and Andres Lopez Patino the other. Those\\nin the environs of the fort, seeing this tragedy enacted, set\\nup loud outcries and in order to know the cause of the\\nalarm, one of the Frenchmen vrithin opened the postern of\\nthe principal gate, which he had no sooner done than it was", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nobserved by the Master of the Camp and throwing himself\\nupon him, he killed him, and entered the gate, followed by\\nthe most active of his followers.\\nThe French, awakened by the clamor, some dressed,\\nothers in their night-clothes, rushed to the doors of their\\nhouses to see what had happened but they were all killed,\\nexcept sixty of the more wary, who escaped by leaping the\\nwalls.\\nImmediately the standards of the Sergeant-major and of\\nDiego Mayo were brought in, and set up by Rodrigo Troche\\nand Pedro Valdes Ilerrera, with two cavaliers, at the same\\nmoment. These being hoisted, the trumpets proclaimed the\\nvictory, and the bands of soldiers who had entered opened\\nthe gates and sought the quarters, leaving uo Frenchman\\nalive.\\nThe Adelantado hearing the cries, left Castaneda in his\\nplace to collect the people who had not come up, who were\\nat least half the force, and went himself to see if they were\\nin any danger. He arrived at the fort running and as he\\nperceived that the soldiers gave no quarter to any of the\\nFrench, he shouted, That at the penalty of their lives\\nthey should neither wound nor kill any woman, cripple, or\\nchild under fifteen years of age. By which seventy per-\\nsons were saved the rest were all killed\\nRenato de Laudonniere, the Commander of the fort,\\nescaped with his serv-ant and some twenty or thirty others,\\nto a vessel lying in the river.\\nSuch is the Spanish chronicle, contained in Barcia, of the\\ncapture of Fort Caroline. Its details in the main correspond\\nwith the account of Laudonniere, and of Nicolas Challeux,\\nthe author of the letter printed at Lyons, in France, under\\ndate of August, 1566, by Jean Saugrain. In some impor-\\ntant particulars, however, the historians disagree. It has\\nl^een already seen tliat Menendez is represented as having\\ngiven orders to spare all the women, maimed persons, and\\nall children under fifteen years of age. The French rela-\\ntions of the event, on the contrary, allege that an indiscrimi-\\nnate slaughter took plaee, and that all were massacred\\nwithout respect to age, sex, or condition but as this state-\\nment is principally nuide upon the authority of a terrified\\nand flying soldier, it is alike due to the probabilities of the\\ncase, and more agreeable to the hopes of humanity, to les-\\nsen somewhat the horrors of a seene which has need of all\\nthe palliation that can be drawn from the slightest evidences\\nof compassion on the part of that stern and bigoted leader.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 23\\nThe Spanish statement is further confirmed by other wri-\\nters, who speak of a vessel being dispatched by Menendez\\nsubsequently to carry the survivors to Spain.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER V.\\nESCAPE OF LAUDONNIERE AND OTHERS FROM FORT CAROLINE.\\nADVENTURES OF THE FUGITIVES.\\nThe narratives of tins event are found singularly full,\\nthere being no less than three accounts by fugitives from\\nthe massacre. The most complete of these is that of Nicolas\\nde Challeux, a native of Dieppe, which was published in\\nthe following year. I have largely transcribed from this\\nquaint and curious narrative, not only an account of the\\nfullness of the details, but also for the light it throws upon\\nthe habits of thought and modes of expression of that day,\\nwhen so much was exhibited of an external religious faith,\\nand so many were found who would fight for their faith\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0when they refused to adhere to its requirements. There\\nare apparent, also, a close study of the Scriptures, a great\\nfamiliarity with its language, a frequent use of its illustra-\\ntions, and a disposition to attribute all things, with a\\nreverent piety, to the direct personal supervision of the\\nAlmighty. By the aid of a map of the St. John s River,\\nit will not be difficult to trace the perilous route of escape\\npursued by De Challeux and his companions, over obstacles\\nmuch magnified by the terror of the moment and want of\\nfamiliarity with the country:\\nThe number of persons in the fort was two hundred and forty,\\npartly of those who had not recovered from sea-sickness, partly of\\nartisans and of women and children left to the care and diligence of\\nCaptain Laudonniere, who had no expectation that it was possible that\\nany force could approach by land to attack him. On which account\\nthe guards had withdrawn for the purpose of refreshing themselves a\\nlittle before sunrise, on account of the bad weather which had con-\\ntinued during the whole night, most of our people being at the time\\nin their beds sleeping. The wicket gate open, the Spanish force,\\nhaving traversed forests, swamps, and rivers, arrived at break of day,\\nFriday, the 20th September, the weather very stormy, and entered\\nthe fort without any resistance, and made a horrible satisfaction of\\nthe rage and hate they had conceived against our nation. It was\\nthen who should best kill the most men, sick and well, women and\\nlittle children, in such a manner that it is impossible to conceive of a\\nmassacre which could equal this for its barbarity and cruelty.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 25\\nSome of the more active of our people, jumping from their beds,\\nslipped out and escaped to the vessel in the river. I was myself sur-\\nprised, going to my duty with my clasp-knife in my hand; for upon\\nleaving my cabin, I met the enemy, and saw no other means of escape\\nbut turning my back, and making the utmost possible haste to lead\\nover the palisades, for I was closely pursued, step by step, by a pike-\\nman and one with a partisan and I do not know how it was, unless\\nby the grace of God, that my strength was redoubled, old man as I\\nam and grey-headed, a thing which at any other time I could not have\\ndone, for the rampart was raised eight or nine feet; I then hastened\\nto secrete myself in the woods, and when I was sufficiently near the\\nedge of the wood at the distance of a good bow-shot, I turned towards\\nthe fort and rested a little time, finding myself not pursued; and as\\nfrom this place all the fort, even the inner-court was distinctly visible\\nto me, looking there I saw a horrible butchery of our men taking place,\\nand three standards of our enemies planted upon the ramparts. Having\\nthen lost all hope of seeing our men rally, I resigned all my senses to\\nthe Lord. Recommending myself to his mercy, grace and favor, I\\nthrew myself into the wood, for it seemed to me that I could find no\\ngreater cruelty among the savage beast, than that of our enemy which\\nI had seen shown towards our people. But the misery and anguish in\\nwhich I found myself then, straitened and oppressed, seeing no longer\\nany means of safety upon the earth, unless by a special grace of our\\nLord, transcending any expectation of man, caused me to utter groans\\nand sobs, and with a voice broken by distress to thus cry to the Lord\\nGod of our fathers and Lord of all mercy who hast commanded\\nus to call upon Thee even from the depths of hell and the shades of\\ndeath, promising forthwith thy aid and succor show me, for the hope\\nwhich I have in Thee, what course I ought to take to come to the\\ntermination of this miserable old age, plunged into the gulf of grief\\nand bitterness; at least, cause that, feeling the efi ect of Thy mercy,\\nand the confidence which I have conceived in my heart for Thy\\npromises, they may not be snatched from me through fear of savage\\nand furious wild beasts on one hand, and of our and Thy enemies on\\nthe other, who desire the more to injure us for the memory of Thy\\nname which is invoked by us than for any other cause aid me, my\\nGod! assist me, for I am so troubled that I can do nothing more.\\nAnd while I was making this prayer, traversing the wood, which\\nwas very thick and matted with briars and thorns, beneath the large\\ntrees where there was neither any road nor path, scarcely had I trailed\\nmy way half an hour, when I heard a noise like men weeping and\\ngroaning near me; and advancing in the name of God, and in the\\nconfidence of His succor, I discovered one of our people, named Sieur\\nde la Blonderie, and a little behind him another, named Maitre Robert,\\nwell known to us all, because he had in charge the prayers at the fort.\\nImmediately afterwards ^we found also the servant of Sieur d Ully,\\nthe nephew of M. Lebreau, Master Jaques Trusse, and many others;\\nand we assembled and talked over our troubles, and deliberated as to\\nwhat course we could take to save our lives. One of our number,", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nmuch esteemed as being very learned in the lessons of Holy Scripture,\\nproposed after this manner Brethren, we see to what extremity\\nwe are brought in whatever direction we turn our eyes, we see only\\nbarbarism. The heavens, the earth, the sea, the forest, and men, in\\nbrief, nothing favors us. How can we know that if we yield to the\\nmercy of the Spaniards, they will spare us? and if they should kill us,\\nit will be the suffering of but a moment; they are men, and it may be\\nthat, their fury appeased, they may receive us upon some terms; and,\\nmoreover, what can we do Would it not be better to fall into\\nthe hands of men, than into the jaws of wild beasts, or die of hunger\\nin a strange land\\nAfter he had thus spoken, the greater part of our number were of\\nhis opinion, and praised his counsel. Notwithstanding, I pointed out\\nthe cruel animosity still unappeased of our enemies, and that it was\\nnot for any human cause of quarrel, that they had carried out with\\nsuch fury their enterprise, but mainly (as would appear by the notice\\nthey had already given us) because we were of those who were re-\\nformed by the preaching of the Gospel that we should be cowards to\\ntrust in men, rather than in God, who gives life to his own in the\\nmidst of death, and gives ordinarily his assistance when the hopes of\\nmen entirely fail.\\nI also brought to their minds examples from Scripture, instancing\\nJoseph, Daniel, Elias, and the other prophets, as well also the apostles,\\nas St. Peter and St. Paul, who were all drawn out of much affliction,\\nas would appear by means extraordinary and strange to the reason and\\njudgment of men. His arm, said I, is not shortened, nor in any wise\\nenfeebled; his power is always the same. Do you not recollect, said I\\nthe flight of the Israelites before Pharaoh? What hope had that\\npeople of escaping from the hands of that powerful tyrant? He had\\nthem, as it were, under his heel. Before them they had the sea, on\\neither side inaccessible mountains.\\nWhat then He who opened the sea to make a path for his\\npeople, and made it afterwards to swallow up his enemies, can not he\\nconduct us by the forest places of this strange country? While thus\\ndiscoursing, six of the company followed out the first proposition, and\\nabandoned us to go and yield themselves up to our enemies, hoping to\\nfind favor before them. But they learned, immediately and by\\nexperience, what folly it is to trust more in men than in the promise\\nof the Lord. For having gone out of the wood, as they descended to\\nthe fort they were immediately seized by the Spaniards and treated in\\nthe same fashion as the others had been. They were at once killed\\nand massacred, and then drawn to the banks of the river, where the\\nothers killed at the fort lay in heaps. We who remained in the wood\\ncontinued to make our way, and drawing towards the sea, as well as we\\ncould judge, and as it pleased God to conduct our paths and to straiten\\nour course, we soon arrived at the brow of a mountain and from there\\ncommenced to see the sea, but it was still at a great distance; and\\nwhat was worse, the road we had to take showed itself wonderfully\\nstrange and difficult. In the first place, the mountain from which it", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 27\\nwas necessary for us to descend, was of such height and ruggedness,\\nthat it was not possible for a person descending to stand upright; and\\nwe should never have dared to descend it but for the hope we had of\\nsustaining ourselves by the branches of the bushes, which were\\nfrequent upon the side of the mountain, and to save life, not sparing\\nour hands which we had all gashed up and bloody, and even the legs\\nand nearly all the body was torn. But descending from the mountain, we\\ndid not lose our view of the sea, on account of a small wood which\\nwas upon a little hill opposite to us; and in order to go to the wood it\\nwas requisite that we should traverse a large meadow, all mud and\\nquagmire, covered with briars and other kind of strange plants; for\\nthe stalk was as hard as wood, and the leaves pricked our feet and our\\nhands until the blood came, and being all the while in water up to the\\nmiddle, which redoubled our pain and suflFering. The rain came down\\nupon us in such manner from heaven, that we were during all that\\ntime between two floods; and the further we advanced the deeper we\\nfound the water.\\nAnd then thinking that the last period of our lives had come, we\\nall embraced each other, and with a common impulse, we commenced\\nto sigh and cry to the Lord, accusing our sins and recognizing the\\nweight of his judgment upon us. Alas! Lord, said we, what are\\nwe but poor worms of the earth Our souls weakened by grief, sur-\\nrender themselves into thy hands. Oh, Father of Mercy and God of\\nLove, deliver us from this pain of death or if thou wilt that in this\\ndesert we shall draw our last breath, assist us so that death, of all\\nthings the most terrible, shall have no advantage over us, but that we\\nmay remain firm and stable in the sense of thy favor and good-will,\\nwhich we have too often experienced in the cause of thy Christ to\\ngive way to the spirit of Satan, the spirit of despair and of distrust;\\nfor if we die, we will protest now before thy Majesty, that we would\\ndie unto thee, and that if we live it may be to recount thy wonders in\\nthe midst of the assembly of thy servants. Our prayers concluded,\\nwe marched with great difficulty straight towards the wood, when we\\ncame to a great river which ran in the midst of this meadow; the\\nchannel was sufficiently narrow but very deep, and ran with great force,\\nas though all the field ran toward the sea. This was another addition\\nto our anguish, for there was not one of our men who would dare\\nto undertake to cross over by swimming. But in this confusion of our\\nthoughts, as to what manner to pass over, I bethought myself of the\\nwood which we had left behind us. After exhorting my comrades to\\npatience and a continued trust in the Lord, I returned to the wood,\\nand cut a long pole, with the good size clasp knife which remained in\\nmy hand from the hour the fort was taken; and I returned to the\\nothers, who awaited me in great perplexity. Now, then, comrades,\\nsaid I, let us see if God, by means of this stick, will not give us\\nsome help to accomplish our path. Then we laid the pole upon the\\nwater, and each one by turn taking hold of the end of the pole, carried\\nit by his side to the midst of the channnel, when losing sight of him\\nwe pushed him with sufficient force to the other bank, where he drew", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nhimself out by the canes and other bushes growing along its borders; and\\nby his example we passed over, one at a time; but it was not without\\ngreat danger, and not without drinking a great deal of salt water, in such\\nmanner that our hearts were all trembling, and we were as much over-\\ncome as though we had been half drowned. After we had come to\\nourselves and had resumed courage, moving on all the time towards\\nthe wood, which we had remarked close to sea, the pole was not even\\nneeded to pass another creek, which gave us not much less trouble than\\nthe first; but by the grace of God, we passed it and entered the wood\\nthe same evening, where we passed the night in great fear and\\ntrembling, standing about against the trees.\\nAnd, as much as we had labored, even had it been more, we felt\\nno desire to sleep; for what repose could there be to spirits in such\\nmortal aifright? Near the break of day, we saw a great beast, like a\\ndeer, at fifty paces from us, who had a great head, eyes flaming, the\\nears hanging, and the higher parts elevated. It seemed to us mon-\\nstrous, because of its gleaming eyes, wondrously large but it did not\\ncome near us to do us any harm.\\nThe day having appeared, we went out of the wood and returned to-\\nwards the sea, in which we hoped, after Grod, as the only means of saving\\nour lives; but we were again cast down and troubled, for we saw before\\nus a country of marsh and muddy quagmires, full of water and\\ncovered with briars, like that we had passed the previous day. We\\nmarched across this salt marsh; and, in the direction we had to take,\\nwe perceived among the briars a body of men, whom we at first thought\\nto be enemies, who had gone there to cut us off but upon close obser-\\nvation, they seemed in as sad a plight as ourselves, naked and terrified\\nand we immediately perceived that they were our own people. It was\\nCaptain Laudonniere, his servant-maid, Jacques Morgues of Dieppe\\n(the artist), Francis Duval of Rouen, son of him of the iron crown\\nof Rouen, Niguise de la Cratte, Nicholas the carpenter, the Trum-\\npeter of Sieur Laudonniere, and others, who all together made the\\nnumber of twenty-six men. Upon deliberating as to what we should\\ndo, two of our men mounted to the top of one of the tallest trees and dis-\\ncovered from thence one of our vessels, which was that of Captain\\nMaillard, to whom they gave a signal, that he might know that we\\nwere in want of help. Thereupon he came towards us with his small\\nvessel, but in order to reach the banks of the stream, it was necessary\\nfor us to traverse the briars and two other rivers similar to those which\\nwe passed the previous day; in order to accomplish which, the pole I\\nhad cut the day before was both useful and necessary, and two others\\nwhich Sr. de Laudonniere had provided and we came pretty near to the\\nvessel, but our hearts failed us from hunger and fatigue, and we should\\nhave remained where we were unless the sailors had given us a hand,\\nwhich aid was very opportune; and they carried us, one after the\\nother, to the vessel, on board of which we were all received well and\\nkindly. They gave us bread and water, and we began afterwards, little\\nby little, to recover our strength and vigor; which was a strong reason\\nthat we should recognize the goodness of the Lord, who had saved us", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 29\\nagainst all Lope from an infinity of dangers and from death, by which\\nwe had been surrounded and assaulted from all quarters, to render him\\nforevermore our thanks and praises. We thus passed the entire night\\nrecounting the wonders of the Lord, and consoled each other in the\\nassurances of our safety.\\nDaylight having come, Jacques Ribault, Captain of the Pearl,\\nboarded us to confer with us respecting what was to done by us, and\\nwhat means we should take for the safety of the rest of our men and\\nthe vessels. It was then objected, the small quanity of provisions\\nwhich we had, our strength broken, our munitions and means of de-\\nfense taken from us, the uncertainty as to the condition of our\\nAdmiral, and not knowing but that he had been shipwrecked on some\\ncoast a long distance from us, or driven to a distance by the tempest.\\nWe thereupon concluded that we could do no better than return\\nto France, and were of the opinion that the company should divide\\ninto two parts, the one remaining on board the Pearl, the other under\\ncharge of Captain Maillard.\\nOn Friday, the twenty-fifth day of the month of September, we\\ndeparted from this coast, favored by a strong northerly wind, having\\nconcluded to return to France, and after the first day our two ships\\nwere so far separated that we did not again encounter each other.\\nWe proceeded five hundred leagues prosperously, when, one\\nmorning about sunrise, we were attacked by a Spanish vessel, which\\nwe met as well as we could, and cannonaded them in such sort that we\\nmade them subject to our disposal, and battered them so that the blood was\\nseen to overrun the scuppers. We held them then as surrendered and\\ndefeated; but there was no means of grappling her, on account of the\\nroughness of the sea, for in grappling her there would be danger of\\nour striking together, which might have sunk us; she also, satisfied\\nwith the affair, left us, joyful and thanking God that no one of us was\\nwounded or killed in this skirmish except our cook.\\nThe rest of our passage was without any renconter with ene-\\nmies; but we were much troubled by contrary winds, which often\\nthreatened to cast us on the coast of Spain, which would have been\\nthe finishing touch to our misfortunes, and the thing of which we had\\nthe greatest horror. We also endured at sea many other things, such\\nas cold and hunger for be it understood that we, who escaped from\\nthe land of Florida, had nothing else for vestment or equipment, by\\nday or by night, except our shirts alone, or some other little rag, which\\nwas a small matter of defence from the exposure to the weather; and\\nwhat was more, the bread which we eat, and we eat it very sparingly,\\nwas all spoilt and rotten, as well also the water itself was all noisome,\\nand of which, besides, we could only have for the whole day a single\\nsmall glass.\\nThis bad food was the reason, on our landing, that many of us fell\\ninto divers maladies, which carried off many of the men of our com-\\npany; and we arrived at last, after this perilous and lamentable\\nvoyage, at Rochelle; where we were received and treated very hu-\\nmanely and kindly by the inhabitants of the country and those of the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "60 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\ncity, giving us of their means, to the extent our necessities require;\\nand assisted by their kindness we were each enabled to return to his\\nown part of the country.\\nLaudonniere sf narrative speaks more of his own per-\\nsonal escape and that of Le Moyne| refers to this descrip-\\ntion of De Challeux, as containing a full and accurate account\\nof what took place. Barcia mentions De Challeux, very\\ncontemptuously as a carpenter, who succeeding badly at his\\ntrade, took up that of preaching, but does not deny the truth\\nof his narrative.\\nThose who separated from their comrades and threw\\nthemselves upon the enemies mercy, are mentioned by the\\nSpanish writers but they are silent as to the treatment\\nthey received.\\n*Ternaux Complins. fHakluyt. J Brevis Narratio.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 31\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nSITE OF FORT CAROLINE, AFTERWARDS CALLED SAN MATTEO.\\nIt might naturally be supposed that a spot surrounded\\nwith so many thrilling and interesting associations, as the\\nscene of the events we have just related, would have been\\ncommemorated either by tradition or by ancient remains\\nattesting its situation. But, in truth, no recognized point\\nnow bears the appellation of Fort Caroline, and the anti-\\nquary can point at this day to no fosse or parapet, no\\ncrumbling bastion, no ancient helm or buckler, no shattered\\nand corroded garniture of war mingled with the bones of\\nthe dead, as evidencing its position.\\nA writer who has himself done more to rescue from ob-\\nlivion the historical romance of the South than any other,*\\nhas well said, It will be an employment of curious interest,\\nwhenever the people of Florida shall happen upon thetrue\\nsite of the settlement and structure of Laudonniere, to\\ntrace out in detail these several localities, and fix them for\\nthe benefit of posterity. The work is scarcely beyond the\\nhammer and chisel of some Old Mortality, who has learned\\nto place his atfectious and fix his sympathies upon the\\nachievements of the past.\\nWith a consciousness of our unfitness to establishabso-\\nlutely a memorial so interesting as the site of Fort Caroline\\nmust ever be, I shall endeavor to locate its position, upon\\nthe basis of reasons entirely satisfactory to myself, and\\nmeasurably so, I trust, to others.\\nThe account given by Laudonniere himself, the leader of\\nthe Huguenots, by whom Fort Caroline was constructed, is\\nas follows After speaking of his arrival at the mouth of\\nthe river, which had been named the River May by Ribault,\\nw^ho had entered it on the first day of May, 1562, and had\\ntherefore given it that name, he says, Departing from\\nthence, I had not sailed three leagues up the river, still\\nbeing followed by the Indians, crying still, amy, amy,\\nthat is to say, friend, but I discovered an hill of meane\\nW. Gilmore Simms, Esq.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nheight, neare which I went on land, harde by the fieldes\\nthat were sowed with mil, at one corner whereof there was\\nan house, built for their lodgings which keep and garde\\nthe mil. Now was I determined to\\nsearche out the qualities of the hill. Therefore I went\\nright to the toppe thereof; where we found nothing else but\\ncedars, palms, and bay trees of so sovereign odor thatBalme\\nsmelleth not more sweetly. The trees were environed\\naround about with vines bearing grapes, in such quantities\\nthat the number would suffice to make the place habitable.\\nBesides the fertilitie of the soyle for vines, one may see\\nmesquine wreathed about the trees in great quantities.\\nTouching the pleasure of the place, the sea may be seen\\nplain enough from it; and more than six great leagues off,\\ntowards the River Belle, a man may behold the meadows,\\ndivided asunder into isles and islet, enterlacing one another.\\nBriefly, the place is so pleasent, that those which are mel-\\nancholicke, would be inforced to change their humour.\\nOur fort was built in form of a triangle; the side to-\\nwards the west, which was towards the land, was inclosed\\nwith a little trench and raised with turf made in the form\\nof a battlement, nine feet high the other side, which was\\ntowards the river, was enclosed with a palisade of planks of\\ntimber, after the manner that Gabions are made on the\\nsouth line, there was a kind of bastion, within which I\\ncaused an house for the munition to be made. It was all\\nbuilded with fagots and sand, saving about two or three\\nfoote high, with turfes whereof the battlements were made.\\nIn the middest, I caused a great court to be made of\\neighteen paces long, and the same in breadth. In the mid-\\ndest whereof, on the one side, drawing towards the south,\\nI builded a corps de garde and an house on the other side\\ntowards the north. One of the sides that in-\\nclosed my court, whichi I made very faire and large, reached\\nunto the grange of my munitions; and on the other side,\\ntowards the river, was mine own lodgings, round which\\nwere galleries all covered. The principal doore of my\\nlodging was in the middest of the great place, and the\\nother was towarde the river. A good distance from the\\nfort I built an oven.\\nJacob Le Moyne, or Jacques Morgues, as he is sometimes\\ncalled, accompanied the expedition and his Brevis Narratio\\ncontains two plates, representing the commencement of the\\nconstruction of Fort Caroline, and its appearance when\\ncompleted. The latter represents a much more finished", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 33\\nfortification than could possibly have been constructed, but\\nmay be taken as a correct outline, I presume, of its general\\nappearance.\\nBarcia, in his account of its capture, describes neither its\\nshape nor appearance, but mentions the parapet nine feet\\nhigh, and the munition house and store house.\\nFrom the account of Laudonniere and Le Mojme, it was\\nsituated near the river, on the slope or nearly at the foot of\\na hill.* Barcia speaks of its being behind a hill, and of\\ndescending towards it. The clerical-carpenter, Challeux,\\nspeaks of being able, after his escape, to look down from\\nthe hill he was on, into the court of the fort itself, and\\nseeing the massacre of the French. As he was flying from\\nthe fort towards the sea, and along the river, and as the\\nSpaniards came from a southeast direction, the fort must\\nhave been on the westerly side of a hill, near the river.\\nThe distance is spoken of as less than three leagues by\\nLaudonniere. Hawkins and Ribault say, the fort was not\\nvisible from the mouth of the river. It is also incidentally\\nspoken of in Barcia as being two leagues from the bar.\\nDe Challeux, in the narrative of his escape, speaks of the\\ndistance as being about two leagues. In the account given\\nof the expedition of De Gourgues, it is said to be, in general\\nterms, about one or two leagues above the forts afterwards\\nconstructed on each side ot the mouth of the river; and it\\nis also mentioned in De Gourgues, that the fort was at the\\nfoot of a hill, near the water, and could be overlooked from\\nthe hill. The distance from the mouth of the river, and\\nthe nature of the ground Avhere the fort was built, are\\nthus made sutficiently definite to enable us to seek a lo-\\ncation which shall fulfill both these conditions. It is\\nhardly necessary to remark that there can be no question\\nbut that the fort was located on the south or easterly side\\nof the river, as the Spaniards marched by land from St.\\nAugustine in a northwesterly direction to Fort Caroline.\\nThe River St. Johns is one of the largest rivers, in point\\nof^ width, to be found in America, and is more like an arm\\nof the sea than a river from its mouth for a distance of\\nfifteen miles, it is spread over extensive marshes, and there\\nare few points where the channel touches the banks of the\\nriver. At its mouth it is comparatively narrow, but im-\\nmediately extends itself over wide-spread marshes and the\\nfirst headland or shore which is washed by the channel is a\\nplace known as St. John s BlutF. Here the river runs\\nLaudonniere says, \u00e2\u0080\u00a2joignant la montagne.^^", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nclosely along the shore, making a bold, deep channel close\\nup to the bank. The land rises abruptly on one side into a\\nhill of moderate height, covered with a dense growth of\\npine, cedar, c. T]]is hill gently slopes to the banks of the\\nriver, and runs off to the southwest, where, at the distance of\\narquarter of a mile, a creek discharges itself into the river,\\nat a place called the Shipyard from time immemorial.\\nI am not aware that any remains of Fort Caroline, or\\nany old remains of a fortress, have ever been discovered\\nhere; but it must be recollected that this fort was con-\\nstructed of sand and pine trees, and that three hundred\\nyears have passed away, with their storms and tempests,\\ntheir rains and destructive influences a period sutiicent to\\nhave destroyed a work of much more durable character\\nthan sandy entrenchments and green pine stakes and\\ntimbers. Moreover, it is higly probable, judging from\\npresent appearances, that the constant abrasion ot the banks\\nstill going on has long since worn away the narrow spot where\\nstood Fort Caroline. It is also to be remarked, that as\\nthere is no other hill, or high land, or place where a fort\\ncould have been built, between St. John s Bluff and the\\nmouth of the river, so it is also the fact that there is no\\npoint on the south side of the river where the channel touches\\nhigh land, for a distance by water of eight or ten miles\\nabove St. John s Bluff.\\nThe evidence in favor of the location of Fort Caroline at\\nSt. John s Bluff is, I think conclusive and irresistible, and\\naccords in all points with the descriptions^given as to dis-\\ntance, topography, and points of view.\\nIt is witliin the memory of persons now living, that a con-\\nsiderable orange grove and somewhat extensive buildings,\\nwhich existed at this place, then called San Vicente, have\\nbeen washed into the river, leaving at this day no vestiges\\nof their existence. It has been occpuied as a Spanish fort\\nwithin fifty years yet so rapid has been the work of time and\\nthe elements, that no remains of such occupation are now\\nto be seen.\\nThe narratives all speak of the distance from the mouth\\nof the river as about two leagues and in speaking of so\\nshort a distance the probability of exactness is much greater\\nthan when dealing with longer distances.\\nAs to the spot itself, it presents all the natural features\\nmentioned by Laudonniere and it requires but a small spice\\nof enthusiasm and romance that it be recognized as a\\ngoodlie and plcasante spotte, by those who might like", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 35\\nthe abundance of the wild grapes and the view of the distant\\nsalt meadows, with their iles and islets, so pleasante that\\nthose which are melaucholike would be inforced to change\\ntheir humour.\\nIt is but proper, however, to say, that at a plantation known\\nas i^ewcastle there is a high range of ground, and upon\\nthis high ground the appearance of an old earth-workof quad-\\nrangular form but this point is distant some six leagues\\nfrom the mouth of the river, is flanked by a deep bay or\\nmarsh to the southeast, and the work is on the top of the\\nhill and not at its foot, is quadrangular and not triangular, and\\nis a considerable distance from the water. These earth-\\nworks, I am satisfied, are Spanish or English remains of a\\nmuch later period.\\nBy examining a map of the St. John s river, the first pro-\\njecting land on the south side, lying east of the second\\ntownship line marked from the coast, will be found nearly\\nto indicate the point known as St. John s Bluff. On the\\neastern face the bluff is quite high and precipitous being\\npossibly the brow of the mountain mentioned by De\\nChalleux and immediately beyond is a deep indentation of\\nthe shore-line of several miles in circuit, within which is an\\nimmense tract of sea-marsh, interspersed with small islands,\\nand cut up by narrow channels. Through this the fugitives\\nmay be supposed to have crossed, and, reaching the high\\nlands which hem in the marsh near the mouth of the river,\\nwere enabled to view the vessels which oflered them rescue.\\nAbout the year 1856 a handful of small copper coins were\\naccidentally found near the eastern margin of this marsh,\\nin the rear of what is noAv known as Mayport Mill. Some\\nfew were at first found on the ground, as if accidentally ex-\\nposed, and upon removing the earth for a slight depth the\\nremainder were discovered. They were distributed among\\nseveral gentlemen in Florida, and Mr. Buckingham Smith,\\nat that time and more recently made the history of the\\ncoins a subject of especial inquiry in Spain.\\nJust before putting the second edition of this work to\\npress, the following letter was received by the publisher of\\nthis volume, and is given as matter of interest in connec-\\ntion with the locality referred to\\nMadrid, August 15, 1868.\\nMy Dear Sir I brought with me from Florida, as I proposed,\\nthree copper coins of those found with others of the same sort many\\nyears ago, on the St. Johns river near the old site of Fort Caroline, in\\nwhat the French three centuries ago called the Vale of Laudonniere,", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nthat I might have them examined in Europe. There were none of the\\nsort in the British Museum, with which they might be compared, and\\nin the Bibliothique Imperial I could only learn that they were Spanish.\\nOn my arrival here I gave them for inspection to Senor Bermudez, a\\nlong time in charge of the national collection of such like antiquities,\\nsecond only in extent and value to that of Paris and showed them\\nalso to other of my friends learned in numismatics. The work of A.\\nHeiss, now making its appearance in numbers, with the title Descrip-\\ntion General de las monedas flisjjano Christianas desdc la invasion\\nde los Arabes, has been also consulted, and this is the amount of all\\nthe conclusions, the inscriptions on each coin being nearly the same\\nt KAROLVS.ET.IOANNA RE.\\nTwo II in the midst, with crowns upon them to the right P, to the left S\\nin the middle a square point.\\nREVERSO\\nSame same same REGIS.\\nA Y in the middle, crowned to the right IIII to the left F.\\nThey were struck for Dona Juana and Carlos I., Empr. Charles V.,\\nbetween the years 1516 and 1555. The Y is supposed to refer to Ysa-\\nbel the double I to Joanna I., or may be to the columns of Hercules,\\nand the crowns upon them to those of Castilla and Aragon. On later\\nsilver coins, not so rude, the columns are placed with the words plus\\nultra, as you may have observed on a Spanish dollar. The IIII (on\\nsome 4,) means four maravedises, the value of which have varied at\\npresent 25 of these would be the value of a real. These coins are un-\\ncommon in good preservation, very rare. The curiosity so many of\\nus have had for a number of years about these matters, I believe is at\\nlast satisfied.\\nI have visited the town of Aviles, a league from the Bay of Biscay,\\nwhence Pedro Menendez came, and brought his fleet to Florida, three\\ncenturies ago. I saw his tomb, and not far oft the chapel of the family\\nof one of his companions. There is no stranger any where to be heard\\nof in all that country every thing is intensely and old Spanish iu\\nevery aspect. Groing home late one evening, I was accosted by a na-\\ntive in good Euglish. He said the town was rarely visited three or\\nfour Englishmen within his memory had passed through, and he suppo-\\nsed me to be the first person from the United States who had ever been\\nthere. I told him I came from Florida, and, though rather late, was\\nreturning the visit of Menendez to St. Augustine.\\nThe estate of this old colonist is in the house of the Count of Ca-\\nnalejas, held by the Marquis of San Estevan, who is also by marriage\\nthe Count of lievilla Gigedo. I called on him at his country seat in\\nDania, and, detaining me to spend the day with him, gave orders to\\nhave his family pictures and palace shown to me at Gijon, and his pa-\\npers at a residence in Oviedo. Among the documents is a valuable one\\nfor writing a life of Menendez. It is a draft for a letter in his own\\nhand, directed to his nephew. Governor of Florida, in which he ex-\\npresses his wish to be with him and away from business. He speaks\\nof the invincible armada whioh be had been appointed to com-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 37\\nrnand, and gives the number of his ships. This probably was the last\\nthing he ever wrote, dated tea days before he died, as it is known that\\nhe died on the ninth day of his sickness. Of course I have a copy to\\nshow you.\\nSpain has greatly changed within the last eight years impoverished\\nitself, the people say, with improvements. The railroads traverse most\\nparts, are well laid, durable, and the service good. The ancient mon-\\numents have begun to be cared for, are repaired, and in the charge of\\na commission of the government.\\nGrive my best regards to friends about you, and believe me truly\\nyours, BUCKINaHAM SMITH.\\nMr. Columbus Drew, Jacksonville, Fla.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nMENENDEZ S KETURN TO ST. AUGUSTINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHIPWEECK O\\nEIBAULT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MASSACEE OF PAET OF HIS COMMAND\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nA. D. 1565.\\nAfter an ineffectual attempt to induce those in the small\\nvessels of the French to surrender, failing in this, the Gen-\\neral concluded to return to St. Augustine, and send two of\\nhis vessels to the mouth of the river to intercept them.\\nSome of the fugitives from the fort fled to the Indians\\nand ten of these were given up to the Spaniards, to be\\nbutchered in cold blood, says the French account, to be\\nsent back to France, says the Spanish chronicle.\\nThe 24th September being the day of St. Matthew, the\\nname of the fort was changed to that of San Matheo, by\\nwhich name it Avas always subsequently called by the Span-\\niards and the name of St. Matthew was also given by them\\nto the river, now called St. Johns, on which it is situated.\\nThe Spaniards proceeded at once to strengthen the for-\\ntress, deepening and enlarging the ditch, and raised and\\nstrengthened the ramparts and walls in such manner, says\\nthe boastful Mendoza, that if the half of all France had\\ncome to attack it, they could not have disturbed it a boast\\nupon wdiich the easy conquest of it by De Gourgues, three\\nyears subsequently, affords an amusing commentary. They\\nalso constructed, subsequently, two small forts at the month\\nof the river, one on each side, which probably were located\\nthe one at Batten Island and the other at Mayport.\\nLeaving three hundred soldiers as a garrison under his\\nson-in-law, De Valdez, Master of the Camp, who was now\\nappointed Govenor of the fort, Menendez marched for St.\\nAugustine, beginning now to feel considerable anxiety lest\\nthe French fleet, escaping from the tempest, might return\\nand visit upon his own garrison at St. Augustine, the fate of\\nFort Caroline. He took with him upon his return but fifty\\nsoldiers, and, owing to the swollen waters, found great difii-\\nculty in retracing his route. When within a league of St.\\nAugustine, he allowed one of the soldiers to go forward to\\nannounce his victory and safe return.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 39\\nThe garrison at St. Augustine had been in great anxiety\\nrespecting their leader, and from the accounts given by those\\nwho had deserted, they had feared the total loss of the ex-\\npedition. The worthy Chaplain thus describes the return\\nof Meuendez\\nThe same day, being Monday, we saw a man coming, crying out\\nloudly. I myself was the first to run to him for the news. He em-\\nbraced me with transport, crying Victory Victory The French\\nfort is ours. I promised him the present which the bearer of good\\nnews deserves, and gave him the best in my power.\\nAt the hour of vespers our good Gleneral ai-rived, with fifty foot\\nsoldiers, very much fiitigued. As soon as I learned that he was com-\\ning, I ran home and put on a new soutain, the best which I had, and a\\nsurplice, and going out with a crucifix in my hand, I went forward to\\nreceive him and he, a gentleman and a good Christian, before enter-\\ning kneeled and all his followers, and returned thanks to the Lord for\\nthe great favours which he had received. My companions and myself\\nmarched in front in procession, so that we all returned with the greatest\\n^demonstrations of joy.\\nWhen about to dispatch the two vessels in his harbor to\\nthe St. John s, to cut oft the French vessels he had left there,\\nhe was informed that two sail had already been seen to pass\\nthe bar, supposed to contain the French fugitives.\\nEight days after the capture of Fort Caroline, a fire broke\\nout in the quarters of St, Augustine, which destroyed much\\ntreasure and provisions, and the origin of which was doubt-\\nful, whether to be ascribed to accident or design. Much\\ndissatisfaction prevailed among the officers and soldiers, and\\nthe fire was looked upon with pleasure by some, as having\\na tendency to hasten their departure from a spot which\\noffered few temptations or rewards, compared to Mexico or\\nPeru.\\nOn the very day of Menendez s return, a Frenchman was\\ndiscovered by a fishing party on Anastasia Island, who, be-\\ning taken, said he was one of a party of eighteen, sent in a\\nsmall vessel, some days before, to reconnoitre the Spanish\\nposition that they had been unable to keep the sea, and had\\nbeen throv\u00c2\u00bb^n ashore, about four leagues below, at the mouth\\nof a river that the Indians attacked and killed three of\\ntheir number, and they thereupon escaped.\\nMenendez dispatched a captain and fifty men, to get off\\nthe vessel and capture any of the French who might be\\nfound. On their arrival at the place, they found that all the\\nFrench had been killed by the Indians but they succeeded\\nin getting oft the vessel. Menendez, feeling uneasy in ref-\\nerence to their encounter with the Indians, had followed on", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nafter the expedition, in company with the worthy Chaplain,\\nto whom his promenade among the briars, vines, prickly\\ncedars, chaparral, and prickly pears of Anastasia, seems to\\nhave been a true via dolorosa.\\nUpon their arrival, they found a considerable body of\\nFrench upon the south side of an inlet, whose fires indicated\\ntheir position.\\nThe four vessels of Ribault, which had gone in pursuit\\nof the Spaniards at St. Augustine, had been overtaken by\\nthe storm, and after keeping to sea. with incredible effort,\\nhad been finallj^ driven ashore upon the shoals of Canaveral,*\\nwith but little loss of life but a total loss of every thing\\nelse they were thus thrown on shore without shelter from\\nthe elements, famished with hunger, borne down by disap-\\npointment, and utterly dispirited and demoralized. They\\nwere consumed, also, by the most painful uncertainity.\\nMarching to the northward along shore, they discovered a\\nskiff and resolved to send a small number of persons in it,\\nto make their way by sea to Fort Caroline, to bring succor\\nto them from there. This boat succeeded in reaching the\\nSt. John s, where they were informed, by friendly Indians,\\nof the fate which had befallen the fort and subsequently\\nthey fell in with a Frenchman who had escaped, who related\\nto them the whole disaster. Upon this they concluded to\\nseek their own safety among the friendly Indiaiis of St.\\nHelena, rather than to be the useless bearers of the tidings\\nof their misfortunes to their companions in arms.\\nThere are several accounts of the sad fate which befel the\\nfollowers of Ribault, the massacre of whom has been per-\\npetuated by the memorial name given to its scene, the\\nbloody river of Matanzas, the ebb and flow of whose re-\\ncurring tides for three hundred years have failed to wash\\nout the record of blood which has associated this massacre\\nof the Huguenots with the darkest scenes of earth s history.\\nIn consequence of the rank and number of the victims, the\\nevent produced various and somewhat contradictory ac-\\ncounts but all stamped with a seal of reprobation and execra-\\ntion the act and the actors, without reference to creed or na-\\ntiomxlity. Challeux relates instances of cruel barbarity added\\nto the atrocity of slaughter itself; and others, it appears,\\nhad given other versions, all in different degree pointing the\\nlinger of historic justice to mark and commeihorate the\\ncrime against humanity.\\nCanaveral, where Kibault was wrecked, must have been some point\\nnorth of Mosquito Inlet, and not the cape now bearing that name, as lie\\ncould not have crossed Mosquito Inlet in his march to Matanzas.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 41\\nThe Spanisli historian, Barcia, aims to counteract this\\ngeneral condemnation, of which in his own language he\\nsays, These calumnies, repeated in so many quarters, have\\nsullied the fame of the Adelantado, being exaggerated by\\nthe heretics, and consented to by the Catholics, so that even\\nthe Father Felix Briot, in his annals, says that he caused\\nthem to be killed contrary to the faith which he had given\\nthem -which is altogether a falsehood, for the Adelantado\\ndid not give his word, nor would he when asked give it, to\\nspare their lives, although they were willing to jjay him for\\ndoing so nor in the capture of Fort Caroline did he do\\nmore than has been related and such is the account given\\nby Doctor Salis de las Meras, brother-in-law to Donna Maria\\nde Salis, wife of the Adelantado, who was present, and who,\\nrelating the punishment of the heretics, and the manner in\\nwhich it was accomplished, says,\\nThe Adelantado occupied himself in fortifying his set-\\ntlement at St. Augustine, as well as he could, to defend it\\nfrom the French fleet if they should attack it. Vpon the\\nfollowing day some Indians came and by signs informed\\nthem that four leagues distant there were a large number of\\nChristians, who were unable to cross an arm qf the sea or\\nstrait, which is a river upon the inner side of an inlet, which\\nthey were obliged to cross in order to come to St. Augus-\\ntine. The Adelantado sent thither forty soldiers about dusk,\\nand arrived about midnight near the inlet, where he com-\\nmanded a halt until morning, and leaving his soldiers con-\\ncealed, he ascended a tree to see what was the state of mat-\\nters. He discovered many persons on the other side of the\\nriver, and their standards and to prevent their passing\\nover, he directed his men to exhibit themselves towards the\\nshore, so that it might be supposed that he had with him a\\nlarge force; and when they were discovered, a French sol-\\ndier swam over, and said that the persons beyond the river\\nwere Frenchmen, that they had been wrecked in a storm,\\nbut had all saved their lives. The Adelantado asked what\\nFrench they were? He answered, that they were two hun-\\ndred of the people under command of Jean Ribault, Viceroy\\nand Captain General of this country for the king of the\\nFrench. He asked again, if they were Catholics or Luthe-\\nrans It was replied that they were all Lutherans, of the\\nnew religion all of which was previously well known to\\nthe Adelantado, when he encountered their fleet with his\\nvessels and the women and children whom he had spared\\nwhen he took their fort, had also so informed him and he", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nhad found in the fort when he took it, six trunks filled with\\nbooks, well bound and gilt; all of which were of the new\\nsect, and from which they did not say mass, but preached\\ntheir Lutheran doctrines every evening all of which books\\nhe directed to be burnt, not sparing a single one.\\nThe Adelantado then asked him why he had come\\nover He said he had been sent over by his Captain, to see\\nwhat people they were. The General asked if he wished to\\nreturn. He said, Yes, but he desired to know what peo-\\nple they were. This man spoke very plainly, for he was a\\nGascon of San Juan de Suz. Then tell him, said the\\nAdelantado, that it is the Viceroy and Captain General of\\nthis country for the king, Don Philip and that his name is\\nPedro Menendez, and that he is here with some of his sol-\\ndiery to ascertain what people those were, for he had been\\ninformed the day before that they were there, and the hour\\nat which they came.\\nThe French soldier went over with his message, and\\nimmediately returned, saying that if they would pledge\\nfaith to his captain and to four other gentlemen, they would\\nlike to come and treat with him and they desired the loan\\nof a boat, which the General had directed to bring some\\nprovisions to the river. The General instructed the mes-\\nsenger to say to his captain, that he might come over\\nsecurely under the pledge of his word, and then sent\\nover for them the boat and they crossed over. The Ade-\\nlantado received them very well, with only ten of his fol-\\nlowers the others he directed to stay some distance off\\namong some bushes, so that their number might appear to\\nbe greater than it was. One of the Frenchmen announced\\nhimself as captain of these people; and that in a great storm\\nthey had lost four galleons, and other vessels of the king of\\nFrance, within a distance of twenty leagues of each other;\\nand that these were the people from on board of one ship,\\nand that they desired they would let them have a boat for\\nthis arm of the sea, and for another four leagues hence,\\nwhich was at St. Augustine; that they desired to go to a\\nfort which they held twenty leagues from there. It was the\\nsame fort which Menendez had taken. The Adelantado\\nasked them if they were Catholics or Lutherans? He\\nreplied that they were all of the New Religion. Then\\nthe Adelantado said to them, Gentlemen, your fort is\\ntaken and its people destroyed, except the women, and chil-\\ndren under fifteen years of age and that you may be as-\\nsured of this, among the soldiers who are here there are", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 43\\nmany things, and also there are here two Frenchmen whom\\nI have brought with me, who said they were Catholics. Sit\\ndown here and eat, and I will send the two Frenchmen to\\nyou, as also the things which some of my soldiers have taken\\nfrom the fort, in order that you may be satisfied.\\nThe Adelantado having spoken thus, directed food to\\nbe given to them, and sent the two Frenchmen to them, and\\nmany things which the soldiers had brought from the fort,\\nthat they might see them, and then retired himself, to eat\\nwith his own people; and an hour afterwards, when he saw\\nthat the French had eaten, he went where they were and\\nasked if they were satisfied of the truth of what he had told\\nthem. They said they were, and desired that for a consid-\\neration, he should give them vessels and ships stores, that\\nthey might return to France. The Adelantado answered,\\nthat he would do so with great pleasure if they were good\\nCatholics, or if he had the ^hips for them but he had not\\nthe vessels, having sent two to St. Matteo (Ft. Caroline), the\\none to take the artillery they had captured, and the French\\nwomen and children, to St. Domingo, and to obtain provi-\\nsions. The other had to go upon business of his Majesty to\\nother parts.\\nThe French captain replied, that he should grant to\\nall, their lives, and that they should remain with him until\\nthey could obtain shipping for France, since they were not\\nat war, and the kings of Spain and of France were brothers\\nand friends. The Adelantado said, that was true, and\\nCatholics and friends he would favor, believing that he\\nwould serve both kings in doing so but as to themselves,\\nbeing of the new sect, he held them for enemies, and he\\nwould wage war upon them even to blood and to fire and\\nthat he would pursue them with all cruelty wherever he\\nshould encounter them, in whatever sea or land where he\\nshould be viceroy or captain general for his king and that\\nhe would go and plant the holy faith in this laud, that the\\nIndians might be enlightened and be brought to the know-\\nledge of the Holy Catholic Faith of Jesus Christ our Saviour,\\nas taught and announced by the Roman Church. That if\\nthey wished to surrender their standards and their arms, and\\nthrow themselves upon his mercy, they might do so, for he\\nwould do with them lohat God should of his grace direct; or, they\\ncould do as they might deem proper; that other treaty or\\nfriendship they should not have from him. The French\\ncaptain replied, that he could not then conclude any other\\nmatter with the Adelantado. He went over in the boat,", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nsaying, that he went to relate what had passed, and to. agree\\nupon what should be done, and within two hours he would\\nreturn with an answer. The Adelantado said, They could\\ndo as seemed best to them, and he would wait for them.\\nTwo hours passed, when the same French captain returned,\\nwith those who had accompanied him previously, and said\\nto the General, that there were many people of family,\\nand nobles among them, and that they would give fifty\\nthousand ducats, of ransom, if he would spare all their\\nlives. He answered, that although he was a poor soldier,\\nhe could not be governed by selfish interests, and if he were to\\nbe merciful and lenient, he desired to be so without the sus-\\npicion of other motives. The French captain returned to\\nurge the matter. Do not deceive yourselves, said the\\nAdelantado, for if Heaven were to join to earth, I would\\ndo no otherwise than I have said. The French officer then\\ngoing towards where his people stood, said, that in accord-\\nance with that understanding he would return shortly with\\nan answer; and within half an hour he returned and placed\\nin the boat, the standards, seventy arquebuses, twenty pis-\\ntols, a quantity of swords and shields, and some helmets and\\nbreast-plates and the captain came to where the General\\nstood, and said that all the French force there submitted\\nthemselves to his clemency, and surrendered to him their\\nstandards and their arms. The Adelantado then directed\\ntwenty soldiers to go in the boat and bring the French, ten\\nby ten. The river was narrow and easy to pass, and he di-\\nrected Diego Flores de Valdes, Admiral of the Fleet, to re-\\nceive the standards and the arms, and to go in the boat and\\nsee that the soldiers did not maltreat them. The Adelan-\\ntado then withdrew from the shore, about two bow shots,\\nbehind a hillock of sand, within a copse of bushes, where\\nthe persons who came in the boat which brought over the\\nFrench, could not see and then said to the French captain\\nand the other eight Frenchmen who were there with, him,\\nGentlemen, I have but few men with me, and they are not\\nvery effective, and you are numerous and, going unre-\\nstrained, it would be an easy thing to take satisfaction upon\\nour men for those whom we destroyed when we took the\\nfort and thus it is necessary that you should march with\\nhands tied behind, a distance of four leagues from here\\nwhere I have ray camp. The French replied that they\\nwould do so; and they had their hands tied strongly behind\\ntheir backs with the match ropes of the soldiers; and the\\nten who came in the boat did not see those who had their", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 45\\nhands tied, until they came up to the same pLace, for it was\\n80 arranged, in order that the French who had not passed\\nthe river, shoukl not understand what was heing done, and\\nmight not be offended, and thus were tied two hundred and\\neight Frenchmen. Of whom the Adelantado asked that if\\nany among them were Catholics, they should declare it.\\nEight said that they were Catholics, and were separated\\nfrom the others and placed in a boat, that they might go by\\nthe river to St. Augustine and all the rest replied that\\nthey were of the new religion, and held themselves to be\\nvery good Christians that this was their faith and no other.\\nThe Adelantado then gave the order to march with them,\\nhaving first given them meat and drink, as each ten arrived,\\nbefore being tied, which was done before the succeeding ten\\narrived and he directed one of his captains who marched\\nwith the vanguard, that at a certain distance from there he\\nwould observe a mark made by a lance, which he carried in\\nhis hand, which would be in a sandy place that thej would\\nbe obliged to pass in going on their way towards the fort of\\nSt. Augustine, and that there the prisoners should all be\\ndestroyed and he gave the one in command of the rear-\\nguard the same orders and it was done accordingly when,\\nleaving there all of the dead, they returned the same night\\nbefore dawn, to the fort at St. Augustine, although it was\\nalready sundown when the men were killed.\\nSuch is the second part of this sad and bloody tragedy\\nwhich took place at the Matanzas Inlet, about eighteen miles\\nsouth of the city of St. Augustine, and at the southerly end\\nof Anastasia Island. The account we have given, it must\\nbe borne in mind, is that of De Solis, the brother-in-law and\\napologist of Menendez but eveu under his extenuating\\nhand the conduct of Menendez was that of one deaf to the\\nvoice of humanity, and exulting in cold-blooded treachery,\\ndealing in vague generalities intended to deceive, while\\naftbrding a shallow apology for the actor. A massacre in\\ncold blood of poor shipwrecked, famished men, prisoners\\nyielding themselves to an expected clemency, tied up like\\nsheep, and butchered by poignard blows from behind,\\nshocked alike the moral sense of all to whom the tale came,\\nwithout regard to faith or flag.\\nBarcia, p. 87.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nC PI AFTER VIII.\\nFATE OF KIBAULT AND HIS FOLLOWERS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BLOODY MASSA-\\nCRE AT MATANZAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1565.\\nThe first detachment of the French whom Menendez met\\nand 80 utterly destroyed, constituted the complement of a\\nsingle vessel, which had been thrown ashore at a more\\nnortherly point than the others. All these vessels were\\nwrecked between Mosquito Inlet and Matanzas.\\nOf the fate of the main detachment, under Ribault in per-\\nson, we have the following account, as related by the same\\napologist, the chaplain De Soils:\\nOn the next day following the return of the Adelantado\\nat St. Angustine, the same Indians who came before returned,\\nand said that a great many more Christians were at the\\nsame part of the river as the others had been. The Ade-\\nlantado concluded that it must be Jean Ribault, the General\\nof the Lutherans at sea and on land, whom they called the\\nViceroy of this country for the king of France. He imme-\\ndiately went, with one hundred and fifty men in good order,\\nand reached the place where he had lodged the first time, at\\nabout midnight and at dawn he pushed forward to the river,\\nwith his men drawn out, and when it was daylight, he saw,\\ntwo bow-shots from the other bank of the river, many per-\\nsons, and a raft made to cross over the people, at the place\\nwhere the Adelantado stood. But immediately, when the\\nFrench saw the Adelantado and his people, they took arms,\\nand displayed a royal standard and two standards of compa-\\nnies, sounding fifes and drums, in very good order, and\\nshowing a front of battle to the Adelantado who, having\\nordered his men to sit down and take their breakfast, so\\nthat they made no demonstration of any change, he himself\\nwalked up and down the shore, with his admiral and two\\nother captains, paying no attention to the movement and\\ndemonstration of battle of the French; so that they ob-\\nserving this, halted and the fifes and the drums ceased,\\nwhile with a bugle note they unfurled the white flag of\\npeace, which was returned by the Adelantado. A French-\\nman placed himself upon the raft, and cried with a loud\\nvoice that he wished to cross over, but that owins^ to the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 47\\nforce of the current he could not bring the raft over, and\\ndesired an Indian canoe which was there to be sent over.\\nThe Adelantado said he could swim over for it, under pledge\\nof his word. A French sailor immediately came over, but\\nthe General would not permit him to speak with him, but\\ndirected him to take the canoe, and go and tell his captain,\\nthat inasmuch as he called for a conference, if he desired\\nanything he should send over some one to communicate\\nwith him. The same sailor immediately came with a gen-\\ntleman, who said he was the sergeautmajor of Jean Ribault,\\nViceroy and Captain General of this land for the king of\\nFrance and that he had sent him to say, that they had been\\nwrecked with their tieet in a great storm, and that he had\\nwith him three hundred and fifty French that they wished\\nto go to a fort which they held, twenty leagues from there\\nthat they wished the favor of boats, to pass this river, and\\nthe other, four leagues further on, and that he desired to\\nknow if they were S|)aniards. and under what leader they\\nserved.\\nThe Adelantado answered him, that they were Span-\\niards, and that the captain under whom they served was the\\nperson now addressing him, and was called Pedro Menen-\\ndez. That he shouUrtell his General that the fort which\\nhe held twenty leagues from there had been taken by him,\\nand he had destroyed all the French, and the rest who had\\ncome with the fleet, because they were badly governed and\\nthen, passing thence to where the dead bodies of the French-\\nmen whom he had killed still lay unburied, pointed them\\nout to him and said, therefore he could not permit them to\\npass the river to their fort.\\nThe sergeant, with an unmoved countenance, and with-\\nout any appearance of uneasiness on account of what the\\nAdelantado had said, replied, that if he would have the good-\\nness to send a gentleman of his party, to say to the French\\ngeneral, that they might negotiate with safety, the people\\nwere much exhausted, and the general would come over in\\na boat which was there. The Adelantado replied, Fare-\\nwell, comrade, and bear the answer w^hich they shall give\\nyou; and if your general desires to come and treat with me,\\nI give my word that he shall come and return securely, with\\nfour or six of his people whom he may select for his ad-\\nvisors, that he may do whatever he may conclude to be\\nbest.\\nThe French gentleman then departed with this message.\\nWithin half an hour he returned to accept the assurance the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nAdelantiido had given, and to obtain the boat; which the\\nAdelantado was unwilling to let hira have, but said he could\\nuse the canoe, which was safe, and the strait .vas narrow:\\nand he again went back with this message.\\nImmediately Jean Ribault came over, wliom the Ade-\\nlantado received very well, with other eight gentleman, who\\nliad come with him. They were all g entlemen of rank and\\nposition. He gave them a collation, and would have given\\nthem food if they had desired. Jean Ribault with much hu-\\nmility, thanked him for his kind reception, and said that to\\nraise theij- spirits, much depressed by the sad news of the death\\nof their comrades, they would partake only of the wine and\\ncondiments, and did not wish anything else to eat. Then\\nafter eating, Jean Ribault said, that he saw that tliose his\\ncompanions were dead, and tliat he could not he mistaken if\\nhe desired to be. Then the Adelantado directed the sol-\\ndiers to bring each (^ne whatever he had taken from the\\ntort; and he saw so many things that he knew for certain\\nthat it was taken although he knew this liefore, yet he\\ncould not wholly believe it, because among his men there\\nwas a Frencliman by name of Barbero, of those whom the\\nAdelantado had ordisred to be destroyed with the rest, and\\nwas left for dead with the others, having with the first thrust\\nhe received ikllen down and made as though he were dead,\\nand when they left there he had passed over by swimming,\\nto Ribault and this Barbero held it for certain that the Ade-\\nlantado had deceived them in saying that tlie fort was taken,\\nit not being so; and thus until now he had supposed. The\\nAdelantado said that in order with more certainty to believe\\nthis and satisty himselt!, he might converse apart with the\\ntwo Frenchmen who were present, to satisty him better;\\nwhich he di(L\\nImmediately Jean Ribault came towards the Adelantado\\nand said, it was certain that all which he had told him was\\ntrue but that what had happened to him, might have hap-\\npened to the Adelantado and since their kings werebrotli-\\ners, and such great friends, the Adelantath) should act to-\\nwards him as a friend, and give him ships and ])rovisions,\\nthat he might return to France.\\nThe Adelantado replied in the same manner that he had\\ndone to the other Erenchme!i, as to what he would do and\\nthat taking it or leaving it, Jean Ribault could obtain no-\\nthing further from the Adelantado. Jean Ribault then said\\nthat he would go and give an account of matters to hispeo-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 49\\npie, for he had among them many of noble blood and\\nwould return or send an answer as to what he would do.\\nThree hc urs afterwards, Jean Ribault returned in the\\ncanoe, and said, that there were different opinions among\\nhis people that while some were willing to yield them-\\nselves to his clemency, others were not. The Adelantado\\nreplied that it mattei-ed but little to him whether they all\\ncame, or a part, or none at all that they should do as it\\npleased them, and he would act with the same liberty. Jean.\\nRibault said to him, that the half of the people who were\\nwilling to yield themselves to his clemency, would pay him\\na ransom of more than 100,000 ducats and the other half\\nwere able to pay more, for there were among them persona\\nof wealth and large incomes, who had desired to establish\\nestates in this country. The Adelantado answered him,\\nIt would grieve me much to lose so great and rich a ran-\\nsom, under the necessity I am under for such aid, to carry\\nforward the corquest and settlement of this land, in the\\nname of my kii.g, as is my duty, and to plant here the Holy\\nEvangel. Jean Ivibault considered from this, that with the\\namount they could all give, he might be induced to spare\\nhis own life and that of all the others who were with him, and\\nthat they might be able to pay more than 200,000 ducats\\nand he said to the Adelantado, that he would return with\\nhis answer to his people that as it was late, he w^ould take\\nit as a favor if he would be willing to wait until the following\\nday, when he would bring their reply as to what they would\\nconclude to do. The Adelantado said, Yes, that he would\\nwait. Jean Ribault then went back to his people, it being\\nalready sunset. In the morning, he returned with the canoe,\\nand surrendered to the Adelantado two royal standards\\nthe one that of the king of France, the other that of the\\nAdmiral (Coligny), and the standards of the company, and\\na sword, dagger, and helmet, gilded very beautifully and\\nalso a shield, a pistol, and a commission given him under\\nthe high admiral of France, to assure to him his title and\\npossessions.\\nHe then said to him, that but one hundred and fifty of\\nthe three hundred and fifty whom he had with him were\\nwilling to yield to his clemency, and that the others had\\nwithdrawn during the night and that they might take the\\nboat and bring those who were w^illing to come over, and\\ntheir arms. The Adelantado immediately directed the cap-\\ntain, Diego Flores Valdes, Admiral of the fleet, that he\\nshould bring them over as he had done the others, ten by\\n4", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nten and the Adelantado, taking Jean Ribault behind the\\nsand hills, among the hushes where the others had their\\nhands tied behind them, he said to these and all the others\\nas he had done before, that they had four leagues to go after\\nnight, and that he could not permit them to go unbound;\\nand after they were all tied, he asked if they were Catholics\\nor Lutherans, or if any of them desired to make confession.\\nJean Ribault replied, that all who were there were of\\nthe new religion, and he then began to repeat the psalm,\\nDomiim! 3Iemen(o Mei and having finished, he said, that\\nfrom dust they came and to dust they must return, and that\\nin tw^enty years, more or less, he must render his final ac-\\ncount that the Adelantado might do with them as he\\nchose. The Adelantado then ordered all to be killed, in\\nthe same order and at the same mark, as had been done to\\nthe others. He spared only the fifers, drummers, and trum-\\npeters, and four others who said that they were Catholics, in\\nall, sixteen persons. Todos los demas fueron dcgallados,\\nall the rest were slaughtered, is the sententious summary\\nby which Padre de Solis announced the close of the sad\\ncareer of the gray-haired veteran, the brave soldier, the Ad-\\nmiral Jean Ribault, and his companions.*\\nAt some point on the thickly-w^ooded shores of the Island\\nof Anastasio, or beneath the shifting mounds of sand which\\nmark its shores, may still lie the bones of some of the three\\nhundred and fifty who, spared from destruction by the tem-\\npest, and escaping the perils of the sea and of the savage,\\nfell victims to the vindictive rancor and blind rage of one\\nthan whom history recalls none more cruel, or less humane.\\nBut while their bones, scattered on earth and sea, unhonored\\nand unburied, were lost to human sight, the tale of their\\ndestruction and sad fate, scattered in like manner over the\\nwhole world, has raised to their memory through sympathy\\nwith their fate, a memorial which will endure as long as the\\npages of history.\\nThe Adelantado returned that night to St. Augustine,\\nwhere, says his apologist, some persons censured him for\\nhis cruelt5% Others commended what he had done, as the\\nact of a good general, and said that even if they had been\\nCatholics, he could not have done more justly than he had\\ndone for them for with the few provisions that the Adelan-\\ntado luid, either the one or the other people would have had\\nto perish with hunger, and the French would have destroyed\\nour people they were the most numerous. f\\nBarcia, p. 89. f Barcia, p. 89.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 51\\nWe have still to trace the fate of the body of two hundred,\\n.who retired from Ribault after his final determination to\\nsurrender to the tender mercies of Menendez. As we are\\nalready aware, it comprised the elite of his force, men of\\nstanding and rank, and whose spirits had retained energy\\nto combat against the natural discouragements of their po-\\nsition and they adopted the nobler resolve of selling their\\nlives, at least with their swords in their hands.\\nDe Solis proceeds to give the following further account of\\nthem\\nTwenty days subsequently to the destruction of these,\\nsome Indians came to the Adelantado, and informed him by\\n.signs, that eight days journey from here to the southward,\\nnear the Bahama Channel, at Canaveral, a large number of\\npeople, brethren of those whom the General had caused to\\nbe killed, were building a fort and a vessel. The Adelan-\\ntado at once came to the conclusion, that the French had\\nretired to the place where their vessels were wrecked, and\\nwhere their artillery and munitions, and provisions were, in\\norder to build a vessel and return to France to procure suc-\\ncor. The General thereupon dispatched from St. Augus-\\ntine to St. Matteo, ten of his soldiers, conveying intelligence\\nof what had taken place, and directing that they should\\nsend to him one hundred and fifty of the soldiers there,\\nwith the thirty-five others who remained when he returned\\nto St. Augustine, after taking the fort. The master of the\\ncamp immediately dispatched them, under command of Cap-\\ntains Juan Velez de Medrano and Andrez Lopez Patrio\\nand they arrived at St. Augustine on October 23d. On the\\n25th, after having heard mass, the Adelantado departed for\\nthe coast, with three hundred men, and three small vessels\\nto go by sea with the arms and provisions and the vessels\\nwere to go along and progress equally with the troops and\\neach niglit when the troops halted, the vessels also anchored\\nby them, for it; was a clear and sandy coast.\\nThe Adelantado carried in the three vessels provisions\\nfor forty days for three hundred men, and one day s ration\\nwas to last for two days and he promised to do everything\\nfor the general good of all, although they might have to\\nundergoniany dangers and privations that he had great\\nhope that he would have the goodness and mercy of God to\\naid him in carrying through safely this so holy and pious an\\nundertaking. He then took leave of them, leaving most of\\nthem in tears, for he was much loved, feared, and respected\\nby all.*\\nSarcia, p. 89.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nThe Adclantfido, after a wearisome journej, marching\\non foot himself the whole distance, arrived in the neighbor-\\nhood of the French camp on All Saints Day, at daylight,\\nguided by the Indians by land, and the three vessels under\\nthe command of Captain Diego de Maya. As soon as the\\nFrench descried the Spaniards, they fled to their fort, with-\\nout any remaining. The Adelantado sent them a trum-\\npeter, offering them their lives, that they should return and\\nshould receive the same treatment as the Spaniards. One\\nhundred and fifty came to the Adelantado and their leader,\\nwith twenty others, sent to say that they would sooner be\\ndevoured by the Indians, than surrender themselves to the\\nSpaniards. The Adelantado received those Avho surren-\\ndered, very well, and having set fire to the fort, which was\\nof wood, burned the vessel which they were building, and\\nburied the artillery, for the vessels could not carry them.\\nDe Solis here closes his account of the matter but from\\nother accounts we learn that the Adelantado kept his faith\\non this occasion with them, and that some entered his ser-\\nvice, some were converted to his faith, and others returned\\nto France and thus ended the Huguenot attempt to colo-\\nnize the shores of Florida.\\nThere are several other accounts of the fate of Ribault\\nand liis followers, drawn from the narratives of survivors\\nof the expedition, which, without varying the general order\\nof events, fill in sundry details of the massacres. The main\\npoint of difference is, as to the pledges or assurances given\\nby Menendez. The French accounts say that he pledged\\nhis faith to them that their lives should be spared.* It will\\nbe seen that the Spanish account denies that he did so, but\\nmakes him use language subject to misconstruction, and\\ncalculated to deceive them into the hope and expectation of\\nsafety. I do not see that in a Christian or even moral view\\nthere is much difference between an open breach of faith\\nand the breach of an implied faith, particularly when it was\\nonly by this deception that the surrender could have been\\naccomplished. Nor could Menendez have had a very deli-\\ncate sense of the value of the word of a soldier, a Christian,\\nand a gentleman, when, as his apologist admits, he did di-\\nrectly use the language of falsehood, to induce them to sub-\\nmit to the degradation of having their hands tied.\\nNor, considered in its broader aspects, is it a matter of any\\nSuch was the understanding of those who then wrote in reference to\\nthe transaction, as Barcia admits.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 5S\\nconsequence whether he gave his word or no nor does it\\nlessen the enormity of his conduct, had they submitted\\nthemselves in the most unreserved manner to his discretion.\\nFrance and Spain were at peace no act of hostility had\\nbeen committed by the French toward the Spaniards and\\nKibault asked only to be allowed to pass on. In violation\\nalike of the laws of war and the law of humanity, he first\\ninduced them to surrender, to abide what God, whose holy\\nname he invoked, should put into his heart to do, and then\\ncajoling them into allowing their hands to be tied, he or-\\ndered them to be killed, in their bonds as they stood, de-\\nfenseless, helpless, wrecked, and famished men. It would\\nhave been a base blot upon human nature, had he thus\\nserved the most savage tribe of nations, standing on that far\\nshore, brought into the common sympathy of want and suf-\\nfering. The act seems one of monstrous atrocity, when com-\\nmitted against the people of a sister nation.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nrOETIFYIJfG OF ST. AUGUSTINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISAFFCTIONS AND MU-\\nTINIES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 APPEOVAL OF MENENDEZ ACTS BY THE KING\\nOF SPAIN. 1565-1568.\\nDuRiXG the time of the several expeditions of the Ade-\\nlantado against the French Huguenots, the fortification\\nand strengthening of the defenses of the settlement at St.\\nAugustine had not been neglected. The fort, or Indian\\ncouncil-house, which had heen first fortified, seems to have\\nbeen consumed in the conflagation spoken of; and there-\\nupon a plan of a regular fortification or fort was marked\\nout by Menendez and, as there existed some danger of the\\nreturn of the French, the Spaniards labored unceasingly\\nwith their whole force, to put it in a respectable state of de-\\nfense. From an engraving contained in De Bry, illustrating\\nthe attack of Sir Francis Drake, twenty years afterwards,\\nthis fort appears to have been an octagonal structure of logs,\\nand located near the site of the present fort, while the set-\\ntlement itself was probably made in the first instance, at\\nthe lower end of the peninsula, near the building now called\\nthe powder-house,\\nHe also established a government for the place, with civil\\nand military officials, a liall of justice, etc.\\nAll of these matters Avere arranged hy IMenendez before\\nhis expedition against the French at Canaveral, of whom\\none hundred and fifty returned with him, and were received\\nupon an equal footing with his own men, the more distin-\\nguished being received at his own table upon the most\\nfriendly terms; a clemency which, with a knowledge of his\\ncharacter, can only be ascribed to motives of policy. The\\nposition of the French at Canaveral was probably inaccessi-\\nble, as they had their arms, besides artillery brought from\\nthe vessels and the duplicity which had characterized his\\nsuccess with their comrades, was out of the question here\\nthe French could therefore exact their own terms, and un-\\nshackled could forcibly resist any attempt at treachery.\\nThe addition of this number to his force lessened the\\nalready diminished supply of provisions which Menendez\\nhad brought with him and want soon began to threaten his\\ncamp. He sent as many of his soldiers as he could into", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 65\\ncamp at San Matteo, and endeavored to dravr supplies from\\nthe Indians but unfortunately for him, the country between\\nthe St. Johns and St. Augustine was under the rule of the\\nIndian Chief, Satouriara, the friend (and ally of the French),\\nwhose hostility the Spaniards were never able to overcome.\\nSatouriara and his followers withdrew from all peaceable\\nintercourse with the Spaniards, and hung about their path\\nto destroy, harrass, and cut them off upon every possible\\noccasion.\\nThe winter succeeding the settlement of the Spaniards at\\nSt. Augustine, was most distressing and discouraging to\\nthem. The lack of provisions in their camp drove them to\\nseek, in the surrounding country, subsistence from the roots\\nand esculent plants it might atibrd, or to obtain in the neigh-\\nboring creeks, fish and oysters; but no sooner did a Spaniard\\nventure out alone beyond the gates of the fort, than he was\\ngrasped, by some unseen foe, from the low underbrush and\\nput to death, or a shower of arrows from some tree-top was\\nhis first intimation of danger if he discharged his arque-\\nbuse towards his invisible assailants, others would spring\\nupon him before he could reload his piece or, if he at-\\ntempted to find fish and oysters in some quiet creek, the\\nnoiseless canoe of an Indian would dart in upon him, and\\nthe heavy war-club of the savage descending upon his un-\\nprotected head, end his existence. Against such a foe, no de-\\nfense could avail and it is related that more than one hun-\\ndred and twenty of the Spaniards were thus killed, including\\nCaptain Martin de Ochoa, Captain Diego de Hevia, Fer-\\nnando de Garaboa, and Juan Menendez, a nephew of the\\nAdelantado, and many others of the bravest and most dis-\\ntinguished of the garrison.\\nIn this crisis of affairs, the Governor concluded to go to\\nCuba himself, to obtain relief for his colony. He in the!\\nmeantime established a fort at St. Lucia, near Canaveral. i\\nA considerable jealousy seems to have existed on the part\\nof the governor of Cuba; and he received Menendez with\\ngreat coolness, and in reply to his appeals for aid, only of-\\nfered an empty vessel. In this emergency, Menendez con-\\ntemplated, as his only means of obtaining what he wished,\\nto go upon a filibustering expedition against some Portu-\\nguese and English vessels which were in those waters. While\\nmaking preparations to do this, four vessels of the fleet with\\nwhich he had left Spain, and which had been supposed lost,\\narrived and after dispatching a vessel to Campeachy for\\nprovisions, he commenced his return voyage to his colony,", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\ndelaying however for a time in South Florida, to seek intel-\\nligence among the Indians of his lost son.\\nIn the meantime his garrisons at St. Augustine and San\\nMatteo had mutinied, and were in open revolt; provisions\\nhad become so scarce that tv^^enty-tive reals had been given for\\na pound of biscuit, and but for the fish they would have\\nstarved. They plundered the public stores, imprisoned their\\noflicers, and seized upon a vessel laden with provisions\\nwhich had been sent to the garrison. The Master of the\\nCamp succeeded in escaping from confinement and releasing\\nhis fellow prisoners, b} a bold movement cut oft the inter-\\ncourse between the mutineers on board the vessel and those\\non shore, and hung the Sergeant IMajor, who was at the head\\nof the movement. The Commandant then attempted to\\nattack those in the vessel, and was nearly lost wnth his com-\\npanions, by being wrecked on the bar. The vessel made\\nsail to the West India Islands. The garrison at San Matteo\\ntook a vessel there and come around to St. Augustine, but\\narrived after their accomplices had left.\\nDisease had already begun to make its ravages, and added\\nto the general wish to leave the country; which all would\\nthen have done had they had the vessels in which to embark.\\nThey used for their recovery from sickness, the roots of a\\nnative shrub, wdiich produced marvelous cures.\\nAt this period Menendez returned to the famished garri-\\nson, but w^as forced to permit Juan Vicente, with one hun-\\ndred of the disaftected, to go to St. Domingo by a vessel\\nwhich he dispatched there for supplies; and it is said that\\nthe governors of the islands where they went, harbored\\nthem, and that of some five hundred who on difterent occa-\\nsions deserted from the Adelantado, and all of whom had\\nbeen brought out at his cost, but two or three were ever re-\\nturned to him while the deserters putting their own con-\\nstruction upon their acts, sent home to the king ^f Spain\\ncriminations of the Adelantado, and represented the con-\\nquest of Florida as a hopeless and worthless acquisition\\nthat it was barren and swampy, and produced nothing.\\nAfter this defection, ^Menendez proceeded along the coast\\nto San Matteo, and thence to Guale, Amelia, and adjoining\\nislands, Crista and St. Helena; made peaceful proposals to\\nthe Indian tribes, lectured them upon theology, and planted\\na cross at their council-houses. The cacique of Guale asked\\nMenendez how it was that he had waged war upon the\\nother white men, who had come from the same country as\\nhimself? lie replied, that the other white people were", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 67\\nbad Christians, and believers in lies and that those whom\\nhe had killed, deserved the most cruel death, because they\\nhad fled their own country, and came to mislead and deceive\\nthe caciques and other Indians, as they had already before\\nmisled and deceived many other good Christians, in order\\nthat the devil may take possession of them, While at St,\\nHelena he succeeded in obtaining permission of the Indians\\nto erect a foi t there, and he left a detachment. On his re-\\nturn he also erected fort San Felipe, at Crista; and after\\nsetting up a cross at Guale, the cacique demanded of him,\\nthat as now they had become good Christians, he should\\ncause rain to come upon their fields for a drought had con-\\ntinued eight months. The same night a severe rain-storm\\nhappened, which confirmed the faith of the Indians, and\\ngained the Adelantado great credit with them. While here,\\nhe learned that there was a fugitive Lutheran among the\\nIndians, and he took some pains to cause to be given to the\\nfugitive hopes of good treatment if he would come into the\\nSpanish post at St. Helena, while he gave private directions\\nthat he should be killed, directing his lieutenant to make\\nvery strange of his disappearance; an incident very illus-\\ntrative of the vindictiveness and duplicity of Menendez.*\\nHe returned to St. Augustine, and was received with great\\njoy, and devoted himself to the completion of the fort, which\\nwas to frighten the savages, and enforce respect from stran-\\ngers. It was built, it is said, where it now stands, donde este\\nahora, (1722.)\\nThe colony left at St. Helena mutinied almost immedi-\\nately, and seizing a vessel sent with supplies, sailed for Cuba,\\nand were wrecked on the Florida Keys, where they met at\\nan Indian town the mutineers who had deserted from the\\nfort at St. Matteo these had been also wrecked there.\\nThe garrison again becoming much straitened for provi-\\nsions, the Adelantado, in June, was obliged to go to Cuba\\nfor succor. He was received with indifference, and his\\nwishes unheeded. He applied to the governor of Mexico,\\nand others who happened, to be there, and who had the\\npower of assisting him from all he received no encourage-\\nment, but the advice to abandon his enterprise. He at last\\npawned his jewels, the badge of his order, and his valuables,\\nthus obtaining five hundred ducats with wliich he pur-\\nchased provisions, and set sail on his return, with only sixty-\\nfive men.\\nBut just at this period succor came to the famished\\nEnsay. Cron. 110.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\ntroops; a fleet of seventeen vessels arrived with fifteen hun-\\ndred men from Spain, under Juan de Avila, as admiral.\\nB}^ this means all the posts were succored and reinforced,\\nand the enterprise saved from destruction for the small\\nsupplies brought by Menendez would have been soon ex-\\nhausted, and further efforts being out of his power, they\\nwould have been forced to withdraw from the country.\\nThe admiral of the fleet also had entrusted to him for the\\nAdelantado a letter from the king, written on the 12th of\\nMay, 1566, which, among other matters, contained the fol-\\nlowing royal commendation of the acts of Menendez. Of\\nthe great success which has attended your enterprise, we\\nhave the most entire satisfaction, and we bear in memory\\nthe loyalty, the love, and the diligence, with which you\\nhave borne us service, as well as the dangers and perils in\\nwhich you have been placed and as to the retribution you\\nhave visited upon the Lutheran pirates who sought to oc-\\ncupy that country, and to fortify themselves there, in order\\nto disseminate in it their wicked creed, and to prosecute\\nthere their wrongs and robberies, which they have done\\nand were doing against God s service and my own, we be-\\nlieve that you did it with every justification and propriety,\\nand we consider ourself to have been well served in so\\ndoing.\\nTo this commendation of Philip II., it is unnecessary to\\nadd any comment, save that no other action, could have\\nbeen expected of him. And of Charles the i^inth, of\\nFrance, the Spanish historian says that he treated the me-\\nmorial of the widows and orphans of the slain with con-\\ntempt, considering their punishment to have been just, in\\nthat they were equally enemies of Spain, of France, of the\\nChurch, and of the peace of the world.\\nDuring the absence of Menendez to inspect his posts,\\ndisaffection again broke out; and finding his force too nu-\\nmerous, he with sixteen vessels went upon a freebooting\\nexpedition to attack pirates. He failed to meet with any\\nbut having learned that a large French fleet was on its way,\\nhe visited and fortified the forts on the islands of Cuba,\\nHispaniola, and Puerto Rico, and again returned to Flor-\\nida the expected French fleet never having arrived. About\\nthis time, a small vessel brought from Spain three learned\\nand exemplary priests; one of whom, Padre Martinez,\\nlauded upon the coast with some of the crew, and being\\nunable to regain the vessel, coasted along to St. George\\nEnsayo Cron. 115.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 59\\nIsland, where he was attacked and murdered hy the Indians,\\nwith a number of his companions.\\nThe following- year was principally occupied by Menendez,\\nn strengthening his fortifications at his three forts, in visit-\\ning the Indian chiefs at their towns, and exploring the\\ncountry. One of his expeditious went as far north as the\\nthirty-seventh degree of latitude by sea, and another went\\nto the foot of the Apalachian Mountains, about one hun-\\ndred and fifty leagues, and established a fort. The former\\nwas about the mouth of the Chesapeake, called the Santa\\nMaria, and the land expedition, probably to theup-couutry\\nof Georgia, in the neighborhood of Eome.\\nAll attempts at pacifying their warlike neighbor were as\\nfruitless as their attempts to subjugate him; whether in\\nartifice and duplicity, in open warfare, or secret ambush,\\nhe was more than equal to the Adelantado, and was a\\nworthy ancestor of the modern Seminole, never present\\nwhen looked for, and never absent when an opportunity of\\nstriking a blow occurred.\\nThe Adelantado having had built an extremely slight\\nvessel of less than twenty tons, called a frigate, concluded to\\nvisit Spain, and ran in seventeen days to the Azores, sailing\\nseventy leagues per day, an exploit not often equaled in\\nmodern times. He was received with great joy in Spain,\\nand the king treated him with much consideration. The\\nAdelantado felt great anxiety to return to his colony,\\nand deprecated the delays of the court, fearing the result of\\nthe indignation at his cruelty to the Huguenots, which, says\\nhis chronicler, increased day by day.f\\nPensacola Bay was also so called,\\nf Ensayo: Cron. 133.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "60 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER X.\\nTHE NOTABLE EEVENGE OF DOMINIC DE GOURGUES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EE-\\nTURN OF MENENDEZ\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDIAN MISSION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1568.\\nWhile Menendez thus remained at the Spanish court\\nurging the completion of his business, seeking compensa-\\ntion for the great expenditures which he had made in the\\nking s service, and vindicating himself from the accusations\\nwhich had been preferred against him, the revenge, the\\ndistant marraurs of which had already reached his ears, fell\\nupon the Spaniards on the St. Johns.\\nDominic de Gourgues, one of those soldiers of fortune\\nwho then abounded throughout Europe, took upon himself\\nthe expression of the indignation with which the French\\nnation viewed the slaughter of their countrymen. From\\nmotives of policy, or from feelings still less creditable, the\\nFrench court ignored the event; but it rankled nevertheless\\nin the national heart, and many a secret vow of revenge\\nwas breathed, the low whispers of which reached even the\\nconfines of the Spanish court. Conscience, and the know-\\nledsre that the sentiment of the ao;e was against him, made\\nMenendez from the moment of his success exceedmgly\\nanxious lest well-merited retribution should fall upon his\\nown colony. He guarded against it in every way in his\\npower he strengthened all his posts he erected for the\\nprotection of San Matteo, formerly Fort Caroline, two small\\nforts on either side of the entrance of the river, at the points\\nnow known as Batten Island and Mayport Mills. He placed\\nlarge garrisons at each post, and had made such an-ange-\\nments against surprise or open attack upon his forts, that\\nFather Mendoza boasted that half of all France could not\\ntake them.\\nDe Gourgues, with three vessels and about two hundred\\nand fifty chosen men, animated with like feelings with him-\\nself, appeared in April, 1568, oft the mouth of the St. Johns.\\nThe Spinish fort received his vessels with a salute, sup-\\nposing them to be under the flag of Spain. De Gourgues\\nreturned the salute, thus confirming their error. He then\\nentered the St. Marys, called the Somme, and was met by\\na large concourse of Indians, friendly to the French and bit-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 61\\nterly hostile to the Spaniards, at the head of whom was the\\nstern and uncompromising Saturioura. Their plans were\\nquickly formed, and immediately carried into execution.\\nTheir place of rendezvous was the Fort George Inlet, called\\nby them the Sarabay and they traversed that island at low\\ntide, fell suddenly upon the fort at Batten Island on the\\nnorth side of the river, completely surprising it. The force\\noccupying the Spanish forts amounted to four hundred men,\\none hundred and twenty of whom occupied the two forts at\\nthe month of the river, and the remainder Fort Caroline.\\nThe French with their Indian allies approached the fort on\\nthe north side of the river at day-break. Ilaving waded the\\nintervening marsh and creek, to the great damage of their\\nfeet and legs by reason of the oyster banks, they arrived\\nwithin two hundred yards of the post, when they were dis-\\ncovered by the sentinel upon the platform of the fort who\\nimmediately cried, to arms, and discharged twice at the\\nFrench a culverin which had been taken at Fort Caroline.\\nBefore he could load it a third time the brave Olatocara\\nleaped upon him, and killed him with a pike. Gourgues\\nthen charging in, the garrison, by this time alarmed, rushed\\nout, armed hastily and seeking escape; another part of\\nGourgues force coming up, inclosed the Spaniards between\\nthem, and all but fifteen of the garrison perished on the\\nspot the others were taken prisoners, only to be reserved\\nfor the summary vengeance which the French leader medi-\\ntated.\\nThe Spanish garrison in the other fort kept up in tlie\\nmean time a brisk cannonade, which incommoded the as-\\nsailants, who however soon managed to point the pieces of\\nthe fort they had taken and under the cover of this fire the\\nFrench crossed to the other fort, their Indian allies in great\\nnumbers swimming with them. The garrison of sixty men,\\npanic-struck, made no attempt at resistance, but fled, en-\\ndeavoring to reach the main fort; being intercepted by the\\nIndians in one direction, and by the French in another, but\\nfew made good their escape. These, arriving at Fort Caro-\\nline, carried an exaggerated account of the number of their\\nassailants.\\nDe Gourgues at once pushed forward to attack Fort Caro-\\nlipe, while its defenders were terrified at the suddenness of\\nhis attack, and the supposed strength of his force. Upon\\nhis arrival near the fort, the Spanish commander sent out a\\ndetachment of sixty men, to make a reconnoisance. De\\nGourgues skilfully interposed a body of his own men with", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\na large number of the Indians between tlie reconnoitering\\nparty and the fort, and then with his main force charged\\nupon them in front when the Spaniards, turning to seek the\\nshelter of the fort, were met by the force in their rear, and\\nwere all either killed or taken prisoners. Seeing this mis-\\nfortune, the Spanish commander despaired of being able to\\nhold the fortress, and determined to make a timely retreat\\nto St. Augustine. In attempting this, most of his followers\\nfell into the hands of the Indians, and were slain upon the\\nspot the commandant with a few others alone escaped.\\nDe Gourgues, now completely successful in making re-\\ntaliation for the fate of his countrymen on the same spot\\nwhere they sntfered, on the same tree which had borne the\\nbodies of the Huguenots caused his prisoners to be sus-\\npended and as Menedez had on the former occasion erected\\na tablet that they had been punished not as Frenchmen\\nbut as Lutherans, so De Gourgues in like manner erected\\nan inscription that he had done this to them not as to\\nSpaniards, nor as to outcasts, but as to traitors, thieves and mur-\\nderers.\\nAfter inducing the Indians to destroy the forts, and to\\nraze them to the ground, he set sail for France, arriving\\nsafely without further adventure.\\nHis conduct was at the time disavowed and censured by\\nthe French court; and the Spanish ambassador had the as-\\nsurance, in the name of that master who had publicly de-\\nclared his approval of the conduct of Menendez, to demand\\nthe surrender of De Gourgues to his vengence. The brave\\ncaptain, however the crown might seem to disapprove, was\\nsecretly sustained and protected by many distinguished per-\\nsons official and private, and by the mass of the people to\\nwhom his boldness, spirit, and signal success were grateful.\\nSome years afterwards he was restored to the tkvor of his\\nsovereign, and appointed admiral of the fleet.\\nThat De Gourgues deserves censure, cannot be denied\\nbut there will always exist an admiration for his courage\\nand intrepid valor, with a sympathy for the bitter provoca-\\ntions under which he acted, both personal and national a\\nsympathy not shared with Menendez, who visited his wrath\\nupon the religions opinions of men, while De Gourgues was\\nthe unauthorized avenger of undoubted crime and inhu-\\nmanity. Both acted in violation of the pure spirit of that\\nTornaux Compans, p. 357.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 63\\nChristianity which they alike professed to_revere, under the\\nsame form.\\nWhile these scenes were enacting on the St. Johns,\\nMenendez was on his way to his colonies, where he first\\nheard of the descent of De Gourgues, then on his way back\\nto France. The Adelantado upon his arrival found his\\ntroops hungry and naked, and their relations with the] In-\\ndians worse than ever. Having made such arrangements\\nas were in his power, he returned to Havana, to further his\\nplans for introducing Christianity among the Indians to\\nwhich, to his credit be it 8aid, Jie devoted the greater share\\nof his time and attention. Father liogel applied himself to\\nlearning their language, with great success and an institu-\\ntion was established in Havana especially for their instruc-\\ntion. In the Ensayo Cronologica, there is set forth in full, a\\nrescript addressed by Pope Pius Y., to Menendez, conveying\\nto him the acknowledgements of his Holiness for the zeal\\nand loyalty he had exhibited, and his labors in carr3 ing the\\nfaith to the Indians, and urging him strongly to see to it\\nthat his Indian converts should not be scandalized by the\\nvicious lives of their white brethren who claimed to ^be\\nChristians.\\nA small party of Spaniards, as has already been men-\\ntioned, accompanied by a priest, De Quiros, had been left\\nupon the Chesapeake, and under the auspices of a young\\nconverted chief, who had been some time with the Spaniards\\nin Havana and Florida, anticipated a more easy access to\\nthe Indian tribes in that region. Another priest, with ten\\nassociates, went the following year when, after they had\\nsent away their vessel, the}^ discovered that their predeces-\\nsor had been murdered, through the treachery of the rene-\\ngade apostate and they themselves shortly fell victims to\\nhis perfidy. Menendez dispatched a third vessel there\\nwhen the fate of the two former parties was ascertained, and\\nhe went in person to chastise the murderers he succeeded in\\ncapturing six or seven, who, it is said, (rather improbably I\\nthink), confessed themselves to have been implicated in the\\nmassacre. Menendez, in his summary and sailor-like way,\\nordered their execution at the yard-arm of his vessel. The\\nCronicle says that they were first converted and baptized,\\nby the zeal of Farther Pogel, before the sentence was car-\\nried into execution. A long period elapsed before any\\nfurther efforts were made in this quarter to establish a col-\\nony and it was then accomplished b} the English. In con-\\nsequence of these temporary establishments, however, the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nSpanish crown, for a long period, claimed the whole qf the\\nintervening country, as lying within its Province of Florida.\\nThe annlils of the city during the remainder of the life of\\nMenendez, present only the usual vicissitudes of new set-\\ntlements, the alternations of supply and want, occasional\\ndisaffection s, and petty annoyances.\\nMenendez was the recipient from his court of new hon-\\nors from time to time, and had heen appointed the grand\\nadmiral of the Spanish Armada; when, in September, 1574,\\nhe was suddenly carried oif by a fever, at the age of fifty-five.\\nIt is a singular coincidence that De Gourgues, five years\\nafterwards, was carried off in a similar manner, just after\\nhis appointment as admiral of the French fieet. A splendid\\nmonument in the church of San Nicolas, at Aviles, was\\nerected to the memory of Menendez, with the following in-\\nscription:\\nHere lies buried the illustrious Cavalier, Pedro\\nMenendez de Aviles, a native of this city, Adelantado\\nOF the Provinces of Florida, Knight Commander of Santa\\nCruz of the order of Santiago, and Captain General of\\nTHE Oceanic Seas and of the Armada which his Royal\\nHighness collected at Santander in the year 1574, where\\nHE died on the 17tii of September of that year, in the\\n55th year of his age.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 65\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nSIR FRAI^CIS DRAKES ATTACK UPON ST. AUGUSTINE-\\nESTABLISHMENT OF MISSIONS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MASSACRE OP MISSION-\\nARIES AT ST. AUGUSTINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1583-1638.\\nISTiNE years had elapsed from tlie death of Menendez, and\\nthe colony at St. Augustine had slowly progressed into the\\nsettlement of a small town but the eclat and importance\\nwhich the presence of Menendez had given it, were much\\nlessened when, in 1586, Sir Francis Drake, with a fleet re-\\nturning from South America, discovered the Spanish look-\\nout upon Anastasia Island, and sent boats ashore to ascer-\\ntain something in reference to it. Marching up the shore,\\nthey discovered across the bay, a fort, and further up a\\ntown built of wood.\\nProceeding tow^ards the fort, which bore the name of San\\nJuan de Pinas, some guns w^ere fired upon them from it,\\nand they retired towards their vessel; the same evening a\\nfifer made his appearance, and informed them that he was\\na Frenchman, detained a prisoner there, and that the\\nSpaniards had abandoned their fort; and he offered to\\nconduct them over. Upon this information they crossed\\nthe river and found the fort abandoned as they had been\\ninformed, and took possession of it without opposition. It\\nwas built entirely of wood, and only surrounded by a wall\\nor pale formed of the bodies or trunks of large trees, set up-\\nright in the earth; for, says the narrative, it was not at that\\ntime inclosed by a ditch, as ithad been but lately begun b} the\\nSpaniards. The platforms were made of the bodies of\\nlarge pine trees (of which there are plenty here), laid hor-\\nizontally across each other, with earth rammed in to fill up\\nthe vacancies. Fourteen brass cannon were found in the\\nfort, and there was left behind the treasure chest, con-\\ntaining X2,000 sterling, designed for the payment of the\\ngarrison, which consisted of one hundred and fifty men.\\nWhether the massive, iron-bound mahogany chest,* still\\npreserved in the old fort is the same which fell into the\\nThis old chest, which remained in one of the western vaults of the\\nfort, up to the late war, was broken up for relics, and is no longer there.\\n5", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nhands of Drake, is a question for antiquaries to decide; its\\nancient appearance might well justify the supposition.\\nOn the following day, Drake s forces marched towards the\\ntown, but owing, it is said, to heavy rains, were obliged to\\nreturn and go in the boats. On their approach, the Span-\\niards fled into the countr} It is said, in Barcia, that a\\nSpaniard concealed in the bushes, fired at the sergeant ma-\\njor and wounded him, and then ran up and dispatched him,\\nand that in revenge for this act, Drake burnt their buildings\\nand destroyed their gardens. The garrison and inhabitants\\nretired to fort San Matteo, on the St. Johns river. Barcia\\nsays that the population of the place was then increasing\\nconsiderabl} and that it possessed a hall of justice, parochial\\nchurch, and other buildings, together with gardens in the\\nrear of the town.\\nAn engraved plan or view of Drake s descent upon St-\\nAugustine, published after his return to England, represents\\nan octagonal fort between two streams; at the distance of\\nhalf a mile another stream; beyond that the town, with a\\nlook-out and* two religious houses, one of which is a church,\\nand the other probably the house of the Franciscans, who\\nhad shortly before established a house of their order there.\\nThe town contains three squares lengthwise, and four in\\nwidth, with gardens on the west side.\\nSome doubt has been thrown on the actual site of the\\nfirst settlement, by this account but I think it probably\\nstood considerably to the south of the present public square,\\nbetween the barracks and the powder-house. Perhaps the\\nMaria Sanchez creek may have then communicated with the\\nbay near its present head, in wet weather and at high tides\\nisolating the fort from the town. The present north ditch\\nmay have been the bed of a tide creek, and thus would cor-\\nrespond to the appearance presented by the sketch. It is\\nwell known that the north end of the city was built at a\\nmuch later period than the southern, and that the now va-\\ncant space below the barracks, was once occupied with\\nbuildings. Buildings and fields are shown upon Anastasia\\nIsland, opposite the town. The relative position of the\\ntown with reference to the entrance of the harbor is cor-\\nrectly shown on the plan and there seems no sufiicient\\nground to doubt the identity of the present town with the\\nancient locality.\\nThe garrison and country were then under the command\\nof Don Pedro Menendez, a nephew of the Adelantado, who,\\nafter the English squadron sailed, having received assistance", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 67\\nfrom Havana, began, it is said, to rebuild the city, and\\nmade great efforts to increase its population, and to induce\\nthe Indians to settle in its neighborhood.\\nIn 1592, twelve Franciscan missionaries arrived at St. Au-\\ngustine, with their Superior, Fraj Jean de Silva, and placed\\nthemselves under the charge of Father Francis Manon,\\nWarden of the convent of St. Helena. One of them, a Mexi-\\ncan, Farther Francis Panja, drew up in the language of the\\nYemasees his Abridgment of Christian Doctrine, said to\\nbe the first work compiled in any of our Indian languages.\\nThe Franciscan Father Corpa established a Mission\\nhouse for the Indians at Talomato, in the northwest portion\\nof the city of St, Augustine, where there was than an Indian\\nvillage. Father Bias de Rodriguez, also called Montes, had\\nan Indian Church at a village of the Indians, called Tapoqui,\\nsituated on the creek called Cano de la Leche, north of the\\nfort; and the church bearing the name of Our Lady of the\\nMilk was situated on the elevated ground a quarter of a\\nmile north of the fort, near the creek. A stone church\\nexisted at this localit}^ as late as 1795, and the crucifix be-\\nlonging to it is preserved in the Roman Catholic Church at\\nSt. Augustine.\\nThese missions proceeded with considerable apparent suc-\\ncess, large numbers of the Indians being received and in-\\nstructed both at this and other missions.\\nAmong the converts at the mission of Talomato, was the\\nson of the cacique of the province of Guale, a proud and\\nhigh-spirited young leader, Avho by no means submitted to\\nthe requirements of his spiritual fathers, but indulged in\\nexcesses which scandalized his profession. Father Corpa,\\nafter trying private remonstrances and warnings in vain,\\nthought it necessary to administer to him a public rebuke.\\nThis aroused the pride of the young chief, and he suddenly\\nleft the mission, determined upon revenge. He gathered\\nfrom the interior a band of warriors, wdiom he inspired with\\nhis own hatred against the missionaries. Returning to\\nTalomato with his followers under the cover of night, he\\ncrept up to the mission house, burst open the chapel doors,\\nand slew the devoted Father Corpa while at prayer then\\nsevered his head from his body, set it upon a pikestaff, and\\nthrew his body out into the forest where it could never after-\\nwards be found. The scene of this tragedy was in the\\nneighborhood of the present Roman Catholic cemetery of\\nSt. Augustine.\\nAs soon as this occurence became known in the Indian", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nvillage, all was excitement some of the most devoted be-\\nwailing the death of their spiritual father, while others\\ndreaded the consequences of so rash an act, and shrunk with\\nterror from the vengeance of the Spaniards, which they fore-\\nsaw would soon follow. The young chief of Guale gather-\\ned them around him, and in earnest tones addressed them.\\nYes, said he, the friar is dead. It would not have beeii\\ndone, if he would have allowed us to live as we did before\\nwe became Christians. We desire to return to our ancient\\ncustoms and we must provide for our defense against the\\npunishment which will be hurled upon us by the Governor\\nof Florida, which, if it be allowed to reach us, will be as\\nrigorous for this single frair, as if we had killed them all.\\nFor the same power which we possess to destroy this one\\npriest, we have to destroy them all.\\nHis followers approved of what had been done, and said\\nthere was no doubt but what the same vengeance would fall\\nupon them for the death of the one, as for all.\\nHe then resumed. Since we shall receive equal punish-\\nment for the death of this one, as though we had killed\\nthem all, let us regain the liberty of which these friars have\\nrobbed us, with their promises of good things which we\\nhave not yet seen, but which they seek to keep us in hope\\nof, while they accumulate upon us wdio are called Christians,\\ninjuries and disgusts, making us quit our wdves, restricting\\nus to one only, and prohibiting us from changing her.\\nThey prevent us from having our balls, banquets, feasts,\\ncelebrations, games and contests, so that being deprived of\\nthem, we lose our ancient valor and skill which we inher-\\nited from our ancestors. Although thej oppress us with\\nlabor, refusing to grant even the respite of a few days, and\\nalthough we are disposed to do all they require from us,\\nthey are not satisfied but for everything they reprimand us,\\ninjuriously treat us, oppress us, lecture us, call us bad\\nChristians, and deprive us of all the pleasures which our\\nfathers enjoyed, in the hope that they would give us heaven\\nby these frauds sul)jecting us and holding us under their ab-\\nsolute control. And what have we to hope except to be\\nmade slaves If we now put them all to death, we shall\\ndestroy these excrescenses, and force the governor to treat\\nus well.\\nThe majority were carried away by his address, and rung\\nout the war-cry of death ai d defiance. While still eager\\nfor blood, therr chief led them to the Indian town of Tapo-\\nqui, the mission of Father Montes, on the Cano do laLeche", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 69\\ntumultuously ruslnuo^ in, tliey informed the missionary of\\ntiie fate of Father Corpa, and that they sought his own life\\nand those of all his order and then with uplifted weapons\\nbade him prepare to die. He reasoned and remonstrated\\nwith them, portraying the folly avA wickedness of their in-\\ntentions, that the vengeance of the Spaniards would surely\\novertake them, and implored them with tears, that for their\\nown sakes rather than liis, they would pause in their mad\\ndesigns. But all in vain they were alike insensible to his\\neloquence, and his tears, and pressed forward to surround\\nhim. Finding all else vain, he begged as a last favor that\\nhe should be permitted to celebrate mass before he died.\\nIn this he was probably actuated in part by the hope that\\ntheir fierce hatred might be assuaged by the sight of the\\nceremonies of their faith, or that the delay might afiord\\ntime for succor from the adjoining garrison.\\nThe permission was given and there for the last time the\\nworthy Father put on his robes, which might well be term-\\ned his robes of sacrifice. The wild and savage crowd,\\nthirsting for his blood, reclined upon the floor and looked\\non in sullen silence, awaiting the conclusion of the rites.\\nThe priest alone, standing before the altar, proceeded with\\nthis most sad and solemn mass, then cast his eyes to heaven\\nand knelt in private supplication; where the next moment\\nhe fell under the blows of his cruel foes, bespattering the\\naltar at which he ministered, with his own life s blood. His\\ncrushed remains were thrown into the fields, that they might\\nserve for the fowls of the air or the beasts of the forest;\\nbut not one would approach it, except a dog, which, rushing\\nforward to lay hold upon the body, fell dead upon the spot,\\nsays the ancient chronicle; and an old Christian Indian,\\nrecognizing it, gave it sepulture in the forest.\\nFrom thence the ferocious young chief of Guale led his\\nfollowers against several missions, in other parts of the\\ncountry, which he attacked and- destroyed, together with\\ntheir attendant clergy. Thus upon the soil of the ancient\\ncity was shed the blood of Christian martyrs, who were\\nlaboring with a zeal well worthy of emulation, to carry the\\ntruths of religion to the native tribes of Florida. Two hun-\\ndred and sixty years have passed away since these sad scenes\\nwere enacted but we cannot even now repress a tear of\\nsympathy and a feeling of admiration for those self-denying\\nmissionaries of the cross, who sealed their faith with their\\nblood, and fell victims to their energy and devotion. The\\nspectacle of the dying priest struck down at the altar, at-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\ntired in liis sacred vestments, and perhaps imploring pardon\\nupon his murderers, cannot fail to call up in the heart of the\\nmost insensible, something more than a passing emotion.\\nThe zeal of the Franciscans was only increased by this\\ndisaster, and each succeeding year brought additions to their\\nnumber. They pushed their missions into the interior of\\nthe country so rapidly that in less than two years they had\\nestablished through the principal towns of the Indians no\\nless than twenty mission houses. The presumed remains\\nof these establishments are still occasionally to be found\\nthroughout the interior of the country.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 71\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nSUBJECTION OF THE APALACHIAN INDIANS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONSTKUC-\\nTION OF THE FOET, SEA WALL, c.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1638\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1700.\\nIn the year 1638, hostilities were entered into between the\\nSpanish settlements on the coast, and the Apalachian Indi-\\nans, who occupied the country in the neighborhood of the\\nriver Suwanee. The Spaniards soon succeeded in subduing\\ntheir Indian foes; and in 1640, large numbers of the Apala-\\nchian Indians were brought to St. Augustine, and in alleged\\npunishment for their outbreak, and with a sagacious eye to\\nthe convenience of the arrangement, were forced to labor\\nupon the public works and fortifications of the city. At\\nthis period the English settlements along the coast to the\\nnorthward, had begun to be formed, much to the uneasi-\\nness and displeasure of the Spanish crown, which for along\\nperiod claimed, by virtue of exploration and occupation, as\\nwell as by the ancient papal grant of Alexander, all the\\neastern coast of the United States. Their missionaries had\\npenetrated Virginia before the settlement at Jamestown\\nand they had built a fort in South Carolina, and kept up a\\ngarrison for some years in it. But the Spanish government\\nhad become too feeble to compete with either the English\\nor the French on the seas and with the loss of their cele-\\nbrated Armada, perished forever their pretensions as a\\nnaval power. They were therefore forced to look to the\\nsafety of their already established settlements in Florida\\nand the easy capture of the fort at St. Augustine by the\\npassing squadron of Drake, evinced the necessit}^ of works\\nof a much more formidable character.\\nIt is evident that the fort, or castle as it was usually\\ndesignated, had been then commenced, although its form\\nwas afterwards changed and for sixty years subsequently,\\nthese unfortunate Apalachian Indians were compelled to\\nlabor upon the works, until in 1680, upon the recommenda-\\ntion of their mission Fathers, they were relieved from fur-\\nther compulsory labor, with the understanding that in case\\nof necessity they would resume their labors.\\nIn 1648, St. Augustine is described to have contained", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nmore than three Imndred householders [vecinos), a flourish-\\ning moiiastry of the order of St. Francis with lifty Francis\\ncans, men very zealous for the conversion of the Indians,\\nand regarded by their countrymen with the highest venera-\\ntion. Besides these there were in the city alone, a vicar, a\\nparochial curate, a superior sacristan, and a chaplain at-\\ntached to the castle. The parish church was built of wood,\\nthe Bishop of Cuba, it is said, not being able to aiibrd any-\\nthing better, his whole income being but four hundred pezos\\nper annum, which he shared with Florida; and sometimes\\nhe expended much more than his receipts.\\nIn 1665, Captain Davis, one of the English buccaneers\\nand freebooters (then very numerous in the West Indies),\\nwith a fleet of seven or eight vessels came on the coast\\nfrom Jamaica, to intercept the Spanish plate fleet on its return\\nfrom New Spain to Europe but being disappointed in this\\nscheme, he proceded along the coast of Florida, and came oft\\nSt. Augustine, where he landed and marched directly upon\\nthe town, which he sacked and plundered, /without meeting^\\nthe least opposition or resistance from the Spaniards,\\nalthough they had then a garrison of two hundred men\\nin the fort, which at that time was an octagon, fortified and\\ndefended by round towers.\\nThe fortifications, if this account be true, were probably^\\nthen ery incomplete and with a vastly inferior force it is\\nnot surprising that they did not undertake what could only\\nhave been an ineflectual resistance. It does not appear that\\nthe fort was taken and the inhabitants retired probably\\nwithin its enclosure with their valuables.*\\nIn the Spanish account of the various occurrences in this\\ncountry, it is mentioned that in 1681, the English having\\nexamined a province of Florida, distant twelve leagues from\\nanother called New Castle, where the air is pleasant, the\\nclimate mild, and the lands very fertile, called it Salvania\\nand that knowing these advantages, a Quaker, or Shaker (a\\nsect barbarous impudent, and abominable), called William\\nPenn, obtained a grant of it from Charles II., King of Eng-\\nland, and made great efforts to colonize it. Such was the\\nextent then claimed for the province of Florida, and such\\nthe opinion entertained of the Quakers.\\nIn 1681, Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, applied himself at\\nonce, upon his appointment to the governorship of Florida,\\nto finishing the castle and collected large quantities of\\nI do not find any account of this expedition and capture of St. Augus-\\ntine in the Ensayo Cronologica", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. /o\\nstone, lime, timber, and iron, more than sufficient subse-\\nquently to complete it. About this period, a new impulse\\nwas given to the extension of the missions for converting\\nthe Indians and large reinforcements of the clerical force\\nwere received from Mexico, Havana, and Spain and many\\nof them received salaries from the crown. A considerable\\nIndian town is spoken of at tliis period, as existing six hun-\\ndred varas north of St. Augustine, and called Macarasi,\\nwhich would correspond to the place formerly occupied by\\nJudge Douglas, deceased, and which has long been called\\nMacariz. Other parts of the country were known by vari-\\nous names. Amelia Island was the province of Guale.\\nThe southern part of the country was known as the\\nprovince of Carlos. Indian river was the province of Ys.\\nWestwardly was the province of Apalachie; while smaller\\ndivisions were designated by the names of the chiefs.\\nIt is hardly to be doubted, that the same spirit of oppres-\\nsion towards the Indians, exercised in the other colonies\\nunder Spanish dominition, existed in Florida. It has\\nbeen already mentioned that the Apalachians were kept at\\nlabor upon the fortifications of St. Augustine and in 1680,\\nthe Yemasees, who had always been particularly peaceful\\nand manageable, and whose principal town was Macarisqui,\\nnear St. Augustine, revolted at the rule exercised over them\\nby the Spanish authorities at St. Augustine, in consequence\\nof the execution of one of their chiefs by the order of the\\ngovernor and six years afterwards they made a general\\nattack upon the Spaniards, drove them within the walls of\\nthe castle, and became such mortal enemies to them, that\\nthey never gave a Spaniard quarter, waylaying, and invaria-\\nbly massacring, any stragglers they could intercept outside\\nof the fort.\\nIn 1670, an English settlement was established near Port\\nRoyal, South Carolina, one hundred and five years subse-\\nquent to the settlement of St. Augustine. The Spaniards\\nregarded it as an infringement upon their rights and al-\\nthough a treaty, after this settlement, had been made be-\\ntween Spain and England, confirming to the latter all her\\nsettlements and islands, yet as no boundaries or limits were\\nmentioned, their respective rights and boundaries remained\\na subject of dispute for seventy years.\\nAbout 1675, the Spanish authorities at St. Augustine,\\nhaving intelligence from white servants who fled to them, of\\nthe discontented and miserable situation of the colony in\\nCarolina, advanced with a party under arms as far as the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nIsland of St. Helena, to dislodge or destroy the settlers. A\\ntreacherous colonist of the name of Fitzpatrick, deserted\\nto the Spaniards; but the governor, Sir John Yeamans,\\nhaving received a reinforcement, held his ground; and a\\ndetachment of tifty volunteers under Colonel Godfrey,\\nmarched against the enemy, forcing them to retire from the\\nIsland of St. Helena,, and retreat to St. Augustine.*\\nTen years afterwards, three gallej-s sailed from St. Augus-\\ntine, and attacked a Scotch and English settlement at Port\\nRoyal, which had been founded by Lord Cardross, in 1681.\\nThe settlement was weak and unprotected, and the Si^an-\\niards fell upon them, killed several, whipped many, plundered\\nall, and broke up the colony. Flushed with success, they\\ncontinued their depredations on Edisto River, burning the\\nhouses, wasting the plantations, and robbing the settlers\\nand finished their marauding expedition by capturing the\\nbrother of Governor Morton, and burning him alive in one\\nof the galleys which a hurricane had driven so high upon\\nland as to make it impossible to have it re-launched. Such\\nat least is the English account of the matter and they say\\nthat intestine troubles alone prevented immediate and sig-\\nnal retaliation by the South Carolinians. f\\nOne Captain Don Juan de Aila went to Spain in the\\nyear 1687, in his own vessel, to procure additional forces\\nand ammunition for the garrison at St. Augustine. He re-\\nceived the men and munitions desired; and as a reward for\\nhis diligence and patriotism, he also received the privilege\\nof carrying merchandise, duty free being also allowed to\\ntake twelve Spanish negroes for the cultivation of the fields\\nof Florida, of whom it is said there was a great want in\\nthat province. By a mischance, he was only able to carry\\none negro there, with the troops and other cargo, and was\\nreceived in the city with universal joy. This was the first\\noccasion of the reception of African slaves although as\\nhas been heretofore mentioned, it was made a part of the\\nroyal stipulation with Menendez, that he should bring over\\nfive hundred negro slaves.\\nDon Diego de Quiroga y Losada, the governor of Florida\\nin 1690, finding that the sea was making dangerous en-\\ncroachments upon the shores of the town, and had reached\\neven the houses, threatening to swallow them up, and ren\\nCarroll s S. C, Vol. 1, p. G2.\\nf Kivers S. C. Hist. Coll. p. 143. Do. Appendix, 425. Carroll s Coll.,\\n2(1 vol., 350.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLdRIDA. 75\\nder useless the fort which had cost so much to put in the\\nstate of completion in which it then was, called a public\\nmeeting of the chief men and citizens of the place, and pro-\\nposed to them that in order to escape the danger which\\nmenaced them, and to restrain the force of the sea, they\\nshould construct a wall, which should run from the castle\\nand cover and protect the city from all danger of the sea.\\nThe inhabitants not only approved of his proposal, but\\nbegan the work with so much zeal, that the soldiers gave\\nmore than seventeen hundred dollars of their wages, al-\\nthough they were very much behind, not having been paid\\nin six years with which the governor began to make the\\nnecessary preparations, and sent forward a dispatch to the\\nhome government upon the subject.\\nThe council of war of the Indies approved, in the follow-\\ning year, of the work of the sea wall, and directed the\\nviceroy of Kew Spain to furnish ten thousand dollars for it,\\nand directed that a plan and estimate of the work should\\nbe forwarded. Quiroga was succeeded in the governorship of\\nFlorida, by Don Laureano de Torres, who went forward with\\nthe work of the sea wall, and received for this purpose the\\nmeans furnished by the soldiers, and one thousand dollars\\nmore, which they oifered besides the two thousand dollars,\\nand likewise six thousand dollars which had come from\\niSTew Spain, remitted by the viceroy. Count de Galleo, for\\nthe purpose of building a tower, as a look-out to observe the\\nsurrounding Indian settlements. Whether this tower was\\nerected, or where, we have no certain knowledge. The\\ntowers erected on the governor s palace and at the northeast\\nangle of the fort, were intencled as look-outs both sea and\\nlandward.\\nThe statements made in reference to the building of this\\nwall, from the castle as far as the city, confirm the opinion\\npreviously expressed, that the ancient and early settlement\\nof the place was south of the public square, as the remains\\nof the ancient sea wall extend to the basin at the Plaza.\\nThe top of this ol d sea wall is still visible along the centre\\nof Bay street, where it occasionally appears above the level\\nof the street and its general plan and arrangement are\\nshown on several old maps and plans of the city. Upon a\\nplan of the city made in 1665, it is represented as terminat-\\ning in a species of break-water at the public square. It is\\nunnesessary to add that the present sea wall is a much su-\\nperior structure to the old, and extends above twice the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\ndistance. Its cost is said to have been one hundred thou-\\nsand dollars, and it was building from 1837 to 1843.\\nIn the year 1700, the work on the sea wall had progressed\\nbut slowly, although the governor had employed thirty\\nstone-cutters at a time, and had eight yoke of oxen drawing\\nstone to the landing, and two lime-kilns all the while at\\nwork. But the money previously provided, and considera-\\nble additional funds was requisite, resembling in this respect\\nits successor. The new governor, De Cuniga, took the\\nmatter in hand, as he had much experience in fortifications.\\nThe defenses of the fort are spoken of as being at the time\\ntoo weak to resist artillery, and the sea wall as being but a\\nsligrht work.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 77\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nATTACK ON ST. AUGUSTINE BY GOVERNOR MOORE OF SOUTH\\nCAROLINA DIFFICULTIES WITH THE GEORGIANS.\\n1702\u00e2\u0080\u00941732.\\nHostilities had broken out between England and Spain\\nin 1702. The English settlements in Carolina only num-\\nbered six or seven thousand inhabitants, when Governor\\nMoore, who was an ambitious and energetic man, but with\\nserious defects of character, led an invading force from Car-\\nolina against St. Augustine. The pretense was to retaliate\\nfor okHnjuries, and, by taking the initiative, to prevent an\\nattack upon themselves. The real motive was said b}^ Gov.\\nMoore s opponents at home, to have been the acquisition of\\nmilitary reputation and private gain.\\nThe plan of the expedition embraced a combined land\\nand naval attack and for this purpose six hundred provin-\\ncial militia were embodied, with an equal number of Indian\\nallies a portion of the militia, with the Indians, were to go\\ninland by boats and by land, under the command of Col.\\nDaniel, who is spoken of as a good officer, while the main\\nbody proceeded with thegovenor by s^ain several merchant\\nschooners and ships which had been impressed for the service.\\nThe Spaniards, wiio had received intimations of the con-\\ntemplated attack, placed themselves in the best posture of de-\\nfense in their power, and laid up provisions in the castle to\\nwithstand a long siege.\\nThe forces un der Col. Daniel arrived in advance of the\\nnaval fleet of the expedition, and immediately marched upon\\nthe town. The inhabitants, upon his approach, retired with\\ntheir most valuable eflects within the spacious walls of the\\ncastle, and Col. Daniel entered and took possession of the\\ntown, the larger part of which, it must be recollected, was\\nat some distance from the castle.\\nThe quaint description of these events, given by Oldmixon,\\nis as follows\\nCol. Eob. Daniel, a very brave man, commanded a party\\nwho w^ere to go up the river in periagas, and come upon", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78 THE IIISTOKY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nAugustino on the land side, while the Governour sailed\\nthither, and attacked it by sea. They both set out in Au-\\ngust, 1702. Col. Daniel, in his way, took St. Johns, a small\\nSpanish settlement; as also St. ]\\\\lary s, another little village\\nbelonging to the Spaniards after which he proceeded to\\nAugustino, came before the town, entered and took it, Col.\\n]\\\\Ioor not being yet arrived with the fleet.\\nThe inhabitants having notice of the approach of the\\nEnglish, had packed up their best effects and retired with\\nthem into the castle, which was surrounded by a very deep\\nand broad moat.\\nThey had laid up provisions there for four months, and\\nresolved to defend themselves to the last extremity. How-\\never, Col. Daniel found a considerable booty in the town.\\nThe next day the Governour came ashore, and his troops\\nfollowing him, they entrenched, posted their guards in the\\nchurch, and blocked up the castle. The English held pos-\\nsession of the town a whole month but finding the} could\\ndo nothing for want of mortars and bombs, they despatched\\naway a sloop for Jamaica but the commander of the sloop,\\ninstead of going thither, came to Carolina out of fear of\\ntreachery. Finding others offered to go in his stead, he\\nproceeded in the voyage himself, after he had lain some time\\nat Charlestown.\\nThe Governour all this while lay before the castle of\\nAugustino, in expectation of the return of the sloop, which\\nheanng nothing of, he sent Col. Daniel, who was the life of\\nthe action, to Jamaica on the same errand.\\nThis gentleman, being heart} in the design, procured a\\nsupply of bombs, and returned towards Augustino. But in\\nthe mean time two ships appeared in the offing, which being\\ntaken to be two very large men of war, the Governour tho t\\nfit to raise the siege and abandon his ships, with a great\\nquantity of stores, ammunition, and provisions, to the en-\\nem} Upon which the two men of war entered the port of\\nAugustino, and took the Governour s ships. Some say he\\nburnt them himself. Certain it is tliey were lost to the Eng-\\nlish, and that he returned to Charles-Town over land 300\\nmiles from Augustino. The two men of war that were\\nthought to be so large, proved to be two small frigates, one\\nof 82, and the other of 16 guns.*\\nThere must be an error, of course, in this statement of an 82-gun ship\\nentering St. Augustine, as the depth of water would never admit a vessel\\nof over 300 tons probably 82 should read 12 tons. o. R. r.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 79\\nWhen Col. Daniel came back to St. Augustino, he was\\nchased, but got away and Col. Moor retreated with no\\ngreat honor homewards. The periagas lay at St. Johns,\\nwhither the Governour retired and so to Charles-Town, hav-\\ning lost but two men in the whole expedition.\\nArratomakaw, king of the Yamioseans, who commanded\\nthe Indians, retreated to the periagas with the rest, and there\\nslept upon his oars with a great deal of bravery and uncon-\\ncern. The governor s soldiers, taking a false alarm, and\\nthinking the Spaniards were coming, did not like this slow\\npace of the Indian king in his flight, and to quicken him into\\nit, bade him make more haste. But he replied, ISTo;\\nthough your governor leaves you, I will not stir till I have\\nseen all my men before me.\\nThe Spanish accounts say that he burned the town, and\\nthis statement is confirmed by the report made on the\\n18th July, 1740, by a committee of the House of Com-\\nmons of the province of South Carolina, in which it is\\nsaid, referring to these transactions, that Moore was obliged\\nto retreat, hut not luithout first burning the town.*\\nIt seems that the plunder carried off by Moore s troops\\nwas considerable as his enemies charged at the time that\\nhe sent ofiE a sloop-load to Jamaica, and in an old coloi^ial\\ndocument of South Carolina it is represented that the late\\nunfortunate, ill-contrived, and worst managed expedition\\nagainst St. Augustine, was principally set on foot by the\\nsaid late governor and his adherents and that if any per-\\nson in the said late assembly undertook to speak against it,\\nand to show how unfit and unable we were at that time for\\nsuch an attempt, he was presently looked upon by them as\\nan enemy and traitor to his country, and reviled and af-\\nfronted in the said assembly although the true design of\\nthe said expedition was no other than catching and maldng\\nslaves of Indians for private advantage, and impoverishing\\nthe country. And that the expedition was to enrich\\nthemselves will appear particularly, because whatsoever\\nbooty, as rich silks, great quantity of church plate, with a\\ngreat many other costly church ornaments and utensils taken\\nby:_our soldiers at St. Augustine, are now detained in the\\npossession of the said late governor and his ofiicers, contrary\\nto an act of assembly made for an equal division of the same\\namongst the soldiers. f\\nCarroll s Hist. Coll., vol. 2, p. 3-52.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2j- Elvers Hist. Sketches, S. C, app. 456,", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nThe Spanish accounts of this expedition of Moore s are\\nvery meao:er. They designate him as the governor of St.\\nGeorge, by Avhich name they called the harbor of Charles-\\nton and they also speak of the plunder of the town, and\\nthe burning of the greater part of the houses. Don Joseph\\nde Curriga was the then governor of the city, and had re-\\nceived just previous to the English attack, reinforcements\\nfrom Havana, and had repaired and strengthened the fortifi-\\ncations.\\nThe retreat of the English was celebrated with great re-\\njoicing by the Spaniards, who had been for three months\\nshut up within the limited space of the walls of the castle\\nand they gladly repaired their ruined homes, and made good\\nthe ravages of the English invasion. An English account\\nsays that the two vessels which appeared off the bar and\\ncaused Moore s precipitate retreat, contained but two hun-\\ndred men, and that had he awaited Colonel Daniel s return\\nTvith the siege guns and ammunition, the castle would have\\nfallen into their hands.\\nIn the same year, the king of Spain, alarmed at the dan-\\ngers which menaced his possessions in Florida, gave greater\\nattention to the strengthening the defenses of St. Augus-\\ntine, and forwarded considerable reinforcements to the gar-\\nrison, as well as additional supplies of munitions.\\nThe works were directed to be strengthened, which Gov-\\nernor Cuniga thought not as strong as had been represented,\\nand that the sea wall in the process of erection was insuf-\\nficient for the purpose for which it was designed.\\nSixty years had elapsed since the Apalachian Indians had\\nbeen conquered and compelled to labor upon the fortifica-\\ntions of St. Augustine their chiefs now asked that the}\\nmight be relieved from further compulsory labor; and after\\nthe usual number of references and reports and informa-\\ntions, through the Spanish circumlocution offices, this was\\ngraciously granted in a suspensory form, until their services\\nshould be again required.\\nDuring the year 1712, a great scarcity of provisions, caused\\nby the failure of the usual supply vessels, reduced the inhab-\\nitants of St. Augustine to the verge of starvation; and, for\\ntwo or three months, they were obliged to live upon horses,\\ncats, dogs, and other disgusting animals. It seems strange,\\nthat after a settlement of nearly one hundred and fifty years,\\nthe Spaniards in Florida should still be dependant upon the\\nimportation of provisions for their support and that any-\\nthing like the distress indicated should prevail, with the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 81\\nabundant resources they had, from the fish, oysters, turtle,\\nand clams of the sea, and. the arrow-root and. cabbage-tree\\npalm of the land.\\nThe English settlements were now extending into the\\ninterior portions of South Carolina and the French had\\nrenewed their efforts at settlement and colonization upon\\nthe rivers discharging into the Gulf of Mexico. All three\\nnations were competitors for the trade with the Indians, and\\nkept up an intriguing rivalship for this trade for more than\\na hundred years.\\nThere seems to have been at this period a policy pursued\\nby the Spanish authorities in Florida, of the most repre-\\nhensible character. The strongest efforts were made to\\nattach all the Indian tribes to the Spanish interest and\\nthey were encouraged to carry on a system of plunder and\\nanno3 ance upon the English settlements of Carolina. They\\nparticularly seized upon all the negroes they could obtain,\\nand carried them to the governor at St. Augustine, who\\ninvariably refused to surrender them, alleging that he was\\nacting under the instructions of his government in so doing.\\nIn 1704, Governor Moore had made a sweeping and vig-\\norous excursion against the Indian towns in Middle Florida,\\nall of Avhom were in the Spanish interest and had broken\\nup and destroyed the towns and missions attached to them.\\nIn 1725, Col. Palmer determined, since no satisfaction could\\nbe obtained for the incursions of the Spanish Indians, and\\nthe loss of their slaves, to make a descent upon them and\\nwith a party of three hundred men entered Florida, with an\\nintention of visiting upon the province all the desolation of\\nretributive warfare.\\nHe went up to the very gates of St. Augustine, and com-\\npelled the inhabitants to seek protection within the castle.\\nIn his course he swept every thing before him, destroying\\nevery house, field and improvement within his reach car-\\nrying off the live stock, and every thing else of value. The\\nSpanish Indians who fell within his power, were slain in\\nlarge numbers, and many were taken prisoners. Outside of\\nthe walls of St. Augustine, nothing was left undestroyed\\nand the Spanish authorities received a memorable lesson in\\nthe law of retribution.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "82 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nSIEGE OF ST. AUGUSTINE, BY OGLETHOEPE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1732\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1740\\nDifficulties existed for many years subsequently between\\nthe Spanish and English settlements. In 1732, Oglethorpe\\nplanted his colony in Georgia, and extended his settlements\\nalong the coast towards Florida, claiming and occupying the\\ncountry up to the margin of the St. Johns, and established\\na post at St. George Island. This was deemed an invasion\\nof the territory of Spain and the post was attacked un-\\nfairly, as the English say, and some of their men murdered.\\nOglethorpe, upon this, acting under the instructions of the\\nhome government, commenced hostilities by arranging a\\njoint attack of the forces of South Carolina and Georgia,\\nwith a view to the entire conquest of Florida.\\nThe instructions of the king of England to Oglethorpe,\\nwere, that he should make a naval and land attack upon St.\\nAugustine and if it shall please God to give you success,\\nyou are either to demolish the fort and bastions, or put a\\ngarrison in it, in case you shall have men enough for that\\npurpose which last, it is thought, will be the best way to\\nprevent the Spaniards from endeavoring to retake and set-\\ntle the said place again, at any time hereafter.\\nDon Manuel Monteano was then governor of Florida, and\\nin command of fhe garrison. The city and castle were\\npreviously in a poor condition to withstand an attack from\\na well-prepared i\\\\^e and on the 11th I^ovember, 1737, Gov-\\nernor Mouteano writes to the governor-general of Cuba,\\nthat the fort of this place is its only defense it has no\\ncasemates for the shelter of the men, nor the necessary ele-\\nvation to the counter-scarp, nor covert ways, nor ravelins to\\nthe curtains, nor other exterior works that could give time\\nfor a long defense but it is thus naked outside, as it is\\nwithout soul within, for there are no. cannon that could be\\ntired twenty-four hours, and though there were, artillery-men\\nto manage them are wanting.\\nUnder the superintendence of an able officer of engineers,\\nState Papers of Georgia. Ga. Hist. Soc.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 83\\nDon Antonio de Arredondo, the works were put in order\\nthe ratnpiirts were heightened and casemated a covered\\nway was made, by phmting and embanking four thousand\\nstakes bomb-proof vaults were constructed, and entrench-\\nments thrown up around the town, protected by ten salient\\nangles, many of which are still visible. The garrison of the\\ntown w.;s about seven hundred and forty soldiers, according\\nto Governor Monteano s return of troops. On the 25th\\nMarch, 1740, the total population of St. Augustine, of all\\nclasses, was two thousand one hundred and forty-three.\\nPrevious to his attack upon the place, General Oglethorpe\\nobtained the following information from prisoners Avhom he\\ntook at the outposts. He says They agree that there are\\nfifty pieces of cannon in the castle at St. Augustine, several\\nof which are of brass, from twelve to forty-eight pounds.\\nIt has four bastions. The walls are of stone, and casemated.\\nThe internal square is sixty yards. The ditch is forty feet\\nwide, and twelve feet deep, six of which is sometimes filled\\nwith water. The counterscarp is faced with stone. They\\nhave lately made a covered way. The town is fortified with\\nan entrenchment, salient angles and redoubts, which inclose\\nabout half a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in width..\\nThe inhabitants and garrison, men, women and children.,,\\namount to above two thousand five hundred. For the gar-\\nrison, the kingpa3 S eight companies, sent from Spain two.\\nyears since for the invasion of Georgia upon establishment\\nfifty-three men each, three companies of foot and one of ar-.\\ntillery, of the old garrison, and one troop of horse one hun-\\ndred each upon establishment; of these, one hundred are at\\nSt. Marks, ten days march from St. Augustine upon the\\nGulf of Mexico, one hundred are disposed in several small\\nforts.\\nOf these out-posts, there were two, one on eacli side of\\nthe river St. Johns at Picolata and immediately opposite-\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nand at Diego. The purpose of the forts at Picolata was to\\nguard the passage of the river, and to keep open the com-\\nmunication with St. Marks and Pensacola; and when threat-\\nened with the invasion of Oglethorpe, messengers were dis-\\npatched to the governor of Pensacola for aid, and also to\\nMexico by the same route. The fort at Diego was but a\\nsmall work, erected by Don Diego de Spinosa, upon his own\\nestate and the remains of it, with one or two cannon, are\\nstill visible. Fort Moosa was an out-post at the place now\\nknown by that name, on the North River, about two miles\\nnorth of St. Augustine. A fortified line, a, considerable por-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\ntion of which may now be traced, extended across from the\\nstockades on the !St. Sebastian to Fort Moosa. Communi-\\ncation by a tide-creek existed through the marshes, between\\nthe castle at St. Augustine and Fort Moosa.\\nOglethorpe first attacked the two forts at Picolata, one of\\nwhich, called Fort Poppa, or St. Francis de Poppa, was a\\nplace of some strength. Its remains still exist, about one-\\nfourth of a mile north of the termination of the Bellamy\\nRoad, its eartliAvorks being still strongly marked.\\nAfter a slight resistance, both forts fell into liis hands,\\nmuch to the annoyance of Governor Monteano. Oglethorpe\\nspeaks of Fort Francis as being of much importance, as\\ncommanding the passes from St. Augustine to Mexico, and\\ninto the country of the Creek Indians, and also being upon\\nthe ferry, where the troops which come from St. Augustine\\nmust pass. He found in it, one mortar piece, two car-\\nriages, three small guns, ammunition, one hundred and fifty\\nshells, and fifty glass bottles full of gunpowder, with fuses\\na somewhat novel missile of war.\\nThe English general s plan of operation was, that the\\ncrews and troops upon the vessels should land, and throw\\nup batteries upon Anastasia Island, from thence bombard-\\ning the town while he himself designed to lead the attack\\non the land side. Having arrived in position, he gave the\\nsignal of attack to the fleet, by sending up a rocket but no\\nresponse came from the vessels, and he had the mortification\\nof being obliged to withdraw his troops. The troops were\\nunable to eifect a landing from the vessels, in consequence\\nof a number of armed Spanish galleys having been drawn\\nup inside the bar so that no landing could be made except\\nunder a severe fire, while the galleys were protected from an\\nattack by the ships, in consequence of the shoal water.\\nHe then prepared to reduce the town by a regular siege,\\nwith a strict blockade by sea. He hoped, by driving the\\ninhabitants into the castle, so to encumber the governor with\\nuseless mouths, as to reduce him to the necessity of a sur-\\nrender, to avoid starvation. The town was placed under the\\nrange of his heavy artillery and mortars, and soon became\\nuntenable, forcing the citizens generally to seek the shelter\\nof the fort.\\nCol. Vanderduysen was posted at Point Quartel and oth-\\ners of the troops upon Anastasia Island, and the north\\nbeach. Three batteries were erected one on Anastasia Isl-\\nand, called the Poza, which consisted of four eighteen-\\npounders and one nine-pounder; one on the point of the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 85\\nwood of the island, mounting two eighteen-pounders. The\\nremains of the Poza battery are still to be seen, almost as\\ndistinctly marked as on the day of its erection. Four mor-\\ntars and forty cohorns were employed in the siege.\\nThe siege began on the 12th June and on the 25th June\\na night sortie was made from the castle against a portion of\\nthe troops under command of Col. Palmer, who were en-\\ncamped atFortMoosa, including a company of ScotchHigh-\\nlanders, numbering eighty-five men, under their chief, Capt.\\nMcintosh, all equipped in Highland dress. This attack was\\nentirely successful, and the English sustained a severe loss,\\ntheir colonel being killed, with twenty Highlanders, twenty-\\nseven soldiers, and a number of Indians.\\nThis aftair at Fort Moosa has generalh^ been considered\\nas a surprise, and its disastrous results as the consequence\\nof carelessness and disobedience of the orders of Oglethorpe.\\nCaptain Mcintosh, the leader of the Highlandei s, was taken\\nprisoner, and finally transferred to Spain. From his prison\\nat St. Sebastian, under date of 20th June, 1741, he gives the\\nfollowing account of the matter:\\nI listed seventy men, all in Highland dress, and marched\\nto the siege, and was ordered to scout nigh St. Augustine\\nand molest the enemy, while the general and the rest of his\\nlittle army went to an island where we could have no succor\\nof them. I punctually obeyed my orders, until seven hun-\\ndred Spaniards sallied out from the garrison, an hour before\\ndaylight. They did not surprise us, for we were all under\\narms, ready to receive them, which we did briskly, keeping\\na constant tiring for a quarter of an hour, when they prest\\non with numbers was obliged to take our swords until the\\nmost of us were shot and cut to pieces. You are to observe\\nwe had but eighty meji and the engagement was in view\\nof the rest of our army, but they could not come to our as-\\nsistance, by being in the foresaid island, under the enemy s\\nguns. They had twenty prisoners, a few got off, the rest\\nkilled; as we were well informed by some of themselves,\\nthey had three hundred killed on the spot,* besides several\\nwounded. We were all stripped naked of clothes, brought\\nto St. Augustine, where we remained three months in close\\nconfinement. t\\nThis statement is unsupported by either Spanish or English authority.\\nThe writer of the letter, through want of familiarity with their language,\\nmisunderstood his informants, in all probability, as to the extent of their\\nloss.\\nf MSS. in Geo. Hist. Soc. Library.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nThis officer was Capt. John Mcintosh and his son, Brig.\\nGen. Mcintosh, then a youth of fourteen, was present in\\nthe engao-ement, and escaped witliout injury. Tlie family\\nof the Mclntoshes have always been conspicuous in the his-\\ntory of Georgia.\\nThe large number of persous collected withiu tlic walls of\\nthe castle, and under the protection of its battlemeuts, soon\\ngave rise to serious apprehensions on the part of the\\nbesieged, of being reduced by starvation to the necessity of\\na speedy surrender. The batteries of Oglethorpe were\\nplanted at so great a distance that he could produce but\\nlittle effect by his shot or shells upon the castle, although\\nhe rendered the city itself untenable. The heat of the sea-\\nson and the exposure, to which the Provincial militia were\\nunaccustomed, soon produced considerable sickness and dis-\\ncouragement in the invading force, and affected Oglethorpe\\nhimself.\\nThe Spanish governor sent most urgent messages to the\\ngovernor of the island of Cuba, which were transmitted by\\nrunners along the coast, and thence by small vessels across\\nto Havana. In one of these letters he says, My greatest\\nanxiety is for provisions; and if they do not come, there is\\nno doubt of our dying by the hands of hunger. In another,\\nhe says, I assure your Lordship, that it is impossible to\\nexpress the confusion of the place for we have no protec-\\ntion except the fort, and all the rest is open field. The\\nfamilies have abandoned their houses, and come to put\\nthemselves under the guns, which is pitiable though\\nnothing gives me anxiety but the want of provisions and if\\n3 our Lordship for want of competent force cannot send relief,\\nwe all must perish.\\nWith the exception of the Fort Moosa affair, the hostili-\\nties were confined to the exchange of shots between the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0castle and the batteries. Considerable discrepancy exists\\nbetween the Spanish and English accounts, as to the period\\nwhen the garrison was relieved: it was the communication\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of the fact of relief having been received, which formed the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ostensible ground of abandoning the siege by Oglethorpe;\\nbut the Spanish governor asserts that these provision ves-\\nsels did not arrive until the siege was raised. The real fact,\\nI am inclined to think, is that the provision vessels arrived\\nat Mosquito, a harbor sixty miles below, where they were to\\n:await orders from Gov. Mouteano, as to the mode of getting\\nMonteano, MSS., Arcbives St. Au\u00c2\u00a3rustine.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 87\\ndischarged,* and that the information of their arrival, being\\nknown at St. Augustine, was communicated to the English,\\nand thus induced their raising the siege in fact, the hope\\nof starving out the garrison was tlie only hope left to Ogle-\\nthorpe his strength was insufficient for an assault, and his\\nmeans inadequate to reduce the castle, which was well\\nmanned and well provided with means of defense.\\nIt was in truth a hopeless task, under the circumstances,\\nfor Oglethorpe to persevere and it is no impeachment of\\nhis courage or his generalship, that he was unable to take a\\nfortress of really very respectable strength.\\nThe siege continued from the 13th June to the 20th July, a\\nperiod of thirty-eight days. The bombardment was kept\\nup twenty days, but owing to the lightness of the guns and\\nthe long range, but little effect was produced on tbe strong\\nwalls of the castle. Its spongy, infrangible walls received\\nthe balls from the batteries like a cotton bale, or sand bat-\\ntery, almost without making an impression this may be\\nseen on examination, since the marks remain to this day, as\\nthey were left at the end of the siege, one hundred and\\nseventeen years ago.\\nThe prosecution of the siege having become impracticable,\\npreparations were made for retiring; and Oglethorpe, as a\\npardonable and characteristic protest against the assumption\\nof his acting from any coercion, with drums beating and\\nbanners displayed, crossed over to the main land, and\\nmarched in full view of the castle, to his encampment three\\nmiles distant, situated probably at the point now known as\\nPass Navarro.\\nGreat credit and respect have been deservedly awarded to\\nGovernor Monteano, for the courage, skill, and perseve-\\nrance with which he sustained the siege.\\nIt is well known that the English general had, in a few\\nmonths, an ample opportunity of showing to his opponent\\nthat his skill in defending his own territory under the most\\ndisadvantageous circumstances, was equal to that of the ac-\\ncomplished Monteano himself. The defense of Frederica,\\nand signal defeat of the Spanish forces at Fort Simons, will\\never challange for Oglethorpe the highest credit for the\\nmost sterling qualities of a good general and a great man.\\nTwo years subsequently, Oglethorpe again advanced into\\nFlorida, appeared before the gates of St. Augustine, and\\nendeavored to induce the garrison to march out to meet\\nhim but they kept within their walls, and Oglethorpe in\\nMonteano, MS. Letter of, 28th July, 1740.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\none of his despatches says, in the irritation caused by their\\nprudence, that they were so meek there was no provoking\\nthem. As in this incursion he had no object in view but a\\ndevastation of the country, and harrassing the enemy, he\\nshortly withdrew his forces.\\nA committee of the South Carolina House of Commons,\\nin a report upon the Oglethorpe expedition, tlius speaks of\\nSt. Augustine, evidently smarting under the disappointment\\nof their recent defeat.\\nJuly 1st, 1741.\\nSt. Augustine, in the possession of the crown of Spain,\\nis well known to be situated but little distance from hence,\\nin latitude thirty degrees, in Florida, the next territory to\\nus. It is maintained by his Catholic Majesty, partly to pre-\\nserve his claim to Florida, and partly that it may be of ser-\\nvice to the plate-fleets when coming through the gulf, by\\nshowing lights to them along the coast, and by being ready\\nto give assistance when any of them are cast away there-\\nabout. The castle, by the largest account, doth not cover\\nmore than one acre of ground, but is allowed on all hands\\nto be a place of great strength, and hath been usually\\ngarrisoned with about three or four hundred men of the\\nking s regular troops. The town is not very large, and but\\ninditferently fortiiied. The inhabitants, many of which are\\nmulattoes of savage dispositions, are all in the king s pay\\nalso being registered from their birth, and a severe penalty\\nlaid on any master of a vessel that shall attempt to carry any\\nof them off. These are formed into a militia, and have been\\ngenerally computed to be near about the same number as\\nthe regular troops. Thus relying wholly on the king s pay for\\ntheir subsistence, their thoughts never turned to trade or even\\nagriculture, but depending on foreign supplies for the most\\ncommon necessaries of life,* they spent their time in uni-\\nversal, perpetual idleness. From such a state, mischievous\\ninclinations naturally spring up in such a people and\\nhaving leisure and opportunity, ever since they had a neigh-\\nbor the fruits of whose industry excited their desires and\\nenvy, they have not failed to carry those inclinations into\\naction as often as they could, without the least regard to\\npeace or war subsisting between the two crowns of Great\\nBritain and Spain, or to stipulations agreed upon between\\nthe two governments.\\n*Report upon Expedition to St. Augustine. Carroll s Coll. 2d vol., p.\\n354.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 89\\nAmong the principal grievances set forth in this report,\\nwas the carrying oti and enticing and harboring their slaves,\\nof which a number of instances are enumerated; and they\\nattributed the negro insurrection which occurred in South\\nCarolina, in 1739, to the connivance and agency of the\\nSpanish authorities at St. Augustine and they proceed in a\\nclimax of indignation to hurl their denunciation at the sup-\\nposed authors of their misfortunes, in the following terms\\nWith indignation we looked at St. Augustine (like another\\nSallee!) That den of thieves and ruffians! receptacle of\\ndebtors, servants and slaves bane of industry and society!\\nand revolved in our minds all the injuries this province had\\nreceived from thence, ever since its first settlement. That\\nthey had from first to last, in times of profoundest peace,\\nboth publickly and privately, by themselves, Indians, and\\nISTegroes, in every shape molested us, not without some in-\\nstances of uncommon cruelty.\\nIt is very certain there was on each side, enough supposed\\ncauses of provocation to induce a far from amiable state of\\nfeeling between these neighboring colonies.\\nCarroll s Hist. Coll. S. C. p. 359.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90 THE HISTORY AN^ ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nCOMPLETION OF THE CASTLE DESCRIPTIONS OF ST. AU-\\nGUSTINE A CENTURY AGO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ENGLISH OCCUPATION\\nOF FLORIDA. 1755\u00e2\u0080\u00941763\u00e2\u0080\u00941783.\\nDon Alonzo Fernandez de Herrera was appointed gover-\\nnor of Florida in 1755, and completed the exterior works\\nand finish of the fort. It is this governor who erected the\\ntablet over its main entrance, with the Spanish coat of arms\\nsculptured in alto relievo, with the following inscription be-\\nneath\\nREYNANDO EN ESPANA EL SEN^\\nDON FERNANDO SEXTO Y SIENDO\\nGOV\u00c2\u00b0^ Y CAP^ DE ES^ C\u00c2\u00b0 S^^ AUG^ DE\\nLA FLORIDA Y SUS PROV^. EL MARISCAL\\nDE CAMPO D^ ALONZO FERN^\u00c2\u00b0 HEREDA\\nASI CONCLUIO ESTE CASTILLO EL AN\\nOD 1756 DIRI^ ENDO LAS OBRAS EL\\nCAP. INGN^o DN PEDRO DE BROZAS\\nY GARAY.\\nDon Ferdinand the Sixth, being king of Spain, and the\\nField Marshal, Don Alonzo Fernando Hereda, being Grov-\\nERNOR and Captain General of this place, St. Augustine,\\nOP Florida, and its province. This fort was finished in\\nTHE YEAR 1756. ThE WORKS WERE DIRECTED BY THE CaPTAIN\\nEngineer, Don Pedro de Brazos y Garay.\\nI am not sure but that the boastful governor might with\\nequal propriety and truth have put a similar inscription at\\nthe city gate, claiming the town also as a finished city.\\nThe first fort erected was called San Juan de Finos, and\\nprobably the same name attached to the present fort at the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 91\\ncommencement of its erection when it acquired the name\\nof St. Mark, I have not discovered. The Apalachian Indi-\\nans were emploj cd upon it for more than sixty years, and\\nto their etibrts are probably due the evidences of immense\\nlabor in the construction of the ditch, the ramparts and\\nglacis, and the approaches while the huge mass of stone\\ncontained in its solid -walls, must have required the la-\\nbor of hundreds of persons for many long years, in pro-\\ncuring and cutting the stone in the quarries on the island,\\ntransporting it to the w^ater, and across the bay, and fash-\\nioning ai;d raising them to their places. Besides the Indi-\\nans employed, some labor was constantly bestowed by the\\ngarrison and, for a considerable period, convicts were\\nbrought hither from Mexico to carry on the public works.\\nDuring the works of extension and repair effected by Mon-\\nteano, previous to the siege by Oglethorpe, he employed\\nupon it one hundred and forty of these Mexican convicts.\\nThe southwestern bastion is said to have been completed by\\nMonteano. The bastions bore the names respectively of St.\\nPaul, St. Peter, St. James, c.\\nThe whole work remains now as it was in 1756, with the\\nexception of the water battery, which was reconstructed by\\nthe government of the United States in 1842-3. The com-\\nplement of its guns is one hundred, and its full garrison es-\\ntablishment requires one thousand men. It is built upon\\nthe plan of Vaubanj and is considered by military men as a\\nvery creditable work; its strength and efficiency have been\\nwell tested in the old times for it has never been taken, al-\\nthough twice besieged, and several times attacked. Its\\nfrowning battlements and sepulchral vaults will long stand\\nafter we and those of our day shall be numbered with that\\nlong past, of which it is itself a memorial of its legends\\nconnected with the dark chambers and prison vaults, the\\nchains, the instruments of torture, the skeletons walled in,\\nits ckised and hidden recesses of Coacouchee s escape, and\\nmany another tale, there is much to say but it is better said\\nwithin its grim walls, where the eye and the imagination\\ncan go together, in weaving a web of mystery and awe over\\nits sad associations, to the music of the grating _bolt, the\\nechoing tread, and the clanking chain.\\nOf the city itself, we have the following description in\\n1754\\nIt is built on a little bay, at the foot of a hill shaded by\\ntrees, and forms an oblong square, divided into four streets,\\nand has two full streets, which cut each other at right an-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\ngles. The houses are well built, and regular. Thej have\\nonly one cliurch, which is called after the city. St. John s\\nFort, standing about a mile north of it, is a strong, irregu-\\nlar fortitication, well mounted with cannon, and capable of\\nmaking a long defense.\\nI am inclined to think that the mile between the fort and\\nthe city, and the hill at the foot of which, he says, the city\\nwas built, existed only in the focus of the writer s specta-\\ncles.\\nThe Provinces of Florida were ceded by treaty to Eng-\\nland in the year 1763, and the Spanish inhabitants very gen-\\nerally left the country, which had then been under Spanish\\nrule for near two hundred years and certainly in no por-\\ntion of this country had less progress been made. Beyond\\nthe walls occupied by its garrison, little had been attempted\\nor accomplished in these two hundred years. This was in\\npart, perhaps, attributable to the circumstances of the coun-\\ntry the frequent hostility of the Indians, and the want of\\nthat mutual support given by neighborhoods, which in Flor-\\nida are less practicable than elsewhere but it was still more\\nowing to the character of the Spanish inhabitants, who were\\nmore soldiers than civilians, and more townsmen than agri-\\nculturists at all events, at the cession of Florida to Great\\nBritain, the number of inhabitants was not over five thou-\\nsand.\\nOf the period of the English occupation of Florida, we\\nhave very full accounts. It was a primary object with the\\nBritish government, to colonize and settle it; and induce-\\nments to emigrants were strongly put forth, in various pub-\\nlications. The work of Roberts was the first of these, and\\nwas followed in a few years by those of Bartram, Stork,\\nand Romans. The works of both Roberts and Stork, con-\\ntain plans and minute descriptions of St. Augustine. The\\nplan of the town in Stork, represents every building, lot,\\ngarden, and flower-bed in the place, and gives a very accu-\\nrate view of its general appearance.\\nThe descriptions vary somewhat. Roberts, who published\\nhis work the year of the cession, 1763, shows in connection\\nwith his plan of the town, an Indian village on the point\\nsouth of the city, at the pow^der-house, and another just\\nnorth of the city. The one to the north has a church. A\\nnegro fort is shown about a mile to the northward. Ogle-\\nthorpe s landing place is shown on Anastasia Island, and a~\\nsmall fort on the main land south of the city. The depth\\nof water on the bar is marked as being at low water, eight\\nfeet.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 93\\nRoberts describes tbe city as running along the shore at\\nthe foot of a pleasant hill, adorned with trees its form is\\noblong, divided by four regular streets, crossing each other\\nat right angles down by the sea side, about three-fourths\\nof a mile south of the town, standeth the church, and a\\nmonastery of St. Augustine. The best built part of the\\ntown is on the north side, leading to the castle, which is\\ncalled St. John s Fort. It is a square building of soft stone,\\nfortified with whole bastions, having a rampart of twenty\\nfeet high, with a parapet nine feet high, and it is casemated.\\nThe town is fortified with bastions, and with cannon. On\\nthe north and south, without the walls of the city, are the\\nIndian towns.\\nThe next plan we have, is in the work by Dr. Stork, the\\nthird edition of which was published in 1769. He gives a\\nbeautiful plan of the place. Shows the fort as it now exists,\\nwith its various outworks three churches are designated,\\none on the public square at its southwest corner another\\non St. George street, on the lot on the west side, south of\\nGreen lane, and a Dutch church near where the Roman\\nCatholic cemetery now exists. From the size of the plan,\\nit does not embrace the Indian village. The present United\\nStates Court-house was the governor s official residence, and\\nis represented as having attached to it a beautiful garden.\\nThe Franciscan house or convent is shown where the bar-\\nracks are now, but diiierent in the form of the buildings.\\nWith the exception of the disappearance of a part of one\\nstreet then existing, there appears very little change from\\nthe present plan of the town and buildings.\\nHe describes the fort as being fi.nished according to the\\nmodern taste of military architecture, and as making a\\nvery handsome appearance, and that it might justl} be\\ndeemed the prettiest fort in the king s dominion. He\\nomits the pleasant hill from his description, and says the\\ntown is situated near the glacis of the fort the streets are\\nregularly laid out, and built narrow for the purposes of shade.\\nIt is above half a mile in length, regularly fortified with bas-\\ntions, half-bastions, and a ditch; that it had also several rows\\nof the Spanish bayonet along the ditch, which formed so close\\na chevaux de frize, with their pointed leaves, as to be im-\\npenetrable the southern bastions were built of stone. In\\nthe middle of the town is a spacious square, called the\\nparade, open towards the harbor at the bottom of the\\nsquare is the governor s house, the apartments of which are\\nspacious and suitable; suited to the climate, with high", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nwindows, a balcony in front, and galleries on both sides to\\nthe back of tbe house is joined a tower, called in America\\na look-out, from which there is an extensive prospect to-\\nwards the sea, as well as inland. There are two churches\\nwithin the walls of the town, the parish church, a plain\\nbuilding, and another belonging to the convent of Francis-\\ncan Friars, which is converted into barracks for the garri-\\nson. The houses are built of free-stone, commonly two\\nstories high, two rooms upon a tloor, with large windows\\nand balconies; before the entry of most of the houses, runs\\na portico of stone arches. The roofs are commonly flat.\\nThe Spaniards consulted convenience more than taste in\\ntheir buildings. The number of houses within the town\\nand lines, when the Spaniards left it, was about nine hun-\\ndred many of them, especially in the suburbs, being built\\nof wood, are now gone to decay. The inhabitants were of\\nall colors, whites, negroes, mulattoes, Indians, c. At the\\nevacuation of St. Augustine, the population was tive thou-\\nsand seven hundred, including the garrison of two thousand\\nfive hundred men. Half a mile from the town to the west,\\nis a line with a broad ditch and bastions, running from the\\nSt. Sebastian creek to St. Marl ^s river. A mile further is\\nanother fortified line with some redoubts, forming a second\\ncommunication between a stoccata fort upon St. Sebastian\\nriver, and Fort Moosa, upon St. Marks river.\\nWithin the first line near the town, was a small settle-\\nment of Germans, who had a church of their own. Upon\\nthe St. Marks river, within the second line, was also an\\nIndian town, with a church built of freestone wdiat is very\\nremarkable, it is in good taste, though built by the Indians.\\nThe two lines of defense here spoken of, may still be\\ntraced. The nearest one is less than one-fourth of a mile\\nfrom the citj gate, and the other at the well-known place\\ncalled the stockades, the stakes driven to form which, still\\ndistinctly mark the place and the ditch and embankment\\ncan be traced for a considerable distance through the grounds\\nattached to my residence.\\nA letter-writer, who dates at St. Augustine, May, 1774,\\nsays, This town is now truly become a heap of ruins, a fit\\nreceptacle for the wretches of inhabitants. (Rather a\\ndyspeptic description, in all probability.)\\nA bridge was built across the Sebastian river by tlie\\nEnglish, but the great depth of the water, joined to the\\ninstability of the bottom, did not suft cr it to remain long,\\nand a ferry is now established in its room the keeper of", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 95\\nthe ferry has fifty pounds per annum allowed him, and the\\ninhabitants pay nothing for crossing, except after dark.\\nThe English constructed large buildings for barracks,\\ncharacterized by Romans as such stupendous piles of\\nbuildings, which were large enough to contain fiv^e regi-\\nments, when it is a matter of great doubt whether there\\nwill ever be a necessity to keep one whole regiment here.\\nThe material for this great barracks was brought from ISTew\\nYork, and far inferior to those found on the spot yet the\\nfreight alone amounted to more than their value when\\nlanded. It makes us almost believe, says the elaborate\\nRomans, that all this show is in vain, or at most, that the\\nEnglish were so much in dread of musquitoes, that they\\nthought a large army requisite to drive oli* these formidable\\nfoes. To be serious, says he, this fort and barracks add\\nnot a little to the beauty of the prospect; but most men\\nwould think that the money spent on this useless parade,\\nwould have been better laid out on roads and fences through\\nthe province or, if it must be in forts, why not at Pensa-\\ncola?\\nThere is a manuscript work of John Gerard Williams de\\nBrahm, existing in the library of Harvard University, which\\ncontains some particulars of interest, relative to Florida at\\nthe period of the English occupation.\\nHe states the number of inhabitants of East Florida,\\nwhich in those days meant mostly St. Augustine, from 1663\\nto 1771, as follows: householders, besides women, c., two\\nhundred and eighty-eight; imported by Mr. Turnbull from\\nMinorca, c., one thousand four hundred; negroes, upwards\\nof nine hundred. Of these, white heads of families, one\\nhundred and forty-four were married, which is just one-\\nhalf; thirtj -one are storekeepers and ti aders three haber-\\ndashers, fifteen innkeepers, forty-five artificers and mechan-\\nics, one hundred and ten planters, four hunters, six cow-\\nkeepers, eleven overseers, twelve draftsmen in employ of\\ngovernment, besides mathematicians; fifty-eight had left\\nthe province twenty-eight dead, of whom four were killed\\nacting as constables, two hanged for pirating. Among the\\nnames of those then residing in East Florida are mentioned\\nSir Charles Burdett, William Drayton, Esq., planter, Chief\\nJustice Rev. John Forbes, parson, Judge of Admiralty\\nand Councillor; Rev. IST. Eraser, parson at Musquito Gov-\\nernor James Grant, Hon. John Moultrie, planter aud Lieu-\\ntenant Governor William Stork, Esq., historian Andrew\\nTurnbull, Esq., H. M. Counselor Bernard Romans, drafts-\\nman, c. William Bartram, planter; James Moultrie, Esq.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nHe says, The light house on Aiiastasia Island had been\\nconstructed and built of nikson-work by the Spaniards; and,\\nin 1769, by order of General Haldimand, it was raised sixty\\nfeet higher in carpenter s work, had a cannon planted on\\nthe top, which is tired the very moment the flag is hoisted,\\nfor a signal to the town and pilots that a vessel is o The\\nlight house has two flag-staifs, one to the south and one to\\nthe north on either of which the flag is hoisted, viz., to the\\nsouth if the vessel comes from thence, and the north if the\\nvessel comes that way.\\nThe town is situated in a healthy zone, is surrounded\\nwith salt water marshes, not at all prejudicial to health;\\ntheir evaporations are swept away in the day time by the\\neasterly winds, and in the night season by the westerly\\nw^inds trading back to the eastward. At the time wdien the\\nSpaniards left the town, all the gardens were well stocked\\nwith fruit trees, viz., figs, guavas, plantain, pomegranates,\\nlemons, limes, citrons, shadock, bergamot, China and\\nSeville oranges, the latter full of fruit throughout the whole\\nwinter season and the pot-herbs, though suspended in\\ntheir vegetation, were seldom destroyed by cold. The\\ntown is three-quarters of a mile in length, but not quite a\\nquarter wid-e had four churches ornamently built with\\nstone in the Spanish taste, of which one within and one\\nwithout the town still exist. One is pulled down that is\\nthe German church, but the steeple is preserved as an orna-\\nment to the town and the other, viz., the convent church\\nand convent in towni is taken in the body of the barracks.\\nAll houses are built of masonry; their entrances are shaded\\nby piazzas, supported by Tuscan pillars or pilasters, against\\nthe south sun. The. houses have to the east windows pro-\\njecting sixteen or eighteen inches into the street, very wide,\\nand proportionally high. On the west side, their windows\\nare commonly very small, and no opening of any kind to\\nthe north, on which side they have double walls six or eight\\nfeet asunder, forming a kind of gallery, which answers for\\ncellars and pantries. Before most of the entrances were\\narbors of vines, producing plenty and very good grapes.\\nXo house has any chimney for a fire-place; the Spaniards\\nmade use of stone urns, tilled them with coals left in their\\nkitchens in the afternoon, and set them at sunset in their\\nbed-rooms, to defend themselves against those winter sea-\\nsons, which required such care. The governor s residence\\nhas both sides piazzas, viz., a double one to the south, and\\na single one to the north also a Belvidere and a grand por-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 97\\ntico decorated with Doric pillars and entablatures. On the\\nnorth end of the town is a casemated fort, with four bas-\\ntions, a ravelin, counterscarp, and a glacis built with quar-\\nried shell-stones, and constructed according to the rudi-\\nments of Marechal de Vauban. This fort commands the\\nroad of the bay, the town, its environs, and both Tolomako\\nstream and Mantanzas creek. The soil in the gardens and\\nenvirons of the town is chiefly sandy and marshy. The\\nSpaniards seem to have had a notion of manuring their land\\nwith shells one foot deep.\\nAmong the three thousand who evacuated St. Augus-\\ntine, the author is credibly informed, were many Spaniards\\nnear and above the age of one hundred years, (observe;)\\nthis nation, especially natives of St. Augustine, bore the\\nreputation of great sobriety.\\nOn the 3d of January, 1766, the themoraeter sunk to 26\u00c2\u00b0\\nwith the wind from N. W. The ground was frozen an\\ninch thick on the banks this was the fatal night that de-\\nstroyed the lime, citron, and banana trees in St. Augustine,\\nand many curious evergreens up the river that were twenty\\nyears old in a flourishing state. t In 1774 there was a snov.^\\nstorm, which extended over most of the province. The an-\\ncient inhabitants still (1836) speak of it as an extraordinary\\nwhite rain. It was said to have done little damage.|\\nIn this connection, and as it is sometimes supposed that\\nthe climate is now colder than formerly, it may be stated\\nthat the thermometer went very low in 1799. East Florida\\nsuffered from a violent frost on the 6th April, 1828. In\\nFebruary, 1835, the thermometor sunk to 7\u00c2\u00b0 above zero,\\nwind ftom N. W. and the St. Johns river was frozen\\nseveral rods from the shore all kinds of fruit trees were\\nkilled to the ground, and the wild orange trees suffered as\\nwell as the cultivated.\\nDr. Nicholas TurnbuU, in the year 1767, associated with\\nSir William Duncan and other Englishmen of note, pro-\\njected a colony of European emigrants, to be settled at New\\nSmyrna. He brought from the islands of Greece, Corsica,\\nand Minorca, some fourteen hundred persons, agreeing to\\nconvey them free of expense, find them in clothing and pro-\\nvisions, and, at the end of three years, to give fift}^ acres of\\nland to each head of a family, and twenty-five to each child.\\nDe Brahm MS., p. 192.\\nt Stork, p. 11.\\nX Williams Florida, p. 17.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nAfter a long passage they arrived out, and formed the set-\\ntlement. The principal article of cultivation produced by\\nthem was indigo, which commanded a high price, and was\\nassisted by a bounty from the English government. After\\na few years, Turnbull, as is alleged, either from avarice or\\nnatural cruelty, assumed a control the most absolute over\\nthese colonists, and practiced cruelties the most painful upon\\nthem.\\nAn insurrection took place in 1769 among them, in con-\\nsequence of severe punishments, which was speedily re-\\npressed, and the leaders of it brought to trial before the\\nEnglish court at St. Augustine; five of the number were\\nconvicted and sentenced to death. Gov. Grant pardoned\\ntwo of the five, and a third was released upon the condition\\nof his becoming the executioner of the other two. Nine\\nyears after the commencement of their settlement, their\\nnumber had become reduced from 1,400 to 600. In 1776,\\nproceedings were instituted on their behalf by Mr. Yonge,\\nthe attorney-general of the province, which resulted in their\\nbeing exonerated from their contract with Turnbull lands\\nwere thereupon assigned them in the northren part of the\\ncit} which was principally built up by them and their de-\\nscendants, at the present day, form the larger portion of the\\npopulation of that place.\\nGovernor Grant was the first English governor, and was\\na gentleman of much energ} and during his term of ofiice\\nhe projected many great and permanent improvements in\\nthe province. The public roads, known astheking s roads,\\nfrom St. Augustine to New Smyrna, and from St. Augus-\\ntine to Jacksonville, and thence to Coleraine, were then\\nconstructed, and remain a lasting monument of his wisdom\\nand desire of improvement.\\nGov. Tonyn succeeded Gov. Grant; and a legislative\\ncouncil was authorized to assemble, and the pretense and\\nforms of a constitutional government were gone through\\nwith.\\nIn August, 1775, a British vessel called the Betsey, Capt.\\nLofthouse, from London, with 111 barrels of powder, was\\ncaptured o the bar of St. Augustine, by an American pri-\\nvateer from Charleston, very much to the disgust and an-\\nnoyance of the British authorities.\\nAt this period, St. Augustine assumed much importance\\nas a depot and point d appui for the British forces in their\\noperations against the Southern States; and very consider-\\nabe forces were at times assembled.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 99\\nIn the excess of the zeal and loyalty of the garrison and\\ninhabitants of St. Augustine, upon the receipt of the news\\nof the American Declaration of Independence, the effigies\\nof John Hancock and Samuel Adams were burned upon\\nthe public square, where the monument now stands.\\nThe expedition of Gen. Prevost against Savannah was or-\\nganized and embarked from St. Augustine, in 1779.\\nSixty of the most distinguished citizens of Carolina were\\nseized by the British in 1780, and transported to St. Augus-\\ntine as prisoners of war and hostages, among whom were\\nArthur Middleton, Edward Rutledge, Gen. Gadsden, and\\nMr. Calhoun all were put upon parole except Gen. Gads-\\nden and Mr. Calhoun, who refused the indulgence, and were\\ncommitted to the fort, where they remained many months\\nclose prisoners. Gen. Rutherford and Col. Isaacs, of JSTorth\\nCarolina, were also transported hither, and committed to\\nthe fort.\\nAn expedition was fitted out from St. Augustine in 1783,\\nto act against New Providence, under Col. Devereux; and,\\nwith very slender means that able officer succeeded in cap-\\nturing and reducing the Bahamas, which have ever since\\nremained under English domination.\\nThe expense of supporting the government of East\\nFlorida during the English occupation, was very consider-\\nable, amounting to the sum of X122,000. The exports of\\nFlorida, in 1778, amounted to \u00c2\u00a348,000 and in 1772, the\\nprovince exported 40,000 lbs. indigo and in 1782, 20,000\\nbarrels of turpentine.\\nUiCCi", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nRE-CESSION OF FLOEIDA TO SPAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ERECTION OF THE\\nPARISH CHURCH\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CHANGE OF FLAGS. 1783\u00e2\u0080\u00941821.\\nIn June, 1784, in fulfillment of the treaty between\\nEngland and Spain, Florida, after twenty years of British\\noccupation, was re-ceded to the Spanish Crown, and taken\\npossession of by Governor Zespedez.\\nThe English residents, in general, left* the country, and\\nwent either to the ^Bahanias, Jamaica, or the United States.\\nThose who went to the British islands were almost ruined\\nbut those who settled in the States were more successful.\\nIn April, 1793, the present Roman Catholic church was\\ncommenced, the previous church having been in another\\nportion of the city.f It was constructed under the direction\\nof Don Mariana de la Rocque and Don P. Berrio, govern-\\nment engineer-officers. The co^tof the church was $16,650,\\nof which about $6,000 was received from the proceeds of\\nthe materials and ornaments of the old churches, about\\n$1,000 from the contributions of the inhabitants, and the\\nremaining $10,000 furnished by the government. One ot\\nits four bells has the following inscription, showing it to be\\nprobably the oldest bell in this country, being now 18.5\\nyears old.\\n1^\\nSancte Joseph.\\nOra Pro Nobis.\\nD 1682.\\nDon Enrique WViite was for many years governor of Flor-\\nida, and died in the city of St. Augustine. He is spoken\\nof by those who knew him, in high terms, for his integrity\\nAmong the families remaining were the Fatios, Flemings, and a few\\nothers.\\nf The old parish church was on St. George street, on west side of the street.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 101\\nand openness of character; and many amusing anecdotes\\nare related connected with his eccentricities.\\nIn 1812, the American government, being apprehensive\\nthat Great Britain designed obtaining possession of Florida,\\nsent its troops into the province, overrunning and destroy-\\ning the whole country. The manner and the pretenses\\nunder which this was done, reflect but little credit on the\\nUnited States government and the transparent sham of\\ntaking possession of the country by the patriots, supported\\nby United States troops, was as undignified as it was futile.\\nIt is for the damages occasioned by this invasion, that the\\nFlorida claims for losses of its citizens have been\\npresented to the government of the United States. The\\nprincipal of the damages sustained, that is to say, the actual\\nvalue of the property then destroyed, has been allowed and\\npaid; but the interest, or damages for the detention, has\\nbeen withheld upon the ground that the government does\\nnot pay interest. The treaty between the United States\\nand Spain in reference to the cession of Florida to the\\nUnited States, requires the United States to make satisfac-\\ntion for such claims and the payment of the bare amount\\nof actual loss, after a detention of thirty years, is considered\\nby the claimants an inadequate satisfaction of a just claim.\\nIn the spring of 1818, General Jackson made his cele-\\nbrated incursion into Florida, and by a series of energetic\\nmovements followed the Seminoles and Creeks to their fast-\\nnesses, and forever crushed the power of those formidable\\ntribes for offensive operations.\\nIn the latter part of 1817, a revolutionary party took pos-\\nsession of Amelia Island, and raised a soi disant fairiot flag\\nat Fernaiidina, supported mainly in the enterprise by adven-\\nturers from the United States M Gregor was assisted by\\nofficers of the United States army. An expedition was\\nsent from St. Augustine by the Spanish governor to eject\\nthe invaders, w^hich failed. One Aury, an English adven-\\nturer, for a time held command there; and also a Mr. Hub-\\nbard, formerly sheriff of New York, who was the civil gov-\\nernor, and died there. The United States troops eventually\\ninterfered but negotiations for the cession put a stop to\\nfurther hostilities.\\nThe king of Spain, finding his possessions in Florida\\nutterly worthless to his crown, and only an expense to sus-\\ntain the garrisons, while the repeated attempts to disturb\\nits political relations prevented any beneficial progress\\ntowards its settlement, gladly agreed, in 1819, to a transfer\\nof Florida to the United States for five millions of dollars.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nAn Eni^lish gentleman who visited St. Augustineinl817,\\ngives his impressions of the place as follows Emerging\\nfrom the solitudes and shades of the pine forests, we espied\\nthe distant yet distinct lights of the watch towers of the\\nfortress of St. Augustine, delightful beacons to my weary\\npilgrimage. The clock Avas striking ten as I reached the\\nfoot of the drawbridge; the sentinels were passing the aier/o,\\nas I demanded entrance; having answered the preliminary\\nquestions, the draw-bridge was slowly lowered. The officer\\nof the guard, having received my name and wishes, sent a\\ncommunication to the governor, who issued orders for my\\nimmediate admission. On opening the gate, the guard w^as\\nready to receive me; and a file of men, with their officer,\\nescorted me to his Excellency, who expressed his satisfac-\\ntion at my revisit to Florida. I soon retired to the luxury\\nof repose, and the following morning was greeted as an old\\nacquaintance by the members of this little community.\\nI had arrived at a season of general relaxation, on the\\neve of the carnival, which is celebrated with much gayety\\nin all Catholic countries. Masks, dominoes, harlequins,\\nPunchinellos, and a great variety of grotesqe disguises, on\\nhorseback, in cars, gigs, and on foot, paraded the streets\\nwith guitars, violins, and other instruments and in the\\nevenings, the houses were open to receive masks, and balls\\nwere given in every direction. I was told that in their\\nbetter days, when their pay was regularly remitted from the\\nHavana, these amusements were admirably conducted, and\\nthe rich dresses exhibited on these occasions, were not\\neclipsed by their more fashionable friends in Cuba; but\\npoverty had lessoned their spirit for enjoyment, as well as\\nthe means for procuring it enough, however, remained to\\namuse an idle spectator, and I entered with alacrity into\\ntheir diversions.\\nAbout thirty of the hunting warriors of the Seminoles,\\nwith their squaws, had arrived, for the purpose of selling\\nthe produce of the chase, consisting of bear, deer, tiger, and\\nother skins, bears grease, and other trifling articles. This\\nsavage race, once the lords of the ascendant, are the most\\nformidable border enemies of the United States. This\\nparty had arrived, after a range of six months, for the pur-\\npose of sale and barter. After trafficking for their com-\\nmodities, they were seen at various parts of the town,\\nassembled in small groups, seated upon their haunches, like\\nmonkeys, passing round their bottles of aque dente (the rum\\nof Cuba), their repeated draughts upon which soon ex-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 103\\nhausted their contents they then slept oft the effects of in-\\ntoxication, under the walls, exposed to the influence of the\\nsun. Their appearance was extremely wretched their\\nskins of a dark, dirty, chocolate color, with long, straight,\\nhlack hair, over which they had spread a quantity of bears\\ngrease. In their ears, and the cartilages of the nose, were in-\\nserted rings of silver and brass, with pendants of various\\nshapes their features prominent and harsh, and their eyes\\nhad a wild and ferocious expression.\\nA torn blanket, or an ill-fashioned dirty linen jacket, is\\nthe general costume of these Indians a triangular piece of\\ncloth passes around the loins the women vary in their\\napparel by merely wearing short petticoats, the original\\ncolors of which were not distinguishable from the various\\nincrustations of dirt. Some of the young squaws were tol-\\nerably agreeable, and if well washed and dressed would not\\nhave been uninteresting but the elder squaws wore the air\\nof misery and debasement.\\nThe garrison is composed of a detachment from the\\nRoyal regiment of Cuba, with some hlack troops who\\ntogether form a respectable force. The fort and bastions\\nare built of the same material as the houses of the town,\\ncoqidna. This marine substance is superior to stone, not\\nbeing liable to splinter from the effects of bombardment;\\nit receives and imbeds the shot, which adds rather than de-\\ntracts from its strength and security.\\nThe houses and the rear of the town are intersected and\\ncovered with orange groves their golden fruit and deep\\ngreen foliage, not only render the air agreeable, but\\nbeautify the appearance of this interesting little town, in\\nthe centre of which (the square) rises a large structure dedi-\\ncated to the Catholic religion. At the upper end are the\\nremains of a very considerable house, the former residence\\nof the governor of this settlement; but now (1817), in a\\nstate of dilapidation and decay, from age and inattention.\\nAt the southern extremity of the town stands a large\\nbuilding, formerly a monastery of Carthusian Friars, but\\nnow occupied as a barrack for the troops of the garrison.\\nAt a little distance are four stacks of chimnies, the sole re-\\nmains of a beautiful range of barracks, built during the oc-\\ncupancy of the British, from 1763 to 1783 for three years\\nthe 29th regiment was stationed there, and in that time they\\ndid not lose a single man. The proverbial salubrity of the\\nclimate, has obtained for St. Augustine the designation of\\nthe Montpelier of North America; indeed, such is the gene-\\nral character of the Province of East Florida.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nThe governor (Copinger), is about forty-five years of\\nage, of active and vigorous mind, anxious to promote by\\nevery means in his power the prosperity of the province\\nconfided to his command his urbanity and other amiable\\nqualities render him accessible to the meanest individual,\\nand justice is sure to follow an appeal to his decision. His\\nmilitary talents are well known, and appreciated by his\\nsovereign and he now holds, in addition to the govern-\\nment of East Florida, the rank of Colonel in the Royal\\nRegiment of Cuba.\\nThe clergy consist of the -padre (priest of the parish),\\nFather Cosby, a native of Wexford, in Ireland; a Francis-\\ncan friar, the chaplain to the garrison, and an inferior or\\ncure. The social qualities of the padre, and the general\\ntolerance of his feelings, render him an acceptable visitor\\nto all his flock. The judge, treasurer, collector, and\\nnotary, are the principal otRcers of the establishment, be-\\nsides a number of those devoted solely to the military occu-\\npations of the garrison. The whole of this society is\\nextremely courteous to strangers they forrft one family,\\nand those little jealousies and animosities, so disgraceful to\\nour small English communities, do not sully their meetings\\nof friendly chit-chat, called as in Spain, turtulias. The\\nwomen are deservedly celebrated for their charms their\\nlovely black eyes have a vast deal of expression their com-\\nplexions a clear brunette much attention is paid to the ar-\\nrangement of their hair at mass they are always well\\ndressed in black silk basquinas (petticoats), with the little\\nmantilla (black lace veil) over their heads the men in their\\nmilitary costumes good order and temperance are their\\ncharacteristic virtues but the vice of gambling too often\\nprofanes their social haunts, from wdiich even the fair sex\\nare not excluded. Two days following our arrival, a ball\\nwas given by some of the inhabitants, to which I was\\ninvited. The elder couples opened it with minuets, suc-\\nceeded by the younger couples displaying their handsome\\nlight figures in Spanish dances.\\nThe old inhabitants still speak in terms of fond regret of\\nthe place when embowered in its orange groves, and the\\npleasantness of its old customs and usages. Dancing\\nformed one of their most common amusements, as it does\\nnow. The poscy dance, now become obsolete, was then of\\nalmost dail} occurrence, and w^as introduced in the follow-\\ning manner: The females of the family erect in a room of\\nVoyage to Spanish Main. London, 1819. Tage 116, et seg.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 105\\ntheir house a neat little arbor, dressed with pots and gar-\\nlands of flowers, and lit up brightly with candles. This is\\nunderstood by the gentleman as an invitation to drop in and\\nadmire the beauty of their decorations. In the mean time,\\nthe lady who has prepared it, selects a partner from among\\nher visitors, and in token of her preference, honors him\\nwith a bouquet of flowers. The gentleman who receives\\nthe bouquet becomes then, for the nonce, king of the ball,\\nand leads out the fair donor as queen of the dance the\\nothers take partners, and the ball is thus inaugurated, and\\nmay continue several successive evenings. Should the\\nlady s choice fall upon an unwilling swain, which seldom\\nliappened, he could be excused by assuming the expenses\\nof the entertainment. These assemblies were always in-\\nformal, and frequented by all classes, all meeting on a level;\\nbut were conducted with the utmost politeness and decorum,\\nfor which the Spanish character is so distinguished.\\nThe carnival amusements are still kept up to some extent,\\nbut with little of the taste and wit which formerly charac-\\nterized them, and without which they degenerate into mere\\nbuffoonery.\\nThe graceful Spanish dance, so well suited in its slow and\\nregular movements to the inhabitants of a warm climate,\\nhas always retained the preference with the natives of the\\nplace, who dance it with that native grace and elegance of\\nmovement which seems easy and natural for every one, but\\nis seldom equaled by the Anglo-Saxon.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nTRANSFER OF FLORIDA TO THE UNITED STATES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AMERICAN\\nOCCUPATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ANCIENT BUILDINGS, Etc.\\nOn the lOtli day of July, iu the year 1821, the standard\\nof Spain, which had been raised two hundred and fifty-six\\nyears before over St. Augustine, was finally lowered forever\\nfrom the walls over which it had so long fluttered, and the\\nstars and stripes of the youngest of nations rose where,\\nsooner or later, the hand of destiny would assuredly have\\nplaced them.\\nIt was intended that the change of flags should have\\ntaken place on the 4th of July owing to a detention, this\\nthis was frustrated but the inhabitants celebrated the 4th\\nwith a handsome public ball at the governor s house.\\nThe Spanish garrison, and officers connected with it, re-\\nturned to Cuba, and some of the Spanish families but the\\nlarger portion of the inhabitants remained. A considera-\\nble influx of inhabitants from the adjoining States took\\nplace, and the town speedily assumed a somewhat American\\ncharacter. The proportion of American population since\\nthe change of flags, has been about one-third. Most of the\\nnative inhabitants converse with equal fluency in either\\nlanguage.\\nIn the year 1823, the legislative council of Florida held\\nits second session in the government house at St. Augus-\\ntine. Governor W. P. Duval was the first governor after\\nthe organization of the territory. The Ralph Ringwood\\nSketches of Irving ^have given a wide celebrity to the char-\\nacter of our worthy and original first governor, now re-\\ncently deceased.\\nDuring the month of February, 1835, East Florida\\nwas visited by a frost much more severe than any before\\nexperienced. A severe northwest wind blew ten days in\\nsuccession, but more violently for about three days. During\\nthis period, the mercury sunk to seven degrees above zero.\\nThe St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore.\\nAll kinds of fruit trees were killed to the ground many of\\nthem never started as-ain, even from the roots. The wild", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 107\\ngroves suffered equally with those cultivated. The orange\\nhad become the staple of Florida commerce several mil-\\nlions were exported from the St. Johns and St. Augustine\\nduring the two previous years. Numerous groves had just\\nbeen planted out, and extensive nurseries could hardly sup-\\nply the demand for young trees. Some of the groves had,\\nduring the previous autumn, brought to their owners, one,\\ntwo, and three thousand dollars and the increasing de-\\nmand for this fruit, opened in prospect mines of wealth to\\nthe inhabitants.\\nThen came a frost, a withering frost.\\nSome of the orange groves in East Florida were estimated\\nat from five to ten thousand dollars, and even more. They\\nwere at once rendered valueless. The larger part of the\\npopulation at St. Augustine had been accustomed to de-\\npend on the produce of their little groves of eight or ten\\ntrees, to purchase their coffee, sugar, and other necessaries\\nfrom the stores they were left without resource.\\nThe town of St. Augustine, that heretofore appeared\\nlike a rustic village, their white houses peeping from among\\nthe clustered boughs and golden fruit of their favorite tree,\\nbeneath whose shade the foreign invalid cooled his fevered\\nlimbs, and imbibed health from the fragrant air, how was\\nshe fallen Dry, unsightly poles, with ragged bark, stick\\nup around her dwellings and where the mocking-bird once\\ndelighted to build her nest, and tune her lovely songs, owls\\nhoot at night, and sterile winds whistle through the leafless\\nbranches. IlTever was a place rendered more desolate.\\nThe groves were at once replanted, and soon bid fair to\\nyield most abundantly when, in 1842, an insect was intro-\\nduced into the country, called the orange coccus, which\\nspread over the whole country with wonderful rapidity, and\\nalmost totally destroyed every tree it fastened upon. Of\\nlate, the ravages of this insect seem less destructive, and\\nthe groves have begun to resume their bearing these add\\nto the beauty of the residences at St. Augustine, with their\\nglossy, deep-green leaves, and golden fruit and hopes of\\nan entire restoration are now confidently entertained.\\nIn December, 1835, the war with the Seminole Indians\\nbroke out and for some years St. Augustine was full of\\nthe pomp and circumstance of war. It was dangerous to\\nventure beyond the gates and many sad scenes of Indian\\nmassacre took place in the neighborhood of the city. Dur-\\nWilliams Florida, pp. 18, et seq.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\niiig this period, great apparent prosperity prevailed prop-\\nerty was valuable, rents were high; speculators projected\\none city on the north of the town, Jind another on the west\\na canal to the St. Johns, and also a railroad to Picolata\\nand great hopes of future prosperity were entertained.\\nWith the cessation of the war, the importance of St. Au-\\ngustine diminished younger communities took the lead of\\nit, aided by superior advantages of location, and greater\\nenterprise, and St. Augustine has subsided into the pleasant,\\nquiet, dolce far nienie of to-day, living upon its old memo-\\nries, contented, peaceful, and agreeable, and likely to re-\\nmain without much change for the future.\\nOf the public buildings, it may be remarked that the\\nextensive British barracks were destroyed by tire in 1792\\nand that the Franciscan Convent was occupied as it had\\nbeen before, as barracks for the troops not in garrison in\\nthe fort. The appearance of these buildings has been much\\nchanged by the extensive repairs and alterations made by\\nthe United States government. It had formerly a large\\ncircular look-out upon the top, from which a beautiful view\\nof the surrounding country was obtained. Its walls are\\nprobably the oldest foundations in the city.\\nThe present United States Court-house, now occupied by\\nmany public offices, was the residence of the Spanish gov-\\nernors. It has been rebuilt by the United States and its\\nformer quaint and interesting appearance has been lost, in\\nremoving its look-out tower, and balconies, and the hand-\\nsome gateway, mentioned by De Brahm, which is said to\\nhave been a fine specimen of Doric architecture.*\\nTrinity Episcopal Church was commenced in 1827, and\\nconsecrated in 1833, by Bishop Bowen, of South Carolina.\\nThe Presbyterian Church was built about 1830, and the\\nMethodist chapel about 1846.\\nThe venerable-looking building on the bay, at the corner\\nof Green lane and Bay street, is considered the oldest build-\\ning in the place, and has evidently been a fine building in\\nits day. It was the residence of the attorney-general, in\\nEnglish times.\\nThe monument on the public square was erected in 1812-\\n13, upon the information of the adoption of the Spanish\\nconstitution, as a memorial of that event, in pursuance of\\na royal order to that effect, directed to the public authori-\\nties of all the provincial towns. Geronimo Alvarez was\\n*It is said to have been taken down by the contractor, to form the\\nfoundation of his liitchen.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 109\\nthe Alcalde iinder whose direction it was erected. The\\nplan of it was made bj Sr. Hernandez, the father of the\\nlate General Hernandez A short time after it was put np,\\nthe Spanish constitution having had a downfall, orders\\nwere issued by the government that all the monuments\\nerected to the constitution throughout its dominions, should\\nl)e demolished. The citizens of St. Augustine were un-\\nwilling to see their monument torn down and with the\\npassive acquiescence of the governor, the marble tablets\\ninscribed Plaza de la Constitucion being removed, the\\nmonument itself was allowed to stand; and thus it remains\\nto this day, the only monument in existence to commemo-\\nrate the farce of the constitution of 1812. In 1818, the\\ntablets were restored without objection.\\nThe bridge and causeway are the work of the govern-\\nment of the United States. The present sea-wall was built\\nbetween 1835 and 1842, by the United States, at an expense\\nof one hundred thousand dollars.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nPRESENT APPEARANCE OF ST. AUGUSTINE, AS GIVEN BY\\nTHE AUTHOR OF THANATOPSIS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ITS CLIMATE AND\\nSALUBRITY.\\nSt. Augustine has now attained, for this side of the Atlan-\\ntic, a period of most respectable antiquity. In a country like\\nAmerica, where States are ushered into existence in the full\\ndevelopment of maturity, where large cities rise like magic\\nfrom the rude forest, where the oldest inhabitant recol-\\nlects the cutting down of the lofty elms which shadowed the\\nwigwam of the red man, perchance on some spot now in the\\nheart of a great city; an antiquity of three centuries would\\nbe esteemed as almost reaching back (compared with mod-\\nern growth) to the days of the Pharaohs.\\nThe larger number of early settlements were unsuitably\\nlocated, and were forced to be abandoned on account of\\ntheir unhealthiness; but the Spanish settlement at St. Au-\\ngustine has remained for near three hundred years where it\\nwas originally planted and the health of its inhabitants\\nhas, for this long period, given it a deserved reputation for\\nsalubrity and exemption from disease, attributable to lo-\\ncality or extraneous influences or causes.\\nThe great age attained by its inhabitants was remarked\\nl)y De Brahm the number and healthfulness of the chil-\\ndren that throng its streets, attract now, as they did then,\\nthe attention of strangers. This salubrity is easily accounted\\nfor, by the almost insular position of the city, upon a narrow\\nneck of land nearly surrounded by salt water; the main\\nshore, a high and healthy pine forest and sandy plains, so\\nnear the ocean as to be fanned by its constant breezes, and\\nwithin the sound of its echoing waves; a situation combin-\\ning more local advantages for salubrity could hardly be im-\\nagined. While it will never probably increase to any great\\nextent in population, it will hardly be likely to decrease. Its\\nhealth, easy means of support, unambitious class of inhabi-\\ntants, with their strong attachments and family and local\\nties, will contribute to maintain St. Augustine as the time-\\nhonored ancient city, with its permanent population, and\\nits visitors for health, for centuries perhaps yet to come.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. Ill\\nI cannot perhaps better conclude these historic notices\\nthan by giving the impressions of the author of Thanatop-\\nsis,* one whose poetic fame will endure as long as American\\nliterature exists. Writing from St. Augustine in April,\\n1843, he says\\nAt length we emerged upon a shrubby plain, and finally\\ncame in sight of this oldest city of the United States, seated\\namong its trees on a sandy swell of land, where it has stood\\nfor three hundred years. I was struck with its ancient and\\nhomely aspect, even at a distance, and could not help liken-\\ning it to pictures which I had seen of Dutch towns, though\\nit wanted a wind-mill or two to make the resemblance per-\\nfect. We drove into a green square, in the midst of which\\nwas a monument erected to commemorate the Spanish\\nconstitution of 1812, and thence through the narrow streets\\nof the city to our hotel.\\nI have called the streets narrow. In few places are they\\nwide enough to allow two carriages to pass abreast. I was\\ntold that they were not originally intended for carriages and\\nthat in the time when the town belonged to Spain, many of\\nthem were floored with an artificial stone, composed of\\nshells and mortar, which in this climate takes and keeps the\\nhardness of rock; and that no other vehicle than a hand-\\nbarrow was allowed to pass over them. In some places you\\nsee remnants of this ancient pavement; but for the most\\npart it has been ground into dust under the wheels of the\\ncarts and carriages introduced by the new inhabitants. The\\nold houses, built of a kind of stone which is seemingly a\\npure concretion of small shells, overhang the streets with\\ntheir wooden balconies and the gardens between the\\nhouses are fenced on the side of the street with high walls\\nof stone. Peeping over these walls you see branches of the\\npomegranate, and of the orange-tree now fragrant with\\nflowers, and rising yet higher, the leaning boughs of the fig\\nwith its broad luxuriant leaves. Occasionally you pass the\\nruins of houses walls of stone with arches and stair-cases\\nof the same material, which once belonged to stately dwell-\\nings. You meet in the streets with men of swarthy com-\\nplexions and foreign physiognomy, and you hear them\\nspeaking to each other in a strange language. You are told\\nthat these are the remains of those who inhabited the\\ncountry under the Spanish dominion, and that the dialect\\nyou have heard is that of the island of Minorca.\\nBryant.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nTwelve years ago, said an acquaintauce of mine,\\nwhen I first visited St. Augustine, it was a fine old Span-\\nish town. A large proportion of the houses which you now\\nsee roofed like barns, where then flat-roofed; they were all\\nof shell rock, and these modern wooden buildings were\\nthen not erected. That old fort which they are now repair-\\ning, to fit it for receiving a garrison, was a sort of ruin, for\\nthe outworks had partly fallen, and it stood unoccupied by\\nthe military, a venerable monument of the Spanish domin-\\nion. But the orange-groves were the wealth and ornament\\nof St. Augustine, and their produce maintained the inhabi-\\ntants in comfort. Orange-trees of the size and height of\\nthe pear-tree, often rising higher than tne roofs of the\\nhouses, embowered the town in perpetual verdure. They\\nstood so close in the groves that they excluded the sun and\\nthe atmosphere was at all times aromatic with their leaves\\nand fruit, and in spring the fragrance of the flowers was al-\\nmost oppressive.\\nThe old fort of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a\\nfoolish change of name is a noble work, frowning over the\\nMantanzas, which flows between St. Augustine and the\\nisland of Anastasia and it is worth making a long journey\\nto see. No record remains of its original construction but\\nit is supposed to have been erected about a hu- dred and\\nfifty years since,* and the shell rock of which it is built is\\ndark with time. We saw where it had been struck with\\ncannon balls, which, instead of splitting the rock, became\\nimbedded and clogged among the loosened fragments of\\nshell. This rock is therefore one of the best materials for\\nfortification in the world. We were taken into the ancient\\nprisons of the fort-dungeons, one of which was dimly\\nlighted by a grated window, and another entirely without\\nlight; and by the flame of a torch we were shown the half\\nobliterated inscriptions scrawled on the walls long ago by\\nprisoners. But in another corner of thefort, we were taken\\nto look at the secret cells, which were discovered a few\\nyears since in consequence of the sinking of the earth over\\na narrow apartment between them. These cells are deep\\nunder ground, vaulted over-head, and without windows.\\nIn one of them a wooden machine was found, which some\\nsupposed might have been a rack, and in the other a quan-\\ntity of human bones. The doors of these cells had been\\nwalled up and concealed with stucco, before the fort passed\\ninto the hands of the Americans.\\nIt is much more ancient.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 113\\nYou cannot be in St. Augustine a day without hearing\\nsome of its inhabitants speak of its agreeable climate.\\nDuring the sixteen days of my residence here, the weather\\nhas certainly been as delightful as 1 could imagine. We\\nhave the temperature of early June as June is known in\\niSTew York. The mornings are sometimes a little sultry\\nbut after two or three hours a fresh breeze comes in from\\nthe sea sweeping through the broad piazzas, and breathing\\nin at the windows. At this season it comes laden with the\\nfragrance of the flowers of the Pride of India, and sometimes of\\nthe orange tree, and sometimes brings the scent of roses, now\\nin bloom. The nights are gratefully cool; and I have been told\\nby a person who has lived here many years, that there are very\\nfew nights in summer when you can sleep without a blanket.\\nAn acquaintance of mine, an invalid, who has tried\\nvarious climates, and has kept up a kind of running tight\\nwith death for many j^ears, retreating from country to\\ncountry as he pursued, declares to me that the winter cli-\\nmate of St. Augustine is to be preferred to that of any part\\nof Europe, even that of Sicily, and that it is better than\\nthe climate of the West Indies. He finds it genial and\\nequable, at the same time that it is not enfeebling. The\\nsummer hr ts are prevented from being intense by the sea-\\nbreeze, of which I have spoken. I have looked over the\\nwork of Dr. Forry on the climate of the United States, and\\nhave been surprised to see the uniformity of climate which\\nhe ascribes to Key West. As appears by the observations\\nhe has collected, the seasons at that place glide into each\\nother by the softest gradations and the heat never, even in\\nmidsummer, reaches that extreme which is felt in the\\nhigher latitudes of the American continent. The climate of\\nFlorida is, in fact, an insular climate: the Atlantic on the\\neast, and the Gulf of Mexico on the west, temper the airs\\nthat blow over it, making them cooler in summer and\\nwarmer in winter. I do not wonder, therefore, that it is so\\nmuch the resort of invalids it would be more so if the\\nsoftness of its atmosphere, and the beauty and serenity of\\nits seasons were generally known. Nor should it be sup-\\nposed that accommodations for persons in delicate health are\\nwanting; they are, in fact, becoming better with every year,\\nas the demand for them increases. Among the acquaint-\\nances whom I have made here, I remember many who\\nhaving come hither for the benefit of their health, are\\ndetained for life by the amenity of the climate. It seems\\nto me, said an intelligent srentleman of this class, the other\\n8", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nday, as if I could, not exist out of Florida. When I g;o to\\nthe north, I feel most sensibly the severe extremes of the\\nweather the climate of Charleston itself appears harsh to\\nme.\\nThe negroes of St. Augustine are a good-looking speci-\\nmen of the race, and have the appearance of being very\\nwell treated. You rarely see a negro in ragged clothing;\\nand the colored children, though slaves, are often dressed\\nwith great neatness. In the colored people whom I saw in\\nthe Catholic church, I remarked a more agreeable, open,\\nand gentle physiogomy than I have been accustomed to see\\nin that class.\\nSome old customs which the Minorcans brought with\\nthem from their native country, are still kept up. On the\\nevening before Easter Sunday, about eleven o clock, I heard\\nthe sound of a serenade in the streets. Going out, I found\\na party of young men with instruments of music, grouped\\njibout the window of one of the dwellings, singing a hymn\\nin honor of the Virgin,* in the Mahonese dialect. They be-\\ngan, as I was told, with tapping on the shutter. An an-\\nswering knock within had told them that their visit was\\nwelcome, and they immediately began the serenade. If no\\nreply had been heard, they would have passed on to another\\ndwelling. I give the hymn as it was kindly taken down\\nfor me in writing, by a native of St Augustine, I presume\\nthis is the lirst time ^that it has been pufin print; but I fear\\nthe copy has several corruptions, occasioned by the unskill-\\nfulness of the copyist. The letter e, which I have put\\nin italics, represents the guttural French e, or, perhaps,\\nmore nearly the sound of the u in the word but. The .s7/.\\nof our language is represented by sc followed by an i or an\\ne; the 9^, both hard and soft, has the same sound as in our\\nlanguage.\\nDisciar^m lu dol\\nCantarem aub alagria\\ny n arem a da\\nLas pascuas a Maria\\nO Maria\\nSajEt Grabiel,\\nQui portaba la ambasciado\\niUes nostro rey del eel,\\nEstaran vos prenada\\nYa oniitiada\\nTu o vais aqui surventu\\nFia del Dieu contenta\\nPara fe lo que el vol\\nDisciureni lu dol, c.\\nThis song is usually called the Fromajardis.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 115\\nY a milla nit\\nPiirigiiero vos regina\\nA un Dieu infinit,\\nDintra una establina.\\nY a milla dia,\\nQue los angles von cantant\\nPau y abondant\\nDe la gloria de Dieu sol\\nDisciarnn lu dol, c.\\nYa Libalam,\\nAlia la terra santa\\n!Nus nat Jesus\\nAub alagria tanta\\nInfant petit\\nQue tot lu mon salvaria\\nY ningu y bastaria\\nNu mes un Dieu tot sul\\nDisciarmi lu dol, c.\\nCuant de Orion lus\\nTres revs la stralla veran\\nDieu omnipotent\\nAdora lo vingaran\\nUn present interan\\nDe mil gncens y or\\nA lu beneit seno\\nQue conesce cual se vol\\nDisciarem lu dol, c.\\nTot fu gayant\\nPara eumple la prumas\\nY lu Esperit sant\\nDe un angel fau gramas\\nGran foe ences,\\nQue crama lu curagia\\nDieu nos da lenguagia\\nPara fe lo que Dieu vol\\nDisciarem lu dol, c.\\nCuant trespasa\\nDe quest mon nostra Senora\\nAl eel s empugia\\nSun fil la matescia ora\\nO Emperadora\\nQue del eel san eligida\\nLu rosa florida\\nMe resplenden que un sol\\nDisciar^m lu dol, c.\\nY el tercer giorn\\nQue Jesus resunta\\nDieu y Aboroma\\nQue la mort triumfa\\nDe alii se balla\\nPara perldra Lucife\\nAn tot a sen penda\\nQue de nostro ser el sol\\nDisciarem lu dol, c.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nAfter this hymn, the following stanzas, soliciting the\\ncustomary gift of cakes or eggs, are sung\\nCe set que vam cantaiit,\\nKegina celestial\\nDamos pan y alagria\\nY bonas festas tingan\\nY vos da sus bonas festas\\nDanos dines de sus nous\\nSempre tarem lus neans Uestas\\nPara recibi un grapat de nes,\\nY el giorn de pascua florida\\nAlagramos y giuntament\\nAs qui es mort par dar nos vida\\nY via glorosiamente.\\nA questa casa esta enipedrada\\nBien halla que la cmpedro\\niSan amo de aquosta casa\\nBaldria duna un do\\nFormagiado o empanada\\nCucutta a flao\\nCual se val casa rue grada,\\nSol que no rue digas que no.\\nThe shutters are then opened hy the people within, and\\na supply of cheese, cakes or other pastry, or eggs, is\\ndropped into a bag carried by one of the party; who ac-\\nknowledge the gift in the following lines, and then depart\\nAquesta casa reta empedrada\\nEmpedrada de cuatro vens;\\nSun amo de aquesta casa\\nEs omo de compliment.\\nIf nothing is given, the last line reads thus:\\nNo es homo dc comnliment.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 117\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nST. AUGUSTINE IN ITS OLD AGE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1565-1868.\\nThree hundred and three years have now passed over\\nthe walls of this venerable city. Ten generations of men\\nand women have passed away since this ancient city had an\\nexistence and a name. One can look back to 1565 and pic-\\nture to the mind the galleons of Spain anchored off its\\nharbor; seethe gallant Adelantado Menendez, clad in mail,\\npreceded by the standards of Spain, and followed by his men\\nat arms, his bowmen and his cavaliers, taking possession of\\nthe country in the name of his sovereign. The waves roll\\nin upon the same shores now as they did then the green,\\ngrassy marshes and 03 ster-clad banks present to our eyes\\nthe same appearance as they did to theirs the white sandy\\nbeach which received the impress of the iron-clad heel of\\nthe cavalier, now yields to the pressure of your foot the\\nrustling pines along the shore cast their pleasant shadows\\nover you as they did over them, and perchance the same\\neager thoughts of gain pervade your breast as you pass be-\\nneath them, as filled the hearts and souls of those who long\\nago came seeking gold and wealth unmeasured upon those\\nshores.\\nThree hundred years ago, and St. Augustine stood the\\nsolitary settlement of the white race north of the Gulf of\\nMexico in all that great expanse which now boasts of its\\nthirty-four States, its three hundred cities, and its thirty\\nmillions of people.\\nThen the Province of Florida extended northward to the\\npole, and westward to the Pacific. At a later period, after\\nthe voyages of the French and English, its boundaries were\\nlimited to the shores of the Chesapeake and the Mississippi\\nriver, and were subsequently gradually contracted to their\\npresent limits, so that Florida once represented upon the\\nmaps all of the United States.\\nThe life of St. Augustine runs parallel with that of Spain.\\nFor a long period Spain was at the head of European mon-\\narchies its rulers held sway over more vast possessions\\nthan had ever belonged to any single crown since the days", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES\\nof the Csesars wealth flowed into its coffers from the JSTew\\nWorld ill boundless profusion, and corruption, venality and\\neffeminacy followed in its train. The whole continent of\\nAmerica was claimed as its dominion. Its fleets anchored\\nupon every shore for conquest or exploration, and its ban-\\nners wei e unfurled by its generals, and the cross was planted\\nby its priests, upon ever} headland. From all this grandeur\\nand eminence the Spanish monarchy has been cast down.\\nDriven from land to land, it has receded from the main land\\nof America, and has exchanged its dominion over a conti-\\nnent to the islands of the sea, which it holds with a preca-\\nrious grasp, and it now remains in a dry old age a fourth-\\nrate power where once it stood foremost. The first planted\\nof all the cities of the United States, St. Augustine, now\\nranks among the least.\\nTen years have been added to the longevity of the ancient\\ncity since the first publication of this work. Ten years do\\nnot make their mark upon the aged man as they do upon\\nthe youth launching forth into manhood, or as the}^ do upon\\nhim who in the full measure of his matured strength is\\nbattling with life. On the nation at large, these ten years\\nhave left almost ineffaceable scars and bruises ten years,\\nthe most important, the weightiest and the gravest of any\\nsince the throes of the great revolution which gave birth to\\nthe nation. This long sad period has left no mark upon its\\nwalls grey and mouldy with the weight of years, and have\\nscarcely added a tinge the more of age and sorrow and\\nyet the inner life of the old city has sustained a great\\nshock. The system of servitude, which has now been\\nswept away, was the sole dependence of many aged persons,\\nof many poor widows and orphan children.\\nServants in St. Agustine were treated Avith paternal kind-\\nness they had grown up in the family of the indulgent\\nmaster, had been his play-mate in infancy, and rendered\\nwilling service. They had their holidays and their balls,\\nand were ever found in the background at all festive gath-\\nerings, enjoying, upon a privileged footing, the pleasures\\nof the hour, looking on and commenting with pride upon\\nthe graceful movements in the dance of their young mis-\\ntresses, and anon whirling each other around to the music,\\nin the corridors, with the unrestrained exuberance of their\\nsimple and unalloyed happiness. All this has passed away,\\ntheir homes are broken up, the poor widow and the orphan\\nchildren have been brought to want, the sound of music\\nand dancing no longer resound in the old streets, the pri-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 119\\nvilegecl honse-maid and man-servant no longer do their easy\\ntasks with cheerful song and merry laugh.\\nThe naval forces of the United vStates took possession of\\nSt. Augustine in 1862. Batteries had been mounted at the\\nfort, and a small garrison of Confederate troops were in\\nmilitary occupation of the place, but too few in numbers to\\noffer any resistance, and the city was surrendered by the\\ncivil authorities upon the demand of Captain Dupout. The\\n4th New Hampshire regiment first garrisoned the city.\\nThe old fort was brushed up and repaired, the earth-works\\nstrengthened, and barracks built on the platform.. Occa-\\nsionally reconnoitering parties of Confederates approached\\nthe town, and on one occasion a festive party of ofiicers,\\nwho had gone out to Mr. Solanas, near Picolata, to attend\\na dance, were captured, with their music and ambulance,\\nby Captain Dickinson, celebrated for many daring exploits.\\nIt was even believed that this daring partisan had ridden\\nthrough the city at night in the guise of a Federal cavaliy\\nofficer. On another occasion, the commanding officer of\\nthe garrison at St. Augustine was captured on the road\\nfrom Jacksonville by a Confederate picket.\\nThe inhabitants, isolated from all means of obtaining\\nsupplies from without the lines, were reduced to great\\nstraits. The only condition upon which they were allowed\\nto purchase, was the acceptance of an oath of loyalty.\\nSympathizing strongly with the South, they were placed in\\nan unfortunate position, and many doubtless sufiered\\ngreatly. At one period, those of the citizens who had rela-\\ntives in the Confederate service were ordered to leave the\\ncity. Then ensued a scene which beggars description.\\nMen, women and children were huddled on board a vessel,\\nand, homeless and helpless, were carried along the coast\\nand disembarked, shelterless, on the banks of the ISTassau\\nriver, to make their way to food and shelter as best they\\ncould hardships which hardly seemed called for by any\\nmilitary necessity. Many of the young men of the city\\nwent into the Confederate service and served through the\\nwar with distinction, but many fell victims on the battle-\\nfield, in the hospitals, or from exposure to the rigorous cli-\\nmate of Virginia and Tennessee, to which they were unac-\\ncustomed.\\nTo these misfortunes succeeded to all, sales and forcible\\ndeprivation of property, under the most rigorous construc-\\ntion of most rigorous laws the unsettling of titles and the\\nloss of mean have combined to lessen the ability of the", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\npeople to do more than try to live, without much effort to\\nimprove their homes and the appearance of the city.\\nSome changes have taken ph^ce in the suburbs of the city.\\nMacariz, the site of the old Indian town, belonging to the\\nlate Judge Douglas, with its beautiful groves of forest\\ntrees, has been utterly destroyed and a once pleasant cot-\\ntage home, near the stockades, dear to the writer, cared for\\nand embellished with many things pleasant to the eye, fra-\\ngrant with the ever blooming roses and honeysuckles, has,\\nunder the rude hand of war, been utterly destroyed, with\\nits library, its furniture, and all its pleasant surroundings.\\nBut while man s work has been to destroy, Nature has\\ndone much within these few years to restore one of its for-\\nmer sources of prosperity, the cultivation of the orange,\\nwhich, having been at one period almost utterly destro^ ed\\nby the cold, and then by the coccus insect, is now fast re-\\ngaining its pristine vigor and productiveness, aud promises\\nin a few years to furnish to the city more permanent and\\nabundant sources of prosperity than it has ever had.\\nWith the infusion of Northern energy and capital, much\\ncould be done to further the prosperity of the old city, by\\nbuilding up lirst-class hotels and boarding-houses for visitors\\nluring the winter, by rebuilding the Picolata railway, thus\\nfacilitating access to the city, and thus a means of support\\ncould be given to its inhabitants.\\nI am sure that no one will feel otherwise than that its\\nold age shall be tranquil and serene, and that its name may\\never be associated with pleasant memories.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS SUPPLEMENT AND THE STORY OP JUAN ORTIZ.\\nSewanee, Tenn.\\nJUNIOR DEPARTMENT.\\nGEN L. T. GORGAS, Head Master.\\nB\u00c2\u00ae Situated on the Plateau of the Cumberland Mountains, in the Southern\\nportion of Middle Tennessee, a location of unrivalled salubrity temperate cli-\\nmate, and accessible by Kail-road communication.\\nExpenses of Board and Tuition very low, and vacation in the Winter season.\\nFor information, apply to\\nG, M. FAIRBANKS, Gen l Treasurer,\\nUniversity Place, Tennessee.\\nSt, Mary s Hall, for Girls,\\nburlington college,\\n(Preparatory Department,) for Boys,\\nTHE BISHOP OP NEW-JERSEY, President.\\nTerms, per School Year, $450.\\nt^^ I^irst- Class JEducation, and no Uxtra Cliarges. ^^s.\\nBurlington, N. J.\\nnifiiiif f^F 1 iiiiHii.\\nThis Institution has a continuous Session of Nine Months,\\ncommencing annually on the 1st day of October, and ending on the Thurs-\\nday before the 4th of July ensuing.\\nThe organization of the Institution is very complete, embracing extensive\\nand thorough Courses of Instruction in Literature and Science, and in the\\nProfessions of Law, Medicine and Engineering.\\nJi@ For details, estimated expenses, c., send for Catalogue to Wm. Wer-\\nTENBAKER, SeC, Or S. MAUPIN,\\nCHAIRMAN OF THE FACTJLTT.\\nP. O. University of Virginia.\\n[From iRViNQ s Conquest op Florida, just published (Dec, 1868,) by Putnam Son, New York.]\\nSTORY OF JUAN ORTIZ.\\nShortly after Pamphilo de Narvaez had left the village of Hirrihigua, on his\\ndisastrous march into the interior, a small vessel of his fleet, which was in quest\\nof him, put into the bay of Espiritu Santo. Anchoring before the tov/n, they", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS SUPPLEMENT, INTERSPERSED WITH\\nWASHINGTON UNIVEESITY.\\nHiedlieml Bepa^meate\\nBALTIMORE, Md.\\nFACULTY:\\nRev. Thomas E. Bond, M. D., President.\\nG. C. M. Roberts, M. D., L.L. D., Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and\\nDiseases of Women and Children.\\nCharles W. Chancellor, M. D., Professor of Descriptive and Surgical\\nAnatomy.\\nJ. P. Logan, M. D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine.\\nHarvey L. Byrd, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics.\\nMartin P. Scott, M. D., Professor of the Diseases of Women Children.\\nEdward Warren, M. D., Professor of the Principles Practice of Surgery.\\nJohn F. Monmonier, M.D., Professor of Physiology and General Pathology.\\nJ. J. Moorman, M. D., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Hygiene.\\nFrancis T. Miles, M. D., Professor of Microscopic Anatomy and Practical\\nPhysiology.\\nJoseph E. Clagett, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.\\nClarence Morfit, M. D., Professor of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacy.\\nJohn N. Monmonier, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.\\nThe next regular Session of Washington University will begin on Thurs-\\nday, the first day of October, and terminate on the 22d dliy of Feb y, 69.\\nOne Beneficiary Student from each Congressional District of the late slave-\\nholding States, is annually received in this Institution precedence being given\\nto wounded and disabled soldiers.\\nIn addition to a Daily Clinic of the most satisfactory character, this Institu-\\ntion has attached to it a Hospital of its own, in which every possible facility is\\nafforded for acquiring a Practical Knowledge of Medicine and Surgery.\\nBy a recent contract with the proper authorities, the Seaman s Hospital of\\nthe port of Baltimore has been placed exclusively under the control of the Faculty\\nof Washington University.\\nAnatomical Material is abundant.\\nA Prize of One Hundred Dollars will be given for the best Thesis presented\\nby a candidate for graduation.\\nFEES Matriculation, $5 Dissection, $10 Professors $120 Gradua-\\ntion, $20; Beneficiary, $35, for each Session.\\nFor additional information, address the subscriber, care of Post-office box\\n1,267, Baltimore, Md.\\nJOSEPH P. LOG AX, 31. D., Dean of the Faculty.\\nsaw a few Indians, who made signs for them to land, pointing to a letter in the\\nend of a cleft reed, stuck in the ground. The Spaniards supposed, and probably\\nwith justice, that it was a letter of instruction left by Narvaez, giving informa-\\ntion of his movements and destination. They made signs for the Indians to bring\\nit to them. The latter, however, refused, but getting into a canoe came on board,\\nwhere four of them offered to remain as hostages for such Spaniards as chose to", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF JUAN ORTIZ.\\nFLOEIDA LANDS FOE SALE.\\nSeveral valuable Tracts of Land on the St. Johns river,\\nsuitable for ORANGE GROVES and several thousand acres of valuable\\nPLANTING and TIMBER LANDS, in St. Johns, Duval, Alachua, Putnam,\\nMarion and Valusia counties. J|@ Will be sold in lots to suit purchasers,\\nand upon a long credit. Apply to\\nJ. M. FAIRBANS,\\nJacksonville, Florida.\\nJ. P. SANDERSON,\\nATTORNEY AT LAW,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nFLEMING DANIEL,\\nATTORNEYS AT LAW,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nJAMES M. BAKER,\\nATTORNEY AT LAW,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nB. B. ANDREWS,\\nATTORNEY AT LAW,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nWILKINSON CALL,\\nATTORNEY AT LAW,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla,\\ngo on shore for the letter. Upon this, four Spaniards stepped into the canoe and\\nwere swiftly conveyed to the shore. The moment they landed, a multitude of\\nsavages rushed out of the village and surrounded them, and, at the same time,\\nthe hostages on board plunged into the sea and swam to shore. The crew of the\\nvessel, seeing the number of the enemy, and dreading some further mishap, made\\nsail with all haste, abandoning their luckless comrades to their fate.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS SUPPLEMENT, INTERSPERSED WITH\\nDEWITT C. DAWKINS,\\nATTORNEY AT LAW,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nW. M. IVES,\\nATTORNEY AT LAW,\\nLAKE CITY, Fla.\\nJ. J. FINLAY,\\nATTORNEY AT LAW,\\nLAKE CITY, Fla.\\nLAND AGENCY.\\nL^NDS BOXJaHT ^^ND SOLD,\\nAnd attention given to the Collection of Rents, and the Man-\\nagement, Purchase and Sale of\\nREAL ESTATE, OF EVER!\\n=^FOR ABSENT PARTIES, AND OTHERS,\\nON REASONABLE TERMS.\\nC. L. ROBINSON,\\nREAL-ESTATE AGENT,\\nfTacksonville, Fla,\\nThe captives were conveyed with savage triumph into the village of Hirrihi-\\ngua for the whole had been a stratagem of the cacique, to get some of the white\\nmen into his power, upon whom he might wreak his vengeance. He placed his\\nprisoners under a strong guard, until a day of religious festival. They were then\\nstripped naked, led out into the public square of the village, and turned loose, one\\nat a time, to be shot at with arrows. To prolong their misery and the enjoyment\\nof their tormentors, but one Indian was allowed to shoot at a time. In this way\\nthe first three were sacrificed, and the cacique took a vindictive pleasure in behold-\\ning them, running in their agony from corner to corner, vainly seeking an asylum\\nin every nook, until after repeated wounds they were .shot to death.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OP JUAN ORTIZ.\\nM. A. DZIALYNSKI,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN\\nPf \u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a9tii, il\u00c2\u00a9tM\\nHats, Boots and Shoes, Yankee Notions,\\nReed Building, Bay ^treet9\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nOrders from the Country promptly attended to.\\nC. SLAGER,\\nWHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN\\nShoes, Boots, Hardware, (rroceries,\\nAND\\nJA.CK:S0NVILLE, Florida.\\nJuan Ortiz, a youth, scarce eighteen years of age, of a noble family of Seville,\\nwas the fourth victim. As they were leading him forth, his extreme youth\\ntouched with compassion the hearts of the wife and daughters of the cacique, who\\ninterceded in his favor.\\nThe cacique listened to their importunities, and granted for the present the life\\nof Ortiz; but a wretched life did he lead. From morning vmtil evening he was\\nemployed in bringing wood and water, and was allowed butlittle sleep and scanty\\nfood. Not a day passed that he was not beaten. On festivals he was an object of\\nbarbarous amusement to the cacique, who would oblige him to run, from sunrise\\nto sunset, in the public square of the village, where his companions had met their\\nuntimely end Indians being stationed with bows and arrows, to shoot him should\\nhe halt one moment. When the day was spent, the unfortunate youth iaj\\nstretched on the hard floor of the hut, more dead than alive. At such times the\\nwife and daughters of the cacique would come to him privately with food and\\nclothing, and by their kind treatment his life was preserved.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS SUPPLEMENT, INTERSPERSED WITH\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nAlways Re-fitted foi^ the Winter Travel.\\nIs situated on a retired portion of Bay Street, commanding a view of the St.\\nJohns river, and in proximity to the landing of the Charleston\\nSteamers. B@\u00e2\u0080\u009eEvery attention paid to visitors.\\nJ. W. HAWKINS CO., Proprietors.\\nFOBSYTH ST., {near rine,) JACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nSpecial Attention to Persons Arriving or Leaving by the Early Train or Boats,\\nHIS House, entirely new, pleasantly situated, and completely fitted up,\\nis now open for the accommodation of Travelers and Boarders.\\nGrateful for the liberal patronage always shown me, I respectfully\\nsolicit the continued favors of my friends at my new location, where\\nevery convenience will be offered for their pleasure and comfort.\\nMrs. E. HUDNALL, Proprietress.\\nForsyth St., near the Depot, JACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nS. S. ALDERMAN CO., Proprietors,\\n(Formerly of Marianna, Fla.)\\nB^\u00e2\u0080\u009eThe best attention given to guests, and good accommodations, in every\\nrespect, provided.\\nAt length the cacique, determining to put an end to his victim s existence,\\nordered that he should be bound down upon a wooden frame, in the form of a\\nhuge gridiron, placed in the public square, over a bed of live coals, and roasted\\nalive.\\nThe cries and shrieks of the poor youth reached his female protectors, and their\\nentreaties were once more successful with the cacique. They unbound Ortiz,\\ndragged him from the fire, and took him to their dwelling, where they bathed\\nhim with the juice of herbs, and tended him with assiduous care. After many\\ndays he recovered from his wounds, though marked with many a scar.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OP JUAN ORTIZ.\\nLAKE CITY, Fla.\\nLong established, Sf in proximity toR. R. Depot.\\nA. S. Barnes Co.,\\nPUBLISHEES OF THE\\nNational Series of School Books,\\nAND WHOLESALE\\nBOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS,\\nIII and 113 William St., Cor. John,\\nNEW YORK.\\nCatalogue sent to Teachers, on application,\\nTRUITLAND NURSERIES, Augusta, Ga.\\np. J. BEBCKMANS, Proprietor.\\n^mi %xu%, ^x^t Wm%,\\nIn Very Large and Varied Quantities,\\nAdapted to the Latitude of the Gulf and other Southern States.\\nDescriptive Catalogues, Free, on Application.\\nROBT. C. LOWRY, Agent, Jacksonville, Fla.\\nHis employment was now to guard the cemetery of the village. This was in a\\nlonely field in the bosom of a forest. The bodies of the dead were deposited in\\nwooden boxes, covered with boards, without any fastening except a stone or a log\\nof wood laid upon the top so that the bodies were often carried away by wild\\nbeasts.\\nIn this cemetery was Ortiz stationed, with a bow and arrows, to watch day and\\nnight, and was told that should a single body be carried away, he would be burnt\\nalive. He returned thanks to God for having freed him from the dreadful pre-\\nsence of the cacique, hoping to lead a better life with the dead than he had done\\nwith the living.\\nWhile watching thus one long wearisome night, sleep overpowered him towards\\nmorning. He was awakened by the falling lid of one of the chests, and, running\\nto it, found it empty. It had contained the body of an infant recently deceased,\\nthe child of an Indian of great note.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS SUPPLEMENT, INTERSPERSED WITH\\nJ. M. FAIRBANKS,\\nBAY STREET, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.,\\nAND DEALEK IN\\nHAY, CORN, OATS, BRAN, PROVISIONS, FLOUR,\\nPORK, BACON, LARD, BUTTER, c.\\nIjimef Cenient, ITaiTy Srick, Manipulated Manures,\\nGr XT 3 a- o s\\nGROCERIES.\\nADVANCES OK CONSIGNMENTS.\\nJOHN CLARK,\\nJ\\nAND WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN\\nLIQUORS, SEGARS, c., c.\\nAgent for the Steamers DARLINGTON and HATTIE.\\nJACKSONVILLE, FLA.\\nOrtiz doubted not some animal had dragged it away, and immediately set out\\nin pursuit. After wandering for some time, he heard, a short distance within\\nthe woods, a noise like that of a dog gnawing bones. Warily drawing near to the\\n.spot, he dimly perceived an animal among the bushes, and invoking succor from\\non high, let fly an arrow at it. The thick and tangled underwood prevented him\\nfrom seeing the eifect of his shot, but as the animal did not stir, he flattered him-\\nself that it had been fatal; with this hope he waited until the day dawned, when\\nhe beheld his victim, a huge animal of the panther kind, lying dead, the arrow\\nhaving passed through his entrails and cleft his heart.\\nGathering together the mangled remains of the infant, and replacing them in\\nthe coflin, Ortiz dragged his victim in triumph to the village, with the arrow still\\nin his body. The exploit gained him credit with the old hunters, and for some\\ntime softened even the ferocity of the cacique. The resentment of the latter,\\nhowever, for the wrongs he had sufterod from white men, was too bitter to be ap-\\npeased. Some time after, his eldest daughter came to Ortiz, and warned him that\\nher father had determined to sacrifice him at the next festival, which was just at\\nhand, and that the influence of her mother, her sisters, and herself would no\\nlonger avail him. She wished him, therefore, to take refuge with a neighboring", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OP JUAN ORTIZ.\\nThe Spaniards in Florida:\\nBEING\\nFairbanks History of St. Augustine,\\nHE VISED,\\nWITH ADDITIONS BY THE AUTHOR.\\nFOCKET MAP OF THE STATE; Frice $1.25,\\nAND\\n\u00c2\u00a9THEi WDiiCi \u00c2\u00a9II rL\u00c2\u00aeiliA\u00c2\u00ab\\nFOR SALE BY\\nJacksonville.\\nH. EOBINSON,\\nCorner Ocean and Forsyth Sts., (adjoining Post-office,)\\nC. PARKHURST.\\nA. B. HITS8EY.\\nC. PARKHUEST 8b CO.,\\nWHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN\\nCORN, FLOUR, DRY GOODS, GROCERIES,\\nHardware, Woodware, Furniture, c..\\nOcean Street, near Bay, JACKSONVILLE, Pla.\\ncacique named Mucozo, who loved her, and sought her in marriage, and who, for\\nher sake, would befriend him. This very night at midnight, said the kind-\\nhearted maiden, at the northren extremity of the village you will find a trusty\\nfriend who will guide you to a bridge, about two leagues hence on arriving there,\\nyou must send him back, that he may reach home before the morning dawn, to\\navoid suspicion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for well he knows that this bold act, in daring to assist you,\\nmay bring down destruction upon us both. Six leagues further on, you will come\\nto the village of Mucozo tell him that I have sent you, and expect him to be-\\nfriend you in your extremity I know he will do it go, and may your God pro-\\ntect you! Ortiz threw himself at the feet of his generous protectress, and", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "10 BUSINESS SUPPLEMENT, INTERSPERSED WITH\\nT. HARTEIDGE,\\nBay Street, Jaclisonville, Fla.,\\nGENERAL DEALER IN\\nDRY GOODS, GROCERIES, PROVISIONS,\\nCORN, c., Wholesale Retail.\\nCommission Consignments entrusted to him, carefully attended to.\\nFRANK SMITH BRO.,\\nWholesale Dealers in\\nGROCERIESsFROVISIONS\\nNO. 1 REQUA S BLOCK,\\nJACKSONVILLE, FLA.\\nJ^TJEMITUIIB HOUSE,\\nNear the R. R. Depot,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nLarge Supplies constantly kept on hand, and Orders\\npromptly filled.\\nProi)rietor of the ICE DEPOT,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\npoured out his acknowledgements for the kindness she had always shown him.\\nThe Indian guide was at the place appointed, and they left the village without\\nalarming the warlike savages. When they came to the bridge, Ortiz sent back\\nthe guide, in obedience to the injunction of his mistress, and, continuing his\\nflight, found himself, by break of day, on the banks of a small stream near the\\nvillage of Mucozo.\\nLooking cautiously around, he espied two Indians fishing. As he was unac-\\nquainted with their language, and could not explain the cause of his coming, he\\nwas in dread lest they should take him for an enemy and kill him. He, there-\\nfore, ran to the place where they had deposited their weapons and seized upon\\nthem. The savages fled to the village without heeding his assurances of friendly\\nintention. The inhabitants sallied out with bows and arrows, as though they\\nwould attack him. Ortiz fixed an arrow in his bow, but cried out at the same\\nmoment, that he came not as an enemy but as an ambassador from a female\\ncacique to their chief. Fortunately one present understood him, and interpreted\\nhis words. On this the Indians unbent their bows, and returning with him to", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF JUAN ORTIZ.\\n11\\nBETTELINI TOGNI,\\nJACKSONVILLE, Fla.,\\nDEALERS IN\\nIMFORT, niBECT FROM FRANCE,\\nChampagne Claret Wines, Cognac Brandy,\\n^lii \u00c2\u00aeTHEi riEliOH @\u00c2\u00ae@ii.\\nfi@- AGENTS FOR HAVRE LINE OF PACKETS.\\nDEALER IN\\n9f.\\nfine mvLit\\\\t%, JfctoelrM, Mbcr anb 3\\\\vdtts Wart,\\nAlso,\\nOcean Street, adjoining Express Office, Jacksonville, Fla.\\nrn TT -p\\nINTERNATION L OCEAN TELEGRAPH\\nCOMPANV.\\nWires extending from Lake City, Fla., to Havana, Cuba, connecting\\nwith all Telegraph Lines in the United States, and with the Atlantic cable\\nto Europe. *-j.* Office in Jacksonville, corner Bay and Pine streets.\\nW. H. HEISS, Gen. Supt. WILLIAM F. SMITH, Prest.\\ntheir village, presented him to Mucozo. The latter, a youthful chieftain, of a\\ngraceful form and handsome countenance, received Ortiz kindly for the sake of\\nher who had sent him but, on further acquaintance, became attached to him for\\nhis own merits, treating him with the affection of a brother.\\nHirrihigua soon heard where the fugitive had taken refuge, and demanded sev-\\neral times that he should be delivered up Mucozo as often declined considering\\nhimself bound by the laws of honor and hospitality to protect him. Hirrihigua", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "12 BUSINESS SUPPLEMENT, INTERSPERSED WITH\\nFROM savaststah:\\n(At which point the R. R. and Steamship Lines from the North converge,)\\nPASSENGERS TAKE THE\\nMlitalt\u00c2\u00a9 Ife \u00c2\u00a9mil m^\\nWHICH INTERSECTS THE\\nPENSACOLA GEORGIA ROAD,\\n(which runs east and west through FLORIDA,)\\nJjITjEJ oak, a point mid-way betwee?i Tatlahasse\\nand J^acksonvitle y\\nPEOM WHENCE THEY CAN TAKE EITHER DIRECTION.\\nTWO Trains are run DAILY between Savannah and\\nJacksonville, and ONE between Savannah\\nand Tallahasse.\\nTime, from Savannah to Jacksonville, by Express, 12 hours,\\nand Without Change of Cars.\\nFrom, JACKSONVILLE, Steainboats run on the St. John s\\nMiver, in connection with the Hoad,\\n1|^=^Through Tickets can be procured in New York and\\nother principal cities North, for TALLAHASSP], JACKSONVILLE, and\\nall points on the St. John s, and to ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nThe accommodations on the Roads are first class, with superior Sleeping\\nCars, and all other modern comforts.\\nR. WALKER,\\nGeneral Supt. P. G. E. 11., Tallahasse.\\nH. S. HAINES,\\nGeneral Supt. A. G. E. E., Savannah.\\nC. D. OWENS,\\nGeneral Business Agt. A. G. E. E.,\\nNo. 40 Broadtvay, New York.\\nthen employed as mediator another cacique, a brother-in-law of Mucozo, by the^\\nname of Urribarracuxi, who went in person to demand Ortiz. The generous\\nMucozo, however, refused to deliver up to a cruel enemy, the poor fugitive who", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF JUAN ORTIZ.\\n13\\nBROCK S LINE ON THE ST. JOHNS.\\nTHE STEAMERS\\niliLiHifiH and Mklll\\nFORM THE LINE\\nBeta JflCISONVILLE and ENTERPRISE, Elofida,\\nMaking at least SEMI- WEEKLY TRIPS during the Winter, and adapting\\ntheir Schedule to the demands of Travel and Trade on the River\\nMandarin,*\\nHibernia,*\\nMagnolia,\\nGreen-Cove Spring^\\nHogarth s Wharf,*\\nPicolata,*\\nTocoi,\\nFederal Point,*\\nOrange Mills,\\nDancy s Wliarf,*\\nIVJietstone s\\nMussell s\\nPalatka,*\\n-TOUCHING AT\\nHargrove s Landing,\\nMorse Landing,\\nWelaka,*\\nSalt Lake,*\\nGeorgetown,\\nValusia,*\\nHawkinsv tile,*\\nCabbage Bluff\\nStarke s Landing,\\nBlue Spring,*\\nEmanuel Landing,\\nMellonville*, and\\nEnterprise*\\n(Where visitors are entertained at the BROCK HOUSE,)\\nAnd leaving Mails at such of those places as are marked with a affording\\nample opportunities to Strangers and others to visit the various localities on\\nthe Beautiful St. John s, and connecting with tlie Eail-road lines to and\\nfrom Savannah.\\nTHIS IS THE OLD-ESTABLISHED LOCAL LINE OF THE WHOLE\\nKIVER ROUTE.\\nfii^ For detailed information, as to Schedules of Time and Rates, apply to\\nJOHN CLARK, Agent,\\nDock, foot of Ocean St., JACKSONVILLE, Fla.\\nhad come recommended to his protection, and treated the very request as a stain\\nupon his honor. The two caciques continued their importunities, but the high-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "14 THE STORY OP JUAN ORTIZ.\\nminded savage remained faithful to his guest, though in maintaining inviolate\\nthe sacred rites of hospitality, he lost the friendship of his brother-in-law, and\\nforfeited the hand of her he tenderly loved, the beautiful daughter of Hirrihigua.\\nAt this juncture tidings reached Muco^o of the arrival of De Soto and his\\ntroops at the village of Hirrihigua, and that it was their intention to conquer the\\ncountry. Alarmed at this intelligence, he addressed himself to Ortiz. You all\\nknow, said he, what I have done for you; that T have sheltered you when\\nfriendless, and have chosen rather to fall into disgrace with my relations and\\nnei hbors, than to deliver you into the hands of your enemies. This I did with-\\nout thought or hope of reward, but the time has come when you can repay me for\\nmy friendship. Go to the chieftain of this army of white men represent to him\\nthe asylum I have extended to you, and which, in like case, I would have\\nafforded to any of your countrymen entreat him, in return, not to lay waste my\\nterritory, and assure him that I and mine are ready to devote ourselves to his\\nservice.\\nOrtiz gladly departed on the mission, accompanied by fifty chosen warriors. It\\nhappened that about the same time Baltazar de Gallegos had been dispatched, as\\nhas been already mentioned, on his embassy to Mucozo.\\nAs Ortiz and his Indian escort, therefore, were on their way to the village of\\nHirrihigua, they came in sight of Baltazar, and his band of lancers, glistening at\\na distance, in the midst of a verdant plain, skirted by a wood.\\nThe Indians would have concealed themselves in the forest, until the Christians\\ncould be informed that they were friends but Ortiz slighted their advice, insist-\\nino- that his countrymen would at once recognize him not reflecting that in ap-\\npearance he was in nowise different from his savage companions, being like them\\nalmost naked, his body browned by exposure to the sun, his arms painted, a\\nquiver at his back, a bow and arrow in his hand, and his head adorned with\\nfeathers.\\nNo sooner did the Spaniards descry the savages, than they came down upon\\nthem at full gallop, heedless of the voice of their captain for they were newly\\nraised soldiers, full of spirit, and eager for a brush with the natives.\\nThe Indians fled terrified to the wood. One, however, was overtaken and slain.\\nJuan Ortiz was assaulted by Alvaro Nieto, one of the stoutest and boldest\\ntroopers in the army. Ortiz parried the thrust of his lance with his bow, running\\nat the same time, and leaping from side to side with great agility to avoid the\\nhorse, crying out lustily Xivilla, Xivilla meaning Seville, Seville and making\\nthe sign of the cross with his arm and bow, to signify that he was a Christian.\\nAlvaro Nieto hearing him cry out Xivilla, demanded of him whether he was\\nJuan Ortiz. On his replying in the atSrmative, he seized him by the arm, lifted\\nhim upon the croup of his saddle, and scoured away to present him to Baltazar de\\nGalleo-os. The captain received him with great joy, and ordered his troopers to\\nbe recalled, who were beating up the woods and hunting the poor Indians like so\\nmany deer.\\nOrtiz himself went into the forrest and called to the Indians, to come out and\\nfear nothing. Many, however, fled back to their village, to acquaint Mucozo\\nwith what had happened. Others joined Ortiz in small parties, upbraiding him\\nwith his rashness, but when they found one of their people wounded, they were so\\nexasperated, that they would have laid violent hands upon him had not theS( .n-\\niards been present.\\nThey were at length pacified. The soldiers bound up the wounds of the Indian,\\nand placed him upon a horse. The troopers, having taken up all the Indians\\nbehind them, galloped away for the encampment of the governor. Previously to\\nsetting off, however, Ortiz dispatched an Indian to Mucozo, with a true account\\nof the late events, lest that cacique should be irritated by the alarming statement\\nbrought by the fugitives.\\nThe night was already far advanced when Baltazar de Gallegos and his band\\nreached the camp. When the governor heard the tramp of their horse, he feared\\n9\\np/ C", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OP JUAN ORTIZ CONCLUDED. 15\\nsome mischance had befallen them, as he had not looked for them before the expi-\\nration of three days. His apprehensions were soon turned to rejoicing. He\\npraised Gallegos and his men for the skill and success of their expedition, and\\nreceived Ortiz as his own son, sympathizing with his past sufferings, and present-\\ning him with a suit of clothes, arms, and a good horse. The Indians he treated\\nwith kindness, and ordered the wounded savage to be carefully attended. He then\\ndispatched two of the natives to Mucozo, thanking him for his past kindness to\\nOrtiz, accepting his proffers of friendship, and inviting him to the camp. Not\\nan eye was closed this night, but one and all joined in the revelry which wel-\\ncomed the liberation of poor Ortiz.", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "OCT 8 1900\\nX\\nC V8", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "-^^0^", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "*i^,\\n-^^o^\\nA\\nv-", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3432", "width": "1999", "jp2-path": "spaniardsinflori00fair_0146.jp2"}}