{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3421", "width": "2281", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "iq.\\nJ\\n.V\\nrO\\n^0\\n-i-\\nN-*^.;\\n0^ cKVM,;^,\\n,tP5??\\\\v*", "height": "3349", "width": "2157", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "^0^", "height": "3339", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2157", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2157", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3369", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "f: iii::::i iiiiiii;is :iiiiiiimiiiiiimii\\n11^\\nlliSiailllWlliiiiliKi i .lfSiiiiii illgiWllKffillllliiSillllllffliSlllllllllffi\\ni!iii:jeiiiiiiK,L:!iiiii\u00c2\u00ab\u00e2\u0082\u00ac4iiiiiin^Siii!{iiiii^iiii!iii\\nV^^STO/^j,\\nOF\\nCALIFORNIA,\\nWITH\\nIllustrations and Biographical Sketches\\nOF ITS\\nPROMINENT MEN AND PIONEERS.\\nOAKLAND, CAL.\\nTHOMPSON WEST.\\n1882.\\nStiliiilliiMlllllllUiiliiiUlli^lliiliHiiKlil\\nllllfflll!l!llWI!lillllil\u00c2\u00aeillllllllKl!li|l\u00c2\u00bblfflll!i!lilBlll!IIIIMIIIIIIIIW!i! iiffli!l!l!\u00c2\u00abiim^^^^ ^S f", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "13 W\\nEntered According to Act of Congress, in the year 1SS2, by\\nTHOMPSON k WKST,\\nIn the OtRce, of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, T). C\\nPACIFIC PRESS n-m,ISHING HOUSE,\\nPRINTERS,\\nSTEKKOTYPK.RS, AND BINDERS.\\n12111 AND I ASTRO STREETS, OAKLAND, CAL.", "height": "3369", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nIntroduction. _ 9 10\\nCHAPTEK 1.\\nScanty Kiiowleilge of the Pacific Coast Fifty Years Since Story\\nof Sergas, by Esplandin Titles to Immense Regions\\nConferred by tlie Pope Expeditions for Discovery and\\nSettlement Sir Francis Drake s Operations Expeditions\\nOverland Marvelous Stories of a Big Caflon Expedition\\nof Father Escalante 11\u00e2\u0080\u009412\\nCll A PTEK 1 I.\\nBIG CANON OF THE COLORADO.\\nLieutenant Whipple s Expedition Lieutenant Ives Expedi-\\ntion First Attempt to Explore the Canon Land Party\\nOrganized One Sight of the River First Exploration\\nUnwilling Venture Consider the Situation Death of One\\nof the Parties Three Months in the Canon Ai-rival at\\nFort Colville Exploration Made Under the Direction of\\nthe Smithsonian Institute Indescribable Character of the\\nStream Loss of Boats and Provisions Death of a Portion\\nof the Party Emergence of the Survivors Geology and\\nClimate 12 17\\nCHAPTEIl III.\\nThe Exiles of Loreto ather Tierra s Methods of Conversion\\nDeath of Father Tierra Arrest of the Jesuits Midnight\\nParting Permanent Occupation of California Missions in\\nCharge of Francisco Friars Character of Father Junipero\\nExploring Expeditions Origin of the name of the Bay\\nMission Dolores Death of Father Junipero 17 20\\nCHAPTER I V.\\nTHE MISSIONS OF ST. FRANCIS\\nTheir Moral and Political Aspect Domestic Economy The Es-\\ntablishments Described Secular and Religious Occupations\\nof the Neophytes Wealth and Productions Liberation\\nand Dispersion of the Indians Final Decay 20 23\\nCHAPTER V.\\nDOWNFALL OF THE OLD MISSIONS.\\nResults of Mexican Rule Confiscation of the Pious Fund\\nRevolution Begun Events of the Colonial Rebellion The\\nAmericans Appear and Settle Things Annexation at Last.\\n23\u00e2\u0080\u009424\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nPRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE.\\nExtent of the Mission Lands Varieties of Product Agricul-\\ntural Implements and Means of Working A Primitive\\nMill Immense Herds and Value of Cattle The First\\nNative Shop 24\u00e2\u0080\u009426\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nSir Francis Drake s Discoveries The Fabulous Straits of\\nAuian Arctic Weather in June Russian Invasion\\nNative Animals\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Various facts and Events 26 29\\nCHAPTER VJll.\\nTHE AMERICAN CONQUEST.\\nFremont and the Bear Flag Rise and Progress of the Kevolu-\\ntion Commodores Sloat, Stockton, and Shubrick Castro\\nand Flores Driven out Treaty of Peace Stockton and\\nKearney Quarrel Fremont Arrested, etc 29 31\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nSAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FROM THE TIME CAPT. C.\\nM. WEBER FIRST SA W IT IN NOVEMBER,\\n1841, UNTIL THE CLOSE OF 1847.\\nBY FR.VNK T. GILBERT.\\nCaptain C. M. Webor Expedition to California, 1841 Names\\nof the Party Sutter s Fort Hoza Ha-soos San Jose\\nFrench Camp or Weber Grant Revolutionary Designs of\\nthe Foreigners Treaty lietween Weber and Ha-soos How\\nit was observed by Ha-soos Fremont s Expedition, 1844\\nDavid Kelsey Thomas Lindsay Policy of the Foreigners\\nWeber and Micheltorena at San Jose John A. Sutter\\naids Mieheltorena A Revolutionary Document The Bear\\nFlag Attempt to Settle the Grant, 1840 Isbel Brothers\\nand Other Early Settlers Twins, Second ChiUlren born in\\nValley, 1847\u00e2\u0080\u0094 End of Stanislaus City\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Marriage, 1847\\nVillage of Tuleburg William Gann, First Child born\\nin 1847\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wild Horse Scheme\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Resume .SI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 39\\nCHAPTER X.\\nBIOGRAPHIC SKETCH OF GENERAL SUTTER.\\nHis Nativity Migration to the American West Arrival in\\nCaliforni.i Foundation of Sutter s Fort Prosperity and\\nWealth of the Colony Decline and Ultimate Ruin Re-\\ntirement to Hock Farm Extract from Sutter s Diary\\n39\u00e2\u0080\u009446\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nTHE KING S ORPHAN.\\nHis Observations in the Sacramento Valley in 1843 Indications\\nof Gold Life at Sutter s Fort Indian Gourmands Won-\\nderful Fertility of the Land 40 47\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nSUTTER S FORT IN 1846.\\nAspect of Sacramento Valley Sinclair s Ranch A Lady Pio-\\nneer Captain Sutter at Home The Fort Described Condi-\\ntion and Occupation of the Indians Farm Products and\\nPrices Dinner with the Pioneer New Helvetia. .47 49\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nTHE HISTORY OF THE DONNER PARTY.\\nScene of the Tragedy Organization and Composition of the\\nI arty Election of George Donner as Captain Hastings\\nCut-ofif Ascent of the Mountains Arrival at Donner Lake\\nSnow-storms Construction of Cabins Forlorn Hope\\nParty Captain Reasin P. Tucker s Relief Party James\\nF. Reed s Relief Party Starved Camp Third Relief\\nParty Heroism and Devotion of Mrs. George Donner\\nFourth Relief Party\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Survivors 49\u00e2\u0080\u009451", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTEE XIV.\\nTHE DISCOVERY OF GOLD.\\nEarly Reports and Discoveries Marshall s Great Discovery at\\nSutter s Mill His Account of the Event Views o\u00c2\u00a3 the\\nNewspapers of that Time Political and Social Revolu-\\ntion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Great Rush to the Mines Results General Sutter s\\nAccount of the Gold Discovery Building of Saw-mill. 51\u00e2\u0080\u009458\\nCHAPTEK XV.\\nEARLY CONDITION OF THIS REGION.\\nMountains Unexplored by the Spaniards Tlie Trappers Fre-\\nmont s Passage of the Mountains in 1844 Battles with the\\nSnow The Indian s ^Va^ning A (ilimpse of the Valley\\nSubsisting on Horse Flesh Arrival at Sutter s Fort Early\\nSettlements An Immigrant Party of 1844\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Truckee\\nTruckee River Alone on the Summit Death of Captain\\nTruckee Immigrants in 184(5 Discovery of Gold on the\\nYuba 58 G5\\nC H A P T E li X\\\\ 1\\nEARLY MINING HISTORY.\\nPre- American Gold Discoveries Spread of the Gold Discovery\\nBeale s Expedition to Washington Great Excitement in\\nNew York First Mining in Placer County Claude Chana\\nin Auburn Ravine Rich Dry Diggings, Auburn Progress\\nof the Excitement Exploring the Rivers Mines in tlie\\nWinter of 1849-50 Adventures of Pioneers Murderer s\\nBar Buckner s Bar Pioneer Mining Experiences The\\nGlorious Days of 184!) Mining in 1850 A Mining\\nClaim tirand Fluming Enterprise A Model Saw-mill\\nDoctors, Lawyers, and Divines Mining\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Grand Finale\\nMarshal Prospecting in Placer Ohio Prospectors A\\nGhastly Discovery In Memory Yankee Jim A\\nPrimal Forest Scene Occupants of the Canons Finding\\nYankee Jim Journal of a Pioneer Soldiers and Prospectors\\nin 1849\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Prices of 1849- Prices in Auburn in 1849... 65\u00e2\u0080\u0094 81\\nCHAPTEK XVII.\\nEMIGRATION TO CALIFORNIA.\\nPreparations for Emigration The Routes to California The\\nPacific Mail Steamship Company Arrivals at San Fran-\\nci CO in 1849 The Expectant Argonaut On the Isthmus\\nA lesson in Maritime Law Sailing to San Francisco\\nCrossing the Plains An Overland Journal Population at\\nthe Close of 1849 Domestic Habits of the Pioneers The\\nMiner s Cabin Housekeeping and Cooking Thrifty Char-\\nacters Meanness and its Reward First Duel in Placer A\\nHomicide 81\u00e2\u0080\u009489\\nCHAPTEK X 1 1 1\\nORGANIZATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT.\\nle Government Before the Conquest Colonial Ciovernors of\\nCalifornia The Government A J lnte7-im\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \u00c2\u00a3\\\\\\\\e Military\\nGovernors of California Calling a Constitutional Conven-\\ntion Meeting of the Convention Delegates from Sacra-\\nmento District First State Election Organization of Coun-\\nties Sutter County Story of a Navigable Stream Elec-\\ntion of County Officers The First Session of Court The\\nCourt House at Oro Election for County Seat Story by\\nJudge Keyser Permanent Homes Anfiear The Govern-\\nmental Organization 89 95\\nCHAPTEK XIX.^\\nORGANIZATION OF PLACER COUNTY-\\nIncrease of Population The Foot-hill Towns Placer County\\nBoundaries Placer and Sutter Dividing Line Geography\\nof the County Election of Officers Contesting the Elec-\\ntion Election of Legislative Officers Attempt to Divide\\nthe County Opposition Aroused Dutcli B lat Opposition\\nThe Washington County Advocates- Meeting at Y ankee\\nJim s Convention at Wisconsin Hill The Boundary Line\\nA Bear River Growl Revival of the Washington County\\nScheme Granite County Douner County 95 100\\nCHAPTEK XX.\\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nComposition of Parties How to Tax the Mines Organization\\nof Placer County Abram Bronk Campiign of 1852\\nPatrick Canney Campaign of 1853 Political Duels The\\nSlavery Question in California Campaign of 1854 A\\nStormy State C onvention Convention.? and Nominations\\nFirst and only Whig Administration Campaign of 1855\\nNative Americans, or Know-Nothings Efforts to Elect\\na Senator Campaign of 1856 The Republicans Sketches\\nof Candidates W. W. Carperton Samuel B. Wyman A.\\nP. K. Safford James O Neil Charles King Philip Stoner\\nPhilip W. Thomas J. W. Spann Eugene A. Phelps\\nJames M. (iaunt Hudson M. House PercivulC. Millette\\nElection of Senators Triumph of Broderick Acts for\\nPlacer 100\u00e2\u0080\u0094113\\nC 11 A P T E K X X 1\\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nCampaign of 1857 The Democracy United Democratic Com-\\nbinations Contempt for the Rejjublicans Campaign of 1858\\nDouglas Democrats Conventions Held Republicans and\\nDouglas Democrats Combine Eleventh Judicial District\\nThe Election A Portentous Omen The Legislature Cam-\\npaign of 1859 Horace Greeley Broderick and Terry Duel\\nM. S. Latham Elected Senator Legislation for Placer\\nV James Anderson Campaign of 1860 Threatening Aspect\\nof Parties The Election Lincoln the President James A.\\nMcDougall .Senator A Stormy Session The Rebellion\\nCampaign of 1861 Success of the Republicans Campaign\\nof 1862 Three Parties in the Field Abolition of Slavery\\nConstitutional Amendments Adopted Campaign of 1863\\nDemocratic Song Ltmg Hairs and Short Hairs\\nUnited Democrats United Judicial Election Placer\\nCounty Matter.s Campaign of 1864 Presidential Nomina-\\ntions\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Elccti.ui 113\u00e2\u0080\u0094126\\nCHAPTEK X X 1 1\\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n(CONTINUED.)\\nCampaign of 1865 Death of Lincoln Split in the Republican\\nParty Judicial Election The Legislature Registry Law\\nCampaign of 1867 Political Changes Meeting of Con-\\nventions The Election Judicial Election The Legisla-\\nture Eugene Casserly Senator Presidential Campaign of\\n1868 Republican Victory Campaign of 1869 Negro Suf-\\nfrage The Election Judicial Election The Legislature\\nEdgar M. Banvard Campaign of 1871 The Election Judi-\\ncial Election, 1871 The Legislature Sargent Senator\\nDunnam s Election Campaign of 1872 Grant and Gree-\\nley Que.stions at Issue The Election Campaign of 1873\\nDolly Vardens The Election Judicial Election The\\nLegislature Senators Elected Campaign of 1875 Com-\\nplicated Parties The Election Judicial Election, 1875\\nThe Legislature The Debris Question William M.\\nCrutcher -Campaign of 1876 Centennial Y ear Presi-\\ndential Election, 1876 126\u00e2\u0080\u0094135\\nCHAPTER XXI 11.\\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n(CONTINUED.)\\nCampaign of 1877\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Workingmen s Party The Election of 1877\\nJudicial Election Constitutional Convention .James T.\\nP arley Senator Campaign of 1878 Campaign of 1879\\nConstitution Adopted Political Campaign The Election\\nState Officers Frank D. Adams Presidential Campaign of\\n1880 The Election Population of Placer John C. Boggs\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094John Gould Bisbee- -W. B. Lardner 135\u00e2\u0080\u0094142\\nCHAPTEK XXIV.\\nFINANCIAL HISTORY.\\nSutter County Debt Financial Condition in 1852 Treasurer s\\nReport 1852 Court House Ordered Built Treasurer s\\nReport 1853 Taxable Property Mining Investments\\nAssessments in 1853 Treasurer s Report, December, 1853\\nCommon School Money Hospital Fund Defective Revenue\\nLaws Cirand Jury Report May, 1854 CJrand Jury Report", "height": "3369", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nAugust, 1854 Difficulties in Collecting Taxes 8am Astin s\\nJoke A Tax Collecting Controversy The Financial\\nPower Grand Jury Report November, 1S54 Taxable\\nProperty Comparative Statement Financial Reports Feb-\\nruary, 1855 Rate of Taxation Supervisors Statement\\nThe Increasing Indebtedness Supervisors Statement iu\\nSeptember Assessors Report 1855 Supervisors Report\\n1856 Treasurers Report 1856 Unofficial Statement\\nAssessors Report 1856 142 152\\nCHAPTER XXV.\\nFINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n(CONTI.N CED.\\nBoard of Supervisors February, 1857 Itelief Measures .\\\\sses-\\nsor s Report 1857 Redemption of County Warrants Finan-\\ncial Report 1858 Reducing the Debt Assessor s Report 1858\\nSupervisors Report February, ISSil County Debt Assess-\\nment Roll 1859 Supervisors Report 185i) Reports and Taxes\\n1860 Finances in 1861 Taxation in 1862 The Finances in\\n1863 Fiuances in 1864 Contest with the Railroad for Taxes\\nTax Levy 1865 Railroad Assessment Legal Distances\\nTaxation in 1866 Tax Levy iu 1867 Central Pacific Contro-\\nversy Great Wealth of the Railroad Comi.iany Assessment\\nand Taxes in 1868 Robbing the Treasurer Taxation in 1869\\nICxorbitaiit Bills Railroad Suits Compromised Taxation in\\n1870 Sale of the Railroad Stock Sources of Revenue Taxes\\nin 1871 \u00e2\u0080\u0094Proceedings against the Railroad Company Propei ty\\nill 1871 William Van Vactor 152 16\\nCHAPTEK XXVI.\\nFINANCIAL HISTORY,\\n(CONTINUED.)\\nTaxation in 1872 Supreme Court Decision Large Assessment\\nRailroad Assessment Contested Property in 1873 Joseph\\nP. Hoge Engaged Tlie Financial Problem in 1874 Railroad\\nTrouliles Contiuue Valuations and Taxation Financial Con-\\ndition in 1875 J. T. Ashley Tlie Financial Condition in 1876\\nCompromise with Railroad Company Sheriflf ex officio\\nCollector WiUard Loring Munson Assessment and Taxation\\nTaxation in 1877 Financial Condition iu 1878 Property\\nin 187.1 Financial Report in 1879 A. J. Soule Financial\\nCondition iu 1880\u00e2\u0080\u0094 State Board of Equalization Finances in\\n1881 Railroad Litigation Receipts and Disbursements\\nCauses of Financial Embarrassment Conclusion. Joseph\\nWalkup 165\u00e2\u0080\u0094178\\nCHAPTER XXV 11.\\nMINING.\\nAntiquity of Mining History Ancient and Modern Mining\\nGold Silver Copper Iron Coal Australia California\\nNevada Idria Quicksilver Mine Character and Uses of Gold\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Of Silver\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Of Copper\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Of Iron\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chromium\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tellu-\\nrium 178 186\\nCHAPTER X X V 1 11\\nMINING.\\n[continued.]\\nPlacer County Mines Crude Implements in Early Mining The\\nStory of a Batea Occurrence of the Gold River Mining\\nTemporary Structures Dry Diggings Improvements in\\nMining Long Tom Mining Ditches The Sluice\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nSluice Fork Riffles Grizzly and Under Currents Sluice\\nPavements Drift Mining Hydraulic Mining Hydraulic\\nMining at Gold Run Cement Mills Quartz Mining Pio-\\nneer Quartz Mining Empire Mil! Pioneer Mill Union\\nMill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Placer Mill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Heath Henderson Mill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 May Go s.\\nMill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bay State Mill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Preston Worrell s Jlill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hensou\\nGo s. Mill Tom Seymour s Mill Silver Excitement.\\n186\u00e2\u0080\u0094197\\nCHAPTER XXIX.\\nMINING LAWS.\\nQuartz Miiier.-i Conveution and Laws Auburn Quartz Mining\\nDistrict Laws of Auburn District Recomniendatioa\\nPlacer Mining Laws Laws of Concert Hill District State\\nConvention of Miners Proceedings i]f Miners Convention\\nUnited States Mining Laws Act of July 26, 1866 Act\\nof July 9, 1870\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Act of May 11, 1872\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Subsequent Amend-\\nments Forms Proof of Labor Notice of Location Rules\\nand Decisions Obtaining Patents for Mines Adverse\\nCbiims^Agricultural or Mineral Land Aliens Cross\\nLodes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tunnels 197\u00e2\u0080\u0094205\\nCHAPTER XXX.\\nMINING.\\n[continued.]\\nMineralogical Education Copper Discoveries and Excite-\\nment Lone Star District Auburn District Cox s Dis-\\ntiict (xarden Bar District On the Rampage for\\nCopper High Prices for Copper New Copper Mining\\nTowns Singular Rock Co))per Production The Excite-\\nment Abating Iron Mines Iron Ore on Lovell s Ranch\\nReport of the Geological Survey\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Iron Mountain Com-\\npany Iron Mining in Oregon Practical Mining Com-\\nme iced The Blast Furnace The Hot Blast The Process\\nof Smelting Feeding the Furnace The Scene at a Casting\\nThe Ore and Ore Supply The Fuel Supply Executive\\nOfficers The Force Employed The Town of Hotaling\\nWhat of the Future?\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Holland Mine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Iron Product-\\nCoal Mining Potters Clay California Clay Manufactur-\\ning Company Importance of Clay Deposits Chromium\\nMining 205\u00e2\u0080\u0094214\\n(J H A P T E R X XXI.\\nMINING.\\n[continued.]\\nThe Iowa Hill Divide The Gravel Formation Altitudes on the\\nDivide Mines on the Divide Iowa Hill Mines Independ-\\nence Hill Mines Roach Hill Mines Morning Star Hill\\nMines Bird s Flat Mines Strawberry Flat Mines Succor\\nFlat Mines Wisconsin Hill Mines Grizzly Flat Mines\\nElizabeth Hill Mines Stevens Hill Mines Main P.idge\\nMines Canada Hill Mines Quartz Mines Near Succor\\nFlat Humbug Canon QuRrtz Mines Canada Hill Quartz\\nMines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mines Having Stamp Mills Water Ditches Shirt-\\ntail Caiion Quartz Mines Humbug Canon Mines Described\\nCanada Hill Quartz Mines Described Report on Mines\\nMountain Gate Mine Hidden Treasure Mine Michael\\nHarold Power V arious Formations and Theories A Hy-\\ndraulic Mine 214\u00e2\u0080\u0094225\\nCHAPTER XXXII.\\nMINING.\\n[continued.]\\n(Quartz Discoveries near Auburn Rich Strikes Pluck Rewarded\\nby Luck\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Big Crevice -Dredging the River\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The St.\\nPatrick Mine The Greene Mine Rising Sun Mine The\\nBanker Mine The Forest Hill Divide Mining at Dutch\\nFlat Cedar Creek Mining Company Mining Phrases\\nThe Glorious Days of 49\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Miner s Lament\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nMiner s Progress 225 237\\nCHAPTER XXXIII.\\nAGRICULTURE.\\nEarly Etforts at Cultivation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Dry Valley Thought a\\nDesert A Change in the Scene The Pioneer Fruit Planter\\nClaude Ghana Pioneer Cultivators and Orchardists\\nEarly Ranches in the Valley Assessor s Report in 1855\\nAssessor s Report in 1856 \u00e2\u0080\u0094Fruit Trees Vines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Grain Live\\nStock Flouring-mills Required Progress in 1857 Ranch\\nof J. R. Nickerson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Spring Valley Ranch\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Assessor s Report\\nin 1870\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Successful Horticulturists\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. W. Hulbert An\\nUnusual Frost 37 248\\nCHAPTER XXXI Y.\\nAGRICULTURE.\\n[continued.]\\nOrange Culture\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Andrews\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Foot-hill Fruits\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silk Culture-\\nWorks and Life of B. Bernhard Productions of the Granite\\nHills\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cotton Culture\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alfalfa, or Chili Clover\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Angora\\nGoats Agriculture in the Mountains\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William N. Lee\\nStatistical Report for 1869\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Statistics for 1875 248\u00e2\u0080\u0094257", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XXXV.\\nPUBLIC SCHOOLS.\\nl l:,cer County Schools in 1S57 Schools of Placer County\\nOffice of County Superintendent Salary of County Super-\\nintendent Miscellaneous Statistics Teachers Institute\\nAlta District Auburn District Bath District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Blue Canon\\nDistrict Butcher Ranch District Central District Chris-\\ntian Valley District Clipper Cap District Colfax District\\n--Consolidated District Coon Creek District Damascus\\nDistrict\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Danevillo District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dry Creek District Dutch\\nFlat District Emigrant Gap District Excelsior District\\nFair View District Forest Hill District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Franklin Dis-\\ntrict\u00e2\u0080\u0094Gold Hill District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Run District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Iowa Hill\\nDistrict\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lincoln District Lone Star District Michigan\\nBluff District Mount Pleasant District Mount Vernon\\nDistrict\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Xew England Mills District Newcastle District\\nOphir District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Penryn District Rock Creek District\\nRocklin District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rosevilk- District Sheridan District\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSprinjr Garden District Sunny South District Todd s\\nValley District Union District Valley View District\\nVan Trees District Lapsed Districts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Statistical Tables\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00940. F. Seavey -257\u00e2\u0080\u0094267\\nCEAPTE R XXXVI.\\nRAILROADS.\\nTraveling in Old Times Xew York to P.oston in Four Days\\nAnecdote of Stephenson Early Traveling in California\\nStrange Terminus to a Railroad First Locomotive in America\\nA Historical Railroad Excursion First California Rail-\\nroads Railroad Extension California Central Railroad\\nAuburn Branch Railroad Sacramento, Placer and Nevada\\nRailroad Transcontinental Railroad Projected Efforts of\\nTheodore D. Judah Central Pacific Railroad Company Rail-\\nroad Bill Passed Congress The Work Commenced Placer\\nCounty a Stockholder Address to the People\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Election\\nContest Progress of the Road The First Surprise\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Great\\nEnergy in the Work Triumph of Engineering and Finance\\nNevada County Narrow Gauge Railway .lohu B. Whitcomb.\\n-267\u00e2\u0080\u0094282\\nC H A P T E K X X X 1 1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0WAGON ROADS OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nRoads in 1849 First Wagon in Yankee Jim s Emigrant Roads\\nEmigrant Road of 1852 Surveys in 1855\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Placer County\\nEmigrant Road Biographical Sketch of Captain Thomas\\nA. Young Road Convention at Y ankee .Jim s List of\\nDelegates Speeches Delivered Resolutions Offered Last\\nof the Emigrant Road Scheme Placer County and Washoe\\nTurnpike Toll-roads, Ferries, and Bridges Bear River\\nBridge Auburn Ravine Turnpike Mineral Bar Bridge and\\nRoad Other Toll- roads Before 1860 Auburn and Yankee\\nJim s Turnpike Lyon s Bridge and Road Lake Pass\\n(Dutch Flat) Wagon Road Dutch Flat and Donner Lake\\nWagon Road Pacific Turnpike Colfax and Forest Hill\\nToll-road Auburn and Forest Hill Turnpike John\\nCalsou \u00e2\u0080\u00a2282--291\\nCHAPTEi: XX XV II I.\\nJOURNALISM.\\nReading for the Pioneers Eastern Newspapers for California\\nThe Placer Herald\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tahh Mitchell, J. A. Filcher\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Placer\\nDemocrat Death of John Shannon The Auburn W/iig\\nThe Placer Press\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Biram R. Hawkins\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Iowa Hill .Veuv\\nMountain Courier Placer Courier Philip Lynch Iowa\\nHill Patriot Dutch Flat iJui/ulrer Democratic Signal A\\nDeplorable Tragedy The Union Advocate The Stars ana\\nStripes Placer Weekly A ryu. James B. McQuillan T. Glan-\\ncey Dutch Flat Forutn Placer Times Colfax Enterprise\\nMountain Edio Roseville Farmer The Advance The\\nCiiucdsmH\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tahoe Tattler\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Placer Times -291\u00e2\u0080\u0094301\\nCHAPTEE XXXIX.\\nSOCIETIES.\\nThe Order of Freemasonry Speculative Freemasonry Masonry\\non Pacific Coast Remarkable Masonic Display \u00e2\u0080\u0094Grand Lodge\\nof California Masonry in Placer County Em-eka Lodge,\\nNo. 16\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Hill Lodge, No. 72\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michigan City Lodge, No.\\n47 lllinoistowu Lodge, No. 51 Rising Star Lodge, No. 83\\nWisconsin Hill Lodge, No. 74 Clay Lodge, No. 101\\nIonic Lodge, No. 121 Granite Lodge, No. -22-2 Tyre Lodge,\\nNo. 238\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Penryn Lodge, No. 258\u00e2\u0080\u00940. W. Hollenbeck\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Royal\\nAi ch Masons Libanue Chapter, No. 17 Olive Chapter, No.\\n23\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Delta Chapter, No. 27\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Siloam Chapter, No. 37\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Capt.\\nMelvin S. Gardner Order of the Eastern Star Odd Fellow-\\nship in California Odd Fellowship in Placer County\\nAuburn Lodge, No. 7 Mountain Lodge, No. 14 Placer\\nLodge, No. 38 Washington Lodge, No. 40 Minerva Lodge,\\nNo. 55 Covenant Lodge, No. 73 Olive Lodge, No. 81\\nValley Lodge, No. 107\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colfax Lodge, No. 13-2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Run\\nLodge, No. 139\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Roseville Lodge, No. 20.3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Order of Knights\\nof Pythias Washington Lodge, No. 1 Sons of Temperance\\nIndependent Order of Good Templars Improved Order of\\nRed Men Patrons of Husbandry Ancient Order of United\\nWorkmen War Veterans. 301 315\\nCHAPTEK XL.\\nCHURCH, BENCH, AND BAR.\\nAn Eloquent Sermon A Financial Sermon Church Organiza-\\ntion Mormonism in Auburn James E. Hale The Bench\\nand Bar The Judiciary District .Judges Superior Judge\\nCounty Judges District Attorneys Attorneys Regis-\\ntered in Plactr County\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. H. Bullock\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. A. Tuttle.\\n315\u00e2\u0080\u0094323\\nCHAPTEK XL I.\\nTHE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\nThe Rarity of Crime The first Highway Robbery Execution\\nof Robert Scott Scott s Last Words Execution of John-\\nson at Iowa Hill A Law-maker Law-breaking .James\\nFreelaud Hanged Execution of .Joseph Bradley Murder\\nand Lynching at Auburn Robbery and Battle Rattle-\\nsnake Dick Dick Changes liis Location The Robber\\nGang Robbery of Wells, Fargo Co. s Express Record\\nof (4eorge Skinner Dick and a New Gang \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dick s Hatred\\nof John C. Boggs Escape from Jail Robberies by the\\nGang\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Phillips, \\\\if the Mountaineer House Mysterious\\nDeath of a Prisoner Death of Rattlesnake Dick An\\nAffecting Letter The Last of the Tragedy Chinamen\\nSlaughter a Family The Chinese Expelled from Rockliii\\nExpedition After Ah Sam Discovery and Death of the\\nMurderer Murder by Indians Wrecking a Railroad\\nTrain Singular Reve ation of Murder A Tragic End\\nHomicides and Robberies 323 345\\nCHAPTEK X L I I\\nMILITARY.\\nFirst Military Organization The Miners Guard State Militia\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Placer Rifles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The War of the Rebellion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I Wish I\\nWas in Dixie s Land First Company for the War Camp\\nSiget Defending Colonel Forman Movements of the Vol-\\nunteers Murders by Secessionists End of the War\\nGrand Army of the Republic 345 350\\nCHAPTEK XLUl.\\nDESTROYED BY FIRE.\\nOphir Burned Sundry Fires tireat Fire in Auburn Iowa Hill\\nBurned Michigan Bluff Destroyed Fires again in Auburn\\nIowa Hill again Burned Dwelling Burned Fire at\\nRattlesnake Destructive Conflagrations in Auburn Flour-\\ning-mill Burned Buiklings Burned Hotels Burned at\\nRocklin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fire at Auburn Depot\u00e2\u0080\u0094 More Fires Empire Mill\\nBurned Incendiary Fire in Aulmrn Dwellings Burned\\nHoisting Works Burned Saw-mill and Lumber Destroyed\\nFire at Forest Hill Destructive Fire at Dutch Flat\\nRound House and Locomotives Burned Colfax in Ashes\\nResidence of J. C. Bo^gs Burned Hotel Burned Incendi-\\narism \u00e2\u0080\u0094Burning at Lincoln\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barn and Horses Burned\\nSerious Lnss at Lincoln Residence Destroyed The Aggre-\\ngate Losses Later fires in Auburn 350\u00e2\u0080\u0094355\\nC HAP TEE XLl V.\\nREMINISCENCES OF ILLINOISTO WN.\\nSite of lllinoistowu Alder Grove Mining on the River\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nPioneer Settlers Landing at Sacramento First Prospect-\\ning Experience -The Mining Lesson Learned Generosity\\nand Gratitude Seeking Shelter Indians Dastardly R ib-\\nbery and Bloodless Battle Pursuit of the Indians First\\nMilitary Company Organized Campaign against the Sav-\\nages A Frontier Picture The Camp Receives its Name\\nThe Pioneer Family First Fruit Culture Chivalrous Pio-\\nneers Houses of Entertainment Rescued from the Snow\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094An Exhausted Traveler\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the Spring of 18.50- Wing\\nDams in the River \u00e2\u0080\u0094Result of Mining Early Physical Fea-\\ntures Pike County Represented 355 364", "height": "3369", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS\u00e2\u0080\u0094ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nCHAPTEE XLV.\\nTOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\nAlta Antelope Applegate Auburn Great Fires List of\\nLosses lucorpuratiou of Auburn A Kailroad Town Fare\\nReduced A Business View Old Settlers Water Supply-\\nGreat Freshet William Ambrose A. F. Boardman James\\nBorland Dr. J. R. Crandall C. C. Crosby Alexander\\nLipsett\u00e2\u0080\u0094 D. W. Lubeck\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. M. Todd, M. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Antoinc\\nCaiion Barnes Bar A Glimmer of the Great Rebellion\\nBarrett s Store\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Death Struggle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bath 364\u00e2\u0080\u0094370\\nCHAPTER XLVL\\nTOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n[CONTINnED.]\\nBogus Thunder Brushy Canon Butcher Ranch Cisco Colfax\\nDarius V. Norton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clipper Gap Damascus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Deadwood\\nDutch Flat Henry A. Frost Herman R. Hudepohl\\nFrytown Duncan Caiion Fort Trojan James W. Chinn\\nGray Horse Caiion Humbug Canon Johnson s Ranch\\nManzanita Grove Newtown Grizzly Flat Lincoln\\nPeter Ahart Isaac Stonecipher Sheridan Rogers Shed\\nShirt-tail Canon Sunny South Emigrant Gap Forest\\nV. Hill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. G. Garrison\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Rea\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Geld Hill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Run\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Iowa Hill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dr. Oliver H. Petterson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michigan Bluff-\\nNewcastle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ophir\u00e2\u0080\u0094Penryn\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Griffith Griffith\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Placer County\\nGranite Elisha Grant\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rocklin W. Dana Perkins\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rose-\\nville\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Todd s Valley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Shaft in Todd s Valley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alfred\\nA. Pond Nicolas Quirolo Wisconsin Hill Yankee Jim s.\\n376\u00e2\u0080\u0094400\\nCHAPTER XL VII.\\nRIVER BARS, VALLEYS, LAKES, ANIMALS, ETC.\\nThe Old River Bars\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Old Time Improvements\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Rivers in\\ntheir Purity Along the Southern Boundary The Hunter s\\nHome Tahoe City Lake Tahoe Lake Tahoe s Name The\\nGeorgetown Snag Mountain Lakes Mountain Peaks\\nMountain Valleys Squaw Valley French Meadows\\nPicayune Valley Soda Springs Valley American Valley\\nAnimals An Amphibious Mouse Unclassified Big Trees\\nMining on Bear River in 1849 400\u00e2\u0080\u0094408\\nCHAPTER XL VII L\\nOBITUARIES OF PIONEERS.\\nObituaries of Pioneers 408 412\\nPatrons Directory. 412 416\\nILLUSTRATIONS.\\nAhart, Peter, Residence Facing Page 40\\nAmbrose, Wm, _ \u00e2\u0080\u00a2336\\nAshley, J. T. _ 168\\nAuburii Hotel, Auburn 280\\nBaker Divide Min g Co., Mich. Bluff 184\\nBanvard s Hotel. Alta.- 364\\nBear Valley Mill, Dutch Flat. 369\\nBernhard, B, Residence 248\\nBoardman, A. F. 344\\nBorland s Hotel, Auburn.. 272\\nBreece, A, Residence 372\\nCalifornia Iron Company, Hotaling. 208\\nCarlson, John. Residence 288\\nCentral Hotel, Forest Hill 56\\nChinn, J. W., Residence 164\\nCrosby, C. C, Empire Stable, 312\\nCrutcher, W. M, Residence 136\\nCulver, E. W., 244\\nEmpire Livery Stable, Auburn 312\\nFrost. H. A, Residence 380\\nGardner. Mrs. A. E. A., Residence. 232\\nGarrison, J. G. 188\\nGates, A. H. 336\\nGould, J. G. 200\\nGrant, E., Hotel, Penryn 248\\nGriffith, G., Store and Residence. 400\\nGriffith Granite Works, Penryn 400\\nHidden Treasure Mine. Sunnj South 224\\nHillhouse, W. H., Residence 200\\nHoosier Con. Min. Claim, Todd s Val. Facing Page 48\\nHosmer, T. N., Residence. 104\\nHudepohl, H. R., 380\\nHulbert. J. W., 24\\nJacobs. J. M., 104\\nKearsarge Mill, Dutch Flat.. 368\\nLee, W. N., Residence. 256\\nLewis, G. C, Residence. 180\\nLubeck, D. W., Store and Residence 312\\nMuir Tunnel.. 184\\nNorton, D. V,, Toll-house and Res. 360\\nOrleans Hotel, Auburn 152\\nPlacer County Court House, Auburn Title page\\nPond, A, A., Residence Page 384\\nPond A. A., !i\u00c2\u00bb. Co., Store 384\\nPutnam House, Auburn 9\\nQuirolo, Nicolas, Store, Todd s Val. 408\\nRea. Wm., Cen. Hotel, Forest Hill. .56\\nReamer, G. W., Residence 120\\nReeves, Joshua, 240\\nSpear, D. W., 88\\nStevens, S. M., Drug Store 328\\nStevens, S. M., Residence 328\\nStephens, T. E., 352\\nVan Vactor, Wm., 376\\nWeske Con. Mining Cos Tunnel 185\\nWhitcomb, J. B., Residence.. 240\\nWhite, J. H., 72\\nWoodward, John, 244", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PORTRAITS.\\nBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\\nAdams, Frank D^\\nAhart, Peter.\\nAmbrose, William.\\nAndrews, Moses.\\nAshley J. F\\nBanvard, E. M\\nBernhard, B\\nBisbee, J. G..\\nBoardman, A. F\\nBoggs, J. C\\nBorland, Jamo?\\nBullock. W.H\\nCarlson, John\\nChinn, Jas. W\\nCrandall, Dr. J. R.\\nCrosby, C. C.\\nCrntcher, VN^m.M..\\nFilcher, J.A\\nFrost, H. A.:\\\\.\\nGarrison, J. G.\\nGrant, Elisha\\nGriffith, G\\nHale, James E\\nHollenbeck, O. W.\\nHosmer, Thos N\\nPage.\\n.138\\n386\\n.369\\n.249\\n168\\n_157\\n.252\\n.140\\n.369\\n.139\\n.370\\n.321\\n.291\\n.382\\n.370\\n.371\\n.134\\n.295\\n.381\\n.389\\n..396\\n..395\\n..317\\n..307\\n..375\\nHudepobl. H.R\\nHulbert, J. W\\nLardner, W. B.\\nLee, W. N\\nLipsett, Alex\\nLubeck, D. W\\nMitchell, Tabb\\nMunson, W. L\\nNorton, D.V\\nPerkins, W. Dana.\\nPatterson, Dr. Oliver H.\\nPond, A. A-\\nQiiirolo. Nicolas\\nEea, Wm\\nReamer, Geo. W\\nSeavey, O. F\\nSmith, John Julius. _\\nSoule, A. J\\nStarbuck, J. B.\\nStephens, T. E\\nStonecipher. Isaac.\\nTodd, T. M., M. D\\nTuttle, Chas. A.\\nVan Vactor, Wm\\nWalkup, Joseph\\nPage\\n.381\\n.248\\n.141\\n.256\\n.371\\n-372\\n294\\n.169\\n377\\n.397\\n.392\\n.399\\n399\\n.390\\n.196\\n.267\\n.372\\n170\\n.373\\n372\\n.386\\n.373\\n.322\\n.165\\n.174\\nPORTRAITS.\\nAdams, F. D\\nAndrews, Moses.\\nAshley, J. T\\nBanvard, E. M..\\nBisbee, J. G\\nBreece, A..\\nBreece. Mrs. A\\nCrandall, J. R.\\nFilcher, J. A\\nGardner, M.S.\\nGarrison, J. G.\\nGarrison, Mi s. J. G\\nGriffith, G\\nFacing Page 128\\n32\\n320\\n160\\n192\\n372\\n:i 372\\n16\\n296\\n216\\n188\\n188\\n396\\nHale,J. E._ Facing Page 96\\nHollenbeck, O.W.. 304\\nLardner, W. B 144\\nLee, W.N 256\\nLee, Mrs. W.N 256\\nMunson, W. L.._. 112\\nPetterson, O. H. 392\\nSeavey, O. F 264\\nSoule, A. J 80\\nStephens, T. E 352\\nStephens, Mrs. T. E 352\\nTodd, T. M 64\\nWalkup, Joseph 176", "height": "3369", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2290", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "II", "height": "3369", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HISTORY\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094OF\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nMYRON ANGEL\\nINTRODUCTION.\\nherewith inti oduce to our patrons\\nand the public the Jllustrated His-\\ntory of Placer County. Since the\\noccupation of the country by Amer-\\nicans, following the discovery of\\ngold. Placer has borne such an im-\\nportant part in the aft airs, develop-\\nment and progress of the State that\\nshe may be classed as the most dis-\\ntinctive representative county. By\\nher position, midway in the tier of\\ncounties, rising like a grand wall\\ninto the snowy regions of the sky\\nalong our eastern border, she presents the con-\\nfiguration of the keystone to an arch reared by\\nthe Almighty, binding the mountain to the plain,\\nthe lowlands of the Sacramento Valley to the\\nplateau of Nevada, the only county of the series\\nhaving such connection and embracing so many\\nfeatures. Placer County is a representative from the\\nextended section of territory occupied, including\\nmany soils, climates and productions from the\\nwealth and difterent character of her mines; from\\nbeing the home of many pioneers, who, in lofty\\nspirit, enterprise, statesmanship, and progress, have\\nmoulded the policy, advanced the prosperity, and\\nmade the most indellible impress upon all matters of\\nthe State; from her fruits of every zone; from her\\ngeology, mineralogy, and topography; from her\\nbroad semi-tropic plains and her snow-crowned\\npeaks; from her forest- covered ridges and deep\\ncafions; from her lovely lakes and gold -bedded\\nrivers; from her hundreds of miles of mining canals\\nher deep explorations of the ancient glacial channels;\\nher bold system of wagon roads, and from her long\\nlines of railroads, she stands as the most observed of\\nthe counties of California; the one presenting the\\nmost salient features for delineation the one whose\\nhistory is the most comprehensive and important.\\nHer history could not be written without including\\nmany acts, incidents and descriptions belonging to\\nother sections of or pertaining to the State, either\\nhaving a distant or close connection, or constituting\\na basis upon which to build. In the following pages\\nsuch divergence from the direct history of Placer\\nwill be observed, but adding to its completeness.\\nPreceding page sixty-five is reference to the pre-\\nAmerican history of California, to the gold discov-\\nery, to immigration, routes of travel, and physical\\nfeatures of a genei-al character, applicable to the\\nState; and in the political history, the affairs and\\npoliticians of the State and Nation are introduced,\\nall forming so close a connection as with difiiculty to\\nsegregate. The aim and design of the publishers and\\nwriters have been to make a concise, comprehensive,\\nexact, and complete history of Placer County, with\\nher connection with the State, setting forth the\\nvaried and unparalled resources; the progress and\\nprosperity; and such sketches of the people and of\\nindividual property as will record for future thought\\nand observation the occupation, social condition,\\nmanners, and life of the past and present. We have\\nstudied to present the dry facts of history in an\\nattractive manner, with biographical sketches and\\nportraits of many prominent men, views of many of\\nthe pretty homes throughout the county, illustrating", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "10\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nthe refinement of the people, the scenery and\\nresources. We hope we have been successful in\\naccomplishing these designs.\\nThe literary work has been under the charge of\\nMyron Angel, assisted by M. D. Fairchild; both\\npioneers of 1849; both early residents of Placer\\nCounty; both connected with the press through many\\nyears of editorial life, and familiar with the region\\nand the subjects of which they have written. Mr.\\nFairchild was one of the settlers of lllinoistown in\\n1849, and there passed that eventful and stormy\\nwinter, fighting the predatory savages and seeking\\nout and rescuing people caught in the unexpected\\nsnows, instances of which he has impersonally\\nrelated. For several years he was a resident of the\\ncounty; the discoverer of Eich Bar on the North\\nFork of the American, where he washed out tens of\\nthousands of dollars of the beautiful golden flakes,\\nand with the exception of a very few years spent in\\nother parts of the country. Placer, Nevada and El\\nDorado Counties have been his home. He is at\\npresent editor of the Oroville Mercury, in Butte\\nCounty.\\nThe writings of others are credited in their places\\nin the book. Many references to the Placer Herald\\nwill be observed. We have been fortunate in obtain-\\ning complete files of that paper, the oldest in the\\ncounty and one of the oldest on the Pacific Coast,\\nalways an able journal and comprising in its thirty\\nvolumes through thirty years of publication, a con-\\ntemporaneous history of the State in general and of\\nPlacer County in particular. For these files we are\\nindebted to the courtesy of W. Dana Perkins, Esq.,\\nof Eocklin; Isaac Stonecipher, Esq., of Lincoln, and\\nJ. A. Filcher, Esq., the publisher. To Mr. Stonecipher\\nthe public are under obligations for the care he has\\ntaken in the preservation of the first three volumes\\nof the Herald, being, we believe, the only complete\\nones in existence; and to Mr. Perkins for his fore-\\nsight and care in preserving the twenty-seven later\\nvolumes in full, and parts of the first three. The\\nvalue of such a continuous series of papers can\\nscarcely be estimated, and their value increases as\\nthe years pass by. A newspaper gives the facts of the\\nday and the history of the time, an indisputable\\ndiary is very interesting while fresh, is regarded as\\nuseless rubbish in a week or a month, but a sacred\\nrelic when years have dimmed its color and mark its\\ndate in the faint memories of the past. Men s\\nrecollections differ, and few agree on the most\\nimportant questions, but with the files of the old\\npapers for reference, an umpire is found which fairly\\nand correctly settles all disputes.\\nTo Mr. H. W. Hulbert, of Georgetown, El Dorado\\nCounty, we are indebted for files of the Advance\\nand other papers of Placer County; to Henry W.\\nFenton, Esq., editor and publisher of the Argus,\\nfor papers and courtesies; to O. F. Seavey, Esq.,\\nfor a comprehensive article on the schools of the\\ncounty; to Claude Chana. of Wheatland, Yuba\\nCounty, for his account of the gold discovery in\\nAuburn Ravine, and his first efforts in horticulture;\\nto Charles A. Tuttle, Esq., of Oakland, for informa-\\ntion on the bench and bar and other subjects; to John\\nB. Hobson, M. E., of Iowa Hill, for his notes and\\nthe use of his map of the Iowa Hill Divide; and\\nto all who have rendered assistance we return our\\nthanks.\\nTo our patrons we express our sense of obligation\\nfor their liberal support of the work and the interest\\nthey have taken in having prepared a history and\\nexposition of the beauties and resources of their\\ncounty. Without their generous aid, no such book\\ncould have been published. In compliance with\\ntheir desire we have made a book that will be both\\nuseful and ornamentiil. Every effort has been made\\nto gather from every S9urce of information ebtaina-\\nble all the facts of history and statistics of produc-\\ntion and progress. These are now collated and\\npreserved, and will stand forever the basis of any\\nfuture history that may be written. In this volume\\nare preserved the records of events, of pioneers, of\\nelections, of candidates and office-holders, of road\\nand railroad building, and of all the material sub-\\njects that have agitated the public mind during the\\neventful period of the discovery of gold, the forma-\\ntion of the Government, and to the present time.\\nIn this we have endeavored to do absolute justice,\\nunbiassed by politics, self-interest or pre- conceived\\nopinions. That we have extolled the wealth and\\nresources of the county is because we have investi-\\ngated them, and while some opinions and selections\\nappear exaggerated to the pessimist and the casual\\nobserver, we believe in all we have said. In our\\nremarks on the Central Pacific Railroad Company\\nand its controversy with the people we express no\\nopinion but that founded on facts and a clear sense\\nof right. The facts are given and are incontro-\\nvertible.\\nUndoubtedly there are many imperfections in the\\nwork. Much more could be written of Placer, more\\nevents narrated, comments extended, men and local-\\nities noted which have been omitted, some thi-ough\\nlack of space and time, some through accident, neg-\\nlect or want of information, and perhaps something\\nis published that were better left out. But we\\nbelieve our book to be valuable as a history, attract-\\nive as an ornament, and fulfilling the purpose of our\\npromise.\\nIn conclusion, we wish to refer with gratitude to\\nthe excellent work displayed in the publication, to\\nthe Pacific Press Publishing Company, of Oakland;\\nto Louis H. Evarts, of Philadelphia, for wood\\nengravings, and to J. L. Laplace, lithographer, of\\nSan Francisco.\\nAmong the publications of value which have\\nrendered aid are the Directories of Placer County;\\none published in 1861 by Messrs. Steele, Bull, and\\nHouston, and the other by the Argus Publishing\\nCompany, in 1875.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA.\\n11\\nCHAPTER L\\nScanty Knowledge of the Pacific Coast Fifty Years Since Story\\nof Sergas, by Esplandin \u00e2\u0080\u0094Titles to Immense Regions\\nConferred by the Pope Expeditions for Discovery and\\nSettlement Sir Francis Drake s Operations Expeditions\\nOverland Marvelous Stories of a Big Canon Expedition\\nof Father Esc-ilante.\\nThose who studied geography forty or fifty j-ears\\nsince, recollect low little was known of the Great\\nWest, Le^is and Clarke s Expedition to the\\nRocky Mountains and Oregon, contained about all\\nthat was known of the Pacific coast; and hundreds\\nof persons now living, remember that that portion\\nof the map now marked California and Arizona,\\nwas occupied with a table of distances from Wash-\\nington to our larger cities. The Rocky Mountains\\nwere represented as a single range, running from\\nthe Isthmus of Darien to the North Pole. More\\nI acts concerning the Pacific slope were learned in\\nthe first fifty years after the discovery of the New\\nWorld, than in the follovcing two hundred. The\\ndeserts of Arizona and the Great Canon, shut\\noff exploration and settlement from this direction,\\nthough rumors of a country rich in gold, had circu-\\nlation among the hordes that overrun Mexico soon\\nafter its conquest by Cortez and his followers. On\\nsuch rumors, was founded the story of Sergas by\\nEsplandin, the son of Amadis of Gaul, which con-\\ntained the story of a country called California,-\\nvery near to the terrestrial paradise, which was\\npeopled b} black women without any men among\\nthem, because they were accustomed to live after\\nthe manner of the Amazons. They were of strong\\nand hardened bodies, of ardent courage, and great\\nforce. The island was the strongest in the world,\\nfrom its steep and rocky cliffs. Their arms were all\\nof gold, and so were the caparisons of the wild\\nhorses they rode.\\nAt that time, the world was filled vvith rumors of\\nwonderful discoveries, by land and by sea. Some,\\nlike De Soto, set off in quest of the spring of eter-\\nnal youth, which it was confidently asserted was\\njust on the other side of a certain range of mount-\\nains. It was easier to believe in a land of gold,\\nthan in a spring of eternal youth. This exciting\\nbook, written to satisfy the literary market of that\\nage, was universally read in Spain; and, it is highly\\nprobable, was partly the cause for the expedition\\nwhich afterwards, under the charge of Hernando\\nGrijalva, actually discovered California very near\\nto the Terrestrial Paradise; so that it is probable\\nthat a dreamy old romancer in Seville, Spain, sug-\\ngested the name of the country that was to upheave\\nnew continents in the commercial world.\\nIMMENSE REGIONS GRANTED BY THE POPE.\\nCortez had achieved the conquest of Mexico with\\nbut a handful of men, in 1519; and nine years after\\nreturned to Spain, laden with the spoils of an empire\\nlarger and richer, and, perhaps, more civilized than\\nSpain herself; also with accounts of countries still\\nricher and larger, to the north-west of Mexico. He\\nwas received with distinguished honors by Charles\\nv., and rewarded by many royal concessions, among\\nwhich were the right to one-twelfth of all the\\nprecious metals ho could find, and a perpetual vice-\\nroyalty for himself and heirs, over all the countries\\nhe should discover. It must bo remembered that\\nthe Pope, in consideration of the dissemination of\\nthe True Faith, had granted to the Emperor of\\nSpain all lands that his subjects might discover; so\\nthe title seemed to ha fee simple in Cortez, who, from\\nbeing a piratical, roving vagabond, bounded into\\nroyal honors.\\nEXPEDITIONS OP DISCOVERT AND SETTLEMENT.\\nReturning to Mexico, he immediately set about\\nthe expedition; but, delayed by the difliculty of\\nbuilding and fitting out ships on the western coast,\\nhe did not get oft until 1535. Having landed on the\\nlower peninsula of California, he found the country\\nso barren and uninviting, that he abandoned the\\nexpedition, and returned to Mexico in 1537. On his\\nreturn, he heard of the De Soto expedition, which,\\nlike all the other expeditions, had nearly, but not\\nquite, reached the land whore arms, as well as trap-\\npings for horses, were made of pure gold. This led\\nto the fitting out of another expedition in b\\\\ l\\nunder Jose R. Cabrillo, who sailed northward as far\\nas Cape Mendocino, which he named Cape Mendoza,\\nin honor of his friend, the Viceroy of Mexico. Keep-\\ning within sight of the coast the greater part of the\\nway, he discovered the Farallone Islands, also some\\nof the more southern groups; but, like his predeces-\\nsor, failed to see the future Golden Gate. In an\\nEnglish work printed in 1839, Mr. James Alexander\\nForbes states that two out of the three vessels, com-\\nposing this expedition, with some twenty men, were\\nlost in the Gulf of California, in consequence of a\\nmutiny and a diflSculty with the natives, near La\\nPaz.\\nThese expeditions were so unsatisfactory, that\\nCortez resolved upon exploring the coast himself.\\nThree vessels were fitted out at Tehuantepec, he\\nmarching overland with a large body of soldiers,\\nslaves, settlers, and priests. Cortez explored the\\nGulf of California, proved that California was not\\nan island, but part of the main land. For some\\ntime the Gulf of California was known as the Sea ot\\nCortez. It was also called The Red Sea (El Mar\\nRojo), from having a reddish color from the wash\\nof the Colorado river, which empties into the gulf\\nat the head. Cortez returned to Acapuico, but con-\\ntinued to employ others in the explorations, which\\nwere confined mostly to lands in the vicinity of the\\ngulf. Several attempts were made to settle the\\nland, but, as it was very barren and poor, the col-\\nonies made little progress. The natives were desti-\\ntute of moans and character, both sexes going nearly\\nor quite naked.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "12\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nSIR KliANClS DRAKES OPERATIONS.\\nSir Francis Drake reached the Pacific ocean in\\n1578, through the Straits of Magellan, thirty-six\\nyears after Cabrillo named the Cape of Mendocino,\\nand, not having heard of the former expeditions,\\ntook possession of the whole country in the name of\\nQueen Elizabeth. It has been claimed for him that\\nhe entered the Bay of San Francisco; but the lati-\\ntude in which he located it (37\u00c2\u00b0 59 5 proves it to\\nhave been some miles north, at a place now called\\nDrake s bay, though most of the old geographies\\ngive the pi-esent seaport as The Bay of Sir Francis\\nDrake. It is strange that, having much inter-\\ncourse with the natives, he should have failed to\\ndiscover the great harbor which was in sight from\\nsome of the surrounding hills. The real discovery\\nof the Bay of San Francisco, was made by Portala,\\nin an overland expedition. What a vision, when he\\nstood on the top of some of the low ranges of mount-\\nains surrounding, and saw the rich valleys reposing\\nin a perpetual Indian Summer, stretching to the\\nnorthward sixty miles. Little did the Spaniard, or\\nthose who came after him, suppose that the rivers\\nflowing into the bay ran over golden sands, or that\\nthe hills near the outlet would be covered by a city\\nlarger than any of the cities of magnificent Spain.\\nIt is now time to turn to the attempts to explore\\nthe country in other ways.\\nEXPEDITION OVERLAND MARVELOUS STORIES.\\nThe ill success attending the expeditions up the\\ncoast, induced explorations by land, especially as\\nmarvelous reports of rich walled cities in the far\\nnorth, occasionally reached the capital of Mexico.\\nIn less than fifty years from the discovery of Amer-\\nica, soldiers and priests had explored the Colorado\\nriver for a considerable distance above its mouth.\\nThe stories of a gigantic people, walled towns, and\\nimpassable canons a mile or more in depth, were con-\\nsigned to the same fate as the stories of mermaids\\nand other sea monsters. Cervantes in Spain, and\\nDean Swift in England, had poured unsparing ridi-\\ncule on the fabulous stories and achievements of the\\nage succeeding the discovery of America. Since the\\nexploring expedition sent out by the United States,\\nthe accounts of the great Colorado river have been\\noverhauled and read with avidity, and what was\\nthen deemed a pleasant after-dinner fiction of some\\nbibulous priest, has proved to be substantially cor-\\nrect, though the Mojaves, who, doubtless, are the\\npersons described as giants, do not quite come up to\\ntheir ai cestors of three hundred and fifty j ears ago.\\nAs early as 1540 the Viceroy of New Spain, inter-\\nested in the stories of a San Franciscan monk who\\nhad seen some of the teriMtory, sent out an expedi-\\ntion under the command of Vasquez de Coronado.\\nWhen they struck the river, a party of twenty-five\\nwas detached and sent to the westward. They\\nexplored the river to the mouth, and from this point\\nwas sent the expedition which eventually succeeded\\nin discovering the bay. Another of Coronado s\\ncaptains, named Cardinas, reached the pueblos ol\\nthe Moquis, and from these towns made a visit,\\nunder Indian guides, to a portion of the river some\\nhundreds of miles above the explorations of pre-\\nvious parties. The history states that after a march\\nover a desert of twenty daj s, they came to a river,\\nthe banks of which were so high that they seemed\\nto be three or four leagues in the air. The most\\naetive of the party attempted to descend, but came\\nback in the evening, saying they had met with dif-\\nficulties which prevented them from reaching the\\nbottom; that they had accomplished one-third of the\\ndescent, and from that point the river looked very\\nlarge. They averred that some rocks, which ap-\\npeared from above to be the height of a man, were\\nhigher than the tower of the cathedral of Seville.\\nThis is the earliest notice in any work of the cele-\\nbrated canon of the Colorado, the most astonishing\\nof all mountain gorges, and which may, without\\ndoubt, be reckoned the greatest wonder of the world.\\nEXPEDITION OF FATHER ESCALANTE.\\nAbout one hundred years ago. Father Escalante\\nvisited the region north of New Mexico, keeping\\nalong the head-waters of the Colorado to Salt Lake,\\nthence south-west to the Colorado river at a point\\nnearly opposite that reached by one of Coronado s\\ncaptains over two hundred years before. This mea-\\nger account of the great canon is about all that is\\non record previous to the acquisition of Arizona by\\nthe United States, though trappers and hunters\\nsometimes related incredible stories of a country\\nwhere great rivers ran in canons so deep that day-\\nlight never reached the bottom. As this river forms\\na part of the boundary of California, and was, to a\\ngreat extent, from its unapproachable character, a\\nbarrier to the early settlement of this coast, thus\\nperhaps preserving it for its present occupants, and\\nas it has recently become a center of interest on\\naccount of the mines in its vicinity, a somewhat\\nextended account of this remarkable, and, even now,\\nlittle known wonder may be justifiable, and will be\\nincorporated into the work in a separate chapter.\\nCUAPTER II.\\nBIG CANON OF THE COLORADO.\\nLieutenant Whipple s Expedition Lieutenant Ives Expedi-\\ntion First Attempt to Explore the C afion Land Party\\nOrganized One Sight of the Kiver First Exploration\\nUnwilling Venture Consider the Situation Death of One\\nof the Parties Three Months in the Canon Arrival at\\nFort Colville Exploration Made Under the Direction of\\nthe Smithsonian Institute Indescribable Character of the\\nStream Loss of Boats and Provisions Death of a Portion\\nof the Party Emergence of the Survivors Geology and\\nClimate.\\nLIEUTENANT WHIPPLE S EXPEDITION.\\nIn the Spring of 1854 Lieutenant Whipple in com-\\nmand of an expedition for the exploi-ation and sur-\\nvey of a railroad route near the 35th parallel, reached\\nthe Colorado at the mouth of Bill Williams Fork, and", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "BIG CANON OF THE COLORADO.\\n13\\nascended the river from that point about fifty miles and\\nreported the country as mostly impassable. From\\nan elevated point a view of an apparent valley or\\ncourse of a river could be seen, which seemed to be a\\nnet- work of impassable canons. This partial explo-\\nration still further intensified the interest in this\\nregion. That any portion of the United States was\\nunapproachable was too absurd to credit.\\nLIEUTENANT IVES EXPEDITION.\\nIt was not until 1857 that an appropriation became\\navailable for further exploration. A small steamer\\nwas constructed for the purpose of ascendinofthe river\\nand shipped to San Francisco in parts, and thence re-\\nshipped to Fort Yuma, where it was put together.\\nWhen loaded it drew somewhat less than two feet of\\nwater, and the river was ascended four hundred and\\nfilty miles above Fort Yuma. Sometimes the little\\ncraft was nearly overwhelmed in the treacherous cur-\\nrents and sometimes the men were obliged to tow the\\nsteamer over shoals where it would touch bottom\\ncontinually. Bands of natives would follow the\\nboat, hugely amused with the puffing, snorting canoe\\nthat was, apparently, so helpless and good for noth-\\ning. At length the party came in sight of the\\nmuch talked of canon, of which so little was known\\nand so much conjectured. The enormous, perpendicu-\\nlar walls of rocks, hundreds of feet high, which had\\nformed the banks of the rivers in many places, had\\nprepared them for wonders, but they did not ex-\\npect to see a largo river come out of a gate-way two\\nthousand feet high and only a few feet across. If\\nthe ancients had known of this place thoy would have\\nadded new hon-ors to their infei nal regions.\\nFIR.ST ATTE.MPT TO EXPLORE THE CANON.\\nThe attempt to navigate the caiion with the steamer\\nwithout a previous recopnoissance was thought too\\nhazardous, and a boat expedition was organized.\\nLieutenant Ives with three or four men entered the\\ndark gateway. With much labor they worked their\\nway, sometimes rowing and sometimes dragging the\\nboat over rapids. Night coming on, the party took\\nadvantage of a small shingle beach for a campingplace.\\nSome drift-wood lodged in a cleft of rocks furnished\\nmaterial for a camp fire. There was no need of\\nsentinels. Eternal silence reigned not even the\\nchirping of an insect broke the low murmer oi the\\nwaters as they wound their toi tuous way thi-ough\\nthe dark depths. We quote freely from his report\\nto the Secretary of War\\njSIarch 10, 1858. Darkness supervened\\nwith surprising suddenness. Pall alter pall of shade\\nfell, as it were in clouds, upon the deep recesses\\nabout us. The line of light through the opening\\nabove at laf?t became blurred and indistinct, and.\\nsave the dull red glare of the camp fire, all was\\nenveloped in a murky gloom. Soon the narrow\\nbelt again brightened as the rays of the moon\\nreached the summits of the mountains. Gazing far\\nupwards upon the edges of the overhanging walls\\nwe witnessed the gradual illumination. A few iso-\\nlated turrets and pinnacles first appeared in strong\\nrelief upon the blue band of the heavens. As the\\nsilvery light descended and fell upon the opposite\\ncrest of the abyss, strange and uncouth shapes seem\\nto start out, all sparkling and blinking in the light,\\nand to be peering over at us as we lay watching\\nthem from the bottom of the profound chasm. The\\ncontrast between the vivid glow above and the black\\nobscuritj^ beneath, formed one of the most striking\\npoints in the singular picture. This morning as soon\\nas the light permitted, we were again on the way.\\nThe canon continued to in-\\ncrease in size and magnificence. No description can\\nconvey an idea of the peerless and majestic grandeur\\nof this water-waj Wherever the river makes a turn\\nthe entire panorama changes, and one startling nov-\\nelty after another appears and disappears with be-\\nwildering rapidity. Statel3 /fl!f\u00c2\u00abrfes,august cathedrals,\\namphitheatres, rotundas, castellated walls and rows\\nof time-stained ruins surmounted by every form of\\ntower, minaret, dome and spire have been moulded\\nfrom the cyclopean masses of rock that form the\\nmighty defile. The solitude, the stillness, the sub-\\ndued light and the vastness of every surrounding\\nobject, produced an impression of awe that ultimately\\nbecame almost painful. As hour after hour passed,\\nwe began to look anxiously for some kind of an out-\\nlet from the range, but the declining day only\\nbrought fresh piles of mountains, higher apparentlj-\\nthan any before seen. We had made up our minds\\nto pass another night in the canon and were search-\\ning for a spot large enough for a resting place, when\\nwe came into a narrow passage between two mam-\\nmoth peaks that seemed to be nodding across the\\nstream, and unexpectedly found at the upper end the\\ntermination of the Black Canon, and we came\\ninto rather of an extensive valley, without a trace of\\nvegetation however; but the hills and mountains\\naround were in parti-colors and prevented the scene\\nfrom being monotonous. The length of the Black\\nCanon is about twenty-five miles. It was evident\\nthat the river could be navigated no farther. Climb-\\ning a mountain nothing but a confused mass of vol-\\ncanic rocks piled in confusion upon each other came\\nto view. Farther to the east could be\\nseen the course of the river where it formed the\\nBig Cafion.\\nLAND PARTY ORGANIZED.\\nThe exploring party returned to the steamboat\\nand organized an expedition to explore the river on\\nthe south side towards the Eocky Mountains, and the\\nboat was sent back to Fort Yuma. In a few days\\nthey struck the loftj^ plateau, through which the\\nColorado river with its numerous ti ibutaries, or com-\\npanion rivers, carry the waters formed from the\\nmelting snows of the Rocky Mountains. Scarcely\\nany rain falls on this elevated plain, and the banks of\\nthe rivers remain as sharp as they were millions of\\nyears ago when the channels were first eroded. Cen-\\ntury after centuiy the work of deepening the channel\\ngoes on. Before the children of Israel went down in-\\nto Egypt; before the building of the Pyramids; before\\nthe I ude ancestors of the Egj ptians found the Nile\\nvalley even before the Nile valley itself was formed\\nthe Colorado rivers had done the most of their work.\\nIt was out of the question to explore the river.\\nThey could only approach it atone point. Only the\\nbird that could wing its way for hundreds of miles.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ncould make its way over these cavernous depths that\\nmarked the course of the river and all its branches.\\nFrom elevated points they could see table-land,\\nrising, base on base, height on height, with impassa-\\nble cafions between. As the limits of this work will\\npermit only an abbreviated description of the inter-\\nesting exploration, an account of one attempt to reach\\nthe river, giving nearly the author s own words,\\nwhich cannot be condensed without doing injustice\\nto the subject, will close the story of this expedition.\\nONE SIGHT OF THE RIVER.\\nOur altitude is very great. During the last\\nmarch the ascent was continuous, and the barome-\\nter shows an elevation of nearly seven thousand\\nfeet. The Colorado is not far distant, and we must\\nbe opposite to the most stupendous part of the\\nBig Canon. The bluffs are in view, but the inter-\\nvening country is cut up by side cafions and cross\\nravines, and no place has j et been found that pre-\\nsents a favorable approach to the gigantic chasm.\\nThe snow-storm (this was in the Winter) had\\nextended over but little area, and the road, at first\\nheavy, in a mile or two became Arj and good. The\\npines disappeared and the cedars gradually dimin-\\nished. Each slope surmounted disclosed a\\nnew summit similar to that just passed, till the end\\nof ten miles, when the highest part of the plateau\\nwas attained, and a sublime spectacle lay spread\\nbefore us.\\nToward the north was the field of plateaus and\\ncafions already mentioned, and shooting out from\\nthese a line of magnificent bluffs, extending eastward\\nan enormous distance, marked the course of the\\ncanon of the Little Colorado. Farther south, eighty\\nmiles distant, towered the vast pile of the San Fran-\\ncisco mountain, its conical summit covered with\\nsnow and sharply defined against the sky. Several\\nother peaks were visible a little to the right, and\\nhalfway between us and this cluster of mighty and\\nvenerable volcanos was the Red Butte, described\\nby Lieutenant Whipple (1853), standing in isolated\\nprominence upon the love! plain.\\nThe sun was oppressively warm, and every place\\nwhose appearance gave promise of water was\\nsearched, but without success. Ten miles conducted\\nus to the head of a ravine, down which there was a\\nwell-beaten Indian trail. There was every prospect\\ntherefore that we were approaching a settlement,\\nsimilar to that of the Hualpais, on Diamond river.\\nThe descent was more rapid than the former had\\nbeen, and in the course of a few miles we had gone\\ndown into the plateau one or two thousand feet,\\nand the bluffs on either side had assumed stupendous\\nproportions. Still no signs of habitations were vis-\\nible. The worn-out and thirsty beasts had begun\\nto flag when we were brought to a stand-still by a\\nfall one hundred feet deep in the bottom of the cafion.\\nAt the brink of the precipice was an overhanging\\nledge of rock, from which we could look down, as if\\ninto a well, upon the continuation of the gorge fiir\\nbelow. The break reached completely across the\\nravine, and the side walls were nearly perpendicular.\\nThere was no egress in that direction, and it seemed\\na marvel that a trail should lead to a place where\\nthere was nothing to do but return. A closer inspec-\\ntion showed that the trail still continued along the\\ncanon, travet-sing horizontally the face of the right-\\nhand bluff. A short distance of it seemed as though\\na mountain goat could scarcely keep its footing upon\\nthe slight indentation that appeared like a thread\\nattached to the rocky wall, but a trial pi os-ed thai\\nthe path, though narrow and dizzy, had been cui\\nwith some care into the surface of the clift and afforded\\na foot-hold, level and broad enough both for men and\\nanimals. 1 rode upon it first, and the rest of the\\nparty and the train followed one by one looking\\nvery much like a row of insects crawling upon the\\nside of a building. We proceeded for nearly a mile\\nalong this singular pathway, which preserved its\\nhorizontal direction. The bottom of the canon\\nmeanwhile had been rapidly descending, and there\\nwere two or three falls where it dropped a hundred\\nfeet at a time, thus greatly increasing the depth of\\nthe chasm. The change had taken place so gradu-\\nally that I was not sensible of it, till, glancing down\\nthe side of my mule, I found that he was walking\\nwithin three inches of the edge of the brink of a\\nsheer gulf a thousand feet deep; on the other side,\\nnearly touching my knee, was an almost vertical\\nwall rising to an enormous altitude. The sight made\\nmy head swim, and I dismounted and got ahead of\\nthe mule, a difficult and delicate operation, which I\\nwas thankful to have saielj- performed. A part of\\nthe men became so giddy that they were obliged to\\ncreep upon their hands and knees, being unable to\\nwalk or stand. In some places there was barely\\nroom to walk, and a slight deviation in a step would\\nhave precipitated one into the frightful abyss. I was\\na good deal alarmed lest some obstacle should be\\nencountered that would make it impossible to go\\nahead, tor it was certainly impracticable to return.\\nAfter an interval of uncomfortable suspense, the face\\nof the rock made an angle, and just beyond the\\nangle was a projection from the main wall with a\\nsurface fifteen or twenty yards square that would\\nafford afoot-hold. The continuation of the wall was\\nperfectly vertical, so that the trail could no longer\\nfollow it, and we found that the path descended the\\nsteep face of the clift to the bottom of the cafion. It\\nwas a desperate road to traverse, but located with a\\ngood deal of skill, zigzaging down the precipice, and\\ntaking advantage of everj crevice and fissure that\\ncould aft ord a foot-hold. It did not take long to\\ndiscover that no mule could accomplish this descent,\\nand nothing remained but to turn back. We were\\nglad to have even this privilege in our power. The\\njaded brutes were collected upon the little summit,\\nwhere thej- could be turned around, and then com-\\nmenced to return from the hazardous journey. The\\nsun shone direetlj* into the canon, and the glare\\nreflected from the walls made the heat intolerable.\\nThe disappointed beasts, now two days without\\nwater, with glassy eyes and protruding tongues, plod-\\nded slowly along, uttering the most melancholy\\ncries. The nearest water, of which we had any\\nknowledge, was almost thirty miles distant. There\\nwas but one chance of saving the train, and after\\nreaching an open portion of the ravine the packs\\nand saddles were removed, and two or three Mexi-\\ncans started for the lagoons, mounted upon the least\\nexhausted animals and driving the others loose be-\\nfore them. It was somewhat dangerous to detach\\nthem thus from the main party but there was no help\\nfor it. Some of the mules will give out before the\\nnight march is over, but the knowedge that they\\nare on the road to water will enable the most of\\nthem to reach it in spite of their weariness and the\\nlength of the way.\\nIt was estimated that, at this point which was\\nwithin a few miles of the main canon, about one-half\\nof the original plain had been cutaway by the action\\nof the river and its branches.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "BIG CANON OF THE COLORADO.\\n15\\nA party was made up to explore the cafion. The\\ndistance to the precipice where the mules were turned\\nback was about five miles. The precipice was de-\\nscended without difficult} though in one or two places\\nthe path traversed smooth, inclined plains that\\nmade the footing insecure and the crossing danger-\\nous. The bottom of the canon which from the sum-\\nmit looked smooth, was found to be covered with\\nsmall hills thirty or forty feet high. Along the mid-\\ndle of the cafion started another one with low walls\\nat the starting point, which became lofty precipices\\nas the base of the new ravine sunk deeper and deeper\\ninto the earth. Along the bottom of this gorge we\\nfollowed the trail, distinctly seen when the surface\\nwas not composed of rocks. Every few minutes low\\nfalls and ledges were mot with, which we had to\\njump or slide down, till a formidable number\\nof obstacles were to be met in returning. Like\\nother canons this was circuitous, and at each turn we\\nexpected to find something new and startling. We\\nwere deeper in the bowels of the earth than we had\\nover been before, and surrounded by walls and tow-\\ners of such imposing dimensions that it would be\\nuseless to attempt describing them; but the effects of\\nmagnitude had begun to pall, and the walk from the\\nfoot of the precipice was monotonously dull; no sign\\nof life could be discerned above or below. At the end\\nof thirteen miles from the precipice an obstacle pre-\\nsented itself that there seemed to be no possibility of\\novercoming. A stone slab, reaching from one side\\nof the cafion to the other, terminated the plain\\nwhich we were descending. Looking over the\\nedge it appeared that the next level was forty\\nfeet below. This time there was no trail along\\nthe side of the bluffs, for these were smooth and\\nperpendicular. A spring of water rose from the\\ncafion above and trickled over the precipice,\\nforming a beautiful cascade. It was supposed\\nthat the Indians must have come to this point merely\\nto procure water; but this theory was not satisfac-\\ntory and we sat down to consider the situation.\\nMr. Egloffstein lay down by the side of the creek,\\nand projecting his head over the ledge to watch the\\ncascade discovered a solution to the mysteiy. Below\\nthe shelving rock, and hidden by it and the fall, stood\\na crazy -looking ladder, made of rough sticks bound\\ntogether with thongs of bark. It was almost per-\\npendicular and rested upon a bed of angular stones.\\nThe rounds had become rotten from the incessant flow\\nof the water. Mr. Egloffstein, anxious to have the\\nfirst view of what was below, scrambled over the\\nrock and got his feet upon the first round. Being a\\nsolid weight, he was too much for the insecure fabric,\\nwhich commenced giving away. One side fortunately\\nstood firm, and holding onto this with a light grip\\nhe made a precipitate descent. The other side and\\nall the rounds broke loose and accompanied him to\\nthe bottom in a general crash, effectually cutting oft\\nthe communication. Leaving us to devise means of\\ngetting him back he ran to the bend to explore. The\\nbottom of the canon had been reached. He found\\nthat he was at the edge of a stream ten or fitteen\\nyards wide fringed with cottonwoods and willows.\\nThe vvalls of the canon spread out for a short distance\\nleaving room for a narrow belt of bottom-land on\\nwhich were fields of corn and a few scattered huts.\\nIt was impossible to follow the stream to its union\\nwith the main river, which was not far oft\\\\ Nor could\\na situation be found where a complete view of the\\ngreat cafion might be obtained; at one spot the top\\ncould be seen, at another the bottom. Measurements\\nwere taken which showed the walls of the cafion to\\nbe over six thousand feet in height.\\nNotwithstanding all the efforts backed by money\\nand government the great canon was not entered,\\nat least from the side. The parties safely made their\\nway out of the chasm, and resumed their journey\\ntowards Fort Defiance, finding on their way the\\ntowns of stone houses which the early Spanish ex-\\nplorers saw and which had since remained unknown\\nand mostly forgotten.\\nFIRST EXPLORATION UNWILLING VE.XTURE.\\nSome of my readei-s may inquire whether this\\ncafion has never been explored? Twice only of\\nwhich any record has been found. Some time in the\\nsixties, three men, prospecting on the head-waters of\\nthe river in the Colorado Territory, fell into a diffi\\nculty with the Indians. Two succeeded in reaching\\ntheir boats, and escaped by rowing swiftly down the\\nstream, the swift current and bold banks facilitating\\ntheir flight. When they had gone so far as to feel\\nsecure from pursuit, and took time to consider the\\nsituation, they found themselves floating in a\\nstream, so swift as to prevent their return, even if\\nthey desired it, and with banks so precipitous as to\\nmake escape in that direction impossible. The stream\\nbecame swifter and the banks or walls of the canon\\nhigher everj- hour.\\nTOEY CONSIDER THE SITU.\\\\T[UN.\\nA council of war was held, and all evidence at-\\ntainable was considered. The questions put forth in\\none of Addison s essays a hundred and fifty years\\nago, Where am I What sort of place do I in-\\nhabit? seemed particularly applicable to the situa-\\ntion. As to the first question, they could only say,\\nwe are in -Uncle Sam s dominion, and as to the\\nlast, it is a boll of a place. One of thom remem-\\nbered of hearing some old trappers, while sitting\\naround a camp fire near Salt Lake, tell a story of a\\ngreat river that was lost in a range of mountains\\nand flowed hundreds of niiles under ground. An-\\nother said that it did not flow under ground, but in a\\nnarrow channel thousands of feet in depth, so deep\\nthat daylight never reached the bottom. None of\\nthem, however, had ever seen the river under these\\ncircumstances. The Indians believed, some of them\\nat least, that the deep gorge led to Heaven, and\\nothers thought it led to Hell It was certain that\\nthe route to the blessed regions would not go through\\nany such country as thej were passing and as to\\nthe latter place, had not Beecher knocked the bottom\\nout of it? So they concluded to go on in fact, there\\nwas no other alternative. About the third day they\\nheard a great roaring of falling water, and before\\nthey had time to consider were plunged over a cat-\\naract, that proved not a very high one, for though\\nthe boat was smashed, thcj- saved their lives bj-\\nswimming to an island at the foot of the falls,\\nand were able to save most of their provisions.\\nThey now constructed a raft of dry. cotton-wood\\nlogs, which they found lodged high up on the island,\\nand continued their voyage.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "16\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nDEATH OF ONE OF THE PARTIES.\\nFalls and rapids bcinic now trequeut, and the\\nplunges often throwing them off their craft, they\\nim])rudently lashed themselves to it. Passing the\\nnext cataract the i-aft was upset, and one of the two\\nwas lost. The survivor found himself on the raft,\\nnow bottom side up, though entirely ignorant as to\\nhow he succeeded in disengaging himself while under\\nthe water.\\nDa}- after day, week after week, until the weeks\\nbecame months, ho floated down the river, encouTi-\\ntering many obstacles but escaping with his life.\\nThe river was destitute of fish or animals, but in\\nplaces he found the mesquite bean which would sus-\\ntain life. Months afterward a soldier at Fort Col-\\nville saw a log floating in the river appearing to have\\ncome out of the canon. The unusual circumstance\\ncaused him to turn a telescope upon it. My (rod I\\nsaid he. there is a man on that log A boat\\nwas dispatched, and the man was brought ashore,\\nnearly famished, speechless, naked, and his body cov-\\nered with sores. After some nourish ment had been\\ntaken, he was able to say that he had come through\\nthe great canon. The man recovered, and for manj-\\nyears afterward drove a stage in Arizona.\\nEXPLORATION UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSO-\\nNIAN INSTITtTE.\\nThe Government of the United States during these\\nyears had enough business on hand without attending\\nto expeditions in the cause of science, for, so far, the\\nriver had no value. But the Smithsonian Institute\\nundertook the exploration of the river. Lieutenant\\nPowell, an eminent scientist and explorer, was sent\\nout to gather all the information about it that was\\npossible. The transcontinental railroad now made\\nthe matter easier. He interviewed the trappers and\\nhunters at Salt Lake and Fort Bridger visited\\n.Vrizona, and heard all that the stage-driver could re-\\nmember, and went East to make preparations for the\\nilescent of the river. The scientific public were now\\naroused, and many were anxious to accompany the\\nexpedition. Several boats were made in water-tight\\ncompartments, so contrived as to float though they\\nmight be stove. Provisions, instruments and all nec-\\nessary articles were inclosed in water-tight, rubber\\nbags. On the 24th of May, 1869, he left the line of\\nthe Union Pacific Railroad at the Green River Sta-\\ntion. Those who love to read of the grand, the pictur-\\nesque, the terrible, will find their satisfaction in reading\\nPowell s Explorations of the Colorado Canon. The\\nlimits of this book will only permit a short account\\nof the trip which was full of dangers as well as\\npleasure. They passed safely down the upper waters.\\nSome hundred miles below the starting-point, the\\nlabor commenced. Sometimes the river would zig-\\nzag between metamorphic slates and granite S]nirs,\\nmaking a channel like a line of saw teeth then it\\nwould leave the granite and cut a vast amphitheatre\\nin the sandstone, miles across and thousands of feet\\nhigh. Towers, domes, castles, minarets, and all the\\nforms of ancient and modern architecture seemed\\nanticipated. Even sculpture was not forgotten, for\\nin manj places gigantic figures seemed to be guard-\\ning the great canon, and threatening to overwhelm\\nall who should dare to invade the ancient solitude.\\nFor months the party continued their voyage. Not-\\nwithstanding their ample preparations, it was nearly\\na failure. They lost their boats and most of their\\nprovisions, as well as their scientific instruments.\\nThey were uncertain whether the canon was three,\\nfour, or five hundred miles long. When nearly\\nthrough it was proposed to leave the river and try\\nto ascend its banks. It was urged that more rapids\\non the junction of the granite and slate would end\\nthe expedition. Part of the men determined to tr^-\\nto scale the walls. They were given a part of the\\nscant provisions, and also a copy of the records of\\nthe trip. Both parties bid each other good-\\nbye, with the firm belief that the other was\\ndestined to certain destruction. Powell remained\\nwith the party to continue down the river, hoping\\nthat if he perished some record of their trip would\\nbe picked up on the lower river or the Gulf of Cal-\\nifornia. His judgment proved the best. August 30tb\\nhe emerged from the canon, in somewhat better\\nplight than the stage-driver did, having witnessed\\nundoubtedly the greatest wonder of the world.\\nNothing was heard of the othei- party for years. A\\nprospector brought the news that they scaled the\\nwalls of the canon, but were soon afterwards killed b}\\nthe Indians, being mistaken for a party of white men\\nwho had committed an outrage on an Indian woman\\nGEOLOGY AND CI.l-MATE.\\nThe Colorado river drains a territory of three\\nhundred thousand square miles. A portion of this\\neight hundred miles in extent, resting on the Rocky\\nMountains, is fed by snows, and has numerous rivers\\nwhich, with all their branches, form canons one\\nleading into another and all finally merging into the\\ngrand gorge, six thousand feet deep and three hund-\\nred miles long. The lower part of the Colorado for\\none thousand miles runs through an almost rainless\\ncountry. There is no wearing away of the banks into\\nthe rounded, graceful forms so usual in the vicinities of\\nI ivers. The channels of the rivers being so deep\\nthe country is thoroughlj- drained of water, and\\nvery few springs emerge from the surface. The soil\\nis consequently destitute of vegetation. There ai-e\\nevidences, however, of an extensive alluvial deposit,\\nof a time when the river meandered through fertile\\nplains like the Mississippi. The elephant, the mas-\\ntodon, and their contemporaries wandered in herds\\nover suitable pastures where now desolation reigns.\\nIt is difficult to estimate the influence which this\\nstrange system of rivers has exerted over California.\\nHad not the early explorers when in search of gold\\nmet this obstruction, our mines would have been\\ndiscovered and worked, and California would have", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "R. Crandall.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PERMANENT OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA.\\n17\\nbeen cursed with the blight that has covered all the\\nSpanish possessions. It was I eserved for a more\\nvigorous race to develop.\\nThe climatic influence is-also great. It is now be-\\nlieved that our dry, dcsicating north winds find\\ntheir way from the Arizona deserts, and that the\\nparticles of red dust with which our s-ummer atmos-\\nphere is loaded, is finely-pulvorized Arizona soil.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nThe Kxilps of L reto Father Ticrra s Methods of Conversion\\nDe;.th of Fatlier Tierra Arrest of the .Jesuits Midnight\\nParting Permanent Occupation of California Missions in\\nCharge of Francisco Friars Character of Father Junipero\\nExploring Expeditions Origin of the name of the Bay\\nMission Dolores Death of Father Junipero.\\nIt was the custom of the Spanish Government to\\nsend out a certain number of Christian missionaries\\nwith each expedition, whether for discovery or eon-\\nquest. When the conquerors took possession of a\\nnew territory, in the name of the King of Spain, the\\naccompanying Fathers also claimed it for the spirit-\\nual empire of the Holy Church, and in this manner\\nCalifornia became, at once, the possession of both\\nChurch and State, by right of discovery and con-\\nquest.\\nAs befoi e stated, California was discovered in\\n1534, by an expedition which Cortez had caused to\\nbe fitted out in the inland seas of Tehuantepec.\\nFrom that time, during a period of one hundred and\\ntilt} years, some twenty maritime expeditions sailed\\nhuccessively from the shores of New Spain to the\\ncoast of California, with the object of perfecting\\nits conquest; but none of them obtained any satis-\\nfaetory result, bej^ond an imperfect knowledge of the\\ngeographical situation of the country. The barren\\naspect of the coast, and the nakedness and poverty\\nof the savages, who lived in grottoes, caves, and holes\\nin the ground, clearly indicated that they had scarcely\\nadvanced beyond the primitive condition of man,\\nand discouraged the adventurers, who were in search\\nof another country like Mexico, abounding in natural\\nwealth, and the appliances of a rude civilization.\\nAfter the expenditure of immense sums of both pub-\\nlic and private wealth, the permanent settlement of\\nCalifornia was despaired of. The Spanish Govern-\\nment would advance no more money, private enter-\\nprise was turned in another direction, and it was\\ndecided to give over the, so far, fruitless experiment\\nto the Fathers of the church. Many attempts had\\nbeen made to Christianize the natives of the Pacific\\ncoast. Cortez is said to have had several ecclesias-\\ntics in his train, though there is no account of their\\nliaving attempted to convert the natives, or even of\\nlanding among them. The first recorded attempt\\nwas made about the beginning of the year 1596 by\\nfour San F rancisco friars, who came with Vis-\\ncaino s expedition. During their stay of two months\\nat La Paz, they visited many of the Indians, who\\nthought them children of the sun, and treated them\\n3\\nvery kindly. Three Carmelite friars also came with\\nViseaino s third expedition in 1602, two Jesuit mis-\\nsionaries in 1648, two Franciscans in 16S8, and three\\nJesuits in 1683, the latter with the expedition of\\nAdmiral Otondo. The celebrated Father Kiihno\\nwas one who came with the latter expedition. Once,\\nwhen attempting to explain the doctrine of the res-\\nurrection to the savages, he was at loss for a word to\\nexpress his meaning. He put some flies undej- the\\nwater until they appeared to be dead, and then\\nexposed them to the rays of the sun, when\\nthey revived. The Indians cried out in astonish-\\nment, I bimuhueite I bimuhueite which the\\nFathers understood as they have come to life, the\\nexpression he wanted, and applied it to the resurrec-\\ntion of the Redeemer.\\nNo sulxstantial success was, however, achieved\\nuntil about 1675. Then appeared the heroic apostle\\nof California civilization, Father John Salva Tierra,\\nof the Society of Jesus, commonly called Jesuits.\\nFather Tierra, the founder, and afterwards visita-\\ndore of the missions of Calilbrnia, was a native of\\nMilan, born of noble parentage and Spanish ances-\\ntry, in 1644. Having completed his education at\\nParma, he joined the order of Jesuits, and went as a\\nmissionary to Mexico in 1675. He was robust in\\nhealth, exceedingly hand.some in jjerson, resolute of\\nwill, highly talented, and full of religious zeal. For\\nseveral years he conducted the missions ofSonora\\nsuccessfully, when he was recalled to Mexico in con-\\nsequence of his great ability and singular virtues,\\nand was employed in the chief oflices of the provin-\\nces. After ten years of ineffectual solicitation, he\\nobtained permission of the Viceroy to go to Cali-\\nfornia, for the purpose of converting the inhabitants,\\non condition that the possession of land should be\\ntaken in the name of the King of Spain, without his\\nbeing called on to contribute anything towards the\\nexpenses of the expedition. Tierra associated with\\nhimself the Jesuit Fathei-, Juan Ugarte, a native of\\nHonduras. On the 10th of October, 1697, they\\nsailed from the port of Yaqui, in Sonora, for Lower\\nCalifornia, and, after encounteinng a disastrous\\nstorm, and suffering partial shipwreck on the gulf,\\nlanded, on the 19th of that month, at San Bruno,\\nat Saint Dennis bay. Not finding that place suitable\\nfor their purpose, the Fathers removed to St. Dyon-\\nissius, afterwards named Loreto, and there set up the\\nsign of civilization and Christianity on its lonely\\nshore. Thus Loreto, on the east side of the penin-\\nsula, in latitude 25\u00c2\u00b0 35 north of the equator, may be\\nconsidered the Plymouth Rock of the Pacific coast.\\nThis historic and memorable expedition consisted of\\nonly two ships and nine men, being a corporal, five\\nprivate soldiers, three Indians, the captain of the\\nvessel, and the two Fathers.\\nOn the 19th of October; 1697, the little party of\\nadventurers went ashore at Loreto, and were kindly\\nreceived by about fifty native. who were induced to\\nkneel down and kiss the crucifix.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "IS\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nMETHODS OF CONVERSION.\\nIt is said of Father Ugarte that he was a man of\\npowerful frame. When he first celebrated the cere-\\nmonials of the church before the natives they were\\ninclined to jeer and laugh over solemnities. On one\\noccasion a huge Indian was causing considerable dis-\\nturbance, and was demoralizing the other Indians\\nwith bis mimicry and childish fun. Father Ugarte\\ncaught him by his long hair, swung him around a\\nfew times, threw him in a heap on the floor, and\\nproceeded with the rites. This argument had a\\nconverting eflect, as he never rebelled again. As\\nthe conversion of the natives was the main object of\\nthe settlement, and a matter of the greatest impor-\\ntance, to the natives at least, no means were S]3ared to\\neffect it. When the natives around the mission had\\nbeen Christianized, expeditions inland were under-\\ntaken to capture more material I or converts. Some-\\ntimes many lives were taken, but they generally suc-\\nceeded in gathering in from fifty to a hundred women\\nand children, the men afterwards following. Two\\nor three days exhortation (confinement and starva-\\ntion) was generally sufficient to effect a change of\\nheart, after wliich the convert was clothed, fed, and\\nput to work. Father Ugai te worked with them,\\nteaching them to plant, sow, reap, and thresh, and\\nthey were soon good Christians.\\nThe imposing ceremonies and visible symbols of\\nthe Catholic church are well calculated to strike the\\nignorant savage with awe. Striking results were\\noften attained with pictures. When moving from\\none mission to another, and especially when meeting\\nstrange Indians, the priests exhibited a picture of\\nthe Virgin Mary on one side of a canvas, and Satan\\nroasting in flames on the other side. They were\\noffered a choice, to become subjects of the Holy\\nMother, or roast in the flames with Satan, and gen-\\nerally accepted the former, esi^ecially as it was accom-\\npanied with food.\\nDEATH OF TIERHA.\\nAfter twenty years of earnest labor, privation,\\ndanger, and spiritual success. Father Tierra was\\nrecalled to Mexico by the new Viceroy, for consul-\\ntation. He was then seventy years old; and, not-\\nwithstanding his age and infirmities, he set out on\\nhorseback from San Bias for Tepic; but, having\\nfainted by the way, he was carried on a litter by the\\nIndians to Guadalajara, where he died July 17, 1717,\\nand was buried with appropriate ceremonies behind\\nthe altar in the chapel of our Lady of Loreto.\\nThe historic village of Loreto, the ancient capital\\nof California, is situated on the margin of the gulf,\\nin the center of St. Dyonissius Cove. The church,\\nbuilt in 1742, is still in tolerable preservation, and,\\namong the vestiges of its former richness, has eighty-\\nsis oil paintings; some of them by Murillo, and other\\ncelebrated masters, which, though more than a hun-\\ndred years old, are still in a good condition; also\\nsome fine silver work, valued at six thousand dol-\\nlars. A great storm in 1827 destroyed many of the\\nbuildings of the mission. Those remaining, are in\\na state of decay. It was the former custom of the\\npearl-divers to dedicate the products of certain days\\nto Our Lady of Loreto; and, on one occasion, there\\nfell to the lot of the Virgin a magnificent pearl, as\\nlarge as a pigeon s egg, of wonderful purity and\\nbrilliancy. The Fathers thought proper to change\\nits destination, and presented it to the Queen of\\nSpain, who gratefully and piously sent Our Lady of\\nLoreto a magnificent new gown. Some people were\\nunkind enough to think the queen hail the better of\\nthe transaction.\\nARREST OF THE JESUITS.\\nThe Jesuits continued their missionary work in\\nLower California for seventj^ years. On the second\\nday of April, 1797, all of the Order throughout the\\nSpanish dominions, at home and abroad, were ar-\\nrested by order of Charles III., and thrown into\\nprison, on the charge of conspiring against the State\\nand the life of the king. Nearly six thousand were\\nsubjected to that decree, which also directed their\\nexpulsion from California, as well as all other colo-\\nnial dependencies of Spain. The execution of the\\ndespotic order was intrusted to Don Gasj)ar Portala,\\nthe Governor of the province. Having assembled\\nthe Fathers of Loreto on the eve of the nativity,\\nDL-eember 24th, he acquainted them with the heart-\\nbreaking news. Whatever may have been the\\nfaults of the Jesuits in Europe, they certainly had\\nbeen models of devoted Christians in the new world.\\nThey braved the dangers of hostile savages, ex-\\nposed themselves to the malarious fevers incident\\nto new countries, and had taken up their residence.-^\\nfar from the centers of civilization and thought, so\\ndear to men of cultivated minds, to devote them-\\nselves, soul and body, to the salvation of the natives,\\nthat all civilized nations seemed bent on extermin-\\nating. It is probable that the simple-minded son\\nof the forest understood little of the mysteries of\\ntheology; and his change of heart was more a\\nchange of habit, than the adoption of any saving\\nreligious dogma. They abandoned many of their\\nfilthy habits, and learned to respect the family ties.\\nThey were taught to cultivate the soil, to build com-\\nfortable houses, and to cover their nakedness with\\ngarments. They had learned to love and revere\\nthe Fathers, who were ever kind to them.\\nMIDNIGHT PARTING.\\nAfter seventy years of devoted attention to the\\nsavages; after building pleasant homes in the wilder-\\nness, and surrounding themselves with loving and\\ndevoted friends, they received the order to depart.\\nThey took their leave on the night of February 3,\\n176S, amidst the outcries and lamentations of the\\npeople, who, in spite of the soldiers, who could not\\nkeep them back, rushed upon the departing Fathers,", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "PERMANENT OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA,\\n19\\nkia ijg ilieir hands, and clinging convulsively to\\nthem. The leave-taking was brief, but affecting:\\nAdieu, my dear children! Adieu, land of our adop-\\ntion! Adieu, Ualifornia! It is the will of God!-\\nAnd then, amid the sobs and lamentations, heard all\\nalong the shore, they turned away, reciting the\\nlitany of the Blessed Mother of God, and were seen\\nno more.\\nFor one hundred and sixty years after the dis-\\ncovery of Ualifornia, it remained comparatively un-\\nknown, li is true that maoy expeditions were\\nfitted out 10 explore it for gold and precious stones.\\nThe tirsl was fast locked in mountains of the Sierras,\\nwhich were occupied by bands of hostile and war-\\nlike Indians; and the last have not yet been found.\\nThe circumstances attending the discovery of the\\ngreat bay, will always be of interest, and deserve a\\nplace in every record; for up to 1769, no navigator\\never turned the yjrow of his vessel into the narrow\\nentrance of the Golden Gate.\\nOn the expulsion of the Jesuits from Lower Cali-\\nfornia, the jji operty of the missions, consisting of\\nextensive houses, flocks, pasture lands, cultivated\\nfields, orchards, and vinejards, was intrusted to the\\nCollege of San Fi ancisco iu Mexico, for the benefit\\nof the Order of St. Francis. The zealous scholar.\\nFather Junipero Serra, was appointed to the charge\\nof all the missions of Lower California.\\nFather Junipero, as he was called, was boru of\\nhumble parents in the island of Majorca, on the 24th\\nof JMoveniber, 1713. Like the prophet Samuel, he\\nwas dedicated to the priesthood from his inl ancy,\\nand having completed his studies in the Convent of\\nSan Ecrnardino, he conceived the idea of devoting\\nhimself to the immediate service of God; and went\\nfrom thence to i ulma, tht) capital of the province,\\nto acquire the higher learning necessary tor the\\npriesthood. At his earnest request, he was received\\ninto the Order of St. Francis, at the ago of sixteen;\\nand, at the end of one year s probation, made his\\nreligious profession, September 15, 1731. Having\\nfinisbed his studies in philosophy and theology, he\\nsoon acquired a high reputation as a writer and\\norator, and his services were sought for in every\\ndirection; but, while eujoj ing these distinctions at\\nhome, his heart was set on his long projected mission\\nto the heathen of the New World. He sailed from\\nCadiz for America, August 28, 1749, and landed at\\nVera Cruz, whence he went to the City of Mexico,\\njoined the College of San Fernando, and was made\\nPresident of the missions of SieiTa Gorda and San\\nSaba. On his appointment to the missions of Cali-\\nfornia, he immediately entered upon active duties,\\nand proceeded to carry out his grand design of the\\ncivilization of the Pacific coast. Acting under the\\ninstructions of the Viceroy of Mexico, two expedi-\\ntions were fitted out to explore and colonize Upper\\nor Northern California, of which little or nothing\\nwas known, one of which was to proceed by sea,\\nand the other by land; one to can-y the heavy sup-\\nplies, the otber to drive the flocks and herds. The\\nfirst ship, the San Curios, left Cai)e St. Lucas, in\\nliower California, January 9, 1769, and was followi;d\\nby the San Au/unio on the 15th of the same month.\\nA third vessel, the San Jose, was dispatched liom\\nLoreto on the IGth of June. After much suft ering,\\nthese real pioneers of California civilization, reached\\nSan Diego; the Sun Carlos, on the 1st of May; the\\nSun Antonio, on the 11th of April, 17G9, the crews\\nhaving been well nigh exhausted by scurvy, thir.st,\\nand starvation. After leaving Loreto, the San Jose\\nwas never heard of more.\\nEXPLORING EXPEDITIONS.\\nThe overland exj)edition was divided into two\\ndivisions; one under command of Don Gaspar de\\nPortala, the appointed Military Governor of the New\\nTerritory; the other, under Capt. Eivera Y. Moncado.\\nRivera and his company, consisting of Father Crespi,\\ntwenty-five soldiers, six muleteers, and a party of\\nLower Calitornia Indians, started from Villaceta on\\nthe 24th of March, and reached San Diego on the\\n14th of May, 1769. Up to that time, no white man\\nbad ever lived in Upper California; and then began\\n10 rise the morning star of our civilization.\\nThe second division, accompanied by Father\\n.J unipero, organized the first mission in Upper\\nCalifoi-nia on the 16th of July, 1769; and there the\\nfirst native Californian was baptized on the 26th of\\nDecember, of that year. These are memorable\\npoints in the ecclesiastical history of this coast.\\nOn the 14th of July, 1769, Governor Portala\\nstarted out in search of Montei-ey, as described\\nby previous navigators. He was accompanied by\\nFathers Juan Crespi and Francisco Gomez the\\nparty consisting of fifty-six white persons, including\\na sergeant, an engineer, and thirty-thi ee soldiers,\\nand a comj)any ot emigrants from Sonora, together\\nwith a company of Indians from Lower California.\\nThey missed their coui se, and could not find the\\nBay of Monterey, but continued on northward, and,\\non the 25th day of October, 1769, came upon the\\ngreat Bay of San Francisco, which they named in\\nhonor of the titular saint of the friar missionaries.\\nORIGIN OP THE NAME OP THE BAT.\\nIt is said that, while on this expedition, a regi-et\\nwas expressed that no mission was as yet named\\nafter the patron of the Order. Says Portala, Let\\nthe saint guide us to a good harbor, and we will\\nname a mission for him. When they came in sight\\nof the bay. Father Gomez cried, There is the har-\\nbor of San Fi-ancisco, and thus it received its name.\\nFather Junipero Serra was not of this illustrious\\ncompany of explorers, and did not visit the Bay ot\\nSan Francisco for nearly six years after its dis-\\ncovery. The honor belongs to Fathers Crespi and\\nGomez, Governor Portala, and their humbler com-\\npanions. The party then returned to San Diego,\\nwhich they reached on the 24th of January, 1770,", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nafter an absence of six months and ten days. Sis\\nyears thereafter, on the 9th of October, 1776, the\\nMission of San Francisco de los Dolores, was founded\\non the western shore of the great bay, the old chm-ch\\nremaining in tolerable presei vation to the present\\ntime, the most interesting landmark of our present\\ncivilization.\\nMISSION DOLORES.\\nOne may retire from the noise and bustle of the\\ncity, and spend a pleasant hour among the quaint\\nsurroundings of the old church. The adobe walls,\\nthe columns of doubtful order of architecture, the\\nbells hung with rawhide which called the dusky\\nconverts to woi-shij), all were doubtless objects of\\nwonder and mystery to the sim])le-minded natives.\\nFrom 1776 to ISSl, what changes on either side of\\nthe continent. A hundred years is much in the life\\nof men, little, except in effect, in the life of a nation.\\nFather Junipero, who lounded these missions, and\\nunder whose I oS lering care they reached such unex-\\nampled prosperity, reposes in the old church-yard at\\nMonterey. His life reads like a romance.\\nChl rch History. It is related of him as illustrat-\\ning his fiery zeal, that, while on his way to found\\nthe mission of San Antonio de Padua, he caused the\\nmules to be unpacked at a suitable place, and the\\nbells hung on a tree. Seizing the rope he began to\\nring with all his might, regardless of the remonstra-\\ntions of the other priests, shouting at the top of his\\nvoice, Hear! hear, O ye Gentiles Come to the\\nHoly Church! Come to the faith of Christ! Such\\nenthusiasm will win its waj even among savages.\\nFATUER JCNIPERO S DEATH.\\nAt length having founded and successfully estab-\\nlished si.K missions, and gathered into his fold over\\nseven thousand wild people of the mountains and\\nplains, the heroic Junipero began to feel that his\\nend was drawing near. lie was then seventy years\\nold; fifty-three of these years he had spent in the\\nactive service oi his master in the New World. Hav-\\ning fought the good fight and finished his illustrious\\ncourse, the broken old man retired to the Mission\\nof San Carlos at Monterey, gave the few remain-\\ning days of his life to a closer communion with\\nGod, received the last rites of the religion which he\\nhad advocated and illustrated so well, and on the\\ninth of AuiTu^t. 17S4. gentiv passed away. Tradi-\\ntions of the boy priest still linger among the rem-\\nnants of the tribes which were gathered under his\\ncare.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nTHE MISSIONS OF ST. FRANCIS.\\nTheir Moral aud Political Aspect Domestic Economy The Es-\\ntablishments Descrilieii Secular anil Religious Occupations\\nof the Neophytes Wealth and Productions Lilwratiou and\\nDispersion of the Indians Final Dec; y.\\nCertain writers upon the early history of Califor-\\nnia, have taken an unfavorable view of the system\\nunder which the missionary friars achieved their\\nwondei ful success in reducing the wild tribes to a\\ncondition of semi-civilization. The venerable Fathers\\nare accused of selfishness, avarice and tyranny, in\\ncompelling the Indians to submission, and forcibly\\nresti-aining them from their natural liberty, and\\nkeeping them in a condition of servitude. Nothinir\\ncould be more unjust and absurd. It were as well to\\nsay that it is ci uel, despotic, and inhuman to tame\\nand domesticate the wild cattle that roam the great\\nplains of the continent. The sj-stem of the Father-\\nwas only our modei-n reservation policy humanized\\nand Christianized inasmuch as Ihej- notonl\\\\- fed and\\nclothed the bodies of the improvident natives, but\\nlikewise cared for their imperishable souls. The cure\\nof Indian souls was the primary object of the friar\\nenthusiasts the work required of the Indians was\\nof but few hours duration, with long intervals of\\nrest, and was only incidental to the one great and\\nholy purpose of spiritual conversion and salvation.\\nSurely, No greater love hath any man than that\\nhe lay down his life for his friend; and it is a cruel\\nstretch of sectarian uncharitj* to charge selfishness\\nand avarice to the account of self-devoting men who\\nvoluntarily went forth from the refinements, pleas-\\nures, and honors ofEuropean civilization, to traverse\\nthe American wilderness in sandals, and with only\\none poor garment a year, in order to uplift the de-\\ngraded and savage tribes of Paganism from the\\nregions of spiritual darkness, and lead them to the\\nheights of salvation; nay, even to starve and die on\\nthe coral sti and of California in helpless and\\ndeserted age. In 1S3S, the Rev. Father Sarria act-\\nually starved to death at the Mission of Soledad,\\nafter having labored there for thirtj years. After\\nthe mission had been plundered through the pei fidy\\nof the Mexican Government, the old man, broken by\\nage and fiiint with hunger, lingered in his little\\nchurch with the few converts that remained, and one\\nSunday morning fell down and died of starvation\\nbefore the altar of his life-long devotion. O, let not\\nthe Christian historian of California, who is yet to\\nwrite for all time to come, stain and distort his\\npages by such cruel and un worth}- charges against\\nthe barefooted paladins of the Cross. No one who\\nhas not felt the divine influence that pervaded and\\nstrengthened the devoted missionaries in their labors\\nand privations in the wilderness can appreciate the\\nsincerity of their actions and the hopefulnes of their\\nlives. To entirely comprehend the sj^stom and pro-\\nceedings of the friars, it will be essential to know the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE MISSION OF ST. FRANCIS.\\n21\\nmeaning of certain descriptive terras of their insti-\\ntutions of settlement. These were\\n1st. Presidios.\\n2d. Castillos.\\n3d. Pueblos.\\n4th. Missions.\\nThe presidios were the military garrisons, estab-\\nlished along the coast for the defense of the country\\nand the protection of the missionaries. Being the\\nhead-quarters of the military, they became the seats\\nof local government for the different presidencies\\ninto which the country was divided. There were\\nfour of these presidios in Upper California at San\\nDiego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco.\\nThey were uniform in structure, consisting of adobe\\nwalls twelve or fourteen feet high, inclosing a square\\nof three hundred feet on each side, defended at the\\nangles by small bastions mounting eight twelve-\\npounder, bronze cannon. Within were the barracks,\\nstore-house, a church for the soldiers, and the com-\\nmandant s residence. On the outside they were\\ndefended by a trench, twelve feet wide and six feet\\ndeep, and were entered by two gates, open during\\nthe day, and closed at night. The number of sol-\\ndiers assigned to each presidio was limited to two\\nhundred and fifty but rai ely were there so many\\nat any one station. In addition to the duty of\\nguarding the coast, small details of four and five\\nmen, under a sergeant, accompanied the Fathers\\nwhen thej went abroad to establish missions, or on\\nother business. A certain number of troops were\\nalso assigned to each mission, to keep order and\\ndefend the place against the attacks of hostile na-\\ntives. They dressed in buckskin uniform, which\\nwas supposed to be impervious to ai rows, and the\\nhorses, too, were encased in leather armor, like those\\nof the knights of old.\\nThe Castillo was a covered battery, near the pre-\\nsidio, which it was intended to guard. It was manned\\nand mounted with a few guns, and though but a\\nslight defense against a powei-ful enemy, it served to\\nintimidate and keep off the feeble and timoi ous\\nGentiles.\\nThe pueblo was a town, inhabited originally by\\ndischarged soldiers who had served out their time at\\nthe presidios. It was separate from the presidio and\\nmission, the lands having been granted bj the Fa-\\nthers. After a while other persons settled there, and\\nsometimes the inhabitants of the pueblo, or independ-\\nent town, outnumbered those of the neighboring\\nmission. There were only three of those pueblos in\\nUpper Calffornia Los Angeles, San Jose, and Bran-\\neiforte, the latter near Santa Cruz. San Francisco\\nwas not a pueblo. There were three classes of these\\nsettlements in later times the ptieb/o proper, the\\npresidiol, and the mission pueblo. The ranc/terias were\\nKing s lands, set apart for the use of the troops, to\\npasture their cattle and horses.\\nThe mission was the parent institution of the\\nwhole. There the natives resided, under religious\\ntreatment, and others were not allowed to inhabit\\nthe place except for a very brief time. This was to\\nprevent the mingling of whites and natives, for it\\nwas thought that the former would contaminate and\\ncreate discontent and disorder among the natives.\\nThe missions were all constructed on the same gen-\\neral plan. They were quadrangular, adobe struct-\\nures, two stories high, inclosing a court-yard orna-\\nmented with fountains and trees the whole consist-\\ning of a church. Father s apartihents, store-houses,\\nbarracks, etc. The four sides of the building were\\neach about six hundred feet in length, one of which\\nwas partly occupied by the church. Within the\\nquadrangle or court, a gallery or porch ran round\\nthe second story, opening upon the workshops, store-\\nrooms, and other apartments.\\nThe entire management of each mission was under\\nthe care of the friars the elder attended to the\\ninterior, and the other the out-doors administration.\\nOne large apartment, called the monastery, was oc-\\ncupied exclusively b}^ Indian girls, under the watch-\\nful care of the matron, where they were instructed\\nin such branches as were deemed necessary for their\\nfuture condition in life. They were not permitted to\\nleave the monastery till old enough to be married.\\nIn the schools, such children as manifested adequate\\ncapacitj were taught vocal and instrumental music,\\nthe latter consisting of the flute, horn, and violin. In\\nthe various mechanical departments, the most in-\\ngenious and skillful were promoted to the foreman-\\nship.\\nThe daily routine of the establishment was usually\\nas follows At sunrise thej all arose and repaired\\nto the church, where after morning praj-ers, they\\nassisted at the mass. The morning religious exer-\\ncises occupied about an hour. Thence they went\\nto breakfast, and afterwards to their i es])ective em-\\nployments. At noon they returned to the mission,\\nand spent two hours at dinner and in rest thence to\\nwork again, continuing until the evening angelus,\\nabout an hour before sundown. Then, all betook\\nthemselves to church, for evening devotions, which\\nconsisted usually in ordinary fumilj^-praj-ers and\\nrosarj but on special occasions other devotional ex-\\nercises were added. After su]iper, the} amused\\nthemselves in various games, sports, and dances till\\nbedtime, when the unmarried sexes were locked up\\nin separate apartments till morning. Their diet con-\\nsisted of good beef and mutton, with vegetables,\\nwheaten cakes, puddings, and porridges, which they\\ncalled atole and pinole. The men dressed in linen\\nshirts, pants, and a blanket, the last serving for an\\novercoat the women had each two undergarments,\\na new gown, and a blanket every year. When the\\nmissions had grown rich, and in times of plenty,\\nthe Fathers distributed money and trinkets among\\nthe more exemplary, as rewards for good conduct.\\nThe Indians lived in small huts grouped around,\\na couple of hundred yards away from the main\\nbuilding some of these dwellings were made of", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nadobes, and others were of rougli poles, conical in\\nshape, and thatched with grass, such as the people\\nhad been accustomed to in their wild state. Here\\nthe married Indians resided with their families. A\\ntract of land, about fifteen miles square, was appor-\\ntioned to each mission, for cultivation and pasturage.\\nThere is a wide distinction between the signification\\nof the terms Mis ion and Mission lands the\\nformer referred to the houses, vineyards, and or-\\nchards, in the immediate vicinity of the churches,\\nand also included the cattle belonging to the es-\\ntablishment; whiie mission lands, assigned for graz-\\ning and agriculture, were held onh- in fief, and were\\nafterwards claimed by the Government against the\\nloud remonstrance of the Fathers, however. The\\nmissions were originally intended to be only tempo-\\nrary in duration. It was contemplated that in ten\\nyears from the time of their foundation they should\\ncease, as it was then supposed that within that\\nperiod the Indians would be sufficiently prepared to\\nassume the position and character of citizens, and\\nthat the mission settlements would become pueblos,\\nand the mission churches parish institutions, as in\\nolder civilizations; but having been neglected and\\nundisturbed by the Spanish Government, they kept\\non in the old way for sixty years, the comlortable\\nFathers being in no hurry to insist on a change.\\nForm the foregoing, derived chiefly from G^eeson s\\nvaluable work, History of the Catholic Church in\\nCalifornia, it will be inferred that the good Fathers\\ntrained up their young neophytes in the way in\\nwhich they should go. Alexander Forbes, and other\\nhistorians, say that during church-time a sort of\\nbeadle went around with a long stick, and when he\\nperceived a native inattentive to the devotions or\\ninclined to misbehave, gave him or her an admonitory\\nprod, or a rap over the cahesa 1 But all authorities,\\nboth Catholic and Protestant agree concerning the\\ngentleness and humanity of the Fathers, who were\\nabsolute in authority and unlimited in the monarchy\\nof their little kingdoms. iSTot that there was never\\nany application of severe and necessary discipline;\\nthere were among the Indians, as well as in civilized\\nsociety, certain vicious and turbulent ones, incapable\\nof affection and without reveience for authority,\\nand these were soundly whipped, as they no doubt\\ndeserved, as such crooked disciples now are at\\nSan Quentin. Occasionally some discontented ones\\nran away to the hills, and these were pursued and\\nbrought back by the mission cavalry. They gen-\\nerally returned without much trouble, as they had\\nan idea that, having been baptized, something dread-\\nful would happen to them if they stayed away.\\nWhile modern sentimentalists may lament that\\nthese ])Oor people wei-e thus deprived of their nat-\\nural libertj and kept in a condition of servitude, it\\nmust be admitted that their moral and physical\\nsituation was even better than the average poor in\\nthe European States at that time. Their yoke was\\neasy, and their bui dens were light; and if, in the\\nChristian view of things, their spiritual welfare be\\ntaken into account, the Fathers, instead of being\\nregarded as despots and task-masters, must be\\nviewed as the substantial benefactors of the swarthy\\nrace.\\nThe wealth created by some of the missions was\\nenormous. At its era of greatest prosperity, the\\nMission of San Gabriel, founded in 1771, numbered\\nthree thousand Indians, one hundred and five thou-\\nsand cattle, twenty thousand horses, forty thousand\\nsheep; produced, annually, twenty thousand bushels\\nof grain, and five hundred barrels of wine and\\nbrandy. Attached to this mission were seventeen\\nextensive ranches, farmed by the Indians, and pos-\\nsessing two hundi ed yoke of oxen. Some of the old\\nfig and olive trees are still bearing fruit, and one old\\nIndian woman still sui vives, who is said to have\\nreached the incredible age of one hundred and forty\\nears. In 1836, the number of Indians at the\\nMission of Upper California was upwards of thirty\\nthousand. The number of live-stock was nearly a\\nmillion, including four hundi-ed thousand cattle,\\nsixty thousand horses, and three hundi-ed thousand\\nsheep, goats, and swine. One hundred thousand\\ncattle were slaughtei ed annually, their hides and\\ntallow producing a revenue of nearly a million of\\ndollars, a revenue of equal magnitude being derived\\nfrom other articles of export. There were rich\\nand extensive gardens and orchards attached\\nto the missions, ornamented and enriched with a\\nvariety of European and tropical fruit trees, includ-\\ning bananas, oranges, olives, and figs, to which were\\nadded productive and highly cultivated vineyards,\\nrivaling the richest grape-fields of Europe. When\\nthe missions were secularized and ruined by the\\nMexican Government, there were above a hundred\\nthousand piasters in the treasury of San Gabriel.\\nBut, evil times were coming. In 1826, the Mexi-\\ncan Congress passed an Act for the liberation of the\\nmission Indians, and the demoralization and dis-\\npersion of the people soon ensued. Eight years\\nthereafter, the number of Christian Indians had\\ndiminished from thirty thousand six hundred and\\nfifty, to four thousand four hundred. Of the eight\\nhundred thousand head of live-stock, only sixty-\\nthi ce thousand remained. Everything went to rack\\nand ruin, and what had been a land of abounding\\nlife and generous plentj reverted to silence and\\ndesolation. At the Mission of St. John Capistrano,\\nof the two thousand Christian po^^ulation, only one\\nhundred remained; of the seventy thousand cattle,\\nbut five hundred were left; of the two thousand\\nhorses, only one hundred survived, and of the ten\\nthousand sheep, not one remained.\\nAnd then, after sixty yeai s of cheerful and suc-\\ncessful labor, and from hap])y abundance in which\\nthey had hoped to die at last, went forth the down-\\neast Fathers, one after another; some in sorrow to\\nthe grave, some to other and rougher fields of mis-\\nsionary labor, and others to be dispersed among the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "DOWNFALL OF THE OLD MLSSIONS.\\n23\\nwidespread retreats of the Brothers of St. Francis.\\nAnd the swarthy neophytes the dark-eyed maidens\\nof San Gabriel, whither went they? Back to the\\nsavage defiles of the mountains, down to the depths\\nof barbarism, to wander in the lonely desert, to\\nshiver in the pitiless storm, and to perish at last\\nunder the ponderous mai ch of a careless and unfeel-\\ning civilization.\\nCHAPTEE V.\\nDOWNFALL OF THE OLD MISSIONS.\\nResults of Mexican Rule Confiscation of the Pious Fund\\nllevolution Begun Events of the Colonial Rebellion The\\nVmericans Appear and Settle Things Annexation at Last.\\nIn 1822, Mexico declared independence of Spain,\\nand immediately the old missions began to decline.\\nFour years afterwards the Christian Indians were\\nremoved from under the control of the Fathers,\\ntheir manumission having been ordered by the\\nMexican Government. They were to receive cer-\\ntain portions of land, and to be entirely independent\\nof the friars. The annual salaries of the Fathers,\\nwhich had been derived from interest on the Pious\\nFund, were withheld and appropriated by the Gov-\\nernment, and soon after the fund itself was confis-\\ncated by the Mexican Congress, and used for the\\npurposes of state. The Pious Fund was the aggre-\\ngated donations of the Catholic world for the main-\\ntenance of missions in Lower and Upper California,\\nthe interest being about fifty thousand dollars annu-\\nally, which went for the support of the Fathers.\\nThis large sum, principal and interest, amounting in\\n1817 to one million two hundred and soventj -three\\nthousand dollars, the beggarly Mexican Government\\nmeant to steal. Professor Gleeson, writing in\\ndefense of the Fathers, makes out a fearful bill of\\ndamages against the perfidious Government, amount-\\ning to no less than twelve millions two hundred\\nthousand dollars, which will probably never be paid\\nby that rather shakj^ republic. The missions were\\nthus practically ruined. Following the rapacious\\nexample set by Government, the white settlers laid\\nviolent hands on the stock and lands belonging to\\nthe missions, and, having returned to their mountain\\nfastnesses, the Indians instituted a predatorj^ war-\\nfare against the settlei-s, carrying off their goods,\\ncattle, and sometimes their wives and children.\\nThe whites retaliating in kind, tillages wei-e de-\\nstroyed, and the whole country, highlands and low-\\nlands, was kept in a state of apprehension, rapine,\\nand spoliation, resembling the condition of Scotland\\nin the times of the Jacobites.\\nIn the meantime in 1830, a revolt against the Mex-\\nican Government was projected by the white settlers\\nwho seized upon Monterey, the capital, and declared\\nthe country independent. Thirty American rifle-\\nmen, under Isaac Graham from Tennessee, and sixty\\nmounted Californians, under General Castro, com-\\nposed the entire insurgent army, Alvarado being the\\ngeneralissimo. They advanced on and took the\\nterritorial capital in November, Governor Gutierrez\\nand his seventy men having valiantly shut them-\\nselves up in the fort, whei c they ignominiously sur-\\nrendered at the verj- first gun. Gutierrez with his\\nofficials was deported to Lower California, and Alva-\\nrado had himself appointed Governor in his stead.\\nDon M. G. Vallejo was appointed military Command-\\nant-General, and Don Jose Castro was created Pre-\\nfect of Police. The countiy was then formally de-\\nclared a free and independent State, providing that\\nin the case the then existing Central Government of\\nMexico should be overthrown and a fcdci-al constitu-\\ntion adopted in its stead, California should enter the\\nfederation with the other States. The people of Los\\nAngeles and Santa Bai bara refused to acknowledge\\nthe iiew territorial administration, but Alvarado\\nmarched upon Los Angeles, where he was met by\\nCastello, and instead of a bloody battle, it was agreed\\nthat Alvarado should recognize the existing Central\\nGovernment of Mexico, and be proclaimed j)olitical\\nchief of California, pro tern., while Castello was to\\nproceed to Mexico as deputy to Congress, with a sal-\\narj- of three thousand piasters a year. The Govern-\\nment of Mexico declined to confirm the arrangement,\\nand appointed Don Carlos Carillo Governor of the\\nTerritor y. Alvarado again went to war, and with a\\nsmall company of Americans, and Californians,\\nmai-ched against Carillo, the new Governor at Santa\\nBarbara. The valiant Carillo, having a wholesome\\ndread of the American sharp-shooters, retired from\\nthe field without a battle, leaving Alvarado master\\nof the situation. The pusillanimous character of the\\nthen existing Mexican Government is illustrated by\\nthe fact that Alvarado was confirmed as Constitu-\\ntional Governor of California, notwithstanding he\\nhad been the leader of the rebellion.\\nThen ensued a succession of spoliations which\\ndestroyed the laborious enterprise of sixty years, and\\nleft the old missions in melancholy ruins.\\nAlvarado bestowed upon his English and Amei-i-\\ncan followers large grants of land, monej and stock\\nconfiscated from the missions. Graham, the captain\\nof the band, obtained a great landed estate and two\\nhundred mules. To the commandant, General Val-\\nlejo, fell the goods and chattels of the missions of\\nSanEafael and SolaTio; Castro, the Prefect of Mont-\\nerey, received the property of the San Juan Bau-\\ntista, while Governor Alvarado himself appropriated\\nthe rich spoil of the missions of Carmclo and Soledad.*\\nIn the meantime a conspiracy against Alvarado\\nAuthorities diflfer on this matter. Some well-informed per-\\nsons say that Alvarado had promised Bates, and others, large\\ntracts of land, if they would assist him in establishing himself as\\nruler that after succeeding in his ambitious desires, he turned\\ntraitor to his friends, and undertook to destroy them on the_ pre-\\ntence of a contemplated insurrection. There was no fair fight.\\nAlvarado captured the men, over a hundred in number, by send\\niniJ armed parties to their homes in the night, or by luring\\nthem to Monterey on pretence of important business, and put-\\nting chains on them as fast as they came into his pressQCe,\\notherwise they would have made short work of deposing him.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n[Edttor.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24\\nHTRTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwas set on foot by certain of his English and Amer-\\nican compatriots, the object being the admission of\\nCalifornia to the American Union. The conspirators\\nwere forty-six in number, twenty-five English and\\ntwenty-one Americans, under command of Graham.\\nAlvarado soon heard of the design, and sent a party\\nof soldiers, under Castro, to Monterey, surprised the\\nrevolutionists in their hut, and poured in a volley of\\nmusketry disabling many of them; the balance were\\ntaken prisoners, and afterwards deported to San Bias\\nand thence to Tepic, where they were treated as con-\\nvicts. The Americans and English in California ap-\\npealed to the Mexican Government, and President\\nBustamente became alarmed at the danger of war\\nwith England and the United States, and ordered\\nthe exiled prisoners to be sent back to California,\\nand that they should be indemnified for their loss of\\ntime at the rate of three piasters a day. The re-\\nturned prisoners, immediately on their arrival, re-\\nsumed their design with greater energy than befoi e,\\nhaving determined to be revenged on Castro and\\nAlvarado for the outrages they had inflicted.\\nIn 1841 other Americans arrived, and the revolu-\\ntionary party was considerably increased. Alvarado\\ndemanded reinforcements from Mexico, but the only\\nassistance be received was that of three hundred\\nconvicts from the Mexican prisons. At this juncture,\\nSanta Ana, the new President, removed Governor\\nAlvarado from office, appointing Micheltorena in his\\nstead, and when the latter arrived, Monterey, the\\ncapital, had previously fallen into the hands of the\\nAmerican Coinmodore Jones, although then in the\\npossession of the Mexicans. Commodoi-e Catesby\\nJones, having heard that war had been declared be-\\ntween the United States and Mexico, hastened to\\nMonterey, took possession of the city, and hoisted\\nthe American colors; but learning his serious mistake\\non the ibllowing day, he lowered his flag and made\\na becoming apology. This extraordinary incident\\noccurred on the 20th of October, 1842, and it was\\nthen obvious that the distracted countrj must soon\\nfall into the hands of the LTnited States, or some\\nother foreign nation.\\nOne of the first acts of the new Governor, Mich-\\neltorena, was the restoration of the missions to the\\nfriars, after a turbulent interregnum of six years.\\nBut this act of policy and justice came too late; the\\nmissions wei-e ruined beyond the possibility of resus-\\ncitation. The Indians had been dispersed, many of\\nthem living by brigandage, and others had become\\nwandering vagabonds. After two years exertion bj-\\nthe Fathers things began to improve; some of the\\nIndians had returned, and the lands were being re-\\ncultivated, when the Government again interfered,\\nand ordered Governor Pio Pico, in 1845, to dispose\\nof the missions either by sale or rental, to the white\\nsettlers. Thus, at length, the last of the property\\nwhich the Fathers had created by sixty years of\\npatient labor, passed into the possession of private\\nindividuals; many of the Fatliers were reduced to\\nextreme poverty, humiliation, and distress, and tht-\\nmissions went down, never to rise again. The de\\nstruction of the missions was almost immediatel\\\\\\nsucceeded by the war between the United State^\\nand Mexico, and the long vexed ten-itory passed to\\nthe Amei ican Union.\\nCHAPTER VL\\nPRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE.\\nExtent of the Mission Lands Varieties of Product Agricul-\\ntural Implements and means of Working A Primitive Mill\\nImmense Herds and Value of Cattle The First Native\\nShop.\\nUp to the time of the American conquest the pro-\\nductive lands of California were chieflj- in the hands\\nof the missionaries. Each of the missions included\\nabout fifteen miles square, and the boundaries were\\ngenerally equi-distant. As the science of agriculture\\nwas then in a very primitive condition in Spain, the\\nmonks of California could not be expected to know\\nmuch about scientific farming. They knew nothing\\nabout the utility of fallows, or the alternation of\\ncrops, and their only mode of renovating exhausted\\nsoil, was to let it lie idle and under the dominion of\\nnative weeds, until it was thought capable of bear-\\ning crops again. Land being so abundant, there\\nwas no occasion for laborious or expensive processes\\nof recuperation.\\nThe grains mostly cultivated were Indian corn,\\nwheat, barley, and a small bean called frijol^ which\\nwas in general use throughout Spanish America.\\nThe beans, when ripe, wore fried in lard, and much\\nesteemed by all ranks of people. Indian corn was\\nthe bread-staple, and was cultivated in rows or\\ndrills. The plow used was a very primitive affair.\\nIt was composed of two pieces of wood; the main\\npiece, formed from a crooked limb of a tree of thi\\nproper shape, constituting both sole and handle. It\\nhad no mould-board, or other moans for turning a\\nfurrow, and was only capable of scratching the sur\\nface of the ground. A small share, fitted to the\\npoint of the sole, was the only iron about the im-\\nplement. The other piece was a long beam, like\\nthe tongue of a wagon, reaching to the yoke of the\\ncattle by which the plow was drawn. It consisted\\nof a rough sapling, with the bark taken off, fixed\\ninto the main piece, and connected by a small up\\nright on which it was to slide up or down, and was\\nfixed in position by two wedges. When the plow\\nman desired to plow deep, the forward end of the\\ntongue was lowered, and in this manner the depth\\nof the furrow was regulated. This beam passed\\nbetween the two oxen, pin was put through th(\\nend projecting from the j oke, and then the agri\\ncultural machine was ready to run. The plowmai\\nwalked on one side, holding the one handle, or stilt\\nwith his right hand, and managing the oxen witl\\nthe othei The yoke was placed on the top of thi\\ncattle s heads close behind the hoi us, tied firmly tc", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "M\\n7^\\\\^^?^\\nJ^TW\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0m\\\\. 1^1\\nyt-i\\nQ\\n^1\\nli", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE.\\n25\\nthe roots and to the forehead by thongs, so that,\\ninstead of drawing bj the shoulders and neck, the\\noxen dragged the plow by their horns and fore-\\nheads. When so harnessed the poor beasts were in\\na very deplorable condition; they could not move\\ntheir heads up, down, or sidcwiso, went with their\\nnoses turned up, and every jolt of the plow knocked\\nthem about, and scorned to give them great pain.\\nOnly an ancient Spaniard could devise such a\\ncontrivance for animal torture. When Alexander\\nForbes suggested to an old Spaniard that perhaps\\nit might be better to yoke the oxen by the neck and\\nshoulders, What! said the old man, can you sup-\\npose that Spain, which has always been known as\\nthe mother of the sciences, can be mista^cen on\\nthat point?\\nTho oxen were yoked to the earts in the same\\nmanner, having to bear the weight of the load\\non the top of their heads, the most disadvantageous\\nmechanical point of the whole body. The ox-cart\\nwas eomposed of a bottom frame of clumsy con-\\nstruction, with a few upright bars connected by\\nsmaller ones at the top. When used for carry-\\ning grain, it was lined with canes or bulrushes. The\\npole was large, and tied to the yoke in the same\\nmanner as with the plow, so that every jerk of the\\ncart was torture to the oxen. The wtieols had no\\nspokes, and were composed of three pieces of timber,\\nthe middle piece hewn out of a log, of sufficient size\\nto form the nave and middle of the wheel, all in\\none; the middle piece was of a length equal to the\\ndiameter of the wheel, and rounded at the ends to\\narcs of the circumference. The other two pieces\\nwere of timber naturally bent, and joined to the\\nsides of the middle piece by keys of wood grooved\\ninto the ends of the pieces which f.icmed the wheel.\\nThe whole was then made circular, and did not\\ncontain a particle of iron, not even so mnch as a nail.\\nFrom the rude construction of the plow, which\\nwas incapable of turning a furrow, the ground was\\nimperfectlj broken by scratching over, crossing, and\\nre-crossing several times; and altli\u00c2\u00abugh four or five\\ncrossings were sometimes given to a field, it was\\nfound impossible to eradicate the weeds. It was\\nno uncommon thing, says Forbes in 1835, to see,\\non some of the large maize estates in Mexico, as\\nmany as two hundred plows at work together. As\\nthe plows are equal on both sides, the plowmen\\nhave only to begin at one side of the field and follow\\none another up and down, as many as can be em-\\nployed together without interfering in turning round\\nat the end, which they do in succession, like ships\\ntacking in a line of battle, and so proceed down the\\nsame side as they come up.\\nHarrows were unknown, the wheat and barley\\nbeing brushed in by a branch of a tree. Sometime.^\\na heavy log was drawn over the field, on the plan\\nof a roller, save that it did not roll, but was dragged\\nso as to carry a part of the soil over the seeds.\\nIndian coi n was planted in furrows or ruts drawn\\n4\\nabout five feet apart, the seed being deposited by\\nhand, from three to five grains in a place, which\\nwere slightly covered by the foot, no hoes being\\nused. The sowing of maize, as well as all other\\ngrains in Upper California, commenced in Novem-\\nber, as near as possible to the beginning of the rainj-\\nseason. The harvest was in July and August.\\nWheat was sown broadcast, and in 1885 it was\\nconsidered equal in quality to that produced at the\\nCape of Good Hope, and had begun to attract at-\\ntention in Europe. All kinds of grain wore threshed\\nat harvest time, without stacking. In 1831, the\\nwhole amount of grain raised in Upper California,\\naccording to the mission records, was 4ti,2fl2 fanegan\\nthe fanega being equal to 2J English bushels.\\nWheat and barley were then worth two dollars the\\nfanega; maize, a dollar and a half; the ci op of thai\\nyear at the several missions being worth some eighty-\\nsix thousand dollars.\\nThe mills for grindi-ng grain consisted of an up-\\nright axle, to the lower end of which was fixed 8\\nhorizontal water-wheel under the building, and tc\\nthe upper end a millstone. As there was no inter\\nmediate machinery to increase the velocity of the\\nstone it could make only the same number of revo\\nlutions as the water-wheel, so that the work o\\ngrinding a grist was necessarily a process of time\\nThe water-wheel was fearfully and wonderfully\\nmade, Forbes described it as a set of cucharas, oi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0gigantic spoons, set around its periphery in place ot\\nfloats. They were made of strong pieces of timber\\nin the shape of spoons, with the handles inserted in\\nmortises in the outer surface of the wheel, the bowl\\nof the spoons toward the water, which impinged\\nupon them with nearly its whole velocity. Rude a?\\nthe contrivance was, it was exceedingly powerful\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\na sort of primitive turbine. There were only thref\\nof these improved mills in the country in 1835, and\\nthe possession of such a rare piece of machinery wa?\\nno small boast for the simple-hearted Fathers, sc\\nfar away from the progressive mechanical world\\nIt was not a primitive California invention, how\\never, as Sir Walter Scott, in his romance of The\\nPirate, describes a similar apparatus formei-ly in\\nuse in the Shetland Islands.*\\nBefore the advent of foreigners, neither potatoes\\nnor o-reen vegetables were cultivated as articles o(\\nfood. Hemp was raised to some extent, and flax\\ngrew well, but its culture was discontinued for want\\nof machinery for manufacture. Pasturage was the\\nprincipal pursuit in all Spanish colonies in America\\nThe immense tracts of witd land afforded unlimited\\nranges, but few men and little labor were required,\\nand the pastoral state was the most congenial to\\nthe people. The herds were very large; in the\\nfour jurisdictions of San Francisco, Monterey, Santa\\n*Ttiis form of water-wheel was common in tlie Pl.-istern .Statof\\nduring the earlier part of this century, and w as kiiown as th*\\ntub or spur wheel. Even the mounting of the niill-Stones wa\\nin the manner descrilied. [EurroK.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "26\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nBarbara, and San Diego, there were in 183G three\\nhundred thousand black cattle, thirty-two thousand\\nhorses, twenty-eight thousand mules, and one hun-\\ndred and fifty-three thousand sheep. Great iium-\\nhers of horses ran wild, and these were hunted and\\nkilled to prevent their eating the grass. There was\\nhardly such a thing as butter or cheese in use, but-\\nter being, in general, an abomination to a Spaniard.\\nIn the earlier times immense droves of J oung bulls\\nwere sent to Mexico for beef The cattle being half-\\nwild, it was necessary to catch them with the lasso,\\na process which need not be here described. The\\nprocess of milking the cows was peculiar. They first\\nlet the calf suck for a while, when the dairyman\\nBtole up on the other side, and. while the calf\\nwas still sucking, procured a little of the milk.\\nThey had an idea that the cow would not give\\ndown milk if the calf was taken away from her.\\nThe sheep were of a had breed, with coarse wool; and\\nswine received little attention. The amount of the\\nannual exports in the first few j-ears after the open-\\ning of the ports to foreign vessels, was estimated at\\nthirty thousand hides and seven thousand quintals\\nof tallow; with small cargoes of wheat, wine, raisins,\\nolives, etc., sent to the Russian settlements and San\\nBias. Hides were worth two dollars each, and tallow\\neight dollars per quintal. Afterwards the exporta-\\ntion of hides and tallow was greatly increased, and\\nit is said that after the Fathers had become con-,\\nvinced that (hey would have to give up the mission\\nlands to the Government, they caused the slaughter\\nof one hundred thousand cattle in a single year, for\\ntheir hides and tallow alone. And who could blame\\nthem? The cattle were theirs. Notwithstanding\\nall this immense revenue these enthusiasts gave it\\nall to the church, and themselves went away in\\npenury, and, as has been related heretofore, one of\\nthem actually starved to death.\\nIn 183G the value of a fat ox or bull in Upper Cali-\\nfornia was five dollars; a cow, five; a saddle-horse,\\nten; a mare, five; a sheep, two; and a mule ten\\ndollars.\\nThefirst ship ever constructed on the eastern shores\\nof the Pacific was built by the Jesuit Father, Ugarte,\\nat Loreto, in 1719. Being in want of a vessel to sur-\\nvey the coast of the peninsula, and there being none\\navailable nearer than New Spain or the Philippine\\nIslands, the enterprising friar determined to build\\none. After traveling two hundred miles through the\\nmountains suitable timber was at last found, in a\\nmarshy country; but how to get it to the coast was\\nthe great question; this was considered impossible by\\nall but the stubborn old friar. When the party\\nreturned to Loreto, Father Ugarte s ship in the\\nmountains became a ghostly joke among his brother\\nfriars. But, not to be beaten and laughed down,\\nUgarte made the necessary preparations, returned\\nto the mountains, felled the timber, dragged it two\\nhundred miles to the coast, and built a handsome\\nship, which ho appropriately named The Triumph of\\nthe Gross. The first voyage of this historic ves-\\nsel was to La Paz, two hundred miles south of Loreto,\\nwhere a mission was to be founded.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nSir Francis Drake s Discoveries\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Fabulous Straits of\\nAuian\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Arctic Weather in June Russian Invasion\\nNative Animals Various facts and Events.\\nFor many years it was supposed and maintained\\nin England that Sir Francis Drake was the original\\ndiscoverer of San Francisco bay; but it is now con-\\nsidered certain that he never found the entrance to\\nthat inland sea. Drake was a buccaneer, and, in\\n1579, was in the South Seas looking for Spanish\\nships to plunder, under the pretext of existing war\\nbetween England and Spain. He had two other pur-\\nposes to subserve in behalf of the English Govern-\\nment; to discover a new route from Europe to the\\nIndies, and to find a new territory northward\\nthat would rival the Spanish-American possessions\\nin natural wealth. A rich trade had sprung up\\nbetween the Philippine Islands and Spain; every\\nyear a Spanish galleon from the Malayan Archipel-\\nago crossed the Pacific to Acapulco, freighted with\\nthe richest merchandise, and this. Captain Drake\\nwas on the watch for, and did eventuaJly capture.\\nAt that time navigators universally believed that\\nthe American and Asiatic continents were separated\\nonly by the Sti aits of Anian, which were sup-\\nposed to lead eastward to the Atlantic, somewhere\\nabout Newfoundland. This long-sought northwest-\\nern passage Drake was in search of. In the autumn\\nof 1578 Drake brought his little fleet of three ves-\\nsels through the Straits of Magellan, and found the\\nPacific ocean in a stormy rage, and, having been\\ndrifted about Cape Horn a couple of months, ho con-\\ncluded that the continent was there at an end; that\\nthe Atlantic and Pacific oceans there united th^ir\\nwaters; and he very naturally came to the conclu-\\nsion that a similar juncture of seas would be found\\nat the north. Having captured the great Spanish\\ngalleon, and finding himself overburdened with rich\\ntreasure, Drake wanted to return to England. He\\ndid not care to encounter the stormy waters of\\nCape Horn, and expecting to find a hostile Spanish\\nfleet awaiting him at the Straits of Magellan, he\\ndetermined to make his way home by a new and\\nhitherto unknown route, the north-eastern passage.\\nOn the 17th of June, 1579, he entered what the his-\\ntorian of the expedition called a faire, good bay\\nwithin thirty-eight degrees of latitude of the line.\\nThat exactly corresponds with what is now known\\nas Drake s Bay, behind Point Reyes. There,\\nalthough it was in the month of June, his men com-\\nplained grievously of the nipping cold. Drake\\nhavino- given up the perilous north-eastern passage\\nby way of the fabulous Straits of Anian, sailed away\\nfor England by way of the Philippine Islands and", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS FACTS AND EVENTS.\\nLhe Cape of Good Hope. It is probable that while\\noff the north west coast, Drake saw the snowj-\\ncrest of Mount Shasta and some of the Oregon\\npeaks, and concluded that he had got near enough\\n10 the North Pole. At any rate, it is clear enough\\nthat he never passed through the Golden Gate, or\\nrested on the magnificent waters of San Francisco\\nbay.\\nTLe Eeverend Fletcher, chaplain of Drake s expe-\\ndition, must have been a terrible old story-teller. He\\nsays that when off the coast of Oregon, in the\\nmonth of June, The rigging of the ship was frozen\\nstiff and the meat froze as it was taken off the\\ntire. Moreover, saith the same veracious parson,\\nThere is no part of earth here to be taken up,\\nwherein there is not a reasonable quantity of gold\\nand silver. These arctic regions and golden treas-\\nures were found along the ocean shore between San-\\nFranciseo and Portland.\\nAnother English buccaneer, Thomas Cavendish,\\nappeared on the Pacific coast in 158G, and plundered\\nthe Philippine galleon of 122,000 pesos in gold,\\nbesides a valuable cargo of merchandise. The pirate\\nran the vessel into the nearest port, set her on fire,\\nliberated the crew and made his escape to England.\\nIt is supposed that one of ihe extensive Smith\\nfamily was the first white man who crossed the\\nSierra Nevada from the States, but this fact is not\\naltogether certain. In the Summer of 1825 Jedediah\\nS. Smith, the head of the Americiiu Fur Company,\\nled a party of trappers and Indians from their camp,\\non Green river, across the Sierra Nevada and into\\nthe Tulare valley, which they reached in July. The\\nparty trapped for beaver from the Tulare to the\\nAmerican river, and had their camp near the pres-\\nent site of Folsom. On a second trip Smith led his\\ncompany further south, into the Mojave country, on\\nthe Colorado, where all except himself and two com-\\npanions were killed by the Indians. These three\\nmade their way to the Mission of San Gabriel, near\\nLos Angeles, which they reached in December, 1826.\\nin the following year Smith and his party left the\\nSacramento valley for the settlements on the Colum-\\nbia river, but at the mouth of the Umpijua they\\nwere attacked by Indians, and all killed except\\nSmith and two Irishmen, who, after much suffering,\\nreached Fort Vancouver. Smith returned to St\\nLouis in 1840, and the following year was killed by\\nIndians, while leading an expedition to Santa Pe.\\nHis history is no less adventurous and romantic\\nthan that of the famous Captain John Smith, of\\nVirginia.\\nIn 1807 the Russians first appeared on the coast of\\nCalifornia. The Czar s ambassador to Japan oame\\ndown from Sitka, ostensibly for sujiplies, and\\nattempted to establish communication between the\\nRussian and Spanish settlements. The better to\\neffect his purpose he became engaged in marriage\\nwith the Commandante s daughter, at San Francisco,\\nbut on his way back to obtain the sanction of his\\nGovernment he was thrown from his horse and\\nkilled. The lady assumed the habit of a nun, and\\nmourned for her lover until death. In 1812 a hun-\\ndred Russians and as many Kodiac Indians came\\ndown from their northern settlements and squatted\\nat Bodega, where they built a fort and maintained\\nthemselves by force of arms until 1841, when they\\nsold the establishment to Captain Sutter and disap-\\npeared.\\nIn 1822 Mexico declared her independence ol\\nSpain, and established a separate empire. When the-\\nIndians at San Diego heard of it they held a great\\nfeast, and commenced the ceremonies by burning\\ntheir chief alive. When the missionaries remon-\\nstrated, the logical savages said: Have you not\\ndone the same in Mexico? You say your King\\nwas not good, and you killed him; well, our cap-\\ntain was not good, and we burned him. It the new\\none is bad we will burn him too.\\nThe State of California was originallj- divided\\ninto twenty-seven counties. The derivation of the\\nseveral terms adopted is given by General Vallejo:\\nSan Diego (Saint James) takes its name from the\\nold town, three miles from the harbor, discovered by\\nViscaino, in 1602.\\nLos Angeles county was named from the city\\n(Ciudad de Los Angeles) founded by order of the\\nViceroy of New Spain, in 1780.\\nSanta Barbara was named after the town estab-\\nlished in 1780 to protect the five adjacent missions.\\nSan Luis Obispo, after its principal town, the site\\nof a misson founded in 1772 by Juniper\u00c2\u00a9 Serra and\\nJose Cavalier.\\nMontfirejr, after the chief town, which was so\\nnamed by Viscaino in honor of his friend and patron,\\nthe Viceroy, Count of Monterey.\\nSanta Cruz (^ihe Holy Cross) was named from thx^\\nmission on the north side of the bay.\\nSan Francisco, named in honor of the friars\\npatron saint.\\nSanta Clara, named from the mission established\\nthere in 1777.\\nContra Costa (the opposite coast) is the natural\\ndesignation of the country across the bay from San\\nFrancisco.\\nMarin county, named after a troublesome chief\\nwhom an exploring expedition encountered in Isj.\\nMarin died at the San Rafael Mission in 1S34.\\nSonoma, named after a noted Indian, who also\\ngave name to his tribe. The word means Valley\\nof the Moon.\\nSolano, the name of a chief, who borrowed it from\\nhis missionary li-iend. Father Solano.\\nYolo, a corruption of an Indian word yoloy, sig\\nnifying a place thick with rushes; also, the name ol\\na tribe of Indians on Cache creek.\\nNapa, named after a numerous tribe in that re-\\ngion, which was nearly exterminated by small-jio-x\\nin 1838.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "28\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nMendocino, named by the discoverer after Men-\\ndoza, Viceroy of New Spain.\\nSacramento (the Sacrament). Moraga gave the\\nmain river the name of Jesus Maria, and the prin\\ncipal branch he called Sacramento. Afterwards,\\nthe great river came to be known as the Sacra-\\nmento, and the branch, Feather river.\\nEl Dorado, the appropriate name of the district\\nwhere gold was discovered in 1848.\\nSutter county, named in honor of the world-\\nrenowned pioneer, John A. Sutter.\\nYuba, a corruption of Uca, a name given a branch\\nof Feather river in 1824 by an ex]jloring party, on\\naccount of the great quantities of wild grape vines\\ngrowing on its banks.\\nButte, the common French term for a mound, in\\nallusion to three symmetrical hills in that county;\\nso named by a party of the Hudson Bay Company\\nliunter.-i.\\nUolusa, from Coluses, the name of a numerous\\ntribe on the west side of the Sacramento. Meaning\\nof the word is unknown.\\nShasta, the name of a tribe who lived at the base\\nof the lofty peak of same name.\\nCalaveras, so named by Captain .Moraga, on ac-\\ncount of an immense number of skulls in the vicinity\\nof a stream, which he called Calaveras, or the\\nRiver of Skulls. This is the reputed site of a terri-\\nble battle between the mountaiti and valley Indians,\\nover the fishing question.\\nSan Joaquin, after the river, so named by Captain\\nMoraga, in honor of the legendary lather of the\\nVirgin.\\nTuolumne, a corruption of an Indian word, signi-\\nfying a cluster of stone wigwams.\\nMariposa signifies butterfly. So called by a party\\nof hunters, who camped on the river in 1807, and\\nobserved the trees gorgeous with butterflies.\\nTrinity, called after the bay of that name, which\\nwas discovered on the anniversary of Trinity Fes-\\ntival.\\nWhen first visited by the Spaniards, California\\nabounded in wild animals, some of which are now\\nextinct. One of these was called Berendo by the\\nSpaniards, and by the natives, Taye. It is, says\\nFather Venegas, about the bigness of a calf a\\nyear and a half old, resembling it in figure, except\\nthe head, which is like that of a deer, and the\\nhorns very thick, like those of a ram. Its hoof\\nis large, round, and cloven, and its tail short.\\nThis was the Argall, a species intermediate between\\nthe goat and the sheep, living in large herds along\\nthe bases of the mountains; supposed to be a variety\\nof the Asiatic argali, so plentiful in Northern and\\nCentral Asia. In his journey from Monterey to San\\nFrancisco, Father Serra met with herds of immense\\ndeer, which the men mistook for European cattle,\\nand wondered how they got there. Several deer\\nwere shot, whose horns measured eleven feet from\\ntip to tip. Another large animal, which the natives\\ncalled cibolo, the bison, inhabited the great plains,\\nbut was eventually driven off by the vast herds of\\ndomestic cattle. When Langsdorft s ship was lying\\nin the Bay of San Francisco in 1804. sea-otter were\\nswimming about so plentifully as to be nearly un-\\nheeded. The Indians caught them in snares, or\\nkilled them with sticks. Perouse estimated that\\nthe Presidency of Monterey alone could supply\\nten thousand otter skins annually. Thej were worth\\ntwenty dollars and upwards apiece. Beechey found\\nbirds in astonishing numbers and variety, but theii\\nplumage was dingy looking, and very few of them\\ncould sing respectably.\\nThe name California was first given to the Lower\\nPeninsula in 1536, and was afterwards applied to\\nthe coast territory as far north as Cape Mendocino.\\nThere has been much learned speculation concerning\\nthe probable derivation of the word, but no satis-\\nfactory conclusion has been reached. The word is\\narbitrary, derived from some expression of the In-\\ndians.\\nThe province, as it formerly existed under the\\nViceroys, was divided into two parts; Peninsular,\\nor Lower and Old California, and Continental, or\\nUpper and New, the line of separation running near\\nthe 32d parallel of latitude, from the northern ex-\\ntremity of the Gulf of California, to the Pacific ocean.\\nThe Gulf of California called also the Sea of Cor-\\ntez, and the Vermilion Sea is a great arm of the\\nPacific, which joins that ocean under the 23d par-\\nallel of latitude, and thence extends north-westward\\ninland about seven hundred miles, where it receives\\nthe waters of the Colorado and Gila rivers. It is\\na hundred miles wide at the mouth, widens further\\nnorth, and still further on contracts in width, till its\\nshores become the banks of the Colorado. The\\nPeninsular, or California side of the Gulf, was for-\\nmerly celebrated for the size and beauty of its\\npearls, which were found in oysters. They were\\nobtained with great difficulty, from the crevices at\\nthe bottom, by Indian divers, who had to go down\\ntwenty or thirty feet, and frequently were drowned,\\nor devoured by sharks. In 1825, eight vessels en-\\ngaged in the fishing, obtained, altogether, five\\npounds of pearls, which were worth about ten thou-\\nsand dollars. Sometimes, however, a single mag-\\nnificent pearl was found, which compensated for\\nyears of labor and disappointment. Some of the\\nrichest in the royal regalia of Spain, were found on\\nthe California gulf.\\nPeninsular, or Lower California, lying between\\nthe gulf and the ocean, is about 130 miles in breadth\\nwhere it joins the continent at the north, under the\\n32d parallel, and nearly in the same latitude as\\nSavannah in Georgia. Thence it runs south-east-\\nward, diminishing in breadth and terminating in\\ntwo points, the one at Cape San Lucas, in nearly the\\nsame latitude as Havana, the other at Cape Palmo,\\n60 miles north-east, at the entrance of the gulf.\\nContinental California extends along the Pacific", "height": "3349", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE AMERICAN CONQUEST.\\n20\\nfrom the 32d parallel, where it joins the peninsula,\\nabout seven hundred miles, to the Oregon line,\\nnearly in the latitude of Boston. The Mexican\\nGovernment considered the 42d parallel of latitude\\nas the northern line of California, aecoi-ding to a\\ntreaty with the United States in 1828.\\nGreenhow, writing in 1844, says: The only mine\\nas yet discovered in Upper California is one of\\ngold, situated at the foot of the great westernmost\\nrange of mountains, on the west, at the distance\\nof twenty-five miles from Angeles, the largest\\ntown in the country, it is said to be of extra-\\nordinary richness.\\nThe animals originally found in California were\\nbuffalo, deer, elk, bear, wild hogs, wild sheep,\\nocelots, pumas, beavers, foxes, and many others,\\ngenerally of a species different from those on the\\nAtlantic side. Cattle and horses were introduced\\nfrom Mexico, and soon overrun the country, and\\ndrove out the buffalo and other of the large animals.\\nOne of the worst scourges of the country was the\\nchapul, a kind of grasshopper, which appeared in\\nclouds after a mild winter, and ate up every green\\nthing.-\\nLittle or no rain fell during the years 1840 and\\n1841, in which time the inhabitants were reduced to\\nthe verge of starvation.\\nIt is a remarkable fact, that the Golden Gate is\\nnearly in the same latitude as the entrance of Chesa-\\npeake bay and the Straits of Gibraltar.\\nIn 1844, the town of Monterey, the capital oi\\nUpper California, was a wretched collection of mud,\\nor adobe houses, containing about two hundred in-\\nhabitants. The castle and fort consisted of mud\\nwalls, behind which were a few worthless guns, good\\nfor nothing but to scare the Indians.\\nIn 18H8, the Bussian settlements at Ross and\\nBodega contained eight or nine hundred inhab-\\nitants, stockaded forts, mills, shops, and stable.-s, and\\nthe farms produced great abundance of grain, vege-\\ntables, butter, and cheese, which were shipped to\\nSitka. The lazy Spaniards were bitterly hostile to\\nthe industrious Muscovites, but durst not meddle\\nwith them. At last, having maintained their in-\\ndependent colony thirty-one years, they sold out to\\nCaptain Sutter, and quietly moved away.\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nTHE AMERICAN CONQUEST.\\nFremont ami the Bear Flag Kise and Progress of the Revolu-\\ntion Commodores Sloat, Stockton, and .Shubrick Castro\\nanil Flores Driven out Treaty of Peace Stockton and\\nKearney Quarrel- Fremont Arrested, etc.\\nIn the Spring of 1845, John C. Fremont, then a\\nbrevet-captain in the corps ot United States Topo-\\ngraphical Engineers, was dispatched on a third\\nlour of exploration across the continent, and was\\ncharged to find a better route from the Rocky\\n.Mountains to the mouth of the Columbia river.\\nThis was his ostensible business, but there is reason\\nto believe that he had other and private instructions\\nfrom the Government concerning the acquisition\\nof California, in view of the pending war with\\nMexico. Fremont reached the frontiers of Cali-\\nfornia in March, 1846, halted his company a hun-\\ndred miles from Monterey, and proceeded alone to\\nhave an interview with General Castro, the Mexican\\nCommandante. He wanted permission to take his\\ncompany of sixty-two men to San Joaquin valley,\\nto recruit fheir energies before setting out for\\nOregon. To this Castro assented, and told him to go\\nwhere he pleased. Immediately thereafter the per-\\nfidious Castro, pretending to have received fresh\\ninstructions from his Government, raised a com-\\npany of three hundred native Californians, and sent\\nword to Fremont to quit the country forthwith, else\\nhe would fall upon and annihilate him and his little,\\nband of adventurers. Fremont sent word back that\\nhe should go when he got reat y, and then took posi-\\ntion on Hawk s Peak, overlooking Monterey, and\\nraised the American flag. At this time neither party\\nhad heard of any declaration of war between the\\nUnited States and Mexico.\\nFremont s party consisted of sixty-two rough\\nAmerican borderers, including Kit Carson and six\\nDelaware Indians, each armed with a rifle, two pis-\\ntols, a bowie-knife, and tomahawk. Castro maneu-\\nvered round for three days with his cavalry, infantry\\nand field pieces, but, with true Mexican discretion,\\nkept well out of rifle shot; and, on the fourth day\\nFremont, perceiving that there was no fight in the\\ngascon, struck his camp and moved at his leisure\\ntoward Oregon.\\nAt Klamath lake. Lieutenant Gillespie, of the\\nUnited States army, overtook Fremont s party, with\\nverbal dispatches, and a letter from the American\\nSecretary of State, commending the bearer to Fre-\\nmont s good offices. That was all; what the verbal\\ndispatches were is still unknown. Fremont returned\\nto the Sacramento valley, and encamped near the\\nMarysville Buttes. He found the American settlers\\no-reatly alarmed by Castro s war-like proclamations,\\nand had no difiiculty in raising a considerable com-\\npany of volunteers, a party of whom marched on\\nthe post of Sonoma, captured nine brass cannon, two\\nhundred and fifty stand of small arms, and made\\nprisoners of General Vallejo and two other persons\\nof importance. Eighteen man were left to garri\u00c2\u00abon\\nthe place, under William B. Ide. Castro fulminated\\nanother proclamation from his head-quarters at Santa\\nClara, calling on the native Californians to rise for\\ntheir religion, liberty, and independence, and Ide\\nissued another at Sonoma, appealing to the Ameri\\ncans and other loreigners to rise and defend theii\\nrights of settlement, as they were about to be mas-\\nsacred or driven out of the countrj The settierc\\nresponded numerou-sly and with alacrity; and, aftei\\none or two skirmishes, repaired to Sonoma, declared\\nan independent State, and raised the now celebrated", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nBear Flag. That historic standard consisted of a\\npiece of cotton cloth, with a tolerable likeness of a\\ngrizzly bear, done with a blacking-brush and berry-\\njuice, and now belongs to the California Society of\\nPioneers.\\nIn the meantime Fremont was organizing a bat-\\ntalion at Sutter s Fort, and having heard that Castro\\nwas moving in force on Sonoma, he made a forced\\nmarch to that point with ninety riflemen. Thence\\nFremont, Kit Carson, Lieutenant Gillespie, and a\\nfew others, crossed to the old fort at San Francisco,\\nmade prisoner the Commandante, spiked all the\\nguns, and returned to Sonoma. There, on the 5th of\\nJuly, 1846. he called his whole force of revolution-\\nists together, and recommended an immediate\\ndeclaration of independence. This was unanimousJy\\nassented to, and the bear party was merged into the\\nbattalion, which now numbered one hundred and\\nsixty mounted riflemen. Next day it was deter-\\nmined to go in pursuit of the proc airaing Castro,\\nwho was said to be entrenched at Santa Clara with\\nfour hundred men; but when the battalion had\\ncrossed the Sacramento at Sutter s Fort, they\\nlearned that Castro had evacuated the Santa Clara\\ncountry and fled to Los Angeles, whither they\\nresolved to follow him, five hundred miles away. At\\nthis point news was received that the American Aug\\nhad been raised at Monterej^ and that the American\\nnaval forces would co-operate with the mounted\\nriflemen in the eff ort to capture Castro. Then the\\nBear Flag was hauled down, giving place to the\\nstars and stripes, and Fremont and his men set out\\noverland for Los Angeles, after the declamatory but\\nfugacious Castro, who will live in history as the Cap-\\ntain Bobadil of that brief but stirring revolution.\\nUp to this time nothing had been heard of a declara-\\ntion of war between Mexico and the United States.\\nOn the 2d of July, 1846, Commodore Sloat had\\narrived at Monterey in the United States frigate.\\nSavannah, his whole fleet consisting of one frigate\\nand five smaller vessels. He had no intelligence\\nof a declaration of war between the United States\\nand Mexico, but was aware that hostilities were\\nimpending, and was in doubt what to do. The\\nBritish Rear- Admiral, Sir George Seymour s flag-\\nship, was Ij ing in the harbor of San Bias while Sloat\\nwas at Mazatlan, and eight other British ships were\\non the coast watching the American movements, and\\nready to take possession of California. When Sloat\\nsailed i rom Mazatlan Se^-mour put out from San Bias,\\neach ship spreading every sail in a race for Monterej-,\\nbut the American Commodore out-sailed the British\\nAdmiral, and, when the latter rounded the Point of\\nPines at Monterey, he found the Americans in full pos-\\nsession. On the 7th of July Commodore Sloat sent\\nCaptain Mervine, with two hundred and fifty ma-\\nrines and seamen, on shore, hoisted the American flag\\nover Monterey, the capital of Upper California, and\\nissued a proclamation declaring the province hence-\\nforth a portion of the United States. He had pre-\\nviously dispatched a messenger to San Francisco to\\nCommander Montgomery, and on the 8th of that\\nmonth the stars and stripes waved over Yerba\\nBuena. On the 10th Montgomery sent an American\\nflag to Sonoma, which the revolutionists received\\nwith great joy, pulled down their Bear Flag, and\\nhoisted the Union standard in its stead, and thus\\nended the dominion of the revolutionary Bear Flag\\nin California, having plaj-ed a conspicuous and\\nimportant part in the conquest.\\nSloat then organized a company of volunteer dra-\\ngoons to take possession of certain arms and stores\\nat San Juan; but, when they arrived, Fremont and\\nhis battalion had been there from Sutter s Fort, and\\ncaptured nine pieces of cannon, two hundred mus-\\nkets, twenty kegs of powder, and sirty thousand\\npounds of cannon shot.\\nWhen Fremont reported himseh upon Sloat s\\norder, at Monterey, a inisuadersta ding occuri-ed\\nbetween the Commodore and the Pathfinder, and\\nthe former refused to co-operate with the latter In\\nthe further prosecution of the war, and while the\\ndispute was pending Commodore Stockton arrived to\\nsupersede Sloat, who had been too slow and hesitating\\nto suit the authorities at Washington.\\nSloat having retired, Stockton and Fremont woi k ?d\\nharmoniously. The former assumed command of t-he\\nland forces, and invited Fremont and Gillespie to\\ntake service under him with their battalion. On the\\n23d, Stockton dispatched Commodore Dupont with\\nthe Cyaiie, to convey Fremont and his battalion to\\nSan Diego, and soon afterwards himself sailed for\\nSan Pedro, the sea-port of Los Angeles. At Santa\\nBarbara he went ashore and took possession unre-\\nsisted. There he learned that Castro and Pico were\\nat Los Angeles with fifteen hundred men, and also\\nthat Fremont had reached San Diego. After drilling\\nhis seamen in the land service, Stockton, with his\\nthree hundred men, took up his march for Los\\nAngeles, but, on his arrival, Castro had decamped\\nand fl-id to Sonora. Stockton at once took posses-\\nsion of the place, and was soon after joined by Fre-\\nmont, and, having received oflicial notice of existing\\nwar between the LTnited States and Mexico, he pro-\\nclaimed California a territory of the United States,\\norganized a temporary government, and invited the\\npeople to meet on the 15th of September and elect\\noflScers of their own. He then returned to Yerba\\nBuena, or San Francisco, where the people of the\\nneighboring country gave him a public reception.\\nAfter Stockton had left Los Angeles, General Plores\\nre-organized the scattered forces of the Mexicans,\\nretook the place, and proclaimed expulsion or death\\nto the Americans; so the conquest had to be made\\nagain. Stockton returned to San Diego, and, after\\nvarious events which cannot be here related in\\ndetail, was joined by General Kearney, who had\\nmarched across the country from Santa Fe, and, on\\nthe 20th of December, commenced his march of one\\nhundred and thirty miles to Los Angeles. He found", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY FROM 1S41 TO 1847.\\n31\\nthe enemy, a thousand or twelve hundred strong,\\ndrawn up in battle array on the bank of the San\\nGrabriel river; a battle ensued, in which the Mexi\\ncans were defeated by Stockton and Kearney, and\\nfled towards Los Angeles, and, after three ineffect-\\nual attomjjts to make a stand, they scattered in con-\\nfusion. On tin; loth of January Stockton re-entered\\nLos Angeles, and restored the American flag to the\\neminence which it still maintains. Flores, after hav-\\ning made a much better fight than Castro, fled to\\nSonorii. The treaty of Couenga ensued, restoring\\npeace to the country and completing the American\\nconquest.\\nImmediately after the conquest a dispute arose be-\\ntween Commodore Stockton and General Kearney as\\nto precedence in the territorial Government. Kearney\\nwas authorized to etablish a civil Government in Cal-\\nifornia, provided he should conquer it, as he did New\\nMexico; Stockton and Fremont maintained that the\\nconquest was accomplished before he arrived. Fre-\\nmont decided to report officially to Commodore\\nStockton, who thereupon commissioned him as Gov-\\nernor of the Territory. Thus Fremont obtained the\\nill-will of General Kearney, who, combining with\\nCommodore Shubrick, in the absence of Stockton,\\nabrogated the treaty of Couenga, and proceeded to\\noust Fremont from the Governorship. In the mean-\\ntime Colonel Stephenson arrived with his regiment\\nof New York volunteers, and sided with Kearney.\\nMason was installed as Governor, and Fremont was\\nordered to report at Monterey within twelve daj^s;\\nthis he failed to do, and Kearney refused him per-\\nmission to join his regiment, sold his horses, and\\nordered him to repair to Monterey, where he com-\\npelled him to turn over hi.s exploi-ing outfit to\\nanother person. When Kearney was ready to go\\nF/ast he compelled Fremont to accompany him, and\\nat Fort Leavenworth Fremont was arrested for\\ninsubordination, conveyed to Fortress Monroe, tried\\nby Court-martial, found guilty of mutiny, disobedi-\\nence, and disorderly conduct, deprived of his com-\\nmission, but recommended to the clemency of the\\nPresident. Having eufiPered these outrageous indig-\\nnities solely in consequence of a quarrel between\\nCommod(n e Stockton and General Kearney, Fre-\\nmont declined to avail himself of executive clemency,\\nand quit the service.\\nThe people of the country generally considered\\nthat Fremont had been ungenerously used by the\\nGovernment, and, a few years after, his popularity\\nhaving been greatly enhanced through the influence\\nof his magnificent wife, the daughter of Senator\\nThomas H. Benton, he was nominated for the Fres-\\niilency by the Republican jiartj\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nSAN JOAQUIN VAl.r.TTV FROM THE TIME CAPT. C.\\nM. WEBER FIRST SAW IT IN NOVEMBER.\\n1841, UNTIL THE CLOSE OF 1847.\\nBY FRANK T GILBERT.\\nCaptain C. M. Weber Expedition to California, 1841 Names\\nof the Party Sntter s Fort Hoza Ha-soos San Jose\\nFrench Camp or Weber Grant\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Revolutionary Designs of the\\nForeigners Treaty between Weber and Ha-sooa How it\\nwas observed by Ha-soos Fremont s Expedition, 1844\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDavid Kelsey Thomas Lindsay Policy of the Foreigners\\nWeber and Micheltorena at San Jose John A. Sutter aids\\nMioheltorena A Revolutionary Document The Bear\\nFlag \u00e2\u0080\u0094Attempt to Settle the Grant, 1846\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Isbel Brothers\\nand Other Early Settlers Twins, Second Children born in\\nCounty, 1847 End of Stanislaus City First Marriage, 1847\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Village of Tuleburg William Gann, First Child born\\nin 1847\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wild Horse Scheme Resume.\\nCapt. C. M. Weber was born at Hombourg. Depart-\\nment of Mont Tonnerre, under the Emperor Napo-\\nleon I., on the 16th day of February, 1814. His\\nparents were German. This province, about a year\\nlater, became a part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.\\nHi.s father was a minister, and held the position\\nwhich in America would be called County School\\nSuperintendent. The Captain received an academic\\neducation but not relishing an outlook that pre-\\nsented the ministry in the future, his education was\\ncut shoi-t at the threshold of the classic, and a mer-\\ncantile horoscope was cast for the j^ears that were\\nnot yet.\\nBeing of an adventurous disposition, the land where\\nWashington had fought and De Kalb had fallen held\\nto his youthful imagination an irresistible attraction;\\naud at the age of twenty-two he crossed the ocean,\\nlanded at New Orleans in the latter part of 1836,\\nand for five years was a resident of Ijouisiana and\\nTexas, when in the Spring of 1841, under medisal\\nadvice, he visited St. Louis. In the meantime he had\\nread m the newspapers the glowing descriptions of\\nCalifornia given by Dr. John Marshe, a resident of\\nthe San Joaquin valley, and which were attracting\\ning considerable attention in the States. The Cap-\\ntain knowing that a trip across the plains, over the\\nmountains of the west, and down into the California\\nvalleys would benefit his health, and, at the same time\\ngive him an opportunity to see this comparatively un-\\nknown country decided to join an expedition then\\nfitting out in that city for a trip to the Pacific slope,\\nintending in the following Spring to continue his\\njournej to Mexico, through that country, and ulti-\\nmately, in that way, reach Louisiana, his final desti-\\nnation, having no intention of stopping in California\\nlonger, at the farthest, than through the ensuing\\nWinter. But the best laid schemes o mice and men\\ngang aft agley.\\nThe party to which the Captain attached himself was\\na combination of emigrants for three different points:\\nOne party was destined for Oregon, then the object-\\nive point for most Americans seeking the distant\\nPacific Coast, and being American territory of which\\nfaint but favorable descriptions had been written;\\nanother was a company of Jesuit priests going", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32\\nHIST(^RY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\non a mission to the Indians, hoping to Christianize\\nthe tribes of Oregon and Idaho; their immediate\\ndestination was the missions of Cceiir d Alene and\\nPen d Oreille; Father P. J. DeSmet, S. J., was the\\nleadini; spirit, and his eiforts in that field have been\\nwritten, a brief page in history, and the red man\\nstill scalps his foes. The third was the California\\nwing of the little emigrant arm}% and numbered\\namong its party men whose subsequent acts helped\\nmaterially to shape the destinies \u00c2\u00bbf the State which\\nhas since become a golden star in the galaxy of the\\nRepublic.\\nThere were thirty-six in that party. One onl}-\\nwas a woman the first American lady, probably,\\nwho ever entered California certainlj- the first to\\nreach it from over the plains. Her name was Mrs.\\nNancy A. Kelsey. She was the wife of Benjamin\\nKelsey, and they had a little daughter named Ann.\\nThis family commenced their march then, and, like\\nthe wandering Juvv, have never since found a place\\nto stop and rest. The beauties of California could\\nnot keep them, they moved away to the forests of\\nOregon, and then returned again to the El Dorado\\nof the coast; but no sooner had they settled there than\\nthe spirit of unrest canae whispering move on, and\\nover the plains again they started; they were attacked\\nby the Camanches in Texas, lost everything, and\\ntheir little girl was scalped by the savages. Stopping\\nfor a time, they once more started for California\\nand now are possibly moving to some new scene.\\nThe men of the party were:\\nCapt. J. B. B.\\\\rtelson; Captain of the party; re-\\nturned to Missouri; is now dead.\\nJohn Bidwell; lives at Chico.\\nJoseph B. Childs; still alive.\\nJosiAH Belden; lives at San Jose and San Francisco.\\nCharles M. Weber; died in Stockton, May 4, 1881.\\nCharles Hopper; lives in Napa county.\\nHenry Huber; lives in San Francisco.\\nMitchell N\\\\e: had a ranch at Marjsville; probably\\nntnv aliv(.\\nGreen McMahon; lives in Solano county.\\nNelson McMahon; died in New York.\\nTalbot H. Greene; returned East.\\nAmbrose Walton; returned East.\\nJohn McDonel; returned East.\\nGeorge Henshaw; returned East.\\nRobert Ryckmax; returned East.\\nWjM. Betty or Beltv; returned East by way of\\nSanta Ke\\nCharles Fugge; returned Ii^ast.\\nGwin Patton; returned East; died in Missouri.\\nBE^JIMAN Kelsey; was within a few years in Santa\\nBarbara county, or at Clear Lake, Lake county\\nAndrew Kelsey; killed by Indians at Clear Lake.\\nJames John or Littlejohn; went to Oregon.\\nHenry Brolasky; went to Callao.\\nJames Dowson; drowned in Columbia river.\\nMaj. Walton, drowned in Sacramento river.\\nGeorge Shortwell; accidentally shot on the way\\nout.\\n.loHN Swartz; died in California.\\nGrove Cook; died in California.\\nD. W. Chandler; went to Sandwich Islands.\\nNicholas Dawson; dead.\\nThomas Jones; dead.\\nRobert H. Thomes; died in Tehama county, Cali-\\nfornia, March 26, 1878.\\nElias Barnet.\\nJames P. SpRmoER.\\nJohn Rowland.\\nThey left Indpendence, Missouri, May 8, 1841 and\\nall traveled together as fa\u00c2\u00bb as Fort Hall, near Salt\\nLake, where Capt. J. B. BarteUon s part}-, as named\\nabove, separated from the rest and started for Cali-\\nfornia, without a guide, by the way of Mai-y s (now\\nHumboldt river, they went to Carson river, and\\nfrom the latter, to the main channel of Walker s\\nrivor, up which they went to near it* source, from\\nwhich point the}- commenced their passage of the\\nSierra Nevada, descending its western slope between\\nthe Stanislaus and TuoliunDe rivers, reaching the\\nSan Joaquin valley and passing down along the\\nStanislaus, crossed the San Joaquin river and\\narrived at the Dr. Marshe ranch, near the east-\\nern base of Mount Diablo; on the 4th of November,\\n1841, having been six months, lacking four days, on\\nthe way. Here the company rested for a number of\\ndays, and then disbanded, each going to the point\\nin the country which his interests demanded. The\\nCaptain and a friend started for Sutter s Fort, having\\nletters of introduction to Captain Sutter. They passed\\nthrough the country now known as San Joaquin\\ncounty, and beheld for the first time the land that\\nthe result of his own labors was to people within lii,\\nlife-time with thirty thousand souls.\\nThe Winter of 1841-2 was spent by the Captain at\\nSutter s Fort, occupying his time by acting as over-\\nseer and assistant for Ca|)tain Sutter. While at\\nthe fort he found a quantity of seeds which had\\nbeen laid away and apparently forgotten. They had\\nbeen sent to Sutter by Wm. G. Ray, of the Hudson\\nBay Company, as a friendly expression of good will.\\nThe Captain, desiring te try an experiment, had the\\nland around the fort prepared by Indians, and\\nplanted the seeds. Among them were three kinds of\\ntobacco, a number of varieties of flowers, and some\\nvegetables. The experiment proved a grand success,\\nand in the Spring Sutter s Fort seemed like an en-\\nchanted fortress built in the midst of perennial\\ngai-dens.\\nDuring the winter of 1841-2 Jose Jesu-s (pro-\\nnounced Ho-za Ha-soos), the celebrated chief of the\\nSi-yak-um-na tribe, visited the fort, at which time\\nthe Captain first met him. In after years there sprang\\nup a warm friendship between these two men, that\\nhad much to do with the peaceable manner in which\\nthe country was afterwards settled by the whites.\\nThe Captain learned, in his intercourse with foreign-\\ners in the country, that there was germinating a prin-\\nciple or feeling which was in some localities freelj-", "height": "3359", "width": "2209", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Moses Audreivs.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FROM 1841 TO 1847.\\n33\\ntalked of, to eventually Americanize California;\\nand. concluded with that prospect to look forward\\nto, that he was fully warranted in casting his des-\\ntinies with the other venturesome spirits who had\\ndecided to make Alta California their future home.\\nIn the Spring he visited San Jose, and concluded\\nto make that the point of his future business oper-\\nations, until the time should come, if ever, when it\\nvvould become necessary to wrest from Mexico a\\nportion of the country, over which to hoist a flag with\\nthe lone star.\\nWe do not wish to be misunderstood in this\\nmatter. The intention of the leading pioneers of Cali-\\nfornia, those who came here previous to June, 1846,\\nwith the intention of making this their home, with-\\nout regard to their nationality, was to work a polit-\\nical change in the country, peaceably if they could,\\nforcibly if they must; and this was to be done not\\nbecause of any desire to injure the native Califor-\\nnians, nor in a spirit of conquest, but because it was\\nevident to those clear-headed Argonauts that to make\\nthe country a prosperous one, (one that would war-\\nrant occupation by a people of progressive civiliza-\\ntion), necessitated a radical change in the manner of\\nadministering the affairs of State.\\nThis change they proposed to effect in connection\\nwith the native inhabitants, if they could; and if this\\ncould not be done, to eventually, when they became\\nstrong enough, wi-est a portion of the territory from\\nMexico, and form a government of their own.\\nCaptain Weber formed a copartnership with\\nGuillermo Gulnac, and soon established a credit which\\nenabled the firm to do a very large business. They\\nwere the first parties in that portion of the State to\\nbuild a flouring mill and manufacture flour, combin-\\ning with the business the manufacture of sea-biscuit\\nor crackers, this mill having been erected and flour\\nmade in 1842. They also entered quite largely into\\nthe manufacture of soap and American shoes, being\\nthe first manufacturers of the latter in California.\\nIn 1843. July 14th, Guillermo Gulnac petitioned\\nManuel Micheltorena, the Governor of California, for\\na grant of eleven square leagues, or forty-eight thou-\\nsand acres of land, to be located in the vicinity of\\nFrench Camp, in the San Joaquin valley. Captain\\nWeber was the real party, the power behind the\\nthrone; Mr. Gulnac s name being used because he\\nwas a Mexican citizen, as only such could obtain\\ngrants. About this time the commercial partnership\\nwas dissolved, the Captain becoming the successor to\\nthe business, and Mr. Gulnac, his eldest son, Jose,\\nand Peter Lassen, with several vaqueros, took the\\ncattle belonging to them and Captain Weber, and\\nproceeded to take possession of the applied-forgrant,\\nat first making their head-quarters where Stockton\\nnovi- is; but owing to the fact that the Hudson Bay\\ntrappers had left for the summer, they became\\nalarmed for their personal safety among the Indians\\nand moved their camp up to the Cosumnes river, so\\nas to be in reach of Sutter s Fort for protection. Mr.\\n5\\nGulnac visited Captain Sutter, and was presented by\\nthat officer with a swivel gun such as the navy used\\nin those daj^s when attacking an enemy in small\\nboats, mounting the swivel in the bow. This young\\ncanBon was to be used by Mr. Gulnac as a warning to\\nthe Indians to flee from the wratli to come. It\\nwould make a heap big noise when fired, and was\\nrespected accordingly by the aborigines.\\nA statement will probably come in no place more\\nopportune than hero, of the reason which caused\\nCaptain Weber to desire the location of his proposed\\ngrant on the up country side of the San Joaquin\\nriver. We have already given the political intentions\\nof those pioneers which in 1843 had assumed so\\ndefinite a form as to have caused the question\\nto be discussed among them of where the division\\nline was to be drawn between the Mexican prov-\\ninces and the territory to be taken from them,\\nin case it should result in that extreme measure\\nand the conclusion had been tacitly arrived at\\nthat the San Joaquin river and the bays of San\\nFrancisco, San Pablo and Suisun were to form the\\nline of division. It will therefore be seen that a\\nstrong reason for choosing a locality north of the\\nSan Joaquin was to secure land where he could\\ngradually concentrate his pi-operty within the limits\\nof the country to be acquired. Another reason, for\\nselecting this special locality, was the facilities it\\nwould give him for dealing with the Hudson Bay\\ntrappers, who made their head-quarters every winter\\nat French Camp, from whom, in exchange for fur, he\\nobtained ammunition, blankets, clothing, etc., of a\\nbetter quality and at lower figures than could be\\nobtained elsewhere at that time.\\nThe attempt to settle the expected grant had failed\\nbecause of the fears of Gulnac, and the Captain ob-\\ntained a passport from the Alcalde of San Jose, and\\nproceeded to visit Sutter s Fort, with a view of see-\\ning the Indian chief, Ha-soos, and making a treaty\\nof peace with him, if possible. After arriving in the\\ncountry, an Indian runner was sent to find the chief,\\nand ask him to meet the Captain at a given time\\nand place. A meeting was arranged, and at the\\nappointed time the two men, representatives of their\\nraces in the country, met. Captain Weber ex-\\nplained his plans to the Indian, stating that he was\\ndesirous of settling on land in the San Joaquin valley;\\nthat the Americans were desirous of being his allies\\nand friends; that they were not coming to injure nor\\nrob, but as friends to aid and benefit his tribe; that\\nhe wished to settle here to be beyond the reach of\\nthe Spaniards, in case of trouble between the Ameri-\\ncans and native Californians, against whom this cele-\\nbrated chief was waging an endless war. The result\\nwas a friendly alliance that remained unbroken to the\\nend. The chief advised the building of the American\\nvillage at the point where it was located, the present\\nsite of Stockton, and agreed to provide all the help\\nnecessai-y in the tilling of the soil, and to furnish a\\nwar party when called upon to defend the settlers", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "34\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nproperty against eithei- Indians or MexieanB. The\\nCaptain was generous in his presents, and a friend-\\nship was started at the interview that lasted during\\nthe life of Ha-soos, and the Captain now remembers\\nthe Si-yakum-na chief as one of his most reliable\\nand valued friends of early daj^s.\\nThe inhabitants of to-day can little appreciate the\\nimportance at the time, and the immediate advantage\\naccruing to the foreign population of the country\\nresulting from that treaty. One may pass through\\nthe County of San Joaquin and ask the old settlers\\nwhat they know of Ha-soos and his connection with\\nthis country in early days, and maj- find five persons\\nin his travels that will remember the chief, and that\\nhe was friendly to the Americans; but they, with one\\nexception, that of Capt. C. M. Weber, will give him\\nno credit for being so, supposing that it was forced\\nor indolent friendship. It has become popular with\\nthe historian, as well as the men of 1849 and later, to\\nplace the California Indians, in the scale of creation,\\nbut one step above the African gorilla. Whatever\\nmay have been the general rule, there certainly was\\nan exception in favor of the aborigines occupj ing\\nthe territory between the Tuolumne and iMokelumne\\nrivers. These Indians were divided up into ranche-\\nrias or villages, each village having its chief and\\nname. Consequently there was a number of petty\\nchiefs, but all acknowledge an indefinite but undis-\\nputed supremacy and authority in the chief of the\\nSi-yak-um-nas, Ho-za Ua-soos, who had made him-\\nself a terror to the Spanish inhabitants of North\\nCalifornia. His name was to the native population\\nwhat Osceola s was to the Floridians, except that\\nthe former chief was less brutal than the latter. He\\ndid not scalp his victims, like the Seminole, nor seek\\nthe midnight massacre of isolated persons.\\nHe believed that he and his people had been\\nwronged by the Spanish, and he would never smoke\\nthe pipe of peace with them. He would swoop down\\nupon the plains and carry off their stock, taking it\\nto his stronghold in the foot-hills of the Sierras; and\\nif the missions or settlers of those valleys saw fit to\\nattempt a rescue, he fought them, and was univers-\\nally victorious. The San Joaquin river divided his ter-\\nritory from the Californians, and when east of that\\nstream he was upon his native heath; and it was\\nrare indeed that the pursuers followed him into his\\nown country. They had learned better in their\\nbattle on the banks of the Stanislaus in lc 29, when\\nEstanisloa. the former chief of the Si-yak-um-nas,\\ndefeated their combined San Jose and Yerba Buena\\nforces.\\nIt will be seen that Ho-za Ha-soos was so circum-\\nstanced as to receive favorable advances from a peo-\\nple who gave as one of their reasons for desiring his\\nfriendship the probable hostility that might in the\\nfuture exist between them and the Spanish people of\\nthe country. He believed that he was strengthening\\nhimself against his old foe. It will also be observed\\nthat the line beyond which the native Californians,\\neven in armed parties, found it dangerous to pasa,\\nwas the San Joaquin I iver. Beyond this it wascon-\\nsidered and understood by them to be savage and\\ninhospitable wilds. Ha-soos had made them respect\\nj that river as the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0jn-aclical north boundary line of their\\nterritory. Hence the propriety or policy of the\\nforeign population in selecting this river as the south\\nbouudai-y of the country they proposed, under cer-\\ntain circumstances, to make into an independent\\nstate, along the borders of which they would have\\na picket line of Indian allies.\\nIn this connection we will mention two instances\\nin which Ha-soos demonstrated his good will to the\\nAmericans, carrying out, on his part, the spirit of\\nthe alliance he had made with Captain Weber and\\nwe mention these with some hesitancy, not because\\nof any doubt of the facts, but because it is hitherto\\nunwritten history that may be questioned. The\\nincidents referred to were related to us by Captain\\nWeber, who says that when Captain Sutter passed\\nthrough the country, in the Winter of 1844, to join\\nand aid Manuel Micheltorena against the revolution-\\nary General, Jose Castro, Ha-soos joined him with a\\nnumber of warriors. And later, when Gen. J. C.\\nFremont passed through the San Joaquin valley\\nsouth, to help take this country from Mexico, that\\nthis chief was again on hand, and accompanied him\\nto San Jose, to fight his old foes, in the interest of\\nhis friends, the Americans. Whether he actually\\nperformed any military act of hostility to the enemy\\non either occasion does not appear, but that he was\\nread}- so to do was demonstrated by his presence\\nwith his warriors.\\nOn the 13th of January, 1844, the Governor of\\nCalifornia complied with the petition of Mr. Gulnae,\\nand issued to him the grant of land known as El\\nRancho del Campo de los Franceses, which in Eng-\\nlish means The French Camp Ranch. After the\\nissuing of the grant, the next event worthj^ of note\\nin the county was the passage through it of Capt.\\nJ. C. Fremont, who, on the 25th of March of that\\nyear, camped over night at the place since known\\nas the village of Liberty, on the south side of Dry\\ncreek. It was in his memorable fii st expedition to\\nthe Pacific coast. He had been at Sutter s Fort re-\\ncruiting and had started south on his way through\\nthe San Joaquin valley en route for the States. The\\nfollowing taken from the published history of his\\nexpedition, will have peculiar interest to the residents\\nof this county:\\nMarch 25th We traveled for twenty-eight miles\\nover the same delightful country as yesterday, and\\nhalted in a beautiful bottom at the ford of the Riode\\nlos Mukdemnes, receiving its name from another\\nIndian tribe living on the river. The bottoms on the\\nstream are broad, rich, and extremely fertile and\\nthe uplands are shaded with oak groves. A showy\\nlupinus of extraordinary beautj-, growing four or\\nfive feet in height, and covered with spikes in bloom,\\nadorned the banks of the river, and filled the air\\nwith a light and grateful perfume.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "FAN JOAQIJK VALLEY FROM 1841 TO 1847.\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a255\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0On llio 2GLh we halted at the Arroyo de las Calaveras\\n(Skull creek), a tributary to the San Joiiquin the pre-\\nvious two streams entering the bay between the San\\nJoaquin and Sacramento rivers. This place is beau-\\ntiful, wn b open groves of oak, and a grass} sward be-\\nneath, with many plants in bloom; some varieties of\\nwhich seem to love the shade of the trees, and grow\\nthere in close, small fields. Near the river, and re\\nplacing the grass, are great quantities oi ammole (soap\\nplant), the leaves of which are used in California for\\nmaking, among other things, mats ibr saddle clothe.\\nA vine with a small white flower (melothrw.} called\\nhere la yerba buena, and which from its abundance,\\ngives name to an island and town in the bay, was\\nto-day vei-y frequent on our road sometimes running\\non the ground or climbing the trees.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2March 27th To-day we traveled steadily and\\nrapidly up the valley for with our wild animals\\nany other gait was impossible, and making about\\nfour miles an hour. During the earlier part of the\\nday, our ride had been over a very level part of\\nprairie, separated by iines and groves of oak timber,\\ngrowing along dry gullies, which are filled with\\nwater in seasons of rain and, perha|)s, also by the\\nmelting snows. Over much of this extent, the vege-\\ntation was sparse the surface showing plainly the\\naction of water, which, in the season of flood, the\\nJoaquin spreads over the valley. At one o clock we\\ncame again among innumerable flowers and a few\\nmiles further, fields of the beautiful blue flowering\\nlupine, which seems to love the neighborhood of\\nwater, indicated that we were approaching a stream.\\nWe have found this beautiful shrub m thickets, some\\nof them being twelve feet in height. Occasionallj-\\nthree or four plants were clustered together, forming\\na grand bouquet, about ninet} I eet in circumference,\\nand ten feet high the whole summit covered with\\nspikes of flowers, the perfume of which is very sweet\\nand grateful. A lover of natural beauty can imagine\\nwith what pleasure we rode among these flovvering\\ngroves, which filled the air with a light and delicate\\nfragrance. We continued our road for about hall a\\nmile, interspersed through an open grove of live-\\noaks, which, in form, were the most symmetrical and\\nbeautiful we had yet seen in the country. The ends\\nof their branches rested on the ground forming some-\\nwhat more than a half sphere of very full antl regu-\\nlar figure, with leaves apparently .smaller than usual.\\nThe Oalifornian poppy, of a rich orange color, was\\nnumerous. To-day, elk and several bands of ante-\\nlope made their appearance.\\nOur road was now one continued enjoyment; and\\nit was pleasant, riding among this assemblage of\\ngreen pastures with varied flowers and scattered\\ngroves, and out of the warm, green Spring, to look at\\nthe rocky and snowy peaks, where lately wo had\\nsufi ered so much. Emerging from the timber we\\ncame suddenly upon the Stanislaus river, where we\\nhopi^d to find a ford, but the stream was flowing by,\\ndark and deep, swollen by the mountain snows its\\ngeneral breadth was about fifty yards.\\nWe traveled about five miles up the river, and\\nencamped without being able to find a ford. Here\\nwe made a large corral, in order to be able to catch a\\nsufticient number of our wild animals to i-elieve\\nthose previously packed.\\nUnder the shade of the oaks, along the river, 1\\nnoticed erodium cicutarlum in bloom, eight or ten\\ninches high. This is the plant which we had seen\\nthe squaws gathering on the Eio de los Americanos.\\nBy the inhabitants of the valley, it is highly esteemed\\nfor fattening cattle, which appear to be very fond of\\nit. flere, where the soil begins to be sandy, it\\nsupplies to a considerable extent the want of grass,\\nDesirous, as far as possible, without delay, to\\ninclude in our examination the Joaquin river, 1\\nreturned this moining down the Stanislaus, for\\nseventeen miles, and again encamped without having\\nfound a fording-place. After following it for eight\\nmiles further the ne.\\\\l morning, and finding ourselves\\niii the vicinity ol the San Joaquin, encamped in a\\nhandsome oak grove, and, several cattle being killed,\\nwe ierried over our baggage in their skins. Here our\\nIndian boy, who probably had not much idea ol\\nwhere he was going, and began to be alarmed at the\\nmany streams we were putting between him and the\\nvillage, deserted.\\nThirteen head of cattle took a sudden fright,\\nwhile we were driving them across the river, and\\ngalloped oft I remairjed a day in the endeavor to\\nrecover them; but fiiiding they had taken the trail\\nback to the fort, let them go without further effort.\\nHere we hail several days of wai-in and pleasant rain,\\nwhich doubtless saved the crops below.\\nIn August, 18-i4. David Kclsey, with his wife and\\ntwo children, a boy and a girl, settled at French\\nCamp, and built a tule-house. Mr Gulnac. who was\\nstopping at the C osumnes river, had ottered to give\\nMr. Kelsey a mile square of land if he would stop at\\nthat place, and live one year; he turned over to him\\nthe swivel that Sutter had given him. Every\\nnight Mr Kelse} threw this piece of ordnance into\\nbattery, and fired an evening gun; which he did to\\nfrighten the Indians, on the same principle that a boy\\nsometimes whistles as he is going through the woods\\nafter dark. At that time there was only one other\\nhouse in tlie county, also constructed of tule, occu-\\npied by Thomas Jjindsay, at Stocktmi.\\nMr, Kelsey remained lor several months at that\\nplace, and after his familj- had been obliged to live\\nfor two months on boiled wheat, meat, milk, and\\nmint tea, gathered along the banks of the creek, he\\nburied the swivel and removed temporarily to San\\nJose, where he first saw Captain Weber. While at\\nthat place he unfortunatel}- went to see a sick Indian\\nwho had the small-pox, just before returning to\\nFrench Camp. After returning he was immediately\\ntaken sick, and Mrs, Kelsey desired to take him to\\nSutter s Fort, where he could have medical assist-\\nance, not knowing that he had the small-pox. When\\nthey reached Stockton, Mr, Lindsay induced them\\nto stay over night, and while there a man by the name\\nof James Williams gave him some medicine that\\ncaused the disease to break out, Lindsay immedi-\\nately vacated the premises, giving, as he left, advice\\nthat has a twang of barbarism in it; he told them if\\nthe old man died to leave his body where the coyotes\\nwould devour it. In about six days the father died,\\nthe mother and boy were prostrated with the same\\ndisease, and little America, a girl eleven years of age,\\nwas left alone with her sick mother and brother, to\\nadminister to their wants, while her dead father lay\\nunbm-ied in the hut; a sad introduction to the first\\nAmerican girl who ever saw the place where Stock-\\nton now stands, and a sadder one to the first white", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "36\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nvvomaa that visited the phice; I ov the mother became\\nblind from the effects of the disease, beholding that\\ndelirious, weird scene of pestilence and death as the\\nlast, to haunt the memory through the coming years\\nof darkness; a hideous phantom, a scene of desola-\\ntion, was that last look of the mother upon the sur-\\nroundings of that little child nurse.\\nSome herders chanced to come that vvay, who,\\nafter considerable hesitation, assisted little America\\nin burying her father. One of them, Geo. F. Wyman,\\nafterwards became the husband of America. The\\nreason why they hesitated in coming to her assist-\\nance was a double one,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 they feared the contagion\\nand Captain Sutter, who had said he would have any\\nman shot who brought small-pox to the fort, or went\\namong the Indians who had it. The father was bur-\\nied near where Col. Thos. II. Sloseley s house now\\nstands, and in a few days the little nurse was stricken\\ndown with the dread disease, but recovered so as to\\nbe able to leave for Monterey in about six weeks.\\nIn about two weeks after they left, Thomas Lindsay\\nreturned to his house on Lindsay s Point, in Stock-\\nton, and was killed by the Luck-lum-na Indians,\\nfrom lone vallej in Amador county, who fired the\\ntule-house with their victim s body in it, and drove\\noff all the stock. A party of whites, Mexicans and\\nfriendly Indians, went in pursuit of the band who\\nhad committed the depredations, and overtook them\\nat the place called the Island, near the foot-hills,\\nwhere a conflict occurred, resulting in the burning\\nof the Indian rancheria, with what provisions and\\nproperty they had, the killing of a few of the war-\\nriors of the hostile tribe, and the capture of one\\nIndian boy by William Daylor, oi Baylor s ranch; one\\nMexican by the name of Vaca, a member of the Vaca\\nfamily, formerly of Solano county, was killed by the\\nIndians in the tight. After this defeat they retreated\\ninto the mountains, where they were followed, but\\nnot overtaken.*\\nThe early settlers being without Government protettion,\\nnecessarily banded together in quick retaliation for any outrage\\ncommitted on one of their number, as it was only by such prompt\\nmovement that the predatory savages could be held in check.\\nD. T. Bird, who, at one time, was an officer in the California\\nbattalion under Fremont, during the hostilities that succeedeil\\nthe Bear Flag war, says that he was one of the parties that pur-\\nsued the Indians who murdered Lindsay at .Stockton, and he\\ntakes the poetry all out of the conclusion given to that e.xpedi\\ntion. Instead of the Luck-lum-na Indians of lone valley being\\nchastised, they whipped the pursuing party (about thirty strong,\\nhalf whites and half friendly Indians), who were under the com-\\nmand of Captain Merrit, of Bear Flag fame. Captain Sutter\\norganized the pursuing i)arty, and among the white men accom-\\npanying it, were Captain Merrit, D. T. Bird, Charles Heath,\\nVaca (a Spaniard), Hicks and Gillespie. The tight was a short\\none resulting in Vaca s receiving a mortal wound from an arrow\\nThe small-pox and the breaking out of the Mich-\\neltorena war, combined, had depopulated the county.\\nThere had been, in the latter part of 1844, and\\nSpring of 1845, a serious departure bj the foreign\\npopulation of the country from their understood pol-\\nicy, in their intercourse with the natives of Cali-\\nfornia; which was a j)olicy of non-intervention\\nbetween opposing factions of the country, that had\\nbeen decided upon and agreed to between the lead-\\ning men, as being the best calculated to produce the\\nfinal result at which they were aiming. Let the\\nSpanish population quari-el to their hearts content,\\nlet civil war sweep over the country, and array the\\nopposing factions against each other on the battle-\\nfield; it helped to prepare the people of all classes,\\nforeign and native, for a change; but in every emer-\\ngency the American, the German, the Englishman,\\nthe immigrant, whatever his native land was to hold\\nhimself aloof, reserving his strength to be used as\\none man for the general good of all, when the proper\\ntime should come to act. All over California, from\\nLos Angeles to Monterey, and froni Monterey to\\nSutter s Fort, the foreign population were few in\\nnumbers, one and two, sometimes a half-dozen in a\\nplace, so scattered and so isolated that a false move\\non the part of a few might prove fatal to many; it\\nconsequently was important at that time that the\\npolicy of non-mterference should be pursued. Yet.\\nas we have previously mentioned, a serious depai-t-\\nure from that policy was inaugurated in the Michel-\\ntorena war, without, appa ently, any general con-\\nsultation or plan on the part of immigrants, those of\\neach section or country marking out their own line\\nof action, regardless of the probable consequent\\ninjury that might result to those of a different\\nlocality.\\nThe first instance was that forced u|)on Capt. C.\\nM. Weber, consequent from the loss of control, by\\nMicheltorona, over the outlaws called soldiers, whom\\nhe commanded in 1844. The Captain was in busi-\\nness at the Pueblo of San Jose when the war broke\\nout, and was acquainted with and personally friendly\\nto both Micheltorena and Castro. He had a veiy\\nlarge stock of goods in the place, and was anxious\\non account of it. He knew that the soldiers under\\nMicheltorena were mostly convicts, turned loose\\nfrom the prisons in Mexico, and were dependent\\nupon the meager revenue derived from forced\\nloans and plunder for their pay. Ills goods\\nthat eiiteied his side. In attempting to draw it from his body,\\nthe arrow-head was broken from the shaft, and in an hour the\\nuufortunate man was dead. Up to the time of his death they\\nmanaged to hold their position, when, finding the enemy too\\nstrong for them, the body of the dead ^^pania^d was laid upon a\\npile of brush and bui ned, to prevent its falling into the hands of\\nthe savages; after which they stole away in the darkness, and\\nreached Sutter s Fort without uuueccs ary delay.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FROM 184.1 TO 1.S47.\\n37\\nwould be a rich prize, and if thej- once entered San\\nJose, the}- would be sure to help themselves to\\nwhat he had; consequently all his interests were\\nopposed to the occupation of the town by such a\\nbody of men. As Micheltorena advanced, Jose Cas-\\ntro became alarmed, and, leaving San Jose to its fate,\\nretreated up the valley towards Oakland with his\\nforces; whereupon Captain Weber addressed a com-\\nmunication to the commander of the advancing\\nforces, stating that Castro had left San Jose, and\\nasked him if he would not pass to one side of the\\npueblo, and not enter it with his troops. Michelto-\\nrena replied that ho found it necessary to pass\\nthrough San Jose in his pursuit of Castro. In the\\nmeantime the Captain i-eceived prompt information\\nto the effect that the Governor had lost control of\\nhis soldiery, who insisted on entering the village for\\nplunder; whereupon the Captain caused the tocsin\\nof war to be sounded through the streets. The\\npeople assembled, and the Captain presented the\\nposition of affairs, and told them that he believed,\\nwith a force composed of the citizens and foreigners\\nin the place, the advancing army could be checked,\\nand forced to take a different route in their line of\\nmarch after Castro. A company was immediately\\nformed, placed under his command, and moved out\\nto meet the enemy, a handful against a host. Send-\\ning a courier in advance to meet Micheltorena, advis-\\ning him of what he was doing, and that it was\\ndone, not in a spirit of opposition to him personally,\\nor the cause which he represented, but with a deter-\\nmination to protect their homes from plunder. The\\nforces met some twelve miles out from the village,\\nand for several days the entire army, numbering\\nseveral hundred, was held in cheek bj this little band\\nof brave men under Captain Weber. Castro, hear-\\ning of the fact, became ashamed of himself, turned\\nback from his retreat, joined the Captain with his\\nforces, took command of the army, and forced\\nMicheltorena to surrender, and, finally, to agree to\\nleave California and return to Mexico. For the time\\nthis ended the war. It was again revived by Mich-\\neltorena, who failed to comply with his agreement\\nwhen he learned that Capt. John A. Sutter could be\\nrelied upon for assistance. Sutter, wishing to retain\\nthe old regime until his land titles were perfected,\\nin December, 1844, marched to the lower country\\nwith his deluded followers, being met on the way,\\nat the residence of Dr. John Marshe, by J. Alex.\\nForbes, of the Hudson Bay Company, who tried to\\ndissuade him from proceeding further with the\\nenterprise, but without avail, telling the Captain at\\nthe same time that in General Castro s army was a\\nlarge number of Americans, and that his act was ar-\\nrayingthe foreign-born jjopulation against each other.\\nSutter s reply to all was that he had gone too far to\\nwithdraw without discredit to himself. He pushed\\non towards the south, and his men, suspecting some-\\nthing wrong, began to desert until but few remained.\\nFinally, when the hostile armies stood face to face, a\\nparley was insisted upon, and it was found that the\\nforeigners were fighting in the ranks of both armies;\\nafter which, Sutter had, practically, no followers,\\nand fell, finally, into the hands of Castro, who, but\\nfor the strong intervention of friends, would hare\\nhad him shot.\\nThis unfortunate proceeding was the second breach\\nin the policy of non-intervention; and it came so\\nnear becoming disastrous, that it called forth an ex-\\npression of disapprobation for the course pursued;\\nsuch a policy continued would Mexicanize the Amer-\\nicans, not Americanize the Mexicans. The result\\nwas that the narrow escape demonstrated the neces-\\nsity of an organized plan of action, so that in future\\nthey might be well advised of ail contemplated\\nmovements, and act together as a body and thus\\nmake themselves felt, instead of expending their\\nforce against each other. With a view of accom-\\nplishing this object, and thus pave the way for the\\nfuture segregation of California from Mexico, a call\\nwas written, subscribed and circulated. f\\nFor various causes there was not as formidable a\\ngathering as was desired at the time designated,* and\\nthe meeting only included those within easy reach\\nof San Jose; there was consequently nothing of\\nimportance accomplished, and there was a failure to\\nobtain a general organization; but the purposes of\\nthe foreign population remained unchanged, and\\nculminated, finally, in the hoisting of the Bear\\nFlag, which, but for the United States taking the\\nstruggle oft their hands, would have proved to be\\nwhat it was in fact, a premature move. It was\\nentered upon without general consultation or ma-\\ntured plan, and hut I or the occupation of the coun-\\ntry by the United States, which occurred a little\\nlater, would have proved disastrous to many for-\\neigners living farther south, who were wholly\\nunadvised in regard to the movement. Had the\\norganization been made as was contemplated by the\\nsigners of the instrument, the Bear Flag would never\\nhave been raised, but without the intervention of the\\nUnited States it would have resulted in taking the\\ncountry from Mexico, making San Joaquin one of the\\nfrontier counties of the State.\\nIt is not the purpose of this work to give a State\\nhistory, therefore we return to the march of events\\nin San Joaquin, having followed those occurrences\\noutside only which had a direct bearing upon the\\nhistory of this county.\\nOn the third day of April, 1845, C. M. Weber\\npurchased of Mr. Gulnac the remaining intei est in\\nthe French Camp Grant, Mr. Weber becoming it-\\nsole owner; but no further attempt was made at\\nsettlement until 1846, when he induced a number of\\nsettlers, under the leadership of Napoleon Schmidt,\\nto locate. They had no sooner become settled in\\ntheir new homes than the war-cloud burst, which\\nhad been hanging over the country, and the settlers\\nJuly 4, 1845.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "38\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COTTNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nigain scattered to locations where they would be\\nless isolated in case of an attack by the Mexicans.\\nIn November, 1846, the Isbel brothers took up\\nland on the Calaveras, that stream dividing their\\nranches or claims; Dr. I. C. Isbel occupying the\\nnorth, and his brother James the south side of\\nthe river of skulls, where Fremont had crossed\\nit in 18-14. The doctor erected a log cabin near the\\nrivei which is still standing. It is the oldest house\\nin the county, in fact the oldest in the San Joaquin\\nvalley, and should be preserved as a relic of the\\npast. The same month and year. Turner Elder\\nerected a cabin on Drj creek, where the village of\\nLiberty was afterwards laid out. Mr. Elder was a\\nmaiTied man, and had brought his wife and three\\nlittle children with him to this country. On the\\nopposite, or north side of the creek, and a little\\nfurther down, his father-in-law, Thomas Rhodes,\\nlocated. Thomas Pyle settled at what is now\\nknown as Staples Ferry, in the same year and\\nmonth, with his family a wife and two children. It\\nwas during the month of November, 1846, that\\nSamuel Brannan established his colony on the Stan-\\nislaus, about one and one-half miles above its mouth,\\ncalling the place Stanislaus City.\\nIt will be observed that during this year, two dis-\\ntinct colonies were established, and four ranches\\ntaken up in San Joaquin county, at the points where\\nthe old Spanish trail, between Sutter s Fort and San\\nJose, ci ossed the several streams in the county.\\nThis was a strong demonstration toward settlement.\\nWeber s party had loft at the first notes of alarm\\nSamuel Brannan s colony remained until the follow-\\ning Spring, and then all left, except Buckland leav-\\ning only the ranchers on the Spanish trail and\\nBuckland, as the inhabitants to dispute possession\\nof the county with the Indians. The five settlers\\nremaining were Dr. I. C. Isbel, and his brother,\\nJames, on the Calaveras; Thomas Pyle, on the\\nMokelumue; Turner Elder, on Dry creek; and\\nliueklaud, on the Stanishius.\\nDr. Isbel retained his claim until 1818, when he\\nsold to the Hutchinson brothers, and they in turn\\nto Mr. Dodge.\\nThomas Pyle abandoned his place m 1848, and\\nmoved to Coyote creek, near San Jose, where he\\nwas shot through the head and killed, about 1855.\\nby a young Spaniard. A man by the name of Smith\\ntook up the place, claiming a grant, and sold to John\\nF., the brother of Thomas Pyle, and John W. Laird,\\nwho had married one of his sisters. These parties\\nsold to Staples, Nichols Co., in February, and\\nmoved from there in April. 1850. .Mr. Ijaird died\\nnear Grayson, in May, 1878; and J. F. Pyle is still\\nliving on his ranch, near Wclden, on Kern river.\\nCalifornia.\\nTurner Elder lived at Dry creek about one\\nmile from where the C. P. R. R. now crosses that\\nstream, which then bore the prettier Si):inish name of\\nArroyo Seca. Here he and his family resided one\\nyear, and then moved on to the north bank of the\\nMokelumne river, at the place afterwards known as\\nthe Benedict Ranch, and, while there, on the\\nfifth day of November, 1847, his wife presented him\\nwith a pair of twins, a boy and girl, who were named\\nJohn and Nancy. These were the second children\\nborn of white parents in the county. Soon after the\\nbirth of these children, on account of the unpro-\\ntected position, Mr. Elder abandoned his place and\\njoined his brother-in-law Daylor, of the Daylor\\nranch, in Sacramento county. He afterwards made\\nmoney in placer mining, and returned to Ray county,\\nMissouri, in 1849, where he now lives. The children\\nare both living; the girl in Ray county, as the wife\\nof a Dr. Reese; and the boy, now married, at Emi-\\ngrant s Ditch, in Fresno county, Calitornia his post-\\noffice address being Kingsbury Switch.\\nMr. Buckland, of Stanislaus City, moved from\\nthere to Stockton, in the fall of 1847. Assisted by\\nWilliam Fairchilds, he afterwards built the Buck-\\nland House, in San Francisco. Of the Stanislaus\\nCity settlers, the only ones known to be living now\\nare Samuel Brannan, of San Francisco, John M.\\nHorner, near San Jose, and Nichols, of San\\nLeandro.\\nWhen, in the Fall of 1847, Turner Elder left his log-\\nhouse and claim at Dry creek, Mrs. Christina Pat-\\nterson, his aunt, moved into it her husband having\\ndied of mountain fever while crossing the mountains\\nin 1846. She was soon after mari ied to Ned Robin-\\nson. This was the Jirst marriage ceremony performed\\nin the county. Mr. Robinson, in turn, abandoned the\\nplace when gold was discovered, in January, 1848,\\nand in 1878 they were stopping at French Camp, for\\nthe Winter, on their way to the northern countiy.\\nCaptain Weber, in the meantime, had been living\\nat San Jose from 1842 to 1847, following his business\\nof merchandizing, and not giving pei sonal attention\\nto the settlement of his grant. Daring the year\\n1847 he sold his stock of goods, and in August of\\nI that year, with a number of men, two hundred\\nI horses and four thousand cattle, moved to the San\\nI Joaquin, and founded a settlement which became\\nijermanont; Stockton being the point and result of\\nhis efforts. In the Fall, the grant was surveyed and\\nsect ionized by Jasper O Fai-rell, through his deputy,\\nWultei- Ilei ron, a village site being at the same time\\nlaid out for settlers homes, which received the name\\nof \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Tuleburg. Coming events had not yet cast\\niheir shadows before. The village plat of Tule-\\nburg, and the name, both passed out of existence at\\nthe same time, when, in 1848. after the gold discov-\\nery, the ])lace was ro-surveyed and laid out for com-\\nmercial purposes by Captain Weber, who gave it the\\nname of Stockton, after Com. Robert Stockton, of the\\nUnited States navy.\\nIn October, 1847, a company of overland immi-\\ngrants arrived at the place, on their way to the lower\\ncountry. Mr Weber pursuaded them to stop for a\\ntime and look over the valley, to see if they would", "height": "3329", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF GENERAL SUTTEE.\\n39\\nnot consider it to their advantage to remain. W. H.\\nFairchild.s, County Supervisor in 1878, was of this\\nparty, as well as Nicholas Gann and his wife, Ruth,\\nwho, while they were camping on the point where\\nWeber s house now stands, in October, gave birth to\\na son, to whom they gave the name of William.\\nThis was the first child born of white parents in the\\ncounty. With the exception of .Mr. Fairchilds, the\\nparties all decided to move farther south. Mr.\\nNicholas Gann now lives not far from Gilroy, in\\nSanta Clara county, California.\\nIt was during that year that Capt. Charles\\nImus undertook to carry out a wild horse scheme.\\nHe selected a point on the San Joaquin river, where\\nSan Joaquin City now stands, which he considered\\nfavorable, and then went to the mountains west of\\nthe valley and commenced cutting timber, to build a\\ncorral, into which he proposed driving wild horses,\\nand there to capture them; when Pico, on whose\\ngrant he was cutting the timber, put a stop to his\\nvisions of corraling the untamed steeds of the\\ndesert; by singing to him the pathetic song of\\nWoodman, Spare that Tree, and the Captain, not\\nearing to veriiy the old saw of a nod is na sa good\\nas a kick for a blind horse, folded up his tent like\\nthe Arab, and departed into the lower countiy.\\nCaptain Imus was the leader of the party that\\ncrossed the plains in 184{j, of which the Pyles, Isbels,\\nElders, and Rhodes were members.\\nThe bistorj of San Joaquin viiUey, up to the close\\nof 1847, has been given in the preceding pages as\\ncompletely as it is possible to get it from the memory\\nof the participants who still sui-vive. The only\\noccupants of this section of country, up to that time,\\nhad first been the Indians, then the American\\ntrappers, followed by the Hudson Bay Com pan j-,\\nwho were succeeded in turn by the Americans, who\\ncame from the States, with a view of making for\\nthemselves and funilies permanent homes.\\nBut a change, absolute and radical, lay hid in\\nthe near future. On the line that separated the\\nyear 1847, and what had preceded it, from the\\nfuture that was not yet, stands a mile-post that\\nTime, set by the wayside, which marks the\\nbeginning of a year, in which was wrought a\\nchange as absolute, in the march of human events,\\nand the destinies of this coast, as wcmld ordinarily\\nhave occurred in the passsing of a centiuy.\\n(S\\nCHAPTER X.\\nBIOGRAPHIC SKETCH OF GENERAL SUTTER.\\nHis Xativity Migration to the American West Arrival in Cal-\\nifornia Fonndation of Sutter s Fort Prosperity and\\nWealth of the Colony Decline and Ultimate lUiin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Retire-\\nment to Hock Farm Extract from Sutter s Diary.\\nThe following sketch of the life and adventures of\\nGeneral John A. Sutter is from Oscar T. Shuck s\\nRepresentative Men of the Pacific. The facts\\nwere derived directly from the famous old pioneer,\\nand are, perhaps, the most complete and accurate\\nthat have ever been published. Jlr. Shuck says:\\nGeneral John A. Sutter was born March 1, 1803,\\nin the Grand Duchy of Baden, where his early boy-\\nhood was passed. His father, who was a clergyman\\nof the Lutheran church, afterwards removed to\\nSwitzerland, and settled there with his family. He\\npurchased for himself and heirs the rights and immu-\\nnities of Swiss citizenship, and there the subject of\\nour sketch received a good education, both civil and\\nmilitary.\\nEarly in life he married a Bernese ladj and was\\nblessed with several children. At the age of thirty-\\none he determined to gratify a desire he had long\\ncherished to immigrate to the United States. Not\\nknowing whether or not he should settle perma-\\nnently in the Great Republic, he concluded to leave\\nhis family behind him, and arrived at New York in\\nJuly, lSo4. After visiting several of the Western\\nStates he settled in Missouri, and there resided for\\nseveral years. During his residence in Missouri he\\nmade a short visit to New Mexico, where he met\\nwith many trappers and hunters who had returned\\nfrom Upper California, and their glowing descrip-\\ntions confirmed his previous impressions, and ex-\\ncited an ardent desire to behold and wander over\\nthe rich lands and beautiiul valleys of that then\\nalmost unknown region. LTpon returning to .Mis-\\nsouri he determined to reach the Pacific coast by\\njoining some one of the tra]iping expeditions of the\\nAmerican or English Fur Companies. But great\\nol)stacles were to be surmounted, and long years\\nwere to intervene before his feet would rest upon\\nthe virgin soil of California. On the 1st of April,\\n1S38, he was enabled, for the first time, to connect\\nhimself with a trajtping expedition. On that day\\nhe left Missouri with Captain Tripp, of the American\\nFur Companj and traveled with his party to their\\nrendezvous in the Rocky Mountains. There he\\nparted with the expedition, and with .six horsemen\\ncrossed the mountains, and, after encountering the\\nusual dangers and hardships, arrived at Fort Van-\\ncouver, on the Columbia river.\\nHaving learned that there was no lan l communica-\\ntion with California from the vallc3-s of the Columbia\\nor Willamette in Winter, and there being then a ves-\\nsel of the Hudson Bay Company ready to sail for\\nthe Sandwich Islands, General Sutter took passage,\\nhoping to find at the islands some means of convey-\\nance to California. Only one of the men who had\\nremained with him thus far consented to accompany\\nhim to the strange land. On reaching the islands\\nhe found no prospect of conveyance, and, after\\nremaining five months, as the only means of accom-\\nplishing his purpose, he shipped as supercargo, with-\\nout pay, on an English vessel bound for Sitka.\\nAfter discharging her cargo at Sitka, and, with\\nthe authority of the owners, he directed the vessel\\nsouthward, and sailed down the coast, encountering", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "40\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nheavy gales. He was driven into the Bay of San\\nFraneisco in distress, and, on the second day of July,\\n1839, anchored his little craft opposite Yerba Buena,\\nnow San Francisco.\\nHe was immediatelj- waited upon by a Mexican\\nofficial with an armed force, and ordered to leave\\nwithout delay, the officer informing him that Mon-\\nterey was the port of entrj-. He succeeded, however,\\nin obtaining permission to remain forty-eight hours\\nto get supplies.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0A few days later, upon arriving at Monterey.\\nGeneral Sutter waited upon Governor Alvarado, and\\ncommunicated to him his desire to settle in Upper Cal-\\nifornia, on the Sacramento. Governor Alvarado\\nexpressed much satisfaction upon learning his visit-\\nor s wish, particularly when he understood his desire\\nto settle on the Sacramento; saying that the Indians\\nin that quarter were very hostile, and would not\\npermit any whites to settle there; that they robbed\\nthe inhabitants of San Jose and the lower settle-\\nments of horses and cattle. He readilj gave Sutter\\na passport, with authority to settle on any territory\\nhe should Jccui suitable for his colony, and requested\\nbim to return to Monterey one year from that time,\\nwhen his Mexican citizenship would be acknowl-\\nedged, and he would receive a grant for the land he\\nmight solicit. Thereupon, he returned to Yerba\\nBuena and chartered i\\\\ schooner, with some small\\nboats, and started upon an exploring expedition on\\nthe Sacramento river,\\nUpon inquirj- he could not find anj one at Yerba\\nBuena who had ever seen the Sacramento river, or\\nwho could describe to him where he should find its\\nmouth. The people of that place only professed to\\nknow that some large river emptied into one of the\\nconnected bays Ij ing northerly from their town.\\nGeneral Sutter consumed eight daj-s in the effort to\\nfind the mouth of the Sacramento river.\\nAfter ascending the river to a point about ten\\nmiles below where Saci-amento City now stands, he\\nencountered the first large party of Indians, who\\nexhibited every sign of hostility save an actual\\nattack. There were about two hundred of them,\\narmed and jiainted for war. Fortunate!}- there were\\namong them two who understood Spanish, and with\\nwhom the General engaged in conversation. He\\nquieted tbem bj- the assurance that there were no\\nSpaniards in his party, and that he wished to settle\\nin their country and trade with them. He showed\\nthem his agricultural implements and commodities\\nof trade, which he had provided for the purpose,\\nand proposed to make a treat} with them. Pleased\\nwith these assurances, the Indians became recon-\\nciled; the crowd dispersed, and the two who spoke\\nthe Spanish language accompanied Sutter and his\\nparty as far as the mouth of Feather i-iver, to\\nshow bim the country. All other parties of Indians\\nseen fled at the sight of the vessel and boats.\\nParting with his two Indian interpreters and\\nguides at the mouth of Feather river, he ascended\\nthe latter stream to a considerable distance, when a\\nfew of his white men became alarmed at the sur-\\nrounding dangers and insisted upon returning, which\\nhe was constrained to do.\\nOn his descent he entered the mouth of the\\nAmerican river, and on the 15th day of August,\\n1839, landed at the point on the south bank of that\\nstream, where he afterwards established his tannery,\\nwithin the present limits of Sacramento. On the\\nfollowing morning, after landing all his effects, he\\ninformed the discontented whites that all who\\nwished to return to Yerba Buena could do so;\\nthat the Kanakas were willing to remain, and that\\nhe had resolved to do so, if alone. Three of the\\nwhites determined to leave, and he put them in pos-\\nsession of the schooner, with instructions to deliver\\nthe vessel to her owners. They set sail for Yerba\\nBuena the same day.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Three weeks thereafter General Sutter removed\\nto the spot upon which he afterwards erected Fokt\\nSutter. In the early days of the settlement he\\nencountered many troubles with the Indians, who\\norganized secret expeditions, as he afterwards\\nlearned, to destroy him and his party, but he con-\\ntrived to defeat and frustrate all their machinations,\\nand those of the Indians who were at first his great-\\nest enemies, came to be his best and most steadfast\\nfriends. He now devoted himself energetically to\\nagriculture, and became very wealthy and pros-\\nperous.\\nIn the Fall of the j-ear 1839, he purchased of\\nSenor Martinez three hundred head of cattle, thirty\\nhorses, and thirty mares. During the Fall eight\\nmore white men joined his colonj-. When he com-\\nmenced the improvements that resulted in the erec-\\ntion of Sutter s Fort and his establishment there, he\\nhad much trouble in procuring suitable lumber and\\ntimber. He floated some down the American river\\nfrom the mountains, and was compelled to send to\\nBodega, on the sea-coast, a distance of several hun-\\ndred miles.\\nIn August, 1840, Sutter was joined by the five\\nmen who had crossed the Eocky Mountains with bim,\\nand whom he had left in Oregon. His colony now\\nnumbered twenty-five men, seventeen whites and\\neight Kanakas. During the Fall of that year the\\nMokelumne Indians became troublesome, by stealing\\nthe live-stock of the settlers, and compelled General\\nSutter, bj* their acts and menaces, to make open war\\nagainst them. He marched with his forces thirty*\\nmiles, in the night time, to the camp of the Indians,\\nwhere they were concentrating large forces for a\\nmovement against him, some two hundred warriors,\\nand attacked them with such great effect that they\\nretreated, and being hotly pursued, they sued for\\npeace, which was readily granted, and ever after-\\nwards mutuall} maintained.\\nShortlj- after this encounter, Sutter purchased\\none thousand more head of cattle, and seventy-five\\nhorses and mules. His colony continued to increase\\nfast, by the addition of eveiy foreigner who came\\ninto the country; thej sought his place as one of\\nsecurity. The trappers he furnished with supplies,\\nand purchased their furs; the mechanics and laborers\\nhe either employed or procured them work.\\nIn June, 1841, he visited Monterey, the capital,\\nwhere he was declared a Mexican citizen, and\\nreceived from Governor Alvarado a grant for his\\nland, under the name of New Helvetia, a survey of\\nwhich he had caused to be made before that time.\\nThereupon he was honored with a commission as\\nrepresendente del Govierno en las fronter as del\\nnorte y encargado de la justicia.\\nSoon after his return to his settlement he was\\nvisited bj- Captain Einggold, of the United States\\nExploring Expedition under Commodore Wilkes, and\\nabout the same time bj- Alexander Eotcheff, Gov-\\nernor of the Eussian Possessions, Ross and Bodega,\\nwho oftered to sell to General Sutter the Eussian\\nPossessions, settlements, and ranches at those places.\\nThe terms were such as induced him to make the\\npurchase, forthirty thousand dollars. The live-stock\\nconsisted of two thousand cattle, over one thousand\\nhorses, fifty mules, and two thousand sheep, the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "\\\\/5-/.\\n,^5-4l?ff,5*\\nmm\\nL^-\\n^^^M J ^f\\n-s k^", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH OF GENERAL SUTTER.\\n41\\ngreater part of which were driven to New Helvetia.\\nThis increase of resources, together with the natural\\nincrease of his stock, enabled him the more rapidlj\\nto advance his settlement and improvements.\\nIn the year 1844 he petitioned Governor Michel-\\nlorena for the grant or purchase of the sohrante, or\\nsurplus, over tlio first eleven leagues of the land\\nwithin the bounds of the survey accompanying\\nthe Alvarado grant, which the Governor agreed to\\nlet him have; but, for causes growing out of existing\\npolitical troubles, t!ie grant was not finally executed\\nuntil the 5th of February, 1845; during which time\\nhe had rendered valuable military services and ad-\\nvanced to the Government large amounts of property\\nand outlays, exceeding eight thousand dollars, to\\nenable it to siippress the Castro rebellion; in consid-\\neration of all which he acquired by purchase and\\npersonal services the lands called the Sobrante, or\\nsurplus.\\nAt that time he also secured from Governor\\nMicheltorena the commission of Commandante mili-\\ntar de las fronteras del norte y encargado de la\\njusticia. After this time the war between the\\nUnited States and Mexico came on, and although\\nGeneral Sutter was an officer under the Mexican\\nGovernment, and bound to it by his allegiance, yet,\\nupon all occasions, such was his respect towards the\\ncitizens and institutions of the United States, that\\nwhenever any party of American citizens, civil or\\nmilitary service, visited him, his unbounded hospitali-\\nties were uniformly and cordially extended to them;\\nand when the country surrendered to the American\\nforces, the General, who had been for some time con-\\nvinced of the instability of the Mexican Government,\\nupon request, did, on the Ilth of July, 1846, hoist\\nthe American flag with a good heart, accompanied\\nwith a salute of artillery from the guns at the fort.\\nSoon after this Lieutenant Missoon, of the United\\nStates Navy, came up and organized a garrison for\\nSutter s Fort, principally out of his former forces of\\nwhites and Indians, and gave to General Sutter the\\ncommand, which he maintained until peace returned.\\nHe was then appointed by Commodore Stockton\\nAlcalde of the district, and by General Kearney\\nIndian Agent, with a salary of seven hundred and\\nfifty dollars a year; but a single trip in discharge of\\nhis duty as Indian Agent cost him one thousand six\\nhundred dollars, and he resigned the office.\\nGeneral Sutter was now in the full tide of pros-\\nperity. His settlement continued to grow and his\\nproperty to accumulate, until the latter part of\\nJanuary, 1848. He had then completed his estab-\\nlishment at the fort had performed all the condi-\\ntions of his grants of land; had, at an expense of at least\\ntwenty-five thousand dollars, cut a race of three\\nmiles in length, and nearly completed a flouring-mill\\nnear the present town of Brighton had expended\\ntowards the erection of a saw-mill, near the town of\\nColoma, about ten thousand dollars; had sown over a\\nthousand acres of land in wheat which promised a yield\\nof forty thousand biishels, and had made preparations\\nfor other crops; was then the owner of eight thou-\\nsand head of cattle, over two thousand horses and\\nmules, over two thousand sheep, and one thousand\\nhead of hogs, and was in the undisturbed, undisputed\\nand quiet possession of the extensive lands granted\\nby the Mexi an Government. But a sad change was\\nabout to take place in the affairs of the old pioneer\\na grand event was about to transpire, which, while it\\nwould delight and electrify the world at large, was\\ndestined to check the growth of the settlement at\\nSutter s Fort. General Sutter s mills were soon to\\n6\\ncease operations; his laborers and mechanics were soon\\nto desert him his possessions, his riches, his hopes\\nwere soon to bo scattered and destroyed before the\\nimpetuous charge of the gold-hunters. The immedi-\\nate effect was that Sutter was deserted by all his\\nmechanics and laborers, white, Kanaka and Indian.\\nThe mills thus deserted became a dead loss; he could\\nnot hire labor to further plant or mature his crops,\\nor reap but a small part after the grain had ripened.\\nFew hands were willing to work for oven an ounce a\\nday, as the industrious could make more than thai\\nin the mines. Consequent of the gold discoverj-\\nthere was an immense immigration, composed of all\\nclasses of men, many of whom seemed to have no idea\\nof the rights of property. The treaty between the\\nUnited States and Mexico guaranteed to the Mexican\\nwho should remain in the country a protection of his\\nproperty, and Sutter regarded himself as doubly\\nentitled to that protection, either as a Mexican or a\\ncitizen of the United States, and that he held a\\nstrong claim upon his country s justice. Hisproperl}\\nwas respected for a season; but when the great flood\\nof immigration, which poured into the country in\\n1849- 50, found that money could be made by other\\nmeans than mining, many of the new-comers forcibl}\\nentered upon his land, and commenced cutting his\\nwood, under the plea that it was vacant and unappro-\\npriated land of the United States. Up to the first of\\nJanuary, 1852, the settlers had occupied all his lands\\ncapable of settlement or appropriation, and the other\\nclass had stolen all his horses, mules, cattle, sheeji\\nand hogs, save a small portion used and sold by him\\nself One partj of five men, during the high water,--\\nof 1849- 50, when his cattle were partly surrounded\\nby water near the Sacramento river, killed and sold\\nenough to amount to sixty thousand dollars.\\nHaving seen his power decline and his riches\\ntake wings. General Sutter removed to the west bank\\nof Feather river, and took up his residence at Ilock\\nfarm. Here, in the midst of his family, who had\\nrecently arrived from Europe, he led the quiet life of\\na farmer in the county that bears his name.\\nThe following verhruim copy of notes in General\\nSlitters ovvn handwriting, we insert, notwithstanding\\nthere are some repetitions of facts given in the former\\npart of this chapter:\\n[The following rough notes of narrative, in the\\nhandwriting of the venerable General Sutter, the\\ndiscoverer of gold in California, were found amongst\\nthe papers of an eminent citizen of this State, re-\\ncently deceased, through the kindly courtesy of whose\\nwidow we are enabled to give them to the public. As\\na relation of incidents in the life of a man held in\\nrespect by every Californian, these hasty and imper-\\nfect memoranda will, it Is believed, have a double in-\\nterest and a lasting value. We have thought it best\\nto preserve as nearly as was practicable, the quaint\\nphraseology, erroneous orthography, and imperfect\\npunctuation of the manuscript; giving, in our judg-\\nment, an added charm to the narrative. .Saw Fran-\\ncisco Argonaut.\\nLeft the State of Missouri (where I has resided\\nfor a many years) on the 1th a April, 1838, and\\ntravelled with the party of Men under CaptTripps, of\\nthe Amer. fur Compy, to their Rendezvous in the\\nRocky Mountains (Wind River Vallej-) from there I\\ntravelled with 6 brave Men to Oregon, as I consid-\\nered myself not strong enough to cross the Sierra\\nNevada and go direct to California (which was my\\nintention from my first Start on having got some", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "42\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ninformations from a Gent n in New Mexico, who has\\nbeen in California.\\nUnder a good Many Dangers and other troubles I\\nhave passed the Different forts or trading posts of\\nthe Hudsons Bay Compy. and arrived at the Mission\\nat the Dalls on Columbia River. From this place I\\ncrossed right strait through thick thin, and\\narrived to the great astonishment of the inhabitants.\\nI arrived in 7 days in the Yalloy of the VVillametto,\\nwhile others with good guides arrived only in 17 days\\nprevious my Crossing. At fort Vancouver I has been\\nvery hospitably received and invited to pass the\\nWinter with the Gentlemen of the Company, but as\\na Vessel of the Compy was ready to sail for the\\nSandwich Islands, I took a passage in her,inhopes to\\nget Soon a Passage from there to Califoi-nia, but 5\\nfontr Months 1 had to wait to find an Opportunity to\\nleave, hut not direct to California, except far out of\\nmy Way to the Russian American Colonies on the\\n\\\\orth West Cost, to Sitka the Residence of the\\nGov r. (Lat. 57) I remained one Month thei e and\\ndelivered the Cargo of the Brig Clementine, as I had\\nCharge of the Vessel, and then sailed down the Coast\\niti heavy Gales, and entered in Distress in the Port of\\nSan Francisco, on the 2d of July, 1839. An Officer\\nand 15 Soldiers came on board and ordered me out,\\nsaying that Monterey is the Port of entry, at last\\nJ could obtain 48 hours to get provisions (as we\\nwere starving) and some repairings done on the Brig.\\nIn Monterey I arranged my affairs with the Cos-\\nturn House, and presented myself to the Govr Alva-\\nrado, and told him mj^ intention to Settle herein this\\nCountry, and that 1 have brought with me 5 White\\nMen 8 Kanacas (two of them married) H of the\\nWhitemen were Mechanics, he was very glad to hear\\nthat, and particularly when I told him, that I intend\\nto Settle in the interior, on banks of the the river\\nSacramento, because the Indians then at this time\\nwould not allow white M n and particularly of the\\nSpanish Origin to come near them, and was very\\nhostile, and stole the horses from the inhabitants\\nnear San Jose. I got a General passport for my small\\nColony and permis-sion to select a Territory where\\never I would find it convenient, and to come in one\\nYears time again in Monterey to get my Citizenship\\nand the title of the Land, which I have done so, and\\nnot only this, 1 received a high civil Office.\\nWhen I left Yerbabuena (now San Francisco) after\\nhaving leaved the Brig and dispatched her back to\\ntheS. 1. 1 bought several small Boats (Launches) and\\nChartered the Schooner Isabella for my Exploring\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tourney to the inland Rivers and particularly to find\\nthe Mouth of the River Sacramento, as I could find\\nNobody who could give me information, only that\\nthe} Knew some very large Rivers are in the interior.\\nIt took me eight days before I could find the\\nentrance of the Sacramento, as it is very deceiving\\nand verj eas} to pass by, how it happened to several\\nOfficers of the Navy afterwards which refused to\\ntake a pilot. About 10 miles below Sacramento\\nCity I fell in with the first Indians which was all\\narmed painted looked very hostile, they was\\nabout 200 Men, as some of them understood a little\\nSpanish I could make a Kind of treaty with thena,\\nand the two which understood Spanish came with\\nmo, and made me a little better acquainted with the\\nCountry, all other Indians on the up River hided\\nthemselves in the Bushes, and on the Mouth of\\nFeather River they runned all away so soon they\\ndiscovered us. I was examining the Country a little\\nfurther up with a Boat, while the larger Crafts let\\ngo their Ankers, on my return, all the white Men\\ncame to me and asked me, how much longer 1 in-\\ntended to travell with them in such a Wilderness.\\nThe following Morning I gave Orders to return,\\nand entered in the American River, landed at the\\nfarmer Tannery on the 12th, Augt. 1839. Gave\\nOrders to get every thing on Shore, pitch the tents\\nand mount the 3 Cannons, called the white Men, and\\ntold them that all those which are not contented could\\nleave on board the Isabella, next Morning, and that I\\nM ould settle with them imediatelj and remain\\nalone with the Canaca s, of 6 Men 3 remained, and 3\\nof them I gave passage to Yerbabuena.\\nThe Indians was first troublesome, and came fre-\\nquently and would it not have been for the Cannons\\nthey would have Killed us for the sake of my prop-\\nerty, which they liked very much, and this intention\\nthej- had veiy often, how they confessed to me after-\\nwards, when on good terms. I had a large Bull Dog\\nwhich saved my life 3 times, when they came slyly\\nnear the house in the Night, he got hold of them\\nand marked most severely, in a short time removed\\nmy Camps on the very spot where now the Ruins\\nof Sutters fort stands, made acquaintance with a\\nfew Indians which came to work for a short time\\nmaking Adobes, and the Canacas was building 3\\ngrass houses, like it is customary on the Sandwich\\nIslands. Before I came up here. I purchassed Cattle\\nHorses on the Rancho of Sefior Martinez, and had\\ngreat difficulties trouble to get them up, and re-\\nceived them at least on the 22d October 1839. Not\\nless than 8 Men, wanted to be in the party, as they\\nwas afraid of the Indians, and had good reasons to\\nbe so.\\nBefore I got the Cattle we was hunting Deer\\nElk etc and so afterwards to safe the Cattle as I had\\nthen only about 500 head, 50 horses a manada of\\n25 mares. One Year that is in the fall 1810, I bought\\n1000 head of Cattle of Don Antonio Sunol and many\\nhoi ses more of Don Joaquin Gomez and others. In\\nthe fall 1839 I have built an Adobe house covered\\nwith Tuleand two other small buildings which in the\\nmiddle of the fort, they was afterwards destroyed\\nby fire. At the same time we cut a Road through\\nthe Woods where the City of Sacramento stand, then\\nwe made the New^Embarcadero, whore the old Zink-\\nhouse stands now. After this it was time to make a\\nGarden, and to sow some Wheat c we broke up the\\nsoil with poor California ploughs, I had a few Califor-\\nnians employed as Baqueros, and 2 of them making\\nCal. Carts stocking the plougs etc.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2In the Spring 1840, the Indians began to bo\\ntroublesome all around me. Killing and Wounding\\nCattle stealing horses, and threatening to attack us\\nen Mass, I was obliged to make Capaigns against\\nthem and punish them severely, a little later about 2\\na 300 was aproching and got United on Cosumne\\nRiver, but I was not waiting for them, left a small\\nGarrison at home. Canons other Arms loaded, and\\nleft with 6 brave men 2 Baquero s in the night and\\ntook them by surprise at Day light, the fighting was\\na little hard, but after having lost about 30 men.\\nthey was willing to make a treaty with me, and\\nafter this lecon they behalved very well, and became\\nmy best friends and Soldiers, with which I has been\\nassisted to conquer the whole Sacramento and a part\\nof the San Joaquin Valley.\\nAt the time the Communication with the Bay was\\nvery long and dangerous, particularly in open Boats,\\nit is a great Wonder that we got not swamped a\\nmany times, all time with an Indian Crew and a\\nCanaca at the helm. Once it took me (in December\\n1839.) IG days to go down to Yerba buena and to", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH OF GENERAL ST TTKR.\\n4S\\nreturn, I went down again on the 22d Xbor 39. to\\nYerba buena and on account of the inclemency of\\nthe Weather and the strong current in the River I\\nneed a whole month (17 days coming up) and nearly\\nall the provisions spoiled.\\nOn the 23d Augt, 1841. Capt. Ringold of Coma-\\ndore Wilkse Exploring Squadron, arrived on the\\nEmbarcadero, piloted by one of the Launches\\nIndian crew, without this they would not have\\nfound 80 easy the entrance of the Sacramento. They\\nhad 6 Whaleboats 1 Launch 7 Officers and about\\n50 men in all, I was very glad indeed to see them,\\nsent immediately saddled horses for the Officers, and\\nmy Clerk with an invitation to come and see me, at\\ntheir arrival I fired a salut, and furnished them\\nwhat they needed, they was right surprised to find\\nme up here in this Wilderness, it made a very good\\nimpression upon the Indians to see so many whites\\nare coming to see me, they surveyed the River so far\\nas the Butes.\\nSeptember 4th 1841. Arrived the Russian Govr\\nMr. Alexander Rottiheff on board the Schooner Sac-\\nramento, and offered me their whole Establishment\\nat Bodega Ross for sale, and invited me to come\\nright off with him, as there is a Russian Vessel at\\nBodega, and some Officers with plein power, to trans-\\nact this business with me, and particularly they\\nwould give me the preference, as they became all\\nacquainted with me, during a months stay at Sitka.\\nI left and went with him down to the Bay in Com-\\npany with Capt. Ringold s Expedition, what for a\\nfleet we thought then, is on the River. Arriving at\\nBodega, we came very soon to terms, from there we\\nwent to fort Ross where they showed me everything\\nand returned to Bodega again, and before the Vessel\\nsailed we dined on board the Helena, and closed the\\nbargain for $30,000, which has been paid. And other\\nproperty, was a separate account which has been\\nfirst paid.\\nOn the 28th of September I dispatched a number of\\nmen and my Clerk by Land to Bodega, to receive\\nthe Cattle, Horses, Mules Sheep, to bring them up\\nto Sutter s fort, called then ISIew Helvetia, by crossing\\nthe Sacramento they lost me from about 2000 head\\nabout 100, which drowned in the Eiver, but of most\\nof them we could safe the hides, our Cal. Banknotes\\nat the time.\\nMarch 6, 1842. Captain Fremont arrived at the\\nport with Kit Carson, told me that he was an\\noflScer of the U. S. and left a party behind in Dis-\\ntress and on foot, the few surviving Mules was\\npacked only with the most necessary, 1 received him\\npolitely and his Company likewise as an old acquaint-\\nance, the next Morning I furnished them with\\nfresh horses, a Vaquero with a pack Mule loaded\\nwith Necessary Supplies for his Men. Capt. Fre-\\nmont found in my Establishment every thing what\\nhe needed, that he could travell without Delay, he\\ncould have not found it so by a Spaniard, perhaps\\nby a great Many and with loosing a great deal of\\ntime. I sold him about 60 Mules about 25 horses,\\nand fat young Steers or Beef Cattle, all the Mules\\nhorses got Shoed, on the 23d March, all was read}\\nand on the 24th he left with his party for the U.\\nSlates.\\nAs an officer of the Govt, it was my duty to\\nreport to the Govt, that Capt. Fremont arrived,\\nGenl. Micheltorena dispatched Lieut. Col. Telles\\n(afterwards Gov. of Sinalo) with Capt., Lieut., and\\n25 Dragoons, to inquire what Captain Premonts\\nbusiness was here; but he was en route as the arrive\\nonly on the 27th, from this time on Exploring,\\nHunting Trapping parties has been started, at\\nthe same time Agricultural Mechanical business\\nwas progressing from Year to year, and more No-\\ntice has been taken, of my establishment, it became\\neven a fame, and some early Distinguished Travellers\\nlike Doctor Sandells, Wasnesensky others. Cap-\\ntains of Trading Vessels Super Cargos, even\\nCalifoi-nians (after the Indians was subdued) came\\nand paid me a visit, and was astonished to see\\nwhat for Work of all kinds has been done. Small\\nEmigrant parties arrived, and brought me some very\\nvaluable Men, with one of those was Major Bidwell\\n(he was about 4 Years in ray employ). Major Reading\\nMajor Hensley with 11 other brave men arrived\\nalone, both of these Gentlemen has been 2 Years in\\nmy employ, with these parties excellent Mechanics\\narrived which was all employed by me, likewise\\ngood farmers, we made imediately Amer. ploughs\\nwas made in my Shops and all kind of work done,\\nevery year the Russians was bound to furnish mo\\nwith good ifon Steel files. Articles which could\\nnot be got here likewise Indian Beeds and the most\\nimportant of all was 100 lb of fine Rifle 100 lb of\\nCanon powder and several 100 lb of Lead (every\\nyear) with these I was careful like with Gold.\\nJune 3d 1840. I left in company of Major Read-\\ning, and most all of the Men in my employ, for u\\nCampaign with the Miikelemney Indians, which has\\nbeen engaged by Castro and his Officers to revolu-\\ntionize all the Indians against me, to Kill all the\\nforeigners, burn their houses, and Wheat fields etc.\\nThese Mukelemncy Indians had great promessess\\nand some of them were finely dressed and equiped.\\nand those came apparently on a friendly visit to the\\nfort and Vicinity and long Conversations with the\\ninfluential Men of the Indians, and one Night a\\nNumber of them entered in my Potrero (a kind of\\nclosed pasture) and was Retching horses to drive\\nthe whole Cavallada away with them, the Sentinel\\nat the fort heard the distant Noise of these Horses,\\nand gave due notice, imediately I left with about\\n6 well armed Men and attacked them, but they\\ncould make their escape in the Woods (where Saf\\nCity stands now) and so I left a guard with tho\\nhorses. As we had to cross the Mukelemney River\\non rafts, one of these rafts capsized with 10 Rifles,\\nand 6 prs of Pistols, a good supply of Amunition,\\nand the clothing of about 24 Men, and Major\\nReading another Man nearly drowned.\\nJune 16th 1846. Merritt Kit Carson arrived\\nwith News of Sonoma beeing occupied by the Amer-\\nicans, and the same evening arrived as prissoners\\nGenl. Vallejo, Don Salvador Vallejo, Lt. Col. Prudon\\nM. Leese, and given under my charge and Care, I\\nhave treated them with kinJness and so good as I\\ncould, which was i-eported to Fremont, and he then\\ntold me, that prissoners ought not to be treated so,\\nthen I told him, if it is not right how I treat them,\\nto give them in charge of somebody else.\\nCapt. Montgomery did send an Amer. flag by\\nLieut. Eevere than in Command of Sonoma, and\\nsome dispatches to Fremont, 1 received the Order to\\nhiss the flag by Sunrise from Lt. Revere, long time\\nbefore daybreak, 1 got ready with loading the\\nCanons and when it was day the roaring of the\\nCanons got the people all stirring. Some them made\\nlong faces, as they thought if the Bear flag would\\nremain there would bo a better chance to rob and\\nplunder. Capt. Fremont received Ordei-s to proceed\\nto Monterey with his forces, Capt. Montgomery\\nprovided for the upper Country, established Garri-\\nsons in all important places, Yerba buena, Sonoma,", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "4.4\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nSan Jose, and fort Sacramento. Lieut. Missroon\\ncame to organize our Garrison better and more\\nNumbers of white Men and Indians of my former\\nSoldiers, and gave me the Command of this Fort.\\nThe Indians have not yet received their pay yet for\\ntheir services, only each one a shirt and a pre. of\\npants, abt. 12 men got Coats. So went the VVar on\\nin California. Capt. Fremont was nearly all time\\nengaged in the lower Country and made himself\\nGovernor, until Genl. Keai-ney arrived, when an\\nother Revolution took place. And Fremont for\\ndisobeying Orders was made prissoner b} Genl.\\nKearney, who took him afterwards with him to the\\nU. States by Land across the Mountains. After the\\nWar I was anxious that Business should go on like\\nbefore, and on the 28th May, 18i7, Marshall\\nGingery, two Millwrights, I employed to survey the\\nlarge Millraise for the Flour Mil! at Brighton.\\nMay 13th, 847. Mr. Marshall commenced the\\ngreat work of the large Millraise, with ploughs and\\nscrapers.\\nJuly 20th, 1847. Got all the necessary timber\\nand frame of the millbuilding.\\nAugt. 25th. Capt Hart of the Mormon Battaillon\\narrived, with a good many of his Men on their\\nWay to great Salt Lake, they had Orders for Govt.\\nHorses, which I delivered to them, (War Horses)\\nnot paid for yet. They bought provisions and\\ngot Blacksmith work done. I employed about\\nEighty Men of them, some as Mechanics, some as\\nlaborers, on the Mill and Millraise at Brighton, some\\nas laborers at the Sawmill at Columa.\\nAugt. 2SLh, 1847. Marshall moved, with P.\\nWisners family and the working hands to Columa,\\nand began to work briskly on the sawmill.\\nSeptr. 10th. Mr. Sam l Brannan returned from\\nthe great Salt Lake, and announced a large Emigra-\\ntion by land. On the 19th the Garrison was\\nremoved, Lieut t Per Lee took her down to San\\nfran Cisco.\\nNovr. 1th. Getting with a great deal of trouble\\nand with breaking wagons the four Runs of Mill-\\nstones, to the Mill Sit (Brighton) from the Mountains.\\nDecembr. 22. Received about 2000 fruit trees\\nwith great expenses from Fort Ross, Napa Valley\\nand other places, which was given in Care of men\\nwho called themselves Gardeners, and nearly all of\\nthe trees was neglected by them and died.\\nJanuary 28th, 1848. Marshall arrived in the eve-\\nning, it was raining very heavy, but he told me that\\nhe came on important business, after we was alone\\nin a private Room he showed me the first Specimens\\nof Gold, that is he was not certain if it was Gold or\\nnot, but he thought it might be; immediately I made\\nthe proof and found that it was Gold, I told him\\neven that most of all is 23 Carat Gold; he wished\\nthat I should come up with him immediately, but L\\ntold him that I have to give first my orders to the\\npeople in all my factories and shops.\\nFebruary 1th. Left for the Sawmill attended by\\na Baquero (Olimpio) was absent 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th,\\nI examined myself everything and picked up a few\\nSpecimens of Gold myself in the tail race of the\\nSawmill, this Gold and others which Marshall and\\nsome of the other laborers gave to me (it was found\\nwhile in my employ and Wages) I told them .that 1\\nwould a ring got made of it so soon as the Goldsmith\\nwould be here. I had a talk with my employed\\npeople all at the Sawmill, 1 told them that as they\\ndo know now that this Metal is Gold, I wished that\\nthey would do me the great favor and keep it secret\\nonly 6 weeks, because my large Flour Mill at Brighton\\nwould have been in Operation in such a time, which\\nundertaking would have been a fortune to me, and\\nunfortunatelj- the people would not keep it secret,\\nand so I lost on this Mill at the lowest calculation\\nabout S25.0(I0.\\nMarch 7th. The first party of Mormons, em-\\nplo3 ed by me left for washing and digging Gold and\\nvery soon all followed, and left me only the sick and\\nthe lame behind. And at this time 1 could say that\\nevery body left me from the Clerk to the Cook. What\\nfor great Damages I had to suffer in my tannery which\\nwas just doing a profitable and extensive business,\\nand the Vatts was left filled and a quantity of half\\nfinished leather was spoiled likewise a large quantity\\nof raw hides collected by the farmers and of my own\\nkilling. The same thing was in every branch of\\nbusiness which I carried on at the time. I began to\\nharvest my wheat, while others was digging and\\nwashing Gold, but even the Indians could not be\\nkeeped longer at Work, they was impatient to run\\nto the mines, and other Indians had informed them\\nof the Gold and its value; and so I had to leave\\nmore as J of my harvest in the fields.\\nApril 18th, 1848, more curious people arrived,\\nbound for the Mountains. I left for Columa, in\\nCompany with Major P. B. Readmg and Mr. Kembel\\n(Editor of the Alta-C alifomia we were absent 4\\nDays, we was pi-ospecling and found Silver and\\niron or in abundance.\\nApril 28th. A great many people more went up\\nto the Mountains. This day the Saw mill was in\\nOperation and the first Lumber has been sawed in\\nthe whole upper Country.\\nMay 1th. Saml Brannan was building a store at\\nNatoma, Mormon Islands, and have done a very\\nlarge and heavy business.\\nMay 15th. Paid of all the Mormons which has\\nbeen employed by me, in building these Mills and\\nother Mechanical trddes, all of them made their pile,\\nand some of them became rich wealthy, but all of\\nthem was bound to the great Salt Lake, and spent\\nthere their fortunes to the honor and Glory of the\\nLord\\nMay 19th. The great Rush from San Francisco\\narrived at the fort, all my friends and acquaintances\\nfilled up the houses and the whole fort, I had only a\\nlittle Indian boy, to make them roasted Ripps, etc.\\nas my Cooks left me like every body else, the Mei--\\nchants. Doctors, Lawyers, Sea Captains, Merchants,\\netc. all came up and did not know what to do, all\\nwas in a Confusion, all left their wives and families\\nin San Francisco, and those which had none locked\\ntheir Doors, abandoned their houses, offered them\\nfor sale cheap, a few hundred Dollars House Lot\\n(Lots which are worth now $100,000 and moi-e)\\nsome of these men were just like greazy. Some of\\nthe Merchants has been the most prudentest of the\\nwhole, visited the Mines and retui ned immediately\\nand began to do a very profitable business, and soon\\nVessels came from every where with all Kind of\\nMerchandize, the whole old thrash which was laying\\nfor Years unsold, on the Coasts of South Central\\nAmerica, Mexico, Sandwich Islands etc. all found a\\ngood market here.\\nMr. Brannan was erecting a very large Warehouse,\\nand have done an immense business, connected with\\nHoward Green; S. Francisco.\\nMay 21th. Saml Kyburg errected or established\\nthe first Hotel in the fort in the larger building, and\\nmade a great deal of Money. A great Many traders\\ndeposited a great deal of goods in my Store (an\\nIndian was the Key Keeper and performed very", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHK SKETCH OF GENERAL SUTTER.\\n*.5\\nwell) afterwards every little Shanty became a Ware-\\nhouse and Store, the fort was then a veritable\\nBazaar. As white people would not be emplo3-ed at\\nthe Time I had a few good Indians attending to the\\nFerry boat, and every night came up, and delivered\\nthe received Money for ferryage to me, after deduc-\\ntion for a few bottles of brandy, for the whole of\\nthem, perhaps some white people at the time would\\nnot have acted bo honestly.\\nMay 25th. The travelling to the Mines was\\nincreasing from day to day, and no more JSTotice was\\ntaken, as the people arrived from South America,\\nMexico, Sandwich Islands, Oregon etc. All the Ships\\nCrews, and Soldiers deserted. In the beginning of\\nJuly, Col. Mason our Military Governor, with Capt\\nSherman (Secretary of State) Capt. Folsom Quar-\\ntrmstr, and an Escort of which some deserted, and\\nsome other Gentlemen, travelled in Company with\\nthe Governor.\\nAs we wanted to celebrate the 4th of July we\\ninvited the Governor and his suite to remain with\\nus, and he accepted. Kyburg gave us a good Diner,\\nevery thing was pretty well arranged. Pinkett was\\nthe Orator. It was well done enough for such a new\\nCountry and in such an excitement and Confusion.\\nAnd from this time on you know how every thing\\nwas going on here. One thing is certain that the\\npeople looked on my property as their own, and in\\nthe Winter of 1849 to 1850. A great Number of\\nhorses has been stolen from me, whole Manadas of\\nMares driven away and taken to Oregon etc. Nearly\\nmy whole Stock of Cattle has been Killed, several\\nthousands and left me only a very small Quantity.\\nThe same has been done with my large stock of\\nHogs, which was running like ever under nobodies\\ncare and so it was easj^ to steal them, I had not an\\nIdea that people could be so mean, and that they\\nwould do a Wholesale business in Stealing.\\nOn the Upper Sacramento, that is, from the Buttes\\ndownward to the point or mouth of feather Eiver,\\nthere was most all of my Stock running and during\\nthe Overflow the Cattle was in a many bands on\\nhigh spots like Islands, there was a fine chance to\\napproach them in small Boats and shoot them, this\\nbusiness has been very succe. isfully done by one\\nparty of 5 Men (partners) which had besides hired\\npeople, and Boats Crew s which transported the beef\\nto the Market at Sacramento City and furnished\\nthat City with my own beef, and because these Men\\nwas nearly alone, on account of the Overflow, and\\nMonopolized the Market.\\nIn the Spring of 1850, these 5 men divided their\\nSpoil of $60,000 clear profits made of Cattle, all of\\nthem left for the Atlantic State; one of them\\nreturned again in the Winter from 1850 to 51, hired\\na new band of Robers to follow the same business\\nand kill of the balance of the few that was left. My\\nBaqueros found out this Ne.st of thiefs in ther Camp\\nbutchering just some head of my Cattle, on their\\nreturn they informed me what they have seen, in\\nthe neighborhood of the same Camp they saw some\\nmore cows shot dead, which the Rascal then butch-\\nered. Immediately I did send to Nicolaus for the\\nSheriff (Jas Hopkins) as then at the time we had\\nlaws in force?!? after all was stolen and destroyed\\nthe Sheriff arrived at Hock farm I furnished him a\\nPosse of my employed Men. they proceeded over\\non the Sacramento to where the thiels were en-\\ncamped, as the Sheriff wanted to arrest them they\\njust jumped in their Boats and off they went, the\\nSheriff threatened them to fire at them, but they\\nwas all, and laughing they went at large.\\nOne day my Son was riding after Stock a few miles\\nbelow Hock farm, he found a Man (his name was\\nOwens) butchering one of our finest milch Cows (of\\nDurham stock of Chile, which cost S300.) He told\\nthe Man that he could not take the Meat, that he\\nwould go home and get people, and so he -has done,\\nand he got people and a Wagon and returned to the\\nSpot, but Owens found it good to clear out. Two\\nbrothers of this Man, was respectable Merchants in\\nLexington, Mo. and afterwards in Westport well\\nacquainted with me, he came one day in my house\\nand brought me their compliments, I received him\\nwell, and afterwards turned out to be a thief. How\\nmany of this kind came to California which loosed\\ntheir little honor by crossing the Istmus or the plains.\\nI had nothing at all to do with speculations, but\\nstuck by the plough, but by paying such high Wages,\\nand particularly under Kyburg management, I have\\ndone this business with a heavy loss as the produce\\nhad no more the Value like before, and from the time\\non Kyburg left 1 curtailed my business considerable,\\nand so far that I do all at present with my family\\nand a few Indian Servants. I did not speculate, only\\noccupied my land, in the hope that it would be before\\nlong decided and in my favor by the U. S. Land Com-\\nmission; but now already 3 years two months have\\nelapsed, and I am waiting now very anxiously for\\nthe Decision, which will revive or bring me to the\\nuntimely grave.\\nAll the other Circumstances you know all your-\\nself, perhaps I have repeated many things which I\\nwrote in the 3 first sheets, because I had them not\\nto see what I wrote, and as it is now several months\\nI must have forgotten, well it is only a kind of mem-\\norandum, and not a History at all. Only to remember\\nyou on the different periods when such and such\\nthings ha])pened.\\ni need not mention again, that all the Visitors has\\nallways been hospitably received and treated. That\\nall the sick and wounded found always Medical As-\\nsistance, Gratis, as I had nearly all the time a Physi-\\ncian in my employ. The Assistance to the Emi-\\ngrants that is all well known. I dont need to write\\nanything about this.\\nI think now from all this you can form some facts,\\nand that you can mention how thousands and thou-\\nsands made their fortunes from this Gold Discoveiy\\nproduced through my industry and energy, (some\\nwise merchants and others in San francisco called\\nthe building of this Sawmill, another of Sutter s\\nfolly) and this folly saved not only the Mercantile\\nWorld from bankruptcy, but even our General Govt,\\nbut for me it has turned out a folly, then without\\nhaving discovered the Gold, I would have become the\\nrichest wealthiest man on the Pacific Shore.\\nJ. A. Sutter.\\nJames C. Ward, who visited Gen. Sutter in 1848,\\nsays of him\\nA Swiss by birth, he held during the reign of\\nCharles X. the rank of captain in the French army.\\nHe purchased the buildings at Ross, just north of\\nBodega, of the Russians, and as he proposed to set-\\ntle the wilderness to the north of the Bay of San\\nFrancisco with European immigrants, the Mexican\\nGovernment made him a grant of eleven leagues of\\nland on the Sacramento river. After landing ho\\ncamped, surrounded by hostile savages, in the open\\nplain where the fort was afterward built, and the\\nnext morning, after dressing in full uniform, ho went,\\naccompanied by his Indian servant, both well arnted.\\nto the Indian village in the woods neap by Tht", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "46\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nlavages were informed through the interpreter that\\nhe came to them as a friend, and if they would help\\nhim a little with their labor, he would make them\\npresents.\\nThe Indians were set to work to make adobes,\\nif which the fort was built. It is a parallelogram\\nin form, with two bastions. In the middle of the\\nsquare is a building two stories high, containing four\\nrooms, and a counting-room upstairs. A black-\\njmith shop, mill for grinding corn, serape manufac-\\ntory and dwelling are around it, built against the\\nwalls of the fort. At one time he bad a well-drilled\\nForce of thirty Indians within its walls, with guards\\nposted night and da}- for its defense. No one reached\\nit without being fed and lodged.\\nI passed the evening of my arrival, after supper,\\n1^ his company. His manners are polished, and the\\nimpression he makes on every one is very favorable.\\nIn figure he is of medium height, rather stout, but\\nwell made. His head is round, features regular, with\\nsmiling and agreeable expression; complexion\\nhealthy and roseate. He wears his hair cut close,\\nand his moustache trimmed short, a la miUtaire. He\\ndressed very neatly in fi-ock coat, pantaloons and cap\\nof blue, and with his gold-headed malacca in hand,\\nyou would rather suppose him prepared for a saunter\\non the Boulevards than a consultation with Simplon,\\nhie Indian alcalde, about hands required for the day s\\nwork, or ox-teams to be dispatched here and there.\\nCHAPTKR Xi\\nTHE KING S ORPHAN.\\nHis Observations iu the .Sacramento Valley in 1S43 Indications\\nof Gold Life at .Sutter s Fort Indian Gourmands Won-\\nderful Fertility of the Land.\\nIn 1843 a young Swedish scholar visited Sutter s\\nFort, and made observations which are now highlj\\ninteresting. He had been educated at a Government\\ninstitution, and, on that account, was known as one\\nof the King s Orphans. One of the requirements\\nof the school was that the pupil, after receiving a\\ngratuitous education, should travel in foreign lands,\\nwrite out his observations and discoveries, and de-\\nposit them in the library of the institution. In pur-\\nsuance of that duty, the j oung Swede found his way\\nto California, made drawings of the Golden Gate,\\nthe town of Yerba Buena, and the old Presidio, vis-\\nited and described Sutter s Fort, and, on his way\\nhome, died at New Orleans. Ills papers fell into the\\nhands of Col. T. B. Thorpe, who reported them to\\nthe Associated Pioneers ||1 the Territorial Days of\\nCalifornia. While examining the country surround-\\ning Sutter s Fort, in 1843. the Orphan wrote\\nThe Californias are rich in minerals. Gold, sil-\\nver, lead, oxide of iron, manganese, and copper ore\\nare met with throughout the country, the precious\\nmetals being the most abundant.\\nDescribing Sutter s establishment, the Swedish\\ntraveler said\\nIt has more the appearance of a foi-t than a farm-\\ning establishment. It is protected by a wall ten feet\\nhigh, made of adobes, or sun-dried brick, having a\\nturret with embrasures and loop-holes for fire-arms.\\nTwenty-four pieces of cannon, of different sizes, can\\nb^ brought to defend the walls. Against the walls\\non the inside are erected the store-houses of the es-\\ntablishment also, a distillery to make spirits from\\nthe wheat and grapes, together with shops for coop-\\ners, blacksmiths, saddlers, granaries, and huts for the\\nlaborers. At the gate-wa} is alwaj s stationed a ser-\\nvant, armed as a sentinel. I arrived at the estab-\\nlishment in the morning, just as the people were be-\\ning assembled for labor by the discordant notes of a\\nMexican drum. I found Captain Sutter busily em-\\nployed in distributing orders for the day. He re-\\nceived me with great hospitalitj and made me feel\\non the instant, perfectly at home under his roof. The\\nmagical sound of the drum had gathered togethei-\\nseveral hundred Indians, who flocked to their morn\\ning meal preparatory to the labors of the day, reap-\\ning wheat. The morning meal over, thej- filed off to\\nthe field in a kind of military order, armed with a\\nsickle and hook.\\nBreakfast was by this time announced for the\\nfamily, which was served up in aii out-house adjoin-\\ning the kitchen. It consisted of wholesome corn-\\nbread, eggs, ham, an excellent piece of venison, and\\ncoffee. In the rear of the fort is a large pond, the\\nborders of which are planted with willows and other\\ntrees. This pond furnishes water for domestic use,\\nand for irrigating the garden. The want of rain is\\nthe greatest evil that befalls the country. In the\\nfront of the fort there are inclosures for horses and\\ncattle, and places to deposit corn and wheat. The\\nmanner of threshing was conducted on a most patri-\\narchal plan, the grain being strewn upon the floor\\nand then trodden out by horses or cattle, which causes\\nit to be much broken and mixed with the earth, and\\nalmo.st impossible to clean.\\nThe raising of wheat, corn, horses, and cattle,\\nconstitutes the principal business of Captain Sutter\\nbut he has realized considerable income from the sal-\\nmon fisheries of the rivera, the fish being unequaled\\nin flavor, and found in the greatest abundance. He\\nalso organized extensive hunting and trap])ing expe-\\nditions for vhe skins of the beaver, otter, elk, deer,\\nand antelope, but in this he was greatly interfered\\nwith by the Hudson Bay Company, who sent their\\nhunters upon his grounds. He complained to the\\nproper authorities, but they paid no attention to the\\nmatter. His enemies, not content with thus injur-\\ning him, informed the suspicious Mexican Govern\\nment that Captain Sutter was concocting revolu-\\ntionary plans, and that he encouraged deserters and\\nother disorderly persons to live at his settlement.\\nCaptain Sutter replied to these charges by stating\\nthat he had received the grant of his lands on condi-\\ntion that he should obtain settlers, the principal por-\\ntion of whom he expected from Europe. To make\\namends, he had encouraged all the stragglers in the\\ncountry to flock to his central position, and they be-\\ning chiefly unmarried men, and some rather lalwess\\nspirits from the mountains, thcj- soon formed a very\\nindependent set of men, and were quite competent\\nto defend themselves.\\nThe Government at Monterey was not satisfied\\nwith this explanation, and urged on by envious neigh-\\nbors, it was prompted to send to Captain Sutter a\\ncommittee of investigation. The Captain was so en-\\nraged at the indignity that he treated the committee\\nwith great contempt, and said he could defend him-\\nself against any force that might be employed ag linst\\nhim. Whereupon the Govornment at Monterey\\nthreatened to send a military force, but thought bet-\\nter of the matter when they learned the character\\nof the men Sutter had about him, and the Russian\\nai-mament he had mounted on the walls of the fort.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "SUTTER S FORT IN 1846.\\n47\\nbut they annoyed him with lawsuits, and, after a\\ngi eat deal of difficulty, he was acquitted of any\\ntreasonable designs against the Government.\\nThe Hudson Bay Company having destroyed his\\ntrade in furs, he retaliated upon them by erecting a\\nlarge distillery, with the product of which ho se-\\ncretly purchased from the hunters of the Company\\nthe greater part of their furs, and managed to make\\nmore by the operation than if he had kept up a large\\nhunting establishment of his own.\\nMr. Sinclair, a partner with Captain Sutter in\\nfarming pursuits, and a Mr. G-rimes, have large and\\nproductive farms on the American Fork. Mr. Sin-\\nclair is from Scotland, is a very interesting gentle-\\nman in conversation, and possesses great enterprise\\nin business. He was a hunter for many years among\\nthe Rocky Mountains, acting as a clerk to one of the\\nHudson Bay Company s expeditions. He treated me\\nto a rural breakfast, and, in accordance with his old\\nhabits, broiled his meat on a ramrod stuck up be-\\nfoi e the fire. The limpid and beautiful river near\\nwhich his home is situated, is made doubly attractive\\nwhen compared with the sultry plains in the vicinity,\\nupon which good water is not always to be ob-\\ntained.\\nThe Orphan explains the process of Indian sig-\\nnal-fires:\\nA hole is dug in the ground much wider at the\\nbottom than at the top; this hole is filled with com-\\nbustibles and set on fire; onoe well ignited the hole\\nis nearly closed at the opening. By this means the\\n,smoke rises to a considerable height in a column, and\\nthus information is conveyed to different tribes of the\\napproach of an enemy or friend, and whether they\\nare coming in large or small bodies.\\nThe gluttonous habits of the Indians are described:\\nThe Indians that constituted the crew of the\\nschooner, having been rather stinted of food for a\\nday or two, determined on a feast as a recompense\\nfor their previous fasting. They presented on that\\noccasion a spectacle 1 had never before witnessed of\\ndisgusting sensual indulgence, the effect of which on\\ntheir conduct, struck me as being exceedingly\\nstrange. The meat of the heifer, most rudelj cooked,\\nwas eaten in a voracious manner. After gorging\\nthemselves they would lie down and sleep for a while,\\nand get up and eat again. Thej repeated this glut-\\ntony until they actually lost their senses, and pre-\\nsented in their conduct all the phenomena peculiar\\nto an over-indulgence in spirituous liquors. They\\ncried and laughed by turns, roiled upon the ground,\\ndozed, and then sprang up in a state of delirium.\\nThe following morning they were all wretchedly\\nsick, and had the expression peculiar to drunken\\nmen recovering their reason after a debauch.\\nThe great fertility of the soil in parts of the Sac-\\nramento valley is referred to as follows\\nVegetables of all kinds can be raised in the great-\\nest abundance, frequently two or three crops a year.\\nWormwood and wild mustard abound as weeds. Oats\\ngrow wild, and the cultivated grow to an enormous\\nheight. Wheat crops sown in the Fall, early the fol-\\nlowing year have j-ielded one hundred and fourteen\\nbushels to the acre. At the Mission of St. Joseph it\\nwas ascertained that the yield was one hundred and\\ntwenty bushels to the acre, and the spontaneous crop\\nthe following j-ear was sixty bushels to the acre.\\nThe wheat of T aos has six distinct heads. Clover\\nand the grasses are extraordinarily fine and pro-\\nductive. Indian flax grows wild all over the coun-\\ntry. Horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs thrive well, and\\nare possessed in greater or less numbers by all th6\\ninhabitants, and are tended by herdsmen.\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nSUTTER S FORT IN 1846.\\nAspect of Sacramento Valley Sinclair s Ranch A Lady Pion-\\neer Captain Sutter at Home Tlie Fort Described Condi-\\ntion and Occupation of the Indians Farm Products and\\nPrices\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dinner with the Pioneer New Helvetia.\\nThe following interesting and accurate description\\nof Sutter s Fort, before the gold discovery, is from\\nEdwin Brj-ant s work, What I iSaw in California,\\npublished in 1849. Mr. Bryant, with a party of nine\\npersons, left Independence, Missouri, on the 1st of\\nMay, 1846, and reached Sutter s Fort about midsum-\\nmer, when he took the following observations\\nSept. 1, 1846. A clear, pleasant morning. We\\ntook a south course down the valley, and at 4 o clock\\np. M. reached the residence of John Sinclair, Esq.,\\non the Rio de los Americanos, about two miles cast\\nof Sutter s Fort. The valley of the Sacramento, as far\\nas we have traveled down it, is from thirty to forty-\\nmiles in width, from the foot of the low benches of\\nthe Sierra Nevada to the elevated range of hills on\\nthe western side. The composition of the soil ap-\\npears to be such as to render it highly productive,\\nwith proper cultivation, of the small grains. The\\nground is trodden up by immense herds of cattle\\nand horses, which grapied here early in the Spring,\\nwhen it was wet and apparently miry. We passed\\nthrough large evergreen oak groves, some of them\\nmiles in width. Game is very abundant. We fre-\\nquently saw deer feeding quietly one or two hundred\\nyards from us, and large flocks of antelopes.\\nMr. Sinclair, with a number of horses and In-\\ndians, was engaged in threshing wheat. His crop\\nthis year, he informed me, would be about three\\nthousand bushels. The soil of his rancho, situated\\nin the bottom of the Rio de los Americanos, just\\nabove its junction with the Sacramento, is highlj\\nfertile. His wheat-fields are secured against the\\nnumerous herds of cattle and horses, which consti-\\ntute the largest item in the husbandry of this coun-\\ntry, bj- ditches about five feet in depth, and four or\\nfive feet over at the surface. The dwelling-house\\nand outhouses of Mr. Sinclair are all constructed\\nafter American models, and present a most com-\\nfortable and neat appearance. It was a pleasant\\nscene, after having traveled many months in the\\nwilderness, to survey this abode of apparent thrift\\nand enjoyment, resembling so nearlj^ those we bad\\nleft in the far-off country behind us.\\nIn searching for the ford over the Rio de los\\nAmericanos, in order to proceed on to Sutter s Fort,\\nI saw a lady of a graceful, though fragile figure,\\ndressed in the costume of our own countrywomen.\\nShe was giving some directions to her female ser-\\nvants, and did not discover me until I spoke to her.\\nand inquired the position of the ford. Her pale and\\ndelicate, but handsome and expressive countenance,\\nindicated much surprise, produced by my sudden\\nand unexpected salutation. But, collecting herself,\\nshe replied to my inquiry in vernacular English, and\\nthe sounds of her voice, speaking our own language,\\nand her civilized appearance, were highly pleasing.\\nThis lady, I presume, was Mrs. Sinclair; but I never\\nsaw her afterwards.\\nCrossing the Rio de los Americanos, the waters", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "4.S\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ni)T- -which, at this season, are quite shallow at the\\nford, -we proceeded over a well -beaten road to Sut-\\nter s Fort, arriving there Avhen the sun was about\\nan hour and a half high. Riding up to the front\\ngate, I saw two Indian sentinels pacing to and fro\\nbefore it, and several Americans, or foreigners (as all\\nwho are not Californians by birth are here called),\\nsitting in the gatewa_y, dressed in buckskin panta-\\nloons and blue sailor shirts, with white stars worked\\non the collars. I inquired if Captain Sutter was in\\nthe fort. A very small man, with a peculiarly sharp\\nred face and a most voluble tongue, gave the re\\nsponse. He was probably a corporal. He said, in\\nsubstance, that perhaps I was not aware of the\\ngreat changes which had recently taken place in\\nCalifornia;- that the fort belonged to the LTnitcd\\nStates, and that Captain Sutter, although he was in\\nthe fort, had no control over it. He was going into\\na minute history of the complicated circumstances\\nand events which had produced this result, when I\\nreminded him that we were too much fatigued to\\nlisten to n lon j discourse, but if Captain Sutter was\\ninside the wails, and could conveniently step to the\\ngate a moment, 1 would be glad to see him. A lazy-\\nlooking Indian with a ruminating countenance, after\\nsome time spent in parlej ing, was dispatched with\\nmy message to Captain Sutter.\\nCaptain S. soon came to the gate, and saluted us\\nwith much gentlemanlj courtesy and friendly cordi-\\nality. He said that events had transpired in the\\ncountry, which, to his deep regret, had so far de-\\nprived him of the control of his own property, that\\nhe did not feel authorized to invite us inside of the\\nwalls to remain. The fort, he said, was occupied\\nby soldiers under the pay of the LT^nited States, and\\ncommanded by Mr. Kern. 1 replied to him that,\\nalthough it would be something of a noveltj- to sleep\\nunder a roof, after our late nomadic life, it was a\\nmatter of small consideration. If he would supply\\nus with some meat, a little salt, and such vegetables\\naB he might have, we neither asked nor desired more\\nfrom his hospitality, which we all knew was liberal,\\nto the highest degi-ee of generosity.\\nA servant was immediately dispatched with\\norders to furnish us with a supply of beef, salt, mel-\\nons, onions, and tomatoes, for which no compensa-\\ntion would be received. We proceeded immediatelj-\\nto a grove of live-oak timber, about two miles west\\nof the fort, and encamped within a half a mile of the\\nSacramento river.\\nHe [Captain Sutter], planted himself on the spot\\nwhere his fort now stands, then a savage wilderness,\\nand in the midst of numerous and hostile tribes of\\nIndians. With the small party of men which he\\noriginally brought with him, he succeeded in defend-\\ning himself against the Indians, until he constructed\\nbis first defensive building. He told me that, sev-\\neral times being hemmed in by his assailants, he\\nhad subsisted for many days upon grass alone.\\nThere is a grass in this valley which the Indians\\neat, that is pleasant to the taste, and nutritious.\\nHe succeeded by degrees in reducing the Indians to\\nobedience, and by means of their labor erected the\\nspacious fortification which now belongs to him.\\nThe fort is a parallelogram, about five hundred\\nfeet in length, and one hundred and fifty in breadth.\\nThe walls are constructed of adobes or sun-dried\\nbricks. The main building, or residence, stands near\\nthe center of the area, or court, inclosed by the\\nwalls. A row of shops, store-rooms, and barracks,\\nare inclosed within, and line the walls on everj- side.\\nBastions project from the angles, and ordnance,\\nmounted in which, sweep the walls. The principal\\ngates on the east and the south are also defended\\nby heavy artillery, through port-holes pierced in the\\nwalls. At this time the fort is manned by about\\nfifty well-disciplined Indians, and ten or twelve\\nwhite men, all under the pay of the United States.\\nThese Indians are well clothed and fed. The gar-\\nrison is under the command of Mr. Kem, the artist\\nof Captain Fremont s exploring expedition.\\nThe number of laboring Indians employed by\\nCajjtain Sutter during the seasons of sowing and\\nharvest, is from two to three hundred. Some of\\nthese are clothed in shirts and blankets, but a large\\nportion of them are entirely naked. They are paid\\nso much per day for their labor, in such articles of\\nmerchandise as they may select from the store.\\nCotton cloth and handkerchiefs are what they most\\nfreely purchase. Common brown cotton cloth sells\\nat one dollar per yard. A tin coin issued by Captain\\nSutter circulates among them, upon which is stamped\\nthe number of daj s that the holder has labored.\\nThese stamps indicate the value in merchandise to\\nwhich the laborer or holder is entitled.\\nThey are inveterate gamblers, and those who\\nhave been so fortunate as to obtain clothing, fre-\\nquently stake and part with every rag upon their\\nbacks. The game which they most generally play\\nis carried on as follows: Any number which may be\\nconcerned in it seat themselves cross-legged on the\\nground, in a circle. They are then divided into two\\nparties, each of which has two champions or players.\\nA ball, or some small article, is placed in the hands\\nof the pla^ ers on one side, which they transfer from\\nhand to hand with such sleight and dexterity that\\nit is nearly impossible to detect the changes. When\\nthe players holding the balls make a particular\\nmotion with their hands, the antagonist players\\nguess in which hand the balls are at the time. If\\nthe guess is wrong, it counts one in favor of the\\nplaying party. If the guess is right, then it counts\\none in favor of the guessing party, and the balls are\\ntransferred to them. The count of the game is\\nkept with sticks. During the progress of the game,\\nall concerned keep up a continual monotonous grunt-\\ning, with a movement of their bodies to keep time\\nwith their grunts. The articles which are staked\\non the game are placed in the center of the ring.\\nThe laboring or field Indians about the fort are\\nfed upon the offal of slaughtered animals, and upon\\nthe bran sifted from the ground wheat. This is\\nboiled in large iron kettles. It is then placed in\\nwooden troughs standing in the court, around which\\nthe several messes seat themselves, and scoop out\\nwith their hands this poor fodder. Bad as it is,\\nthey eat it with an apparent high relish; and no\\ndoubt it is more palatable and more healthy than\\nthe acorn mush, or afole, which constitutes the prin-\\ncipal food of these Indians in their wild state.\\nThe wheat crop of Captain Sutter, the jtresent\\nyear [1846], is about eight thousand bushels. The\\nseason has not been a favorable one. The average\\nyield to the acre, Captain S. estimated at twenty-\\nfive bushels. In favorable seasons this yield is\\ndoubled; and if we can believe the statements often\\nmade \u00c2\u00bbpon respectable authority, it is sometimes\\nquadrupled. The wheat-fields of\\nCaptain S. are seeui ed against the cattle and horses\\nby ditches. Agriculture, among the native Califor-\\nnians, is in a very primitive state, and although Cap-\\ntain S. has introduced some American implements,\\nstill his ground is but imperfectly cultivated.\\nWheat is selling at the fort at two dollars and", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "i x;ii\u00c2\u00ab )J^^\\nWW\\n^^^fi\\nw^ I\\n.-.i^ r,:^\\niivi r\u00c2\u00bb- i.- tijiriniii-i\u00c2\u00abr7yiiii", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE HISTORY OF THE DONNER PARTY.\\n49\\nfifty cents per fanega, rather more than two bushels\\nEnglish measure. It brings the same price when\\ndelivered ut San Francisco, near the mouth of the\\nBay of San Francisco. It is trans])ortcd from the\\nSacramento valley to a market in launches of about\\nfifty tons burden. Unbolted flour sells at eight dol-\\nlars per one hundred pounds. The reason of this\\nhigh price is the scarcity of flouring-mills in the\\ncountry. The mills which are now going up in\\nvarious places will reduce the price of flour, and\\nprobably they will soon be able to grind all the\\nwheat i-aised in the country. The streams .of Cali-\\nfornia aff^ord excellent water-power, but the flour\\nconsumed by Captain Sutter is ground by a very\\nordinary horse-mill.\\nI saw near the fort a small ])atch of hemp, which\\nhad been sown as an experiment, in the spring, and\\nhad not been irrigated. I never saw a ranker\\ngrowth of hemp in Kentucky. Vegetables of several\\nkinds appeared to be abundant, and in perfection.\\nCaptain Sutter s dining-room and his table fur-\\nniture do not present a very luxurious appearance.\\nThe room is unfurnished, with the exception of a\\ncommon deal table standing in the center, and some\\nbenches, which are substitutes for chairs. The\\ntable, when spread, presented a correspondingly\\nprimitive simplicity of aspect and of viands. The\\nfirst course consisted of good soup, served to each\\nguest, in a china bowl, with silver spoons. The\\nbowls, after they had been used for this purpose,\\nwere taken away and cleaned by the Indian servant,\\nand were afterwards used as tumblers or goblets,\\nfrom which we drank our water. The next course\\n.consisted of two dishes of meat, one roasted and one\\nfried, and both highlj^ seasoned with onions. Bread,\\ncheese, butter, and melons, constituted the dessert.\\nSuch has been the extortion of the Government\\nin the way of import duties, that i ow sujjplies which\\nare included even among the most ordinary elegan-\\ncies of life, have ever reached the inhabitants, and\\nfor these they have been compelled to pay prices\\nthat would be astonishing to a citizen of the United\\nStates or of Europe, and such as have imjioverished\\nthe population. As a general fact, they cannot be\\nobtained at any price, and hence those who have\\nthe ability to purchase are compelled to forego their\\nuse from necessity.\\nThe site of the town of Nueva Helvetia, which\\nhas been laid out bj- Captain Sutler, is about a mile\\nand a half from the Sacramento. It is on an eleva-\\ntion of the plain, and not subject to overflow when\\nthe waters of the river are at their highest known\\npoint. There arc now but three or four ^mall houses\\nin this town, but I have little doubt that it will soon\\nbecome a place of importance.\\nNear the Embarcadero of New Helvetia is a large\\nIndian sweat-house, or temoscal, an apjuMulage of\\nmost of the rancherias.\\nl^ s\u00c2\u00ab)\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nTHE HISTORY OF THE DONNER PARTY.\\nScene of the Tragedy Organization and Composition of the\\nParty Election of George Doimer as Captain Hastings\\nCiit-otf Ascent of the lountains Arrival at Donuer Lake\\nSnow-storms Construction of Cabins Forlorn Hope\\nParty Captain Reasin P. Tucker s Relief Party .James\\nF. Reed s Relief Party\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Starved Camp \u00e2\u0080\u0094Third Relief\\nParty -Heroism and Devotion of Mrs. George Donner\\nFourth Relief Party Tlie .Survivors.\\nThree miles from Truckee, and resting in the\\ngreen lap of the Sierras, lies one of the loveliest\\nsheets of water on the Pacific coast. Tall mountain\\npeaks are reflected in its clear waters, revealing a\\npicture of extreme loveliness and quiet peace. Yet\\nthis peaceful scene was the amphitheatre of the most\\ntragic event in the annals of early California. The\\nDonner Party was oi-ganized in Sangamon county,\\nIllinois, by George and Jacob Donner and James F.\\nEeed, in the Spring of 184(j. In April, 1846, the\\nparty set out irom Springfield, Illinois, and by the\\nfirst week in May had reached Independence, Mis-\\nsouri, where the parly was increased until the train\\nnumbered about two or three hundred wagons, the\\nDonner familj- numbering sixteen; the Eeed family,\\nseven; the Graves family, twelve; the Murphy family,\\nthirteen; these were the principal families of the\\nDonner part)- jjroper. At Independence, provisions\\nwere laid in for the trip, and the line of journey taken\\nup. In the occasional glimpses we have of the party,\\nfeatures of but little interest present themselves,\\nbeyond the ordinary experience of pioneer life. A\\nletter from Mrs. George Donner, written near the\\njunction of the North and South Platte, dated June\\nIG, 184(3, reports a favorable journey of four hundred\\nand fifty miles from Independence, Missouri, with\\nno forebodings of the terrible disasters so soon to\\nburst upon them. At Fort Lar.unic a portion of the\\nparly celebrated the Fourth of July. Thereafter\\nthe train passed, unmolested, upon its journey.\\nGeorge Donner was elected ca])lain of the train at\\nthe Little Sandy river, on the 20th of July, 1846,\\nfnini which act it took the name of The Donner\\nParty.\\nAt Fort Bridger, then a mere trading post, the\\nI alal choice was made of the I outc that led to such\\nfearful disasters and tragic death. A new route, via\\nSalt Lake, known as Hastings Cut-off, was recom-\\nmended to the party as shortening the distance by\\nthree hundred miles. After due deliberation, the\\nDonner party, of eighty-seven souls (three having\\ndied) were indui-ed to se] arate from the larger por-\\ntion of the train (which afterwards arrived in Cali-\\nfornia in safety) and commenced their journej by\\nway of Hastings Cut-oft They reached Weber\\nriver, near the head of the canon, in safety. From\\nthis point, in their journey, to Salt Lake, almost\\ninsurmountable ditticiilties were encountered, and\\ninstend of reaching Salt Lake in one week, as antici-\\npated, over thirty days of perilous travel were con-\\nsumed in making the trip most precious time in", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "50\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nview of the dangers imminent in the rapid!} ap-\\nproaching stormn of Winter. The story of their\\ntrials and sufferings, in their journey to the fixtal\\ncamp at Donner lake, is terrible; nature and stern\\nnecessity seemed arrayed against them. On the\\n19th of October, near the present site of Wadsworth,\\nNevada, the destitute company were happily repro-\\nvisioned by C. T. Stanton; furnished with food and\\nmules, together with two Indian vaqueros, by Caj)-\\ntain Sutter, without compensation.\\nAt the present site of Reno it was concluded to\\nrest. Three or four days time was lost. This was\\nthe fatal act. The storm-clouds were already brew-\\ning upon the mountains, only a few miles distant.\\nThe ascent was ominous. Thick and thicker grew\\nthe clouds, outstripping in threatening battalions\\nthe now eager feet of the alarmed emigrants, until,\\nat Prosser creek, three miles below Truckee, October\\n28, 1846, a month earlier than usual, the storm set\\nin, and they found themselves in six inches of newly-\\nfallen snow. On the summit it was already from two\\nto five feet deep. The party, in much confusion,\\nfinally reached Donner lake in disordered fragments.*\\nFrequent and desjierate attempts were made to cross\\nthe mountain tops, but at last, baffled and despairing,\\nthey returned to camp at the lake. The storm now\\ndescended in all its pitiless fury upon the ill-fated\\nemigrants. Its dreadful import was well understood,\\nas laden with omens of suftering and death. With\\nslight interruptions, the storm continued for several\\ndays. The animals were literally buried alive and\\nfrozen in the drifts. Meat was hastily prepared from\\ntheir frozen carcasses, and cabins rudely built. One.\\nthe Schallenberger cabin, erected November, 1844,\\nwas already standing, about a quarter of a mile be-\\nlow the lake. This the Ereen familj^ appropriated.\\nThe Murphys erected one three hundred yards from\\nthe lake, marked by a large stone twelve feet high.\\nThe Graves family built theirs near Donner creek,\\nthree-quarters of a mile further down the stream,\\nthe three forming the apexes of a triangle; the\\nBreen and Murphy cabins were distant from each\\nothej- about one hundred and fifty yards. The Don-\\nner brothers, with their families, hastily constructed\\na brush shed in Alder Creek valley, six or seven\\nmiles from the lake. Their provisions were speedily\\nconsumed, and starvation, with all its grim attend-\\nant horrors, stared the poor emigrants in the face.\\nDay by day, with aching hearts and paralyzed ener-\\ngies, they awaited, amid the beating storms of the\\nSierras, the dread revelation of the morrow, hopinir\\nagainst hope for some welcome sign.\\nOn the sixteenth daj- of December, 1846, a party\\nof seventeen were enrolled to attempt the hazardous\\njourney over the mountains, to press into the valley\\nbej ond for relief. Two returned, and the remaining\\nfifteen pressed on, including Mary Graves and her\\nsister; Mrs. Sarah Fosdick, and several other women,\\nthe heroic C. T. Stanton and the noble F. W. Graves\\n(who left his wife and seven children at the lakes\\nto await in vain his return) being the leaders. This\\nwas the Forlorn Hope Party, over whose dreadful\\nsufferings and disaster we must throw a veil. A de-\\ntailed account of this party is given from the graphic\\npen of C. F. McGlashan, and lately published in book\\nform from the press of Crowley McGlashan, pro-\\nprietors of the Truckee Republicmi, to which we take\\npleasure in referring the reader. Death in its most\\nawful form reduced the wretched company to seven\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\ntvvo men and five women when suddenly tracks\\nwere discovered imprinted in the snow. Can any\\none imagine, says Mary Graves in her recital, the\\njoy these foot-prints gave us We ran as fast as our\\nstrength would carry us. Turning a sharp point\\nihej suddenlj- came upon an Indian rancheria. The\\nacorn-bread offered them by the kind and awe-\\nstricken savages was eagerly devoured. But on they\\n]jresscd with their Indian guides, only to repeat their\\ndreadful sufferings, until at last, one evening about\\nthe last of January, Mr. Eddy, with his Indian guide,\\npreceding the party fifteen miles, reached Johnson s\\nranch, on Bear river, the first settlement on the\\nwestern slope of the Sierras, when relief was sent\\nback as soon as possible and the remaining six sur-\\nvivors were brought in next day. It had been thii\\nly- two days since they left Donner lake. No tongue\\ncan tell, no pen portraj the awful suffering, the ter-\\nrible and appalling straits, as well as the noble deeds\\nof heroism that characterized this march of death.\\nThe eternal mountains, whose granite faces bore wit-\\nness to their sufferings, are fit monuments to mark\\nthe last resting-place of Charles T. Stanton, thatcul\\ntured, heroic soul, who groped his way through the\\nblinding snow of the Sierras to immortality. The\\ndivinest encomium He gave his life as a ransom\\nfor many is his epitaph, foreshadowed in his own\\nnoble words, I will bring aid to these famishing\\npeople 01 lay dowii my life.\\nNothing could be done, in the meantime, for the\\nrelief of the sufferers at Doimer lake, without\\nsecuring help from Fort Sutter, which was speedily\\naccomplished by John Rhodes. In a week, six men,\\nfully provisioned, with Captain Reasin P. Tucker at\\ntheir head, reached Johnson s ranch, and in ten or\\ntwelve days time, with provisions, mules, etc., the\\nfirst relief party started for the scene at Donner lake.\\nIt was a fearful undertaking, hut on the morning of\\nthe 19th of F ebruary, 1847, the above party began\\nthe descent of the gorge leading to Donner lake.\\nWe have purposely thrown a veil over the dread-\\nful sufferings of the stricken band left in their\\nwretched hovels at Donner lake. Reduced to the\\nverge of starvation, many died (including numei-ous\\nchildren, seven of whom were nursing babes) who,\\nin this dreadful state of necessity, were summarily\\ndisposed of. Rawhides, moccasins, strings, etc.,\\nwei c eaten. But relief was now close at hand for\\nthe poor, stricken sufferers. On the evening of the\\n19th of February, 1847, the stillness of death that\\nhad settled upon the scene was broken by pro-", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE DISCOVERY OF OOLD.\\no]\\nlonged shouts. In an instant the painfully sensitive\\nears of the despairing watchers caught the welcome\\nsound. Captain Tucker, with his relief party, had\\nat last arrived upon the scene. Every face was\\nbathed in tears, and the strongest men of the relief\\nparty melted at the appalling sight, sat do\u00c2\u00ab n, and\\nwept with the rest. But time was precious, as storms\\nwere imminent. The return party was quickly gath-\\nered. Twentj -three members started, among them\\nseveral women and children. Of this number two were\\ncompelled to return, and three perished on the jour-\\nney. Many hardships and privations were expe\\nrienced, and their provisions were soon entirely\\nexhausted. Death once more stared them in the\\nface, and despair settled upon them. But assistance\\nwas near at hand. James F. Reed, who had pre-\\nceded the Domier party by some months, suddenly\\nappeared with the second relief party, on the\\n25th of February. 1847. The joy of the meeting\\nwas indescribable, especially between the family and\\nthe long-absent father. Re-provisioned, the party\\npressed on, and gained their destination after severe\\nsuftering, with eighteen members, only three having\\nperished. Reed continued his journey to the cabins\\nat Douner lake. There the scene was simply inde-\\nscribable; starvation and disease were fast claiming\\ntheir victims. March 1st (according to Breen s\\ndiary) Reed and his party arrived at the camp.\\nProceeding directly to his cabin, he was espied by\\nhis little daughter (who, with her sister, was carried\\nback by the previous party) and immediately recog-\\nnized with a cry of joy. Provisions were carefully\\ndealt out to the famishing people, and immediate\\nsteps were taken for the return. Seventeen com-\\nprised this party. Hall-starved and completely\\nexhausted, they were compelled to camp in the\\nmidst of a furious storm, in which Mr. Reed barely\\nescaped with his life. This was Starved Camp,\\nand from this point Mr. Reed, with his two little\\nchildren and another person, struggled ahead to\\nobtain hasty reliel, if possible.\\nOn the second day after leaving Starved\\nCamp, Mr. Reed and the three companions were\\novertaken by Cady and Stone, and on the night ol\\nthe third day, reached Woodworth s camp, at Bear\\nvalley, in safety. The horrors of Starved Camp\\nbeggar all description, indeed, require none. The\\nthird relief party, composed of John Stark, Howard\\nOakley, and Charles Stone, were nearing the rescue,\\nwhile W. H. Foster and VV. H. Eddy (rescued by a\\nformer party) were bent on the same mission.\\nThese, with Hiram Miller, set out from Woodworth s\\ncamp on the following morning after iieed s arrival.\\nThe eleven were duly reached, but were in a starving\\ncondition, and nine of the eleven were unable to\\nwalk. By the noble resolution and herculean\\nefforts of John Stark, a part of the number were\\nborne and urged onward to their destination, while\\nthe other portion was compelled to remain and\\nawait another relief party. When the third relief\\nparty, under Foster and Eddy, arrived at Honner\\nlake, the sole survivors of Alder creek were George\\nDonner, the captain of the company, and his heroic\\nand faithful wife, whose devotion to her dying\\nhusband caused her own death during the last and\\nfearful days of waiting for the fourth relief George\\nDonner knew he was dying, and urged his wife to\\nsave her life and go with her little ones, with the\\nthird relief, but she refused. Nothing was more\\nheart-rending than her sad parting with her beloved\\nlittle ones, Who wound their childish arms lovingly\\naround her neck and besought her with mingled\\ntears and kisses to join them. But duty prevailed\\nover atfection, and she retraced the weary distance\\nto die with him whom she had promised to love and\\nhonor to the end. Such scenes of anguish are seldom\\nwitnessed on this sorrowing earth, and such acts of\\ntriumphant devotion ai e among her most golden\\ndeeds. The snowy cerements of Donner lake\\nenshrouded in its stilly whiteness no purer life, no\\nnobler heart than Mrs. George Donner s. The\\nterrible recitals that close this awful tragedy we\\nwillingly omit.\\nThe third relief j)arty rescued four of the last five\\nsurvivors; the fourth and last relief party rescued\\nthe last survivor, Lewis Eeseberg, on the 7th of\\nApril, 1847. Ninety names are given as members of\\nthe Donner party. Of these forty-two perished, six\\ndid not live to reach the mountains, and forty-eight\\nsurvived. Twenty-six, and possibly twenty-eight,\\nout of the forty-eight survivors are living to-day\\nseveral residing in San Jose, Oalistoga, Los Gatos,\\n.Marysville, and in Oregon.\\nThus ends this narrative of horrors, without a\\nparallel in the annals of American history, of appall-\\ning disasters, fearful sutterings, heroic fortitude, self-\\ndenial and heroism.\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nTHE DISCOVERY OF GOLD.\\nKarly Reports and Discoveries M-irsliall s Great Discovery at\\nSutter s MiU^His Accouut of tlie Event Views of the\\nNewspapers uf tliat Time Political aiul Social Revolu-\\ntion Great Rush to the Alines Results General .Sutter s\\nAccount of the Gold Discovery Building of Saw-Mill.\\nFrom the first discovery of California by the Span-\\niards the impression prevailed that the country was\\nrich in silver, gold, and precious stones. When set-\\nting out on his northern expedition, the object of\\nCortez was to find another country like Mexico, in-\\nhabited by a semi-civilized people, whose rich treas-\\nlu-es he might appropriate; and afterwards there\\nexisted among the inhabitants of New Spain a strong\\nbelief in the great riches of the new province, both\\nin \u00e2\u0096\u00a0old and precious stones. The first published\\nreport of gold in California is found in Hakluyt s\\naccount of Sir Francis Drake s expedition to this coast\\nin 1579. The historian of the voyage says: There\\nis no part of the earth here to be taken up wherein\\nthere is not a reasonable quantity of gold or silver.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLAOER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nIt is not related that any of Drake s men penetrated\\ninto the interior of the country or made any search\\nfor these metals; and, since neither gold nor silver\\nis found in the neighborhood of Drake s or San Fran-\\ncisco bay, it is to be infen-ed that this statement\\nwas a falsehood, uttered for the purpose of giving\\nimportance to Drake s supposed discovery.\\nThere is no further account of gold or silver dis-\\ncoveries for two hundred and twenty-three years,\\nuntil 1802, when it is said that silver was found at\\nAlizal, in Monterey county, but the mine never pro-\\nduced anything of consequence. Manfras says that\\ngold was found in San Diego county in 1828; but as\\nthe discovery had not been heard of by Alexander\\nForbes, the historian of California, in 1835, it could\\nnot have been of any importance. On the contrary.\\nForbes, in his book of that date, says: No min-\\nerals of particular importance have yet been found\\nin Upper California, nor any ores of metals. In\\nanother place, referring to Hijar s migration to Cali-\\nfornia in 1833, he says: There were goldsmiths in\\nthe party proceeding to a country where no gold\\nexisted. Mr. Forbes was then the British Vice-\\nConsul at Monterey, and was doing all in his power\\nto interest the English Government in the country\\nit is therefore certain that up to that time 1835\\nno mineral discoveries of any consequence had been\\nmade in the province.\\nThe first mine to produce any noticeable amount\\nof pi-ecious metal was the gold placers in the canon\\nof the San Francisquito creek, forty-five miles north-\\nwest of Los Angeles. It was discovered about the\\nyear 1831S, and was worked continuously for ten\\nyears, when it was deserted for the richer discov-\\neries in the Sacramento basin. Its total j-ield was\\nprobably not over sixty thousand dollars or about\\nsix thou ^and dollars a year.\\nIn 1S42, James D. Dana, the geologist and miner-\\nalogist with Wilkes Exploring Expedition, traveled\\nfrom the northern frontier through the Sacramento\\nbasin to the Bay of San Frau(;isco, and afterwards\\npublished a work in which he said: The gold rocks\\nand veins oi quartz were observed bj the author in\\n1K4:2, near the Umpqua river, in southern Oregon,\\nand ]iebbles from similar rocks were met with along\\nthe shores of the Sacramento, in California, and the\\nresemblance to other gold districts was remarked;\\nbut there was no ()])]x)rtunity of exploring the\\ncoiintiy at the time. Mr. Dana s professional\\nknowledge enabled him to perceive certain indica-\\ntions of gold, but no practical discoveries were made.\\nOn the 4th of May, 1846, Thomas O. Larkin, then\\nUnited States Consul at Monterey, wrote to the Sec-\\nretary of State as follows: There is said to be\\nblack lead in the country at San Fernando, near\\nSan Pedro. By washing the sand in a plate, any\\nperson can obtain from one to five dollars per daj- of\\ngold that brings seventeen dollars per ounce in Boston\\nThe gold has been gathered for two or three years,\\nthough but few persons have the patience to look lor\\nit. On the south-west end of the Island of Catalina\\nthere is a silver mine from which silver has been\\nextracted. There is no doubt that gold, silver,\\nquicksilver, copper, lead, sulphur and coal mines\\nare to be found all over California, and it is equally\\ndoubtful whether, under their present owners, they\\nwill ever be worked. Till May, 1846, no productive\\nmines were in operation, except the one on San\\nFrancisquito creek, in what is now Los Angeles\\ncounty.\\nIt was reserved for James W. Marshall to make\\nthe great discovery, on the 19th of January, 1848.\\nat Sutter s mill, on the South Fork of the American\\nriver, near the jiresent town of Coloma, inEl Dorado\\ncount\\\\\\nNo account of the memorable event can be so\\ninteresting as that of Mr. Marshall himself, who in\\na letter of January 28, 1856, says:\\nTowards the end of August, 1847, Captain Sut-\\nter and I formed a copartnership to build and run a\\nsaw-mill upon a site selected by myself (since known\\nas Coloma). We employed P. L. Weimer and fam-\\nily, to remove i rom the fort (Suiter s Fort) to the\\nmill-site to cook and labor for us. Nearly the first\\nwork done was the building of a double log cabin,\\nabout half a mile from the mill-site. We commenced\\nthe mill about Christmas. Some of the mill hands\\nwanted a cabin near the mill. This was built, and\\nI went to the iort to superintend the construction of\\nthe mill irons, leaving orders to cut a narrow ditch\\nwhere the race was to be made. Upon my return,\\nin January, 1848, I found the ditch cut as directed,\\nand those who were working on the same were\\ndoing so at a great disadvantage, expending their\\nlabor upon the head of the race instead of the foot.\\nI immediately changed the course of things, and\\nupon the 19th of the same month, January, dii?-\\ncovered the gold near the lower end of the race,\\nabout two hundred yards below the mill. William\\nScott was the second man to see the metal. He was\\nat work at a carpenter s bench near the mill. 1\\nshowed the gold to him. Alexander Stephens.\\nJames Brown, Henry Bigler, and William Johnston,\\nwere likewise working in front of the mill, framing\\nthe upper story. They were called up next, and, of\\ncourse, saw the precious metal. P. L. Weimer and\\nCharles Bennett were at the old double log cabin\\n(where Hastings Co. afterwards kept a store),\\nand, in my opinion, at least half a mile distant.\\nIn the meantime we put in some wheat and peas,\\nnearly five acres, across the river. In February, the\\nCaptain (Captain Sutter) came to the mountains for\\nthe first time. Then we consummated a treaty\\nwith the Indians, which had been previously nego-\\ntiated. The tenor of this was that we were to pay\\nthem two hundred dollars yearly in goods, at Yerba\\nBuena prices, for the joint possession and occupation\\nof the land with them; they agreeing not to kill our\\nstock, viz.: horses, cattle, hogs or sheep, nor burn\\nthe grass within the limits fixed by the treaty. At\\nthe same time, Captain Sutter, myself and Isaac\\nHumphrey, entered into a copartnershi]) to dig gold.\\nA short tfme afterwards, P. L. W^eimer moved away\\nfrom the mill, and was awaj^ two or three months,\\nwhen he returned. With all the events that sub-\\nsequently occurred, you and the public are well in-\\nformed.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE DISCOVERY OF HOLD.\\n53\\nThe following additional particulars of the dis-\\ncover}^ appeared in the Coloma Argus in the latter\\npart of the year 1855, and were evidently derived\\nfrom Weimer himself:\\nThat James W. Marshall picked up the first\\npiece of gold, is beyond doubt. Peter L. VVimmer\\n(Weimer), who resides in this place, states positivelj\\nthat Mr. Marshall picked up the gold in his presence;\\nthey both saw it, and each spoke at the same time,\\nWhat s that yellow stuft? Marshall being a ste]i\\nin advance picked it up. This first piece of gold\\nis now in the possession of Mrs. VVimmer, and weighs\\nsix penny-weights, eleven grains. The piece was\\ngiven to her by Marshall himself. fphe\\ndam was finished early in January, the frame for\\nthe mill also erected, and the flume and bulk-head\\ncompleted. It was at this time that Marshall and\\nWimmer adopted the plan of raising the gate during\\nthe night to wash out sand from the mill-race, clos-\\ning it during the day, when work would be con-\\ntinued with shovels, etc. Early in February the\\nexact da} is not remembered in the morning, after\\nshutting oft the water, Marshall and Wimmer walked\\ndown the race together to see what the water had\\naccomplished during the night. Having gone about\\ntwenty yards below the mill, they both saw the\\npiece of gold mentioned, and Marshall picked it up.\\nAfter an examination, the gold was taken to the\\ncabin of Wimmer, and Mrs. Wimmer instructed to\\nboil it in saleratus water; but, she being engaged in\\nmaking soap, pitched the piece in the soap-kettle,\\nwhere it was boiled all daj and all night. The fol-\\nlowing morning the strange piece of stuff was fished\\nout of the soap, all the brighter for the boiling it\\nhad received. Discussion now commenced, and all\\nexpressed the opinion that perhaps the yellow sub-\\nstance might be gold. Little was said on the sub-\\nject; but every one each morning searched in the\\nrace for more, and every day found several small\\nscales. The Indians also picked up many small\\nthin pieces, and carried them always to Mrs. Wimmer.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2About three weeks after the first piece was ob-\\ntained, Marshall took the fine gold, amounting to\\nbetween two and three ounces, and went below to\\nhave the strange metal tested. On his return, he\\ninfoi med Wimmer that the stutf was gold. All\\nhands now began to search for the root of all evil.\\nShortly after Captain Sutter came to Coloma, when\\nhe and Marshall assembled the Indians, and bought\\nof them a large tract of country about Coloma, in\\nexchange for a lot of beads and a few cotton hand-\\nkerchiefs. They, under color of this Indian title,\\nrequired one-third of all the gold dug on their\\ndomain, and collected at this rate until the Fall of\\n1848, when a mining party from Oregon declined\\npaying tithes, as they called it.\\nDuring February, 1848, Marshall and Wimmer\\nwent down the river to Mormon Island, and there\\nfound scales of gold on the rocks. Some weeks later\\nthey sent a Mr. Henderson, Sj dney Willis, and Mr.\\nFifield, Mormons, down there to dig, telling them\\nthat that ]ilace was better than Coloma. These\\nwere the first miners at Mormon Island.\\nIn a little work entitled Mining in the Pacific\\nStates, published by H. H. Bancroft Co., in 18G1,\\nMr. John S. Hittell presents the following interest-\\ning facts concerning the great discover)\\nMarshall was a man of an active, enthusiastic\\nmind, and he at oiiee attached great importaiu-e to\\nhis discovery. His ideas, however, were vague; he\\nknew nothing about gold-mining; he did not know\\nhow to take advantage of what he had found. Only\\nan experiiinced gold-miner could understand the\\nimportance of the discovery, and make it of practical\\nvalue to all the worla. That gold-miner, fortu-\\nnately, was near at hand; his name was Isaac Hum-\\nphrey, lie was residing in the town of San Fran-\\ncisco, in the month of February, when a Mr. Bennett,\\none of the party employed at Marshall s mill, went\\ndown to that place with some of the dust to have it\\ntested; for it was still a matter of doubt whether\\nthis yellow metal reallj was gold. Bennett told his\\nerrand to a friend whom he met in San Francisco,\\nand this friend introduced him to Humphrey, who\\nhad been a gold-miner in Georgia, and was therefore\\ncompetent to pass an opinion upon the stuft Ilum-\\nphrej looked at the dust, pronounced it gold, at the\\nfii st glance, and expressed a belief that the diggings\\nmust be rich. He made inquiries about the place\\nwhere the gold was found, and sub.sequent inquiries\\nabout the trustworthiness of Mr. Bennett, and on\\nthe 7th ot March he was at the mill. He tried\\nto induce several of his friends in San Francisco to\\ngo with him; they all thought his expedition a fool-\\nish one, and he had to go alone. He found that\\nthere was some talk about the gold, and persons\\nwould occasionally go about looking for pieces of it;\\nbut no one was engaged in mining, and the work ot\\nthe mill was going on as usual. On the 8th he\\nwent out pi ospecting with a pan, and satisfied him-\\nself that the country in that vicinity was rich in\\ngold. He then made a rocker and commenced the\\nbusiness of washing gold; and thus began the busi-\\nness ot mining in California. Others saw how he\\ndid it, followed his example, found that the work\\nwas profitable, and abandoned all other occupations.\\nThe news of their success spread, people flocked to\\nthe place, learned how to use the rocker, discovered\\nnew diggings, and, in the course of a few months,\\nthe country had been overtui-ned by a social and\\nindustrial revolution.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Mr. Humphrey had not been at work more than\\nthree or four days before a Frenchman, called Bap-\\ntiste, who had been a gold-miner in Mexico for manj-\\nyears, came to the mill, and he agreed with Hum-\\nphrey that California was very rich in gold. He.\\ntoo, went to work, and being an excellent prospector,\\nhe was of great service in teaching the new-comers\\nthe principles of prospecting and mining for gold,\\nprinciples not abstruse, yet not likely to suggest\\nthemselves, at first thought, to men entirely igno-\\nrant of the business. Baptiste had been employed\\nby Captain Sutter to saw timber with a whip-saw.\\nand had been at work for two years at a place, since\\ncalled Weber, about ten miles eastward from Coloma.\\nWhen he saw the diggings at the latter place, he at\\nonce said there were rich mines where he had been\\nsawing, and he expressed surprise that it had never\\noccurred to him before, so experienced in gold-min-\\ning as he was; but afterwards he said it had been\\nso ordered by Providence, that the gold might not\\nbe discovered until California should be in the hands\\nof the Americans.\\nAbout the middle of March, P. B. Reading, an\\nAmei ican, now a prominent and wealthy citizen cf\\nthe State, then the owner of a large ranch on the\\nwestern bank of the Sacramento river, near where\\nit issues from the mountains, eame to Coloma, and\\nafter looking about at the diggings, said that if simi-\\nlarity in the appearance of the country could be\\ntaken as a guide, there must be gold in the hills", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "54\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nuear his ranch; and he went ott declaring his in-\\ntention to go back and make an examination of\\nthem. John Bidwell, another American, now a\\nwealthy and influential citizen, then residing on his\\nranch on the bank of Feather river, came to Coloma\\nabout a week later, and he said there must be gold\\nnear his ranch, and he went off with expressions\\nsimilar to those used by Reading. In a few weeks\\nnews came that Reading had found diggings near\\nClear creek, at the head of the Sacramento valley,\\nand was at work there with his Indians; and not\\nlong after, it was reported that Bidwell was at work\\nwith his Indians on a rich bar of Feather river,\\nsince called Bidwell s Bai\\\\\\nAlthough there were two newspapers, the Gali-\\nfomian and S /f\u00c2\u00abr, published in San Francisco, thej^\\ndo not seem to have been either very credulous or\\nfery enterprising. They did not hear of the dis-\\naovery till some weeks after the great event; or, if\\nthey did hear of it, they did not credit the report.\\nThe first published notice of the gold discovery ap-\\npeared in the Californiun on the fifteenth of March,\\nQearly two months after the event, and was as fol-\\nlows:\\nGold Mine Found. In the newly -made race-\\nway of the saw-mill recently erected by Captain\\nSutter, on the American fork, gold has been found\\nin considei-able quantities. One person brought\\nthirty dollars worth to New Helvetia, gathered\\nthere in a short time. California, no doubt, is rich\\nin mineral wealth; great chances here for scientifie\\ncapitalists. Gold has beeii found in almost every\\npart of the country.\\nThree days afterwards the Star made the follow-\\ning brief allusion to the subject:\\nWe were informed a few days since that a very\\nvaluable silver mine was situated in the vicinity of\\nthis place, and again, that its locality was known.\\nMines of quicksilver are being found all over the\\ncountry. Gold has been discovered in the northern\\nSacramento district, about forty miles above Sutter s\\nFort. Rich mines of copper are said to exist north\\nof these bays.\\nThe Star of March 25th says: So great is the\\nquantity of gold taken from the new mines recently\\nfound at New Helvetia, that it has become an article\\nof traffic in that vicinity.\\nIt was three months after Marshall s discovery,\\nbefore the San Francisco papers announced that\\ngold-mining had become a regular and profitable\\nbusiness. The CaUfomian of April 26Lh says:\\nGold Mines oe tue Sacramento. From a gen-\\ntleman just from the gold region, wo learn that many\\nnew discoveries have very recently been made, and\\nit is fully ascertained that a large extent of country\\nabounds with that precious mineral. Seven men, with\\npicks and spades, gathered nine thousand six hun-\\ndred dollars within fifteen days. Many persons are\\nsettling on the lands with the view of holding pre-\\nemptions, but as yet every person takes the right to\\ngather all he can, without any regard to claims.\\nThe lai-gest piece yet found is worth six dollars.\\nThe Star of April 1, 18-18, contained an elaborate\\narticle on the resources of California, giving due\\ncredence and importance to the great event which\\nwas so soon to vitalize the sluggish province, in\\nwhich the writer said:\\nIt would be utterly impossible at present to make\\na correct estimate of the mineral wealth of Cali-\\nfornia. Popular attention has been but lately\\ndirected to it. But the discoveries that have already\\nbeen made will warrant us in the assertion that\\nCalifornia is one of the richest mineral countries in\\nthe world. Gold, silver, quicksilver, iron, copper,\\nlead, sulphur, saltpetre, and other mines of great\\nvalue have already been found. We saw, a few days\\nago, a beautiful specimen of gold from the mine\\nnewly discovered on the American fork. From all\\naccounts the mine is immensely rich, and already\\nwe learn the gold from it, collected at random and\\nwithout any trouble, has become an article of\\ntrade at the upper settlements. This precious metal\\nabounds in this country. We have heard of several\\nother newly-discovered mines of gold, but as these\\nreports are not yet authenticated we shall pass over\\nthem. However, it is well known that there is a\\nplacer of gold a few miles from the ciudad de Los\\nAngeles, and another on the San Joaquin.\\nThe Calif orn Mn of August 14, 1848, contained an\\narticle descriptive of the process and implements of\\ngold-mining at that time, and having related the\\nparticulars of the discovery at Sutter s mill, the\\nwriter continues:\\nIt soon began to attract attention, and some\\npersons discovered gold in the river below, and for\\nsome distance above the mill, in large quantities;\\nso much so that persons who only gave credit to\\none-third of what was said about it left their homes\\nand went to work in the mines. It was the work\\nof but a few weeks to bring almost the entire popu-\\nlation of the Territory together, to pick up the\\nprecious metal. The result has been that in less\\nthan four months, a total revolution bus been effected\\nin the prospects and fate of Alta California. Then,\\nthe capital was in the hands of a few individuals\\nengaged in trade and speculation; now, labor has\\ngot the upper hand of capital, and the laboring men\\nhold the great mass of the wealth of the country-\\nthe gold.\\nThere are now about four thousand white per-\\nsons, besides a number of Indians, engaged in the\\nmines; and from the fact that no capital is required,\\nthey are working in companies, on equal shares, or\\nalone, with their baskets. In one part of the mine,\\ncalled the dry-diggings, no other implement is nec-\\nessary than an ordinary sheath-knife, to pick the\\ngold from the rocks. Id other parts, where the\\ngold is washed out, the machinery is very simple,\\nbeing an ordinary trough made of plank, round on\\nthe bottom, about ten feet long, and two feet wide\\nat the top, with a riddle, or sieve, at one end, to\\ncatch the larger gravel, and three or four small bars\\nacross the bottom, about half an inch high, to keep\\nthe gold from going out with the dirt and water at\\nthe lower end. This machine is set upon rockers,\\nwhich give a half-rotary motion to the water and\\ndirt inside. But far the largest number use nothing\\nbut a large tin-pan, or an Indian basket, into which\\nthey place the dirt, and shake it about until the gold\\ngets to the bottom, and the dirt is carried over the\\nside in the shape of muddy water. It is necessary,\\nin some cases, to have a crowbar, pick, or shovel;\\nbut a great deal is taken up with large horns, shaped\\nspoon-fashion at the large end.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THK DISCOVERY OF COLD.\\nFrom the fact that no capital is nccessaiy, a fair\\ncompetition in labor, without the influence of capital,\\nmen who were only able to procure one month s\\nprovisions have now thousands of dollars of the\\nprecious metal. The laboring clasB have now become\\nthe capitalists of the country.\\nAs to the richness of the mines, were we to set\\ndown half the truth, it would be looked upon in\\nother countries as a Sinbad story, or the history of\\nAladdin s lamp. Many persons have collected in\\none day, of the finest grade of gold, from three to\\neight hundred dollars, and for many days together\\naveraged from seventy-five to one hundred and fifty\\ndollars. Although this is not universal, yet the\\ngeneral average is so well settled, that when a man\\nwith his pan or basket does not easily gather from thir-\\nty to forty dollarsin a day, he moves to another place;\\n.so that taking the general average, including the\\ntime spent in moving from place to place and in\\nlooking for better diggings, we are of the opinion\\nthat we maj safely set down an ounce of jiure gold,\\nor sixteen dollars per day, to the man. Suppose\\nthere are four thousand persons at work, they will\\nadd to the aggregate wealth of the Territory about\\nfour thousand ounces, or sixty-four thousand doHars\\na day.\\nPour months ago, flour was sold in this market\\n(San Francisco) for four dollars per hundred; now it\\nis sixteen. Beef cattle wei e then six; now they are\\nthirty. Eeady-made clothing, groceries, and other\\ngoods, have not risen in the same proportion, but are\\nat least double their former cost. If we make bi ead\\nand meat the standard by which to determine the\\nvalue of gold, then it is worth only one-fourth of\\nwhat it is elsewhere. But if gold and silver be the\\nstandard, then the bread and meat is woi th four\\ntimes what it was. But, the relative value of the\\ngrain-gold, compared with gold and silver coin, can\\nonly be changed by the action of Government; for,\\nhowever abundant the gold may be, it must produce\\nits relative value in coin; and, while a five-dollar\\ngold-piece will be received at the Treasury as five\\ndollars, so long must an ounce of gold be worth\\nsixteen dollars.\\nAs to the future hopes of California, her course\\nis onw^ard, with a rapidity that will astonish the\\nworld. Her unparalleled gold mines, silver mines, iron\\nore, and lead, with the best climate in the world,\\nand the richest soil, will make it the garden-spot of\\ncreation.\\nThe Galifomian, of September 23, 1848, gives the\\nfollowing graphic account of the grand rush to the\\ngold mines:\\nIt would seem that but little doubt was enter-\\ntained of its being the Slmon-pij,re stufl for operations\\nimmediately ceased at the mill, and all hands com-\\nmenced searching for gold. It was soon found that\\ngold abounded all along the American fork, for a\\ndistance of thirty miles. But little credit howevei-\\nwas given the report, though occasionally a solitary\\ngold-hunter might be seen stealing down to the\\nlaunch, with a pick and shovel, more that half-\\nashamed of his ci-edulity. Sometime dui ing the\\nmonth of May a number of credible persons arrived\\nin town from the scene of operations, bringing spec-\\nimens of the ore, and stating that those engaged in\\ncollecting the precious metal were making from three\\nto ten dollars per day. Then commenced the grand\\nrush. The inhabitants throughout the Territjor}-\\nwere in a commotion. Large companies of men,\\nwomen, and children could be seen on every road\\nleading to the mines; their wagons loaded down\\nwith tools for digging, provisions, etc. Launch after\\nlaunch left the wharves of our city (San Fiancisco)\\ncrowded with passengers and freight, for the Sacra-\\nmento. Mechanical operations of every kind ceased.\\nWhole streets, that were but a week before alive\\nwith a busy population, were entirely deserted, and\\nthe place wore the appearance of a city that had\\nbeen suddenly visited by a devastating plague. To\\ncap the climax, the newspapers were obliged to stop\\nprinting, for want of readers.\\nMeantime, our mercantile friends were doing an\\nunwonted stroke of business. Every arrival from\\nthe mining district brought more or less gold-dust,\\nthe major part of which immediately passed into the\\nhands of the merchants, for goods. Immense quan-\\ntities of merchandise were conveyed to the mines,\\nuntil it became a matter of astonishment where so\\nmuch could be disposed of. During the first eight\\nweeks of the golden times, the receipts at this place\\n(San Francisco) in gold-dust amounted to two\\nhundred and fifty thousand dollars. For the eight\\nweeks ending at this ilate (Sept. 23, 1848), they\\nwere six hundred thousand dollars. The number of\\npersons now engaged in gold-hunting will yjrobably\\nexceed six thousand, including Indians, and one\\nounce per day is the lowest average we can put for\\neach person, while many collect their hundreds ot\\ndollars for a number of days in succession, and\\ninstances have been known where one individual has\\ncollected from fifteen hundred to eighteen hundred\\ndollai-s worth of pure gold in one day. Explorations\\nhave been progressing, and it is now fully ascertained\\nthat gold exists on both sides of the Sierra Nevada,\\nfrom latitude forty -one degrees north, as far south\\nas the head-waters of the San Joaquin river, a dis-\\ntance of four hundred miles in length and one\\nhundred in breadth. Farther than this has not been\\nexplored; but from the natuie of the country beyond\\nthe sources of the San Joaquin, wo doubt not gold\\nwill also be found therein equal abundance. The gold\\nregion already known is sufficiently extensive to\\ngive profitable employment to one hundred thousand\\npersons for generations to come. The ore is in a\\nvirgin state, disseminated in small doses, and is\\nfound in three distinct deposits in sand and gravel\\nbeds, in decomposed granite, and intermingled with\\na kind of slate.\\nIn April, 1848, Mr. Jonas Spect, an enterprising\\nyjioneer, gave the following interesting account ol\\ngold discovei ies:\\nUp to this time there had been little excite-\\nment about the gold diggings; but at Knight s\\nLanding we were overtaken by iSpaniards, who were\\non their way to Suiter s mill to dig gold, and they\\nreported stories of fabulously rich diggings. After\\ndiscussing the matter, we changed our course to the\\ngold mines and hurried on, arriving at the mill on\\nthe thirtieth day of April. It was true that several\\nrich strikes had been made, but the miners then at\\nwork did not average two and a half dollars per\\nday. Marshall and Sutter claimed the land and\\nrented the mines. Every one supposed gold was\\nconfined to that particular locality. We did not\\nengage in mining, and concluded to resume our\\njourney across the plains. On our return trip we\\nlearned that gold had been found on Mormon Island.\\nBut we took no further notice of gold, and on the\\n12th of May arrived at Johnson s ranch. We\\nfound one man there waiting our arrival, but we\\nexpected many others in a short time. We waited", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nuntil about the 25th, when we learned that\\ntboro was another rush to the mines, and then\\nvanished all pros])ect of any company crossing the\\nmountains that Slimmer. My partner left for the\\nAmerican river, and I proposed to Johnson that we\\nshould prospect for gold on Bear river. We went\\nsome distance up the stream and spent three days in\\nthe search without any satisfactory result. I then\\nsuggested to Johnson that he should send his Indian\\nwitii me, and I would prospect the Yuba river, as\\nthat stream was about the size of the South Fork of\\nthe American river. We prepared the outfit, and\\non the 1st of June; we struck the Yuba near Long\\nBar. After a good deal of ]irospecting, I succeeded\\nin raising color. That night I camped in Timbuc-\\ntoo ravine, a little above where we first found the\\ngold. The next day, June 2d, 1 continued pros-\\npecting up the stream, finding a little gold, but\\nnot enough to pay. The Indian was well acquainted,\\nand he piloted me up to the location of Rose s Bar,\\nwhere we met a large number of Indians, all entirely\\nnude and eating clover. I prospected on the bar,\\nand found some gold, but not sufficient to be remu-\\nnerative. Greatiy discouraged, I started on my\\nreturn home. When I arrived at a point on the\\nYuba river, a little above Timbuctoo ravine, I washed\\nsome of the dirt and found three lumps of gold\\nworth about seven dollars. I pitched my tent here\\non the night of June 2d, and sent the Indian home\\nfor supplies. In about a week I moved down on the\\ncreek, and remained there until November 2()th,\\nwhen I left the mines forever. June 3d, the next day\\nafter the location of my camp, Michael C. Nye and\\nWilliam Foster came up the creek prospecting for\\ngold.\\nThe discoveiy of gold on the American river led\\nMr. Nye and party to start out on a ])rospecting\\ntrip. In the Summer the exact date is not known\\nthey found paying diggings on Dry creek, near its\\njunction with the Yuba, and commenced working on\\nan extensive scale. The discoveries by Mr. Spect\\nand Mr. Nye s company were nearly contempora-\\nneous, and as the parties started from different local-\\nities, and without any knowledge of the acts of the\\nother, due credit should be given to each.\\n(iENERAL SUTTER s ACCOKNT OF THE GOLD DISCOVERY.\\nThe following extracts are from an article com-\\nmunicated, in his own handwriting, by General\\nSutter to Hulcldngs California Magaziyie for Novem-\\nber, 1857. As a part of the history of the great\\nevent referred to, and as the personal nai rative of\\none of the chief actors in the golden drama, it is one\\nof the most interesting records of the time. General\\nSutter says:\\nIt was in the first of January, 1848, when the\\ngold was discovered at Coloma, where I was build\\ning a saw-mill. The contractor and builder of this\\nmill was James W. Marshall, from New Jersey. In\\nthe Fall of 18-47, after the mill-site had been located.\\n1 sent up to this place Mr. P. L. Wimmer. with his\\nfamilj-, and a number of laborers from the disbanded\\nMormon Battalion; and a little later 1 engaged Mr.\\nBennett, from Oi-egon, to assist Mr. Marshall in the\\nmechanical labors of the mill. Mr. Wimmer had\\nthe team in charge, asfisted by his young sons to do\\nthe teaming, and Mrs. Wimmer did the cooking for\\nall hands.\\nI was veiy much in need of a saw-mill to get\\nlumber to finish my flouring-mill, of four run of\\nstones, at Brighton, which was commenced at the\\nsame time, and was rapidly progressing; likewise,\\nfor other buildings, fences, etc., for the small village\\nof Yerba Buena, now San Francisco. In the City\\nHotel (the only one) this enterprise was unkindly\\ncalled another folly of Sutter s; as my first settle-\\nment at the old fort, near Sacramento City, was\\ncalled by a good many a folly of his, and they\\nwere about right in that, because 1 had the best\\nchances to get some of the finest locations near the\\nsettlements; and even well-stocked ranches had\\nbeen offered me on the most reasonable conditions.\\nBut I refused all these good offers, and preferred to\\nexplore the wilderness, and select a territory on the\\nbanks of the Sacramento.\\nIt was a rainj- afternoon when Mr. Marshall\\narrived at my office, in the fort, very wet. I was\\nsomewhat surprised to see him, as he was down a\\nfew days previous, when I sent up to Coloma a num-\\nber of teams with provisions, mill irons, etc. He\\ntold me then that he had some important and inter-\\nesting news which he wished to communicate secretly\\nto me, and wished me to go with him to a place\\nwiiere we should not be disturbed, and where no\\nlisteners could come and hear what we had to say.\\nI went with him to my private rooms; he requested\\nme to lock the door; I complied, but told him at the\\nsame time that nobody was in the house except the\\nclerk, who was in his office in a different part of the\\nhouse\\nAfter requesting of me something which he\\nwanted, which my servants brought and then left\\nthe room, I forgot to lock the door, and it happened\\nthat the door was opened by the clerk just at the\\nmoment when Marshall took a rag from his pocket,\\nshowing me the yellow metal. He had about two\\nounces of it; but how quick Mr. Marshall put the\\nyellow metal in his pocket again, can hardly be\\ndescribed. The clerk came to see me on business,\\nand excused himself for interrupting me; and as\\nsoon as he had left, I was told, Now, lock the door.\\nDidn t I tell you that we might have listeners? I\\ntold him he need fear nothing about that, as it was\\nnot the habit of this gentleman; but I could hardly\\nconvince him that he need not be suspicious.\\nThen Mr. Marshall began to show me this metal,\\nwhich consisted of small pieces and specimens, some\\nof them worth a few dollars. He told me that he\\nhad expressed his opinion to the laborers at the mill\\nthat this might be gold; but some of them laughed\\nat him and called him a crazy man, and could not\\nbelieve such a thing.\\nAfler having proved the metal with aqua fortis,\\nwhich I found iii my apothecary shop, likewise with\\nother experiments, and read the long article Gold,\\nin the Encych peilia Americana, I declared this to be\\ngold of the finest quality, of at least twenty-three\\ncarats. After this Mr. Marshall had no more rest or\\njialience. and wanted me to start Avith him imme-\\ndiately for Coloma; but I told him I cinild not\\nleave, as it was late in the evening, and nearly\\nsupper-tune, and that it would be belter for him to\\nremain with mc till the next morjiing, and I would\\nthen travel with him. But this would not do; he\\nasked me only, Will you come to-morrow? I\\ntold hin yes, and off he started for Coloma, in the\\nheaviest rain, although already very wet, taking\\nnothing to eat. I took this news very easy, like\\nall other occurrences, good or bad. but thought a\\ngreat deal during the night about the consequences", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "I\\nKTT\\niC IrM\\nfe\\nO\\nQC O\\nLUCC\\nX CO", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD.\\nwhich might follow such a discovery. I gave all\\nthe necessary orders to my numerous laborei s, and\\nleft the next morning at seven o clock, accorapaniod\\nby an Indian soldier and a vaquero, in a heavy rain,\\nfor Coloma. About halfway on the road, I saw at\\na (li.stance a human being crawling out I rom the\\nbrushwood. 1 asked the Indian who it was. He\\nlold me, the same man who was with you last\\nevening. When I came nearer I found it was Mar-\\nshall, very wet. I told him he would have done\\nbetter to remain with me at the fort, than to pass\\nsuch an ugly night here; but he told me that he went\\nto Coloma, fifty-four miles, took his other horse and\\ncame half-way to meet me. Then we rode up to the\\nnew El Dorado.\\nIn the afternoon, the weather was clearing up,\\nand we made a prospecting promenade. The next\\nmorning, we went to the tail-race of the mill,\\nthrough which the water was running during the\\nnight, to clear out the gravel which had been made\\nloose for the purpose of widening the race; and\\nalter the water was out of the race, we went in to\\nsearch for gold. This was done every morning. Small\\npieces of gold could be seen remaining on the surface\\nof the clean-washed bed-rock. I went into the race and\\npicked up several pieces of this gold; several of the\\nlaborers gave me some which they had picked up,\\nand from Marshall I received a part. I told them I\\nwould get a ring made of this gold as soon as it\\ncould be done in California; and I have had a heavy\\nring made, with my family s coat-of-arms engraved\\non the outside, and on the inside of the ring is\\nengraved; the first gold discovered in January,\\n1848. Xow if Mrs. Wimmer possesses a piece which\\nhad been found earlier than mine, Mr. Marshall can\\ntell, as it was probably received from him. I think\\nMr. Marshall could have hardly known himself which\\nwas exactly the first little piece, among the whole.\\nThe next day I went with Mr. Marshall on a\\nprospecting tour in the vicinity of Coloma, and the\\nfollowing morning I left for Sacramento. Before my\\ndeparture, I had a conversation with all hands; I\\ntold them I would consider it a great favor if they\\nwould keep this discovery secret only for six weeks,\\nso that I could finish my large flour-mill at Brighton,\\nwhich had cost me already about twenty-four or\\ntwenty -five thousand dollars. The people up there\\npromised to keep it secret so long. On my way\\nhome, instead of feeling happy and contented, I\\nwas very unhappy, and could not see that it\\nwould benefit me much; and I was perfectly right\\nin thinking so, as it came just precisely as I\\nexpected. I thought, at the same time that it\\ncould hardly be kept secret for six weeks and\\nin that I was not mistaken, for, about two weeks\\nlater, after my return, I sent up several teams, in\\ncharge of a white man, as the teamsters were Indian\\nboys. This man was acquainted with all hands up\\nthere, and Mrs. Wimmer told him the whole secret\\nlikewise the young sons of Mrs. Wimmer told him\\nthat they had gold, and that they would let him have\\nsome, too; and so he obtained a few dollars worth of\\nit, as a present. As soon as this man arrived at the\\nfort, he went to a small store in one of my outside\\nbuildings, kept by Mr. Smith, a partner of Samuel\\nBrannan, and asked for a bottle of brandy, for which\\nhe would pay the cash. After having the bottle he\\npaid with these small pieces of gold. Smith was\\nastonished, and asked if he meant to insult him. The\\nteamster told him to go and ask me about it. Smith\\ncame in, in great haste to see me, and I told him at\\nonce the truth what could I do I had to tell him\\n8\\nall about it. He reported it to Mr. S. Brannan, who\\ncame up immediately to get all possible information,\\nwhen he returned and sent up large supplies of goods,\\nleased a larger house from mo, and commenced a\\nvery large and profitable business. Soon he opened\\na branch house at Mormou Island.\\nSo soon as the secret was out, my laborers began\\nto leave me, in small parties at first, but then all left,\\nfrom the clerk to the cook, and I was in great dis-\\ntress. Only a few mechanics remained to finish some\\nnecessary work which they had commenced, and\\nabout eight invalids, who continued slowly to work\\na few teanis, to scrape out the mill-race at Brighton.\\nThe Mormons did not like to leave my mill unfin-\\nished; but they got the gold-fever, like everybody\\nelse. After they had made their piles they left for\\nthe Great Salt Lake. So long as these people have\\nbeen emploj^ed by me, they have behaved very well\\nand were industrious and faithful laborers; and when\\nsettling their accounts, there was not one of them\\nwho was not contented and satisfied.\\nThen the people commenced rushing up from San\\nFrancisco and other parts of California, in May, 1848.\\nIn the former village (San Francisco,) only five men\\nwere left to take care of the women and children.\\nThe single men locked their doors and left for Sut-\\nter s Fort, and from thence to the El Dorado. For\\nsome time the people in Monterey and further south,\\nwould not believe the news of the gold discovery,\\nand said it was only a ^ruse de guerre of Sutter s, be-\\ncause he wanted to have neighbors in his wilderness.\\nFrom this time on I got only too many neighbors,\\nand some verj bad ones among them.\\nWhat a great misfortune was this sudden gold\\ndiscovery to me It has just broken up and ruined\\nmy hard, industi-ious, and restless labors, connected\\nwith many dangers of life, as I had many narrow\\nescapes before I became properly established. From\\nmy mill buildings I reaped no benefit whatever; the\\nmill-stones, even, have been stolen from me. My\\ntannery, which was then in a flourishing condition,\\nand was carried on very profitably, was deserted; a\\nlarge quantity of leather was left unfinished in the\\nvats, and a great quantity of rawhides became val-\\nueless, as they could not be sold. Nobody wanted to\\nbe bothered with such trash, as it was called. So it\\nwas in all the other mechanical trades which I had\\ncarried on all was abandoned, and work com-\\nmenced, or nearly finished, was left, at an immense\\nloss to me. Even the Indians had no more patience\\nto work alone, in harvesting and threshing my large\\nwheat crop; as the whites had all left, and other\\nIndians had l een engaged by some white men to work\\nfor them, and they commenced to have some gold, for\\nwhich they were buying all kinds of articles at\\nenormous prices in the stores, which, when my Indians\\nsaw this, they wished very much to go to the mount-\\nains and dig gold. At last I consented, got a num-\\nber of wagons ready, loaded them with provisions\\nand goods of all kinds, employed a clerk, and left\\nwith about one hundred Indians and about fifty\\nSandwich Islanders, which had joined those which I\\nbrought with me from the Islands. The first camp\\nwas about ten miles from Mormon Island, on the\\nSouth fork of the American river. In a few weeks\\nwe became crowded, and it would no more pay, as\\nmy people made too many acquaintances. I broke\\nup the camp and started on the march further south,\\nand located my next camp on Sutter creek, now in\\nAmador county, and thought that I should there be\\nalone. The work was going on well for awhile, un-\\ntil three or four traveling grog-shops surrounded me,", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "58\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nat from one-half to ten miles distance from the camp.\\nThen, of coiu se, the gold was taken to these places,\\nfor drinking, gambling, etc., and then the following\\nday they were sick and unable to work, and be-\\ncame deeper and more indebted to me, pai-ticuiarly\\nthe Kanakas. I found it was high time to quit this\\nkind of business, and lose no more time and money. I\\ntherefore broke up the camp and returned to the fort,\\nwhere I disbanded nearly all the people who had\\nworked for me in the mountains digging gold. This\\nwhole expedition proved to be a heavy loss to me.\\nAt the same time, I was engaged in a mercantile\\nfirm at Coloma, which I left in January, 1849, like-\\nwise with many sacrifices. After this, I would have\\nnothing more to do with the gold affairs. At this\\nti7ne the fort was the great trading-place, where\\nnearly all the business was transacted. I had no\\npleasure to remain there, and moved up to Hock\\nfarm, with all my Indians, who had been with me\\nfrom the time they were children. The place was\\nthen in charge of a major-domo.\\nIt was very singular that the Indians never found\\na piece of gold and brought it to me, as they veiy\\noften did other specimens found in the mountains.\\nI requested them continually to bring me some curi-\\nosities from the mountains, for which 1 always recom-\\npensed them. I have received animals, birds, plants,\\nyoung trees, wild fruits, pipo-clay, red ochre, etc.,\\nbut never a piece of gold. Mr. Dana, of the Wilkes\\nExploring Expedition, told me that he had the strong-\\nest proof and signs of gold in the vicinity of Shasta\\nmountain, and further south. A short time after-\\nwards Dr. Sandels, a verj scientific traveler, visited\\nme. explored a part of the country in a great hurry,\\nas time would not permit him to make a longer stay.\\nHe told me likewise that he found some signs of gold,\\nand was very sorry that he could not explore the\\nSierra Nevada. He did not encourage me to attempt\\nto work and i pen mines, as it was uncertain how it\\nwould pay, aiid would ])robubly be only profitable for\\na Governmetit. So 1 thought it more prudent to stick\\nto the plow, notwithstanding I did know the country\\nwas rich in gold and other minerals. An old, at-\\ntached Mexican seiTant, who had followed me from\\nthe United States as soon as he knew that I was\\nhere, and who understood a great deal about work-\\ning in placers, told me he found sure signs of gold in\\nthe mountains on Bear creek, and that we would go\\nright to work after returning from our campaign in\\n1845; but he became a victim to his patriotism, and\\nfell into the hands of the enemy near my encamp-\\nment, with dispatches for me from General Michelto-\\nrena, and he was hung as a spy, for which I was\\nvery sorry. J. A. Sutter.\\nCHAP TEE XY.\\nEARLY CONDITION OF THIS REGION.\\nMountains Unexplored by the Spaniards The Trappers Fre-\\nmont s Passage of the Mountains in 1844 Battles with the\\nSnow The Indian s Warning A Glimpse of the Valley\\nSubsisting on Horse Flesh Arrival at Sutter s Fort Early\\nSettlements An Immigrant Party of 1844 Ciptain Truckee\\n-Truckee Eiver Alone on the Summit Death of Captain\\nTruckee Immigr.Tuts in 1846 Discovery of Gold on the\\nYuba.\\nThe native (Jalifornians never penetrated into the\\nheart of the mountains that skirt the Sacramento\\nvalley on the east; gazing from a distance upon their\\nsnow-clad crests, they had named them Sierra\\nNevada, the snowy i\u00c2\u00bbountains. but beyond this\\nthey remained terra incognita to them. The bold\\nand adventurous trappers of the American Fur Com-\\npany, and the Hudson Bay Company, passed over\\nthem several times on their way to and from the\\nchoice trapping grounds in the valley. The cele-\\nbrated trapper, Stephen H. Meek, claims to have\\nbeen the first white man who gazed upon the\\nTruckee river, on which stream he set his traps in\\n18.33. The river did not rceive its name, however,\\nuntil eleven years later, as will appear further on.\\nThe Yuba and Bear rivers, having been explored by\\nthe Spaniards in 1822, in the vallej^, had been named\\nat that time, the one Eio de las Uva (Grape river\\nand the other Eio de los Osos Bear river), but as to\\ntheir source and direction in the mountains nothing\\nwhatever was known. To them were unknown\\nlakes Donner, Tahoe, and the scores of lesser lakes\\nthat are the pride of the mountains. A few misera-\\nable Digger Indians lived in huts, and subsisted on\\nacorns, grass, rabbits, etc., and were sovereign lords\\nof the beautiful Sierras.\\nThe valleys of California were, during the early\\npart of this century, occupied and traversed by\\nbands of trappers in the employ of the many Ameri-\\ncan and foreign fur companies. The stories of their\\nwanderings and experiences are mostly related in the\\nform of sensational novels, whose authenticity and\\naccuracy must be taken with a great degree of allow-\\nance. Few records concerning these fur-hunters\\nremain which are within the reach of the historian,\\nand the information given has been gleaned in part\\nfrom personal interviews with those whose knowl-\\nedge of the subject was gained by actual experience,\\nor by a personal acquaintance with those who\\nbelonged to the parties. In many cases their stories\\ndiffer widely in regard to facts and names.\\nAs early as 1820, the Tulare, San Joaquin, and Sac-\\nrainento valleys were occupied by trappers, who\\nhad wandered there while searching for the Colum-\\nbia river. Captain Sutter, in 1834, while in New\\nMexico, heard from these California trappers of the\\nSacramento valley, which afterwards became so\\nreputed as his home. The disputes arising in regard\\nto the occupation of the northern part of the Pacific\\ncoast trapping region, in Oregon, led the American\\nhunters to occupy the territory in and about the\\nEocky Mountains. In 1815, Congress, at the earnest\\nrequest of the people of the West, passed an Act\\ndriving out British traders from the American terri-\\ntory east of the Rocky Mountains. Immediately\\nthe employes of the old North American Fur Com-\\npany, still under charge of John Jacob Astor, began\\nto trap and hunt in the region of the head- waters of\\nthe Mississippi and Upper Missouri. In 1823, Mr.\\nW. H. Ashley, of St. Louis, an old merchant in the\\nfur trade, at the head of a partj-, explored the\\nSweetwater, the Platte, the South Pass, and the\\nhead-waters of the Colorado, returning in the Sum-\\nmer. In 1824 he extended his explorations to Great\\nSalt Lake, near which, on a smaller lake named", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "EARLY CONDITION OF THIS REGION.\\n59\\nLake Ashley, he built a fort and trading post, which\\nwas occupied for three years by his men. In 1826\\n(or 1827) Mr. Ashley disposed of his business,\\nincluding the fort, to the Rocky Mountain Fur Com-\\npany, under the leadership of Jedediah Smith,\\nDavid Jackson and William Sublette.\\nDuring the Spring of 1825, Smith, with a party of\\nforty trappers and Indians, started from the head-\\nquarters on Green river, traveling westward, crossed\\nthe Sierra Nevada mountains, and in July entered\\nthe Tulare valley. The country from the Tulare to\\nthe American fork of the Sacramento river was\\ntraversed in trapping for beaver. They found at the\\nfork another party of American trappers encamped,\\nand located their own rendezvous near the present\\ntown of Folsom. In October, Smith, leaving the\\nremainder of the party at the camp, returned to the\\ncompany s head-quarters on Green river. In May,\\n1826, Smith again set out for the new trapping\\nregion, taking a route further south than on the first\\ntrip, but when in the Mohave settlements, on the\\nColorado, all the party excejit Smith, Galbraith, and\\nTiu-ner, were killed bj^ Indians. These three escaped\\nto San Gabriel Mission, and December 26, 1826, were\\narrested as sjiies or filibusters. They were taken to\\nthe presidio at San Diego, where they were detained\\nuntil the following certificate from Americans then\\nin San Francisco was presented;\\nWe, the undersigned, having been requested by\\nCapt. Jedediah S. Smith to state our opinion regarding\\nhis entering the Province of California, do not hesi-\\ntate to say that we have no doubt but that he was com-\\npelled to, for want of provisions and water, having\\nentered so tar into the barren country that lies\\nbetween the latitudes of forty-two and forty-three\\nwest, that he found it impossible to return by the\\nroute he came, as his hoi-ses had most of them per-\\nished for want of food and water he was therefore\\nunder the necessity of pushing forward to Califo)uia,\\nit being the nearest place where he could procure\\nsupplies to enable him to return.\\nWe further state as our opinion, that the\\naccount given by him is circumstantially correct,\\nand that his sole object was the hunting and trap-\\nping of beaver and other furs.\\nWe have also examined the passports produced\\nby him from the Superintendent of Indian affairs\\nfor the Government of the United States of Amer-\\nica, and do not hesitate to say we believe them per-\\nfectly correct.\\nWe also state that, in our opinion, his motives\\nfor wishing to pass by a different route to the Co-\\nlumbia river, on his return, is solely because he feels\\nconvinced that he and his companions run great risk\\nof perishing if they return by the route they came.\\nIn testimony whereof we have hereunto set our\\nhand and seal, this 20th day of December, 1826.\\nWilliam G. Dana, Captain of schooner Wacerly.\\nWilliam H. Cunninuham, Captain of ship Courier.\\nWilliam Henderson, Captain of bi-ig Ulive Branch.\\njAiiEs Scott.\\nThomas M. Robbins, Mate of schooner Waverly.\\nThomas Shaw, Supercargo of ship Cowrier.\\nSmith was liberated, and during the Summer of 1827,\\nwith his i^arty, left the Sacramento valley, joorneyinj\\ntoward the Columbia river. While encamped at the\\nmouth of the Umpqua river, near Cape Arago, the\\nIndians attacked them, and, with the exception of\\nSmith, Richard Laughlin, and Daniel Prior, killed\\nthe entire party. These three escaped to Fort Van-\\ncouver, where they received a cordial reception and\\nkind treatment. Some writers state that Smith then\\nwent directly to St. Louis, while others claim that,\\nwith a party of the Hudson Bay Company s men, he\\nreturned to the scene of his last battle, and meeting\\nno opposition, journeyed on and down the Sacra-\\nmento valley until he reached the junction of the\\nSacramento and Feather rivers, near which a camp\\nwas located. This party, under command of a\\nScotchman named McLeod, was the first of the\\nHudson Bay Company to occupy California. If the\\nlatter version is correct, then Smith soon after left\\nthe party and returned to the trapping grounds of\\nhis own company.\\nIn the Spring of 1832, Capt. B. L. E. Bonne-\\nville, an officer in the United States Army, on fur-\\nlough, at the head of a company of one hundred\\nmen, with wagons, horses, mules, and merchandise,\\ncrossed the Rocky Moimtains, leading parties of men\\ninto the Colorado, Humboldt and Sacramento valleys.\\nEwing Young, who had trapped with parties on\\nthe upper part of the Del Norte, the eastern part of\\nthe Grand and the Colorado rivers, pursuing the\\nroute formerly traversed by Smith, in the Winter of\\n1829-3U, entered the San Joaquin valley, and\\nhunted on Tulare lake and the adjacent streams.\\nDaring the last part of 1832, or early in 1833, Young,\\nhaving again entered the San Joaquin valley and\\ntrapped on the streams, finally arrived at the Sacra-\\nmento river, about ten miles below the mouth of the\\nAmerican. He followed up the Sacramento to the\\nFeather river, and from there crossed over to the\\ncoast. The coast-line was traveled till they\\nreached the mouth of the Umpqua, where they\\ncrossed the mountains to the inland. Entering the\\nupper portion of the Saci-amento valley, they pro-\\nceeded southerly till they reached the American\\nriver. Then they followed down the San Joaquin\\nvalley, and passed out through the Tejon pass, in\\nthe Winter of 1833-4. Besides these parties and\\nleaders mentioned, during this period there were\\nseveral trappers or lone traders, who explored\\nand hunted through the valleys.\\nThe attention of the oftieers of the wealthy and\\npowerful Hudson Bay Company was first specially\\ncalled to the extent and importance of the fur trade\\nin California by Jedediah Smith, in 1827 or 1828.\\nThe first expedition sent out by them was that\\nunder the command of McLeod. A short time after\\nthe departure of this company, a second one was\\nsent out under the leadership of Mi-. Ogden, which\\nfollowed up the Columbia and Lewis rivers, thence\\nsoutherly over Western Utah, Nevada, and into the\\nSau Joaquin valley. On their return they trapped\\non the streams in Sacramento valley, and went out", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "(iO\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nat the northern limit in 1830. About the middle of\\n1832 another band of trappers, under Michael Lafram-\\nboise, came into the Sacramento valley from the\\nnorth, and until the next Spring spent the time in trap-\\nping on the streams flowing through the great val-\\nley. The Hudson Bay Company continued sending\\nout its employes into this region until about the year\\n1845. Their trappers in California belonged to the\\nSouthern Trapping Party of the Hudson Bay Com-\\npany, and were divided into smaller parties composed\\nof Canadians and Indians, with their wives. The\\ntrapping was carried on during the Winter, in\\norder to secure a good class of furs. The free trap-\\npers were paid ten shillings sterling for a prime\\nbeaver skin, while the Indians received a moderate\\ncompensation for their services. The outfits and\\nportions of their food were purchased from the com-\\npany. The Hudson Bay Company cmploj ed about\\nninety or one hundred men in this State. The\\ngreater part of the Indians were fugitives from the\\nMissions, and were honest and jieaceably inclined,\\nfrom the fact that it was mainly to their interest to\\nbe 80. From 1832 the chief rendezvous was at\\nFrench Camp, about five miles south of Stockton.\\nAbout 1841 the company bought of Jacob P. Leese\\nthe building he had erected for a store in San Fran-\\ncisco, and made that their business center for this\\nterritory. The agents were J. Alex. Forbes, and\\nWilliam G. Eay, both of whom were intelligent, dig-\\nnified, and courteous gentlemen. Mr. Pay, who was\\nvery sensitive, and given slightly to dissipation,\\nwhen some complaint of a trivial character was made\\nin reference to his acts, committed suicide in\\n1845. His death, and the scarcity of beaver and\\notter, caused the company to wind up their agency\\nand business in the territory. Mr. Forbes was, for\\na long series of years, the British Consul at San\\nFrancisco, and by his genial manners, superior cul-\\nture, and finished education, made a good record,\\nwhich places him among the noted men of the State.\\nThis gentleman now resides in Oakland, and\\nalthough seventy-five years of age, his faculties are\\nas strong as ever. His memory is wonderful, and\\nthis power of retention, with the vast fund of knowl-\\nedge possessed, has been of great service to the his-\\ntorian. He has the honor of being the first English\\nhistorian of California, his California, published in\\nLondon in 1839, being written in Mexico four years\\nprevious to the date of its publication.*\\nDuring the months ol January and February, 1844,\\nJohn C. Fremont, then Brevet Captain of Topo-\\ngraphical Engineers, on his return from his first\\nexploring expedition to Oregon, passed down the\\neast side of the Sierras, and crossed the snow-cov-\\nered summit of New Helvetia (Sacramento), suffer-\\ning many privations and hardships. His experiences\\nare so clearly related in his report to the Chief of\\nEngineers, that the portion relating to this stage of\\nhis journey is here given to show the character of\\n*Mr. Forbes died recently of heart disease.\\nthe mountains, the nature of the inhabitants, and the\\nscarcity of knowledge of the iSierras, although the\\npassage was made in El Dorado county. Passing by\\nthe account of his journey southward from the Dalles\\nwe take up his narrative on the evening of Jan-\\nuary 31, 1844, upon reaching the Upper Truckee\\nriver, south of Lake Tahoe.\\nIn the course of the afternoon, one of the men\\nhad his foot frost-bitten; and about dark we had the\\nsatisfaction of reaching the bottom of a stream tim-\\nbered with large trees, among which we found a\\nsheltered camp, with an abundance of such grass as\\nthe season afforded, for the animals. We saw before\\nus, in descending from the pass, a great, continuous\\nrange, along which stretched the valley of the river;\\nthe lower parts steep, and dark with pines, while\\nabove it was hidden in clouds of snow. This we felt\\nsatisfied was the central ridge of the Sierra Nevada,\\nthe great California mountain, which now only inter-\\nvened between us and the waters of the bay. We\\nhad made a forced march of twenty-six miles, and\\nthree mules had given out on the road. Up to this\\npoint, with the exception of two stolen by Indians,\\nwe had lost none of the horses which had been\\nbrought from the Columbia river, and a number of\\nthese were still strong, and in tolerably good order.\\nWe had now sixty-seven animals in the band. (The\\nparty consisted of twenty-five persons.)\\n(i \\\\yg gathered together a few of the more\\nintelligent of the Indians, and held this evening an\\ninteresting council. I explained to them my inten-\\ntions. I told them that we had come from a very\\nfar country, having been traveling now nearly a year,\\nand that we were desirous simply to go across the\\nmountain into the country of the other whites.\\nThere were two who appeared particularly intelli-\\ngent one, a somewhat old man. He told me that,\\nbefore the snows fell, it was six sleeps to the place\\nwhere the whites lived, but that now it was impossi-\\nble to cross the mountain on account of the deep\\nsnow; and showing us, as the others had done, that\\nit was over our heads, he urged us strongly to fol-\\nlow the course of the river, which, he said, would\\nconduct us to a lake (Tahoe), in which there wei-e\\nmany large fish. There, he said, were many people;\\nthere was no snow on the ground, and we might\\nI emain there until the Spring. From their descrip-\\ntions, we were enabled to judge that we were en-\\ncamped on the upper water of the Salmon Trout\\nriver. It is hardly necessary to say that our com-\\nmunication was only by signs, as we understood\\nnothing of their language; but they spoke, notwith-\\nstanding, rapidly and vehemently, explaining what\\nthey considered the folly of our intentions, and urg-\\ning us to go down to the lake. Tah-ve, a word\\nsignifying snow, we very soon learned to know, from\\nits frequent I epetition. I told him that the men and\\nhorses were strong, and that we would break a road\\nthrough the snow; and spreading before him our bales\\nof scarlet cloth and trinkets, showed him what we\\nwould give for a guide. It was necessary to obtain\\none, if possible, for I had determined here to attempt\\nthe passage of the mountain. Pulling a bunch of\\ngi ass from the ground, after a short discussion\\namong themselves, the old man made us comprehend\\nthat if we eoidd break through the snow, at the\\nend of three days we would come down upon grass,\\nwb t^h heshowcd us would be about six inches high,\\nanu where the ground would be entirely free. So far,\\nhe /aid, he had been in hunting for elk; but beyond", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "EARLY CONDITION OF THIS REGION.\\nin\\nthat (and he closed his e} es) he had scon nothing;\\nbut there was one among them who had been to the\\nwhites, and, going out of the lodge, he returned with\\na young man of very intelligent appearance. Here,\\nsaid he, is a young man who has seen the whites with\\nhis own eyes; and he swore, first by the sky, and\\nthen by the ground, that what he said was true.\\nWith a large present of goods, we prevailed upon this\\nyoung man to be our guide, and he acquired among\\nus the name Melo a word signifying friend, which\\nthey used very frequently. He was thinly clad and\\nnearly bare-footed, his moccasins being about worn\\nout. We gave him skins to make a new pair, to enable\\nhim to perform his undertaking to us. The Indians re-\\nmained in the camp during the night, and we kept\\nthe guide and two others to sleep in the lodge with\\nus (Jar.son (Kit Carson) b ing across the door,\\nhaving made them acquainted with the use of our\\nfire-arms. The snow, which had intermitted in the\\nevening, commenced falling again in the course of\\nthe night, and it snowed steadily all day. In\\nthe morning I acquainted the men with my decision,\\nand explained to them that necessity required us to\\nmake a great effort to clear the mountains. I\\ni-eminded them of the beautiful valley of the Sacra-\\nmento, with which they were familiar from the\\ndescriptions of Carson, who had been there some fif-\\nteen years ago, and who, in our late privations, had\\ndelighted us in sjjeaking of its rich pastures and\\nabounding game, and drew a vivid contrast between\\nthe Summer climate, less than a hundred miles dis-\\ntant, and the falling snow around us. 1 informed\\nthem (and long experience had given them confi-\\ndence in my observations and good instruments)\\nthat almost directly west, and only about seventy\\nmiles distant, was the great fanning establishment\\nof Captain Sutter a gentleman who had formerlj\\nlived in Missouri, and, emigrating to this country,\\nhad become the possessor of a principality. I assured\\nthem that from the heights of the mountain before\\nus, we should doubtless see the valley of the Sacra-\\nmento river, and with one effort place ourselves\\nagain in the midst of plenty. The people received\\nthis decision with the cheerful obedience which had\\nalways characterized them, and the day was imme-\\ndiately devoted to the preparations necessary to\\nenable us to carry it into eftect. Leggins, mocca-\\nsins, clothing all were put into the best state to\\nresist the cold. Our guide was not neglected. Ex-\\ntremity of suffering might make him desert; we\\ntherefore did the best we could for him. Leggins,\\nmoccasins, some articles of clothing, and a large\\ngreen blanket, in addition to the blue and scarlet\\ncloth, were lavished upon him, and to his great and\\nevident contentment. He arrayed himself in all his\\ncolors, and, clad in green, blue and scarlet, he made\\na gay looking Indian; and, with his various pres-\\nents, was probably richer and better clothed than\\nany of his tribe had ever been before.\\nThe river was forty to seventy feet wide,\\nand now entii-ely frozen over. It was woodfed with\\nlarge cottonwood, willow and grain de b mi/. By\\nobservation, the latitude of this encampment was\\n38\u00c2\u00b0 37 18\\nFebruary 2d. It had ceased snowing, and this\\nmorning the lower air was clear and frosty; and six\\nor seven thousand feet above, the peaks of the Sierra\\nnow and then apjieared among the rolling clouds\\nwhich were rapidly disappearing before the sun.\\nOur Indian shook his head as he pointed to the icy\\npinnacles, shooting high iip into the sky, and seem-\\ning almost immediately above us. Crossing the river\\non the ice, and leaving it immediately, we com-\\nmenced the ascent of the mountain along the valley\\nof a tributary sti-eam. The people were unusually\\nsilent, for every man knew that our enterprise was\\nhazardous, and the issue doubtful. The snovv deep-\\nened rapidly, and it soon became necessaiy to\\nbreak a road. For this service a party of ten was\\nformed, mounted on the strongest horses, each man\\nin succession opening the road on foot, or on horse-\\nback, until himself and his horse became fatigued,\\nwhen he stepped aside, and, the remaining number\\npassing ahead, he took his station in the rear. Leav-\\ning this stream, and pursuing a very direct cuui se,\\nwe passed over an intervening ridge to the river we\\nhad left. On the way we passed two huts, en-\\ntirely covered with snow, which might very easily\\nhave escaped observation. A family was living in\\neach, and the only trail I saw in the neighborhood\\nwas from the door-hole to a nut-pine near, which\\nsupplied them with food and iuel. We found two\\nsimilar huts on the creek where we next arrived,\\nand traveling a little higher up, encamped on its\\nbanks, in about four feet of snow. To-day we had\\ntraveled sixteen miles, and our elevation above the\\nsea was six thousand seven hundred and sixty feet,\\nFebruary 3d. Turning our faces directly towards\\nthe main chain, we ascended an open hollow along a\\nsmall tributary to the river, which, according to the\\nIndians, issues from a mountain to the south. The\\nsnow was so deep in the hollow that we were obliged\\nto travel along the steep hill-sides, and over spui s\\nwhere wind and sun had lessened the snow, and\\nwhere the grass, which appeared to be in good qual-\\nity along the sides of the mountain, was exposed\\nWe opened our road in the same way as yesterday\\nbut only made seven miles, and encamped by some\\nsprings at the foot of a high and steep hill, by whicb\\nthe hollow ascended to another basin in the mount-\\nain. The little stream below was entirely buried in\\nsnow. We occupied the remainder of the day\\nin beating down a road to the foot of the hill, a mile\\nor two distant: the snow being beaten down when\\nmoist, in the warm part of the day, and then hard\\nfrozen at night, made a foundation that would beai\\nthe weight of the animals the next morning. Dur-\\ning the day several Indians joined us on snow-sliDes.\\nThese were made of a circular hoop, about a foot in\\ndiameter, the interior space being filled with an open\\nnet- work of bark.\\nFebruary 4th. I went ahead early with two or\\nthree men, each with a led horse, to break the road.\\nWe were obliged to abandon the hollow entirely, and\\nwork along the mountain side, which was very steep,\\nand the snow covered with an icy crust. To-\\nwards a pass which the guide indicated, we at-\\ntempted in the afternoon to force a road; but after a\\nlaborious plunging through two or three hundred\\nyards, our best horse gave out, entirely refusing to\\nmake any further effort; and, for a time, we were\\nbrought to a stand. The guide informed us that we\\nwere entering the deep snow, and here began the\\ndifficulties of the mountain; and to him, and almost\\nto all, our enterprise seemed hopeless. I returned a\\nshort distance back, to the break in the hollow, where\\nI met Mr. Fitzpatrick. The camp had been all the day\\noccupied in endeavoring to ascend the hill, but only\\nthe best horses had succeeded, not having suflicient\\nstrenaith to bring themselves up without the packs;\\nand all the line of road between this and the springs\\nwas strewed with camp stores and equipage, and\\nhorses floundering in snow. I therefore immediately\\nencamped on the ground with my own mess, which", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "62\\nHISTORY OF PLACER C OTTNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\nwas in advance, and directed Mr. Fitzpatrick to en-\\ncamp at the springs, and send all the animals, in\\ncharge of Taban, with a strong guard, back to the\\nplace where they had been pastured the night before.\\nTwo Indians joined our party here; and one\\nof them, an old man, immediately began to ha-\\nrangue us, saying that ourselves and animals would\\nperish in the snow; and that if we would go back, he\\nwould show us another and a better way across the\\nmountain. He spoke in a very loud voice, and there\\nwas a singular repetition of phrases and arrange-\\nment of words, which rendered his speech striking,\\nand not unmusical. We had now begun to under-\\nstand some words, and, with the aid of signs, easily\\ncomprehended the old man s simple ideas. Rock\\nupon rock rock ujjon rock snow upon snow\\nsnow upon snow, said he; even if j-ou get over the\\nsnow you will not be able to get down from the\\nmountains. He made us the sign of precipices, and\\nshowed us how the feet of the horses would slip, and\\nthrow them off from the narrow trails that led along\\ntheir sides. Our Chinook, who comprehended even\\nmore readily than ourselves, and believed our situa-\\ntion hopeless, covered his head with his blanket and\\nbegan to weep and lament. I wanted to see the\\nwhites, said he; 1 come away from my own people\\nto see the whites, and 1 wouldn t care to die among\\nthem, but here, and he looked around into the cold\\nnight and the gloomy forest, and, drawinghis blankeL\\nover his head, began again to lament. Seated around\\nthe tree, the fire illuminating the rocks and the tall\\nbolls of the pines around about, and the old Indian\\nharanguing, we presented a group of very serious\\nfaces.\\nFebruary 5th. The night had been too cold to\\nsleep, and we were up very early. Our guide was\\nstanding by the fire with all his finery on; and see-\\ning him shiver in the cold, I threw on his shoulders\\none of my blankets. We missed him a few minutes\\nafterwards, and never saw him again. He had de-\\nserted. His bad faitli and treachery wei-e in per-\\nfect keeping with the estimate of Indian character,\\nwhich a long intercourse with this people had grad-\\nually forced upon my mind. While a portion of the\\ncamp were occupied in bringing up the baggage to\\nthis point, the remainder were busy in making sledges\\nand snow-shoes, I had determined to explore the\\nmountain ahead, and the sledges were to be used in\\ntransporting the baggage.\\nFebruary 6th. Accompanied by Mr. Fitzpatrick, 1\\nset out to-day with a reconnoitering party, on snow-\\nshoes. We marched all in single file, trampling the\\nsnow as heavily as we could. Crossing the open\\nbasin, in a march of about ten miles we i-eached the\\ntop of one of the peaks, to the left of the pass indi-\\ncated by our guide. Far below us, dimmed by the\\ndistance was a large snowless valley, bounded on the\\nwestern side, at the distance of about a hundred\\nmiles, by a low range of mountains, which Carson\\nrecognized with delight as the mountains borderinu-\\nthe coast. There, said he, is the little mountain\\n(Mt. Diablo) it is fifteen j ears ago since I saw it-\\nbut I am just as sure as if I had seen it yesterday.\\nBetween us, then, and this low coast range, was the\\nvalley of the Sacramento; and no one who had not\\naccompanied us through the incidents of our life for\\nthe last few months could realize the delight with\\nwhich we at last looked down upon it. At the dis-\\ntance of apparently thirty miles bej ond us were dis-\\ntingiushed spots of prairie; and a dark line, which\\ncould be traced with the glass, was imagined to be\\nthe course of the river; but we were evidently at a\\ngreat height above the valley, and between us and\\nthe plains extended miles of snowy fields and broken\\nridges of pine-covered mountains. All our en-\\nergies were now directed to getting our animals\\nacross the snow; and it was supposed that, after all\\nthe baggage had been drawn with the sleighs over\\nthe trail we had made, it would be sufficiently hard\\nto bear our animals. VV^ith one party drawing\\nsleighs loaded with baggage, I advanced to-day\\nabout four miles along the trail, and encamped at the\\nfirst grassy spot, where we intended to bring our\\nhorses. Mr. Fitzpatrick, with another party, re-\\nmained behind, to form an intermediate station be-\\ntween us and the animals.\\nFebruary 8th. Scenery and weather, com-\\nbined, must render these mountains beautiful in Sum-\\nmer; the purity and deep-blue color of the sky\\nare singularly beautiful; the days are sunny and\\nbi ight, and even warm in the noon hours; and if we\\ncould be free from the many anxieties that oppress\\nus, even now we would be delighted here; but our\\nprovisions are getting fearfully scant. Sleighs ar-\\nrived with baggage about ton o clock; and leaving a\\nportion of it here, we continued on for a mile and a\\nhalf, and encamped at the foot of a long hill on this\\nside of the open bottom.\\nFebruary 9th. During the night the weather\\nchanged, the wind rising to a gale, and commencing\\nto snow before daylight; before morning the trail was\\ncovered. We remained quiet in camp all day, in the\\ncourse of which the weather improved. Four sleighs\\narrived toward evening, with the bedding of the\\nmen. We sufl er much from want of salt, and all\\nthe men are becoming weak from insufficient food.\\nFebruary 10th. Tapliu was sent back with a few\\nmen to assist Mr. Fitzpatrick; and continuing on\\nwith three sleighs carrying a part of the baggage,\\nwe had the satisfaction to encamp within two and a\\nhalf miles of the head of the hollow, and at the foot\\nof the last mountain I idge. Hei-e two large trees\\nhad been set on fire, and in the holes, where the\\nsnow had been melted away, we found a comfortable\\ncamp. Putting on our snow-shoes, we spent the\\nafternoon in exploring a road ahead. The glare of\\nthe snow combined with great fatigue^ had rendered\\nmany of the people nearly blind; but we were foi-tu-\\nnate in having some black silk handkerchiefs, which,\\nworn as veils, verj^ much relieved the eyes.\\nFebruary Ilth. High wind continued, and our\\ntrail this morning was nearly invisible here and\\nthere indicated by a little ridge of snow. Our situa-\\ntion became tiresome and dreary, requiring a strong\\nexercise of patience and resolution. In the evening\\nI received a message from Mr. Fitzpatrick, acquaint-\\ning me with the utter failure of his attempt to get\\nour mules and horses over the snow the half-hidden\\ntrail had proved entirely too slight to support them,\\nand they had broken through, and were plunging\\nabout or lying half buried in the snow. I\\nwrote him to send the animals immediately back to\\ntheir c^ld pastures; and after having made mauls and\\nshovels, turn in all the strength of his party to\\nopen and beat a road through the .snow, strengthen-\\ning it with branches and boughs of the pines.\\nFebruary 13th. We continued to labor on the\\nroad; and in the course of the day had the satisfac-\\ntion to see the jjeojile working down the face of the\\nopposite hill, about three miles distant. The\\nmeat train did not arrive this morning, and 1 gave\\nGodey leave to kill our little dog (Tlamath), which\\nhe prepared in Indian fashion; scorching off the hair,\\nand washing the skin with soap and snow, and then", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "EARLY CONDITION OF THIS REGION.\\n63\\ncutting it up in pieces, which were laid on the snow.\\nShortly afterward, the sleigh arrived with a supply\\nof horse meat; and we had to-night an extraordinary\\ndinner pea soup, mule and dog.\\nFebruary 16th. We had succeeded in getting our\\nanimals safely to the first grassy hill; and this\\nmorning 1 started with Jacob on a reconnoitering\\nexpedition beyond the mountain.\\nWe travehsd along the crest of narrow ridges,\\nextending down from the mountain in the direction of\\nthe valley, from which the snow was fast melting\\naway. On the open spots was tolerably good grass;\\nand I judged that we should succeed in getting the\\ncamp down by way of these. Toward sun-down\\nwe discovered some icy points in a deep hollow, and,\\ndescending the mountain, we encamped at the head-\\nwater of a little creek, where at last the water found\\nits way to the Pacific. Wc started again early\\nin the morning. The creek acquired a regular\\nbreadth of about twenty feet, and we soon began to\\nhear the rushing of the water below the ice-surface,\\nover which we traveled to avoid the snow; a few\\nmiles below we bi-oke through, where the water was\\nseveral feet deep, and halted to dry our clothes. Wo\\ncontinued a few miles further, walking being very\\nlaborious without snow-shoes. 1 was now perfectly\\nsatisfied that we had struck the stream on which\\nMr. Sutter lived; and, turning about, made a hard\\npush, and i-eaehcd the camp at dark.\\nOn the 19th, the people were occupied in mak-\\ning a road and bringing up the baggage; and, on the\\nafternoon of the next day, February 20, 1844, we\\nencamped with the animals and all the materinl oi the\\ncamp, on the summit of the pass in the dividing\\nridge, one thousand miles by our traveled road from\\nthe Dalles of the Columbia. The people, who had not\\nyet been to this point, climbed the neighboring peak\\nto enjoy a look at the valley. The temperature of\\nboiling water gave for the elevation of the encamp-\\nment nine thousand three hundred and thirty-eight\\nfeet above the sea. This was two thousand feet\\nhigher than the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains,\\nand several peaks in view rose several thousand feet\\nstill higher.\\nFrom the summit the party passed down the\\nwestern slope of the Sierras, following the general\\ncourse of the stream, and suffering many hardships\\nand privations, encountering much deep snow and\\nsustaining life on none too juicy mule meat. The\\nstream whose course was being followed was the\\nsouth fork of the American river. Describing the\\nhappy termination of this perilous journey by an\\nadvance party of eight, Mr. Fremont says:\\nMarch 6th. We continued on our road through\\nthe same surjiassingly beautiful country, entirely\\nunequaled for the pasturage of stock by anything we\\nhad ever seen. Our horses had now become so\\nstrong that they were able to cany us, and we* trav-\\neled rapidly over four miles an hour four of us\\nriding every alternate hour. Every few hundred\\nyards we came upon little bands of deer but we\\nwere too eager to reach the settlement, which we\\nmomentarily expected to discover, to halt for any\\nother than a passing shot. In a few hours we reached\\na large fork (North Fork of the American river),\\nthe northern branch of the river, and equal in size to\\nthat which we had descended. Together they formed\\na beautiful stream, sixty to one hundred yards wide,\\nwhich at first, ignorant of the nature of the country\\nthrough which that river ran, we took to be the\\nSacramento. Wc continued down the right bank of\\nthe river, traveling for a while over a wooded upland\\nwhere wc had the delight to discover tracks of cattle.\\nWe made an acorn meal at noon and\\nhurried on. Shortly afterwards we gave a shout\\nat the appearance on a little bluff of a neatly built\\nadohe house with glass windows. We rode up, but,\\nto our disappointment, found only Indians. There\\nwas no appeai-ance of cultivation, and we could see\\nno cattle, and wo supposed the place had been aban-\\ndoned. We now pressed on more eagerly than ever;\\nthe river swept round in a large bend to the right\\nthe hills lowered down entirely; and, gradually enter-\\ning a broad valley, we came unexpectedly into a large\\nIndian village, where the people looked clean, and\\nwore cotton shirts and various other articles of dress.\\nThey immediately crowded around us, and we had\\nthe inexpressible delight to find one who spoke a lit-\\ntle indifferent Spanish, but who at first confounded\\nus by saying there were no whites in the countiy\\nbut just then a well-dressed Indian came up and\\nmade his salutations in very well-spoken Spanish.\\nIn answer to our inquiries, he informed us that we\\nwere upon the Rio de los Americanos (the river of the\\nAmericans), and that it joined the Sacramento river\\nabout ten miles below. Never did a name sound\\nmore sweetlj- We felt ourselves among our country-\\nmen; for the name of ^Iw^encrm, in these distant parts,\\nis applied to the citizens of the United States. To\\nour eager inquiries he answered, I am a vaquero\\n(cow herd) in the service of Captain Sutter, and the\\npeople of this rrmc/ieriffl work for him. Our evident\\nsatisfaction made him communicative; and he went\\non to say that C.iptain Sutter was a very rich man,\\nand always glad to see his country people. We asked\\nfor his house. He answered that it was just over the\\nhill before us, and oftered, if we would wait a moment\\nto take his horse and conduct us to it. We readily\\naccepted his civil offer. In a short distance we came\\nin sight of the fort; and passing on the way the house\\nof a settler on the opposite side (a Mr. Sinclair), we\\nforded the river; and in a few miles were met a short\\ndistance from the fort by Captain Sutter himself.\\nHe gave us a most frank and cordial reception con-\\nducted us immediately to his residence and under his\\nhospitable roof had a night of i-est, enjoyment, and\\nrefreshment, which none but ourselves could appre-\\nciate.\\nGen. Fremont the next day started back with\\nprovisions and horses to meet and relieve the main\\nbody of the party, who were several days in the\\nrear. He met them near the forks of the river,\\nEach man, weak and emaciated, leading a horse\\nor mule as weak and emaciated as himself. Of\\nsixty-seven horses and mules, only thirty- three had\\nsurvived that terrible journey across the mountains.\\nMany of them had been killed for food, while others\\nhad died of starvation or exhaustion or lay at the\\nbottom of rocky canons, down which they had\\nplunged from the precipitous heights above. Many\\nvaluable specimens, collected during the long jour-\\nney were lost.\\nIt was in the few years prior to the discovery of\\ngold that the genuine pioneers of Califoi-nia braved\\nthe unknown dangers of the plains and mountains,\\nwith the intention of settling in the fair valley, of\\nwhich so much was said and so little known, and", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nbuilding a homo for themselves and their children.\\nMany of these immigrants crossed the mountains by\\nnearly the same route pursued by the Central Pacific\\nRailroad, except that they followed down Bear river\\nto the plains. The first settlement reached by them\\nwas that of Theodore Sicard, at Johnson s Crossing,\\non the Placer county side, and a few miles below\\nCamp Far West. This settlement was made in 184-1:,\\nand was the first point reached by the members of\\nthe ill-starred Donner Party in 1847. Opposite\\nSicard s settlement was Johnson s ranch, owned by\\nWilliam Johnson and Sebastian Kyser, who settled\\nthere in 1845. Johnson s Crossing was for years a\\nfavorite landmark and rallying point.\\nThe next Winter after Fremont made his perilous\\ncrossing of the Sierras, another party, a band of\\nhardy pioneers, worked their laborious way through\\nthe drifting snow of the mountains, and entered the\\nbeautiful valley, one of them remaining in his snow-\\nbound camp at Donner lake until returning Spring\\nmade his rescue possible. The party consisted of\\ntwenty-three men: John Flomboy; Captain Stevens,\\nnow a resident of Kern county, Cal.; Joseph Foster;\\nDr. Townsend; Allen Montgomery; Moses Schallen-\\nberger, now living in San Jose, Cal.; G. Greenwood,\\nand his two sons, John and Britt; James Miller, now\\nof San Rafael, Cal.; Mr. Calvin; William Martin;\\nPatrick Martin Dennis Martin; Martin Murphy, and\\nhis- five sons; Mr. Hitchcock, and son. They left\\nCouncil Bluffs, May 20, 1844, e\u00c2\u00bb route to California, of\\nthe fertility of whose soil and the mildness of whose\\nclimate glowing accounts had been given. The dan-\\ngei s of the plains and mountains were passed, and\\nthe party reached the Humboldt river, when an\\nIndian named Truckee presented himself, and\\noffered to guide them to California. After question-\\ning him closely, they employed him as their guide,\\nand as they progressed, found that the statements\\nhe had made about the route were fully verified.\\nHe soon became a great favorite among them, and\\nwhen they reached the lower crossing of the Truckee\\nriver, now Wadsworth, they gave his name to the\\nbeautiful stream, so pleased were they bj the pure\\nwater and abundance of fish to which he had\\ndirected them. The stream will ever live in history\\nas the Truckee river, and the fish, the famous\\nTruckee trout, will continue to delight the palate of\\nthe epicure for years to come.\\nFrom this point the parly pushed on to the beauti-\\nful mountain lake, whose shores but two years later\\nwitnessed a scene of suffering and death unequaled\\nin the annals of America s pioneers. Here, at Don-\\nner lake, it was decided to build a cabin and store\\ntheir goods until Spring, as the cattle were too\\nexhausted to drag them further. The cabin was\\nbuilt by Allen Montgomery, Joseph Poster, and\\nMoses Schallenberger, all young men used to pioneer\\nlife, and who felt fully able to maintain themselves\\nby their rifles upon the beai s and dear that seemed\\nso plentiful in the mountains. The cabin was built\\nof pine sapplings, with a roof of brush and raw-\\nhides; it was twelve by foiirteen feet and about eight\\nfeet high, with a rude chimney, and but one aperture\\nfor both a window and door; it was about a quarter\\nof a mile below the foot of the lake, and is of\\npeculiar interest, as it was the first habitation built\\nby white men within the limits of Nevada county,\\nthe entering wedge of civilization that in a few 3 ears\\nwrested these beautiful hills with their wealth of\\ngold from the hands of the barbarous Digger, and\\nbrought on e more country under the dominion of\\nintelligence.\\nThe cabin was completed in two days, and the\\nparty moved on across the summit, leaving but a\\nfew provisions and a half-starved and emaciated\\ncow for the support of the young men, who had\\nundertaken a task, the magnitude of which they\\nlittle dreamed. It was about the middle of Novem-\\nber when the party left Donner lake, and they\\narrived at Sutter s Fort on the Loth of December,\\n1844, the journey down the mountains consuming a\\nmonth of toil and privation. The day after the\\ncabin was completed a heavy fall of snow com-\\nmenced and continued for several days, and while\\nthe journeying party were plunging and toiling\\nthrough the storm and di ifts, the three young men\\nfound themselves surrounded by a bed of snow from\\nten to fifteen feet deep. The game had fled down\\nthe mountains to escape the storm, and when the\\npoor cow was half consumed the three snow-bound\\nprisoners began to reali/.e the danger of their situa-\\ntion. Alarmed by the prospect of starvation, they\\ndetermined to force their M ay across the barrier of\\nsnow. In one day s journey they reached the sum-\\nmit, but poor Schallenberger was here taken w^th\\nsevere cramps, and was unable to proceed the follow-\\ning day. Every few feet that he advanced in his\\nattempt to struggle along, he fell to the ground.\\nWhat could they do To remain was death, and\\nyet they could not abandon their sick comrade among\\nthe drifting snows on the summit of the Sion-as.\\nFoster and Montgomery were placed in a trying\\nsituation. Schallenberger told them that he would\\nremain alone if they would conduct him back to the\\ncabin. They did so, and pi-oviding everj thing they\\ncould for his comfort, took their departure, leaving\\nhim, sick and feeble, in the heart of the snow-locked\\nmountains.\\nA strong will can accomplish wonders, and a deter-\\nmination to live is sometimes stronger than death,\\nand young Schallenberger by a great exertion was\\nsoon able to rise from his bed and seek for food.\\nAmong the goods stored in the cabin he found some\\nsteel-traps, with which he caught enough foxes to sus-\\ntain himself in his little mountain cabin, until the\\ndoors of his prison were unlocked by the melting\\nrays of the vernal sun, and a party of friends came\\nto his relief On the 1st of March, 1845, he, too,\\narrived at Sutter s Fort, having spent three months", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "T. M. Todd.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "EARLY MINING HISTORY.\\n65\\nin the drifting snows of the Snowy Mountains\\nthe Sierra Nevada.\\nThe after history of the Indian Truclcec, whose\\nname so many objects bear, is an interesting one.\\nPassing down the mountains, he arrived at Sutter s\\nFort with the main party, and remained until the\\nbreaking out of the war in 1846, when he joined\\nFremont s Battalion, and was ever afterwards\\nknown as Captain Truckee. He was quite a favorite\\nwith Fi-emont, who presented him with a Bible with\\nthe donor s autograph on the fly-leaf. This, with a\\ncopy of the St. Louis Republican, Captain Truckee\\njealously preserved till the time of his death-\\nAfter the American conquest, Truckee returned to\\nhis people east of the Sierras, and when the i-ich\\nsilver discoveries in the Washoe region brought\\nthousands of white men there, he became their fast\\nfriend and a universal favorite among the miners.\\nThe Indian camp where he lived was in the Palmyra\\nDistrict, Lyon County, Nevada, about a mile from\\nComo, and near the spring where the town of\\nPalmyra was subsequently built. One day in 18(30,\\nCaptain Truckee went to the mining camp at Como\\nto ask the men what remedy he should use for a\\nlarge swelling on his neck. The men thought he\\nhad been bitten by a tarantula and advised him to\\napply a slice of bacon. Poor Captain Truckee died\\nthat night, his last request being to be buried by the\\nwhite men and in the white man s style. The miners\\ndug a grave near Como, in the croppings of the old\\nGoliah Ledge, and good Captain Truckee was laid\\naway to rest, the Bible and the paper he had\\ncherished so long lying by his side.\\nThe terrible sufferings of the Donner party have\\nalready been portrayed. The groans of the starv-\\ning, and the wails of the dying, crazed with hunger,\\nwill ever haunt the shores of Donner Lake, and the\\nwinds as they moan among the drooping branches\\nof the pines, will whisper tales of sufiering such as\\nfew have seen, and the most vivid imagination fails\\nto realize. The two cabins built by the Donner\\nparty near that of Schallenberger, and which formed\\nthe camp of the Breens, Graves, and Murphys, were\\nthe second monuments of civilization in Nevada\\nCounty. About two weeks before the Donner party\\nfound the way across the summit barred by snow,\\nanother emigrant train passed in safety. Among\\nthese emigrants were Claude Chana, who now lives\\nat Wheatland, Yuba County, and Charles Covillaud,\\none of the original proprietors of Marysville, and\\nwho married Mary Murphy, a member of the Don-\\nnor party, from whom the name Marysville was\\nderived. The widely difterent experiences of these\\ntwo parties in crossing the mountains, but illustrate\\nthe changes that can there be wrought hj a few days\\nof snow. This party also followed down Bear River\\nto Johnson s Ranch, from which point the relief\\nparties were sent to Donner Lake. The j ears 1846,\\n1847 and 1848 saw many trains of emigrants on their\\nway to Oregon and California, those for this State\\ncrossing the mountains by several I outes, though\\nmost of them came by way of Truckee River.\\nCUAPTFi; XYI.\\nEARLY MINING HISTORY.\\nPre- American GolJ Discoveries Spread of the Gold Discovery\\nBeales E.xpeditiou to Washington Great Excitement in\\nNew York First Mining in Placer County Claude Chana\\nin Auburn Eavine Rich Dry Diggings, Auburn Progress\\nof the Excitement Exploring the Rivers Mines in the\\nWinter of IS-lil-oO Adventures of Pioneers Murderer s\\nBar Buckner s Bar Pioneer Mining Experiences The\\nGlorious Days of 184!) Mining in 1S50 A Mining\\nClaim Cirand Fluming Enterprise A Model Saw-mill\\nDoctors, Lawyers, and Divines Mining The Grand Finale\\nMarshall Prospecting in Placer Ohio Prospectors A\\nGhastly Discovery In Memory Yankee Jim A\\nPrimal Forest Scene Occupants of the Caiions Finding\\nYankee Jim Journal of a Pioneer Soldiers and Prospectors\\nin 1S49 Prices of 1849\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Prices in Auburn in 1849.\\nA WORK was published in London, England, in the\\nyear 1818 by Mr. Philipps, entitled Lectures on\\nMineralogy, where it is stated that Gold is found\\nin large lumps deposited in the soil, a few inches\\nfrom the surface, in California. This is found\\nthroughout an extensive district bordering on the\\nsea in that country. Among American documents\\nthe most entitled to consideration in this matter is\\na publication at Boston, in 1822, which states that\\nMr. Ellis, a merchant in that city, had obtained from\\nCalifornia a mass of gold and quartz of considerable\\namount. Again, in the year 1830, Alfred Robinson,\\nalso a merchant of Boston, received S10,000 worth\\nof gold in lumps. Prior to this latter date, and in\\nthe year 1832, Capt. John Bradshaw took home\\nsome $18,000 from this coast, to his employer, Capt.\\nJoseph Peabody, of Salem, Massachusetts, for whom\\nhe had been engaged in trading in the Pacific during\\nmany years. His present residence is in the town\\nof Beverly, Massachusetts. Captain Bradshaw i.s\\nwell known to the older residents of the southern\\nportion of California, and the buildings erected hj\\nhim for curing of hides and furs are still standing on\\nthe Island of Catalina, and known as Bradshaw s\\nFort.\\nThese discoveries and shipments of gold from Cali-\\nfornia, of which there were many in fact and many\\nin fable, prior to the acquisition of the country by\\nthe LTnited States, were from the southern part of\\nthe State, from the placers of the San Gabriel, Santa\\nClara and San Francisquito Rivers, near Los Angeles,\\nand from the Cuyamaca and other mountains of\\nSan Diego, where mines still exist. But the discov-\\nery which set the world ablaze was made by INfar-\\nsball in 1848.\\nSPREAD OF THE GOLD DISCOVERT.\\nThe discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada as has\\nbeen related in the preceding pages, was made\\nknown throughout the world as rapidly as the means\\nof intercommunication of those days permitted.\\nFirst it was carried to the Sandwich Islands by ves-\\nsels going for vegetables and other classes of mer-\\nchandise; thence to Oregon and to the coast of Cen-\\ntral and South America. Natives of Mexico soon", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "66\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ncarried the news, and much gold with it, across the\\nColorado and into Sonora.\\nBEALE s expedition to WASHINGTON.\\nLieut. Edward F. Beale, of the Navy now Gen-\\neral Bealo of Tejon who had been executive offi-\\ncer of Commodore Stockton in the conquest of Califor-\\nnia, and distinguished for his courage and energy, was\\ndispatched by Colonel Mason, then Military Governor,\\nwith the news of the discovery to Washington. He\\nwas directed to proceed to Mazatlan, thence to cross\\nMexico, and hasten to his destination with all the\\nspeed possible. Lieutenant Beale arrived in Wash-\\nington early in June, 1848, and made his report to\\nPresident Polk, who, when receiving the enthusiastic\\nyoung officer, was engaged in a game of chess\\nwith Secretary Bancroft. The story of the gold\\nwas received with a smile of incredulity, and the\\nmessenger was bantered by the august officials with\\nthe remai k that the officers were probably speculat-\\ning in city lots and wanted to induce an immigration\\nor were unduly excited over an unimportant discov-\\nery, and he was sent back with dispatches to Gov-\\nernor Mason. In the meantime he had visited New\\nYork, and conferred with Wm. H. Aspinwall, the\\nhead of the new steamship company to California,\\ntold him of the discovery, and gave him advice\\nto prepare his steamers, then building, for carrying\\npassengers, which advice was fortunately followed.\\nAspinwall appeared to he the only one who credited\\nthe report of Lieutenant Beale. The story was told,\\nhowever, in the newspapers, but so little attention\\nwas paid to it that no excitement was then created.\\nBeale returned to California, arriving in August, and\\nthen found the country wild over the results from\\nthe mines.\\nGREAT EXCITEMENT IN NEW YORK.\\nGovernor Mason had visited, in the meantime, the\\nplace of discovery, and was prepared to announce\\nthe facts in an indisputable official report. He had\\nalso procured from a young volunteer of the Stev-\\nenson Regiment, a lump of pure gold of the size of\\na large potato, and Beale was again ordered to the\\nEast with these dispatches and bright and weighty\\nproof of the story. The messenger arrived on his\\nsecond journey in September, made his report and\\nexhibited his lump of gold. Governor Mason, Cap-\\ntain Folsom and Lieutenant, now General, Sherman\\nhad visited the mines, and sent reports. These with\\nthe gold were proofs that could not be ridiculed. The\\nreport was first published in the Baltimore Sim, of\\ny September 20, 18-48. Lieutenant Beale took his lump\\nof gold to New York, and sought his old friend,\\nAspinwall. With him he went to Wall Street, and\\nfrom the steps of the Stock Exchange the gold was\\nexhibited to the populace. The crowd became a jam,\\nthe news spread from mouth to mouth, and soon the\\nstreet was impassably blocked for a long distance by\\nthe intensely excited people. This was the first\\nexcitement on the Atlantic Coast regarding the gold\\ndiscovery in California. The excitement was conta-\\ngious, and was communicated through letters and\\nnewspapers to all people susceptible of enthusiasm\\nthroughout the country.\\nThe precious lump of gold was afterwards taken\\nto Barnum s Museum, a steel band put around it\\nand suspended by a chain, where it became the\\nattraction for thousands of visitors. Subsequently it\\nwas sold to the mercantile firm of Cross, Ilobson\\nCo., by whom it was sent to Great Britain, and there\\nagain exhibited as tangible evidence of the wealth of\\nCalifornia.\\nThe great discovery was by this made known to\\nall the great centers of population and commerce of\\nthe world, and all looked and wondered.\\nFIRST MINING IN PLACER COUNTY.\\nPlacer County has no history prior to 18-18. From\\nJohnson s Ranch on Bear River, a road led to Sin-\\nclair s on the American, and thence to Sutter s Fort,\\nand travelers give accounts of encamping en route\\nbetween the two places, but no settlements were\\nmade, nor discoveries, nor developments that could\\ngive a name to a locality. South of Johnson s Ranch\\nwere some small water-holes, or ponds, which some\\nwriters have mentioned as lagoons, which is the\\nnearest to a Spanish name of anything of olden time\\nin the county.\\nGold had been discovered on the south fork of the\\nAmerican, on the 19th of January, 1848, and in two\\nor three months thereafter, the fact was made known\\nthroughout California, and the rush to the placers\\nbegan. As the miners spread rapidly over the coun-\\ntry it is presumed that some reached to the north\\nfork of the American early in the season.\\nCLAUDE CHANA IN AUBURN RAVINE.\\nThe discovery of gold in Auburn Ravine is due to\\nMr. Claude Chana, now a resident of Wheatland,\\nYuba County, who first turned the precious metal to\\nlight in the Dry Diggings of Placer County on the\\n16th of May, 1848. The movements which led to\\nthe discovery are as follows: In the spring of 1847\\nClaude Chana, having arrived in the country with\\nthe overland immigration of the preceding j oar,\\nand then stopping at Sigard s Ranch, on Bear River,\\nwent to Sutter s Fort and there engaged to work as\\na cooper, continuing thereat for seven months, when\\nhe returned to the ranch of his countryman, both\\nbeing natives of France. While thus engaged at the\\nfort James W. Marshall was at work across the room\\non the opposite side of Ghana s bench as a wagon-\\nmaker, and the two became well acquainted.\\nDuring the winter that followed his return to\\nSigard s Ranch, that place had become quite a ren-\\ndezvous for persons of French extraction mostly\\nold trappei s and communication with Sutter s Fort,\\nvia Sinclair s Ranch, on the American, was not in-\\nfrequent. Therefore it was not strange that but a\\nshort time elapsed after Marshall picked up the first\\npiece of gold at Coloma that the news thereof", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "EARLY MINING HISTORY.\\n67\\nshould reach Sigard s Ranch, and the confirmation\\nthereof coming not many weeks after, Ghana\\ndetermined to have ocular proof by visiting the\\nlocality of Sutter s Mill. The first week in\\nMay, 1848, found him en route lor the his-\\ntoi ie spot. The region across the country trom\\nBear River to the south fork of the American\\nthen being to him a terra incoynifa, his route was\\nchosen via Sinclair s Ranch to Sutter s Fort, and\\nthence up the south bank of the American. At\\nSutter s Fort he found Samuel Brannan and another\\nman bound for the same destination that he was,\\nand the three journeyed together, going by the way\\nof Mormon Island, where at that time but onu man\\nhad located. It was upon this trip that Brannan\\ndetermined to establish himself at Mormon Island,\\nand importuned Ghana to hire out to him and aid\\nin constructing a house. But Ghana s mission\\nwas to see his friend Marshall, at Goloma, and\\nlearn about the gold discovery. Arriving at Sut-\\nler s Mill, he found the people there surely dig-\\nging for gold, and among the crowd were several\\nof his countrymen, from whom he soon acquired the\\nart of collecting it then mostly done in tin and\\nwooden jJans. After looking about for several days,\\nGhana returned, over the same route he had come,\\nto Sigard s, for an outfit, intending to go immedi-\\nately back to the south fork of the American and\\ndig for gold near the place of original discovery.\\nAt the ranch, upon his arrival there, he found\\nFrancois Gendron, an old voyageur who had been\\nwest of the Rocky Mountains since 1832; Philibert\\nGourteau, who had come into Galifornia with Fre-\\nmont in 1843-44, and another Frenchman named Eu-\\ngene. These men, with himself, formed a party who\\nwere to proceed to Goloma and dig for gold. Ghana\\ncut down a tree near the banks of Bear River, out\\nof which the party made hateas wooden pans for\\nwashing the dirt. The party also persuaded about\\ntwenty-five Indians to accompany them, six of whom\\nwere from Oregon and the remainder were Galifor-\\nnia Indians, and with their entire outfit mustered\\nthirty-five horses. Francois Gendron, being the\\noldest mountaineer, was listened to when he in-\\nformed the party that he could lead them across the\\ncountry directly to the vicinity of Goloma, instead\\nof traveling the circuitous route via Sinclair s and\\nthe Fort, and they determined to follow him. Under\\nhis leadership they camped the first night after leav-\\ning Sigard s upon the place afterwards known as\\nGox s Ranch, and the second night not far from\\nwhere Ophir now is on Auburn Ravine. This was\\nduring the third week of May, 1848. Here Ghana\\nthought he would try for gold before the party\\nwere ready to move on upon the following morning.\\nTaking his batea he proceeded up the ravine to a\\npoint he now describes as located about half-way\\nbetween Judge Mj ers house and the old Dead-\\nfall, and there washed out the virgin pan of\\nthe district. He was rewarded by the sight of\\nthree considerable sized pieces of yellow metal.\\nThere was, then, no necessity for them to proceed\\nfurther gold was in the ravine upon which they\\ncamped how much or how rich no one knew. They\\nset at work in the main ravine at once. About the\\nsame time Sinclair had begun to work Indians upon\\nthe American River. He, through the Indians,\\nlearned that Ghana and party had discovered gold\\nin the foot-hill ravines, and came up to see them,\\nbut came to the conclusion that though the gold\\non the American was very fine, while the ravine\\ngold was coarse, that he could get a larger amount\\nby remaining where he was, and so told Ghana s\\nparty, and wanted them to go to the American River\\nwith him. But they remained at work in the main\\nravine for two weeks, and then begun in what is\\nnow called Baltimore Ravine, and there dug one\\nweek longer, finding some quite large pieces. The\\nground, however, was not rich the f)arty were\\ninexperienced, and had crude appliances for mining;\\nthe result of their three weeks labor, all told, was\\nbut three pounds of gold, while from Sigard s came\\nrumors of enormous strikes upon the Yuba, and to\\nthat stream did Ghana and his companions go. The\\nnext digging done upon Auburn Ravine was by\\nIndians in the employ of Nicholas Algier, who went\\nthere soon after Ghana s party left, and who, it is\\nsaid, took out a large amount of gold. One of the\\nCalifornia Indians who first dug gold with Ghana is\\nstill living in the vicinity of Lincoln, and in Janu-\\nary, 1882, called at Wheatland to see his old em-\\nployer.\\nClaude Ghana went upon the Yuba River and\\nthere was successful to that degree that in October,\\n1849, he again returned to the Sigard Ranch the\\npossessor of \u00c2\u00a725,000 in gold.\\nRICH DRY DIGGINGS AUBURN.\\nThe mines, or diggings, opened in Auburn Ravine\\nby Claude Ghana, in May, were not likely to remain\\nneglected. Mr. Samuel Seabough, in his sketches of\\nthe Beginning of Placer Mining in Galifornia,\\nsays: In the Dry Diggings, near Auburn, during\\nthe month of August, 1848, one man got \u00c2\u00a716,000 out\\nof five cart-loads of dirt. In the same diggings a\\ngood many were collecting from $800 to 81,500 a\\nday. The region soon acquired the name of The\\nNorth Fork Dry Diggings, and in the summer or\\nfall of 1849, when the settlement became more con-\\ncentrated and stores were established, was given the\\nappellation it now bears Auburn.\\nPROGRESS OF THE EXCITEMENT.\\nThe statement of Mr. Spect shows the first stages\\nof the gold excitement. He left Yerba Buena\\nSan Francisco on the Gth of April, with two com-\\npanions, expecting to meet others at Johnson s Ranch,\\nto make the journey overland to Missouri. Little\\ncould have been known of the mines at that time,\\nor an emigration party would not have been thought\\nof. The fact, however, was known that gold was", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "08\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nmined at Slitter s Mill, because the ,Sfar, of San Fran-\\ncisco, on the 25th of March, had stated that gold-dust\\nhad become an article of traffic at Xew Helvetia\\nSutter s Fort, or now, Sacramento. Early in Api-il,\\nMr. E. C. Kemble, the editor of that journal, made a\\nvisit to the mines, and, returning, declared them a\\nsham He had scarcely printed his paper con-\\ntaining the condemnation before half a pound of the\\ndust was offered for sale. More came, and before\\nthe end of April so many had left San Francisco for\\nColoma that the population was perceptibly reduced.\\nOn the 30th of April, Mr. Sjject says there was no\\nexcitement, and that he paid very little attention to\\nthe gold mines. Still there evidently was excite-\\nment among some classes before that, as, he relates,\\nsome rich strikes had been made, and the Spaniards\\nreported fabulously rich diggings. This gentleman\\nhad kept a diary, from which his account is written.\\nSuch records, together with the reports, corre-\\nspondence, opinions and advertisements in the j)apers,\\nof which there were two the S/ar and the Callfor-\\nnian furnish indisputable facts of the spread of the\\nnews of the gold discovery, and of the rise of the\\nexcitement in California. In January the discovery\\nis made and communicated to Captain Sutter at\\nNew Helvetia. Marshall appears to be the only\\nman excited, or much interested about it. In\\nMarch it is first told in San Francisco; in Ajn-il gold-\\ndust becomes an article of traffic, and in the latter\\npart of this month and in May the rush begins, and\\nthe excitement is intense. In June, Lieut. E. F.\\nBeale reports the discovery in the East, but it is re-\\ngarded as nothing extraordinary, and little attention\\nis paid to it; but in Se] teraber he comes again with\\nthe confirmation of his tirst report, and bearing the\\ngold as a proof, and from that date the news was\\nknown to the world.\\nEXPLORING THE RIVERS.\\nIn the summer of 1818, says the Placer County\\nDirectory of 18G1, the principal tributaries of the\\nAmerican River were explored by a company of Ore-\\ngonians, and rich prospects obtained upon almost\\nevery bar, as far ujj the Middle and North Forks as\\nthey proceeded. At this time the bars were gener-\\nally explored as high up the Middle Fork as Rector s\\nBar, which, proving as rich as any diggings the ex-\\nplorers expected to find, and it being difficult to\\ntravel further up the river with horses, they ceased\\ntraveling, and worked the mines until the winter\\nseason set in, or their provisions gave out, when\\nthey returned to the settlements in the valley or to\\ntheir homes in Oregon.\\nEarly in lS-ti.1, the system of washing the aurif-\\nerous dirt with the common rocker was introduced\\nupon the middle fork of the American River, and\\nwas regarded as a great improvement in gold min-\\ning. During this year miners flocked to the bars on\\nthe rivers in large numbers from the Old Dry Dig-\\ngings (Placorville), Sutter s Mill ((Joloraa the set-\\ntlements in the valleys, and elsewhere wheresoever\\nthe news of the rich discoveries had reached con-\\ntributed laborers for the gold-fields, and, during the\\nsummer, settlements were formed in man}- parts of\\nPlacer County, including Auburn and Ophir in the\\nfoot-hills; Rector s Bar, Stony Bar, Oregon Bar, and\\nPoverty Bar, on the middle fork; and Barnes Bar\\non the north fork of the American. The popula-\\ntion upon the rivers was quite sparse, and depreda-\\ntions were frequentlj- committed by the untamed\\nsavages upon the stock and camps of the whites.\\nMINERS IN THE WINTER OP 1849-50.\\nThe region northeast of Auburn was included in\\nYuba County. Some miners had ascended the north\\nand middle forks of the American River in 1849, and\\nmany of the overland immigrants of that year had\\nsettled on the I idge as far up as Illinoistown. A\\nfew peof)le had settled upon the divide between the\\nNorth and Middle Forks.\\nThe Historical Sketch of Placer County, pub-\\nlished in the Directory of 18(31, says:\\nDuring the winter of 1849-50, the population of\\nthe now rich and populous Townships five and six,\\nconsisted of Dr. Todd and three or four companions,\\nat Todd s Ranch; Yankee Jim and his companions,\\nsix in number, at Yankee Jim s Dry Diggings, near\\nwhere Forest Hill is situated: six j oung men, one of\\nwhom was named Lewis, near the head of Mad\\nCanon; two men at Birds store, and about thirty\\npersons at Stony and Rector s Bars. The whole\\nwhite population amounted to not more than fifty\\npersons.\\nThe hardships endured by the few individuals who\\nremained upon the river at Stony and Rector s Bars\\nduring the memorable winter of 1849-50, can never\\nbe half told. The writer of this sketch, being one\\nof the unfortunate individuals whose reduced fort-\\nunes forced him to remain upon the river at Stony\\nBar, in order that he might eke out a scanty sub-\\nsistence by working in the banks and on the high\\nbars, when a temporary cessation of falling rain and\\nsnow permitted him to venture forth from the can-\\nvas tent, which served him and his companions as a\\nwinter dwelling, cannot, at this day, aiter a lapse\\nof more than ten years, repress a shudder, when\\nrevolving in his mind the many incidents attending\\nhis residence during the winter upon the Middle\\nFork.\\nThe rains, which had sot in towards the last of\\nDecember, continued to fall almost constantly until\\nthe second week in February, covering the mount-\\nains on either side of the stream to the depth of four\\nfeet with snow, blocking up the trails, and so com-\\npletely destroying every trace of them, that none,\\nexcept in the last extremity, could be prevailed upon\\nto venture to break a trail to Georgetown or Coloma,\\nthe nearest points at which supplies could be ob-\\ntained. To add to the hardships of the little settle-\\nment of pioneer river miners, they not only had not\\ncomfortable houses in which to live, but ere the\\nwinter was half gone, their supplies of pork, flour,\\ncoffee, sugar, salt, beans, etc, were totally exhausted,\\nand they were reduced to the necessity of living\\nu])on fresh venison, without salt or bread. But starv-\\nation was not the foe most to be dreaded by the\\nunprotected settlement. The temporary shanties,\\nor huts of the men, were scattered along the river\\nfor a distance of two miles; in each of which lived", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "EARLY MINING HISTORY.\\n69\\nfrom two to five persons. No guard was kept at\\nnight, and in case of an attack by the Indians, the\\nmen scattered and poorly armed, as they were, could\\nhave offered but a feeble resistance.\\nThe heavy snows, higher up in the mountains, had\\nforced a band of Indians to venturedown the caiions\\nto the vicinity of the camp of the whites, in search\\nof horses, mules, cattle, or anything else which could\\nserve as food for their starving squaws and children.\\nThej were discovered by the whites, and a meeting\\nwas called of all white men known to be upon the\\nriver, in reach, for the purpose of ascertaining the\\nnumber and condition of the guns, and the amount\\nof ammunition in the hands of the miners. The\\nnumber of guns on hand amounted to one to evoiy\\nthree men, and among the whole number there were\\nnot more than three jjounds of powder. An organ-\\nization was immediately effected and men were\\nstarted out with directions to proceed down the\\nmidtllo fork of the American River until they had\\nreached a point where supplies could be purchased,\\nand to procure all the arms and ammunition they\\ncould obtain and bring into the camp. The relief\\npart} after scrambling over the rocks for two days,\\nreached the Big Bar, in El Dorado County, where\\nthey purchased some powder, lead, caps, salt, and\\ntea, and one rifle gun, and returned to their com-\\npanions.\\nWith these additions to the stock of arms and\\nammunition on hand, after making a show of strength\\nby sending small parties out in search of the Indians,\\none of which came up with a partj of the red skins,\\nand attacked and killed some of their number, the\\nwhites felt quite secure from an attack and remained\\nquiet the balance of the winter.\\nToward the last of February, 1850, the weather\\nturning warm and the news of rich discoveries\\nhaving been made the fall previous, between the\\nhead-waters of the middle and north forks of the\\nAmerican, having spread among the miners of Hang-\\ntown (Placervilie), Weaverville, Coloma, George-\\ntown, Kelsy s, and other thickly settled places in El\\nDorado, a general stampede took place, and the\\nmen came in hundreds, making Bird s store (Bird s\\nValley) their place of rendezvous, until the nu nber\\nof men gathered there amounted to two or three\\nthousand. Here they were compelled to remain\\nuntil the snow settled sufticiently for them to pene-\\ntrate the mountainsand canons higher up on the slope\\nof the Sierra. p]arly in the spring good prospects\\nwere obtained in El Dorado Canon, and companies\\nwere soon engaged in mining in the bed and banks\\nof the creek from its junction with the North Fork\\nto its head.\\nADVENTURES OP PIONEERS.\\nAmong the pioneers of Placer County in 1848 was\\nThomas M. Bucknei now a resident of Spanish Dry\\nDiggings, in El Dorado County, who emigrated to\\nOregon from Kentucky in 1845. When the news of\\nthe gold discovery in California reached Oregon,\\nseveral parties immediately fitted out and left the\\nlatter Territory for the gold-fields; and one of\\nthese a company under the leadership of Captain\\nMartin, numbering sixty-two men, nearly all of\\nwhom were young Buckner joined, and, after vari-\\nous adventures en route overland, arrived at Sutter s\\nFort on the 2d day of August, 1848. Stopping\\nat the fort a few days, a party of sailors arrived\\nfrom the mines with a considerable quantity of gold-\\ndust, and informed Mr. J. D. Hoppe, who was also\\nthere, and with whom they were acquainted, where\\nthey had obtained it, and of the probability of there\\nbeing much more in the vicinity. Mr. Hoppe imme-\\ndiately engaged a party of seven men, besides him-\\nself, of which Buckner was one, to go with him to\\nthe Sailor s Diggings, having obtained unmistak-\\nable directions as to the route and distance, and\\nabout the 10th of August left the fort. In those\\ndays there were circuitous trails, for though the\\nobjective point of the party afterward proved to be\\nthe place called, the following year. Rector s Bar,\\nafter an Oregonian of that name, on the middle\\nfork of the American, they proceeded to Sutter s\\nMill; thence northerly to Long (now Greenwood)\\nValley; over the ridge by Spanish Dry Diggings and\\ndown into the caiion of the Middle Fork to what\\nwas afterward named Spanish Bar, across the river\\nand up the hill to the top of the ridge, up which\\nthey traveled on the trail made by the sailors to the\\nplace now known as Bird s Valley, where they fixed\\ntheir camp. One of the men, named Jonathan\\nKeeney, was the first to go down into the canon of\\nthe river, where he creviced with good results, and\\nreturned at evening with his gold. Thenceforward\\nthe entire party followed Reeney s example going\\ndown to the river in the morning, working during\\nthe day and returning to camp on the ridge in the\\nlittle valley at night. The only tools used by these\\nprimitive miners were butcher knives, iron spoons,\\nan occasional small steel bar, and a pan, as they\\nsought for gold only upon and in the crevices of the\\nbed-rock which the high waters of years had flowed\\nover and denuded of all loose material. The gold\\nwas coarse, and while some of the crevices worked\\nwould j-ield many pounds of gold, others frequently\\ncontained nothing. This rendered the success of\\nthe party variable, and though generally lucky,\\nwhen provisions began to get scarce toward the\\nrainy season, a separation took place, Buckner, Rich-\\nard Finley and Jonathan Keeney (both of the latter\\nnow living in Oregon) starting over an unknown\\nroute, with no trail, hoping to reach Johnson s Ranch\\non Bear River. In this, however, they were disap-\\npointed, for the first evidences of civilization they\\nsaw were upon arrival at Sinclair s Ranch.\\nKnowing nothing about dry or ravine diggings,\\nand believing then the tales of trappers and others\\nthat it would be impossible to winter at the mines\\nalong the rivers, Buckner went to San Francisco and\\nthence to the redwoods, known as the San Antonio,\\nand Prince s Woods, in the hills back of the present\\ncity of Oakland, where he found employment making\\nshakes, pickets, whip-sawing lumber, etc. At that\\ntime these redwoods contained scores of men of\\nvarious nationalities and divers professions run-\\naway sailors, beach-combers, lawyers, doctors, etc.,\\nall similarly occupied from present necessity.\\nAmong these homogeneous spirits who were tem-\\nporarily inhabiting the redwoods was Capt. Ezekiel", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "70\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nMerritt, who had been a conspicuous character in\\nthe formation of the Bear Flajj; party at Sonoma\\nin 1846, and who had loft South Carolina in 1832 and\\nwandered into California. During the winter an\\nintimate friendship sprang up between Buckner and\\nMerritt, and they determined to blend their fortunes\\nin a venture to the mines as soon as the proper season\\nshould arrive. Accordingly the two, accompanied\\nby an Indian boy called Peg, whom Merritt had\\nretained for a number of years as a servant, in April,\\n1849, left the redwoods and went overland to\\nKnight s Ranch, on Cache Creek Knight and Goi--\\ndon (another settler there) both being old aci|uaint-\\nances and friends of Merritt.\\nUpon learning the destination of his friend, Mr.\\nKnight, with the hospitality then so characteristic\\nof the old California rancheros, insisted upon killing\\na number of bullocks and jerking the meat, that the\\nCaptain and his companions might be provided with\\na sufficient quantity of came xeca to ward off the\\nchance of starvation while pursuing their search for\\ndiggings in an unknown region. Having prepared\\nan ample supply of meat, Mr. Knight s generosity\\ndid not stop there; he loaded it upon one of his carts\\nand sent it to the emharcaJero at Sacramento, so that\\nthe horses of the pros])ectors might be the fresher\\nfor their mountain journey. At this time a survey-\\ning party were laying out the streets of the future\\ncity of Sacramento.\\nMerritt and Buckner, assisted by Peg, packed up\\ntheir animals, and first went to Webber Creek; but,\\nnot liking the outlook there, took a northerly course\\nand crossed the south fork of the American, a few\\nmiles below Sutter s Mill, and traveled across the\\ndivide, and descended into the canon of the Middle\\nPork, reaching the stream at a place where there\\nwas ([uite a fall, caused by an avalanche years before,\\nwhich had changed the bed of the river.\\nThe month of April was not yet gone; thei-e were\\nno evidences of any work having been done by white\\nmen; but while traveling, the little party had\\nobserved signs of Indians, and, deeming any they\\nwould there meet would be hostile on account of\\ntheir small number, a sharp lookout was kept. They\\nremained near the falls a daj or two, endeavoring to\\nget to the bottom of a deep hole which was just\\nbelow them, where the crude gold diggers imagined\\nall of the large chunks should be, if there were any\\nat all in the locality, but, not succeeding, they broke\\ncamp and started down the stream. Captain Merritt,\\nwlio was an experienced frontiersman, took the load.\\nThey had proceeded but a short distance when they\\nreached the head of a large bar situated upon the\\nsouth side of the river; and below them, some dis-\\ntance down the bar, was a jutting point of rocks,\\nbe^ ond which they could not see. The Captain was a\\nnervous, excitable man, and when excited stuttered\\nbadly. When a few yards down the bar, he suddenly\\nsto])])ed short, bringing the train to a halt, and ex-\\nclaimed: J5-b-h3 G-g-god, he-he-r s wh-white ma-\\nman s ha-ha-r Yeyes, a-and Injun s ha-har, too!\\nAnd sure enough, so it was; there upon the pebbly\\nbar above high-water mark, among evidences of a\\nplundered camp, was white man s hair, strewn\\naround with that of the Indian silent evidence\\nthat the life of the superior race had not gone out to\\nthe great Unknown unavenged and without a strug-\\ngle. No bodies were found, but an ash heap close\\nby, in which there were calcined bones, told the\\nstory of the cremation of the white and red men\\ntogether.\\nUpon this discovery, the point of rocks ahead\\nbecame a barrier post beyond which the white men\\ndared not go for fear of an ambuscade, and they\\naccordingly retraced their steps to the head of the\\nbar, where a large, smooth, deep stretch of water\\noccurred above the ripple, while a small low bar\\nshowed itself upon the northern side. At the ex-\\ntreme head of the bar where they had found the\\nevidences of death, they unpacked their animals in\\nan open space of ground, and prepared for an attack.\\nThey remained in that position until the following\\nmorning, and, no Indians coming to molest them, nor\\nnone being seen. Captain Merritt armed the boy Peg,\\nand sent him around the point of rocks to reconnoi-\\nter. He returned, and reported signs but no Indians\\nin sight. Thereupon all three, with arms in readi-\\nness in case of necessity, sallied forth for further\\nexploration down the river. Scarcely had they\\n])assed the point before some sixty or seventy Indians\\nappeared upon the bench, or higher bar, above them,\\nyelling and gesticulating in a frightful manner, but\\nas they were only armed with bows and arrows,\\ndared not attack. Now that the enemy were in\\nsight, all fear of ambush passed away, and, with\\nRachael (as Merritt called his old-fashioned rifle),\\npoised for business, the white men watched the\\nyelping savages until the latter apparently became\\nconvinced that they could do no harm to the former,\\nand, in the course of a few hours, retreated up the\\nmountain and disappeared from view.\\nUpon the river bar that the whites were thus left\\nthe masters of were line groves of willows, some ash\\ntrees, and many smooth -barked, thrifty alders, and\\nwhle there it occurred to Buckner that, as the bars\\nalong the South Fork and other streams to the\\nsouthward were all designated with names, he\\nwould also name the one they were then occupying.\\nHe accordingly took his pocket knife and cut upon\\nthe smooth and easily slipping bark of an alder tree\\nmurderer s bar,\\nBy which the spot has ever since been known. But\\nMerritt and Buckner did not deem it prudent to\\nremain there. They must camp in some more open\\nspot less liable to be approached by Indians under\\ncover; and about this time they discerned a dug-out\\ncanoe on the banli of the opposite shore, where it\\nhad been left probably by some one of the party\\nwho had been in the camp of the massacred men, in\\nescaping, or mayhap by the Indians after the kdling", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "EARLY MINING HISTORY.\\nn\\nwas done. The little bar they had seen on the\\nopposite side above the head of the one they were on,\\nwas better located for defensive purposes, and there\\nthey determined to establish a camp. Peg was\\ninduced to swim the stream and bring over the canoe,\\nwhich enabled the two white men before nightfall to\\nestablish themselves with animals and paraphernalia\\nupon the Placer County side of the Middle Fork at\\nbuckner s bar,\\nWith the river between themselves and their danger-\\nous foe. \\\\V ho the men killed were has never been sat-\\nisfactorily determined. They probably met their fate\\nlate in the fall of 1848; and Mr. Buckner is of the\\nopinion that there were three of them, and that two,\\nnamed Wood and Graham, came into the country\\nwith him in Captain Martin s company of Oregon-\\nians.\\nBuckner s Bar was shallow and paid well one of\\nthe men digging, Peg packing the dirt, and the\\nother washing in a rocker dug out of a log and\\nrigged with a rawhide riddle. Merritt, near the end\\nof May, concluded to go down to the settlements,\\nintending to return in a short time, leaving Peg with\\nBuckner. Captain Merritt, like many another gen-\\nerous hearted, open-souled pioneer, when in the set-\\ntlements after prolonged trips in the wilderness was\\nmuch given to conviviality, and Buckner, knowing\\nthe weakness of his friend, exacted the promise from\\nhim at parting that he would touch the flowing\\nbowl sparingly in his absence. But, alas, for the\\nweakness of human nature; particularly that sort of\\nhuman nature enveloped in the casket of a mount-\\naineer! Reaching the portals of civilization, he en-\\ncountered the subtle tempter, and was engulfed. He\\ndied a few weeks after leaving the mines; and poor\\nPeg, becoming disconsolate at the nonreturn of his\\nmaster, went to seek him, and Buckner was left alone\\nupon the river.\\nToward the latter part of June, however, Tom\\nBuckner s heart was gladdened by the appearance of\\nother men, not hostile, at his camp, in the person of\\nJ. B. Chai-bonneau, Jim Beckwourth and Sam Myers,\\nall noted mountaineers; and from that time onward\\ncame large crowds of gold-seekers, so that before\\nthe end of July, the river banks fairly swarmed with\\nhumanity above and below him for many miles.\\nI lONEER MINING EXPERIENCES.\\nWith the influx of population came some of the\\nluxuries of civilization, and many of the crude the-\\nories and plans of inexperienced gold-gatherers.\\nWhen the water in the river had fallen to a low\\nstage, a plan was formed to cut a canal from the\\nhead of Buckner s Bar to a point below the lower\\nend of Murderer s Bar, and one of the rules govern-\\ning the action of the company stated that, Any\\nshareholder getting drunk during the time he should\\nbe on duty, shall pay into the common treasury of\\nthe company a fine of one ounce of gold-dust, and\\nshall also forfeit all dividends during such time.\\nThis was pretty binding, as the gold obtained\\nduring the day was divided among the shareholders\\nevery night, and, at the same time, the great Danite\\nof the Mormon apostle. Porter Rockwell, was pack-\\ning into camp whisky by the mule load, which\\nfound ready sale. Upon arriving with his train,\\nwhich he did once a week, at the top of the hill\\nleading into the canon, Rockwell would sound a horn\\nhe carried with him, u])on hearing which a partner\\non the bar, named Jack Smith, would fire off a gun\\na signal that business would soon begin, when the\\npeople would flock in from far up and down the\\nstream for the purpose of getting gloriously drunk,\\nand to have fun! So many of the shareholders in\\nthe canal thus becoming subject to fine and the for-\\nfeiture of dividends, soon caused grumbling and dis-\\nsatisfaction; the scheme collapsed, and the ground\\nwas parceled out in small claims to the difterent\\nindividuals.\\nTHE (4LURI0US DAYS.\\nThe above is but a slight sketch of the glorious\\ndays of 49 upon the Middle Fork. Along in No-\\nvember came the shortening days; and the south-\\neasterly winds came soughing through the branches\\nof the pines, bringing the winter storms. The pre-\\nvailing opinion obtained that the proper place to\\nspend the winter months was not in the canons of\\nthe rivers, but upon the ridges where the dry dig-\\ngings were. This was the cause of the desertion\\nof the bars along the various streams, and bj^ De-\\ncember the throngs that had enlivened the echoing\\ncanon s sides had folded their tents, shouldered their\\nblankets and climbed the adjacent heights, leaving\\nupon the two bars Buckner s and Murderer s\\nseven men, Tom Buckner and another man upon the\\nPlacer County side, and William Harris, Elisha Har-\\ndin, James Hardin, Freeman Eldridge, and James\\nLee on the southern side. These men had built\\ncabins upon ground thought to be high above any\\nfloods that would ever come; had laid in winter sup-\\nplies; expected to take out considerable gold during\\nthe hibernation, and supposed generally that they\\nwere well situated, and could, therefore, defy the\\nmountain torrent s wrath. But on the 9th daj^ of\\nJanuary, 1850, the conceit was all taken out of them.\\nThe water in the river that day rose sixty feet, and\\nswept off everything they had before they could\\nhardly estimate the extent of the calamity cabins,\\nprovisions, blankets, all and everything, leaving them\\nhomeless and without covering or food. But the\\nmen had tested the ground which they had located,\\nand, as it was rich, they would not desert it. Going\\ninto the settlement at Greenwood Valley, tliey were\\nenabled to procure another outfit and return to the\\nriver. An occasional grizzly bear would straggle\\ndown the hill near camp, and would he shot, which,\\nwith deer, which were numerous, supplied them with\\nmeat.\\njii.NiNt; IN 1850.\\nWith the spring of 1850 again came a rush of", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "72\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nmen upon the rivers. Many of those who had win-\\ntered in the dry diggings had met with little\\nor no success, while the frequent arrival of passen-\\nger ships from the Isthmus and the pjastern States\\nhad greatly augmented the throng who were seek-\\ning for gold, the great majority of whom sought\\nfor placers along the various streams. The middle\\nfork of the American received its proportion of\\npopulation, and by the middle of the summer thou-\\nsands of men were working in close proximity from\\nits junction with the North Fork to well up toward\\nits source. The same crude ideas, incongruous\\nnotions, and absurd plans of the year before with rela-\\ntion to the deposits of gold and the methods of\\nextraction still prevailed, and many and wise were\\nthe grand projects of that day. A gigantic fluming\\noperation was projected and begun upon that par-\\nticular porlion of the Middle Fork written of in the\\npreceding pages. The falls in the stream just above\\nMurderer s Bar at that time were about twenty -five\\nfeet high (since blasted away); and, as related above\\nwere caused by an immense land-slide, occurring\\nmany years pi-eviously, and, doubtless so dammed\\nup the water as to have formed quite a lake, which,\\nbefore the advent of the white man had disappeared\\nby the gradual filling in of the basin, as well as the\\nwearing away of the obstruction. By midsummer,\\n1850, at least l,.50O men, working with rockers and\\npans, could be seen scattered along the banks and\\nbars, up and down the stream from these falls, mak-\\ning varying sums, from a half-ounce to several\\npounds daih*.\\nA MININi; CLAIM.\\nA claim was a spot of ground fifteen feet wide,\\nwhich, when there was a bar on the opposite side of\\nthe river, only extended to the center of the stream;\\nbut otherwise when no bar clear aei-oss, running\\nback into the hill to an indefinite distance. The bed\\nof the river had been tested in many places, and\\nfound to be extremely rich, frequently yielding sev-\\neral ounces of gold to the pan. Meetings were\\ncalled, at which the subjects of consolidation and\\nfl,uming were discussed.\\nGRAND FLUMING OPEKATIOXS.\\nThese resulted in a final agreement between five\\ncompanies, whose united membership was over\\n400, to join flumes, covering a length of more\\nthan a mile of the river. These were named, re-\\nspectively, Vermont, Buckner s Bar, Sailor Claim,\\nMurderer s Bar, and New York Bar Companies. As\\nthere were then no saw-mills in the country, this\\nwas certainly- a vast undertaking under the circum-\\nstances; but from the cosmopolitan crowd arose the\\ninventive genius necessary for the occasion. Stephen\\nTyler and a man named Lefingwell, members of the\\nMurderer s Bar Company, proposed to their asso-\\nciates that, for the sum of $6.00 per linear foot,\\nthey would construct a flume twelve feet wide and\\nthree feet high, provided the company would grade\\nand prepare the way for laying it. This propcjsal\\nwas accepted. Tyler and Lefingwell, immediately\\nafter the contract was made, went down to Sacra-\\nmento, where they obtained an ordinary horse-power,\\nsuch as were in those days used upon threshing\\nmachines, a circular saw, and about 150 broncho\\nhorses, which, in a few days were all brought to\\nthe locality of the scene of this magnificent pi-oject.\\nA MODEL SAW-MILL.\\nA saw-mill was in time improvised, which for\\nuniqueness, perhaps, was never surpassed. A log was\\nplaced upon the carriage way of the mill; an ad-\\njacent corral was levied upon for the motor, and\\nas many bi oncho horses secm-ed to the levers of\\nthe machine as could find room, while yelling vaque-\\nros, with formidable whips, urged the frightened\\nanimals into their utmost efforts of strength and\\nspeed. The horses thus used could not endure a\\nlong term of service, and, as the exhausted ones\\nwere turned out to pick their subsistence upon the\\nhillsides under the watchful eye of a herdsman, fresh\\nrelays were drawn from the corral. Some few\\nthousand feet of lumber were sawed by this method;\\nbut it was rough and came slowly. The motive\\npower which drove the machinery of the new-fan-\\ngled mill daily became less eft ective, until, at length,\\nthe hills were covered with, starved, spiritless, sore-\\nnecked, crippled and generally bunged-up frames\\nof the equine race, instead of the trim, active little\\nbeasts fresh from a California cahaUada of a few\\nweeks before. The contractors finding that they\\ncould not accomplish the job in the manner begun,\\nand the men who were building such high hopes of\\nwealth to come from the river s bed, getting anxious\\nas the advancing season brought them nearer and\\nnearer to the time when high water might be ex-\\npected, an agreement was made that T3-ler and\\nLefingwell would rive out puncheon from the sugar\\npine, and lay a flume with that, while the company\\nwould get canvas, sew it together and line it as\\nthe puncheon flooring alone would contain large\\ncracks, through which the water would escape,\\nwhich the canvas would entirely cover up.\\nMeanwhile the adjoining companies had been pro-\\ngressing in about the same ratio, some whip-sawing\\nlumber, others splitting out puncheon, and some of\\nthem cutting poles to lay down as the flooring of the\\nflume upon which to lay canvas lining. By this\\ntime a general conclusion had been arrived at that\\nthe entire length of flume must be lined with canvas.\\nAs the distance was more than a mile, the flume,\\ntwelve feet wide, with sides three feet high, and\\ncanvas at that time not less than one dollar a .yard,\\nand all required sewing together, this involved a\\ngreat expenditure as well as much labor. Sailors\\nand all others who could or would use the palm\\nwere set at work at a half-ounce a day wages sewing\\nthe canvas flume lining.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "X\\nX o\\no\\nZ Q\\nO", "height": "3329", "width": "2260", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "EARLY MINING HISTORY.\\n73\\nDOCTORS, LAWYERS AND DIVINES MINING.\\nWhile these things were progressing, other neces-\\nsary work was going on, delegations from each com-\\npany being assigned to the various duties. Gener-\\nallj^ the flume bed was upon ground above water,\\nbut there was one deep hole, varying from twelve to\\ntwenty-four feet in water, in which posts had to be\\nset up and stringers placed upon to receive the flume.\\nOtis T. Nichols superintended that portion of the\\nwork, and with his crew comprised of doctors, law-\\nyers, divines, and all others unequal to the task of\\nsewing canvas, had a diflicult time in getting the\\nposts in position. The dam by which the water\\nwas turned into the flume was at the falls. The con-\\nstruction of this was superintended by Major Harry\\nLove, afterwards noted in connection with the cap-\\nture of the bandit Joaquin.\\nTHE GRAND FINALE.\\nAt length, one bright Saturday in September, at\\n11 o clock A. M., witnessed the completion of the\\nstructure, canvas-lined from head to foot, and the\\nwater flowing through it the realization of months\\nof arduous toil and anxious hopes. The water\\nwould require a little time to drain off, and what\\nmore proper thing to do could there be than to\\nwait until Monday morning before beginning gen-\\neral work As high as 860 a pan had been obtained\\nin digging a foundation to the bed-rock for some of\\nthe posts which held up the flume; two men owning\\ninterests had quietly slipped out of their blankets on\\nSunday morning, took a rocker and prospected,\\nreturning before breakfast with nine pounds and a half\\nof gold; and what could there be to prevent the real-\\nization of the golden dreams of a fortune won, in\\nwhich all the participants of the scheme indulged?\\nBut a terrible disappointment was in store for them.\\nUpon the mountain peaks to the eastward, where\\nthe river had its source, on Sunday evening gathered\\nportentous clouds, and deluged the highlands with\\nrain, all unknown to the hopeful men who were low\\ndown upon the stream.\\nThe locality written of in the foregoing was not\\nan exceptional place with regard to population and\\nplans for garnering up the gold. Above, for many\\nmiles, were wing-dams, races through which the\\nwater of the river was directed by dams thrown clear\\nacross the stream, and obstructions of various sorts,\\none in succession above another. The copious rain-fall\\nstriking the bare granite slopes ran of with great\\nrapidity and soon swelled the stream beyond the\\ncarrying capacity of some of the races high up on\\nthe river, and as the dams were not made to with-\\nstand great pressure, they soon gave way, not only\\nletting down the resultant waters of the storm, but\\nalso that which had been held back. The carrying\\naway of one precipitated upon the next below a\\nmass of water and debris, which, in turn, added its\\nown accumulations to the flood, which at length, as it\\nswept on in its downward course, became in-esistible.\\nAll of the old miners who were upon the middle\\nfork of the American in 1850 remember the Sep-\\ntember flood. This swollen torrent reached the dam\\nat Murderer s Bar early on the Monday morning\\nwhen everybody were expecting to go to work in\\nthe bed of the river. The alarm was sounded and\\nhundreds of men appeared upon the scene. Rapidly\\nrose the seething waters, the flume running full, until\\nit reached the top of the dam. Higher and higher\\nit piled back of the rocky barrier that obstructed\\nit, until a greater level was reached, when it began\\nto pour over the dam and slowly fill up the bed of\\nthe stream that had been drained. The water\\nreached the floor of the flume, which the fast disap-\\npearing dam was lightening of its burden of water,\\nbut little water now flowing through it. In a few\\nmoments more additional rocks are swept away from\\nthe crest of the dam, and the water speedilj- deepens\\nunder the flume, which is not solidly spiked to its\\nfoundation. Another moment the whole structure\\nfloats, breaks from its mooring, and moves down the\\nriver out of sight, like an enormous serpent, wrig-\\ngling and twisting along the sinuous stream, held\\ntogether by its lining of canvas.\\nThus, in an hour s time, was the labor of hundreds\\nof men for months destroyed, their fond hopes dis-\\nsipated, and their bright dreams of wealth and home\\nrudely dispelled. Thousands of men witnessed the\\npassage of the floating flume, which did not break up\\nfor several miles, and was the source for two or three\\nyears after whence miners along the river supplied\\nthemselves with canvas.\\nMARSHALL PROSPEC.TING IN PLACER.\\nAlthough James W. Marshall, the discoverer of\\ngold, was located upon the south fork of the Ameri-\\ncan where a proper appreciation of the situation and\\nthe application of an ordinaiy amount of labor would\\nhave made any individual wealthy, it does not follow\\nthat this old pioneer, then quite a young man, was\\nsatisfied with his condition for, according to his own\\nstory, related in October, 1881, he, in company with\\nColonel Ritchie, his son, Richard Ritchie, and a man\\ncalled Little Todd, in June, 1848, left Sutter s Mill\\nin search of better diggings a place in the unknown\\nmountains where the large chunks were lying from\\nwhich the little particles that were found scattered\\nalong the streams had been abraded.\\nColonel Ritchie had come into the country in\\n18-16 via the head-waters of Bear River and thought,\\nfrom his recollection of the mountains en route, that\\ngold existed there. Striking northward across the\\ncountry from their starting point, they encountered\\nthe limestone belt cropping out on the southern side\\nof the Middle Fork, following it to that stream,\\nthence upon the point which separates the North\\nand Middle Foi ks not far above the junction, and\\nthence to the North Fork and across that stream\\nto the dividing ridge between the latter and Bear\\nRiver, the party meanwhile jjrospecting in thier", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "74\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntravels with unsatisfactory results. A large ravine\\nwhich ran into the North Fork from this divide was\\nselected as a camp-ground for several days, in which\\ngold was found, but not in such quantities as could\\nbe got at the rivers. From here they went to Steep\\nHollow on Bear River, and remained a week.\\nTheir search not being successful, they came down\\nthe emigrant trail on the north side of Bear River\\nuntil they reached a little valley in which thej-\\nstopped a few days to recruit their animals the spot\\nwhere a little more than a year afterward was located\\nColonel Finley s Camp, a halting place for invalid\\nimmigrants. Fi om here they went north to Deer\\nCreek, but did not stay long, for they had not found\\nwhat they sought. Returning they crossed Bear River\\nand accidentally wandered over the present site of\\nAuburn and into the diggings where Claude Ghana\\nand his companions had worked but a month before.\\nNot upon the entire trip, which occupied some six\\nweeks, were any satisfactory results obtained, and the\\nparty returned to the South Fork via Suttei^ s Fort.\\nMarshall s subsequent journej-ings throughout the\\ncounty now embraced within the limits of Placer\\nCounty were mostly confined to the j-ear 1850, when\\nhe formed a portion of that human mass who car-\\nried the advancing ripple of civilization that year\\ninto the canons of the (California highlands, working\\nduring the summer with about twenty others, in\\nAntoine Canon.\\nOHIO PROSPECTORS.\\nAbout the middle of September, 1850, four men\\nfrom Delaware County, Ohio, came to a place upon\\nthe Divide north of Antoine Canon, called Burke s\\nStation, having in their possession about seventy-five\\npounds of gold-dust, which they reported they had\\ndug in a canon not far distant in a short space of\\ntime. The story of the success of the Obioans\\nspread rapidly from camp to camp, and many per-\\nsons started out to search for the Ohio Diggings,\\nsupposed to be somewhere upon the Divide. Among\\nthese was a party composed of J. W. Marshall. John\\nWinters, Jonathan Favorite, and some five or six\\nothers, who prosecuted the search until late in the\\nfall, being upon the trail fullj- two months. From\\ntime to time they would strike the tracks of ani-\\nmals leading across the canons to the south; j)iir-\\nsuing which, Marshall and Favorite, who alone\\nwere all that remained of the original number start-\\ning out, at length found themselves at a large flat\\nupon which were growing numerous big oak trees,\\non a park-like plateau, situated between the middle\\nand north branches of the middle fork of the Amer-\\nican, where they found many evidences of former\\noccupation. It was a beautiful spot, as it still is at\\nthe present time, its isolation having protected the fine\\nold oak trees from the destructive ax of the wood-\\nman. The place is now locally known as Big Oak\\nFlat. Marshall and his companion camped near\\nhere at a spring in a small canon that sweeps around\\nthe base of the flat upon the northeast.\\nA GHASTLY DISCOVERT.\\nWhile exploring the surrounding thickets near\\ncamp, Marshall found a muchUla which led to a more\\nextended search, during that and the succeeding\\nday, by himself and Favorite, and resulted in the\\ndiscovery of the bodies of four men and the car-\\ncasses of four horses the latter having been shot\\nthrough the head, as the skulls indicated with sad-\\ndles, blankets, and accouterments. The men had evi-\\ndently been surprised in camp, and one or two of\\nthem killed before leaving it, while the position of\\nthe others tended to show that they were shot while\\nrunning ofi and trying to escape. It then occurred\\nto Marshall that four Spanish-Americans, with con-\\nsiderable gold-dust, had that spring left Kelsey, in\\nEl Dorado County, for the mountains, and he subse-\\nquently learned that they had, upon reaching Todd s\\nValley, deposited their treasure with a man named\\nJames Williams, who was then keeping a trading-\\npost there, and with whom some of the Spaniards\\nwere acquainted; that Williams a few months later,\\ndesiring to leave and go to Santa Cruz, had notified\\nthe men of his intention, and requested them to take\\ntheir dust away, which they had done, and packed\\nit into the mountains whither they went. The mur-\\nders had been doubtless done about the first of Sep-\\ntember, and as it was well toward the end of\\nNovember when their remains were discovered, the\\nskeletons of both men and animals were dismem-\\nbered and scattered, and fleshless from the ravages\\nof wild animals, and, therefore, not readilj identified;\\nbut no doubts ever existed in the minds of the dis-\\ncovei-ers that thej- had unraveled the terrible secret\\nof the locality of the Ohio Diggings.\\nIN MEMORY.\\nUpon this memorable trip. Mr. Marshall, while on\\none of the little flats situated a short distance south\\nof the old trail leading from the ridge to Sailor Bar,\\non the North Fork, near the point where it left the\\nsummit and began the descent into the canon, cut in\\na large rock Ij ing there, with the chisel-point of a\\npick, the initials of his name J. W. M. in letters\\nabout six inches high. These must be there to the\\npresent time; and, though the lichens and ferns may\\nhave overgrown the rude tablet and hidden the in-\\nscription, the curious prospector, as he wanders\\nthrough that region, will some day doubtless find\\nthat autographic legend of the famous pioneer; per-\\nhajis not until his form has long been entombed, for,\\neven now, the grim old ferryman, standing by the\\nother shore, is beckoning for him to cross.\\nYANKEE JIM.\\nThe first authentic account the writer ever had of\\nthe strange character whose synonym is perpetuated\\nin the name of one of the most important mining\\nsections of Placer County, was from a gentleman,\\nnow a resident of Georgetown, El Dorado County,\\nnamed Benjamin C. Currier, who, with the writer,\\nwas mining in the fall of 1849 near Bai-nes Bar, on", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "EARLY MINING HISTORY.\\n7o\\nthe north fork of the American. Late in the sum-\\nmer of that eventful year, rumors came to Barnes\\nBar of rich diggings having been found in the hills,\\nsomewhere up the ridge between the North and\\nMiddle Forks; and those rumors were sometimes\\naccompanied by tangible evidence of their existence\\nin the shape of large oblong pieces of gold, often\\nweighing several ounces, brought into the camps\\nby the character known as Yankee Jim. No\\nthought was that year entertained of wintering\\nupon the river, and it therefore was an object of mo-\\nment to find some rich spot upon the uplands where\\nmen could profitably hibernate. With this laudable\\npurpose in view, sometime during the month of\\nNovember, ^Messrs. Currier, Smith, Steen, O Hara,\\nSpinks, and another man whose name is not remem-\\nbered, fitted out and started from a place then\\nknown as Long Bar, in the first bend below Barnes\\nBar, in search of Yankee Jim and his diggings.\\nAscending the hill on the south side of the river and\\nreaching the summit of the Divide, they did not\\ntravel far before nightfixll overtook them, and they\\nbivouacked under the tall pines with no other cover-\\ning but such as the branches of the trees afforded, a\\nlittle way off from the trail, which by that time was\\nquite plainly marked along the crest of the ridge.\\nAt that time it was a common custom for a party of\\nmen who imagined they were going to good diggings\\nto start oft stealthily frequently traveling by night\\nto evade pursuit.\\nAbout midnight a brisk rain storm came on and\\naroused the slumbering men, some of whom got up\\nfor the purpose of replenishing the fire with wood.\\nWhile doing this one of them discerned the glimmer\\nof a light moving through the forest in the direction\\nof their objective point, and the thought occurred\\nthat the light should be followed. A short consulta-\\ntion was held, and two men, Mr. Currier and another,\\nwere detailed to do so. For several hours they\\ngroped onward through the gloomy forest, with the\\nmoving light in view, until at last, like an ignis fatutcs,\\nit disappeared and was seen no more. Determining\\nnot to surrender the vantage ground, thus so labo-\\nriously gained, the two men, upon hands and knees,\\nin the rain and darkness, gathered what few rocks,\\nsticks, and pine cones they could find and laid them\\nup as well as they could in monumental form at the\\nfoot of a large tree, to mark the spot upon the\\napproach of daj-light. Having done this they\\nretraced their steps to camp as best they could, reach-\\ning there about daybreak.\\n-Relating their adventure, breakfast was prepared,\\nand the entire party started on the trail, having now\\nno doubt whatever but they were close upon the\\nhaunt of the noted character whose diggings they\\ncoveted. They did not succeed in finding the rude\\nmonument that the two had piled under the tree\\nuntil about three o clock in the afternoon, so changed\\nin appearance did the country seem by daylight, and\\nthe course so different than at night. Satisfied at\\nlast that they had found the place where the light\\ndisappeared, a careful reconnoisance was begun.\\nA narrow backbone had diverged to the left from\\nthe main divide down which the tracks they were\\nfollowing led, and a distance along this of from 150\\nto 200 yards brought the pursuing party to the head of\\na small ravine skirting the eastern border, the ravine\\nleading into an apparently interminable canon. It was\\nthe descent of the party with the light the previous\\nnight into this gorge that caused its disappearance.\\nThe trailing party were barely enabled to reach the\\nbottom of the chasm where the smaller joined the\\nlarger ravine, before night was upon them and they\\nwere forced to halt and make camp. Scarcely had\\nthey rolled into their blankets before rain again\\nbegan to fall in torrents. The rainy season had in\\nreality set in, for the storm did not abate until the\\nexpiration of the fifth day after the entrance of\\nthe party into the gorge. During this time they\\nhad not attempted to explore, devoting the time to\\nimprovising such shelter as they could, to procuring\\nfuel for maintaining a large fire, and to cooking and\\neating their limited variety of food. They had noted\\nthat they were upon quite a large stream, made\\nadditionally so by the rain-fall, and that the canon\\nwas a rugged one. Meanwhile no sounds had been\\nheard denoting the presence of others, nor had any-\\nthing been seen of the mysterious nocturnal trav.\\nelers who had preceded them into the dismal abyss.\\nA PRl.MAL FOREST SCENE.\\nOn the sixth day, however, the morning sky was\\nclear and the sun rose brightly upon a glorious\\nautumnal mountain scene, which under more favor-\\nable circumstances would have been highly enjoy-\\nable. The dark green heather of the aromatic,\\ndelicate-leafed shrub so common in the uplands of\\nCalifornia; the varying hues of the dogwood leaves,\\npink, crimson, and purple; the bright yellow of the\\nbroad-leafed maple; the somber brown of the leaves of\\nthe deciduous oaks, all lately touched and beautifully\\ncolored by the frost; together with the resplendent\\nverdure of the yew, with their branches spangled\\nwith delicate pink, bead like berries; the huge tow-\\nering pines with long, pendant cones at which the\\nchattering squirrels were at work; the firs and\\ncedars; the live-oaks; and the bushes of hazel and\\nchincapin, all spangled and glistening with myriads\\nof raindrops sparkling in the sunshine; the precip-\\nitous and rocky sides of the cailon rising upon all\\nsides to an indefinite heighth; the mountain tor-\\nrent, with water clear and unpolluted, in which were\\ndisporting the speckled trout, running along its\\nstony bed, now leaping down in little cataracts,\\nthen swirling around in eddying pools, and again\\nflowing in rapid ripples around great bowlders all\\nencircled by the snake-like roots of the water-plant,\\nwhoso broad, round leaves covered their surface; the\\nfern-lined banks; the little water-ousel fluttering\\nfrom stone to stone, and occasionally plunging his\\ntiny beak into the clear, limpid water to secure some", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "76\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\naquatic insect or worm upon which to make its\\nmorning meal, combined in the formation of such a\\npicture of extreme natural beauty as no easel can\\nfaithfully portray nor any pen accurately describe.\\nOCCUPANTS OF THE CANONS.\\nAmid this scene of grandeur there arose another\\nobject, the sight of which was more absorbing in\\ninterest to the little party than all else around them.\\nNot far distant above, in the gorge, was seen the\\nblue smoke curling up from some camp-fire. The\\nfirst thought was of Indians, rather than the men\\nwhom they had followed, and a careful a^jproach\\nunder cover of the thickly-growing bushes to the\\nvicinity of the strange camp was determined upon.\\nStealthily the reconnoitering party reached a point of\\nfavorable observation and halted to await develop-\\nments. The fire was on the opposite side of the\\nstream, and they had waited but a few moments\\nbefore the moving bushes over the creek gave evi-\\ndence that a living form was there. A moment\\nlonger and the head of a man was seen to rise above\\nthe brush and peer cautiously down the canon in\\napparent anxiety, evidently having just discovered\\nthat there was a fire in close proximity. The head\\nappeared to be that of a white man, but being\\nencased in a skull-cap of gorgeous colors, it was hard\\nto determine from the distance they stood. Shortly\\nanother head apperared which could not be mis-\\ntaken, and was that of a white man. Then the am-\\nbuscading party rose and hailed the strangers. One\\nof the men proved to be a Mr. Tuttle, from Connec-\\nticut, who was wearing a silk smoking cap, and the\\nother a Mr. Van Zandt, of Oregon. Mr. Currier,\\nbeing a Yankee, was soon on excellent terms with\\nTuttle, while Spinks, who had traveled extensively\\nin Oregon, soon ingratiated himself into favor with\\nVan Zandt. They had been upon the stream for\\nsome time and were the two who had so suddenly\\nsurprised a lone miner en dishabille not long before,\\nand which cireuiristance fastened the appellation\\nShirt Tail to the canon. The smaller one, at the\\njunction of which was their camp, has since been\\nknown as Brushy Canon. Tuttle and Van Zandt\\nhad discovered fair diggings, which they had been\\nworking for several months, and were the ones\\nwho traveled by night, not for the purpose, however,\\nof evading pursuit, but to reach their camp before\\nthe coming of the storm. The last party, also, set\\nto prospecting, and had no difHeulty in making good\\nwages by digging out the crevices of the bed-rock\\nwith knives and panning out the material taken\\ntherefrom.\\nFINDINU OP YANKEE JIM.\\nNot a great while after the circumstances oc-\\ncurred which are above related, Mr. Currier started\\nout alone from camp to explore the country lying a\\nshort distance westerly from Brushy Canon. After\\ntraveling perhaps two miles he entered a little flat\\nof comparatively smooth ground, and was aston-\\nished to see the legs and feet of a man, encased in\\nbreeches and boots, projecting from a temporary\\nshelter made by standing large slabs of pine bark\\nendwise against a tree, the latter being a big sugar\\npine, into the butt of which the fire had burned a\\ngood-sized cavity. There were also a few articles of\\ncamp equipage lying around.\\nWithout hesitation Currier approached and hailed\\nthe sleeping man, for such he appeared to be.\\nBousing himself, he got up and returned the saluta-\\ntion, but apparently somewhat disconcerted and\\nembarrassed at the sight of a stranger; and about\\nthe first inquiry he made was to ask from whence\\nthe intruder came and how long he expected to\\nremain. Upon being told that there was quite a party\\nnear by, who came with the intention of remaining\\nthere all winter, he seemed more perplexed and\\nannoyed than at first. His sole weapon, besides a\\nknife, was an old-fashioned Government yager,\\nbullets for which he was anxious to get, as he had\\nbut a few and no lead to make more. It so hap-\\npened that Mr. Currier, among his effects at camp,\\nhad several pounds which he thought might fit the\\ngun, and he offered to bring some over to him on\\nthe following day. At this he intimated to Currier\\nthat he would like to have the knowledge of his\\nwhereabouts kept a secret, and said that if he would\\nnot tell his companions that he had met with him\\nand his lonely camp he could be of some service in\\nthe future.\\nCurrier left, kept his own counsel for each man\\nof the party belonged to separate companies who\\nhad been operating upon the Fiver, and therefore\\nwere not partners any further than in the discovery\\nof a district over which all could locate and the\\nnext day returned with the bullets, which secured\\nthe good will of the unknown man. He soon\\nbecame quite communicative, and told Mr. Currier\\nthat if he would persuade his companions to return to\\nthe river and come back alone to that spot that he\\nwould show him where he could find the best dig-\\ngings in the country. In proof of his assertion he\\ntook a hatea and went down to the bank of a small\\nravine and there washed out a number of pans of\\ngravel, each time getting a good prosjject in coarse\\ngold.\\nHe then told Mr. Cun-ier that he it was whom\\nthey called Yankee Jim, and said he was a native of\\nthe State of Maine. He also told his ucwly-formed\\nacquaintance his proper name and the town of his\\nnativity. These facts were all noted at that time in\\nMr. Currier s journal, which is now in Boston and\\nare not remembered, else this work would be the\\nfirst to rescue from obscurity and forever perpetuate\\nthe true name of that historical character, as well as\\nlocate his nationality. Common belief has obtained\\nthat he was an English convict, in early days called\\nSydney Ducks, but Mr. Currier is of the firm\\nopinion, from \\\\x\\\\ jMtois and knowledge of the New\\nEngland States that he really was a Yankee, and\\nthat for a number of years before the discovery of", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "EARLY MINING HISTORY.\\ngold he had combed the beach along the Califor-\\nnia Coast, having previously ran away from some\\nship. That he was a bad character and a criminal\\nthere is no doubt.\\nAfter his disclosures, Mr. Currier became afraid of\\nthe man that is, to associate with him and become\\nan adjoining claim owner. Tuttle and Van Zandt\\nhad, a couple of months preceding this time, found\\nthe skeletons of a man and horse, supposed to have\\nbeen shot not fiir from this camping place. Of course\\nhis presence became known to all of the men\\ncamped in the vicinity; but the storms began soon\\nto occur very frequently, and were of great severity,\\nwhich caused the abandonment for that winter of\\nthe diggings upon Shirt Tail Canon, the men return-\\ning to the river and other places. The following\\nyear that part of the country was well filled with\\npeople; extensive mines were discovered, and the\\nnew town started, the rise and progress of which will\\nbe detailed hereafter. As to the fate of Yankee Jim,\\nthere have been several accounts, the most probable\\nof which is that he was hung by orders of an irregu-\\nlar court at Los Angeles, September 18, 1852, for an\\nattempt to steal, in the harbor at Wilmington, the\\npilot boat Flatus with the intention of putting to\\nsea, with the probable intent of engaging in piratical\\nacts.\\nJOURNAL OF A PICNEER.\\nThe following extracts from the journal of a pio-\\nneer of Placer County, John A. Marklo, now a resi-\\ndent of Ivelsey Township, El Dorado County, will be\\nof interest as it was written at a time when all of\\nthe localities spoken of were known by their primary\\nnames. On Sunday, September 2, 1849, Mr.Markleand\\nparty had arrived at Sacramento via the Truckee,\\nDonner, Bear River and vSinclair Ranch route, where\\nhe had remained, suffering from poison oak until (we\\nquote the journal)\\nWednesday, September 26, 1849. By this time 1\\nam much better of the poison. Lorin Robbins and\\nI agree to go to the mines together.\\nThursday, September 27th. This morning we got\\nsome provisions, and about 4 o clock p. m., loaded\\nthem on an ox wagon and started for the North\\nFork Dry Diggings. We traveled with the wagon\\nawhile, but it being slow, we started ahead and got\\nto the Blue Tent at 10 o clock, where we waited\\nuntil the wagon came up; we then got our bed and\\nslept at the root of an oak. Distance to-day was\\nthirteen miles.\\nFriday, September 28th. To-day we wandered\\nalong until we came to the Half-way House, where\\nwe got dinner. Four miles more brought us to the\\nOregon Tent, where we stayed all night with some\\nNew Yorkers who had come around the Horn.\\nSaturday, September 29th. ^Seven miles this morn-\\ning brought us to the Miner s Hotel, where wo cooked\\ndintier. We then started ahead of the wagon, and\\neight miles brought us to another boarding tent kept\\nby a Mormon. Being lost from our wagon, and not\\nknowing when it would come up, we called for\\nsupper, and got it by paying two dollars each.\\nSunday, September 30th. We waited until 9\\no clock this morning and the wagon did not come,\\nso we started on. Four miles brought us to the Dry\\nDiggings, our place of destination but no wagon\\nthere. It arrived, however, about 4 o clock. We\\nthen selected an oak, cooked supper, made our bed\\nand slept.\\nMonday, October 1st. To-day Robbins and Risher\\n(a man who came with us) sold some articles they\\nhad left when they were up here before, and in the\\nevening we moved ui)the left-hand ravine about one\\nand a half miles to a spring, where we stayed all\\nnight.\\nTuesday, October 2d. Robbins and I made a tent,\\nand Risher went to the river to prospect.\\nWednesday, October 3d. To-day Robbins and I\\nwent to the river. We prospected with our pans,\\nbut could get nothing. We then borrowed a rocker\\nand washed out about five dollars worth of gold.\\nThursday, October 4th. To-day Risher and I\\nwent prospecting further up the river, but did not\\nsucceed well. Robbins went to buy a mule to pack\\nour things to the Middle Fork; like us, he was\\nunsuccessful.\\nFriday, October 5th. To-day we all went to the\\nriver, and panned out about two dollars apiece; and\\nrather than climb the mountain to our tent, we con-\\ncluded to stay at the river. Our bed was on pebble-\\nstones, and oh! such a sleep as we had!\\nSaturday, October 6th. To-day we washed awhile\\nand then went to our tent, where we suppei-ed on\\nflap-jacks, and then retired.\\nSundaj October 7th. To-day we were wandering\\naround in the Dry Diggings, and I succeeded in pick-\\ning out a lump worth from three to four dollars; 1\\nthen gathered up about a gallon of dirt, carried it to\\nthe water and washed it, and found about two dol-\\nlars more.\\nMonday, October 8th. To-day we dug in the Dry\\nDiggings, and made about six dollars.\\nTuesday, October 9th. To-day we did as yester-\\nday. In the evening it rained enough to wet thi ough\\na pei son s clothing ^the first rain I have seen fall for\\na long while.\\nWednesday, October 10th. Still working at the\\nsame place. Robbins found a lump worth twelve\\ndollars and a half It rained in the evening.\\nThursday, October 11th. To-day we dug and\\nthrew up dirt to pack to the water. Robbins found\\nanother lump worth nineteen and a half dollars; clear\\nin the evening and no rain.\\nFriday, Oct 12th. To-day we bought a horse and\\npacked dirt to a well that wo dug; weather clear\\nand cool.\\nSaturday, October 13th. To-day we packed six\\nloads and got twenty dollars. Weather clear and\\nwarm.\\nSaturday, October 2flth, Since Monday, we have", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "78\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nbeen packing dirt and washing it. Ttie weather was\\nvery warm all the week, as well as dry and clear.\\nSaturday, October 27th. Since Monday last, we\\nhave as usual, been packing dirt. The weather, as\\nlast week, without any rain.\\nMonday, October 29th. To-day we washed what\\ndirt we had packed, and concluded to throw up dirt\\nto wash, when the wet season sets in as we have\\nconcluded to winter here.\\nTuesday, October SOth. Throwing up dirt to-day.\\nIn the evening it began to rain.\\nWednesday, October 31st. To-day it rained\\ncoming by small showers.\\nThursday, November 1st. To-day we commenced\\nto build our cabin. The day clear, and a little cold.\\nFriday, November 2d. Still at work at the cabin.\\nIt rained some little through the day, and at night\\nit poured down. The water came through our tent;\\nour bed-clothes became wet, and our sleep was not\\nas pleasant as might have been.\\nSaturday, November 3d. This morning the rain\\ncontinued to pour down; the fire all out; our bed\\nwet, and still getting wetter. Robbins, looking at\\nthese things, got the blues bad enough for both of\\nus; 80 I laughed it off without much trouble.\\nSunday, November -tth. This morning it was\\nclear and we went to work on the cabin, as we\\nthought it necessary to do so. In the evening it\\nbegan to rain again and rained all night; but we\\nwere a little more comfortable than on the ])reviou8\\nnight.\\nMondajr, November 5th. Rained all day. Messrs.\\nVVilleckand Whigham arrived here from Sacramento\\nCity. This morning Sampson made arrangements\\nto cabin with us. Daddy Blue, Dodge and Quinch\\nin a sweat about the matter.\\nTuesday, November Gth. To-day it was clear;\\nSampson, Robbins and myself went to work upon\\nthe cabin.\\nWednesday, November 7th. To-day it rained by\\nshowers, and we worked at intervals.\\nThursday, November 8th. To-day same as yester-\\nday.\\nFriday, November 9Lli. Clear to-day and we get\\nour cabin all ready for the roof\\nSaturday, November 10th. This morning I took\\ntwo horses and started for Sacramento City in com-\\npany with Risher, who was going home. The day\\nwas somewhat wet, but not so much so as to stop us.\\nWe got to the Halfway House and stayed all night.\\nSunday, November 11th. This morning my bill\\nfor breakfast, and for letting my horses stand on a\\npile of spoiled hay was three dolhirs and a half. The\\nday was clear, the sun shone beautifully, and as we\\nwere going down the valley we could see the snow-\\nclad peaks, of both the Sierra Nevada and Coast\\nRange Mountains one behind and the other before\\nus.\\nMonday, November 12th. To-day it was clear and\\npleasant. I bought what things I wanted, and made\\nready for starting.\\nTuesday, November 13th. To-day I waited until\\nthe steamer McKim came up, expecting to get letters.\\nI was disappointed. Rained in showers during the\\nday, but at night it came down in torrents.\\nWednesday, November 14th. This morning it\\nwas clear, and I started for home with about fifty\\npounds on one horse and seventy-five on the other.\\nBy wading and floundering through the water from\\none to two feet deep, I got across the valley. My\\nhorses frequently mired down so that I had to unload\\nthem. About sunset one of them mired so that I\\nhad to unpack him, tie the bridle reins to his feet,\\nand roll him over before I could get him out. By\\nthis time it was dark and I was unable to proceed\\nany farther; so I wrapped myself in my blanket,\\nand was lulled to sleep by the howling of the coyotes.\\nThursday, November 15th This morning 1 found\\nmy horses with a drove of wild ones, and had\\ntrouble in catching them. After getting them, and\\nshaking the lizards out of my blankets, in three\\nmiles the horses mired twice, so badlj that I had to\\nunpack. About 10 o clock I got my breakfast the\\nfirst that I had eaten since yesterday morning.\\nAbout 10 o clock at night I got to Auburn, where I\\nstayed all night.\\nFriday, November 16th. After sleeping in Ken-\\nnedy s tent all night, I went up home and got my\\nbreakfast the first since yesterday moi-ning.\\nSaturday, November 17th. By this time Robbins\\nand Sampson had built the chimney and got the\\nclapboards ready, and by noon we had part of the\\nroof on. In the afternoon it rained.\\nSunday, November 18th. To-day the weather\\nwas clear and cool; so we dried our bed-clothes and\\nother things.\\nMonday, November 19th.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To-day we worked at\\nthe cabin and finished the roof. It rained all day;\\nbut at night we felt as if we had a shelter.\\nTuesday, November 20th. To-day was clear and\\nwarm, and we finished the cabin.\\nWednesday, November 21st. To-day was clear\\nand pleasant, and we built a large fire in the cabin\\nand dried it thoroughly.\\nThursday, November 22d. To-day we moved into\\nthe cabin and commenced to lead a bachelor s life.\\nTuesday, November 27th. To-day we had a\\nshower of rain; but since last Thursdaj the weather\\nwas clear and warm.\\nSunday, December 2d. Since Tuesday the weather\\nhas been clear and warm without any rain. To-day\\nI tried to bake some ginger-bread, but made a mis-\\ntake and put in mustard in the place of ginger.\\nSunday, December 9th. During the last week the\\nweather has been beautifully clear, without any\\nrain, and of nights there was a strong north wind,\\nmaking the nights cold; but in the morning after\\nsunrise, the wind would change and blow from the\\nsouth, which made the days warm and pleasant.\\nSunday, December 16th. The weather for the\\nlast week has been variable. Monday and Tuesday\\nwere clear and cold. On Tuesday night it commenced", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "EARLY MINING HISTORY.\\n79\\nraining and continued until Friday, occasionally\\nceasing a few hours. On Friday morning it com-\\nmonced snowing, and continued to snow until night,\\nwhen it ceased. Con.siderable snow fell, but the\\nground was so wet from the rain that it melted\\naway.\\nSunday, December 23d. It rained all of last week\\nwith the exception of one day, when it was beautiful\\nand clear, giving us a chance to get out of the cabin\\nwhere we were pent up to our dissatisfaction.\\nTuesday, December 25th. Since Saturday the\\nweather has been fine. To-day being Christmas,\\nwe did not work. O! glorious Christmas! Hall,\\nRobbing and I got a quarter of venison and a bottle\\nof old Monongahela, and retired to the cabin. We\\nthen made a pot-pie. After it was cooked we ate,\\ndrank, and were merry until evening; wo then topped\\noff with a taffy-pulling, which was quite amusing\\nwhen we got our fingers mixed among the sticky\\nmolasses.\\nMonday, December Slst. Since Tuesday there\\nhas been no rain except a little that fell on Thurs-\\nday.\\nTuesday, January 1, 1850. To-day it rained mod-\\nerately. About 11 o clock Eobbins and I took our\\nplates, knives and forks, and went to Hall and Mar-\\ntin s tent, to partake of a pot-pie made of beef and\\npotatoes, for the occasion. The feast was glorious\\nand good, and was not without a little of that stuff\\nwhich makes a person happy for a short time. At\\nnight we went to Auburn where we spent the even-\\ning.\\nThe above, copied almost verbafim, is given for\\nseveral purposes. First, as showing the vicissitudes\\nof the early pioneers in the days of their green inex-\\nperience; secondly, as being valuable for reference\\nas to the rain-fall in the vicinity of Auburn during\\nthe time it was written; thirdly, it records the time,\\nnearly, when the name was given to the place, for\\nthus he relates that on September 27th, he started\\nfrom Sacramento for the North Fork Dry Diggings,\\nthe only name by which the locality was then\\nknown; and that in returning from Sacramento upon\\na subsequent trip, November 15th, he speaks of\\narriving at Auburn^circumstances which tend to\\nprove that the nomenclature was applied between\\nthose dates; and fourthly, it designates several of\\nthe old wayside stopping places en route whose iden-\\ntity is now correctly recorded and preserved from\\noblivion.\\nSOLDIERS AND PROSPECTORS IN 1849.\\nThe next party, after that of Claude Chana, who\\nvisited Auburn Ravine for mining purposes of which\\nany authentic data can be obtained, wore a squad of\\nsoldiers, who came early in the spring of 1849. They\\nformerly belonged to Colonel Stevenson s Regiment,\\nand, arriving in the country too late for active pai\\nticipation in the War with Mexico, had tired of gar-\\nrison duty, and either absented themselves from the\\ncommand by furlough or desertion, congi-egated at\\nthe embarcadero on the way to the mines, and\\narrived at the diggings together. There wore not\\nless than a dozen of these men, who made their first\\ncamp on Auburn Ravine at the bend of the stream\\nabout a half-mile below the present site of Auburn,\\nwhere a fountain of cool water gushes out from the\\nrocky hillside bordering the southern side. This was\\nthereafter, and to the present time is, called Soldier s\\nSpring. The party, however, did not remain there\\nlong, but went to Barnes Bar, on the North Fork,\\nwhore the most of them remained until late in the\\nfall.\\nAt Barnes Bar they established two camps under\\nthe following circumstances: The regiment had come\\nto California in thi-oe ships the Thomas H. Perkins,\\nLoo Choo and Susan Drew. Most of the men of the\\nparty had arrived in the two latter-named vessels,\\nand were about evenly divided in number. A camp\\nof a dozen was too unwieldly, while half the number\\nwould be better. Therefore the Loo Choo passengers\\nformed a mess by themselves, as also did those of\\nthe Susan Drew, and after that time were known\\nrespectively by the name of their ships, and the\\nmembers contra-distinguished as a Loo Choo or a\\nSusan Drew boy.\\nOne of the men who first came to Soldier s Spring\\nwas a deserter from the regular service, and, from\\nfear of capture, left his companions and went some\\ntwenty miles up the country, where he became\\ninsane, and, during the month of August, was fre-\\nquently seen by the writer skulking among the rocks\\nalong Bear River, not far from where the Rising Sun\\nquartz mine now is, an emaciated, diseased lunatic,\\nhiding from imaginary pursuers, whom, he fancied,\\nwere upon his trail for the purpose of bringing him\\nbefore a court-martial a pitiable object of misery\\nand fear. Another, who had belonged to Stevenson s\\nRegiment, was Doc Osborne, from Cortland\\nCounty, New York, who, previous to enlisting, had\\nstudied medicine, and may have practiced the pro-\\nfession some. Hence his title of Doctor Osborne.\\nThat same fall he went to Los Angeles, where in\\nafter years he was afflicted with some paralytic affec-\\ntion, and, being a very singular genius, became\\nwidely known, dying there but a few years ago.\\nJohn Allen was another; a powerful, robust- young\\nman of about twenty-five, with a magnificent phy-\\nsique, and when drunk, which was quite often, a\\nterror to the sober citizen. Jack, as he called\\nhimself, did not last long; he was killed at Grass\\nValley in 1851, by a man whom he had threatened\\nand abused.\\nPRICES OF 1849.\\nThe following are extracts from an account book,\\nkept in the pioneer days of 1849, at Barnes Store, on\\nthe north fork of the American River, by P. M. Back-\\nus. A perusal of the entries therein is most interest-\\ning as showing the prices of articles in those jolly\\ndays, and the character of the eatables and drinkables\\nwhich miners then thought to be necessary for the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "80\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\npreservation of life, and for the comforts of the\\ninner man. We give below some extracts from the\\naforesaid account book, which looks for all the\\nworld like a modern pass-book, save a somewhat\\ndilapidated appearance. The accounts ai-e all for\\nthe months of June, July and August, 1849.\\nDoctor One bottle gin 6 00\\nTwo lbs biscuit, SI 25 lb. 2 50\\nOne lb figs 1 50\\nTo one pair socks 3 00\\nD. T. Crabtree, One ft sugar. 2 00\\nUncle Ben, To one pair socks. 3 00\\nL. Battaile, J. fS. Dillahunty, M. Godbury.\\nTo 19 pounds pork, SI. 50 per ft.. 28 50\\n25fts flour i;2Ac f ft 15 62\\n36 fts pork and ham 54 00\\n1 cotton handkerchief. 50\\nTo hire of one pack-horse 10 00\\n1 ham, 16 fts 24 00\\n1 bottle molasses. 2 00\\n1 quart beans. 2 00\\nL. Battaile, 1 B. knife 2 50\\nCaptain Slade Co., 30 fts flour, 62Jc.. 18 75\\nMr. Maynard, 2 bottles ale, 12 50. 5 00\\nJosf the Chillano, 1 ft chocolate 2 50\\n1 day s board. _ 3 00\\nMr. Bower, To one day s board for self and\\nyoung Smith 5 00\\nMr. Lennox, 25 fts sugar 18 00\\n5 fts figs. 7 50\\n12 fts dried apples... 25 00\\n4 fathoms rope 5 00\\nDr. Fruit, 3 fts bread 3 75\\nRobt. H. McPherson, 1 caddy tea 10 00\\n2 bottles pickles 14 00\\n1 bottle gin. 6 00\\n1 bottle brandy 8 00\\n2 drinks 1 00\\nJohannes Ohissen, To 1 pair linen pants. 5 00\\nMr. Rodgers, To 1 blank book 1 00\\nTo 1 pair scales.- 12 00\\nWadieigh, To 1 scrape 8 00\\ni ft tobacco 63\\nGriswold Co, 12 fts pork 18 00\\nft soap 75\\n1ft bread 1 25\\nMajor Briggs, 10 di inks 5 00\\n1 box matches 50\\n3 drinks 1 50\\ndrinks 6 00\\ni bottle brandy 4 00\\n1 bottle wine 5 00\\nI i doz cigars. 2 25\\nprovisions. 2 00\\n8 cigars 1 00\\n1 handkerchief _ 75\\nwatermelon 4 00\\n8 drinks 4 00\\n1 doz cigars 1 50\\ni bottle brandy 4 00\\npants 23 00\\nBenj. Ogden, 1 box salt. 1 50\\n1 butcher knife 2 00\\n1 kettle.. 14 00\\n1 ax and handle 10 00\\n2 pipes 50\\n1 bottle pepper sauce 3 00\\n1 stew pan _ 8 00\\nJ. C. Fruit, 1 ft saleratus 10 00\\nJames Foi-t, 1 tin pan 16 GO\\nJames Fort, 1 cup.\\n1 plua\\ntobacco\\n1 purse\\n1ft nails\\n1 bag\\n1 pail\\n1 bottle pickles\\nA. B. Harding, 1 box cigars\\nJohn Piper, 1 frying pan _\\nG. Gautz, 1 ft potatoes\\nF. A. Boughton, 1 ft cofl:ee.\\n1ft crackers\\n4 fts rice\\n1 tin pan.\\n1 bag\\n1 shovel.\\n1 pick\\n1 box yeast powders\\n1 paper tobacco.\\nJames Ewers, 1 magnet\\nRobert Johnson, 1 bottle porter.\\nThomas Gautz, 2 meals\\n2 sodas\\nMr. Hall, 3 boxes sardines\\nFeri is Co, 17* fts bacon\\nGeo. Rogers, 2 apples\\nA. B. Kellog, 1 paper pepper.\\nJas. A. Cunningham, 1 shirt\\nPlacer Herald, January S5,\\nPRICES IN .\\\\UBURN IN 1849.\\nThe following is a copy of a bill of goods pur-\\nchased in Auburn by Mr. M. D. Fairchild, and pre-\\nserved by him as a memento of olden time:\\nAuburn, December 12, 1849.\\nMr. Fairchild bought of Wetzler Co.\\n12 ftsrice, 75 cts 9 00\\n9 fts meal, (5) 75 cts 6 75\\n1 1 fts sugar, 80 cts. 8 80\\n10 fts cherries (driedj. 80 cts. 8 00\\n10 fts peaches (dried), $1 00.. 10 00\\n2 fts tea, Si 50 3 00\\n77 fts pork, 80 cts 61 60\\n85 fts beef (corned), (S) 50 cts 42 50\\n10 fts raisins, 60 cts 6 00\\n1 ft candles, (o) $2 00. 2 00\\n150 fts flour, 60 cts 90 00\\n2\\n00\\n1\\n50\\n2\\n00\\n75\\n2\\n00\\n5\\n00\\n6\\n00\\n15\\n00\\n7\\n00\\n1\\n00\\n75\\n1\\n50\\n2\\n00\\n16\\n00\\n1\\n50\\n8\\n00\\n12\\n00\\n3\\n00\\n1\\n00\\n12\\n00\\n5\\n00\\n3\\n00\\n1\\n00\\n9\\n00\\n41\\n75\\n3\\n00\\n1\\n00\\n4\\n00\\n1873.\\nS247 65\\nPaid, Wetzler k Co.\\nThe payment was in gold-dust at $16 per ounce,\\nthe usual currency of the time. This bill could be\\nsupplied at Auburn in 1881 at about S33.50. The\\npurchase was made at quite a favorable time, as\\nprices were much higher when the severity of the\\nwinter of 1849-50 developed itself, flooding Sacra-\\nmento City and rendering the roads difticult to\\ntravel.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "A. Soule.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "P:Mir,HATI()N TO CALIFORNIA.\\n81\\nCHAPTER XVI 1.\\nEMIGRATION TO CALIFORNIA.\\nPreparations for Emigration The Rfiute.s to California The\\nPacific Mail Steamship Company Arrivals at San Fran-\\nci co in 1S49 The Expectant Argonaut On the Isthmu.s\\nA lesson in Maritime Law Sailing to San Francisco\\nCrossing the Plains An Overland Journal Population at\\nthe Close of IS-lit Domestic Habits of the Pioneers The\\nMiner s Cabin Housekeeping anil Cooking Thrifty Char-\\nacters Meanness and its Reward First Duel in Placer A\\nHomicide.\\nThk exhibition of gold by Lieutenant Beale; the\\nreports to the State Department by Thomas O. Lar-\\nkin, and to the War Department by Colonel E. B.\\nMason, Military Governor, and Capt. .1. L. Folsom,\\nwere officially made public, and created a greater\\nand more general excitement throughout the civil-\\nized world than ever before known.\\nLetters and gold-dust from people in California\\nsoon came, telling of the wonderful richness of the\\nmines and their extent, and advising friends to\\nmigrate to the new gold regions without delay.\\nSuch news and such appeals were irresistible.\\nThe newly-acquired Spanish territory upon the\\ndistant Pacific Coast, of which Dana had so\\npleasantly written in his Two Years Before\\nthe Mast; the great bay and rivers described in\\nWilkes Exploring Expedition; the graphic records\\nof Fremont s explorations, and the stories told by\\nreturned whalers had charmed the youth of the\\nland with the enthusiasm of romance, and now that\\nthis land was filled with gold where all could help\\nthemselves without great capital or obedience to\\nmasters, showing a brighter opportunity for inde-\\npendence and success than the older countries\\noifered, fired the imagination and aroused the spirit\\nof emigration in all.\\nPHEPARATION FOR E.MIGRATION\\nPreparation for the flight began in all parts of the\\ncountry. The fall of 1848 was well advanced when\\nthe facts of the discovery became generally known.\\nThe winter season was approaching and forbade an\\nimmediate movement, but gave opportunity for the\\nexcitement to spread and for preparations to be\\nmade. The period was opportune. The war with\\nMexico had just closed, and the volunteers were\\nreturning covered with the glory of their brilliant\\nexploits, ready themselves, and inciting all the ener-\\ngetic and courageous young men of the country, for\\nnew adventure. Meager reports had been heard of\\nthe pleasant climate, the great rivers, the broad val-\\nleys and the snowy mountains of distant California,\\nand there was the attractive field for the young\\nadventurers. Very little, however, was really known\\nof the new country, and this faint knowledge gave\\nenchantment to the distant land.\\nTHE ROUTES TO CALIFORNIA.\\nSeveral routes afforded the way to the Pacific\\nCoast: By sea around Cape Horn; by way of the\\nIsthmus of Panama; across Mexico to one of the\\nPacific ports of that country, and by land the entire\\ndistance across the plains through New Mexico and\\nSonora; or following the route of Fremont through\\nthe South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, and directly\\nto the gold region in the Sierra Nevada. All the\\nroutes were taken by large numbers of emigrants.\\nTo the people of the East the sea was most conven-\\nient, and to those chosing that route it was not nec-\\nessary to wait for spring. Every class of sailing\\ncraft available were at once put in readiness for the\\nvoyage, and, receiving their cargoes of living freight,\\nwere soon breasting the seas for the desired haven.\\nTHE PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY.\\nCongress, as early as March, 1847, had proposed a\\nmail route via the Isthmus of Panama, from New\\nYork to Astoria, with semi-monthly trips on the\\nAltantie side, and monthly on the Pacific, with San\\nFrancisco as one of the way ports; but not until\\nApril, 1848, did a responsible party dare undertake\\nthe contract. Then the Pacific Mail Steamship Com-\\npany was formed, Messrs. Howland and Aspinwall\\nbeing the principal capitalists, and the construction\\nof three steamers was begun for the Pacific side,\\nnamed the California, 0/ e(/o?tand the Fanaina. Their\\nconstruction was commenced before the news of the\\ngold discovery was known in the East, and their\\nplans were drawn simply for mail and freight boats\\nof the cheapest character. There was the slimmest\\npossible chance for profit, even with the annual sub-\\nsidy of $200,000 offered by Congress.\\nFortunately for the enterprise. Lieutenant Beale\\narrived with the news of the finding of gold, and,\\nwith a sailor s knowledge of shipping, urged upon\\nAspinwall the necessity of changing the plan of his\\nsteamers, as they would be needed for carrj-ing pas-\\nsengers. Aspinwall was about the only one who had\\nfaith in Beale s report, and altered Lis steamers in\\naccordance with the advice given. These steamers,\\neach of about 1,000 tons burden, were soon com-\\npleted, and sailed on their voyage via the Straits of\\nMagellan for San Francisco, the California arriving\\nFebruary 28th, the Oreijon, March 31st, and the Fan-\\naina, June 4, 1849.\\nThe establishment of this line diverted large num-\\nbers to the Isthmus route, hojiing to get passage on\\nthe steamers, but so great was the rush that not\\nhalf of the number could be accommodated. Vessels\\nof all kinds that could be obtained at Panama were\\nturned into passenger carriers, and with inadequate\\nsupplies and inadequate knowledge of the winds of\\nthe coast, mu(^h suffering and loss ensued. Thus the\\nIsthmus route, which had seemed the easiest and\\nquickest proved to manj one of hardship, danger\\nand delay.\\nTHE EXPECTANT ARGONAUT.\\nCalifornia, in 1848, was supposed, b}- the ardent\\nadventurers who were preparing to seek her shores,\\nto bo unprovided with any of the needed imple-\\nments for prosecuting the work to be engaged in;", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "82\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nto have no places at which clothing, boots, blankets,\\netc., could be obtained, and that the utmost to be\\nexpected there in the line of provisions was the\\nbeef they had learned was abundant. Nobody,\\ntherefore, must think of going into this wilderness\\nwithout an expensive outfit embracing every conceiv-\\nable article of utility and comfort. The seaport cities\\nand the frontier posts, early in 1849, became the\\nrendezvous where thousands of people congregated\\nto fit out for the journey, and their assemblage at\\nthese places gave growth to many hitherto unknown\\nindustries.\\nIngenious mechanics invented all sorts of ma-\\nchines for gold washing; the sail lofts were kept\\nactive in the manufacture of tents, hammocks, and\\ncanvas bags; provision dealers drove brisk trades in\\nsupplying the throng with stocks intended to last\\nfor many months; old hulks that had been rotting\\nfor years at their moorings were re-coppered,\\nre-painted and provisioned and advertised as staunch,\\nfast-sailing and A 1, and speedily filled up with\\npassengers; old mules and broncho mules and horses\\nof every grade, and cows and oxen, wagons and\\ncarts were crowded in the markets of the outfitting\\nposts bordering the great plains.\\nBuoyantly, hopefully, and without misgiving, in\\nthe early spring of 1849, did the multitude set forth\\nfrom every frontier post and every seajiort of\\nthe country for California, as the argonauts, for\\nColchis, with Jason, in search of the golden fleece.\\nThose who left the Eastern seaports in good vessels\\nperhaps were the best off, and as a rule landed at\\nSan Francisco in the best circumstances, having\\ntheir outfit with them in the hold of the ships.\\nThose at that time who went to the Isthmus of Pan-\\nama unprovided with tickets upon some connecting\\nsteamer on the Pacific side (of which only two had\\nreached that coast), were probably in a worse pre-\\ndicament than all. The overland travelers, that\\nyear, had no lack of provision, having started with\\nso much generally as to be burdensome. Flour,\\nbacon, and other articles of food in many places\\nalong the different overland routes were piled up in\\ncords, and hundreds of wagons were abandoned from\\nsheer inability of the animals to draw them, while\\nthe road lay open and the vvay before them to the goal\\nthey were hastening to. They could travel onward,\\nat least, and reach their place of destination even\\nthough they should arrive at the mines destitute.\\n^Vith those upon the Isthmus, however, affairs were\\ndifferent. Those people were cooped up in a foreign\\ncountry, where malaria to an alarming degree existed;\\nthey could neither get up the Pacific Coast without\\nextraordinary intervention; nor back to the ports\\nwhence they had come, as the steamers landing pas-\\nsengers there did not wish to break up their profita-\\nble business by taking those back, if any there were,\\nwho would turn the tide of travel into some other\\nchannel, and therefore upon landing their load at\\nGhagres would immediately steam over to Navy\\nBay and out of reach of any who might wish to\\nreturn.\\nON THE ISTHMUS.\\nThe months of April, May and June. 1849, was a\\ntime when the Isthmus of Panama contained from\\n4,000 to 8,000 American immigrants who wereinrol-\\nuntary residents. Cholera and other diseases inci-\\ndent to a tropical climate attacked them, and as the\\nmajority were from the Northern States, made\\nfearful havoc. Meantime all reports from Cali-\\nfornia were of the most extravagant character,\\nwhich fact kept the minds of those who had ven-\\ntured upon the journey in the main steadfastly fixed\\nin the determination to reach the land so promising.\\nThis state of affairs kept the rate of passage from\\nPanama to San Francisco high, and fabulous sums\\nwere paid for steamer tickets. Masters of whale\\nand other ships who happened to be in any of the\\nPacific ports, hearing of this extraordinary condi-\\ntion, unloaded cargo, took on extra provisions when\\nnecessary, then crowded sail for Panama, and\\nannounced their readiness to cany passengers to\\nSan Francisco. Little coasting vessels from the\\nSouth American ports, and in fact craft of all descrip-\\ntions came into the port of Panama and were either\\nspeedily chartered or sold.\\nSeveral journals kept by these early pioneers of\\nCalifornia are lying before the writer, and as the\\nmost natural and truthful record of these eventful\\ntimes an occasional extract from them is given below.\\nThe first is that of a member of the Ganargwa\\nMining Company, of Newark, Wayne County, New\\nYork, for San Francisco, via Chagres and Panama,\\nas stated upon a printed card used for marking their\\ninnumerable articles. This company numbered\\ntwelve two of whom arrived at the Dry Dig-\\ngings, soon atter called Auburn, on the second day\\nof August, 1849, and were bound by articles to each\\nother as stron ij as holy writ. Beginning their\\norganization in December, 1848, and not sailing\\nfrom New York until the following March, they had\\nample time to equip, not as the law directed quite,\\nbut as the inclination dictated. Some of the mem-\\nbers had elaborate arms manufactured to order\\nbright steel tomahawks, heavy and with long taper-\\ning poles, that by a blow could be made to sink up\\nto the eye in a block of wood; knives of enormous\\nsize formed in the most savage-looking Bowie\\nst3 le from the blades of ancient scythes, with guns\\nof antique pattern and Allen s pepperboxes for\\nwere there not Indians and half civilized Mexicans\\nwho must be intimidated in the new land to which\\nthey were going? Red shirts, blue shirts, corduroy\\npants and stogy boots were necessary, for were they\\nnot all g iing to the mines to dig for gold? And\\nafter the gold was dug how could it be used without\\nfirst being coined? So this company ordered and\\nhad made, at a machine shop, a coining press with\\nsteel dies, with which to coin five and ten-dollar gold\\npieces. Besides these things they had other name-", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "EMIGRATION TO CALIFORNIA.\\nS3\\nless cumbersome traps, of which no idea can be con-\\nceived- by one not in- the same boat upon that\\nhistoric ocea\u00c2\u00bbsion, and of which it would be useless\\nto attempt any description. With these this com-\\npany sailed from New York on the steamer Crescent\\nCity, March 15, 1849, and the short extracts from\\nthe journal spoken of will give an idea of the trials\\nof the trip at that time:\\nMarch 24, 1849. Landed at Chagres about noon\\nand camped. Remained until the 26lh, when about\\ndark took canoes manned by negroes lour in each\\nand proceeded up the river (Chagres). Went six\\nmiles that night and bundled down uj)on the floor\\nof a miserable negro shanty.\\nMarch 27th. Started up the river early in the\\nmorning; stopped about three miles up and got\\nbreakfast. Started again in the afternoon and trav-\\neled about three miles further, where we pitched\\nour tent among three or four negro huts, got supper\\nand rolled in our blankets.\\nMarch 28lh. Struck our tent this morning and\\nstarted up the river again; stopped for dinner after\\ntraveling five or six miles; alter which proceeded\\non our journey and traveled until dark, when we\\ncamped in a negro hut about fourteen miles from our\\ncamp of the previous night. Passed two American\\ngraves to-day.\\nMarch 29lh. Left the boat here and tramped\\nfour miles through a thick Ibrest to Gorgona, pre-\\nferring this mode ol locomotion to accompanying\\nthe natives, who go on with the goods and camp\\nequipage. Arriving at Gorgona, find 200 or more\\nAmerican immigrants here bound for the El Dorado.\\nPitched our tent just back of the town on a rise of\\nground which had been occupied not long siuce by a\\ncorps of American engineers who were survej ing a\\nroute I or a railroad.\\nRemained in camp at Gorgona until the 11th of\\nApril, when we packed our traps upon the backs of\\nnatives and started for Panama, arriving there at\\nnoon on the 12th. Did not camp out here, but hired\\na house to live in. While at Panama the company\\npurchased a brigantine of thirty-two tons, called the\\nJUdalina, and on the 30th of April all of the comjtany\\n(except two membei s), together with twenty-five\\nothers taken as passengers, sailed for San Francisco.\\nA LESSON IN MARITIME LAW.\\nNow, as to the fate of the Edalina, which was\\na New Granadan vessel purchased at a cost of \u00c2\u00a71,500,\\nand fitted up and provisioned at an additional ex-\\npense of $4,000. She took, besides captain, crew and\\nowners, twenty-five passengers at the rate of $200 a\\nhead. The owners and captain were not posted in\\nmaritime law; passengers and all were Americans;\\nwhy should she not hoist the American flag? She\\ndid, and cleared from Panama as an American vessel,\\nand all went smooth enough, except that the little\\nvessel was much ovei crowded and had but little\\npromenading way on her only deck, which was\\noccupied by water casks, until to replenish these\\nwith a fresh supply of water, she sailed by a British\\nsloop-of-war into the harbor of Eealejo, boldly flaunt-\\ning the stars and stripes. For this act the Nicara-\\nguan authorities, aided by the British ship, seized\\nand condemned her, and she was lost to her owners,\\nwhile those who came on her were lelt to get into\\nCalifornia as best they could. All, however, suc-\\nceeded in reaching San Francisco during that j ear,\\neach experiencing many vicissitudes. The journal\\nsays of the two members who did not sail in the\\nEdalina:^\\nSAILING TO SAN FRANCISCO.\\nRemained at Panama until the 9th of May, 1849,\\nwhen we set sail for San Francisco in the American\\nwhale-ship Sylph captain, Francis Gardner, of\\nFairhaven. Our course for fourteen days was south-\\nerly, when on the 23d we made the port of Tacamas\\nin South America, fifty-five miles north ot the equator\\nin the Republic of Ecuador. On the 24lh went\\nashore; found the town, or village, contained about\\n150 or 200 inhabitants, who were descendants,\\nmostly, of the Indians. Found also an English\\nresident, who had married and raised quite\\na family; found likewise an American who\\nhad left a whaleship some seven years pre-\\nviously and remained here. The houses are built of\\nbamboo with thatched roofs, and are set upon posts\\nnine or ten feet high. Soil sandy near the ocean,\\nbut back in the interior as far as we went, found it\\nloamy and very rich, being rankly overgrown with\\nthe indigenous vegetation peculiar to the country,\\nsugar cane, plantain, banana, oranges, lemons, cocoa-\\nnuts, pine-apples, etc., etc, all of which grow spon-\\ntaneously without cultivation. The only article\\ncukivated by the inhabitants, appears to be tobacco,\\nof which they produce very fine crops. The inhabi-\\ntants of this portion of South America, like those of\\nthe Isthmus of Darien are very indolent, caring for\\nbut little else than barely enough to supply the de-\\nmands of nature; and that can be had at all times\\nby merely gathering it. The proverbial unthrift and\\nlaziness of the people is illustrated by ibis incident:\\nSeeing all over the country immediately adjoining\\nthe town, that the coftee-bush grew profusely, and\\nwas in full fruitage, thought that a cup of the bever-\\nage might be obtained; but upon proceeding to the\\npublic places and inquiring for a drink, none could\\nbe had. Under many of the houses were mills for\\ngrinding sugar-cane, but there was not sugar enough\\nin the whole town to sweeten a cup of tea.\\nThe ship Sylph finally left her anchorage at Taca-\\nmas, and landed her passengers at San Francisco on\\nthe 26th of July, 1849, among whom were many of\\nthe future prominent citizens of California one,\\nJohn Conness, a United States Senator.\\nCROSSING THE PLAINS.\\nThe route via the great plains and deserts which\\nthen stretched an unbroken wilderness from the\\nMissouri to the Pacific, oft ered itself as the most\\navailable to the people of the West, and the winter\\nand early months of spring were passed in prepara-\\ntions for the journey. The Mississippi and its\\nbranches opened a channel of commerce to the ex-\\ntreme verge of civilization on the western border of\\nMissouri, and the frontier towns of that State were\\nthe rendezvous and starting points of the greater\\npart of the emigration. Iowa, Arkansas and Texas\\nalso had their gathering places, and sent forth their\\ntrains. In the months of April, May and June\\nchiefly in May the vast army set out in many col-", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "4\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nurans on its march to the westward, numbering from\\n50,000 to 80,000 people. So generally was this\\ngreat mass composed of men in the prime of early\\nmanhood, that the emigration was considered as\\ncomposed of men only, but there were many women\\nand children accompanying their husbands and\\nfathers to the new country.\\nSuch a movement had never before been seen.\\nAn army of freemen, setting out on a journey of\\nnearly 3,000 miles through a wilderness, without\\nthe protection of Government, and without organi-\\nzation, severing themselves from all civilization, and\\nthreading the regions where roamed and skulked the\\nmost implacably savage men known in the history\\nof the human race. Many organized in companies\\nof varying numbers, from a few friends to several\\nhundred, and elected captains, lieutenants and wagon-\\nmasters. The authority of the officers, however, was\\nbut little regarded. The usual conveyance was by\\nwagon, drawn by oxen, mules or horses, but com-\\nparatively few going with pack mules. The wagons\\nwere drawn bj- from three to five 3-oke of oxen, or\\nfour to eight mules, and three to eight men accom-\\npanied each wagon. Nearly all bore arms. Revolvers\\nwere rare, the invention being recent, but rifles\\nabundant. The wagons were heavily laden with\\nbaggage, mining implements, tents, blankets, cooking\\nutensils and provisions, the latter being greatly com-\\nposed of flour, bacon, beans, coffee, tea and sugar,\\nthe necessary condiments, and a few luxuries. Gen-\\nerally they were over-laden, and much was thrown\\naway during the journey.\\nThe great mass of the emigrants knew nothing of\\nthe country thej were to traverse, nor of the necessi-\\nties or methods of conducting or maintaining them-\\nselves and teams on such an expedition. Delaj^s,\\nlosses and suffering consequently attended such inex-\\nperiences, but nevertheless the passage was success-\\nfully made, and many of those who crossed the plains\\nn 1849, in after years referred to the journey with\\npleasure, rejoicing in its adventures, hardships, dan-\\ngers and triumphs.\\nThe greater part of that emigration took the route\\noia the valley of the Platte River, the South Pass of\\nthe Rocky Mountains and the valley of the Humboldt,\\nentering California by the Pit River route, or Las-\\nsen s Cut-off, the valley of the Truckee and the Bear\\nRiver Ridge, and a stream poured through the\\nCarson Pass into the central mining region. Many\\nthousands took the old Santa Fe Trail via the valley\\nof the Arkansas to the Rio Grande, thence by the\\nroad followed by Colonel Cooke and the Mormon\\nBattalion, through northern Sonora to the (rila\\nRiver, crossing the Colorado into California, reach-\\ning the southern mining region of the Mariposa and\\nTuolumne Rivers several months later than those\\nwho followed the Northern route.\\nAN OVERLAND .JOURNAL.\\nHaving given a sketch of travel by the Isthmus\\nroute from a diary of the time which was the\\nrecorded experience of one, but the actual experience\\nof many a glance at the pages of another diary will\\nshow the dangers, the toil and the incidents encoun-\\ntered in the Travels of a Gold Digger en route to\\nCalifornia, overland. This diary is by one of Placer s\\npioneer citizens, and the following extracts are the\\nfirst ever published from it:\\nWednesday, April 18, 1849. Leave St. Joseph,\\nMissouri, at 1 o clock p. m., with one wagon, eight\\nmules and one pony, with about 3,200 pounds of bag-\\ngage; travel about five miles towards Fort Childs;\\ncamped, cooked supper and ate; about 9 o clock\\nretired and slept very comfortably, although it was\\nvery cold in the morning.\\nApril 19th. Started about 1 o clock p. m., and\\ntraveled over one and a half miles of rough and hilly\\nroads, and stuck fast three times. The third time\\nwe unloaded part of our baggage, got our wagon out\\nof the mud and encamped for the night.\\nMay 15th. This morning our mules shoulders\\nwere very sore from the hard drawing yesterday.\\nWe started at half past 8 o clock, and found the road\\nmuch better and more level than yesterday, but there\\nwas no water except in small ponds here and there.\\nAbout 11 o clock several of us had a fine chase after\\na wolf, but did not catch it. In returning I found\\nseveral sticks of wood, and as it is precious stuff, 1\\nshouldered it and trailed it to the wagon, for fear we\\ncould not get to where there was any, and we would\\nhave to supper on a cold cheek. But fortune favored\\nus; after traveling twenty-one miles we came to a\\nbeautiful place between two ravines, in which there\\nwere both wood and water.\\nMay Kith. Started this morning at 8 o clock.\\nThree of our mules shoulders were so sore that we\\nhad to take them out of the team, and put in the\\npony. The road was very good and the day cool, so\\nwe got along very well, although the mules suffered\\nconsiderably for want of water, there being none for\\ntwenty-five miles. This was a day of considerable\\nfun; the mules we took out of the team were not\\nbroken to ride, but as the whole country around was\\na level prairie, we thought we would ride them.\\nMounting one, I rode ahead of the train, and after\\ngoing several miles, stopped to graze. When the\\ntrain came up, E was limping along slowly; his\\nmule had thrown him, and he could not be induced\\nto mount again. Whereupon T who had tired\\nof walking, thought he would ride the mule I had\\nridden. So getting upon him, the mule started, and\\nin about 200 yards the rider lay sprawling upon the\\nground. Then S took the mule E had rid-\\nden, and got along with it very well for a while,\\nwhen he was thrown oft We came to the Platte\\nRiver about 3 o clock, having traveled about twenty-\\neight miles. There was a little disaffection in the\\ncompany, which resulted in three different encamp-\\nments, some refusing to go to the ground picked out\\nby the captain.\\nMay 18th. Traveled eighteen miles up the Platte.\\nAbout four miles from our camping-place was Pawnee-\\ntown, an Indian village. Just before arriving there,\\nwe met a Pawnee Indian, with whom we had some\\nsport. S talked Dutch to him. We then got\\nhim to shoot at a dime fixed at a stake, and he\\nknocked down two in three shots with his arrow.\\nWe then went up to the village. On the way we\\nsaw the grave of a chief which was all encircled by\\ndead horses heads sixtj -nine in number. We found\\nno one at the village, the people all having gone down", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "EMIGRATION TO CALIFORNIA.\\nto Council Bluffs. The town was regularly laid out,\\nand oonsisted of about 120 houses built of mud, all\\nround, with a lorig entrance, which was like that into\\na coal-bank. Four miles above the town we camped.\\nAt night it I ained very hard, with thunder and\\nlightning. I stood guard from 10 to 12, and it was so\\ndark that 1 could not see a mule until I was jam\\nagainst it.\\nMay 19th. Road very muddy in places; sandy\\nportion, however, is better. After traveling about\\nsix miles came upon a wounded Pawnee Indian, who\\nhad been shot with three bullets in the thigh. He\\ntold us he had been shot by the Sioux. We gave\\nhim something to eat and traveled on twenty miles.\\nMay 20th. To-day we lay by. In the morning\\nsixty Sioux Indians came down the river, and from\\nwhat we could understand they were in pursuit of\\nthe Pawnees, the two tribes then being at war.\\nThey came to our camp, were very friendly, and\\nwanted something to eat, when we gave them biscuit.\\nThey then crossed the river, and continued on their\\nway. A short time after they had left, an old Sioux\\nIndian came up the river and showed us a fresh\\nIndian scalp, which we supposed was taken from the\\nhead of the wounded Pawnee we saw yesterday.\\nTraded twelve biscuits for a buffalo robe.\\n;\\\\Iay 21st. This morning we started at 6 o clock,\\nand traveled sixteen miles, the road being very miry\\nin some places and very sandy in others, which made\\nour mules very tired. Grazing better to-day than at\\nanj time since starting out; a great many deer, elk,\\nantelope, and wolves were seen, but as it was all\\nprairie land we could not get close enough to shoot\\nany. In the evening B and S fought, and\\nthere was great confusion in camp. A great\\nmany of the company think that we will never get\\nthe wagons through, and some were for abandoning\\nthem and packing the mules, or of leaving part of\\nthe wagons, and doubling the teams on the others.\\nMay 22d. Traveled fifteen miles. To-day my feet\\ngot very sore, and about 2 o clock 1 pulled off my\\nboots and traveled the remainder of the da} bare-\\nfooted, but the change did not help me.\\nMay 2-lth. Passed Fort Kearney yesterday, and\\ncamped about one mile above it. To-day there is a\\ngeneral ridding up; we all concluded that we had\\ntoo much of a load, and go to work and take half of\\nour wagon bed off, and unload every box and trunk,\\nand throw away every unnecessary thing, besides\\nother things we should have very much liked to keep.\\nCaptain A said he would resign, as the company\\nwere divided into half a dozen squads, and would\\nunite upon nothing. At night it rained very hard,\\nand the wind blew fearfully. A bucket standing\\noutside of the tent had water in it to the depth of\\nten inches. F^ and I went down to the fort and\\ntraded a pair of pants, a trunk and two shirts for\\ntwo large buffalo robes, which were very comfortable\\nat night.\\nMay 25th. To-day we hitched up eight mules, and,\\nas usual, started by ourselves; passed about 100\\nox-teams, and camped on the river, after having tra-\\nveled ten miles. There being no wood here, we\\ncooked our supper with grass. This morning there\\nhad 2,200 teamspassed the fort. The Star Company\\nthis morning was all divided, and every team started\\nwhen it pleased.\\nAugust 20th. To-day we traveled about ten\\nmiles, and encamped in a valley at the base of a\\nmountain about three-fourths of a mile east of\\nTruekee (Donner) Lake; two miles brought us to\\nthe valley where Donner encamped; one mile more\\nbrought us opposite to where his cabins wei-e, their\\nsituation being about one and a half or two miles\\nfrom tbe road, on the right-hand side. There were\\na number of fragments left, but more human bones\\nthan anything else. Six miles further and we came\\nto where the Graves family wintered. One mile\\nmore and we arrived at the cabins of Foster and\\nBreen, where wo encamped. The road now leaves\\nthere to the right, but the old road ran just by them,\\nleaving them on the left. Graves and Foster s cab-\\nins are the only ones that are now standing, and\\nthey present a gloomy appearance. In Foster s\\nthere wei-e old clothes which had been worn- by\\nfemales; and also long female hair which appeared\\nas if it had fallen from the head, and any quantity\\nof bones in and around the cabin.\\nAugust 23d. To-day we traveled fifteen miles.\\nThe road is indescribable, but it was the d\\nroughest and rockiest road I ever saw. About three\\nmiles from our camp we had to take our mules from\\nthe wagon and let it down with ropes, and it was off\\nof one rock and on to another alldaj except a short\\ndistance after we started and a few places in the\\nbottom of the river. We also ascended some very\\nsteep mountains. After traveling about nine miles\\nin the morning, we left the head-waters of the Yuba\\nRiver and crossed a mountain which was not as\\nrough as I expected it might be, and the additional\\nsix miles has brought us to our present encampment,\\na valley on Bear River, where the grass is very\\ngood. In crossing from the Yuba to Bear River\\nthere are a few oak bushes, and on the divide are two\\nsmall lakes. During the day we passed another\\ncabin where some of the suft ering Donner party got to.\\nAugust 2J:th. To-day we traveled seven miles.\\nFive miles from our last camp brought us to a large\\nvalley on the main branch of Bear River. In\\ndescending to the valley there is a very steep hill,\\nwhere we let the wagon down with ropes for about\\nthree-fourths of a mile; the trees were worn very\\nmuch where the rope ran around; two miles more\\nbrought us to the lower end of the valley, where\\nwe encamped and mowed grass.\\nAugust 26th. To-day we traveled fourteen miles,\\neleven of which bi ought us to another branch of\\nBear River, where there were some of the gold-\\ndiggers operating, but not with much success. The\\nroad from our last camp to the branch ran along a\\nridge, and was very hilly, as there were a great\\nmany gaps in it. The descent to the branch was so\\nsteep and long that we had to cut down trees and\\ntic them to the wagons.\\nHaving thus seen some of the pioneers of the\\nState safely landed, and in the present boundary of\\nPlacer County, too, via the great plains, the reader\\ncan form some idea from reading the above extracts\\nof the trials and difficulties encountered in reaching\\nthe land of promise over that route. All that is now\\nlacking to illustrate the phases of the three principal\\nways of reaching California in the year IStt), are\\nextracts from a passenger s journal upon one of the\\nold vessels which came around Cape Horn, and\\nwhich would read something after this style\\n1849. Left Boston in the bark Bisimj Sun,\\nfor California, as one of the members of the Piymonth\\nRock Mining and Trading Company. Crossed the\\nequator the th; landed at Rio Janeiro the th, and\\nremained in port two weeks. Left Kio Janeiro the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nS4\\na bled Cape Horn the th, with cold,\\niirans on its i\\\\ther, during which the vessel lost spars\\n50,000 to th, buried at sea. Lati-\\ngreat m^ south, longitude west, becalmed ten\\nmanhc th, arrived at Valparaiso, and sail\\nooiiviin on the th. Arrive at San Francisco\\nar-th. And the story of the arrival of the argo-\\nnauts is told.\\nGray hairs begin now to creep in among the\\ndark ones of those who were youngest then; and\\nbald polls are now seen where then hung luxuriant\\nlocks, while thousands of those brave hearts have\\nceased to pulsate. Soon they will all be gone. Here\\nupon the Pacific Coast have they established an\\nempire, whose products have revolutionized the com-\\nmerce of the civilized world. In a personal sense\\nnot all of them have realized those bright anticipa-\\ntions which were the ideal of youthful aspirations;\\nbut the fact that they aided in breaking down the\\nbrush, and in marking out the trails which have\\nsince been followed by great commercial highways\\nof steel banding together the Orient and the Occi-\\ndent, should commend them to the respect of man-\\nkind, and the recollections of their deeds should\\never cause their memory to remain green wherever\\ncivilization has erected its standard and enterprise\\nis acknowledged.\\nARRIVALS IN lS4i}.\\nThe flood of immigration which had set toward\\nthe Bay of San Francisco soon after the announce-\\nment of the M onderful discovery and development\\nof the gold placers, did not reach the land until the\\nspring of 1849. On the 28th of February of that\\nyear the steamship Californiu arrived, the first of\\nthat line so intimately connected with the history\\nof California. The arrival was hailed with welcom-\\ning cheers, as establishing a new era in California\\ncommerce. She was the first great steamer entering\\nthe hai bor of San Francisco, or ever upon the coast,\\nand seemed a connecting, living link between the\\npeople of the Pacific, and their distant kindred on\\nthe Atlantic Coast. The steamer had left New\\nYork when little was known of the gold dis-\\ncovery, and preparations had not been made for so\\nextraordinary a state of affairs as was found to exist\\non arrival, and she was left destitute of a crew in\\nthe harbor of San Francisco. March 31st the Oregon,\\nthe second steamer of the line arrived, and from\\nthat date regular trips were made. In June the\\nFanama came and the line was established, each\\nvessel bringing from 1,000 to 1,500 passengers each\\ntrip.\\nA few thousand people had arrived previous to\\nMarch, 1849, in whalers and small vessels from the\\nPacific Islands and the coast, and even at that date\\nthe harbor presented a lively appearance from the\\nunusual number of vessels at anchor, a slight indica-\\ntion of the great fleet that was soon to appear.\\nBetween March and December, 1849, 549 vessels\\narrived in Sun Francisco bringing 35,000 passengers.\\nand 3,000 sailors who deserted their ships either\\npermanently or temporarily, some by agreement\\ngoing with the otlicers to the mines, and afterwards\\nreturning to their duties on the vessel. The un-\\nmanned and deserted ships swung idly to their\\nanchors in the harbor; some ascended the rivers to\\nBenicia, Stockton and Sacramento, and several square\\nrigged vessels marked the sites of cities at heads\\nof navigation, at Yernon, Nicolaus, Eliza, near\\nMarysville and other points on Feather, and other\\nrivers, landings and estuaries about the Bay of San\\nFrancisco. Of the 40,000 or more arrivals by sea\\nduring the year, less than 1,000 were females. The\\ngreat majority were Americans direct from the\\nAtlantic States by way of Cape Horn or by Panama,\\nand nearly all rushing to the mines, there met the\\ntide jjouring over the Sierra Nevada from the toilsome\\noverland journey from the Missouri liiver. The mines\\nwere then the objective point, all seeking them to\\ntry their luck. Many homesick and unnerved by\\nthe adventure, the toil, privations, and hardships,\\ntheir separation from friends, their loneliness and\\nstrange surroundings, succumbed to death almost\\nwithout disease, or hastily returned to their former\\nhomes; the sharp tradesman and thespeculatorsought\\nthe large cities, and tho.-ie who loved the freedom of\\nthe country, the self-reliant manhood to labor in the\\nfree and rich estate of his own possession, where he\\ncould lay claim to undisputed lands, untrammeleJ\\nby the conventionalities of aisthetic civilization, sur-\\nrounded by the grand scenery of deep canons\\nwatered by the clear, cold and sparkling mountain\\nstream and clad in forests of towering pines or\\nshaded by the broad spreading oak, remained to toil,\\nto enjoy their bright hopes, perhaps to realize their\\nbright dreams, and many yet remain in the country\\nand the county where first they dug for the shining\\ngold, honored and self-reliant in their age as when\\nin youth as argonauts they sought the western\\nshore.\\nPOPULATION AT THE CLOSE OF 1849.\\nThere were many estimates of the number of peo-\\nple crossing the plains in 1849, some placing the\\nnumber as high as 100,000, but later investigations\\ngreatly reduced the estimate. Many returned to the\\nFast by steamer before the close of the year, some\\nwith small fortunes acquired in the mines or by\\nspeculation, others disheartened and homesick, and\\ndeath claimed its portion.\\nAt the commencement of the j^ear the population\\nwas stated as follows: Native Californians, 13,000;\\nAmericans, 8,000; Foreigners, 5,000; total 26,000.\\nAt the close of the year it was, Native, 13,000; Ameri-\\ncans, 76,000; Foreigners, 18,000, showing an increase\\nof 08,000 Americans, and 13,000 foreigners, a total\\nof 81,000 increase, and a total population of 107,000.\\nThis large increase of which so large a majority was\\nAmericans, redeemed California from a wilderness\\nand made it a State of the Union. This immigra-\\ntion siiread itself over the mines and built cities in", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "EMIGRATION TO CALIFORNIA.\\nthe valleys; made a constitution guaranteeing free-\\ndom, with laws of justice and equality, and impressed\\na character upon it which will never be obliterated.\\nDOMESTIC HABITS OF THE PIONEERS.\\nFor the satisfaction of curious women who wi.sh\\nto know how their fathers and brothers managed\\nhousekeeping, and for men who never tried pioneer\\nlife, and have no prospect or necessity of trying it,\\nthis is written. Many exaggerated stories are in\\ncirculation concerning the habits and characters of\\nour early settlers. Bret Harte, Joaquin Miller, and\\na score of other writers, have taken some odd sample\\nof humanity, added some impossible qualities, and\\nset him up to be laughed at, or perhaps admired;\\nwhen the fact is, the caricature is about as near the\\noriginal as the Indian maiden of romance is to the\\nfilthy squaw of reality. The -lOer is represented as\\nhaving pounds of dust loose in his pockets, which he\\npassed out by the handful for whisky or whatever\\nstruck his fancy; as carrying an arsenal of knives\\nand revolvers which he was wont to use on the\\nslightest provocation rough but generous, brave,\\nand kind. ^\\\\^hile it is true that an ideal 49er occa-\\nsion all j^ made an ap])earance in those days\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for it\\nis almost impossible to draw a monster, physical,\\nmoral, or intellectual, that has not some familiar\\nfeatures the fact is. that the mass of the people had\\nno resemblance to the ideals of Bret Harte or Joaquin\\nMiller. They were sober, industrious, and energetic\\nmen, who toiled as men with ambition and strength\\ncan toil. The labor these men performed in dam-\\nming and turning rivers, or tunneling mountains,\\nwas not the spurt of enthusiasm born of whisky.\\nMany of the men had families at home whose letters\\nwere looked for with the most eager interest. The\\nyounger men, who had not families, had ties perhaps\\nequally as strong. The exceptions, which have\\ngiven such a false character to the 49er, were un-\\nprincipled adventurers from every State and nation,\\ngamblers in bad repute, even among their own kind,\\nfrontiersmen who acknowledged no law, and fugi-\\ntives from justice everywhere. This was the class\\nthat made a vigilance committee necessary in San\\nFrancisco in 1850 and 1856; which occasionally\\naroused the wrath of the mass of miners by robbing\\nor killing a peaceable citizen. The description of\\nthis class is not the object of this chapter; they have\\nalready, in the hundred books which have been\\nwritten of them, had more notice than they deserved.\\nThe substantial, honorable, and industrious must\\nnow claim our attention.\\nTHE miners CABIN.\\nWhen the lucky prospecter had found a paying\\nclaim, the next thing was to set up his household.\\nFrom two to four was the usual number of the mess.\\nThe summers were long and dry, and there was no\\ndiscomfort in sleeping out of doors. But even in\\nsummer a house, though humble it might be, had\\nmany advantages over a tent for comfort and secu-\\nrity. A stray horse or ox would sometimes get into\\nthe flour-sack or bread sack, upset the sugar, or\\nmake a mess of the table-ware. Wandering Indians\\nwould pilfer small things, or take away clothing\\nwhich might be left within reach; but in a cabin\\nthings were tolerably secure from depredation. A\\nsite for a cabin was selected where wood and water\\nwere abundant. These things, as well as the pres-\\nence of gold, often determined the location of a\\nfuture town. Bottle Spring, Double Springs, Mud\\nSprings, Diamond Springs, Cold Springs, and Soldier\\nSprings, at once suggest their origin, as places of\\nencampment, as Ophir, Secret Ravine and Dry Dig-\\ngings did jjlaces of gold. In the earlier days, log-\\ncabins were soon put up, for suitable logs were found\\neverywhere. Though these cabins are in the dust\\npassed into history there is no need of describing\\nthem, as the books are full of the settlers log-\\ncabin, and no boy of the present generation, who\\nhas arrived at the age of ten, would need instruc-\\ntion in building one.\\nIn the western settlements a floor made of hewn\\ntimbers (puncheons) was usual, but the ground\\nserved for a floor, and was considered good enough\\nfor a man. The sleeping jjlaces were as various as\\nthe minds of men. Sometimes a kind of dais, or\\nelevation of two or three feet, was made on one side\\nof the cabin, where the men, wrapped in their blank-\\nets, slept with their feet to the fire. Generally\\nhunks were made by putting a second log in the\\ncabin at a proper elevation and distance from the\\nsides, and nailing potato or gunny sacks across from\\none to the other, making in the same way a second\\ntier of bunks, if necessary. Some fern leaves or\\ncoarse hay on these sacks, with blankets, made a\\ncomfortable bod. A good fire-place was necessary.\\nMost of the mining was in water, necessarily involv-\\ning wet clothes. A rousing fire, especially in winter,\\nwas necessary to get dried out. Some of these\\nfire-places would be six feet across, and built of\\ngranite or slate rocks, as each abounded. There was\\nnot much hewing done to make them fit. When the\\nstructure had been carried up four or five feet, an\\noak log was laid across as a mantel-piece, and on\\nthis the chimney, generally made of sticks or small\\npoles plastered with mud, was built. A couple of\\nrocks served for rests for the backlog and fores/ick.\\nA shelf or two of shakes, or sometimes an open box\\nin which pickles or candles had come around the\\nHorn, would serve for a cupboard to keep a few tin\\nplates, and cups, and two or three cans containing\\nsalt, pepper, and soda. A table of moderate size was\\nalso made of shakes, sometimes movable, but oftener\\nnailed fast to the side of the house. Those who\\ncrossed the plains would often take the tail-gate of\\nthe wagon for this purpose. A frving-pan, coff ee-\\npot, Dutch-oven, and water-bucket completed the\\nlist of household utensils. As the miners became\\nprosperous, a soup-kettle for boiling potatoes, and\\nalso for heating water to wa^h their clothes on a", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "88\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nSunday, was added. Somewhere in a cornel was a\\nroll of paper, with pen and ink, with which to cor-\\nrespond with the folks at home.\\nHOUSEKEEPING AND C()OKIN(i.\\nCooking was sometimes done turn about for a\\nweek, and sometimes seemed to fall to the lot of the\\nbest-natured one of the crowd, the others bringing\\nwood and water by way of offset. Not much attempt\\nwas made at neatness, and oftentimes one had to\\nconsole himself with eating only his own dirt, for\\nthere were camps where the dishes were not washed\\nfor months. Sometimes a little hot coffee turned on\\na plate would take off the last-formed dirt; but\\nwashing dishes the everlasting bane of woman s\\nhousekeeping was, if possible, more repugnant to\\nman, an was frequently omitted; it made the gold-\\npan greasy (the miners prospecting- pan served for\\nwashing dishes as well as gold, also as a bread-pan,\\nand wash-tub on Sunday); there was no time to stop\\nafter breakfast, and thoy worked so late that they\\ncould not delay supper for the dishes to be washed,\\nand so they were left from day to day. The cooking\\nwas a simple matter, boiling potatoes, making coffee,\\nfrying slap-jacks and meat being the usual i-outine.\\nBread? yes, I am going to tellj-ou about that. All\\nsorts of bread but good bread were made at first.\\nThe miners knew that their wives and mothers put\\nin soda, so they put in soda. Some of them brought\\ndried yeast across the plains, and imdertookto make\\nraised bread, but as a general thing miners bread\\nwas but sorry, sad stuff. The most successful plan\\nwas to keep a can of sour batter (flour and water\\nmixed), with which to mix the bread, neutralizing\\nthe excess of acid with soda. Some of the miner.-;\\nbecame quite expert with this, judging to a nicetj-\\nthe exact amount of soda required. Dough mixed\\nin this way and set in the sun would soon raise,\\nand, if the soda was rightly proportioned, was\\n))alatable and wholesome. The sour batter was\\nsplendid for ship-jacks. The old story that a Cali-\\nfornia miner could toss his slap-jack up a chimney,\\nrun out doors and catch it as it came down, right\\nside u]), is too old to be repeated; but it is a fact\\nthat they would turn the slap-jacks with a dexterous\\nflip-flap of the frying-pan, though when the batter\\nwas made stiff enough to stand this kind of usage\\nthe cake would answer for half-soling a boot. The\\nbetter way was to have two frying-pans, and turn\\nthe cakes by gently upsetting the contents of one\\ninto the other. Thirty years experience and observ-\\nation suggest no improvement on this method.\\nPractice made many of the miners expert cooks.\\nNew methods of cooking wore sought out, and new\\ndishes invented. Think of using a dry-goods box\\nfor an oven, and baking a pig, or shoulder of mutton\\nill it! No trick at all. Drive down a stake or two,\\niiiid on them make a small scaft old, on which to\\n]ilacc your roast; now build a very small fire of\\nhard wood, at such a distance away that a moderate\\nsized dry-goods box will cover it all, and your\\narrangements are complete. The fire will need\\nreplenishing once or twice, and in two or three hours,\\naccording to the size of the roast, you may take it\\nout, done in a rich gold color, with a flavor unat-\\ntainable by any other method. Steaks were roasted\\nbefore a fire, or smothered, when sufficiently fried\\nby the ordinary process, in a stiff batter, and the\\nwhole baked like a batch of biscuit, making a kind\\nof meat pie. Game sometimes entered into the\\nminer s bill of fare. Quails, rabbits, hares, coons,\\nsquirrels, and hawks, were all converted into food)\\nas well as deer and bear.\\nTHRIFTY CHARACTERS.\\nAmong the heterogeneous elements who thronged\\nthe golden regions, there were odd characters among\\nthe men and incidents comic and otherwise were con-\\nstantly occurring. Tools of various kinds were\\nvery scarce, at Murderer s and Buckner s Bars in\\n1849, but the Vermont Company, comprising many\\nmechanics, was the best supplied, and the thrifty\\nhabits acquired in the State whence they came fol-\\nlowed them into the land of gold more so in small\\ndetails than in the lai-ger transactions of the period.\\nThus they would rent to a neighbor on the bar a\\ntwo-inch auger, or a cross-cut saw, for the paltry\\nsum of onlj $2.00 a day; and other tools proportion-\\nately. Following their example, a Campbellite\\npreacher named Parker, from Missouri, rented out a\\nsledge hammer for $L00 a daj and, having a dimin-\\nutive-sized grindstone, would only charge a half-\\ndollar for its use in shaping any kind of a tool; and as\\nSunday was the time which many set apart to do their\\ntool shar|)ening, and the old gentleman would give\\nthe miners a preach in the forenoon, one of his sons\\nof whom there weretwo^and a son-in-law named\\nGreen, then young men, would stay by the grindstone\\nand collect tolls. Many people were irreverent\\nenough to think that the old man had in his time\\nbeen up to snuftV for, as he would occasionally\\n])ass by the tent, where betting at monte was pretty\\nlively, while pretending to not know the cards,\\nwould watch them as the dealer turned them up and\\ninvoluntarilj utter a suppressed oh! ah! from\\ntime to time till the deal was out. By his thrift he\\ngot very well off that fall and went back to Missouri.\\nMEANNESS AND ITS REWARD.\\nA c( m])aiiy of eleven men located upon the river,\\nand according to rule each one took turn-about at\\ncooking a week, the usual diet being bacon, beans\\nand slap-jacks or bread. Some of these men turned\\nout to be the champion mean ones of the region; for,\\nwhen it came to the week of one of their number\\nfor cooking, he thought he would vaiy the bill of\\nfaro and have something good. By way of aston-\\ni.shing his companions, he laid low, and at sup])er\\ntime brought on to the table biscuit sweetbnod with\\nmolasses. A gi owl was started at the extravagance\\nof the cook; some of the party would not eat at all.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT.\\n89\\nand the upshot of the affair was that it culminated\\nin the collapse of the company, nine out of the\\neleven leaving, and abandoning the claims they were\\nworking, which naturally fell into the possession of\\nthe two men who remained a Mr. Stacy, from Mac-\\nedon, Wayne County, New York, and the cook who\\nhad unwittingly caused the trouble. This ground,\\nthus abandoned, was worth tens of thousands of dol-\\nlars, as was afterwards proven. Mr. Stacy left it in\\nthe fall of 1851, after having made with a rocker\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ST, 000, and it was then comparatively untouched.\\nFIRST DUEL IN PLACER.\\nIt was here, during the same summer of 1850, that\\nthe first duel was fought in Placer County, Colonel\\nPotter, who was subsequently a clerk in the Califor-\\nnia Legislature during several sessions, and an Eng-\\nlish sailor named George Melville, a well-bred and\\ncompanionable man, got into a dispute relative to\\nmining operations, and a challenge passed. This\\nwas on Saturday evening upon Murderer s Bar.\\nEarly on Sunday morning the combatants, with sec-\\nonds, and perhaps twenty friends of each party,\\ncrossed the river and took position at twenty paces\\napart on the mining ground just back of Buckner s\\nBar. The weapons were pistols. One shot was\\nfired, and neither of the men were hit. Potter, see-\\ning that his opponent was unhurt, threw down his\\nweapon, and cried out Load again; but seconds\\nand friends intervened, explanations were given and\\napologies made, when the two men shook hands,\\nrecrossed the stream, and passed the remainder of\\nthe day in conviviality.\\nA HOMICIDE.\\nAbout this time a homicide occurred the only one\\nthat summer in that immediate locality arising from\\nthe disputed ownership to a mining claim. A man,\\ndesignated Black Walker (which appellation he bore\\nto distinguish him from three other residents of the\\nsame surname, and who were called respectively Ken-\\ntuck Walker, Long Walker, and Scotch Walker),\\nkept a few articles on sale in a tent upon Murderer s\\nBar, and a claim had fallen to him in the way of\\ntrade which would be drained by the flume. The\\nSaturday upon which the water was turned into the\\nflume, Walker went upon the ground and found that\\nit was claimed by two young men named Beck and\\nRice, who were there ahead of him. A few harsh\\nwords followed, when Beck, who was an athletic\\nyoung lawyer from the State of Kentucky, pushed\\nWalker into a pool of water, from which he scram-\\nbled, remarking as he did so that he was no match\\nfor them in a contest of that kind, but would soon be\\nback prepared for business, and, in the meantime,\\nthe)^ could fix themselves.\\nGoing to his tent he soon emerged therefrom\\nwith a double-barreled shot-gun, and hallooed to the\\nmen who were thickly interspersed over the ground,\\nto look out! Beck, in the interim, had obtained\\na Colt s navy revolver, and, seeing Walker approach\\nin a hostile attitude, drew it and calmly waited the\\ncoming of his foe. When at close range, both fired\\nsimultaneously. Beck falling. He immediately\\njumped up, however, and endeavored to fire again,\\nbut could not raise his arm. Rice, seeing that his\\npartner was struck, immediately went to him, when\\nBeck said, 1 can t shoot, you use the pistol, and\\nfell upon his back a dead man. He had been struck\\nby a dozen buckshot. Rice s impulse was to use\\nthe pistol; but the determined aspect and words of\\nWalker, backed by the formidable shotgun, deterred\\nhim. The act was witnessed by several hundred\\nmen, and might have been prevented.\\nBeck was quite a favorite with the populace, and\\na fine agreeable young fellow. As soon as they real-\\nized the extent of the transaction and beheld the\\nbody of one of their number lying prostrate in death,\\ncut off at the dawn of manhood, many men became\\nexcited, and the cry of hang him! hang him! rang\\nfrom one to another of the fast gathering multitude.\\nWalker bravely stood his ground, and, informing\\nthe crowd that he did not intend to attempt an\\nescape, by his bearing soon found advocates, who\\nbegan the counter cries of give him a chance!\\nlet him have a fair trial! etc., until the excitement\\nsomewhat abated. Though the homicide was com-\\nmitted outside of the jurisdiction of El Dorado\\nCounty, it was much more convenient to go to\\nColoma than to Nicolaus, and thither went Rico\\nfor an officer, who subsequently came and took\\nWalker away. Nothing was done to him by way of\\npunishment, however, but he thought best to dispose\\nof his few goods on the bar as soon as possible,\\nwhich he did, and left.\\nCHAPTER X V 1 11\\nORGANIZATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT.\\nThe Government Before the Conquest Colonial Ooveruors of\\nCalifornia The Government Ad Interim The Military\\nGovernors of California Calling a Constitutional Conven-\\ntion Meeting of the Convention Delegates from .Sacra-\\nmento District First State Election Organization of Coun-\\nties .Sutter County .Story of a Navigable Streiim Elec-\\ntion of County Officers The First Se. ssion of Court The\\nCourt House at Oro Election for Countj .Seat Story by\\nJudge Keyser Permanent Homes Appear The (Jovern-\\nmental Organization.\\nThe population of California in the fall of 1849\\nwas believed to considerably exceed 100,000, mostly\\ncomposed of the arrivals during the year, and a still\\nlarger immigration was expected the succeeding\\nyear. This placed the countrj- above the rank of\\na Territory, as then established by the relative sys-\\ntem of Congressional representation, and entitled it\\nto the full dignity of Statehood. With such a popu-\\nlation, far removed from the central power, the organ-\\nization of a Government was a duty and a necessity.\\nFollowing the conquest the country had been\\nunder a Military Government, with such laws as", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "90\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ncould be adopted from the Spanish Codes and Amer-\\nican customs in vogue among the people. With\\nthe new immigration local governmental organiza-\\ntions were effected, laws made and courts held. Jus-\\ntice, rather than technicalities, formed the basis of\\ntheir jurisprudence, and by prompt execution of\\nsentences, whether by formal courts, courts impro-\\nvised for the occasion, or general expression of the\\npeople present, order was maintained and the rights\\nof individuals observed.\\nTHE GOVERNMENT BEFORE THE CONQUEST.\\nLaw may be said to have been introduced into\\nAlta California in 1769, when the Franciscan Padres,\\nunder the leadership of Father Junipero Serra,\\nfounded the Mission of San Diego. The Padres had\\nfull control of the Mission settlements, and admin-\\nistered justice in the manner best calculated to\\nfurther the interests of their religion and govern-\\nment. Later, when pueblos were established, justice\\nwas administered by an Alcalde, whose authority\\nand that of the other civil officers gradually\\nencroached upon the jurisdiction of the Padres,\\nuntil tinall) when the Missions were secularized, the\\ncivil power obtained supreme control, its authority\\nextending along the whole coast, and as far inland\\nas the military arm had strength to carry it.\\nUnder the Mexican laws of 1837 the courts of\\nAlta California were established under the following\\nform: The highest court, having an appellate juris-\\ndiction and corresponding in character to our\\nSupreme Court, consisted of four Judges and an\\nAttorney-General, and was divided into first and\\nsecond benches, the three senior Judges composing\\nthe first, and the junior the second. The first bench\\nwas called the Court of the Third Instance, and its\\ndecisions were final. Appeals lay to this court from\\nthe second bench, or Court of Second Instance. The\\nlatter court had first jurisdiction \u00c2\u00a9f appeals from\\nthe Court of the First Instance, the highest local\\ncourt then existing, and having somewhat the\\npowers of our Superior Court. It became customary\\nfor the First Alcalde to exercise the duties of Judge\\nof the Court of the First Instance. The lesser mag-\\nistrates consisted of the Alcaldes and Justices of\\nthe Peace, whose duties very closely corresponded\\nto those of our justices.\\nCalifornia was denominated a Department and\\ndivided into districts and partidos. There was a\\nGovernor appointed by the President of Mexico, who\\nalso was commander of the military forces, a Secre-\\ntary, Departmental, or Territorial Legislature, a\\nFiscal Prefect, and Sub-Prefects to execute the laws,\\nand for town governments an Alcalde, who was\\nMayor and Magistrate, and Ayuntamientos, or Town\\nCouncils. The Legislature, or Departmental Assem-\\nbly, consisted of seven members and held their\\nsessions at Monterej^, the Capital. The next highest\\npolitical officers to Governor were the Prefects, the\\njurisdiction of each, respectively, was a district.\\nThe Sub-Prefects had jurisdiction over partidos. The\\nDepartment of California was divided into three\\ndistricts, the third comprising the Sacramento\\nValley, or entire northern part of the Department.\\nCapt. John A. Sutter was appointed Alcalde and\\nCommandant of the district by Governor Michelto-\\nrena. The Mexican Congress had decreed, in 1843,\\nthat there should be no Courts of Second and Third\\nInstance in California, and the Governor was ordered\\nto take care that justice is punctually and com-\\npletely administered in First Instance, by Judges of\\nthat grade, if there be such, or by Alcaldes or Jus-\\ntices of the Peace. This arbitrary order compli-\\ncated matters very much, when, under American\\nrule, the acts of Alcaldes, acting as Judges, came\\nunder the review of the United States Courts.\\nCOLONIAL GOVERNORS OP CALIFORNIA.\\nL pon the first colonization of California by the\\nFranciscan Fathers, under Junipero Serra, in 1767,\\nSpain ruled in Mexico, being represented by a\\nViceroy, and through him appointed the Governors.\\nThe first Governor of Alta California was Gasper\\nde Portala, appointed in 1767 and held office until\\n1771.\\nFelipe Barri, from 1771 to December, 1774.\\nFelipe de Neve, from December, 1774, to Septem-\\nber, 1782.\\nPedro Pages, from September, 1782, to September\\n1790.\\nJose Antonio Eomen, from September, 1790, to\\nApril, 1792.\\nJose Joaquin de Arrillaga, from April, 1792, to\\nMay, 1794.\\nDiego de Borica, from May, 1794, to 1800.\\nJose Joaquin de Arrillaga, from 1800 to 1814.\\nJose Arguello, from 1814 to 1815.\\nPablo Vincente de Sola, from 1815 to November.\\n1822.\\nThe Mexican Revolution in 1822 severed the coun-\\ntry from Spain, and after that date the Governors\\nof California held their office by Mexican appoint-\\nment.\\nPablo Vincente de Sola continued in office until\\n1823.\\nLuis Arguello, from 1823 to June, 1825.\\nJose Maria Echeandia, from June, 1825, to Janu-\\nary, 1831.\\nManuel Victoria, from January, 1831, to January,\\n1832.\\nPio Pico, from January, 1832, to January, 1833.\\nJose Figueroa, from January, 1833, to August,\\n1835.\\nJose Castro, from August, 1835, to January, 1836.\\nNicolas Gutierrez, from January-, 1836, to May,\\n1836.\\nMariano Chico, 1836.\\nNicolas Gutierrez, 1836.\\nJuan B. Alvarado, from 1836 to December, 1842.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT.\\n91\\nManuel Micheltoi ena, from December, 1842, to\\nFebruary, 1845.\\nPio Pico, from 1845 to the conquest in 1846.\\nTHE GOVERNMENT AD INTERIM.\\nThe Military Governors after the American con-\\nquest endeavored to establish courts under the Mex-\\nican system, and they answered the temporary\\npurpose, where good sense and honest intent\\nrather than the technicalities of legal forms or the\\ninapplicable doctrine of stare decisis governed the\\nofficers, judge or jury.\\nThe first Magistrate, as has been stated, of t*^\u00c2\u00ae\\nSacramento District, was Captain Sutter. After the\\nconquest John Sinclair was appointed Alcalde, and\\nheld the office until the fall of 1848, when Franklin\\nBates was elected First Alcalde and John S. Fowler\\nSecond Alcalde. Their jurisdiction extenled from\\nthe Cosumnes River to the northern extreme of the\\nState, including the valley of the Sacramento and\\nthe mountains sloping to it. The code of laws they\\nwere acting under, or by what form or authority,\\nthey hardly knew, but mixed the Spanish and Amer-\\nican as they deemed fit; certainly there was a form\\nof law, and it was generally respected as such. The\\ndistrict was populated almost exclusively by Ameri-\\ncans, who are too strongly attached to law and order,\\nto continue long under an indefinite sj^stem. To\\nsupply a partial remedy, a Board of (Commissioners\\nwas selected early in the spring of 1849, at Sutter s\\nFort, to frame a code of laws lor the district. This\\nwas the first step to American government in the\\nSacramento Valley. The following-named gentle-\\nmen were chosen Samuel Brannan, Jacob R. Snyder,\\nSlater, Samuel J. Hensley, James King. W. B.\\nCheever, M. M. Carver, John McDougal, Barton Lee,\\nA. P. Petit, Dr. Carpenter, J. B. Southard and John\\nS. Fowler. This commisssion met under a largo oak\\ntree on the bank of the Sacramento River, where\\nnow terminates I Street, Sacramento City, and pre-\\nsented their plan and form of government. This\\nprovided for the election of one Alcalde and a Sheriff,\\nto have jurisdiction throughout the district, embrac-\\ning an area of about 36,000 square miles.. The elec-\\ntion was held, and Henry A. Schoolcraft was elected\\nAlcalde and A. M. Turner, Sheriff this constituting\\nthe first American judiciary in northern California,\\ncontinuing in authority until the fall of 1849.\\nTHE MILITARY OOVERNORS OF CALIFORNIA.\\nThe organization of a government for California\\nhad been a theme of animated discussion during the\\nsession of Congress of 1848-9, but no Territorial bill\\nwas passed, and it was left under military authority,\\nthe commanding officer being ex officio Governor,\\nthe first being Com. John D. Sloat, who hoisted\\nthe flag at Monterey, July 7, 1846. Commodore\\nStockton, who had succeeded Commodore Sloat in\\nJuly, issued his proclamation as Governor at Los An-\\ngeles, August 17, 1846. When the conquest was con-\\nsidered as complete, in January, 1847, he appointed\\nJohn C. Fremont Military Governor of the country.\\nAfter the aiu-ival of General Stephen Kearny, a\\ndispute arose between him and Stockton as to\\nthe right to command, but on the 1st of March,\\n1847, General Kearny assumed command and with\\nit the Governorship. He, leaving soon after, ap-\\npointed Col. Richard B. Mason to the position on the\\nSlst of May, and he held the office until the arrival\\nof Gen. Pensifer F. Smith, February 28, 1849. Smith\\nwas succeeded on the 13th of April following by Gen.\\nBennett Riley.\\nCALLING A CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.\\nJune 3, 1849, General Riley, as Governor of fJaii-\\nfornia, issued a proclamation recommending the\\nformation of a State or Territorial government.\\nThe first day of August was set for the election of\\ndelegates to the proposed Convention, and for filling\\nany vacancies existing in the offices. One Judge for\\nthe Superior Court was to be voted for in the Dis-\\ntricts of Sonoma, Sacramento and San Joaquin, and\\nthe persons chosen, if qualified, were to be appointed\\nby the Governor, the office, by law, being filled by\\ngubernatorial appointment. The District of Sacra-\\nmento included that part of the State east of the\\nSacramento River and north of the Cosumnes. To\\nthis district four delegates were attached, but Gov-\\nernor Riley, in his proclamation, had given permis-\\nsion for any district to elect supernumeraries, if it\\nthought itself entitled to more representatives, and\\nleft the question of admitting these gentlemen to the\\ndecision of the Convention. The delegates chosen\\nfrom this district were John A. Sutter, Jacob R.\\nSnyder, VVinfield Scott Sherwood, and W. E. Shan-\\nnon, and as supernumeraries, John. S. Fowler, L. \\\\V.\\nHastings, John McDougal, E. O. Crosby, M. M. Mc-\\nCarver, John Bidwell, W. Blackburn, James Queen,\\nR. M. Jones, W. Lacy and C. E. Picket.\\nMEETING OF THE CONVENTION.\\nThe Convention was called to meet at Monterey,\\nSeptember 1, 1849, which being on Saturday, and\\nthe requisite number not present, an adjournment\\nwas made until the following Monday September\\n3d. Of the fifteen delegates elected, only eight were\\npresent and partook of the duties and honors of\\nforming the Constitution.\\nDELEGATES FROM SACRAMENTO DISTRICT.\\nThe following homographic chart shows the rep-\\nresentation of the Sacramento District in the Consti-\\ntutional Convention, assembled at Monterey in 1849:\\nNAME.\\nJacob R. Snvdbr\\nWlNFIRLD S. SHK.RWOOD.\\nL. W. HASTlSGa\\nJohn A. SurrER\\nJohn McDougal\\nE. O. Crosby\\nM. M. McCarvbr..\\nVV. E. SUA.NNOS\\nLA8T\\nTOWN\\nM\\nPhiladelphia\\nI enn... Sac\\n4 years\\nX:\\n.Sandv Hill..\\nN. Y..,.\\nMor. Is.\\n4 mos.\\nan\\nKnox CO.\\nOhio...\\nSutter\\n6 years\\n4T\\nSwitzerland\\nMissouri\\nSutter\\n10 years\\n3S\\nOhio...\\nIndiana.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Sutter\\n7 mus.\\n34\\nTomp s Co.\\nN. Y...\\nVernon\\n7 mos\\ni-/\\nKentucky...\\nOregon..\\nSacto.\\n3 years\\n27\\nIreland\\nN. Y...\\nColoma\\n3 years\\nMirv r.\\nLawyer.\\nLawyer\\nFanner.\\nMerchL", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "02\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe Coiiv^ention was composed of forty-seven\\nmembers. Robert Semple was President, William G.\\nMarcy, Secretary, Caleb Lyons, of Lyonsdale, Assis-\\ntant Secretary and designer of the seal, and J. Ross\\nBrowne wasshort-hanJ reporter. After an industrious\\nand harmonious session of six weeks, the Convention\\ncompleted its labors, and adjourned on the 13th of\\nOctober. The Constitution was mostly made up by\\nselections from the Constitutions of other States,\\nthat of the recently organized State of Iowa furnish-\\ning the model. Notwithstanding a majority of the\\nConvention were from the South, or slave-holding\\nStates, they unanimously voted to prohibit the intro-\\nduction of slavery in California. There were, how-\\never, heavy restrictions upon the liberty and progress\\nof the colored i-ace. This was, then, a wiiite man s\\ngovernment. The principal question creating dis-\\ncussion was the subject of taxation. The two great\\ninterests were mining and stock-raising; giving rise\\nto the appellations of Mining Counties and Cow\\nCounties. The stock-raisers carried their points\\nby inserting the clause that all property shall be\\ntaxed according to its value. This proved a most\\nimportant and comprehensive clause, preventing the\\nexemption of any property not protected from taxa-\\ntion bv the Constitution and Laws of the United\\nStates. San Jose was made the capital.\\nThe Constitution was regarded as one of the best\\nof the United States at that time, but the judicial sys-\\ntem was cumbersome and expensive, and it allowed\\ngreat latitude to the Legislature, which, it was after-\\nwards found, generally went to the extremes of their\\nConstitutional permits, and a more binding instru-\\nment was demanded. The Constitution was sub-\\nmitted to a vote of the people on the 13th of Novem-\\nber, 18-19, and adopted by an almost unanimous\\nvote, being 12,064 for and 811 against it.\\nFIRST STATE ELECTION.\\nAt the same election the officers provided by the\\nConstitution were voted for. The candidates for\\nGovernor were Peter H. Burnett and John A. Sutter,\\nthe first receiving 6,710 votes and the latter 2,201.\\nJohn McDougal was elected Lieutenant-Governor;\\nWilliam Van Voorhies, Secretary of State; Richard\\nRoman, Treasurer; J. S. Houston, Controller; Ed. J.\\nC. Kewen, Attoriiej--General; Charles J. Whiting,\\nSurveyor-General; S. C. Hastings, Chief Justice; J.\\nA. Lyon and Nathaniel Bennett, Associate Justices.\\nEdward Gilbert and George W. Wright were elected\\nto Congress. Sacramento District elected John Bid-\\nwell, Elisha O. Crosby, Thomas J. Green and Henry\\nE. Robinson, Senators, and John Bigler, P. B. Corn-\\nwall, E. W. McKinstry, Madison Walthall, John F.\\nWilliams, H. C. Cardwell, John T. Hughes, George\\nB. Tingley, Thomas J. White, W. G. Deal and Thos.\\nJ. Henley to the Assembly, the latter elected in\\nMarch, 1850, in place of Cornwall, who had resigned\\nJanuary 28th. The Constitution provided that in\\ncase of its adoption the officers chosen should enter\\nupon their duties on the fifteenth of December,\\nwithout waiting for the action of Congress. On the\\n20th Governor Riley issued an order relinquishing\\nthe administration of civil aifairs; and thus Califor-\\nnia took upon herself the character of a State with-\\nout having passed through thepreparatory condition\\nof a Territory. The Legislature consisted of sixteen\\nSenators and thirty-seven Assemblymen. This Leg-\\nislature elected Wm. M. Gwin and John C. Fremont\\nUnited States Senators.\\nORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES.\\nThe Legislature passed an Act, approved February\\n18, 1850, segregating the State into twenty-seven\\ncounties, the names of which were as follows: San\\nDiego, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo,\\nMonterey, Braneiforte (Santa Cruz), Santa Clara,\\nSan Francisco, Marin, Contra Costa, Sonoma, Solano,\\nYolo, Napa, Mendocino, Sacramento, El Dorado,\\nSutter, Yuba, Butte, Colusa (attached to Butte for\\njudicial purposes), Shasta, Trinity, Calaveras, San\\nJoaquin, Tuolumne and Mariposa.\\nSUTTER COUNTY.\\nSutter County included within its limits that por-\\ntion of territory, subsequently organized into Placer\\nCounty, as was southwest of a line running from a\\npoint on Bear River, six miles from its mouth, in a\\ndirect course to the junction of the north and middle\\nforks of the American River. All the region east\\nof that line belonged to Yuba County. That portion\\ncontaining the principal population, including\\nAuburn, was in Sutter County, and a place called\\nOro, on Bear River, two miles from the junction of\\nBear and Feather Rivers, was the county seat. This\\nwas a town on paper. At that time there were\\nmany grand cities of the same class on all the\\nstreams of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys,\\nwith their broad streets, plazas, Court House and\\nCapitol squares, school and university blocks, and\\nall the plans of a great metropolis. This city was\\nthe property of Gen. Thomas Jeff erson Green, who\\nwas one of the Senators representing the district,\\nwho by his ability and tact induced the Legislature\\nto declare Oro the county seat. Auburn was then a\\nbusy town, and with Nicolaus, Vernon and Yuba\\nCity, was a candidate for the county seat.\\nSTOBV OF A NAVIGABLE STREAM.\\nA pleasant story, illustrative of Senator Green s\\nmodus operandi, in connection with the history of\\nthat contest, was related by Judge P. W. Kej-ser in\\nhis centennial address at Nicolaus July 4, 1876:\\nBear Creek or river, as it was sometimes called\\nwas, in those days, a small but prettj- stream, quietly\\nand lazily wandering through the foot-hills and down\\nto the plains where it meandered between well-\\ndefined and well-wooded banks, its calm flow dis-\\nturbed and impeded by trees and underbrush growing\\nthickly in the midst of its clear waters, to Feather\\nRiver, with which it formed a junction at a mile\\nor two above Nicolaus. Of course it was un nav-\\nigable, except to light row boats, and not to them in\\nlow water, while the large river steamers, of which\\nthe largest and finest at that time was named the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT.\\n93\\nSeriator, could, even at the highest water, scarcely\\napproach the mouth. Green, however, in describ-\\ning, during the discussion of the county seat ques-\\ntion, tlie advantages of his town of Oro, spoke of\\nthe splendid river on which it was situated, the\\nwaters of which (he asserted), when at the lowest\\nstage of a long and dry summer, could be easily\\nnavigated. A brother Senator, who knew Green s\\nweakness for hyperbole, interrupted by asking him\\nif he meant to say that the river steamers could nav-\\nigate Bear River at its lowest stage of water. I\\nmean to say, replied Green, that the Senator can\\nnavigate itat any timeof the year. After adjourn-\\nment some one accused him of having, to put it\\nmildly, stretched the truth in saying that a steamer\\nlike the Senator could navigate Bear River. I\\nnever said, answered Green, that the steamer S ;n-\\nator could. I said the Senator could, but I meant\\nthe Senator who had asked the impertinent ques-\\ntion.\\nELECTION OP COUNTY OFFICERS.\\nThe Legislature named the first Monday in April,\\n1850, for the election of county officers. The records\\nof this election are very meager, but from various\\nminute-books, dockets, assessment rolls, etc., it is\\nmade known that the following-named pei sons held\\nthe various offices: County Judge, Gordon N. Mott,\\nCounty Attorney, \\\\V. Fisher; County Clerk, T. B.\\nReardan; Sheriff, John Pole; Recorder, George Pier-\\nson; Treasurer, Willard Post; Assessor, William H.\\nMonroe.\\nP. W. Thomas and Tallman H. Rolfe were Jus-\\ntices of the Peace and Associate Judges of the Court\\nof Sessions.\\nTHE FIRST SESSION OF COURT.\\nThe first meeting of the Court of Sessions was\\nheld June 10, 1850, at Oro, the county seat, with\\nCounty Judge Gordon N. Mott i residing; P. W.\\nThomas and T. H. Rolfe, Associate Justices, and T.\\nB. Reardan, Cierk. The first entry of proceedings\\non that day was as follows;\\nUpon it appearing to the Court that thei-e were\\nnot proper and necessary accommodations and build-\\nings at Oro, the county seat, for the offices of the\\nseveral county officers who are by law required to\\nkeep their offices open, it is ordered that, for the\\nfuture, and until such buildings can be procured at\\nthe county seat, the courts and county offices shall\\nbe held and kept open at Nicolaus, being the next\\nnearest point where such buildings can be procured;\\nand the Clerk of said court is ordered to give notice\\nof the above order.\\nThere being no more business before the court\\nto-day. it is adijourned to meet at Nicolaus to-morrow\\nat 10 o clock A. M.\\nAt a special meeting of the court, held at Nicolaus\\nthe next day, it was ordered that a poll-tax of three\\ndollars be levied upon each male inhabitant over\\ntwenty-one and under fifty years of age; and that\\na tax of twenty-five cents upon each $100 worth of\\nreal or personal property in the county this tax to\\nbe levied and raised for county expenditures.\\nTHE COURT HOUSE AT ORO.\\nWhether the order of adjournment was formally\\nmade and recorded in the Court House at Oro, or\\nafter the meeting in more comfortable quarters at\\nNicolaus, is a doubtful question. The following\\ndescription of that famous county seat and the\\nadjournment of the court are from the address of\\nJudge Keyser, from which quotations have been\\npreviously made:\\nOro, however, enjoyed the honor if it enjoyed it\\nat all but a short time. There was not a house nor\\na building in the town for any purpose, much less\\nfor holding court, the transaction of county business,\\nand the preservation of public records. Some pre-\\nparations must be made by the owners of the town\\nto enable the first term, at least, of court to be held\\nat the county seat, and to this end they erected, or\\nrather placed upon the ground, a zinc building about\\n20x20 feet in size, with a floor of rough boards, a\\nroof of zinc, and holes cut for the Court, the litigants,\\nthe witnesses, the jurors and the air to enter, but\\nwithout glass or shutters for the windows, or doors\\nfor the entrances. Not a tree or bush or shrub grew\\nnear enough to give its shade to the building. A\\nJune sun poui cd its rays upon that zinc building,\\nuntil, outside and inside, it became almost as hot as\\nthe furnace of Shadrack, Meshack and Abednego.\\nLaw and equity, lawyers and litigants, jurors and\\nwitnesses, with a spontaneity of action that would\\nastonish nothing but a salamander, rushed out of\\nand fled that building, never again to return.\\nELECTION FOR COUNTY SEAL.\\nThe mass of the population of the county was in\\nthe vicinity of Auburn, upon the north fork of the\\nAmerican River, and among the various dry diggings\\nadjacent. These demanded the removal of the\\ncounty seat, and an order was obtained for the elec-\\ntion, submitting the question to a vote of the people.\\nFour ambitious places entered the lists for the prize\\nAuburn, Nicolaus, Ophir, and Miners Hotel. A\\ncomprehensive and comprehensible history of that\\nelection it would be difficult, at this day, to write.\\nIn the preceding year elections had been held for\\ndelegates to the Constitutional Convention, for the\\nadoption of the Constitution, and for State and\\ncounty officers. The elections were conducted in the\\nsimplest and most primitive forms. Party divisions\\nwere almost unknown, there was a general fraterni-\\nzation of the people, digging gold and trading in\\nmerchandise and town lots were more profitable than\\noffice-holding, and no eflibrts were made to influence\\nor excite voters. Polling places were held whei e\\nconvenient, and it is reported that boxes were fast-\\nened to trees convenient to the roadside and passing\\ntrails, where citizens could deposit their vote or\\nexamine those which had preceded theirs. Even\\nwith this freedom from restraint, the total vote was\\nfar less than the voting population, and the elections\\nwere satisfiictoiy to all classes.\\nBut a different feeling prevailed in the election to\\ndecide the location of the county seat. It was in\\n1850, the population had increased, and the glamor\\nof gold mining had worn off. All were ripe for fun\\nor excitement. The question was not a serious one\\nof national honor or great political principle, but a\\nrivalry between towns, and it was contested on the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "94\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\npolicj of devil take the hindmost. Each place\\nvoted to the utmost stretch of its population and\\nconscience, probably equalling the Mormon system\\nof the present day. The result was the selection of\\nAuburn as the county seat of Sutter County, by a\\nlarge majority, or as Mr. Steele, the historian of\\n1861, puts it:\\nThe favorable location of Auburn, its preponder-\\nance of population, and the inexhaustible powers of\\nvoting possessed by its citizens and partisans decided\\nthe contest in its favor by a majority considerably\\nexceeding the entire population of the county.\\nSuch a vote it would be useless to contend against,\\nand Auburn became the county seat. A Court House\\nof slight frame and canvas covering and a substan-\\ntial jail of logs were constructed. These were rude\\nstructures, but answered the temporary purpose.\\nSTORY BY JUDGE KEYSER.\\nAmong the incidents attending the removal of the\\ncounty seat is the following related by Judge Philip\\nKeyser, in his Centennial address at Nicolaus in\\n1876, which appears as characteristic of the times:\\nI wish 1 could remember the scenes and incidents\\nthat accompanied the removal of the county officers,\\ncounty records, together with the resident lawyers,\\nwho felt it to be their interest to migrate with the\\nfirst two, and to dwell within the sound of the musi-\\ncal voice of the Sheriff, as he cried Hear, yea\\nHear, j-ea from the Court House door. One cir-\\ncumstance I do remember, and that is, that the\\ncounty officials, the members of the Bar, and others\\nwho followed the removal of the county seat, were\\nreceived with open arms and a hearty welcome by\\nthe citizens of Auburn. A great dinner was given\\nto the new-comers by the leading business men of\\nthe town. Fifty or sixty, comprising merchants,\\nmechanics, miners, lawyers, and doctors sat down to\\na generously 8U])plied table, around which, after the\\ninner man had been satisfied, wine and wit, mirth\\nand laughter, circulated as freely and unembai-rassed\\nas if in their native homes. I can recall\\nthe name of one. now several years dead, who was\\nat that time a resident of Auburn, and a character\\nin that vicinity. It was Jim Crawford. He was a\\ngreat mimic and full of rough humor. 1 remember\\nthat on the occasion of which 1 have been speaking\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tim was called on for a song. He said he would\\ncomply if time was given him to send for his fiddle.\\nThis was done, and when that universally popular\\ninstrument was brought, Jim rose from his seat at\\nthe table, and standing on one foot, and placing the\\nother upon his chair, began to play in inimitable\\nstyle the Ai kansas Traveler. For more than\\nhalf an hour, alternately playing the tune, and telling,\\nin their order, the stories connected with it, he kept\\nthe table in a roar. I shall scarce forget his features,\\nespecially his eyes, when he told the story of the\\ncross-eyed man. That those orbs could resunie their\\nnatural position in his head seemed miraculous.\\nPERMANENT HOMES APPEAR.\\nThe first historical sketch of this region was pub-\\nlished in 1861, in a Directory of Placer County,\\nwritten by one who had passed the winter of 1849\\non the American River at Stony Bar, and continued\\na resident of the county during the intervening\\nyears. He says:\\nFrom the spring of 1850, may we date the begin-\\nning of permanent improvements and permanent\\nsettlements in Placer, for from that time men com-\\nmenced to have settled habitations, and some even\\nthen commenced preparations for building permanent\\nhomes for themselves and families. During the sum-\\nmer and fall of that year, the county became blessed\\nwith the presence of a number of families, some of\\nwhom came to the country overland from the\\nStates; others from foreign countries; and others\\nagain from El Dorado and other counties, where\\nthey had become too thickly settled to thrive well,\\nor, at least, where there were not as good induce-\\nments offered for permanent settlements as this\\ncounty afforded.\\nTHE GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION.\\nThe Constitution that had been adopted in 1849\\nprovided for a cumbrous and expensive system of\\ngovernment, particularly in the Judicial Depart-\\nment. The courts were divided into Supreme, Dis-\\ntrict, County, Probate, Court of Sessions, Justices\\nCourts, Recorder or Police Courts, and such munici-\\npal courts as the Legislature might determine.\\nThree Justices comprised the Supreme Courts, the one\\nhaving the shortest term to be Chief Justice. The\\nState was divided into districts for each of which\\na District Judge was elected for terms of six years.\\nThe jurisdiction of this court was very large,\\nincluding civil, chancery and criminal causes, and\\noriginal cognizance in all cases in equity, and in\\ncivil cases where the amount exceeded ?200, causes\\ninvolving the title to real property, or the validity\\nof any tax, and issues of fact joined in the Probate\\nCourt. Originally it had power to inquire into all\\ncriminal offenses by means of a Grand Jury, and try\\nindictments found by that body. In 18.31 the Leg-\\nislature took from the court its criminal jurisdiction\\nand conferred it upon the Court of Sessions, leaving\\nit the power to hear appeals from that court in\\ncriminal matters, and the power to try all indict-\\nments for murder, manslaughter, arson, and other\\ncases that could not be tried in the Court of Sessions.\\nA County Judge was elected in each county for a\\nterm of four years. He presided over the County\\nCourt, Probate Court, and the Court of Sessions,\\nwith two Justices of the Peace as Associate Judges.\\nThe Associate Judges were chosen annually by the\\nJustices of the Peace of the county from the body\\nof Justices. The County Court heard appeals from\\nthe court of a Justice of the Peace. The Court of Ses-\\nsions had jurisdiction of criminal cases, and was\\ngiven power, as the financial agent of the county,\\nwhich power was subsequently declared extra-judi-\\ncial by the Supreme Court; and Boards of Super-\\nvisors were created for that purpose. The County\\nJudge presided over the Probate Court and had\\ncharge of all probate matters.\\nBy an Amendment to the Constitution in 1863, the\\nSupreme Court was made to consist of five Justices,\\nand the Court of Sessions was abolished, and by the\\nConstitution adopted in 1879, the judicial system was\\nentirely remodeled, the Supreme Court being", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nenlarged to a Chief Justice and six Associate Jus-\\ntices, and the term made twelve years. District and\\nCounty Courts were abolished, and Superior Courts\\nestablished, there being one for each county, and one\\nor more Judges for each, as business demanded.\\nUnder the Constitution of 18-19, much was left to\\nthe discretion of the Legislature in providing officers\\nfor counties, and many changes were made from time\\nto time as the representatives of each county\\ndemanded, adjoining counties having diffei ent sys-\\ntems of county governments, as will be shown in the\\nchapter devoted to the political history of Placer.\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nORGANIZATION OF PLACER COUNTY\\nIncrease of Population The Foot-hill Towns Placer County\\nBounflaries Placer and Sutter Dividing Line Geography\\nof the County Election of Offijers Contesting the Elec-\\ntion Election of Legislative Officers Attempt to Divide\\nthe County Opposition Aroused Dutch i lat Opposition\\nThe Washington County Advocates Meeting at Yankee\\nJim s Conventionat Wisconsin Hill The Bmndary Line\\nA Bear River Growl Revival of the Washington County\\nScheme Granite County Donner County,\\nThe population of the mining region rapidly\\nincreased during the summer and fall of 1850, extend-\\ning farther into the mountains, and occupying the\\nravines and deep canons of the Sierra. The county\\nof Yuba embraced all the upper country from El\\nDorado to Butte, and the county seat, Marysville,\\nwas distant and off the usual routes of travel from\\nthis section, while Auburn, the county seat of Sutter\\nmust be passed through in reaching it. The towns\\nof Todd s Valley, Forest Hill, Yankee Jim s, Bath,\\nElizabethtown, Bird s Valley, Wisconsin Hill, lUi-\\nnoistown, and others in the canons and on the bars\\nof the American and Bear Rivers, were prosperous\\nand populous in 1850 and 1851, and were all in Yuba\\nCounty. From the isolation of these localities, and\\ndistance from the county seat, the citizens had little\\nto do with county matters, seldom seeing any other\\nofficer than the Assessor and Tax Collector.\\nTHE FOOT-HILL TOWNS.\\nThe Sutter County portion, the county seat in\\n1850 being at Auburn, had political recognition in\\nthe appointment of election precincts at Auburn,\\nSpanish Corral, Miners Hotel, Mormon Bar, Horse-\\nshoe Bar, Half-way House and Beal s Bar. Elisha\\nO. Crosby was elected iSenator from Sutter and Yuba,\\nand Joseph AV. McCorkle was Assemblyman. The\\nnecessitj for the reorganization of the counties as\\nmade by the Legislature of 1849 and 50 was appar-\\nent, and on April 25, 1851, an Act was passed\\ndividing the State into counties, and repealing the\\nAct of the previous year. By this Act the counties\\nof Placer, Nevada and Klamath were created.\\nPLACER COUNTY BOUNDARIES.\\nThe boundaries of Placer were described as fol-\\nlows:\\nBeginning on the Sacramento River at the north-\\nwest corner of Sacramento County, and running\\nthence up the middle of said river, to a point ten\\nmiles below the junction of Sacramento and Feather\\nRivers; thence in a northerly direction in a straight\\nline, to a point in the middle of Bear Creek opposite\\nCamp Far West, thence up the middle of said creek\\nto its source; thence due east to the State line;\\nthence southerly on the State line to the northeast-\\nerly corner of El Dorado County; thence westerly\\non the northerly line of El Dorado County, to the\\njunction of the north and south forks of the Ameri-\\ncan River; thence westerly on the northerly line of\\nSacramento County to the place of beginning. The\\ncounty seat was fixed by the same Act at Auburn,\\nPLACER AND SDTTEE DIVIDING LINE.\\nThe dividing line between Placer and Sutter\\nCounties was for a number of years a subject of con-\\ntroversy and uncertainty. The western line from\\nSacramento County, and running thence up the\\nmiddle of the Sacramento River, to a point ten miles\\nbelow the junction of Feather and Sacramento\\nRivers, was reported by a county Surveyor as\\nimpossible, as the northwest corner of Sacramento\\nCounty was of itself, nearer than ten miles of the\\njunction of those rivers, so the county had no start-\\ning point, or merely coming to the river at a point,\\nthence in a straight line to Camp Far West. When\\nthe countiy became settled, this indefinite line gave\\ngreat trouble to the Assessors and other county\\nofficers, and several Acts were passed to remedy the\\ndifficulty, but it was not until after the lines of the\\nUnited States Land Survey were adopted by the\\nAct approved March 13, 1866, that the question was\\nsatisfactorily settled. This Act was adopted by the\\nCodes, taking effect January 1. 1873, making the\\nboundaries as follows:\\nBeginning on the southwest corner at a point\\nwhere the west line of range 5 east, Mount Diablo\\nmeridian, intersects the northern line of Sacramento\\nCounty, as established in Section 3,928; thence\\nnorth to the northwest corner of township 12 north,\\nrange 5 east, thence east to the southwest corner of\\nsection 34, township 13 north, range 5 east; thence\\nnorth to Bear River; thence on the southerly line\\nof Nevada County, up said river to its source; thence\\neast in a direct line to the eastern line of the State\\nof California, forming the northeast corner; thence\\nsoutherly along said line to the northeast corner of\\nEl Dorado County, as established in section 3,927\\n(said northeast corner of El Dorado being a point\\non the State line directly east of Sugar Pine Point\\non Lake Tahoe); thence westerly on the northern\\nlines of El Dorado and Sacramento, as established\\nin sections 3,927 and 3,928, to place of beginning.\\nGEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY.\\nGeographically it is bounded on the north by Yuba\\nand Nevada, east by the State of Nevada, south by\\nEl Dorado and Sacramento, and west by Sutter;", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "96\\nHISTORY OF PLA.CER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nalthough its irregular shape makes Nevada a west-\\nern boundary, and El Dorado an eastern boundarj\\nto a large portion. The county has a northeast and\\nsouthwest trend, with an exti-eme length of about\\neight3 -five miles, and a width var^ ing from eight\\nmiles in its central portion to twenty-three at either\\nend, giving it an area of 1,386 square miles. The\\nterritory includes every variety of climate, soil, and\\nproductions. Altitude and not latitude govern its\\nisothermal lines, and with the climate every change\\noccurs, from the semi-troj^ic plains, to the everlasting\\nsnow and ice of the mountain peaks.\\nIn its topography the country is as irregular as\\nin its outline. From the valley of the Sacramento,\\nthirty feet above the sea, where perennial verdure\\nand semi-tropic fruits gladden the eye, it rises in\\none grand swell to the summit of the Sierra Nevada,\\nembracing Twin, Granite Chief, Tinker, Lincoln, and\\nDonner Peaks, which stud the crest of the lofty\\nrange, glistening in their white mantle of snow\\n9,000 feet in the sky. East of the great dividing\\nchain the county extends sixteen miles, including in\\nthe section the source and fourteen miles of the\\nvalley of the Truckee River, and three-sevenths of\\nthe area of Lake Tahoe. In the valley of the Sac-\\nramento the county covers about 216 square miles;\\nin the foot-hills and mountain valleys adapted to\\ntillage and horticulture, 200 more; in Lake Tahoe,\\n!tO, and the remainder, 880 square miles, includes\\nthe mountain ridges, deep caiions, snowy peaks,\\nrivers, and mountain lakes. The area susceptible of\\nprofitable viticulture, horticulture, or tillage of some\\ncharacter, can be estimated only after an industri-\\nous and thrifty people have, with judgment and\\nexperiment, essayed the task. The valley portion\\nis an open plain, bordered by white oaks along the\\nfoot-hills and the streams, and as the elevation\\nincreases the nut pine is interspersed with the oak,\\nwhile the loftier mountains and the canons are\\ndensely clad with black oak, pines of many classes,\\nfir, spruce, nutmeg, cedar, tamarack, madrona, yew,\\nalder, cottonwood, aspen, birch, manzanita, and\\nother trees and shrubs in great varietj constituting\\none of the grandest forest regions of America.\\nThe mountain region is seamed with deep gorges,\\nthrough which flow rapid torrents, some bearing\\nthe name of rivers. The principal of these are:\\nBear River, rising in Bear Yalley, about twelve\\nmiles west of the summit of the Sierra, and forming,\\nfrom its source, the northern boundary of the county,\\ndividing it from Nevada Uountj-. having a length of\\nabout seventy-five miles, emptying into Feather\\nRiver. The first thirty miles of its course is south-\\nwest, thence nearly west to its embouchure. The\\nvolume of water varies with the season, at times of\\nflood carrying the volume of a navigable river in\\na mad, raging torrent; and in seasons of drought\\ndying away in the valley without force to reach its\\nmouth. Such, at least, was the condition of Bear\\nRiver before the mining debris filled its bed and\\nmining ditches swelled its summer waters from other\\nstreams.\\nThe north fork of the American River, with its\\nbranches, the Middle Fork and the Rubicon, consti-\\ntute the southern boundaiy of the county from the\\njunction of the South Fork to where the Rubicon\\ncrosses the line extending east from Sugar Pine\\nPoint on the shore of Lake Tahoe. The Rubicon\\nhas its source among the rugged gi-anite peaks and\\nsnow-clad gorges of the mountain ridge that divides\\nthe western flow from Lake Tahoe, and gathers\\nfrom many picturesque lakes and babbling brooks\\na large volume of water before it joins with Greeley\\nCreek, Five-Lake Creek, Little South Fork, Long\\nCanon Creek, Pilot Creek, middle fork of the Middle\\nFork, and north fork of the Middle Fork, to make\\nthe Middle Fork at Junction Bar. Thence it bears\\nthe descriptive name until it loses itself in the main\\nNorth Fork. From its source to Junction Bar,\\nnear Michigan Bluff, the course of the stream, or\\nthat branch constituting the boundary line, is nearly\\nwest, and from the latter point to where the water\\njoins with the South Fork and makes the American\\nRiver the course is southwest. The North Fork has\\nits source in the high Sierra, from the slopes of the\\nGranite Chief and Donner Peaks, and in Soda Spring\\nValley, gathering in its course the streams of Granite\\nCanon, Big Yalley, and its several forks, flows south-\\nwesterly to its junction with the mountain stream\\nand to the Sacramento, a total course of about 100\\nmiles, including its sinuosities.\\nShirt Tail Canon flows a considerable stream\\nthrough a long, deep gorge in the center of the\\ncounty, westerly into the North Fork, receiving\\nBrushy and Devil s Caiion Creeks in its course.\\nEl Dorado Canon Creek flows south into the north\\nfork of the Middle Fork.\\nHumbug Creek rises near the head of El Dorado\\nCaiion and flows northerly into the south fork of\\nthe North Fork.\\nIndian Creek flows into a caiion of the same name\\nbetween Iowa Hill and Wisconsin Hill, westerly\\ninto the North Fork a few miles northwest of Shirt\\nTail Canon.\\nLady s Caiion, Yolcano Caiion, Black Caiion, Blue\\nCanon, and Canon Creek are names of mountain\\ncaiions and streams in the upper part of the county.\\nIn the foot-hills are Auburn, Dutch, Baltimore,\\nSecret, Buckeye, and Indian Ravines, Dry and\\nCoon Creeks and other depressions carrying water,\\nonce noted for their wealth of gold, and now the\\nfield of agricultural enterprise and homes of pros-\\nperous content. Such is the region of which the\\nLegislature of 1851 created the county of Placer.\\nELECTION OF OFFICERS.\\nWith the creation of the county an Act was\\npassed, approved April 28, 1851, to provide for its\\norganization. In the Act were included the organ-\\nization of Nevada, Trinity and Klamath Counties.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "E. Hale.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n97\\nThis Act ordered an election to bo held in Placer and\\nNevada Counties, for county and township officers,\\non the fourth Monday- of May of the same j ear,\\nand appointing J. D. Fry, Joseph Walkup, William\\nGwynn, H M. House, and Jonathan Roberts, of\\nAuburn, in Placer County, a Board of Commission-\\ners to designate election precincts, to receive and\\ncount the votes, and to issue commissions to the offi-\\ncers elected.\\nThe election occurred on the 2Gth of May, two\\nda3-s before the approval of the bill by the Governor,\\nresulting in the choice of the following gentlemen\\nto fill the various offices; Hugh Fitzsimmons, Count}\\nJudge; Samuel C. Astin, Sheriff; R. D. Hopkins,\\nDistrict Attorney; James T. Stewart, Clerk; Alfred\\nLewis, Assessor; Douglas Bingham, Treasurer;\\nAbram Bronk, Public Administrator; John C. Mont-\\ngomeiy. Coroner. The total number of votes cast,\\nor allowed, was 2,792.\\nCONTESTING THE ELECTION.\\nThe vote at some of the camps and towns was\\nsurprisingly large; especiallj at precincts where\\nresided some favorite candidate who aspired to offi-\\ncial honors. The loose system of voting established\\nin 1849, when, trusting in every man s honesty, bal-\\nlot-boxes were suspended to trees by the roadside as\\nmost convenient to the passing voter, had invited\\ndishonest men to take advantage of the confidence\\nreposed in all, and the ballot-box was no longer held\\nsacred nor strictly guarded. Some precincts with\\nhardly a score of citizens would cast several hundred\\nvotes, and send in the returns as a good joke. The\\nfirst election in Placer was contested by some of the\\ndefeated candidates, tradition says, on the strength\\nof these abnormally large votes, but there are no\\nrecords extant showing such to be the case. Hiram\\nR. Hawkins was a resident of Deadman s Bar, and\\nwished to be County Clerk. The records show that\\nhe received 9(51 votes, while Stewart had 1,118, these\\nbeing the highest two of the four candidates, lu\\nall probability the dead men of that bar arose en\\nmasse and voted for the popular candidate strong\\nenough to have given him a large majority over all\\nthe others. Horace Davenport of Rattlesnake Bar\\nhas recorded in his favor 763 votes for County\\nJudge, and he contested the election of Fitzsim-\\nmons, who had received 1,261; and Abram Bronk, of\\nHorseshoe Bar, having received 818 votes for County\\nTreasurer, contested the right of Bingham with\\n1,151 votes to the office on the ground of fraud in\\nthe returns, and upon a rehearing by the Commis-\\nsioners, fraud was shown and the contestants were\\ndeclared entitled to their respective offices.\\nThe proceedings of the Commissioners were, how-\\never, declared void by the District Court, and Fitz-\\nsimmons held his seat as Judge, while Stewart\\nappointed Hawkins his deputj and Bingham s death\\noccurring on the very day of the trial, Bronk was\\nappointed Treasurer by the Court of Sessions.\\nThese officers were elected to hold until succeeded by\\nthose elected at the general election of September,\\n1852, excepting the County Judge who held office\\nfor four years.\\nELECTION OF LEGISLATIVE OFFICERS.\\nThe general election of 1851 was held on the\\n3d of September, at which Gen. Jacob Frj- was\\nelected Senator; Patrick Canney and J. H. Gibson,\\nAssemblymen; Abram Bronk, Treasurer; Jona-\\nthan Roberts, Public Administrator, and S. B. Far-\\nwell, District Judge, for the Eleventh Judicial Dis-\\ntrict, comprising the counties of Placer, Yolo and Fl\\nDorado.\\nIn the election for the first officers in the organi-\\nzation of the county no party lines wei e drawn.\\nThe two great parties of the Nation were then\\nstyled Democrat and Whig, and members of either\\nparty were elected to the offices. In the fall election\\nfor members of the Legislature, conventions were\\nheld and party nominations made. The Democratic\\nticket was successful by majorities ranging from 400\\nto 500, in a total vote of 1,968. The Whig ticket\\nbore the names of W. Kennister, for Senator; T.\\nBradley and D. H. Stickney, for Assemblymen; J.\\nLagdenby, for Treasurer; E. Hogan, Public Admin-\\nistrator, and E. L. Sanderson, for District Judge.\\nOn another page will be found the names of candi-\\ndates, and the votes received from the organization\\nof the county to the present time.\\nThe Court House was the same cloth and wood\\nstructure that had served the purpose for Sutter\\nCounty, and the log jail in the rear of the Court\\nHouse still continued the countj prison.\\nThe euphonious and appropriate name of Placer\\nwas given the new county from the Spanish word\\nplacer, meaning a place where gold is found in the\\ngravel or sand, as distinct from a mine, where it is\\nfound in quartz veins. Placer was, in 1851, as it is\\nat the present time, distinguished for its great extent\\nof placer mining.\\nATTEMPT TO DIVIDE THE COUNTT.\\nAs previously stated, the county is very irregular\\nin outline, narrowing in its central part to a width ot\\neight miles, while its extremes attain a width of over\\ntwenty miles. East of the junction of the north and\\nmiddle forks of the American River and embraced be-\\ntween these streams is a large and rich area of mining\\nground, where, early in the history of the county,\\ngathered a numerous and active population, among\\nwhom were many who aspired to official honors, and\\norganized for a strong effort to divide the county.\\nOf the prosperous towns of this region, called the\\nDivide, Iowa Hill was the most prominent, and,\\nin 1855, contained an energetic and ably-conducted\\nnewspaper, the Iowa Hill Sews. In the fall of 1855\\nthis paper began the agitation of the question of a\\ndivision of the county. This was argued pro and\\ncon. through the pajjcrs for several weeks, there\\nbeing at this time two pajters published at Auburn,", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "1)8\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\nthe Herald and the Press. The Legislature convened\\nin January of each year, and it was desired to get\\nthat body to act upon the subject, or, if that failed\\nto do 80, to mold the public mind so as to elect, in\\n1856, Legislators favorable to the division.\\nOPPOSITION AROUSED.\\nThe Placer Press, of December 15, 1855, comment-\\ning on the subject gave statistics showing which\\nportion of the county furnished the most revenue.\\nFrom which it was shown that the lower portion of\\nthe county had ^506,989 more taxable property than\\nthe upper portion. The lower portion paid on tax-\\nable property 819,066.39, while the proposed new\\ncounty paid only \u00c2\u00a710,701.07. Total assessed valua-\\ntion in 1855 was about Sl,800,000.\\nThe Placer //era^c?, of December 22d, says: Now\\nthen, what are the prospects for the next twelve\\nmonths? Is there any prospect for the proposed\\nnew county increasing in taxable property in the\\nsame ratio as the older portion of Placer? There is\\nnot! Already is the railroad from Sacramento to the\\nAmerican Kiver within a few miles of completion,\\nand then the company will commence constructing\\nthe road from Negro Bar across Placer County to\\nBear River, which will necessarily cause an outlay of\\nnearly a million of dollars, all in the lower portion\\nof the county, while the increase of taxable property\\nin the upper portion will not amount to 8100,000.\\nUnder these circumstances it is, beyond a doubt, the\\ninterest of the citizens of the Divide to remain\\nas they aie.\\nA correspondent of the Herald, writing from Mich-\\nigan Bluff, December 22, 1855, says: Placer County\\nis now in debt over \u00c2\u00a780,000, a part of which must, in\\njustice, bo paid by the new county, together with\\nthe expense of providing new county buildings, and\\nsupporting an entire county organization. Now,\\nwho is prepared, with but a few small mining pre-\\ncincts, to assume the burden and bear it, when at the\\nsame time it is so clearly impolitic and unneces-\\nsary\\nAt that date the principal towns to be embraced\\nin the new county were Iowa Hill, Todd s Valley.\\nForest Hill, Yankee Jim s, Michigan Bluff, Bath,\\nDamascus and Wisconsin Hill, on the Divide, and\\nIllinoistown and Dutch Flat, north of the American.\\nDUTCH FLAT OPPOSITION.\\nA correspondent from Dutch Flat in the Herald of\\nDecember 15th, says: I have noticed a communica-\\ntion in the Iowa Hill Newso^ December 1st advocat-\\ning a division of Placer County. The subject had\\nbeen spoken of here, but no one supposed it was\\nseriously entertained. I referred to the report of the\\nSupervisors of the county at the September term\\nlast, and find that the indebtedness of the county\\nis $99,557 and some cents. Now, if the county is in\\ndebt near \u00c2\u00a7100,000, how are we to relieve ourselves\\nfrom that debt? Answer: by one of three ways, to\\nwit: by an increase of the taxes, the increase of the\\namount of taxable property and population, or by\\ninsolvency and repudiation. The orders upon the\\ntreasury of the county are now worth from forty-five\\nto sixty cents on the dollar. If Placer County has\\nmade such a debt in four years, what will be the debt\\nof the new county, starting into existence with half\\nthis hanging over them and all the expenses of their\\norganization, and with less than half the taxable\\nproperty\\nTHE WASHINGTON COUNTY ADVOCATES.\\nThe Iowa Hill News, which had begun the agita-\\ntion, was iti no ways discouraged b} the arguments\\nor the ridicule brought against its favorite proposi-\\ntion. The editor, Mr. J. P. Olmstead, continued his\\nappeals, and was supported by able correspondence.\\nHe was charged with originating the scheme for the\\npurpose of getting the county patronage, and build-\\ning up his paper. With the confidence and energy\\nwith which he advocated the measure, he appeared\\nto regard it as an easy proceeding to create a furor\\nforthe new county among the people of the Divide,\\nwherein each localitj^ would have the opportunity\\nand the possible chance of becoming the county seat.\\nThe region for many miles around Iowa Hill was\\nthronged with miners, and the villages were popu-\\nlous and prosperous. No place was mentioned as\\nthe future capital; therefore, each might aspire to it,\\nwith all the glory, the increase of business, the\\nadvance in town property, and the better chance of\\nbeing elected to ofHcc.\\nThis was the bait held out to win advocates, and\\nnaturallj many of the poople favored the scheme.\\nThe argument was that the county was large and\\nunwieldy, and that the county seat was distant and\\nof difficult access, imposing great expense upon\\njurymen and witnesses, litigants and taxpayers, and\\nthat the great mileage bills of the county ofiieers\\nvisiting that section in the performance of their\\nduties imposed a burden on the people, which would\\nbe removed if the county seat were more conveni-\\nently located. The iVews gave the matter more\\npositive shape by calling a meeting of the citizens of\\nthe upper end of the county, to be held at Yankee\\nJim s on the 29th of December, 1855, to take into\\nconsideration the subject of the division of the\\ncounty.\\nMEETING AT YANKEE JIJl s.\\nThe meeting was held at Yankee Jim s on the 29th,\\nas advertised, and was attended by delegates from\\nIowa Hill and Wiscon.sin Hill, and by citizens of\\nYankee Jim s. Samuel Todd, of Yankee Jim s, a\\ngentleman favorable to the division, was elected\\nChairman. The people of the latter place were gen-\\nerally opposed to the division, or were piqued because\\nthey had not been consulted in the early stage of the\\nproceedings, and taking advantage of their numbers\\nin the Convention, carried a motion to adjourn it\\nsine die.\\nThis was very inhospitable treatment to the dele-", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION OV PLACER COUNTY.\\nno\\ngates from other towns, and they expressed their\\nindignation in resounding words. But this trick of\\nthe Yaaliee Jitn sites did not crush ont the movement\\nfor the division, nor did it convince the projectors of\\naay impropriety in their course. They expressed\\nto the people of the town that they had come in\\ngood faith, as the duly elected representatives of\\ntheir fellow-citizens, and wished to discuss, not so\\nmuch the expediencj^ of the division (as that they\\ndeemed settled), as where the dividing line should\\nbe, and they could not understand why the citizens\\nof Yankee Jim s should oppose a division, inasmuch\\nas the line which they would advocate and agree to\\nwould be likely to secure to that place the location\\nof the county seat.\\nCol. William McClure and William Duck, E^q.,\\ncitizens of Yankee Jim s, were the active opponents\\nof the scheme, and carried the day at the first meet-\\ning. Colonel McClure said the people of that place\\nhad not been consulted upon the subject, and more-\\nover were opposed to the measure as inopportune\\nand inexpedient. An agreement was concluded that\\na convention of the citizens of the Divide should\\nbe held at Wisconsin Hill on the 12th of January,\\n1856, of delegates from each election precinct, there\\nbeing one delegate from each precinct, and one for\\nevery 100 votes cast at the last general election.\\nThis Convention was to discuss the expediency of a\\ndivision as well as to recommend the boundary.\\nCONVENTION AT WISCONSIN HILL.\\nThe Convention met on the 12th of Januarj^ 1856,\\npursuant to the agreement made at Yankee Jim s.\\nThomas P. Slade was appointed Chairman and M. M.\\nRobinson, Secretary. 3Ies8rs. Rowell, Duck, Good-\\nwin, Colgan, and Bird were appointed a committee\\nto examine the credentials of delegates and report\\nupon the number each place was entitled to. Iowa\\nHill was allowed 9 votes; Wisconsin Hill, 3; Yankee\\nJim s, 4; Todd s Valley, 3; Forest Hill, 2; Smith s\\nRanch, 1; Mineral Bar, 1; Ford s Bar, 2; and Green\\nValley, 2; a total of 27 votes.\\nThe Convention was numerous!}- attended, and\\ngreat interest was taken in it by the people. The\\nquestion of the expediency of the division was dis-\\ncussed, and a resolution was offered by R. C. Poland,\\nEsq., that the county should bo divided. Upon this\\na vote was taken, as follows the delegates voting\\nby precincts: aye Iowa Hill, Wisconsin Hill, Min-\\neral Bar, Ford s Bar, and Green Valley; 17 votes;\\nnays Yankee Jim s, Todd s Valley, Forest Hill and\\nSmith s Ranch 10 votes; leaving a majority of 7 in\\nfavor of a division.\\nTHE BOUNDARY LINE.\\nThe question of the dividing line next arose, and\\na committee, consisting of Messrs. Robinson, Allen,\\nWarden, Hamlin and Lawrence, were appointed to\\nconsider and decide upon the matter. On the 2t)th\\nof January, the report is published that the com-\\nmittee appointed for the purpose had decided that\\nthe boundary line between Washington and Placer\\ncounties should commence at a point on the middle\\nfork of American River, on Poverty Bar, running\\nwesterly to Kelly s Bar, on the north fork, and thence\\nto Digger Point, on Bear River.\\nThis lino ran across the narrowest part of the\\ncounty, there about eight miles in width, the line\\nbeing between Townships No. 3 and No. 4, in the\\nvicinity of Clipper Gap, and leaving a small portion,\\nabout seven square miles, of the Divide between the\\nMiddle and North Forks in Placer County.\\nA BEAR RIVER GROWL.\\nA correspondent of the Herald writing from the\\nBear River portion of the proposed county, on the\\n30th of January, 1856, says: 1 had occasion last\\nweek to visit Iowa Hill, and then for the first time\\nlearned how anxiously a division is hoped for by an\\ninteresting band of aspiring spirits, who have already\\nsingled out the eminent men (themselves) who are\\nto fill the high positions in the new county.\\nA pity tbat our county, the third or fourth in\\npolitical importance in the State, and with an\\ninfluence which is now felt in all departments, should\\nnot be dismembered and all but obliterated for the\\npurpose of creating offices to be filled by a set of\\nsenseless drones! The thing is ridiculous. The\\ndivisionists consider that their stock has gone up 750\\nper cent, since Senator Hawthorne introduced his\\nbill to fund the debt of the county. They\\nsay that this bill postpones the payment of the pres-\\nent debt for a term of years, and when the time\\ncomes for payment of their portion, they are willing\\nto take the chances. So far as I can learn, all of\\nthis section of the county from the North Fork to\\nBear River, and from Christian Valley to Dutch\\nFlat, are opposed to both the division and the fund-\\ning of the county debt.\\nREVIVAL OP WASHINGTON COUNTY.\\nThe defeat of the project to divide the county\\nwhich originated at Iowa Hill in 1855, and was so\\nstrongly urged by the Xews, did not end Placer s\\ntroubles in that quarter. In the winter of 1858, the\\nscheme was again revived, and petitions were circu-\\nlated through the upper part of the county, to\\npresent to the Legislature then in session, praj-ing\\nfor a division of the county. At this time the divid-\\ning line was to be left to the decision of the Board\\nof Supervisors. The attempt followed the fate of its\\npredecessors.\\nOR.\\\\NITE COUNTY.\\nThe defeat of the attempt to bisect the county in\\nthe creation of Washington County in 1855-56-57-\\n58, did not end the troubles of those who contended\\nto maintain Placer s integrity. The desire of a\\nnewspaper publisher at Iowa Hill to create for him\\nself a county seat, was repeated again at Folsom.\\nThere, Mr. Peter J. Hopper was the proprietor and\\neditor of a paper, and in 1866 represented Sacramento", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "100\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nCounty in the Assembly. He had a good oppor-\\ntunity to raise a county division excitement, and to\\nbring the subject forward in the Legislature. For\\nthis purpose, early in March, 1866, he introduced a\\nbill in the Assembly to create Granite County out\\nof portions of Sacramento, El Dorado and Placer.\\nThe proposed county would have taken a strip of\\ncountry from the southwestern part of Placer, of\\nnine miles in length, and of an average width of three\\nmiles, equal to 17,280 acres, or that part of the\\ncounty south of a line running west from Carrollton,\\nthrough Roseville to section four of township 10\\nnorth, range 6 east, according to the United States\\nLand Survey. The reports at the time said the\\npeople living on the territory proposed to be trans-\\nferred, have neither expressed dissatisfaction with\\nthe present situation, or have had any part in\\nthe new movement. The whole scheme was gotten\\nup by a few ambitious gentlemen of Folsom. The\\nbill failed to become a law, and Placer retained her\\nterritory.\\nDONNER COUNTY.\\nAn effort was made before the Legislature of 1869-\\n1870 to create the county of Donner out of portions\\nof Placer, Nevada and Sierra. During the time of\\nits agitation, much was said of dividing the debts of\\nthe different counties, and of the loss of territory to\\neach. The Grass Valley Union, edited by Charles\\nH. Mitchell who had long been publisher and editor\\nof the Flacer Herald said: If Donner County is\\ncreated, Placer County will lose several well-known\\nplaces, and the glorj^ of much of her history.\\nGround Hog s Glory, Hell s Delight, Miller s\\nDefeat, Ladies Canon, Devil s Basin, Hell s\\nHalf Acre, and a few other places of like signifi-\\ncance will be in the new count}*. Shirt Tail Canon,\\nhowever, will be retained in Placer County. Placer\\nshould fight the new county, in order to retain her\\nglorious nomenclature in towns.\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nComposition of Parties How to Tax the Mines Organization\\nof Placer County Abram Bronk Campaign of 1852\\nPatrick Canuey Campaign of 185. Political Duels The\\nSlavery Question in California Campaign of 1854\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A\\nStormy State Convention Conventions and Nominations\\nFirst and only Whig Administration Campaign of 1S55\\nNative Americans, or Know-Nothings Efforts to Elect\\na Senator Campaign of 1856 The Republicans Sketches\\nof Candidates \\\\V. W. Carperton Samuel B. Wyman A.\\nP. K. Safford James O Neil Charles King Philip Stoner\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Philip W. Thomas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 .J. W. Spann\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eugene A. Phelps-\\nJames M. Gaunt Hudson M. House Percival C. Millette\\nElection of Senators Triumph of Broderick Acts for\\nPlacer.\\nThe political history of the county blends with\\nevery event and movement of the State, making it\\ndifficult to segregate, but the plan of this work is to\\ncollect under distinct and appropriate heads the\\nseveral questions comprising the general history, in\\nsome cases necessitating slight repetitions. The\\norganization of the State and County Governments\\nhas been given in the preceding chapters. The\\ndominance of the Democratic party has been shown.\\nCalifornia had been annexed to the Union as the\\nresult of a war with Mexico, declared by the latter\\nGovernment in consequence of the annexation of\\nTexas to the United States. These annexations and\\nthe war were measures of the Democratic pai ty,\\nand had been opposed by the Whigs, these being\\nthe great political parties of the nation at that\\nperiod.\\nThe American army having achieved the grandest\\ntriumphs known to military history had inspired a\\nspirit of adventure among the people, particularly\\nthe returned volunteers, and the speedy following of\\nthe discovery of gold in California, a trophy of the\\nwar, found many thou-sands with attachments to\\nhome severed, ready for the fire of excitement, and\\nprompt to occupy the newlj^ found gold-fields of the\\nconquered land. This having been a Democratic\\nwar, the volunteers were mostlj of that party, and\\nthese, moving in great numbers to California, gave\\na decided impress to its politics. Moreover, it being\\na Democratic acquisition, that party seemed to\\nclaim a vested right to rule. This was so lightly\\ndisputed, that many who had left the organized\\nStates as Whigs, became active Democrats upon\\ntheir arrival in California.\\nHOW TO TAX THE .MINES.\\nQuestions of national polity subsequently arose\\nwhich still more strengthened the Democratic party\\nof California. The National election of 1848 had\\nresulted in the success of the Whig party, raising\\nGeneral Zachary Taj lor to the Presidency, and\\nMillard Fillmore to the Vice-Presidency; and in\\nMarch, 1849, the Whig Administration went into\\npower. The principles of that party were greatly\\nthat of a paternal government, protection to home\\nindustry, developing the resources of the country by\\nNational aid, and partaking of the profits of labor,\\nor of enterprise. With these principles, the gold\\nmines of California were regarded as the rightful\\nproperty of the Government, from which, it was its\\nduty to raise a large revenue. The mediieval prin-\\nciple prevailed of the Nation or the King being\\nthe exclusive owner of the royal metals, as gold and\\nsilver were designated, and that no hardship could\\nbe supposed to attend the assertion of that owner-\\nship. Manj- plans were urged to obtain the Govern-\\nment s dues from the miners, who were regarded as\\ntrespassers, and the subject formed important\\nfeaturesin the messages of Presidents Taylorand Fill-\\nmore. Superintendents were suggested, to be sent\\nfrom the East with corps of Surveyors, all under\\nlarge salaries to place them above temptation of\\ncorruption; these to mark the claims into plots, to\\ngrant leases, receive the gold and superintend min-", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n101\\ning.* The theory was that the Nation had bought\\nof, or taken from, Mexico a gold mine, of which the\\npeople were the stockholders, and the Cabinet at\\nWashington the Directors, and all were to be made\\nwealthy by its development.\\nHon John M. Clayton, Secretaiy of State, in April,\\n1849, dispatched Col. T. Butler King, a prominent\\nWhig politician, to California as agent of the United\\nStates, to inquire into the state of affairs and report\\nto the Government. This investigation was intended\\nas a basis of action regarding California. In accord-\\nance with the views of the Wbig party, the report\\nof Colonel King was based on the idea of National\\nownership, and occupancy of all lands producing the\\nroyal metals, and a partnership in mining.\\nThe Democratic party opposed this policy, and\\nthus added to its popularity in California. There\\nwas much splitting of hairs, a contention upon\\nnarrow lines, and much demagoguery, more in\\naccordance with the modern political tactics of\\nfillibustering, than a settled lino of policy that\\nprevented the adoption of the Whig policy, until at\\nlast, the miners of California had passed beyond\\ngovernmental interference, and a new American\\npolicy was adopted which dethroned gold and silver\\nfrom their royal seat. In addition, the Demo-\\ncratic apothegm, the people who are the least\\ngoverned are the best governed, was very accept-\\nable to the manly and self-reliant class who took\\npossession of California and organized its govern-\\nment.\\nSuch are the apparent reasons why California in\\nthe first years of American occupation was pre-\\neminently Democratic.\\nORGANIZATION OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nPlacer County formed no exception. This was\\npar excellence a mining county, and miners thi onged\\nthe foot-hills, the river bars, the deep canons, and\\nthe mountain ridges, constituting a large popu-\\nlation at the date of the county s organization. At\\nthat date the ]wpulation was about 10,000, of which\\n8,000 were whites, largely composed of men. The\\nState census of 1852 showed a total population of\\n10,784.\\nThe county was organized under Act of the Legis-\\nlature approved April 28, 1851. The California\\nStatutes as published of that year contain the names\\nof Douglas Fry, Joseph Walkup, William Gwynn,\\nH. M. Honn and Jonathan Roberts as a Board of\\nCommissioners, to designate election precincts, to\\nreceive and count the votes. The names of Douglas\\nFry and H. M. Honn should have been printed J. D.\\nFi-y and H. M. House. The election for countj\\nofficers was held on the fourth Monday of May, 1851,\\nbeing the 2t)th of that month.\\nAt this election no party lines were drawn nor\\nconvention held. Friends of aspirants, and the aspir-\\nants themselves presented names in which the two\\nColonel R. B. Ma\\nepiiit, June, ISl.b.\\nparlies were represented and voted for indiscrimi-\\nnately. The following list embraces the names and\\nvotes, as returned by the Board of Commissioners:\\nCounty Judge Hugh Fitzsimmons, 1,261; James\\nS. Christy, 722; Horace Davenport, 763.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 R, D. Hopkins, 1,474; W. B.\\nGreer, 889; Peter J. Hopper, 292.\\nCounty Clerk James T. Stewart, 1,118; Hiram\\nR, Hawkins, 961; Wm. M. Jordan, 395; John Mc-\\nNally, 219.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Samuel C. Astin, 1,280; A. B. Hall, 1,059;\\nWm. Kenniston, 453.\\nCounty Surveyor Samuel B. Wyman, 1,624; Lis-\\nbon Applegate, 129.\\nCounty Assessor Alfred Lewis, 1,073; Wm. E.\\nMiller, 587; E. T. Mendenhall, 139.\\nCounty Treasurer Douglass Bingham, 1,151;\\nAbram Bronk, 818; Hiram Jacobs, 679.\\nCounty Coroner John C. Montgomery, 811; Enos\\nFenn, 706. Total number of votes cast, 2,792.\\nThe history of this campaign and its results is\\ngiven in the chapter on the organization ofthecountj\\nBingham died, as is there stated, and the Court of\\nSessions appointed Abram Bronk to the vacancy.\\nThe vote as allowed, 2,792, cannot be taken as the\\nfull vote of the county, as many of the returns were\\nrejected, and in many localities but little attention\\nwas paid to the election. The officers held until\\ntheir successors, elected in September, 1852, should\\nqualify, excepting such as were appointed, and the\\nCounty Judge whose term was made four years by\\nthe Constitution.\\nThe State Constitution provided for annual elec-\\ntions for Members of the Assembly, and biennial for\\nState officers and Senators. The statutes gave Placer\\ntwo Senatoi s and four Assemblymen; one Senator\\nto be elected each year. The State was not divided\\ninto Congressional Districts. The counties of Placer,\\nYolo and El Dorado formed the Eleventh Judicial\\nDistrict, the District Judge holding for six years.\\nAt the election of September 3, 1851, partisan\\ntickets were for the first time presented to the people\\nof Placer. The returns were as follows:\\nState Senator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jacob Fry (D), 1,204; \\\\V. Ken-\\nniston (W), 764.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Patrick Canney (D), 135; J. H. Gibson\\n(D), 1.198; F. Bradley (W), 803; D. H. Stickney\\n(W), 729.\\nCounty Treasurer Abram Bronk (D), 447; J.\\nLagdenby (W), 216.\\nPublic Administrator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jonathan Roberts (D), 233;\\nJ. Coffyn (W), 38; E. Hogan, 23.\\nDistrict Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Seth B. Farwell, 1,110; E. L.\\nSanderson, 732.\\nJohn Bigler, Democrat, was elected Governor over\\nPearson B. Reading, the Whig candidate.\\nTotal number of votes cast, 1,068.\\nJoseph W. McCorkle and K. C. Alarshall were\\nMembers of Congress, having been elected in 1850,\\nbefore the organization of Placer County.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "10:\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nABRAM BRONK,\\nOne of the pioneers of California, and one of the\\nfirst and most respected officers, politicians, and\\npublic-spirited men of Placer County, died at Man-\\nchester, Ontario County, New York, May 17, 1870.\\nMr. Bronk was a native of Rotterdam, New York,\\nand spent the most of his life in that State, with the\\nexception of about six years residence in Placer\\nCounty. On arrival in Placer, in the summer of\\n1849, Mr. Bronk settled at Lower Horseshoe Bar, on\\nthe north fork of the American River, where he\\nengaged in mining, which pursuit he followed until\\nMay, 1851, when he was elected Treasurer of the\\ncounty, and held the position until June, 1853.\\nDuring his official term he performed much of the\\nwork of Recorder and Auditor, in aid of the Clerk\\nwho then filled these positions ex officio. In 1854 he\\nbecame the candidate of the Gwin faction of the\\nDemocratic party for County Judge, but the division\\nof that party, and the nomination of a ticket by the\\nBroderick wing, caused the election of the Whig\\nticket, and James E. Hale was the successful candi-\\ndate. The following year, 1855, Mr. Bronk was the\\nDemocratic candidate for State Senator, but the\\nKnow-Nothing furor then prevailing, he was de-\\nfeated by Charles Westmoreland. After his retire-\\nment from office he still continued mining at Horse-\\nshoe, but subsequently became a member of the\\ncompany which constructed the Whisl^y Bar Turn-\\npike road and wire suspension bridge a work costing\\n\u00c2\u00a750,000. He superintended the construction of the\\nbridge, which was the first wire suspension bridge\\nerected in Placer County. After the completion of\\nthis work, he erected the first suspension bridge\\nacross the main American River at Folsom, either as\\nsuperintendent or by contract. Returning to his\\nnative State late in 1855, he there purchased a farm,\\nmarried and settled down; but several years later\\nhe again thought of returning to Placer, and but a\\nfew months before his death, corresponded with his\\nacquaintances in this county, making inquiry as\\nto prices, etc., of certain foot-hill lands he desired to\\nmake his future home upon, with which he had been\\nfamiliar in former years. At the time of his death,\\nhe still owned a considerable interest in the North\\nFork bridge and toll-road. Abram Bronk was\\npossessed of a mind far above ordinary, stored with\\ninformation and acquired knowledge rarely to be\\nfound among men in common walks of life, to which\\nwere added pure moral courage, rectitude of daily\\nlife, an honest heart and a conscience void of oft ense.\\nThose who knew him best in Placer County, appre-\\nciated the honest, intellectual man most, with his\\nmodest, retiring worth.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1852.\\nThis being the year for the election of a Presi-\\ndent and Yice President of the United States,\\nthe time set for the election was the 2d day of\\nNovember. A newspaper had been established in\\ntte county, and parties fully organized, brought\\ngreater attention to the political contest. The\\nNational Conventions had nominated Franklin Pierce\\nof New Hampshire, for President, and William R.\\nKing, of South Carolina, for Vice-President, on the\\npart of the Democracy, and Gen. W^infield Scott, of\\nNew Jersey, for President, and William A. Graham,\\nof North Carolina, for Vice-President, on the part of\\nthe Whigs.\\nIn the State were to be elected two members of\\nCongress, two Judges of the Supreme Court, and one\\nClerk of the Supreme Court. For the Eleventh Judi-\\ncial District, comprising the counties of Placer, El\\nDorado, and Yolo, one District Judge; for the county,\\none Senator, two Assemblyman, a District Attorney,\\nSheriff, County Clerk, Treasurer, Assessor, Coroner,\\nSurveyor, and Public Administrator, and township\\nofficers in the several townships.\\nThe Democratic State Convention had placed in\\nnomination James A. McDougall and Milton S.\\nLatham for Congress, Hugh C. Murray and Alex-\\nander Wells for Justices of the Supreme Court, and\\nP. K. Woodside for Clerk of the Supreme Court.\\nThe Whig Convention nominated G. B. Tingley\\nand Philip Edwards for Congress, Sloan and\\nBuckner for Justices of the Supreme Court, and W.\\nW. Hawks for Clerk.\\nIn the District Convention, Ross was the Demo-\\ncratic and John M. Howell the Whig, nominee for\\nDistrict Judge.\\nNo great difference was observable in the party\\nplatforms. The Democratic professed fealty to the\\nCompromise measures of 1850, which had forever\\nsettled the slavery question. The Whigs professed\\ngreater fealty, claiming that they had been the means\\nof accomplishing that noble and much desired end.\\nThe Democrats favored the uniting of the Atlantic\\nand Pacific Coasts by the most improved means of\\ncommunication. The Whigs declared that their\\nparty was the only one favorable to internal improve-\\nments by the general Government, and that the Dem-\\nocratic Party could not be trusted to build the Pa-\\ncific Railroad. These obscure and ridiculous senti-\\nments are fair synopses of the two platforms.\\nGeneral Scott, the Whig candidate for the Presi-\\ndency, was exceedingly popular as the Commander-\\nin-Chief of the Army, and had won great honors in\\nthe war with Mexico. He was distinguished for his\\ncommanding appearance and soldierly bearing, of\\nwhich he was very proud. His companion on the\\nticket, Mr. Graham, was from North Carolina, nick-\\nnamed the Tar State, and these two facts Scott s\\nmilitary dress and vanity, and Graham s native State\\nsuggested to Daniel Webster, when told of the\\nnomination, the expression, feathei-s and tar, tar\\nand feathers, and this became the slogan of ridicule\\nthat took from Scott all the prestige of his military\\nrank and fame.\\nFranklin Pierce had also served in the Mexican\\nwar, as a General of volunteers; but it was for his", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n103\\nservices as a partisan rather than as a soldier that\\nhe was rewarded with the nomination.\\nJohn P. Hale, of New Hampshire, and Cieorge W.\\nJulian, of Indiana, were the candidates of the Free\\nSoil Party. This organization had for its basis the\\nexclusion of slavery from the Territories. It figured\\nbut slightly in the election in California.\\nThe vote of California was for the Democratic\\nnominees. Pierce, 40,62(5; Scott, 35,407; Hale, 100.\\nIn Placer County, for:\\nPresident Pierce (D), 2,851; for the highest\\nelector and for Scott 2,295.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 McDougall (D), 2,822; Latham (D),\\n2,844; Tingley (W), 2,258; Edwards (W), 2,259.\\nJustices of Supreme Court Murray (D), 2,812;\\nWells (D), 2,779; Sloan (W), 2,552; Buckner (W),\\n2,266.\\nClerk of Supreme Court\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Woodside (D), 2,828;\\nHawks (W), 2,263.\\nJudge of Eleventh Judicial District Ross (D),\\n2,668; Howell (W), 2,212. In the district, Howell\\nreceived a majority of 700.\\nThe Democratic Countj- Convention met at Auburn,\\nAugust 28, 1852. Hon. Seth B. Farwell was Presi-\\ndent; John Nye and Morris King, Vice-Presidents,\\nand Philip Lynch, Secretary.\\nThe Whig Convention met in the same place,\\nSeptember 4tb, with F. G. Eussell, President, Frank\\nCaldwell and George Ellmore, Vice-Presidents, and\\nC. AV. Belden and R. O. Cravens, Secretaries.\\nThe nominees of these Conventions and the returns\\nof the election are given in the following:\\nState Senator Joseph Walkup (D), 2,716; James\\nK. Hale (\\\\V), 2,164.\\nAssembly Patrick Canney (D), 2,706 (was\\nelected Speaker pro tern. Benjamin F. Myers (D),\\n2,474; John Hancock (W), 2,274; Thomas White\\n(W), 2,269.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. C. Astin (D), 2,726; Wm. T. Henson\\n(W), 2,135.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 P. W. Thomas (D), 2,697; R.\\nD. Hopkins W), 2,125.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wm. A. Johnson (D), 2,658; A. S.\\nGrant (W), 2,056; H. R. Hawkins (W, and running\\nindependently), 175.\\nCounty Treasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ed. G. Smith (D), 2,681 Honry\\nHubbard (W), 2,189.\\nAssessor William Gunn (D), 2,682: John Bristow\\n(W), 2,178.\\nCoroner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dr. Pinkham (D), 2,704; W. J. Patter-\\nson (W), 2,148.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. O. Hinman (D), 2,737; Geo. M. Hill\\n(W), 2,127.\\nPublic Administrator. Henry Barnes (D), 2,733:\\nJonathan Roberts (W), 2,148.\\nTotal number of votes cast, 5,144.\\nThe great leaders of the Whig party in the LTnited\\nStates were Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. Clay\\ndied June 29, 1852, and Webster October 24th of the\\nsame year. From their death the strength of the\\nparty waned, and with the defeat of Scott it left\\nthe field as a great national power. For some years,\\nhowever, it maintained organizations in the various\\nStates.\\nThe census of 1852, which had been taken under\\nthe authority of the State, showed a total popula-\\ntion in Placer County of 10,784. In this were\\nincluded females and children, foreigners and Indians,\\ncolored and Chinese not vested with the elective\\nfranchise, yet the vote of 5,144 shows nearly one-\\nhalf the population to have been voters.\\nPATRICK CANNEY.\\nThe first gentleman who had the honor of repre-\\nsenting Placer in the Legislature of California is\\nworthy of special mention in the history of the\\ncounty, though many years have elapsed since the\\nservice was performed and since the subject moved\\namong his fellow pioneers. Patrick Canney was\\nelected to the Assembly September 3, 1851, be being\\nthen but twenty-four years of age. His duties were\\nperformed so satisfactorily that he was re-elected to\\nthe same position in 1852, serving through the term\\nof 1853, being Speaker pro tern, of the Assembly.\\nAt the expiration of his term, he received an\\nappointment in the Custom House at San Francisco,\\nand there resided during the remainder of his life,\\ndying at the early age of thirty years, March 1, 1857.\\nThe San Francisco Herald of March 2d paid him the\\nfollowing warm eulogy:\\nA noble spirit was yesterday quenched in the cold\\nembrace of death. Patrick Cannej is dead. A truer\\nman never lived. His nature was all goodness, gen-\\ntleness and kindly feeling. No soil of worldliness\\never stained the purity of his character. In the dis-\\ncharge of his duties as a public officer, no danger\\ncould affright, no blandishments could allure him.\\nBold and steadfast in the declaration of his princi-\\nples, honest in his purposes, faithful in his friend-\\nships, true to every obligation, unflinching in his\\nassertion of the right he possessed those genuine\\ngraces of character that endeared him in a singular\\ndegree to all who knew him. His untimely fate has\\ncreated a most poignant sorrow in the hearts of all\\nhis friends and who that knew Pat Canney did not\\nlove him? Indeed, indeed, we shall ne er look upon\\nhis like again so brave, so gentle of such a win-\\nning geniality so honest and truthful and magnani-\\nmous and unselfish. May God have mercy on the\\nsoul of the simple-hearted and worth} gentleman.\\nSince the world began there never has been a better\\nman than poor Pat Cannej\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1853.\\nThe campaign of 1853 involved the election of\\nState, Legislative, and township officers, and several\\nvacancies in the county, and the LTnited States Sen-\\natorial question was always open. The Whig County\\nConvention met at Auburn, June 17th, and elected\\ndelegates to the State Convention, which met at Sac-\\nramento July 6, 1853. The delegates so chosen\\nwere R. O. Craven, J. C. Hawthorn, A. S. Smith, A.\\nS. Grant, Day Coulter, Theodore Hotchkiss, and\\nJames E. Hale.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "104\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe Convention was held at the date mentioned,\\nand William Waldo was nominated for Governor and\\nHenry Eno, of Calaveras, for Lieutenant-Governor;\\nTod Robinson, of Sacramento, for Justice of Supreme\\nCourt; D. K. Newell, of El Dorado, for Attorney-\\nGeneral; Geo. E. Winters, of Yub*, for Controller;\\nSamuel Knight, of San Joaquin, for Treasurer; S. E.\\nWoodworth, of Monterey, for Surveyor-General, and\\nSherman Day, of Santa Clara, for Superintendent of\\nPublic Instruction.\\nThe Democratic Convention met at Bcnicia June\\n20th and nominated John Bigler, of Sacramento,\\nfor Governor; Samuel Pardy, of San Joaquin, for\\nLieutenant-Governor; Alexander Wells, of San Fran-\\ncisco, for Judge of Supreme Court; John R. McCon-\\nnell, of Nevada, for Attorney-General; Samuel Bell,\\nof Mariposa, for Controller; S. A. McMeans, of El\\nDorado, for Treasurer; Seneca H. Marlette, of Cal-\\naveras, for Surveyor-General, and Paul K. Hubbs, of\\nTuolumne, for Superintendent of Public Instruction.\\nThe campaign was not very exciting, and to the\\npeople generally appeared chiefly to concern the\\nheads of the tickets. The Democratic nomination\\nwas usuallj deemed equivalent to an election. Big-\\nler had been nominated through the aid of David\\nC. Broderick, a persistent candidate for the United\\nStates Senatorship. Waldo had assisted the over-\\nland immigration during several summers, and was\\nthought popular among the masses. The entire\\nDemocratic State nominees were elected, the vote\\nfor Governor being, Bigler, 38,9-10; Waldo, 37,404.\\nThe election occurred September 7, 1853, and the\\nresult in Placer County was as follows:\\nGovernor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John Bigler (D), 1,925; William Waldo\\n(W), 1,747.\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Charles A. Tultle (D), 1,948; W. R. Long-\\nley W), 1,643.\\nAssembly Benjamin F. Myers (D), 1,729; B. L.\\nFairfield (D), 1,890; Geo. II. Van Cleft (,D), 1,775;\\nJames O Neil (D), 1,719; James Evans (W), 1,612;\\nJames Trask(W), 1,513; William Wilson {W), 1,646;\\nSamuel Crary (W), 1,700.\\nAssessor \\\\Vm. McCarty (D), 1,709; Daniel Dewey\\n(W), 1,371.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. W. Finley (D), 1,926; Wm. A. Elli-\\nson (\\\\V), 1,462.\\nPublic Administrator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wm. :M.Jordon (D), 1,980;\\nDr. J. L. Finly (W), 1,498.\\nThe Legislature met at Benicia January 2, 1854,\\nand removed to Sacramento February 25th following.\\nThe Senate consisted of thirty-four members, and\\neighty in the Assembly. The session was an ex-\\nceedingly stormy one. David C. Broderick again\\ncame forward as a candidate for the United States\\nSenate, for which position he had aspired since the\\norganization of the State Government. By his\\naspirations and management the Democratic party\\nwas divided into what were commonly denominated\\nchivalry and anti-chivalry, or Broderick,\\nwings. He had attempted to have himself elected\\nsuccessor to John C. Fremont, whese term expired\\nMarch 3, 1851, but not succeeding in this, was suffi-\\nciently skillful in his management as to prevent the\\nelection of Senator until late in 1853, when John B.\\nWeller was elected. There being no Congressional\\nstatute fixing the time of election, Broderick assumed\\nit could be done at any time. The position of Placer\\nCounty upon this question was anomalous, and is\\nstated in the historical sketch of the county pub-\\nlished in the Directory of 1861 While the South-\\nei-n men united upon Mr. Gvvin, and ojjposed the\\nelection of a United States Senator by the Legisla-\\nture of 1854, in every other county, and the North-\\nern men united upon Mr. Broderick, and favored the\\nelection at that session, in Placer County, the South-\\nern men favored Mr. Broderick and the Northern\\nmen supported the Gwin faction. Thus we see the\\nastute and far seeing Southern Democrats of that\\nday assisting Mr. Broderick in carrying out the\\ngreat Northern sentiment which he professed to\\nrepresent, and the Northern men opposing him and\\nhis party, and advocating and expressing the same\\nsentiments and opinions that Southern men did in\\nother counties.\\nPOLITICAL DUELS.\\nThe bitter controversy led to several hostile meet-\\nings between prominent politicians of the two wings\\nof the Democracy. Mr. Philip W. Thomas, District\\nAttorney of Placer County, and Chairman of the\\nCounty Central Committee, had made some dispar-\\naging remarks about Mr. J. P. Rutland, of Placer,\\na clerk in the oflSce of the State Treasurer. For\\nthis be was called to Sacramento, to which point\\nthe Capital had been removed, and while there\\nreceived a challenge from Rutland at the hands of\\nDr. Dickson, of San Francisco. Thomas declined\\nthe challenge on the ground that the challenger was\\nnot a gentleman. Dr. Dickson then declared that\\nhe would take the place of his principal. To this\\nThomas replied that Dr. Dickson was unacijuainted\\nwith the character of Rutland, and he would prove\\nthat all he had said was true. This was not satis-\\nfactory, and a retraction was insisted upon, or a\\nhostile meeting. The retraction was declined, and\\non the 9th of March, 1854, the parties met at Oak\\nGrove, about nine miles northeast of Sacramento.\\nDr. Hamilton Bowie of San Francisco, acted as the\\nsecond of Mr. Thomas, and Judge Edward McGowan,\\nof San Francisco, was the second of Dr. Dickson.\\nThe parties fought with duelling pistols at a distance\\nof fifteen jiaces, and Dickson fell mortally wounded\\nat the first fire, his shot striking the ground at the\\nfeet of Thomas.\\nMarch 2l8t, B. F. Washington, editor of the Times\\nand Transcript, anti-Broderick, and Washburn, of the\\nAlta, a friend of Broderick, fought, near San Fran-\\ncisco, and the latter was severely wounded. March\\n20th, J. S. Landon and David E. Hacker fought a\\nduel at Volcano Bar, on the middle fork of the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "n\\nr-fJ?for^-^^\\n4J V\\nJ^s^JiSbiks\\nen\\n00\\no\\no\\n-3 a:\\nUJ\\n00\\nCO\\nq;", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY,\\n105\\nAmerican, resulting in the death of Landon. This\\narose from a publication by Hacker about the Sen-\\natorial election.\\nTHE SLAVERY QUESTION IN CALIFORNIA.\\nThe subject of slavery was a very delicate ques-\\ntion in politics in those days, and woe be to him who\\ndared to express an opinion averse to, or doubtful of,\\nthe sacredness of the institution. But a bold leader,\\nfor his own political purposes and ambition, had\\nthrown a gauge of battle into the arena and chal-\\nlenged the acknowledged champions of slavery to\\ncombat. Thus it followed that those who could\\nbreak from party rule for a personal object could\\ncome to express an opinion on principle. From such\\nsteps the breach grew wider and irreconcilable. On\\nthe 17th of April there were laid on desks of the\\nMembers of the Legislature circulars issued by the\\nSociet) of Friends of Great Britain and Ireland,\\nanimadverting upon the subject of slavery in Amer-\\nica, and advocating its suppression. This touched\\nthe sorest spot in the political body, and great indig-\\nnation was expressed.\\nMr. McBrayer, Member of the Assembly from\\nSacramento, offered the following preamble and res-\\nolutions respecting the circulars, which are here\\nreproduced as a sign of the times, and presaging the\\nstruggle and war in the future.\\nWhereas, An Abolition document, purporting to\\ncome from the Society of Friends in London, has\\nbeen laid upon the desk of each member of this body.\\nAnd Whereas, Such document, under cover of\\nreligious teachings, advises treason, immorality, and\\na general disobedience of the laws of the Union;\\ntherefore, be it\\nResolved, That the pages and porters of this\\nHouse bo directed to gather up said documents,\\nand in imitation of the Indian burial service, make\\na funeral P3 re of the same. And be it further\\nResolved, That the Society of Friends in London\\nbe requested in the sole name of humanity to attend\\nto the interest of the white slaves of England and\\nIreland, and to be kind enough to allow the people\\nof the United States to look after, and attend to,\\nthe affairs and condition of the poor African\\nwithin their own borders.\\nThe resolutions were adopted by the following\\nvote:\\nYeas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Messrs. A. G. Bradford, C. B. Carr, Pedro C.\\nCarrillo, Clingan, T. E. Davidson, J. N. Dawley.\\nW. M. Gordon, H. Griffith, Hagans, E. O. F.\\nHastings. Henry, A. J. Houghtaiiing, E. Hunter,\\nRichard Irwin, W. Lindsey, J. VV. Mandeville, J.\\nMusser, B. F. Myers, J. M. McBrayer, C McDan-\\niel, F. S. McKenney, Chas. P. Noel. Jas. O Neil, J. VV-\\nPark, Martin Rowan, John Stemmons, W. VV.\\nStow\u00e2\u0080\u0094 27.\\nXays Messrs. Francis Anderson, D. R. Ashley, S.\\nA. Ballou, J. H. Bostwick, Ed. Burton, John Con-\\nness, P. B. Cornwall, B. L. Fairfield, H. B. Godard,\\nH. Hollister, N. Hubert, J. C. Jones, H. B. Kellogg,\\nF. W. Koll, W. S. Letcher, G. McDonald, E. B.\\nPurdy, J. R. King, T. A., Springer, \\\\V. J. Sweasey,\\nJoseph Livy, S. G. Whipple 22.\\nThose voting against the resolution were in the\\nensuing campaign held up by the Democratic press\\nand speakei-s to public execration and bitterly\\ndenounced as Abolitionists. Of the Placer dele-\\ngation Myers and O Neil voted for the adoption,\\nFairfield against, and Van Cleft not voting.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1854.\\nThe dissensions among the leaders of the Demo-\\ncratic party culminated in an open rupture in the\\ncampaign of 1854. In April of that year, the Brode-\\nrick wing established the Placer Democrat at Auburn,\\nas an advocate of their chieftain for the position of\\nSenator. This paper was edited by Philip Lynch,\\nand opened the campaign bj advocating Hon. Chas.\\nA. Tuttle of Placer, as the nominee of the Broderick\\nwing for Congress. The chief question that agitated\\nthe public was the election of United States Senator\\nto succeed Dr. Wm. M. Gwiii, whose term would\\nexpire Mai ch 3, 1855.\\nPlacer was an important county in the contest,\\nranking as eighth in population and vote. Hereto-\\nfore it had been a reliable Democratic county, and\\nBroderick, who pei sisted in making his fight within\\nthat party, being chairman of the State Central\\nCommittee, and boss of the machine, pursued the\\npolicy of divide or conquer. The Democratic\\nState Convention was called to meet at Sacramento\\non the 18th of July. Placer was accorded\\neleven delegates of the 260 constituting the Conven-\\ntion. The counties having more were San Francisco.\\n41; El Dorado, 25; Sacramento, 18; Tuolumne, 16;\\nCalaveras, 15; Yuba, 14, and Nevada 13. Thei-e\\nwere two members of Congress and a Clerk of the\\nSupreme Court to be nominated.\\nThe Democratic County Convention met at\\nAuburn, July 7, 1854. The Convention was com-\\nposed of 111 delegates, and was very nearly evenly\\ndivided between Broderick and regular Demo-\\ncrats, the latter having three or four majority. The\\nmajority affected an organization by the election of\\nJohn K. Kate as President; and the minority, under\\nthe leadership of Charles A. Tuttle, S. C. Astin, F.\\nB. Higgins, J. W. Scobey, Hugh Fitzsimmons, P. H.\\nClayton, and others, withdrew and organized\\nanother Convention. Both Conventions elected\\neleven delegates to the State Convention. The same\\noccurred in nearly every county. Of those elected\\nat the regular, or majority Convention, Messrs. JI. P.\\nH. Love, J. R. Pile, E. D. Shiriand, and J. McMartin\\nattended, and the others were represented by P. W.\\nThomas, B. F. Parsons, S. T.Leet, J. H. Baker, J. L.\\nBennett, Samuel Todd and J. P. Dameron as proxies.\\nA STORMT state CONVENTION.\\nThe State Convention of 1854 was an event long\\nto be remembered by the politicians of California.\\nBroderick had planned to control it absolutely, and\\nwhere he had not the command of the regular organ-\\nization of the county, caused opposition Conventions\\nto be held, and as a consequence two sets of delegates\\nappeared at Sacramento. The Convention met on\\nthe day appointed in the Baptist Church. Each", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "106\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwing bad arranged to effect a surprise and immediate\\norganization, and thus secure control, but the secret\\narrangement of each had been treacherously made\\nknown to the other. Broderick, as Chairman of the\\nSlate Central Committee, called the Convention to\\norder. Immediately Jnmes OMeara, anti-Broderick,\\nof San Francisco, nominated ex-Governor John Mc-\\nDougal for Chairman. Mr. Vermule of Sunta Clara,\\nBroderick, nominated Judge Ed. McGowan. Brod-\\nerick refused to recognize O Meara as a delegate,\\nput the motion of Vermule, and without asking for\\nthe noes, declared him elected. OMeura put his\\nown motion and declared McDougal elected. Each\\nfaction was prepared for war, and with revolvers\\ndrawn, escorted their respective Chairmen to the\\nstage where each occupied seats. Men of nerve and\\naction had been selected for this purpose; prominent\\namong the Broderick faction were Samuel C. Astin,\\nSheriff of Placer, William Walker, the filibuster,\\nJames P. Casey, afterwards hanged by the Vigilance\\nCommittee, Billy Mulligan, the prize fighter, Mike\\nGray, Sheriff of Yuba, Henry Caulfield, of Sacra-\\nmento squatter notoriety; Jack McDougall, of El\\nDorado, Bill Poach, of Monterej and others. Of\\nthe Anti-Brodericks were Maj. John Bidwell and\\nJudge W. S. Sherwood of Butte, P. W. Thomas, of\\nPlacer, J. P. Dameron, Naval Officer, Wm. G. Ross,\\nJames O Meara and Blanton McAlpin, of San Fran-\\ncisco, ex-SveakerC,S. Fairfax, of Yuba. General Rich-\\nardson, United States Marshal, David S. Terry and\\nSamuel H. Brooks, of San Joaquin, Major P. Solomon\\nand George S. Evans, of Tuolumne, Jos. C. McKibben,\\nof Sierra, Ben. Marshall, ex-Sheriff of Calaveras and\\nmany of the Federal officers of San Francisco who\\nwere the appointees of Senator Gwin. All were\\nprepared for the most desperate action, and a hundred\\npistols were drawn and held in readiness for bloody\\nand deadly hostilities. The utmost disorder pre-\\nvailed. The two Chairmen sat side by side through\\nthe day, but no progress in business could be made.\\nBroderick moved an adjournment which was declared\\ncarried, but no one left the house. The Trustees\\nand the Pastor of the church begged the assemblage\\nto disperse, and not further disgrace or endanger l5y\\na riot the sacred edifice, but their praj ers were\\nreceived with derision by the howling mass. In\\nthis condition the double Convention continued\\nthrough the day until late in the evening, when the\\nTrustees having refused to permit the gas to be\\nlighted, the two Chairmen, arm in arm, headed the\\nprocession and marched out and separated.\\nCONVENTIONS AND NO.MINATIONS.\\nThe next day two Conventions met, and each made\\nnominations. Each styled itself Democratic, but the\\ncommon designations were, Regular Democrats,\\nand Broderick Democrats. The first nominated\\nGen. James W. Denver of Trinity, and Philip T.\\nHerbert of Mariposa for Congress, and Charles A.\\nLeake of Calaveras for Clerk of the Supreme Court;\\nand the Broderick Democrats nominated Milton S.\\nLatham of Sacramento, and James A. McDougall of\\nSan Fi ancisco for Congress, both then holding the\\noffices, and P. K. Woodside of Calaveras for Clerk.\\nLatham subsequently declined, and James Church-\\nman, of Nevada, was named in his place.\\nThe Whig State Convention met at Sacramento,\\nJuly 25, 1854, and nominated George W. Bowie of\\nColusa and Calhoun Benham of San Francisco for\\nCongress, and Joseph R. Beard of Nevada, for Clerk\\nof the Supreme Court.\\nThree parties were now in the field, two claiming\\nthe title of Democrat, but bearing the epithets and\\nappellations of chivalry and anti-chivalry;\\nregulars and bogus; Democrats and Brod-\\nerick Democi-ats; the other party was the Whigs.\\nAll held county conventions and made full nomina-\\ntions for all the offices. The candidates named both\\nfor State and county officers were men well known\\nand of great popularity, and the canvass was thor-\\noughly and warml}- contested. Meetings were held\\nin every locality where audiences could be assembled,\\nand the ablest public speakers went through the\\nState in the interest of their respective parties. The\\nWhigs felt that with a divided Democracy they\\ncould win, and therefore worked with unusual vigor.\\nThe regular Democratic press was very bitter upon\\nthe Broderick party whom they termed bolters, and\\ndenounced as Abolitionists, but was quite mild and\\npatronizing towards the Whigs. The Broderick\\nCounty Committee proposed a compromise which\\nwas rejected as unfair to the regulars. The chief\\nmatter of discussion was Gwin and Broderick.\\nShortly after the campaign opened, Latham with-\\ndrew his name, expressing objections to dividing the\\nDemocracy. The election occurred on the 6th of\\nSeptember, with the following result in Placer\\nCounty:\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 George W, Bowie (W), 2.366; Cal-\\nhoun Benham (W), 2,378; James W. Denver (D),\\n1.915; P. T. Herbert (D), 1,935: J. A. McDougall,\\n(B D) 1,117; M. S. Latham, (B D) 653; James\\nChurchman, (B D) 505.\\nClerk of Supreme Court\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. R. Beard (W), 2,418;\\nC.A.Leake (D). 1.865; P. .K Woodside (B D), 1,237;\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. C. Hawthorne (W), 2.347; W.H.Gray\\n(D), 1,831, G. C. Newman (B D), 1,211.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thomas Moreland (W), 2,-394: R. F.\\nGragg (W). 2.312; Wm. Corey (W), 2,303; Moses\\nAndrews (W), 2,316; J. H. Baker (D), 1,805; D.\\nB. Curtis (D), 1,840; B. F. Par.sons (D), 1,844; J.\\nL. Bennett (D), 1,734; L. N. Ketchum (B D), 1,247,\\nJ. N. Smith (B D), 1,237; P. H. Clayton (B D),\\n1,226; J. C. Duell (B D), 1.183.\\nCounty Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 James E. Hale (W). 2,284; A.\\nBronk (D), 1,904; Hugh Fitzsimmons (B D), 1,225.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. T. Hen.son (W), 2,514; Samuel Todd\\n(D), 1,733; N. A. Dillingham (B D), 1,190.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. E. Mills (W), 2,452; Philip", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n107\\nVV. Thomas (JJ), 1,7U7; Joseph VV. Scobey (B D),\\n1,224.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. S. Grant (W), 2,348; W. E.\\nJohnaon (D), 1,858; W. A. Parker (B D), 1.232.\\nCounty Treasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. R. Crandall (W), 2,330; E.\\n[i Smith (D) 1,822; G. VV. Applegate (B D), 1,2(59.\\nCounty ABsessor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. S. Smith (VV), 2,261; H. W.\\nStarr (D), 1,922; J. E. Stewart (B D), 1,241.\\nPublic Administrator JohnE. Gwynn (W,) 2,159;\\nJames Anderson (D), 1,803; James Bovven (B D),\\n1,225.\\nCoroner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. L. Finley (\\\\V), 2,276; John P. Har-\\nper (D), 1,913.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 G. H. Colby (W), 2,436, (November\\n19, 18 5, Colby resigned and Thomas A. Young was\\nappointed in his place), C. W. Finley (D), 1,364.\\nTotal vote, 5,520.\\nA slight feeling had been created against Denver,\\nin consequence of his having shiin Hon. Edvvard F.\\nGilbert in a duel two years previouslj and his vote\\nwas less than Herbert s. But a few months before\\nthe election Thomas, the Democratic candidate for\\nDistrict Attorney, had killed Dr. Dickson in a duel,\\nand this militated against his success to the extent\\nof about 100 votes. Hei bert subsequently distin-\\nguished himself by killing a waiter at Willard s\\nHotel, in Washington, for inattention to bis orders.\\nPlacer County had electod its entire Whig ticket\\nby a plurality, but the State had elected two Demo-\\ncratic members of Congress, and the Whig nominee\\nfor Clerk of the Supreme Court, the successful can-\\ndidates receiving from 35,754 votes for Beard (W), to\\n37.677 for Denver (D); the Whig Congressman,\\n35,369 I or Bowie, and Mr. Churchman, the highest\\nBroderiek Democrat, 10,039.\\nThe Legislature was estimated by the San Fran-\\ncisco Herald to contain thirty-three regular and ten\\nbogus Democrats, thirty-five Whigs and two\\nIndependent in the Assembly; thirteen regular and\\nthirteen -bogus Democrats and seven Whigs in the\\nSenate. There was great rejoicing among the Gwin\\nDemocrats, that wing having the majority of the\\nDemocrats, and Broderiek still professing to act in\\nthat organiz ition, it was believed he would submit\\nto the caucus, which would secure the re-election of\\nDr. Gwin to the United States Senate.\\nThe Legislature met at Sacramento January 1,\\n1855. In the Assembly VV. W. Slow, Whig, w;i8\\nelected Speaker, greatly to the astonishment of the\\nGwin Democrats. The Legislature met in joint con-\\nvention early in the session to vote for Senator, and\\ncontinued from day to day until the last of Febru-\\nary, when the Convention adjourned suie die without\\nan election, by a vote of 63 ayes to 44 nays. On\\nthe last of January the vote was, Col. Philip Ed-\\nwards (.W), 37; Gwin, 36; Broderiek, 31; N. E.\\nWhitesides (D), 13; J. A. McDougall, 1; Joseph\\nW. McCorkle, 7; Vincent E. Geiger, 2; Myron Nor-\\nton, 1. February 16th great joy was expressed\\nby the regular Democrats because of the vote of\\nHon. C. A. Tattle, Senator from Placer, for Gwin,\\nwhich, with some others, swelled his vote to 41.\\nThe action of this Convention may be said to\\nhave marked an era in the political histoiy of Cali-\\nfornia. The question of shivery, deeply smothered\\nas it was, had a powerful and controlling influence.\\nUnder the cloak of Broderickism, anti-chivalry,\\nfree-soil, and other names, the anti-slavery exten-\\nsion element fought the extreme pro-slavery power,\\nand from this element, in after years, sprang the\\nPepublican party. The great national question at\\nthat time was the extension of slavery into the\\nTerritories of Kansas and Nebraska. The Missouri\\nCompromise had been abrogated at the demand of\\nthe Southern States, thus admitting slavery into the\\nTerritories, and the opposition to this measure so\\nstrengthened the opposition to Gwin as to cause the\\ndefeat of the election at this time. As a personal\\nmatter, it appeared as a triumph of Broderiek, who,\\npowerl ul as he was in the management of a few\\nsteadfast friends, was I eally exceedingly unpopular\\nthroughout the State, and without the leeling of\\nantagonism to slavery extension, which he at that\\ntime ignored, but which influenced many, he would\\nnot have had the power to deleat the election.\\nAmong the most important Acts of the Legislature\\nwas one providing for a Board of Supervisors for\\nPlacer County, the Court of Sessions having had the\\nbusiness aftuirs in charge.\\nThe Legislature passed amendments to the Con-\\nstitution, to be submitted to the vote of the people\\nat the next election, which provided that the sessions\\nof the Ijegislature should he biennial, beginning with\\nthe session of 1858, and sections to make the Con-\\nstitution consistent with that change. The Placer\\nmembers in the Legislature acted well their part,\\nand left a record for bold and honorable principles\\nto which they could point with pride in after life.\\nWith the signal defeat of the Broderiek wing in\\nthe election in Placer County, the Democrat, the\\norgan of the parly, edited by L. P. Hall, who had\\nsucceeded Lynch early in the campaign, ceased pub-\\nlication, and was succeeded by the Auburn W/iig,\\nwith Mr. Mills, the newly-elected District Attorney,\\nas editor. This fl.ished up quite brilliantly for a\\nperiod, under the inspiration of an unexpected vic-\\ntory, and, following its party like the sudden bright-\\nness of a dying candle, paper and party soon went\\nout iorever.\\nFIRST AND ONLY WUIO ADMINISTRATION.\\nThe Whig administration in Placer Countj is best\\nshown in the history of the finances and official\\nre];orts. Judge Hale has since been repeatedly hon-\\nored with high trusts and office; Henson was called\\na model Sheriff; Dr. Crandall one of the best of\\nTreasurers, and the reports of Assessor Smith wore\\nthe most complete and comprehensive ever made in\\nthe county.\\nApril 7, 1855, S. C. Astin resigned as Sheriff, and", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "108\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nWm. H. Dillingham was appointed to the place by\\nJudge Fitzsimmons, and William McCarty, Assessor,\\nresigned, and J. T. Griffith was appointed.\\nApril 9th an election was held for a Board of\\nSupervisors, resulting as follows: District No. 1, C.\\nG. W. French; No. 2, Henry W. Starr; No. 3, E. L.\\nBradley; No. 4, Albert L. Boyden; No. 5, W. N. Leet.\\nAfter this Board came into power the Sheriff and\\nAssessor appointed by Judge Fitzsimmons were\\nremoved and Sheriff-elect Henson and Assessor-\\nelect Smith were appointed in their places.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1855.\\nIn the meantime a new political partj- had entered\\nthe field. This was first organized in Baltimore,\\nMaryland, as a secret society, professing its object,\\nas publicl} understood, to elevate only native-born\\ncitizens to office. From this it took the title of\\nNative American, but from its secret meetings,\\nand the reticence of its members as to its object and\\nprinciples, they weresooti dubbed Know-Nothings,\\nand that became the common name of the party.\\nThis organization made itself felt in the campaign of\\n1854 in San Francisco, and, in the municipal election\\nof the succeeding spring, elected several of the city\\noflSeers. Lodges of Native Americans were organ-\\nized throughout the State in the spring and summer\\nof 1855, and it entered the campaign with great\\nenergy to contest for the supremacy. The Whigs\\nabandoned the field, ths majority, apparently, join-\\ning the new party. Many of the leading Southern\\nDemocrats, violently opposed to the Borderick rule,\\nalso joined, or secretly encouraged the Know-\\nNothings, and these with such Americans as were\\nattracted by the watchword Americans shall rule\\nAmerica, gave strength to this unique jiolitical\\norganization.\\nWith the death of the Whig party its Placer\\nCounty organ, in June, became the Flacer l^ress,\\nedited by Hiram E. Hawkins, and the advocate of\\nthe new party; while the Herald continued the\\nstaunch advocate of the Demoeracj\\nThe election this year included State and Legisla-\\ntive officers. The two Democratic wings had united\\nwith the Broderick leaders in control. The State\\nConvention of the party was called to meet at Sacra-\\nmento, on the 27th of June. El Dorado headed the\\nlist in the number of delegates being allowed 33;\\nSan Francisco 30, Nevada 20, and Placer 17, making\\nthis the fourth in rank of Democratic voters.\\nThe County Convention was called to meet at\\nAuburn on the 23d of June, to appoint delegates to\\nthe State Convention, and to nominate a Legislative\\nticket. The following were the delegates chosen:\\nJames McCabe, Hugh Bradley, Joseph Walkup, W.\\nW. Caperton, S. C. Astin, Abram Bronk, George W.\\nApplegate, John McNally, William Duck, James\\nHerrick, Daniel Cribbs, J. II. Baker, James O Neil,\\nJ. L. Bennett, Le Grand Berry, Samuel Adams and\\nW illiam Riley.\\nThe State Convention met at Sacramento as\\nappointed and organized harmoniously. The princi-\\npal candidates for Governor were Col. B. F. Washing-\\nton, Milton S. Latham, James Walsh, and Gov. John\\nBigler. Colonel Washington was the favorite of the\\nChivalry, and before the assemblingof the Conven-\\ntion it was understood he would be the nominee. Brod-\\nerick having control of the Central Committee effected\\na compromise by which Washington withdrew, and\\nthe understanding was general that Governor Bigler\\nwas also to withdraw; but when names were pre-\\nsented for nomination, the Broderick power pre-\\nsented the name of John Bigler, and he became the\\nDemocratic candidate for his third term as Governor.\\nThis so incensed the friends of Washington that\\nmany withdrew from the Convention, and others of\\nthe party declined nominations at its hand. Among\\nthese were Chief Justice Hugh C. Murray and David\\nS. Terry, who were proposed for the Supreme Court.\\nThe nominations were completed as follows: For\\nLieutenant-Governor, Samuel Purdy, of San Joa-\\nquin; Justices of the Supreme Court, Myron Norton,\\nof Los Angeles, for full term; Charles H. Bryan, of\\nYuba, for unexpired term; Controller, Thomas C.\\nFlournoy. of Mariposa; Treasurer, Benj. F. Keene,\\nof El Dorado; Attorney-General, B. C. Whiting, of\\nMonterey; Surveyor-General, Seneca H. Marlette, of\\nCalaveras; State Printer, George H. Crosette, of\\nButte; State Prison Directors, Samuel C. Astin, of\\nPlacer, Wm. H. Bell, of San Francisco, and C. F.\\nPowell, of San Joaquin.\\nNATIVE AMERICANS, OR KNOW-NOTHINGS.\\nThe County Convention of the Native American,\\nor Know-Nothing, party, was held at Auburn on the\\n24th of July, and appointed delegates to meet at\\nSacramento in State Convention on the 8th of\\nAugust. All proceedings were kept secret. The\\nState Convention met at the appointed time, and\\nJames W. Cotfroth, of Tuolumne, was elected Chair-\\nman. The following nominations were made: For\\nGovernor, J. Neely Johnson, of Sacramento; Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor, R. M. Anderson of El Dorado; Jus-\\ntice of Supreme Court, Hugh C. Murray of Solano,\\nfull term; David S. Terry, of San Joaquin, unex-\\npired term; Controller, George W. Whitman of\\nTuolumne; Treasurer, Henry Bates of Shasta; Attor-\\nnej--General, W. G. Wallace of Santa Clara; Sur-\\nveyor-General, John A. Brewster of Sonoma; State\\nPrinter, James Allen of Yuba; State Prison Direc-\\ntors, Alex. Bell of Los Angeles, F. S. McKenzie of\\nTrinity, and Ezekiel Wilson of San Francisco. The\\nCounty Conventions made full nominations, whose\\nnames appear in the returns.\\nThe campaign was short but active. On the Dem-\\nocratic side were such speakers as Wm. M. Gwin,\\nWm. Van Voorhies, Governor Bigler. Myron Norton,\\nand others of note; and the Americans sent through\\nthe country David S. Terry, James W. Coffroth,\\nEdward C. Marshall, and the State and county can-\\ndidates of both parties spoke at meetings at every\\nprecinct. The election occurred on the 5th of Sep-", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n100\\ntember, resulting in a complete American triumph\\nthe Governor, Johnson, receiving 4,073 majority, the\\nothers being upwards of 3,000, excepting Murray,\\nwhose majority was but 407, Terry s 2,785 and\\nAnderson s 1,490. The American majoi ity for the\\nState officers was about 800.\\nThe vote for Legislative officers was as follows:\\nSenate Charles Westmoreland (A), 2,955; Abram\\nBronk (D), 2,428.\\nAssembly Silas Selleck (A), 2,978; Lansing Stout\\n(A), 3,017; T. H. Read (A), 3,009; R. L. Williams\\n(A), 2,981; A. P. K. Safford (D), 2,362; Albert Thorn-\\ndyke (D), 2,385; B. K. Davis (D), 2,306; Samuel B.\\nWyman (D), 2,381.\\nSuperintendent of Common Schools H. E. Force\\n(A), 3,002, (died, and Theodore B. flotchkiss ap-\\npointed February 4, 1856,) Wm. A. Johnson (D),\\n2,342.\\nThe total number of votes cast was 5,554. The\\nquestion of a Prohibitory Liquor Law received in\\nPlacer County, 1,741 votes in its favor, and 1,678\\nvotes against.\\nEFFORTS TO ELECT A SENATOR.\\nThe Legislature met in January, 1856. One of\\nthe most important questions before it, was the elec-\\ntion of United States Senator to succeed Dr. Grwin,\\nwhose term had expired on the third of the preced-\\ning March. The Americans had a large majority in\\njoint convention, but were tied with the Democrats\\nin the Senate, though one Independent afterwards\\nvoted with them. The principal candidates were\\nex Governor Henry S. Foote, lately from Mis.sissippi,\\nHenry A. Crabb and Edward C. Marshall. The\\nresolution to go into joint convention was introduced\\nin the Assembly, and passed on the 12th of January,\\nand transmitted to the Senate. After several post-\\nponements in that body, on the 22d the resolution to\\ngo into joint convention was indefinitely postponed,\\nand that all action on the election of Senator be\\npostponed until January 1, 1857. This was adopted\\nby a vote of nineteen to fourteen, Messrs. Flint, of\\nSan Francisco, Ferguson, of Sacramento, and Fiske,\\nof Sutter, Americans, voting for it. The election of\\nGovernor Foote was expected to have been the result\\nof the Convention, and from this fact, many who\\nhad advocated the American party in the campaign,\\nexpressed pleasure in the defeat of the election. The\\nanti-slavery element in the Senate was the balancing\\ncause of the defeat.\\nThe leading candidate, Governor Foote, was not\\ninclined to abandon the contest, but remained at the\\ncapital devising plans and arguments to bring on the\\nelection. February and March had nearly passed\\nwith but very little rain, and the prayers of miners\\nand farmers were loud for water, in which they\\nwere much more interested than in the election of\\nUnited States Senator. Late in March Foote and\\nMarshall were at their hotel in Sacramento, convers-\\ning on the condition of the country, when the\\nformer observed that in consequence of our foreign\\nrelations, portentous of war, and the distraction of\\nour people on many local questions, the welfare of\\nthe whole country, and especially of this State\\ndemanded that California should have another Sen-\\nator in Congress. Marshall raised himself listlessly\\nfrom the sofii upon which he was reclining, and said\\nabruptly: Yes, that or rain. The waggery and\\nappositeness of the answer soon became the common\\njoke, ridiculing the pretentions of the Senatorial\\naspirant, and little more was heard of the election\\nafter that.\\nMany of the American party papers expressed\\ndeep indignation, and those of the Democracy as\\nheartily rejoiced. The Flacer Herald, then under the\\neditorial charge of James Anderson, closed a long\\narticle on the subject as follows:\\nWeep! weep! and howl! ye patriotic quill-drivers\\nof the order of the Dark Lantern, for the miseries\\nthat have come upon you. Writhe and curse your\\npolitical idiocy, ye victims of misplaced confidence,\\nwho whilom sat in your council chambers, and swore\\nto stand by each other through thick and thin.\\nWhither, oh! whither will ye fly! Will ye with\\ndrooping ears and tails between your legs, fall behind\\nthe heel of your caucus-chosen Senator, or will ye,\\nsorrowfully and repentant, with downcast eyes ask\\nadmission into the ranks of men, who dare, with\\nfearless I ront, hold in public their councils and do\\nbattle as becomes men! Show your hands! make\\ngood your words! be men; be mice, or be long-tailed\\nrats!\\nAmong the measures introduced in the Legislature\\naffecting Placer was one for the division of the\\ncounty. On the 15th of September, 1855, Messrs.\\nOlmstead and Miller commenced the publication of\\nthe Iowa Hill A^eivs, and immediately began the\\nagitation of the question of the division ol the county.\\nThis subject is more fully treated in a chapter\\ndevoted to it.\\nAnother measure was the funding of the county\\ndebt, for which a bill was introduced by Senator\\nHawthorne, but it failed to pass. Hon. Lansing\\nStout, one of the Assembljanen from Placer, in after\\nyears became a citizen of Oregon, where he was\\nelected to Congress by the Democracy in 1859. He\\ndied at his residence in Oregon in March, 1871.\\nThe Legislature passed an Act permitting the\\npeople of Placer County to vote upon the proposition\\nof subscribing to the stock of any extension to the\\nSacramento Valley Railroad from Folsom to Auburn\\nalso one authorizing the Supervisors to levy a special\\ntax for the benefit of, or expenses of the jail and\\nprisoners.\\nCAMPAIQN or 1856 THE REPUBLICANS.\\nAgain a new political party made its appearance\\nin California. This was the Republican party,\\nalready strong in the I^orthern States of the East,\\nbut in the beginning of 1856 only mentioned with\\nbated breath on the Pacific Coast. The Republicans\\nhad gained such strength in Congress as to enable\\nthem to elect N. P. Banks, of Massachusetts, Speaker,", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "110\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\noy a plurality vote after a contest of two months.\\nThis had so incensed the California Legislature, then\\nin session, that it adopted a resolution declaring it\\ndeplorable, as representing sectional feelings dia-\\nmetrically opposed to the Constitution of the United\\nStates, and to the only measures and doctrines\\nwhich will insure the perpetuity of our Republican\\ninstitutions, and the preservation of our Union.\\nThis resolution was introduced in the Assembly\\nby Hon. J. T. Farley, the Speaker, and leader of\\nthe American party, and it was that party, which\\nat the time seemed most to dread the new organiza-\\ntion. The Democrats, although denouncing the\\nRepublicans in bitter terms, hailed them as disor-\\nganizersof the American party, as from that element\\nit might draw the disaffected and independent vote.\\nNo thought was entertained that the new party\\nwould gain suflBcient strength in California to be\\ndangerous to the Democracy. The masses of the\\npeople were so opposed to it that its first advocates\\nwere frequently mobbed when attempting to address\\nthe public. The organization was regarded with\\nunspeakable horror, as unwarrantably sectional and\\ntreasonable, and its advocates as fanatics or lunatics.\\nSuch was the welcome the Republican party received\\nin California.\\nThe election of 185G involved a President and\\nVice-President of the United States, two members\\nof Congress, Clei-k of the Supreme Court, Superintend-\\nent of Public Instruction, a Legislature that would\\nhave the election of two United States Senators,\\nand a full set of county oflicers.\\nThe Democrats called a State Convention to meet\\nat Sacramento, March 5th, to elect delegates to the\\nNational Convention at Cincinnati. Placer was\\nalloted 13 delegates,the rank being sixth; San Fran-\\ncisco 39, El Dorado 21, Sacramento 16, Nevada 14,\\nand Tuolumne 14.\\nThe Democratic County Convention to send dele-\\ngates to Sacramento, met at Auburn, February 23d.\\nResolutions were adopted recommending that dele-\\ngates be sent, favorable to the nomination of James\\nBuchanan for the Presidency. The following were\\nchosen delegates: Captain Southworth, D. B. Curtis,\\nTabb Mitchell. George W. Applegate, Samuel Todd,\\nJ. H. Baker, Joseph Colgan, Henry Gooding, AV.\\nW. Caperton, Joseph Walkup, James O Neil, Wm.\\nMcClure and Benjamin F. Myres. The State Con-\\nvention met on the 5th. Resolutions were adopted\\ndeclaring that James Buchanan was the choice of\\nthe California Democracy for the nomination of\\nPresident. Broderick, Bigler, and other Northern\\nDemocrats were the champions of Buchanan, while\\nVolney E. Howard, and other extreme pro-slavery\\nmen expressed doubts as to his position, upon the\\nquestion of admitting slavery into all the Territories.\\nThe Convention met at Cincinnati, June 2d, and\\non the 5th, made nominations of James Buchanan, of\\nPennsylvania, for President, and John C. Brecken-\\nridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President.\\nThe Grand Council of the American party met at\\nPhiladelphia, February 19, 1856; and nominated\\nMillard Fillmore, of New York, for President, and\\nAndrew Jackson Donelson, of Tennessee, for Vice-\\nPresident.\\nThe first Republican State Convention in Califor-\\nnia met at Sacramento, April 30th, and was attended\\nby representatives from thirteen counties. The\\nriacer Herald congratulated the people of the county\\non the fact that only one man trom Placer was\\npresent. The Republican National Convention met\\nat Philadelphia, June 3, 1856, and nominated John\\nC. Fremont, of California, for President, and Wm. L.\\nDayton, of New Jersej for Vice President. The\\nresidence of Fremont in California was denied, and\\nhe was accredited to South Carolina, his native\\nState. The anti Fillmore men of the American party\\nmet in Convention in Philadelphia on the 20th of\\nJune, and nominated John C. Fremont for the\\nPresidency, and Wm. F. Johnson, of Pennsylvania,\\nfor Vice-President.\\nThe Abolition party nominated Garrett Smith, of\\nNew York, for President, and S. McFarland, of Penn-\\nsylvania, for Vice-President, and a third faction of\\nthe American party nominated R. F. Stockton, of\\nNew Jersey, for President, and Kenneth Rayner, of\\nNorth Carolina, for Vice-President.\\nThe principal questions of difterence between the\\nparties were, on the Republican side, opposition to\\nthe extension of slavery into the Territories; dis-\\nsatisfaction with the repeal of the Missouri Com-\\npromise, and demanding the repeal of the obnoxious\\nFugitive Slave Law.\\nThe County Democratic Convention met at Auburn\\non the 5th of September, to nominate one Senator\\nfour Assemblymen, and county officers, and to\\nappoint thirteen delegates to the Slate Convention.\\nThese delegates were: S. G. Elliott, Joseph Walkup,\\nP. H. Clayton, C. Setfens, Col. Wm. McClure, J. H.\\nBaker, J. O Neil, Henry Gooding, W. W. Caperton,\\nS. C. Astin, Jas. Herrick, Charles King and D. S.\\nBeach. The State Convention nominated Charles\\nL. Scott, of Tuolumne, and Joseph C. McKibben, of\\nSierra, for Congress, Charles S. Fairfax, of Yuba,\\nfor Clerk of Supreme Court, and Andrew J. Moulder,\\nof San Francisco, for Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction.\\nThe Republican Slate Convention met at Saci a-\\nmento on the 27th of August. Placer County was\\nrepresented by Messrs. Charles A. Tuttle, P. H.\\nSibley, H. Hazel, F. B. Higgins, Buckland,\\nBrock, J. D. Carpenter and C. J. Hillyer. The\\nnominations were as follows; Ira P. Rankin, of San\\nFrancisco, and Tom. Cox, of Plumas, for Congress,\\n(Cox was withdrawn and Turner placed in his\\nstead,) Cornelius Cole, of Santa Cruz, for Clerk of\\nSupreme Court, and J. M. Buffington, of Sacramento,\\nfor Superintendent of Public Instruction.\\nThe Convention of the American party, held\\nSeptember 15th, nominated A. B. Dibble, of Nevada,", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nin\\nand B. C. Whitman, of Solano, for Congress, John\\nSkinker, of Sacramento, Clerk of Supreme Court,\\nand Horace P. Janes, of San Francisco, Superintend-\\nent of Public Instruction.\\nThe election occurred on Tuesdaj November 4th,\\nwith the following result in Placer County:\\nPresident\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Buchanan (D), 2,808; Fillmore (A),\\n2,096; Fremont (E), 992.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Scott (D), 2,739; McKibben (D), 2,725;\\nDibble (A), 2,090; Whitman (A), 2,069; Rankin (R),\\n1,043; Turner (R), 1,007.\\nClerk of Supreme Court\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fairfax (D), 2,778;\\nSkinker (A), 2,086; Cole (R), 986.\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction Moulder\\n(D), 2,771; Janes (A), 2,092; Buffington(R), 973.\\nFor Railroad subsidy 3,432 against, and 319 in\\nfavor. Amendments to Constitution, 2,462 for and\\n795 against.\\nThe county nominees of the several parties, and\\nthe votes received for each were as follows:\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Joseph Walkup (D), 2,738; Hiram R.\\nHawkins (A), 1,913; Curtis J. Hillyer (R), 1,016.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. W. Caperton (D), 2,724; A. P. K.\\nSufford (D), 2,718; S. B. Wyman (D), 2,720; James\\nO Neil (D), 2,568; Lansing Stout (A), 2.183; C. J.\\nBrown (A), 2,024; P. B. Fagan (A), 2,073, M. M.\\nRobinson (A), 2,013; W. D. Lawrence (R), 925;\\nBurrows (R), 884; S. R. Bradley (R), 796; Shel-\\ndon (R), 874.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Charles King (D), 2,619; W. T. Henson\\n(A), 2,515; Monroe Richardson (R), 513.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 P. W. Thomas (D), 2,711, R.\\nD. Hopkins (A), 1.995; F. B. Higgins (R), 908.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tabb Mitchell (D), 2,576; B. F.\\nMoore (A), 2,302; \\\\Vm. Cory (R), 776.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Philip Stoner (D), 2,632; T. B. Hotch-\\nkiss (A), 2,246; Matoon (R), 750.\\nAssessor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. W. Spann (D), 2,679; A. S. Smith\\n(A), 2,129; A P. Frary (R), 845.\\nPublic Administrator James M. Gaunt (D), 2,753:\\nH. T. Holmes (A), 1,998; G. Otis (R), 902.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eugene A. Phelps (D), 2,789; C. W.\\nFinley (A), 1,990; \u00e2\u0080\u0094Wagner (R), 869.\\nCoroner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H. M. House (D;;, 2,586; John P. Gaines\\n(A), 2,081; G. W. Towle (R), 908.\\nSuperintendent of Common Schools P. C. Millette\\n(D), 2,708; S. R. Case (A), 2,013; Albert Hart (R),\\n933.\\nCalifornia was entitled to four electoral votes, and\\nof these, the Democratic electors received in the\\nState 51,935 votes, the American 35,113 and the\\nRepublican 20,339. In the United States Buchanan\\n(D), received 174 electoral votes, Fremont (R), 114,\\nand Fillmore (A), 8, the vote of Maryland. The\\nCalifornia Legislature met January 6, 1857, and con-\\ntained in the Senate, 19 Democrats, 11 Americans,\\nand 3 Republicans; in the Assembl3-, 59 Democrats,\\n9 Americans, and 12 Republicans. E. T. Beatty, of\\nCalaveras was chosen S])eaker, and James O Neil, of\\nPlacer, Speaker ;jro tern.\\nSKETCHES OF CANDIDATES.\\nThe Placer Herald gave sketches of the Democratic\\ncandidates for ofSce in the county, which are here\\nrepublished, with additions, with the exception of\\nthose whose biographies are published elsewhere:\\nW. W. CAPERTON,\\nOne of the nominees for the Assembly, is a native of\\nMississippi; emigrated with the rush to California,\\nand has long resided in this county, in which he has\\nbeen largely engaged in mining.\\nIn after years he resided in Monterey County, as\\nlawyer and editor, and died at Monterey in 1864.\\nSAMUEL B. WYJIAN,\\nOne of the successful candidates for the Assembly,\\nwas born in the State of New York, came to Cali-\\nfornia in 1849, and in that year settled at Atburn,\\nwhere the mercantile house of Walkup Wj man\\nexisted for several years. In 1851, Mr. W^yman was\\nelected County Sux-veyor. Subsequently the two\\npioneers were extensively engaged in farming and\\ncattle raising, on the place of their choice, where\\nAuburn Ravine debouches upon the plain; where he\\ncontinued his pleasant and prosperous life for many\\nyears. In 1855 he had been one of the Democratic\\ncandidates for the Assembly, but the excitement of\\nthe Know-Nothings, or Americans at that time,\\ncarried the election, and Mr. Wyman was defeated\\nwith his partJ^ Of late years he has resided in San\\nFrancisco.\\nA. p. K. SAFFORD.\\nThe name of this gentleman often appears in the\\nfirst decade of Placer County s history, as connected\\nwith public improvements, politics and measui-es for\\nthe advancement of society. In 1855 he was a can-\\ndidate for the Assembly as a Democrat, but was\\ndefeated by the American, or Know-Nothing party.\\nThe following year he was again nominated and\\nelected, and again elected to the same office in 1857.\\nIn 1862 he removed to Humboldt County, Nevada,\\nand there, as in his old home of Placer, became an\\nactive politician; was County Recorder, and in 1867\\nwas appointed by President Johnson Surveyor- Gen-\\neral of Nevada. In 1869 he was appointed by Pres-\\nident Grant Surveyor-General of Arizona, and\\nbecame a resident of that Territorj-, where he has\\nsince resided. After serving his term as Surveyor-\\nGeneral, he was appointedGovernor of the Territory,\\nand later he has become a prominent banker in\\nthe cities of Tucson and Tombstone.\\nJA.MES o neil\\nWas a citizen of the Federal City, where he was\\nengaged as an emploj-ee in the Washington Union\\noffice, under the eye of the venerable Ritchie, untiT\\nthe year 1851, when he emigrated to this county, in\\nwhich he has since resided, lie re] r osented Placer\\nin the Legislature of 54, and is a ractical miner by\\noccupation.\\nMr. O Neil was elected, and became Speaker jjto\\ntern, of the Assembly.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "n-2\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nCHARLES KING,\\nThe nominee for Sheriff, is a native of the State of\\nMaine; was for many years a resident of Washing-\\nton City, where he was engaged in business. In\\n1850 he came to California and permanently settled\\nin this county the following j ear. Like most Cali-\\nfornians, he has seen a variety of fortune, has taken\\nhis turn with the pick and shovel, been engaged in\\nthe saw-mill and lumber business; as a merchant\\nwas burnt out in 1852, sustaining thereby a heavj-\\nloss. Mr. King is possessed of courage, persever-\\nance and energy, qualifications that eminently fit\\nhim for the position in which the party have every\\nreason to believe he will be placed by the people.\\nPHILIP STONER,\\nElected County Treasurer in 1856, had acquired\\nhis business education in a mercantile house in Cin-\\ncinnati, where he was engaged until carried away\\nby the gold excitement of 1849, when he joined\\nthe throng for the Pacific Coast. With that inde-\\npendent and bold spirit which characterized the\\n5-oung men of 1849 he sought the mines as his field\\nof labor and enterprise, locating in the upper regions\\nof Placer County on the rich Forest Hill divide,\\nand there worked as a miner until called to the\\noffice of Treasurer. When he entered the office the\\ncounty was in debt to the amount of S101,000, which\\namount was reduced during his term of office, ending\\nJune 2, 1859. to S46,000, and well on the way to\\nfinal extinguishment. Mr. Stoner had been elected\\nas a Democrat, and was proposed as a Senator in\\n1859, but declined the nomination. In the earlj-\\ndays of the silver discovery in Nevada he emigrated\\nto the eastern slope, and when the Territory was\\norganized was made Treasurer of Ormsby County\\nPHILIP W. THOMAS,\\nThe candidate for District Attorney, was born in\\nthe State of Maryland, grew to manhood in the old\\nEmpire State, and received a collegiate educa-\\ntion studied the profession of the law in the office\\nof the distinguished Wm. M. Price was licensed\\nand practiced at the Bar in the city of New York\\nuntil 1849, when he emigrated to California and\\nsettled at once in this county. Judge Thomas\\nlabored with the pick and shovel until 1850, when\\nhe resumed the practice of his profession. He was\\nelected Justice of the Peace at the first election in\\nthe Slate, and was Associate Justice of Sutter\\nCounty in 1850. He was chosen by the electors of\\nthis county in 1852, and served from June, 1853, to\\nJune, 1855, in the office for which he is now before\\nthe people. The long and familiar acquaintance ot\\nMr. Thomas with the people of Placer County pre-\\ncludes the necessity of further remarks on our part,\\nin connection with his name.\\nAs will be seen in this Political History, Mr.\\nThomas continued a prominent man in politics,\\nserving in the Senate as a Douglas Democrat, but\\nafterwards acting with the regular Democracy. He\\nafterwards removed to New York.\\nJ. W. SPANN,\\nOur nominee for Assessor, is from the State of Mis-\\nsouri to California. He is a printer by profession,\\nbut has been engaged since 1851 in this coiinty as a\\npractical miner. Sober, intelligent, and of active\\nbusiness habits, he will fill the position with credit to\\nhimself, and to the satisfaction of the people.\\nIn addition it may be said, Mr. Spanu was elected\\nto the office, which he filled with much credit, and in\\nhis reports to the Surveyor-General gave a complete\\nexhibit of the condition, property, and prospects of\\nPlacer County. He subsequently removed to Tulare\\nCounty, and became a farmer near the border of\\nTulare Lake.\\nEUGENE A. PHELPS,\\nThe candidate for County Surveyor, is a native of\\nthe State of New York; moved to California in\\n1849, and has long been a resident of this county.\\nHe has surveyed and superintended, as civil engi-\\nneer, water ditches in the vicinity of Y^ ankee Jim s.\\nCompetent judges speak in high terms of his capacity\\nfor the office the Convention has selected him to fill.\\nJAMES M. GAUNT,\\nNominee for the office of Public Administrator\\nwas born in Virginia, and was for a long time a citi-\\nzen of Missouri, from which State he emigrated in\\n1850 to California, and settled in Placer County in\\n52. Mr. Gaunt is a mechanic, but has spent his\\ntime in this State in laborious mining. Of active,\\ncorrect business habits, and possessing a stout honest\\nheart, that commands the respect of all with whom\\nhe comes in contact, he is well suited to the place.\\nHUDSON M. HOUSE,\\nIs the nominee for Coroner. He is a native of\\nOhio, where at an early age he engaged in mercan-\\ntile pursuits. He has lived in this county since 1849,\\nand is familiarlj known to the public as the land-\\nlord of the Empire Hotel in Auburn; was one of the\\nfive Commissioners appointed by the Legislature to\\norganize the county of Placer in 1851.\\nPERCIVAL C. MILLETTE,\\nNominated for County Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction. This gentleman seems peculiarly suited\\nto this important trust, having graduated at Triiiity\\nCollege, Dublin; studied for the law, and was\\nadmitted to practice, but has employed his years, for\\nthe most part, in teaching that which he found such\\na pleasure in acquiring as a student. He was last a\\ncitizen of W^isconsin, and has been engaged in\\nteaching during his residence in California.\\nELECTION OF SENATORS.\\nThe election of two United States Senators occu-\\npied the first two weeks of the session. As before\\nthe election of Senator Weller, California had been\\nrejiresented by but one Senator, the term of I)r.\\nCwiii having expired on the 3d of March, 1855, and\\nColonel Weller s term would expire on tUe 3d of\\nMarch, 1857. Broderick s handiwork had been seen\\nin every Senatorial contest since 1849, and now by\\nadroit management that ambitious and skillful politi-\\ncian had control of the election. He and his fi lends\\nhad been the special advocates of James Buchanan for\\nthe Presidential nomination, and the official patron-\\nage expected from that source lent its influence in\\nhis favor. The aspirants for Senatorial honors were\\nBroderick, Gwin, W^eller, Tilford, Latham, Field,\\nMcCorkle and \\\\Vashin\u00c2\u00a3cton.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "PV. L. Aluiison.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n113\\nTRIUMPH OF BRODERICK.\\nBroderick received the nomination in the Demo-\\ncratic caucus, for the long term, succeeding AVeller,\\nreceiving the vote of O Neii, of Placer, while the\\nothers of the delegation voted for Frank Til-\\nford. For this O Neii received the severest excoria-\\ntion by the people of Placer, who expressed the\\nstrongest hostility to Mr. Broderick. The result\\nwas the election of David C Broderick as United\\nStates Senator for six yeai-s from March 3, 18.57, and\\nDr. W. M. Gwin for four years. Broderick had won\\nat last the ambition of his life, but the fruits of his\\ntriumph were like Dead Sea apples, that turned to\\nashes on his lips. The story of his struggle for the\\nSenatorship, and his life, would constitute one of the\\nmost interesting chapters of California s political\\nhistory, combining intrigue and triumph, romance\\nand tragedy, the firmness of friendship and the per-\\nfidy of politicians; but only the brief statement of\\nfacts can enter the historj^ of Placer.\\nACTS FOR PLACER.\\nAmong the Acts passed specially for the interest\\nof Placer County were the following: An Act, intro-\\nduced by Senator Walkup, and approved February\\n4, 1857, to change the time of election of Supervisors\\nof Placer County, so that one will be chosen each\\nyear; also an Act, introduced by the same, to appro-\\npriate all the special tax levied according to Act of\\nthe previous year for jail purposes, and one-half\\nthe proceeds of the Foreign Miners License Tax, to\\nthe redemption of county scrip before it would\\nbecome due, on such terms as could be agreed upon.\\nScrip was usually sold to brokers at a discount of\\nfrom thirty to fifty per cent., and this Act provided\\na fund whereby the Treasurer could act as broker\\nand purchase scrip. The saving by this measure was\\nestimated at $10,000 per annum.\\nBy an Act approved February 13, 1857, the salary\\nof the County Judge was placed at $2,000 per\\nannum. The terms of county officers were to begin\\nand end on the first Monday in December after those\\nelected in 1858, continuing two years.\\nC II A P T E R XXI\\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nCampaign of 1S57 The Democracy United Democratic Com-\\nbinations Contempt for the Republicans Campaign of 1858\\nDouglas Democrats Conventions Held Republicans and\\nDouglas Democrats Combine Eleventh Judicial District\\nThe Klection A Portentous Omen The Legislature Cam-\\npaign of 1859 Horace Greeley Broderick and Terry Duel\\nM. S. Latham Elected Senator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Legislation for Placer\\nJames Anderson Campaign of 1860 Threatening Aspect\\nof Parties The Election Lincoln the President James A.\\nMcDougall .Senator A Stormy Session The Rebellion\\nCampaign of 1861 Success of the Republicans Campaign\\nof 1862 Three Parties in the Field Abolition of Slavery\\nConstitutional Amendments Adopted Campaign of 1863\\nDemocratic Song Long Hairs and Short Hairs\\nUnited Democrats United Judicial Election Placer\\nCounty Matters Campaign of 1864 Presidential Nomina-\\ntions The Election.\\nThe campaign of 1857 involved the election of\\nState, Legislative, several count}- and township offi-\\ncers; also to pay or repudiate the State debt, and a\\nvote upon calling a Constitutional Convention. The\\npolitical power seemed indisputably in the hands of\\nthe Democratic party, and their nominations were\\ngenerally regarded as equivalent to an election.\\nThere were several reasons for this. The Senatorial\\ncontest, which had been a prolific source of discord,\\nhad been settled, apparently, for four years at least,\\nand the two wings appeared firmly united. In addi-\\ntion to this, the administration of State affairs by the\\nAmerican party had given great dissatisfaction, and\\nthe Republicans were still laboring under the com-\\nmon denunciation of being disunionists, abolitionists,\\nsectionalists, negro-worshipers, and the like, and\\ntheir power was insignificant, except in the large\\ncities.\\nDE.MOCRATIC COMBINATIONS.\\nThe combinations made in settling the Senatorial\\nquestion in the previous winter had decided, in\\nadvance of any convention, a good portion of the\\nDemocratic nominees, at least so far as bargaining\\ncould.\\nCONTE.MI T FOR THE REPUBLICANS.\\nThe Republicans put forth their platform, which\\nappeared to the Democrats so obnoxious that they\\npublished it as a campaign document on the theory\\nthat\\nVice is a monster of such hideous mien.\\nThat to be hated needs but to be seen.\\nThe result was, however, as demonstrated in after\\nyears, the conclusion of the poet,\\nBut seen too oft we become familiar with its face:\\nWe first endure, then pity, then embrace,\\nThe Republican platform declared the national\\ncharacter of the party, and expressed no opinions\\nregarding State policy, other than to invite immigra-\\ntion, wherein it differed from the American party\\nTo prohibit slavery in the Territories was in the\\npower and duty of Congress, in which it diffei ed\\nfrom the Democi-atic party, which denied that power.\\nIt was opposed to interference with slavery in the\\nStates. One resolution said That the opinion ren-\\ndered by Chief Justice Taney, and concurred in by\\nother Judges, in the late Dred Scott case, is a pal-\\npable violation of the principles of the Declaration\\nof Independence, a falsification of the history of\\nour country, subversive of State rights, and a flagrant\\ninjustice to a large portion of the people of the\\nUnited States, and as such merits the indignant\\nrepi obation of every freonan. This disappi oba-\\ntion of so sacred a thing as a decision of the t^nited\\nStates Supreme Court was considered as but little\\nshort of blasphemy. The platform expressed the\\nhope that the free men of Oregon, then about organ-\\nizing a State Government, would succeed in estab-\\nlishing it on a basis of free principles, excluding\\nslavery from the Pacific Coast forever.\\nThe campaign was opened early, the I larer Herald\\nand a number of other papers placing the name of\\nJohn B. Weller at the head of their columns as can-", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "114\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ndidate for Governor, subject to the Democratic State\\nConvention. Tbis Convention was called to meet\\nat Sacramento July 1-tth, and Placer County was\\naccorded fifteen of the 312 delegates, ranking as the\\nsixth among the forty-four counties.\\nThe County Convention met at Aubui-n Julj- 11th\\nand a))pointed Messrs. James Anderson, D. H. Lee,\\nDaniel Choate, J. M. Powers, VV. Story, John O.\\nManuel, J. R. Nickerson, P. W. Thomas, D. M.\\nReavis, D. C. Scott, Dr. J. W. Waters, J. P. Olmstead.\\nJohn Mason, H. Manser, and Joseph Walkup dele-\\ngates to the State Convention. These were instructed\\nto vote for the nomination of John B. Weller for\\nGovernor.\\nThe State Convention met as ordered. The gen-\\ntlemen mentioned for candidates for Governor were\\nJohn B. Weller, of Sacramento, Joseph W. MeCorkle,\\nof Butte, and John Nugent, of San Francisco\\nWeller being nominated. The remaining nomina-\\ntions were as follows: For Lieutenant-Governor.\\nJoseph Walkup, of Placer; Justice of Supreme\\nCourt, full term, Stephen J. Field, of Yuba, Peter\\nH. Burnett, of Santa Clara, short term; Attorney-\\nGeneral, Thomas H. Williams, of El Dorado; Con-\\ntroller, James W. Mandeville, of Tuolumne; Treas-\\nurer, Thomas Findley, of Nevada, long term, James\\nL. English, of Sacramento, short term; Surveyor-\\nGeneral, Horace A. Iligley, of Alameda; State\\nPrinter, John O Meara, of San Francisco. Shortly\\nafter the nomination Joseph Walkup resigned his\\nposition as Senator, leaving a vacancy to be filled at\\nthe ensuing election.\\nThe American State Convention met at Sacra-\\nmento, July 28th. and nominated the following: For\\nGovernor, Geo. W. Bowie, of Colusa; Lieutenant-\\nGovernor, J. A. Raymond; Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt, James 11. Ralston, of Sacramento; Controller,\\nG. W. Whitman, of Amador; Attorney-General, T.\\nJ. McFarland, of Nevada; Treasurer, J. R. Crandail,\\nof Placer; Surveyor-General. Lucien B. Healy;\\nState Printer, B. H. Monson.\\nThe Republican State Convention met at Sacra-\\nmento, July 8th, and made the following nominations:\\nFor Governor, Edwai-d Stanley, of Marin: Lieutenant-\\nGovernor, D. W. Cheeseman, of El Dorado; Justice of\\nSupreme Court, Nathaniel Bennett, of San Francisco;\\nAttornej^General, Aaron A. Sargent, of Nevada;\\nController, L. C. Gunn, of Tuolumne; Treasurer,\\nLeland Stanford, of Sacramento; Surveyor-General,\\nP. M.Randal, of Amador; State Printer, F. B. Mur-\\ndock, of Santa Clara.\\nThe campaign was quiet, the usual i-ound of speech\\nmaking being followed, with the addition of a num-\\nber of Republican speakers, who received more\\nrespectful attention than in the preceding year.\\nThe result was the election of the entire Demo-\\ncratic State and County ticket; the vote in the\\ncounty for Governor being, Weller (D), 1,999; Bowie\\n(A), 1,425; Stanley (R), 708. Joseph Walkup, for\\nLieutenant-Governor, received 2,0GS votes, being the\\nhighest of any candidate. The full vote in the State\\nfor the Gubernatorial candidates was: Weller,\\n53,122; Stanley, 21,010; Bowie, 19,481. For Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor, Walkup received 57,336 votes;\\nCheeseman, 16,800; Raj mond, 19,718, making Walk-\\nup s majority, 20,818. The votes of El Dorado,\\nKlamath, and Santa Barbara, were not counted by\\nthe Legislature, making that count much less.\\nThe vote on payment of the State debt was large\\nin its favor, and against holding a Convention to\\nrevise the Constitution.\\nThe following are the names of the candidates for\\nLegislative and county offices, and the vote each\\nreceived:\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 full term, J.C.Baker (D), 1,841; T. P.\\nSlade (A), 1,474; P. H. Sibley (R), 704; short term,\\nJames Anderson (D), 1,977; John Barnes (A), 1,388;\\nS. R. Bradley (R), 640.\\nAssembly-D. B. Curtis (D), 2,005; A. P. K. Saf-\\nford (D), 2,007; Nicholas Kabler (D), 1,968; Wm. C.\\nStratton (D), 2,001; James H.Toole (A), 1,330; F.\\nJ. Frank (A), 1,400; H. S. Wooster (A), 1,379; W.\\nWhittier (A), 1,434; A. G. Read (R), 604; A. H.\\nGoodrich (R), 634; A. C. Skull (R), 622; W. H.\\nHilton (R), 635.\\nSuperintendent of Common Schools Percival C.\\nMillette (D), 1,970; J. P. Brooks (A), 1,485.\\nPublic Administrator Thomas Coffey (D), 1,935;\\nC. T. Palmer (A), 1,578.\\nCoroner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. J. Esmond (D), 2,071; Dr. Page (R),\\n1,457.\\nConvention for, 2,552; against, 748.\\nPaying State Debt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for, 2,850; against, 663.\\nTotal number of votes cast, 4,219.\\nPlacer was about the only count\\\\ that gave a\\nmajority for holding a Convention to revise the Con-\\nstitution. This had resulted from the advocacy\\nof the question by the Herald, where the cumbrous-\\nness of the courts, the powers given to corporations,\\nand other defects of the Constitution had been ably\\npointed out. The State vote on the question was\\n30,226 for the Convention and 17,680 against, but\\nthe statute authorizing the election required a major-\\nity of all the votes east, the total vote of the Slate\\nbeing 93,643 the question was lost.\\nThe Legislature met on the first Monday in\\nJanuary, 1858. Lieutenant-Governor Walkup pre-\\nsided in the Senate, and N. E. Whitesides, of Yuba,\\nwas elected Speaker, and Joseph W. Seobey, of\\nPlacer, Clerk of the Assembly. The session passed\\nwith but little of general interest, terminating its\\nlabors April 26, 1858. .In both houses were 104\\nDemocrats, 14 Republicans and 7 Americans.\\nSoon after the election in 1857, Chief-Justice H. C.\\nMurray died, and Peter 11. Burnett, who had been\\nelected to fill the term, expiring January 1, 1858,\\nwas appointed to the vacancy, and Stephen J. Field,\\nwho had been elected to take office January Ist, was\\nappointed to the place made vacant by the appoint-\\nment of Burnett.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n115\\nCAMPAIGN OP 1858.\\nThe progress of the political changes which led\\nfrom the absolute supremacy of the Democratic\\nparty to its disruption and revolution is noticed with\\neach recurring campaign. In a retrospective view\\nthe period including the administration of James\\nBuchanan is one of the most interesting and instruc-\\ntive of the political history of the United States, as\\nit witnessed the culmination of the slave power;\\nthe imperial arrogance of its leaders; and the\\ngrowth of the Republican party against whose suc-\\ncess the South rose in rebellion.\\nDOUGLAS DEMOCRATS.\\nWitli the opening of the campaign of 1858 the\\nfirst mention is made of Douglas Democrats.\\nStephen A. Douglas, Senator from Illinois had intro-\\nduced the bills for the organization of the Territo-\\nries of Kansas and Nebraska in 1854, which left the\\nquestion of slavery to be decided by the people when\\norganizing as States. For this he became a very\\npopular leader of the Democracy. In 1858, under the\\npressure of Buchanan and the proslavery Democrats\\na bill was passed admitting Kansas with a Constitu-\\ntion maintaining slavery, known as the Lecompton\\nConstitution, which had been rejected by a large\\nmajority of the people of Kansas, who. had sub-\\nmitted an anti-slavery Constitution, made in Conven-\\ntion at Topeka. Douglas, Broderick, and Chandler,\\nDemocratic Senators, voted against the measure, and\\nwere called bolters, and their adherents became\\nknown as Douglas Democrats, or Anti-Lecomp-\\ntonites. The Placer Press, under the editorial charge\\nof A. S. Smith, became the organ of the Anti-\\nLecompton party, and as the historian of 1860\\nwrites, was accused of being strongly tinctured\\nwith Abolitionism.\\nThe principal questions under discussion during\\nthe Campaign were, the admission of Kansas, with\\nthe Constitution establishing slavery, and the dis-\\nagreements between Senators Broderick and Douglas\\nwith theExocutiveat Washington. The proclamation\\nof the Governor, called for the election of a Judge of\\nthe Supreme Court, and a State Controller as the only\\nofficers to be voted for by the people of the State in\\ngeneral, the election of Members of Congress having\\nbeen postponed one year. The Eleventh Judicial\\nDistrict was required to elect a Judge, and the\\ncounty Legislative officers and county officers.\\nMcKibben, Member of Congress, and strongly\\nanti-Broderick the previous year, now opposed the\\nDemocratic Administration, and acted with the\\nDouglas, or Anti- Lecompton party. The American\\nparty still maintained its organization in Placer\\nCounty, but made no State nominations.\\nCONVENTIONS HELD.\\nThe Republican County Conrention met July 24,\\n1858, and selected twelve delegates to the State\\nConvention, to meet at Sacramento on the 5th of\\nAugust: P. H. Sibley, C. J. Hillyer, S. R. Bradley,\\nF. B. Higgins, J. M. Moulton, Charles A. Tuttle, H.\\nH. Watson, C. 11. Aldrich, L. R. Chamberlain, L. O.\\nGorman, George White and C. H. Goodrich.\\nThe State Convention met on the day appointed,\\nand nominated John Currey, of Solano, for Judge of\\nthe Supreme Court, Dr. L. C. Gunn, of Tuolumne,\\nfor Controller, and Joseph C. McKibben, of Sierra,\\nand F. P. Tracy, of San Francisco, for Members of\\nCongress.\\nThe Democratic County Convention met July oOlh,\\nand nominated legislative and county officers, and\\nselected eleven delegates to the State Convention at\\nSacramento, to be held August -Ith. The following\\nwere the delegates: John C. Manuel, B. Stinson, N.\\nKabler, W. C. Stratton, Walter White, J. W. Brady,\\nW. C. Rich, E. McDonald, L. G. Smith, S. B. Wyman,\\nand J. A. Hill.\\nThe Democratic State Convention met at Sacra-\\nmento, August 4Lh, and nominated Joseph P. Bald-\\nwin, for Judge of the Supreme Court, and A. R.\\nMeloney, for Controller. Among the proposed nom-\\ninees for Supreme Judge were John M. Howell, ot\\nEl Dorado, P. H. Burnett, Of Santa Clai-a, Judge\\nBarber, of Tuolumne, and H. P. Barbour, of Yuba.\\nThe Douglas Democrats of Placer met in County\\nConvention at Auburn, and selected delegates to a\\nState Convention of the party at Sacramento, to be\\nheld simultaneously with the Democratic and Repub-\\nlican Conventions. This Convention nominated John\\nCurrey, of Solano, for Supreme Judge, I. N. Dawley,\\nof Nevada, for Controller, H. U. Jennings, of Butte,\\nfor Clerk of the Supreme Court, J. C. McKibben, of\\niSierra, and VVm. L. Dudley, of Calaveras, for Mem-\\nbers of Congress.\\nREPUBLICANS AND DOUGLAS DE.MCORATS.\\nThe intent and purpose of the Douglas Democrats\\nand the Republicans being so nearly the same that\\nwas to end the misrule of the Buchanan Democ-\\nracy, ^that a combination was made, the Republic-\\nans nominating two of the Anti-Lecompton Demo-\\ncrats for State officers, and in the county both\\nnominating the same. The division of the Demo-\\ncratic party gave hopes of success to the American\\nparty in Placer, and a Convention was held at\\nAubui n, July 31st, and officers for the Legislature\\nand county were nominated.\\nAmong the resolutions in the Democratic platform,\\nwas one declaring,\\nThat, in the opinion of this Convention, the\\nformation of, and adherence to ihe so-called Topeka\\nConstitution, by the Abolition party of Kansas, was\\nan act of rebellion which ought to have been put\\ndown by force. And be it further\\nPesolved, That it is the will of those who adhere\\nto the Government, and not to the will of those\\nwho array themselves in rebellion against the Govern-\\nment, that should be looked to and carried out,\\nboth in the formation of State Constitutions, and the\\nadmission of States into the Union.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "110\\nHISTORY OF PLA.CER C(jrXTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThis Democratic doctrine of 1858 became very\\nobnoxious to many of that party, when adopted by\\nthe Republicans, in the war of the Rebellion.\\nELEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT.\\nThe Eleventh Judicial District Convention met at\\nSiieramento. August 5th, only Ei Dorado and Yolo\\nCounties being represented, and nominated Thomas\\nH. Hewes, of Ei Dorado, for Judge. This was pro-\\ntested against by the people of Placer, and Benjamin\\nF. Myres announced himself as an independent\\ncandidate for the position, saying in his address to\\nthe voters, that he had been solicited so to do by\\ngentlemen from various parts of the district.\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nThe election was held September 1st, resulting in\\nthe success of regular Democratic State and county\\nnominees, excepting the candidate for ollector, and\\nof B.F. Myres, Democratic, but independent candidate\\nfor District Judge. The State returns were, for\\nSupreme Judge Baldwin, Democrat, 44,599; Currey,\\nDouglas Democrat and Republican, 30,198; Con-\\ntroller\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meloney, Democrat, 44,285, Dawley, Dou-\\nglas Democrat, 27,759; Gunn, Republican, 7,481.\\nNo count was made of the votes for Members of\\nCongress, or Clerk of Supreme Court, the term of\\nthe latter office having been extended until 1859^\\nby the Legislature. The vote for District Judge\\nwas, in Placer County, for Myres. 3.054; Hewes, 702;\\nMyres having a majority in the district of about 100.\\nThe following returns show the candidates of the\\ndifferent parties in the countj% and the vote each\\nreceived\\nSenate James Anderson (^D), 1,909; H.S. Wooster\\n(A), 1,392; J. C. Ball (R and D D), 1,290.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. C. Stratton (D), 1,948; Wm. P.\\nBarclay (D), 2,130; W. P. Wing (D), 1,989; Philip\\nLynch (D), 1,817; M. M. Robinson (A). 1,214; F. J.\\nFrank (A), 1,314; J. B. Henderson (A), 1,358; D. B.\\nCollins (A), 1,301; E. J. Schellhouse (R and D D),\\n1,287; James McDonald (R and D D). 1,256; J. P.\\nKavanaugh (R and D D), l,2.s. Wm. H, Lowell\\n(R and D D), 1,278.\\nCounty Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. H. Vandecar (D), 1,957; H. R.\\nHawkins (A), 1,418; L. B. Arnold (R and D D i,\\n1,209.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 L. L. Bullock (D), 2,005; M. C. Ladd (A),\\n1,437; J. W. Phillips (R and D D), 1,220.\\nCollector\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Kimball (A), 1,993; G. L. Hamlin\\n(D), 1,805; Thomas Sherman (R and D D), 804.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 G. W. Applegate (D), 1,938; J. T.\\nHigbee (Ai. 1,394; Moses Hyneman (R and D D),\\n1,223.\\nClerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Henry Gooding (D), 2,044; T. P. Slade\\n(A), 1,559; Jos. VV. Scobey (R and D D), 1,019.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 G. L. Anderson (Dj, 1,995; J. L. Brown\\n(A), 1,363; L S. Tichenor (R and D D), 1.233.\\nDistrict Attorney- P. W. Thomas (D), 2,243; J.\\nF. Welch (A), 1,120.\\nAssessor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. B. Harper (D), 2,240; H. J. Marsh\\n(A), 1,120; Geo. Lermond (R and D D), 1,213.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. G. Elliott (D), 1,992; E. A. Phelps\\n(R and D D), 1,303.\\nPublic Administrator John Reiser (D), 1,913;\\nJulius P. Brooks (A), 1,280: E. M. Banvard (R and\\nD D), 1,250.\\nCoroner James McBurney (D), 2,012; G. W.\\nSheridan (R and D D), 1,227.\\nTotal number of votes cast, 4,720.\\nThe terms of the county officers would begin\\nJune 2, 1859.\\nThe campaign had been quite active, particularly\\non the Republican side, with such speakers as F. P.\\nTracey, Joseph C. McKibben and Wm. L. Dudley,\\nand these aroused the people to an excited state,\\ncalling out the votes of all ])arties. As a conse-\\nquence the vote was much larger than had been\\nanticipated, it having been estimated that at least\\n8 i0 votes had left the county for Frazer River\\nsince the preceding election.\\nThe Legislature elected was composed of twenty-\\nfour Administration Democrats, seven Douglas Dem-\\nocrats and four Republicans in the Senate; and fifty-\\nfour Administration Democrats, sixteen Douglas\\nDemocrats and ten Republicans in the Assembly.\\nPORTENTliLS OMEN.\\nAs the c.ini[)aign closed there appeared in the\\nnorthwestern sk} a large and brilliant comet, after-\\nwards known as Donati s Comet, with a tail of fifteen\\ndegrees in length, and curved toward the north like\\na flaming Turkish cimeter. This grand spectacle\\nwas visible every evening for six weeks, appearing\\nlike an armj- in the heavens passing in review from\\nthe north to the south, eventually disappearing in\\nthe southwest, having many features likened to\\nmilitary equipages; sharp, straight lines, like spears\\nand rapiers, rising and disappearing, and the whole\\nappearing like a saber held in the air, or an aigrette\\nplume flowing from the chapeau of a soldier. By\\nmany it was regarded as the comet which some\\nhistorians declare influenced Charles V., in the six-\\nteenth century to abdicate the thrones of Spain\\nand Germany, and which had foretold the birth of\\nChrist, and in its period of a little over 300 years had\\nprognosticated great political and religious events.\\nDid it come at this time to forewarn the world of\\nthe great revolution to occur in the United States\\nin a few years thereafter, one of the greatest\\npolitical revolutions of history, and was its flaming\\nsword and military appearance as it passed a symbol\\nof the future mareh of the Union armies from the\\nNorth to the South\\nTHE LEGISL.\\\\TDRE.\\nThe Legislature met January 3, 1859, Lieutenant-\\nGovernor Walkup presiding in the Senate. On the\\n4th the Assembly organized by the election of W.\\nC. Stratton, of Placer, as Speaker, this county\\nhaving the honor of the two presiding officers. The", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n117\\nReading Ulerk, Joseph W. Scobey, who had been\\nClerk of the preceding Assembly, was also from\\nPlacer County.\\nThe most exciting question of the session was a\\nresolution introduced by Senator William Holden,\\nof Tuolumne and Stanislaus, requesting D. C. Brod-\\nerick to resign his office as United States Senator,\\nfor having disobeyed the instructions of the pre-\\nvious Legislature to support the Administration in\\nregard to the admission of Kansas under the Lecomp-\\nton Constitution, and for having spoken disrespect-\\nfully of the President of the United States in the\\nSenate on the 22d of March, 1858. This resolution\\nwas long and ably debated, and passed by a strictly\\npartisan vote. In this debate Senator Anderson\\ndelivered one of the most powerful speeches of the\\nsession, reviewing the history of Broderick and\\nattributing most of the political evils of California\\nto his ambition and intrigue, and to the bad char-\\nacter of the men he attached to his cause. Mr.\\nAnderson also introduced a bill, which became a law,\\nexempting from execution the homestead of an\\nunmarried person to the value of $2,500. An Act\\nwas passed again submitting to a vote of the\\npeople the question of calling a Constitutional Con-\\nvention. The Legislature adjourned April 19, 1859.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1859.\\nThe campaign of 1859 was one of the interesting\\nseries attending the disruption of the Whig, and the\\nsolidification of the Republican party. The Kansas\\nEmbroglio, Bleeding Kansas, the Kansas\\nOutrages, Lecompton, and Anti-Lecompton,\\nSquatter Sovereignty, and Border Ruffians,\\nwere the common terms often heard in political\\nspeeches, individual wrangles, and newspaper articles.\\nQuestions of State and county interest were over-\\nlooked or forgotten, in the all absorbing subject\\nagitating the nation. There was, however, the\\nstruggle for local offices, and in the general breaking\\nup of parties, making it difficult to forecast the\\nresult, each organization entertained hopes of success.\\nA full set of State officers were to be elected, also\\ntwo Members of Congress, one Senator, four Assem-\\nblymen, Superintendent of Schools, and Public\\nAdministrator.\\nThe Republican State Convention met at Sacra-\\nmento, June 7, 1859, and organized by the election\\nof Hon. Charles A. Tuttle, of Placer, as Chairman.\\nThe nominations were as follows: For Governor^\\nLeland Stanford, of Sacramento; Lieutenant-Gov-\\nernor, James F. Kennedy, of Santa Clara; Members of\\nCongres8,P. H. Sibley, of Placer, and Col. E. D. Baker,\\nof San Francisco; Justice of Supreme Court,Oscar L.\\nShafter, of San Francisco; Clerk of Supreme Court,\\nS. D. Parker, of Tehama; Treasurer, P. P. Caine,\\nof Yuba; Controller, J. R. Clarke, of El Dorado;\\nAttorney-General, H. S. Love, of San Francisco;\\nSurveyor-General, A. G. Randall, of Amador;\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction, S. W. Brown,\\nof Sonoma; State Printer, F. B. Murdock. of Santa\\nClara.\\nThe Anti-Lecompton County Convention met at\\nAuburn, June 14th, and selected the following dele-\\ngates to the State Convention: E. M. Shellhouse, J.\\nC. Ball, M. Sherman, Philip Stoner, H. Fitzsimmons,\\nT. Shei-man, L. B. Arnold, I. S. Ticheuor, John\\nO Jfeil and L. Chamberlain. The State Convention\\nmet at Sacramento, June KUh, and made the follow-\\ning nominations: For Governor, John Currey, of\\nSolano; Lieutenant-Governor, John Conness, of El\\nDorado; Congress, Joseph C. McKibben, of Sierra,\\nand Col. E. D. Baker, of San Francisco; Judge of\\nSupreme Court, Royal T. Sprague, of Shasta; Clerk\\nof Supreme Court, Joseph Powell, of Sacramento;\\nAttorney-General, Edmund Randolph, of San Fran-\\ncisco; Treasurer, Josiah Johnson, of Sacramento;\\nController, George Pierce, of Sonoma; State Printer,\\nJohn O Meara, of Yuba.\\nThe Democratic County Convention met at Auburn,\\nJune 20th, and elected twelve delegates to the State\\nConvention: H. H. Johnson, J. A. Hill, D. L. Beach,\\nW. C. Stratton, M. Fannon, E. Barrett, C. C. Dudley,\\nJ. W. Brady, L. G. Smith, S. B. Wyman, G. L.\\nHamlin and L. L. Bullock. The State Convention\\nmet at Sacramento, June 22d, and made the follow-\\ning nominations: For Governor, Milton S. Latham,\\nof Sacramento; Lieutenant-Governor, J. ti. Downey,\\nof Los Angeles; Congress, John C. Burch, of Trinitj\\nand C. L. Scott, of Tuolumne; Judge of Supreme\\nCourt, W. W. Cope, of Amador; Attorney-General,\\nThomas H. Williams, of El Dorado: Clerk of Supreme\\nCourt, Charles S. Fairfax, of Sacramento; Treasurer,\\nThomas Findley, of Nevada; Controller, Samuel H.\\nBrooks, of San Joaquin; Surveyor-General, Horace\\nA. Higley, of Alameda; Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction, A. J. Moulder, of San Francisco; Slate\\nPrinter, C. T. Botts, of Sacramento.\\nThe Amei ican party made no State nominations,\\nbut in Placer County presented a full ticket.\\nHORACE GREELEY.\\nThe usual exciting canvass followed, enlivened by\\nthe presence of such able speakers, as Col. E. D.\\nBaker, M. S. Latham, Dr. Gwin, D. C. Broderick,\\nJames Anderson and others, besides the various\\ncandidates. An extra interest was given the cam-\\npaign, by the visit to California of Horace Greeley,\\ndistinguished as an editor and politician, of what\\nwere then called advanced, radical, extreme views.\\nMr. Greeley spoke at Auburn on the Slh of Au-\\ngust, to a Republican meeting, giving his opinion of\\nthe object and principles of the Republican party.\\nCol. Baker had declared Squatter Sovereignty,\\nleaving the question of slavery to be settled by the\\npeople of the Territories to be the basis of the\\nRepublican party. Mr. Greeley said at Auburn,\\nthat Squatter Sovereignty was but another feature of\\nthe slave trade that squatters nor Congi-ess should\\nadmit slavery into the Territories. This extreme", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "118\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ndoctrine was tbougbt by Ibo Domocrats so obnox-\\nious, tbat it would destroy the Republican party in\\nCalifornia; but instead, it seemed to increase it.\\nThe canvass was made very bitter by the many\\npersonal allusions, made bj^ Senators iJroderick and\\nGwin, and charges against Mr. Latham, which were\\nbrought into discussion at almost every meeting.\\nThe election occurred Se])tember 7, 1859, resulting\\nin a Democratic success in State and county. The\\nvote in the State for Governor was: M. S. Latham.\\nDemocrat, 44,028; John Currey, Anti-Lecompton,\\n24,180; Leland Stanford, Republican, 8,4G6. In\\nPlacer County, for Governor, M. S. Latham, 2.. ^)2(l;\\nJohn Currey, 1,117; Leland Stanford, 89G.\\nThe following gives the names of the nominees of\\nthe several parties in the county, and the vote each\\nreceived.\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Samuel T. Leet (D), 1,7()5; Thomas P.\\nSlade (A), 1,110; Curtis J. llillycr (H), 809; Hugh\\nFitzsimmons (A-L), 70(3.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. W. Lovell {D), 1,905; James N.\\nMakins (D), 2,031; i). S. Beach (D), 2,056; J. W.\\nHarville (D), 2.059; Wm. G. Monroe (A), 982; S M.\\nJameson (A), 898; D. 15. Goode (A~), 853; S. E. Bar-\\nrett (A), 913; G. D. Aldrieh (R), 848; W. D. Harri-\\nman (R), 854; John Yule (R), 934; S. R. Bradley\\n(R), 865; D. H.Gray (A-L), 561; D. Louderbac k\\n(A-L), 485; E. W. Nevers (A-Ij), 597; L. L. Deming\\n(A-L), 522.\\nSuperintendent of Common Schools S. S. Green-\\nwood (D), 1,717; W. C. Howe (A). 1,0G4; A. H.\\nGoodrich (R), 885; E. M. Banvard (A L), 565.\\nPublic Administrator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. P. H. Love (D), 2,098;\\nN. R. 1). Traphagen (A), 1,804.\\nTotal number of votes. 4.670. y\\nBRODERICK AND TERRY DCEL.\\nThe returns of the election were but just counted\\nand made known to the people when David S. Terry\\nresigned his position as Chief Justice of the Sujn eme\\nCourt and challenged Senator David (J. Broderiek to\\na duel. The assumed provocation was the remark\\nmade by Broderiek, in the June preceding, that he\\nonce said Terry was the only honest Judge on the\\nSupreme Bench, but 1 now take that back.\\nUndoubtedly the true cause was the bitter enmity\\nbetween Bi oderick and the leaders of the Southern\\nDemocrats, of which Terry was the representntive.\\nThe duel occurred on the 13th of September, result-\\ning in the wounding of Ih-oderick, who died on the\\n16th of the same month. The death ol Broderiek\\ncreated a vacancy in the Senate, and gave the oppor-\\ntunity to the Democratic Legislature to elect an\\nundoubted Democrat in his place. II. P. Haun, of\\nYuba, was appointed United States Senator by the\\nGovernor to fill the position until a successor should\\nbe elected.\\nM. S. LATHAM KLECTED SENATOR.\\nThe Legislature met January 2, 18f!0, Lieutenant-\\nGovernor Downej jn-csiding in the Senate, and I. N.\\nQiiinn was elected President pro tern. Phil. Moore,\\nof Nevada, was elected Speaker of the Assembly.\\nOn the 9th, the Legislature met in joint Conven-\\ntion, nnd elected Gov. Milton S. Latham LTnited\\nStates Senator, for the unexpired term of D. C.\\nBroderiek. The Democrats of Placer had held\\nmeetings at various places in the county, subsequent\\nto the death of Broderiek, and expressed, preference\\nfor Gov. J. B. Weller for Senator. These expres-\\nsions were responded to by all the delegation in\\ncaucus, with the exception of Senator Leet, who\\nvoted for Governor Latham.\\nOn the 14th of January the newly-elected Senator\\nresigned his position as Governor, and was succeeded\\nin office by J. G. Downey.\\nLECilSLATION FOR PLACER.\\nThe Legislative enactments aft ecting Placer, were\\nthe incorporation of Auburn, and submitting to the\\njK Ojjlc of Auburn the ^proposition to subscribe\\n\u00c2\u00a750,000 to the stock of the Sacramento, Placer, and\\nNevada Railroad; also an omnibus bill, authorizing\\nan election in the county of Placer, to vote on the\\nproposition of the county subscribing $100,000 to\\nthe stock of the Sacramento, Placer, and Nevada\\nliailroad; $25,000 to the stock of the Eastern Exten-\\nsion Pailroad; to donate $12,500 to construct a\\nwagon-road from Secret Springs to Carson Valley,\\nand the same to construct a wagon-road from Dutch\\nPlat to Carson Valley. The election on the project\\nof Auburn subscribing $50,000 for the railroad was\\nheld June 4, 1860, resulting in a majority for the\\nproposition. The count} election upon the other\\nprojects was held June 27th, resulting in a negative\\nmajority. (See chapter on Railroads.)\\nJA.MES ANDERSON\\nWas a native of Pennsylvania, born in Erie County,\\nin August, 1822. AYhen about seventeen years of\\nage he removed to the State of Kentucky, where he\\nstudied law, and was admitted to practice as an\\nattorney and (\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ounsellor in May, 1843. Sometime\\nafter this date, and before the opening of the Mexi-\\ncan War, he removed to Tennessee, and, in 1846,\\nenlisted in the United States Volunteers, and with\\nthe tirst troops raised in that State went to Mexico.\\nHe was made a non-commissioned officer, and served\\nas such through his term of enlistment. On his\\nreturn in 1847, he was honored by the President\\nwith a commission as Second-Lieutenant, and\\nreturned to Mexico, where he remained until one\\nyear after the close of hostilities. For a short\\nperiod he resided at Rio Grande City, Texas, engaged\\nin the practice of his ]n-ofcssion. Like many thou-\\nsands of his comrades in arms, he emigrated to Cal-\\nifornia, arriving at Stockton in the spring of 1850.\\nThere ho opened a law-office and was soon after\\nappointed District Attorney for San Joaquin County.\\nThis office he held until the fall of 1851. He removed\\nto Placer County in the fall of 1852, making his\\nhome in Auburn, As a resident of this county he", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nlU)\\nalways took part in public affairs, and was a most\\nprominent and useful citizen. E er some years he\\nwas Captain of the Placer Kifles, a militarj company\\nwhich he organized. In 1S.5G-57 he was editor of\\nthe Placer Herald, aud, in the election of the last-\\nnamed year, was elected by the Democratic party to\\nthe State Senate, to fill the unexpired term of Hon.\\nJoseph Walkup, who had been nominated for the\\noffice of Lieutenant-Governor, to which position he\\nwas chosen at the same election. In the succeeding\\nyear, Mr. Anderson was elected to the full term as\\nSenator. Upon the expiration of his term great\\nchanges had occurred in the organization and\\nstrength of parties, thei-e being four in the field\\nin the campaign of 18G0. Mr. Anderson was the\\nnominee of the Breckenridge wing of the Demo-\\ncratic party for the position of District Attorney,\\nand Jo Hamilton of the Douglas wing, C. J. Hillyer\\nof the Republicans, and M. E. Mills of the American\\nparty. In this contest Mr. Hamilton was successful.\\nIn 1863 Mr. Anderson went to Arizona, and located\\nat Prescott, where he practiced his profession as a\\nlawyer, until his return to Auburn in 18GG. James\\nAnderson when in Arizona, January, 186,5, was Clerk\\nof the Assembly, and at the close of the session the\\nfollowing resolution was passed unanimously:\\n/i esofoetZ, That the Clerk of this House, Hon. James\\nAnderson, has exhibited a masterly knowledge of\\nhis duties, and has discharged them with industrj^,\\nfidelity and impartiality; that his courteous bearing\\ninsures him our esteem as a gentleman; that we\\ntender him the thanks of this body as an officer.\\nHe had returned to Auburn where he had so long\\nresided and pi ospered, to make it his permanent\\nhome, but he returned only to die. While seated in\\nthe Herald office, so pleasant a home to him, where\\nhe had formerly been partner and editor, he sud-\\ndenly expired of heart disease, on the 12th of Octo-\\nber, 186G, aged -14 year.j. Thus is given in brief the\\ndata of the principal events of a very busy, worthy,\\nambitious, and eventful life. The many scenes of\\nearly life, war, and polities, of which James Ander-\\nson had been a part, would, if fully told, constitute a\\nmost interesting biography, including much of the\\nhistory of our country during an active and\\nimportant ])eriod. As a soldier, attorney, journalist,\\npolitician, and legislator, he was of the superior\\nclass, and attached in his friendships by the most\\nenduring ties.\\nCAMPAIGN OK 1860.\\nWith 1860 came the culmination of the political\\nchanges set in motion by the compromise measures\\nof 1850, excited by the passage of the Fugitive\\nSlave Law, aroused by the Dred Scott decision,\\naccelerated b} the extension of slavery into the\\nTerritories, and gathered into an overwhelming\\ntempest by the attempt to force a pro-slavery Con-\\nstitution upon the State of Kansas. Each of the\\ngreat measures were thought, or claimed, as author-\\nized by the National Constitution aud to settle the\\nslavery question forever; but each enactment gave\\nadditioinal cause for agitation and strength to the\\nopposing forces.\\nTHRE.VTEXING ASPECT OF PARTIES.\\nAs parties arose in the East their influence soon\\nextended to the most distant borders, and national\\npolitics controlled the votes of every county. In\\nCalifornia the counties of the Sierra then predom-\\ninated in wealth, population, enterprise and intelli-\\ngence, and Placer was one of the leading of these,\\nas at the present. Politics was discussed in every\\ntown, and hamlet, and mining camp, and an able\\nCity and country press kept the people well\\ninformed. Upon national questions the people\\ndivided into parties, and local officers were selected\\naccordingly. Different statesmen suggested differ-\\nent methods of adjusting the threatening difficulties,\\nand each had his adherents. A President was to\\nbe elected, and four parties entered the contest.\\nTwo of these, the Democratic and Republican, were\\nparties of action, presenting positive principles, and\\ntwo, the Douglas Democrats and LTnion, with\\nvacilating, undefined, conservative principles. One\\nviolent in its aggressions, the other determined in\\nits resistance, and each claiming to be the resisting\\none and charging the other as aggressive.\\nNational Conventions for the nomination of Pres-\\nidential candidates wore to be held at Charleston\\nby the Democrats, and at Chicago by the Eepubli-\\ncans. The Republican County Convention met at\\nAuburn, February 20th, to elect delegates to the\\nState Convention, which was to meet at Sacra-\\nmento on the 22d, and the following were chosen:\\nP. H. Sibley, S. R. Case, J. A. Sheldon, Lymai\\\\ Stan-\\nford, F.. B. Higgins, J. Ives Fitch, R. McClelland,\\nand George Haycock.\\nThe county delegates to the Democratic State\\nConvention, which met at Sacramento February 27th,\\nwere Thomas He-.irn, D. B. Curtis, L. L. Bullock, R.\\nC. O Neil, M. Fannon, W. H. Bullock, J. H. Neff,\\nJames R. Rogers, Joseph Walkup, James Herrick,\\nWm. M. Crutcher, D. F. Hathaway, and Horace\\nSmith.\\nThe Chicago Convention nominated Abraham\\nLincoln, of Illinois, for Presi lent, and Hannibal\\nHamlin, of Maine, for Vice-President. I he Charles-\\nton Convention failed to agree upon candidates, and\\nthe delegates of several States withdrew, agreeing\\nto meet at Washington on the 11th of June, and\\nthe Convention adjourned to meet at ISaltimore on\\nthe 18th of the same month. At the Baltimore\\nConvention a divirnion again took place, resulting\\nin two Conventions, at one of which John C. J5reck-\\nenridge, of Kentucky, was nominated for President,\\nand Joseph Lane, of Oregon, lor Vice-President;\\nand at the other, Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois,\\nwas nominated for Pre-^ident. aud Ilerschel V. John-\\nson, of (ieorgia, for Vic^- i lvsi.lent. John C. Bell,\\nof Tennessee and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts,", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "120\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwere named by the Union party as candidates for\\nPresident and Vice-President.\\nThe Republican State Convention met at Sacra-\\nmento, June 20th, and nominated Charles A. Tuttle.\\nof Placer, Charles A. Washburn, of San Francisco,\\nWm. H. Weeks, of Sacramento, and Antonio Maria\\nPico, of Los Angeles, for Presidential electors.\\nThe election comprised, besides the Presidential\\nelectors, legislative, count}^, and township officers.\\nConventions were held, and all parties placed candi-\\ndates in the field. The campaign was long and\\nvigorously conducted. The result was portentous\\nof great events. Deep feeling, rather than enthusi-\\nasm prevailed. The ablest speakers of every party\\ntraversed the country. Of the Breckenridge Demo-\\ncratic orators, were Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana,\\nSenators Latham and Gwin, Frank Tilford, A. P.\\nDudley and others. For the Douglas Democracy,\\nwere James A. McDougall, Joseph P. lioge and\\nothers, and for the Republicans, Thomas Fitch, Col.\\nE. D. Baker, then Senator from Oregon, Charles A.\\nTuttle and others, as well as the various candidates.\\nThe Democratic Signal newspaper, with R. C. Poland\\nas editor, was established at Auburn in August, as\\na sup]ic.rt for the Douglas Democrats, and the\\nCoi .rier at Yankee Jim s also advocated the same\\nparty.\\nAmong the questions to be voted upon at the\\nelection, was one calling a Constitutional Convention,\\nand another for payment of the State debt. The\\nfirst had been voted upon at previous elections, the\\nrequirement to carry it being a majority of all the\\nvotes cast. The people had paid but little attention\\nto it, and the question had not received the requisite\\nvote. The State debt, amounting to 83,000,000, had\\nbeen declared by the Supreme Court to have been\\ncontracted in violation of the Constitution, which\\nprohibited an indebtedness exceeding $300,000. unless\\napproved by a vote of the people. A certain amount\\nof the debt had been voted upon in 1858, but there\\nwas an amount of \u00c2\u00a7250,000, that had not been sub-\\nmitted, and this was left for the approval or repudi-\\nation of the people, at the election in November, 1860.\\nTHE ELECTION LINCOLN THE PRESIDENT.\\nThe election was held November 7, 1860. The\\nNational electoral vote was: Lincoln, 180; Brecken-\\nridge, 72; Douglas, 12; Bell. 39. The California vote\\nfor the highest elector on each ticket was: Lincoln,\\n38,734; Douglas, 38,023; Breckenridge, 33,075; Bell,\\n9,098. Total, 120,031. The partisans of the Legis-\\nlature were classified as follows: Senate Douglas\\nDemocrats, 19; Breckenridge Democrats, 11; Repub-\\nlicans, 5. Assembly Douglas Democrats, 38; Breck-\\nenridge Democrats, 22; Republicans, 19; Union 1.\\nThe vote of Placer County for President was:\\nLincoln, 1,742; Douglas. 1,808; Breckenridge, 1,448;\\nISell, 776. For a Constitutional Convention, 4,518.\\nTo pay the State debt, 4,971; to repudiate, 304.\\nTotal vote in the county, 5,834. Again Placer had\\nvoted to call a Convention to revise the Constitu-\\ntion, but in the State the vote failed of a majority\\nof all the votes cast.\\nThe surprise was general that the electoral vote of\\nCalifornia had gone for Lincoln, the Republican can-\\ndidate, and to Democrats the news was viewed with\\nconsternation. But four or five years previously the\\nspealvers of this party had been mobbed when\\nattempting to speak in public, and were constantly\\ndenounced as Abolitionists, Black Republicans, and\\nmany other epithets then considered insulting and\\ndamaging. He who enunciated its principles in\\nadvance of public opinion was William H. Seward,\\nUnited States Senator from New York, a man much\\nrespected throughout the South for his ability, hon\\nesty, and urbanity of manner, and he had been the\\nexpected candidate of the part} for the Presidency,\\nand great disappointment had been felt when it was\\ngiven to another. Lincoln was not a popular candi-\\ndate, and the vote given him was dictated by prin-\\nciple, and not by the attraction of the man. Doug-\\nlas had been long and favorably known, and claimed\\nthe revered name of Democrat, but maintained a\\nbold and firm opposition to the extreme pro slaverj^\\nmeasures of the party, and thus attracted to his\\nsupport many who professed the principles of the\\nRepublican party. His Democracy and his personal\\npopularity also attached to him many who were\\nclassed as pro-slavery men, among whom were Philip\\nW. Thomas, candidate for Senator, and Jo Hamil-\\nton, on the same ticket, for District Attorney. The\\ner^-stallization of parties resulting from the dissolu-\\ntion of the old was not yet complete. Two of\\nPlacer s newspapers also advocated the Douglas\\nparty, and thus it carried the county.\\nThe nominees of the several parties for Legislative\\nand count}- officers are given in the following returns\\nof the election of 1860\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 P. W. Thomas (D D), 1,788; F. B. Hig-\\ngins (R), 1,757; Joseph Walkup (B D), 1,372; Wm.\\nRufusLongley (L^), 700.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 L. G. Smith (D D), 1,863; W. J. Har-\\nrison (D Dj, 1,832; Patrick Munday (D D), 1,801;\\nW. I). Harriman (R), 1,764; J. C. Ball (D D), 1,737;\\nG. B. Densmore (R), 1,670; S. R. Case (R), 1,696;\\nC. P. Hubbell (R), 1,677; S. W. Lovell (B D), 1,318;\\nWm. M. Vance (B D), 1,400; D. S. Beach (BD),\\n1,419; James N. Makins (B D), 1,361; Alexander\\nMills (U), 824; B. D. Burt (U), 715; J. F. Brown (U),\\n719; Henry Hubbard (IT), 768.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 L. L. Bullock (D D); 1.612; John C. Boggs\\n(U), 1,509; S. B. Miller (B D), 1,347; C. J. Garland\\n(R), 1,188.\\nCounty Clerk Henry (rooding (D D), 1,974: Wm.\\nA. Johnson (B D), 1,358; George Aldrich (R), 1,003;\\nDaniel M. Hosmer (U) 719.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jo Hamilton (D I)), 2,304; E.\\nW. Hillyer(R), 1,665; James Anderson (B D), 1,358;\\n.\\\\L E. Mills (U), 247.\\nTreasurer E. M. Banvard (I) D), 1,761; Lyman", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "Qi\\nLd\\nS -i\\no z\\nZ OC\\nQ CD\\nct\\n^r^s/^ ^nll\\n^j", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n121\\nStanford (R), 1,693; Henry W. Starr (B D), 1,408;\\nJulius P. Brooks fU), 768.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. A. Selkirk (R), 1,763; W. W. Stew-\\nart (D D), 1,761; Louis S. Moffitt, (B D), 1,400; Jas.\\nP. Bull (U), 703.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. G. Elliott (D D), 1,826; A. N. David-\\nson (R), 1,687; C. W. Finley (B D), 1,407; John\\nVVhitcomb (U), 737.\\nPublic Administrator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rufus Smith (D D), 1,770;\\nM. P. H. Love (B D), 1,486; S. D. Merrick (U), 835.\\nCoroner James Piatt (D D), 1,856; James Mc-\\nBurney (B D), 1,696; T. B. Hotchkiss (U), 661.\\nThe county officers took their positions on the first\\nMonday in December, in accordance with the statute\\nof 1858. Those retiring were commended for the\\nfaithful discharge of their duties.\\nJ. A. m dougall senator.\\nThe Legislature met at Sacramento January 7,\\n1861. Pablo De Le Guerra, Douglas Democrat, was\\nelected President of the Senate, and after near two\\nweeks balloting R.Burnell, Douglas Democrat, of Ama-\\ndor, was elected Speaker. The question of the elec-\\ntion of United States Senator to succeed Dr. VV. M.\\nGwin was the political feature of the session. The\\nDouglas Democrats, having the plurality, were\\nexpected to name the successful aspirant, and as a\\nconsequence presented the greater number. Of\\nthose mentioned were Judge Joseph G. Baldwin, J.\\nW. Denver, John Conness, Edmund Randolph, and\\nJames A. McDougall. John Nugent was the Breek-\\nenridge candidate, and Timothy Guy Phelps was\\npresented by the Republicans. This matter remained\\nundecided until the 20th of March, when James A.\\nMcDougall received 56 votes of 111 cast, and was\\ndeclared elected.\\nA STORMY SESSION THE REBELLION.\\nThe session was quite a stormy one, the state\\nof the Union constituting the great theme of dis-\\ncussion. Shortly after the Presidential election, in\\n1860, the State of South Carolina passed an ordi-\\nnance of secession, and was soon followed bj other\\nStates of the South. The question debated was\\nthe right of a State to secede from the Union, and\\nthe right of the General Government to coerce a\\nState to remain. Upon this, when the Placer Herald\\nwas called a secession organ, it indignantly repelled\\nthe assertion, but replied that it was equally opposed\\nto coercion, saying, It is no more possible to hold\\nthe States together by force of arms than to pluck\\nthe stars from the firmament of heaven.\\nPresident Buchanan, in his efforts to stay secession\\nand avert war, appointed January 4, 1861, as a day\\nof national fasting and prayer for the preservation\\nand peace of the Union. The day was accordingly\\nobserved with solemnity at Auburn and other\\nplaces in the county.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1861.\\nPresident Lincoln was duly inaugurated on the\\n4th of March, 1861, and on the 19th of April the\\nwar of Rebellion commenced by firing upon Fort\\nSumpter, in Charleston Harbor. The President\\ncalled an extra session of Congresf^to convene at\\nWashington July 4th, but owing to the time of\\nelection of Congressmen, Californfa would be unrep-\\nresented until after the general election in Septem-\\nber. Under the census of 1860 it was believed Cal-\\nifornia would be accorded three Representatives,\\nbut no apportionment was made. By apportionment\\nof the Legislature the Assembly delegation of Placer\\nCounty was reduced to three members.\\nThe campaign of 1861 was for the election of a\\nGovernor and other State officers, two members of\\nCongress and a Legislature. Although the State was\\nauthorized to elect but two members of Congress,\\nand but two were nominated in Convention, the\\nbelief existed that the population justified the elec-\\ntion of three, and three were elected.\\nThe Democi atic State Convention met at Sacra-\\nmento June 11th, but owing tothe non-attondanee of\\nmembers adjourned to meet again on the 23d of July.\\nCorrespondence passed between the two Central\\nCommittees of the Bi eckenridge and Douglas Dem-\\nocrats upon the subject of consolidating the ele-\\nments of the party, but was ineffectual. At the\\nadjourned Convention the following nominations\\nwere made: For Governor, John R. McConnell, of\\nNevada; Lieutenant-Governor, Jasper O Farrell, of\\nMarin; Congress, H. P. Barbour, of Tuolumne, and\\nD. O. Shattuck, of San Francisco; Justice of Supreme\\nOf)urt, Wm. C. Wallace, of Napa; Controller. S. H.\\nBrooks, of San Joaquin; Treasure!-, Thomas Findley,\\nof Nevada; Attorney-General, Tod Robinson, of\\nSacramento; Clerk of Supreme Court, C. S. Fairfax,\\nof Marin; Surveyor-General, H. A. Higley, of Ala-\\nmeda; State Printer, M. D. Carr, of Yuba. Frank\\nGanahl, of Siskiyou, was added as a candidate for\\nCongress by the State Central Committee.\\nThe Republican State Convention nominated: For\\nGovernor, Leland Stanford, of Sacramento; Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor, J. F. Chellis, of Trinity; Congress,\\nT. G Phelps, of San Mateo, and A. A. Sargent, of\\nNevada; Justice of Supreme Court, Edward Norton,\\nof Sau Francisco; Attorney-General, F. M. Pixley,\\nof San Francisco; Clerk of Supreme Court, F. F.\\nFargo, of Alameda; Controller, G. B. Warren, ot\\nSan Joaquin; Treasurer, D. R. Ashlej^ of Monterej-;\\nSui-veyor-General, J. F. Houghton, of Solano; State\\nPrinter, Benjamin P. Averj^, of Yuba. Frederick\\nF. Low, of Yuba, was subsequently added as a third\\ncandidate for Congress. The Convention was large,\\nhighly respectable and enthusiastic.\\nThe Douglas County Convention met at Auburn\\nJuly 2d, nominated a Legislative ticket and Super-\\nintendent of Schools, and appointed delegates to the\\nState Convention, to meet at Sacramento July 4th.\\nThe nominations made at the State Convention were:\\nFor Governor, John Conness, of El Dorado; Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor, Richard Irwin, of Plumas; Con-\\ngress, Henry Edgerton, of Sacramento, and Joseph", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "122\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nC. McKibben, of Sierra; Justice of Supreme Court,\\nB. C. Whitman, of Solano; Clerk of Supreme Court,\\nGeorge S. Evans, of Tuolumne; Attorney-General,\\nGeo. W. Bowie, of Sacramento; Treasurer, Joel T.\\nLandrum, of Shasta; Controller, James E. Nutt-\\nman, of San Francisco; Surveyor-General, J. J.\\nGardner, of San Francisco; State Printer, John E.\\nEidge, of Nevada. Douglas died on the 6th of June,\\nleaving his name as the title of a party, and political\\nprinciples which, in the radical changes soon to\\nfollow, were to be swept away as the mist before\\nthe storm.\\nThree parties were in the field, but only the Demo-\\ncratic and Republican showed any well-defined prin-\\nciples or object; the Douglas appearing as composed\\nof men not knowing which side to take, or that,\\nwith the elements so disturbed, their opportunity\\nwas better to rise to the surface and obtain an office.\\nThe war of the Eebellion had begun, and several\\nbattles were fought during the campaign. The\\nexcitement was intense, and partisan feelings were\\nbitter. The Republicans were evidently the strong-\\nest, and, as Unionists, were supported by the Douglas\\nDemocrats, and these made common cause against\\nthe Democrats, who were denounced as rebels,\\nsecessionists, copperheads, and other opprobrious\\nterms.\\nSUCCESS OF THE REPUBLICANS.\\nThe election was held September 4, 1861, giving\\nthe majority in the State to the Republican nominees:\\nFor Governor 119,731 votes were cast, of which\\nLeland Stanford received 56,036, John R. McConnell,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a032,751, and John Conness, 30,944. A. A. Sargent,\\nT. G. Phelps and F. F. Low were elected to Congress.\\nThe vote in Placer County was:\\nGovernor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leland Stanford (E), 2.222; John\\nConness (D D), 1,463; John E. McConnell (D), 893.\\nLieutenant-Governor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. F. Chellis (R)), 2,050;\\nRichard Irwin (D D), 1,648; Jasper O Farrell (D),\\n887.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. G. Phelps (R), 2,025; A. A. Sargent\\n(R), 1,194; F. F. Low (R), 4,704; Henry Edgerton\\n(D D), 1,637; J. C. McKibben (D D), 1,637; J. E.\\nGitchell (D D); 1,531; H. P. Barbour (D), 925: D.\\n0. Shattuck (D), 904.\\nJustice of Supreme Court\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Edward Norton (R),\\n2.034; B. C. Whitman (D D), 1,646; Wm. C. Wallace\\n(D), 893.\\nClerk of Supreme Court\u00e2\u0080\u0094 F. F. Fargo (R), 2,045;\\nGeo. S. Evans (D D). 1,649; C. S. Fairfax (D), 908.\\nAttorney-General- Frank M. Pixley (R), 1,863; G.\\nW. Bowie (D D), 1,777; Tod Robinson (D), 915.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Delos R. Ashley (R), 2,021; Joel T.\\nLandrum (D D), 1,606; Thomas Findley (D), 949.\\nController\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gilbert R. Warren (R), 2,006; James\\nE. Nuttman (D D), 1,654; S. H. Brooks (D), 896.\\nSurveyor-General\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. F. Houghton (E), 1,998; J.\\nJ. Gardner (D D), 1,654; Horace^A. Higley (D), 912.\\nState Printer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. P. Avery (R), 2,020; J. R. Ridge\\nD D), 1,636; M. D. Carr (D), 901.\\nThe county nominees received the following votes:\\nSenate- W. D. Harriman (R), 2,005: H. Fitzsim-\\nmons (D D), 1,691; E. McDonald (D), 777.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John Yule (R), 2,074; E. W. Hillyer\\n(R), 1,954, J. J. Lynn (R), 1,774; C. C. Dudley (D D),\\n1,815; J. L. Brown (D D), 1,651; T. L. Chamberlain\\n(D D), 1,406; Wm. H. Parkinson (D), 759; J. E.\\nNickerson (D), 840; T. B. Harper (D), 927.\\nSuperintendent of Common Schools A. H. Good-\\nrich (R), 2,000; J. W. Scobey (D D), 1,557; James\\nMoore (D), 845.\\nThe total vote of the county, 4,654.\\nThe Legislature met January 4, 1862, and organ-\\nized by electing James McM Shafter (Republican),\\nPresident 2\u00c2\u00bb o tein. of the Senate, and George Bar-\\nstow (Republican), Speaker of the Assembly. Jan-\\nuary 14lh, Sacramento was inundated by the sever-\\nest flood ever experienced since the American occupa-\\ntion of the State, and the Legislature adjourned, and\\nmade a temporary capital at San Francisco. In\\nMarch, an Act was passed authorizing Placer County\\nto vote upon the proposition of subscribing SI 00.000\\nto the stock of the Sacramento, Placer and Auburn\\nRailroad. One of Placer s Members of Assembly\\nwas E. W. Hillyer, who was also a Lieutenant and\\nafterwards a Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers, and\\nwas stationed at Walla Walla, in Washington Terri-\\ntory. He obtained a leave of absence from his com-\\npany, and served his term in the Assembly.\\nThe Legislature adjourned sine die April 14, 1862.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1862.\\nAt the election to be held on the first Wednesday\\nof September, 1862, the people were requii-ed to vote\\nfor a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and upon\\nfour amendments to the State Constitution, through-\\nout the State, and in Placer County for Legislative\\nand county officers. The amendments to the Consti-\\ntution provided for biennial sessions of the Legisla-\\nture, making the session begin the first Monday of\\nDecember in 1863, and every two years thereafter,\\nlimiting the session to 120 days; and separated\\nthe election of the judiciary and school officers from\\nthe purely political officers.\\nTHREE PARTIES IN THE FIELD.\\nEfforts were made to form combinations of parties\\nto dissolve the Douglas, or, as it was commonly\\ncalled, the Union Democratic Party, that seemingly\\nbeing the only movable or dissoluble organization.\\nThe effort prevailed in some counties, but in Placer\\nthe three parties entered the field, as in the previous\\ncampaign. The Republicans and the Douglas Dem-\\nocrats represented the Union element, and the Dem-\\nocracy the peace-at-any-price and rebel element.\\nThe war was progressing with great fierceness and\\nenergy, and parly and sectional feeling was intense\\nand bitter. The Union element was much the strong-\\nest, and at times expressed itself in the violent treat-\\nment of its opponents, as the Republicans had been\\ntreated four or five years before. Hon. James Ander-", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n123\\nson, in this campaign Democratic candidate for\\nCounty Judge, was rudely assaulted with eggs\\nthrown at him, when addressing a political meeting\\nat Dutch Flat. So bitter was the feeling against\\nthose called Secessionists that many were deterred\\nfrom expressing their opinions in public.\\nThe election occurred September 4, 1862, resulting\\nin the election of John Svvett as Superintendent of\\nPublic Instruction. The candidates and the votes\\neach received in Placer County was:\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction John Swett\\n(R) 2,001; J. D. Stevenson (U D), 1,829; O. P. Fitz-\\ngerald (D), 695.\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Felix B. Higgins (R), 1,948; Lewis G.\\nSmith (U D), 1,837; Joseph Walkup (D), 714.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. R. Bradley (R), 1,799; John Yule\\n(R), 2,053; N. W. Blanchard (R), 1,925; C. C. Dud-\\nley (U D), 1,975; Lathrop L. Bullock (U D), 1,843;\\nTitus Ewing (U D), 1,774; Edward Barrett (D),694;\\nGeo. W. Applegate (D), 656; S. B. W.\u00c2\u00bb man (D), 656.\\nCounty Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hart Fellows (R), 2,068; Alvin S.\\nHiggins (U D), 1,754; James Anderson (D), 683.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jo Hamilton (U D), 2,210; P.\\nH. Sibley (R), 1,893; James P. Dameron (D), 315.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Henry Gooding (U D), 2,193; John C.\\nBogga (R), 1,960; 0. H. Ballingcr (D), 358.\\nCounty Cleric Wm. Cory (R), 1.874; Augustus\\nWilliams (U D), 1,807; W. H. Kruger (D), 790.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. M. Banvard (U D), 2,151; E. F.\\nHoyt (R), 1,757; J. W. Brady (D), 573.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. H. Patton (U D), 1,936; VV. A. Sel-\\nkirk (R), 1,820; J.Jones (D), 698.\\nPublic Administrator Charles T. Palmer (U D),\\n1,879; Henson Hazel (R), 1,873: W. A. Henry (D),\\n668.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. N. Davidson (R), 2,002; S. G. Elliott\\n(U D), 1,771; C. \\\\V. Finley (D), 731.\\nCoroner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Francis O Neil (U D), 1,862; Thomas\\nJamison (R), 1,861; Otto Johnson (D). 657.\\nConstitutional Amendments Article 4 No, 1,431\\nYes, 1,021; Article 5\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No, 1,543: Yes, 856; Article 6\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094No, 1,433; Yes, 1,233; Article 9\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No, 1,491; Yes,\\n869. Total vote of the county, 4,582.\\nABOLITION OP SLAVERY.\\nThe Legislature met January 5, 1863. The parti-\\nsan representation was classed as follows: Senate\\n31 Republicans, 5 Union Democrats, and 4 Demo-\\ncrats. Assembly 63 Republicans, 10 Union Demo-\\ncrats, and 4 Democrats. A. M. Crane was elected\\nPresident /\u00c2\u00bb)0 ten. of the Senate, and T. N. Machin,\\nSpeaker of the Assembly, both Republicans. Nearly\\nthe first business introduced was a resolution\\napproving the Emancipation Proclamation of Presi-\\ndent Lincoln, by which slavery was abolished in the\\nUnited States January 1, 1863. This was violently\\nopposed by Assemblyman C. C. Dudley, of Placer,\\nwho had been elected on the Union Democrat ticket,\\ndefeating Lynn, who had declared himself an Aboli-\\ntionist of olden time, but prevailed by the largo vote\\nof 65 yeas to 11 noes.\\nJOHN OONNESS ELECTED SENATOR.\\nThe question of the election of United States Sen-\\nator occupied a great part of the business of the\\nsession until the 10th of February, when the choice\\nfell upon John Conness, of El Dorado. The lea(!f!ng\\ncandidates had been T. G. Phelps, A. A. Sargent and\\nJames McM Shafter.\\nCONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS ADOPTED.\\nThe Legislature by resolution declared that the\\nConstitutional Amendments proposed by the two\\npreceding Legislatures had been adopted and were\\npart of the organic law. The Legislature passed an\\nAct, approved April 2, 1863, authorizing an election\\nin Placer County, on the proposition to subscribe\\n$250,000 to the stock of the Central Pacific Railroad.\\nThe election was held M:iy 12th, and decided in favor\\nof the subscription. An Act regulating elections to con-\\nform to the provisions of the Amendments to the Con-\\nstitution provided that all county officers should be\\nelected in 1863 and every two years thereafter, tak-\\ning their offices on the first Monday of March follow-\\ning. This statute shortened the terms of the county\\nofficers of Placer nearly one year. This was charged\\nas an act of partisanship, as nearly all the officers\\nwere Union Democrats, and that the Republican\\nLegislature exercised its power for the benefit of the\\nparty. The Legislature adjourned sine die, April 27,\\n1863, and the event was celebrated in Auburn by the\\nfiring of 100 guns.\\nCAMPAIGN OP 18G3.\\nIn the campaign of 1863 the political parties had\\nbecome more defined, and the groat questions of\\nnational importance had so developed as to leave two\\nsides plainly visible, leaving no possible question for a\\nthird party upon which it could claim a principle.\\nThe great war was at its height, and was fought\\nwith an energy and force of men and means, of\\nblood and treasure, of skill and courage, of enthu-\\nsiam and determination, of patriotism and suffering,\\nnever before recorded in history. The abolition of\\nslavery was declared and, with the existence of the\\nUnion, depended on the issue of the war. The\\npolitical question of the campaign was the support of\\nthe Admmistration in the war on one side, and disap-\\nproval and enmity on the other.\\nThere were to be elected three Members of Con-\\ngress, a Governor and State officers. Legislative and\\ncounty officers at the political election to be held\\nSeptember 2d; and a Supei-intendent of Public\\nInstruction, District and County Judge, at the judi-\\ncial election to bo hold October 21, 1883. Two State\\nSenators were to be elected in Placer County.\\nDEMOCll.iTIC SONQ.\\nThe following verses are taken from a popular\\nDemocratic campaign song of 1863, entitled A Now\\nDixie, and are an example of the argument and\\nfeeling of the period:", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "124\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe people lecteil Olfl Abe Liucolu,\\nWonder what they were a thinkiu\\nAbraham was an old deceiver,\\nRail-wood splitter Union cleaver.\\nLook away Away\\nOld Abe won t save the Union!\\nOn Union ground\\nHe is not found\\nHe will not save the Union.\\nYears of warfare bloodshed! horror!\\nYears of broken hearts and sorrow;\\nWidows, orphans, bankrupt Nation.\\nAnd yet our eyes see no Salvation!\\nLook away Away\\nThey will not save the Union!\\nOn Union ground\\nThey are not found.\\nWho favor war for Union!\\nDown with Wade and Chase, and all such,\\nWeak or wicked we will call such\\nGive us men as rulers o er us.\\nLike Vallandii;ham and Voorhies!\\nLook away Away;\\nSuch men will give us Union;\\nOn Union ground\\nThey re always found,\\nAnd loyal to the Union.\\nLONG H.iIRS AND SHORT H.\\\\IRS UNITED.\\nThe election of Gonness to the United States Sen-\\nate by the Republican Legislature, had united the\\nUnion Democrats adhering to him, known as\\nShort Hairs, to the Republican party, which had\\nbeen designated as Long Hairs. The County\\nConvention of this party met at Auburn, June 13th,\\nnominated Legislative and countj ofBcers, and\\nappointed delegates to the State Convention, which\\nmet at Sacramento June 15th. The Short Hairs\\nwere in the majority, and secured all the nominations,\\nwith the exception of Controller and Clerk of the\\nSupi eme Court, the latter, the Hon. Wva. D. Harri-\\nman, Senator from Placer, having been an outspoken\\nRepublican from the organization of the party and\\nan able advocate of the abolitioa of slavery. The\\nterm Long Hair was given the early Republi-\\ncans in derision of the many leaders who affected\\nthat fashion of wearing their hair; and the reverse\\nto the rougher element who had formerly been the\\nadherents of Brodorick, coming into the party via\\nthe Douglas branch, and who were supposed to crop\\ntheir locks in fighting style. The prominent candi-\\ndates for Governor were, A. A. Sargent and F. P.\\nLow. The former received 93 votes, and the latter\\n170.\\nThe Union Democratic County Convention met at\\nAuburn, June 22d, nominated l egislative and county\\nofficers, and appointed delegates to a State Conven-\\ntion to be held at Sacramento on the 24th. At this\\nConvention only the Chairman of the Central Com-\\nmittee, D. D. Colton, and the Placer delegates were\\npresent, and no nominations were made. With the\\nexception of in Placer, the Union Democrats affilli-\\nated with the other parties as their principles or\\ninterests dictated.\\nDEMOCRATS UNITED.\\nThe Democrats of Placer held no County Conven-\\ntion, but in township meetings selected delegates to\\nthe State Convention, which met at Sacramento\\nJuly 8th, being a union of the Democratic elements.\\nThe prominent candidates for Governor were R. T.\\nSprague, of Shasta; \\\\Vm. N. Leet, of Placer; J. G.\\nDowney, of Los Angeles; John B. Weller, of Ala-\\nmeda, and Joseph W. McCorkle, of Butte, the honor\\nfalling upon ex-Governor Downey.\\nThe Stars and Stripes newspaper was established\\nas an advocate of the Republican cause July 29th,\\nby J. C. Boggs, with \\\\V. A. Selkirk as editor, being\\nthe first avowed Republican paper in the county.\\nThe election was held September 2, 1863, electing\\nthe Republican candidates. The following was the\\nvote for Governor: Low (R), 64,283; Downey (D),\\n44,622. At the judicial election, held October 21st,\\nthe Republican candidates received 45,000 votes and\\nthe Democratic 20,000.\\nThe vote in Placer County was as follows:\\nGovernor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 F. F. Low (R), 2,066; J. G. Downey\\n(D), 1,529.\\nLieutenant-Governor T. N. Machin (R), 2,057;\\nE. \\\\y. McKinstry (D), 1,616.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. B. Shannon (R), 2,0-59; Wm. Higby\\n(R), 2,039; Cornelius Colo (R), 2,059; J. B. Weller\\n(D), 1,561; John Bigler (D), 1,470; N. E. White-\\nsides (D), 1,682.\\nSecretary of State\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. B. Redding (R), 2,055; S.\\nW. Bishop (D), 1,614.\\nController\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Geo. Oulton (R), 2,052; Robert 0. Cra-\\nvens (D), 1,620.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 R. Pacheco (R), 2,042; T. Findley (D),\\n1,631.\\nAttorney-General J. G. McCullough (R), 2,054;\\nL. C. Granger (D), 1,614.\\nSurveyor-General J. F. Houghton (R), 2,054;\\nPresly Dunlap (D), 1,616.\\nState Printer -O. M. Clayes (R), 2,054; Beriah\\nBrown (D), 1,612.\\nClerk Supreme Court\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. D. Harriman (R), 2,017;\\nA. C. Bradford (Dj, 1,640.\\nHarbor Commissioner Taylor (R), 2,059;\\nM. Hayes (D), 1,614.\\nThe candidates for Legislative and county officers\\nand the votes received were as follows:\\nSenate John Yule (R), 2,154; James E. Hale\\n(R), 2,117; E. L. Bradley (D), 1,684; C. C. Dudley\\n(D), 1,674.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. D. Pratt (R), 2,207; E. H. Snyder\\n(R), 2,144; M. C. Winchester (R), 2,180; J. C. Ball,\\n(D), 1,639; Wm. Dana Perkins (D), 1,702; S. A.\\nBoutwell (D), 1,653.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wm. Sexton (R), 2,174; H. Gooding (D),\\n1,692.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 D. W. Spear (R), 2,192; A. Hunt-\\nley (D), 1,668.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. W. Dickerson (R), 2,100; E. M.\\nBanvard (D), 1,744.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. B.Lyon (R), 2,221; W. H. Patton\\n(D), 1,638.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. A. Tweed (R), 2,127; Jo\\nHamilton (D), 1,733.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n125\\nPublic Admiiiistraloi-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H. Hazel (R), 2,205; C. T.\\nPalmer (D), 1,631.\\nSuperintendent of Schools A. H. Goodrich (R),\\n2,212; D. W. Uammond (D), 1,634.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. A. Phelps (R), 2,189; E. C. Uren\\n(D), 1,668.\\nCoroner Thomas Jamison (R), 2,192; Thomas\\nShanley (D), 1,660.\\nJUDICIAL ELECTION.\\nAt the jutlicial election, October 21, 1S63, the vote\\nwas as follows:\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction John Swett\\n(R), 1,789; O. M. Wozencraft (m, 802.\\nJustices of Supreme Court S. W.Sanderson, John\\nCurry, Lorenzo Sawyer, A. L. Rhodes, and O. L.\\nShafter (R), 1,784; Royal T. Sprague, Wm. T. Wal-\\nlace, J. B. Hall, Tod Robinson, and H. H. Hartly\\n(D), 795.\\nDistrict Judge of Fourteenth Judicial District\\n(comprising the counties of Placer and Nevada) T.\\nB. McFarland (R), 1,857.\\nCounty Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H. Fellows (R), 1,634; Hugh Fitz-\\nsimmons (Ind), 936.\\nPLACER COUNTY MATTERS.\\nOn the 1st of January, 1864, Placer County ceased\\nto be a part of the Eleventh Judicial District, and,\\nwith Nevada County, became the Fourteenth Dis-\\ntrict.\\nDecember 1, 1863, C. J. Hillyer, a citizen of Placer,\\nresigned his position as Reporter of the Supi-eme\\nCourt, and Charles A. Tuttle, also of Placer, was\\nappointed by Governor Stanford in his stead.\\nBy an Act passed by the Legislature of 1863 the\\nterms of county officers commenced on the first\\nMonday of March ensuing their election.\\nThe new administration went into power on the\\nfirst Monday in December. The Legislature organ-\\nized by the election of R. Burnell, of Amador, as\\nPresident ^ro tem. of the Senate, and Wm. H. Sears,\\nof Nevada, as Speaker of the Assembly.\\nAmong the Acts of the Legislature was one pro-\\nviding for levying a poll tax of two dollars upon\\neach inhabitant of Placer County liable to such tax\\nunder the general law. The revenue derived from\\nthis was to be devoted to the payment of the\\ninterest on the S250,000 bonds issued by the county\\nin purchasing the stock of the Central Pacific Rail-\\nroad Company.\\nCAMPAIGN OP 1864.\\nWith the campaign of 1864, again occurred the\\nPresidential election. The war had been prosecuted\\nduring the past year with geat vigor on both sides,\\nand the decisive victories of Gettysburg and Vicks-\\nburg and the opening of the Mississippi had been\\nwon by the Federal forces; but the rebel government\\nwas still maintained at Richmond, and several for-\\nmidable rebel armies continued in the field. The\\npolitical position was the same as in the preceding\\ncampaign; that was, the support of the war or oppo-\\nsition to it. The abolition of slavery had given the\\nDemocrats the opportunity to make strong accu-\\nsations against the Republican administration, slav-\\nery being regarded as the most sacred institution\\nof the Government, as it had been declared to be the\\ncorner-stone of the Southern Confederacy, and negro\\nequality was the frightful picture presented to the\\npeople.\\nPRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS.\\nNational Conventions to nonriinate a President and\\nVice-President had been called the Republican to\\nmeet at Baltimore June 7th, and the Democratic to\\nmeet at Chicago, July 4th, which was postponed to\\nAugust 29th. A Convention stj ling itself Radical\\nDemocrats, claiming to be Republicans opposed to\\nthe tender policy of Lincoln, was held at Cleveland\\nthe last of May, and nominated J. C. Fremont for\\nPresident and John Cochrane for Vice-President.\\nThe Baltimore Convention nominated Abraham\\nLincoln, of Illinois, for President, and Andrew John-\\nson, of Tennessee, for Vice-President; and the Chicago\\nConvention nominated George B. McClellan, of Penn-\\nsylvania, for President, and George H. Pendleton, of\\nOhio, for Vice-President. The Democrats declared\\nunqualified condemnation of the Emancipation\\nProclamation of the President as tending to pro-\\ntract indefinitely the civil war, excite servile insurrec-\\ntion, and close the door forever to a restoration of\\nthe LTnion of these States. The war for the Union\\nwas declared a failure, and a cessation of hostilities\\nurged with a view to a Convention of all the States\\nto make peace on a basis of the Federal Union of\\nall of the States.\\nThe Proclamation of the Governor called for the\\nelection November 8, 1864, to choose five electors,\\nthree Members of Congress, and county officers\\naccording to law. By Act of the Legislature of\\n1864, the State had been divided into Congressional\\nDistricts, with Placer County in the Second, which\\nwas composed of the following counties: Alameda,\\nAlpine, Amador, Calaveras, Contra Costa, El Do-\\nrado, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Sacamento, San Joaquin,\\nand Tuolumne; and the county divided into three\\nSupervisor and Revenue Districts, in each of which\\na Supervisor, an Assessor, and a Collector, should be\\nelected in the manner provided by statute. District\\nNo. 1, was comprised of Townships Nos. 1, 2, 9, and\\n10; District No. 2, of Townships Nos. 3 and 4; and\\nDistrict No. 3, of Townships Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8. In\\nDistrict No. 1 a Supervisor was to be elected, and an\\nAssessor and Collector in each in 1864.\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nThe election was held November 8th, resulting in\\nthe success of the Republican candidates. The\\nelectoral vote in the United States was: Lincoln,\\n212; McClellan, 21. The vote in California was:\\nLincoln, 62,899; McClellan, 43,865. For Represen-\\ntative in the Second Congressional District the vote\\nwas as follows; William Higby (R), 23,414; Jame\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "126\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\n\\\\V. Coffroth (D), 14,581. In the First District, D. C.\\nMcKuer, of San Francisco, and in the Third, John\\nBidwell, of Butte, were elected to Congress.\\nThe candidates and the votes each received in\\nPlacer County were as follows:\\nFor Presidential Electors Samuel Brannan (R),\\n2,303; J. G. McClellan (R), 2,313; Charles MeClay\\n(R), 2,315; W. W. Crane, Jr., (R), 2,3U; W. Oliver\\n(R), 2,310; H. P. Barbour (D), 1,476; John T. Doyle\\n(D) 1,478; B. F. Whit!; (D), 1,476; Jo Hamilton (D),\\n1,485; E. J. Lewis (D), 1,474.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Higby (R), 2,310; James W.\\nCoffroth (D), 1,458.\\nAssessor, District No. 1 A. C. Barmore (R), 631;\\nJames Moore (D), 541.\\nAssessor, District No. 2 John Kneeland (R), 674;\\nW. A. Himes (D), 503.\\nAssessor, District No. 3 William Van Vactor (R),\\n829; Thomas Dodds (D), 560.\\nCollector, District No. 1 W. Dana Perkins (D),\\n641; G. L. Grilley (R), 522.\\nCollector, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William B. Miller (R),\\n620; Thomas Curley (D), 392; C. M. Kopp (Ind).\\n171.\\nCollector, District No. 3 J. S. Stackhouse (R),\\n719; J. D. McCormick (D), 659.\\nTotal vote, 3,788.\\nMr. William Dana Perkins, as Collector of District\\nNo. 1, had the honor of being the only Democrat\\nelected in Placer County.\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n(continued.)\\nCampaign of 1S6.5 Death of Lincoln Split in the Republican\\nParty Judicial Election The Legislature Registry Law\\nCampaign of 1867 Political Changes Meeting of Con-\\nventions The Election Judicial Election The Legisla-\\nture Eugene Casserly Senatnr Presidential Campaign of\\n1868 Republican Victory Campaign of 186 J Negro Suf-\\nfrage Tlie Election Judicial Election The Legislature\\nEdgar M. Banvard Campaign of 1871 The Election Judi-\\ncial Election, 1871 The Legislature Sargent Senator\\nDunnam s Election Campaign of 1872 Jrant and Gree-\\nley Questions at Issue The Election Campaign of 1873\\nDolly Vardens The Election Judicial Election The\\nLegislature Senators Elected\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Campaign of 1875 Com-\\nplicated Parties The Election Judicial Election, 1875\\nThe Legislature The Debris Question Wdliam M.\\nCrutcher -Campaign of 1876 Centennial Year Presi-\\ndential Election, 1876.\\nGreat political changes occurred between the\\nclose of the campaign of 1864 and the opening of\\nthe catnpaign of 1865. The last great battles of\\nthe Rebellion had been ftjught, the rebel armies sur-\\nrendered, and as peace and good-will were prom-\\nised by President Lincoln, he was assassinated on\\nthe 14th of April, 1865, dying the following day.\\nThe great triumph which had sent joy throughout\\nthe land was turned to sincercst mourning. The\\nnewspapers of Placer County, without distinction of\\npolitics, were issued in mourning and published\\narticles of sorrow and abhorrence of the great crime.\\nThe funeral obsequies of the murdered President\\nwere observed in all the prominent towns of the\\ncounty, as well as throughout the State, on the\\n19th of April following the sad event. Business\\nwas suspended, public and many private buildings\\nwere draped in black, whole communities assem-\\nbled in procession; sermons, poems, and orations\\nwere delivered, and the form of funeral observed\\nwith feeling and solemnity. This dark tragedy\\nclosed the terrible war. The Union was maintained\\nand slavery forever forbidden in the territory of\\nthe United States. Many of the citizens of Placer\\nhad participated in the war, whose records are\\ngiven in the chapter devoted to military affairs.\\nThe political campaign of 1865 opened with timid\\nand cautious action. The great events preceding it\\nattracted the chief attention, and no question of\\nimportance seemed to demand the exertions of pol-\\niticians. The Democrats were overwhelmed with\\nthe rebel defeat, and the success of the Republicans\\nwas conceded. There were two wings of this party,\\ndenominated the Long Hairs and Short Hairs.\\nA United States Senator was to be elected by the\\nnext Legislature and the principal strife was which\\nwing should win the prize. Conness had been elected\\nby the Short Hairs, and the Federal offices were\\nheld by his adherents.\\nThe officers to be voted for in Placer County at\\nthe political election in September were a State Sen-\\nator, three Assembl^ men, county offlcei-s and Super-\\nvisors.\\nSPLIT IN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY.\\nThe Republican County Convention was held at\\nAuburn June 27th and made nominations, which\\nwere claimed as a triumph of the Long Hairs,\\nand so distasteful to the defeated party that a call\\nwas issued for a People s Union Convention, to\\nmeet at Auburn July 11, 1865, for the purpose of\\nnominating Legislative and county officers. This\\nConvention nominated candidates, issued a platform,\\nand organized as a party. The platform declared in\\nfavor of the State adojiting the Constitutional\\namendment abolishing slavery, and approved all acts\\nof the late war, but opposed any change being made\\nin the right of suffrage in this State. This last prop-\\nosition was to oppose the granting of the right to\\nvote to colored citizens, and was a pleasing plank to\\nthe Democracy. The new party also favored the\\nreconstruction policy of President Johnson, which\\nwas violently opposed by the Republicans, and\\nthus party lines were drawn.\\nThe Democrats made no county nominations. The\\nHerald, while not advocating the People s Union\\nticket, vigorously attacked its opponents, who were\\nstrongly upheld by the Stars and Stripes, at Auburn,\\nand the Enquirer, at Dutch Flat.\\nThe election was held September 6, 1865, passing\\nverj quietly, as is indicated by the light vote.\\nThe candidates and the votes received are as fol-\\nlows:", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n127\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. L. Bradley (R), 1,659; L. B. Arnold\\n(PU), 1,311.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John Yule (R), 1,632; Wm. Sexton\\n(R), 1,760; John Bosquit (R), 1,710; J. N. Hinman\\n(P U), 1,330; J. B. Stevens (P U), 1,218; Titus Ewing\\n(P U), 1,233.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. VV. Poole (R), 1,730; C. J. Garland\\n(PU), 1,325.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 D. W. Spear (R), 1,829; S. M. Jami-\\nson (P U), 1,196.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. B. Lyon (R), 1,9-12; D. Choate\\n(P U), 1,020.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. W. DIckerson (R), 1,887; J. Marri-\\nner (P U), 1,109.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. L. Craig (R), 1,697; P. H.\\nSibley (P U), 1,274.\\nSuperintendent of Schools S. R. Case (R), 1,710;\\nA. H. Goodrich (P U), 1,18-t.\\nPublic Administrator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. Russell (R), 1,726; S.\\nBeck (PU), 1.276.\\nCoroner T. Jamison (R), 1,756; A. Becknell\\n(P U), 1,244.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 R. H. Raymond (R), 1,748; C. Cad-\\nwallader (P U), 1,248.\\nSupervisor, District No. 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Samuel Dodd (R),428;\\nT. L. Chamberlain (P U), 250.\\nSupervisor, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. C. Richmond (R),\\n664; J. R. Gwynn (P U), 178.\\nSupervisor, District No. 3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. B. Scott (R), 631;\\nM. B. Tubbs (P U), 519.\\nTotal vote in the county, 3,055.\\nJUDICIAL ELECTION.\\nThe judicial election was ordered for the election\\nof a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Chief\\nJustice S. W. Sanderson. To make nominations for\\nthis and to choose State Central Committees, Con-\\nventions were held by the Republican and Demo-\\ncratic parties. The Republican Convention met\\nAugust 16, 1865, at Sacramento, both wings being\\nrepresented, but the Long Hairs in the majority.\\nSilas VV. Sanderson and J. H. McKune were pre-\\nsented for nomination, the honor falling upon the\\nformer.\\nThe Democrats called a Convention to meet at\\nSacramento September 19ih to nominate a candidate\\nfor Supreme Judge, select a Slate Central Commit-\\ntee, and issue a platform of principles. The Conven-\\ntion met as ordered, and nominated Henry Hare\\nHartlej- for Supremo Judge. The platform pledged\\nsupport to the National Administration in all Con-\\nstitutional measures, and expressed its unalterable\\ndetermination to oppose negro suffrage, and the\\npolitical equality of the negro, on the ground of\\njustice to the white man as well as humanity to the\\nnegroes themselves.\\nThe election was held October 18th, with the fol-\\nlowing vote in the State: Sanderson (R), 31,662;\\nHartley (D), 25,474. In Placer County the vote was\\nSanderson 1,449; Hartley, 859.\\nTHE LEGISLATURE.\\nThe Legislature met December 4, 1865, and oi gan-\\nized by the election of S. P. Wright, of Del Norte,\\nPresident ^ro tein. of the Senate, and John Yule, of\\nPlacer, Speaker of the Assembly. The Senate was\\ncomposed of 31 Republicans and 9 Democrats; and\\nthe Assembly of 53 Republicans, 20 Democrats, and\\n7 Independents. The great question of United\\nStates Senator was settled without difficulty by the\\nelection of Cornelius Colo, to succeed James A. Mc-\\nDougall after the 3d of March, 1867. This was a\\nLong Hair triumph.\\nREQISTRY LAW.\\nThe principal Act of the session was the passage\\nof the Registry Law requiring a registration of\\nvotei 3. This was prepared and introduced by Hor-\\nace Hawes, Senator from San Francisco. It was\\nbitterlj opposed by the Democrats as a partisan\\nmeasure. The Legislature passed an Act defining\\nthe western boundary line of Placer County, as it\\nnow exists. But little of importance was accom-\\nplished, and the session terminated April 2, 1866.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1867 POLITICAL CHANGES.\\nUnder the Amendments to the Constitution, the\\nState was relieved of an election campaign in the\\nyear 1866. Little was accomplished politically, but\\nsteps were taken for the reorganization of the Dem-\\nocratic party. The Reconstruction measures of\\nCongress, the Amendments to the Federal Constitu-\\ntion, and the disagreement between Congress and\\nthe President, were causes for many changes from\\nthe Republican to the Democratic party; and among\\nthe prominent persons so changing were, H. H.\\nHaight, of S.in Francisco, and P. H. Siblej of Placer\\nCounty.\\nPrepai ations for the campaign of 1867 commenced\\nearly by the organization of clubs and committees, the\\ndiscussion of political questions going on continually.\\nThere were to be elected a Governor, and all State\\nofficers, a Representative in Congress from each Dis-\\ntrict, a Legislature which would elect a United\\nSlates Senator to succeed John Conness, county and\\ndistrict ofiicers, at the political election, and a\\nSupreme Judge and Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction at the judicial election.\\nMEETING OF CONV ENTIOXS.\\nThe Republican County Convention met at\\nAuburn, June lOlh, and the Democratic on the 17th,\\nand made nominations; and the State Conventions\\nof the t\\\\vo parties met at Sacramento June 12th and\\n19th respectively. The Republican State Conven-\\ntion was controlled by the Short Hair wing,\\nwhich nominated George C.Gorham, of San Francisco,\\nfor Governor, and John P. Jones, of Trinity, for Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor. The nomination of Gorham was so\\ndistasteful to the other wing of the Republican\\npart\\\\ that an opposition ticket was made, with\\nCaleb T. Fay, of San Francisco, as the candidate", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "128\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nfor Governor, and J. P. Jones, Lieutenant-Governor.\\nThe Democratic Convention nominated Henry H.\\nHaight, of Alameda, for Governor, and William\\nHolden, of Mendocino, for Lieutenant-Governor.\\nThus three tickets were in the field. In the Second\\nDistrict, William Higby, of Calaveras, was renomi-\\nnated by the Republicans for Congress, and the\\nDemocrats nominated James W. Coffroth, of Sacra-\\nmento. The canvass was conducted with a great\\ndeal of energy, the Central Pacific Railroad Company\\nlending its aid to Gorham, who in company with\\nF. M. Pixley and Wm. M. Stewart, held meetings\\nthroughout the county.\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nThe election was held September 4, ISfiT, result-\\ning in a Democratic victory in the State, and a\\nRepublican victory in Placer County. The State\\nvote for Governor was, Haight, 49,604; Gorham,\\n40,050; Fay, 2,088. Lieutenant-Governor, Holden,\\n47,969; Jones, 44,274. The largest vote was for\\nState Treasurer, aggregating 92,776. In the Second\\nDistrict, Higby, 16,053; Coffroth, 14,789.\\nThe vote in Placer (bounty was as follows:\\nGovernor George C. Gorham (R), 1,672; Henry,\\nH. Haight (D), 1,590; Caleb T. Fay (Ind), 132.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Higby (R), 1,907; James W.\\nCoffroth (D), 1,524.\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. A. Tweed (R), 1,822; W. D. Lawrence\\n(D), 1,608.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Waldron (R), 1,880; Charles A.\\nTuttle (R), 1,917; C. G. Spencer (R), 1,917; H. F.\\nDavis (D), 1,530; A. C. Neil (D), 1,526; G. E. Mason\\n(D), 1,545.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. H. Neff (R), 1,875; Wm. M. Crutcher\\n(D), 1,566.\\nCounty Clerk- George G. Sowell (R), 1,820; W.\\nH. Kruger (D), 1,615.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 O. W. HoUenbeck (R), 1,937; Wm.\\nMcClure (D), 1,507.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. B. Lyon (R), 1,936; M. W. Hassett\\n(D), 1,508.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. L. Craig (R), 1,814; L. B.\\nArnold (D), 1,583.\\nSuperintendent of Schools\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. R. Case (R), 1,903;\\nW. H. Hobbs (D), 1,543.\\nPublic Administrator Thomas Jamison (R),\\n1,928; G. A. Keehner(D), 1,512.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 R. H. Raymond (R), 1,927; C. W. Fin-\\nley (D), 1,519.\\nCoroner Thomas Jamison (R), 1,923; G. A. Keeh-\\nner (D), 1,514.\\nCollector, District No. 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \\\\V. Dana Perkins (D),\\n433; W. H. Mullen (R), 365.\\nCollector, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. H. Calderwood (R),\\n797; W. A. Himes (D), 697.\\nCollector, District No. 3 B. D. Dunnam (D), 562;\\nJ. S. Stackhouse (R), 559.\\nAssessor, District No. 1 Thos. B. Harper (D),\\n457; M. C. Baker (R), 35G.\\nAssessor, District No. 2 John C. Boggs (R), 884;\\nGeorge L. Slocumb (D), 615.\\nAssessor, District No. 3 Wm. Van Vactor (R),\\n657; James Pursely (D), 466.\\nSupervisor, District No. 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. D. Pratt (R), 452;\\nC. H. Schnabel (D), 351.\\nSupervisor, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Duck (R),867;\\nRobert Gordon (D), 628.\\nSupervisor, District No. 3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. H. Power (R), 60S;\\nM. Fannon (D), 512.\\nTotal vote in the county, 3,451.\\nJUDICIAL ELECTION.\\nThe judicial election was held October 16, 1857,\\nresulting as had the political election, with a Demo-\\ncratic majority in the State and a Republican major-\\nity in Placer County, the vote in the county being\\nas follows:\\nSupreme Judge John Currey (R), 1,565; Royal T.\\nSprague (D), 1,236.\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction JohnSwett\\n(R), 1,581; 0. P. Fitzgerald (D), 1,213.\\nCounty Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 David W. Spear (R), 1,577; B. F.\\nMyres (D), 1,214.\\nThe result of the election was received with great\\nrejoicing by the Democrats, who celebrated it by\\npublic meetings, illuminations, and firing of guns;\\nand with general satisfaction by the majority of the\\nRepublicans, who considered it a proper reproof for\\nan injudicious gubernatorial nomination.\\nTHE LEGISLATURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CASSERLY SEN.\\\\T0R.\\nThe Legislature met on the first Monday of Decem-\\nber, and was composed of nineteen Democratic and\\ntwenty-one Republican Senators, and fifty-one Demo-\\ncratic and twenty-nine Republican Assemblymen.\\nThis body elected Eugene Casserly United States\\nSenator to succeed John Conness, whose term expired\\nMarch 3, 1869.\\nPRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OP 1868.\\nIn the campaign of 1868 a President, Vice-Pres-\\ndent, and Representatives in Congress were to be\\nelected. National Conventions were held by the Repub-\\nlicans in Chicago in May, nominating Gen. Ulysses\\nS. Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-\\nPresident, and by the Democrats in Julj^, in New\\nYork, nominating Horatio Sej-mour for President\\nand Francis P. Blair for Vice-President. In the\\nSecond District Aaron A. Sargent, of Nevada, was\\nnominated for Congress by the Republicans, and\\nJames W. Coffroth, of Sacramento, by the Demo-\\ncrats. The canvass was active and bitter. The suc-\\ncess of the Democrats the preceding year had\\ninspired hopes of success, which gave life and inter-\\nest to the struggle. The leading papers of Placer\\nwere the Herald and the Stars and St7-ipes, the former\\nedited by ex-Lieutenant-Governor Walkup and the\\nlatter by ex-Judge Fellows, both talented writers\\nand strong partisans, and were able to arouse an\\niulense feeling in the county.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "F. D. Adc\\nmils.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY (3F PLACER COUNTY.\\n129\\nRErUIiLICAN VICTORY.\\nThe election was beld ^^ovember 4, 1868, resulting\\nin a complete Republican Victory. The electoral\\nvote of the United States was. Grant, 214; Seymour,\\n80, and 23 vacancies. The vote in California was,\\nfor Grant, 54,592; and for Seymour, 54,078. In the\\nSecond Congressional District the vote was, for Sar-\\ngent, 18,264; Coffroth, 15,124. In the First District,\\nS. B. Axtell, Democrat, was elected over F. M.\\nPixlc}^, and in the Third, James A. Johnson, Demo-\\ncrat, over Chancellor Hartson.\\nThe vote in Placer County was as follows:\\nPresidential Electors\u00e2\u0080\u0094 D. B. Hoffman (R), 1,988;\\nA. Reddington (R), 1,987; Charles Westmoreland\\n(R), 1,988: J. B. Pelton (R), 1,988; O. H. La Grange\\n(R), 1,988; Thomas J. Henley (D), 1,233; E. J. C.\\nKewen (D), 1,233; W. T. Wallace (D), 1,233; A. B.\\nDibble (D), 1,233; Geo. Pearce (D), 1,233.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. A. Sargent (R), 1,976; J. W. Coff-\\nroth (D), 1,236.\\nTotal vote of the county, 3,221.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1869 NEGRO SUFFRAGE.\\nThe great battles for principle have been fought\\nin the campaigns preceding the election of General\\nGrant to the Presidency, and parties have, in the\\nyear 1869, taken their stand upon them. The\\nquestion of negro suifrage is the only modern one\\nthat divides the parties, and this is contained in\\nthe Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitu-\\ntion. The election of 1869 is for a Legislature to\\neither adopt or reject this Amendment, and a strug-\\ngle was made for the supremacy.\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nConventions were held as usual and nominations\\nmade by the two parties. The political election for\\nLegislative, county and district officers was held\\nSeptember 1, 1869, resulting as follows;\\nSenate- E. M. Banvard (D), 1,310; E. L. Bradley\\n(R), 1,284.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Waldron (R), 1,350; M. H. Power\\n(R), 1,347; M. H. Calderwood (R), 1,331; J. T. Can-\\n^non (D), 1,197; Patrick Munday (D), 1,223; H. Fitz-\\nsimmons (D), 1,256.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. D. Dunnam (D). 1,298; J. L. Sanborn\\n(R), 1,290.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Geo. G. Sewell (R), 1,338; J. W.\\nChinn (D), 1,266.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 O. W. Hollenbeck (R), 1,338; Frank\\nLux (D), 1,268.\\nRecorder C. C. Crosby (R), 1,403; James Moore\\n(D), 1,196.\\nAssessor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. C. Boggs (R), 1,330; T. B. Harper\\n(D), 1,272.\\nSuperintendent of Schools ^J. T. Kinkade (R),\\n1,420; Isaac Stonecipher (D), 1,184.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H. H. Fellows (R), 1,304;\\nRobert O. Cravens (D), 1,200.\\nPublic Administratoi Thomas Jamison (R), 1,394;\\nFrancis Sampson (D), 1,209.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Y. Dougherty (R), 1,403; C. W. Finley\\n(D), 1,208.\\nCoroner T. Jamison (Rj, 1,388; F. Sampson (D),\\n1,207.\\nSupervisor, District No. 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. D. Pratt (R),412; .1.\\nL. Gouldsby (D), 309.\\nSupervisor, District No. 2 W. H Kinder D), 540;\\nWilliam Duck (R), 463.\\nSupervisor, District No. 3 William Van Vactor\\n(R), 478; M. M. McBride (D), 365.\\nTotal vote of the county, 2,606.\\nJUDICIAL ELECTION.\\nThe judicial election was held October 20, 1866,\\nresulting in the election to ihe Supreme Bench of\\nJudges Crockett and Wallace, the Democratic nomi-\\nnees, and in the Fourteenth District of T. B. Reardan\\nas District Judge, the vote being, Reardan, 3,941;\\nMcFarland, 2,472.\\nThe vote in Placer (Jounty was as follows:\\nSupreme Judge Lorenzo Sawyer (R), 1,174; 0.\\nC. Pratt (R), 1,145; J. B. Crockett (D). 1,061, Wm.\\nT. Wallace (D), 1,030.\\nDistrict Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. B. McFarland fR), 1,114; Thos.\\nB. Reardan (D), 1,068.\\nTHE LEGISLATURE.\\nThe Legislature was largely Democratic, the Sen-\\nate having 27 Democratic and 13 Republican mem-\\nbers, and the Assemblj 66 Democrats, 11 Republi-\\ncans, and 3 Independents.\\nThe Legislature organized by the election of E. J.\\nLewis, of Tehama, President pro (em. of the Senate,\\nG. H. Rogers, of San Francisco, Speaker, and W.\\nDana Perkins of Placer, Sergeant-at-Arms of the\\nAssembly.\\nAmong the Acts of the Legislature was one to\\nprotect litigants, by which the District Judge should\\ndesignate the newspapers in which legal advertise-\\nments should be published in his District. This was\\nintended to help the Democratic papers, as all the\\nDistrict Judges were Democrats. The Placer Herald\\nwas appointed the official paper of Placer County\\nhy Judge Reardan on the 6th of April, 1870. Two\\nbills were also passed enabling certain counties to\\ngrant subsidies to railroads, intended as assistance\\nto the Southern Pacific Railroad, but were vetoed\\nby Governor Haight, for which he was censured by\\nthe railroad organs, and as heartily lauded b^- the\\nanti-monopoly papers. The Legislature also passed\\nan Act amendatory of a former Act passed in 1866\\nauthorizing the Supervisors of Placer County to sell\\nthe stock held by the county in the Central Pacific\\nRailroad Company of California, for which bonds to\\nthe amount of $250,000 had been issued in 1864\\nand 65.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1871.\\nThe camiiuign of 1871 involved the election of a\\nGovernor, and State officers, two Justices of the\\nSupreme Court one to succeed Judge Sanderson,\\n17", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "130\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nwho had resigned, and one to succeed Rhodes, whose\\nterm would expire a Member of Congrese for each\\ndistrict, Legislative and district officers. The candi-\\ndates for Governor were: H. H. Haight, Democrat,\\nand Newton Booth, Republican. The passage of the\\nAct To Protect Litigants, had rendered the Dem-\\nocratic Administration unpopular with the Independ-\\nent and Republican press of the State, and the veto\\nof the railroad subsidy bills, bi ought the power of\\nthe railroad company against the Governor. The\\ndeclarations of the Democratic State Convention\\nwere decidedly anti-suhsidy. Mr. Booth was also\\nregai ded as an anti-subsidy candidate, but Romu-\\naldo Pacheco, the Republican candidate for Lieuten-\\nant-Governor, was classed as a friend of the railroad\\ncompany. The declaration was made immediately\\nafter the nominations, that should Booth be elected,\\nhe would be removed, either by election to the\\nUnited States Senate, or the appointment to a for-\\neign mission, leaving the friends of the railroad\\ncompany in control of the State Government.\\nThe Democratic State nominations were: For\\nGovernor, H. H. Haight; Lieutenant-Governor, E.\\nJ.Lewis; Secretary of State, W. B. C. Brown; Con-\\ntroller, Dr. R. O. DeWitt; Treasurer, Antonio L.\\nCoronell; Attorney-General, Jo Hamilton; Surveyor-\\nGeneral, John W. Bost; State Printer, John T.\\nBarry; Clerk of Supi eme Court, T. Las] eyere; Har-\\nbor Commissioner, John Rosenfeld.\\nThe Republican nominations were: For Governor,\\nNewton Booth; Lieutenant-Governor, R. Pacheco,\\nSecretarj of State, Drury Melone; Controller, J. J.\\nGreen; Treasurer, Ferdinand Baehr; Attorney-\\nGeneral, J. L. Love; Surveyor-General, Robert\\nGardner; State Printer, Thomas A. Springer; Clerk\\nof Supreme Court, Grant I. Taggart; Harbor Com-\\nmissioner, John A. McGlynu\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nThe election was held September 6, 1871, resulting\\nin the success of the Republican candidates, the\\nvote in the State being as follows:\\nFor Governor Newton Booth (R), 61,819; Henrj\\nH. Haight (D), 5G,800; the Republican majorities\\nranging from -1,304, for Pacheco, to 5,601 for T. A.\\nSpringer, for Slate Printer. Three Republicans, S. O.\\nHoughton, from the First District, A. A. Sargent,\\nfrom the Second, and John M. Coghlan, from the\\nThird, were elected Repi eseutatives in Coigress.\\nThe vote in the Second Congressional District was:\\nFor Aaron A. Sargent (R), 18,065; James \\\\V. Cof-\\nfroth (D), 15,378.\\nThe vote of Placer County was as follows:\\nGovernor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Newton Booth (Ri, 1,698; H. H.\\nHaight (D), 1,330.\\nCongress A. A. Sargent (R), 1,686: J. W. Coflfroth\\n(D), 1,300.\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. H. Neft (R), 1,652; T. B. Harper (^D),\\n1,363.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Henry Long (K), 1,637; O. H. Lee (R),\\n1,603; Jacob Welty (R), 1,707; A. W. Gofr(D), 1,336;\\nB. F. Moore (D), 1,459; Daniel Stephenson (D).\\n1,283.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. D. Dunnam (D), 1,508; J. B. Starbuck\\n(R), 1,506.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. F. Burt (R), 1,570; B. H. Mc-\\nClure (D), 1,433.\\nDistrict Attorney J. M. Fulweiler (R), 1,667; B.\\nF. Myres(D), 1,323.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. C. Crosby (R), 1,670; J. B. Chinn\\n(D), 1,343.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 O. \\\\V. HoUenbeck (R), 1,707; E. C. W.\\nAlbrecht (D), 1,306.\\nSuperintendent of Schools J. T. Kinkade (R).\\n1,667; Eugene Calvin (D). 1,339.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. C. Uren (R), 1,722; C. VV. Finley (D),\\n1,292.\\nCoroner Thomas Jamison (R), 1,673; Francis\\nSampson (D), 1,332.\\nPublic Administrator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. H. Mullen (R), 1,723:\\nJ. M. White (D), 1,287.\\nSupervisor, District No. 1 A. Laswell (R), 524;\\nPeter Singer (D), 448.\\nSupervisor. District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. L.Bradley (R), 733;\\nEdward Walsh (D), 468.\\nSupervisor, District No. 3 C. Beckraan (R), 424;\\nR. Williams (D),405.\\nCollector, District No. 1 James Moore (D), 503;\\nDavid Harris (R), 470.\\nCollector, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. L. Munson (R), 654;\\nJ. E. Simpson (D), 546.\\nCollector, District No. 3 James McCormick (D),\\n475; William Krysher (R), 358.\\nAssessor, District No. 1 John H. Mitchell (D), 517;\\nJ. D. Nash (R), 453.\\nAssessor, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 L. T. Allen (R), 731;\\nThomas Shanley (D), 451.\\nAssessor, District No. 3 John Buller (R), 501; L.\\nG. Randall (D), 332.\\nTotal vote of the count} 3,028.\\nHighest vote at State election, 120,001.\\nJUDICIAL ELECTION, 1871.\\nThe judicial election was held October 18, 1871.\\nresulting in the election of the Republican candidates\\nby majorities from 10,214 to 14,638. The vote in\\nPlacer County was as follows:\\nJustice of Supreme Court; A. L. Rhodes (R), 1,411;\\nAddison C. Niles (R), 1,432; Selden S. Wright (D),\\n844; Jackson Temple (D), 822.\\nCounty Judge J. Ives Fitch (R), 1,333; Hugh\\nFitzsimmons (D), 909.\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction Henry Bo-\\nlander (R), 1,521; O. P. Fitzgerald (D), 721.\\nTHE LEGISLATURE SARGENT SENATOR.\\nThe two houses of the Legislature were of oppo-\\nsite politics, the Senate being composed of 22 Demo-\\ncrats, 17 Republicans and 1 Independent, and the\\nAssembly 55 Republicans, 24 Democrats and 1 Inde-\\npendent. James T. Frtrle was President pro tern.\\nof the Senate, and Thomas B. Shannon was Speaker", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Political history of placer county.\\nI SI\\nof the Assembly. The duty of electing a United\\nStates Senator, as successor to Cornelius Cole,\\ndevolved upon the body in Joint Convention. Among\\nthe prominent candidates was Judge James E. Hale,\\nof Placer County; but the Republican nomination\\nfell upon Hon. A. A. Sargent, then member of Con-\\ngress, but whose term would end as the term of Sen-\\nator would begin, and Sargent was elected.\\ndunnam s election.\\nThe great popularity of Dunnam is shown in the\\nfollowing account of the election and count pub-\\nished in the Herald at that time:\\nOn Friday evening, after the election, our returns\\nelected Dunnam Sheritf by two majority, but Mon-\\nday s canvass gave Starbuck three majority, and the\\nRepublicans fired three guns for these three major-\\nity. Dunnam demanded a recount, and when all\\nthe tickets were counted, Dunnam was one ahead.\\nHere the Supervisors had exhausted their authority\\nunder the law, and should have declared the result,\\nand directed the certificate to issue, but a recount\\nwas demanded by Starbuck s counsel, an* illegally\\nallowed by the Supervisors, the hope that a further\\nhandling, shaking and rubbing of the tickets might\\nremove some of Dunnam s stickers from the Repub-\\nlican tickets, being, we suppose, relied on to defeat\\nhim.\\nThe handling of the tickets proceeded at intervals\\nthrough the week, and in spite of everything the\\nstickers would stick, and at the end of the week the\\ncanvassers were compelled to declare Dunman elected\\nby two majority. This news spread rapidly, and by\\ndark a large crowd had assembled on the plaza,\\nanvils were planted, powder procured, and pop went\\nthe guns; and they kept popping and repeating the\\npopping until a late hour at night, and at each pop\\nthe air reverberated with the shouts and cheers of\\nDunman s host of friends. The guns were the larg-\\nest we ever heard by anvils, but this fact is explained\\nby the make of a peculiar ring, not like the Court-\\nHouse ring, and the use of J. M. White s cast-steel\\nanvil and Schultheis sporting powder.\\nThe guns were plainly heard at Ophir, Newcastle,\\nClipper Gap, and even at Pino, eleven miles from\\nhere.\\nWe cannot describe the jollification, except by\\nsaying it was the heartiest, liveliest, bost-humorcd,\\nwhole-souled, political jollification ever held in\\nAuburn. There was no pent-up Utica there. At\\nabout two o clock next morning the party adjourned,\\nand all is serene, and B. D. Dunnam is Sheritf. and\\nwill be again during the next two years.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1872 GRANT AND GREELEY.\\nWith the campaign of 1872 again recurred the\\nPresidential election, and by an Act of Congress\\nthe election of four members of Congress in Cali-\\nfornia was fixed for this year. The nomination of\\nGeneral Grant for the Presidency by the Republican\\nConvention was regarded as a foregone conclusion,\\nand a branch of the party opposed to such nomina-\\ntion called a Convention to meet at Cincinnati, May\\n1, 1872, styling itself the Liberal Republican Party.^\\nThis Convention nominated Horace Greeley for\\nPresident and B. Gratz Brown for Vice President.\\nThese nominations were indorsed by the Democratic\\nNational Convention, which met at Baltimore on the\\n9th of July. The Republican Convention met at\\nPhiladelphia, June 5th, and nominated Gen. U. S.\\nGrant for President and Henry Wilson, of Massa-\\nchusetts, for Vice-President.\\nQUESTIONS AT ISSUE.\\nThe questions at issue were the charges of corrup-\\ntion, weakness and avarice against Grant and his\\nadministration, the jealousy of oifice-hoklers, and the\\ndesire for otfieial positions. The main question was\\nanything to beat Grant, and the singular spectacle\\nwas observed in politics of the extremes of two\\nopposing parties joining under the names of Liberals\\nto defeat the Republican Party. A few Democrats\\nadhered to their party, and nominated Charles\\nO Conor, of New York, for President, and Charles\\nFrancis Adams, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President.\\nThe Democrats of the Second Congressional Dis-\\ntrict also nominated a former extreme Republican\\nfor Representative in Mr. Paschal Coggins, of Sacra-\\nmento, and the Republicans nominated Mr. 11. F.\\nPage, of El Dorado. The Stars and Stripes news-\\npaper, previously an advocate of the Republican\\nparty, became, in this campaign, the advocate of\\nGreeley and Brown, and the Placer County Argu,%\\nwas established as a Republican paper, under the\\neditorship of Mr. James B. McQuillan.\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nThe election was held November 5, 1872, resulting\\nin the success of the Republican candidates, the elec-\\ntoral vote of the United States being 286 for Grant\\nand Wilson and 80 for Greeley and Brown. In Cali-\\nfornia the vote was for Grant 5-1,020; Greeley, 40,718.\\nO Conor, 1,068. The Representatives in Congress\\nfrom California elected were Charles Clayton (R),\\nfrom the First District, H. F. Page (R) from the\\nSecond, J. K. Luttrell (D) from the Third, and S. O.\\nHoughton (R), from the Fourth. The vote of the\\nSecond District gave Page a majority of 961 over\\nCoggins.\\nThe vote in Placer County was as follows:\\nPresidential Electors\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John B. Felton (R), 1,417:\\nJohn F. Miller (R), 1,415; Claus Spreckles (R), 1,416;\\nJames E. Hale (R), 1,417; T. H. Rose (R), 1,411;\\nJesse O. Goodwin (R), 1.417; J.C. Shorb (L R), 838;\\nFrank M. Pixley (L R), 839; Jo Hamilton (L R),\\n841; F. H. Rosenbuum (L R), 841; Peter Donahue\\n(L R), 840; John Yule (L R), 839. Judge Hale, of\\nPlacer, one of the Electors, was selected to take the\\nelectoral vote to Washington.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Paschal Coggins (L R), 1,179; H. F.\\nPage (R), 1,071. On the 20th of November, 1872,\\nafter the election, Horace Greeley died, and theelec-", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "1.^2\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntoral vote intended for him was cast lor various\\npersons.\\nCAMPAIGN UF 1873 DOLLY VARDENS.\\nThe election of 1873 was for Legislative, county\\nand district officers. The Legislature would elect a\\nL^nited States Senator to succeed the term of Eugene\\nCasserly, which would expire March 3, 1875. The\\nchief political question was that of opposition to the\\npower and management of the Central Pacific Rail-\\ni-oad Companj and the election of Governor Booth\\nto the Senate. For this a party was organized call-\\ning itself the Independent People s party, with the\\nexpressed object of opposing monopolies, rings,\\ncorruption and extravagance in office. This organ-\\nization bore the common appellation of Dolly Var-\\nden. The new party held a Convention at Auburn,\\ncalled by the members of the late Democratic and\\nLiberal Republican County Committee, and nomin-\\nated a ticket composed of eight Democrats and five\\nRepublicans.\\nThe statute for the election of Supervisors had\\nbeen changed by the last Legislature, and now the\\ncounty was divided into five districts, electing a\\nSupervisor in each, who were required to draw lots\\nfor the length of term each should holil. The sys-\\ntem, however, lasted only through one term, and in\\n1875 but three Supervisors were elected, taking office\\niu January, 1870.\\nTOE ELF,CT10N.\\nThe election was held September 3, 1873, with the\\nresult as follows:\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dr. Noble Martin (1 D), 1,303; M. H.\\nPower (R), 1,248.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wm. C. Norton (I R), 1,372; William\\nRoush (I D) 1,274; S. B. Burt(R), 1,276, D. H. Long\\n(I D), 1,227; Horace Mansur R), 1,233; Walter B.\\nLyon (R), 1,215.\\nSheriff James McCormick (1 D), 1, 304; John C.\\nBoggs (R), 1,25G.\\nTreasurer B. D. Dunnam (1 D), 1,349; O. W.\\nHollenbeck (R), 1,205.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. C. Crosby (R), 1,389; G. W. Apjile-\\ngate (I D), 1,169.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. F. Burt (R), 1,297; G. S. Yan\\nEmon (I R), 1,252.\\nDistrict Attorney J. M. Fulweiler R), 1,311; C.\\nJ. Brown (I R), 1,227.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. A. Benson (R), 1,286; C. W. Finley\\n(1 D), 1,270.\\nSuperintendent of Schools J. T. Kinkade (R),\\n1,311. J. A. Filcher (1 D), 1,213.\\nPublic Administrator and Coroner Merritt Swett\\n(I D), 1,278; Charles Fett (^R), 1,266.\\nSupervisor, District No. 1 James Laird Ind), 1 97;\\nJ. N. Taylor (R), 193.\\nSupervisor, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. J. Soule (R), 249;\\nThomas Pairchild (Ind), 195.\\nSupervisor, District No. 3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 V. Y. Mann (Ind), 288;\\nMoses Andrews (R), 229.\\nSupervisor, District No. 4 S. B. Harriman (R),\\n292; J. B. Taylor (Ind), 265.\\nSupervisor, District No. 5 E. Barrett (Ind), 348;\\nJudson Wheeler (R), 289.\\nAssessor, District No. 1 J. H. Mitchell (Ind),\\n622; D. Stephenson (R), 202.\\nAssessor, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 L. T. Allen (R), 572;\\nn. H. Richmond (Ind), 480.\\nAssessor, District No. 3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John Butler (R), 408;\\nA. G. Reed (Ind) 255.\\nCollector, District No. 1 James Moore (Ind),\\n476; D. A. Rice (R), 353.\\nCollector, District No. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. L. Munson (R),629;\\nS. J. Ray (I D), 421.\\nCollector, District No. 3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. G. Bisbee (R), 379;\\nG. AV. Gilbert (Ind), 287.\\nTotal vote in the county, 2,551.\\nJUDICIAL ELECTION.\\nThe judicial election for Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt to succeed Belcher was held October 15, 1873.\\nThe Republicans nominated Samuel H. Dwinelle, of\\nvSan Francisco; the Independent People s party nom-\\ninated E. W. McKinstry, of San Francisco, and the\\nDemocrats S. B. 3IcKee, of Alameda. The Repub-\\nlicans also nominated Anson Brunson to succeed\\nJudge Crockett, who had been elected for an unex-\\nl)ired or short term; but the Court had decided\\nthat there was no short term, and therefore there\\nwas but one Judge to be elected at this election.\\nThe result in the State was the election of McKin-\\nstry, receiving 28,901; Dwinelle, 16,189; Brunson,\\n15,078; McRee, 21,850.\\nThe vote in Placer County was as follows:\\nJustice of Supreme Court E. W. McKinstry (I D),\\n1,052; Samuel H. Dwinelle (R), 386; Anson Brun-\\nson (R), 368; Samuel Bell McKee (D), 97.\\nTHE LEOISLATURK SENATORS ELECTED.\\nThe Legislature met December 1, 1873, and organ-\\nized by the election of William Irwin, Democrat,\\nPresident p-o fern, of the Senate and M. M. Estee,\\nRepublican, Speaker, and Wm. M. Crutcher, of Placer.\\nSergeant-at Arms of the Assembly. The parties were\\nrepresented by 18 Republicans, 14 Democrats and 8\\nIndependents in the Senate; and 19 Republicans, 27\\nI)emocrats and 34 Indei^endents in the Assembly.\\nThe combinations for organization and the election\\nof a United States Senator were announced to be\\nmonopoly and anti-monopoly, or friends and oppo-\\nnents of the railroad company. Soon after the\\norganization of the Legislature the resignation of\\nEugene Casserly as United States Senator was made\\nknown, making it necessary to elect a Senator for\\nthe unexpired term. The election of Senator for\\nthe full term was effected December 20th, after\\nmany ineffectual ballotings, the final vote being:\\nFor Newton Booth (Ind), 61; James T. Farley (D),\\n37; James J\\\\IcM Shaftcr (R), 20; and on the 23d\\nJohn S. Hager, Democrat, of San Francisco, was\\nelected to servo the unexpired term of Senator", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY\\n133\\nCasserly. R. O. Cravens, of Placei was re-elected\\nState Librarian for the term of four years.\\nCAMPAIGN OP 1875 COMPLICATED PARTIES.\\nThe campaign of 1875 was interesting from the\\ncomplication of parties, the secrets of political manip-\\nulation exposed, personal animosities engendered,\\nthe power of monopolies in the control of nomina-\\ntions, and the i-esults. In no campaign in the his-\\ntory of the State were the parties more subordinated\\nto personal and selfish control. Thoi-o were to be\\nelected a Governor and State officers, Members of\\nCongress, a Legislature, county oiflcers. Superin-\\ntendent of Public Instruction, District and County\\nJudges, and Justices of the Peace. Three State\\nand Congressional tickets were in the field. The\\nRepublican State Convention met at Sacramento\\nJune 14th, and to the general surprise was organized,\\nunder the motion of George C. Gorham, by the elec-\\ntion of A. A. Sargent as Chairman. T. G. Phelps,\\nof San Mateo, was nominated for Governor; J. M.\\nCavis, of San Joaquin, Lieutenant-Governor; 0. II.\\nHallett, of Butte, Secretary of State; J. J. Green,\\nof Marin, Controller; W. M. Beckman, of Sacra-\\nmento, Treasurer; E. D. Sawyer, of San Francisco,\\nAttorney-General; Robert Gardner, of Humboldt,\\nSurveyor-General; Grant I. Taggart, of Shasta, Clerk\\nof Supreme Court, and Ezra S. Carr, of Alameda,\\nfor Superintendent of Public Instruction.\\nH. F. Page, of El Dorado, was nominated for Con-\\ngress for the Second District.\\nThe management of the Convention, and the\\nnominations, to a great extent, were so offensive\\nto many Republicans that an Independent Conven-\\ntion was called, which met at Sacramento on the\\n22d of June and made the following nominations:\\nFor Governor, John Bidwell, of Butte; Lieutenant-\\nGovernor, Romualdo Pacheco, of Santa Barbara;\\nSecretary of State, Wm. Roush, of Placer; Con-\\ntroller, Lauren E. Crane, of Sierra; Treasurer, Ferdi-\\nnand Baehr, of Shasta; Attorney-General, Peter Van\\nClief, of Yuba; iSui-veyor-General, Edward Twitchell,\\nof Sacramento; Clerk of Supreme Court, Paul Mor-\\nrill, of Sacramento, and for Superintendent of Pub-\\nlic Instruction, J. M. Guinn, of Los Angeles.\\nCharles A. Tuttle, of Alameda, formerly of Placer,\\nwas nominated for Congress in the Second District.\\nThe Democratic State Convention met at San Fran-\\ncisco, June 29th, and nominated: For Governor,\\nWm. Irwin, of Siskiyou; Lieutenant-Governor, James\\nA. Johnson, of San Francisco; Secretary of vState,\\nThomas Beck, of Monterej^, Controller, J. W. Man-\\ndeville, of Tuolumne; Treasurer, J. M. Estudillo, of\\nSan Diego; Attorney-General, Jo Hamilton, of Placer;\\nSurveyor-General, William Minis, of Yolo; Clerk of\\nSupreme Court, B. D. VYoolf, of San Francisco;\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction, O. P. Fitzger-\\nald, of San Francisco.\\nHenry Larkin, of El Dorado, was nominated for\\nCongress in the Second District.\\nThe charges, common in the canvass, were that\\nthe Republican nominees were entirely under the\\ncontrol of the railroad company, and that the Dem-\\nocratic candidate for Governor had been given the\\nnomination by the same company in reward for\\nservices while State Senator.\\nBy an Act of the Legislature of 1874, Placer\\nCounty was deprived of one Senator and two\\nAssemblymen, leaving but one Assemblyman to\\nelect in 1875; also for the election of three Super-\\nvisors to take office on the first Monday of Febru-\\nary, 1876, one to hold two and the other four years,\\nand thereafter the terms to be four years each.\\nThe office of collector was returned to the Sheriff.\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nThe Independents and Republicans made nomina-\\ntions for Assembly and county officers. The polit-\\nical election was held September 1, 1875, resulting\\nin the success of the Democratic State nominees,\\nby the following vote: For Governor, Irwin (D),\\n61,509; Phelps, (R), 31,322; Bidwell (Ind), 29,752;\\nLovett (Tern), 350. H. F. Page was re-elected Mem-\\nber of Congress from the Second District.\\nThe vote in Placer County was as follows:\\nGovernor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Timothy Guy Phelps (R), 1,065; Wm.\\nIrwin (D), 881; John Bidwell (ind), 606; William\\nE. Lovett (Tem), 7.\\nCongress Horace F.Page (Rj, 1,187; Henry Lar-\\nkin (D), 768; Charles A. Tuttle (Ind), 593.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wm. M. Crutcher (Ind), 1,392; Daniel\\nHogins (R), 1,119.\\nSheriff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 James McCormick (Ind), 1,342; L. T.\\nAllen (R), 1,205.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. J. Soulo (R), 1,341; B. D. Dunnam\\n(Ind), 1,195.\\nRecorder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. T. Ashley (R), 1,408; John Clydes-\\ndale (Ind), 1,114.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. R. Crandall (R), 1,354, A. Mc-\\nKinley(Ind), 1,189.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. II. Bullock (Ind), 1,330; J.\\nT. Kinkade (R), 1,187.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. W. Finley (Ind), 1,279; E. C. Uren\\n(R), 1,250.\\nS lperintendent of Schools\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. Calvin (^tnd), 1,369;\\nE. S. Atkins (R), 1,138.\\nPublic Administrator and Coroner M. Swett\\n(Ind) 1,274, G. B. Predmore (R), 1,250.\\nSupervisor, First District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. Mertis (R), 1,229;\\nD. H. Long (Ind), 1,294.\\nSupervisor, Second District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. A. Himes (Ind),\\n1,273; C. J. Swan (R), 1,204.\\nSupervisor, Third District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. B. Hussell (R),\\n1,267; T. A. Stevens (Ind), 1,188.\\nAssessor, First District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. H. Mitchell (Ind), 467;\\nZ. Bates (R), 228.\\nAssessor, Second District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \\\\V. L. Munson (R),\\n614; B. H. Bartlott (Ind), 437.\\nAssessor, Third District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John Buttler (R and\\nInd), 609.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "134\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nJUDICIAL ELECTION, 1875.\\nThe judicial election was held on the following\\n20th of October. Placer and Nevada Counties, com-\\nprising the Fourteenth Judicial District, were required\\nto elect a District Judge, and for this office the\\nRepublicans nominated James B. Hale, of Placer,\\nand the Democi uts, T. B. Reardan, of Nevada. J.\\nM. Guinn had withdrawn as candidate for Superin-\\ntendent of Public Instruction, and E. S. Carr was\\nelected.\\nThe following are the returns of the election;\\nDistrict Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. B. Reardan (D), in Placer 826,\\nin Nevada 1,396; James E. Hale (R), in Placer 974,\\nin Nevada 1,129.\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction Ezra S. Carr\\n(R), 1,151; O. P. Fitzgerald (D), 642.\\nCounty Judge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. Ivis Fitch (R), 1,283; L. B.\\nArnold (D), 473.\\nTHE LEGISLATURE.\\nThe Legislature met December 6, 1875, and organ-\\nized by the election of B. F. Tuttle, of Sonoma, as\\nPresident ;\u00c2\u00bb-o tern, of the Senate, G. J. Carpenter, of\\nKl Dorado, Speaker, and W. Dana Perkins, of Placer,\\nSergeant-at-Armsof the Assembly. Both bodies were\\nlargely Democratic, the partisan representation being\\n23 Democrats, 9 Independents, and 8 Republicans, in\\nthe Senate; 65 Democrats, 11 Republicans, and 4\\nIndependents in the Assembly.\\nTHE DEBRIS QUESTION.\\nDuring the session the debris question was\\nintroduction in the Assembly by C. P. Berry, of\\nSutter, with the remarkable statement that the\\nmining debris annuall}^ washed into the bays at the\\nmouth of the Sacramento River was equivalent to a\\nsolid body of earth one mile square and forty feet\\nin thickness, and that at the rate minmg was going\\non in fifteen yeai-s Suisun Bay would be filled; and\\nthat but thirty-one years would be required to com-\\nplete the destruction of San Pablo Bay. He also\\nestimated the value of land destroyed by the debris\\nat $6,350,000; and the expense of leveeing made\\nnecessary b} it at $2,000,000. The statements were\\nregarded as extravagant and the intervening years\\nhave so proven them. The question is elsewhere\\nnoticed in this work. Among the persistent ques-\\ntions appearing in the Legislature was one fixing\\nthe rates of fares and freights on railroads, but like\\nits predecessors, was defeated by the friends of the\\nrailroad company.\\nWILLIAM M. CR0TCHER.\\nFew names among those who have been active in\\nbusiness and politics in Placer County are better\\nknown than the one that heads this notice. Will-\\niam McDowell Crutcher was born December 19,\\n1828, near Elizabethtown, Hardin County, Ken-\\ntucky, coming of old Vii ginia stock, his father hav-\\ning been born in the Old Dominion in 1803, his\\nmother being a native of Kentucky. Hardin\\nCounty in the days of our subject s youth was then\\nfar advanced in prosperity and enlightenment, well\\nendowed with schools and academies, and in these\\nMr. Crutcher received his education, graduating from\\nthe Elizabethtown Academy, in 1847. There he\\nremained, absorbing the elements of probity and\\nmanhood, so characteristic of his section, until 1853,\\nwhen he transferred his home and allegiance to\\nCalifornia, crossing the plains, and arriving at\\nPlacerville on the 20th of September of that year.\\nHis first field of enterprise was in Shasta, where he\\nengaged in mining, and there remained until the\\nIst of April, 1854, when he removed to Placer\\nCounty, which has been his home from that date.\\nThe rich and promising mining town of Wisconsin\\nHill vvas the place he sought, and there he delved\\nuntil, in 1857, he removed to Iowa Hill, and thence,\\nin 1859, to Auburn.\\nThere were attachments, however, that drew him\\nback to Iowa Hill, for there he was married\\nseeking the Happy New Year for the happy\\nevent to Miss Mary Elizabeth Currier, the cere-\\nmony being performed by the Rev. Mr. McClay, the\\nMethodist Episcopal Clei-gyman of the place. The\\nfair bride was a native of Quincy, Massachusetts,\\ndaughter of Judge John B. Currier, Associate Justice\\nof the county, then of Iowa Hill, but now a resident\\nof San Francisco. The day of the wedding was\\nauspicious of the happy and prosperous future as the\\npleasant home in Auburn gives proof to the many\\nvisitors who are so royaljy entertained at that hos-\\npitable mansion. Mrs. Crutcher is a most refined\\nand worthy lady, adding to her many accomplish-\\nments that of being a skilled musician, an adornment\\nto the social circle of which she is a prominent\\nmember, and, with her husband, fond of society and\\nthe entertainment of friends.\\nThe social and political career of Mr. Crutcher\\nhas been steadily onward and upward, and consis-\\ntent. As soon as the proper age would permit\\nhe became a member of the Order of Free and\\nAccepted Masons, joining that venerable Order in\\nGarrettsville, Meade County, Kentucky, and during\\nhis long period of membership has filled nearly all\\nthe chairs of the Lodge.\\nPolitically, he started in life as a Whig, having\\nbeen born in a locality where, if a person did not\\nsubscribe for the Louisville Journal and vote for\\nHenry Clay, he would be socially ostracized. Upon\\nthe collapse of the Whig party he became a Demo-\\ncrat and a strong advocate of the principle of anti-\\nmonopoly. In these ranks he has trained these\\nmany years, and good need has Placer had of her\\nfirm and brave monopoly-resisting citizens. The\\npolitical and financial history of the county shows\\nthe war they have engaged in and the results\\naccomplished. As evidence of his ability in political\\nmatters is the fact of his being Chairman of the\\nDemocratic County Central Committee for a number\\nof years, and the many positions he has held\\nproves the confidence reposed in him by the people.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nHis first office was that of Deputy Sheriff, to which\\nposition he was appointed by Sheriff King in June,\\n1857, which he held during the term, performing\\nmost efficient service in the arduous duties then\\nrequired of fighting criminals, collecting foreign\\nminers licenses, and others of like dangerous and\\nannoying character. These adventures would con-\\nstitute a romantic story of early California life.\\nThe fight with and death of Rattlesnake Dick,\\nin which Mr, Crutcher was wounded, and his com-\\npanion, George M. Martin, Deputy Tax Collector,\\nkilled, is told elsewhere in this book. With the\\nexpiration of the term of Charles King as Sheriff,\\nJune 2, 1859, and the accession to the office of L.\\nL. Bullock, Mr. Crutcher was continued in the office\\nas deputy during the two terms of that officer. At\\nthe election in 1862 Henry Gooding was chosen\\nSheriff, as a Union Democrat, and upon taking office\\nMr. Crutcher was made Under Sheriff, and contin-\\nued in that position until, by a change in the election\\nlaws, his principal was cut short of his full term, and\\nin the following year the Republicans obtained full\\ncontrol. For some years the political elements per-\\nmitted Mr. Crutcher to attend to his private affairs,\\nwhich he industriously and successfully improved;\\nbut a change in the political tide brought him for-\\nward, and in 1873 he became Sergeant-at-Arms of\\nthe Assembly, and in 1875 was elected on the Inde-\\npendent ticket as Member of that body, serving with\\nhonor through the twenty-first session of the Legis-\\nlature.\\nSuch has been the active and honorable career\\nof Wm. M. Crutcher, now a stalwart anti-monopoly\\nDemocrat, a prosperous business man, and an\\nesteemed citizen of Auburn.\\nThe residence of Mr, Crutcher (illustrated) is situ-\\nated upon a beautiful site in the eastern part of the\\nvillage of Auburn, on a ten-acre plat, highly culti-\\nvated, being so located as to be easily irrigated by\\nthe water from a spring owned jointly by Mr.\\nCrutcher and George W. Reamer. The same spring\\nalso supplies water for the railroad company s large\\ntank at the depot grounds. Mr. Crutcher has grow-\\ning upon his place an infinite variety of fruit trees,\\nincluding two varieties of persimmons; many kinds\\nof choice grapes; black and English walnuts; sixty\\norange trees, and all sorts of shrubbery that can be\\nfound in the nurseries which will withstand the frosts\\nof this altitude.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1876 CENTENNIAL YEAR.\\nThe campaign of 1876 was interesting as the Cen-\\ntennial year of American Independence, and also as\\nit brought again the election of a President of the\\nUnited States, and, in California, of four Members\\nof Congress. The Republican State Convention for\\nelecting delegates to the National Convention, to\\nmeet at Cincinnati June 16th, met at Sacramento\\non the 25th of April. Hon, W C. Norton, of Placer,\\npi-esided. The National Convention met at the\\nappointed time and nominated Rutherford B. Hayes,\\nof Ohio, for President, and William A. Wheeler, of\\nNew York, for Vice-President. The Democratic\\nState Convention met at San Francisco May 24th,\\nand appointed delegates to the National Convention\\nwhich met at St. Louis June 27th, and nominated\\nSamuel J. Tilden, of New York, for President, and\\nThomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice-Presi-\\ndent,\\nIn the Second Congressional District H, F. Page,\\nof El Dorado, was nominated by the Republicans,\\nand G. J, Carpenter, of El Dorado, by the Democrats,\\nfor Congress, In consequence of the death of J. VV.\\nMandeville, State Controller, the Republicans nom-\\ninated D. M. Kenfield, of Tuolumne, to fill the posi-\\ntion, and the Democrats named W. B. C. Brown.\\nPRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1876.\\nThe election was held November 7, 1876, resulting\\nin the election of Hayes and Wheeler, they receiv-\\ning 185 electoral votes and Tilden and Hendricks\\n18-1. The disputes and settlement of this election\\nbelong to the national histoiy.\\nThe vote of California was: For Hayes, 79,269;\\nTilden, 76,465; Peter Cooper, 47, and others, 19,\\nmaking a total vote of 155,800, Ln the Second\\nDistrict Page was re-elected to Congress, receiving\\n20,815 votes, and Carpenter 15,916,\\nThe vote of Placer County was as follovvs;\\nFor President\u00e2\u0080\u0094 R, B, Hayes (R), 1,610; S, J. Til-\\nden (D), 1,278,\\nCongress H, F. Page (_R), 1,668; G. J. Carpenter\\n(D), 1,220.\\nController\u00e2\u0080\u0094 D. M, Kenfield (R), 1,609; W. B, C.\\nBrown (D), 1,279,\\nTotal vote in the county, 2,888,\\nThe Representatives in Congress elected were:\\nFirst District, Horace Davis (R); Second, H, F.Page\\n(R); Third, J. K. Luttrell (D); Fourth, P. D. Wig-\\ngin ton (D).\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n(CONTINUED.)\\nCampaign of 1877 Workingmen s Party The Election of 1877\\nJudicial Election Coustitutioual Convention lames T,\\nFarley Senator Campaign of 1878 Campaign of 1S7\\nConstitution Adopted Political Campaign The Election\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0State Officers Frank D. Adams Presidential Campaign of\\n1880\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Election\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Population of Placer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jolm C. Boggs\\nJohn Gould Bisbee- \\\\V. B. Lardner.\\nThe campaign of 1877 involved the election of\\ncounty officers and a Legislature that would have the\\nchoosing of a United States Senator to succeed Aaron\\nA. Sargent.\\nThe Republicans and Democrats held Conventions\\nin July, and nominated candidates for the various\\noffices, generally those who had been in office at\\nvarious times. The Repniilican candidate for Sen-\\nator was W C. Norton, who had been elected to the\\nAssembly on the Independent or Dolly Varden", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "136\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nticket, and voted for l\\\\y the Democrats. Dr. Noblo\\nMartin, for Senator, was again nominated for the\\nsame office by the Democrats. J ho same party\\nnominated J. A. Filcher, editor of the Phicer Herald,\\nand M. W. Wilson was the Republican candidate for\\nsame office.\\nWORKINGMEN s I ARTV.\\nDuring the campaign a serious riot occurred at\\nPittsburg, Pennsylvania, caused by a strike among\\nrailroad employes, followed by other strikes through-\\nout the country, causing great excitement among\\nthe dissatisfied elements of the large cities of Cali-\\nfornia, which resulted in the organization of the\\nWorkingmen s Party. This, at a subsequent date,\\nexerted considerable political influence on the elec-\\ntions and policy of the State.\\nTHE ELECTION 1S77.\\nThe election was held September 5, 1877, with the\\nfollowing result:\\nSenate W. C. Norton R), 1,54. Noble Martin\\n(D), 1,483.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. W. Wilson (R), 1,521; .1. A. Filcher\\n(D), 1,515.\\nSherift-- C. 0. Crosby (R), 1,57U; W. A. Mines (D),\\n1,468.\\nTreasurer A. J. Soule (R), 1,757; Jonathan Mor-\\nris (D), 1,285.\\nRecorder J. T. Ashley (R), 1,047; John Sweeny\\n(D), 1,397.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thos. J. Nichols (R), 1,G88; E. M.\\nBanvard (D), 1,316.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. H. iiiillofk /D), l,5I);t; J,\\nM. Fulweiler (R), 1,412.\\nSurveyor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. C. Uren (R), 1,027; C. AV. Finley\\n(D), 1,393.\\nSujjerintendent of Schools O. F. Seavey (D), 1,576;\\nMiss C. M. Pitcher (R), 1,406.\\nPublic Administrator and Coroner J. D. Redfern\\n(R), 1,576; V. V. Mann (D), 1,526.\\nSupervisor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. J. Sparks (D), l,50|t; G. D. Aldrich\\n(R), 1,491.\\nConstitutional Convention For, 1,995; against,\\n207.\\nTotal vote in the county, 3,044.\\nSeptember 22d, an election was held for Super-\\nvisor to fill the unexpired term of W. A. Hines,\\nresigned, with the following result:\\nSupervisor J. A. Culver (R), 1,027; A. G. Moore\\n(D), 860.\\nJUDICIAL ELECTION.\\nThe judicial election was held October 17th, mak-\\ning three general elections in the county during the\\ni-ampaign. Justices of the Peace were elected in the\\nseveral townships.\\n.lA.MES T. l- ARLEV, SENATOR.\\nI he Legislature oi ganized December 3, 1877, by\\nthe election of E. J. Lewis, of Tehama, President\\npiu fern, of the Si iiate, and Camjibell li. Reny, of\\nSutter, as Speaker of the Assembly. On the 19tTi\\nthe Legislature met in Joint Convention, and elected\\nJames T. Farley, of Amador, United States Senator,\\nto succeed Aaron A. Sargent, whose term would\\nexpire March 3, 1879.\\nCONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.\\nThe State having voted to call a Constitutional\\nConvention by a majority of 7,000, an Act was\\npassed providing for the election of 152 members to\\nmeet at the Capitol on the 28th of September. The\\nelection for these delegates was ordered to be held on\\nthe third Wednesday of June, 1878. The representa-\\ntion was one for each Senator and Assemblyman, and\\neight at large in each of the four Congressional Dis-\\ntricts, making thirty-two at large. The Constitu-\\ntion prepared by this Convention was ordered to be\\nsubmitted to the vote of the people for approval or\\nrejection on the first Wednesday of May, 1879.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1878.\\nThe campaign of 1878 was for the election of del-\\negates to the Constitutional Convention. The rise of\\nthe Workingmen s Party, which had its origin in\\nthe riotous and communistic elements chiefly for-\\neigners of San Francisco, had caused a feeling ot\\nfear and uneasiness throughout the State where it\\nhad spread, and the Republican and Democratic\\nparties combined against it in their nominations of\\ndelegates. The new party was largest in the cities,\\nand there was most pronounced in its threatenings\\nof revolution and desolation, and these seriously\\naffected the prosperity of the whole State. The\\nalleged cause of the uprising was bad legi.slation.\\ncorruption in public places, the overpowering influ-\\nence of monopolies in politics, the aggregation of\\nwealth in individuals and corporations, and the dis-\\ntress of labor caused by the presence of the Chinese.\\nThese allegations, plausible, and, in a manner, true,\\ndrew many men of reason and patriotism to the sup-\\nport of the Workingmen, giving it respectability in\\nthe country and temporary strength.\\nThe new party, being one of excitement, energeti-\\ncally entered the field to obtain control of the Con-\\nvention, while other parties were comparativelj\\ninactive. The people of the State opposed to the\\nWorkingmen s party, organized under the name of\\nNon -Partisan.\\nIn Placer County two parties jn-esented candidates\\none called the Citizens and the other the\\nWorkingmen. The nominations of the first were\\nS. B. Burt (R), a merchant of Bath, who had repre-\\nsented the county in the Assembly, and had held\\nother offices, and the other, J. A. Filcher (D), editor\\nof the Placer Herald. The Workingmen s candidates\\nwere John R. Winders, a printer connected with the\\nDutch Flat Forum, and Lee D. Thomas, a merchant\\nat Roseville. Judge James E. Uale was nominated\\nby the Non-Partisan Convention as a representative\\nof Placer County in the Second District, as delegate\\nat larije.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n137\\nThe election was held as ordered, resulting in the\\nelection in the State of a majoritj of Workingmen\\nfrom the counties, which was overbalanced bj the\\nelection of the thirty-two on-Partisans at large.\\nThe vote in Placer County was as follows:\\nDelegates to Constitutional Convention J. A.\\nFilcher (C), 848; S. B. Burt (C), 888; J. P. Winders\\n(W), 784; Lee D. Thomas (W), 753. Total vote in\\nthe county, 1,636.\\nThirty-two delegates at large were voted for in\\nPlacer County, with majorities in favor of the Work-\\ningmen over the Non-Partisan ranging from ten to\\n120, with one exception, that of Ex-(TOvernor H. H.\\nHaight (X P), received a higher vote than P. S.\\nDorney (VV). The average majority was 85 in favor\\nof the Workingmen.\\nThe Convention met September 28, 1878, at the\\nCapitol at vSacramento, and organized by the election\\nof J. P. Hoge, of San Francisco, as President, and\\nJ. A. Johnson, of Santa Barbara, as Secretary. The\\npay of the delegates had been fixed at \u00c2\u00a710 /^er diem\\nfor a period of 100 daj s, but the session continued\\nfor 157 days, in which the Con\u00c2\u00bbtitution as now exist-\\ning was prepared and submitted to the people.\\nCAMPAIGN OF 1879 CONSTITUTION ADOPTED.\\nThe first Wednesday of May, 1879, was fixed by\\nthe Act calling the Constitutional Convention, as\\nthe day when the people should vote upon the\\nadoption of the instrument prepared as the Consti-\\ntution of the State, or its rejection. The new\\norganic law was regarded as very obnoxious by cor-\\nporations and people of large wealth, and extraordi-\\nnary efforts were made by such classes to prevent\\nits adoption. The result of the election in the\\nState was in favor of the adoption by about 9,000\\nmajority. The vote in Placer County was:\\nFor the new Constitution, 1,649; against, 969.\\nTotal vote in the county, 2,618.\\nPOLITICAL CAMPAIGN.\\nWith the close of the Constitutional campaign\\nbegan the political campaign for the election of offi-\\ncers under the new instrument. The most ardent\\nadvocates assumed that the duty of giving the Con-\\nstitution a fair trial devolved upon them, and thus\\norganized a New Constitution party. Besides this\\nwere the Republican, Democratic, and Working-\\nmen s organizations, making a quadrilateral contest.\\nThis, however, was in part simplified by the adop-\\ntion of a poi tion of the nominees of the New Con-\\n1 stitution party by the Democrats, and a combina-\\nI tion of these two parties in Placer County.\\nj Conventions of the several parties were held and\\nI candidates nominated as were called for in the New\\ni Constitution, viz.. Governor and State officers, a Leg-\\nj islature, including Senators as the New Constitu-\\nI tion cut ofi the terms of all previously elected\\nfour Congressmen, Chief Justice and six Associate\\nI Justices of the Supremo Court, three Railroad Com-\\nmissioners, four Members of the Board of Equaliza-\\ntion; Superior Judge for Placer County, and for all\\nthe counlic-4, and Assessors for each district.\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nThe election was held September 3, 1879, resulting\\nin the success of the Republicans in the State by the\\nfollowing vote:\\nGovernor George C. Perkins (R), 67,695; Hugh\\nJ. Glenn (Ij and N C), 48,695; William F. White\\n44,484; others, 119.\\nTotal vote, 160,993.\\nIn the Second Congressional District, H. F. Page\\n(R), was re-elected over T. J. Clunie (D and N C),\\nand H. P. Williams W). In the First District, Hor-\\nace Davis (R), was elected; in the Third, Campbell\\nP. Berry (D), and in the Fourth, Romualdo Pacheco\\n(R).\\nThe vote and candidates in Placer County are\\ngiven as follows:\\nGovernor George C. Perkins (R), 1,213; Wm. F.\\nWhite (W), 828; Hugh J. Glenn (D and N C), 759.\\nCongress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H. F. Page (R), 1,185; T. J. Clunie (D\\nand N C), 919; H. P. Williams (W), 693.\\nSuperior Judge B. F. Myres (all parties), 2,643.\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. B. Burt (R), 1,153; J. A. Filcher (D\\nand N C), 947; B. K. Lowe (W), 695.\\nAssembly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. L. Chamberlain (R), 1,129; C. A.\\nBarrett (W), 833; L. S. Moftatt (D and N C), 827.\\nSheriflt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. C. Boggs (R), 1,146; A. Huntley (D\\nand N C), 1,006; A. J. Soule (W), 646.\\nCounty Clerk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. J. Nichols (R), 2,079; H. Bock\\n(W), 700.\\nRecorder- F. D. Adams (R), 1,488, J. B. Watters\\n(D and W), 1,262.\\nDistrict Attorney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. B. Lardner (R), 1,320;\\nPeter Singer (W), 750; James Moore (N C and D),\\n725.\\nTreasurer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. G. Bisbee (R), 1,140; V. Y. Mann\\n(D and N C), 956; John Thorp (W), 713.\\nCounty Surveyor C. LTren (R and W 1,056;\\nC. W. Finley (D and N C), 837.\\nSuperintendent of Schools O. F. Seavey (D and\\nN C), 1,195; F. H. Wales (R), 866; S. J. Pullen (W),\\n745.\\nPublic Administrator and Coroner J. D. Redfern\\n(R), 1,165; C. H. Leavitt (D and N C),840; Mc-\\nDonald (W), 778.\\nChinese Immigration For, 9; against, 2,778.\\nSupervi8or.s\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. J. Sparks (R). 1,347; J. B. Russell\\n(R), 1,373; Thomas Dodds W and D), 1,427; J. A.\\nCulver (R), 1,297; A. G. Oliver (W), 755; E. D. Shir-\\nland (D and N C), 752; D. Stephenson (W), 744.\\nTotal vote of the county, 2,800.\\nAssessors elected were: J. H. Mitchell (D and\\nN C), in District No. 1; W. L. Munson (R), in Dis-\\ntrict No. 2; and A. C McKcnley (D, N and W),\\nin Distinct No. 3.\\nSTATE OFFICERS.\\nState officers elected wore: Lieutenant-Governor,\\nJohn Mansfield; Secretary of State, D. M. Burns;", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "138\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nController, D. M. Kenfield; Treasurer, John Weil;\\nAttorney-General, A. L. Eart; Surveyor-General, J.\\nW. Shanklin; Clerk of Supreme Court, Frank W.\\nGross; Superintendent of Public Instruction, F. M.\\nCampbell, Republicans. Chief Justice, R. F. Mor-\\nrison (D); Associate Justices, E. W. McKinstry\\n(D), for eleven years; J. D. Thornton (D), eleven\\nyears; M. H. Myrick (R), seven years; S. B. McKee\\n(D), seven years; E. M. Ross(D), three years, and J.\\nR. Sharpstein (\\\\V), three years.\\nRailroad Commissioners George C. Stoneman\\n(D), C. J. Beerstecher (W), J. S. Cone (R).\\nBoard of Equalization\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. M. Drew (R), J. L.\\nKing (R), Warren Dutton (R), and T. D. Heiskell\\n(R).\\nThe Legislature under the New Constitution met\\nthe first Monday in January. The most important\\nbill of the session was entitled, An Act to Promote\\nDrainage, providing for restraining the flow of min-\\ning debris by building dams, and protecting land by\\nconstructing levees.\\nThe partisan representation was, in the Sen\\nate, 22 Republicans, 5 Democrats, 8 Workingmen,\\nand 5 Workingmen siding with either Democrats or\\nRepublicans, and in the Assembly, 39 Republicans,\\n15 Democrats, 11 Workingmen, 3 New Constitution,\\n6 Workingmen and New Constitution, and 6 Work-\\ningmen and Republicans. Several of the Working-\\nmen elected to the Assembly from San Francisco\\nconstituted a very disorderly element, and that body\\nwas noted for its confusion and inability to proceed\\nwith business from that cause.\\nFRANK D. ADAMS,\\nSon of Thomas T. and Sarah E. S. (Drew) Adams,\\nis a native of Massachusetts, having been born at\\nthe Town of North Chelmsford, Middlesex County,\\nAugust 25, 1851. His early recollections do not date\\nas far back as the days he lived in the old Bay\\nState, for, at the age of one year, he removei with\\nhis parents to Colesburg, Delaware County, Iowa.\\nIn this latter place he remained until in the month\\nof May, 1855, when the family removed to Fort\\nSnelling, Hennepin County, Minnesota. Mr. Adann\\nis a thorough scholar; his education was received in\\nthe common and high schools, and was of a nature\\nto fit him for the responsible positions he has held\\nand consistently filled during his period of life in\\nthe West. In 1881, at the age of ten years, he entered\\na school at Norlhfield, Rice County, Minnesota, and\\ntook a four years course of study in the common\\nbranches of education. In the month of October,\\n1865, he accompanied his parents on their removal\\nto Monticello, Wright Count} j;and there entered the\\nhigh school, from which he graduated with high\\nhonors. In 1868 he was engaged as book-keeper for\\na Government supply train, and went to Dakota Ter-\\nritory, where he passed several months, and was\\nconcerned in several engagements with the dusky\\nsons of the forest, but managed to retain his hair.\\nAfter his return home in the fall of that year, his\\nhealth failed to such a degree as to warrant his\\nremaining under the parental roof, which he did\\nuntil the spring of 1870, at which time he went to\\nDuluth, St. Louis County, and was engaged in teach-\\ning in the public schools of that city, until June,\\n1873, when he resigned his position.\\nIn the month of October, of the latter year, he\\nresolved to seek new fields for his labors, and, hav-\\ning California for his objective point, he came to\\nthe Golden State. His first location was his present\\none, and he has since his arrival been a resident of\\nthe town of Auburn. In December, 1873, he entered\\nthe Recorder s office as Deputy, under C. C. Crosby,\\na position he held until March, 1876.\\nWhen the new officers Recorder, Auditor and\\nTreasurer assumed the responsibility of their\\noffices, in 1876, Mr. Adams, from his thorough\\nknowledge of the duties pertaining thereto, received\\nthe appointment as deputy for them all, a position\\nhe was well qualified for, and which he filled in\\na manner acceptable to all concerned. In March.\\n1878, he received the appointment as Deputy Sheriff,\\nunder C. C. Crosby, and served in that capacity\\nuntil the time arrived for him to assume the\\nresponsibility of the office he now holds, that of\\nCounty Recorder and Auditor, to which he was\\nelected, on the Republican ticket, in 1879. His\\nopponent, J. B. Watters, being on three tickets.\\nThis last demonstration of public sentiment speaks\\nvolumes in favor of Mr. Adams, who, though young\\nin years, carries a well-balanced head and holds\\nthe respect and good will of all who have the\\npleasure of his acquaintance. Among his many\\naccomplishments there is one of which he has reason\\nto be proud, and that is his expertness with the\\nrifle. He is, in fact, an artist with that weapon,\\nand has no equal in the section of country in which\\nhe lives, and very few in the world. He has a record\\nof 96 out of 100, and 59 out of 60. at glass-ball\\nshooting, which denotes a quick eye and a steady\\nnerve. The rifle is his favorite weapon, and he\\nhas achieved some decided victories with it. O ne\\ncircumstance in particular will tend to illustrate his\\nscience. During his trip through Dakota, in 1868,\\nhe was matched against the best shots to be found\\nin that section, being, in fact, but a boy at the time,\\nand in one contest completely walked away with\\nhis opponents, thereby winning a purse of 6300.\\nHe was married, October 1, 1873, to Miss Ella N.\\nLeland, daughter of E. B. Leland, a native of Winn,\\nPenobscot County, Maine. Their union has been\\nblessed with two children, named and aged respect-\\nively, Mabel C, born September 3, 1875; Stella, born\\nSeptember 6, 1879.\\nPRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1880.\\nThe New Constitution of California provided for\\nthe election of Members of the Assemblj^ and county\\nofficers in 1880, and every two years thereafter.\\nAt this election the people were also required to\\ncast their vote for President and Vice-President,", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n130\\nand Representatives in Congress. The Republican\\nState Convention met at Sacramento April 28lh\\nand appointed delegates to the National Convention\\nat Chicago, which met June 2, 1880. The principal\\ncandidates for the Presidential nomination were\\nGen. U. S. Grant, James G. Blaine, John Sherman,\\nand James A. Garfield, the latter receiving the nom-\\nination, and Chester A. Arthur for Vice-President.\\nThe Democratic State Convention met at Oak-\\nland, June 19th, composed of 357 delegates, of which\\nnumber 72 were from San Francisco and 5 from\\nPlacer. Electors were nominated and delegates\\nappointed to the National Convention, which met at\\nCincinnati June 22d and placed in nomination Gen.\\nWinfield Scott Hancock, of Pennsylvania, for Presi-\\ndent, and William H. English, of Indiana, for Vice-\\nPresident.\\nA third party, styled the National Greenback\\nparty, entered the field, and at a Convention held in\\nChicago June 2, 1880, nominated Gen. James B.\\nWeaver, of Iowa, for President, and Col. Benjamin\\nJ. Chambers, of Texas, for Vice-President. These\\nlast nominations were endorsed by the Workingmen s\\nParty of California.\\nThe Republican County Convention met at Auburn\\nAugust 9th and nominated Assemblymen and county\\nofficers, and appointed the following delegates to the\\nCongressional District Convention, recommending\\nthem to vote for Hon. H. F. Page as candidate for\\nRepresentative to Congress: J. D. Pratt, O. W. Hol-\\nlenbcck, G. D. Aldrich, John Butler, G. Griffith, A.\\nD. Hathaway, James Borland, and A. F. Jewett.\\nThe Democratic County Convention met at Auburn\\nAugust 14th, nominated Assemblymen and county\\nofficers, and appointed delegates to the Congressional\\nDistrict Convention, with instructions to favor the\\nnomination of J. A. Filcher as candidate for Con-\\ngress.\\nThe eftects of the Workingmen s agitation in\\narousing opposition to Chinese immigration bore a\\nheavy influence in this campaign in California. Both\\nparties professed opposition, but the declaration that\\nGarfield had written a letter in which expressions\\nfavorable to the employment of Chinese, was used\\nto the advantage of the Democracy.\\nTHE ELECTION.\\nThe election was held November 2, 1880, resulting\\nin the election of James A. Garfield as President of\\nthe United States, he receiving 218 electoi-al votes,\\nand W. S. Hancock 151. Of the electoral vote of\\nCalifornia five were cast for Hancock and one for\\nGarfield, one Democratic elector, David S. Terry\\nbeing defeated, and Henry Edgerton, Republican\\nelector, receiving a higher vote, was chosen in his\\nplace. The total vote was 163,970, the average\\nDemocratic majority being G4. Of these Hancock\\nreceived 80,322; Garfield, 80,267; Weaver, 3,381.\\nThe election returns of Placer County show the\\nnames of candidates and the ^ote each received as\\nfollows:\\nPresident\u00e2\u0080\u0094 James A. Garfield (R), 1,641; W. S.\\nHancock (D), 1,414; James B. Weaver (G and\\nW), 58.\\nCongress H. F. Page (R), 1,645; J. H.Glasscock\\n(D), 1,418; others, 46.\\nAssembly James E. Hale (R), 1,554; Jo Hamil-\\nton (D), 1,521; A. F. Jewett (I), 35.\\nTotal vote in the county, 3,113.\\nShortly preceding the election the Supreme Court\\nhad rendered an opinion that the county officers\\nshould hold their positions until the next general\\nelection, and therefore no change was made.\\nRepresentatives in Congress elected were: First\\nDistrict, Gen. Wm. S. Rosecrans (D); Second, Hon.\\nH. F. Page (R); Third, Campbell P. Berry (D);\\nFourth, Romualdo Pacheco (R). The Assembly\\nelected consisted of 42 Republicans and 38 Demo-\\ncrats.\\nThe Legislature met on the first Monday in Janu-\\nary, 1881, and organized by the election of Wm.\\nJohnston President pro (em. of the Senate, and Wm.\\nH. Parks as Speaker of the Assembly. January\\n12th the Legislature met in Joint Convention and\\nelected John F. Miller, of San Francisco, United\\nStates Senator to succeed Newton Booth, whose\\nterm expired March 3, 1881.\\nMuch of the time of the session was expended in\\nattempting to repeal the Act to Provide Drain-\\nage, and to apportion the State in Legislative and\\nCongressional Districts, but failed in both, and an\\nextra session was called with similar results.\\nSupervisor Thomas Dodds dying, a special elec-\\ntion was ordered to be held January 25, 1881, to\\nfill the vacancy. At this election J. A. Culver, of\\nColfax, received 925 votes, and Fred. Grohs, of\\nAuburn, received 607 votes.\\nP0PUL.\\\\TION OF PLACER.\\nThe population of Placer County, as ascertained\\nby the census of 1880. was 14,226, of which 7,125\\nwere white males, 4,923 white females, 1,843 Chi-\\nnese, 235 colored, and 100 Indians. This shows a\\npopulation of about four and one-half to each voter,\\na very favorable increase since the early years of\\nits history, when more than half were voters.\\nJOHN CRAIQ BOGGS,\\nSon of John and Isabel (Allison) Boggs, was born at\\nGreencastle, Franklin County, Penn.sylvania, Octo-\\nber 18, 1825. The father of our present subject was\\na physician of considerable note, and was well and\\nfavorably known throughout the section of country\\nin which he lived. John C, the subject of this\\nbiographical notice, deceived his education in the\\ncommon schools of his native town, and at the age\\nof about twenty years was appointed manager of\\nthe Southampton Iron Works, near Shippensburgh,\\nCumberland County, a position he filled nearl3 four\\nyears. Inspired with a desire to behold the grand\\nsights of the Pacific Coast, and to seek the fort-\\nune he believed was in store for him, he determined", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "140\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA\\nto join the grand army that waw seeking wealth\\nin the newly-discovered gold-fields of California.\\nConsequently he bade adieu to the scenes of his\\nyouth, and on the 3d day of February, 1849,\\nfailed for the New El Dorado in the ship Xylon,\\nCaptain Brown, commander. Between Balti-\\nmore, Maryland, and Rio Janeiro the treatment of\\nthe passengers was such, by the commander, that\\nthey resolved to try and obtain relief through the\\nAmerican Consul at the latter port. Upon the\\narrival of the ship at the latter place the larger\\nportion of the passengers made affidavit before the\\nConsul of the inhuman conduct of Captain Brown,\\nand the result was the appointment of Capt. M.\\nBowers, who took command during the remainder\\nof the voyage. Captain Brown was sent home in\\ndisgrace. On the 14th of September, 1819, Mr.\\nBoggs landed in the city of San Francisco, and on\\nthe 28th of the same month he arrived at Auburn,\\nPlacer County. During his first two months resi-\\ndence at this camp he mined in the placers, and then\\nengaged in the general merchandising business, his\\nplace of business being directly opposite the present\\nsite uf Andrews HoUenbeck s Bank. After a few\\nmonths trial this business was closed out, the high\\nprice of freights being a damaging feature to the\\ntrader in those days. His partner in this venture\\nwas T. B. Kennedj^ now the President of the Cum-\\nberland Valley Railroad, in Pennsylvania. They\\noften paid as high as one thousand dollart per ton for\\nfreight from Sacramento Mr. Boggs again sought\\nhis fortune in the mines, until 1853. He was the\\nfirst night-watchman in the town of Auburn, a posi-\\ntion he filled until October, 1854, at which time ho\\nreturned to his home in Pennsylvania. The follow-\\ning spring he came again to the Pacific Coast, and\\nsoon afterward went to Los Angeles after a band of\\ncattle for Lieut.-Gov. Joseph Walkup. Upon his\\nreturn from the southern country he received the\\nappointment as Depaty Sheriff under W. T. Han-\\nson, and this might be called the commencement of\\nhis official cai eer, as he has held some office most\\nof the intervening time to the present. For ten\\nyears he was a Constable, and accomplished more in\\narrests and convictions of criminals than any man\\nthat has ever served the people of Placer County.\\nMr. Boggs was Marshal of Auburn during its\\nincorporation, and figured conspicuousl3Mn all matters\\npertaining thereto.\\nIn 1867 he was elected District Assessor, and in\\n1869 was elected as County Assessor of Placer.\\nUpon the expiration of his last term of office he\\ndetermined to devote his time and energies to the\\nraising of fruit, and accordingly repaired to his\\nranch, located near Newcastle. While thus engaged\\nhe was aearly ruined by that ruthless destroyei-, fire,\\nlosing nearly everything he had saved through years\\nof toil. With his characteristic energy and pluck\\nhe soon found himself upon a firm basis once again.\\nImmediately after the election of 1877 he was\\nappointed LTnder-Sheritf by C. C. Crosby, which\\nposition he held until he was elected to the office of\\nSheriff of Placer County, a position he now fills, he\\ntaking charge of the office in March, 1880. In poli-\\ntics Sheriff Boggs is a staunch Republican.\\nIn his official capacity Mr. Boggs has always been\\na terror to the criminal portion of the inhabitants of\\nPlacer County, and to him is honor due for the\\nfaithful discharge of his duties upon all occasions.\\nThe last words of the noted robber, Rattlesnake\\nDick, illustrates the feeling of that class of men\\ntowards one whom they feared. They were these:\\nIf John Boggs is dead, I am satisfied, Dick\\nthinking the unfortunate Martin was his enemy,\\nBoggs. Whole volumes might be written of the\\nhairbreadth escapes and bloody fights in which\\nSheriff Boggs has figured, and a perusal of the crim-\\ninal and other chapters in this work will explain\\nsome of his doings in the discharge of his duties in\\nvarious offices.\\nHe was married, November 2, 1857, to Miss L. C.\\nHarrington,* a native of Thomaston, Knox County,\\nMaine, and they have been blessed with two chil-\\ndren Isabella A., born August 29, 1858, and John\\nG., born January 1, 1861 both of whom are living.\\n.lOHN GOULD BISBEE,\\nThe present County Treasurer of Placer, is a son\\nof Arza Bisbee, who was a native of North Adams,\\nMassachusetts. The subject of this biographical\\nnotice was born in Lisbon, Androscoggin County,\\nMaine, March 31, 1837. In early life he removed to\\nLewiston, in the same county, where he remained\\nuntil twelve years of age. About that time he had\\nthe misfortune to lose his mother by death, and soon\\nafter his Aither came to California, leaving his son to\\nthe care of an uncle. During the succeeding four\\nyears our subject was an inmate of his uncle s house,\\nbut at the age of sixteen he departed therefrom, and\\nfor two years was a resident of the State of Rhode\\nIsland. From the latter State he went to Philadel-\\nphia, and leased a business in that city of another\\nuncle he had there. It was the manufacturing of\\nkindling wood. After leaving the city of brotherly-\\nlove he was for some time an engineer on the\\nsteamers plying the waters of the Mississippi and\\nOhio Rivers. In 1858 he went to Kansas for the\\npurpose of locating land, and remained about one\\nyear. On the 7th of November of the last-named\\nyear he was married, at Leavenworth City, Kansas,\\nto Miss Mary E. Madden, and started the next day\\nfor California, via New Y ork City, thence by steamer\\nto San Francisco, arriving in the latter city Decem-\\nber 28th. After a few days stay in San Francisco,\\nhe came to Placer County, and located at Iowa Hill,\\nwhere his father was then living. Mr. Bisbee made\\nthis latter place his home during the succeeding\\ntwenty j^ears, engaged in various kinds of business,\\nmachinist and blacksmithing predominating. Subse-\\nquent to 1866 he was engaged in the mining districts", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "POLITKJAL HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY.\\n141\\nas a mechanical engineer, constructing and putting\\nin position machiner}- for mills of various kinds. As\\na practical machinist Mr. Eisbee stands second to none\\nin the county, and has few equals on the Pacific\\nCoast. In the fall of 1879 he was the recipient of\\nthe nomination for the offic e of Treasurer of Placer\\nCounty by the Republican party, and was hand-\\nsomely elected. This last demonstration on the part\\nof the people of this county illustrates the standing\\nof our subject in the community. In Mr. Bisbee we\\nfind a warm-hearted, genial man, whom to know is\\nto respect.\\nW. B. LARDNER.\\nThe young and industrious District Attorney of\\nPlacer County, whose full name is William Branson\\nLai dner, was born on his father s farm near the\\nflourishing city of Niles, Berrien County, Michigan,\\nDecember 12, 1850.\\nHis father, Lynford Lardner, was a native of\\nPhiladelphia, born in 1808, and his mother, whoso\\nmaiden name was Sarah K. Moore, was born near\\nthe same city in 1818. Lynford Lardner was\\neducated for the business of a merchant in the\\nQuaker city, and upon attaining his majority\\nremoved to the flourishing city of Cincinnati, then\\nthe- metropolis of the West. There for several years\\nhe was the discount clerk of one of the leading\\nbanks, and afterwards, in company with his cousin,\\nHarry Lardner, became a wholesale grocer. About\\n1836, with his brother William and cousin Harry, he\\nremoved to Niles, Michigan, and became engaged in\\nmanufactures, establishing saw, woolen and carding\\nmills, and subsequently engaged in farming. In 184(1\\nhe married, and upon his pleasant farm near Niles\\nreared his family. There he remained until 1865; he\\nthen removed to Linn County, Iowa, and in 1874 to\\nCalifornia, establishing himself on a fruit farm near\\nPenryn, Placer County, where now in his old age he\\nenjoys his otium cum dignUate beneath his own vine\\nand fig-tree. The celebrated financier, Nicholas\\nBiddle, was a full cousin of Mr. Lardner, and in the\\nold United States Bank at Philadelphia, under the\\ninstruction of the great banker, he received his train-\\ning in business, enjoying the entire confidence of\\nBiddle, who intrusted him with large amounts of\\nmoney as his messenger. The following anecdote is\\nrelated of him, occurring at that time. He was\\nfamiliarly called Old Nick Biddle, and was the great\\nman of the United States Bank, then the chief feature\\nin politics. About the bank as an indulged servant\\nwas an old negro who spent his time mostly loafing\\nabout the premises; One day, in a social mood,\\nBiddle said to the darkey, Well, what is your name,\\nmy old friend Harry, Sir Ole Harry, said\\nthe other, touching his seedy hat. Ole Harry?\\nsaid Biddle; why, that is the name they give to\\nthe Devil, is it not? Yes, sir, said the colored\\nman; sometimes Ole Harry and sometimes Ole\\nNick.\\nMr. Lardner traces his ancestry in a distinguished\\nline far back into the mother country, in connection\\nwith the family of William Penn, the founder of\\nPennsylvania. His great-great-grandfather was Dr.\\nJohn Lardner, a physician of London, England, and\\ngraduate of Cambridge. Di*. Lardner had five chil-\\ndren, one of whom -Hannah married Richard Penn,\\nsecond son of VYilliam Penn, and in En:;land the\\ncoats-of-arms of the Penn and Lardner families are\\nquartered on the same shield.\\nLynford Lardner, a son of Dr. John Lardner, and\\nbrother-in-law of Richard Penn, came over to Penn-\\nsylvania in 1740, as agent of the Penn heirs, and to\\nmanage their estate. Near Philadelphia he married\\nElizabeth Branson, whose father was extensively\\nengaged in the manufacture of iron. Six children\\nwere the issue of this marriage, and one of the sons\\nWilliam married Ann Shepherd, of North Caro-\\nlina, sister to the mother of Nicholas Biddle. From\\nthis marriage sprung twelve children, one of whom\\nwas Lynford, the father of our present subject.\\nJames and Lynford Lardner were twin brothers.\\nThe former entered the United States Navy in his\\nyouth as midshipman, remaining in the navy until\\nhis death.\\nJohn, another of William s brothers, also married,\\nand had twelve children, but of all the numerous\\ndaughters of these prolific families, even to the pres-\\nent day, only three ever married. These have been,\\nKitty, sister of Lynford Lardner, who married Dr.\\nJohn Gibbon, of Philadelphia, who subsequently\\nremoved to North Carolina, and, for many j-ears,\\nwas assaycr and manager of the United States\\nBranch Mint of Charlotte, in that State. A sister\\nof W. B. Lardner, Ann Elizabeth, married in Iowa,\\nin 18G0, and Margaret, a cousin, was married in\\nPhiladelphia, in 187G.\\nOwing to the distance from public school, the\\nduties of the farm and poor health in youth, the\\nearly education of Mr. Lardner was neglected, and, at\\nthe age of sixteen, he found himself with his thumb\\non the multiplication table. After moving to Iowa,\\nin 1865, his health improved, and he spent two terms\\nin the public school. In 1868 he entered Cornell\\nCollege, Iowa, and attended two years steadily.\\nThen began a struggle of teaching a term alternat-\\ning with college a term, and making up the lost\\ntime by hard study to keep with his class. He\\nwas enabled to get a school certificate in 1869, and\\ncontinued as a teacher most of the time until 1876.\\nHe received his diploma of graduation in the Scien-\\ntific Department of the college in 1875, and, in the\\nfall of 1876, entered the Iowa State University, in\\nthe Law Department, and graduated valedictorian,\\nin June, 1877, the first time the valedictor}- had ever\\nbeen awarded to any but an Iowa student, Mr.\\nLardner then being a resident of California. He had\\nbeen a resident of California since 1872, when he\\nfirst came to this State, and began teaching school\\nat Penryn, in the fall of that year, and, early in", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "142\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\n1873, taught througlj a term of six months at Gold\\nRan; returned again to Penryn, in the fall of 1873,\\nand taught in the school until in the summer of\\n1874, when he again went to the college in Iowa.\\nIn August, 1875, he was again in California, and\\nresumed his teaching at Penryn through the winter\\nof 1875-76, when he again went East, in company\\nwith George I. Paine, a fellow teacher, and starting\\nfrom Louisville, Kentucky, he took a pedestrian\\ntour through the South with a view of finding a sit-\\nuation as teacher, while his companion was seeking a\\nlocation as a lawyer. They traveled with knapsacks\\nand blankets on their backs, and camped on the\\nground where night overtook them. In their tour\\nthey walked about 400 miles and rode 200 to their\\nobjective point, which was Greenville, South Caro-\\nlina. Not finding the location to suit they returned\\nvia Philadelphia, where Mr. Lardner spent eight\\nweeks at the Centennial Exposition. In September,\\nas befoi e stated, Mr. Lardner entered the Law\\nDepartment of the Iowa State University, gradu-\\nated, returned to California in July, 1877, and\\nentered upon the practice of the law at Auburn,\\nwhere he has since resided and prosjiered.\\nWith the laudable determination to succeed, he\\nstruggled through adversity, and, by his own unaided\\nefforts, acquired a collegiate education and a profes-\\nsion, but has always felt the lack of early and per-\\nfect training. In early youth he aspired to a mili-\\ntaiy career, and sought an appointment to the West\\nPoint Militaiy Academy, and was seriously dis-\\nappointed when his Congressional Representative\\ndeclined to favor him with the coveted eadetship,\\ngiving as the reason that the family was already\\nwell represented in the Military and Naval Service\\nof the United States, four of his relatives having\\ngraduated form the Military and Naval Academies.\\nThus left to his own resources, he struggled through\\npoverty to education, a profession, and success, a\\nfair example of what a young man can do when\\nimpelled by ambition, courage, and energy. He\\nbegan the practice of the law in Auburn with no cli-\\nents, but with college debts amounting to over\\n$600, as his start in life.\\nMr. Lardner has been u Republican from educa-\\ntion and inclination, but, while doing his share of\\nwork for party success, cares more for the good of\\nthe country than for mere party, believing that\\nthe future prosperity of the country depends more\\nupon good citizens than good partisans. His maiden\\npolitical speech was delivered at Sheridan, in the\\nfall of 1877, assisting the candidate who had beaten\\nhim in the nomination for Superintendent of Schools.\\nIn 1879 he was elected to the office of District\\nAttorney, and entered upon its duties in March,\\n1880, and is also Notary Public by appointment from\\nGovernor Perkins.\\nMr. Lardner was married to Miss Jennie Mitchell,\\nof Forest Hill, Placer County, January 11, 1881, at\\nAuburn.\\nThe bride was a native of New York, whence she\\nremoved when quite young, with her parents, to Cal-\\nifornia. Although reared as an Episcopalian, his\\ngeneral surroundings in late years have been of the\\nMethodist Church. Both Mr. and Mrs. Lardner are\\nfond of society, attending the pleasure parties of\\ntheir locality, and take great interest in gatherings\\nfor social and literary improvement, also in the\\nobservance of National holidays, and in all matters\\nof public works.\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\\nFINANCIAL HISTORY.\\nSutter County Debt Financial Condition in 1S52 Treasurer s\\nReport 1852 Court House Ordered Built Tre.asurer s\\nReport 1853 Taxable Property Mining Investments\\nAssessments in 1853 Tre.asurer s Report, December, 1853\\nommon School Money Hospital Fund Defective Revenue\\nLaws Gr.-md .Jury Report May, 1854 Grand Jury Report\\nAugust, ISo-i Difficulties in Collecting Ta.xes Sam Astin s\\n.Joke A Tax Collecting Controversy The Financial\\nPower Grand Jury Report November, 1854 Taxable\\nProperty Comparative Statement Financial Reports Feb-\\nruary, 1S55 Rate of Taxation -Supervisors* Statement\\nThe Increasing Indebtedness Supervisors Statement in\\nSeptember Assessors Report 1855 .Supervisors Report\\n185G Treasurers Report 1851) Unofficial Statement\\nAssessors Report 1856.\\nWhen Placer County was created by the Act of\\nthe Legislature in 1851, Sutter County, from which\\na portion of it was segregated, was in debt, and thus\\nthe new county inherited its quota of the burden.\\nApril 20, 1852, the Ijegislature appointed W. S. Sher-\\nwood, of Butte, Thomas J. Henley, of Saci amento,\\nand Benjamin F. Keene, of El Dorado, Commissioners,\\nat a salary of 88.00 per dion, to ascertain the amount\\nof the debt justly chargeable to Placer. This Com-\\nmission met at Nicolaus on the first Monday of July,\\n1852.\\nNo statement exists of this allotment, but the\\nTreasurer s report, dated December 2, 1852, shows\\nPlacer Countj- s indebtedness to be 86,525.42; and in\\nthe same report is the amount of $42, paid B. F.\\nKeene, as Commissioner to adjust the debt of Sutter\\nand Placer Counties. In the June statement of 1853\\nof the Treasurer, the amount of $79 is charged as\\npaid to the Commissioners. Sutter County brought\\nsuit against Placer for an amount claimed, in which\\njudgment was rendered in March, 1855, in favor of\\nPlacer, for costs.\\nFINANCIAL CONDITION, 1852.\\nThe financial condition of the county at the close\\nof 1852 was very favorable. The amount paid into\\nthe Treasury the last half of the fiscal year of 1852,\\nas shown by the Treasurer s report, dated December\\n2d, was, for county purposes $19,1. (5.29; on hand\\nJune 2, 1852, $693.50; total $19,828.79. For State\\npurposes, $22,164.52\u00e2\u0080\u0094 making a total of $41,993.31.\\nComparisons made at the time with others showed\\nPlacer to be the banner county in its collections as", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n143\\ncompared with population. While El Dorado had\\ndouble the population, its collections exceeded those\\nof Placer only S-465.G1. The amount paid for poll\\ntaxes from May 19, 1852, to October 2, 1852, was\\n$7,409.80. The population of Placer at that time\\nwas 10,784.\\ntreasurer s report, 1852.\\nThe semi-annual statement of Treasurer Abram\\nBronk, December 2, 1852, contains the following:\\nBeing for the first siz months of the second fiscal\\nyear of said county, commencing the second day of\\nJune and ending with the first day of December,\\n1852.\\n1\\nRECEIPT.S FROM ALL SOURCES FOR COUNTY PURPO.SES.\\nCash on hand June 2, 1852 693 50\\nFrom county licenses, trading, hotels, etc. 6,042 32\\nProperty tax paid over by Collector. 2.976 98\\nPoll tax collected by Assessor and Sheritt 2,549 78\\nFines from Justices Courts 277 35\\nForeign miners tax 6,908 46\\nOne-fourth of gaming license 342 50\\nAuction fees 190\\nFees received in Probate and County\\nCourts. 36 00\\nAmount S19,828 79\\n11.\\nDISBURSEMENTS.\\nAmount of county orders redeemed (see\\nSchedule A, below) during the six\\nmonths $16,103 24\\nInterest on same 665 73\\nPaid legal representatives of J. Scobee,\\ndeceased 238 56\\nBills allowed and paid in cash (see Sched-\\nule B, below) 894 65\\nPercentage of Treasurer. 1,530 82\\nCash on hand December 2, 1852 395 79\\nAmount $19,828 79\\nIII.\\nINDEBTEDNESS OF THE COUNTY, DECEMBER 2, 1852.\\nTotal amount of orders drawn upon the\\nTreasurer and accepted, from the\\norganization of the county to the\\npresent time $38,965 63\\nRedeemed of same and re-\\nturned to the Auditor. $32,044 42\\nCash on hand December 2,\\n18.52 395 79\u00e2\u0080\u009432,440 21\\nAmount of indebtedness 6,525 42\\nIV.\\nSCHEDULE A (referred to above).\\nShowing amount of orders redeemed, and on\\naccount of whom.\\nH. Fitzsimmons, County Judge.. 2,250 00\\nS. C. Astin, Sheriff, including e.Kpenses of\\njail and board of prisoners 4,210 86\\nWillis Burnett. Deputj Sheriff and Jailor 734 00\\nH. R. Hawkins, Deputy Clerk. 399 25\\nH. R. Hawkins, Deputy Auditor 545 50\\nFees of Grand Jurors 684 50\\nFees of Trial Jurors 454 00\\nFees of Officers of Election 90 50\\nFees of Constables in criminal cases 977 60\\nBridge at Ophir, balance 295 00\\nBridge at Auburn 100 00\\nFor building Sherift^ s office 350 00\\nA. Lewis, Assessor. 963 00\\nR. D. Hopkins, District Attorney 890 00\\nH. P. Judd, acting Coroner 30 00\\nWm. Jordan, acting Coroner 29 37\\nWm. Jordan, Justice of the Peace S09 00\\nWm. Jordan, Associate .Judge 90 00\\nP. W. Thomas, Justice of the Peace. 291 00\\nP. W. Thomas, Associate Judge 132 00\\nP. W. Thomas, counsel fees for criminals. 50 00\\nB. F. Myres, counsel for criminals 240 00\\nJ. L. Christy, counsel for criminals 120 00\\nO. L. Bridges, counsel for criminals. 150 00\\nH. 0. Ryerson, counsel for criminals 50 00\\nIsaac A. Avery, Justice of the Peace 63 20\\nP. Lynch, Justice of the Peace 5 00\\nE. G. Smith, Justice of the Peace 8 00\\nE. G. Smith, Associate Judge. 36 00\\nJ. C. Hawthorne, Justice of the Peace.. 16 00\\nJ. C. Hawthorne, Associate Judge 18 00\\nRent of Court House previous to pur-\\nchase 100 00\\nBalance of purchase money of Court\\nHouse 1,100 00\\nRepairing Jail and fixtures 69 00\\nStationery 8 00\\nRent of jury room 15 00\\nDigging grave. Carter, deceased 10 00\\nA. Bronk, Ti easurer, allowed by Court of\\nSessions 218 00\\nAmount 816,103 24\\nV.\\nSCHEDULE B (referred to above).\\nList of bills and accounts paid in cash.\\nBills for printing $177 30\\nPaid for stationery for Clerk s and Treasur-\\ner s offices 54 92\\nAdams Co s Express 25 86\\nGregory s Express 800\\nWells, Fargo Co s Express 12 50\\nJohn Charbonneau, services as Assistant Sur-\\nveyor 48 00\\nMap for Clerk s office 8 00\\nBoard of witnesses 34 00\\nWork on Jail 67 97\\nFuel, lights, and Clerk s office, cleaning Court\\nHouse, etc 60 91\\nMoney refunded, erroneou.sly paid in 84 00\\nExpenses of Treasurer in consulting Attor-\\nney-General 50 00\\nPaid order of D. Bingham, former Treasurer. 3 00\\nPaid B. F. Keene, Commissioner for settle-\\nment of claims of Sutter County. 42 00\\nTreasurer, allowed by Court of Sessions. 218 19\\nAmount \u00c2\u00a7894 65\\nVI.\\nSIATK FUNDS.\\nDuring the six months ending December 2, 1852,\\nsettlement has been made with the Treasurer of\\nState for account of\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "144\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nForeign ininei-s licenses 9,856 38\\nPoll tax 6,747 35\\nProperty tax 1,807 85\\nThree-fourths gaming licenses 2,628 75\\nAuction duties 7 24\\nExpress licenses...- 50 00\\nDelinquents of 1851 185 07\\n^21,282 64\\nOn hand belonging to the State as follows:\\nPropertj- tax 8671 88\\nGaming license.\\n210 00\\n881 88\\nAmount collected for State during the\\ncurrent year $22,164 52\\nA. Bronk, Treasurer of Placer County.\\nCOURT HOUSE ORDERED BUILT.\\nIn June. 1852, the Court of Sessions, then the\\nfinancial authority of the county, advertised for\\nsealed proposals to build a Court House. The struct-\\nure to be of wood, two stories high, 40x60 feet in\\ndimensions. Upon this the Herald remarks, This is\\nvery much needed. The present building is entirely\\ntoo small for the purposes of the county, besides\\nbeing in such a situation that if a tire should\\noccur it would be destroyed in a few minutes, and\\nwith a great probability of destroying all the val-\\nuable records of the county. At the present time\\nthere is no proper place in which to secure the valu-\\nable documents, such as land titles, miners titles,\\netc., etc. With the erection of the new building it\\nwill be different. It will be disconnected from all\\nothers, and will have ample room for all the county\\noffices and jury rooms. There will also be in it\\na large fire-proof vault. The building was erected\\nin the summer and fall of 1853, on an eligible\\nsite commanding a view of the whole towH of\\nAuburn, and was highl} praised and approved by\\nthe Grand Jury in their report in December.\\nUpon its completion, the Herald of December 10,\\n1853, remarks: This fine building was used by the\\nCourt of Sessions for the fii st time this week. It\\nis an edifice that the county may well be proud of.\\nAside from San Francisco, Sacramento, and San\\nJoaquin, there is no county in the State that has as\\nfine and well-furnished a public building as Placer.\\nThe lower story is finished off for the different\\noffices of the county and the Grand Jury. The\\nupper story is the court room, and connecting with\\nit at one end are two jury rooms.\\nThe whole building is neatly plastered with Auburn\\nlime. In the Clerk s and Treasurer s rooms, con-\\nnected by a strongly-built vault, is a huge safe, in\\nwhich to deposit the books and monoj S of the\\ncountJ^\\nThe court room is finely furnished even taste-\\nfully. The floor, within the bar, is carpeted, and the\\niH iitcr window, behind the Judge s chair, is decor-\\nated with long curtains reaching to the floor of the\\ndesk.\\nThe whole cost of the builduitr. finished and furn-\\nished, including lot, fencing, outhouses, etc., was\\n$15,052.54, of which 89,528.10 was paid previous to\\nJanuary 1, 1854.\\nUp to that date the county had expended on roads,\\nsince its organization, S689.74, and for Coroner s\\nfees, physician s fees, funeral expenses, and for the\\nsick, $863.46. There was at the time a large and\\nbusy population in Placer County, as those were the\\nflush times of surface inining, and these small fees\\nand expenditures are in great contrast with those of\\nlater days. To enable further contrasts to be made\\na few full reports in the beginning and ending of\\nthis history will be published.\\ntre.\\\\surer s report, 1853.\\nSemi-annual statement of the Treasurer of Placer\\nCounty, for the six months commencing the 2d day\\nof December, 1852, and ending June 1, 1853.\\nI.\\nKBCEIPTS FBO.M ALL SnURCE.S FOR COUNTY PURPOSES.\\nCash on hand. December 2, 1852 395 79\\nFrom trading and liquor licenses 6,752 28\\nPeddling licenses. 238 00\\nFrom billiard tables. 220 0(1\\nFrom ball alleys 170 00\\nFrom exhibitions 30 00\\nFrom bridges and ferries 215 00\\nFrom balance poll tax, for 1852 189 03\\nFrom poll tax on account, of 1853 2,585 68\\nFrom balance property tax, 1852 75 80\\nFrom property tax on account, of 1853. 3,683 73\\nFrom foreign miners license. 3,656 70\\nFrom fines. Justices Courts and Courts of\\nSessions 595 10\\nFrom forfeited recognizances. 1,500 00\\nFrom fees. Probate and County Courts 26 00\\nOne-fourth gaming licenses 601 37\\nFrom estates of deceased persons 569 51\\nOverpaid by Treasurer 32 20\\nAmount $21,486 24\\nII.\\nDISBURSEMENTS.\\nAmount of county orders redeemed during\\nsix months, (see Schedule A, below). .116,899 55\\nInterest on same 409 70\\nAmount paid in cash, (see Schedule B) 1,280 65\\nAmount carried to Court House Fund. 1,211 24\\nTreasurer s percentage 1,685 10\\nAmount $21,486 24\\nIII.\\nSCHEDULE A (referred to above).\\nShowing amount of oi ders redeemed, and on what\\naccount.\\n11. Fitzsimmons, County Judge. 1,500 00\\nS. C. Astin, Sherift 2.29S 45\\nS, C. Astin, board of prisoners. 1,581 62\\nR. D. Hopkins, District Attorney 2,890 00\\nII. R. IIawkins,Deputy Clerk and Auditor 1 ,403 00\\nFees of Grand Jurors 330 00\\nFees of Trial Jurors 348 00\\nFees oi Officer.s of Election 440 20\\nP. AV. Thomas, Prosecuting Attorney 15 00\\nC.T. H. Palmer. 15 00", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "Photoqrapmeo by J. M. Ja(\\nl/V. B. Lardner", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY\\n145\\nGeorge M. Hill,\\nC. J. Hillyer,\\nB. F. Myres, counsel for prisoner\\nH. 0. Ryerson,\\nE. G. Smith, Associate Justice\\nP.W.Thomas,\\n\\\\Vm. M. Jordan,\\nWm. M. Jordan, Justice of the Peace\\nH. A. Scofield,\\nH. A. Scofield, Associate Justice\\nH. A. Scofield, Coroner _\\nJ. C. Hawthorne, Associate Justice\\nJ. C. Hawthorne, Justice of the Peace\\nSmith Herrick, Coroner\\nAlfred Lewis, Assessor.\\nJ. J Hay good, Deputy Assessor\\nA. Wheeler, Constable\\nRiddle,\\nR. M. Wagner,\\nJ. M. Bass,\\nM. P. H. Love, Deputy Sheriff\\nW.H.Dillingham,\\nE. B. Boust,\\nWm.McCarty\\nWm. L. Wheeler,\\nWm. Gunn,\\nPatrick Cannej-,\\nJ. M. Tidd, drafting plan of Court House\\nRent of Jurj room\\nIron work on jail\\nGuarding jail\\nBlankets for jail _\\nBurying dead\\nHarper Thomas, Physicians\\nJoseph Walkup, Witness...\\nA. Bronk, Treasurer\\nAmount\\n15\\n00\\n25\\n00\\n50\\n00\\n50\\n00\\n54\\n00\\n18\\n00\\n42\\n00\\n97\\n00\\n66\\n00\\n60\\n00\\n78\\n00\\n54\\n00\\n43\\n00\\n10\\n25\\n2,619\\n17\\n354\\n00\\n125\\n50\\n133\\n50\\n33\\n00\\n50\\n00\\n414\\n50\\n156\\n50\\n187\\n75\\n68\\n00\\n55\\n00\\n32\\n50\\n30\\n00\\nto\\n00\\n114\\n00\\n527\\n70\\n140\\n00\\n78\\n00\\n42\\n00\\n48\\n00\\n50\\n00\\n80\\n00\\n816,899\\n55\\n.scHEDnLE B (i-eferred to above.)\\nj Amounts paid in cash.\\nFees of witnesses in criminal cases. .S\\nFuel, light and stationery for Clerk s office\\nI Printing\\nI Postage and express expenses\\nCommissioners to adjust debt of Sutter\\nI and Placer Counties\\nPaid for fencing Court House lot\\nI Paid for burj-ing dead\\nI Money returned erroneously paid in\\nj Paid legal representatives of W. T. Med-\\nbury\\nI Paid legal representatives of S. A.Lake.\\n1 Allowed by order of Court of Sessions for\\nissuing licenses.\\n235\\n00\\n135\\n40\\n84\\n00\\n17\\n91\\n79\\n00\\n55\\n65\\n55\\n70\\n30\\n77\\n45\\n30\\n256\\n92\\n285 00\\nAmount \u00c2\u00ab1,280 65\\nV.\\nINDEBTEDNESS OF COUNTY, JUNE 1, 1853.\\nAmount of outstanding and accepted or-\\nders t 84,605 48\\nIssued b}- the Auditor, but not presented\\nto the Treasurer for acceptance. 200 00\\nAmount due Jurors uncalled for.\\nAmount due Officers of Election uncalled\\nfor\\nDue legal representatives of John Pember-\\nton, deceased\\nAmount due Treasurer\\n482 00\\n780 00\\n210 84\\n32 20\\nAmount _ $6,310 52\\nVI.\\nDuring the 3 ear ending June 1, IS. io,\\nthere has been collected, and paid into\\nthe Treasury, from all sources $72,693 29\\nOf which sum the amount for county pur-\\nposes has been 40.919 15\\nAnd for State purposes 31,774 14\\nUnder the provisions of an Act to provide for\\nthe erection of Court Houses, passed in 1850. the\\nCourt of Sessions have ordered that one-fourth of\\none per cent, be collected on the taxable property,\\nand set apart for the erection of a Court House. The\\namount collected thus far, and set apart, is 81,211.24.\\n(Signed.) A. Bronk, Treasurer of Placer County.\\nTAX.VBLE PROPERTy-.MlNE I.VVESTMENT.4.\\nThe taxable property of the county, as fixed bj\\nthe Assessor in 1852, was 81,365,935.36.\\nThe census returns of 1852 show the whole amount\\nof money then invested in mining enterjjrises of every\\nkind, including ditches for conveying water from the\\nrivers, canons, etc., to the flats, gulches, etc., to\\namount, in the aggregate, to 81,427,567; divided as\\nfollows: 8858,037, classed as Temporary Invest-\\nments, which was in flumes, dams, canals, etc., on\\nthe rivers; 813,530, invested in quartz mines; and\\n8556,000 in water ditches, classed as Permanent\\nInvestments. These estimates of amounts of capi-\\ntal invested irj ditches, and other classes of mining\\nproperty, were based upon calculations of absolute\\ncost of enterprises then completed and in course of\\nconstruction. The Temporary Investments, rep-\\nresenting river mining generally, vanished with the\\nrising waters of the rainy season. The principal\\nditch in the county, at that time, was the Bear\\nRiver and Auburn, then in course of construction,\\nand upon which 8300,000 had been expended before\\nOctober, 1852. The estimated cost to complete it\\nwas 8500,000.\\nASSESSMENTS IN 1853.\\nThe total amount of assessments upon real and\\npersonal property, in Placer County, for the year\\n1853. was 81,728,104. An increase over the assess-\\nment of 1852 of 8362,168.64\\ntreasurer s report, DECEMBER, 1853.\\nSemi-annual statement of the Treasurer, of Placer\\nCounty, for the six months commencing the 2d day\\nof June, 1853, and ending December 5, 1853.\\nRECEIPTS FROM ALL SOURCES FOR COUNTY PURPOSES.\\nFrom business licenses $11,281 19\\nforeign miners licenses 8,101 10\\npoll taxes. 2,148 72\\ngaming licenses 568 50\\nproperty tax 565 28\\nfines in Justices Courts _ 277 49\\npublic lands 45 00\\nestates of deceased persons 400\\nAmount. $22,99128", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "146\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nDISBURSEMENTS.\\nAmount of county orders redeemed dur-\\ning six months $16,138 80\\nInterest on same 292 70\\nAmount paid in cash 2,003 57\\ncarried to Court House Fund 392 31\\naccount of State 228 38\\nEx-Treasurer, on settlement 29 58\\ncommission 1,820 80\\nissuing licenses. 360 00\\nCash on hand 1,724 69\\nAmount $22,291 28\\nPAID IS CASH.\\nFurniture for Court House 578 30\\nTwo large safes for Court House 493 92\\nLights, stationery, fuel, etc., 279 26\\nCourt House lot and fence 179 20\\nPlacer HeraM., printing 150 00\\nWitnesses in criminal cases 115 00\\nCash refunded to J. H. Phillips 15 00\\nFine remitted to R. O. Cravens 100 00\\nLocks for jail 44 00\\nPostage and box rent 20 65\\nAuditor s duplicate of tax list 18 24\\nJ. Birch, transporting prisoners 10 00\\nAmount $2,003 57\\nINHEBTEHNESS OF COUNTY, DECEMBER 5, 1853.\\nAmount of outstanding and aecejjted\\ncounty orders $11,049 14\\nDue legal representatives of John Pember-\\nton deceased 210 84\\nTotal\\n.$11,259 98\\nTOTAL COLLECTIONS.\\nDuring the six months ending December\\n5, 1853, there has been collected and\\npaid into the Treasury, from all\\nsources, the sum of 41,742 38\\nOf which sum the amount for county pur-\\nposes has been 22,991 28\\nAnd for State purposes 18,075 (!7\\nAmounts collected for the erection of the\\nCourt House 675 43\\nTotal\\n...$41,742 38\\nF. G. Smith,\\nTreasurer Placer County.\\nThe list of county orders redeemed is not here\\ngiven, being of the same character as in the preced-\\ning re])orts.\\nCOMMON SCHOOL .MONEY.\\nThe tirst report of school money received appeai-s\\nin iho Placer Herald, of January 7, 1874: The\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction, J. G. Marvin,\\nEsq., has made up a statement of the amount of\\nmoney due to the various counties of the State for\\nschool purposes. Placer County receives $529.59, of\\nwhich the Ophir District gets $267.59, and Auburn\\nDistrict the balance. In relation to this matter, we\\nappend the following extract of a letter received\\nfrom Senator Tattle last evening; There is now\\nlying in the office of the Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction some $60,000 belonging to the School\\nFund, and which has to be distributed among the\\ndifferent counties under the School Act of 1853.\\nOnly a portion of the counties in the State have\\ncomplied with the law by organizing schools so as\\nto entitle them to any portion of the money. Placer\\nCounty should have received some $4,000, if she\\nhad complied fully with the law. This amount of\\nmoney would go far toward sustaining several\\nschools at the principal villages in the county.\\nhospital fund.\\nThe Court of Sessions at the October term of 1853\\nauthorized the County Treasurer, Mr. E. G. Smith,\\nto draw the Hospital Fund due the county from the\\nState Treasury. How much this was is not reported.\\nIn the following year, October 2, 1854, the Con-\\ntroller of State informed the Treasurer of Placer\\nthat the sum of $1,407.04 in cash was in the State\\nTreasury, belonging to Placer County for the support\\nof the indigent sick. This was gladly received by\\nthe county, as it was considered to go far towards\\nbuilding a county hospital, where the indigent sick\\ncould be properly cared for.\\nDEFECTIVE REVENUE LAWS.\\nIn the collection of revenue, business licenses were\\npayable to the County Treasurer, who was required\\nto remain at his office at the county seat, conse-\\nquently, as no one was empowered to press the pay-\\nment by individual presence and importunities, many\\nneglected to pay. Under the instructions of the\\nCounty Judge, the Grand Jury, at the October term\\nof 1853, presented to the Court of Sessions the\\nnames of 150 citizens as delinquent tradei s, doing\\nbusiness without a license. In the Judge s charge\\nto the Grand Jury, in May, 1854, he says that:\\nUpon complaint of the District Attornej a Justice\\nof the Peace had issued warrants upon which many\\nwho had licenses, as well as many who had not, at\\nthe time of trading, were arrested; that the countj-\\nhad been i-endered liable for about the sum of $2,000,\\nwhereas, the full benefit accruing from fines, etc., was\\nabout $400, c.\\nThese expenses, and this neglect to collect the\\nusual revenue, probably, were the causes, in part, of\\nthe great increase of debt during the year, which is\\nshown in the\\ntiRANU JURY REPORT, MAY, 1854,\\nWhich says: ^Ve find in cash now in the Treasury\\nthe sum of $805.78 belonging to the county, and\\n$1,800 belonging to the State, together with the\\nfurther sum of $681.67 belonging to the County\\nSchool Fund.\\nAnd on a thorough investigation of the indebted-\\nness of Placer County, find the amount to be as\\nfollows:\\nDr.\\nAmount of scri]) issued up to May 30.\\n1853 54,678 76\\nAmount of scrip from May 30, 1853,\\nto May 1 1854 48,335 56\\nMaking a total amount issued. ..$103,014 32", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY\\n147\\nCr.\\nBy vouchers of cancelled scrip, amount S 75,681 51\\nScrip on hand in Treasurer s oflSce 5,568 50\\nCash on hand in Treasury 805 78\\nMaking a total amount of -8 82,055 79\\nWhich being deducted from the amount\\nof scrip issued, leaves a balance of an\\noutstanding debt to amount of 20,958 f);)\\nAnd we further report, that on investigation we\\nfind the amount of revenue collected for the last\\nyear to be 845,314.00, and that in our opinion,\\nalthough the pro rata of taxation for this year has\\nbeen increased, yet when we take into consideration\\nthe decrease in the value of property since the\\nassessment for 1853, we think that the revenue col-\\nlected for the present year will not reach the amount\\nstated above as collected for the last, and that at the\\nend of the present fiscal year the finances of the\\ncounty will be in nearly the same position thej are\\nat the present time.\\nJ. D. Carpenter.\\nForeman.\\nGRAND JDRV REPORT, AUGUST, 1854.\\nThe following extract from the report of the\\nGrand Jury, August, 1854, shows the condition of\\nthe county debt at that time. The gi eat amount\\nof criminal business, the decline in values and neg-\\nlect of the Sheriff in turning money into the Treas-\\nury, causing the increase. The report says:\\nFrom a careful inspection of the exhibit (of the\\nClerk, Auditor, and Recorder) we find the indebted-\\nness of the county to be as follows:\\nTotal amount of scrip issued since the\\ncounty organization to be 8124.448 04\\nTotal amount of scrip redeemed 95,178 14\\nAmount of outstanding scrip 8 29,269 90\\nAmount of cash on hand 678 39\\nAmount of present indebtedness 28,591 51\\nDIFFICULTIES IN COLLECTING TAXES.\\nThe soui-ces of revenue, and the coui ses] pursued\\nin collecting it may afford a theme to some future\\nBuckle when writing the history of civilization in\\nAmerica. The difficulties attending the collection of\\ntaxes were many, and gave rise to many incidents\\nof dangerous and amusing expei ience to the Col-\\nlectors. In the eai ly history of the county property\\nhad, only in a slight measure, crystallized into reality,\\nand the public revenues were derived almost entirely\\nfrom licenses, foreign miners tax, and poll taxes,\\neach collected on short notice and in an arbitrary\\nmannei and, as all such taxes press the subject\\nmost severely, were strongly opposed and their pay-\\nment avoided by every possible means and subter-\\nfuge.\\nThe matter of raising a revenue by a tax upon\\nforeigners working in the gold mines was one of\\nthe earliest considered by the law-makers of the\\nState, and few or no objections, were made to the\\nenactment of a statute providing for such a tax.\\nNo country was known where all people were\\nallowed to extract the precious metals at will, and a\\nmoiety always went to the sovereign. Here a step\\nin advance was made, and only the foreigner, or\\nalien, was required to pay over to the State a por-\\ntion of the royal metals he extracted from the\\nsoil. This was considered exceedingly magnanimous\\nand generous in accordance with the ideas of a free\\nand Democratic liepublLc.\\nWhile this appeared so feasible and just in theory,\\nit was very difficult to put in practice. The for-\\neigners it was intended should pay for the privilege\\nof mining were then (1850) chiefly Jiuropeans, Eng-\\nlish. Irish, and Canadians, and they strenuously\\nobjected to paying 88.00 a month, when their neigh-\\nbors and partners, being natives or naturalized, paid\\nnothing, and these neighbors and partners, partic-\\nularly if of the same nationality, sympathized with\\nthe alien, and would oppose at the polls any officer\\nwho enforced the collection of the monthly tax.\\nThus, because of the voting power of the miners,\\nthe law became a dead letter upon the statute books,\\nso far as it related to one of the Caucasian race.\\nSubsequently it was so changed as to apply to those\\nnot eligible to citizenship, and the tax fixed at 84.00\\nper month. The Chinese, against whom it was\\nlevied, were comparatively defenseless, were an\\nobjectionable element (to some), and had no vote.\\nThey thronged the river bars and banks in great\\nnumbers, and were gathering the last vestige of gold\\nfrom all localities of easy access, where labor, only,\\nwas required. The returns of the Collectors are\\nevidence of the large numbers engaged in mining\\nin the S ounty, but in all probability three-fourths,\\nby concealment, contract, or inability, failed to pay\\ntheir taxes.\\nTo collect these, extreme measures were often\\ntaken, punishment inflicted, and pi operty destroyed.\\nAn incident is related in the Placer Herald of Sej)-\\ntember 24, 1853, in answer to a serious accusation of\\nthe officers in the Sa.cramenfo Union:\\nIn regard to this matter, an erroneous impression\\nseems to have got abroad in the public mind. It is\\nwell-known by many of our citizens that manj- of\\nthe Chinese trj every way in their power to evade\\nthe payment of their taxes, and that Messrs Wheeler\\nand Shannon, the Deputy Sherifts and Collectors,\\nhave been put to a gi eat deal of trouble by their\\ncourse. They cannot leave Auburn and go up in\\nthe mountains, or on the rivers, to perform their\\nduties as officers, but that the Chinese camps are\\ninformed of it by runners from Aubui-n. The Celes-\\ntials immo liately scatter; many come to town and\\nloaf about their gambling bouses until they got\\nword that the Collectors are returning, when the\\nChinese again return to their mining operations.\\nTo stop this evasion of the law, and to collect the\\ntaxes justly due the State, the Collectors, on last\\nSaturday evening, procured the assistance of several\\nof our citizens and went to the houses whore they\\nwere mostly congregated. Mr. Wheeler went in\\nand laid his papers down on one of the tables and\\ntold Ah Sing, the proprietor, what he had come\\nthere for and who ho was. As soon as the China-\\nmen who were in the house were informed of the", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "14S\\nHISTORY ()F PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nobject of Mr. Wbeeler s visit tliey refused to pay\\ntheir license, and, after a siiort consultation among\\nthemselves, made a rush at him, but he succeeded in\\nkeeping them off with bis cane until some gentle-\\nmen came to his assistance. It was then the Chi-\\nnese fled some jumped through the windows, and\\nin doing so cut themselves severely with the glass.\\nThe report of one, or two, or three Chinamen being\\nmurdered is without foundation.\\nThat the Collectors werb only in the discharge of\\ntheir duties there is not a doubt; and that there is\\na combination among the Chinamen to evade the\\nlaw is well known. If they would act like honest\\nmen should there would be no necessity for the\\nofficers to call in citizens to stand at the doors while\\nthey went in and collected the taxes; and if they\\nwill not do what is right they must be made to do it.\\nIn a paper of the same period, published in another\\nlocality, the editor says: While in Auburn last\\nweek we saw thirteen Chinamen that Sam. Astin\\nhad corralled in front of the stage stable, and\\nfrom whom he was endeavoring most energetically\\nto procure the sum of .S4.00 each under the late\\nlicense law.\\nSAM. astin s joke.\\nS. C. Astin, while yheriff of Placer County, and\\nejo officio Collector, did, personally, a large share of\\nthe collection of the foreign miners tax, and thus\\nbecame well known to the Chinese, and was regarded\\nby them as one in high authority whom they must\\nimplicitly obey. Astin was contemplating retiring\\nfrom the Shrievalty visions of his friend Broderick\\nas Senator, or Walker as President of Nicaragua, to\\nelevate him to greater honor.s, possibly inducing his\\nresignation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and he conceived the idea of a joke\\nupon his successor. Upon his last round as Col-\\nlector he called at a Chinese camp upon the North\\nFork, near Green Valley, which contained numerous\\nCelestials, and, after receiving their taxes, told them\\nthat down the river at another China camp some\\nfellow had been around personating him, and by\\npretending to be a Collector of foreign miners taxes\\nhad swindled their brethren out of a considerable\\namount of money. To prevent any further depre-\\ndations by such impostors he requested them, should\\nany one at any time in the future come into their\\ncamp anil ask for taxes that they should seize upon\\nsuch individual, bind his hands, and bring him a\\nprisoner to Auburn. This the Chinamen promised\\nfaithfully to do. In due time Astin s successor\\narrived at the camp where Sam. had left his instruc-\\ntions. Demanding chinchee (money) from\\nJohn, he was astonished at their flat and positive\\ndeclining to pa) Becoming exasperated at their\\ncontinued refusal, the official proceeded to the usual\\nmethods in vogue in those days for the compulsion\\nof the heathen delinquents. This was enough for\\nJohn. The signal was given; in rushed an over-\\nwhelming host; the supposed bogus Collector was\\noverpowered and bound. All expostulations and\\nthreats on the part of the discomfited officer were\\nin vain. He was in reality a prisoner of the heathen\\nhorde. No explanations were admitted. The Chi-\\nnese had their instructions from Astin, the highest\\npower they knew, and they were determined to obey\\nthem. The poor Collector, in his galling bonds, was\\nforced to march into Auburn in his sad plight, and\\nit was only then that the mistaken Chinese were\\nconvinced that Astin was no more in power and that\\nthey had unwittingly carried out for him a stupen-\\ndous joke, which, but for the fact of its being a\\ngood joke, and instructions faithfully followed, might\\nhave consigned them all to prison.\\nA TAX COLLECTING CONTROVERSY.\\nThe Flacer Herald of March 18, 1854, relates the\\nfollowing:\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0One of our tax-collectors called upon a German\\nof our town named Marcus AUmayer, a few days\\nsince, for the purpose of collecting of him his tax for\\nthe present year. Marcus took the money out of his\\npocket and shook it at the Collector, with the tantal-\\nizing remark, Don t you vish you gets him?\\nThis provoked the officer, who in return gave him a\\nslight slap in the face, whereupon a complaint was\\nmade before Justice Hawkins, the Collector was\\narrested, and fined $1.00 and costs. This was glory\\nfor the delinquent taxpayer; as he left the court\\nroom he turned to the Collector, with a broad grin\\nupon his face, and exclaimed, Now, by Godt, you\\nsees vat a Dutchmans can do\\nBut Marcus relates his side of the story in a letter\\nto the HeroM, in the following language:\\nTwo men kums and asts me I shall pay mine tax.\\nI tells dem how much moonish I have mit me. Den\\ndey shwears me dat I ave not more moonish as I\\ntells dem. Dey den tells me as I shall mine tax pole\\npay. 1 spheaks dem I can mine poard not pay tam\\nde tax pole. Den de Collector spheaks me he shall\\nswab mindt head mit de gutter up, and take mine\\npocket out of all money. Dey den toard mine coat\\nnearl} off ov de tail, and peat me all de same as de\\nty vel. I den tooks dem up, when dey findhs him for a\\ntollar and a quarter. Den shays for de last of it,\\nnow ten poys vat you trinks. Dat is hell for shoostus\\nfor de poormans. Mine handt and sheal,\\nMarcus Allmayer.\\nthe financial power.\\nPrevious to October, 1854, the Court of Sessions\\nexercised the power of supervising the finances, but\\nin that month a decision was rendered by Judge\\njMunson, of the Sixth Judicial District, that such\\npower was beyond the duties of the Court, after\\nwhich all matters relating to financial afi airs\\ndevolved upon the Auditor. This decision left the\\ncounties almost without a financial agent, until at\\nthe subsequent session of the Legislature an Act was\\npassed creating Boards of Supervisors, upon which all\\nthe duties devolved respecting levying of taxes and\\nthe management of the business affairs of the coun-\\nties.\\nGRAND JURY REPORT, NOVEiMBER, 1854.\\nThe Grand Jury s Heport of November, 1854.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY\\n149\\nshows the following condition of the finances of the\\ncounty at that time:\\nDr.\\nSince the organization of the county to\\nNovember 18, 1854. _ $146,347 43\\nCr.\\nBy cancelled scrip produced as vouchers 109,226 25\\nCancelled scrip and cash in the hands of\\nthe Treasurer 4,228 33\\n$113,454 58\\nLeaving the total indebtedness of the\\ncounty at this date 32,892 85\\nThere has been foreign miners tax collected of\\n8,555 persons since January, a. d. 1854, at $4.00 each,\\n$34,220.00.\\nTAXABLE PROPERTY.\\nThe valuation of all the taxable property in the\\ncounty, as returned bj^ the Assessors for the year\\n1854, was $1,551,757, or $176,347 less than the year\\npreceding.\\nCOMPARATIVE STATEMENT.\\nBy a statement made by the State Treasurer of\\nthe total amount of money received into the Sub-\\nTreasury up to May 1, 1854, the sum total was given\\nat $2,158,099.85. Of this sum Placer had contributed\\n$63,043.29; there being but five counties, San Fran-\\ncisco, Sacramento, El Dorado, Yuba, and Santa\\nClara, paying greater sums. The State indebtedness\\nat the time was: Civil Debt, $2,558,666.07; and $900,-\\n483.12, War Debt, assumed by the United States.\\nThe amount paid into the State Treasury by Placer\\nfor the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, was $28,-\\n302.73 only the counties of San Francisco, El\\nDorado, Sacramento and Calaveras paying more.\\nThe amount received from the foreign miners tax\\nwas estimated at \u00c2\u00a7150,000.\\nFINANCIAL REPORTS, FEBRUARY, 1856.\\nThe county officers made statements to the Grand\\nJury at the the February session, 1855, of the finan-\\ncial transactions since November 6, 1854, which ag-\\ngregated, in cash on hand, at the beginning of the\\nquarter, $1,631.97, and collections $14,556.07, or a\\ntotal of $16,189.04.\\nThe statement of the Auditor showed the total in-\\ndebtedness to be $43,570.61.\\nThe amount received during the year beginning\\nFebruary 5, 1854, and ending February 4, 1855, was\\n$52,362.54 as follows: Foreign miners tax, $12,-\\n315.90; poll tax, $5,170; property tax, $3,122.28;\\nSchool Fund, $271.77; Court House Fund, $2,257.26;\\nmerchandise and liquor licenses, $22,697.26; Indigent\\nFund, $1,294.28: miscellaneous, $1,001.88; cash on\\nhand, February 4, 1854, $4,231.11.\\nOf this amount $47,333.49 was used in purchasing\\nscrip, and $747.58 was on hand at the date of the\\nreport.\\nThe increase of the county debt from $32,892.85\\nin November to $43,570.61 in the February following\\nappears to have arisen from the ordinary and ex-\\ntra-ordinary expenses of the county. Of the extra-\\nordinary expenses, some $10,000 may be accounted\\nfor as follows: On the 23d of December, 1854, the\\ncitizens of Iowa Hill, and vicinity, executed \\\\Vm. M.\\nJohnson by lynch court, and warrants were issued\\nfor the ai rest of citizens who were accused of partic-\\nipating in the act. The Sheriff was resisted in mak-\\ning these arrests and summoned a po-\u00c2\u00bbse at Auburn\\nto go to his assistance. Of this the Grand Jury say:\\nWe have had our attention called to certain bills\\nand accounts charged against the county filed in\\nthe office of the Auditor in all, amounting to $10,-\\n000, exclusive of Sheriff s fees, for services alleged to\\nhave been performed by individuals forming a Sher-\\niff s /lOSi s for horse hire and other expenses incurred\\nby that officer in making certain arrests at Iowa\\nHill. We believe that for all the services alleged to\\nhave been performed, exorbitantly high prices have\\nbeen charged at least 100 per cent, more than the\\nactual value. We would, therefore, recommend that\\nno bill be audited except those which are strictly\\nlegal and allowable under the Statute, for our\\ncounty is already largely in debt.\\nRATE OP TAXATION.\\nMay 7, 1855, the Board of Supervisors, consisting\\nof five members met and organized according to\\nlaw, and assumed control of the business of the\\ncounty. With other transactions, the Board fixed\\nthe rate of taxation for the year at fifty cents upon\\neach $100 worth of property assessed, to be applied\\nand paid into the General County Fund; twenty-\\nfive cents upon each $100 to be paid into the Court\\nHouse Fund; twenty-five cents upon each $100 to be\\npaid into the Indigent Sick Fund, and five cents upon\\neach $100 to be paid into the Public School Fund,\\nmaking a total county tax of $1.05 upon each $100\\nworth of property assessed. The State tax was\\nsixty cents upon each $100, making a total of $1.65\\non each $100 of valuation.\\nsupervisors STATEMENT.\\nThe Boai d of Supervisors, in compliance with the\\nStatute under which they were organized, made\\ntheir first examination of the county finances, and\\nreported May 19, 1855, of which the following is a\\nsynopsis:\\nCounty of Placer in acct. viith the World:\\n1855. Dr.\\nFeb. 17. To amount of indebtedness of\\ncounty to date for report there\\nrendered $43,570 61\\nMarch 1. Scrip issued H. Fitzsimmons\\nas County Judge 1,958 32\\nMarch 1.- Amount issued to F. W. Thom-\\nas, District Attorney, one-quar-\\nter salary 500 00\\nMay 19. Total amount issued to date\\nupon orders of Board of Super-\\nvisors, inclusive of $1,333.34\\nissued to County Judge upon\\njudgment of District Court 22,379 87\\nS 68,408 80", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "150\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COItntY. CALIFORNIA\\nMarch 1 to May 12\u00e2\u0080\u0094 By canceled scrip- 7,784 23\\nMay 19. Amount to balance being the\\nindebtedness of the county at\\nthis date 60,624 57\\n$68,408 80\\nThe County Treasurer reports 811,775.68 receipts,\\nof which he had on hand May 5, 1855, $5,662.25.\\nSherift S. C. Astin was reported as indebted to the\\ncounty in the sum of SI, 992.76. The Deputy Sherift;\\nWm. H. Dillingham, was reported indebted to the\\ncounty on account of foreign miners licenses, due\\n$4,000; and James T. Griffith indebted on account of\\npoll-tax receipts, due \u00c2\u00a71,344.\\nThese sums of cash on hand and bills due would\\nreduce the indebtedness to .S47,625.56.\\nThe amount received from the State as the county\\nportion of the Common School Fund was 6354.09,\\nbeing the allotment due for 300 school childi-en in the\\ncounty.\\nTHE INCKE.iSING INDEBTEDNESS.\\nThe rapid increase of the debt was becoming\\nalarming. The system of transacting the county\\nbusiness by issuing scrip, or on a credit of an indefi-\\nnite period for all expenses was one that encouraged\\ndebt making from the facility with which it was\\nissued, the high prices it enforced for all bills ex-\\ncept fixed salaries, and the approval given it by\\nspeculators. The value of the scrip in October, 1855,\\nwas but half of its stated sum, and consequently\\ndouble prices must be paid for all purchases, thus\\nthe debt as long as it was permitted to exist in\\nthis form compelled its own increase. The revenue\\nwas continually increasing, but the scrip, which in\\n1854 was six months in advance of the money to\\nredeem it, in the fall of 1855 was hopelessly in the\\ndistance. This was the result of simply allowing it\\nto get the start. In the session of the Legislature\\nof 1854-55, Senator Hawthorne had endeavored to\\npass a funding bill in order to place the business of\\nthe county again on a cash basis, but the citizens of\\nAuburn objected to the measure and it was defeated.\\nOctober 20, 1855. the Placer Herald says:\\nThe debt of Placer County now stands at 8100,000,\\nand scrip is at a discount of fifty per cent, in the\\nmarket.. This last fact alone has induced many of\\nlate to urge the necessity of funding the debt. The\\ncounty, with its paper so greatl}^ depreciated, is com-\\npelled to submit to heavy prices for all work that is\\nrequirred to be done for it.\\nThe recei])ts of the county are estimated at about\\n$52,000 per year, and the expenses for the same\\nlength of time at 845,000, leaving a balance of some\\n87,000 annually, to bo applied towards liquidating\\nthe present indebtedness.\\nAll our public buildings will have been completed\\nby the time the Legislature meets, and the Funding\\nAct can become a law, and then we need be at no\\nexpense in the future, only that which will have to\\nbe incurred in carrying on the business of the\\ncounty.\\nThis did not compare favorably with the adjoin-\\ning county of El Dorado, which at that time was out\\nof debt, had near 810,000 in the Treasury, and levied\\nno property tax for county purposes; licenses and\\nforeign miners tax supplying the necessary funds.\\nsupervisors statement, SEPTEMBER.\\nThe Supervisors of Placer County oft er the follow-\\ning financial statement, which is a continuation of\\nthe statement made and published in May, 1855:\\nAmount of reported indebtedness, May\\n19, 1855 860,524 57\\nAmount of bills audited and scrip issued\\nupon demands due prior to date of\\nreport 14,983 68\\nProbable amount of Interest accrued to\\nyU\\\\y 19th. estimated to be equal to\\nfour months interest on the whole\\namount outstanding. 2,516 94\\n878,025 19\\nAmount allowed for ordinary expenses to\\nthis date, for which warrants are\\ndrawn or liable to be on demand .815,925 82\\nAmount of warrants advanced on jail\\ncontract .._ 2,500 00\\nInterest on amount due May 19th to date,\\n4i months 2,817 56\\n899,268 57\\nAmount county warrants redeemed since\\nMay 19th .8 5,697 72\\nAmount of interest paid on ditto 505 89\\nCash in Treasury September Ist 524 19\\nReceived in Treasury, since September 1st,\\nestimated at- 2,500 00\\n8 9,227 80\\nPresent indebtedness 890,040 77\\nTo which add expense of late election 1,685 00\\nBalance of June contract 7,300 00\\nExpense of Board this session- 527 00\\nTotal liabilities yet ascertained 899,552 77\\nA. L. BOTDEN,\\nChairman of Board.\\nThe financial statement made November 20, 1855,\\nshowed the outstanding warrants remaining unpaid\\nat that date to be 880,019.63; with a balance of\\n8750.27 in the County Fund. The allowance of\\n81,128 to the Sheriff as Superintendent of the con-\\nstruction of the jail, was severely commented upon\\nas a political grant and an improper tax upon the\\ncounty. The building of a jail, costing 816,525.91,\\nwas one item adding to the debt.\\nassessor s report, 1855.\\nNovember 26, 1855, the County Assessor, Mr. A.\\nS. Smith, reported to the Surveyor-General of the\\nState the statistical information he had gathered\\nfrom which the following is obtained:\\nRanches. There are 143 improved ranches in\\nthe county, many of which have good and perma-\\nnent buildings and fences; others are only inclosed\\nwith brush, while some are only surveyed and\\nstaked.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n151\\nThe improvements and stock on these are assessed\\nat S21 9,000, paying a State and county tax of\\nS3,613.50.\\nThe tax valuation of this property has gradually\\nincreased, and but for the conflicting interest between\\nthe farmer and the miner, would be double what\\nit now is. The decision of the courts, giving the\\nminer the right to enter and dig upon any lands in\\nthe mineral districts, is a check upon improvements\\nDu this kind of property.\\nCanals. Auburn and BearKiver Water and Min-\\ning Company Capital, $050,000; length of canal and\\nlaterals, 175 miles; office at Auburn.\\nAmerican Eiver Water and Mining Company\\nCapital stock, \u00c2\u00a7300,000; office at Carrolton; length.\\n32 miles, of which 20 are in Placer County; takes\\nwater out of the American liiver at Tamaroo Bar\\nand leads to Mississippi Bar in Sacramento County.\\nGold Hill and Bear River Water Company\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Capi-\\ntal stock, \u00c2\u00a796,000; length of main trunk, 32 miles,\\nlateral 26 miles; office at Gold Hill.\\nYankee Jim Union ^Vater Company Capital\\n3tock, $90,000; office at Yankee Jim s.\\nEl Dorado Water Company Capital stock,\\nS60.000; length of canal and laterals, 30 miles; office\\nat Michigan City.\\nTodd s Valley Water Company Capital stock,\\n532,000; length of canal, 12 miles; office at Todd s\\nValley.\\nThe above list includes the principal incorporated\\nsanals of the county. Aside from these there are\\n23 others of smaller capital and capacity. Many of\\nthem are of great value to the minors as well as to\\nLhe capitalists, and pay a better interest on the\\namount invested than some of the larger companies.\\nThe assessed value of the 29 canals in the aggre-\\ny;ate is $375,000.\\nSaw-mills. There are about twenty saw-mills in\\noperation in the county. The trade is one of the\\nmost important in the county, and one which is\\nincreasing in growth and prosperity. The assessed\\nvalue of these mills is \u00c2\u00a786,000, paying \u00c2\u00a71,-1:19 State\\nand county taxes.\\nToLL-ROADS AND BRIDGES. There are nine toll-\\nroads and bridges in the county, the assessed valua-\\ntion being $71,000, paying $1,171.50 Slate and county\\ntaxes.\\nCapital Invested in Gold Mines.- -The amount\\nassessed on capital invested in gold mines in the\\ncounty is \u00c2\u00a7100,000, which has been assessed only\\non productive claims. The total State and county\\ntax on the same is $1,650.\\nThere are but two successful quartz mills in the\\ncounty, both of which have gone into operation\\nwithin the present year. They were both built as\\nexperimenters or prospectors, with steam power only\\nsufficient for six stamps. Messrs. Strong Co., near\\nHumbug Canon, in the extreme eastern part of the\\ncounty, have the honor of putting into operation the\\nfirst successful quartz-mill, and Messrs. Hancock\\nWatson the second, which is located at Sarahsville,\\nnear Michigan Bluff.\\nTotal Assessments. The assessed value of the\\ntaxable property of this county for the year 1855 is\\n$1,700,000. Rate of taxation $1.65 on each $100.\\nsupervisors report, FEBRUARY, 1856.\\nThe Board of Supervisors of Placer County made\\nthe following report of the financial affairs of the\\ncounty from February 17, 1855, to January 1, 1856:\\nWarrants outstanding unpaid February\\n17, 1855 43,570 61\\nWarrants issued since February 17, 1855 75,943 24\\n$119,513 85\\nWarrants redeemed to date of January\\n1, 1856 32,906 61\\nBalance outstanding _ S 86,602 24\\nEstimate of interest accrued 4,750 00\\nDue Murphy Co. from Court House\\nFund 3,229 79\\n94,587 03\\nCash in Treasury, January 1, 1856 3,022 73\\nTotal liabilities to date. 91,564 30\\nAt the session of the Board making the above\\nreport, February 4, 1856, bills were allowed aggre-\\ngating $5,980.32. This allowance was for the ordi-\\nnary expenses, salaries, criminal transportation and\\nprosecution, without any indication of extravagance\\nor corruption, showing a careful administration of\\ncounty affairs. Notwithstanding the lack of evidence\\nof any willful extravagance or corruption, the con-\\ntinual increase of the debt and the low value of the\\ncounty scrip shows a want of competent business\\nability in those having charge of the county finances.\\nThe Board of Supervisors created forty-three road\\ndistricts, and appointed a Supervisor to each, with an\\nallowance of $5.00 a day, not to exceed six days in a\\nmonth, and all men liable to poll tax were required\\nto do certain days work, or commute for the same by\\nthe payment of a tax of $4.00; but notwithstanding\\nthis all the principal roads and bridges were private\\nproperty, and toll-gates with heavy tolls were very\\nfrequent.\\nAn effort was made to check the decline of scrip\\nand the accumulation of the debt by the passage of\\nan Act of the Legi-slature, approved March 11, 1856,\\nwhich empowered the Supervisors of Placer County\\nto levy a special tax annually, in addition to other\\ntaxes, of one per cent, on all taxable property. This\\nto be applied, one-half in the payment of stationery,\\nfuel, lights, board of prisoners, and repairs, etc., of\\npublic buildings and the payment of Murphy Holmes\\nfor labor and material on County Jail, and the other\\nhalf to go into the General Fund.\\ntreasurer s report, 1856.\\nThe County Treasurer reported the following net\\nreceipts during the year beginning June 2, 1855, and\\nending June 2, 1856:\\nProperty Tax 31,055 44\\nForeign Miners License 40,691 5_\\nPoUtax .,l-?-oS\\nLicenses ^N-^n\\nFines from J ustice of Peace 1 ,lo\u00c2\u00bb au\\nMilitary Tax JH,^.\\nSale Court House lot .11,\\nHospital Fund from State oo\\nSchool Fund from State a4 19\\nTotal Receipts \u00c2\u00a7102,412 56", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "152\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe State s portion of this was 8 SG.-ITS 40\\nCounty Fund 53,026 26\\nTo El Dorado County 93 00\\nTo Nevada County 57 00\\nHospital Fund... 4,974 91\\nCourt House Fund 3,732 58\\nSchool Fund... 1,493 55\\nSpecial Fund 2,568 26\\nRoad Fund 85 60\\n\u00c2\u00a7102,412 56\\nUNOFFICIAL STATEMENT.\\nThe Herald, as an argument against the party in\\npower, October 15, 1856, in showing the indebtedness\\nof the county, made the following statement:\\nAmount of county debt, as published by\\nthe Supervisors May 19, 1855 S 60,524 57\\nAmount of scrip issued from June 2,1855,\\nto October 1, 1856 77,366 91\\nInterest for ten months 11,031 20\\nSpecial Fund Debt... 2,555 42\\nDue Murphy Co 1,227 63\\nUnaudited Debt (estimated) 15,000 00\\nTotal... $167,705 73\\nFrom which deduct a credit of 66,140 63\\nMaking total debt, October 1, 1866 8101,565 10\\nassessor s report, 1856.\\nThe Assessor, in his report to the Surveyor-Gen-\\neral, dated October 24, 1856, furnishes the following\\nitems connected with the wealth and finances of the\\ncounty:\\nCultivated Lands. There are 5,844 acres of\\ncultivated lands in the county, and about 12,000\\ninclosed. All lands in this county are claimed under\\nthe I re emption Act, the Spanish grants terminating\\nat our western boundaries.\\nCanals. There are twenty-four canals assessed in\\nthe county, the value aggregating 8399,100. 1\\nreported the assessed value of the canals last year\\nat 8375,000. It exceeds that sum this year $24,100.\\nAs a general rule canal stock has not paid capitalists\\nin this county, and it is owing to this fact so many\\ncanals are assessed at so low a figure. The original\\ncost of one of these canals was double the present\\ncash value of the whole number. The united orig-\\ninal capital of six of these companies amounts to\\nthe sura of 81,228,000, and now assessed at 8344,600.\\nLu.MBER and Saw-Mills. There are twenty-two\\nsaw-mills in the county, cutting an aggregate of\\n12,500,000 leet per annum. The value of rough lum-\\nber at the mills is estimated to average about 820.00\\nper M., which amounts in the aggregate to $2,500,-\\n000 per annum. There is no one business in the\\ncount}-, except mining, that affords more employment\\nthan this.\\nTurnpike Roads and Bridges. Seven toll-roads\\nand bridges are assessed at \u00c2\u00a784,000. The roads have\\na total length of 17 miles.\\nThere are four quartz mills in successful operation,\\nand several quartz ledges are worked with arastras.\\nThe placer mines have been productive, and it is\\nestimated that 86,000,000 of gold has been produced\\nin the county in the past year. One lime kiln in\\no])eration produces an excellent quality of lime, and\\nlarge quantities are shipped to Sacramento and\\nMarysville.\\nAssessed Property. The total amount of assessed\\nvaluation in the County of Placer is \u00c2\u00a72,200,000; last\\nyear it was 81,700,000. Notwithstanding the depre-\\nciation of many kinds of property I have been\\nenabled to increase our property tax half a million\\ndollars. The increase is owing to more diligence in\\nsearching out invisible property, consisting of money\\nand gold-dust, solvent debts, and money invested in\\nmining claims.\\nSolvent Debts. The total amount of solvent\\ndeWfe assessed in the county amounts to: 8130,000\\nCoin and gold-dust 114,000\\nCapital in claims 125,000\\nMerchandise 205,000\\nTotal 8579,000\\nRate of taxation: State, 60c.; county, 65e.; special,\\n81.00; total, 82.25 on each 8100 of valuation.\\nCHAPTER XXV.\\nFINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n(continued.)\\nBoard of Supervisors February, 1S57 Relief Measures Asses-\\nsors Report 1S57 Redemption of County Warrants Finan-\\ncial Report 1858 Reducing tlie Debt Assessor s Report 1858\\nSupervisors Report Februarj 1859 County Debt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Assess-\\nment Roll 1859 Supervisors Report 1859 Reports and Taxes\\n1860 Finances in 1861 Taxation in 1862 The Finances in\\n186.3 Finances in 1864 Contest with the Railroad for Taxes\\nTax Levy 1863 Railroad Assessment Legal Distances\\nTaxation in 1860 Tax Levy in 1867 Central Pacifio Contro-\\nversy Great Wealth of the Railroad Company Assessment\\nand Taxes iu 1868 Robbing the Treasurer Taxation in 1869\\nExorbitant Bills Railroad Suits Compromised Taxation in\\n1870 Sale of the Railroad Stock Sources of Revenue Taxes\\nin 1871 Proceedings against the Railroad Company Property\\nin 1871\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Van Vactor.\\nAt the session of the Board of Supervisors in Feb-\\nruarj 1857, it was ordered that the rate of taxation\\nfor county purposes bo fixed at 81.65 upon each\\n$100 of valuation. The State tax was seventy cents\\nupon the same, making a total of $2.35. The rate\\nof payment to the Jailer was fixed at 8150 per\\nmonth, instead of 8200 as formerly. The forly-\\ntbree road districts were abolished and each township\\nmade a road district, with a Supervisor to each, and\\nthe road tax changed from 84.00 to 83.00. Com-\\nplaints were made that the allowance of 810.00 per\\nweek, as the board of prisoners in the County Jail,\\nwas exorbitant, when hotels furnished board at\\n87.00 per week.\\nA serious soui ce of expense was the care of the\\nindigent sick, the contract for which was let at\\n$20.00 per week, if not exceeding ten patients, or\\n818.00 each per week if more than that number.\\nUnder this system the care of the sick cost the\\ncounty 84,248 for the quarter ending April 1, 1857,\\nor, at the rate of 816,992 a yeai*. To remedy\\nthis, the Legislature passed an Act which limited\\nexpenditures to 812 00 per week for each patient,\\nforbid the creation of any debt for the purpose, and\\npermitted the Hospital Fund only to be drawn upon\\nfor its support.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "w^^^ffi l^^\\nHI\\nO\\nI o O\\no\\no\\n^1\\ncr\\nD", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY,\\n153\\nRELIEF MEASURES.\\nThe rapidly accumulating debt and the heavy\\ntaxation admonished the people to take all possible\\nmeasures for relief that their skill as financiers or\\nfeelings of economy suggested. Special laws were\\nenacted for Placer by the Legislature of 1857, one\\napproved February 4th, reducing the Board of\\nSupervisors to three members, and another amending\\nthe Special Tax Act of 185fi, approved February\\n7th, by which a Redemption Fund was estab-\\nlished. The Special Tax Act ordered a levy of one\\nper cent,, to be devoted to paying contingent\\nexpenses, etc. The amendment changed the course\\nof this money, and added to it one-half the county s\\nshare of the money received from the foreign\\nminers license, and devoted it to the redemption of,\\nor purchase at agreed rates, of outstanding warrants.\\nassessor s report, 1857.\\nMr. A. S. Smith, the County Assessor, published in\\nSeptember, 1857, a most elaborate and interesting\\nreport of the condition of the county, earning him\\nthe commendation of being the most efficient Asses-\\nsor Placer ever had. The total amount of taxable\\nproperty returned for the year 1857 was \u00c2\u00a72,169,504.-\\n1 88, upon which the State tax was 615,189.53, and\\nthe county tax -$33,627.33, the rate being seventy\\ncents for State and 51.55 for county purposes on\\nI each iJlOO of valuation. An abstract of the report\\nclassifying the various proj)erties, vrill give an idea\\nof the progi ess of improvements, or the decline in\\nvalues in the county.\\nRanches. In my report of 1855 I returned 143\\nimproved ranches, which, including stock were\\ni assessed at .\u00c2\u00a7219,000. I am able this year to report\\n226, being an increase of nearly 100, and the improve-\\nments alone, exclusive of stock etc., is assessed at\\n.?131,585, and in the aggregate, improvements and\\nstock !?522,911, being an increase of 100 per cent.\\nThe number of acres claimed and located upon by\\none or more occupants is about 400,000, about one-\\nfourth being fenced.\\nI Houses and Buildings. In the county, I have on\\nI my tax roll 832 buildings hotels, stores and dwell-\\nI ings, assessed at sums varying from $50 to .810,000.\\nThe aggregate taxable valuation of this property is\\nI $243,154.\\nI Merchandise. The assessed valuation of merchan-\\ndise is 8179,543.\\nMoney. The bulk of the amount assessed under\\nthis head was in the hands of miners, and to whose\\naccount I want the amount credited. The cash\\nj capital as on the assessment roll, amounts to 8140,688.\\nI Money at Interest. Again the bulk of this tax-\\nS able property is in the hands of miners. This\\namounts in the aggregate to 8116,391.\\nt Mining Capital. Of no tax is there so much com-\\nj plaint as that levied upon money invested in mining.\\nThe amount taxed under this head is 8179,543.\\ni Solvent Debts. After deducting offsets of amounts\\n1 due creditors either in Placer Countj or outside of\\nit, the amount assessed of solvent debts is .8165,000.\\nStock.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Horses 960, value 8101,303; mules 373;\\n834,545; cows 2,194, 8111,448; swine 4,763, .$12,681;\\nyearlings 1,052. \u00c2\u00a722,825; beef cattle 635, 813,815,\\nwork cattle 472, 830,886; sheep 3,835, 813.823. Total\\n14,264, assessed valuation 8301,326.\\nThe value of cattle, sheep and hogs slaughtered\\nin the county will amount to over $600,000 in the\\nyear, nine-tenths of which are driven from the lower\\ncounties and pay no taxes here.\\nCanals. There are in the county thirty-four\\ncanals, or ditches, variously assessed at from \u00c2\u00a7100 to\\n\u00c2\u00a7100,000, having an aggregate length of 512 miles,\\nconveying 8,760 inches of water, and assessed at\\n$325,600. The principal of these are the American\\nRiver Water and Mining Companj^ carrying 2,000\\ninches, and assessed at 6100,000, and the Auburn\\nand Bear River Water Company, with 200 miles of\\nmain and laterals, carrying 2,000 inches, and assessed\\nat \u00c2\u00a775,000. There had been expended upon the\\nlatter about \u00c2\u00a7100,000 during the year, still it is\\nassessed at much less than the previous year.\\nQuartz Mills. There are eight quartz mills,\\nassessed at \u00c2\u00a727,400.\\nToll-Bridges and Turnpike Roads. Of toll-\\nbridges disconnected with turnpike roads there are\\nnine, assessed at \u00c2\u00a714,600, six of which are half\\nassessed in El Dorado and one in Nevada Counties.\\nOf turnpike roads there are eight, three of which\\nhave costly bridges, assessed at \u00c2\u00a756,750. Total,\\n871,350.\\nSaw-Mills. Total number of mills, twenty-four,\\nproducing annually 29,035,000 feet of lumber.\\nAssessed value of machinerj^, \u00c2\u00a765,000.\\nFlouring-Mills. I am gratified to be able to\\nreport the erection of two flouring-mills within the\\npast year the Placer County Flouringmill, by S.\\nW. Lovell, a few miles above Auburn, and the Auburn\\nSteam Mill, by Gatter Scharpf, at Auburn.\\nThe assessed value of property in the six principal\\ntovvnsofthe county was as follows: Auburn. \u00c2\u00a7365,858;\\nMichigan Bluffs, 8132,003; Yankee Jim s, \u00c2\u00a7129,1.56;\\nTodd s Valley, \u00c2\u00a7121,723; Iowa Hill, 8105,391; Gold\\nHill, 872,169. Iowa Hill was assessed subsequent to\\nthe great fire in that town, which was the cause of\\nthe light valuation. In the towns where the offices\\nof the ditch companies are located the ditches are\\nincluded with other property.\\nThe amount of money paid into the State Treasury\\nfor the year ending June 2, 1857, was \u00c2\u00a716.446 74\\nfrom property tax, and 832,748 25 from all other\\nsources, making a total of \u00c2\u00a749,192.02.\\nredemption of county warrants.\\nUnder the law creating a Redemption Fund\\nthere had accumulated for the purpose, bj- May,\\n1857, the sum of \u00c2\u00a76,092.83, and proposals were made\\nfor the surrender of county warrants, and \u00c2\u00a714,032.95\\nwere offered at prices ranging from 74 to 90 cents,\\nand \u00c2\u00a77,304.66 worth were purchased at prices rang-\\ning from 74 to 87 cents on the dollar, making a\\nsaving to the county of 81.211.83. This not only\\nsaved the county in the payment of the warrants,\\nbut raised their value from 55 cents before the Act\\nwent into operation to 77i cents selling in the mar-\\nket. The Acts regulating the hospital also effected\\na considerable saving, which, with others, aitfed in\\nSO", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "154\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nrapidly reducing the county indebtedness. In August\\nanother purchase was made, saving $1,023.32, and in\\nNovember a third, saving 81,438.40, the price ranging\\nfrom SO to 84J cents per dollar.\\nFINANCIAL REPORT, 1858.\\nThe report of the Board of Supervisors shows the\\ncondition of the county indebtedness, on the 6th of\\nJanuary, 1858, as follows:\\nDr.\\nTo amount of warrants outstanding:\\nJanuary 1, 1857 _ 82,810 12\\nIssued to May 1, 1857, and interest 18.482 00\\n\u00c2\u00ab!101,292 12\\nBy warrants redeemed and cash in funds 18,822 29\\n82,469 83\\nMay 23d, statement warrants issued _ 17,058 26\\n99,528 09\\nMay 23d, warrants purchased by Re-\\ndemption Fund 7,304 66\\nTotal indebtedness _ 92,224 43\\nIn June the indebtedness was reduced to $83,618.64,\\nin November to .S81,913.30, and the statement of\\nJanuary 6, 185S, showed a total indebtedness of\\n$74,-321.85.\\nThe I esult of the agitation aroused by the rapid\\nincrease of the debt in 1855 and 1856 causing legisla-\\ntion, new taxation and economy in the financial man-\\nagement of the county is seen in the great reduction\\nof the debt during the year 1857. At this time\\neighteen counties exceeded Placer in the assessed\\nvaluation of propertj^, nine of which were exclus-\\nively mining counties, and two partially so.\\nREDUCING THE DEBT.\\nThe Legislature in 1857 enacted that warrants\\nremaining uncalled for in the County Treasury\\nexceeding one year should be canceled and destroyed\\nby the Board of Supervisors, and in pursuance of\\nthis law the Supei-visors of Placer County, in\\nMay, 1858, canceled and destroyed $2,194.75, of\\nscrip, some of which had been authorized in 1852,\\nand canned as county indebtedness through the\\nintervening period. With each meeting of the Board,\\nother warrants thus remaining over were destroyed,\\nand thus, with other reforming systems, the debt\\ncontinued to decline.\\nUpon this subject the Ihrakl of August 21, 1858,\\nsays:\\nAs this is a subject of vital interest to the taxpay-\\ning voter, we propose to give a short review of the\\nfinancial condition and prospects of the county. The\\nbooks of the County Auditor show that on the 2d of\\nJune, 1857, the debt of the county in scrip, exclusive of\\ninterest on the same, was $83,618.94. This indebted-\\nness was subsequently increased by the allowance of\\nbills of the old county officers, to an amount exceeding\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a018,000 making the actual debt, including the inter-\\nest, not far from $98,000. To reduce this amount\\nand pay up the accumulating interest is a heavy\\ntask, yet it has been done, and under most disadvan-\\ntageous circumstances.\\nIt will be recollected the Legislature of 57 with-\\ndrew from the counties the revenues which up to\\nthat time they derived from merchants and liquor\\ndealers, of what was Jfnown to the I evonue laws, of\\nthe ninth and tenth classes. The amount thus taken\\nfrom our county for the year 1857 is estimated at\\nfrom $10,000 to $12,000. This law has been repealed,\\nand in future we shall have this revenue.\\nIt is well known that the revenues derived from\\nthe tax upon foreign miners licenses has fallen off\\nuntil it does not equal twenty-five per cent of the\\nformer sum. The criminal business of our courts for\\nthe past year has been an expense of $24,807,81,\\nexclusive of the salaries. Notwithstanding these dis-\\ncouraging facts, by reference to the records, we find\\nour county debt has been reduced to $73,091.81, and\\nthere is every prospect that by the 1st of November\\nnext we shall not have outstanding county obliga\\ntions to an amount exceeding $55,000. We arrive at\\nthis latter conclusion from verj reliable sources.\\nThe property assessed in 1857 amounted to $2,169,504,\\nand supposing the whole tax to be collected would\\nyield the county a revenue to be applied to our own\\npurposes of $33,647. The assessments this year\\namount to $3,170,693, probably to be increased. But\\nsuppose we calculate from the figures we have, as the\\nlaw now stands, any one can sec that the county por-\\ntion of therevenue will amount to $52,305; the State\\nj Ortion of the revenue this year being sixty cents on\\nthe $100 instead of seventy cents, as last year.\\nassessor s report, 1858.\\nThe Assessor, in his report to the Surveyor-Gen-\\neral in October, 1858, congratulated the people of\\nPlacer upon the increase of property, good business\\nand continued prosperity. The number of far iis had\\nincreased to 300; the value of livestock had become\\n$443,542; there were 35 canals, with an aggregate\\nlength of 550 miles, assessed at $283,160; 22 saw-\\nmills, that cut 35,000,000 feet of lumber, and assessed\\nat $58,400; 17 turnpike roads and bridges, 8 of\\nwhich were assessed at $59,500; 13 quartz mills.\\n11 of which were assessed at $32,000. There\\nwere 131 individuals and companies who paid taxes\\non $4,000 and upwards, being assessed in the aggre-\\ngate $1,143,328. The total amount reported was\\n$2,787,473, and the rate of taxation was 60 cents\\nfor State and $1.65, per $100, for county purposes.\\nsupervisors report, FEBRUARY, 1859.\\nThe Board of Supervisors, February 7, 1859,\\nordered the tax levy to be fixed at $2.25 for the ensu-\\ning year on each $100 worth of property, being 60\\ncents for the State, 40 cents for the General Fund, 90\\ncents for the Special Fund, 25 for Indigent Sick\\nFund, 7 for School Fund and 3 for Road Fund. Dur-\\ning the last quarter warrants had been drawn to the\\namount of $11,737, and redeemed to the amount of\\n$17,889.83. Bids for surrendering warrants to the\\nRedemiHion Fund ranged from 81 cents to par, at\\nwhich latter figure over $5,000 worth were pur-\\nchased.\\nCOUNTY debt.\\nJune 2, 1859, occurred the change of officers of the\\ncounty, at which time an account of the debt and", "height": "3319", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY\\n155\\ncash was made. The debt outstanding was found\\nto be $60,94:3, and the cash on hand $7,648.56, leav-\\ning a total indebtedness of 653,294.44. Scrip was\\nredeemed by the Redemption Fund at the rate of\\n83f cents.\\nASSESSMENT ROLL, 1859.\\nThe assessment roll of the taxable property for\\n1859 showed a total value, real and personal of \u00e2\u0080\u00a2S2,-\\n985,538. By a decision of the Supremo Court, min-\\ning claims were rendered exempt from taxation, and\\nwere not assessed in IS. jO. There was also a decline\\nin ditch property; the American River Water Com-\\npany s ditch, which in 1858 had been assessed at\\n.-*100,000, was reduced to \u00c2\u00a575,000, and the Auburn\\nand Bear River ditch from .?75,000 to !(?50,000. Live-\\nstock was assessed at \u00e2\u0080\u00a2ir529,441. Seven quartz mills\\nwere reported, worth S12,450. Thirty mining ditches\\nwith a total length of 592 miles, and capacity of\\ncarrying 7,150 inches of water, were assessed at\\n?258,025. Ten turnpikes with an aggregate length\\nof forty-one miles were assessed at ?50,450. Not-\\nwithstanding the decline in ditch property, and the\\nexemption of mines, the total assessment exceeded\\nthat of the preceding year !?1 98,065.\\nNovember 7, 1859, the Collector paid into the\\nTreasury .*31,000, being collections from property\\ntax and foreign miners licenses during the month\\nof October, the largest amount ever paid in at one\\ntime in the history (;f the county.\\nSUrERVISORs REPORT, NOVEMBER, 1859.\\nThe Redemption Fund in November contained\\n$15,828.41, for which scrip was surrendered at rates\\nranging from 95 to 98 cents on the dollar. This\\nhigh rate of the county jjaper prevented any great\\nsaving to the county.\\nBy the report of the Auditor in June, there were\\noutstanding warrants to the amount of 860,945.84,\\nand issued up to November 1, 1859, ?15,929.47,\\nmaking a total of 775,875.31. In the meantime\\nthere had been redeemed $17,910.84, leaving an\\nindebtedness November Ist of $57,964.47. During\\nthe session of the Board, iifl0,573.23 of bills were\\nallowed, and more than $15,828 redeemed by the\\nRedemption Fund, and other payments reduced the\\ndebt to about $46,000, a large reduction from the\\ndebt of two years previous. This favorable condition\\nwas in bright contrast to most of the other counties,\\nparticularly the mining counties, whose dependence\\nhad been so much on the foreign miner s tax. El\\nDorado, which a few years before had boasted of\\nentire freedom from debt, was at this time ii?103,000\\nin debt, and Tuolumne, another of the counties that\\nhad surpassed Placer in population and revenue was\\n$150,000 in debt, with a revenue of $45,000, and of\\nNevada with a debt of $112,274.\\nREPORTS AND TAXES. 1860.\\nThe Board of Supervisors in February, 1860, fixed\\nthe rate of taxation at sixty cents for State purposes,\\nand $1.40 for county purposes, making a total of\\n$2.00 on the $100 of valuation. On the 2d of June\\nthe County Treasurer advertised that he would\\nredeem scrip up to No. 2,618, which had been issued\\nthree years previously. Soon after that was issued,\\nthe Redemption Fund was instituted by which the\\namounts left outstanding were kept down.\\nJune 4th, the citizens of Auburn voted a subscrip\\ntion of $50,000 to the stock of the Sacramento.\\nPlacer and Auburn Railroad, but this did not become\\na county indebtedness. On the 27th of the same\\nmonth, the people of the county voted adversely to\\na subscription of $250,000, part to the same railroad,\\nand the remainder to other rail and wagon road\\nprojects, which matter is more fully noticed in the\\nchapter on Railroads in this book.\\nNovember 13, 1860, the Assessor made his report,\\nshowing a total assessment of $3,080,081, of which\\n$889,953 was for real estate and improvements.\\n$63,500 for eleven turnpikes and bridges, $5,000 for\\nthree bridges disconnected with turnpikes, $7,800\\nfor five quartz mills, $59,100 for thirteen steam and\\nnine water-power saw-mills, cutting 20,056,000 feet\\nof lumber, $217,000 for twenty three ditches having\\na total length of 394 miles, and $545,914 for the\\nvalue of live-stock. Ditch property declined in value,\\nalthough one large ditch leading from Canon Creek,\\na tributary to the north fork of the American\\nRiver, had been added to the list. Agriculture and\\nhorticulture were rapidly increasing, although the\\nnumber of acres reported as taken up was but 102.-\\n503, a much le.ss amount than reported claimed bj\\nAssessor Smith several years before. The tax rate\\nof $2.00 for county purposes brought a direct revenue\\nof $61,601.62, less by near $6,000 than the revenue\\nderived from the previous year s assessment, when\\nthe tax rate was $2.25 on the $100.\\nAn examination of the Auditor s books made in\\nDecember showed the indebtedness to be about\\n$25,000, and there were $8,000 in the Treasury at\\nthe same time. Upon this the Placer Ihmld says:\\nWe congratulate our taxpayers upon the healthy\\nfinancial condition of our county, which is better\\nthan that of any other county in the State of like\\npopulation and property, and would remind them\\nthat this state of things has been brought about by\\nthe Democraej^ who have held the reins of power\\nfor three years and a half During this lime rigid\\neconomy has been exercised, and as a result the debt\\nis now comparatively small. Having discharged the\\ntrust reposed in them faithfully and well, the Democ-\\nracy have now given way to the new regime, and\\nwe earnestly hope that thej^ will conduct county\\naffairs as economically aud as successfully as their\\npredecessors. In order to reduce the enormous debt\\nthat has hung over the county in the past, the Super-\\nvisors found it necessary to keep up the annual prop-\\nerty tax to a high figure, and from the 3 ear 1854 to\\n1860 the tax was held at $2.25 on the $100 valuation\\nof property. For the year ISOO it was reduced to\\n$2.00, and when fixing it at that amount the Super-\\nvisors believed that the debt would be so far reduced\\nduring the current year, that in 1861 the State and", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "I5fi\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ncounty tax might be fixed at SL50 on the 8100. We\\nthink that the} were about correct in their opinion,\\nand that the present condition of oui\u00c2\u00bb finances de-\\nmands that the Supervisors should afford this relief\\nto our long-burdened taxpayers.\\nAt the close of the year there were reported 1,440\\nschool children in the county, and the county s poi\\ntion of the State School Fund was \u00c2\u00a71,224, being at\\nthe rate of eighty-five cents for each child reported\\nby the Census Marshal.\\nFINANCES IN 1861.\\nThe Supervisors in February established the rate\\nof taxation i or the ensuing year at S2.00 on the $100\\nvaluation, of which sixty cents was the State levy.\\nScrip was purchased by the Redemption Fund at\\nrates ranging from ninety-three cents to par; at\\nthe former rate there being a bid to surrender S3. 00,\\nwhile over $5,000 of the $7,775 was redeemed at\\npar, showing the favorable condition of the county\\nfinances.\\nThe State Controller s report of January 1st, stated\\nthe entire amount received into the State Treasury\\nsince the organization of the government to be\\n$9,454,964, of which Placer had paid $282,309.91,\\nbeing the sixth county in order of amounts paid.\\nThe five counties whose payments had exceeded\\nPlacer were San Francisco, Sacramento, El Dorado,\\nYuba and San Joaquin. All of these counties were\\nformed in 1850, and until Placer was organized the\\ncitizens of the county had paid their taxes into\\nSutter and Yuba Counties, otherwise the payments\\nwould have exceeded those of San Joaquin, placing\\nPlacer fifth on the list. This was regarded as impor-\\ntant, as the large agricultural cjunties were con-\\nstantly complaining of the mining counties for not\\nbearing their share of the financial burdens of the\\nState.\\nThe County Treasurer, on the 30th of March, 1861,\\nreported $7,814.08 cash on hand belonging to the\\ncounty, and the amount of outstanding warrants to\\nbe $22,714.54. In May he reported $20,019.40 due\\non registered warrants, and $8,335.48 in the Treasury\\nfor county purposes; $5,039.82 belonging to the\\nRedemption Fund, with which $5,306.07 of scrip was\\nredeemed. Monthly statements were made through-\\nout the year, showing a gradual redemption of the\\ndebt, and 1861 saw Placer County practically out of\\ndebt, and with a large surplus in the Treasury. The\\nstatement of the 1st of January, 1862, closing the\\nyear and eliminating the debt, was as follows:\\nAmount of cash received during the\\nmonth from all sources 47,852 18\\nFor State purposes- 14,974 31\\nFor county purposes 32,877 87\\nAMOUNT PAID OUT OF EACH FUND FOK COUNTY PURPOSES.\\nGeneral Fund ._.$ 6,977 42\\nRedemption Fund 434 37\\nHospital Fund 220 97\\nSchool Fund 50 00\\nSchool District Fund 562 48\\nRoad District Fund 756 57\\nCounty Judge Fund 48\\nCounty Clerk s Fund 9 60\\nEstates of deceased persons 03\\nTotal amount paid for county purposes.. 8,961 92\\nAmount paid the State. 14,900 00\\nAMOUNT OF CASH ON HAND IN EACH OF THE COUNTT FUNDS.\\nGeneral Fund.... 3,681 14\\nRedemption Fund 16,234 63\\nHospital Fund 3,935 08\\nSchool Fund... 2,728 46\\nSchool Districts Fund 1,532 33\\nRoad Districts Fund 1,518 10\\nIndian Fund.... 37 60\\nCounty Judges Fund _ 25 29\\nCounty Clerk s Fund 310 23\\nEstates of deceased persons 120 81\\nNevada County 40 74\\nTotal amount belonging to the county on\\nhand. $30,216 64\\nTotal amount of outstanding registered\\nwarrants 560 50\\nThe above statement shows the amount of $29,-\\n056.14 cash on hand over the indebtedness. Placer\\nCounty was out of debt, money in the Treasury, and\\npro])erty increasing in value. Only one other county\\nof the State Napa could boast of the same condi-\\ntion. This was a subject of great rejoicing, being\\naccomplished while many other mining counties\\nwere rapidly accumulating indebtedness, resulting in\\ntheir subsequent declining in population and wealth\\nto the verge of bankruptcy. The means and acts\\nbringing this fine result were the constant discussion\\nof the subject by an intelligent press, economy in the\\nofficers, industry and care in the Assessors and Col-\\nlectors, and favorable special legislation. The\\nRedemption Fund saved $2,600; the reduction of the\\nsalary of the County Judge from $4,500 to $2,000 saved\\n$10,000; District Attorney s fees, $4,500; by division\\nof the offices of Clerk and Recorder, and paying\\nsalary instead of fees and percentages, $33,000 was\\nsaved; reducing Board of Supervisors, $5,000 saved;\\nand the restoration of licenses of ninth and tenth\\nclasses, $24,000 recovered; making an aggregate of\\n$108,500, and paying the debt without an increase\\nof taxation.\\nBy a statute of the Legislature, Assessors were\\nelected in 1860 for each county, and these reported\\nthe assessable property of each for 1861 as follows:\\nTownship No. 1 122,973 40\\n2 236,066 69\\n3... 687,007 50\\n4 414,404 00\\n5 591,626 20\\n6 261,101 20\\n7 297,725 75\\n8 54,053 70\\n9... 151,781 75\\n10 408,528 97\\nTotal for the county. $3,225,248 96\\nIncrease for the year 145,167 96", "height": "3319", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n157\\nThe classifications were: real estate, S503,033;\\nimprovements, \u00c2\u00a7644,155.50; personal property,\\n$2,078,080.40. The total amount of revenue received\\nin the Treasurj^ for State and county purposes during\\nthe year 1861 was 8157,856.29.\\nTAXATION IN 1862.\\nThe debt having been paid, and money accumulating\\nin the Treasury, gave the opportunity for a reduction\\nof the taxes, and accordingly the Board of Supervisors,\\nat their session in March, 1862, levied a State tax\\nof 62 cents on each $100, and for county purposes,\\n73 cents, as follovcs: for the General Fund, 30 cents;\\nEedemption Fund, 10 centu; Hospital Fund, 15 cents,\\nand School Fund, 18 cents, and a Federal tax of 15\\ncents, or a total of $1.50 upon each $100, being 50\\ncents less than the levy of the previous year, and\\nwithout the Federal tax, a reduction of 65 cents.\\nThe exigencies of the General Government caused\\nby the war of the Eebellion created a new system of\\ntaxation by the Federal Government, and under\\nFederal officials. The system of Internal Eevenue\\nwas established, whereby every class of business,\\nprofessions or incomes were licensed or taxed. The\\namount collected in Placer County between Septem-\\nber 1, 1862, and January 1, 1863, was about $50,000.\\nThe assessed valuation of the property for the\\nyear was $3,006,453.27, uj^on which a tax was levied\\nof $18,640 for State purposes, and $21,947.10 for\\ncounty purposes a total property tax of $40,587.10.\\nThe total amount received into the County Treasury\\nfrom all sources was $125,914.56. At the close of\\nthe j ear there was of county money in the Treasury,\\n$46,988.07, and $1,535.19 belonging to the State.\\nThe outstanding warrants amounted to $391.80.\\nEich Placer\\nTHE FINANCES IN 1863.\\nAt a meeting of the Board of Supervisors in Feb-\\nruary, 1863, the tax rate for the ensuing year was\\nfixed at 35 cents for each $100, for county pur-\\nposes, apportioned as follows: General County and\\nEedemption Fund, 5 cents; County Hospital, 10 cents;\\nand School Fund, 20 cents. The State and Federal\\ntax was fixed by the Legislature at 92 cents, making\\na total of $1.27.\\nIrregularities, supposed from incompetency or\\ncarelessness, were found in the books of the Auditor,\\nand suit was ordered against him and his sureties for\\na balance of $1,490.18, claimed as due.\\nA road tax of $2.00 was levied on all able-bodied men\\nin the county between the ages of twenty-one and\\nsixty years. The Board of Supervisors also ordered\\nan addition to the County Jail, and an expenditure\\nsufficient to supply the county officers with such\\nFederal Internal Eevenue stamps as the recent laws\\nrequired. These were extra items of expenditure.\\nAn Act for the better protection of the Treasury\\nof Placer County was passed by the Legislature, and\\napproved April 6, 1863, under which the District\\nAttorney and Supervisors were constituted a Board of\\nExaminers to count the money in the Treasury and\\ncompare the result with the various books.\\nThe same Legislature passed an Act authorizing\\nan election to be held May 12, 1863, on the proposi-\\ntion for the county to subscribe $250,000 to the capital\\nstock of the Central Pacific Eailroad Company. This\\nelection was held as ordered, and the proposition\\ncarried by a vote of 2,117 for, and 1,696 against,\\nbeing a majority of 421 in a total of 3,813 votes.\\nThis subscription was paid in bonds drawing eight\\nper cent, per annum interest from the date of their\\nissue. In return for this the railroad company\\npromised to add directly to the assessable prop-\\nerty of the county $9,000,000, and indirectly much\\nmore from the profits arising in building it, and the\\nimpi ovements that would naturally follow its con-\\nstruction.\\nDuring the year 1863, 8200,000 of railroad bonds\\nwere issued, upon which the interest was paid in\\nthe February following, and payable every six\\nmonths thereafter.\\nThe assessed valuation of all property for the year\\nwas \u00c2\u00a73,071,911.78, yielding a revenue of \u00c2\u00a738,898.26.\\nThe total amount received in the county Treasury\\nduring the year was \u00c2\u00a7131,132.98, exclusive of com-\\nmissions and mileages to collectors amounting to\\n\u00c2\u00a718,698.78; the largest amount from any one source\\nbeing from foreign miners licenses, of which the\\nBoard of Supervisors reported 15,000 sold, yielding\\na revenue of \u00c2\u00a760,000. The expenditures for county\\npurposes was \u00c2\u00a784,350. January 1, 1864, there was\\n\u00c2\u00a717,416.73 in the County Treasury, and of scrip\\noutstanding \u00c2\u00a7287.05\\nEDGAR M. BANVARU\\nWas born in the city of New York, December 31,\\n1820, and, at the tender age of five years,\\nremoved with his parents to Cincinnati, Ohio,\\nand five years later removed to Louisville, Ken-\\ntucky. In the latter city he attended the High\\nSchool, and laid the foundation for the education\\nhe acquired in after years. In October, 1834,\\nhe went with his parents to the State of\\nIllinois, and located at Peoria, then a decidedly new\\ncountry. The following year he was engaged as\\nbook-keeper and salesman for a general merchandis-\\ning establishment, a position he held until September,\\n1852. Desiring a change, he concluded to join the\\nthrong who were seeking their fortunes on the\\nPacific Coast, and took passage in the steamer Inde-\\npendence, Captain Lucas, Commander, coming to Cali-\\nfornia by the Nicaragua route. He arrived in San\\nFrancisco, November 10, 1852, and, unlike the major-\\nity of the pioneers, he devoted himself to agricul-\\ntural pursuits. He engaged in farming on the\\nPeralta gi-ant, situated on San Leandro Creek, in\\nAlameda County. In May, 1855, he came to Auburn,\\nPlacer County, in company with his old Peoria\\nfriend, Dr. J. E. Craudall, and was afterward\\nappointed Deputy County Treasurer, under that", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "138\\nHISTORY OF PLA.CER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA,\\ngeiiiloman. Mr. Banviird received the same position\\nunder Piiilip Stoner, and, in 1860, was elected to the\\nresponsible position of County Treasurer, on what\\nwas known as the Union Democratic ticket, and\\nre-elected in 1862. During the succeeding two years\\nafter the expiration of his term of oflBcc, he was\\nengaged in various kinds of business, and, in 1866,\\nremoved to Alta, a station on the Central Pacific\\nRailroad, where he purchased the Depot Hotel, and\\nhas since been the genial landlord of the well-known\\nBanvard s Hotel. In 1869 he was elected State Sen-\\nator from Placer County, on the Democratic ticket,\\nfor a term of four years, and, during the two ses-\\nsions, was Chairman of the Finance Committee. He\\nnow gives his whole attention to his hotel business.\\nHe was married in January, 1851, to Miss Abbie\\nShurtleflf, only daughter of Milton Shurtleff, of Taze-\\nwell County, Illinois. There are two children by\\nthis union, Louis H., born June 6, 1852. and Charles,\\nborn June 7, 1857.\\nFINANCES IN 1864.\\nThe first statement of the Treasurer in February,\\n1864. showed the total amount of railroad bonds\\nissued, placing the county i?250,000 in debt. Of the\\namount of expenditures of the previous year, $2,250\\npaid in aid of the military companies raised in the\\ncounty, was returned to the county in 1864.\\nThis is distinguished as the year of heaviest\\ntaxation in the history of the county. Added to the\\nordinaiy expenses were the railroad bonds, for\\nwhich a fund must be provided; the direct tax\\nimposed by the National Government which the\\nState had assumed; a fund for the construction of\\nthe State Capitol; a fund for the relief of soldiers,\\nand for the insane, making a total of 83.71 n each\\n\u00c2\u00a7100. In addition to this was the general poll-tax\\nof 82.00, a road tax of 82.00, military tax of \u00c2\u00a72.00,\\nand a special head tax of 82.00, to pay the interest\\non the railroad bonds. The asse.ssed valuation of\\nproperty was 82,977,061.50, a great decline upon\\nthe valuation of the preceding 3 ear.\\nThe County Auditor reported the net amount of\\nrevenue collected from all sources for the year\\nending December 31, 1864, to have been 8181,081.63,\\nexclusive of commissions and mileage to collectors,\\nequal to a tax of 847.66 upon each voter, and of\\nabout sixteen per cent, of the assessed valuation of\\nall the property of the county.\\nCONTEST WITH THE R.\\\\ILRO.\\\\D FOR T.\\\\XES.\\nWith the assessments and collections of 1864\\nbegan the financial war with the Central Pacific\\nRailroad Company that has continued through all\\nthe intervening years and threatens a culmination\\ndisastrous either to popular government or corporate\\nwealth and power. Another irrepressible conflict\\nhas arisen between the people as individuals, and\\nincorporated bodies, wherein the latter, gorged by\\nwealth and made arrogant by success, become crazed\\nby insatiable greed until by their exactions and\\noppressions they force the remedy that brings their\\nown ruin.\\nIn 1863, Leland Stanford, President of the Central\\nPacific Railroad Company had, as Governor of Cali-\\nfornia, approved a bill which ordered an election to be\\nheld in Placer County on the 2d of April of that\\nyear on the proposition to subscribe 8250,000 to the\\nstock of the Company, and while the election was\\npending used every eftbrt of personal and political\\npower and the free use of money to carry it success-\\nfully. In an address published by the authority of\\nthe railroad company, the assurance was given that\\nthe construction of the road would add 89,000,000\\nto the taxable property of the county, which, at the\\nlow rale of thirty-five cents on the \u00c2\u00a7100 for county\\npurposes, would yield a revenue of 831,500, or 811,-\\n500 per annum more than the interest on the\\n8250,000 of bonds asked for. As so large a stock-\\nholder,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 $250,000 being more than any or all the\\ncorporators had paid would, or should, give Placer\\nan equivalent share in the road with all its property,\\ngrants, subsidies and profits, 89,000,000 worth of\\nwhich would be within the county and taxable,\\nmaking it the wealthiest county in the State, its\\nindividuals almost free from taxation, funds for\\nschools, libraries, free roads and bridges, public\\nbuildings and improvements of every kind desired\\nby an intelligent, progressive, well-governed com-\\nraunitj The proposition was accepted.\\nBut such were not the results so plausibly prom-\\nised and so confidently hoped for. In 1864, sixteen\\nmiles of railroad, extending from the county border\\nto Newcastle was assessed by the Assessor at the\\nrate of 820,000 a mile, aggregating 8320,000, and\\nupon other railroad property $78,815, making a total\\nassessment of 8398,815. Instead of paying the tax\\nupon this assessment, the officers of the company\\nswore the property was worth but 86,000 per mile\\nof road, and 843,000 as the value of all their other\\nproperty in the county. Upon this the Stars (ind\\nStripes remarked:\\nOn an examination of the books of S. M. Stevens,\\nAssessor of Township No. 3, we find the sworn\\nstatement of Mr. Miller, Secretary- of the C. P. R.\\nR. Co.. dated July 14, 1864, in which the sixteen\\nmiles of track in Placer County is valued at 86,ihmi\\nper mile, and our county s proportion (0.516) of tli\\nrolling stock and other property at 843,000. W\\nmust confess that this exhibit produced somewhat\\nstunning and stupifjing eftects upon us. When wl\\nreflected that over and above State and county aid.\\nforty-eitjht thousand dollars a mile had to be doubled\\nto insure the building of the road, together with laml\\nenough for a Principality, to result in the construe\\ntion of property worth but six thousand, it seems\\nvery much like pouring water into a sieve.\\nThe sworn statements returned according to law\\nto our Board of Supervisors, show an expenditure\\n(for Placer County proportion) of 8724,914.22 up to\\nOctober 22, 1863, since which time a large portion\\nof the most expensive work has been done enough\\nprobably to reach an aggregate of one million dollars,\\nand yet this immense expenditure produces taxable", "height": "3319", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n159\\nproperty to the value of but one hundred and thirty-\\nnine thousand dollars.\\nThe report that the Directors of the railroad\\ncompany had issued millions of stock to themselves,\\nwas regarded as too groat a calumny to be enter-\\ntained, and was scouted as ridiculous. Notwith-\\nstanding these expressed opinions, the Board of\\nSupervisors were requested to, and did appoint a\\ncommission consisting of Felix B. Higgins and James\\nB. Hale, to examine the books of the company and\\nreport the result, also to ascertain if the report was\\ntrue that the Directors named in the grants by\\nCongress had assumed said grants to be the individ-\\nual property of those named, and had sold the land,\\nsubsidies, franchise, etc. to the Company for large\\namounts of the paid up capital stock of the Company.\\nThe order of appointment was rescinded at a sub-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0sequent meeting of the Board, and nothing resulted\\nfrom the movement but to arouse the feelings and\\nindignation of the people.\\nThe Supervisors, as a Board of Equalization placed\\nthe assessment of railroad property at $252,011.\\nThe company returned their property at \u00c2\u00a741,280 for\\ni their rolling stock, |2,250 for buildings, and sixteen\\nmiles of road at S6,000 per mile aggregating $130,-\\n530.\\nThe conclusion of the various assessments and\\nequalizations left the total assessment of the property\\nof the county for 18G-t at $2,977,061.50, upon which\\nthe State tax was $1.25, and county tax $2.46, total\\n$3.71 on each $100 of valuation.\\nTAX LEVY, 1865.\\nThe tax levy made in February, 1865, was as fol-\\ni lows: By the State, for interest and general purposes,\\nI 48} cents; for interest and Sinking Fund of 1857, 30\\nI cents; for interest and Sinking Fund of 18C0, I]\\ncents; for State Capitol, 5 cents; for Soldiers Relief\\n[Fund, 4 cents; for aid to Central Pacific Railroad, 8\\ncents; for benefit of line officers California Volun\\nI teers, 1 cent; for Soldiers Bounty Fund, 12 cents; for\\nschool purposes, 5 cents, making the State tax $1.15:\\ncounty tax $1.25; railroad interest tax, 20 cents;\\nI total $2.60. Besides the property tax there was\\nj levied and ordered collected poll tax, $2.00; road tax,\\nj $2.00; military tax, $2.00, and railroad interest tax,\\nI $2.00, of all liable to poll tax. In addition were the\\nI usual licenses, county, State and Federal, with reve-\\nI nue stamps attached to all papers of business, and a\\ntax upon incomes exceeding $600 of 5 per cent., and\\nI over $5,000 10 per cent, making the burdens of gov-\\nernment severely felt. A slight consolation appeared\\nin the fact that the property tax was $1.11 less than\\nthe one of the previous year. Those, however, were\\nwar times, as commonly remarked, greenback times\\nwith gold at a premium, recently of 246 per cent.,\\nrailroad building times, Washoe and Keese River\\nsilver mining times, and high hopes, rushing busi-\\nness, and excitement ruled generally.\\nRAILROAD ASSESSMENT.\\nIn September the Assessors made their returns of\\nproperty assessed personal at $1,529,268, and real\\nestate at $1,034,711, not including the property of\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad Company or the property\\nof the California Central Railroad Company, nor the\\nDonner Lake Wagon Road. The property of the\\nCentral Pacific Railroad Company was assessed at\\n$388,500, there being at the date of the assessment\\n27A miles of road in the county. Against this the\\nfollowing complaint was made to the Board of\\nEqualization by the District Attorney:\\nState of California,\\nCounty op Placer, j\\nCharles A. Tweed, District Attorney of Placer\\nCounty, says the valuation of the property herein-\\nafter described, assessed by the Assessor of District\\nNo. 2, of Placer County, in his assessment for the\\nfiscal year a. d. 1865, to the Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompany of California, is too small. That the real\\nestate and improvements in said assessment roll\\ndescribed as fifteen and one-half miles of railroad,\\ncommencing at the southwest boundary line of\\nPlacer County, running thence through Roseville,\\nRocklin and Pino to New Castle, and by said Assessor\\nvalued and so assessed at $156,000, is in fact of far\\ngreater value than that sum, and is, as the com-\\nplainant believes, of the value of $232,500, and that\\nthe real estate in said assessment roll, described as\\ntwelve miles of railroad, commencing at New Castle\\nand running easterly, passing Auburn Station, to\\nClipper Ga]), and by said Assessor valued and so\\nassessed to said railroad company at $120,000, is in\\nfact of far greater value than that sum, and is, as\\ncomplainant believes, of the value of $180,000, and\\nthat the followin described personal property, also\\nassessed to the said Central Pacific Railroad Com-\\npany of California, towit: Six locomotives and\\nseventy-six cars, valued at $125,000. Whole length\\nof railroad, thirty-one miles, of which Placer County\\nis entitled to one-half, valued and so assessed by said\\nAssessor at $62,500, is in fact of far greater value\\nthan that sum, and is, as complainant believes, of\\nthe value of $75,000, and complainant prays your\\nhonorable body to change and correct said valuations\\nin accordance with the true value of said property.\\nThe additional assessments on property in the\\ndivision below New Castle was depot building at\\nNew Castle, $1,750; raih-oad iron, spikes, etc., $3,000;\\nrailroad ties at Roseville, $17,500; twenty-five horses\\nand carts, $2, 500; grading implements, !i?700, and the\\npersonal property above New Castle, $17,500, The\\ncomplaint of the District Attorney brought on a\\ncontroversy, and Leland Stanford, the President, and\\nE. B. Crocker, the attorney of the railroad company,\\nappeared before the Board of Equalization and\\ninsisted the road should be assessed at 86,000 per\\nmile for the fifteen and one-half miles and that the\\nassessment on remaining part of the road should be\\nrescinded, threatening that if these demands were not\\ncomplied with they would go into the next Legisla-\\nture and have a law passed exempting all persons\\nworking upon the railroad from payment of poll tax,\\nby which the county woul;i lose more than the differ-\\nence in valuation.", "height": "3329", "width": "2239", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "160\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nIn response to this the action of the Board was as\\nfollows:\\nBoard of Equalization, Tuesda}-, Nov. 14, 1S65.\\nIn the matter of the complaint of C. A. Tweed,\\nEsq., relative to the assessment of the property of\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad Company of California,\\nafter hearing the evidence in the case, it is hereby\\nordered that the assessment stand as given in by the\\nrailroad company to the Assessor in their statement\\nmade the 27th of March, the value of the road being\\nfixed at SG,000 per mile, and that the assessment of\\nproperty of said company in the county acquired\\nsince the statement given on the 27th day of March,\\nand as regards the assessment of the road above\\nNew Castle be and is hereby ignored.\\nAt the date of this decree the company owned\\nforty miles of railroad in the county, which they\\nwere operating at a great profit, and was com-\\nmonly estimated as worth more than \u00c2\u00a740,000 per\\nmile. The result of the assessments and equaliza-\\ntion left the value of the property of the county for\\ntaxable purposes at 82,825,208, taxed for State,\\nCounty, and all purposes at S2.60 on each SIOO.\\nTAXATION IN 1866.\\nThe tax levy for 1866 was State $1.13, and county\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SI. 42, including all purposes, making a total of \u00c2\u00a72.55\\non each 8100. The Legislature authorized a special\\npoll tax of \u00c2\u00a72.00 in Placer County, for the benefit\\nof schools, and three other poll taxes were levied,\\nthe military poll tax law having been repealed.\\nThe valuation of proi erty, as returned by the\\nBoard of Equalization, was, real estate and improve-\\nments, \u00c2\u00a71,710,805; personal property, \u00c2\u00a71,981,556.21.\\na total of \u00c2\u00a73,692,391.21. The Assessor had assessed\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad at the rate of \u00c2\u00a76,000\\nper mile, and all property of the company aggre-\\ngating \u00c2\u00a7243,000. This amount was raised by the\\nBoard of Equalization to \u00c2\u00a7607,500. upon which the\\nrailroad companj refused to pay taxes, and suit was\\ninstituted against them. The California Central\\nRailroad, assessed at \u00c2\u00a740,000, and the Yuba Railroad,\\nassessed at \u00c2\u00a710,000, were also delinquent, and were\\nsued for the payment of taxes.\\nAt that time, the California Central Railroad ex-\\ntended from Folsom to Lincoln, although operated\\nonly from Roseville Junction to Lincoln; and the\\nYuba Railroad was the extension of the former, then\\nin course of construction, by a company organized\\nin Marj-sville, under the superintendency of Col.\\n(jharles L. Wilson, the owner and builder of the\\nCalifornia Central.\\nIn the suit for taxes a verdict was obtained in the\\nFourteenth Judicial District Court in favor of the\\ncountj but the case was appealed to the Supi-eme\\nCourt by the railroad company. No decision was\\nreached during the year, and in the following year a\\ncompromise was effected, placing the assessment of\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad at \u00c2\u00a76,000 per mile, and\\nremitting all that had been raised by the Board of\\nEqualization. With these results the property valu-\\nation for the year was \u00c2\u00a73,327,861.21.\\nLEGAL DISTANCES.\\nLegal distances for which jurymen could draw\\nmileage and amounts allowed thereon, March 5,\\n1866:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBeals Bar\\nCarrollton\\nFountain House.\\nDotans Bar\\nRofseville\\nRocklin\\nAuburn- Station.\\nPine Grove\\nXew Castle\\n.Stewart s Flat.\\nF rauklin House.\\nOphir\\nDoty s Fiat\\ntJold Hill\\nVirginia\\nLincoln\\nFullers\\nUnion Shed\\nCox Ranch\\nDunn Shed\\nWilsontown\\nNeilsburg\\nLisbon\\nIllinoistown\\nColfax\\nMaddens Station.\\n(Jold Run\\nDutch Flat\\nHerberts Station.\\nZerts Ranch.\\nWils in s Ranch.\\nRattlosn.ike\\nRock Creek\\n$i 80\\n3 90\\n4 80\\n3 60\\n6 00\\n4 80\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22 10\\n2 70\\n1 20\\n2 10\\n2 70\\n1 20\\n1 50\\n2 40\\n3 00\\n4 20\\n6 00\\n6 30\\n4 20\\n7 20\\n3 60\\n1 80\\n3 60\\n6 00\\n6 00\\n7 50\\n7 70\\n9 60\\n10 50\\n12 30\\n13 80\\n1 50\\n90\\nWells\\nOrrs\\nirizzly Bear House.\\nButcher Ranch.\\nOregon Bar\\nU. S. House\\nSmiths Ranch\\nSp\\\\ing Garden\\nNorth Star House.\\nTodds Valley\\nYankee Jim s\\nForest Hill\\nBath\\nBakers Rauch\\nMichigan Bluff..\\nDamascus\\nForks House\\nSecret Spring House\\nUpp.-r Horse Shoe Bar\\nBirds Valley\\nDeadivood\\nDevil s Basin\\nLast Chance\\nBlacksmith Flat.\\nAntoine Canon\\nIowa Hill\\nMonona Flat\\nGrizzly Flat\\nWisconsin Hill\\nMineral Bar\\nGreen Valley\\n.Sijuaw Valley\\nTahoe City\\nSI 50\\n1 80\\n2 70\\n3 30\\n3 60\\n3 90\\n4 20\\n4 80\\n5 40\\n6 00\\n6 00\\n6 60\\n7 20\\n7 80\\n9 00\\n10 80\\n10 20\\n12 00\\n8 10\\n8 40\\n11 10\\n11 70\\n13 20\\n13 SO\\n12 90\\n8 40\\n8 70\\n9 00\\n9 00\\n6 90\\n10 20\\n22 20\\n24 00\\nTAX LEVY IN 1867.\\nThe tax levied in February for 1867 was as\\nfollows: State tax, \u00c2\u00a71.13, County General Fund, 60\\ncents. Redemption Fund, 20 cents, railroad interest,\\n7 cents, schools, 12 cents, hospitals. 10 cents, a total of\\n\u00c2\u00a72.25 on each \u00c2\u00a7100. The poll taxes were the same\\nas the previous year.\\nOf the property reported by the As sessor were 20\\nquartz-mills with 346 stamps, which had beea ere cted\\nat a cost of \u00c2\u00a7335,000; 26 mining ditches whose\\noriginal cost was \u00c2\u00a71,628.000, 3 flouring-mills and 30\\nsaw-mills.\\nThe valuation of the property in the county, for\\nthe j ear, as reported by the Recorder in October,\\nfrom the returns of the Assessors was: For real\\nestate and improvements \u00c2\u00a72,110,200, and for personal\\nproperty \u00c2\u00a71,996,482, being a total of \u00c2\u00a74,106,682, being\\nan increase over the preceding year of \u00c2\u00a7414,291.\\nUpon this the amount of tax levied was: For State\\npurposes \u00c2\u00a746,405.30, and for count}- purposes \u00c2\u00a745,-\\n094.95, a total of \u00c2\u00a792,400.25.\\nCENTRAL PACIFIC CONTROVERSY.\\nThe suit against the railroad company tor the\\ntaxes levied in the year 1866 was still pending,\\nawaiting the decision of the Supreme Court. The\\nfollowing pi oceedings of the Board of Supervisors at\\ntheir session held November 8, 1867, explain them-\\nselves:", "height": "3319", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "E. M. Banvard.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3319", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY\\n161\\nBoard met as Board of Equalization of Supple-\\nmental Assessment Rolls.\\nLcland Stanford, President, and Robert Robinson,\\nAttorney of the Central Pacific Railroad Company,\\nappeared before the Board and made the following\\nstatement and proposition in writing:\\nTo ihe Board of Supervisors of Placer County\\nGentlemen: The Central Pacific Railroad Com-\\npany of California, having become involved in\\nlitigation with the County of Placer, in relation to\\nthe taxes upon its railroad for the years 18G(i and\\n18G7, the Company believe and are advised that no\\ntaxes for said years can be legally collected, but not-\\nwithstanding that they do not wish to escape the\\npayment of their just proportion of the taxation,\\nwhich should be paid upon all the property of the\\nState. Its road-bed and superstructures there n\\nwere assessed for each of those years at S6,0( 0 per\\nmile, which said Company consider a fair valuation\\nof the same, and they propose to pay the taxes\\nthereon at once, and as often as they become due,\\nif the County of Placer, by its Board of Supervisors,\\nwill cancel the judgment against said Company, and\\nremit all the additional amount of valuation and\\ntax added by the late Board of Supervisors, acting\\nas a Board of Equalization for said years 1S66 and\\n1867, and all suits and proceedings at law between\\nthe said Company and State, in relation to said taxes\\nto be dismissed and cancelled.\\nE. B. Crocker and Robert Robinson,\\nAttorneys forC. P. R. R. Co. of Cal.\\nAnd now, the Board having had the same under\\nadvisement and carefully considered the same, and\\nbeing satisfied that the assessments, as made by the\\nAssessor of Revenue District Xo. 2, of Placer County,\\nof the property of said Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompany ot California, for the fiscal years 1866 and\\n1867 cannot be collected hy law, said assessment\\nhaving been made under and hy virtue of an Act of\\nthe Legislature of the State of C alifornia entitled,\\nAn Act regulating the assessment and taxation of\\nrailroads and other roads for revenue purposes, and\\nother matters relating thereto, approved April 4.\\n1864, and which said Act is believed to be unconsti-\\ntutional. It is therefore, on motion, ordered that\\nthe aforesaid proposition of the Central Pacific\\nRailroad Company of California be, and the same is\\nhereby accepted, and the Board of Supervisors, acting\\nas a Board of Equalization, do hereby agree to\\naccept from said Central Pacific Company of Califor-\\nnia, the sum of six thousand one hundred and ninety\\nsix and 50-100 dollars (66,196.50) in full, for all\\nassessment or demands against said Railroad Com-\\npany on account of State and county taxes for the\\nfiscal year 1866, and t is further ordered that the\\njudgment against said Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompany of California, in favor of the people of the\\nState of California, in the District Court of the 14th\\nJudicial District, for taxes for said year be cancelled.\\nAnd it is, on motion, further ordered that the order_\\nmade by the Board of Equalization of Placer County\\non the 22d day of August, 1867. as entered on the\\nrecords of said Board, on pages 665 and 666, increas-\\ning the valuation of the road-bed and superstructure\\nof the railroad of the Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompany of California, from the sum of $6,000 per\\nmile to the sum of \u00c2\u00a715,000 be, and the same is\\nhereby rescinded, and the Clerk of this Board is\\nhereby ordered to correct the Assessment Roll of\\nRevenue District No. 2 of Placer County in accord-\\nance with the foregoing order.\\nThe costs of litigation, interest and all losses and\\nexpenses fell upon the county.\\nOREAT WEALTH OF THE RAILROAD CO.MPANY.\\nAt the time the railroad company was contesting\\nthe payment of its taxes, and the officers were\\nswearing it worth but $6,000 per mile, its agents in\\nthe Eastern cities were publishing the following\\nadvertisement as a recommendation of its first mort-\\ngage bonds:-\\nThe Central Pacific Railroad enjoys all the privi-\\nleges, grants, and subsidies conferred bj- the Acts of\\nCongress upon the other parts of the through line,\\nand has in addition, several special exclusive advan-\\ntages applicable onl}- to the western half.\\nI. The coin| any received from the State and chief\\ncities of California, assistance in money, credit, and\\nvaluable property, worth over $3,000,000 in gold, in\\naddition to the full benefit of tfie Government\\nsubsidy.\\nII. The hardest and costliest part of its construc-\\ntion has been successively overcome within the first\\n150 miles. In a few weeks the track will be com-\\npleted entirely aero.ss the Sierra Nevada, after\\nwhich progress to Salt Lake will be easy and rapid.\\nIII. The local business alone of this road estab-\\nlishes its complete financial success, independently of\\nthe vast through traffic which must pass over it.\\nThe gross earnings for the months of June and July,\\nupon the ninety-four miles then open for business,\\nwere upwards of $297,00;i in gold, of which four-\\nfifths were net earnings.\\nIV. It can have no competition, but will carry,\\nbesides its own lucrative traffic, the lohole volxme of\\nthrough business, which is shared among its Eastern\\nconnections and their branches.\\nv. The road lies wholly in territory yielding the\\nprecious metals, and its revenues are collected in coin.\\nIts rates for transportation are very advantageous,\\nbeing more than three times those of roads lying\\neast of it, and the ratio of operating is less than\\ntwenty-two jier cent, of the gross earnings.\\nVI. In consequence of the aid it receives from the\\nGeneral Government, from the State of California,\\nand from municipal corporations, the annual interest\\nobligations which the company are called upon to\\nassume are very light. The not earnings upon an\\naverage of about seventy-five miles, in 1866, were\\nnearly three times the amount of annual interest liabil-\\nities to be assumed in buil/ing it, and were $235,000\\nmore than tht annuil interest on the entire a nount of\\nFirst Mortgige Bonds which the compa7iy can issue on\\nthe first 150 miles.\\nThe statement was also made by the same parties\\nthat the First Mortgage Bonds of $48,000 per mile,\\npayable in gold, were not one-third the cash value of\\nthe road, or that the road was worth $144,000 per\\nmile. The net profits of the roid, 94 miles in opera-\\ntion, as reported by the companj- for 1867, was\\n$1,261,008.\\nPlacer County was a stockholder in the road, but\\nreceived no dividends or shares in any profits of oper-\\nation or speculation.\\nAn effort was made in December, 1867, by the\\nBoard of Supervisors, as representing the stock held", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "162\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nby Placer County, to examine the books of the rail-\\nroad company to ascertain the condition of its busi-\\nness, but the examination resulted in nothing. Two\\nSupervisors of the Board were satisfied with the\\nexphination given by the officers of the company,\\nand the other attempting a more intimate investiga-\\ntion was rudi ly repelled.\\nASSESSMENT AND TAXES IN 1868.\\nThe tax levy for 1868 was fixed for State at -SI. 00.\\nand for county purposes at $1.10 on each 8100.\\nTotal, -12.10 with the usual poll taxes.\\nThe value of property reported by the Assessors,\\nin 1868, was as follows: Personal property, 82,184,327;\\nreal estate, 82,567,452; total valuation, 84,751,779.\\nAmount of State taxes levied upon this, \u00c2\u00a747,517;\\nccunty taxes, 852,245, and dog tax, 81,228; total,\\n$100,991.\\nOf this amount the First Revenue District was\\ntaxed 828,421, and the Second District, 854,435, and\\nthe Third District, 818,176.\\nThe Central Pacific Railroad was assessed at the\\nrate of 812,000 per mile of road, and the companj-\\nrefused to pay the taxes, being delinquent in conse-\\nquence the amount of $23,247.\\nThe Assessors reported eighteen saw-mills in oper-\\nation, cutting 13,000,000 feet of lumber per annum;\\ntwelve quartz-mills; one steam flouring-mill with two\\nrun of stones; thirty-six mining ditches with an\\naggregate of 379 miles of ditch; thi-ee irrigating\\nditches, irrigating eighty acres; four railroads,\\naggregating IISJ^ miles; estimated total population,\\n14,300; registered voters, 4,780; poll tax collected,\\n85,051.\\nIn January following the assessment, and on the\\ndemand for taxes, the railroad company tendered\\nthe tax at their own rate of assessment, $6,000 a\\nmile of road, and the tender was refused by the\\ncounty authorities. The railroad company was\\nsued for its delinquent taxes, and judgment was\\nobtained against the company, but the case was cur-\\nried on appeal, first to the Supreme Court of the\\nState, where the judgment was affirmed, and then on\\na writ of review to the Supreme Court of the Uni ed\\nStates.\\nKOBBIN U THE TREASURER.\\nDuring the change of County Treasurers in June,\\na robbery of $4,000 of the county money was\\netfected, but by what means, or by whom, was never\\nascertained. The bondsmen of the retiring Treas-\\nurer, Mr. J. VV. Dickerson, at once prepared to pay\\nthe loss, but the Board of Supervisors allowed an\\nextension of eight months time to the Treasurer to\\nrecover the money. This was regarded as relieving\\nthe bondsmen. The Treasurer afterwards paid a\\nportion of the loss, and ineffectual efforts were made\\nto recover the balance, until, in 1872, suit was\\nbrought against the bondsmen, and decided, in\\nDecember of that year, by the Supremo Court, hold-\\ning the bondsmen liable, and the money was paid.\\nTAXATION IN 1869.\\nThe Board of Supervisors at their meeting in Feb-\\nruary, 1869, levied the following taxes on each $100\\nworth of propertj\\nState Fund $0 97\\nCounty General Fund 63\\nRedemption Fund ._ 50\\nCounty School Fund 20\\nHospital Fund 10\\nRailroad Interest Fund 10\\nTotal $2 50\\nThis was an increase of forty cents on the levy of\\nthe preceding year. With increasing propertj there\\ncame increasing taxes. One of the causes of this\\nwas the payment of the interest and providing for\\nthe Sinking Fund of the Central Pacific Railroad\\nBonds; and a prolific source of expenditure was the\\ngreat increase of criminal matters caused by the\\ncharacter of people laboring on the railroad and\\nbrought into the county by it. Another expenditure\\nwas the litigation forced upon the county by the\\nrefusal of the railroad company to pay taxes, thus\\nshowing that if the railroad was the cause of a\\ngreat increase in property valuation and revenue, it\\nwas also the cause of the greatly increased expendi-\\ntures. At the time taxes in Placer were $2.50, in the\\nadjoining county of Nevada they were but $1.70 on\\neach $100.\\nThe salaries and perquisites of officers were high,\\nthe county as also the State pajnng far more for\\nservices than was paid in business life. The Legis-\\nlature of 1868 passed an Act regulating salaries\\nwhich effected a saving of quite a sum, and also\\nchanged the system of electing District Assessors to\\na single Assessor for the county. Under the new\\nbill Supervisors were limited to $350 per annum, and\\nmileage at the rate of twenty cents per mile from\\ntheir home to the county seat. The Assessor was\\nallowed 86.00 per diem, and limited to 82,500 per\\nannum. The District Attorney was allowed a salary\\nof $500 per annum, and fees for conviction 825.00\\nwhere the punishment was death; $12.00, felony,\\n88.00, misdemeanor; $50.00 for conviction of gam\\nbiers, etc., out of the fines imj)osed, and other receipts\\nnot from the county. If his receipts from official ser-\\nvice exceeded $2,000 per annum, the surplus was\\nturned into the County Salaiy Fund. The salary\\nof County Judge was $2,000; Sheriff, 84,000; Treas-\\nurer, 81,500; Clerk, $3,000; and Recorder who was\\nex officio Auditor, 82,50o.\\nEXORBITANT BILLS.\\nIn referring to the great expenses of the county\\nin bills taxed by the Sheriffs, the Herald of August\\n14, 1869, publishing a bill by J. H. Ncff, then Sherif!\\nsays:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThis enormous bill was footed up against the\\ncounty for only seventy-six working days, and\\nreaches a total of 84,573.18. A. \\\\V. Poole drew from\\nthe county $29,448.81 for his term of two 3-ears as", "height": "3319", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n163\\nSheriff. The county has paid for 8,507 miles\\ntravel in seventy-six days, or what would make\\n34,500 miles a year. The simple truth is these miles\\nwere never traveled, but that thousands and thous-\\nands of miles have been charged, allowed and paid\\nfor that were never traveled. This is one of the\\nreasons that taxes are higher and the county in\\ndebt. 830,000 a term for the Sheriff of Placer\\nCounty for criminal business alone\\nRAILROAD SUITS COMPROMISED.\\nIn the assessment of pi-operty the Central Pacific\\nRailroad was assessed at $12,000 per mile. Against\\nthis the company objected, and applied to the Board\\nof Equalization for a reduction to $6,000 per mile,\\nwith which request the Board complied at their\\nmeeting September 2, 1869.\\nOn the 28th of September, 1869, the Board of\\nSupervisors ordered the dismissal of the suit\\ninstituted in 1868 for the taxes of that year\\nat the rate of 812,000 per mile, and accepted the\\ntender of the railroad company of the taxes for that\\nyear at the rate of an assessment of 86,000 per\\nmile. The case had been tried in the District\\nCourt, where it was decided in favor of the county,\\nand was before the Supreme Court when dismissed.\\nThis withdrawal, however, was made too late, and\\nthe suit went on. In 1872 a decision was rendered\\naffirming the decision of the District Court, which\\nwas for 824,409.35, of which 812,785.85 was for the\\ncountj and the remainder for the State. But the\\nrailroad company did not pay, but appealed to the\\nUnited States Supreme Court on a writ of review.\\nThere it was pending until April, 1873, when it was\\nI umored a decision was about to be made and the\\nrailroad company withdrew its appeal. In the\\nmeantime C. P. Huntington and other stockholders,\\nas citizens of other States, commenced suit in\\nthe United States Circuit Court, at San Francisco,\\nto perpetually enjoin the Collectors of several coun-\\nties from collecting tax on the railroad, claiming the\\nUnited States held such an interest in it as to render\\nit exempt. The amount of taxes the payment of\\nwhich was thus postponed amounted to about\\n$100,000, for the year 1872. As a result of the\\nassessment the railroad company at once increased\\nthe rates of freights to all points -in Placer County\\nabout 40 cents per ton, thus more than recovering\\nall sums paid in taxation. The increase was esti-\\nmated to add 8200,000 to the costs of the freight\\nin the county, or 8175,000 more than the tax.\\nThe assessed valuation of property in 1869 was\\n$3,498,164, upon which the tax levied was 82.50 per\\n$100. The total receipts in the County Treasury\\nfrom all sources was 8127,492.54, of which 846,499.66\\nwas for the State.\\nTAXATION IN 1870.\\nThe tax levy for 1870 was 86i cents by the State\\nand.81.73i by the county, or 82.60 on each $100.\\nSALE OP THE RAILROAD STOCK.\\nNumerous statements were published dnring the\\nj ear 1869 showing the earnings of the Central\\nPacific Eailroad, and proving that Placer County,\\nas a stockholder, was entitled to upwards of 8300,-\\n000 in dividends of working profit, and some millions\\nof dollars if sharing proportionately with the other\\nstockholders. In view of this claim a movement\\nwas made for the purchase of the stock by the\\ncompany, and an amendment to the Act of 1866,\\nauthorizing Placer to sell the stock, was passed by\\nthe Legislature in April, 1870, authorizing the sale\\nof the stock upon such terms and conditions as\\nshall to said Board of Supervisors, to be declared by\\na unanimous vote thereof, be deemed expedient and\\nfor the best interest of said county, provided that\\nsaid sale shall be for cash and in gold coin of the\\nUnited States, or in exchange of said stock, or\\nportion thereof, for the railroad bonds of said\\ncounty, etc.\\nIn accordance with this Act the following pro-\\nceedings ofthe Board of Supervisors are recorded:\\nAuburn, April 13, 1870.\\nOffice of the County Clerk of Placer County, State\\nof California, and ex officio Clerk of the Board\\nof Supervisors of said County:\\nIt appearing to the satisfaction of the undersigned\\nthat it is proper and necessary that a special meet-\\ning of the Board of Supervisors of Placer County\\nshould be called and hold for the transaction of\\nthe business of said county, it is by them hereby\\nordered that such special meeting be called and held\\nat the office of the County Clerk of Placer County,\\nin Auburn, in said county, at the hour of 2 o clock\\np. M. of this the 13th day of April, 1870, for the\\npurpose of said Board taking action in reference to\\nthe sale of the 2,500 shares of the capital stock of\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad Company of California,\\nowned and held by said county, and for determining\\nand fixing the price, terms and conditions of the\\nsaid sale of said stock.\\nWm. Van Vactor, Chairman,\\nW. H. Kinder.\\nJ. D. Pratt.\\nThe Board of Supei visors met this Wednesday,\\nApril 13, 1870, in pursuance to the above call for the\\nbusiness above specified.\\nPresent: Wm. Van Vactor, Chairman, W. H.\\nKinder, J. D. Pratt and G. G. Sewell, Clerk.\\nJ. D. Pratt ottered the following resolution:\\nWhereas, D. O. Mills Co, bankers of the Citj-\\nof Sacramento have this daj- proposed to purchase\\nthe 2.500 shares of the capital stock of the Central\\nPacific Railroad of California, now owned and held\\nbj the County of Placer, at the price of 8250,000, in\\ngold coin of the United States, the receipt whereof\\nis hereby confessed, and upon the further under-\\nstanding and agreement on the art of said county\\nthat the said D. O. Mills ct Co. may, and it shall be\\ntheir privilege as a part of their contract, at any\\ntime within four months from the date of this order,\\nand from time to time, present and deliver to this\\nBoard the outstanding railroad bonds of said county\\nso many thereof as they may be able to procure\\nwithin said time, and receive therefor from said\\ncounty in gold coin of the United States, the full\\namount which said bonds may call for upon their\\nface at the time of their presentation as aforesaid;\\nnow, therefore, be it", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "164\\nHISTORY OF PLACER 0 JUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nResolved, And it is hereby ordered LhatLlio a: oresaid\\nproposition for the purchase of said stock be and the\\nsame hereby is sold, assigned and transferred to the\\nsaid D. 0. Mills Co., at the price and upon the terms\\nand conditions aforesaid; and be it further ordered\\nthat William Van Vactor, the Chairman of this Board,\\nbe, and he hereby is, authorized and empovvered to pro-\\nceed to Sacramento and transfer said stock in the name\\noff-aid county, upon the stock transfer books of the\\nCentral Pacific Railroad Company of California, and\\nthat a certified copy of this order be taken by him\\nand filed with the Secretary of said comjianj as his\\nlicense and authority for making said transfer.\\nThis resolution was adopted unanimously. The\\nsale relieved the county of the indebtedness and\\npayment of interest on the \u00c2\u00a7250,000 bonds, although\\nthe profits from the stock should have paid the inter-\\nest and much more, yet no dividends were declared.\\nThe county had paid in interest about $120,000, and\\nother payments aggregating about $170,000, which\\nwas in reality an expenditure for the sole benefit of\\nthe railroad company, and a total loss to the county.\\nWith the exception of about $5,000 in outstanding\\nwarrants, which was balanced by $18,786 of county\\nmoney in the Treasury, Placer was again out of debt.\\nAt a meeting of the Board of Supervisors in May,\\n1870, the three members voted themselves an allow-\\nance of $1,500 each for services, expenses and attor-\\nneys fee in selling Central Pacific Railroad stock,\\nbesides their usual legal fees for services as Super-\\nvisors. Great indignation was expressed at this\\nmovement, as no expenses or attorneys fees had been\\nincurred, and from the further fact, that another\\nparty had previously made an oft er of par value in\\ngold for the stock, leaving the county to purchase\\nthe bonds on terms more advantageous to itself.\\nThe payment of the amounts voted by the Super-\\nvisors to themselves was enjoined, at the instance of\\nMoses Andrews, and by the decision of Judge Rear-\\ndan, rendered in August, 1870. the claim was declared\\nillegal.\\nThe case was then appealed to the Supreme Court,\\nwhere it was decided September 16, 1872, sustaining\\nthe decision of Judge Reardan. The decision was\\nthat the Board was not entitled to extra pay; that\\nthe sale in pursuance of the statute w-as in the line\\nof their official duties, and that the allowance of pay\\nwas not only unwan anted by the s:atute, but within\\nits positive prohibition.\\nAugust 18, 1870, a final settlement was made with\\nD. 0. Mills Co., who paid over to the Supervisors\\nin lieu of money $221,000 in the county s railroad\\nbonds, and surrendered in interest coupons, $22,629.-\\n35, and the remainder, $6,370.65, in coin, leaving\\nabout $27,000 of bonds out, and bearing interest at\\n8 per cent., yet an indebtedness of the county.\\nAbout $3,000 of the bonds had been redeemed pre-\\nvious to the sale to D. 0. Mills Co., the presumed\\nagents of the railroad company.\\nSOUKCES OF REVENUE.\\nOne of the gi-eat sources of revenue to the State,\\nand particularly to the mining counties the foreign\\nminers tax, or license was cut off by an Act of Con-\\ngress known as the Civil Rights Bill, passed in\\nMay, 1870, which provided that a^;/)e\u00c2\u00bb-sor?.s within\\nthe jurisdiction of the United States shall have the\\nsame right in every State and Territory in the\\nUnited States to make and enforce contracts, to sue,\\nbe parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal\\nbenefits of all lajvs and proceedings for the security\\nof personal property as is enjoyed by white citizens,\\nand shall be subject to like punishments, pains, pen-\\nalties, taxes, licenses and executions of every kind,\\nand n one other, every law, statute, ordinance, regu-\\nlation or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.\\nThe assessed valuation of property in 1870 was:\\nT-IXES THEREON.\\nDistrict No. 1 ..$1.545,.341 83 40,178 88\\n2 2,066.29134 53,723 57\\n3 625,999 00 16,275 97\\nTotal... ...$4,237,632 17 $110,178 42\\nThe Central Pacific Railroad was assessed at\\n$6, (100 per mile, and the assessment was raised by\\nthe Board of Equalization in August to $10,000 per\\nmile, but at a re-hearing of the case in November,\\nthe order was rescinded and the assessment fixed as\\nbefore on ninety-two and a quarter miles of road and\\ntelegraph.\\nThe report is extant of po .l tax collections in Dis-\\ntrict No. 1 for the year ending March 1, 1871. Of\\nState poll taxes, 1,004 of $2.00 each were collected,\\nof school and hospital, 1,013, and of road, 1,099;\\nmaking a total of 3,116. The vote at the recent\\nelection in the District had numbered 741, proving\\nthat poll taxes were quite thoroughly collected.\\nTAXES IN 1871.\\nThe tax levy made in March, 1871, was as follows;\\nState poll tax of $2.00, school and hospital poll tax\\nof $2.00, and road poll tax of $2.00, levied on all\\nable-bodied men between the ages of 21 and 50 years\\nof age; State tax of 86i cents; County General Fund,\\n60 cents; Redemption Fund, 3 cents; County School\\nFund, 28 cents; Railroad Interest Fund, 2 cents;\\nRailroad Fund, J cent; and Hospital Fund, 5 cents;\\ntotal, $1.85 on each $100. A tax of 10 cents on each\\n$100 was levied in Township No. 7 for a Bridge\\nFund, a tax of 15 cents on each $100 was levied in\\nTownship No. 5 for a Bridge Fund, and a tax of 20\\ncents on each $100 was levied in Township No. 10\\nfor a Bridge Fund in that township.\\nA great controversy existed regarding the divi-\\ndends supposed due the county from the Central\\nPacific Railroad Company, and in consequence the\\nSupervisors, at their meeting on the 13th of February,\\n1871, passed the following resolution:\\nResolved, That C. A. Tuttle be and he is\\nhereby authorized and empowered by the County of\\nPlacer to commence suit against the Central Pacific\\nRailroad Company of California, to recover from\\nsaid Company all dividends or other moneys due to", "height": "3319", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "^^*saife^^^^j?^^^Si\\n_^-,\u00c2\u00bb*\u00c2\u00bb^\\n=1\\nrr\\nE-6\\n1^\\n_ ui\\nJ J\\nu\\ni\\nSP S\\n-^^W", "height": "3359", "width": "2260", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3319", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HI8TORY\\n16o\\nthe county by reason of the 2,500 shares of the cap-\\nital slock ot said company owned by said county,\\nand which were sold to D. O. Mills Co., on the 13th\\nday of April, 1870.\\nThe further proceedings in this connection were\\ntaken on the 12th of June, when a I esolution was\\npassed appointing William Van Vactor and W. H.\\nKinder a committee to wait upon C. A. Tattle, the\\nattorney appointed by the Board in the above resolu-\\ntion, and with him to proceed, and empowered to\\ndo any and every act they may deem proper on the\\npart of the county in the furtherance of the collec-\\ntion of said money claimed to be due said county\\nfrom said railroad company, to the end that a speedy\\nsettlement of the matter maj^ be brought about.\\nThe assessed valuation of property in 1871 was\\n$4,149,185, and the tax levy 86* for State, and 98J\\ncents for county purposes. The tax collected on\\nproperty, real and personal, was \u00c2\u00a771,723.31, and\\n$3,125.30 of the delinquent tax of 1870, leaving\\n16,403.55 delinquent. From poll taxes of the three\\nseveral classes there was collected ^17,555, from\\nlicenses, \u00c2\u00a77,367, and received in the Treasury from\\nother sources, \u00c2\u00a719,448.32. Deducting commissions\\nI to collectors of poll taxes amounting to \u00c2\u00a72,428.45, the\\ntotal receipts of the Treasury were \u00c2\u00a7113,665.18.\\nThe County School Fund received from all sources\\n$19,290; District School Fund, \u00c2\u00a75,196.36. The war-\\nrants redeemed by the School Fund during the year\\nI amounted to \u00c2\u00a722,149.59, with a balance in the fund\\nof \u00c2\u00a78,109.51.\\nThe county indebtedness was represented by\\nj \u00c2\u00a74,641.50 of outstanding warrants on the County\\nGeneral Fund, and \u00c2\u00a716,000 of outstanding railroad\\nbonds a total indebtedness of \u00c2\u00a720,641.50. In the\\nTreasury at the close of the year was \u00c2\u00a731,648.33\\nbelonging to the State, \u00c2\u00a712,004 in the General Fund,\\nand an aggregate of \u00c2\u00a757,571.22.\\nj WILLIAM VAN VACTOR\\nIs a native of Ohio, born in Butler County, August\\nI 26, 1828. When he was five years of age he i-emoved\\nI with his parents to Shelby County in the same State.\\nUp to his twenty-sixth year he was a resident of\\nthat county, engaged in teaching and agricultural\\nI pursuits. In 1854 he came to California by way of\\nI the Isthmus of Panama. He was a passenger on the\\nI ill-fated steamer Georgia, at the time she was\\nJ wrecked off Cape Hatteras, and landed at Norfolk,\\nVirginia. From this port the passengers were taken\\nI to Aspinwall on the steamer Empire City. He\\nI finally reached San Francisco in the month of March.\\ni After a few days in that city he proceeded to Grass\\nValley, Nevada County, and thence to Iowa Hill,\\n1 PhK^cr County, reaching the latter place in the same\\nI month of his arrival in California. He has made\\nthis his home since that time. He has always been\\nlargely interested in mines, which is the case at the\\n1 present time. Mr. Van Vactor was one of the\\nj projectors of the Iowa Hill Canal, of which he has\\nbeen the superintendent since 1873. He was also a\\nSupervisor from his District in 1869 and 70, and\\nfrom 1860 until 1864, held the office of Justice of the\\nPeace. In 1864 he was elected Assessor of his\\nDistrict, a position he creditably filled until 1869,\\nHe has spent two winters in southern California,\\nhaving some valuable interests at Santa Barbara.\\nHe was married to Mrs. Elizabeth M. Blackburn, a\\nnative of Ohio, January 6, 1860. Their family\\nconsists of three children, two boys and one girl,\\naged I espectively sixteen, twelve and six years.\\nA view of his Iowa Hill residence will be found in\\nthis volume.\\nCHAPTEE XXVI,\\nFINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n(continued.)\\nTaxation iu 1872 Supreme Court Decision Large Assessment\\nRailroad Assessment Contested^Property in 1873 Joseph\\nP. Hoge Eng igecl The Financial Problem in 187-t Railroad\\nTroubles Continue V aluations and Taxation Financial Con-\\ndition in 1875\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. T. Ashley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Financial Condition in 1876\\nCompromise with Railroad Company Sheriff e-X officio\\nCollector Willard Loring Munson Assessment and Taxation\\nTaxation in 1877\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Financial Condition in 1878 Property\\nin 1S7J\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Financial Report in 1879 A. .J. Soule Financial\\nCondition in 1880 State Board of Equalization Finances in\\n1881 Railroad Litigation Receipts and Disbursements\\nCausps of Financial Embarrassment Conclusion. Joseph\\nWalkup.\\nThe system of levj ing taxes was changed by the\\nLegislature in 1872. By the new law, taxes were\\nlevied after the assessment was completed and\\nadjusted by the Board of Equalization. The Legis-\\nlature fixed the sum to be raised. Stamps were\\nabolished after 1872; poll taxes went to the counties\\nand to the School Fund. All licenses also went to\\nthe county, and all property was required to be\\nassessed at its full cash value.\\nSUPREME COURT DECISION.\\nBy a decision of the Supreme Court, rendered in\\nthe Tax Suit against the Central Pacific Eailroad\\nCompany instituted in 1868, the county and State\\nrecovered the tax as levied and assessed by the\\nAssessor of that year, amounting to \u00c2\u00a728,070.75.\\nThis decision maintained the constitutionality of the\\nRevenue Law, and the legality of the assessment,\\nwhich was at the rate of \u00c2\u00a712,000 a mile. Through\\nthe neglect of Assessors, or the action of the Boards\\nof Equalization in reducing assessments, the county\\nhad suffered an estimated loss of $288,000, and the\\nState \u00c2\u00a7264,000. From the amount recovered, the\\nDistrict Attorney of the time of instituting the suit,\\nreceived a fee of $3,661.40. This case, however, was\\nappealed by the railroad company to the United\\nStates Supreme Court.\\nLARGE ASSESSMENT.\\nThe assessed value of property for 1872 was\\n$8,146,336. This was an increase in accordance\\nwith the new law adopted in the Codes, ordering all", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "166\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA\\n])ro[jert3- :issos\u00c2\u00abe(l at its full value. The prior custom\\nhad been to assess at about one-third or one-half, as\\nsuch assessment would produce sufficient revenue,\\nthe rate of taxation being fixed before the assessment\\nwas made. By the law of 1872 the rate of taxation\\nwould be fixed after the amount of property was\\nascertained.\\nIn this assessment the railroad and telegraph line\\nwas assessed at $12,000 a mile, but this was raised\\nby the Board of Equalization to \u00c2\u00a725,000, aggregating\\nfor the Central Pacific 82,812,000, and for the Oregon\\nDivision from Eoseville to Bear River, 6264,000.\\nThe details of the assessment are as follows: The\\nnumber of acres of land assessed in District No. 1,\\n174,403; No. 2, G4.613; in No. 3, 1G,482, total in the\\ncounty 255,588. The value of real estate, District\\nNo. 1, \u00c2\u00a7916,132; No. 2, 82,077,516; No. 3, \u00c2\u00a7421,265,\\ntotal 83,414.813. improvements on real estate in\\nDistrict No. 1, 81,089,664; District No. 2, \u00c2\u00a71,128,037;\\nDistrict No. 3. \u00c2\u00a721.800; total \u00c2\u00a72,230,491. The value\\nof personal property District No. 1, \u00c2\u00a7850,238; District\\nNo. 2, \u00c2\u00a71,214,507; No. 3, \u00c2\u00a7344,269; total \u00c2\u00a72,412,014.\\nThe amount of money assessed in District No. 1\\n823,633; District No. 2, \u00c2\u00a71,170; District No. 3, \u00c2\u00a755,-\\n205; total \u00c2\u00a780,008. The total valuation of all property\\nin the several Districts was as follows: No. 1, \u00c2\u00a72,885,-\\n667; No. 2, 84,418,230; No. 3, 8842,430; total \u00c2\u00a78,146,-\\n336. A comparative statement shows Placer to\\nrank as the fourteenth county in the State, in the\\nassessed valuation of property.\\nThe rate of taxation was fixed in October as\\nfollows: For State Fund, 50 cents; County General\\nFund, 50 cents; School Fund, 10 cents; Hospital\\nFund, 20 cents; Railroad Fund, 2 cents; Railroad\\nInterest Fund, 3 cents; total \u00c2\u00a71.35 on each \u00c2\u00a7100. In\\naddition to these, several special taxes were levied,\\non petition of the inhabitants of the different local-\\nities where levied, as follows: Road taxes in Road\\nDistrict No. 1, 8 cents; No. 2, 10 cents; No. 3, 10\\ncents; Colfax District 10, cents; Dutch Flat District\\n10 cents; No. 5, 12 cents; No. G, 12 cents; Last\\nChance District, 12 cents; Tahoe District, 15 cents;\\nNo 9, 6 cents; No 10, 5 cents, and for bridge pur-\\nposes, 5 cents; No. 11, 10 cents. School Districts:\\nAlta, 40 cents; Blue Canon, 35 cents; Christian\\nYalley, 40 cents; Coon Creek, 30 cents; Central, 25\\ncents; Dry Creek, 40 cents; Excelsior. 25 cents;\\nFranklin, 20 cents; Fair View, 25 cents; Gold Hill\\n20 cents; Iowa Hill, 10 cents; Last Chance, 15 cents;\\nLincoln, 5 cents; Lone Star, 40 cents; Michigan\\nBlufi 13 cents; Neilsburgh, 40 cents; Mt. Pleasant,\\n35 cents; Newcastle, 25 cents; Norwich, 13 cents;\\nPleasant Grove, 35 cents; Rattlesnake, 15 cents;\\nRock Creek, 35 cents; Rocklin, 7 cents; Smithville,\\n35 cents; Stewart s Flat, 14 cents; Union, 20 cents;\\nVallej- View, 25 cents; Wisconsin Hill, 30 cents;\\nWashington, 15 cents; Yankee Jim s, 10 cents, all\\non each \u00c2\u00a7100 worth of property.\\nThese special taxes were declared unconstitutional\\nby the Supreme Court, in October, 1872, but were\\ngenerally paid in Placer before the decision was\\nrendered.\\nRAILROAD ASSESSMENT CONTESTED.\\nThe assessment of the Central Pacific Railroad at\\nthe rate of \u00c2\u00a725,000, as fixed by the Board of Equal-\\nization, was resisted as usual by the company and\\nthe case carried to the Courts. That part of the\\nroad in Nevada County had been assessed at $12,000\\nper mile, and that was also objected to by the com\\npany, who refused to pay only on an assessment of\\n86,000 per mile. In January, 1873, the railroad\\ncompany gave bonds in the amount of 850,000, and\\nenjoined the sale of the railroad property for the\\ncollection of taxes. In February, 1873, suit was\\ncommenced in the United States Circuit Court in\\nSan Francisco, against the Tax Collectors of the\\nseveral counties through which the railroad lay, to\\ndeclare a perpetualinjunction against their collecting\\ntaxes from the railroad company. In Santa Clara\\nCount}- the assessment was at the rate of \u00c2\u00a77,000 per\\nmile, but this was deemed too much and the pay-\\nment of the tax was refused. This suit forced the\\ncounties to defend, and entailing additional expense\\nand trouble. The amount of tax at issue was about\\n8100,000. In the following January the decision was\\nrendered that the assessments of the railroad prop-\\nerty was illegal, because assessed in a body and not\\nas real estate and improvements separately. The\\ndecision was rendered by Judge Sawyer, continuing\\nthe injunction in force.\\nPROPERTY IN 1873.\\nThe amount of property assessed in 1873 aggre-\\ngated \u00e2\u0080\u00a2S7, 145, 479. The railroad was assessed at the\\nrate of 812,000 per mile, and this was raised by the\\nBoard of Equalization to \u00c2\u00a725,000 per mile. The tax\\nwas levied in October, as follows: State Fund, 50\\ncents; County General Fund, 29 cents; County\\nSchool Fund, 13i cents; Railroad Fund. 6 cents;\\nRailroad Interest Fund, 2J cents; Hospital Fund, 4\\ncents, making a total of 81.05 on each 8100 of valu-\\nation. This low rate was so fixed, for the reason\\nthat the railroad company had recently paid into\\nthe Treasury about 830,000 on back taxes, in accord-\\nance with the decisions of the Courts. The rate\\nwas the lowest of any county in the State excepting\\none, which was the same.\\nBy a decision of the Supreme Court, solvent debts\\nincluding those secured by mortgage, were declared\\nnot subject to taxation, and the Assessors of Placer\\nCounty were ordered not to assess that species of\\nproperty. This deduction from the property of the\\ncounty was one of the reasons why the assessed\\nvaluation appeared less than the previous year. By\\na subsequent decision of the same Court, in Decem-\\nber of the same year, the former decision was\\nreversed. The finances at the close of the year were\\nin a very favorable condition, there being \u00c2\u00a719,906.46\\nof county money in the Treasury, and only 841.00", "height": "3319", "width": "2249", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n167\\nof outstanding warrants, and 813,000 of outstanding\\nrailroad bonds.\\nJOSEPH p. HOGE ENGAGED.\\nThe Supervisors, in carrying on the suit against\\nthe Oentral Pacific Eailroad Company, engaged J. P.\\nHoge, a lawyer of San Francisco, to aid the District\\nAttorney, agreeing to pay him $2,000 for the service,\\n\u00c2\u00a71,000 in advance and $1 ,000 when the case was won,\\nexcepting that he should not be required to attend\\nto the suit or suits if appealed to the United States\\nSupreme Court. The suit was, in this case, before\\nthe United States Circuit Court in San Francisco,\\nwhere Mr. Hoge was a practitioner, and with the\\nproceedings in which he was familiar.\\nTHE FINANCIAL PROBLEM IN 1874.\\nThe light rate of taxation and the large amount\\nof property in Placer County in the past year placed\\nit among the first in wealth and prosperity in the\\nState. The very fact of its constant war with the\\nCentral Pacific Railroad Company brought the sub-\\nject of public business afi airs very prominently before\\nthe people, who wei-e thus impelled to greater care\\nin the selection of officers, and the officers were also\\nheld to strict accountability for their actions. For\\ntwo j-ears the Board of Equalization had fixed the\\nassessed value of the railroad and telegraph of the\\nCentral Pacific Company at i?25,000 a mile, but this\\nwas so firmlj resisted by the railroad company, who\\nwould pay without compulsion only on 66,000 a\\nmile, that no revenue had been derived from that\\nsource by the large assessment, although it was not\\nwhat the law demanded, the full value of the prop-\\nerty, nor more than one-half the comparative rates\\nat which ordinary property was assessed.\\nRAILROAD TROUBLES CONTINUE.\\nThe Assessors of Districts Nos. 1 and 2, wherein\\nlay the railroad, assessed the road and telegraph at\\nthe rate of #^12,000 per mile. Against this the rail-\\nroad company, as usual, protested, and asked that\\nit be reduced to 66,000 per mile.\\nMessrs. Hugh Burns and J. A. Filcher, taxpayers,\\napplied to the Board of Equalization to have the\\nassessment increased to -625,000 a mile. The appli-\\ncations of both parties were denied, and the assess-\\nment fixed at 612,000 per mile by the votes of Super-\\nvisors V. V. Mann, A. J. Saule and S. B. Harriman.\\nThe following dissenting opinion by Supervisors E.\\nBarrett and James Laird was put upon the records:\\nWe dissent from the conclusion arrived at by a\\nmajority of the Board in the assessed valuation per\\nmile of that part of the Central Pacific Railroad lying\\nin and traversing Placer County for the following\\nreasons: The Constitution says that all property\\nwithin the State, not exempt by law from taxation,\\nmust be assessed at the full cash value, and the Code\\ndefines cash value to mean the amount at which\\nthe property would be appraised if taken in the pay-\\nment of a just debt due from a solvent debtor.\\nThis being the rule and principle governing the\\nvalue of property, for the purpose of taxation, and\\nit appearing from the sworn statement of its officers\\nto the Secretary of State that its net earnings would\\npay 10 per cent, on a valuation of 618,000 per mile,\\nincluding the value of peimanent improvements, it\\nis manifest that the assessment of 612,000 per mile\\nis 40 per cent, too low, and is unjust and oppressive\\nto the rest of the taxpayers of the State and county.\\nVALUATIONS AND TAXATION.\\nThe Assessors in 1874 reported 268,447 acres of\\nassessable land in the county; value of i-eal estate,\\n63,445,994; value of improvements on real estate,\\n6892,937; value of personal property, exclusive of\\nmoney, 62,321,811; amount of money, 6184,753;\\ntotal value of property, 66,844,895.\\nThe rate of taxation was fixed at 64 cents for\\nState purposes, and 85j\\\\j cents for county purposes,\\na total of -81.50 on each -SlOO of valuation. By a\\nstatute of the last Legislature an increase of 25 per\\ncent, was added to all taxes delinquent after the 31st\\nof June of each year.\\nThe decreased assessment of the railroad brought\\nthe total assessment of the county below that of the\\npreceding year, when, if it had been the same as\\nthat, the gross amount would have exceeded that of\\nany year. During the year there had been man}\\nextraordinary expenditures, which necessitated an\\nunusual rate of taxation. By the reports of the\\nTreasurer and Auditor the average sum required\\nduring the preceding five years for county expend-\\nitures had been \u00c2\u00a739,115.02, but the expenses for the\\nyear ending September 30, 1874, was \u00c2\u00a751,409.42. The\\nextraordinary expenditures occurring were: Unusual\\nexpense of the election of 1873, \u00c2\u00a71,254.35; back\\nsalaries due Assessors, 81,869.35; Attorney fees in\\nprosecuting suits for taxes against the Central Pacific\\nRailroad Company, \u00c2\u00a72,265; collecting the money\\nfrom the bondsmen of ex-Treasurer Dicker.son, \u00c2\u00a7745;\\nenlarging and refurnishing hospital, \u00c2\u00a73,905.65; quiet-\\ning title to hospital lot and fire apparatus, $350; two\\nmore Supervisors than before, salaries extra, \u00c2\u00a72,614:\\nincreased number of patients in hospital and prison-\\ners in jail, \u00c2\u00a74,189; increased expenditure of schools\\nfrom \u00c2\u00a715,485.67 in 1873 to \u00c2\u00a719,733.26 in 1874; con-\\nviction, etc., of criminals in extraordinary cases,\\n\u00c2\u00a71 500, aggregating \u00c2\u00a721,202.89 of unusual expend-\\nitures.\\nThe condition of the Treasury at the end of the\\nyear 1874 was as follows: Total cash on hand Decem-\\nber 31, 1874, belonging to the county \u00c2\u00a79,119,35;\\nbelonging to the State, 810,017,88; outstanding war-\\nrants registered, \u00c2\u00a75,412,13; railroad bonds outstand-\\ning, \u00c2\u00a710,000,\\nThe county now appeared to have passed its j)eriod\\nof greatest depression and was on the progressive\\nroad of prosperity. The year 1871 was regarded as\\nthe dullest business year since the Frazer River\\nexodus, and from that time population, values, pro-\\nducts, improvements, children, schools, and general\\nwealth have been steadily increasing, with a healthy\\ngrowth from a substantial basis.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "168\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nFINANCIAL CONDITION IN 1875.\\nThe year opened with a slight debt against the\\ncoiintj-, principally for railroad bonds outstanding,\\nwhich, drawing eight per cent., per annum, interest,\\nwere held as investments, having been issued for a\\nterm of twenty years. The struggle with the rail-\\nroad company for the collection of taxes still con-\\ntinued.\\nAt a meeting of the Board of Supervisors on the\\n3d of February, 1875, it was ordered that the District\\nAttorney furnish the Board with a certified state-\\nment showing the number of suits now pending in\\nthe courts of this State, in which Placer County and\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad Company are parties in\\ninterest; their titles, date of commencement, and the\\nrespective amounts involved; the amounts paid out\\nby the county in prosecuting and defending said\\nsuits; to wLuiii paid, and by whom received, and\\ntheir present stage for final adjudication before said\\ncourts.\\nThis resulted in ascertaining that $2,400 had been\\npaid counsel in the railroad suits, and that suits for\\ntaxes in 1872-73 and 1873-7-4 were pending in the\\ncourts. Id the January following the Board peti-\\ntioned the Legislature to empower them to adjust\\nand settle the said suits with the railroad company,\\nand to receive the taxes due the State and county.\\nThe Assessor s reports, made in July, furnished\\nthe following statistical information:\\nNumber of acres of assessable land, 288,836. Saw-\\nmills in the county, 28, of which 20 were steam and\\neight water-power, which sawed, during the year,\\n25,000,000 feet of lumber.\\nValue of assessable land S 999.210\\nimprovements on said land 454,561\\ncity and town lots 154,927\\nimprovements on city and town\\nlots 348,613\\nrailroad, 112-4 miles 1,433,677\\ntelegraph, 1061 miles 21,400\\nmining ditches, 337 miles 348,350\\nmining claims 436,650\\nimprovements on mining claims 156,430\\npersonal property _ 2,545,263\\nTotal property f?6,899,081\\nThe tax levj- made in October was as follows:\\nState Fund, 6O2 cents; County General Fund, 441\\ncents; Hospital Fund, 10 cents; School Fund, 8\\ncents; Railroad Fund, 5 cents; County General Road\\nFund, 2 cents; a total of $1.30 on each 8100.\\nThe railroad assessments were fixed at $12,000 per\\nmile, while the railroad company asked a reduction\\nto $7,500 per mile.\\nJ. T. ASHLEY\\nWas in 1876 one of the financial officers of Placer\\nCounty.\\nThe birth place of John Tyler Ashley was in the\\nold Green Mountain State, he having been born at\\nWest Haven. Rutland County, Vermont. June 4,\\n1830. His boyhood and early youth were spent on\\nhis father s farm, among the Green Mountains of that\\nState. After having completed an academic course\\npreparatory to the study of medicine, he emigrated\\noverland to California, arriving in Placer County\\nAugust 14, 1853.\\nHere he has followed the occupation of hotel\\nkeeper and miner alternately, having experienced\\nthe varied fortunes incident to all enterprising young\\nmen of pioneer days. In 1875 he was elected\\nRecorder and Auditor of Placer County, as a Repub-\\nlican, at an election when the Independent party Ij\\nsecured most of the county offices. At the expira-\\ntion of his term of two years, he was re-elected for\\na second term.\\nHe now holds the position of Under-Sherifl: of the\\ncounty, and resides at Auburn, the county seat.\\nTHE FINANCIAL CONDITION IN 1876.\\nThe opening of the Centennial Year was bright\\nto Placer County. Taxes had been light the past\\nyear, and the promise was equally good for the com-\\ning one. The Treasury contained $9,130.48, and but\\n$18.00 of outstanding warrants, and $7,000 of rail-\\nroad bonds, leaving the county with all of its public\\nbuildings and other property, and a surplus of\\n$2,112.48 in the Treasury. With the receipts of Jan\\nuary, the Treasury contained the unprecedented sum,\\nup to that date, of $65,753.41, of which $42,862.92\\nbelonged to the county, and the outstanding indebt- 1\\neduess was the same as at the beginning of the\\nmonth.\\nAs a measure of economy, the Legislature had\\nagain reorganized the Board of Supervisors, and, in\\n1875, but three were elected, and these, D. H. Long,\\nW. A. Himes, and J. B. Russell, took possession of\\ntheir offices and the business affairs of the county on\\nthe 7th day of February, 1876.\\nCOMPROMISE WITH THE RAILROAD C0MP.\\\\NY.\\nThe Board of Sipervisors in 1875 had petitioned\\nthe Legislature for authority to settle the tax suits of\\n1872-73 and 1873-74. with the railroad company,\\nand this petition had been indorsed by the Board in\\npower. The Legislature, ascertaining that the rail-\\nroad company would compromise the cases then\\nbefore the Supreme Court on appeal from decisions\\nagainst the railroad company, gave the desired\\nauthority. The assessments, as has been stated in\\nthe preceding pages, had been at the rate of $12,000\\nper mile, and had been equalized, by the Board of\\nEqualization to $25,000 per mile; the payment of\\ntaxes at this rate refused; suits instituted by the\\ncompany enjoining the sale of railroad property by\\nthe Tax Collectors; judgment obtained in favor of\\nthe county in the District Court, and appeal taken to\\nthe Supremo Court. As in a case some years before\\nwhen on the point of a decision the matter was com-\\npromised and the case withdrawn, each party pay-\\ning its own costs. At this time the Supervisors\\naccepted the sum of $29,917.72 in full for the taxes", "height": "3319", "width": "2249", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "i-\\nr^r.", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3319", "width": "2249", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n189\\nof the two years, being at the rate of $12,000 per\\nmile, and, on the 10th of May, 1876, this amount was\\npaid into the County Treasury.\\nSeveral suits had been instituted by the railroad\\ncompai.y and its stockholders against .James Moore\\nand W. L. Munson, Tax Collectors of Districts Nos.\\n1 and 2; first, in January, 1873, in the Fourteenth\\nJudicial District enjoining the sale of the property of\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad for the taxes due the\\nState and county for the year 1872-73, and in the\\nUnited States Cii cuit Court by C. P. Huntington\\nand other stockholders, residents of other States,\\nrestraining the Tax Collectors from collecting and\\nthe railroad company from paying the taxes; and\\nagain in F ebruary, 1874, for the same purposes that\\nyear. To defend these suits the Board of Super-\\nvisors authorized an advance, or loan, to the Collec-\\ntors of 83,000, and the employment of J. P. Hoge\\nat a fee of j?l,000 advanced and SI, 000 when the tax\\nwas collected. In these suits, the District Attorney s\\nfees and traveling expenses, together with the assist-\\nant counsel s, aggregated \u00c2\u00a7-1,138.20, besides the\\n$1,000 to be paid to J. P. Hoge, and for which he\\nsued the county in 1877, but subsequently withdrew\\nI the suit upon the receipt of S500, the county paying\\nthe costs of action.\\nSHERIFF EX OFFICIO COLLECTOR.\\nJ The Legislature, in 1875, abolished the system of\\nDistrict Collectors in Placer County, substituting\\ntherefor the Sheriff^ who was ex, officio Collector.\\nOne of the stalwart Assessoi s, who persisted in fix-\\ning a fair valuation upon the railroad, was\\nWILLARD LORING MUNSON.\\nI This gentleman is the fifth son of Jeremiah and\\nMary (Hill) jNIunson, who were both natives of the\\n1 State of Maine. Willard Loring Munson was born\\nat Bast Machias, in the same State, on the 30th day\\nof November. 1827. He remained at, or near, the\\nplace of his nativitj- until he reached the age of\\ntwenty-two years. He received a fair education, but\\nhas since added to his stock of knowledge from con-\\nI tact with the people, and remains a useful addition\\nI to the population of Placer County. In 1849 he saw\\nbright and golden prospects in California, and joined\\n1 the stampede for the land of promise. Owing to the\\nI great length of time consumed in his voyage making\\nI the passage of Cape Horn, he did not arrive in San\\nI Francisco until the 2d day of ilarch, 1850, thereby\\ni lacking about three months of being a 4[ter. He\\nI sailed on the brig Oriental, which was laden with\\nlumber for Sacramento, and to that place he soon\\nwent. Mr. Munson immediately started for the\\nmines, his first location being at what was then\\ncalled Negro Bar (now Folsom), in Sacramento\\nCounty.\\nHe followed the ups and downs of a miner s life\\nuntil 1854, and from that time to 1862 was engaged\\nin various kinds of business in Nevada and Placer\\nCounties, la the winter of 1862-63 he removed to\\nGrold Run, which was his home until 1879. In the\\nyear 1867 he was elected a Justice of the Peace, and\\nalso received the appointment as Postmaster at Gold\\nRun. In 1870, he was elected Collector, which office\\nhe held four years. At the expiration of his term,\\nhe was elected to the responsible office of Assessor,\\nwhich position he creditably fills at the present time.\\nIn 1879 he removed to Auburn, where he has since\\nresided. On the 28th of May, 1859, he was married\\nto Miss Lizzie Searles, at Little York, Nevada County.\\nCalifornia.\\nASSESSMENT AND TAXATION.\\nThe assessed value of property in 1876 was \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0?5,762,-\\n570, and upon this the tax levy was, for the State\\n731 cents, apportioned as follows: Greneral Fund,\\n43 9-10 cents; School Fund, 23 4-10 cents; Interest\\nand Sinking Fund, 6 2-10 cents on each .f 100. The\\ntotal assessed valuation in the State was ?594,620,-\\n231. The county lev} was 762 cents, apportioned as\\nfollows: General Fund,43i cents; Hospital Fund, 16\\ncents; School Fund, 7 cents; Railroad Fund, 4 cents;\\nGeneral Road Fund, 6 cents; total State and county\\ntax, \u00c2\u00a71.50 on each .\u00c2\u00a7100. The Central Pacific Rail-\\nroad was assessed in District No. 1 at \u00c2\u00a710,000 per\\nmile and in District No. 2 at $12,000, but all was\\nequalized at \u00c2\u00a712,000 per mile. The property tax was\\ncollected with the exception of \u00c2\u00a75,283.07, reported\\ndelinquent by the Sherift ex officio Tax Collector.\\nThe total amount received into the Treasury from\\nall sources, reported for the year ending September\\n30, 1876, was \u00c2\u00a7166,460.20, of which \u00c2\u00a754,783.20 went\\nto the State, the remainder to the county.\\nThe final statement of the Treasurer, A. J. Soule,\\nat the close of the year, reported \u00c2\u00a714,076.28 in the\\nTreasury belonging to the county, against which\\nstood $18.00 of outstanding warrants and .S4,000 of\\noutstanding railroad bonds.\\nTAXATION IN 1S77.\\nThe salaries and emoluments of the oftieers of\\nPlacer County were reported in the Herald of July\\n14, 1877, as follows:\\nThe Sheriff received, all told, about \u00c2\u00a7lu,0O0 per\\nannum, of which, after he pays his deputy and jailer\\nand traveling expenses, he has left, under rather\\nthan over, about \u00c2\u00a75,000. The Recorder s salary is\\n\u00c2\u00a73,000, out of which he has to paj a deputj leaving\\nhim net from \u00c2\u00a72,000 to \u00c2\u00a72,200 per annum. The\\nCounty Clerk s fees and salary for the last year\\namounted to \u00c2\u00a73,098.83, out of which he has paid for\\nhelp 8980, leaving him net per annum 82,118.83.\\nThe Treasurer receives 82,000 per year, and needs no\\ndeputy. The County Judge receives 82,000 per year,\\nand does the work himself. The School Superinten-\\ndent receives 81,200 per year, and the District Attor-\\nney s salary and fees this last year, under Bullock,\\namounted to 82,500, being, perhaps, less for this ofllce\\nthan for j-ears previouslj^.\\nThe tax levy for the year was 63 cents on each\\n\u00c2\u00a7100 for State purposes, and 87 cents for county pur-\\nposes; total \u00c2\u00a71.50 on e^ch SlOO,", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "170\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nFINANOIAI, CONDITION IN 1S78.\\nWith the bei, inuing oi the year 1878, the eouiity\\nhud in its Treasury $47,125.31), of which $2,280. 27\\nhelongod to the State, and the county was out of\\ndebt.\\nThe assessed valuation of property was $5,586,105.\\nThe rate of taxation was, for the State, 55 cents,\\nand for the county, $1.05 on each $100 a total of\\n$1.60. The county tax was apportioned as follows:\\nGeneral Fund, (i.S cents; Hospital Fund, 20 cents;\\nSchool Fund, 12 cents, and General Road Fund, 10\\ncents. In addition was the general poll tax, a school\\nand hospital poll tax, and a road poll tax of S2.00\\neach.\\nPKOPEUTY IN l.S7 .l.\\nThe Assessors returned the value of proj)ci ty in\\n18711 as follows: real estate, $4,301,464; personal\\n))roperty, \u00c2\u00a71,356,805; total, $5,658,269.\\nThe total number of acres of land assessed was\\n:!l!l,988, which was assessed on an average of ;i.24\\nand a fraction per acre.\\nThe tax levy was, for the State, 621 cents; County\\n(feneral Fund, 47 cents; Hospital Fund, 181 cents:\\nCounty School I ^und, 12 cents; General Ifoad Fund,\\n1(1 cents; total for the county, 87^ cents, arid for\\nState and county, $1.50 on each -^lOO.\\nFINANCIAL REPORT l.\\\\ l,S7!).\\nThe following statement is a clear and conclusive\\n(exhibit of the receipts and expenditures of the county\\nfor the year 1870:\\nMoney received from the following sources:\\nPoll taxes _ _ _ 17,626 38\\nLicenses. 5,620 00\\nAuditor s commission on licenses 502 50\\nTreasurer s, Auditor s and Assessor s\\ncommissions refunded by the Slate. 1,922 31\\nProperty tax, 1878-711 83,790 22\\nDelinquent property tax, 1878-79. 1,578 03\\n1877-78 116 80\\nMigratory stock tax 290 20\\nState school money 19,976 62\\nState lands 1,578 03\\nRecorder s fees 2,443 00\\nFines 688 60\\nKstrays. 2 00\\nSpecial school tax 1,580 52\\nTotal received in the year $142,388 21\\nThis money was apportioned as follows:\\nState Fund _ 32,561 68\\nCounty General Fund 46,729 70\\nHospital Fund 13,340 38\\n(Jounty School Fund 36,060 24\\nGeneral Road Fund 5,538 57\\nDistrict Road Fund 6,111 70\\nMigratory Stock Fund 463 42\\nDistrict School Fund 1 ,580 52\\nKstray Fund 2 00\\nTotal\\n$142,388 21\\nThere was expended during the year from each of\\nthese several funds the following several amounts:\\nState Fund 32.680 91\\nCounty (feneral Fund 40,020 88\\nHospital Fund 11,480 38\\nCounty School Fund 134 50\\nDistrict School Fund 33,692 16\\nfeneral Road Fund 7,983 39\\nMigratory Stock Fund 162 10\\nDistrict Road Fund. 6,806 49\\nLibrary Fund 1,029 19\\nTotal paid out during year $133,991 03\\nBalance in several funds, October 1, 1878-$20,906 06\\n1879. 29,354 14\\nI pon this statement the lUraltt of November 1,\\n1879 remarks:\\nFrom the foregoing tigure.s, the reader will see\\nat a glance the total amount collected from the\\njieojile of Placer County, in the waj- of taxes for all\\njnirposeB. He will see, also, what distribution is made\\nof the aggregate; how much has been expended\\nduring the year from the several funds, and further,\\nhow much remains in the aggregate, and in each\\nfund, to be applied on the expenses of the next fiscal\\nyear. The total amount paid out during the year is\\nshown to be $133,991.03, of this $32,(i80.94, as will bo\\nnoticed, went to the State, leaving the expenses of\\nthe county for all purposes for the year, $101,310.09,\\nor in round numbers the cost of the county govern\\nmcnt may be set down at about $100,000 a year.\\nThe total cost of the county government last year\\nwas some greater than this, being $108,933.69. This\\ndiscrepancy is due to the fact that last year the\\ncounty was burdened with an unusual amount of\\ncriminal business. To illustrate: Last year the jury\\nand witness fees amounted to $6,689.85, and this\\nyear the amount drawn from the Treasury for the\\nsame purpose was only $3,659.05. Altogether, con-\\nsidering the improved and comfortable condition in\\nwhich our count} quarters are maintained, and the\\nefficiency of our public service generally, the financial\\nshowing made by Placer. com])ared with the general\\nrun of modern governments, is rathei- encouraging\\nthan otherwise.\\nThe total receipts in the State Treasury for the\\nyear ending June 30, 1879, being the year preceding\\nthe operations under the now Constitution, was\\n$3,543,610.77, and the estimates for the two succeed-\\ning years, not including the estimates for the Rail-\\nroad Commissioners and State Board of Equalization\\nwhich the new Constitution ordered, was $6,044,724.\\nThis statement may be necessary in order to com-\\njiare the differences expected and promised by the\\nadvocates of that instrument.\\nAt that time the Treasurer of Placer County was\\nA. J. .SOUI.K.\\nAmong the steadfast and honored names of the\\nPioneers of California and of Placer County, is that\\nof Andrew Jackson Soule, who was born April 16,\\n1818, in the town of Preeport, Cumberland County,\\nMaine, of old Revolutionary stock. His grandfather\\nwas one of the heroes at the battle of Ranker Hill,\\nwhere he was wounded, and for which the Govern-\\nment allowed him a pension dui-ing the remainder of\\nhis life. This veteran of the Revolution was a\\nnative of France, as the name indicates, but he", "height": "3319", "width": "2249", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n171\\nmarried a lady from Wales. The town of Freeport,\\nMaine, numbers many Soules among its inhabitants,\\nCornelius Soule being one of its officers in 178!1, and\\nfrom that day the family has been prominent in\\nship-building, naval and military affairs, mercantile\\nand manufacturing. Moses Soule and Moses Soule,\\nJr., and Bufus Soule were Selectmen in the early\\npart of this centurj^, and George W., Benjamin F.,\\nEnoch C. and Charles Soule bore prominent parts\\nin the Freeport Volunteers during the war of the\\nRebellion.\\nThe father of Andrew J. was James Soule, and\\nhis mother s maiden name was Sarah Brown; both\\nborn, lived and died in Freeport, and both members\\nof the Methodist Episcopal Church. The town,\\nhaving the excellent harbor of Casco Bay, bordered\\nby the Yarmouth and Cousin Rivers, and originally\\nsurrounded by great forests, afforded excellent facili-\\nties for ship-building, and in that enterprise was\\nJames Soule engaged.\\nAndrew J. received the education the schools\\nof the town afforded, finishing his scholarly training\\nat the North Yarmouth Academy in his native\\ncounty. Like the youth of the southern coast of\\nMaine where excellent harbors abound, and where\\nmany stormy points and fishing shoals tempt to\\nmaritime adventure, he grew up a sailor, and in early\\nlife went down to the sea in ships, making many\\nvoyages to all the Atlantic ports of America, to\\nEngland, France, the Mediterranean and the Gulf of\\nMexico. He resided in Low dl, Massachusetts, in\\n1838, working in a machine-shop and cotton factor^\\nin 1841 was in New Orleans; in 1843 was engaged\\nselling drugs and medicines in Boston, and left\\nBoston in December, 1848, for California, taking the\\nroute through Mexico via hihuahua, and arrived\\nin the Golden State in May, 1840. Upon his arrival\\nhe sought the placers of the Sierra Nevada, and for\\ntwelve or fifteen years continued digging for gold,\\nwith the varied success usually attending the miner.\\nAt times a change to merchandising was tried, but\\nat last he settled into farming, and now owns a line\\nfarm of 1,500 acres near the town of Ijincoln, Placer\\nCounty.\\nVVhile so successful in business he has had time to\\nattend to public affairs, and has been prominent in\\nall duties pertaining to the general welfare of his\\nneighbors and the county. He is a prominent\\nmember of the Sacramento Association of Pioneers,\\nand for six years has been Master of the Ijincoln\\nGrange of the Oi-der of Patrons of Husbandry. His\\nearly political affiliations were with the Democrats,\\nbut in 18G1 he severed his connection with what he\\ndeemed a disloyal party, and joined the Union, as\\nthe new Republicans preferred to call their party at\\nthat time. As a compliment to his business ability and\\nstability of character, he was elected Supervisor in\\n1873, which office he held until March 1, 1870, when\\nhe took the office of Treasurer of the county, having\\nbeen elected to it in 1875. In 1877 he was re-elected\\nand served until the term expired March 1, 1880.\\nHaving ably and faithfully served the public, he has\\nretired to his large estate in the western part of the\\ncounty, near the pleasant village of Lincoln, and\\nwith his numerous farm hands cultivates the land\\nand enjoys his leisure.\\nFINANCI.M. CONTITTKIN IN 1880.\\nAssessments wore made in 1880 under the pro-\\nvisions of the new Constitution and the Revenue\\nLaw of the first Legislature under it. The State\\nBoard of Equalization made the assessment on rail-\\nroad property where the road laid in two or more\\ncounties. In Placer were three such roads the\\nCentral Pacific, the Oregon Division or Northern\\nRailway, and the Nevada County Narrow Gauge.\\nThe Central Pacific for that poi tion in Placer County\\nwas assessed at the rate of 820,264 per mile; the\\nNorthern Railway at .S13,0()0 per mile, and the\\nNevada County Narrow Gauge at \u00c2\u00a710,051 per mile.\\nThe Assessors reported the value of all the prop-\\nerty of the county at \u00c2\u00a78,042,3(59, but this was changed\\nin a slight degree by the County Board of Equal-\\nization, after whose action the assessment stood as\\nfollows: Acres of land assessed, 335,743; real estate,\\nvalue, $2,329,144; improvements, \u00c2\u00a7842,057; town\\nlots, .\u00c2\u00a71(14,482; improvements on lots, \u00c2\u00a754(5,203;\\nimprovements on real estate assessed to others than\\nowners, $41,480; personal property, \u00c2\u00a71,957,074;\\nmoney, \u00c2\u00a7117,177; railroads, \u00c2\u00a72,2S4,7(;(;; total .*7,999,-\\n343.\\nThe State Board of I ^jualization fixed the tax\\nlevy for the State at (i4 cents on each \u00c2\u00a7100, 5 cents\\nbeing under the Act To Promote Drainage. This\\nwas regarded as extraordinary, being larger than\\nthe previous year, particularly as the assessed\\nvalue of the property in the State exceeded that of\\n1879 by \u00c2\u00a7118,5(50,351. The State assessment included\\n\u00c2\u00a724,(578,33(1 in money. Total assessment, \u00c2\u00a7(10(5,202,-\\n074.\\nThe promoters of the new (Constitution had hoped\\nthat by including franchises, solvent debts, and other\\nspecies of property in the assessments, thereby call-\\ning upon all classes to bear their equal share of the\\nburdens, that the percentage of taxation would be\\nreduced. But the extraordinarily large appropria-\\ntions, exceeding \u00c2\u00a74,000,000, by the Legislature, and\\nthe unusually large expense of that body, together\\nwith the costs of the Railroad Commissioners and\\nthe Board of Equalization, also the tact that another\\nsession of the Legislature was to be held the follow-\\ning year, made the heavy laxation necessary, di.s-\\nappointing, as it was. to the people and advocates of\\nthe Constitution. The receipts into the State Treas-\\nury for the year amounted to \u00c2\u00a7.5,848,958.04, and the\\nexpenditures to \u00c2\u00a74,180,917.24. exceeding the receipts\\n\u00c2\u00a73.37,959.20, and exceeding the estimates upwards\\nof \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nThe tax levy by the Supervisors was, for the\\nCounty General Fund, 39 cents; Hospital Fund. 15", "height": "3359", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "172\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ncents; County School Fand, 12 cents, and County\\nGeneral Eoad Fund, 10 cents, or 76 cents, which,\\nwith the State tax. made \u00c2\u00a71.40 on each $100. There\\nwas also levied the State poll tax of 82.00, special\\nschool and ho.spital poll tax, $2.00, and road poll\\ntax of 82.00. Special taxes for schools were levied:\\nFor Colfax, of 30 cents; Iowa Hill, 27 cents, and\\nLincoln, 11 cents on each \u00c2\u00a7100.\\nSTATE BO.\\\\RD OF EQr.VLIZ.\\\\TI0N.\\nAs assessed bj- the State Board of Equalization\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad Companj- was made\\nresponsible for about one-third the tax due the\\ncounty. Ill December the company tendered the\\nSheriff, ex officio Collector, the taxes due on the per-\\nsonal property of the company, but declined to paj\\nthe taxes on the road, compelling the renewal of the\\nlitigation.\\nK1N.\\\\NCES IN 1881.\\nThe j-ear 1881 opened with fine prospects for the\\nwell-being of Placer County. Prosperity and health\\nprevailed among the people, and the county was free\\nfrom debt, with a careful and economical adminis-\\ntration of public affairs; the assessment roll was\\nlarge, and, provided collections followed the levy of\\ntaxes no emban-assments or debt could be antici-\\npated. In the latter a difficulty threatened. The\\nrailroad companj refused to pay the taxes as levied\\nby the State Board of Equalization, and enjoined\\ntheir collection. The question now belonged to the\\nState, but the county- was of course interested in tiie\\nsuits, and one of the first proceedings of the Board\\nof Supervisors was to authorize the Tax Collector,\\nSheriff J. C. Boggs, to engage Judge A. L. Rhodes,\\nat a fee not exceeding $500, to assist the Attorney-\\nGeneral in defending the cases.\\nThe usual taxes being much lower in Placer than\\nin the neighboring counties was an inducement for\\nthe stock raisers of the Sacramento Valley to drive\\ntheir cattle into the mountain pastures as early in\\nthe spring as the snow would permit, in order that\\nthey might there be assessed, and for this reason\\nthe county is reported as owning more stock than its\\npeople reall} did, but the increased assessment was\\nwell received by the taxpayer.\\nThe assessed value of all classes of property in\\nthe county, after being equalized by the County\\nBoard of Equalization, was as follows:\\nAcres of land assessed, 330,298; value of real\\nestate, 82,826,741; improvements, 8578,717; town\\nlots, 8162,888; improvements on lots, 8461,949;\\nimprovements on real estate assessed to others than\\nowners, 8350,289; personal property. 81,653,650:\\nmoney, 8143,993; railroads, 82,852,230; total, 88,887,-\\n921.\\nAmong the assessments were the following: South\\nYuba Canal Company s property at Dutch Flat,\\n845,000; Gold Run Ditch Company, 830,000; Cedar\\nCreek Company s Ditch, 841,250; Polar Star Mine,\\n815,000; Southern Cross Mine, 811,250; A, A. Pond\\nCompany s Ditch, 810,000; Dardanelles Mine,\\n827,000; Bruce Wheeler Mine, 830,000; Hidden\\nTreasure Mine, 885,000; Morning Star Mine, 810,000;\\nIndian Canon Claim, 8 000; Neff Colman s Canon\\nClaim, 85,000.\\nR.\\\\ILROAD LITIGATION.\\nThe Central Pacific Railroad and the Oregon\\nDivision were assessed by the State Board of Equal-\\nization at the rate of 825,000 per mile, and the\\njSevada County Harrow Gauge at the rate of 89,000\\nper mile. In the July meeting of the County Board\\nof Equalization, composed of Supervisors Culver,\\nRussell and Sparks, officers and Attorney of the Cen-\\ntral Pacific Railroad Company filed petitions for a\\nreduction of the assessment of so much as was in\\nPlacer County of the Central Pacific and Oregon\\nDivision from 82,818,750 to 81,408,656, or on the\\nCentral Pacific from $25,000 per mile to 813,075, and\\non the Oregon Division from 825,000 to 89,875.\\nThis involved the legal question whether a County\\nBoard of Equalization could reduce an assessment\\nmade by the State Board on property which the\\nState Board was required to assess. The Attorne3-s\\nof the railroad company argued that the Board had\\nthe right, basing their arguments on the clause in\\nthe revenue law saying that the County Board has\\npower to increase or lower any assessment con-\\ntained thereon, meaning the assessment i-oll returned\\nby the State Board. The Count}- Board did not\\nreduce the assessment, but awaited the action of the\\nSacramento County Board, who made a test case\\nand carried it before the Supreme Court for a decis-\\nion. A synopsis of the decision says: The State\\nBottrd equalizes values as betwen different counties,\\nand the County Board equalizes valuations as\\nbetween different articles or parcels of pi operty in\\nthe same count} the latter Board s power being\\nlimited to the equalization of the valuations of the\\nlocal Assessors. With the exceptions named, the\\nState Board has no original power of assessment.\\nBut it is the manifest intent of the Constitution that\\nthe valuation of the railroad property mentioned in\\nSection 10, Article XIII. shall be finally fixed and\\ndetermined by the State Board, and it has the\\nexclusive power to as.sess and equalize its value.\\nThe stockholders of the Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompany residing in New York had previously\\nenjoined, in the United States Circuit Court of Cali-\\nfornia, the Collector of Alameda County from collect-\\ning the tax on the railroad property, alleging that\\nthe assessment made by the State Board of Equaliza-\\ntion was not only too high, but illegal. The suit was\\none of many brought against the several counties\\nwhere the railroad lay, and was answered by demur-\\ni-er, which was sustained on the ground that the\\nstockholders had no standing in court, not having\\ntendered payment of such tax as they acknowledged\\nto be due. The court said, It is clear that the road-\\nbed within each county is liable to be taxed at the\\nsame rate that other property is taxed. Why have", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n173\\nnot complainants paid this tax It is said they\\nresist the rule by which the value of their road-bed\\nin each county is ascertained, and therefore resist\\nthe tax. But surely it should pay tax by some rule.\\nJf the rule adopted gives too large a valuation in\\nsome counties, it must be too small in others. What\\nright have they to resist the tax in the latter case\\nIs the whole tax void because the assessment is too\\nlarge? Should they pay nothing and escape wholly\\nbecause they have been assessed too high These\\nquestions answer themselves. Before complainants\\nseek the aid of the courts to be relieved of the exces-\\nsive tax they should pay what is due; before they\\nask equitable relief they should do that justice which\\nis necessary to enable the Court to hear them.\\nThe case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States, and there the decision of the Circuit\\nCourt was affirmed.\\nThese decisions, however, did not bring any money\\nto the Treasury, nor did they settle the legal disputes\\nwith the railroad company. Afterwards tenders\\nwere made of such an amount as the company\\ndeemed to be due upon their own valuation of the\\npi-operty for taxable purposes and a receipt in full\\ndemanded, which the Collector declined to give, and\\nthe contest went on.\\nThe State and county tax levy for the year 1881-\\n82 was as follows: State Fund, 65i cents; County\\nGeneral Fund, S-ih cents; County School Fund, IG\\ncents; County Hospital Fund, 14 cents; County\\nEoad Fund, 10 cents; Total $1.10 on each $100.\\nSpecial taxes were levied on each $100 in several\\nSchool Districts as follows: Ophir School District,\\n25 cents; Newcastle School District, 25 cents, Pen-\\nryn School District, 43 cents; and Dutch Flat School\\nDistrict, 20 cents.\\nRECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.\\nThe Auditor reported the receipts and disburse-\\nments for the fiscal year ending October 1, 1881, as\\nfollows:\\nState poll tax 5,220 70\\nSchool and hospital poll tax 5,351 60\\nEoad poll tax 5,272 20\\nDelinquent State poll tax 543 15\\nDelinquent road poll tax 526 50\\nLiquor licenses _ 4,985 00\\nMerchandise licenses. 1,321 50\\nBrokers licenses 318 00\\nTheatre licenses 55 00\\nWagon licenses 75 00\\nPackers licenses 175 00\\nPropagation licenses _ 80 00\\nFines 398 00\\nState School Fund 3,736 56\\nTreasurer s commission refunded by\\nState _ _ 704 35\\nAuditor s commission refunded by State 498 70\\nAssessor s 741 82\\nEstrays 26 00\\nEecorder s fees 946 09\\nHospital pay patients 150 00\\nMoney refunded 237 59\\nMigratory stock tax 133 20\\nState school money. _ 26,835 89\\nBorrowed money. 250 00\\nApplicants for teachers certificates 48 (tO\\nProperty tax, 1880-81 73,032 54\\nDelinquent property tax, 1877-78 7 53\\n1879-80 43 13\\n1880-81 3,575 12\\nDrainage tax 7,705 44\\nSpecial School Tax 1,465 80\\nTotal received from all sources $144,454 43\\nThere was paid out during the fiscal year different\\namounts aggregating for each fund as follows:\\nState Fund 52,720 48\\nCounty General Fund 36,762 70\\nHospital Fund 14,501 33\\nCounty School Fund. 51 47\\nDistrict School Fund 35,348 49\\nGeneral Road Fund 5 ,922 56\\nDistrict Road Fund 6,389 5(i\\nLibrary Fund 2,189 27\\nMigratory Fund 245 46\\nTotal paid during year. $154,131 32\\nThese expenditures exceeded those of the preced-\\ning year, $18,612.09\\nCAUSES OF FINANCIAI, E.MBARR.iSSMENT.\\nThe exceedingly large number of criminal cases.\\nthe refusal of the Central Pacific Railroad Company\\nto pay its taxes, and the litigation forced upon the\\ncounty by that company entailed expenses and\\nembarrassments which exhausted the revenues of\\nv\\\\x county and compelled the issuance of scrip for\\nthe first time in manj years the issue aggregating\\nabout $10,000. At the close of the year the railroad\\ncompany was delinquent in taxes about $70,000, and\\nwas still finding technicalities by which the collec-\\ntion of the taxes could be avoided or deferred.\\nOf the many criminal trials more than one-third\\nwere for offenses committed against the railroad com-\\npany. One of the most expensive trials wasihat of\\na number of men charged with attempting to wreck\\na train of cars near Cape Horn, August 31, 1881.\\nThis trial, occurring in October, November and\\nDecember, cost the county near $15,000, during\\nall which time the railroad company refused to pay\\nits taxes, forcing a great indebtedness upon the\\ncounty, and the disgrace of issuing scrip for its cur-\\nrent expenses.\\nCONCLUSION.\\nA review of the financial history of Placer County\\ngives evidence of a more than ordinarily well admin-\\nistered condition of public affairs as compared with\\nother county, State or municipal organization. The\\nfew errors committed appear to have been errors of\\njudgment rather than of collusion, venality or crimin-\\nality, although some of the errors were quite serious.\\nThe transactions with the Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompany have been most embarrassing; fii-st. from\\nthe great promises made in inducing a subscription\\nto its stock, followed by the refusal to pay taxes only\\nupon rates of assessments made by the company s", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "174\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nofficers, the refusal to account to the county as a\\nstockholder, the surreptitious manner of recovering\\nthe stock, the continued refusal to pay taxes, and\\nthe long and costly litigation enforced ujion the\\ncounty thereby. In the suits with the railroad com-\\npany the countj has always triumphed, only when\\ncompromises have been effected, and as this history\\ncloses the prospect is fair of a final success. With\\nthe large amount some 870,000 paid into the\\nTreasury, the financial condition will again be good,\\nand a new Court House, so much desired, can be\\nbuilt to replace the veteran building which was the\\npride of the people near a generation ago.\\nJOSEPH WALKUP.\\nTo write the life of Governor Walkup would be\\nto write the history of Placer County frooi 1849 to\\n1873, the year of his demise; so active was he in all\\nits public aitairs, partaking of its organizations and\\nttovernment, exercising throughout a supervisory\\ncare, as if the whole burden i-csted upon his stalwart\\nshouldei s. and a trusting and confiding people\\ndepended upon him. upon his honor and abilitj^ to\\nbear the trust, to labor for their prosperity and pro-\\ntect their rights. So nobly and abl^ did he respond\\nto the call, that he maj- well be called the Father\\nof his County. The history of l^lacer contains the\\nstory of his California life, even where his name is\\nnot mentioned, particularlj* in the preceding chapters\\non the political and financial history anterior to 1874.\\nJoseph Walkup was born December 2r)th, the\\nChristmas da}- of the year of our Lord 1810, at\\nI iqua in the County of Miami, State of Ohio. Ho\\nw;is the third son of William and Sarah \\\\Valkup,\\nthe family consisting of three sons and three daugh-\\nters. The father died in 183(5, after a long residence\\nas a pioneer of Ohio, having settled in the pleasant\\nvalley of the ^liami early in the present century,\\nwhen the Indian war-whoop and the names of\\nTecumseh, Pontiac. Black Hawk and Tippecanoe\\nwere familiar to the ears of the people. This was a\\nstalwart family, as the blood of the ancestors proves\\nin the high position and respectability of its numer-\\nous descendants. The elder brothers were, Hon.\\nHankin W^alLiup, who represented his native, Miami.\\nDistrict in several sessions of the Ohio Legislature,\\nand Col. John Walkup. both distinguished men. In\\nthe daj-s of their youth, Ohio was a frontier State.\\nhaving been a member of the Union but eleven years\\nat the time of the birth of Joseph, and Indiana and\\nIllinois just admitted, the former in 181(j and the\\nlatter in 1818, with populations sufficient to entitle\\nI hem to representation iu Congress, then but little\\nmore than the population of Placer Count} at the\\n])resenl time. A vast wilderness f)f forest and\\nprairie, of undulating hills and fertile river bottoms,\\nabounding in game as deer, bear, wolves, foxes, rac-\\ncoons, srpiirrcls. turkeys, parti idges, quail, grouse,\\npigeons and waterfowl as no other land of the\\ninvigorating north; making il a jiaradise to the\\nsportsman, and the happiest of homes for the front-\\niersman wherein to i*ear a family to health, inde-\\npendence, courage and true manhood. In such a\\ncountry, with such surroundings, Joseph Walkup\\nspent his youth and grew to man s estate.\\nIn the society of the period, and in the far West,\\nas was the country west of the AUeghanies, physical\\ndevelopment, and moral and religious training were\\nregarded as more important than scholastic culture:\\nand the rudimentaiy schools of the country were\\nregarded as sufficient to prepare youth for the\\naesthetic I equii-ements of the world, the strong body,\\ngood habits, good sense, capacity for business, a\\nmanly trade, the country store or the farm being\\nlooked upon as the future dependence for livelihood,\\nadvancement and wealth; and one of the industrial\\ncourses all of respectability should pursue. The\\neducational facilities were then very meager in com-\\nparison to what they are at the present, but such\\nas they were, young Joseph made the most of and\\nacquired a fair knowledge of the elementaiy branches,\\nwhich served him well in after years. At the age of\\nseventeen he was left an orphan by the death of his\\nfather, and soon thereafter started in the world after\\nthat higher education, a tirade, to enable him to fight\\nthe liattles of life. Like his namesake of old, he\\nbecame a carpenter. This trade he pursued indus-\\ntriously for a number of years, first in his native\\nState and afterwards at New Orleans, adding ship\\nand steamboat building to his art. In this he was\\nengaged, acquiring a knowledge of the world and\\nof business, when, in the prime of his strength and\\nmanhood came the news of the wonderful discoveries\\nof gold in California, the newly-acquired territory on\\nthe distant Pacific slope. This exciting news aroused\\nto enthusiasm all the enterprising and adventurous\\nyouth and young men of the land, and Joseph\\nWalkup, then in his thirtieth 5 ear, Joined the throng\\nfor the regions of gold.\\nLeaving New Orleans early in the spring of 1849,\\nand procuring ox teams and an outfit in Missouri.\\ncrossed the plains, arriving in California in August\\nof that year. Soon after his arrival in the fall of 1849,\\nhe located at Auburn, and in company with Samuel\\nB. W yman, engaged in business, establishing the\\nmercantile house of Walkup Wyman, so long and\\nso favorably known to the people of Placer County.\\nThe acquisition of such a man, so upright in charac-\\nter, so steadfast in principle, so firm of purpose, yet\\ngenial, jovial, and of the manly cast as formed in the\\nwestern and workingman s mould, was a fortunate\\ncircumstance for the place, as a light and standard\\nof respectability, a magnetic influence and power of\\njustice and good order. In those days of merchan-\\ndising, when gold-dust was plentiful and prices high,\\nthe profits of business were large, and the firm was\\nprosperous. As a merchant, an active business man\\nand alive to public affairs, he soon became known\\nto the people at large.\\nIn the ortranization of the State Government and", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\nl7o\\nsej^regation into countie.s, the County of Sutter was\\nmade to embrace all the western portion of Placer,\\nincluding Auburn. In the Legislature of 1851, the\\nCounty of Placer was created, and in the organiza-\\ntion of this Mr. Wallvup was first called to official\\nlife. The Commissioners selected by the Legislature\\nto designate the election precincts, appoint the\\nofficers of election, count the ballots and give com-\\nmissions to the successful candidates were Joseph\\nWalltup, J. D. Fry, H. M. House, William (Jwynn\\nand Jonathan Roberts. This duty was properly\\nperformed and the office ceased.\\nWhile in business at Auburn, Messrs. Watkup\\nWyman took possession of a large and fertile tract-\\nof land where Auburn Ravine debouches upon the\\nplain near the present site of Lincoln, and from 1851,\\ndevoted their principal time and energies to the\\ndevelopment of that property as rancheros, cultivat-\\ning the land, raising and dealing in stock. The\\nfarming lessons of his youth, his skill as a carpenter\\nand his business experience now came to the aid of\\nWalkup, and greatly aided him in making the new\\nenterprise a success, and this success led others to\\nfollow the example. As a pioneer and enterprising\\nfarmer he essayed the cultivation of wheat, and has\\nthe honor of harvesting the first crop of that cereal\\never grown in the county. In July, 185:!, he reported\\nas his harvest of that year, 1,100 bushels of barley\\nand 1,600 bushels of wheat, realizing for the crop\\nthe sum of $7,000. His farming was diversified,\\ncultivating the various garden vegetables, and plant-\\ning fruit trees and vines as well as producing grain,\\nhay and cattle. Thus, for ten years he was the\\nleading farmer of Placer.\\nIn August, 1852, he was unanimously nominated\\nby the Democratic County Convention as the candi-\\ndate of the party for the State Senate, and at the\\nelection, which was held November 2d, received\\n2,716 votes, his opponent on the Whig ticket, James\\nB. Hale, receiving 2,l(i4, the majority for Walkup\\nbeing 552. As a Senator, Mr. V^alkup at once took\\na high standing, which he maintained through his\\nterm of two years. After the close of his term of\\noffice in 1854, he made a visit to his- native home,\\nremaining a few nionths and returning to the land\\nof his adoption. Again in 1856 he was called to\\npublic life, being re-elected to the Senate over two\\nopposing candidates, Hiram R. Hawkins on the\\nAmerican ticket, and Curtis J. Ilillj-er on the Repub-\\nlican. At the meeting of the Senate, Mr. Walkup\\nwas chosen President /no /em., a complimentary\\nexpression of his dignity and worth. Daring this\\nsession he strove with all his power to enact laws\\nthat would enable his county to extricate itself from\\nthe heavy indebtedness that had accrued during\\nthe several years past, and in this he was successful,\\nas is shown in the financial histoiy of the county.\\nAs a triumph of legislation, it is a brilliant example\\nin the political history of California. Having been\\nso instrumental in freeing his county from debt, and\\nplacing its business upon a cash basis, he struggled\\nduring the remainder of his life to so continue it and\\nmaintain its integrity. At this time the aftairs of\\nthe State Prison were in the worst possible condition,\\nthat institution being conducted under a lease and\\ncontract with (ien. James M. Estell, who had sub-\\nlet it to John F. McCauley and others. To rescue\\nthis from the grasp oi the contractors, under whom\\nit was costing the State an unreasonable amount of\\nmoney and bringing humanity to utter degradation,\\nwas the aim and labor of Senator Walkup. In this,\\nhowever, he did not immediately succeed, but the\\nmovement was afoot and subsequently the desired\\nobject was gained.\\nSo active, patriotic and drtcrniined an officer lid\\nnot go unnoticed. Although not an eloquent s))oaker,\\nhe was a thorough business man, a clear-headed\\nwriter and earnest worker, therefore among his\\nassociates he obtained a high reputation, which soon\\nbecame acknowledged throughout the State. Wirt,\\nin his Life of Patrick Henry, relates that when\\nMr. Henry opened the Continental Congress at Phil-\\nadelphia, in 1774, with one of the grandest oratorical\\neiforts ever listened to b} mortal ears, followed by\\nthe eloquent Lee, a Mr. (!hasc, a delegate from Mary-\\nland, walked across the house to the seat of his col-\\nleague and said to him, in an under voice, We\\nmight as well go home; we are not able to legislate\\nwith these men. But after the House came to\\ndetails the same Mr. Chase was heard to remark,\\nWell, after all, I find these are but men, and in\\nmutters of business but very roinmon men.\\nAs a worker did Joseph Walkup come to the\\nfront and make himself popular with the people of\\nthe State, and in the campaign of 1857 he was nom-\\ninated as one of the standard bearers on the Demo-\\ncratic ticket John B. Weller for Governor and\\nJoseph Walkup for Lieutenant-Governor. Upon\\nreceiving the nomination he resigned his position as\\nSenator, having served one session, and in Septem-\\nber was triumphantly elected, leading the ticket by\\nmany votes.\\nAs Lieutenant-tTOvernor he was President of the\\nSenate, over whose sessions he jiresidcd with dignity\\nand great satisfaction to all. TTpon the adjournment of\\nthe Legislature the Sacramento Union, the leading\\npaper of the State, and of opposite politics to Gov-\\nernor Walkup, said:\\nWhen the hour of 12 arrived yesterday .Monday\\nApril 26, 1858) Lieutenant-Governor Walkup rose,\\nand, reading the joint resolution to adjoui ii, ]irevi-\\nously adopted, declared the Senate adjourned ine\\ndie. He exhibited the good taste not to make a\\nspeech on the occasion, but conducted himself like a\\nstraightforward, honest, business man. as he undoubt-\\nedly is. Without making any pretension to extra\\nqualifications, he is, as a ])residing otHcer, superior\\nto any we have seen in that desk since the State was\\norganized. The r;ieutenanl-Governor is a strong\\npartisan, but he is, we believe, an honest one, and\\ndischarges his public duties without fear or favor.", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "17G\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe Legislature had authorized a commission con-\\nsisting of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and\\nSecretarjr of State, to take charge of the State\\nPrison, which was done, and Lieutenant-Governor\\nWalkup was phiced in charge as Chief Warden. The\\ncondition of aft airs at the prison, and of the prison-\\ners, was bad in the extreme, but with the enei-gy\\nand business ability of Governor Walkup order was\\ngradually restored, and the expenses greatly\\nreduced, while the discipline of the prisoners and\\ntheir condition were much improved. The leasing\\nof the prison to Estell, its management, and the long\\ncontroversy attending its recovery and settlement of\\ndamages, constitute imjiortant chapters in the polit-\\nical history of California. The expenditures at the\\nprison, which had formerly been about i?25,U00 per\\nmonth, were, under the management of Walkuj),\\nbrought down to $5,000.\\nFebruary 1, 1859, the Board of State Prison Com-\\nmissioners reported to the Legislature, adding the\\nfollowing note;\\nGreat credit is due to Lieutenant-Governor Walkup\\nfor the rigid economy practiced in the management\\nof the institution. He spent his whole time at the\\nprison in discharging the duties of Chief Warden,\\nand as there are some doubts whether the com-\\npensation allowed by the tenth section of the\\nAct creating the Board can be legally drawn, we\\nrecommend legislating to remove the difficulty. He\\nhas received for his services only \u00c2\u00a77.5 per month, a\\ncompensation of course wholly inadequate to the\\nposition which he occupies.\\n(Signed) John B. Weller,\\nFehrls Form an.\\nIn May, LS5 .l, the prison was returned to the\\nkeeping of the contractors under a writ of restitu-\\ntion, the Act authorizing the Commissioners to take\\npossession being declared unconstitutional, and Gov-\\nernor Walkup was relieved of further duties in that\\nquarter. There remained, however, a controversy\\nregarding the payment of his salary while acting as\\nWarden. The Statute under which the Board acted\\nauthorized the payment of \u00c2\u00a710 per diem to the\\nWarden, and 175 per month for the expenses of each\\nCommissioner.\\nIn the iiolitical campaign of 1860, Governor\\nWalkup entered the list as a candidate for the Sen-\\nate, having received the nomination at the hands of\\nthe Democratic County Convention. In this cam-\\npaign the Democratic party was divided into Breck-\\nenridge and Douglas wings, Walkup adhering to the\\nformer as the i-egular nominee of the party for the\\nPresidency, and, in his opinion, as representing the\\nprinciples of the party and the Constitution. Four\\nparlies were in the field, denominated Democratic,\\n])ouglas Democratic, Eepublican and Union, and.\\nnotwithstanding the great popularity of Governor\\nWalkup, which carried him largely ahead of his\\nticket, the honors were won by Philip AV. Thomas,\\nas a Douglas Democrat. From this date his parly,\\nfor many years, was in a hopeless minority, yet he\\ndid not despair, but, believing himself right, contiu\\nued active in politics, and attempting such direction\\nof affairs as he thought best for the country.\\nIn the spring of 1861 he again returned to the\\nland of his nativity in the pleasant valley of the\\nMiami, where he remained until the following spring.\\nWhile there he formed a most happy matrimonial\\nalliance, being married at Sidney, Shelby County,\\nOhio, on the 17th of April, 1862, by the Rev. W. B.\\nSpence, to Miss Fjlizabeth A. Elliott, a resident of\\nthat place. Shortly after the marriage, he returned,\\nwith his fair bride, to Placer County, arriving near\\nthe close of May, 1862, most heartily welcomed by\\nhis many friends, and congratulated upon his happy\\nchange of condition, and Mrs. Walkup as warmly\\nreceived, as a most gratifying addition to the society\\nshe was destined in the future to adorn. Governor\\nWalkup now made his home in Auburn, where he\\ncontinued to reside.\\nAs usual he continued in the poiiticiil arena, and\\nin the Democratic County Convention of August,\\n1862, represented Auburn as one of its delegates,\\nliy this Convention he was nominated for the Senate\\nas maintaining the organization of the party with-\\nout hope of election, the Republicans being in the\\nmajority. Then the terrible war of the Rebellion\\nwas raging, and men s passions wore aroused to\\noverpower their judgment. Walkup had grown to\\nmanhood and to maturity in the West and South,\\nimpressed with the sacredness of the Constitution\\nand the constitutionality and patriarchal origin of\\nthe institution of slavei-y; devoted to the principle of\\nthe independence of the States in all domestic mat-\\nters and that this was essential to maintaining the\\nliberties of the people from encroachment by the\\noverwhelming votes of great States or the centrali-\\nzation of power in a distant and unappreciative cen-\\ntral government, and that the Democratic party was\\nthe embodiment of these principles. With these\\nprinciples so deeply imbedded into his being so as to\\nbecome his gospel of faith, he could admit of no rea-\\nson or excuse for the rise of a party in opposition\\nwhich threatened to overthrow and obliterate every\\ntenet of his sacred dogmas. With manj^ Demo-\\ncrats of like education and belief, he maintained that\\ncoercion was unconstitutional and was unnecessary-\\nto preserve the LTnion, and these principles he con-\\nscientiously .maintained throughout the fearful strug-\\ngle and through the period of reconstruction.\\nl)uring several succeeding years Governor Walkup\\nremained in private life, enjoying his well-earned\\nhonors and fortune in a happy domestic life, spending\\na portion of his time among his friends in the East,\\nwhither he went in 1865 with his family, now\\nincreased by a promising daughter. Miss Jeanette E.,\\nborn at Auburn, February 23, 1864. A son, Charles\\nCarrol Walkup, born at Auburn, on the 27th of Jan-\\nuary, 1863; died in infancy. In November, 1867.\\nGovernor Walkup became editorially connected with\\nthe r/acer Jlerald, but did not announce himself as", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "Photographed by J. M, Jacobs\\nJoseph WalkiLp.", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "FINANCIAL HISTORY.\\n177\\neditor and proprietor until the 11th of January, 1868.\\nIn his Introductory he expresses his lasting faith\\nin the principles of the great, everlasting, orthodox\\ntruths of the American Democracy, which he would\\ncontinue to advocate, with what ability, nature,\\neducation, and experience had bestowed upon him.\\nIn conclusion he says:\\nTo the interests of Placer County we will devote\\nmuch time and space. Her interests, her rights, and\\nher welfare lie near our heart, we having been a\\ncitizen of her territory long before she was a coun-\\nty, and, having continued to make this our home\\nfor more than eiyhteen years, we feel that her inter-\\nests and prosperity are in a measure our own.\\nThroughout her whole history we have labored\\nwith all the ability we possessed, for her honor, pi-os-\\nperity, and welfare, advocating what we deemed for\\nher good, and opposing (no matter who favored)\\nevery measure we regarded as being injurious to her\\nor her citizens.\\nWith bis editorial responsibility, in the interest of\\nthe count} which he regarded as his own, he assumed\\na task of Herculean magnitude. In this contest was\\nthe battle of his life. However much he has distin-\\nguished himself in the politics of the State and in\\nthe restoration of his beloved county to a cash pay-\\ning basis, and placing her superior to any in the\\nState, his career as an editor outshone all his former\\nefforts in its ability, self-sacrifice, adherence to prin-\\nciple, incorruptiblencss and steadfast purpose in the\\ninterest of the people. A great and selfish monopoly\\ndominated the politics and business of the county,\\naided by its money and enjoying its protection, yet\\nadding burdens to its Treasury, and refusing its just\\nquota of taxation. To correct this evil, and protect\\nthe interests of the county were the objects of his\\ngreatest efforts, and most vigorously and ably did he\\nmaintain the contest. Much he wod as the immedi-\\nate result of his labors, and his statements and\\narguments made such an impression as to effect the\\npolicy of his county and the State through many\\nsubsequent yeai s when the author had ceased life s\\ncontests and gone where the weary are at rest.\\nThis monopoly was the Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompany, whose contests upon the subjects of sub-\\nsidy and taxation are related in the financial histoiy\\nof the county. This controversy led to personal ani-\\nmosities where friendship had formerly existed, and\\nto annoying litigation. In the latter, however, he\\ntriumphed, but it embittered the closing years of his\\nlife. Bitterly did he denounce those who bowed\\ndown before the railroad power, either through fear,\\nfor the patronizing influences of wealth, in the hopes\\nthat thrift might follow fawning, or by the direct\\nbribery of gold in hand. Whether friend or foe,\\nDemocrat or other, he spared none who dishonestly\\ndeserted a public cause for that of an oppressing cor-\\nporation. As an example of his vigorous treatment\\nof his derelict party is the following. In 1870 the\\nState was governed by the Democracy, over whose\\nsuccess at the election in 1869 Governor Walkup\\nrejoiced with exceeding great joy. The Democratic\\nLegislature not only refused to pass any bill affect-\\ning fares and freights, or other measure demanded\\nby the people, respecting the railroad, but enacted\\na subsidy law whereby certain counties were empow-\\nered to subscribe $6,000 per mile in aid of a rail-\\nroad through them, and had defeated a bill to pre-\\nvent Chinese being employed in constructing the\\nroads so subsidized. Upon the defeat of the last-\\nnamed bill. Governor Walkup, in the Herald, said:\\nHow must these Senators feel after such an act of\\ninjustice against the very men who voted for them\\nand pay the taxes they thus squander on Mongo-\\nlian labor. The white men now ])ay $120,000 a j-ear\\nto a single company that denies them employment,\\nand pays their hard-earned taxes over to Chinese\\nlaborers. Some of those same Senators voted for\\nbills to crush the white taxpayers in aid of railroads\\nthrough the southern counties, and then turn and\\nvote to allow the companies to employ Chinese on\\nthe works, to the exclusion of the very white men\\ntaxed to pay Mongolians. Could infamy be more\\ninfamous We have the names of these Senators,\\nand shall publish them, that all white men may be\\nwarned against voting for them should they ever in\\nthe future aspire to public positions. These Senators\\nwere quite willing to vote a debt on the white tax-\\npayers of Kern County of some ^480,000, but when\\nasked to vote for a bill which would compel the\\nrecipients of this vast sum to expend the money on\\nwhite laborers, they refuse. This was a bill to which\\nthere could be no constitutional objections, and cow-\\nardice, fear of a wealthy corporation, or downright\\ntreachery governed their action. Onc Senator said\\nhe should like to vote for the bill, but that his desire\\nfor railroads was so superior to the white laborer (or\\nlanguage to that effect) that he must vote against it.\\nMost assuredly the white voter will think too much\\nof himself to vote for such men for office in the future.\\nWhite men must be taxed to build railroads, but\\ntheir money must be spent in the employment of\\nChinese to do the work, though their wives and\\nchildren should beg for bread. This is the Democ-\\nracy of a few Senators and Assemblymen now at\\nSacramento, whose constituents to a man, condemn\\nthem and their votes on this bill. The individual\\nwho uses his own money, has a right to employ\\nwhom he pleases, but when the taxpayer is forced to\\nfurnish the means, he has a right to a voice as to\\nwho shall perform the labor and receive the money.\\nThese Senators could vote to saddle a debt ou the\\nwhite people of Stanislaus, Merced, Fresno, Tulare\\nand Kern Counties, in magnitude nearly equal to the\\nwhole value of their real properly, and then vote in\\neffect to prohibit these white people from getting\\nwork on the road, so as to get part of this money\\nback. The doctrines of the Democracy in the last\\ncampaign, were the discouragement of Chinese\\nimmigration and coolie labor, but here is a direct\\nbid for flooding the country with beastlj heathenish,\\ncoolie slaves, to the exclusion of white laborers.\\nAnd professed Democrats support the infamous\\nmeasure! Mark them, we say, that they may never\\nagain be placed in a position to deceive and betray\\nthe members of our party. The Democracy need\\nno such men, and will be infinitely stronger, more\\npowerful and numerous without such than with\\nthem. Their room is decidedly preferred to their\\ncompany. Joy to these few proclaimed Democrats\\n33", "height": "3359", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "178\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nthey have found their affinities, and should find\\ncomfort in Chinese association, for whom they legis-\\nlate.\\nBut the editorial labors of Governor AValkup were\\nnot confined to railroad and party matters alone, as\\nall the interests and resources of the countj were\\ncarefully attended to, and the miscellaneous matter\\nof the paper was made very interesting and instruct-\\nive. Although entering the editorial chair late in\\nlife, he succeeded remarkably well as a writer, and\\nmade a readable and useful paper. With a strong\\nmind in a large and strong body, he was enabled\\nto do a great amount of work as the well-filled\\ncolumns of his paper proved. In 1872, he suffered\\nfrom a severe attack of sickness and in August, 1873,\\nho was prostrated with the malady that a few\\nmonths later returned with fatal effect. On the\\n15th of October, 1873, while engaged at his duties\\nin the office of the Herald, Governor Walkup was\\nstricken with paralysis, and died in about one hour\\nfrom the moment of the attack, retaining conscious-\\nness a sufficient length of time to show those who\\nflocked to his assistance, that he fullj realized his\\ncondition and was resigned to his fate. His age was\\nfifty-three years, nine months and sixteen days.\\nHe died in the same office, and in nearly the same\\nmanner as his most cherished friend, and ex-editor\\nof the Herald, Hon. James Anderson, seven years\\nand three days before. Of these deaths the Herald\\nsaid, Both served the people of Placer in the State\\nSenate and acquired reputations for honesty,\\nintegrity and ability. But they have crossed the\\nriver, and now they lie side by side in the same\\nburial lot in the Odd Fellow s Cemetery, here in\\nAuburn.\\nIn lite tliere is death tnily\\nLeaves have their time to fall\\nAnd Howers to wither at the nortli wind s breath,\\nAnd stars to set but all,\\nThou hast r;/? seasons for thine own; Death!\\nWe know when moons shall wane,\\nWhen summer birds from far shall cross the sea,\\nWhen autumn s hue shall tinge the golden grain\\nBut who shall teach us when to look for Thee\\nThe sudden death of Governor Walkup created a\\nmarked sensation at his home and throughout the\\nState, dying, probably as he would have wished, iu\\nthe harness of his duties, laboring for the public. So\\nhis brother, Hon. Rankin Walkup had died at his\\nhome in Columbus, Ohio, December 27, 18G9, also in\\nthe fifty-fourth j-ear of his age, enjoying roBust\\nhealth to the moment of his death, which was caused\\nby the rupture of a blood-vessel in the brain. Gov.\\nWalkup was not an aged man at the time of his\\ndeath, but in that period which Victor Hugo defines\\nas the youth of old age. He had lived an active\\nand useful life, performing his duties as God had\\nmade him to see them, and in the nature of mankind\\ncould look forward to many years of usefulness, and\\nan old age of happy content. With a most amiable\\nand loving family, a well-earned fame and a compe-\\ntencj of worldly goods, a pleasant home in a lovely\\nvillage, bearing the esteem and respect of all around\\nhim, there seemed much to live for, and universal\\nregrets followed him to the grave.\\nThe journalistic career of Governor Walkup con-\\ntinued through a period of about six years, during\\nwhich time he spread his name and doctrines over\\nthe State; a powerful enemy to oppi ession and\\nwrong, and a bulwark of defense to the weak and to\\njustice. From Augu.st, 1872, he was associated with\\nand assisted by Mr. J. A. Fileher in the conduct of\\nthe Herald, this gentleman ably seconding his efforts\\nand continuing in the course so ably marked out by\\nhis predecessor.\\nMrs. Walkup and Miss Jeanette E. Walkup, after\\ntheir sad bereavement visited their friends in the\\nEast, and returned to their home in Auburn where\\nthey still reside, prominent and highly appreciated\\nmembers of society.\\nCHAPTER XXVII.\\nMINING.\\nAntiquity of Mining History Ancient and Modern Mining\\nGold Silver Copper Iron Coal Australia California\\nNevada Idria Quicksilver Mine Character and Uses of Gold\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Of Silver\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Of Copper\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Of Iron\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tin-Chromium\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tellu-\\nrium.\\nIron is heaped in mountain piles,\\nAnd gluts the laggard forges;\\nBut gold-flakes gleam in dim defiles\\nAnd lonely gorges. Holland.\\nThe history of mining is co-eval with the earliest\\ncivilization on the earth. Far beyond all written\\nhistory is the history of the rocks, of caves in the\\nearth, of mounds built by human hands and of tombs.\\nThese simply tell us that in some remote period of\\nundefined time, man lived, and in successive ages of\\ndevelopment used implements of stone and then of\\nmetal to aid the work of his hands. Few of the\\nmetals that are abundant and of use, can remain in\\na pure state through unnumbered years. Copper,\\ntin and gold exist pure in nature, and these would\\nbe the first to be utilized by man, but the gold being\\nin small quantities, and not equal in usefulness in\\nthe manuflicture of weapons or other implements,\\nwould be most neglected by the savage. In caves\\ntombs and mounds, are found implements of bronze,\\nand archiBologists have given the name of the Bronze\\nAge to the period when the first miners lived.\\nQuite an advanced stage of civilization must exist\\nwhen metals are mined and manipulated, and\\nundoubtedly writing of some character soon followed.\\nIn our own time is seen man in the various ages of\\ndevelopment, from the era of the Stone Age. The\\nIndian, as he was originally found in California and\\nNevada, living in a country abounding in minerals\\nand metals in their pui-e state, was literally of the\\nStone Age. The Indians of Mexico, at the period of\\nthe Spanish Conquest, were so far advanced as to\\nmake slight use of gold as ornaments, and copper", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "MINING.\\n179\\nin use, but it is disputed and doubtful if they had\\never mined for silver, or had the knowledge to\\nextract it from its ores, although the romancists who\\naccompanied or followed Cortez, told of a high civil-\\nization and an abundance of silver. The oldest\\nwritten history speaks familiarly of gold and silver\\nas money and ornaments, and of iron and brass in\\nvarious uses. Mining and the refining of metals\\nwere arts practiced before the days of Abraham, and\\nthe exact pei-iod when the discoveries of the methods\\nof converting the ores into useful metals is lost in\\nthe obscurity of past and unrecorded time.\\nThe discovery of gold and the first mining in\\nCalifornia has been told in the early pages of this\\nwork.\\nA few years since Captain John Faul, a well-known\\nand skillful mining engineer, wrote for the Placer\\nHerald a series of articles upon the antiquity of\\nmining, the nature and use of metals, from which\\nare taken the following extracts, pertinent to the\\nsubject and useful to the dweller in the region of\\nthe mines.\\nANCIENT AND MODERN MINING GOLD.\\nMining of almost every description has been\\nknown from the remotest ages. In the time of\\nQueen Elizabeth, gold was found in the alluvial soil\\nnear the lead hills of Scotland, and in Cornwall in\\nseveral of the stream-works of that county; one\\nspecimen weighed as much as ten grains. A few\\nyears ago, as much as 1,000 ounces were found in\\nthe alluvial soil at Croghan Kinshela, County Wick-\\nlow, Ireland; one piece weighed twentj -two ounces,\\nand in this instance it was alloyed with silver.\\nThe richest gold mines in Europe are those of\\nHungary and Transylvania, in which about 20,000\\nworkmen are employed, part of them in the Govern-\\nment mines and part in those worked by private\\nenterprise. The mines of Schemnitz in Lower\\nHungary, have been known ever since the twelfth\\ncentury. They lie in a small basin in the midst of\\nbarren mountains. All the mines terminate in a\\ncommon level about 600 feet below the surface, from\\nwhence the water is conveyed by means of a sub-\\nterranean adit twelve miles long.\\nThe veins of the Hungarian mines are the largest\\nin Europe, being rai ely less than from eighteen to\\ntwenty-five feet, and in some places or parts upwards\\nof 120 feet thick. At Ki-emnitz, in the same country,\\nmines of gold and silver have been worked for at\\nleast 1,000 j ears, in veins of a mountain of white\\nquartz containing silver, also gold.\\nJoachimsthal, in Bohemia has long been celebrated\\nfor its mines, situated in steep, rugged mountains,\\nintersected by deep valleys, which allow of numerous\\nlevels to the various works being opened in their\\nsides. One level by which the mines are drained,\\nextends to a distance of 34,000 feet, and is 1,140 feet\\nbelow the top of the mountain. But in some places\\noperations have been carried on to the still\\ngreater depth of 2,100 feet. The product of the\\nBohemia mines altogether, is stated to be onlj- about\\n2,000 ounces annually. But this arises rather from\\nthe works being neglected, in consequence of the\\nsuperior richness of the Hungarian mines, than from\\nany defieiencj- in the ores of Bohemia.\\nSILVER.\\nSweden and Norway possess fertile mines. From\\nthose at Konigsberg in the latter kingdom, large\\nmasses of native silver have been obtained. The\\nannual product is about 5,000 pounds weight of this\\nmetal. One mine at Konigsberg is 2,250 feet deep.\\nSilver abounds in the Altai Mountains of northern\\nAsia. The most important mines, those of Kolyvan,\\nproduced in less than 100 years about 1,300,000\\npounds of silver, and 40,000 pounds of gold.\\nThe mines of Huantajaya, in Peru, used to furnish\\nannually from 70,000 to 80,000 marks (the mark is\\neight ounces troy) of silver, derived either from the\\nnative metal, found in large masses, from chloride of\\nsilver, or from sulphurets and other ores.\\nThe mines of Potosi have long been celebrated as\\nsurpassing all others. These mines are in a mountain\\nof that name, near the source of the river Plata\\n(silver), which derived its appellation from that\\ncircumstance. The mountain, one of the most con-\\nsiderable in the country, is in the form of a sugar-\\nloaf, six leagues in circumference and 4,200 feet high.\\nIt is filled from top to bottom with veins of silver\\nore of the richest quality, and the whole mountain\\nis perforated in every direction by the drifts exca-\\nvated in the pursuit of it. The mine was registered\\naccording to the laws of the Government, on the\\n2l8t of April, 1545. Since that time it has been\\nwrought constantly, and the quantity of silver it\\nhas yielded is so immense, that it is useless to attempt\\nto describe its value. It is said the mountain is\\ncompletely excavated, being perforated by about\\n300 shafts, few of which, however, exceed seventy\\nyards in depth. Since the first discovery of this\\nmine, the ore has materiallj deteriorated in quality,\\nthe best having been earliest exhausted. The abun-\\ndance of the ore is, however, so great that the mine\\ncan still be worked with profit, the actual quantity\\nof silver extracted from it having fallen off only in\\nthe ratio of four to one.\\nThe Mexican mines are the most productive on\\nthe Western Continent. There are thirtj -seven\\nmining districts, comprising no less than 500 places\\ncelebrated for their silver mines, which are about\\n3,000 in number, and contain from 4,000 to 5,000\\nbeds or veins of ore.\\nThe most remarkable of the mining districts is\\nthat of Guanaxuato, owing to the immense richness\\nof the La Kux vein. But it is impossible to deter-\\nmine, with anything like accuracy, in what particu-\\nlar locality the precious metals are the most abun-\\ndant. The quantities of gold, silver, and mercury,\\nwhich, during a little more than 300 years, have been\\nobtained from the South American Continent, can\\nnever now be known.", "height": "3359", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "IfsO\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\nWhen it is remembered that the mining opera-\\ntions, for the most p:irt, have been condacted in the\\nroughest manner, with imperfect tools and machin-\\nery, and with unskilled laborers and managers, the\\nwonder is that the results have been so profitable.\\nSlill, this is only an additional proof of the vast\\ntreasures the country has contained, and which, on\\nthe best authorities, it is stated are, at the present\\ntime, in a sense, inexhaustible.\\nAs an illustration of the productiveness of the\\ncountry, we may mention the great vein of Potosi,\\nand which made the mountain so famous. It\\nMp])eared a little below the surface, near the apex,\\nand could be seen about seven yards wide, for more\\nthan 1,000 feet down the slope. Its depth and\\nbreadth were so direct and the quantitj* of ore so\\ngreat, that for forty years it was worked without\\nartificial light.\\nCOPPER.\\nThe most extensive system of mines in Cornwall\\nare those called the Consolidated Mines, near Red-\\nruth. They are situated on a range of hills from\\n200 feet to 300 feet above the level of the sea, the\\ndeepest of the shafts reaching 1,370 feet below the\\nlevel of the sea. So numerous are the shafts that it is\\ncalculated that their united length is equal to twenty\\nmiles; while that of the excavated galleries, levels,\\nand adits amounted to fifty miles.\\nThese mines are kept free of water by means ot\\nnine large steam-engines; eight others of smaller size\\nare emploj-ed for raising ore and doing other work,\\nand six water-wheels contribute their aid, besides\\nhorse-whims. This immense mass of machinery, it\\nis calculated, is equivalent to the labor of 4,500\\nhorses. The annual average quantity of copper\\nobtained from the ore is upwards of 1,500 tons,\\nwhilst the number of persons immediately employed\\nin the various processes exceed 2,500, of whom about\\n1,600 are employed underground.\\nNext to the above-named mine is the Dolcoath.\\nThis mine has been worked to the depth of 1,400\\nfeet, and, with the aid of the different lodes laid\\nopen, the mine has been in constant operation for\\nabove 100 j ears.\\nNow comes the Botallack mine, which is remark-\\nable for its romantic and singular situation. It lies\\non the northwestern coast of Cornwall, near St. Just.\\nThe entrance to this mine is in the rock immediately\\noverhanging the sea, and the works are carried\\nmany hundred feet under the bed of the ocean.\\nThe roar of the waves during a storm can be heard\\nin the levels beneath, producing a most appalling\\neffect.\\nBesides those in Cornwall, copper mines are\\nworked in Spain, France, Austria, Transylvania.\\nPrussia. Saxony, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Mexico,\\nAustralia and America. The principal copper mine\\nin Sweden is the celebrated one of Fahlun, in the\\nprovince of Ballcarlia. This mine is avast chasm,\\nformed by the artificial excavations for the ore, the\\nbed of which is not above a mile in extent. The\\ndescent to the first gallery is by wooden ladders,\\nand from thence by winding steps cut in the rock,\\nmade so commodious that horses ascend and descend\\nby them to bring out the ore.\\nIt is said that this mine was worked before the\\nChristian era; but all that is certainly known is that\\nit has been so ever since 1347. The ore is extremely\\npoor, yielding on an average not more than one and\\none-half per cent, of pure metal. The water which\\ncollects in the mine contains a little sulphate of cop-\\nper. As it is pumped up, it is conveyed slowly\\nthrough long troughs containing pieces of old iron.\\nIn this way the copper is precipitated, and adds a\\nlittle to the profits of the workings. The part of\\nthe mine open to the sky is of a funnel shape, resem-\\nbling the crater of a volcano. It was originally a\\nmine of the usual construction, but in consequence\\nof the numerous levels and gallaries excavated, and\\nsufficient attention not being paid to propping up\\nthe roofs, in 16(J6 the the whole central mass fell in,\\nand thus formed the present open basin. A princi-\\npal level is carried from the bottom of the crater,\\nand other shafts sunk so that the deepest part is\\nupwards of 1,200 feet below the surface. There are\\nstables in these subterranean places for horses, who\\nnever see the light of day, and there is a wainscoted\\nchamber for the Council to meet in. By an old cus-\\ntom, each King on his ascension to the throne of\\nSweden, visits the mine, and inscribes his name on\\nthe walls of this apartment.\\nIRON.\\nSweden is also proverbial for furnishing the best\\niron, which, I believe, is obtained from the mines of\\nDannemora. These mines, like those of Fahlun, are\\nimmense open excavations, the descent being made\\nin buckets. The act of being raised or lowered in\\nthese vessels is rather a formidable undertaking for\\na stranger. While a visitor to the mine was occa-\\nsionallj compelled to shut his eyes to avoid giddiness,\\nhe was passed by three girls, ascending in another\\nbucket, who, while standing on its edge, and holding\\nthe rope by one hand were knitting with the other\\nwith perfect unconcern. The descent of 500 feet\\noccupied five minutes. Since the visit referred to,\\nthe depth and extent of the mines have been won-\\nderfully increased.\\nThe iron mines at Persberg, about two and one-\\nhalf miles from Philipstadt, are perhaps the most\\ninteresting and romantic excavations of this kind in\\nthe world. The mountain:; in which they are situ-\\nated are entirely composed of iron ore, and are thir-\\nteen in number. Dr. Clark, who visited these mines,\\nstates that, familiar as he is with mines, his astonish-\\nment at beholding these exceeded anything he had\\never before felt on such occasions. For grandeur of\\neffect, filling the mind with wonder amounting to\\nawe, there is no place where human labor is exhibited\\nunder circumstances more tremendously striking\\nAs we draw near the wide open abyss, a vast and", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "MINING.\\nLSI\\nsudden prospect of yawning caverns and prodigious\\nmachinery prepared us for the descent. We ap-\\nproached the edge of the dreadful gulf whence the\\nore is raised, and ventured to look down, standing\\non the verge of a platform constructed over it in such\\na manner as to command a view as far down as the\\neye could penetrate, for to the sight it appeared\\nbottomless. Immense buckets, suspended by rat-\\ntling chains were passing up and down, and we could\\nperceive ladders scaling all the inward precipices,\\nupon which the work people, reduced to pigmies in\\nsize, were ascending and descending. Far below the\\nfurthest of these, a deep and gaping gulf opened to\\nthe lowermost pits. The clanking of ihe chainsi\\nthe groaning of the pumps, the hallooing of the miners;\\nthe creaking of the blocks and wheels, the tramping\\nof horses, the beating of hammers, and the loud and\\nfrequent subterranean thunder from the blasting,\\ncombined to produce an overpowering effect.\\nThe ladders for descent, instead of being placed\\non platforms, as in the Cornish mines, are lashed\\ntogether in one unbroken line for many fathoms, and\\nbeing warped to suit the inclination of the sides of\\nthe precipices, are not always perpendicufer, but\\nhang over in some places, so that, if the feet were to\\nslip, and the person held fast by his hands, he would\\nhang over the gulf. These ladders have only wooden\\nstaves, broken and rotten in many places, covered\\nwith frozen ice and mud, so that the hands are\\nnumbed and rendered unable to grasp firmly.\\nAs we descended deeper, large masses of ice\\nappeared on the sides of the rock. Ice is raised in\\nthe buckets with the ore and rubble of the mine.\\nAfter much fatigue and no small apprehension, we\\nreached the bottom, and were hurried along a vaulted\\nlevel with a pi odigious cavern, where, amidst falling\\nwaters, tumbling rocks, steam, ice and gunpowder,\\nfifty miners were in active employment in a din of\\nnoise that rendered all conversation impracticable.\\nIn Cornwall there are about 160 mines at woi k,\\ngiving direct emploj-ment to at least 30,000 persons,\\nand probably maintaining 100,000. The value of the\\nmetals chiefly copper and tin raised annually in\\nthis district is about \u00c2\u00a31,500,000.\\nCOAL.\\nIn the coal districts of Durham and Northumber-\\nland the number of pits, or collieries, is about 200,\\ncovering an area of 67,000 acres, and supplying\\nemployment to about 32,000 men and boys.\\nThirty years ago these two counties produced\\nonly 4,000,000 tons of coal per annum; in 18.57, the\\nquantity raised was 17,000,000 tons.\\nAUSTKAHA.\\nIn 1851 the gold-fields of Australia were discovered.\\nMr. E. H. Hargrave, who had mined in California,\\nwas the first to make it known to the Colonial Gov-\\nernment, and he was awarded the sum of 310,000 for\\nthe important intelligence. In little more than three\\nyears it was estimated that the gold obtained in and\\nactually exported from the Australian Colonies was\\nequal in value to .\u00c2\u00a350,000,000.\\nCALIFORNIA.\\nBut for many years America furnished by far the\\ngreater portion of the gold employed throughout the\\nworld. The discovery of gold hei-e in California, the\\nvast number of people attracted hither, the changes\\nsuddenly wrought in the aspects of a comparatively\\nunknown country, and the almost fabulous quantities\\nof gold obtained in a few yeai s, are events recent\\nand well known. The progress made with the last\\nfew years in developing the resources of the State is\\nwonderful. Many rich mines have been discovered,\\nsuch as the Amadors, the Eurekas, and the Idahos,\\nthe latter of which returned and paid in dividends\\nlast year upwards of \u00c2\u00a7200,000, the rock paj ing over\\n$35 per ton; and still there are hundreds such ledges\\nhidden in the bowels of mother earth, teeming with\\nriches, and awaiting the explorer s pick, softly whis-\\npering seek and ye shall find.\\nNEVADA.\\nThe silver mines situated on Mount Davidson,\\nWashoe, are, like the Potosi of old, inexhaustible.\\nThe excavations made, the number of tons of rock\\ntaken out, and the amount of bullion returned in so\\nshort a period, far surpasses any ever known since\\nthe annals of mining.\\nYears hence the history of California mines will\\nbe I ead with gi-eat interest, and be handed down\\nfrom generation to generation till time shall be no\\nmore.\\nThe quicksilver mines are the richest in the world,\\nand have made greater returns than any mines ever\\nknown.\\nIDRIA QUICKSILVER .MINE.\\nThis once most celebrated mine is situated in\\nCarniola, a Duchy of Austria, and has been worked\\nfrom the beginning of the sixteenth century. History\\ninforms us that it was first discovered by a peasant\\ntaking water from a spring to try a new tub, who\\nwas astonished at finding some metallic globules left\\nat the bottom of the vesisel. On making the circum-\\nstance known, surveys immediately took place,\\nwhich gave rise to the opening of the mine in 1525.\\nThe metallic vein is situated about 720 feet below the\\nsurface. It extends 2,-100 feet in one direction, and\\n3,000 in another, and lies in a valley elevated 500\\nfeet above the level of the sea. There are six shafts\\nto the mine, three of which are for drawing up the\\nmineral, and one for pumping out the water. The\\nmine is entered from within a spacious building, in\\nthe middle of the town of Idria, by a passage lead-\\ning almost horizontally under a lofty vault to a\\nstaircase of stone and wooden steps, which are kept\\nin excellent repair, reaching to a depth of 450 feet.\\nThe remainder of the descent is accomplished by\\nwooden ladders conducting from one landing place\\nto another, having benches for the weary traveler\\nto rest on. The whole mine is kept remarkably", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "181\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nclean and in good order. The teoaperature in some\\nparts of the mine is from 80\u00c2\u00b0 to 90\u00c2\u00b0. The mineral\\nproducts are so varied and confused together, that\\nthe mine is unlike any other in the world in which\\noperations are carried on. In some parts, pure\\nmercury distills in globules from the rock, and a\\nminer is said to have collected thirty-six pounds in\\nthis manner in six hours. The ore is raised in square\\nbuckets by means of a water-wheel turned by an\\nartificial canal from the Idrixa. Besides the metallic\\nmercury obtained from the ore by distillation, all\\nthe important preparations of mercury used in the\\narts and in medicine, are either found naturallj or\\nare manufactured at Idria, in spacious laboratories\\nerected for the purpose. In 1803 the works were\\nset on fire, and the only method of subduing the\\nflames was by inundating the mine with water.\\nFull one year elapsed before the water was pumped\\nout and operations resumed. There are upwards ot\\n700 persons eraploj ed, who, from the great heat of\\nthe mine and the unwholesome effluvia of the mineral,\\nsuffer very severely in their health.\\nThey soon lose their teeth from salivation, and\\nare subject to paralysis, convulsions and premature\\nold age. In fact, the inhabitants are universally\\nafllicted with toothache, and few live to the age of\\nforty.\\nThe miners become so impregnated with mercury,\\nthat a piece of brass put in their mouths, or rubbed\\nbetween their fingers, becomes white like silver.\\nCriminals and persons accused of political offenses\\nare set to work in this fatal mine for punishment.\\nCHARACTER AND USES OF GOLD.\\nGold has been known from the earliest ages. It\\nis by no means a rare metal, though not so univer-\\nsally diffused as iron, load, silver or copper. Its\\nsuperior value depends, like all other costly sub-\\nstances, on its comparative scarcity and the amount\\nof labor requisite to obtain it. Its specific gravity\\nis 19.5, about nineteen times heavier than water, or\\nnearly as great as that of platinum. It is inelastic,\\nsoft and more malleable and ductile than any other\\nof the metals. It can be hammered into leaves only\\nthe .282 part of an inch in thickness without losing\\nits adhesion, so that one grain in weight is made to\\ncover 56J- square inches.\\nIn this state of thinness, it is found to admit of\\nthe green rays of light passing through it. In\\ntenacity, however, gold is inferior to iron, copper,\\nplatinum or silver. A wire one-tenth of an inch in\\ndiameter will only support a weight of 191 pounds.\\nThe greatest quantities of gold in most counti ies,\\nhave been met with in the sands of rivers and on the\\nsurface of the earth, in small grains or pieces of\\nirregular forms and sizes. At Sofala, on the south-\\neast side of the peninsula, gold is found not only in\\nalluvium, but also in veins. It is conjectured that\\nthe Ophir of Scripture was situated on that coast.\\nThe high value which has always been set upon\\ngold, its immense importance to commerce, its\\nbeauty as personal and domestic ornaments, the labor\\nrequired to obtain it, and the privations and suffer-\\nings endured by those employed in searching for it,\\nhave caused an interest to be attached to it which\\nbelongs to no other metal, and indeed to no other\\nnatural product among the many which man has\\npressed into his service. Although in a sense, gold\\nmight be said to be imperishable, and from its value\\nand utility is very carefully preserved, yet it inust\\nbe remembered that there are many ways in which\\nit is lost and destroyed. The gold coins in circula-\\ntion are constantly losing something in size and\\nweight by the attrition of fair wear and tear, to say\\nnothing of the frauds practiced in reducing them for\\npurposes of gain. Immense quantites of gold arc\\nused for watch-cases and jewelry, and in gilding and\\nornamenting thousands of articles of taste and\\nluxur}^.\\nThat portion in daily use is subject to continual\\nwaste, whilst gold-leaf and chloride of gold as applied\\nto photography, must be reckoned as among the\\nuses to which the metal is applied and irrecoverably\\nlost. Nor must we omit to mention the gold used\\nin dentistry difficult to think of, or to estimate, but\\namounting to many hundreds of ounces annually,\\nand is as liable to waste by wear and tear, as that\\nemployed solely for ornaments. Large sums are\\nlost by shipwrecks, in conveying coin or bullion\\nfrom one country to another for the purposes of\\ntrade. Hence the difficulty, or more properly speak-\\ning, the impossibility of knowing what is the actual\\namount or value of gold existing in the world, either\\ncoined, manufactui-ed, or in the form of bullion.\\nThe principal uses of gold in civilized countries,\\nare either for vessels and ornaments, or for money.\\nFor the latter purpose it is particularly well adapted\\nby its qualities. Its power of resisting the action of\\nthe atmosphere, and of not oxydizing or rusting, as\\nmost other metals do, causes coins made of it to last,\\nand retain their color and the sharpness of the\\nimpression stamped upon them, for a great many\\nyears. Gold is never used quite pure for the pui-pose\\nof coining, because, in that state it would be too soft\\nto bear the constant rubbing to which it would be\\nsubjected in circulating as money. In England, gold\\nfor coin is alloyed with two parts of copper to\\ntwenty-two of pure gold. The beauty of its color,\\nits brilliance, as well as its intrinsic value, causes\\ngold to be much employed as a luxury in ornaments\\nfor the person, in vessels and plate for the table, and\\nin furniture. The gold thread lased in embroidery\\nis obtained by casting a cylinder of silver of about\\n360 ounces in weight, which is then covered with a\\ncoating of gold leaves weighing altogether about\\nsix ounces, thus making in all about 366 ounces.\\nThis cylinder is drawn through holes in iron plates,\\ngradually diminishing in diameter, till it is extended\\ninto a thin wire, as thin as a hair, and above 200\\nmiles in length. To effect this it is passed through", "height": "3329", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "MINING.\\n183\\nmore than 140 holes. And yet this fine wire is,\\nthroughout its whole length, composed of a silver\\nwire equally covered with a coating of gold which\\ncannot exceed 1-490,444 part of an inch in thickness.\\nIf this wire be dipped into nitrous acid, which dis-\\nsolves silver but not gold, the silver central core is\\nremoved, leaving the thin coating of gold like a\\nhollow cylinder. This is perhaps the nearest approach\\nto the ultimate subdivision of matter attainable bj\\nmechanical means.\\nIf a solution of gold be made in nitro-muriatic\\nacid, and a bar of pure tin bo dipped into the liquid,\\nthe powder which is precipitated is known as the\\npurple precipitate of Cassius, and so called from its\\ninventor. It is generally used for forming purple\\nand violet colors in enamel and porcelain painting.\\nA preparation of gold is obtained from a solution in\\nnitro-muriatic acid, which is called fulminating gold\\nfrom its exploding with great violence on being\\nslightly heated or struck, or even rubbed. In these\\nqualities it is only infei ior to fulminating silver.\\nThis compound is used in porcelain painting for\\ngiving a carmine tint.\\nIt is roughly estimated in history that before the\\ndiscover}^ of gold in California and Australia, the\\ntotal annual yield of gold from all parts of the world\\ndid not exceed in value \u00c2\u00a35,500,000. Eeckoning this\\nat the usual rate of \u00c2\u00a34 per ounce (this is the com-\\nTnercial mode of reckoning as being short and conven-\\nient), it will be equal to 1,375,000 troy ounces. If\\nthese be converted into the (avoii dupois) weight of\\ncommerce, as applied to merchandise, it will be equal\\nto 42 tons, 1 cwt., 9 lbs., 3 grs. This statement is\\nprobably incorrect, and consequently not to be relied\\nupon.\\nSILVEE\\nHas been known from the earliest ages. Its specific\\ngravity is 10.5, being inferior in weight to platinum,\\ngold, mercury, lead, tungsten and palladium, but\\nheavier than copper, ii-on and all others. Silver is\\ntasteless and void of odor. It is more elastic than\\ngold, and in malleability is second only to that metal.\\nIt may be beaten out into leaves of one ten-thou-\\nsandth of an inch in thickness. A vessel capable of\\nholding an ounce of water may be made of a grain\\nof silver. In tenacity it surpasses gold, though it i.s\\ninferior to iron, copper or platinum. A silver wire\\none-tenth of an inch in diameter will sustain a weight\\nof twenty-five pounds. Native silver crystallizes in\\ncubes and octahedrons, but is also more commonly\\nfound in irregular masses, sometimes of considerable\\nsize. In 1750 a mass of silver weighing 140 pounds\\nwas found in the mine at Himmelsfurst, in Saxony,\\nand another equally as large in 1771. In 1478 a rich\\nvein of silver ore was discovered at Sehneoberg, in\\nSaxonj^ and so large a mass of native metal was cut\\nout that it served as a dining table for Duke Albert,\\nwho descended into the mine to visit it. When\\nsmelted it yielded 44,000 pounds of metal. Another\\nmass of native silver, 620 pounds in weight, was\\nobtained from the Swedish mine at Konigsberg.\\nSilver, which is much moi e extensively used for coin\\nthan gold, is always alloyed, it being in its pure state\\ntoo soft to be durable. The alloy used in the silver\\ncoinage of England consists of 11.1 parts of pure\\nsilver and 9 parts of copper. A pound (troy weight)\\nof the alloy is coined into 66 shillings, so that a\\nmoney pound of 20 shillings contains 1,745.454 grains\\nof standard silver of which 1,614.454 are pure metal.\\nSilver for articles of domestic use, furniture and orna-\\nments is of about the same standard as that employed\\nfor money. Articles made of inferior metals are\\nvery generally in use. They are covered with a thin\\ncoating of silver, and are said to be plated. In the\\nbest kinds of plated goods made from silvered copper,\\nthe prominent edges, which from exposure to con-\\nstant rubbing, would soon wear out, and thus show\\nthe copper, are made of solid silver. These parts are\\nformed separately and put on afterwards with solder.\\nAlthough a vast amount of skill has been exercised,\\nand very beautiful articles have been produced, but\\nby the electrotyping process the coating of silver is\\nmore evenly applied, its adhesion is more perfect, and\\nthe finish of the surface more exactly resembles that\\nof real plate. The brass dials of clocks, the faces of\\nbarometers and thermometers, and many similar\\narticles, are silvered by rubbing them with a com-\\npound of chloride of silver, whiting and pearlash.\\nLunar caustic, employed by surgeons for cauterizing\\nor, as it is called, burning away the diseased flesh in\\nwounds, is nitrate of silver, a salt formed by dissolv-\\ning silver in nitric acid. It stains the skin and all\\nanimal matter indelibly black, and literally burns it,\\nbj the tendency of the salt to recover the metallic\\nform by parting with its oxj^gen. Ten grains of\\nlunar caustic dissolved in gumwater make an excel-\\nlent marking ink for linen, which is never effaced bj-\\nwashing. Crystallized nitrate of silver is extensively\\nused in photography. Many thousands of ounces\\narc required annually for this beautiful art. Two\\nvery dangerous explosive compounds, called fulmin-\\nating powders, are prepared from silver. One of\\nthem is so formidable that a carriage passing along\\nthe street, by shaking the room, has been known to\\nexplode it, and it often explodes spontaneously during\\nthe process of preparation.\\nThis useful metal has been known from time almost\\nimmemorial. When pure it is of a reddish-brown\\ncolor. Its specific gravity is 8.89; that is, it is nearly\\nnine times as heavy as water. Both the smell and\\ntaste of this metal are excessively disagreeable. It\\nis very malleable next so in degree after gold and\\nsilver, and can be beaten out into extremel}- thin\\nleaves. In ductility it ranks after gold, silver, plati-\\nnum and iron, while in tenacity it yields only to the\\nlatter, A copper wire ono-tentii of an inch in diam-\\neter will sustain a weight of 385 pounds. Copper\\nis the most sonorous of all metals, and is therefore", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "184\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nemployed for trumpets and many other musical\\ninstruments.\\nThe alloys of copper are numerous and important.\\nIt forms a part of the gold and silver employed for\\ncoin, plate and innumerable articles, both of utility\\nand ornament. Brass, however, is one of the most\\nimportant of the alloys of copper. Brass is produced\\nby cementing copper plates with calamine, an oxide\\nof zinc mixed with charcoal. The proportions in\\nwhich the two metals are combined to form brass vary\\nin different places\u00e2\u0080\u0094 from twelve to twenty-five parts\\nof zinc to 100 parts of copper. The compositions\\nknown under the head of Dutch gold, pinchbeck,\\ntombas, Prince Rupert s metal, and others, are only\\nvarieties of brass, differing in the proportions of the\\ncopper and zinc. An alloy of one part of tin with\\nthree of copper constitutes bell metal. \\\\Yhen boll\\nmetal is used for making bells, zinc, antimony, and\\nsometimes silvr-r, are added to improve the sonorous-\\nness of the compound. The famous Corinthian brass\\nof antiquity was an alloy of copper and several other\\nmetals. It is said to have been produced accident-\\nally, by the fusion together of various articles formed\\nof these metals during the destruction by fire of the\\ncity of Corinth by the Romans.\\nPliny states that vases made of this brass were\\nconsidered more valuable than if made of gold on\\naccount of the beauty of the metal, and its fitness\\nfor chasing and sculpture, or other modes of engrav-\\ning. Swords and cutting instruments, among the\\nancients before iron was used for that purpose,\\nwere made of copper, alloyed with from one to five\\nper cent, of tin. A mixture of two parts of cojjper\\nwith one of tin, form an extremely hard, fine, brittle\\nalloy, admitting of an exquisite pollish, with a luster\\nnearly equal to that of mercury. It is called spec-\\nulum metal, from its being employed for the reflec-\\ntors of telescopes and similar optical purposes. The\\nalio} generally contains a little zinc, arsenic and sil-\\nver. It was known to the ancients, and used by\\nthem in making mirrors. The white copper orpack-\\nfong of the Chinese, is by some persons supposed to\\nbe an alloy of copper, zinc, nickle and iron; the\\ncopper being one-half of the whole and the other\\nmetals in equal proportions.\\nCopper with about one-fourth of its weight of\\nlead forms pot metal. It also contributes to the\\ncomposition of pewter. JIany of the Grecian and\\nRoman coins were formed of an alloy of 100 parts of\\ncopper, 2 of lead, and 2 of tin, or with a larger pro-\\nportion of the latter metals.\\nThe compositions made in imitation of silver,\\ncalled German silver, are alloys of copper of various\\nkinds. Oxides of copper are soluble in most acids,\\nand form salts, some of which are important in the\\narts. Blue vitriol is a sulphate of copper. It is\\nemployed in glass-staining, in dyeing, and occasion-\\nally in surgery. The fine blue color called verditor\\nis prepared from the nitrate of copper. Verdigris is\\nthe acetate of copper, and is used in painting and\\ndyeing. It is an active poison.\\nThe uses of copper are almost numbei-less. The\\nbottoms of ships are sheathed with it to protect the\\ntimber from sea worms, and facilitate the motion of\\nthe vessel by diminishing friction in the water. Large\\nboilers for sugar works and breweries are made of\\ncopper, as are also a great variety of articles too\\nnumerous to mention.\\nWhenever a copper vessel is intended for the prep-\\naration offood, the surface ought to be covered with a\\ncoating of tin or silver, for copper is so easily cor-\\nroded, or dissolved, by the acid contained in most\\narticles of food, that highly poisonous salts are thus\\nformed, which would have fatal effects if taken into\\nthe stomach. Accidents are perpetually occurring\\nfrom using copper vessels, the tinning or plating of\\nwhich has worn off. In Sweden the Government\\ndoes not, for this reason, allow of any culinary\\nvessel being made of copper.\\nAnother most important use of copper, for which\\nits softness and malleability particularly adapts it, is\\nfor engraving on, ior multiplying copies of any\\ndesign, by impressions being taken on paper from a\\ncopper plate, on which the subject has been cut in,\\nor, as it is called, engraved. The copper for this\\npurpose must be ver} pure, free from all defects and\\nwell polished in thin plates. Steel plates are now\\nmade use of for the same purpose, from their supe-\\nrior durability. The process of engraving upon\\nthem are precisely the same as upon copper, only\\ninstead of nitrous acid a solution of corrosive subli-\\nmate, or some other liquid of appropriate kind, is\\nused in the process of etching. iJopper is found in\\nveins and beds, in granite, slate, limestone, and other\\nrocks, accompanied by various ores of the metal,\\nwhich are so numerous that a collection in Cornwall\\ncontains a thousand different kinds. One species of\\ncopper ore is of fine ornamental stone, called mala-\\nchite. This is a carbonate of copper, the finest spec-\\nimens of which come from Hungary and Siberia. It\\nis also found in Australia.\\nThis is one of the most extensively diffused of all\\nj solid minerals, but, though existing in such abun-\\n1 dance, this metal, in its natural state, is very\\nunlike what we are hourly accustomed to see it.\\nIt presents itself everywhere only as an earthy mass,\\nresembling dirt, impure rust. Even when found in\\nthe mine with a metallic luster, it is fiir from pos-\\nsessing those qualities which are necessary to fit it\\nfor the endless uses to which it is applied. When\\nwe consider that the art of making it, which com-\\nbined so many difl erent processes, triumphs over so\\nmany obstacles, and in which fire and iron are em-\\nployed to subdue iron itself, dates from a period of the\\nhighest antiquity, even beyond the Deluge (Gen. 4:22),\\nwe are almost led to regai-d this admirable art as an\\ninspiration, emanating immediately from that Divine\\nPower which has bestowed this metal in such pro-\\nfusion to supply our wants. Not only docs iron in\\nI vai ious states enter into the composition of most of", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "UPPER TUNNEL, ELEVATION 3020 FT.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "n\\nFold-out\\nPlaceholder\\nThisfoid-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at\\nfuture date.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "MINING.\\n185\\nthe compound minerals of which the crust of the\\nearth is composed, but it forms a constituent part of\\nmany animal and vegetable substances; entering\\ninto the composition of the blood, and imparting\\nshades of color to many a delicate flower. Iron\\nwhen pure is of a bluish-white color and brilliant\\nluster, its specific gravity being 7.8. It is lighter\\nthan most permanent metals, tin and zinc being the\\nonly abundant ores which surpass it in this respect.\\nAs regards malleability, it ranks after gold, silver,\\ncopper, platinum, lead and zinc, ii on being the eighth\\nin order when these metals ai e arranged accord-\\ning to the degree in which they possess this quality.\\nIn ductility it is fourth, gold, silver, and platinum\\nalone surpassing it. In tenacity it occupies the\\nfirst place. An iron wire one-tenth of an inch in\\ndiameter will support a weight of 705 pounds, while\\na copper wire of the same diameter will support\\nonly 385 pounds. An iron rod, one inch in diameter,\\nas formed at the iron works, will support seventeen\\nand three quarters tons without breaking; and a\\nrod the same size, forged into cable-chains, will sup-\\nport nineteen tons; and an inch and a half rod, fortj\\nfour tons. An inch and a quarter rod. two feet six\\ninches long, will soraelimes stretch six inches, or\\ntwenty per cent., befoi e it breaks.\\nIt is remarkable that pure iron does not possess\\nnor will it retain magnetic properties. To render\\nthese permanent it appears that the metal must be\\ncombined with either carbon, sulphur, or phosphorus,\\nand especially the former.\\nIn St. Domingo Island there is an immense quan-\\ntity of magnetic iron, the hill over which it lies\\nscattered being called Loadstone Mountain. The\\nhill rises about sixty feet above the Savanna, and is\\ncrowned on its summit by a magnificent palm tree.\\nFrom north to south it extends 600 feet, its western\\nside being bathed by the river Yuva. Its northern\\npart is covered with rugged black rocks of all sizes,\\nand every one of them more or less magnetic.\\nThe effect of these masses of ore upon magnetic\\nneedles is almost incredible. When placed near the\\nground they whirled round with great rapidity\\nbefore ultimately settling with their north poles point-\\ning to the south. When placed on some of the\\nblocks the motions were less violent, but the poles\\nwere invariably reversed. This ore has been exam-\\nined by a German mineralogist, who considered it\\nequal to the best of Dannemora, in Sweden. But\\nwhat can be done with it? Tropical lassitude has\\ntied the arms of industiy. Metallic iron is found\\nnative only in small quantities; but a remarkable\\nphenomenon connected with this metal is that\\nmasses of it, alloyed with nickle and other substances,\\nhave, at different times, fallen from the atmos-\\nphere on earth. These matters are called meteorites.\\nThe records of such events are numerous, from the\\nremotest ages, and independently of the occur-\\nrence of the phenomena being absolutely witnessed,\\nmasses of iron have been found on the surface, in\\nvarious parts of the earth, which, from their local-\\nity and in their chemical constitution, differing from\\nthat of any terrestrial mineral, could only be derived\\nfrom such a source. It is believed, as the probable\\nexplanation of the origin of the singular produc-\\ntions, that they are fragments of some planetary\\nbody of our system which has been destroyed,\\nand these portions, as projected into space, have\\naccidentally come within the sphere of the earth s\\nattraction, and consequently fallen upon its surface.\\nOf course no positive knowledge can ever be gained\\nof their origin, although the fact of their falling\\nfrom the atmosphere is placed beyond a doubt.\\nA small portion of iron combined with carbon con-\\nstitutes the valuable natural production, plumbago,\\ncommonly though very improperly called black\\nlead. This ore is ibund in France, Spain, Germany\\nand other parts of the world. The most valuable\\nmine of the mineral is, however, at Barrowdale, in\\nCumberland, England. This is situated at the head\\nof a valley, where the ore is found in nodules\\nimbedded at regular intervals in the branching veins\\nof gray feldspar porphyry, the smaller ramifications\\nappearing in some places at the surface. It is scarcely\\nnecessary to say that the chief use of what is\\ntermed pure Cumberland load is for making the\\nbest kind of pencils. The principal manufactory\\nfor these is at Keswick, near to the spot whence\\nthe mineral is procured. In one establishment at\\nKeswick it is stated that from 1,500 to 1,600 dozen\\npencils are made daily. Inferior kinds of plumbago,\\nbeing mixed with sulphur, are used for making cheap\\npencils. It is also employed to diminish friction in\\nmachinery, and in the formation of crucibles for\\nchemical purposes.\\nThe uses and purposes of iron arc iiinunierable;\\nwe may keep multiplying them for almost an indefi-\\nnite space of time without even giving a very perfect\\nresult. Could it be possible to survey the bottom of\\nthe great deep, we should there find it connecting\\nshore to shore and island to island. It has brought\\nthe east and west to kiss each other, and the north\\nand south to shake hands together. Throughout the\\nworld there is no doubt but what we could count the\\nmiles of railroad by the million, and locomotives by\\nthe thousand. The mammoth iron ships that sail on\\nthe bosom of the waters are numerous, besides the\\nponderous machinery erected almost all over the\\nworld for factory and mining purposes. So far back\\nas 1857 the little island of Great Britain exported\\niron in that year to the declared value of \u00c2\u00a322,994,-\\n671. This, of course, includes machinery and manu-\\nfactured articles, as well as pig-iron, castings, rails,\\nbars, plates, etc. Reduced to an equivalent in pig-iron,\\nthe exports are equal in quantity to 2 261,000 tons.\\nThere is acurious fact connected with the iron works\\nof Britain worth mentioning. The reduction of the\\nores was formerly effected by means of wood, and\\nthe consumption was so great that an Act of Parlia-\\nment was passed in 1581 restraining its use. Soon", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "186\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\nafterwards Lord Dudley discovered that coal was\\nequally efficient, and obtained a monopoly of its\\nemployment for the purpose, and so highly was this\\ndiscovery appreciated, that this nobleman s patent\\nwas expressly excluded from the Act of Parliament\\npassed in 1623 which abolished most of those justly\\nodious privileges. But though this invention has\\nproved invaluable to the countiy, Lord Dudley\\nderived but little advantage from it, for his iron\\nworks were destroyed by a deluded mob, and it was\\nnot till a century afterwards that his plan was gen-\\nerally adopted, in consequence of the increasing-\\nalarm at the enormous consumption of wood at the\\niron furnaces.\\nTIN\\nAppears to have been one ef the earliest discovered\\nmetals, and is mentioned repeatedly in the Mosaic\\nwritings. That the Phoenicians came to Britain for\\ntin is generally believed, and it is certain that the\\nmetal was obtained from Cornwall before the time of\\nHerodotus. All tin is stamped, and pays a duty to\\nthe Prince of Wales, as Duke of Cornwall a custom\\nwhich has existed since the time of the jNoi-mans.\\nIn speaking of Cornwall, this country is richer in the\\nore than any other known part of the world, though\\nthe metal obtained from Malacca, especiallj from the\\nsmall island of Banca, is superior in quality to English\\ntin. Tin is also found at other places in the East, as\\nwell as in America, Spain, France, Saxony, Bohemia\\nand Germany. Tin is of a brilliant white color, with\\na specific gravity of 7.3, it being rather more than\\nseven times heavier than water. In hardness it\\nsurpasses lead, but is inferior to gold. It is very\\nmalleable, and may be beaten out into leaves only\\none one-thousandth of an inch thick, termed tin-foil,\\nbut it might be reduced to half that thickness if\\nrequired. In ductility it is nlj- superior to lead.\\nA wire one-tenth of an inch in diameter will support\\na weight of fortj -seven pounds. Tin unites with\\nmany metals and forms valuable alloys. Ten or\\ntwelve parts of tin, with eighty-eight or ninety parts\\nof copper, forms the bronze of the ancients, used for\\nweapons, knives, etc.; and in modern time for can-\\nnon. The same metals, combined in the proisortion\\nof one-fifth of tin to four-fifths, by weight, of copper,\\nor of one- third of the former to two-thirds of the\\nlatter, form one species of bell-metal. Brass, sijclter,\\nand even lead or silver, are sometimes added in vari-\\nous proportions, according to the fancy of the founder.\\nThe alloy of which the Chinese make their gongs is\\ncomposed of eighty parts of copper to twenty\\nOne part of tin with two of co])per, or.\\nof tin.\\naccording to some other authorities, thirty-two of\\ncopper, fifteen to sixteen of tin. with one part of\\nbrass, one of arsenic, and one of silver form the best\\nspeculum metal for reflecting telescopes.\\nOHROMIIi.M.\\nThe name of this metal is derived from the Greek\\nM ord for color, on account of the varied and beauti-\\nful tints of its ores and salts, and their peculiar prop-\\nerties for producing various colors in other substan-\\nces. It is a greyish-white, brittle metal, cajjable of\\na high polish, but very infusible, its specific gravity\\nis 5.9. Its ores are found in Unst in Shetland, in\\nSiberia, and other parts of Europe, and in America.\\nThey are in the form of oxides; in one of their com-\\nbinations with lead, known as the chromate of lead,\\nand in another with iron, constituting chromate\\nof iron. The ruby and emerald owe their colors to\\nthe presence of this beautiful metal. In the arts\\nthe finest yellow ever discovered is that obtained\\nfrom preparations of chromium; and they are also\\nused for tinting glass and emerald gi een.\\nTELLURIUM.\\nThis metal was obtained in 1782 from an ore of\\ngold, with which metal it is found combined in the\\nTransylvania mines. In color it most resembles\\nsilver. It is a scarce metal, very light and brittle,\\nwith a specific gravity of 6.26, easily fused, and so\\nvolatile that it burns if heated in the air. It has not\\nbeen used in any form and is only interesting to sci-\\nentific chemists and metallurgists.\\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\\nMINING.\\nIcon TIN UED.]\\nPlacer County Mines Crude Implements in Early Mining The\\nStory of a Batea Occurrence of the Gold^Kiver Mining\\nTemporary Structures Dry Diggings Improvements in\\nMining Long Tom Mining Ditches The Sluice\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nSluice Fork Riffles Grizzly and Under Currents Sluice\\nPavements Drift Mining Hydraulic Mining Hydraulic\\nilining at Gold llun Cement Mills Quartz Mining Pio-\\nneer Quartz Miniu 4 Empire Mill Pioneer Mill Union\\nMill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Placer Mill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Heath Henderson Mill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 May Go s.\\nMill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bay State Mill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Preston Worrell s Mill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Henson\\nGo s. Mill Tom Seymour s Mill Silver Excitement.\\nThe minerals whose occurrence and uses are men-\\ntioned in the preceding chapter are the most promi-\\nnent of those existing and sought in California, but\\nthe list of all which the rocks of the State contain\\nwould comprise about all known to the mineralogist.\\nStrict!} speaking, the term mineral includes every\\ninorganic substance flowing from or taken out of the\\nearth, as springs or wells of water, claj for bricks\\nor pottery, sand for mortar, granite for building,\\netc., but in a more limited sense the word is applied\\nto metals and metalliferous rocks; petroleum, salt\\nand medicinal springs or wells; sulphur beds and\\nkindred matters. However extended or limited it\\nmay be, Placer County is pre-eminently rich in min-\\nerals, be it of the pure spring water or the sparkling\\nmedicinal fountain; the potters day or the granite\\nquarry; the beds of coal or the mountain pile of\\niron ore; the monumental marble or the builders\\nlime; the deep quartz vein with its bonanzas of the\\nroyal metals or its placers in the gently sloping\\nravines, in the I ugged caiions of the high Sierra,", "height": "3339", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "MINING.\\n1S7\\nin the bars and banks and beds of its rivers, or where\\nthe ancient glacier or pre-Adamite streams have\\ndeposited their mountains of auriferous gravel.\\nEvery useful mineral, crowning with the royal gold,\\nis found in an unusual abundance. A bountiful\\nnature has stored the region with prodigal gen-\\nerosity, the full extent of which is yet unknown.\\nOverlying the hidden mineral treasures is a soil, a\\nforest, and a conformation of surface inviting to cul-\\nture, to manufacture and to commerce, and above all\\na climate conducive to health and energy, embracing\\nthe semi-tropic with the invigorating north. Mining,\\nagriculture and manufacture, the noblest and most\\nindependent resources of civilization and true man-\\nhood, here go hand in hand, each a distinct resource,\\nand either sufficient to support a people, and one, only,\\nthe usual blessing of many prosperous counties or\\nStates. Great and attractive as are such resources,\\ntheir development has been comparatively slow.\\nThe occuri ence of minerals and the methods of\\nextracting them from the earth were subjects with\\nwhich but few Americans were conversant when the\\ndiscovery of gold was made in California and the\\nadventurers of 1848 and 1849 first entered the placers\\nof the Sierra Nevada. From the cities, farms and\\nships of the East the miners came, with no knowl-\\nedge whatever of the business they intended to pur-\\nsue. Gold in profusion, however, was on, or near\\nthe surface of the ground, generously supplying\\nthe inexperienced digger, who gradually learned\\nthe lesson of mining. Fortunately was this the\\ncase, as many a river bar and mountain gulch\\nwhich furnished well-paid labor several years of\\nemploj ment, yielding millions in the aggregate, could,\\nwith modern appliances and energy, have been swept\\naway in a month, or in a single season.\\nCRUDE IMPLEMENTS IN EARLY MINING.\\nAll the lessons of mining have been those of expe-\\nrience, save in the few instances of the rude wooden\\nbowl, the horn spoon, the rocker and the stamp mill;\\nbut even these were unknown to nearly all of the\\nearly miners. The Mexicans brought the bowl or\\nhatea and the horn spoon; the Georgian introduced\\nthe rocker and quicksilver machine which was\\nonly an exaggerated rocker\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and the Cornishman\\nerected the stamp mill. The discoverers of gold in\\n1848 did not even know the metal, and some time\\nelapsed before they learned any other way to sep-\\narate it from the earth than by picking it out with\\ntheir fingers. The cii cumstance that led to the\\nexposure of the gold and its discovery by Marshall,\\nthe washing away of the gravel by the water of the\\nmill race, should have suggested the ground- sluice,\\nbut no such simple plan was adopted. Near by,\\non the borders of a stream afterwards named Web-\\nber Creek, was Baptiste Rouelle, a Frenchman, who\\nhad lived in Mexico, but was then whip-sawing lum-\\nber for Sutter, and he understood the use of the hatea.\\nThen mining commenced with pans, Indian baskets,\\nbowls, and any vessel resembling Ihc favorite Mex-\\nican implement. Soon after, Isaac Humphrey, who\\nhad seen gold mining in Georgia, fashioned a rocker,\\nor cradle, such as had been used in the mines of that\\nState. No invention was made, only the adaptation\\nof the principle in the imitative machines more or\\nless rudely constructed. Anything that was a trough,\\nfour to six feet in length, whether of boards nailed\\ntogether, a section of a tree dug out, or half of a\\nhollow log, set at an incline of from two to four\\ninches, into which the auriferous earth was placed,\\nwater poured upon it, and the implement rocked\\nback and forth, made the rocker, then thought the\\npei fection of mining machinery. Improvements\\nwere gradually added in after years, consisting of\\nmaking the body light and smooth, cleats near the\\nlower end for i-iffles, a movable hopper with a per-\\nforated iron plate to receive the earth and water,\\nretaining the coarser gravel, then an apron so\\ninclined as to carry the fine material and water to\\nthe upper end of the cradle, and then a frame upon\\nwhich the rockers set with pintles to hold them in\\nplace, and thus was the gold-washing cradle per-\\nfected. The storj of the rocker and the pan reached\\nthe East soon after the reports of the gold discov-\\nery, and all the inventive genius of the Yankee\\nnation commenced studying, inventing and patent-\\ning machines for gold washing, all based upon the\\nrocker and the pan; all complicating the simple\\napparatus; none with an original idea or a compre-\\nhension of the situation; each improvement moi e\\nsenseless than the preceding, and all useless. In\\nCornwall the miners had for an indefinite time\\nobtained tin by washing the earth through long\\nwooden boxes, or sluices, catching the metal in the\\nsluice by placing cleats across the current, and sim-\\nilar sluices had been used in the gold mines of Brazil;\\nbut although this was known to some of the early\\ngold miners none thought it applicable to gold min-\\ning, had the sagacity to apply it, or the courage to\\nmake the innovation.\\nTHE STOKY OF A B.iTEA.\\nThe story is related of Gen. John Bidwell. that in\\nMarch or April, 1844, when in the service of Captam\\nSutter at Hock Farm, he was told by a Mexican\\nvaquero, naned Pablo Gutteirez, that he had dis-\\ncovered evidences of gold in the foot-hills of the\\nSierra evada on the north side of Bear Eiver.\\nThis Mexican had some knowledge of gold mining,\\nhaving washed the sands of his native streams for\\nthe precious metal. The implement with which he\\nwas familiar was the hate.a. Bidwell proposed an\\nexamination of the country, and the expedition was\\nundertaken. The indications were pointed out as\\nproper to the gold region, but nothing could be done\\nwithout the hatea. Gutteirez talked so much about\\nthat important mining implement that Bidwell was\\nconvinced that without the hatea no gold could be\\nextracted from the earth. An agreement was", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "18S\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nentered into between them to keep the matter a pro-\\nfound secret until suc^h means could be provided for\\nobtaining the wonderful hatea. The Mexican pro-\\nposed that Bid well should furnish means for a visit\\nto Mexico for the desired article, but the latter was\\nsuspicious, thinking it might be a cunning ruse to\\nobtain sufficient money to return a capitalist to his\\nnative land, leaving his patron in the lurch. The\\nfuture General and great ranchero was not to be so\\neasily swindled. Asa dernier ressovf it was decided\\nthat the matter should remain in statu quo for a few\\nyears, until Bidwell should accumulate sufficient\\nmoney to enable both to take the voyage around\\nCape Horn to Boston, where, it was expected that\\nYankee ingenuity, instructed by the Mexican, could\\nfashion the greatly desired hatea. A year or so\\npassed, and in the political disturbances attending\\nthe administration of Governor Micheltorena, Gut-\\nteirez was killed, and all hope of obtaining the\\nhatea vanished. Had General Bidwell known that\\nthe implement so minutel} described by the Mexi-\\ncan, as being of such particular size and shape, was\\nnothing more nor less than a wooden bowl, very\\nmuch like a common chopping bowl found in nearly\\nevery farmer s kitchen, and that any tin pan or ves-\\nsel of any description that could be manipulated in\\nthe hands, would have been of equal service, the dis-\\ncovery of gold might have been made four years\\nbefore it was, and before the country became a part\\nof the United States.\\nThat such a thing could be possible, that one hav-\\ning a desire to try washing for gold should be\\ndeterred from the attempt simply because he had\\nnot a certain implement, when many equally as\\ngood, though different in name, were at hand, seems\\nincredible, but the fact of the stupid and insufficient\\nmanner of mining continuing through the first sev-\\neral years of the industry in California is corrobora-\\ntive evidence of its truth.\\nOCCrRRENCE OF THE GOLD.\\nThe gold, in the first discovery, was contained in\\nthe gravel of the river bank or bar. This gravel,\\nwhen placed in a pan or rocker and agitated with\\nwater, readily separated, and moved among its\\nparts, letting the gold free, which, by its great spe-\\ncific gravity, quickly sought the bottom, while the\\nvalueless material, gravel, sand, or cla}% was washed\\nover and thrown away. If the work was done by\\nthe rocker, the gravel was thrown in the hopper, or\\nriddle, a back and forward moi on given, while water\\nwas poured upon it, the firm particles running\\nthrough the perforated iron bottom or screen, and\\nflowing out the lower end, leaving the gold in the\\nriffles prepared for it. The hopper is removed as\\nsoon as the fine particles pass through, and emptied\\nof the coarse gravel. Two men, one to shovel, carry,\\nand pour in the gravel, the other to manipulate the\\nrocker, would, on a convenient river bar, thus wash\\nfrom 300 to 400 buckets of gravel a day. The river\\nbar is a nearly level piece of ground, where the\\ncanon of the river bed is broader than the stream at\\nlow water, and is usually submerged in times of\\nfreshets. The bars of all the streams contained\\ngold, generallj the most within one or two feet of\\nthe bed-rock, and even the bed rock for a depth of\\nfrom two to twelve inches contained the golden\\nflakes. In some instances the bars were denuded of\\ngravel, and the gold lay exposed in the rough places\\nof the bed-rock. Thousands of dollars worth, in\\nsmall flakes and nuggets, have been gathered from\\nthe exposed bed-rock of a river bar in a single day\\nby a single individual. Miners have been guided to\\nsuch exposed bars by Indians, proving that these\\npeople had noticed the glittering metal, not knowing\\nits value or appi-eciating its beauty as an ornament.\\nGenerally the bars were of gravel from five to thirty\\nfeet in depth, with soil and trees on the surface,\\nwhere not swept by the torrents of winter floods,\\nand from one to tiftj or more acres in extent.\\nRIVER MINING.\\nThe river beds, where the water ran over gravel,\\nwere rich in gold, and after the first j ear of the dis-\\ncovery were mined with far greater energj^ than\\njudgment, some accounts of which will be related in\\nsubsequent pages. The I iver bed was first approached\\nby wing-dams, a small obstruction of stones and\\nbrush packed with soil from the banks, extending a\\nshort distance from the bar into the stream, and\\nthen down the current a sufficient distance to drain\\na section of a riffle, thus securing an extension of\\nthe bar. Then, where practicable, races were exca-\\nvated through a bar, dams built at the head, and\\nthe entire stream turned through the race, draining\\nsuch a portion of the river bed as the length of race\\ncommanded. In other cases flumes of lumber or\\ncanvas were built in lieu of race.\\nThese were all temporary works, constructed at\\ngreat labor and expense during the summer, to be\\ntotally destroyed by the first floods of the rainy sea-\\nson, often before the river bed was drained. In\\nsuch cases the labor of the season was lost, but the\\nfollowing year the work would be renewed, and the\\ntrial repeated. Such enterprises continued through\\nthe first decade of gold mining until every stream\\nof the Sierra Nevada, in its entire course through\\nthe gold region, was turned from its natural\\nchannel. In some instances the miners were richly\\nrewarded for their enterprise and labors, in many\\nothers the expenditures exceeded the returns even\\nwhen large amounts of gold were obtained, and in\\nothers total failure to find gold was the disappoint-\\ning result. The richest localities were the riffles,\\nnear the bars, where a body of gravel extended\\nacross the stream, which were easiest drained, and\\nfortunate were the miners who there made their\\nriver claims. But the deep stretches of the river,\\nwhere, in summer, the water flowed smoothly as in\\na pond, were the choice claims of the enthusiastic", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "Mr J. G. GARRISON,\\nMPS. J. G. GARRISON,\\n^^^H =\u00e2\u0082\u00act\\nf\\\\\\nV\\nlIi ^x\\n^1 1\\nifil^l rL-i_^If ft\\nli^ i iSl\\nkjiiK.\\nf.\\nJ\\nMBp^\\nm^00i\\nResidence of J. G. GARRISON, Forest Hill, Placer County, Cal.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "MINING,\\n180\\nand most enterprising companies, as it was believed\\nthat there the useless gravel had been washed away,\\nand the pure gold would be found at the bottom.\\nAt great expense these pools were flumed and\\ndrained, and often several seasons of renewed\\nattempts were required to prove the theory a fallacy.\\nThe aggregate of the gold thus extracted from\\nthe river beds, and the aggregate of the expendi-\\ntures in the labor and wasted efforts, can never be\\ntold, but for several years the most of the gold pro-\\nduced in California was from the bai-s and beds of\\nits rivers. From 1849 to 1857, when river and bar\\nmining was in its decline although successfully con-\\ntinued some years after, and to some extent to the\\npresent time there had been manifested ship-\\nments of treasui e from San Francisco, aggregating\\n$353,467,283, not including the unknown sums taken\\nby private hands, the product of 1848, the amount\\nretained in use in money, jewelry, etc., in the coun-\\ntry, which have been estimated at nearly the same\\namount as that manifested at the Custom House.\\nThe American was the richest of the rivers, and\\nfrom its bars and bed and the deep gorges of its\\ntributaries flowed the golden stream that added\\nhundreds of millions to the wealth of the world in\\nthe first few years foUovving the discovery.\\nTEMP0R.4.RY STRUCTURES.\\nThe extravagance and waste attending the unskill-\\nful engineering and improvident customs of the river\\nminers were most extreme, and in reviewing them\\nat this day seemingly improbable and unaccountable.\\nFlumes were constructed from 100 yards to one\\nmile ir: length, of ten to forty feet in width and four\\nto six feet in depth, to carry the whole volume of\\nthe stream. Heavy logs and massive hewn timbers\\nfrom the convenient forest were used for the supports,\\nstringers and frame-work, and sawed sleepers, posts,\\nbraces and planking for the body of the flume. In\\nthis would be one or a number of large wheels,\\nturned by the current of the water, connected by\\npulleys of large rope to great belt-pumps, which\\nraised the leakage of the dams and other water that\\nflowed into the mine. The pumps were unique but\\neifective contrivances, being of a tight box of the\\nrequired length, ten or forty feet, often six inches\\nin depth by eighteen inches in width, through\\nwhich run a belt of canvas, leather or rubber, having\\non one side blocks of wood at intervals of about two\\nfeet, acting as buckets. The belt was tightened\\naround a wheel of five or six feet in diameter at the\\nupper end of the pump-box, and a smaller wheel at\\nthe lower end, and when set in motion by the water-\\nwheel in the flume, the buckets on the belt would\\ndrag through the pump-box a lai gc sti eam. In\\naddition were tramways, trestles and wheelbarrow\\nruns, cars and wheelbarrows, buckets, tubs, sluices,\\nrockers and pans, carpenter s tools and benches,\\nblacksmith shop, and cabins, and other appliances\\nand conveniences for many men and rapid and exten-\\nsive work. The cost of such a system of works\\nvaried with their extent, but the simplest would\\nreach thousands of dollars. The season of mining,\\nwhen once the river was drained, was known to be\\nshort, and every energy was put forth to glean the\\ngold, the miners working until the storms of the\\nrainy season came, then fleeing with their gold,\\nabandoned all to the flood. He was an exceptionallj\\ncareful and provident man who would rescue a\\nwheelbarrow, a bucket, a sluice or a plank from the\\ntorrent, as it was (he custom to let everything go.\\nThe next year, if a good prospect had been obtained,\\nif rich gravel was known to remain, if the bottom\\nhad not been drained, and the miners were able, or\\na new company formed, the work would be repeated\\nand in the fall it would again go down the stream.\\nThis labor and waste were continued year after\\nyear. Few efforts were made to construct permanent\\nworks or to save the movable. It was the custom\\nto have all swept away by the river, and as it had\\nbeen the custom to regard the batea and the\\nrocker as the perfection of implements, it would\\nhave been presumptuous, sordid, un-Californian to\\nsave a flaming structure from the annual flood.\\nThe first freshets of the fall bore upon their breasts\\nthe drift-wood sufficient to build a city. Along the\\nlower streams where the current impelled the drift\\nupon a catching spot, it would pile in heaps, covering\\nacres of extent, and farms were fenced, buildings\\nerected, fire-wood accumulated, and wood yards\\nestablished from this floating debris, yet all that was\\nthus saved for use was but a moiety of the whole.\\nNo wonder that many of the pioneers, now with\\ngray hair and limping gait, refer with a shudder to\\ntheir hard labor and hopeful days of river mining.\\nA few newspaper items of river mining reference\\nare here appended.\\nThe Flacer Herald of October 27, 1855, says: The\\nsuccess of the river miners on the North Fork of the\\nAmerican Eiver this season, has been beyond all\\nexpectation. From nearly every portion of the\\nriver, we hear of claims paying well. This may be\\nattributed to the experience which our miners have\\nacquired in this sort of mining, and the extreme low\\nstage of the water in the river at the present time,\\ngiving an excellent opportunity for working places\\nwhich heretofore have never been touched, or only\\npartially worked. Some companies are working\\ntheir claims night and day, washing as much ground\\nas they possibly can before the rainy season com-\\nmences.\\nAt Little Kattlesnake Bar, Rice Co., on a claim\\nwhich has been worked over several times, took out\\non the 19lh inst. six ounces of fine gold, four persons\\nat work. The dirt pays about ten dollars to the\\nwheelbarrow load. The company in the spring,\\nintend fluming the river at the point where they are\\nnow at work. At present they have only a small\\nwing dam.\\nHigher up the river at Tamaroo Bar, Greenwood s\\ncompany took outlast week $1,500 of beautiful gold,\\nand they have a prospect of a rich yield for some\\ntime to come.\\nHamlin Co, whose claim is situated a short\\ndistance above Ford s Bar, have dug out in the last\\ntwo weeks 110 ounces of gold, and on Saturday", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "190\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntwenty ounces. The claim is owned by fourpersons;\\nthey have nine men at work upon it. They expect\\nto make a rich haul this week.\\nNovember 3, 1853. The miners at Poverty Bar\\nand vicinity, on the ^liddle Fork of the American, are\\nstill at work on the bar making good wage.s. A\\nnumber of river claims below the bar have failed.\\nAlthough some of the claims have proved failures,\\nothers have turned out rich. One company who\\nhad 1,400 yards of the river turned, after working\\ntheir ground sold it to a company of Chinamen for\\n\u00c2\u00a79,000.\\nCromwell Co., who worked some forty hands,\\ntook out some days as high as 100 ounces.\\nHalf a mile above Poverty is Oregon Bar, which\\nis improving and will no doubt make quite a town.\\nMessrs. Shoecraft Rust have recently finished a\\nditch to the place. It takes up the drainage water\\nfrom the Todd s Valley ditch and the Spring Garden\\nravine. The water is carried along the side of the\\nmountain above the bar, and this will enable the\\nminers to sluice off the bar in a very convenient\\nmanner.\\nDecember 1, 1855. The most of the miners on the\\nMiddle Fork of the American have deserted their\\nclaims for the present season. The late rains have\\nraised the streams so much that in many places it\\nwas impossible to work any longer. We learn that\\nit is the intention of the miners on the Middle\\nFork to go into quite an extensive mining operation\\nfluming that stream for a distance of about five\\nmiles. They will commence at the head of Yankee\\nBar, and extending the flume nearly to the junc-\\ntion, passing by Maine, Willow, Buckeye, Brown s,\\nWild Cat, Kennebec. Green Mountain, and other\\nbars.\\nSeptember 22, 1856. The mining operations in this\\nplace (Beal s Bar) are very flattering, taking into\\naccount the extensive operations of previous seasons\\nand the great expectations which are but partially\\nrealized. In the present season, the miners, by past\\nexperience, have been taught to moderate their\\nexpectations, and carry on their operations with an\\nadequate investment. There are nine river claims in\\nthis immediate vicinity, which are being worked this\\nseason.\\nFirst, the Round Tent claim, on the North Fork,\\nwhere Afessrs. Snow, Freeman, Knights Co.,\\nare doing remarkably well, having taken out last\\nweek in less than five days 81,000. The claim was\\nworked in 51 the last time.\\nSecond, the Oregon claim, where Philbrick.\\nEllis Wheeler, are doing remarkably well, which\\nthey richly deserve, this being the third time they\\nhave worked this claim.\\nThe next in order is the Beal s Bar claim,\\nowned by Beeroft, Small, Kent, Baisly and Blinn.\\nThis claim is being worked for the sixth or seventh\\ntime, notwithstanding that it pays fifty ounces per\\nweek, with ten men.\\nAdjoining this and immediately below is the\\nTexas, owned by Wallace. Gragg, Lund, Brj-ne,\\nSheppard and Thomas. This claim is also paying\\nvery well, and the proprietors are well pleased with\\ntheir prospects.\\nNext comes Gallagher Brynes Wing Dam.\\nThe proprietors of this claim are deserving of a rich\\nreward for their energies and perseverance, having\\nto contend with innumerable difficulties, which they\\nhave successfully overcome. Their prospects arc\\nvery good.\\nNext below is the South Fork claim, worked by\\nChinamen.\\nThe next below is the Fancy Dam, owned by\\nPatterson, Bartlett Co. This claim is being worked\\nfor the sixth lime, and is yielding from an ounce to\\nS25 per day to the man.\\nAdjoining this is the Pinkheen claim, being\\nalso worked for the sixth time, and is paying well,\\nhaving yielded 81,000 last week. This claim is\\nowned by Sheldon, Gragg Elliott.\\nThe next below is the Wing Dam, owned by\\nWallace, Thompson, Skiflf Co. They are doing\\nremarkablj well. There are several other claims in\\nthis neighborhood doing remarkably well.\\nMay 9, 1857. Extensive preparations are being\\nmade for working on the Middle Fork of the American\\nthis summer within a few miles of Auburn. The\\nAmerican Falls Mining Co., located at Mammoth Bar,\\nmet on the 6th inst., and elected the following ofBeers\\nfor the season: President, Henry Bryon; Secretary\\nand General Financial Agent. Col. J. C. Ball; Treas-\\nurer, Isaac Stonecipher. Trusteees E. Wagner,\\nIowa Hill; D. Cooper, Gold Hill; Wm. Marriett,\\nNevada: H. Bryon and J. K. Parkinson. Mammoth\\nBar.\\nAssessments were levied to prosecute the work,\\nand arrangements made for fluming the greater part\\nof their ground.\\nOther companies, both above and below the Amer-\\nican Falls claims, are not behindhand, but are act-\\nively engaged in preparing to work on a much larger\\nscale than has ever yet been done on the river.\\nThere will be one continuous flume from Main Bar,\\nrunning down the stream more than five miles, along\\na number of claims that are but just fairly prospected.\\nNovember 1857. Rain has commenced in earn-\\nest, and the rise of the rivers carried away the\\nflumes and tools of the miners on the American and\\nits tributaries. This closes river mining for the\\nseason disastrously\\nDRY DIGGINGS.\\nRiver and bar mining could be carried on success-\\nfully onlj in the summer or dry season, and the\\nravines, gullies and high banks were sought for the\\nwinter s work. These localities were, therefore,\\ncalled dry diggings. The large foot-hill area west\\nof, and about Auburn constituted one of the richest\\nand most extensive sections of dry diggings in the\\ngold-mining region, and were first known as the\\nNorth Fork Drj^ Diggings. Recent reports speak\\nof these as Wood s Dry Diggings, but we have no\\nearly records of the name, nor do we recollect having\\nheard it so called in 1849. With the abundant rains\\nof 1849 everj ravine contained a rivulet, and in every\\nravine was gold. Here the miners gathered and\\nwith pan and rocker prospered. The depressions of\\nthe higher mountains were called canons and gulches,\\nand there, too, the miners found dry diggings. But\\nwith the summer of 1850 and the dry winter follow-\\ning, the dry diggings lost their popularity. They\\ncontained, however, an abundance of gold, and many\\nminers stayed by them, waiting for the water to come\\nor if more than usually- enterprising, carting the\\nauriferous dirt to a spi ing or stream, where with the\\npan or rocker they could wash out the gold. Some\\nwould shovel the dirt out of the water channel on to\\nthe bank, in anticipation of the water coming, some\\ntimes finding lumps of gold sufficient to pay for their", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "MINING.\\n191\\nsubsistence. These lumps were then called speci-\\nmens, the word nugget, now universally adopted,\\ncoming from Australia. The miner of a later date,\\nin 1851 or 52, would have brought the water to his\\ndirt, or gulch, and there picking it to pieces, would\\nhave washed, or ground sluiced it away, and\\ngathered the gold from the bed-rock, or washed only\\nthe concentrations in the rocker.\\nurPROVEMENTS IN MINING LONG TOM.\\nThe minei-s of Nevada County were the first to\\ntake advanced steps in mining. There in the latter\\npart of 1849, or early in 1850, some Georgia people\\nintroduced the long tom. This is a trough of\\nboards about twelve feet long, eight inches deep,\\ntwelve or fifteen inches wide at the head, and widen-\\ning to twenty-five or thirty at the lower end. The\\nwide portion terminates in a riddle of perforated\\nsheet iron so curved that nothing goes over its end\\nor sides, requiring a man to attend it with hoe and\\nshovel to stir the gravel and water as they enter,\\nwashing all that is possible through the riddle, and\\nwith the shovel thi-owing the coarser gravel away.\\nBeneath the sheet iron is a box with riffles, where\\nthe gold is retained with a small quantitj of sand\\nfrom which it is separated by washing in a pan or\\nrocker. A constant stream of water runs through\\nthe tom, into which one or more men can shovel the\\ndirt.\\n.MINING DITCHES.\\nTo use the tom led to the construction of the\\nmining ditch. Water must be turned from the\\nstream to enter the tom, and thus the advantage of\\nsuch a diversion was seen, and the system extended.\\nThe first ditch in California for mining purposes was\\nmade at Coyote Hill, in Nevada County, in March,\\n1850. This was about two miles long, and proved\\na financial success. The first ditch in Placer County\\nwas consti ucted by H. Starr and Eugene Phelps, at\\nYankee Jim s, in 1851, to convey the water from\\nDevil s Canon to wash the dirt on their claims\\nin a long tom. The tom and the ditch soon led to\\nthe greatest improvement of all, the sluice. Some\\nminers at Nevada placed a trough to carry the water\\nto their long tom, and to save trouble threw their\\ndirt into the trough, where the flowing water would\\ncarry it into the tom. The gold was found to remain\\nin the trough, and thus it was discovered that the\\nriddle and the man to attend it were unnecessary,\\nand the trough became the sluice.\\nTHE SLUICE.\\nThe trough which developed the sluice was made\\nof two boards nailed together in the form of the\\nletter Y, and at a later date has become the V flume\\nfor carrying lumber. Soon the sluices were more\\nsystematically constructed, being of three boards,\\nthe bottom one twelve inches in width and the sides\\nten. The bottom boards were usually cut two inches\\nnarrower at one end than the other, in order that a\\nnumber might conveniently bo set inline, the smaller\\nend of one lapping in the wider end of the other,\\nthus making a line of sluices of any desired length.\\nThese were set at any such grade as was necessary\\nto create such a current of water as to carry through\\nthe dirt thrown into them. Other sluice boxes for\\nstationary work were made so as to butt against each\\nother, and the joint securely fastened. From the\\nsingle cleat nailed across the bottom to catch the\\ngold, numerous improved riffles were made, -and\\npatents obtained for many. Among the devices were\\nslats, or strips of board, lying across or lengthwise\\nof the sluice, sometimes covered with ii-on to prevent\\ntheir too rapid wear; planks with many auger-holes\\nwere used, and many other devices to protect the\\nbottom of the sluice and aff ord lodgement for the\\ngold, while at the same time it should offer as little\\nobstruction as possible to the passage of the water\\nand gravel. The gold, in the small operation of the\\nante-hydraulic times, quickly nought the bottom, and\\nin a line of sluices of twenty j-ards in length, little of\\nthe precious metal escaped. The gold and some\\ngravel would settle in the riffles, which at night\\nwould be taken out. the matter remaining carefully\\ngathered and washed in a pan, leaving the gold clean\\nand pure, with the exception of a small quantity of\\nblack sand, which was afterwards removed by a mag-\\nnet, being ferruginous and quickly attracted, or\\nblown away by the breath. If quicksilver were used,\\nthis would be gathered in a similar manner, strained\\nthrough a piece of canvas, and the resulting amal-\\ngam heated, either openly on a plate of iron or in a\\nretort made for the purpose, and all the quicksilver\\nadhering to the gold burned or evaporated away.\\nTHE SLUICE FORK.\\nThe sluice called for the invention of the sluice\\nfork, a fork of ten or a dozen tines, used to separate\\nthe coarser from the finer grave! when the current\\nwas not sufficiently strong to carry all away. This\\nwas a convenient and useful implement, and several\\nstyles were patented.\\nRIFFLES.\\n.\\\\s mining improved the sluices were made larger,\\nuntil they have become large flumes, or tail-races,\\nsix or eight feet broad and proportionately deep,\\nextending, if necessary and the ground permits, a\\nmile in length, carrying a torrent of 1,000 inches or\\nmore of water loaded with the gravel from the\\nhj drauiic bank. These large sluices also have vari-\\nous styles of riffles. In some scantling were fixed in\\nframes and laid longitudinally with the box, in others\\nblocks of six or more inches in thickness, sawed from\\nlarge trees and fastened in the bottom of the sluice,\\nand in others a pavement of bowlders was laid, like\\nthe cobble pavement of streets. Such riffles are\\nexpected to remain through weeks or months of\\nwashing, as to clean up and replace is a formidable\\nundertaking.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "192\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nGRIZZLY AND CNDER-CURRENTS.\\nIn connection with the large sluice is the grizzly\\nand the under-current. The grizzly is to the\\nlarge sluice what the sluice fork is for the smaller,\\nthat is, to separate the large bowlders from the finer\\ngravel, and is made of bars of iron, usually railroad\\niron. The finer matter passes through the grizzly,\\nand is caught in the under-current, which is a broad-\\nened sluice, sometimes twent} feet in width, set at a\\nlight grade, permitting a gentle current over it, flow-\\ning a convenient distance and i-e-entering the main\\nsluice. The grizzly is usually- placed where a fall\\ncan be obtained, the mass of bowlders and cemented\\ngravel passing over, breaking up the latter in the\\nfall and freeing the gold, to be caught in other sluices\\nand under-currents.\\nSometimes when several claims run their tail-\\nings into the bed of a stream, a tail-sluice is\\nconstructed, through which the debris runs, and from\\nwhich often a large revenue is obtained.\\nSLUICE PAVEMENTS.\\nGreat efforts have been made, and numerous\\npatents obtained, for providing improved and eflScient\\nsluice bottoms, or pavements for sluices, as upon the\\nefiiciency of the sluice depends, in a great measure,\\nthe success or failure of the mine. Condemned car-\\nwheels have been used and found to answer the pur-\\npose well, as the numerous irregular crevices fur-\\nnished excellent riftles, and they were not quickly\\nworn out. Old iron T rails, after serving their pur-\\npose on the railroad, make good bottoms, laid longi-\\ntudinally in the sluice, and arc used where they can\\nbe obtained cheaplj A trial of those against wooden\\nblocks was made in the Morning Star Hydraulic\\nMine, at Iowa Hill, in 1877. Three sections were\\nlaid, of about sixty-five feet each, the first at a suflfi-\\ncient distance from the bank to insure a constant\\ncurrent, laid with the ordinary wood blocks; the\\nsecond section with old iron rails, and the third with\\nblocks like the first. The rails proved more lasting\\nand far more effective as riffles, as the rail section\\nsaved more gold than both the others together.\\nDRIFT MINING.\\nDrift mining in California was first termed coj^ot-\\ning. from the work being done under ground, as\\ncoyotes were supposed to dig their holes. In 184tl,\\nthe miners in the dry diggings at Nevada would sink\\nshafts to the depth of fifteen or twenty feet to the\\nbed-rock, and then, rather than throw off the whole\\nsurface, would coyote, as it was called, from the\\nbottom of their excavation, and this was the begin-\\nning of drift mining. From this circumstance the\\nlocality became known as Coyote Hill, which name\\nit bears at the present time.\\nDrift mining is most extensively carried on in\\nPlacer and Sierra Counties, where it forms a most\\nimportant and valuable industry. Many of the\\ngravel deposits are overcapped bj basalt and other\\nmatter from ancient volcanoes, leaving far in the\\nmountain the channel of some former river or glazier\\nthat contains the auriferous gravel. At points these\\ndeposits are exposed, leading the miner to search\\nbeneath the overlying matter, and thus he has\\nlearned that where the basalt forms the mountain\\ntop a gravel channel lies beneath. To reach this\\nlong tunnels from some bordering canon are requi-\\nsite, both for gaining access to the channel and to\\ndrain the water therefrom. When the gravel is thus\\nreached it is mined out, the process being called\\ndritting, the superincumbent mass being held in\\nplace by timbers placed beneath and by pillars of\\nthe natural matter left standing.\\nThis branch of mining is most extensively prose-\\ncuted in the region lying between the North and\\nMiddle Forks of the American River, commonly\\ndesignated as the Divide, the gravel or mining\\narea comprising about 250 square miles. This sec-\\ntion was prospected in 1849, and contained an active\\npopulation in 1850. Gold was found near the surface,\\nbut the miners soon tried greater depths, and were\\nthus led to the deep deposits on the bed-rock, when,\\nfollowing the example of those of Nevada, com-\\nmenced the system of drifting. In 1853 tunneling\\ncommenced, and since then a great many have been\\nbored, of which more will be found in subsequent\\npages of this book.\\nHYDRAULIC .MINING.\\nAgain the improved method is first made known\\nin Nevada County. In June, 1853, Col. Wm. Me-\\nClure, an enterprising gentleman of Yankee Jim s,\\na miner and stockholder in a ditch supplying the\\nlocality with water, heard reports of a more effective\\nsystem of mining then adopted in Nevada County,\\nand he therefore visited that progressive section to\\nlearn more of the novelty. He found the miners\\nwashing the gravel by turning against the bank a\\nstream of water directed by a canvas hose of four\\nor five inches diameter, and a sheet-iron pipe, or\\nnozzle, as a fireman would direct water upon a burn-\\ning building. This stream, first of twenty-five or\\nfifty inches of water, coming under pressure of fort\\\\\\nto sixty feet from a ditch and penstock on the hill\\nabove, played against the base of the gravel bank\\nwould wash it away, leaving the mass above to fall,\\nand in this manner a large amount of earth was moved,\\nand, by the water, carried down the sluices placed\\nin trenches in the bed-rock ready for its reception.\\nThe work being done by water, the system took\\nthe name of hydraulic. This method was first\\nadopted in 1852 bj^ Mr. Edward E. Maltison, a native\\nof Connecticut, and was one of the most important\\ninventions ever left unpatented. The manner of\\napplying this method was then much simpler and\\nless effectual than at the present day. Leading\\nfrom a ditch to gain pressure was a trough set\\nupon slight trestle, looking something like a line of\\ntelegraph pole.s, hence it was called a telegraph,\\nI conveyed the water to a penstock, which was prob-", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "Photoqraphed by J. M, JA.\\n^y7l^/U^^^\u00c2\u00a3_", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "MINIXG.\\n193\\nably a barrel or a few boards nailed together,\\nmaking a funnel-shaped box, and to this was\\nattached a hose made of heavy canvas leading into\\nthe gravel pit. terminating in a rude nozzle of sheet\\niron.\\nThis method was approved by Colonel McClure,\\nand he hastened to introduce it in Placer County,\\nwith hose, telegraph, penstock, and sheet-iron\\nnozzle, as he had seen it in Nevada. So effective a\\nsystem was not long to remain without improve-\\nment, and many inventors obtained patents for the\\nchanges they effected, who had not the genius to\\nconceive the original plan, and thus profited more\\nthan the real inventor. Eubber hose and nozzles,\\nwith brass couplings, distributing boxes and iron\\npenstocks soon followed, and these were succeeded\\nby the great iron pipe, leading direct to a Craig s\\nMonitor, a Dictatoi a Giant, or other patent\\nnozzle, passing a stream of 1,000 inches of water\\nfrom a pressure of 200 feet high, with a force that\\nwill send a half-ton bowlder whirling over the rocks.\\nSo powerful is this stream that an ordinary brick\\nbuilding would quickly yield to its force. Yet so\\ncemented is the gravel in some mines that the water\\nabrades it very slightly. To facilitate the washing\\na tunnel is run into the gravel at the base of the\\nbank, and when a sufficient distance is reached, pro-\\nportionate with the depth of the mass, cross drifts\\nand chambers are excavated, and in these powder is\\nplaced, fuse or wires laid, the opening refilled and\\npowder exploded, jarring and loosening the gravel\\nso that it maj be more readily attacked by the water.\\nFrom a few hundred pounds to fifty tons of powder\\nare used in a single bank-blast of the above descrip-\\ntion.\\nTo open such a mine requires a long tunnel from\\nsome neighboring depression through the rim rock\\nof the gravel channel at a considerable depth below\\nthe bed, and at such a grade as will allow the\\nflow of water through, as in the tunnel must be the\\nsluices through which the gravel is washed. This\\nmining is available where volcanic matter does not\\noverlie the gravel, and where the gold is generally\\ndiffused throughout the entire mass.\\nDutch Flat, Gold Kun, Iowa Hill, Yankee Jim s,\\nMichigan Bluff, Todd s Valley and Bath are the\\nprincipal localities where hydraulic mining is carried\\non, although there are large and important hydraulic\\nclaims in other parts of the county.\\nHYDRAULIC MINING AT GOLD RUN.\\nMr. Petee, of the Geological Survey of this State,\\nin 1871 made an estimate of the placer mines of Gold\\nRtin District. He estimated that the superficial area\\nof the placers was 860 acres; that about one-half\\nhad been worked over, but not worked out, as the\\nbed-rock had been reached at only one extremitj\\nthat about 43,000.000 cubic yards of dirt had been\\nremoved by hydraulic process, and that the gross\\nproduct of the district taken from statistics, was\\n12,000,000. The average jield, therefore, had been\\nbut four and a half cents per cubic yard of earth,\\nand yet hydraulic mining has been carried on to a\\nlarge profit. In this work only the surface dirt had\\nbeen removed, there being from one to two hundred\\nfeet of gravel and cement underlying the excavation.\\nThis was expected to be much richer, and to bring\\nup the average yield, and at the same time put\\nlarger profits into the pockets of the operators.\\nThis statement is suggestive of the value of hydraulic\\nmining. In a cubic yard there are twenty-seven\\nsolid feet. In a common wagon load there are\\nthirty-two feet. In this Gold Run dirt there was\\nthen about five and one-third cents to the wagon\\nload. Yet 43,000,000 cubic yards, yielding 62,000,-\\n000 were worked to a profit, and the principal cost\\nin this operation, probably, was the water. From\\n1865 to 1881, inclusive, the yield of the Gold Run\\nmines aggregated $7,425,000.\\nCEMENT MILLS.\\nUsually the action of the bank-blast, the force of\\nthe hydraulic stream, the grinding in the sluices,\\nthe falls and dumps sufficiently break up the\\ncemented gravel as to liberate all the gold, but there\\nare mines where the gravel is solidly pressed and\\ncemented together and rich in gold, then it becomes\\nprofitable to crush it under stamps or other machin-\\nery, and for this purpose numerous mills were\\nerected and various devices conceived, patented and\\nput in operation.\\nThe ground had become solidified almost as firmly\\nas the hardest granite, requiring a strong blow of\\npick or drill to make an impression. This hardening\\nhad been effected by the chemical action of iron,\\nsulphur and water, under great pressure through\\nextreme changes of temperature and through ages\\nof time. While the currents and glaciers of the\\nazoic age were grinding the quartz and depositing\\nthe debris of bowlders, pebbles, sand, gold and clay\\nin the channels, ii on, sulphur and other active agents\\nwere intermixed with all, though naturally seeking\\nthe lower levels with the percolations of the water,\\nand in later ages volcanoes poured over the deposit\\nits floods of burning ashes and molten rock, pressing\\nand heating the matter beneath. But it is not to\\nvolcanic action that the lower strata of cemented\\ngravel can be attributed, as they appear in hills\\nundisturbed by such forces, and in layers at various\\ndepths. Where the stratum is composed of quartz,\\npebbles and sand, triturated pyrites of iron and\\nsulphur, the cement is blue, and is called the blue\\nlead, and where sulphur is not so prominent but\\niron predominates, the cement is of a reddish color.\\nThis cement, particularl)- the blue, made greatly of\\nslate quartz and pyrites, is generally rich in gold, and\\nalthough diflicult to break out of the original bank,\\nquite readily separates under the stamps and is thus\\nrapidly worked. While the theory obtains that all\\nthe gold originally camo from the quartz, and the", "height": "3379", "width": "2209", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "104\\nPITSTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\n(loniKiil f^ravol acfiompanyiiig tho u;old Ih iilmopl\\noiitircly compoHod of ([uartz, it in oxtruodingly niro\\nHint. II qiiiirlz bowldor or pobblo of tlui f!;roiit gnivol\\nriiiif^oH (lontiiiriH any of tho ])rucioiin iiiolal.\\nTluM siratum of comoiil or bliio load in oftoii from\\nton to Iwonly loot in do])th, and oxtondinu; acroHH\\nllio rliiinnol a breadth of 500 or 1,0(10 foot. II vory\\nrich, or [lartH of it rich, it in prolitahlo to Huhjoct it\\nto tho HtainpH, which in rujiidly doiio, thoro boin;^ no\\notl ort to crush it to as lino a |)ul|) tin \\\\h ro(|uirod in\\nworkint; quartz. Tho f;oi l from unch oruHhinf; in\\nbut partly Hiivod in tho mill, but tho tailin;, H arc\\nwanhpd into tho hIuIcos and f^o witii tho main body\\nof grave! from tho mino. Tho valuo of th(\u00c2\u00bb f^ravol\\ntlius worked varies jfreatly; it may bo S!2,00 or\\nif 20.00 ])er cubic yard.\\nVariou.s dovicoi* boaidow the Htamp mill have boon\\nmade for crUHhing tho comont. A (ioment j^ravol\\nmill wan (^on.struoted at WiHCOUHin Hill in IS7S,\\nvvhiidi con.siHted of a cylindrical tube thirty foot lonj:;\\nHct on u HJii^hl !j;rade, with four-inch iron barn cipii\\n(liHtant. The cement was fed into this cylinder,\\nwhich slowly revolved, the tine dirt and t^old\\nsoltlinj^ into tho interstices, and tho larf^o bowlders\\nroUiiiff out at tho lower end,\\nmill was 200 tons a day.\\nTh.\\nacitv of til.\\nQll.Vin Z MININI).\\nI laeor County, so rich in gravel mining, was\\nlaggard in developing its veins of quartz. In other\\ncounties rich placoi s in tho streams or gukdies wore\\nsupposed to lead to a rich quartz vein, but here they\\nled to the great deposits in tho hills. West of\\nAuburn in the flats and I avinos below, was found a\\nquality of gold very ditl eront from that of the rivers\\nor great hills to tho oastvvard, liiiving more silvei- in\\nits alloy, and therefore ol .^I veral dollars less value\\nper ounce. This could not bo from the l ead Hluc\\nkiver, which some writers have attributed as tlu^\\nsource of all the lower placers. The various ravines,\\nas Auburn, Baltimore, Secret, Dutch, and Miner s,\\nwore rich in gold, and extended ten miles or more\\ntoward the valley. Tho source of this wide-spread\\ndeposit was at last found in the many (piartz veins\\nabouttho heads of those ravines, tho gold from which\\ncorresponding to a great degree with the gold of the\\nsuhj^uent placers, thus appearing to prove that the\\ngold ot the alluvial or drift deposit, was native to\\ntill earth near the locality whore found, and that\\nglacial action had tbrmod the placers.\\nGold-bearing quartz was found near Dphir at an\\nearly day, and was worked to some extent by\\nMexicans in mortars and ai ustras. All tbo mining\\ndone by them was merely in breaking out tho crop-\\npings, working only the richest. Tho first mill\\nbuilt in the county was in 1851, at Secret Diggings,\\ntho mine being on tho Rosocranz quartz vein. in\\nSeptember, 1852, the Crcesus Hill Quartz Mining\\nCompany commenced tho orootion of a mill of ton\\nstamps, driven by a steam engine of thirl^ -rtvo horse\\npower. The site of this wtvs about one mile west of\\nAuburn, and it began work on the 2()th of January,\\n1851!. Tho result of the workings of those pioneci-\\nmills is not recorded, but from the fact that quartz\\nmining and milling languished, tho inference is that\\nthe success was not great.\\nIn 1855 a remarkably ri(di body of gohl bearing\\nquartz was discovered in Shipley Ravine, near (iold\\nHill, and (piite an excitement followed. Tho vein\\nwas traced a long distunce, and locations made cov-\\nering an extent of about four miles. At Stewart s\\nFlat., about live miles southwest of Auburn, rich\\n(|iiartz was discovered and mills erected in 1858.\\nIn December of that year there were six quartz\\nmills in operation in tho region west of Auburn\\nThis has been tho principal quartz mining region of\\nI lacer (bounty, and, although the business has boon\\nexceedingly variable, sometimes dying out entirely,\\nit has periodically revived, and a large amount of\\nbullion has been produced.\\nKast of Auburn, gold-bearing quartz was found\\nin the early years of mining, and, in July, 1855,\\nMessrs. Walsh McMurtrie, of Grass Valley, built a\\n(|uartz-mill on the Pennsylvania Lead, about eight\\nmiles oast of Wisconsin Hill. This was the jiionoor\\nmill of the region, and was known as Strong it Co. s\\nMill, afterwards known as tho Pioneer.\\nIn tho Assessor s report for 1855, this is referred\\nto as tho first succossfur quartz mining and milling\\nin Placer County. In tho same year, says tho\\nre])ort, Mygsi s. Hancock Wilson have built, and\\narc successfully operating, a quartz-mill at Sarahs-\\nvillo (Hath), near Michigan Bluff. Those gentlemen\\nare tho successful pioneers in the rnodc of mining\\nwhiidi is to succeed, eventually, placer digging.\\nWhen these old surface washings shall luivo been\\nforgotten, the sound of the quartz stampers will be\\nhoard from almost every little ledge which the\\nminer now daily passes by without notice. In tho\\nfollowing year the mill erected by Strong Co. was\\ntaken down and rebuilt, the new one having twenty-\\nfour stamps, each weighing 1,200 pounds, and was\\nregarded as tho most effective null in the State.\\nQuartz veins seam the county through its entire\\nextent, whore tho bed-rock is attainable, from the\\nSacramento Valley to tho eastern limit. Hundreds\\nof these have been prospected, and found to contain\\ngold, and a largo number have, at one time or\\nanother, boon the scene of active mining operations,\\nyiehiing large sums, and then abandoned. Some at\\ntimes yield very profitablj but the paying body, or\\nbonanza, becoming exhausted the mines are closed.\\nThe quartz veins have almost universally a trend\\nslightly east of north and west of south, dipping to\\nthe east at an angle of about seventy or eighty\\ndegr\u00c2\u00abes. In width they vary from two inches to\\nmany feet, live to ten probably being the most usual,\\nbut instances of as groat a width as 200 feet are\\nmentioned. The number, extent, and value of these\\ncan oul} bo stated indefinitely, unless in a descrip-\\ntion of each particularly. East and west veins\\nsometimes occur.", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "MINING.\\n195\\nPIONEEE QUARTZ MINING EM PIKE MILL.\\nIn 1856 the Empire Mill was built at Ophir, by\\n.Messrs. Choate, Huston Co., and commenced oper-\\nations in September of that year. This was worked\\nby steam-power, and consisted of two batteries of\\nfour square, wooden-stem stamps each, but success\\nattending the first workings, the mill was, in 1857,\\nenlarged to eighteen stamps, capable of crushing fifty\\ntons of quartz in each day of twenty-four hours.\\nFrom the wooden-stem stamps, the change was made\\nto iron-stem stamps each weighing 860 pounds. The\\nmill was run night and day, employing ten men,\\nfive working each twelve hours. The full comple-\\nment of men working the mine and mill and hauling\\nore was sixty. The poorest rock yielded 88.00 per\\nton, and the work was reported as profitable. The\\ncost of quarrying the rock, or mining it, and laying\\nit down at the mill was S3. 25 per ton, and the cost of\\ncrushing was 82.00 per ton. Several veins were\\nowned and worked by the company, some of which\\nyielded at the rate of 816.00 perton. The methods of\\nsaving the gold were amalgamation in the battery,\\nand saving the sulphurets in blankets to be after-\\nwards ground in arastras. of which there were sev-\\neral attached to the mill. The amalgamation was\\nvery defective, as much of the tailings were trans-\\nported to Sacramento to be more scientifically bene-\\nficiated.\\nPIONEER MILL.\\nThe Pioneer 3till at Ophir was built early in 1856,\\nby Xaylor i Livingtson, as a prospecting mill. The\\nbattery consisted of six square stamps, driven by a\\nwater-wheel twenty-four feet in diameter, which was\\nturned by a stream of fiftj inches of water from the\\nAuburn and Bear Eiver Ditch. This mill was chiefly\\nengaged in custom work, some of the rock brought\\nto it yielding at the rate of 8200 per ton.\\nThis mill still continues its work on the old site of\\nover a quarter a century ago. Many changes of\\nproprietorship and manner of working ore have\\nbeen made, but it is still the old Pioneer Mill. The\\nproprietors in 1881 were Messrs. Frank X. Lavallee\\nand Hans Peder Hansen. The present mill has five\\nstamps of the modern pattern, and reduces six tons\\nof ore per day. The driving power is a water-wheel\\nof thirty feet diameter, and the building is 20x40\\nfeet in dimensions, the proprietors having a United\\nStates patent for twenty-four acres of land comf\u00c2\u00bbris-\\ning the site. The rates of wages in early times was\\n8-1.00 per day, but the wages at the present time\\nare only 82.00, and charges for working ore 83.00\\nper ton.\\nCXIOX MILL.\\nThe Union Mill was on Bald Hill, one and a half\\nmiles from Ophir. This contained eight round or\\nrevolving stamps, and was driven by a water-wheel\\nfortj -eight feet in diameter. This mill was the\\nproperty of a German company, built in 1S56, and\\nvery successfully operated. The company worked a\\nmine of their own, which was opened by a tunnel near\\nthe mill, and rock was transported direct from the\\nmine to the battery in the cars. The rock from the\\nmine yielded from 88,00 to 828.00 per ton. The gold\\nsaving was done in blankets and grinding of tail-\\nings in arastras. The concentrated tailings after\\nleaving the arastras were sold at 816 per ton to par-\\nties in Sacramento.\\nPLACER MILL.\\nThe Placer .Mill was situatod on Shipley s Eavine;\\nbuilt in 1857; had eight round stampts. and was\\ndriven by steam. The gold-saving apparatus was\\nthe usual style of the day; the crushed quartz flow-\\ning from the battery over blankets, the matter thus\\nsaved being afterwards worked over in arastras.\\nRound stamps were used, then a recent invention,\\nand were called revolvers, as they partly turn at\\neach lift by the action of the cam.\\nHEATH 4 HENDERSON JIILL.\\nMes.srs. Heath Henderson built a quartz-mill\\nearly in 1858, about one and a half miles below Gold\\nHill, on a quartz ledge owned by themselves. This\\nmill contained four stamps of 500 pounds each, and\\nwas driven by water from the Auburn and Bear\\nRiver Ditch. This was considered remarkable\\nbecause of its proximity to the Sacramento Valley,\\nthe open plain being bat three miles distant.\\nMAY CO. S MILL.\\nMessrs. May k Co., early in 1858, also built and\\nsuccessfully operated an eight-stamp mill at Ophir,\\nmaking some improvements, but generally working\\nin the methods practiced by others.\\nBAY STATE JIILL.\\nThe Bay State Mill, at American Bar, on the\\nAmerican River, was one of the mcst complete of\\nthe mills of 18_58. In this was first introduced new\\nmethods of amalgamating and saving gold. Pre-\\nviously used processes were almost as crude as\\ncould have been conceived and practiced only in the\\nfirst developments of mining knowledge among a\\nsemi-civilized people. So metallurgical studies were\\ndeemed requisite, and science was ignored, yet some\\npeople mined and milled with success, and loftily\\nclassed themselves as experts. The innovations\\nmade at the Bay State Mill was the adoption of the\\nChambers Process, introduced by Judge Cham-\\nbers, lat\u00c2\u00ab of the banking house of Page, Bacon\\nCo. In this the quartz after being crushed under\\nthe stamps was ground still finer by mill-stones,\\nthen through amalgamating pans, in connection with\\nchemicals and quicksilver. The chemicals used were\\na secret to the inventor, and a large royalty was\\ndemanded for the use of the process, as it was pat-\\nented. This was reported as saving from 880 to\\n8130 per ton from the rock of a vein where only from\\n\u00c2\u00a710.00 to S15.00 had been obtained by the former\\nmethods of working.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "196\\nHISTORY OF PLA.CER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nPRESTON WORRELL MILL.\\nPreston Worrell s quartz-mill at Stewart s Flat,\\nfive miles below Auburn, was a busy and successful\\ninstitution in 1837-58. In the latter year the firm\\nwas mining the Jenny Lind and Elizabeth Ledges,\\nsome of the rock yielding at the rate of two ounces\\nof gold per ton.\\nThe Jenny Lind was subsequently better known\\nas the Schnabel Mine, from the name of the owner,\\nand lies near Newcastle. During the first ten years\\nof its working the rock paid an average of $6.00 per\\nton, but in the second decade, when a depth of 450\\nfeet had been reached, the value rose to $9.00 and\\n$10.00 per ton.\\nHENSON CO S. MILL.\\nHenson Go s, quartz-mill was also at Stewart s\\nFlat at the same time, and working quartz from a\\nclaim on the Elizabeth Lode. This mill used a new\\ninvention called the Rihs Amalgamator, an inven-\\ntion of Colonel Russ, of California, and was intended\\nto save the fine gold existing free in the quartz.\\nSubsequently the Chambers process was added, and\\nthe tailings reworked with good results.\\nTOM SEYMOUR MILL.\\nThe Tom Seymour Mill was built in 1862 at Stew-\\nart s Flat, by Messrs. Rogers Barter. The mine\\nbore the name of the mill, and yielded quartz worth\\nfrom $40.00 to $60.00 per ton, the latter being\\nobtained at a depth of ninety feet.\\nSILVER EXCITEMENT.\\nIn 1865 quite an excitement prevailed upon the\\ndiscovery of silver in what was presumed to be a\\npaying mine near Rock Spring, in the southwestern\\npart of the county. This was the Layne Mine, from\\nwhich considerable ore was extracted, which, upon\\nheating in a blacksmith s forge, would become cov-\\nered with tiny globules of silver. Some of the ore,\\ntaken to Sacramento, was assayed, and declared\\nchloride of silver, and containing that metal at the\\nrate of $300 per ton.\\nPros]jecting for silver became quite a rage during\\nthe fall of 1865 and winter of 1866, and other ledges\\nrich in that metal were reported near Newcastle, at\\nOphir, and other localities, and much work done in\\ndeveloping the mines. Ore was found ranging in\\nvalue from $100 to $500 per ton. The silver ledges\\nat Newcastle were discovered by miners who were\\nworking at night in the Kearsarge Mine, and pros-\\npecting in the day time on their own account. The\\nprincipal veins found were named the Comanche,\\nthe Ad Valorem, and the Pacific. These were\\nmines of great expectations, and some future his-\\ntorian may write of the large fortunes made in silver\\nmining in western Placer.\\nGEORGE W. REAMER\\nWas born in New Brunswick, Middlesex County,\\nNew Jersey, September 11, 1827. The first years of\\nhis life were passed in his native State, but soon after\\nreaching manhood s estate we find him a member of\\nthe New Brunswick and California Mining and Trad-\\ning Company, which sailed from New York on the\\n7th of February, 1849, and after a voyage of 180\\ndays landed in San Francisco. Upon his arrival in\\nthe land of promise, Mr. Reamer engaged in business\\nin Sacramento, in company with J. R. Hardenburgh,\\nbut the climate of that city proving detrimental to\\nhis health, he sought both health and riches in the\\nmines. Thus we find him a miner as early as the\\nspring of 50. His first venture was in river mining\\non the American River, in which he was successful.\\nConceiving the idea that to strike at the fountain\\nhead was the surest, if not the quickest, way to\\nascertain what dame fortune had in store for him,\\nhe repaired to the deep hill diggings upon the Forest\\nHill Divide, and was instrumental in sinking sixteen\\nshafts between the present towns of Todd s Valley\\nand Forest Hill. On the 3d day of August, 1852,\\nhe started the bed-rock tunnel in the New Jersey\\nclaim at Forest Hill, and for six years and six months\\nworked in solid rock, with no trace of the precious\\nmetal of which he was in search. His only incentive\\nfor persevering was the fact that the Jenny Lind,\\nadjoining his claim, had struck it rich. During\\nthese years shares had been sold in this enterprise\\nto parties who would soon become discouraged and\\nwithdraw. Finally, after years of patient toil, it\\nwas decided by the owners that some other plan\\nmust be adopted, and at a meeting they decided to\\nraise a chute up through the rock and if no pay dirt\\nwas found to abandon the claim. Soon after adopt-\\ning this latter plan they found a bed of very rich\\ngravel, entirely different from the blue lead they\\nhad been in search of, and in less than six weeks\\nhad the satisfaction of paying off the indebtedness\\non the claim, amounting to about $40,000. This\\nupper lead was worked steadily for some years, and\\nduring the first seven years over one million dollars\\nworth of the precious metal was taken out.\\nIn 1862 he visited his home inthe East, and during\\nhis stay was married, in February, to Miss Sara E.\\nMacdonald, a native of New York City, and the fol-\\nlowing month returned with his bride to California.\\nThree children have been born to them, two sons\\nand a daughter.\\nIn 1872 Mr. Reamer, with his family, removed to\\nAuburn, he having become the owner of the Bear\\nRiver, Auburn and Gold Hill Ditch and Mining prop-\\nerty, and for seven years devoted his time and ener-\\ngies to enlarging and improving the ditch property.\\nTo avoid litigation, he purchased the North Fork\\nDitch property, which proved a financial disaster.\\nThe floods swept away the dams that had been\\nerected at an enormous expense some 6200,000\\nand thus the old 49er saw his riches take wings and\\ndisappear in a short time. With the characteristic\\nenergy of the old pioneer, Mr. Reamer returned to\\nhis mines at Forest Hill, and is attain searchina; for", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n107\\nthe back channel he started after in the New\\nJersey nearly thirty years ago. Mr. Reamer is a\\nman of unblemished character, quiet and refined, and\\nis a rarity among the 49er8, having never been a\\nfrequenter of the saloons or card tables, and is still\\na miner as in the days of old.\\nCHAPTER XXIX.\\nMINING LAWS.\\nQuartz Miners Convention and Laws Auburn Quartz Mining\\nDistrict Laws of Auburn District Recommendation\\nPlacer Mining Laws Laws of Concert Hill District State\\nConvention of Miners\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proceedings of Miners Convention\\nUnited States Mining Laws Act of July 26, 186G Act\\nof July 9, 1870\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Act of May U, 187-2- Subsequent Amend-\\nments Furms Proof of Labor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Notice of Location Rules\\nand Decisions Obtaining Patents for Mines Adverse\\nClaims Agricultural or Mineral Land Aliens Cross\\nLodes Tunnels.\\nSo GREAT had the quartz mining interest grown in\\n1865, and so great was the interest felt in the bright\\nprospects and growing business in the vicinity of\\nAuburn, that it was deemed necessary to organize a\\nquartz mining district, and to adopt a code of laws\\nand regulations after the manner of other localities\\nthroughout the mining region. This was the custom-\\nary method, and miners laws were recognized in the\\nUnited States and State courts, when not inconsis-\\ntent with statute laws.\\nAUBURN QUARTZ MININO DISTRICT.\\nFor this purpose a Convention of quartz miners\\nwas called, to be held at Auburn, October 28, 1865,\\nwhen the following pi oceedings were held, which\\nwere published in the Flacer Herald and Stars and\\nStripes of November 4th of that year:\\nWilliam E. Miller was elected to the Chair, and\\nHorace Baldwin elected Secretary.\\nIt was moved and adopted that a committee of\\nthree be appointed to frame a code of laws, and\\ndefine the boundaries of the district.\\nThe Chair appointed as said Committee, James E.\\nHale, Charles H. Mitchell and W. A. Selkirk.\\nOn motion the Convention adjourned for half an\\nhour, to give the Committee time to report. On\\nre-assembling the Committee reported on the bound-\\naries of the district, which, on motion, was adopted,\\nwhen the Convention adjourned until the next Mon-\\nday evening.\\nMonday, October 30th.\\nThe Convention convened pursuant to adjourn-\\nment, Wm. E. Miller in the chair. The minutes of\\nof last meeting were read and approved. The Com-\\nmittee then made the balance of their report which\\nwas unanimously adopted, and the Committee dis-\\ncharged. On motion the Convention, under the laws\\nadopted, proceeded to the election of Recorder\\nfor the district, and that the polls be kept open for\\none hour.\\nThe Chair appointed as Tellers, John li. Gwynn, J\\nW. Dickenson, and Thomas Jamison, when the names\\nof Tabb Mitchell and Mack Webber were placed in\\nnomination.\\nOne hour having elapsed, the polls were declared\\nclosed. The Tellers proceeded to count the vote, and\\ndeclared the result as follows: Tabb Mitchell received\\nsiKty-three votes and Mack Webber, fifty-seven,\\nwhen, on motion, Mitchell was declared elected, and\\nthe Convention adjourned, subject to a call under the\\nlaws of the District.\\nWm. E. Miller, Chainaan.\\nHorace Baldwin, Secretary.\\nLAWS OP AUBURN DISTRICT.\\nArticle 1. This distinct shall be called the\\nAuburn Quartz Mining District, and shall be bounded\\nas follows: Commencing at a point on the North Fork\\nof the American River, where the dividing line\\nbetween Congresssional Townships 12 and 13 north,\\nand east of Mount Diablo base and meridian, strikes\\nsaid river; thence due west along said line to the\\nnorthwest corner of Section 5, in Congressional\\nTownship 12 (the west line of said section being the\\ndividing line between Townships 2 and 3 of Placer\\nCounty); thence south on said section line to the\\nAmerican River below Rattlesnake Bar; thence up\\nsaid river and the North Fork of the same to the\\nplace of beginning.\\nArt. 2. All quartz claims in this district for gold,\\nsilver, copper, or other metals, shall be 200 feet in\\nlength, measured horizontally in a direct line upon\\nthe general course of the ledge, and shall include all\\nthe dips, angles, and spurs of the ledge, and the\\nwidth of 150 feet of ground on each side of the ledge\\nshall be allowed for the convenience and facility of\\nworking the claim; -provided, that the said right to\\nthe use of said 150 feet on each side of the ledge,\\nshall not be so constructed as to confer a right to\\nany cross ledge as against the rights of any subse-\\nquent location thereof, except to the extent of ten\\nfeet, horizontal measurement, of such cross ledge,\\non each side of said first located ledge; Pro-\\nvided, also, that such subsequent locators shall\\nbe entitled to the right of way and drainage through\\nfirst ledge, when the same can be done without\\nmaterial interference with the enjoyment of the\\nrights of the said first locators. Provided, further,\\nthat the said right of way and drainage last afore-\\nsaid shall not be so constructed as to impair the\\nright of said first locators to the full and i ree use of\\nthe surface ground, to the extent of 150 feet on\\neach side of said first located ledge.\\nA.RT. 3. Every location shall be made by posting\\non some prominent natural object, or on a post\\nfirmly set in the earth, at some point on or near the\\nledgeor ledges intended to bo located, a notice legibly\\nwritten or printed in the English language, containing\\nthe true date of the posting of the notice, the name of\\nthe location or company, the name or names of each\\nlocator, the number of claims located, the general\\ncourse and direction of the ledge or ledges located,\\nthe length or lengths and distance or distances\\nclaimed on each ledge or ledges, measuring I rom\\nsaid notice posted as aforesaid. Also an intelligible\\ndescription of the locality of the ledge or ledges, and\\nthe particular part or parts thereof located, so that the\\nsame maj^ bo found and traced from the contents oi\\nsuch notice. There shall also be placed upon each\\nend of the location of a claim or claims, a stake.", "height": "3359", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "19S\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nupon which shall be the name of the company or\\nlocator, and the direction of said stalies from the\\nwritten or printed notices above provided for.\\nArt. 4. Every location may be for one or more\\nclaims of the dimensions stated in Article 2d, and\\neach location shall be made on one ledge or on cross\\nledges, and when on cross ledges the location shall\\nembrace the junction of the cross ledges; or a loca-\\ntion may be made on two or more ledges not cross-\\ning or intersecting each other, but when so made,\\nthe ledges bo located shall not be more than 300 feet\\napart in their general course and direction. Every\\nlocation of one or more claims shall be designated in\\nthe notice by some particular name, except that\\nwhen locations are made of one claim only, or less,\\nthe name or designation may be only the name of\\nthe locator.\\nArt. 5. No person shall hold more than one\\nclaim by location on the same ledge or ledges, when\\nembraced in the same location.\\nArt. 6. No claim shall be recognized as valid,\\nunless a true copy of the principal notice, as required\\nin Article 3d, is filed for record with the Recorder,\\nwithin five days after the date of location.\\nArt. 7. Work to the value of ten dollars on or\\nfor each claim of 200 feet, shall be done within thirty\\ndays after posting notices of locations; Provided,\\nthat any company may do an equivalent amount of\\nwork at any one or more points on their ledge,\\nwhich shall hold their claims good for three months\\nnext after posting said notices, at the expiration of\\nwhich time and within the next three months, the\\nperson or company shall expend a like sum, to hold\\nsaid claim or claims good for said last-named period,\\nand a like expenditure shall be made within each\\nsucceeding three months lor the like purpose, until\\nsuch company shall have expended in the aggregate\\nfor each chum of 200 feet, the sum of SI 00, wher:\\nsuch person or company shall be deemed to have a\\nvested right to such claim or claims, and the same\\nshall not be deemed jumpable; Provided, however,\\nif within any one of the above specified periods, such\\nperson or conipanj shall expend, in addition to the\\nabove required sum to hold good such claim or\\nclaims, to the further sum of one or more ten dollars\\nfor each claim, then such claim or claims shall be\\nheld good thereafter for a period corresponding at\\nsaid rate of three months for each ten dollars\\nexpended for each claim.\\nArt. 8. The Recorder shall keep two well-bound\\nbooks, each of which shall be provided with an\\nample index. In one of said books the Recorder\\nshall immediately, upon the filing of any and every\\nnotice of location of a mining claim for gold, silver,\\ncopper or other metal, record the same, and shall at\\ntime of said filing index such location b} the name\\nor designation of such company or claim. He shall\\nalso indorse on the back of each of said notices, the\\ndate and hour of the day when the same shall be\\nfiled for record and subscribe the same. He shall\\nalso, when recording said notices, append to each\\nrecord to be subscribed by him, a certificate of the\\nsaid date and hour of filing, and the name of the\\nperson presenting the same for record, and shall at\\nthe same time carry out in said index the page or\\npages of said book when said record is made. In\\nthe other of said books, the Recorder shall in like\\nmanner index, and record and certify the record of\\nevei-y affidavit of labor and expenditure made by any\\ncompany or person, taking special care to index the\\nsame by the same name by which the same is\\nindexed and recorded in the said first described book.\\nAnd he shall, in the manner first above described, as\\nto notices, file each of affidavits. On the filing of said\\nnotices and affidavits, the Recorder shall carefully\\nfile the same away alphabetically, and the same\\nshall thereafter be thus carefully preserved in the\\noffice for reference, and shall be by him delivered\\nover to his successor in office for the like purpose.\\nHe shall also on demand, and on the payment of his\\nfees therefor, make and certily to any person, a\\ncertificate of any notice or affidavit on file in his\\noffice, or of these laws or those hereby repealed. The\\nRecorder shall in no case be required to file for\\nrecord any of said notices of claims, or affidavits of\\nlabor as herein provided, except upon the payment\\nin coin of the fees in full for such filing, recording\\nand certificate prescribed by these laws; Provided,\\nThat the rights intended by the laws to be\\nacquired or secured by such record of such notice\\nor affidavit shall be deemed to relate to the date of\\nsaid filing thereof. Prodded further. It shall be the\\nimperative duty of said Recorder to immediately file\\nand record said notices and affidavits on presenta-\\ntion to him for those purposes, whether he shall or\\nshall not have received his fees therefor, -unless at\\nthe time of said jiresentatioii he shall have demanded\\nsaid fees in advance. The fees of the Recorder for\\nthe services required of him by these laws shall be\\nfifty cents for the recording of each Iblio or less\\nfor the body of every instrument to be recorded,\\nten cents for each indexing, ten cents for each filing,\\nand ten cents for each certificate of record. He\\nshall also be entitled to receive for each certified\\ncopy of any recorded or filed instrument fifty cents\\nfor each folio or less, and ten cents for his certifi-\\ncate thereto. ~^j[^\\nArt. 9. Thei-e shall be elected for said district a\\nRecorder annually, on the first Saturday of January,\\nexcept that the first Recorder elected under these\\nlaws shall hold his office until the first Saturday of\\nJanuary, 1807, and he and his successors shall keep\\nthe books, papers and office in the town of Auburn.\\nIt shall be his duty annually to give at least one\\nweek s notice, before the first of January, by i)ub-\\nlication in the newspapers published in the town of\\nAuburn, of an election (staling the time and place)\\nto be held to elect his successor. And on said\\nelection the Recorder shall deliver to his successor\\nall books and papers pertaining to his office. In\\nthe case of the Recorder s death, or his removal\\nIrom the district, any twenty-five quartz miners of\\nthe district, who have signed these laws, may call a\\nmeeting at Auburn, by giving one week s notice by\\npublication, for the purpose of electing a Recorder\\nto fill the unexpired term. Provided, That from any\\ncause the Recorder shall not have given the said\\nrequired notice, and said election has not been adver-\\ntised to be held, as last herein provided, it shall be\\nthe duty of the Recorder to immediately give the\\nrequired notice of such election for the unexpired\\nterm being held over.\\nArt. 10. When at any time twenty -five or more\\nbona fide quartz miners, within this district, and who\\nown not less than one gold, silver, or copper min-\\ning claim therein, shall sign and jjresent to the\\nRecorder a written request for the convocation of a\\nmeeting of the quartz miners of said district, for the\\npurpose of changing any of these laws, or add-\\ning thei eto, or both, it shall be the duty of the\\nRecorder (on payment of the necessary cost of pub-\\nlication) to cause to be published in the newspapers\\nin the town of Auburn, for the period of two weeks,", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n199\\na notice, signed by him, setting forth in substance\\nsaid written request (and the time, which shall not\\nbe less than two days after the last publication), and\\nthe place of a general meeting of the miners having\\nclaims within said district, for the purpose of amend-\\ning or adding to the laws regulating said mining\\nwithin the district; and except as the same may be\\namended, or added to, as in this Article provided,\\nthese laws shall be and remain in full force; Pro-\\nvided, that in case of the refusal or failure of the\\nRecorder to cause such publication of notice of such\\nmeeting within a reasonable time after the said\\nrequest, and payment of cost, etc., said miners sign-\\ning the same may cause said publication of notice to\\nbe made, signed by themselves, and said meeting\\nmay be held, and exercise the powers aforesaid.\\nArt. 11. All former laws regulating gold, silver, or\\ncopper mining within this district are hereby\\nrepealed; Frouided, however, that no rights hereto-\\nfore acquired under the same shall be in any wise\\naffected by said repeal, but such rights shall be deter-\\nminable by the terms of the laws under which they\\nwere acquired; Provided, however, that in all cases\\nwhere right to a claim or claims less than a vested\\nright thereto onl} have been acquired according to\\nthe terms of said former laws, then the owner or\\nowners thereof shall cause affidavits to be filed and\\nrecorded as required by these laws, of the perform-\\nance of the remaining labor, etc., necessary (accord-\\ning to said former laws) to be done to perfect and\\nvested right; and the period or periods, within\\nwhich such affidavits shall be filed and recorded,\\nshall be the same within which (according to said\\nformer laws) said labor, etc., are required to be per-\\nformed.\\nArt. 12. All elections for Eecorder shall be by\\nballot.\\nArt. 13. No person shall be entitled to take part\\nin the deliberations of any Quartz Miners Conven-\\ntion, or meeting, called by virtue of these Laws,\\nunless he be an owner of a claim or an interest\\ntherein, and has signed the Laws of the District.\\nRECOMMENDATION.\\nIt is hereby earnestlj- recommended by the Con-\\nvention of miners, adopting the foregoing Laws in\\nview of the loss of a part of the old record of claims,\\nand the imperfections of many others, and to the end\\nthat the mining public may be enlightened to the\\nnature and extent of existing claims, and for the\\navoidance of disputes and litigation that in all cases\\nwhatever old claims should be, by the owner thereof\\ncaused to be recorded in conformity with these\\nLaws. And in ease of claim by them of having\\nacquired vested rights, by full compliance with the\\nrequirements of pre-existing laws for that purpose,\\nthen that affidavits should be filed and recorded as\\nprovided in the foregoing Laws, setting forth the\\nfacts constituting such complete compliance. And\\nwith a view to the successful development of mining\\nclaims in this District, it is further recommended\\nthat all companies of two or more persons locating\\nclaims therein, should organize the same in con-\\nformity with the provisions of an Act of the Legis-\\nlature of this State, Approved April 4, 1864, entitled\\nAn Act Concerning Partnership for Mining Pur-\\nposes.\\nPL.\\\\CER MINING LAWS.\\nIn April, 1867, another Miners Convention was\\ncalled, which changed the boundaries of the Auburn\\nDistrict to comprise all and only Township No. 3,\\nand made further changes fixing the dimensions of\\nclaims at 300 feet to each individual locator, and\\nordering all old claims re-located or deemed aban-\\ndoned unless then occupied or having SI, 000 worth\\nof work done on them. Similar laws were passed\\nin other districts, and continued in force until the\\npassage of the Act of Congress, in 1872, which fixed\\nthe dimensions of claims at 1,500 feet for each indi-\\nvidual or company, with a width of 600 feet. At\\nthis meeting Mr. Wm. E. Miller was elected iiecorder,\\nand the fees for Eecording were fixed at fifty cents\\nfor each claim and twenty-five cents for each transfer.\\nLAWS OF CONCERT HILL DISTRICT.\\nFrom the earliest days of American gold mining in\\nCalifornia, the miners were under the necessity of\\nmaking laws and regulations for the allotment of\\nground and the tenure of mining claims. For these\\npurposes no statute laws existed within the United\\nStates, or vState of California, nor were there any\\ncustoms or precedents to guide. From the necessi-\\nties of the case rules were informally adopted which\\ngrew into a system that has been the basis of judicial\\ndecisions and statutes. Every mining locality was\\nmade a district, sometimes a small river bar, or hill,\\nor flat, and at other times embracing a section\\nincluding different classes of mining. The miners of\\nthese districts, in public meetings, would organize,\\ndefine their boundaries, and resolve upon a code of\\nlaws, which were authority until changed by a reg-\\nularly called meeting, or in conflict with some statute\\nlaw. The following is a sample of the usual mining\\ndistrict laws:\\nAt a meeting of the miners of Concert Hill Dis-\\ntrict, held at Auburn on the 14th of June, 1856, Mr.\\nC. Carpenter was called to the Chair and I. S.\\nTichenor, appointed Secretary. The following laws\\nwere presented to the meeting and unanimously\\nadopted:\\n.ff\u00c2\u00ab.sofoe\u00c2\u00a3Z i. That this mining district shall be known\\nby the name of Concert Hill District.\\nResolved 2, That the boundaries of this district shall\\nbe upon the eastern side of the flume of the North\\nFork and American River Water and Mining Coni-\\npany, extending from Oregon Bar Ferry, on the\\nsouth to Tamaroo Bar on the north; extending from\\nTamaroo Bar west to Ogden s Diggings on the Ophir\\nroad; thence south in a direct line to a point west of\\nOregon Bar Ferrj-; thence east to the place of begin-\\nning.\\nResolved 3, That the size of each claim in this dis-\\ntrict for hill diggings shall be (60) sixty feet front,\\nand shall extend back (600) six hundred feet in a\\ndirect lino with the tunnel.\\nResolved 4, That there shall be a Recorder for this\\ndistrict, whose dutj it shall be to keep a record of\\nall claims located. His compensation therefor shall\\nbe for each claim (25) twenty five cents.\\nResolved 5, That no claim shall bo considered\\nlocated until they are dul} recorded by the person\\nappointed by this meeting for that purpose, except\\nsuch claims as are now being worked.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "200\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i-\\nBesolved 6, That no claim shall be held for a longer\\ntime than (10) ten days without work, and at least\\none day s work in ten must be done upon each and\\nevery claim, otherwise it shall be considered aban-\\ndoned.\\nResolved 7, That no person shall hold more than\\none claim in each company except by purchase, and\\nin such cases a fair equivalent shall be rendered for\\nthe same.\\nResolved 8, That after this date, each and every\\nmember of the company shall appear before the\\nRecorder, in person, and have his claim recorded.\\nResolved 9, That ail disputes arising in regard to\\nmining claims in this district, shall be left to a min\\ner s meeting, composed of those only who may be\\nengaged in mining in this district, and this decision\\nshall be considered final.\\nResolved 10, That all surface and ravine diggings\\nshall consist of 200 feet square to each claim.\\nResolved 11, That Wm. McDaniel act as Recorder\\nof this district.\\nResolved 13, That should the Recorder be called\\nupon to settle any disputes in regard to claims, he\\nshall receive as a compensation for his time so spent\\nthe sum of one dollar per hour, to be paid by the\\nperson who shall make api)lieation to him.\\nResolved 13, That every claim in this district shall\\nbe recorded within ten days from date.\\nResolved H, That a copy of these resolutions shall\\nbe published in the Placer Press and Placer Herald of\\nthis village.\\nI. S. TicHENOR, C. E. Carpenter,\\nSecretary. Chairman.\\nSTATE CONVENTION OF MINERS.\\nIn ISGJ several bills were introduced in Congress\\nfor the regulation, taxation and disposal of mining\\nclaims and the mineral lands of the United States.\\nThe mining interest had then grown beyond the lim-\\nits of the State of California. JS^evada had become\\na Stale, producing a large amount of bullion, and\\nwas ably represented in both houses of Congress.\\nMining was a great industry in the State of Oregon,\\nand the Territories of Idaho, Montana, Utah and\\nColorado were attracting the attention of the world\\nby their mineral wealth, and the subject of mining\\nfor the precious metals had grown to one of national\\nimportance. The people of the East looked upon the\\npublic lands of the United States as a part of their\\nestate, which should be administered upon as that of\\nan individual or coi-poration, for their cent per cent.\\ninterest therein, and, as a soulless corporation, would\\nexact the utmost tribute that could be squeezed from\\ntenants or purchasers. To this the people of the\\nTacific Coast res])onded, that the United States\\ninterest was only that of agent in allotting the prop-\\nertj to the occupants and giving a title thereto under\\nequitable regulations, with such fees as would cover\\nthe cost of the service, and no more.\\nThe leader of the Eastern policy was John Sher-\\nman, and this was a revival of the old Whig pol-\\nicy of 1849-50, which had been so opposed by the\\nalifornians of that time, and subsequently aban-\\ndoned. In opposition to the measures proposed by\\nSherman, the subject \u00c2\u00aef a convention of miners was\\nagitated by the press of California and Nevada,\\nwhich resulted in the calling of a State Convention\\nin California, at which several representatives from\\nNevada and other mining States and Territories were\\npresent. Placer County was represented in this Con-\\nvention hj the following-named delegates, selected\\nfrom the several districts in which they resided:\\nBenjamin Smith, William McClure, William Duck,\\nD. E. Hirstead, S. W. Bowman, Charles Tratton, M.\\nB. Tubbs, L. Adams, James Dods, W. L. Lawrence,\\nP. Bumpus, L. B. Arnold, J. S. Colgrove, James Teog,\\nE. H. Gaylard, A. K. Benton, S. Palmer, J. Moody,\\nC. Wicks, T. Thomp.son, E. C. Buzzell, A. Hinckley,\\nR. A. Clark, C. J. Ciark, E. L. Watson, A. A. Pond,\\nJohn Bosquit, Daniel Choate, Charles Marsac, James\\nMoore, B. F. Moore, G. W. Reamer, P. B. Fagan, A.\\nB. Scott, A. J. Angel, Thomas Campbell, John Yule,\\nC. S. Swenson, William E. Miller, Horace Baldwin,\\nJ. H. Mallett, Benjamin Smith, C. A. Tuttle, E. M.\\nHall, M. McGonegal, William Liston, C. E. Carpenter,\\nP. J. Largre, Isaac Small, J. W. Neff, John Knee-\\nland, A. J. Ewalt. A. M. Sisson, W. D. Lawrence.\\nPROCEEDINGS OF MINERS CONVENTION.\\nThe delegates to the Miners State Convention met\\nin the Sixth-street Methodist Church in Sacramento\\non the 17th of January, 1866, and continued in\\nsession two days.\\nA. A. Sargent, of Nevada, as Chairman, and M.\\nD.Boruck, of San Francisco, as Secretary, were elected\\nas permanent ofiicers of the Convention.\\nThe Committee on Credentials reported some 300\\ndelegates.\\nA Committee of Nine was appointed to draft reso-\\nlutions expressive of the views of the Convention,\\nto which all resolutions were committed without\\ndebate. On the second day of the Convention the\\ncommittee reported the following preamble and res-\\nolutions as an expression of the sentiments of the\\nminers of California. They were unanimously\\nadopted:\\nWhereas, Since the discovery of gold mines in\\nCalifornia it has been the po icy of the General Gov-\\nernment to allow all those who desired to mine for\\nthe precious metals in this State a free and unre-\\nstricted right to search for and discover the same,\\nand, when found, to hold and dev elop their claims,\\nsubject only to such restrictions and rules as\\nmight be adopted by Conventions held bj- those who\\nwere engaged In actual mining enterprises in the\\nseveral mining districts of the State; and whereas,\\nwe believe by the adoption of that policy the mining\\ninterests of the State have been developed more\\nthoroughly and to a much greater extent than they\\ncould have been under any other policy that could\\nhave been adopted; and whereas, legislation for the\\nsurvej and sale of the mineral lands is threatened\\nin the Congress of the United States, and it is seri-\\nously proposed to destroy the property interests\\nwhich have been created in this State under the\\nlicense of the General Government for seventeen\\nyears past, and to revolutionize the whole system of\\nmining business and tenures under which the mines\\nhave been so far developed, the State has prospered,\\nthe Government has been supplied with the sinews", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "RES OFJ.G. GOULD,\\nDRr Cfl\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3:/ PlAC\u00c2\u00a3fi CO. CAl.\\nm mm\\ni^\\n^^^^^^Mit^ml^^ml^^- L\\nRESIDENCE OF W. H.H I LLHO USE\\nDi/TCfi n.Ar. /^lAC\u00e2\u0082\u00acff Cd-CAL.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2201\\nof war, trade with advantageous markets, and the\\nrevenue a valuable and increasing resource; there-\\nfore, be it\\nResolved, By the miners of California in general con-\\nvention assembled, That we are opposed to any sur-\\nvej lease or sale of the mineral lands of this Slate, as\\ninjurious to the best irilerests of the General Gov-\\nernment and of this State, and utterlj- ruinous to\\nthe mining communities.\\nResolved, That any increase of the tax upon the\\nproceeds of the mines would be onerous and inju-\\nrious to the mining interests of this coast.\\nResolved, That the bill introduced into the Senate\\nof the United Slates by John Sherman, of Ohio, is\\nsingularly calculated to work the utmost confusion\\nand loss to the present holders of mining property,\\nwho have invested their labor and capital in devel-\\noping the mines; to destro} the vast canal interests\\nof the State, the existence of which is necessary to\\nthe prosecution of raining, and to expel the great\\nbulk of the population of the raining districts from\\ntheir homes, their business, and possessions.\\nResolved, That the miners of California respect-\\nfully petition the Congress of the United States to\\nrespect the rights and property interests which the\\npolicy of the Government long continued has cre-\\nated and fostered.\\nResolved, That we indorse the action of the Legis-\\nlature of this State, requesting delavin the issuance\\nof patents to the Central Pacific Eailroad Company,\\nor any other railroad company, until the Govern-\\nment has employed effective measures to segregate\\nthe mineral from agricultural lands lying within the\\nlines of the grant to the railroad compan}-, and,\\nwhile willing and anxious to aid and encourage in\\nthe conslriiclion of said road the great national\\nhighway-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 we must emphatically protest against the\\ncession of a vast section of mineral and timber land\\nfor that purpose, involving the sacrifice and the\\ndestruction of private rights already vested.\\nResolved, That a committee of five be appointed\\nby the President of this Convention, the said Presi-\\ndent to act as Chairman thereof, to prejiare a memo-\\nrial to Congress embodying the sentiments contained\\nin these resolutions, and to cause the same to be\\npresented, through our delegation in Congress, to\\nthePresident of the United Slates, the Secretary of\\nthe Interior, and Commissioner of the General Land\\nOffice.\\nResolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forth-\\nwith forwarded, by the officers of the Convention,\\nto each of our Senators and Members of Congress,\\nwith the request of the Convention that the same be\\nlaid before the respective houses of Congress.\\nUNITED STATES MINING LAWS.\\nIn opposition to the legislation proposed by John\\nSherman, a bill was introduced by Senator John\\nConness, known as the Act of Julj- 26, 1866, which\\nrecognized the right of any citizen, or one who had\\ndeclared his intention to become such, to enter upon\\nthe public lands of the United States and mine for\\ngold, silver, copper, and cinnabar, and recognized the\\nrules, regulations, and tenure of mining property us\\nraade by the miners in their respective districts, so\\nfar as the same were not in conflict with the laws of\\nthe United States.\\nThis was the great concession demanded bj the\\nminers, and is the most important Act ever passed in\\ntheir interest. A miner s title to his claim, acquired\\naccording to the rules and customs of miners in\\nthe several mining districts, was made perfect, and,\\nalthough he could proceed, by that Act, and can\\nunder subsequent Acts, to obtain a United States\\npatent for his property, he is not compelled to do so,\\nand, while complying with the laws of his district\\ncannot be dispossessed.\\nACT OF JULY 26, 1866.\\nThe Act of July 26, 1866, after declaring the min-\\neral lands upon the public domain, both surveyed\\nand unsurveyed, to be free and open for exploration\\nand occupation, and acknowledging the binding force\\nof the miners rules and regulations and the titles\\nthereunder obtained, all of which was contained in\\nthe first section of the Act, went on to define the\\nmanner of surveying atid disposing of mineral lands;\\nbut the provisions were for quartz or vein mines,\\ngiving the owner of a quartz vein the right to follow\\nit downward on its dip under the property of another\\nto an indefinite depth. The Act also granted the\\nright of way over public lands, not reserved to\\npublic uses, for the construction of public roads.\\nSection 9 of the Act also contains an important\\nconcession to the miners, as follows: That when-\\never, by priority of possession, rights to the use of\\nwater for mining, agricultural, manufacturing, or\\nother purposes, have vested and accrued, and the\\nsame are recognized and acknowledged by the local\\ncustoms, laws, and the decisions of Courts, the pos-\\nsessors and owners of such vested rights shall be\\nmaintained and protected in the same; and the right\\nof way for the construction of ditchesand canals for\\nthe purposes aforesaid is hereby acknowledged and\\nconfirmed. Provided, however, That whenever, after\\nthe passage of this Act, any person or persons shall ip\\nthe construction of any ditch or canal, injure or\\ndamage the possession of any settler on the public\\ndomain, the party committing such injury or damage\\nshall be liable to the ))arty injured for such injury or\\ndamage.\\nThe former custom had been for the miner to go\\nupon the possessory claim of the agriculturist on the\\npublic lands, and mine or run his ditch without\\nbeing liable for damage. Gross injustice was thus\\noften inflicted.\\nACT OF JULY 9, 1870.\\nJuly 9, 1870, a supplemental Act was passed, adding\\nseveral sections to the Act of 1866, providing for the\\npatenting of placer claims. The first section of\\nthe supplemental Act, being Section 12 of the Stat-\\nute is as follows:\\nSec. 12. And be it further enacted, That claims,\\nusually called placers, including all forms of\\ndeposit, excepting quartz, or other rock in place,\\nshall be subject to entry and patent under this Act;\\nunder like circumstances and conditions, and upon\\nsimilar proceedings, as are provided for vein or lode", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "202\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nclaims; Provided, that where the lands have been\\npreviously surveyed by the LTnited States, the entry\\nin its exterior limits shall conform to the legal sub-\\ndivisions of the public lands, no further survcj* or\\nplat in such case being required, and the lands may\\nbe paid for at the rate of !52.50 per acre. Frovided\\nfurther. That legal subdivisions of forty acres may\\nbe subdivided into ten-acre tracts, and that two or\\nmore persons, or associations of persons, having\\ncontiguous claims of any size, although such claims\\nmay be less than ten acres each, may make joint\\nentry thereof; And provided, furfher, That no location\\nof a placer claim hereafter made shall exceed 160\\nacres lor any one person or association of persons,\\nwhich location shall conform to the United States\\nsurveys, and nothing in this section contained shall\\ndefeat or impair any bona fide pre-emption or home-\\nstead claim upon agricultural land, or authorize the\\nsale of the improvements of any bona fide settler to\\nany purchaser.\\nThe subdividing of the land into ten-acre tracts\\nmust be done at the expense of the claimant, the\\nlowest United States subdivision being in forty-\\nacre tracts.\\nThis bill was introduced in the House of Represen-\\ntatives by Hon. Aaron A. Sargent, then ^Member of\\nCongress from the Second District of California; a\\nprominent pioneer citizen, editor, lawj-er, and miner\\nof Nevada Uountj-, and conversant with the wants\\nof the minei-8.\\nACT OF MAT 11, 1872.\\nThe before-mentioned Acts were again amended\\nMay 11, 1872, but the first section of the Act of 1866\\nhas never been disturbed. In the revised law of\\n1872 the second section is as follows;\\nThat mining claims upon veins or lodes of quartz,\\nor other rock in places bearing gold, silver, cinnabar,\\nlead, tin, copper or other valuable deposits heretofore\\nlocated, shall be governed as to length along the\\nvein or lode by the customs, regulations and laws in\\nforce at the date of their location. A mining claim\\nlocated after the passage of this Act, whether located\\nby one or more persons, may equal, but shall not\\nexceed 1,500 feet in length along the vein or lode;\\nbut no location of a mining claim shall be made until\\nthe discovery of the vein or lode within the limit of\\nthe claim located. No claim shall extend more than\\n300 feet on each sideof the middle of the vein at the\\nsurface, nor shall any claim be limited by any mining\\nregulations to less than twenty-five feet on each\\nside of the middle of the vein at the surface, except\\nwhere adverse rights existing at the time of the\\npassage of this Act shall render such limitation\\nnecessary. The end lines of each claim shall bo\\nparallel to each other.\\nSec. 3. That the locators of all mining locations\\nheretofore made, or which shall hereafter be made,\\non any mineral vein, lode or ledge, situated on the\\npublic domain, their heirs and assigns, where no\\nadverse claim exists at the passage of this Act, so\\nlong as they comply with the laws of the United\\nStates and with the State, Territorial, and local reg-\\nulations not in conflict with said laws of the United\\nStates, governing their possessory titles, shall have\\nthe exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of\\nall the surface included within the lines of their\\nlocations, and of all yeins, lodes, and ledges through-\\nout their entire depth, the top of ajiex of which lines\\ninside of such surface lines extended down vertically,\\nalthough such veins, lodes, or ledges may so far\\ndepart from a perpendicular in their course down-\\nward as to extend outside the vertical side lines of\\nsaid surface locations; provided, that their right of\\npossession to such outside parts of said veins or ledges\\nshall be confined to such portions thereof as lie\\nbetween vertical plane.^ drawn downward as afore-\\nsaid, through the end lines of their locations, so con-\\ntinued in their own direction that such planes will\\nintersect such extei-ior parts of said veins or ledges;\\nand prorided, further, that nothing in this section shall\\nauthorize the locator or possessor of a vein or lode\\nwhich extends in its downward course beyond the\\nvertical lines of his claim to enter upon the surface\\nof a claim owned or possessed bj- another.\\nSec. -1. That where a tunnel is run for the develop-\\nment of a vein or lode, or for the discovery of mines,\\nthe owners of such tunnel shall have the right of\\npossession of all veins or lodes within 3,000 feet from\\nthe face of such tunnel, on the line thereof, not pre-\\nviously known to exist, discovered in such tunnel, to\\nthe same extent as if discovered from the surface;\\nand locations on the line of such tunnel of veins or\\nlodes not appearing on the surface, made by other\\nparties after the commencement of the tunnel, and\\nwhile the same is being prosecuted with reasonable\\ndiligence, shall be invalid; but the failure to prose-\\ncute the work on the tunnel for six months shall be\\nconsidered as an abandonment of the right to all\\nundiscovered veins on the line of said tunnel.\\nSec. 5. That the miners of each mining district\\nmay make rules and regulations not in conflict with\\nj the laws of the United States or with the laws of\\nthe State or Territory in which the district is situ-\\nated, governing the location, manner of recording,\\namount of work necessary to hold possession of a\\nmining claim, subject to the following requirements:\\nThe location must be distinctly marked on the ground,\\nso that its boundaries can be easily traced. All\\nrecords of mining claims hereafter madeshall contain\\nthe name or names of the locators, the date of the\\nlocation, and such a description of the claim or claims\\nlocated, by reference to some natural object or per-\\nmanent monument as will identifj the claim. On\\neach claim located after the passage of this Act, and\\nuntil a patent shall have been issued therefor, not\\nless than SlOO worth of labor shall be performed or\\nimprovements made during each year. On all claims\\nlocated prior to the passage of this Act, 610.00\\nworth of labor shall be performed or improvements\\nmade for each 100 feet in length of vein until a\\nl)atent shall have been issued therefor; but where\\nsuch claims are held in common, such expenditure\\nmay be made upon any one claim. And upon a fail-\\nure to comply with these conditions, the claim or\\nmine upon which such failure occurred shall be open\\nto re-location in the same manner as if no location of\\nthe same had ever been made; provided, that the\\noriginal locators, their heirs, assigns or legal repre-\\nsentatives, have not resumed work after such fa iure\\nand before such location. Upon the failure of any\\none of several co-owners to contribute his proportion\\nof the expenditures required by this Act, the co-\\nowners who have performed the labor or made the\\nimprovements may, at the expiration of the j-ear,\\ngive such delinquent co-owner personal notice in\\nwriting, or notice by publication in the newspaper\\nnearest the claim, for at least once a week for ninety\\ndays, and if at the expiration of ninety days after\\nsuch notice in writing or by publication, such delin-", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n203\\nquent should fail or refuse to contribute his propor-\\ntion to the expenditure required according to this\\nAct, his interest in the claim shall become the prop-\\nert} of his co-owners who have made the required\\nexpenditures.\\nSuch are the provisions for the location and pos-\\nsession of mining claims. The remainder of the Act\\npertains to the obtaining of patents for mining\\nground and the government of United States Survey-\\nors, Eegisters, and Eeceivers. Under this Act, placer\\nclaims may be patented at the rate of S2.50 an acre,\\nand vein or lode claims at the rate of $5.00 an acre,\\nthe applicant paying additional costs of advertising\\nand fees of officers.\\nThis Act is usually adopted by miners in organiz-\\ning districts as the law of the district, instead of the\\nvariable rules formerly the custom to enact. If dis-\\ntricts are not formed and Recorders elected, the county\\nbecomes the district and the County Eecoi-der the\\nrecorder of claims.\\nSUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS.\\nSubsequent amendments have but slightly changed\\nthe law, and court decisions have explained it where\\nobscure. The year mentioned as the time in\\nwhich work shall be done on a claim, is held to end\\non the 31st of December, and if, at that time, the\\nlabor or expenditures have not been made, then on\\nJanuary 1st the claim is re-locatable, or, as the miners\\nusually express it, jumpable. When work is done,\\nor locations made, notices in the following forms, as\\nprepared in Copps Mining Laws, are recorded in\\nthe milling district, or, if there is no District\\nRecorder, then with the County Eecorder:\\nPROOF OP LABOR.\\nState of\\nCounfy of\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBefore me, the subscriber, personally appeared\\nwho, being duly sworn, says that at least\\ndollars worth of labor or improvements was\\nperformed or made upon [here describe the claim],\\nsituated in Mining District, County,\\nState (or Territory) of during the year ending\\n18 Such expenditure was made by or at the\\nexpense of owners of the claim, for the pur-\\npose of holding said claim.\\n\\\\Jurat\\\\\\n(signature).\\nNOTICE OF LOCATION.\\nN^otice is hereby given that the undersigned, hav-\\ning complied with the requirements of Chapter Six\\nof Title Thirty-two of the Revised Statutes of the\\nUnited States, and the local customs, laws, and reg-\\nulations, has located linear loet of the\\nlode (20 acres of placer mining ground), situated in\\nMining District, County, and\\ndescribed as follows:\\n[Describe the claim accurately, hy courses and\\ndistances if possibly, with reference to some natural\\nobject, or permanent monument, and mark the\\nboundaries by suitable monuments; If a placer claim\\nis located on surveyed land, describe the legal sub-\\ndivision.] Locator.\\nDiscovered, 18\\nLocated, 18\\nAttest:\\nRecorded,\\n18\u00e2\u0080\u0094.\\nRULES AND DECISIONS.\\nMiners are required to obey local laws as well as\\nthe United Stales laws, and if these require more\\nwork or expenditure than $100 per claim each year,\\nor a particular style of work, as shaft, tunnel, or\\notherwise, they must be obeyed, as the United\\nStates law says it shall not be less than that amount.\\nThe courts have decided that a prospector on the\\npublic mineral domain may protect himself in his\\nposessions while seeking for mineral, and his posses-\\nsion so held is good against all the world but the\\nUnited States, but if he stands by and permits others\\nto enter upon his claim without protest, and first\\ndiscover mineral in place, the law gives to such first\\ndiscoverer a title to the mineral so discovered against\\nwhich the miner in possession cannot prevail. If\\none takes up a claim as the agent of another, the\\ntitle vests in the other and the agent, by his mere\\nact, cannot subsequently divest it.\\nOBTAINING PATENTS FOR xMINES.\\nAny citizen, or one who has declared his intention\\nto become such, or association of persons authorized\\nto locate a claim, may obtain a patent from the\\nUnited States for his or her claim or mine, by pur-\\nsuing the prescribed form. Application must be\\nmade at the Land Office of the district in which the\\nmine is situated, and a sworn statement made that\\nall the requirements of the Government and local\\nlaws have been complied with, and a full description\\nof the property given.\\nWhen papers have once been filed at the Land\\nOffice, they become a part of the record, and can\\nneither be withdrawn or returned, but must be\\ntransmitted to the General Land Office. An appli-\\ncation will be rejected when the description of the\\npremises is erroneous or insufficient; also when, (1)\\nthe notice was published without the knowledge of\\nthe Register; (2) the notice was not published in a\\nnewspaper designated as nearest the claim; (3)\\nrecord title was found defective; (4) a jirevious\\napplication has been made for the same premises,\\nwhich was withdrawn pending a suit in court com-\\nmenced bj the adverse claimant.\\nAn application for patent will be rejected when\\nthe survey does not accurately define the bounda-\\nries of the claim, or where the claim was not located\\nin accordance with law. Where several parties own\\nscpai ate and distinct portions of a claim, application\\nfor patent may be made by either for that portion of\\nthe claim owned by him; but where several parties\\nown undivided interests in a mining claim, all should\\njoin in an application for a patent. A person or", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "i 04\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nassociation may purchase as many placer locations\\nas the local law admits, and embrace them all in one\\napplication for a patent. Papers sworn to, before\\nany person purporting to act as a deputy for the\\nRegister and Receiver cannot be recorded as evi-\\ndence.\\nIn all patents for mining claims situated within\\nthe interior boundaries of a town site, a clause is\\ninserted, excepting and including all town properly\\nrights upon the surface, and all houses, buildings,\\nstructures, lots, blocks, streets, alleys or other\\nmunicipal improvements not belonging to the grantee\\nherein, and all rights necessary or proper to the\\noccupation, possession and enjoyment of the same.\\nPublication of notice must be made in a news-\\npaper for the period of sixty days, designated bj the\\nRegister as the nearest to the mine. Notice must be\\npublished ten consecutive weeks in weekly news-\\npapers, and in daily newspapers sixty days must\\nelapse between the fir\u00c2\u00bbt and the last insertions.\\nWhere the Register designates the daily issue of a\\nnewspaper for publication, or notices of a mining\\napplication for patent, it is not in compliance with\\nlaw to change to the weekly edition of the same\\npaper without authority of the Register.\\nThe existence of a salt spring on a tract of land\\nwithdraws it from the operation of the homestead\\nand preemption laws. A hearing for the purpose\\nof proving the agricultural character of such land is\\nnot allowed. Land containing valuable deposits of\\nslate, may be entered under the mining acts.\\nADVERSE CLAIMS.\\nAdverse claimants must file a separate and\\ndistinct claim against each application, which it is\\nalleged conflicts with the premises owned by such\\nadverse claimant. The papers in an adverse claim\\nonce filed cannot be withdrawn, but become a part\\nof the record. When an adverse claim has been\\nfiled, it cannot be amended so as to embrace a larger\\nportion of the premises than that described in the\\noriginal adverse claim. An adverse claim must be\\nmade out in proper form, and filed in the proper\\nlocal office during the period of publication of the\\napplication for the patent, to be effective unless\\namended within sixty days from the publication of\\nnotice of the application. It is the duty of the\\nadverse claimant to commence suit in proper form\\nwithin the required time, and if he trusts the\\nuncertain medium of the United States mail, he must\\nabide the consequeni cs, should the delay ensue through\\nmisfortune or accident. An allejiation of parties to a\\nsuit that they compose the company is sufficient, and\\nthey ai-e not required to prove that they are the\\noriginal locators or the identical parties who pre-\\nsented the adverse claim.\\nAGRICCJLTURAL OR MINERAL LAND.\\nWhere land is of little if any value for agricul-\\ntural purposes, but is essential to the proper develop-\\nment of mining claims, it should be disposed of only\\nunder the mining act. Where lands containing\\nvaluable mineral deposits have been included in an\\nagricultural entry, said entry will be canceled at any\\ntime prior to issuance of patent, upon satisfactory\\nevidence of the existence of such valuable deposits.\\nWhere valuable deposits of mineral are discovered\\nupon a tract after the same has been entered as\\nagricultural, but before patent has been issued, the\\nparties claiming the mine may make application for\\npatent for same, and the agricultural entry will be\\ncanceled to that portion of the land embraced by\\nsaid mining claim. Where mineral deposits are\\ndiscovered on agricultural lands after the patent has\\nbeen issued to an agricultural claimant, thej^ pass\\nwith the patent.\\nAgricultural college scrip cannot be received in\\npayment for claims.\\nALIENS.\\nA foreigner may make a mining location and\\ndispose of it, provided he becomes a citizen before\\ndisposing of the mine. Proof that the party was\\nnot a citizen before disposing of his claim must be\\naffirmatively shown. Locators and intermediate\\nowners other than applicants will not be presumed\\naliens in the absence of allegation or objection prior\\nto issuance of patent. The portion of a mining claim\\nsold to an alien cannot be patented while such owner\\nis an alien; but on his declaration to become a\\ncitizen, his right dates back to his purchase, and he\\nmay thereupon secure United States patent for his\\nclaim.\\nCROSS LODES.\\nRevised Statutes. Section 2, 336: Where two or\\nmore ledges cross or intersect each other, priority of\\ntitle shall govern, and such prior location shall be\\nentitled to all ore or mineral contained within the\\nspace of intersection; but the subsequent location\\nshall have the right of way through the space of\\nintersection, for the purposes of the convenient\\nworking of the mine. And where two or more\\neins unite, the oldest or prior location shall take\\nthe vein below the point of union, including all the\\nspace of intersection.\\nThere is no authority of law for a tunnel location\\n3,000 by 1,500 feet. A proper location is the width\\nof the tunnel for 3,000 feet. There is no provision of\\nlaw for patenting tunnel locations; but lodes dis-\\ncovered in running a tunnel may be patented in like\\nmanner as other lodes. The right is granted to\\ntunnel owners to 1,500 feet of each blind lode, not\\npreviously known to exist, which may be discovered\\nin their tunnel.\\nWhen a lode is struck or discovered for the first\\ntime in running a tunnel, the tunnel owners have\\nthe option of recording their claim of 1,500 feet all\\non one side of the point of discovery or intersection.", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2205\\nor partly on one side thereof and partly on the other.\\nProspecting for blind lodes is prohibited on the line\\nof a located tunnel, while the tunnel is in progress,\\nbut other parties are in no way debarred from\\nprospecting for blind lodes or running tunnels, so\\nlong as they keep without the line of such tunnel.\\nCHAPTER XXX.\\nMINING.\\n[continued.]\\nMineralogical Education Copper Discoveries and Excite-\\nment- Lone Star District Auburn District Cox s Dis-\\ntrict\u00e2\u0080\u0094Garden Bar District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the Rampage for\\nCopper High Prices for Copper New Copper Mining\\nTowns\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Singular Rock Copper Production The Excite-\\nment Abating Iron Mines Iron Ore on Lovell s Ranch\\nReport of the Geological Survey\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Iron Mountain Com-\\npany Ii-on Mining in Oregon Practical Mining Com-\\nmenced The Blastfurnace The Hot Blast The Process\\nof Smelting Feeding the Furnace The Scene at a Casting\\nThe Ore and Ore Supply The Fuel Supply Executive\\nOfficers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tlie Force Employed The To\u00c2\u00abn of Hotaling\\nWhat of the Future?\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Holland Mine Iron Product\\nCoal Mining Putters Clay California Clay Manufactur-\\ning Company- Impoitance of Clay Deposits Chromium\\nMining.\\nDuring the latter part of the decade of 60, min-\\ning, particularly in quartz, received much more than\\nformer attention in the scientific research which\\nattended it and the many improvements made. This\\nimportant industry had received a great impetus\\nfrom the developments in silver mining in the State\\nof Nevada, which, proving so extraordinary, had\\nattracted the people of all parts of the world to this\\nbusiness. New processes had been applied, and\\nmachinery for every feature and class of minipg and\\nmilling been invented. Previous to the finding of\\nsilver ore in the Washoe Mountains, no study of min-\\neralogy had been made but by the closest scholar.\\nGold-bearing gravel beds, and gold-bearing quartz,\\nwere all the miner sought, and to detect them were\\nthe utmost of his mineralogical attainments. Neither\\nschools, mining bureaus, nor cabinets of minerals\\nexisted for his instruction, and much of the wealth\\nof the country was passed unnoticed and neglected.\\nThe discovery that a dark and dull-looking substance\\nin veins of quartz contained silver in unprecedented\\nabundance led to more critical observation of the\\nrocks, and this led to the discovery of other gold-\\nbearing veins, and other silver -bearing veins, copper,\\nquicksilver, iron, chromium, tin, borax, soda, and\\nother valuable minerals.\\nThe knowledge came slowly, and the lessons, being\\nthose of experience and self-instruction, were most ex-\\npensive. By accident each new mineral was recog-\\nnized. No scientist told the miner what to seek and\\nhow to detect the treasures; no capitalists furnished\\ntiie means to prospect for unknown minerals; no\\nschools taught the principles of formation, or laid\\ndown the theories which might guide the search. All\\nwas left to the minei s of the hard hand and strong\\nback, whom the scientists professed to despise, and\\nthe capitalist treated with contempt. But it was\\nthey who pointed out the ancient river channels\\nbehind the granite rim and beneath the basalt and\\nvolcanic debris, and with the courage of inspiration\\npierced the rock and confounded the learned and the\\nrich with their discoveries. It is a shame to science\\nand to the educational policy of the State that every\\ndiscovery of every mineral and of every valuable\\nmine has been made by laboring men, unaided in the\\nleast by the educated or wealthy classes. It was\\nMarshall, a hired mechanic, who first exposed the\\ngold of California to the world. It was Comstock,\\nand Fenmore, and Penrod, and O Reily, laboring\\nminers, who discovered the silver of Nevada. It\\nwas some State of Maine boys, miners, who\\ndeclared the existence of a gi-avel channel beneath\\nthe Table Mountain, in Tuolumne, and, in spite\\nof ridicule of the more knowing ones, proved it\\nby long years of work; and it was Cameron and\\nPower, who, with a simple ti iangle, made of sticks,\\n80 nicely surveyed the Damascus Eidge through\\nfifteen miles of sinuous canon and ravine, and laid\\nout their plan of tunnel, that, when completed after\\nsix years of toil, struck the Hidden Treasure Chan-\\nnel, that comes down ft-om the Mountain Gate, at the\\nprecise point desired, more accurately than the\\nmeeting of the great tunnel which pierced the Alps,\\nand for which the engineers were rewarded by\\nknightly titles.\\nCOPPER DISCOVERIES AND EXCITEMENT.\\nThe discovery of silver opened the eyes of pros-\\npectors, and every curious rock was critically exam-\\nined. Thus copper was discovered in Calaveras\\nCounty July 4, 18(51, and in 1862 the great wealth\\nof the Union Mine was developed. Then came\\nprospecting throughout all California for copper. A\\ngreat belt of copper-bearing veins was found to\\nextend through the foot-hill region oi the Sierra\\nNevada, and a furor of copper mining pervaded the\\npeople during several years following. In November,\\n1862, copper mines were opened at the Zinc House\\nin Nevada County, and at Greenwood Valley in El\\nDorado County. Early in 1863 similar discoveries\\nwere made in Placer County and numerous copper\\nmining companies were organized. Before the close\\nof February the following-named companies and\\ntheir ofiScers were recorded.\\nLONE STAR DISTRICT.\\nGardner Companj- Alex. Mills, President; David\\nJohnson, Secretary; William E. Miller, Treasurer.\\nCaptain Page Company\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Joseph Walkup, Presi-\\ndent; George L. Anderson, Secretary; E. M. Hull,\\nTreasurer.\\nWarfield Company\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. B. Wyman, President; S.\\nB. Dyer, Secretary; John O Farrell, Treasurer.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2206\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nAUBURN DISTRICT.\\nNewman Company John R. Newman, President;\\nTabb Mitchell, Secretary; T. Loving, Treasurer.\\nEeed Company Wm. E. Miller, President; S. B.\\nWoodin, Secretary; J. L. Browne, Treasurer.\\nTwin Ledge Company A. Eackliife, President;\\nThomas Cross, Secretary; M. Dodsworth, Treasurer.\\nHighland Company Geo. Holmes, President; H.\\nHazell, Secretary; A. Racklifte, Treasurer.\\nCummings omj^any Joseph Walkup, President;\\nJ. E. Crandall, Secretary; Eobert Gordon, Treasurer.\\nExcelsior Company H. Hazell, President, S. B.\\nAVoodin, Secretarj M. Dodsworth, Treasurer.\\nUnion Company E. C. Poland, President; James\\nMunsell, Jr., Secretary; John T. Eeed, Treasurer.\\nHilbj- Company John C. Boggs, President; Wm.\\nSexton, Secretary; A. Rackliffe, Treasurer.\\nEl-e-ma-tah Company G. P. Gould, President;\\nGeorge L. Anderson, Secretary; Tabb Mitchell,\\nTreasurer.\\nOphir Company C. D. Pugh, President; Hath-\\naway, Secretary; Daniel Choate, Treasurer.\\nCrutcher Companj- Jacob Gibson, President;\\nWilliam Scott, Secretary; Eobert Gordon, Treasurer.\\ncox s DISTRICT.\\nBoggs Company John C. Boggs, President; Wm.\\nSexton, Secretary; E. M. Hall, Treasurer.\\nAppanoose Company S. B. Woodin, President;\\nGeo. L. Anderson, Secretary; James McBurney,\\nTreasurer.\\nGordon Company Robert Gordon, President; E.\\nC. Poland. Secretary; Wm. Sexton, Ti-easurer.\\nGARDNER BAR DISTRICT.\\nOld Hickory Company Joseph Walkup, Presi-\\ndent; Tabb Mitchell, Secretary; John R. Newman,\\nTreasurer.\\nEmpire Company \u00e2\u0080\u0094Robert Gordon, President;\\nHenson Hazell, Secretary; M. Dodsworth, Treasurer.\\nOJf THE \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2RAMPAGE f6r COPPER.\\nMany other organizations followed, and Western\\nPlacer devoted itself to prospecting for, mining and\\nstudying, copper. In April the editor of the Herald\\nsays: Tbe rich placers in the hills and gulches in\\nand about the foot-hills have been exhausted. The\\ngold in the surface diggings in the higher mountains\\nhas been sifted from the earth, and the gold seeker\\nis compelled to dive hundreds of feet into the dan-\\ngerous shaft, or work for years at exhausting cost\\nin rock of adamantine hardness, through tunnels, to\\nI each the precious metal. But presto, just at the\\nmoment of despair comes the copper excitement.\\nAttention is called to the veins of mineral rock inter-\\nsecting the face of the earth like the veins in the\\nhuman body.\\nMen creep into the abandoned shafts, examine\\nthe refuse matter cast up by the previous gold seeker,\\ninquire into the properties of this and that curious-\\nlooking mineral, sink new shafts, smelt new ore.s\\nin short, institute a new era of research. Gold-\\nbearing rock is found where the pioneers of the\\nplacers never dreamed of; quartz that would not\\npay in gold, and was abandoned as worthless is now\\nfound rich in silver, and, searching for copper, the\\ndelver is astonished to find himself in a mine of\\nsilver, or among mineral substances new to his vision.\\nEnough, however, has already been developed to\\nestablish the conviction that we have been around\\nthe circle, and are now entering upon the second and\\nmore permanent operations of mining.\\nHIGH PRICES FOR COPPER.\\nGreat encouragement was given copper mining by\\nthe high prices prevailing for that metal, and it\\nbecame the theme for the press and for conversation.\\nMen accustomed to the copper trade and familiar\\nwith copper mining in England, Chili, and other\\nparts of the world, spoke in the highest terms of\\nthe mines of California, nor did they confine their\\neulogiums to those of Copperopolis, whose riches\\nwere proven beyond conti Over.sy. Agencies for the\\npurchase and shipment of oi e were established in\\nSan Francisco, and liberal advances were made on\\nconsignments. The price paid in New York was\\nfrom $5.25 to 86.00 for each unit of percentage of\\nmetal in the ore, and the price at San Francisco was\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ij2.50 per unit of the purity of ten to sixteen per\\ncent., with higher rates for purer oi-e, the rate at\\nSan Francisco in April, 1863, being S-l.OO per unit of\\ncopper percentage above sixteen per cent., thus\\nmaking twenty per cent, ore worth \u00c2\u00a756.00 per ton\\nin that market. These were very high prices, and\\nas a consequence a copper mine was thought to be a\\ngreat fortune. There were no mills to build or\\nrebellious ores to contend with, only to extract\\nthe crude ore and sell it to greedy agents at the\\nmouth of the shaft. Advertisements were pub-\\nlished proposing to buy ore assaying twelve per\\ncent., and large quantities of such ore, and of\\nhigher grades, were reported as abundant through\\nwestern Placer. Copper was found throughout all\\nthe foot-hill region west from Township No. 4.\\nNEW COPPER MINING TOWNS.\\nTen miles northwest of Auburn, on Bear River,\\nwas Gardner Bar District, and in this were the busy\\ncopper mining towns of Wilsontown and Superior,\\nnamed after the principal mines of the localities.\\nThe Wilson mine yielded ore assaying 2-lj j per cent,\\nand a number of tons of such ore was shipped to\\nSan Francisco in June, 1863, and sold, realizing a fine\\nprofit at the high prices then obtained. This mine\\nat that date was developed by a shaft sixty-five\\nfeet in depth, where the vein was found to be eight\\nfeet in width, j ielding a pyritous ore. Shares in the\\nmine had been sold at the rate of 850.00 per foot,\\nbut when developed to the depth of sixty-five feet\\nthe value was considered greatly above that price.\\nThe Auburn and the Jeflferson mines were on the", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2207\\nsame vein, and were regarded as of very great value.\\nThis biisj mining disti-ict was organized into a pre-\\ncinct, and at the election in September, 1863, returned\\nseventy-four votes, one of the largo polling places\\nof the county.\\nSINGULAR ROCK.\\nOf the singular rock brought to the surface by\\nthe miners the Herald, of June 20, 1863, relates the\\nfollowing:\\nThe copper company, who are mining near Ala-\\nbaster Cave, are taking out rock of a very singular\\ncharacter. After being taken out and exposed to\\nthe air for twenty-four hours it ignites and con-\\nsumes itself Who can account for this singularity?\\nCOPPER PRODUCTION.\\nOf other developed claims the Cummings Company\\nhad a shaft eighty feet in depth; the Monopolus,\\nfifty feet; the Eedwine, thirty-six feet; the Granville,\\nthirty-six feet, and many others showing the earn-\\nestness of the workers; and all found copper\\nore. The great expectations of the miners were\\nfounded upon the results from the Union and\\nKeystone Mines at Copperopolis, and a few others,\\nwhich had turned out many thousand tons of ores,\\nreturning a profit of nearly half a million dollars\\nannually. The Union Mine is reported to have con-\\ntained the largest body of first-class copper ore\\never known, having an extent of 350 feet in length\\nand from four to nine feet thick at the upper level;\\ntwenty-one feet at the depth of 200 foot, and thirty-\\none feet at the depth of 250 feet.\\nWith- such a mine, the first one found, and such\\nprices for ore, why should there not be a copper\\nmining craze. The copper mines of the Lake Supe-\\nrior region were also pointed to as sources of won-\\ndrous fortunes. In 1862 they had produced 10,000\\ntons of pure copper of the value of $5,000,000. The\\ngreatest fortunes made in Chili, ranging from one to\\ntwenty-five million dollars, were the result of copper\\nmining. The prospect appeared exceedingly bright\\nfor the copper mine-* of California, and their name\\nwas legion. California seemed capable of supplying the\\nworld with copper. From San Diego to Del Norte, in\\ntheCoastRange, theSierra Nevada, and in the islands\\nof the sea veins of copper were found. But the\\ngreat abundance of the metal caused the collapse of\\ncopper mining in California, excepting in a few of the\\nrichest mines. The price declined during the latter\\npart of 1863, and in 186-1 only half as much was paid\\nlor ore in New York as in the beginning of 1863.\\nWith the decline in price the excitement abated, and\\nwith the opening of 1864 very few, if any, copper\\nmines were worked in Placer County.\\nTHE EXCITEMENT ABATING.\\nThe copper furor had cost the people much, but\\nit had proven the existence of the metal in Placer\\nCounty in large quantities, had taught the people a\\nlesson in mineralogy, and aided in developing other\\nresources. Under different circumstances, these\\ncopper veins will constitute an important resource,\\nas undoubtedly much ore exists, and if not in such\\nabundance as to pay the capitalists dividends upon\\nemployed labor, will pay the miner for extracting it.\\nCopper smelting works had been erected at Anti-\\noch, in Contra Costa County, convenient to the coal\\nmines of Mount Diablo, and in the fall of 1863, the\\nmanagers of this institution advertised the following\\nas the rates there paid for copper ore:\\n$2.00 per one per cent, for ore yielding 8 to 12 per\\ncent.; .$2.25, from 13 to 15 per cent; $2.50 for 16 per\\ncent.; and .$3.00 per cent, for ore yielding 20 per\\ncent, and upwards.\\nThe period of operations of the Antioch Smelting\\nWorks was brief, and with the groat decline in cop-\\nper, resulting from the excessive production, closed\\nits labors.\\nIRON MINES.\\nAmong the early miners of Placer County were\\nPennslyvanians, who wore familiar with the appear-\\nance of iron ore in their native State, and they recog-\\nnized on the lower American River bars many of the\\nbowlders forming the gravel as iron ore, which upon\\nbreaking would show their unmistakably meta-\\nlifei ous character. The source of these bowlders\\nwas pointed to as up the river. The ore, then, was\\nsought only as a curiosity, gold absorbing all the\\nattention, and the impracticability of mining and\\nsmelting iron at the rates of labor, supplies and\\ninterest on money being apparent, though, perhaps,\\nsome looked forward to the day when the rich ore\\nwould be available and iron mining a great industry.\\nIRON ORE ON LOVELL S RANCH.\\nIn 1857 the attention of the public was drawn to\\nthe great masses of iron ore on the ranch of S. W.\\nLovell, near Clipper Gap, about six miles northeast\\nof Auburn, and in June of that year a few tons were\\ntaken to San Francisco to test its value; therefore,\\nJune, 1857, may be regarded as the first of iron min-\\ning in California, although it can hardly bo called a\\nbeginning, as some years intervened before any real\\ndevelopments were made. The ore, however, was\\nascertained to be very pure, and of a good variety,\\nmaking excellent iron and steel, as experiments\\nproved. The ore body was first described as crop-\\nping out of the ground on a hill-side in the shape\\nof large bowlders, while ore in smaller particles is\\nfound over the adjacent ground to the extent of\\nforty acres. A test of the ore was made which\\nshowed extraordinary richness, yielding about\\neighty- three percent, of iron. This was taken from\\nthe croppings without selection. The test was so\\nfavorable that hopes were entertained that a furnace\\nwould bo constructed during that or the succeeding\\nyear, and that soon theroafior Placer pig-iron would\\nsupply the California market. The high rates of\\ninterest, the timidity of capital, the condition of\\ntrade, and other circumstances forbade any enter-\\nprise of the kind at that time. In 1862-63 there", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "208\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA\\nwere efforts to enact special laws of encouragement,\\noffering a bouQty, etc., for the manufacture of iron,\\nand these attempts were subsequentlj renewed when\\niron ore was discovered in Sierra and other counties.\\nNo laws of the kind were passed, and the iron min-\\ning industry was left to future development.\\nThere were man};- conditions favorable to successful\\niron mining about the ore body at Clipper Gap.\\nThe ore was abundant and rich on the surface of the\\nground, grand forests of pine and oak for the supply\\nof charcoal were in the vicinity and adjacent to the\\nore were vast ledges of limestone to flux the melting\\niron. The question of transportation was one of\\ndiflSculty, but the construction of the Central\\nPacific Railroad in 1865, passing the locality, removed\\nthat objection. After the completion of the railroad\\nmore attention was paid to the iron mine, and in\\n1869 an organization, known as Brown Co., com-\\nmenced taking out ore for shipment to the Pacific\\nRolling MilN. at San Francisco. In July, 1869,\\ntwenty tons were sent to the mills at one time, which\\nyielded seventy-six per cent, of pure metal.\\nREPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.\\nIn the report of the Geological Survey of the State\\nby Professor Whitney, from 1860 to 1864, the follow-\\ning reference is made of the occurrence of iron ore\\nin Placer County:\\nLarge masses of serpentine occur among the meta-\\nmorphic rocks near the granite to the north of\\nAuburn. Iron ore was also observed in this vicinity\\nof excellent quality, and in larger quantity than has\\nas yet been discovered anj-where in the auriferou-i\\nslate series. The locality is on the land of Lysaniier\\nUtt, about one mile north of Willis Ranch, which is\\non the Grass Valley road, six miles from Auburn.\\nThe ore crops out on a side-hill, and forms a mass\\nmore than thirty feet thick, of which the longitud-\\ninal section is not known, although it is evidently\\nconsiderable. It is hematite, perhaps mixed with\\nsome limonitc, and has not yet been analj-zcd; it\\nappears, however, to be of excellent quality, and is\\nremarkably pure and free from intermi.Kture with\\nrock. With the present prices of fuel and labor, it,\\nis not easj- to say how soon California will bo able to\\nmanufacture her own iron; but this locality is per-\\nhaps more favorably situated than any yet discov-\\nered in the State for trying the experiment.\\nTHE IRON MOUNTAI.V CO.MPAXr.\\nIn December, 1869, a company was incorporated\\nto work the mine, styled the Iron Mountain Com-\\npany, with a stated capital of .\u00e2\u0096\u00a05500,000, and princi-\\npal place of business at San Francisco. The incor-\\nporators were John R. Brown, B. F. Myers, Charles\\nF. Robinson, George W. Applegate and A. C. Neal.\\nAn Act to encourage iron mining, was the title\\nof a bill introduced in the Legislature in February.\\n1870, by Hon. M. Waldron, Member of As.sombly\\nfrom Placer Count} and intended to aid the Iron\\nMountain Company in the development of its prop-\\nerty. The company was composed of men of limited\\nmeans, and it was hoped to give encouragement to\\nthem so as to invite capital to the work. The bill\\nprovided that when the company had reduced 2,500\\nt )ns of good merchantable pig-iron, the State should\\npay the company a bonus of .\u00c2\u00a712.00 per ton. This\\nwas to be paid only on the first 2,500 tons. The bill\\nfurther provided that the State pay the company\\nannually for ton years an amount of money equal to\\nthe taxes that would be due on iron and products of\\nthe mine, if they were assessed at the market value\\nin San Francisco, and the refunding of the taxes paid\\nby the company on their other property. The bill\\nlimited the company to five years time in which to\\nproduce the required quantity of iron, and in default\\nof which the Stale would pay nothing.\\nThe bill failed to become a law, and the iron rested\\nin its original mountain pile until private capital\\ncould be induced to undertake its development.\\nIRON MINING IN OREGON.\\nOther experiments had been made in working\\niron on the Pacific Coast, where success seemed most\\npromising. At Oswego, Clackamas County, Oregon,\\nare located the Oregon Iron Works. The ore is\\nfound in a bed beneath the soil, a few miles distant\\nfrom where the works are located; assays from forty\\nto sixty-five per cent, in iron, is easily and cheaply\\nmined, and the forests of pine and fir are extensive\\nand convenient. Furnaces were erected in 1865, and\\nput in blast in 1867, but the company failed. Soon\\nI after, the Oswego Iron Company was incorporated,\\ni succeeding the other, remodeled the works, and put\\nthem in blast in 187-1. A fine water-power is avail-\\nI able at Oswego, and it is reported the company, can\\nmake pig-iron at 825.00 per ton.\\nI PRACTIC-A.L MINING COMMENCED.\\nIn 1880 Messrs Egbert Judson, Anson P. Hota-\\nj ling, and Irving M. Scott, of San Francisco, and Mr.\\nP. Fitzhugh, of the Iron Mountain Company, pur-\\nchased the property of the compan\\\\ located near\\nClipper Gap, and commenced the erection of smelting\\nj works in a practical and business-like manner, Mr.\\nt Fiizhugh, being experienced in the business, the pro-\\nI jector and general Superintendent. The works were\\nerected about three and one-half miles from the\\nrailroad station at Clipper Gap, and are the first of\\nthe kind in California. This corporation is styled\\nj the California Iron Company. Of the works\\nTHE BLAST FURNACE\\nIs the chief object of interest. This has a capacity of\\nforty tons in the twenty-four hours, and possesses ail\\nmodern improvements, being nearly copied after a\\nblast furnace in Chicago sixty -six feet high, and\\nseventeen feet in greatest diameter. This furnace,\\nhowever, is only forty-seven feet high in all, and con-\\nsists of a vertical chaft lined with fire-brick, and\\ncased in sheet-iron. The lowest part is ordinarily in\\nI the form of a cylinder, and is known as the hearth.\\nI In the masonry of the hearth are built five tuyeres\\n(pronounced tweers), which are hollow truncated", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "vi r*4#- -li*\\n^isLiJ^lM\\n1^;^^\\nH ^grK -*-^r%; rfer^\\nJS^\\ninj\\n(.j\\n4\\n5^\\na: -5", "height": "3379", "width": "2291", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n200\\ncones of metal, supplied with a constant stream\\nof cold water, and should the stream fail, as is\\nsomotimea the case, they will be speedily burned\\nout. Into these tuyeres project the nozzles of the\\npipes that supplj the blast, and at the lower part of\\nthe elbow of the pipe is a sort of spy-hole, covered\\nwith a mica shield that glows like a polyphemic eye.\\nThrough this the furnace-men can see and judge of\\nthe state of the fused metal inside, although to a\\nnovice the situation is onlj^ an indistinguishable glare.\\nThe part of the hearth below the tuyeres is called\\nthe crucible, and in it the iron and slag accumulate.\\nThe hearth is prolonged toward the front of the\\nfurnace (fore hearth), and is closed in by the dam\\nand covered in by the tymparch. At the bottom of\\nthe dam is a channel communicating with the bottom\\nof the crucible, through which the iron is tapped off,\\nand on the upper edge of the dam is a cinder\\nnotch, over which the slag flows. The tymparch\\nis covered by the tymp, a long, hollow casting,\\nthrough which the water circulates. The sloping\\nwalls connecting the hearth with the belly of the\\nfurnace, or widest part, are called the boshes, and\\nthe distance from the hearth to where the vertical\\nshaft rests on pillars is teL feet. The boshes and\\nthe shaft are in a measure independent of each other,\\nso that the former can be removed, if necessity for\\nrepairs requires it, without disturbing the latter. The\\nfurnace stands in the southerly end of the building,\\nwhich covers an area of about 150x200 feet, and the\\nbeds (thirteen) to receive the castings lie terrace-\\nlike and gradual in descent in the opposite direction.\\nTHE HOT BLAST\\nIs an essential accessory of the blast furnace. The\\nblowing engine is horizontal and of ISS-horse power,\\ndischarging 4,000 cubic feet of air per minute. From\\nthe blowing cylinders the air passes to the hot-blast\\novens, which contain nearly fifty-six tons of iron\\ntubes arranged in a fire brick chamber, and heated\\nby the combustion of gases drawn from the top of\\nthe furnace by means of an obliquelj^-placed pipe,\\nabout six feet in circumference, called a down-\\ncomer. The quantity of gas evolved from this\\nfurnace is extraordinary, and is due, no doubt, to\\nthe resinous nature of the wood used for making\\ncharcoal. At the outset the gas was in such excess\\nthat when the doors of the boiler furnace were\\nopened the flames shot out a distance of two or three\\nfeet, to the imminent danger of the stoker. Some\\nof the surplus is carried oft by a tall pipe at the top\\nof the furnace, and at night the colored flames pre-\\nsent a grand sight. They light up the surrounding\\ncountry like a beacon of promise to the hopeful and\\nindustrious.\\nTHE PROCESS OP SMELTING.\\nThe process of the manufacture of pig-iron by\\nblast furnace process is, we presume, sufficiently\\nwell known to render an extensive description\\nunnecessary. In the present instance the furnace\\nis charged from the top with ore, charcoal, fuel and\\nlimestone as a flux (abundant quantities of the\\nlatter being found in the vicinity), which gradually\\ndescend the shaft as the smelting proceeds. The air\\nof the blast, on coming in contact with the incan-\\ndescent fuel, is converted into carbonic acid gas, but\\nspeedily taking up another atom of carbon, is reduced\\nto carbonic oxide, which, together with the inert\\nnitrogen of the air, rises through the descending\\ncharge, abstracts the oxygen of the ore, and passes\\nout of the mouth as carbonic acid. When the\\nreduced iron reaches the vicinity of the tuyeres it\\ntakes up carbon, melts, and drops down into the\\ncrucible of the furnace, where the earthy ingredients,\\nwith the flux and fuel, also drops and floats on the\\ntop of the molten iron.\\nFEEDING THE FURNACE.\\nThis is a most interesting operation. The ore,\\nflux and fuel are fed in at the top by means of what\\nis known as a bell and hopper, which keep the\\nfurnace almost hermetically sealed till the topmen\\nsink the bell by the movement of a lever, in order to\\nrenew the charge. The charges are raised from the\\nore-room below by a compensating elevator that\\nworks with admirable ease and precision. Counter-\\nbalancing is done by means of filling and discharging\\na water-tank placed under each of the two platforms.\\nTo illustrate: One platform has just ascended with\\nits car load of 800 pounds of ore and thirty pounds\\nof limestone flux a buggy with 500 pounds of\\ncharcoal is waiting in the ore room. As soon as the\\nore is received above, the empty tank is filled with\\nwater, the weight over-balances the elevator plat-\\nform below with its load of charcoal, and it rises as\\nthe other descends. An automatic valve is affixed\\nto each tank, by which the water is discharged as\\nsoon as the platform reaches the lower floor, running\\noff through a small flume into the creek. When\\nthe furnace is to receive a fresh charge, a topman\\nascertains, by means of a wire probe, the height of\\nthe mass ah eady inside, and if addition be needed,\\nthe charge is dumped into the hopper, the bell sunk\\nby raising the immense lever, and the ore, flux and\\nfuel are thus evenly distributed on the inner sides of\\nthe furnace. In some instances a wheel is used in\\nworking this lever, but m the operation under notice\\nit is worked by hand. The descent of the bell is a\\nreminder of descriptions we may have read of a\\ndescent into hell. Smothering gases stream out, and\\nthick and blinding smoke, and it is not until the\\nbell is in its place again, and the vapors have\\nbeen carried oft by the mountain breeze, that the\\nvisitor feels at all comfortable. In the ore-room\\nbelow everything proceeds with the regularity of\\nclock-work. The ore is reduced to a large nut size\\nby an Eclipse rock-breaker, worked by a thirty-horse-\\npower engine, and capable of sixty tons a day.\\nEach car load with its flux, as well as the buggy\\nof charcoal, is carefully weighed before it is sent\\naloft.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "210\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nTHE SCENE AT A CASTING.\\nThe beds are ready where the moulds for the pigs\\nlie in order, looking in the gloaming like monster\\npiano keys. The superintendent is there, and the\\nfounder with their tried and trusted assistants.\\nEvery man is in his place, and takes up his work at\\nthe proper moment. The word is given to tap off,\\nand the clay that stops the aperture of the crucible\\nat the base of the furnace is punctured. Then a long\\nbar of iron is driven into the heart of the incandes-\\ncent mass by repeated blows of a sledge hammer,\\nand becoming expanded by the contact, its with-\\ndrawal is slow. It is out at last, however, followed\\nby the liquid iron in a fast and furious stream. It\\ntakes less than ten minutes for the active metal to\\nlie cooling in the beds carefully prepared for its\\nlodgment; and then from the notch, a second\\naperture in the crucible, comes the fluid cinder, or\\nslag, composed of the earthy ingredients of the ore\\nthe flux and fuel that had been floating on the surface\\nof the released mass, and runs off in a direction aside\\nfrom the beds, trailing its slow length along like a\\nmonstrous fiery serpent. It may be compared to a\\nlava stream from a volcano. When large casts are\\nmade, this slag flows many yards outside the\\nfurnace building. It is almost a waste product,\\nexcepting, perhaps, for road-making, and in the\\ngreater iron manufacturing centers of Europe, many\\nacres of valuable land are often sacrificed as a\\ndumping-place for it a sort of slickens question,\\nfrom a different point of view and on a smaller\\nscale. Five minutes after the slag has left the\\nfurnace the blower is again at work, energizing the\\nheat and preparing for the next cast. The interval\\nof the casts is about eight hours, but the time varies\\naccording to circumstances.\\nThe pigs arc cool enough to be handled in about\\nfifteen or twenty minutes, and they are then torn\\nfrom their smoking bed and borne off by stalwarts\\nto a platform-scales, where they are weighed, graded\\nand piled up readj- for export order. Each pig is\\nabout three feet long, and averages ninetj pounds in\\nweight, with the usual lateral groove every nine\\ninches, indicating the point where they are to be\\nbroken for the founder s cupola.\\nThis description of the works and the process is\\nas they were when in operation in May, 1881. At\\nthe foundries where it has been used, it has taken\\nsome sixteen blows to fracture a pig of Placer County\\niron, while a Scotch pig of the same thickness and\\narea has yielded at one blow from a sledge-hammer\\nin the same hands. But a more satisfactor} because\\nmore exact test of the tensile resistance of this iron,\\nis that made under rule. It is as follows:\\nSamples marked Resistance\\nNo. 4 18,387 lbs per square inch\\nNo. 2 18,629 do do\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0No. 1 17,887 do do\\nIn the case of Scotch pig-iron, same conditions;\\nresistance ceases at a strain of about 16,000 pounds.\\nThe Placer iron is said by all experts to be equal to\\nthe Salisbury (Conn.) metal for the manufacture of\\ncar wheels, and can be rolled into merchants bar\\nof the best quality.\\nTHE ORE AND ORE SUPPLY.\\nThe furnace is supplied with ore from deposits\\nimmediately in the neighborhood of the works, to\\nwhich it is conveyed in carts. There are some five\\ncuts within a short distance of each other, and, in\\none or two, true fissure veins, with well-defined\\nwalls, have been developed. The 640-acre tract, on\\nwhich the buildings are situated, and where the\\nmining is yet in an incipient stage, is no doubt one\\nvast iron field, as evidences of the existence of ore\\nappear in every direction. Besides this apparentlj-\\ninexhaustible supply, the company have in posses-\\nsion some eighty acres, called the Scott Mine,\\nabout four miles from the works towai-ds Auburn, on\\na portion of which, visible from the road, two cuts\\nhave been made revealing ore of the richest quality.\\nA magnificent bodj of ore has been exposed here.\\nThe fear expressed by some persons at the commence-\\nment of the enterprise that the suppl} of ore might\\nrun short ajjpears to be groundless. The character\\nof the ore is generally what is known as red hematite,\\nof a cherry-red to a reddish-brown color, and which,\\nwith the exception of magnetite, carries a greater\\npercentage of metallic iron than any other variety.\\nWhile magnetite assays 72.41, hematite will give 70.\\nPure hematite is the ore that furnishes the iron for\\nthe manufacture of Bessemer steel.\\nTHE FUEL srrpi.v.\\nOne of the most important features of this enter-\\nprise is the means taken to insure an ample and\\ncontinuous supply of charcoal for the blast furnace.\\nIn this direction a lai-ge amount of money has been\\nexpended by the company, and such breadths of\\nwoodland acquired respectively from Government,\\nState and railroad sections in the county as will give\\nunlimited fuel for many years to come. The com-\\npany have three charcoal camps situated respectively\\nthree, six and eight miles from the works. At the\\nfirst, on the banks of Bear River, over which the\\ncompany have thrown a bridge of 146 feet span,\\nthere are six conical kilns of the latest invention.\\nEach kiln is twenty -nine feet high to the apex of the\\ncone, and thirty-two feet diameter across the bottom.\\nThe charge for each is forty-five cords of oak or\\npine wood chiefly the latter which yields 2,250\\nbushels of charcoal. Kilns of the same construction,\\ntwenty in all, are at the remoter stations, and over\\nthe well-made roads enormous teams, locally dis-\\ntinguished from each other by the terms gun-boat,\\nschooner and sloop, according as they varj- in\\nsize, or employ a greater or less number of animals to\\ndraw them, are passing all day long with their black\\nfreight or returning for fresh loads. In order to\\nfacilitate matters and save time, the coal is loaded at", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n211\\nthe kilns by a chute, and at the works, the wagons\\nbeing fitted with movable floors, the unloading is\\nstill more speedy. It is not improbable, says\\nProfessor Hanks, that anthracite coal may be dis-\\ncovered in this neighborhood. It is found in the\\nvicinity of iron fields in nearly every part of the\\nworld. At present the only known deposit of this\\ncoal west of the Hocky Mountains is in the State of\\nSonora, Mexico.\\nEXECUTIVE OFFICERS.\\nThe general superintendent of the works, Mr.\\nJames M. White, is a native of Rochester, New York.\\nHe is yet young in years, but judging by his labors\\nin this instance, he has evidently made himself\\nthoroughly master of his business. He drafted the\\nengines and put them in position, drafted and super-\\nintended the erection of the furnace and hot-air\\nblast; drafted the kilns, and can open a mine, lay off\\na road, or build a bridge with equal readiness. His\\nchief experience in dealing with iron ores and iron\\nmanufactures has been in the Lake Superior region\\nand in Michigan. So far as the operations in Placer\\nCounty ai-e concerned, evidences of his splendid\\nexecutive ability are seen in every direction.\\nThe chief founder is Mr. Richard Dundon, who\\nalso has had large experience in the Eastern and\\nWestern States. He is from the North of Ireland\\na man of few words, a grave man who evidentlj feels\\nthe importance of his responsible position. But,\\nwhen there is any crookedness in the operations, any\\ninterruption to the smooth flow of the work, any\\ninfraction of discipline, why, then he is no longer a\\nman of few words. His expletives come thick and\\nfast, and are as hot as the metal he conti ols.\\nThe clerk of the works, Mr. E. W. Cowles, is a\\nson of the late Judge Cowles. He is an active,\\nintelligent young man, thoroughly responsible the\\nworthy son of a worthy father.\\nMr. Shepherd has charge of the engine room, and\\nproves himself a competent engineer.\\nThe company seems to be singularly fortunate in\\ntheir present executive force, each man being well-\\nfitted to the situation he occupies. The iron interest\\nis so new in California that there has been no\\nexperience, comparatively; no chance to judge by\\nobservation of the fitness of men for the work.\\nThough the company did not escape the consequences\\nof ignorance and inaptitude in the beginning, now\\nthe right men seem to be in the right place.\\nTHE FORCE EMPLOYED\\nVaries with the season. In winter, when work is\\nscarce in the valleys, the number of hands is increased\\nfor mining and charcoal burning. In summer, of\\ncourse these seek the better prices and somewhat\\neasier work of harvesting. The help about the\\nfurnaces does not materially vary in number the\\nyear round, as those employed must possess more or\\nless skill in manipulating the iron. The opei atives\\nmay be distributed and numbered as follows:\\nFurnace hands 50\\nEmployed in mining. 40\\nCharcoal burners and teamsters .75\\nIncidental ...12\\nTotal 177\\nIn winter this number will be nearly doubled.\\nNo Chinamen, except in pit-burning, are employed.\\nAt the elections some sixty-eight votes were polled\\nby the employees.\\nTHE TOWN OF HOTALING.\\nA short distance from the works, the company has\\nerected a number of neat one-story cottages, intended\\nas dwellings for the operatives in its employ. Twelve\\nof these buildings are finished, including a large\\ndining hall for men, and oifiees for the superintendent\\nand clerk of the works. The situation is picturesque,\\nand to say that it is salubrious in this delightful\\nportion of Placer County, is unnecessary. The\\nobject, if possible, is to encourage family men to\\noccupy these dwellings, as every arrangement has\\nbeen made for their comfort. In several the olive\\nbranches are clustering around the threshold the\\nfuture fathers and mothers of a new generation of\\nCaliforniaus. For these a school house is in contem-\\nplation, and soon there will be educational as well as\\nall the other accessories of civilization. As this\\nsettlement is rising into importance, there is a\\nquestion as to its name. The superintendent more\\nfrom the practicality of his nature than from his love\\nfor classic nomenclature suggested New Troy,\\nwhile others used to the softer California names,\\nthought Fierrovilla, as indicating the iron origin of\\nthe settlement, would be more in harmony with the\\nSpanish name system of the State, but in honor of\\none of the capitalists who aided the project to success,\\nthe new town is called Hotaling.\\nWHAT OF THE FUTURE\\nThe successful establishment of these smelting\\nworks gives one pause, and leads to an inquiry as to\\nwhat we may expect a few years hence. The con-\\nsumption of pig-iron on this coast is estimated at\\nabout 20,000 tons per annum. There is no reason\\nwhy, in a decade, this consumption may not be\\nincreased to three times that quantity. Guarded by\\na protective duty of seven dollars a ton on the\\nforeign article, and the cost of transportation hither\\nof the Eastern iron, the California product being\\nmuch superior to either, must certainly command\\nthe home market. Additional rolling mills will be\\none of the outcomes of this new industry, and also\\nthe establishment of a plate mill, and with this may\\nbe contemplated the construction of iron ships. In\\nfact, it is reported that Mr. Egbert Judson, one of\\nthe proprietors, visited the East earlj in 1881, to\\nmake arrangements for new rolling mills in San\\nFrancisco to work the product of this furnace.\\nThe company made a fine exhibit of its products\\nat the Mechanic s Institute Fair in San Francisco,", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "212\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\nin August and September, 1881, consisting of iron\\nore, limestone used in fluxing, ii on in pigs, bars,\\nrods, wires and various articles of castings. The\\nquality of the product was found to be superior to\\nany iron ever offered to the manufacturers of the\\nPacific Coast. Experiments were made upon car-\\nwheels, proving it better than the Salisbury (Conn.)\\niron, regarded as the best. This inspired the hope\\nthat it would be used instead of that, particularly as\\nit could be furnished cheaper. The cost of the\\nSalisbury iron ranges from .\u00c2\u00a745.00 to \u00c2\u00a760. 00 per ton,\\nwhile the iron of the California Iron Company was\\nmade at a profit at iBSS.OO per ton for Nos. 3 and 4\\ngrades. JSJos. 1 and 2 are a soft iron especially adapted\\nto puddling, and No. 5 being hard, makes excellent\\nshoes and dies for quartz mills.\\nIn the fall of 1881, the works were closed, the\\ncompany announcing the intention of resuming\\noperation in an improved manner, in the spring of\\n1882. While in operation from April to September,\\nthe product aggregated 4,414 tons of pig-ii on. The\\ncompany owns 7,620 acres of woodland near Hotal-\\ning, from which to draw its supply of charcoal.\\nThis, next to the railroad is the largest single enter-\\nprise in the county, and its success will give rise to\\nnumerous industries and manufactures in Placer,\\nand at other points in the State.\\nTHE HOLLAND -MINE.\\nIn 1874 a valuable deposit, or bod} of iron ore\\nwas discovered near McDonald s Mills, on Bear\\nRiver, and a company was formed in Sacramento,\\ncalled the Bear River Iron Company, to develop\\nit. In 1875 a commencement was made on the\\nworks, with the intention of using Lincoln coal in\\nsmelting. The works, however, were not carried\\nto completion. At a later date the property was\\nowed by C. Holland, and known as the Holland Mine.\\nIRON PRODUCT.\\nThe general report of the iron industry in 1876\\nshowed the product of that year in the United\\nStates of 2,093,236 tons of pig-iron. The industry\\nat that time was much depressed through the\\nfinancial revulsion of 1873, particularly affecting\\nrailroads and iron mining, and from which it had\\nnot recovered in 1876. The iron product in 1873\\nwas 2,868,278 tons. Iron was then produced in\\ntweuty-tbree States and one Territory, the latter\\nbeing LTtah. Pennsylvania produced 48.2 per cent.,\\nnearly half of the whole, or 1,009,313 net tons.\\nCOAL MINING.\\nIn 1873 the indisputable fact of the existence of\\ncoal in Placer County was established, adding that\\nimportant mineral to the list of gold, silver, copper\\nand iron. Veins of bituminous shale had been\\nobserved in the canons of the American River, and\\nreported as coal as early as 1856, which led to con-\\nsideral prospecting, but no coal was found con-\\nnected with them. In 1862, while boring for water\\nat Lincoln, the auger passed through a substance\\nwhich some thought to be coal; but the search was\\nfor water, the well was finished, and no more\\nattention was paid to the coal. No one expected to\\nfind coal there, it not being in the mining region, and\\nthe substance not coming to the notice of any\\nintelligent or investigating mind it was allowed to\\nremain for more than ten years, only sixty feet\\nbeneath the surface, before any person of sufficient dis-\\ncernment or enterprise to develop it happened to\\nknow of the discovery, although it had been pi-oven\\ncombustible. At a later date others boring for water\\nbi ought to the surface the black mineral, which\\nattracted the attention of Col. Charles L. Wilson,\\nwho had built the railroad, and in whose honor,\\nafter his middle name, the town had been named,\\nand he, in 1873, began a thorough investigation. He\\nfirst bored down on the coal bed with an eight-inch\\nauger, with which pieces were brought to the surface\\nsufficiently large to test the mineral thoroughly\\nand satisfactorily. The fact of its being coal could\\nno longer be doubted, and ii; October, 1873, Colonel\\nWilson proceeded to sink an open shaft to the\\nstratum, which was about sixty feet below the sur-\\nface. Hoisting works were erected over the shaft,\\nand in December following shipments of the coal\\nwere made to Sacramento and other places for\\ntrial. An experiment was made at Sacramento in\\nJanuary, 1874, at the City Water Works, when it\\nwas found that one ton of the Lincoln coal made\\nas much steam as two cords of pine slabs, which\\ncost *6.00 a cord. This result aroused the brightest\\nhopes of advancing manufactures in that city, as it\\nwas estimated that the coal could be delivered there\\nat about -14.00 per ton.\\nA trial was also made in smelting iron, which was\\nrelated in the Sacramento Bee by one signing him-\\nself Mechanic as follows:\\nI witnessed a trial of Lincoln coal at Guttenberg s\\nFoundry, on Front Street. The result was as fine a\\nlot of castings as I ever saw. This coal gave a most\\nintense heat under the blast, and after the metal was\\ndrawn off no residue was left, and I found the metal\\nwas much softer and of a finer texture than in cast-\\nings made of other coal. This Lincoln coal I con-\\nsider superior to charcoal for this purpose, for the\\nreason that it is petrified wood, retaining all its res-\\ninous qualities, and under the blast it will give out\\na more intense heat than chai coal and at much less\\ncost.\\nThese results created great interest in the coal\\nmines, and ex])lorations were set on foot which\\nproved them very extensive. In March, 1874, Messrs.\\nAlford, Stoddard and Richardson found coal on the\\nranch of 0. P. Richardson, near Bear River, about\\nsix miles from Sheridan, and opened a mine on their\\ndiscovery. The coal was found to be similar to that\\nat Lincoln, a lignite, burning without coking and\\nconsuming to a white ash.\\nSmall pieces of hard coal resembling anthracite\\nwere found in August, 1874, near the Hotaling Iron\\nMine, but no ledge has been developed.", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\nns\\nPOTTERS CLAY.\\nThe demand for the Lincoln coal increased so rap-\\nidly, being about 200 tona per week, that in April,\\n1874, a new and large shaft was sunk, ten feet eight\\ninches by nine feet nine inches in dimensions, ena-\\nbling the extraction of 100 tons daily. Other shafts\\nwere sunk, and other valuable minerals brought to\\nnotice. In August Mr. I. M. Scott, of San Francisco,\\npurchased an area of land of J. D. B. Cook, about\\nthree-fourths of a mile north of the Lincoln Coal\\nMine, and sunk a shaft for the purpose of develop-\\ning its value. He found a bed of lignite fifty-five\\nfeet below the surface, and penetrated it to a depth\\nof twenty feet. In addition to the coal he found\\ntwo beds of potters clay, of the very finest quality.\\nThe first was but three feet below the surface and\\nwas twelve feet in thickness, and the other lying on\\nthe coal and of the same thickness.\\nCALIFORNIA CLAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY.\\nShortly thereafter the California Clay manufact-\\nuring Company was organized, and purchased the\\nproperty, and in the spring of 1875 commenced the\\ndevelopment. The company consists of Charles\\nGladding, P. McG. McBean and George Chambers.\\nTheir land embraced about 200 acres of clay and\\ncoal beds, and works were erected about one mile\\nnorth of Lincoln.\\nAn examination of the clay was made by Prof H.\\nG. Hanks, of San Francisco, who was much impressed\\nwith its value, finding its character to be the very\\nbest for potterj work of all classes, and one quality\\nexcellent for fire-brick.\\nIts elements are as follows: Water, 4.70; coarse\\nsand, 5.30; fine sand, 3.17; pure porcelain clay, 86.23,\\nand is plastic and tenacious and infusible when\\nbaked. The sand is silica, and for coarse work, or\\nthe manufacture of fire-brick, this is an advantage.\\nThe layers are as follows: Four feet of soil, six feet\\nof white clay, sixteen inches of fine white sand with\\na little water, five feet of cream-colored clay mixed\\nwith coarse white sand, twelve feet of pure kaolin,\\ntwelve feet of clay and coal alternating, eight feet of\\ncoal, and below this clay and sand to a depth as yet\\nunknown. The coal is similar to that now being\\nworked at Lincoln, but somewhat heavier and denser.\\nThe porcelain clay is free from oxide of iron, and\\nthe silica, which is in large quantities, is of a qualitj\\nsuitable for making plate glass. The kaolin, better\\nknown as China clay, is said to be of as pure a\\nquality as that now shipped largely from China to\\nEurope, and better than that found at Iladdam,\\nConnecticut, and equal to that of Bavaria and Sax-\\nony, and is used for the manufacture of the best\\nqualities of porcelain ware.\\nIMPORTANCE OF CLAY DEPOSITS.\\nThese beds of clay, represented as equal to any\\nknown in the world, are practically inexhaustible,\\nand open for the region in which they lie, varied\\nindustries of incalculable importance and great\\nartistic and scientific interest when tie workmen\\nhave become skilled in its manipulation, and science\\nhas lain bare its properties and qualities. In the\\nhands of a master, clay is one of the most obedient\\nservants. There is no form too light and spirit-\\nlike for it to assume, none to grand and majestic\\nfor it to take on, and it is so plastic under thetouch\\nthat the artist in marble always realizes his ideal\\nin clay before ho immortalizes it in the snowy stone.\\nAt the same time the working of clay for the finer\\nvarieties of porcelain, and, for that matter, in the\\nmaking of even the commonest of pottery and fire-\\nbrick, is an art of no low order. And it is probable\\nthat of all the arts and sciences, more money has\\nbeen spent in experimental investigation of this\\nsubject than in any other. The art is one of the\\noldest which man has known. Fragments of rude\\nvessels are found among the ruins of the oldest\\ncivilizations. Frequently these fragments show a\\nknowledge of the art which is now lost to us.\\nThere is a sort of fascination about the potter s\\nfurnace, and there is no one, perhaps, who cannot\\nunderstand the weird spell that hung over Palissay\\nwhen he fed into it even the food and furniture of\\nhis own household.\\nIn Scotland, England, Germany, and France, are\\nmanufactured fire-brick, china, porcelain, and terra-\\ncotta ware, which, with that of China and Japan,\\nsupplies the markets of the world. In Europe these\\nindustries have grown to such dimensions that the\\nlabor employed is numbered by the thousands, and\\nthe capital invested, by the millions.\\nThe gi eat industries built up in other quarters of\\nthe globe, through the potters clay, may yet be\\nrealized in California; and the potteries, and elegant\\nware of Placer County, become as celebi ated as\\nDresden or China. Singularly fortunate is the cir-\\ncumstance, and so wonderfully exemplifying the\\nseemingly illimitable resources of the county, is the\\npresence of the clay and fuel, necessary to its utili-\\nzation, in such close proximity. These mines and\\nbeds of clay, capable of furnishing employment to\\nan unlimited number of men, are surrounded bj^ a\\nfertile, agricultural and fruit-growing country, crossed\\nby a railroad connecting with the great cities and\\nchannels of commerce, thus combining every advan-\\ntage for the most successful enterprise.\\nCHROMIUM MINING.\\nNo limit appears possible to Placer s mineral\\nwealth. The long detail of exceedingly valuable\\nmines and minerals extends with investigation, mak-\\ning its soil, its rocks and waters one vast laboratory,\\nwhere is stored all that is required for the uses and\\nluxuries of man. As the miners acquire knowledge\\nand extend their I osoarches new sources of wealth\\nare continually developed, and the end is not yet.\\nTo the list already long the rare and peculiar min-\\neral commonly called chrome is added. The\\nproperties of this mineral are given in Chapter\\nXXVII. of this book.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "214\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nChromium was first observed in Placer County in\\n1876, when discoveries were made on the Iowa Hill\\nDivide, near the Sugar Pine Mills, but it was not until\\n1881 that any systematic attempt was made to utilize\\nthe ore, when one hundred tons were sent to San\\nFrancisco. The ore is found in irregular, disconnected\\nmasses imbedded in the country rock, and varying\\nin weight from a fewj)Ounds to several tons. On the\\nlargest mass j^et found a shaft twenty feet in depth,\\nin the fall of 1881, had not passed through the deposit.\\nDevelopments have proven that chromium exists in\\nmany parts of the State, and is purchased of the\\nminers by agents, who forward it to San Francisco,\\nwhence it is shipped to eastern markets. The usual\\ndestination is Baltimore, but much is sent to New\\nYork, Philadelphia, and Boston.\\nOf this industry the Herald of December 3, 1881,\\nWe learn from Major Houston, who has charge of\\nthe chrome mining, now being carried on in this\\ncounty, that they find the chrome iron-ore belt very\\nextensive. He has already shipped eighty tons from\\nAuburn depot to Boston, and has over thirty tons\\nready to be forwarded. At the mines near Michigan\\nBluff about 100 tons are out waiting for wagons to\\nhaul it down. The Major hopes to send off at least\\n500 tons before the winter rains shall render the\\nroads impassable for loaded teams. He has been\\nshipping around Cape Horn, but to intercept the sup-\\nply from England, which country has heretofore con-\\ntrolled the trade in this commoditj will ship by way\\nof the Isthmus. The indications are that chrome\\nmining in this county will soon become a very im-\\nportant industry.\\nCHAPTER XXXI.\\nMINING-\\n[continued.]\\nThe lowii, Hill Divide The Gravel Formation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Altitudes on the\\nDivide Mines on the Divide Iowa Hill Mines Independ-\\nence Hill Mines Roach Hill Mines Morning Star Hill\\nMines Bird s Flat Mines Strawberry Flat Miiies Succor\\nFlat Mines Wisconsin Hill Mines Grizzly Flat Mines\\nElizabeth Hill Mines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stevens Hill Mines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Main Kidge\\nMines Canada Hill Jlines Quartz Mines Near Succor\\nFlat Humbug Canon Quartz Mines Canada Hill Quartz\\nMines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mines Having Stamp Mills Water Ditches Shirt-\\ntail Canon Quartz Mines Humbug Canon Mines Described\\nCanada Hill Quartz Mines Described Report on Min?s\\nMountain Gate Mine Hidden Treasure Mine Michael\\nHarold Power Various Formations and Theories Hy-\\ndraulic Mine.\\nMr. John B. Hobson, an experienced, painstaking,\\nand skillful mining engineer, has made a topograph-\\nical and geological map of that portion of Placer\\nCounty extending from the mouth of Indian Canon\\nand Rice s Bridge, on the North Fork, eastward to\\nBald Mountain and Duncan Canon, near the summit\\nof the Sierra Nevada, and north of Shirt-tail Canon,\\nembracing an area of about 14-t square miles; being\\nthat region commonly designated as the Iowa Hill\\nDivide. In addition to the map Mr. Hobson has\\ntaken notes of every feature pertaining to the most\\naccurate and comprehensive survey with the idea of\\nrecording all facts relating to the geological structure\\nand formation of the mineral region; its area, condi-\\ntion, past and prospective value. No Government\\nemployed engineers, scientists or explorers have ever\\nmade such full and accurate measurements and obser-\\nvations of the formations classed variously as glacial\\ndrift, auriferous gravel, ancient channels, or Dead\\nBlue River. These observations have extended\\nthrough many years, accompanying the practical\\nlabor of a miner, and the performance of the scien-\\ntific duties of a mining engineer. The results of his\\nlabors Mr. Hobson has furnished for the I eaders of\\nthis history, but cannot be fully represented without\\nelaborate maps and engravings beyond the scope of\\nthis work.\\nTHE GRAVEL FORMATION.\\nMany theories have been advanced relating to the\\nformation of the gravel deposits dotting the mount-\\nain side from the verge of the great subjacent valley\\nto the summit ridges, lying in mountain basins, hang-\\ning to a cafion s side, perched on some lofty ridge, or\\nburied deep beneath the congealed lava of unknown,\\nunlocated, wonderful volcanoes. With the theories\\nof formation have come elucidations of the problem\\nof the gold occurrence with thegarvel, the eroding of\\nthe basins and channels, the polishing of the bed-rock,\\nand the coloring of the strata. The most popular\\ntheories have emanated from literary gentlemen, of\\nthe cities, who attribute the gravel deposits of\\nthe Sierra to one great Blue river, to one cause\\nand one period or age of time, but to those who have\\nstudied the question on the ground, after years of\\nmining labor, careful thought and acute observation,\\nthe subject grows more mysterious and unaccount-\\nable. The poet has said God moves in a\\nmysterious way His wonders to perform, and in\\ncontemplating the gravel formation and golden in-\\ntermixture of the Sierra Nevada, the mysterious and\\nwonderful works of nature appall the student. The\\ngrandeur of the scale, the mighty power, the incon-\\nceivable time, the quietness of some periods and the\\nviolence of others, the periods of ice, and cold, and\\nfloods, the pei iods of raging torrents and quiet\\nwaters in the same and almost every locality, the\\nperiods of the glacier, when ice embraced the high-\\nland and the lowland, and the period when volcanoes\\nthi ough a thousand miles of mountain range belched\\nuntold volumes of ash and molten rock over the icy\\ndomain, all impress the beholder as he contemplates\\nthe creation of those most singular deposits. No\\ntheory yet promulgated can bear the critical presen-\\ntation of facts. The formation of gravel is attributed\\nto the action of ice in the form of the grinding gla-\\ncier, which fiistens upon projecting rocks on mount-\\nain height and through the action of the varying\\nseasons grinds while it carries its load to a place of\\ndeposit. Many of the gravel hills and successions of\\nthem throughout the gold-bearing region exhibit for-\\nmations not inconsistent with the glacial power in an", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n215\\nage of cold, and the Sierra in its present general\\nposition, while there are other localities and condi-\\ntions that refuse to be accredited to such a cause.\\nThe difference of levels, the varying directions of\\nflow, the accumulations of drift-wood, the horizontal\\nlayers of sand, the beds of pipe-clay, the large bowl-\\nders in and on the clay, the fine gravel, the great\\nwidth of the channels, and the depth of gravel, are\\nall inconsistent with the theory of one great river of\\nsixty or seventy miles in length, flowing at a fall of\\nthirty or forty feet per mile, or any river flowing con-\\ntinuously in any direction. That the channels and\\nbasins of the gravel hills are [ice and water worn,\\nand the gravel, sand and clay, ice and water made\\nis unquestioned, but whence came the material,\\nwhence came the abundance of free gold in large\\nnuggets and flattened scales, so dissimilar to that now\\nfound in quartz in place, though similar in purity\\nand alloy to that in neighboring veins; and whence\\ncame the incalculable masses of barren quartz, gravel\\nand bowlders which fill the channels and compose\\nthe hills, are the puzzling, unanswered questions.\\nSince the deposition no violent changes have occurred\\nin the position of the Sierra. The bed-rock and the\\nstrata of drift are unbroken, the sand and clay lie level\\nas when formed in quiet waters, and the covering of\\nvolcanic matter rests as when it first flowed over the\\nchannel.\\nWhile the bed-i ock has evidently remained station-\\nary, the surveys and examinations by Mr. Hobson\\nshow formations of different eras, volcanic eruptions\\nof diffei-ent times, ice and water currents in different\\ndirections, and channels eroded at different dates\\nwith different coui ses.\\nALTITUDES ON THE DIVIDE.\\nBy barometrical observations of his own and by\\nProf^ Goodyear, he has ascertained the altitude\\nabove the sea of the following localities on the Iowa\\nHill Divide:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFEET.\\nRice s Bridge on the north fork of American\\nRiver 1 ,147\\nMouth of Canon Creek 1,467\\nBed of North Fork of American in Giant Gap\\nGorge. 1,595\\nRidge south side of Giant Gap Gorge 4,139\\nTown of Iowa Hill, at post-office .2,850\\nSummit of Sugar Loaf Mountain 3,064\\nTown of Wisconsin Hill 2,920\\nSummit of Independence Hill 3,110\\nMononatown. 3,194\\nSummit of Roach Hill 3,554\\nTown of Grizzly Flat. .3,150\\nTown of Succor Flat 3,460\\nHill s Reservoir, on Shirt-tail Caiion 3,492\\nIowa Hill Canal Company s Reservoir. 3,990\\nWest Damascus Hoisting Works, in north\\nbranch of Shirt-tail Cafion 3,840\\nTop of ridge north of West Damascus shaft. 4,320\\nTown of Damascus _ 4,016\\nTown of Sunny South 3,805\\nSurface at Centennial Shaft 3,860\\nForks House 4,789\\nIndian Springs (Alameda Consolidated), top of\\nridge 5,468\\nSecret House 5,486\\nNew Basel Consolidated Hoisting Works, in\\nBlack Canon 5,186\\nTown of Last Chance 4,545\\nTown of Deadwood 3,943\\nSummit of Secret Hill 6,229\\nSummit of Canada Hill. .6,229\\nHead of Iowa Hill Canal in Tadpole Canon .5,540\\nSummit of Bald Mountain 7,197\\nSoda Spring Valley, near head of North Fork of\\nAmerican 6,002\\nElevation of bed-rock of ancient channels where\\nexposed by drift miners or prospectors:\\nFEET.\\nJameson Mine, Iowa Hill, lowest rock at out-\\nlet on the northwest 2,642\\nNorth Star, highest rock at south near Indian\\nCafion 2,668\\nMorning Star, fronting Indian Canon. .2,687\\nColumbia Mine, at Wisconsin Hill 2,740\\nGrizzly Flat mines, lowest rock near front .3,020\\nChina Point 2,748\\nHomeward Bound, rock where drifted in\\nfront. 2,805\\nGolden Gate, rock where drifted in front. 2,945\\nTrio 2,980\\nDutch Claim 3,012\\nWhite Pine, near back line .3,024\\nWolverine, near north line. 3,041\\nGleneoe 3,090\\nShelby 3,188\\nWatt s Mine, at breast 3,224\\nSuccor Flat Mine 3,329\\nBottom of Mohawk Slope, rock pitching 3,462\\nBottom of Surprise Slope, rock pitching. .3,480\\nGiant Gap Mine, uprise No. 1, rock pitching. 3,540\\nWest Damascus, in gravel on rock pitching from\\nnorth uprise No. 1 3,700\\nColfax Tunnel, rock pitching. 3,796\\nCentennial Mine, bottom of shaft, rock pitching. 3, 780\\nMountain Gate Mine, blue gravel channel 3,764\\nMountain Gate Mine, white quartz channel,\\nfront of north end 3,914\\nMountain Gate Mine, white quartz channel,\\nwhere cut away by blue gravel channel. .3,844\\nHidden Treasure Mine, white quartz channel,\\nsouth end 3,674\\nBob Lewis, blue gravel 3,769\\nDam claim, rock j)itching 3,840\\nCape Horn Tunnel, rock pitching at angle of\\n42\u00c2\u00b0. 4,156\\nAlameda Consolidated, proposed new tunnel.. .4,040\\nAlameda Consolidated, bottom of shaft north\\nfront 4,615\\nBear Hunter Tunnel. 4,470\\nNew Basel Consolidated, bottom of shaft, rock\\npitching. ..5,106\\nWhisky Hill Mine, rock pitching west 5,210\\nUncle Sam and Spartan shaft, rock pitching\\nwest 5,450\\nUnion shaft, rock pitching east 5,380\\nUnion Tunnel 5,275\\nCanada Hill mines, channel of angular quartz\\ngravel\\nOriental, bed-rock at bottom of shaft 6,205\\nReed Claim. 6,090\\nHill Bros. Claim Tunnel 5,930\\nSterret Gravel Mine, head of Sailor Cafiou 5,640", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "216\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nMINES ON THE DIVIDE.\\nThe following are the mines of the region sur-\\nveyed, with name of mine, class, name of owners,\\nand amount of gold pi-oduced.\\nIOWA HILL MINES.\\nJameson jtl ft hjdr c\\nNorth star\\nBig Union I\\nOrion hydraulic\\nNorthPoint\\nAlta\\nChina Point\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Co.\\nWm Weisle\\nNorth S l\\nAL Lighton\\nOrion Mining Co.\\nG Booth\\nCFMac.v Co.\\nChinese Co\\nIndependence H\\nINDEPE.NDENCE HILL MINES.\\nhvdraulic iMitchler Hobson\\n.JWChinn Co...\\nMitchler Hobson\\n..N Barber\\nlEntwistle Worsley\\nLive Call\\nJeffries\\nStar United\\nDutch\\nStubb Twist.\\nWhite Pine\\nDayton\\nShelby\\nColumbus.\\nStockton S F,\\nGlencoe\\nEmpire\\nWolverine\\nAurora\\nBorealis\\nKO.iCH HILL MI.N ES\\nihydraulic Mrs Hill\\nHill\\nd .tand liy d\\nhydraulic\\nd ft hydr c\\ndrift\\nhydraulic\\nJohn Mill\\nA Phillips\\nJos Byrne\\nWorslev Southwick\\nPSloaii\\n.John Henry Co\\nJoseph Byrne\\nWilliams Co\\nWilliam Jolly Co...\\nJos Fritzer Co\\nWolverine Mining Co.\\nAurora\\nIowa Hill Canal Co\\nMORNING .STAR HILL MINE.S.\\nMorning Star Id ft hydr c|Jobn Coleman Co.\\nEvening Star Comtt Longstaft Harper\\nTyphoon I I\\nbird s FLAT MINES.\\nMorning Light\\nHomeward Bound\\nBuckeye\\nGolden Gate\\nTrio\\nVinco\\nAnglo-American\\nEnterrri^c\\nfumberluid\\nMedical Point.\\nd ft hydr\\ndrift\\nd ft hydr i\\nRodoni Bros\\nT G Durning Co.\\nJ Gleeson Co\\nBowlev Co\\nWatson Co\\nJ W Kinder\\nWorsley WattB...\\nIowa Hill Canal Co\\nD FUnn\\nA Rossi\\nh} draul\\nSfRAWBERRV FLAT MINES.\\nKohinoor\\nStrawberry\\nEmpire 5: Unio\\nOnnld\\nSuccor Flat\\nCopper Bottom.\\nGold Streak.\\nZephvr\\nAttains\\nKidder\\nSmith\\nI)e Kruse.\\nByrne Irish.\\nBelty\\nHorman\\nSebastopol\\n|P Sloan\\nWatts Bros\\nWoods, Smith Co.\\nI Willis Gould.\\nSUCCOR FLAT MINES.\\nA Weske Co\\nJohn Peters\\nJ Benjamin Co.\\nL Metealf Co\\n.Macy Spencer\\nWISCONSIN HILL MINES.\\niClai\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ritv\\nRa\\\\\\nGi\\nColumbia\\nZurmuchler\\nTcnvke\\nVaughn\\nHaramil\\nSchwab\\nStewart\\nWorley\\nSchlottman\\nLebanon\\nPennsylvania.\\njLebano\\n|j .Smiley\\nGRIZZLY- FLAT .MINES.\\nWm Nichols\\nM Smith\\nMrs Hill\\nJo.s Byrne\\nWm Beltv\\nH Horman Co,\\nJames Gleeson\\nTames Gleeson\\nMrs Hill\\nJames Gleeson\\nF Zurmuchler\\nJames Gleeson\\nAh Tom Co\\nEdwards Hammil.\\nG W Cross\\nCapt Stewart\\nAndrew Worley\\nC Boeck\\nRough Ready.\\nNeptune\\nKnow-Nothing\\nMcdunc.ok\\nOccidcnlal\\nClinton\\nOccidental Co\\nGrizzly Flat Co.\\nWm Liddle Co\\nCapt Stewart Co.\\nD MoGctchen Co\\nDr Rooney Co.\\nJohn Bowley\\nOccidental Co\\nA Hazel roth\\nGOLD PROC I\\n1,200,000 00\\n800,000 00\\n22,000 00\\n61,000 no\\n4,600 00\\n40,000 on\\n101,300 1\\n14,000 on\\n9,000 00\\n12.200 no\\n21,000 00\\n6,400 00\\n4,. i00 00\\n43,000 oO\\n80,000 00\\n756,000 00\\n156,000 00\\nlOo.OOO 00\\n100,000 00\\n41,000 00\\n13,400 00\\n805,000 00\\n9,000 00\\n31,750 00\\n3S,000 00\\n24,300 00\\n90,000 00\\n141,000 00\\n59,000 00\\n^7,040 00\\n1,3U0 00\\n6,230 00\\n103,000 00\\n47,000 03\\n2.300 00\\n12,000 ;oo\\n.^4,000 00\\n13,000 00\\n52,000 00\\n350,000 00\\n100,000 CO\\n120,000 00\\n6,000\\n5,200 00\\n3,300 00\\n26,000 01\\n14,000 00\\n160,000 00\\n220,000 00\\n80,000 00\\n153,000 00\\n80,000 00\\n30,000 OO\\n11,000 00\\n.AMB OF MINE.\\nNAME OF OWNERS.\\nGOLD PROC D\\nELIZABETH HILL MINEI.\\nK ngsHill\\nKoen\\nErin go Bragh\\nSumpter\\nElizabeth\\nBlakey..\\nDe Kruse.\\nG Robinson\\nKoen Co\\nJ Greenbaur\\nS Fritzer Co\\nJ F Van Diver..\\nMrs Hill\\nJ Blakey\\nKno\\nSTEVENS HILL MINES.\\nBarber |drift\\nPoverty\\nBlanchard\\nTvner\\nBlack Oak\\nDead Ox.\\nJ L Woods\\nJ Charpiott\\nJ Blanchard Co.\\nWm Tvner* Son...\\nWm Bissett Co....\\nW L Anderson Co\\n1,500 00\\n26,000 00\\n60,000 00\\n1,100 00\\nState of Maine\\nOro\\nMountain View\\nMountain View No 2\\nStar\\nMohaw k\\nSurprise\\nGiant Gap\\nSan Francisco\\nYellow Jacket\\nPioneer\\nWest Damascus.\\nColfax\\nCoker Burgess.\\nJ owa Hill Canal Co\\nMichigan Bluff...\\nCentennial\\nMountain Chief\\n.Mt Gate of Damascus\\nHidden Tr of S y South\\nDerby\\nDam\\nBob Lewis\\nRed Point\\nForks House Con\\nCape Horn\\nMAIN KICGE MINES,\\ndrift\\nAlameda Consolidated\\nBear Hunter.\\nGolden Fleece\\nNew Basel Con\\nMacedon\\nWhiskey Hill..\\nSpartan Uncle Sam\\nUnion\\nCANADA HILL MINES.\\nd ft hydr\\ndrift\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ner Co\\nJ F Van Diver Ci\\nJ M Smith\\nJ M Smith\\nAnderson Macy\\nMohawk Co\\nC F Macy Ce\\nGiant Gap Co (struck pay\\ngra\\\\el Nov., 1881)\\nG W Snyder Co\\nJ M Smith Co\\nOdgers Pascoe\\n.Miller, Mitchler Hobson\\nJ H Nefl Co\\nO F Petterson Co\\nIowa Hill Canal Co\\nMichigan Bluff Co...\\nCentennial Co\\nO J Spencer Co...\\nMountain Gate Co.\\nHidden Treasure Co\\nHardin Co\\nDam Co\\n^Griffith k Lewis....\\n[Gilespie Co\\nG WS:!yler Co.\\nIj C Scott\\nd ft hvdr c:Mitchler Co\\ndrift jF Chappellet\\nd ft hydr c F Shir\\ndrift\\ndrift\\nCo.\\nBritton, Key Co\\nJ B Brown Co.\\nSnyder, Hobson Co\\nJ B Brown Co\\nG Mitchler Co\\nHeed\\nWilcv\\nHill Bros\\nFernandos\\nOriental\\nd ft hydr\\nJohn White\\nBobt Wilcv Co.\\nWm James Hill\\nJos Dias Co\\nBarret Charpiot (struck\\npay gravel Oct, 1831)\\nTotal Gold produced from hydraulic and deep gravel drift t\\nProduced by caflon and surface mining\\nI Iowa Hill Divide\\nS20,144,. 70 00\\nNo reliable data can be obtained as to the product\\nof river mining in this region.\\nThe above figures are from the books of the min-\\ning companies, of the express companies, merchants\\nand gold-dust buyers; but as most of the books of\\nthe Companies referred to, have been destroyed by\\nthe various fires to which the mining towns have\\nbeen subject, they are, in most cases, very short of\\nthe true product, while from many no returns could\\nbo obtained. Nearly double the amount given is\\nbelieved to have been produced in this region.\\nQUARTZ MINES.\\nThe following are the quartz mines located and\\ndeveloped in the Iowa Hill region and contiguous\\nthereto:\\nNEAR SDCOOR FLAT.\\nProvidencia\\nAustralia\\nProvidencia extension\\nJulian\\nSt. Bernard\\nNOTH OF LOCATI ^N.\\n1,500 feet\\n1,500\\n1,500\\n1,.500\\n1,500\\nME OF OWNER.\\nProfessor Blake\\nHood Street\\nStreet ife Co.\\nRodoni Co.\\nRossi Co", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "S. Gardner", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n217\\nThis group of mines shows well in free gold in the\\ncroppings, and appears to extend to a considerable\\ndepth. The Providencia and Australia have tunnels\\nnear bed of canon, and show good milling ore as\\nfar as developed.\\nHUMBUG CAN ON QUARTZ MIXES.\\nPioneer\\nPoole\\nPoole\\nDorer\\nextension\\nCentral E. pxten,\\nOdgers Pasco.\\nKeller\\nKeller extension...\\nPioneer extension\\nLynn\\nPotosi Passaic\\nLESOTII OF LOCATION.\\n0,000 feet J. H. Neff E. (J. Spencer\\n3,000 JA. W. Poole 4- Co\\n3,000 I\\n1,750 jPoole Dorer\\n1.500 I Brown Co,\\n3,000 Central Co.\\n3,000 iP. Bernard\\n3,000 I Odgers, Pasco Co.\\n6,000 H. Keller Co.\\n1,500 John Allen\\n1,500 O. H. Petterson Co\\n4,500 .Snyder Lynn\\n3,000 E. C. Uren Sou\\nPatras\\nBuena Vista.\\nIowa Hill...\\nSterrett\\nOlga\\nAXAIIA HILL QUAKTZ MINES\\n1,000 feet\\n1,500\\n1,500\\n1,500\\n1,500\\nPedroles Brown\\n.J. B. Brown Co\\nWinters, .Sterrett Hobson\\nTheodore AVinters\\nMINES HAVING STA.MP MILLS.\\nNAME or MILL.\\nCLASS.\\ncement\\niiuartz\\nPOWER.\\nsteam\\nwater\\n.so. S AM re.\\nOWNERS.\\nMorning Star.\\nColumbus\\nBob Lewis\\nPonle\\n10\\n20\\n10\\n5\\n.1. Coleman Co\\n.7 OS Byrne\\nLewis Ciriffi h\\nPoole Co.\\nWATER DITCHES.\\nThe following are the ditches carrying water for\\nmining purposes on the Iowa Hill Divide, with\\nMILES IN\\nINCHES\\nNAME OK HITCH.\\nLENGTH\\nWATER.\\nSOIRCE OF BIPPLT.\\nOW.VERS.\\nTadpo e Canon\\nTowa Hill Canal\\nSeci ct Caiion\\nBig Secret Kr.\\n1\\nHumbug Caflon\\nI\\nHumbug Branch\\n40\\n3000\\nEl Dorado Cafton\\nIowa Hill Canal Co.\\nEl Dorado Brand\\n(surplus)\\nShirt-tail Brand.\\n1\\nSurplus water of\\nShirt-tail Cafmn\\nPriest Ditch.\\n12\\nlOOO\\nFirst rightto water\\nof Shirt-tail Caiion\\nUnion\\n12\\n400\\nNorth Br. Shirt-\\ntail Cafion 1st right\\n1\\nNorth Indian.\\n3\\n2iO\\nIndian Caiion, .st\\n;-Mrs. A. Hill\\nSouth\\n9\\nICO\\nIndian Cailoi,, 2d\\nright\\n1\\nLittle Huml.ug\\n100\\nNorth Br. HunibUi?\\nMcKee\\n20\\n700\\nSouth Branch of\\nShirt-tail\\nF. Zurn.u. hier\\nVaughn\\n9\\n400\\nSnail Caiion\\nAh Tom .V Co\\nWeisler\\nH\\nIndian Canon\\nWm. Weislcr\\nOrion Mining Co.\\nWhite\\nCanada Hill\\nScrew .Auger Cari,\\nOf the history of the above mentioned quartz\\nmines Mr. Hobson writes:\\nTHE SHIRT-TAIL CANON QUARTZ MINES.\\nThe Providencia was first discovered in L852\\nby Robert Bowley and others, who found a rich\\nchute of ore in the bed of Shirt-tail Canon, the lode\\nbeing about three feet in width. Owing to the water\\nand hardness of wall rock, which is a hard slate,\\nnothing further had been done to develop the mine\\nuntil October, 1881, when it was re-located by S. P.\\nDrury, who started a tunnel on the lode at a point\\nthirty feet above the bed of the caiion. The quartz,\\n80 far as developed by this tunnel, is found, by\\nassay, to contain sufficient free gold to juniify the\\nerection of a mill. Professor BlaUe, of New York,\\nhas recently purchased one-half of the Providencia,\\nand intends erecting a mill in the summer of 1882.\\nThe Australia appears to be a large spur of\\nthe Providencia, and is, so far as developed by a\\ntunnel, a gold-bearing vein. This is owned by Hood\\nStreet, who have also made arrangements for the\\nerection of a mill in the summer of 1882.\\nThe Julian and St. Bernard are locations\\nmade in December, 1881, by Rossi, Rodoni Co.,\\nwho discovei cd rich gold-bearing quartz in the crop-\\npings, which are from three to six feet in width,\\nand indicate the j)resence ot a strong permanent\\nvein, with a foot-wall of slate and a hanging-wall\\nof serpentine.\\nHU.MBUG CANON MINES DE-^CRIBED.\\nThe Humbug Canon quartz veins are found in a\\nbelt of country rock composed of alternate belts of\\nblack laminated slate, greenstone and talcose slate.\\nThe quartz veins are found between the slate form-\\ning the west wall and the greenstone the east or\\nfoot-wall. This belt of country carrying i)uartz\\nveins begins about Hayden Hill, in Green Valley,\\neast of the great serpentine belt, which crosses the\\ncountry north and south across the North and Mid\\ndie Forks of the American, and extends east to a\\npoint on the North Fork about north of Indian\\nSprings.\\nAll the several mines located have chutes of gold-\\nbearing quartz, accompanied by iron pyrites and\\ngalena, which, judging from the developments on\\nthe several veins at several points var^nng in alti-\\ntude from 2,r)00 feet near the bed of the American\\nRiver on the south side in the Poole Mine and as\\nhigh as, 4,000 feet in the Pioneer, Keller, and\\nthe Lynn lodes, and on the north side of the\\nriver to the Dorer, Central, and Boss lodes,\\nwhere tunnels are at an altitude of 4,300 feet, will\\nprove to be permanent gold-producing quartz mines.\\nThe white quartz gravel forming the upper channel\\nin the Mountain Gate Mine overlies this belt of\\ngold-bearing quartz lodes, and probably accounts for\\nthe presence of the numerous gold-bearing bowl-\\nders found in that mine, as well as the gold, which\\nresembles gold broken from a quartz matrix, its\\nfineness being about 8.50, while the gold found in\\nthe deep blue channel is 930 fine, where the gravel\\nis composed almost entirely of hard slate and other\\nrock, quartz being but seldom met with.\\nThe Pioneer is the most important, it being\\ndeveloped to a greater extent than any of the other\\nmines. This was discovered about 18.53 by James\\nLynn and sold for a few hundred dollars to parties\\nwho erected a rude ten-stamp mill and crushed the\\nfirst ten tons of quartz croppings, which yielded\\n810,000. The mine was worked for several years\\nwith varying success. A difficulty in the successful\\nworking of the lower grade of quartz being an insuffi-\\ncient supply of water to run the battery. This", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "21S\\nHISTORY OF PLA.CER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nfirst mill was finally destroyed by fire, after which\\nthe mine fell into the hands of McCk lland Co.,\\nwho erected a new mill and worked the mine for\\nseveral years successfully when suflicient water was\\nto be had. The property next fell into the hands\\nof John Coleman Co., after which the mill was\\nagain destroyed by fire. The present owners are\\nJ. H. Neft E. (r. Spencer Co., who have recently\\nmade important developments, having driven two\\ntunnels, one cutting the lode at a depth of ISO\\nfeet below the old works, exposing rich gold-bearing\\nquartz, and another tunnel 400 feet below the old\\nworks, also exposing quartz bearing gold in suffi-\\ncient quantity to pay handsomely for milling. These\\nlast developments prove positively the permanence\\nof the Pioneer Mine as a future gold producer. It\\nis stated on good authority that the Pioneer has pro-\\nduced between $75,000 and $100,000 in gold.\\nThe Poole was also discovered at an early day,\\nabout 1854 or 1855, by L. P. Burnham, and was\\nwork-ed for some time with a rude five-stamp mill\\nby Burnham Poole. Burnham s interest was pur-\\nchased by Poole Co. in 1879, who erected a five-\\nstamp mill near Humbug Canon, and built a tram-\\nway from the mine to the mill. The Superintend-\\nent is Mr. Parker, who states that the quartz taken\\nfrom the mine yields from $18.00 to \u00c2\u00a728.00 per ton,\\nand has paid all the expenses and cost of development.\\nThe lode appears to be a well-defined and perma-\\nnent vein, whose croppings are readily traced on\\nboth sides of the souih branch of the North Fork\\nof the American River, to the ridges where it is\\ncovered by the volcanic capping.\\nThe Dorer lode, on the north side of the East\\nBranch, is also a gold-bearing vein about one mile east\\nof the Poole. Several crashings of the ore have been\\nmade at the Poole Mill, yielding about .SIS. 00 per ton.\\nThe Boss lode, also on the north side, is the\\nlargest vein of the Humbug Canon group, being\\nabout eight feet in width, the quartz yielding about\\n$7.00 a ton.\\nThe Central lies between and is parallel to\\nthe Dorer and Boss, cropping on the slope of the\\nprecipitous caiion.\\nThe Keller lode crops high on the mountain\\nsouth of the Poole and west of the Pioneer. A\\ntunnel cuts the vein at a depth of fort^ feet, showing\\nits width to be throe leot, from which the rock\\nyields $80.00 per ton.\\nThe Lynn lode is on the brow of the canon\\nsouthwest of the Poole. Several prospect holes on\\nthe croppings expose the vein, which varies from\\none to three feet in thickness, the rock yielding\\nfrom $7.00 to \u00c2\u00a714.00 per ton by assay.\\nThe Bernard, oil the hill on the south side of\\nthe river, appears to be an extension of the Boss\\nlode, as croppings arc almost ci)ntinuously in sight\\nfrom the mine down to and across the river to the\\nBoss. The Bernard has been uncovered by sluicing.\\nThe vein is a mixture of laminated talcose slate and\\nquartz, is about thirty feet thick, much decomposed\\nand j ields considerable of its gold by sluice washing.\\nIn this manner it has been worked profitably since\\n1879.\\nCANADA HILL QUARTZ MINES.\\nThe Buena Vista and Iowa Hill lodes have\\nboth been opened and prospected by a tunnel one\\nhundred feet below the ci oppings, the tunnel first\\ncutting ihe vein of the Buena Vista, which, on driv-\\ning levels, proved to be a pipe vein, the quartz yield-\\ning $38.00 per ton at the quartz mill. The tunnel was\\ncontinued and a cross-cut driven to cut the Iowa\\nHill lode, which, on development, proved to be a vein\\nsimilar in character to the Buena Vista, but having\\na course almost at right angles to the first-named\\nmine. It also carries high grade quartz. There is\\nalso a shaft on each mine, connecting with the tun-\\nnel, although exposing about 2,300 tons of quartz\\nabove the tunnel level. Some $12,000 has been ex-\\npended in the development of these mines by Messrs\\nVan Vactor, Brown and Petterson, a mill being all\\nthat is necessary to put the mine in operation.\\nThe Patras lode has a rich chute of specimen rock\\nwhich has been worked to the depth of thirty feet\\nby Messrs. Brown and Pedrolos, who extracted the\\ngold by crushing the rock in a hand mortar.\\nThe Sterrett Mine on Sailor Canon, in township\\nIG north, range 13 east, is on an immense lode of\\ngold-bearing quartz, and gives promise of developing\\ninto a large, permanent mine. The east wall of the\\nvein is a hard syenite, and the west wall is a pecu-\\nliar laminated black slate, showing numerous fossil\\namonites, and is the only belt of rock on the Iowa\\nHill Divide, to my knowledge, carrying fossils. Two\\ntunnels have been run in prospecting the vein. Tun-\\nnel No.l was driven to cross-cut it at a depth of thirty\\nfeet below the surface, which exposed eighteen feet\\nof dark blue laminated quartz heavily charged with\\narsenical pyrites and galena. Samples from this cross-\\ncut yield by assay from $5.00 to $03.00 per ton, the\\nrichest quartz being found near the walls. Tunnel\\nNo. 2 cut the vein 300 feet below the croppings, ex-\\nposing eighteen feet of quartz similar to that found\\nabove. Average samples of the vein were taken out\\nand packed on mules to be tested by mill process,\\nand yielded $7.00 per ton in free gold and three per\\ncent, of sulphurets yielding $400 per ton. The own-\\ners intend to drive another tunnel to test the value\\nof the vein at a depth of 500 feet before machinery\\nwill be put on the mine.\\nREPORT ON MINES.\\nIn April, 1881. Mr. Hobson made a i-eport of his\\nexamination of the Independence Hill, Whiskey Hill\\nand other gravel mines of the Iowa Hill Divide con-\\ntaining a large amount of valuable information relat-\\ning to mining in general, and of certain mines in\\nparticular, which will be condensed as far as practi-\\ncable and applicable to the purpose of this work in\\nthe following. The special reference is to the Inde-", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n219\\npendence Hill, Blue Wing, Union, Columbia. Sebas-\\ntopol, and Gleeson, hydraulic gravel mines, and the\\nWest Damascus Consolidated, Alameda Consolidated,\\nand Union, drift gravel mines.\\nThe greater number of the mines immediately in\\nthe vicinity of Iowa Hill were extensively worked in\\nearly days by drifting only, the bottom gravel hav-\\ning been exceeding rich and paid immensely, and,\\nwith a few exceptions, were worked out on the bot-\\ntom. The Morning Star, Columbus, Stockton and\\nSan Francisco, the Watts and Worley mines at\\nGrizzly Flat, not yet worked out, but will pay well\\nfOr drifting for several years to come. A large num-\\nber of the mines are now worked by hydraulic,\\nworking off the top gravel\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and the bottom where\\nnot already worked. This class of mining, where\\nlarge heads of water and proper flumes and under-\\ncurrents are used, is proving remunerative to those\\nengaged in it. The annual yield during late years\\nof the mines about Iowa Hill, including Bird s Flat,\\nStrawberry Flat, Grizzly J lat, and Wisconsin Hill,\\nis about \u00c2\u00a7100,000. The total amount of gold taken\\nout of the Iowa Hill Divide, up to the present time,\\nis a mere nothing compared to the amount to be\\ntaken out in the future. This statement Mr. Hobson\\nfeels safe in making, having based his opinion on the\\narea of ground worked out in the past, and the im-\\nmense area of both hydraulic and drift ground to be\\nworked in the future. The great body of the Divide,\\nfrom the Watts Mine, near Iowa Hill, to Secret\\nHouse, a distance by the blue gravel channel of\\nabout sixteen miles, is almost untouched. This blue\\ngravel channel, about 600 feet in width, with white\\nquartz and other auriferous deposits of much greater\\nwidth and depth, is known to be rich in gold, but\\ncan only be reached by long bed-rock tunnels, or\\nsinking deep shafts.\\nExtensive drift mining is now carried on success-\\nfully at six different places along the line of the\\nblue gravel channel in the main ridge, beginning on\\nthe west with the Watts Mine and going east. P irst\\nthe Succor Flat, then the Giant Gap, next the\\nMountain Gate, the Bob Lewis and Dam claims on\\ntributaries, and last the Whiskey Hill, all contain\\ning rich gravel.\\nThe Succor Flat Mine is producing fine gold at the\\nrate of #12.00 per day to each man using a pick in the\\nmine, besides numerous nuggets found weighing\\nfrom two ounces to sixty-six ounces, and is paying\\ndividends.\\nThe Giant Gap Mine is owned by a Boston com-\\npany, who opened it by a tunnel of 1,G00 feet in\\nlength and struck pay gravel in November, 1881.\\nThe Mountain Gate Company, of Damascus, struck\\nthe blue gravel channel after running a tunnel of\\nseven thousand feet. The company had worked on\\na stratum of white quartz gravel for a period of\\ntwenty-five years, the channel running south with a\\nfall of about sixty feet to the mile. While thus\\nworking under the main ridge, which is capjujd with\\na body of lava seven hundred feet in thickness, they\\ncame suddenly against the lava cutting across the\\nold |uartz channel. This at first appeared the end\\nof their mining. Above the white ([uartz had been\\na stratum of pipe clay, above that volcanic mud and\\nother volcanic matter, and over all the solid lava.\\nSiidiing in the lava which they encountered in the\\nbreast of their mine they found its bottom resting on\\nsuch volcanic matter as was above the pipe clay, and\\nfurther sinking revealed the remarkable deposit, or\\nchannel, of blue gravel. It was a mine lost and found\\nagain, richer by far than the favorite white quarzt.\\nTop of Folks House Ridge.\\nSECTION THROUGH .MOUNTAIN GATE MINE.\\nLava flowintr from the east. b. Volcanic aedimeiit. c. Stratum of pipe\\ncl.i.v- d. White (juartz gravel diaunel, flowin;; south at an incline of sixty feet\\nper mile. That north of the intruding? lava is worked out. e. Brown cement\\ntictivecn la\\\\a and blue gravel. Blue i, ravel channel, thirty feet in thick-\\nness of yravcl. (iOO feet wide, and eighty feet below white quartz cliannel.\\nI/. .Mountain (iate Tunnel, 7,000 feet in length, under the white quartz chan-\\nnel, an i to l)liie gravel channel h. Upraises to gravel channel i. Incline\\nto blue gravel channel, j. Bed-rock of blue slate.\\nThe blue gravel was found eighty feet below the\\nwhite quartz gravel. The old workings of the\\nMountain Gate Company in the quartz, or upper\\ngravel, yielded #1,500,000, and the working of the\\nlower, or blue gravel, yields \u00c2\u00a75,000 per month. The\\nupper gravel paid at the rate of ifS.OO per load, or\\ncubic yard in the bank, while the blue gravel yields\\nSO. 00 per cubic yard on the bottom, the whole 600\\nby thirty feet averaging $8.00 per yard. Twenty-\\none men are employed in mining, that number sup-\\nplying all the gravel that the machinery in use is\\nable to hoist from the blue gravel channel to the\\ntunnel level. There are twenty-one shares in the\\nmine, the shares occasionally changing hands at\\nfrom \u00c2\u00a735,000 to 8-10,000. The developments of this\\ncompany during 18S1 have proven that the blue\\ngravel channel is 000 feet in width, all pay gravel,\\nand that it is a channel eighty feet below the white\\ngravel channel, cutting the latter at right angles and\\neroding a bed in the underlj ing rock.\\nTHE HIDDEN TREASURE .MINE\\nWas first located by William Cameron, on the 3d of\\nJanuary, 1870, as the Cameron Mine, embracing 254\\nacres; subsequently, in 1874, a claim of 160 acres\\nadjoining upon the east was consolidated with it\\nunder the name it now bears. Mr. Cameron for\\nmany years had been an observant miner and a work-\\ning owner in the Mountain Gate Mine, at Damascus,\\nupon the extensive auriferous channel which has\\nthere been explored, and for many years successfully\\nworked, and while thus delving in that mine had", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "220\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nconceived a theory of his own in relation to the course\\nand action of those ancient channels. Acting upon\\nthis theory, in the dead of winter he left Damascus,\\nmade the location on the Hidden Treasure, and soon\\nafter began a tunnel on the border of a small ravine\\nwest of where the present opening has been made.\\nThis first tunnel was driven into the hill a distance\\nof 602 feet, when the proprietors became convinced\\nthat the locality was unfavorable, and it was accord-\\ningly abandoned. Mr. Cameron then (in May, 1875,)\\nin company with Mr. M. H. Power, made a survey from\\nthe Mountain Gate, and selected the site of the tun-\\nnel through which the mine is now worked, at the\\nhead of Blacksmith Canon, a small tributary of El\\nDorado Caiion.\\nThis tunnel was begun in hard cemented gravel\\nwhich overlies a stratum of gold-bearing gravel that\\nis locally known as the Black Channel, and continued\\nin this material for a distance of 450 feet, when the\\nface of the tunnel encountered soft slate bed-rock,\\ninto which it was driven fifty feet further. At this\\npoint the theory entertained by the projector was\\nthat above him must be encountered the continua-\\ntion of the white quartz channel coming down from\\nDamascus, and which up to that time had been so\\nextensively and profitably worked in the Mountain\\n(rate Mine. Therefore an upraise was made, and a\\ndistance of 30 feet brought the shaft into the overly\\ning stratum, one-half the size of the opening being\\nwhere the lava cement connected with bed-rock, and\\nthe other half in the white quartz auriferous gravel\\nidentical with that of the mine at Damascus a\\nremarkably close calculation and lucky result. The\\ngravel prospected well, and the first gold thus found\\nwas brought to light February 10, 187G a litt oover\\nsix years after the location was first made.\\nSince this time the Hidden Treasure Mine has been\\ncontinuously worked, and the amount of gold pro-\\nduced has been great. The channel has been\\nexplored to the width of 620 feet, and the extreme\\nbreadth not yet determined; and a length along the\\nchannel of 3,250 feet has been driven for breasting,\\nwith no perceptible change in richness. About 70\\nmen are constantly employed at the mine, and in\\nworking it the bed-rock is cut down into on an aver-\\nage of 2 feet deep, and only about -4 feet of the gravel\\nabove it removed, leaving an unknown quantity\\noverhead. About 85,000 laggings and 14,500 square\\ntimbers, 7x8, 5 feet long, 10x12, 6 feet long, and\\n14x14, 6i feet long, have been annually used in the\\nmine, at a cost of 2j cents each, for lagging, and for\\nposts from 10 cents each to $1.50 per set for those\\nfor the main tunnel.\\nUntil the present time (January, 1882), the gravel\\ntaken from the mine has been conveyed in cars drawn\\nby mules, but a locomotive engine has been ordered\\nfrom Philadelphia, to supersede the animal power\\nthe old method of conveyance being found too slow,\\nthe gravel being soft and easily prejjared for removal.\\nWilli this view, the tunnels are now being prepared\\nfor the new motor; 2,200 feet of T rail, 30 pounds to\\nthe yard, is already laid; the locomotive is expected\\nto consume 500 pounds of anthracite coal (which has\\nto be exported from Pennsylvania) each 24 hours\\nthat it is in constant operation, and will easily haul\\n50 loaded cars holding a ton each. Necessarily in\\nproperly opening a mine of this magnitude and char-\\nacter, a great deal of dead work must be done,\\nwhich has been the case with this mine; and thus it\\nis that with more than 10,000 feet in length along\\nthe pay channel, having a known width of over 600\\nfeet, as yet but about 2,000 feet in length by 300 feet\\nin width has been breasted out, with uniform and\\ncontinuous. results.\\nOriginally there were 36 shares in the company,\\nwhich, by the way, has never been incorporated.\\nSome of those named among the original locators,\\nhowever, becoming skeptical as to the successful\\nending of the venture, as they were from time to time\\ncalled upon for small assessments to defray the\\nexpense of exploring during the six years in which\\nthe work was prosecuted with no gold in sight, sold\\nout for the simple amount they had disbursed. Mr.\\nCameron, with an abiding faith in the ultimate cor-\\nrectness of his theory, became the purchaser of many\\nof the shares of the malcontents, until he was pos-\\nsessed of 15 shares of the original 36 at the time\\ngold was struck in the tunnel. The cost assessed to\\neach share from the beginning until then was only\\n172; while a further expense of $1,100 was all that\\nwas required to fit up dumping boxes, sluices, hose,\\npipe, etc., for washing the paying gravel. Several\\nof those who sold out for the jmount of assessments\\nhave since bought shares at prices varying from\\n$2,500 to iif5,000.\\nIn the year 1880 the gross receipts of the Hidden\\nTreasure Mine were -1114,168, of which there were\\npaid for wages (largely to the owners themselves,\\nwho work in the mine), .1?46,564; contingent expenses,\\n$10,358; dividends, $57,240.\\nThe title to the ground is a patent from the Gov-\\nernment of the LTnited States, the present owners be-\\ning William Cameron, M. H. Power, Harold T. Power,\\nHenry M. Power, H. K. Develey, E. E. Guilford, R.\\nM. Sparks, J. B. Harden, A. G. Fuller, L. P. Burn-\\nham, Thomas Reese, William Chi-isty, Joshua W.\\nBggleston, Peter N. Juergensen, J. W. Byrd, and\\nLewis Ryder.\\nAs stated in the foregoing, the gravel channel now\\nbeing worked is what is called the white quartz,\\nwhile the blue gravel, in contradistinction, is\\ncalled the black channel. A supposed branch or\\ntributary of the blue channel that cuts the Mountain\\nGate, lies to the northeast, at a greater depth some\\n80 to 100 feet. At other localities the black channel\\nhas proven exceedingly rich, and there is no reason\\nwhy the portion included in the Hidden Treasure\\npatent should prove an exception. In the ground\\nworked the richest paying stratum has been found\\nn-ar and in the bed-rock, which is black slate stand-", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n221\\ning on edge, laminated, and in many places highly\\ncharged with large, brilliant cubes of iron sulphurets.\\nAt intervals there occur veins, a foot or two feet wide,\\nof a soft material white and chalky which the\\nminers designate gouge, but which are probably\\nporphyritic in character, and will ultimately be found\\nto carrj in places gold-bearing quartz. There are,\\nalso, at intervals, found between the laminations,\\nstrata of slate of a whitish color, upon which are\\nimprinted beautiful dendrites.\\nMICHAEL HAROLD POWER,\\nOne of Placer s prominent and successful mining men,\\nwas born in County VVaterford, Ireland, September\\n29, 1829, his father being a gentleman of wealth, and\\nthe family among the first in social standing in the\\ncounty. His uncle, Joseph Power, served with dis-\\ntinction through the Peninsular War, and two of\\nhis brothers now hold commissions in the British\\narmy. One of these, Lieut. Matthew Power, has\\nfor the past eighteen years been Chief of Police of\\nWorcester, England, a position of high trust and\\nhonor. Mr. Power received a collegiate education,\\nand, after leaving college, entered the law office of\\nhis brother, Edmund Power, from which he was\\nappointed Clerk to the Crown for the District of\\nWaterford, in which office ho remained until his\\ndeparture for America.\\nIn 1847, before reaching his majority, he emi-\\ngrated to New York, and there for several years was\\nengaged in business, but in consequence of ill-health\\nremoved to California, where he arrived in July,\\n185-t, going to Iowa Hill, in Placer County. There\\nhe engaged in mining for a few months, and then\\nchanged his location to Damascus and purchased an\\ninterest in the Mountain Tunnel Mine, which was\\nsubsequently consolidated with the Golden Gate\\nMine under the name of the Mountain Gate Min-\\ning Company. There he worked with varying\\nsuccess for nearly twenty years, when he, in com-\\npany with others, crossed the ridge and prospected\\nthe mine known as the Hidden Treasure Mining\\nCompany, of which Mr. Power has been Superin-\\ntendent for a number of years. He has been very\\nsuccessful in mining pursuits and has amassed a eon-\\npetence.\\nNo more popular man, social, affable, public-spirited\\ngentleman can be found than M. H. Power, whose\\npleasant and hospitable home at Sunny South is so\\nwell known to all the people of the Divide. Polit-\\nically he is a staunch Republican, having entered\\npolitical life as a Douglas Democrat, but upon the\\nbreaking out of the War of the Rebellion his love\\nfor his adopted land impelled him to act with the\\nRepublican party as the direct and unequivocal\\nfriend of the Union. As a Republican, he helped to\\norganize one of the first Union Leagues of the State,\\nand was made its President. In 18()7 ho was elected\\nSupervisor, one of the most important and responsible\\npositions in the county, and in 18(59 was elected as\\na representative of Placer in the Assembly. In 1873\\nhe was nominated by his party for the Senate, but\\nwas defeated by a combination of Democrats and\\nRepublicans styling itself the Independent party,\\nbut commonly known as Dolly Vardens, the\\nmajority for his opponent, Dr. Martin, being only\\nthirty-five. Since then he has been repeatedly solic-\\nited to again enter the political arena, but has inva-\\nriably refused\\nMr. Power was married June 1, 1856, in San Fran-\\ncisco, to Miss isaline M. Keysner Develey, and now\\nhas two sons and one daughter. This happy couple,\\non the 1st of June, 1881, celebrated their silver\\nwedding anniversary, and with every hope which\\nhealth and contentment inspire look forward in con-\\nfidence to the fiftieth anniversary of their married\\nlife and the celebration of their golden wedding. The\\nhome of Mr. Power bears the romantic name of Sunny\\nSouth, being on the sunny southern slope of the\\ngreat gold-bearing ridge wherein are the Mountain\\nGate and Hidden Treasure Mines, but his post-office\\naddress is Michigan Bluff.\\nOTHER MINES.\\nThe next development on main blue gravel chan-\\nnel is eight miles eastward, at the Whiskey Hill Mine,\\nfronting on Secret Canon, and with an elevation of\\nabout 1,500 feet greater than at the Mountain Gate.\\nThe blue gravel at Whiskey Hill is of the same charac-\\nter as that at Damascus, in the Mountain Gate, there-\\nfore believed to be a continuation of the channel,\\nthough somewhat richer in gold. This mine was\\nrecently opened, but will be in full working order in\\nthe summer of 1882.\\nThe Bob Lewis and the Dam claims have been\\nworking successfully for a number of yeai s on what\\nnow proves to be tributaries to the main blue gravel\\nchannel.\\nThe Hidden Treasure is a mine located on a cross\\nridge running south from the main ridge. This\\nmine is worked very profitably, drifting on the\\nextension of the quartz gravel channel running south\\nfrom the Mountain Gate, and is pajnng dividends\\namounting to from 840,000 to .|50,000 per annum.\\nTHE BLUE GRAVEL CHANNEL.\\nMr. Hobson, after having made a personal exami-\\nnation of all the developments, prospects, tunnels,\\nshaft and inclines now in operation, and the I im\\nrock where exposed on the surface, coupled with the\\ncourse of rim rock where exposed at Whiskey Hill\\nworkings, Damascus in Mountain Gate, Succor Flat\\nand the Watts Mine, and the old workings of Roach\\nHill mines down to where the blue gravel channel\\nwas cut away in places, by the later fiow of gravel,\\nwhich flowed from the direction of Gold Run, forming\\nthe gravel banks of the hydraulic mines of Independ-\\nence and part of Roach Hill, Bird s Flat and Wis-\\nconsin Hill, and the formation of the present canons;\\nand these facts confirmed by the altitudes of bottom\\nof blue gravel channel where exposed, he is con-", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nvinced of the fact tliat the flow of the ancient streatn\\nhas been to the west, entering the ridge at the\\nUnion Mine near Secret House, and passing through\\nthe entire length of that mine and through the\\nSpartan ground into the Whiskey Hill Mine; thence\\nthrough the Macedon and New Basel and Golden\\nFleece Mines; thence into and through the whole\\nlength of Alameda Consolidated Mine; thence\\nthrough Cape Horn Mine; thence through the Forks\\nHouse, Gillespie and Bob Lewis Mines; thence\\nthrough the Mountain Gate Mine; thence through\\nCoker Mine and West Damascus Consolidated Placer\\nMine, where it has cut across an extensive deposit of\\nquartz gravel thence west.\\nThe appearance of the channel of blue gravel, as\\ndescribed by Sh\\\\ Hobson, is that of the bed of a\\nstream, but an open river (iOO feet in width, with a\\nfall of near 200 feet per mile could not deposit\\ngravel, sand and clay so uniformly on smooth bed\\nrock so steeply inclined. The stream, more prob-\\nably, was one of ice.\\nVARIOUS KOR.MATIONS AND THEORIES.\\nThe surveys of Mr. Hobson show various forma-\\ntions in different eras of time. Conspicuous among\\nthese are the white quartz channel and the blue\\ngravel channel, the white quartz channel being\\nthe oldest, as shown in the Damascus ridge which\\nhas been thoroughly explored by the Mountain Gate,\\nHidden Treasure and Bob Lewis Mines. The white\\nquartz channel there runs north and south, with a\\nfall to the south, and has been cut by the blue\\ngravel channel running east and west with a fall to\\nthe west. The old white quartz channel had no\\nconnection with the blue gravel, or Dead Blue\\nRiver.\\nThe Canada Hill Channel, which appears in Town-\\nship 15 north, range 13 east, by the LTnited States\\nland surveys from Mount Diablo base and meridian,\\nflowed to the east and crossed Sailor Canon. This\\nchannel, says Mr. Hobson, is composed of angular\\nwhite quartz, quartzite and feldspathic rocks, gravel\\nand sand. The gold is also rough and but little\\nwater-worn. The paj^ gravel is about four feet in\\ndepth, lying on metamorphic slate. Overlying the\\npay gravel is a stratum of cemented white, siliceous\\nsediment resembling chalk; overlying the chalk, as\\nit is commonly called, is a stratum of brown shale,\\nor lignite, and filling and covering the eastern\\nchannel is the usual .gray, cemented, volcanic matter.\\nMy observations have led me to believe that the\\nCanada Hill (Channel is the oldest on the ridge,\\ngeologically.\\nThere also appears to have been at least four\\ndifterent periods in the formation of the ancient\\nstreams found west of Secret Canon. First we find\\nthe white cjuartz deposits on the north side of the\\nridge along Golden Fleece and Hog s-back Consoli-\\ndated, and the north and south channel in Mountain\\nGate and Hidden Treasure Mines, the north and\\nsouth channel developed by Mountain Chief shaft.\\nWest Damascus shaft and its rims exposed at sui-face,\\nall of which, judging from the similarity of their\\nformation, apjsear to have been formed during one\\nperiod. The next appears to have been a volcanic\\nperiod, when all the above streams were filled with\\nvolcanic mud. Next we find what is called the Blue\\nChannel, which flowed west and crossed the white\\nquartz deposits, cutting them away and eroding the\\nunderlying rock to the depth of eighty feet. Follow-\\ning this comes another flow of volcanic mud, next\\ncomes the period during which flowed the great\\nstream forming the immense deposits of small mixed\\ngravel, covering the old blue channel at Gold Run\\nand north of that place, and south forming the\\nhydraulic banks of Independence Hill, Iowa Hill and\\nWisconsin Hill, also covering the blue, and last a flow\\nof material forming the pipe-clay and overlying red\\nearth.\\nThe lines of demarkation showing the deposits of\\ndifferent jieriods are to be seen quite well-defined in\\nMountain Gate Mine, West Damascus shaft and side\\nhill adjacent to that mine, also between Independ-\\nence and Roach Hills, Homeward Bound, Watts,\\nMorning Star and Wisconsin Hill Mines, showing\\nplainly where the ditt erent deposits were eroded\\naway and overlap.\\nSeveral white quartz channels are shown, running\\nsoHtherly and easterly, and of very great difference\\nof altitude. The most easterly is that of Canada\\nHill, with an elevation on the west of 6,205 feet and\\non the east of 5,G40 feet. Westward eleven miles,\\nin the Bear Hunter, the elevation is 4,770 feet, and\\nseven miles further west is the Mountain Gate at an\\nelevation of 3,914 feet, and at Iowa Hill, eight miles\\nwest of the latter, the elevation is 2,642 feet. The\\nblue gravel is found in the various mines in the same\\nvarying elevations, always with a westward trend,\\nshowing a fall, if a continuous stream ever existed,\\nof 2,128 feet in fifteen miles, a physical feature of\\nwhich we have no comparison at present in existence,\\nand of which we can form no conception, showing\\nconclusively, taking into consideration the magnitude\\nof the channel, the power required to move bowlders\\nof many tons weight and the most minute particles\\nto deposit in the same localities, that the great\\nDead Blue River as an open, unobstructed stream\\nnever flowed as theorists have surmised.\\nPerhaps the fineness of the gold and accompanying\\nrocks found in the difterent placers and strata maj\\naid in tracing the sources of the drift. The course\\nof the white quartz channel through the Mountain\\nGate and Hidden Treasure Mines of the Damascus\\nridge would carry it over the group of quartz lodes\\nabout the mouth of Hnmbug Canon, the Poole,\\nDorer, Boss and others, and possibly the ancient\\nglacier may from them have obtained its quartz and\\ngold, thus accounting for the pi-evalonce of an\\nunusual number of bowlders containing gold in those\\nmines. The gold of the white ([uartz channel is f", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n223\\n850 fine, while that of the intruding blue channel Ih\\n930 fine; this srravel coming from the East, and\\nhaving a pi-eJ.)ininanee of slate and other rock, not\\nquartz.\\nThe quartz veins of Auburn and Ophir Districts\\ncany gold worth from .Sl-l.OO to .\u00c2\u00a717.50 an ounce,\\nwhich very nearly corresponds with the value of the\\ngold found in the placers of the various ravines in\\nthe same districts. The gold of Auburn, Secret,\\nMiner s and other ravines of western Placer, cover-\\ning many square miles of area, certainly never came\\nfrom the white quartz chaiinel of the high Sierra,\\nnor from any Dead Blue River.\\nA HYDRAULIC MINE.\\nThe Independence Hill Mine, as described by Mr.\\nHobson, lies on the extreme west end of Eoach\\nHill ridge, and tails into the North Fork of the\\nAmerican River, through the Independence Hill,\\nUnion, and Blue Wing Canons. The mine is rigged\\nup to work on a large scale, using 500 inches of\\nwater. The rig consists of 2,000 feet of 16-inch\\niron pipe, one No. -t giant nozzle, 800 feet of 40-inch\\nflume, with improved iron riffles, two large under-\\ncurrents, also paved with iron riftles, mining tools,\\nand tools for making iron pipe, blacksmith shop,\\nmelting room and assay office, powder-magazine, etc.\\nThis mine contains about fifty acres of ground,\\ntwenty-five of wtiich have been washed off Nine\\nacres of this amount was washed off in a small way,\\nduring a period of sixteen years; and since rigged\\nto wash on a large scale, sixteen acres was washed\\noft in 2. 5G days, working twenty-four hours a day,\\nusing 500 inches of water under a pressure of 350\\nfeet. Under this work the following are the results,\\nas obtained from the books of the Superintendent:\\nTotal number of working days, using 500 inches\\nof water twenty-four hours, 256. Ground washed\\noft sixteen acres, eight acres averaging in depth,\\nthirty feet; eight acres averaging in depth, seventy-\\nfive feet.\\nTotal amount of gold produced $62,003.20\\nTotal expense of mining 2!),078. S2\\nTotal net profit from working sixteen\\nacres of ground 32,92-1.38\\nAn average gi oss yield per acre of $3,878.19\\nGross yield per day 242.20\\nExpenses of mining, as follows:\\nFive hundred inches of water, twentj -four\\nhours 45.00\\nTen miners at $2.50 and $3.00 per day 27.00\\nFuel and lights 5.00\\nPowder and incidental supplies 31.60\\nSuperintendence 5.00\\nDaily expenses $113.60\\nLeaving a net profit of $128.60, for each day.\\nThe ground washed off varied in gross yield of\\ngold per acre, according to the depth of ground,\\nviz.: Eight acres washed off produced $25,498.60,\\nan average of $3,187.32 per acre, the gravel having\\nan average depth of thirty feet; four acres next\\nwashed off, the gravel averaging ninety feet deep,\\nand the gold produced amounted to $20,806.56, an\\naverage yield of $5,201.64 per acre; and the last run\\nclosed having washed off four acres, producing gold\\namounting to $15,700, an average yield per acre of\\n$3,925, the gravel having a depth of sixty feet.\\nThe remaining twenty-five acres have an avei ago\\ndepth of thirty feet.\\nOther hydraulic mines yield from $3,000 to $5,000\\nper acre, and the blue gravel stratum, from twenty\\nto thirty feet in depth, where found under hydraulic\\ngravel in the vicinity of Iowa Hill, yields $12,000\\nper acre, making such ground, where it is all\\nhydraulicked, yield from $15,000 to $17,000 per\\nacre. The average working season is about 120\\ndays, being governed by the supply of water in the\\nreservoirs and upper streams.\\nWater is furnished at the mines at nine cents per\\ninch for twenty-four hours, from ditches owned by\\nMrs. Adelia Hill, being brought from a reservoir\\nnear the head of Shirt-tail Canon. The Iowa Hill\\nCanal Company s ditch, with branches aggregating\\nforty miles in length, also conveys water to the\\nvarious mines in the vicinity. The cost of running\\ntunnels, by which nearly all the mines are opened,\\nvaries from $3.50 to $8.00 per lineal foot, the length\\nof tunnel through the rim-rock being from 500 to\\n2,000 feet. In a few of the mines, where opened at\\nthe lower end of the channel, the incline of the bed-\\nrock is such that no tunnel is required, a slight\\ncutting and grading being sufficient for the sluices,\\nTHE DIVIDE IN 1850.\\nThe County Surveyor in 1856, Mr. Thomas A.\\nYoung, in his report to the Surveyor-General of Cali-\\nfornia, includes the following information on mining\\naft airs:\\nWe have somewhere in the vicinity of 400 miles\\nof canals now constructed, and valued at $400,000,\\nthe cost being four times that sum. The average\\nprice of water sold to miners is fifty cents per inch, the\\nmeasurement being through an aperture one inch,\\nsometimes two inches broad, under a pressure of four\\ninches of water. [The price of water from the first\\nditches in the county was $1.00 an inch, without any\\npressure allowed, but the modern method of meas-\\nBurement is through a horizontal aperture two inches\\nin width under a pressure of six inches, or through\\nan inch square aperture under a pressure of six inches\\nfrom the top of the hole, equal to about two and\\none-third cubic feet, or thirty-six gallons per minute.\\nEd.]\\nThere are four quartz mills in successful opera-\\ntion in this county. One of them is situated at\\nGrand Ledge on Humbug Caiion, eight miles east of\\nIowa Hill. It has a sixty-horse-power engine, work-\\ning twenty-four stamps, and capable of crushing\\nfifty tons of quartz in twenty-four hours. This mill", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "224\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nis under the management of Dr. McMurtry, one of\\nthe most experienced quartz miners in the State.\\nThe quartz mill of Watson A Co., situated at Sarahs-\\nville, four miles east of Yankee Jim s, is paying\\nhandsomely.\\nAs for the richness and extent of its hydraulic\\nand tunnel mines, Placer, I think, is excelled by no\\ncounty in the State. The mines in many places are\\nwashing away the banks of gravel to a depth of sev-\\nenty feet. The ground on which the town of Michi-\\nigan Bluff is located will probably, in the course of\\nfour or five years be entirely washed away. The\\ndepth from the surface to the bed-rock is 40 to 80 feet.\\nThe estimated length of the different tunnels run\\nfor mining purposes in this county is twenty-eight\\nmiles; average size, five feet wide, six feet high;\\nestimated cost of construction, at 60.00 per foot,\\n81,330,560.\\nThere has been many deep shafts sunk in this\\ncounty, requiring a vei y large expenditure of money.\\nOne of them was sunk by a San Francisco and\\nStockton Mining Company, on Roach Hill, two miles\\neast of Iowa Hill. The shaft is three feet wide by\\nnine in length, and 107 feet in depth; is curbed from\\ntop to bottom with plank, having a partition of plank\\nin the middle, thus forming two shafts. The cost of\\nlumber alone was \u00c2\u00a71,500; a twelve-horse-power\\nengine was used in its construction, raising gravel\\nand water; the cost of engine and boiler delivered on\\nthe ground was S3, 000; the average price of labor\\npaid for constructing the shaft was $5.00 per day\\ntime, eight months; total cost, !S!17,000. The San\\nFrancisco Company found gravel rich with gold at\\nthe bottom of their shaft, and al ter having tunneled\\nsome distance, and becoming satisfied that the rich\\ndeposit was extensive, they contracted with Edward\\nP. Steen, of San Francisco, to run with his tunnel\\nborer a tunnel 500 feet long and six feet in dia-\\nmeter, to strike the bottom of the shaft to drain\\nwater from their mining ground. The amount of\\nthe contracts is ?7,890. If the contract is completed\\nbefore the 28th of January next, a bonus of $2,700 is\\nto be paid, thus making the expense of the company\\non the completion of the tunnel, \u00e2\u0080\u00a2127,590. 1 consider\\nthe tunnel-borer the most useful of all inventions\\nfor the working of the mines, and as it will be in\\noperation in a few days at Roach Hill, J think it not\\ninappropriate to describe it.\\nThis machine was invented (except the cutters),\\nand built in San Francisco by Edward P. Steen. It\\nconsists of two machines one for cutting the tunnel,\\nwhich feeds itself in as fast it cuts, and the driving\\nmachine, which is erected outside, and is stationary.\\nThe cutting machine consists of a strong iron frame,\\nmounted on wheels, which are conical, and run on\\nthe sides of the bottom of the tunnel. Bolted to\\nthis frame is an engine, twelve inches bore by sixteen\\ninches stroke, the j)iston of which is connected with\\ntwo bell cranks, hung by centers to a wheel or face\\nplate, which is moved around from a half to one inch\\nat each stroke of the piston, according to the hard-\\nness of the rock. The cutters four in number are\\nround plates of steel, ten inches in diameter, by five-\\neighths of an inch thick, hung on small shafts, which\\nrun in boxes attached to the bell cranks at an angle\\nof forty-five degrees to the face plate. When the\\npiston moves it gives a half circular motion to the\\nbell crank and cutters, and when the latter are in\\ncontact with the rocks, causes them to rotate on their\\naxes, and thus cuts the rock with the least wear or\\nfriction. The tunnel it cuts is six feet in diameter.\\nThe driving apparatus consists of a steam boiler\\nengine and pump for compressing air; the compressed\\nair is conducted any distance through rubber hose to\\nthe cutting machine and applied to the engine, in\\nwhich it works as steam. The air is exhausted in\\nthe tunnel, keeping it well ventilated. The machine\\nhas cut a tunnel in Telegraph Hill, San Francisco,\\nsix feet in diameter, from twelve to sixteen inches,\\nin an hour, and requires about two and a half cords\\nof wood per day of twenty-four hours. Eight men\\ncan run the machine night and day two engineers\\nand two working men at a time. The rock, etc., is\\ndrawn out under the machine, and run out the usual\\nway.\\nIt is estimated that Placer County has produced\\nfrom its mines during the past year gold to the value\\nof $0,000,000, and expended $3,000,000 for supplies.\\nMINING DITCHES.\\nThe following are the names, miles in length of\\nmain canal and branches, and assessed valuation in\\nthe years 1850 and 57.\\nIn 1855 the number reported was twenty-nine,\\nassessed at $375,000; in 1850, the number was twen-\\nty-four, assessed at $399,100; and in 1857, the num-\\nber was thirty-four, assessed at $325,000 a great\\nfalling off in value the last year, although an increase\\nin number:\\nNames.\\nAmerican River W. and M. Co..\\nAuburn and Bear River W. Co.\\nEl Dorado W. Co\\nGold Hill and Bear River Co.\\nYankee .Tim s Union Co\\nTodd s Valley W. Co\\nSarahsville and T. Val Co\\nIndependent Ditch Co\\nYankee Jim s Miners Ditch\\nDutch Flat Water Co\\nFerguson s Ditch\\nWhiskey Digging Ditch\\nNorth Sea Ditch Co\\nElm Slide Uitch Co\\nHose s Ditch\\nNorth Shirt Tail Ditch\\nGrizzly Ditch\\nIndiana W. Co\\nHill s Ditch\\nMcKee s Ditch\\nLowry Ditch\\nOak Cottage Ditch\\nBuflfalo Ditch\\nBird s Valley Ditch\\nDenning s Ditch\\nPugh Ditch\\nDenton s Ravine Ditch\\nIlureka Ditch\\nUnderwood s Ditch\\nEureka Ditch Co\\n-alliation\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Siso.ooo\\n180,000\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J5,000\\n^0,000\\n25, GOO\\n14,000\\n5,000\\n5,000\\n6,000\\n5,000\\n2,800\\n1,000\\n5,000\\nti,500\\n6,000\\n$100,000\\n75,000\\n30,000\\n16,000\\n15,000\\n17,000\\n10,000\\n7,000\\n5,000\\n5,400\\n4,000\\n3,000\\n2,800\\n3,000\\n2,000\\n5,500\\n900\\n2,000\\n5,000\\n6,000\\n3,000\\n800\\n500\\n400\\n700\\n500\\n100\\n400\\n100\\n500", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "^m^sfy^.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*-fi^*^!?\\nI^Wk\\n*\u00c2\u00abJ\\n.J^", "height": "3389", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n225\\nCHAPTEE XXXII.\\nMINING.\\n[continued.]\\nQuartz Discoveries near Auburn Rich Strikes Pluck Rewarded\\nby Luck\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Big Crevice Dredging the River\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The St.\\nPatrick Mine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tlie Greene Mine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rising Sun Mine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nBanker Mine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Forest Hill Divide\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mining at Dutch\\nFlat Cedar Creek Mining Company ^lining Phrases\\nThe Glorious Days of 49\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Miner s Lament\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nMiner s Progress.\\nThe early histoiy of gold mining, and sketches of\\nmany of the mines have been given in the preceding\\nchapters, leaving those of modern fame to brief men-\\ntion in this. So great is the interest, with many\\nchanges of names and proprietors, the sudden rise of\\nproperty into prominence, yielding largely of the\\nj)recious metal, creating a sensation in mining cir-\\ncles then disappearing from public notice, greatly\\ncomplicates the story, and to attempt to particular-\\nize into absolute accuracy would be too tedious to be\\ninteresting, and cumber this volume to the neglect\\nof other matters also important.\\nQU-IRTZ DISCOVERIES NEAR AUBURN.\\nNo portion of the State is more elaborately veined\\nwith quartz ledges than the foot-hills of Placer\\nCounty, and particularly tfce countiy embraced\\nwithin the boundaries of the Auburn, Lone Star,\\nand Ophir quartz districts, a region of about six\\nmiles in width by twelve in length. The surface\\nmines of this locality were first worked in 1848 and\\nsubsequentlj yielded fabulous amounts of gold.\\nMany quartz veins were discovered and mills erected,\\nas reported in previous chapters, in 1865 this region\\nattracted the renewed attention of prospectors, and\\nmany discoveries and locations were made, several\\nof which were in after years extensively worked, and\\nbecame noted objects of public attention. Among\\nthese were the Conrad, Peter Waller, North Star,\\nGreat Eastern, Vanderbilt,Tallman s, Bowlder, Wells,\\nPoland, Taylor, Pacific, Mallett, St. Lawrence, and\\nmany others, all within a few miles of Auburn. Some\\nassays made in April, 1866, by Mr. G. A. Treadwell,\\na chemist and assayer, at Ophir, gave the following\\nresults:\\nTallman s Lode\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silver, $105.60; gold, $24.11 total,\\n$129.71 per ton.\\nBowlder Lode\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold, $60; silver, $11.28; total,\\n$71.28 per ton. Sulphurets from the same lode as-\\nsayed $1,600.90 per ton.\\nNorth Star\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sulphurets, $2,784.12 in gold, and\\n$197.88 in silver, equal to $2,985 per ton.\\nPeter Waller\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sulphurets, $1,130.12 in gold, and\\n$50.27 in silver per ton. This vein yielded rock very\\nrich in free gold.\\nVandcrbilt Lode\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold, $60.28; silver, $8.86; total,\\n$69.14 per ton.\\nAspinwall Lode\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold, $30; silver, $19.61; total,\\n$49.61 per ton. Sulphurets from same lode gold,\\n$330; silver, $62.04; total, $392.04 per ton.\\nGreat Eastern\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold, $60; silver, $18.80; total,\\n$78.80 per ton.\\nPoland Lode Gold, $1,140 per ton.\\nThe Conrad was discovered October 18, 1865; the\\nPeter Waller in the same month, and on the same\\nledge; the Wells in December, and all the others\\nnamed about the same time.\\nRICH STRIKES.\\nThe gold placers of the Sierra Nevada render pos-\\nsible the sudden acquisition of wealth as they also al-\\nlure people into many successive years of expense and\\ntoil without yielding a reward. Fortune is called\\nthe Fickle Goddess, and gold is the most fickle\\nof her representatives. Where gold may possibly\\nbe found is easily told, but the quantity in the possi-\\nble localities is exceedingly variable. The drift of\\nthe glacial age directs where to find the placer, and\\nthe vein of quartz contains it in place, but the drift\\nmay contain an infinitesimal quantity only, and the\\nquartz may be barren, but in either there are depos-\\nits of wealth. Many, led on by strong desire and\\nabounding hope, have sought for one of these depos-\\nits ever since the discovery of gold in 1848, or from\\nthe time of their appearance in the golden region,\\nand it has continually avoided their grasp; but\\nothers, favored by fortune, have struck upon them\\nunawares, gaining wealth for themselves and fame\\nfor the mines.\\nThese are called rich strikes, and when made\\nare widely published, so that to a distant observer\\nthe history of gold mining is made of brilliant suc-\\ncesses, with all the industrious miners rioting in\\nwealth. But the greater number who toil year after\\nyear and make no rich strike cannot be enumerated,\\ntheir deeds are not of the exciting character, and\\ntherefore they are not reported in the newspapers,\\nnor do they swell the pages of history. Eare as a\\nrich strike may be in comparison to the time elaps-\\ning, number of miners and labor expended, there have\\nbeen many, the stories of some of which are quite\\ninteresting. Out of the great number for which\\nPlacer County is distinguished, a few will be given\\nas reported by contemporaneous papers.\\nSeptember 18, 1852. The Sub-Marino Company,\\non the Placer side of the Middle Fork of the Ameri-\\ncan Eiver, numbering thirteen men are averaging\\n$3,000 per day, and have reached as high as 84,000.\\nThe Macatee Company are averaging $3,000 per\\nweek. The editor of the IleraM remarks, This re-\\nminds us of the days of 49.\\nSeptember 25, 1852.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Messrs. Tillinghurst Co.\\ntook from their claim at Tamaroo Bar, in one pan\\nof dirt, $36.25; and in another, $92.80. The claim\\nis paying well.\\nOctober 2, 1852.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 At the New York Bar, Evans\\nCo., with five men, in one day took out with one\\ntom, $5. )0; and Norris Co. took out $800, and $195\\nin one pan of dirt.\\nThe E. S. Company, at Little Oregon Bar, have", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "226\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\ngot into the rivor, and are averaging $2 500 per day.\\nThis company commenced operations on the 5th of\\nApril last, and flumed 1,450 feet of the river, worlf-\\ning forty hands.\\nOctober 19, 1852. The Condemned Bar Company\\ndivided between the members of the company the\\nneat sum of $20,000, as the result of the week s\\nwork.\\nDecember 4, 1852. At the new diggings recently\\nstruck near Yankee Jim s, the dirt yields S13.00 to\\nthe bucket; and at Volcano Slide, on the Middle\\nFork, diggings have been opened that yield from\\n$1.00 to 6100 to the pan.\\nDecember 11, 1852.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mr. Botts at Spanish Flat,\\nfound a piece of gold weighing eight and a quarter\\nounces.\\nDecember 25, 1852. Mr. Harper took from his\\nclaim, at Spanish Flat, one piece of gold worth $350,\\nand, the same day, $115 in fine gold.\\nMr. Willis took from his claim in Baltimore\\nRavine, one piece of pure gold, which he sold for\\n$112.\\nJanuary 17, 1853. S. P. Ogden Co., mining at\\nHughes Flat, near Ophir, took out 8600 in one day,\\none lump weighing thirty ounces, and, on the 19th,\\nanother lump, weighing twenty ounces.\\nA claim on Doty s Flat Ravine yielded forty\\nounces in one day.\\nFebruary 12, 1853. Mr. Henry Hoffman, while\\nprospecting at Doty s Flat, found a lump of pure\\ngold, weighing 88^ ounces. This is the largest piece\\nyet found, although manj others, of smaller size,\\nare reported.\\nMr. Shipley took from his claim, at Purdy s Flat,\\none piece weighing forty ounces and $11.00, con-\\ntaining a little quartz.\\nMarch 4, 1853.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. C. Collins Co., at Hughes\\nRavine, found a lump weighing 20i ounces.\\nA quartz crystal was found, with two pieces of\\ngold in the center, a rare and beautiful specimen.\\nMarch 5, 1853. A lump of gold weighing seventy-\\neight ounces and thirteen pennyweights, was found\\nin Spanish Gulch, near Ophir.\\nMarch 14, 1853. Two miners in Auburn Ravine\\nfound a lump weighing six ounces and $10.00.\\nApril 2, 1853. George Hahn Co. found a lump\\nin the Ophir diggings, weighing eighty ounces,\\nwhich sold for $510, the piece containing quartz.\\nAnother piece, from the same diggings, weighed\\nthirty-eight ounces, and yielded $370.\\nMr. Earthman, at Millertown, took from a ledge\\nof quartz he had discovered, two barrels full of\\nquartz, estimated at $3,000 a barrel.\\nJune 2, 1853. The Railroad Company at Sarahs-\\nville, found a nugget worth $750.\\nThe claim of Finley Co., at Michigan Bluff, is\\npaying at the rate of $1,000 a day, eleven men\\nworking.\\nAugust G, 1853. The Forest Hill Claim is reported\\nas paying from $1,800 to $2,000 per day. This is\\non the Divide above Yankee Jim s, and is owned\\nby Messrs. Brown Snyder.\\nAugust 13, 1853. The Herald, of this date, says\\nthe Noi th Fork of Middle Fork is flumed from the\\njunction to El Dorado Canon. At the slide above\\nOak Flat, Dr. Ketchum, and two others, washed\\nfrom two wheelbarrow loads of dirt, $750.\\nAt Volcano Bar and Canon, the miners are mak-\\ning from one ounce to $750 a day, each. One com-\\npany of three took out $2,200 in one day, and their\\nclaim averages $200 a day.\\nFrom Volcano down to Spanish Bar Bridge, are\\na great many flumes; and from the bridge dewn to\\nthe lower end of Yankee Bar, is one continuous\\nflume, of five miles in length. This includes the\\nwell-known slide at Poverty Bar, where rich strikes\\nare expected. Over 1,000 men are employed, and,\\nwhen the water is drained off the force will be\\nincreased to 4,000. Large sums were taken out in\\nsome localities, but the general result at the close\\nof the season was not as good as expected.\\nNovember 5, 1853. A miner at Spanish Flat,\\nnear Auburn, found a lump of old worth $500.\\nThe Herald reports, in its mining items, that a\\nminer at Michigan Bluff, in one night found two\\nvaluable specimens in his claim. Both father and\\nmother doing well.\\nApril 22, 1854. The Jameson claim, at Iowa Hill,\\nyielded 218 ounces; ten men at work.\\nMay 2, 1854. The Grisley Company, of Todd s\\nValley, took out to-day $380.\\nOctober 28, 1854\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The flumes on the Middle Fork\\nof the American, from the head of Poverty Bar to\\nthe junction, and on the North Fork from the junc-\\ntion to the mouth, have all been swept away by\\na sudden rise of the river. The Joint Stock Com-\\npany had for nearly two weeks taken out $1,000 a\\nday, and the prospects were good for a continu-\\nance, but generall} the claims yielded only enough\\nto pay expenses.\\nNovember 25, 1854. Shipley Co. took from\\ntheir claim, two miles above Middletown,one nugget\\nof pure gold worth $298.50, and two others, one\\nweighing eleven and one-half ounces and the other\\nsix and one-quarter ounces.\\nFebruary 10, 1855. The Hazel Green Company,\\nof Iowa Hill, divided $13,000, the result of a fort-\\nnight s run. The next week s yield was 176 ounces,\\nfour men working.\\nMarch 2, 1855. One hundred ounces of gold-dust\\nwas taken out of Dardanelles claim, near the Forest\\nHouse, $400 of which was taken in a single pan of\\ndirt.\\nThe Wisconsin Tunnel Company took out, on the\\n3d, 111 ounces, and on the 2d, eighty ounces, four\\nmen at work.\\nMarch 7, 1855. The New York Tunnel Company,\\nin Brushy Canon, two miles above Yankee Jim s,\\nstruck pay dirt which yielded as high as $400 and $500\\nto the pan. The gold is in a very hard cement,", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n227\\nwhich requires crushing in a mortar or some kind\\nof machine.\\nApril 25, 1855. Low Co., at Roach Hill, in\\ntwo days, washed out $1,000. They had recently\\nstruck gravel in their tunnel.\\nJames O Neil washed out of his claim at Bird s\\nFlat, in one pan of dirt, thirteen ounces of gold.\\nThe Jameson claim, at Iowa Hill, in two weeks\\nrun, yielded \u00c2\u00a712,540.\\nMay 7, 1855. The Jameson claim yielded, in the\\nlast four weeks, $22,000, at an expense of $2,000, or\\n120,000 clear to divide among ten owners.\\nJune 2, 1855. Mr. Hurlburt, a miner working in\\na claim on the plains two miles below Uox s Ranch,\\nis averaging from \u00c2\u00a710.00 to $15.00 a day, the gold\\nbeing quite coarse. This is remarkable from being\\nin the plains of the Sacramento Valley.\\nJune 16, 1855. The Empire claim, at Michigan\\nBluff, appears to be the richest mine in the State.\\nit is no uncommon thing to wash out six or seven\\nounces of gold from one pan of dirt. One day s\\nyield was fifty ounces.\\nAugust 2, 1855. The Bennet claim, at Wisconsin\\nHill, yielded $2,000 for one day s work. Over $200\\nwas taken out in one pan of dirt. One lump was\\ndug up worth $139.20.\\nAugust 17, 1855. A lump of gold weighing thirty-\\nfive ounces was found in the claim of Lawrence\\nCo., at Bird s Flat.\\nSeptember 29, 1855. Rich Co s. claim, at Iowa\\nHill, yielded twelve ounces of gold in one pan. The\\nShelving claim, at the same place, yields from $300\\nto $500 a day.\\nNovember 17, 1855. Rich gold-bearing quartz\\nstruck in Shipley s Ravine, and four miles of claims\\nlocated on.\\nTwo strapped hombres of Auburn, says the\\nHerald, thinking a little manual labor would be better\\nthan loafing about town, took their picks and shovels\\nand commenced digging at the head of the ravine\\nabove town, near the Sacramento road, and sur-\\nprised themselves by digging into a perfect nest of\\nnuggets the largest one weighing thirty-four\\nounces, considerably mixed with quartz. They dug\\nout altogether, in one day, fifty-eight ounces\\nmaking, at the rate of \u00c2\u00a717.00 an ounce, $980 a snug\\nlittle sum for one day s labor. J. VV. Brown and\\nDutch Jim are the lucky owners of this claim.\\nDecember 8, 1855. Two men, working five weeks\\nnear the head of Little Baltimore Ravine, at Auburn,\\nmade $1,200, in coarse gold, the pieces ranging from\\n$1.00 to \u00c2\u00a760.00 in value.\\nDecember 22, 1855. A company of four men\\nmining at Cree s Flat, on the road between Auburn\\nand Ophir, dug out a lump of pure gold worth \u00c2\u00a7110.\\nJanuary 26, 1856. The Dardanelles claim, near\\nYankee Jim s yielded 33-1 ounces of gold-dust as the\\nresult of five and one-half days washing, equal to\\n\u00c2\u00a76,000.\\nMarch 17, 1856. A Chinaman found a lump of\\ngold weighing sixteen pounds, and worth about\\n\u00c2\u00a73,300, between Auburn and Ophir, about one mile\\nfrom the latter place. He started for China the next\\nmorning.\\nMarch 25, 1856. Henry W. Starr found in his claim\\nat Doty s Flat a nugget of the value of $225. The\\nHerald says: We had a look at the specimen, and\\nfind our eyes much improved thereby. From Mr.\\nStarr we learn there is a perfect mania for quartz\\nmining pervading the miners in the vicinity of Ophir,\\nand that the success attending their prospecting\\nhas stai ted a mill into existence and several arastras\\nto active work.\\nAugust 29, 1856. McDonald and partner, mining\\nunder Palmer s wagon shojJ, in Auburn, found a rich\\nlead and took out $125 in four pans of dirt.\\nOctober 6, 1S56.^A correspondent of the Herald,\\nMr. A. Cristy, writing from Lacy s Bar, on the North\\nFork of the American, says: All the claims here\\nare paying well, and the majority of them first-rate.\\nOn Manhattan Bar, Boles Co. are doing well.\\nFurther down Messrs. Kelly Smith are doing first-\\nrate. They took out, last Saturday-, sixty-five ounces\\nof gold, and this week $300, two men at work.\\nBetween Manhattan and Lacy s the miners are all\\ndoing well. The flume claim of Martin Co., on\\nLacy s, is doing first-rate. Then adjoining Martin\\nCo. comes your humble servant, doing first-rate\\nand has been for the last three weeks, averaging\\nabout two pounds of gold a day. The company\\nnumbers your humble servant and Mi s. Cristy, being\\ntwo of them, and the Poughkeepsie is the name of\\nthe claim.\\nThe miners on the Middle Fork are receiving a\\nrich return for the outlay of labor and money. The\\nBay State Company, composed of Messrs. Mussy and\\nothers, took out in one day sixty-five ounces, and\\nthe Empire State Company took out a solid lump\\nweighing twenty-six ounces. The yield from the\\nrivers hereabouts will be more abundant this year\\nthan for any one previous.\\nJanuary 18, 1858. A piece of gold and quartz\\nwas found in the claim of Carrie, Chandler Gage,\\non Temperance Flat, nearEock Creek, which weighed\\nninety-five ounces, and on being broken j-iolded\\n\u00c2\u00a71,060 in gold.\\nApril -t, 1859. The Doig quartz lode at Ophir,\\none inch in thickness, yields from \u00c2\u00a7300 to \u00c2\u00a7500 a\\nday from the labor of three men. The quartz is\\ncrushed in a hand mortar, and from a shaft extend-\\ning to a depth of fifty feet $20,000 has been taken\\nout.\\nSeptember, 1859. Thirty-three tons of refuse\\nrock from the Doig quartz lode was worked in a\\nquartz mill and yielded 107 ounces of gold worth\\n\u00c2\u00a716.00 an ounce, being unusually pure for the locality.\\nThe ledge where the poor rock was taken from\\nwas eighteen inches in thickness.\\nAugust, 1860. Three men mining in a small vein\\nof quartz at Paradise, opposite Spanish Dry Dig-", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "228\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ngingB, took oat S3, 000 in one week. The vein was\\nbelieved to be a continuation of the very rich one\\non the opposite side of the Middle Fork, in El Dorado\\nCounty.\\nDecember 24, 1862. A party of miners at Span-\\nish Flat, one mile from Auburn, found a lump of gold\\nworth \u00c2\u00a71,000. Tnis place was noted for such things\\nin early days. Tom B. Harper once found a nugget\\nworth S800, and many others have found large pieces.\\nAugust 13, 1864. A nugget of pure gold weigh-\\ning six and one-half pounds was found at American\\nBar, on the North Fork.\\nDecember 22, 1864. Messrs. Lowerey and Mitchell,\\ntwo strapped individuals recently arrived in the\\neountrj across the plains, while prospecting for dry\\ndiggings on Quartz Prairie, or Quartz Hill, three\\nand one-half miles north of Auburn, struck some\\nfriable earth and quartz rich in gold, and in one\\nweek took out 86,000. This was named the Green\\nEmigrant claim, and created a great excitement,\\ncausing the location of many claims on the lead.\\nThe yield for the first two years was $20,000, after\\nwhich the proprietors refused to report, but it was\\nrumored that in the first half of 1867 they made\\n8100,000 working the rock in a hand mortar. This,\\nhowever, was very doubtful, as the sequel proved,\\nbut many rich specimens were exhibited. The two\\nowners performed all the work, permitting no one\\nto enter the mine. In 1869 a company was formed,\\nand the Golden Rule Mill built, with twenty stamps,\\nbut no more rich rock was found and the mill was\\nremoved.\\nQuartz Prairie is a high, rolling ridge, the soil\\nbeing completely mixed with pieces of quartz, sup-\\nposed to come from some vein running through\\nthe hill.\\nDecember 30, 1865. Over 100 ounces of gold was\\ntaken out of the Oro Tunnel claim, near Forest Hill,\\nas the week s work of four men. This tunnel was\\ncommenced in 1853, and this was the first good yield\\nobtained.\\nMay 19, 1866. The Good Friday Company, in one\\nhour s work, took out of their claim 81,400. The\\nmine is situated on the west side of Welty s quartz\\nmill, near Auburn, and the ledge is two inches thick.\\nNovember 23, 1867. Henrick Rohards, a miner on\\nthe North Fork of the American River struck a\\nfissure in the bed-rock, and in three days took \u00c2\u00a715,-\\n000 of pure scale gold.\\nDecember 17, 1870. Mr. William G. Greene dis-\\ncovered a quartz ledge about two miles from Auburn,\\nfrom which he extracted sixteen pounds of gold in\\none day by means of a hand mortar. This became\\ncelebrated as the Greene Mine. In 1871, a four-\\nstamp mill was erected, and on May lOlh be is\\nreported to have cleaned up 814,000 from twelve\\ntons of rock.\\nJune 20, 1877. Mrs. Bissett, an elderlj lady resid-\\ning on Rock Creek, who occasionally went prospect-\\ning around among the rocks on the neighboring\\nhills, made a strike by which she cleaned up between\\n$400 and 8600 as the result of one week s work at\\nmining.\\nJune 30, 1877.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Placer Herald has the following\\naccount of the way a fortune was made in three\\ndays:\\nPLUCK REWARDED BY LUCK.\\nThe richest strike made in this county for many\\nyears, and as rich perhajjs as was ever made, we\\nhave the pleasure of recording. A. O. Bell, commonly\\ncalled Pike Bell, who with his family has resided for\\nmany years on Bald Hill, a few miles north of Auburn,\\nas many know, is a dauntless prospector. Though\\noccasionally making a strike of some considerable\\nimportance in the past, he has managed, like most\\nmodern prospectors to keep poor. Last winter in\\nparticular, he was in very straightened circumstances;\\nhaving no money and the merchants refusing to\\ncredit him, he offered his horse worth about 850.00\\nfor 810.00, that he might buy bread for his children,\\nand failing in his efforts to sacrifice his horse, he\\npawned the ring off his wife s finger to obtain the\\nnecessaries of life. Lender such circumstances many\\nwould have given up prospecting and gone at some-\\nthing that promised more certain results. Not so,\\nhowever, with Pike. Day by day he continued his\\nresearches for the glittering treasure, and whether\\nthe passing day had revealed a color or not, his\\nspirits were alwaj s jubilant, apparentlj kept up by\\nthe hope, that seemed never to desert him, of doing\\nbetter on the morrow. At last the lucky day came.\\nIt was about three weeks ago, when hunting around\\nover the hills, he struck his pick into a little mound\\nwhich resembled somewhat in a])pearance an ant-\\nhill, and to his delight he unearthed some pieces of\\ndecomposed quartz, attached to which were some\\ncolors of gold. Encouraged at this prospect he\\nbegan to sink on his new lead and was rewarded by\\nfinding more or less gold at every stage of descent.\\nLast Saturday he had reached a depth of about\\nthirty feet and had taken out in sinking that far,\\nrock estimated to be worth about $1,500. The rock\\nbeing rotten, or what is called bj quartz miners\\ndecomposed, he had, with little eftort, pounded out\\nin a mortar enough to pay expenses as he progressed.\\nThe result thus far had been very good, and as the\\nrock had got richer as he got deeper, he was of course\\nentirely pleased at the prospect. Those he had\\ntalked to about his mine considered he had a good\\nthing, but none ever dreamed of the great wealth\\nthat was in store for him. He had hired men to\\nassist him in working the mine, and on last Monday\\nmorning they went to work as usual. The gouge,\\nas we would call it, as it is too rotten to be properly\\ncalled a ledge, was discovered hj noon to have\\nbecome suddenly richer. In the afternoon chunks\\nof almost pure gold were taken out, and the decom-\\nposed stuff that filled the interstices between the\\nrocks was so rich in gold that Pike began to wash it\\nout with a pan. From three pansful washed Monday\\nafternoon, he obtained gold estimated to be worth\\nbetween 84,000 and \u00c2\u00a75,000. That evening he came\\ninto town, and, giving us a hint of what he had got,\\ninvited us to go out and see it. On Tuesday after-\\nnoon, in company with Sheriff McCormick, we visited\\nthe mine. We found Bell with a pan of gold in his\\nhands worth from 81,000 to SI, 500, which he assured\\nus all came from one pan of dirt; but, said he, if\\nyou don t believe it, I will wash another pan and\\nshow you. We told him to wash. The pan was", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n229\\neenldown in the ^haf L tindsoou roluriiod tilled witli\\na mass of muddy, roclcy stuff that sparkled all over\\nwith pieces of gold. This was washed out, and was\\nfound to contain fully as much of the precious metal,\\nif not more, than the one he had just finished\\npanning when we arrived. It was really the greatest\\nsight we ever saw, and McCormick, who mined in\\nCalifornia in its palmiest days, says it knocked the\\nspots off anything he ever saw, except on one partic-\\nular occasion. Bell having convinced us of the\\nrichness of his mine, took us to his house to show us\\nthe proceeds of the previous days panning, that we\\nmight be convinced of all he had told us. The sight\\nwas one more easily imagined than described. As\\nwe looked upon the pans of gold before us, we\\nthought of Aladdin and his wonderful lamp, and\\nwondered if the story had not been suggested by\\nsome such reality as was before us. On Wednesday\\nevening, Mr. Bell (it is Mr. now since he has lots\\nof gold, it was Pike before) was in town again,\\nand he informed us that what we saw was nothing;\\nthat he had taken out 810,000 in three pans that\\ndaj that he had taken out, all told up to that time,\\nbetween 5^30,000 and $35,000, and that he had an\\noff er and was about to sell for 520,000. When asked\\nhis notion for selling, he said he would get away\\nwith !t?50,000 and that was money enough for him.\\nTo be sure, it is a good stake, and when we consider\\nthat it was made in three days, it must be confessed\\nthat the chances for making a sudden fortune in\\nCalifornia are not all gone.\\nThe sale was not consummated as the purchaser\\ncould not raise the money, and afterwards Mr. Bell\\nresumed work. The ledge was found to be about\\none foot in thickness, and some gold obtained in\\nafter years, but no remarkable strike as attended\\nthe fii st discovery. As Mr. Bell had been prospecting\\nand working for some years with poor success, at\\ntimes suffering in povertj he gratefully named his\\nmine the Life Preserver, and after taking a trip\\nto his old home in Missouri, returned to his mine to\\nenjoy his fortune.\\nIn 1878, Mr. Bell associated himself with Messrs.\\nWilkinson Hathaway of Nevada City, and in May\\nor June of that year, another body of gold was\\nstruck and 620,000 taken out. The mine was then\\nsold to Messrs. Wilkinson Holland, and called the\\nNevada Hill Mine, and for some time was worked\\nsuccessfully.\\nAugust 1 1877, The Dutch Flat Forum reports\\nthat a Chinese Company, working a hydraulic mine\\nnear that place, found a nugget worth $12,000.\\nTHE BIG CREVICE.\\nA wonderful place for gold is what is known as the\\nBig Crevice, which crosses the Middle Fork of the\\nAmerican diagonally at Murderer s Bar. The opera-\\ntions of the year 1851 enabled the working of the\\nbed of the river, and disclosed the continuation of\\nthe crevice across the stream, it having been first\\nbroken into and worked to the depth of twelve or\\nfifteen feet by J. D. Galbraith, in 1850, well back\\nunder the hill, upon the El Dorado side. A dyke of\\nlimestone here crosses the country, and this singular\\nhole seems to have been a cavern which became\\nfilled with sediment rich in gold before the present\\nriver system existed, as it contains no gravel. When\\nfirst found in the stream there was an overlying\\nstratum of gravel about two feet deep, which would\\nyield from twenty-five to fifty cents to the bucket-\\nful that was thrown away. Under this was a\\nstratum of soapy, sedimentary slum, about the con-\\nsistency of well- worked putty, that did not contain a\\nparticle of grit, and which a shovel would cut as\\neasily as a sharp, thin knife would go through\\ncheese. This material yielded from one to four\\nounces to the bucketful. At this time of working,\\nthe flume for drainage was very imperfect and did\\nnot carry more than two-thirds of the water of the\\nstream. Constant bailing would not drain the hole\\nin which the men were laboring, there always being\\none or more feet of water in which they were com-\\npelled to stand and work. The water being thrown\\nout with buckets, this pi ocess would stir up the\\nsofter gold-bearing stratum and cause it to run away\\nfrom the top stratum and let it into the hole, caus-\\ning great annoyance. During this operation the\\ngold could be seen lying upon all sides of the pit in\\napparent handfuls. But four men could work in the\\nexcavation, two of whom were constantly bailing\\nout water, one was throwing out the top gravel\\nstratum as it fell in, while the fourth was grappling\\nup the gold-bearing slum. Only for about three\\nhours a day could the hole b3 placed in condition to\\nenable the fourth man to extract the paying stratum,\\nand but eight days could any work at all be done\\nthere. The yield during that time was $4,600.\\nFrom time to time the Big Crevice has been\\nattacked, and is now owned by a Sacramento corpo-\\nration, who have made efforts for several years past\\nto fathom its depths, at one time endeavoring to sink\\na large iron tube through which to raise the aurifer-\\nous slum. At one time it was worked under the\\nsuperintendence of W. M. Manning to a depth of\\nabout ninety feet, and, in some parts, sixty feet wide,\\nand yielded many thousands of dollars. Interspersed\\nwith the slum, the fissure contains wedge-shaped\\nmasses of limestone, that are generally but a few\\ninches thick at one side but gradually thicken to\\nfrom four to six feet upon the other, and weigh many\\nhundreds of pounds. Stulls were placed in the\\ncrevice to prevent these from falling into the pit, but\\nas the workings were carried downward, from time\\nto time the timbers would give way, when some of\\nthese masses would fall, and the workmen under-\\nneath were in danger. It is the opinion of Mr. Man-\\nning, who has had more experience than any other\\nperson in working it, that a million of dollars will be\\ntaken from it if any method is ever adopted by\\nwhich it can be thoroughl} worked.\\nDREDGING THE RIVER.\\nThe American Eiver Dredging Company was an\\nenterprise organized in 1878 by Boston capitalists\\nto work the Big Crevice Claim and the locality", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "230\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nknown as Brown s Cut, between Konnebec and\\nMurderer s Bars, on the Middle Fork of the Ameri-\\ncan, whence millions of dollars had been taken and\\nthe bottom not yet reached. A dredging machine\\nwas tried, consisting of an iron tube forced by steam\\npower into the sand or gravel, the air exhausted\\nfrom the tube which filled with the auriferous mat-\\nter, and was then raised and swung over a sluice and\\ndischarged. This was assumed to have a capacity\\nof taking out one thousand tons of matter in twenty-\\nfour hours, but a miscalculation of the power re-\\nquired to perform the work caused a failure of the\\napparatus.\\nTHE ST. PATRICK MINE.\\nThe St. Patrick Mine was purchased by Mr. Eaton in\\n1869, and worked by him in a small way with vary-\\ning success until sold to Messrs. W. H. V. Cronise,\\nCapt. S. Lee and Melville Atwood, formerly of Grass\\nValley, in 1870, for the sum of $46,000, who trans-\\nferred it to a San Francisco Company. The San\\nFrancisco organization proceeded with its develop-\\nment with much energy, and produced a large\\namount of bullion. In 1871 this company erected a\\nfifteen-stamp mill, combining all the most complete\\napparatus used in the improved methods of benefici-\\nating ores. The mining pro])erty comprised 18,000\\nfeet of quartz veins, including fourteen different\\nmines, purchased in addition to the St. Patrick, and\\nthe stock of the corporation was divided into 5,000\\nshares. Col. James H. Crossman was Superintendent\\nin 1872 and 73. The success of the mining opera-\\ntions was more apparent in the stock-boards at San\\nFrancisco, than in dividends to stockholders, the\\nstock selling in May, 1871, at S51.00, in January, 1872,\\n$46.00, and in August, 1873, at \u00c2\u00a72.50 per share. The\\nassessments in 1873 had aggregated $110,000, and\\nno dividends were ever paid. The Superintendent s\\nreport for the year ending July 1, 1873, says he bad\\nworked 3,000 tons of ore in the company s mill of\\nfifteen stamps; average yield $20.00 per ton total bul-\\nlion product $60,000, cost of milling, S2.G8 per ton;\\nminer s wages, $3.00 per day; number of miners em-\\nployed twelve. Total disbursements, $84,332; receipts\\nfrom ore crushed, $60,000; two assessments, $20,000;\\nother sources, $4,332. The largest item was for\\nlabor at mine and mill, amounting to $43,722; for\\nsalaries, $3,600; mine and mill supplies and repairs,\\n$19,540; purchase of mine property, $6,000; inci-\\ndentals, $9,946.\\nThe St. Patrick Mines are located about three\\nmiles west of Auburn, in the Ophir District.\\nTHE GREENE MINE.\\nIn 1870, Mr. William G. Greene discovered some\\nvery rich ore in a vein about half a mile east of the\\nSt. Patrick. This vein he located and developed,\\nand obtained a large amount of gold, by working\\nthe rock in a hand mortar. In 1871, he erected a\\nmill of four stamps, and proceeded to crush the ore.\\nThe commissioner of mining statistics, in his report\\nin 1873, says of this:\\nThe Greene Mine has a length of 1,132 feet, the\\nledge running east and west, and dipping south.\\n(The ledges generally run north and south.)\\nThe improvements con.sist of fine hoisting-works,\\nrun by a 30-horse-power engine; the pumps (Cor-\\nnish), are run by a 40-hor8e-power engine. The\\ncompany also owns a mill, run by water power, and\\nused principally for reducing specimen rock. It\\ncontains four stamps, and two Hepburn pans. The\\nledge is a little over two feet thick, and the rock\\nfrom the 240-foot level, will, it is thought, j ield over\\n$100 per ton. There has been, in all, more than\\n500 tons of rock crushed from this mine, the average\\nyield of which has been about 8100 per ton. Most\\nof it was taken from and above the 125-foot level.\\nIn sinking the shaft from that level to its present\\ndepth, the rock has maintained its almost unsur-\\npassed richness. This mine has never levied an\\nassessment, having paid its way from the croppings\\ndown.\\nThe remarkable bodj- of ore continued to a depth\\nof over 500 feet, and yielded, in 1871-73, $150,000,\\nrealizing a fortune for Mr. Greene, its discoverer\\nand principal owner.\\nRISING SUN MINE.\\nGold-bearing rock was first discovered near Colfax,\\nin March, 1866, which, proving to be rich, created\\nquite an excitement, and the ledge was named the\\nRising Sun. In August, following, a working\\ntest of the rock was made at Grass Valley, in\\nNevada Countj proving it to be worth between\\n$27.00 and $28.00 per ton. This was sufficiently\\nencouraging to justify the organization of a com-\\npany, and the construction of a mill. After an\\nexpenditure of over $60,000 in developing the mine,\\nerecting hoisting-works, mill, etc., the mine became\\na source of profit to the owners, and so continued\\npaying dividends for many years. The gold is of\\na pure quality, superior to that found in Auburn\\nand Ophir Districts, being worth $18.50 per ounce.\\nThe vein is four feet in thickness, and the company s\\nclaim extends 3,000 feet. The mill, built in 1869,\\nhad five stamps of 800 pounds each, run by steam\\npower, and was capable of reducing ten tons per\\nday. The mill was subsequently increased to ten\\nstamps, and, in 1881, to twenty stamps, and con-\\ntinues a paying mine, according to its latest reports,\\nin November, 1881.\\nTHE PARAGON MINE.\\nAmong the many mines of the Divide that\\nhave become celebrated for their great wealth, and\\nthe fortunes they have yielded to their owners, is\\nthe Paragon, of Bath, owned by Abraham Breeee\\nand Judson Wheeler, or, as commonly expressed,\\nBreeee Wheeler. As it is a Paragon in name, so\\nit is a paragon of mines, admitting of no superior.\\nThis has been worked many years, but in a quiet\\nmanner, its owners contenting themselves with reap,\\ning their golden harvests, rather than making an\\nostentatious show of their wealth to the world. The\\nmine has been worked for more than twenty years,\\nbeing first opened by a tunnel, which extended", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n231\\nthree-fourths of a mile into the mountain, under a\\nsuperincumbent mass of gravel, 450 feet in depth.\\nIn 1870, a shaft was raised and sunk through the\\noverlying earth, for the purpose of ventilation, strik-\\ning the underground workings at a point 3,500 feet\\nfrom the mouth of the working tunnel. This incom-\\nparable mine has continued its even tenor through\\nall its years of working, quietly. drifting its life\\naway. The latest reports, closing the year 1881,\\nare about the same as those of nearly every month\\nof every year, showing a product of about $13,000\\na month, a great j)ortion of which is profit, as only\\na few men are employed in the mine.\\nABRAHAM BREECE\\nWas born at Leesburgh, Loudoun County, Virginia,\\nFebruary 12, 1825. At the age of twelve years he\\nremoved with his parents to Knox County, Ohio,\\nwhere he remained until he reached his majority.\\nHis early years were passed in school, until the\\nproper time arrived for him to decide upon what\\ntrade he should learn. He was apprenticed to a\\ntailor, and before reaching his twenty-first year\\nhad thoroughly mastered his trade. In 1846 he\\nwent to Cincinnati, and for one year followed the\\nbusiness. The next year was passed in like manner\\nat Madison, Indiana, and then he settled in Law-\\nrenceburgh, in tlie same State, and remained six\\nyears. While in the latter place he formed a part-\\nnership with James McCormick, and they carried\\non an extensive business as merchant tailors.\\nIn 1852 Mr. Breece came to California, by way\\nof the plains, and settled at Hangtown (Placerville),\\nEl Dorado County, arriving at the latter place on\\nthe 4th of August, that year. During the succeed-\\ning four years he was engaged in mining at differ-\\nent points in the county, and in 1857 came to Placer\\nCounty, locating at Forest Hill. He has since that\\ntime resided permanently at the latter place. His\\nyears of experience in the mines places him in the\\nfront rank as a practical miner. He is at present\\nlargely interested in the Paragon Mine, owned by\\nBreece Wheeler, which is a valuable one, and\\nhas yielded large returns to its owners.\\nMr. Breece was married to Miss Margaret Bowen,\\na native of AV ales, on the 9th day of August, 1866.\\nAfter many years enjoying the profits of the Par-\\nagon Mine, he is well situated to most happily pass\\nthe remainder of his life in the ease and comfort of\\na well-spent manhood.\\nTHE BANKER MINE.\\nThe mining peeple of California were aroused to\\nquite an excitement in 1866 by the frequent and\\nsensational reports of the extraordinary character\\nand j ield of the Banker Mine, known commonly\\nas the Harpending Mine, but incorporated under\\nthe name of Gold Quartz Companj This prop-\\nerty was situated at Whiskey Diggings, on the Bald\\nHill Range, about four miles from the village of Lin-\\ncoln. The meteoric career of the owner, Mr. Asbury\\nHarpending, who had figured as a would-be pirate,\\nrebel and filibuster in the time of the Rebellion, the\\nenergy with which he worked and puffed up his\\nmine, and the great price he obtained for it, added\\nmore to the interest of the story than the wealth of\\nthe property or its product of gold. The success-\\nful manipulation and sale of the mine are among the\\nbrilliant exploits of this gentleman, whose last Cali-\\nfornia operation was in connection with the great\\ndiamond fraud of 1872.\\nThe Banker Mine was described in the San Fran-\\ncisio Afiner, of Maj% 1866, as probably the richest\\never discovered in the State, differing from any other\\ngold mine known; saying: The gold is not found\\nin quartz or gravel, as is usually the case, but is\\ndisseminated through an entire mountain of ochery\\nclay, through which run veins of red oxide of cop-\\nper, mundic, variously colored scams of carbonate of\\nmagnesia, and other minerals, all of which contain\\nvaluable proportions of free gold. So unusual is\\nsuch a formation as a deposit of gold that the\\nminers who worked for years in the rich gulches on\\neach side of this extraordinary hill actually sunk\\nseveral shafts on it, through ore which yields $20.00\\nto $100 per ton, looking for quartz, without suspect-\\ning that they were throwing away their fortunes.\\nThe owner of the mine has been working it\\nwith Chinamen, crushing the dirt in a mill and\\nsluicing it away after extracting !56.00 or $7.00 per\\nton from it, considering that he was doing a good\\nbusiness vvhen a couple of Chinamen, with a five-\\nstamp mill, crushed forty tons per day. Recently,\\nhowever, suspecting that he did not get all the gold\\nout of the dirt, he tried several tons of it in one\\nBanx pan, and found it to yield $36.00 per ton, and\\nnow he is having a dozen of these pans put up.\\nWith sufiicient mill accommodation, ten men could\\ntake out \u00c2\u00a71,000 per day from this extraordinary\\nclaim, which gives indications of also containing one\\nof the most extensive copper veins in the State.\\nThe ledge on this mine is some 200 feet in width,\\nand has been traced 1,000 feet. The entire ledge,\\nincluding the vein of copper ore, is worked for gold\\nand pays well. In December, 1865, Mr. Harpending\\nis reported to have cleaned up thirty-five pounds of\\nhard amalgam from a run of four days.\\nThis was a very encouraging account of an extra-\\nordinaiy deposit of gold, and naturally attracted\\nmuch attention. On the 18th of August, 1866, the\\nriacer Herald published the following: Within the\\npast week an important sale of mining ground has\\nbeen made by Treadwell, Harpending Co., owners\\nof the celebrated Banker Mine (formerly the\\nCrosby Baker claim), at Whiskey Diggings, four\\nmiles north of Lincoln, in this county. They have\\nsold one-half of their ground for 6175,000 to parties\\nin San Francisco, Mcssr.i. Geo. D. Roberts, Melville\\nAtwood, Ogden Hoffman, Archibald C. Peachy, and\\nEdmund Wertheman, who will immediately put in", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "2S2\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\noperation a twenty-stamp mill. This claim, in the\\ncharacter of the earth, chalk, rock, or whatever it\\nmay be termed that carries the gold, is, perhaps,\\nan exception to any other in the State. The gold\\nbearing matter is a conglomeration of indurated earth\\nand siliceous chalk, generally very friable and easily\\ncrushed with the hand. This mass crops out on a\\nhill, or mound, and is about 150 feet in width. It is\\nsaid it is raised from the mine and reduced at a cost\\nnot exceeding SI. 00 per ton.\\nThegreatquantity of ore, and the product reported,\\nwas very encouraging to miners, who opened other\\ndeposits in the vicinity, and quite a village gi-ew\\ninto existence. Valley View was the name of\\nthis hamlet, and in March, 1867, it was reported as\\ncontaining thirty houses, with aspirations of equal-\\ning the great quartz mining town of Grass Valley, in\\nNevada CountJ^\\nIn December. 1866, the other half of the Banker\\nMine was sold by Mr. Harpending for the sum of\\n$225,000, making, for the whole, 8450,000.\\nIn 1867 a forty-stamp mill was constructed, which\\ncrushed 200 tons daily, the labor being chiefly done\\nby (,^hinese. The entire cost of mining and milling\\nwas reported as within .?1.00 per ton.\\nProfessor Silliman, in a paper on this deposit,\\nreferring also to a similar formation at Quail Hill, in\\nCalaveras County, 8a5^8:\\nAccompanying the entire mass of decomposition,\\nat both localities, occur both gold and silver, dissem-\\ninated with remarkable uniformity in all parts of the\\nore ground. At AVhiskey Hill filmsof metallic silver\\nare visible upon the talcose masses, stained green by\\nmalachite or chrysocolla. The gold is rarely seen\\nin situ, being mostly obscured bj the very rust}-\\nand highly stained character of the associated\\nmaterials. But it is rare, that, on washing a small\\nquantity of anj of the contents of these great deposits\\ngold is not found in angular grains or small ragged\\nmasses, from the size of a lew grains weight to\\nimpalpable dust. Nuggets of several pennyweights\\noccur occasionally. This gold has evidently accom-\\npanied the sulphurets and been left in its original\\nposition and condition by their decomposition. There\\ncan be little doubt that the gold of the gulches\\nadjoining these deposits has been derived from them.\\nAt Whiskey Hill, the gulch gold ceases to be found as\\nsoon as the limits of this deposit are passed, and the\\nsame is true of Quail Hill. The occurrence of depos-\\nits of this nature throughout the range of the foot-\\nhills seems to offer the best solution which has sug-\\ngested itself of the origin of the placer gold, which\\nis found in situations so far removed from the gold-\\nbelt of the upper Sierra, and away from sources\\nusually recognized as those to which placer gold may\\nbe referred.\\nThe chemical results of the extensive decomposi-\\ntion of metallic sulphides which has in former times\\noccurred at these localities offer an interesting prob-\\nlem in chemical geology. The sulphur has been\\ni-emoved chiefly as sulphuric acid, bej ond doubt,\\nwhich has combined with iron and copper to form\\nsulphates of those metals. These have, for the most\\npart, disappeared, being washed out by the atmos-\\n])heric waters, and have followed the drainage of the\\ncountry. At Whiskey Hill I found the sulphate of\\niron (coquimbite), sulphate of copper (cyanosite), and\\nalum. The water of the shaft contains copper\\nenough to redden the iron tools.\\nFrom all the evidence presented, we seem justified\\nin regarding these remarkable metallic deposits as\\nsegregated veins, holding a pretty uniform and high\\ntenor of gold and silver, associated with and derived\\nfrom the decomposition of extended masses of metal-\\nlic sulphurets and quartzose matter, and carrying, at\\ntimes, ores of copper, the commercial value of which\\nis, however, entirely subordinated to that of the pre-\\ncious metals, which are found to characterize these\\nveins or ore channels.\\nTHE FOREST HILL DIVIDE.\\nThe following particulars of the claim belonging\\nto the Blue Gravel Range Company is from a corres-\\npondence in the Mining and Scientific Press, of San\\nFrancisco, in May 18, 1878:\\nThis being one of the most promising and access-\\nible localities of the kind yet fixed upon for explor-\\nation, a description of it will convey a tolerably good\\nidea of all the others.\\nThe property of this company, which embraces\\nan area of nearly 1,000 acres, is situated on the For-\\nest Hill Divide, in the neighborhood of Todd s Val-\\nley, being about eighteen miles from Auburn Station,\\non the Central Pacific Railroad. It lies on thesouth-\\neriy slope of the ridge overlooking the Middle Fork\\nof the American River, which runs in a narrow gorge\\nmore than 1,000 feet below. Centrally through this\\ntract passes one of the ancient gold-beainng chan-\\nnels, buried here to a depth of about 130 feet. Por-\\ntions of the ground in this vicinity were at one time\\ncovered with rich sui-face placers, fragments of which\\nstill remain. There are also within the boundaries\\nof the company s tract extensive tracts of auriferous\\ngravel, some of which might be washed toadvantage\\nby the hydraulic method, and will most likely some\\nday be so handled. The deposits resting in the beds\\nof the buried river constitute here, however, the\\nfeature of peculiar interest and greatest value, these\\nbeing also the most easily available for productive\\noperations.\\nAs the section of the old channel owned by the\\ncompanj- covers a linear extent of nearly 10,000 feet,\\nhaving an average width of about 16,000 feet on the\\nsurface, they are supposed to have something like five\\nor six million cubic yards of rich bottom gravel, which,\\naccording to all precedent, will yield at least \u00c2\u00a71.00\\nper yard, the average elsewhere having been much\\nhigher. There are two main channels bearing south-\\neast across the country here the one coming in by\\nForest Hill and Todd s Vallej and the other from\\nYankee Jim s, both distinguished for the large quan-\\ntities of gold that have been extracted from them,\\nfirst by drifting, and afterwards by the hydraulic\\nprocess. The group of claims worked along the\\nForest Hill branch have yielded as much gold, for\\nthe area of ground worked, as any other in Califor-\\nnia, the following being the product of some of the\\nmore noted of the number:", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "MINING LAAVS.\\n233\\nThe Independence, $450,000; New Jersey, 1850-\\n000; Deidesheimer, $650,000; the Jenny Lind, 81, 100,-\\n000 mostly from the upper and poorer red gravel;\\nthe area of ground worked over in these several\\nclaims not having exceed more than four or five\\nacres.\\nA short distance above this claim these two\\nchannels come together, the united channel thence\\npursuing its course through their ground to its lower\\nend, where the old river-bed finally disappears,\\nhaving been eroded and swept away by the North\\nFork of the American. That this section of the\\nchannel, so deepened and augmented, is well stocked\\nwith gold, would be fairly deducible from its ascer-\\ntained character above, had not this fact been\\nestablished by actual workings and experimental\\ntests. The vSpring Garden claim adjoining this on\\nthe north, has been opened and shown itself prolific\\nin gold.\\nThe shaft put down bj this company at a central\\npoint on their own ground, had also reached good\\ngravel at the time the water broke in upon them,\\nstopping further operations. The fertility of the\\nchannel here has, in fact, never been with the\\nowners, mostly poor men, a question of such serious\\nimport as that of commanding the means for\\nproperly opening it. They know, as a matter of\\nfact, that they have a section of the old Pliocene\\nHiver here, and they know in/erentudly that it is\\nrich in gold, but they have never been able to get it\\nso thoroughly opened that they could reach and\\nremove its contents. Even in the flush times this\\nwas looked upon as a favorable site for a prospecting\\noperation. As early as 1857, a company of miners\\nstarted a tunnel from the bank of the North Fork,\\nwith a vievv to developing the lower end of this\\nchannel. Having been disrupted by the Frazer\\nRiver excitement, this company scattered the next\\nyear and never re-assembled, nor, so far as known,\\nhas any of them come back to prosecute the work\\nor assert any claim to the ground, which has now\\nfor a period of nearly twenty years been in the\\npeaceful possession of the present company. After\\nsinking a shaft to the depth of nearly 100 feet at the\\npoint mentioned, and being then prevented from\\ngoing on, by an influx of water too great for them\\nto handle with their inadequate pumping apparatus,\\nthis company drove a tunnel from the lower end of\\ntheir claim. After getting in several hundred feet\\nthey found the bed-rock pitching before them, show-\\ning that they were too high to bottom the channel.\\nThe tunnel was then carried down with the incline\\nof the bed-rock, and a steam pump rigged for hoist-\\ning the water.\\nBut the machinery here again proved insuflicient,\\nforcing the company to once more suspend opera-\\ntions. This occui-red several years ago, and, as the\\nlimited means of the company were by these efforts\\nexhausted, nothing further has since been done\\ntowards the development of this property.\\nMINING AT DUTCH FLAT.\\nThe two localities of Dutch Flat and Gold Run\\nai e distinguished for the extent and value of their\\nhydraulic mines, a more extended reference to which\\nwill be given in the history of those towns. As a\\ndescription of one of the mining properties all\\nhaving a general similarity the following is given,\\ncopied from the Placer Herald of April 9, 1881:\\nCEDAR CREEK MINING COMPANY.\\nThe extensive mining property of the old Cedar\\nCreek Company near Dutch Flat, which, owing to\\ncertain complications, has lain idle for about three\\nyears, has at last fallen into the hands of J. P. Hickey,\\nof San Francisco, whose intention it is, we under-\\nstand, to work it extensively and sj^stematically.\\nMr. Hickey, while giving much of his time to the\\ngeneral supervision of affairs, has secured the services\\nof John Simons, who, besides being familiar with\\nthe grounds, is one of the best hydraulic miners in\\nthe State, and placed him in charge as foreman.\\nThe property embraces what are known as the\\nYankee Claim, the Potosi, VVhynot, Badger, Baker,\\nWisconsin, New York and Wisconsin, Michigan,\\nDeep Shaft, Somersett, VVaukegan, Canon, Enter-\\nprise, one-fourth of the Iowa, etc., all forming one\\ncontinuous bodj of gravel some 3,000 or 4,000 feet\\nin extent, on the main blue channel that crosses\\nnear Dutch Flat. They commenced last fall the\\nwork of refitting for washing, which, considering\\nthe shattered condition of the property, the natural\\nresult of three years neglect, was no small under-\\ntaking. By dint of hard work and the aid of a large\\nforce, however, thej succeeded in getting the water\\non early in January, and have already made one\\nsuccessful clean up, and are well commenced on the\\nsecond run.\\nThey were washing on what is known as the Baker\\nground, and have this claim fitted up in good condi-\\ntion. They have four giants, but only use two at a\\ntime. The double member prevents any delays from\\nchanges, as when it is necessary to move a giant, the\\nwater is turned off that one, and on to another\\nalready in position and the work goes steadily on.\\nThrough two nozzles five and one-half or six inches\\nin diameter, they use 1,600 inches of water under a\\npressure of 500 feet. The old Cedar Creek ditch\\nwhich has a capacity of 5,000 inches, is owned by\\nMr. Hickey, being included in the purchase of this\\nproperty. The pipe for conducting the water to\\nthe Baker is over a mile long. It is thirty-six inches\\nin diameter at the head, and tapers toward the claim\\nto fifteen inches. The surplus water in the ditch is\\ndisposed of by Mr. Hickey, in supplying several\\nother claims. Thej^ have on the claim a most excel-\\nlent derrick, run by a hurdy-gurdy wheel, which is\\ndriven by water from their main pipe for hoisting\\nout of the claim such bowlders as are too large to\\ngo through their sluices. They are washing through\\nthe old bed-rock tunnel which was cut by the Old", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "234\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nCedar Creek Company, some 2,200 feet from Bear\\nRiver in under the channel. By the aid of this\\ntunnel they are enabled to wash the bed-rock, which\\nfor an outlet has not been done heretofore in any of\\nthe many claims in that district, (unless we except\\nthe Polar Star claim which has a different outlet.)\\nAn excellent sluice is constructed all the way through\\nthis tunnel, the head of which is riffled with railroad\\niron and the lower portion with blocks. The whole\\nbody of gravel included in this property can be\\nwashed ofl to the bed-rocli through this tunnel, and\\nwhen we consider the immensity of the deposits,\\nembraced in the lower strata, not only of these\\nclaims but of all the country round about, and reflect\\nthat it is richer than that taken in past years from\\nthe surface, we can well realize the force of the\\nexpression that hydraulic mining is yet in its infancy.\\nIn addition to his operations in the Baker claim,\\nwhere some thirty or forty men are employed, who,\\nwe are pleased to say are all white, Mr. Hickey also\\nhas a force engaged in sluicing on an extensive\\nscale, the heavy depo.sits of tailings out of Dutch\\nFlat Canon. Different claims have dumped into\\nthis canon for over a quarter of a century, and by\\ndriving the tailings down with a heavy stream of\\nwater, and cleaning up the bed-rock, it is only\\nreasonable that he should expect to find a large\\nquantity of gold. For this purpose some 2,800 inches\\nof water are turned into the caiion every night, when\\nit can be spared from the other claims. Mr. Hickey\\nexpects to greatly improve and increase his facilities\\nby another year, and we think it can be safely said\\nthat his operations, present and prospective, on this\\nground that has for some years been so managed as\\nto be rather a drawback than a benefit to the com-\\nmunity, taken in connection with the activity dis-\\nplayed in other directions in the district, gives a\\nbrighter outlook to the future of Dutch Flat than it\\nhas enjoj-ed for a long time. Of course the shadow\\nof the debris agitation clouds their otherwise very\\nbright horizon a little, though not to an extent\\ncalculated to cause that degree of alarm which\\nshakes the confidence of determined men.\\n.VINING PHRASES.\\nA drift is an opening from a shaft, six to eight\\nfeet in height, and from four to six feet in width,\\nas circumstances require.\\nA cross-cut is the same kind of opening, and gen-\\nerally runs cross-course from the drift.\\nA winze is a small shaft sunk from one drift to\\nanother.\\nAn upraise differs from a winze in that the dig-\\nging is upward instead of downward.\\nAn ore-bi east is the ore exposed by the drift, or\\ncross-cut, and breasting out is the extraction of the\\nore or gravel.\\nStopes are the same as ore-breasts, with this\\nexception, that the former means the ore overhead,\\nthe latter, in front or on the sides; and stoping out\\nis taking out the ore.\\nA lateral drift is a side drift, or cross-cut.\\nA shaft is up cast when the current of the air\\nis upward instead of downward, in not sucking the\\nair from the surface.\\nPay-gravel is that which bears sufficient gold to\\nmake its mining profitable.\\nChute of ore, a body of quartz containing ore con-\\ntinuously for a greater or less extent, leading from\\nthe surface downwards, either direct or indirect;\\nsometimes called a chimney.\\nFoot- wall, the rock next to and beneath a quartz\\nvein, when the vein is in an inclined position, con-\\ntradistinguished from the hanging-wall which over-\\nlies the vein.\\nVein and lode are synonomous, being a stratum\\nof quartz in primitive rock, which is commonly\\ncalled country rock. Ledge and lead are\\nimproperly used when referring to a vein or lode.\\nTHE GLORIOUS DAYS OF 49.\\nAt the present date, the impression appears to\\nprevail that in the glorious days of 49, and the\\nearly years of mining, all that was necessary to\\naccumulate wealth was to go into the mines and\\npick up the gold. In truth, however, it was only\\nthe lucky ones who found it in greater abundance\\nthan their daily necessities required; while the busi-\\nness, manufactures, professions, and salaries, of later\\nyears, give better fortunes and livings than the\\npioneei s enjoyed. The following is a vivid picture\\nof early days in the mines. It first appeared in the\\nSan Francisco Picnyuue, in 1852:\\nTHE .miner s L.AJIENT.\\nWhy will ye dig? Son of man! for the light\\nof whose presence my spirit yearneth and my bowels\\ngrumbleth, dost thou ask me why? Is it not writ-\\nten that fortune smiles upon fools? And for the\\nsake of these smiles hath not thy servant been mak-\\ning a fool, yea, an ass of himself, in vain For\\nthree years and ten days he has sojourned in this\\nplace. He has dived into the water; he has torn\\nancient rocks from their resting places, and i-emoved\\nthem afar off; he has likewise torn his breeches in\\nparts not to be spoken of; he has rooted into the\\nmud like unto a swine. His beard hath grown\\nlong; the skin upon his hands and face hath changed\\nits color, until he is now likened unto a wild beast;\\nand his garments are rent and soiled, so that sack-\\ncloth and ashes would be as fine linen and purple\\nto him. He would fain feed on husks, but there are\\nnone. Yes, he who in times past was wont to fare\\nsumptuously, and to grumble over greater delicacies\\nthan were piled before Dives, now snuffs with glad-\\nness the fragrance of pork and beans, and gnashes\\nhis teeth impatiently at a frying slap-jack. He\\nbolteth a raw onion with unspeakable avidity.\\nPotato skins fear his presence, beef vanishes from\\nbefore him, and dogs look in vain for the bones.\\nHe sighs for the flesh-pots of Egypt, and mourns\\nover the barenness of the land. In his sleep, never-\\ntheles8,~ the good angel of the past deigns to visit\\nhim, and delightful visions are opened to his recol-\\nlection, for a delicious bill of fare floats before\\nthe mind of the dreamer, and he orders oysters", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "MINING LAWS.\\n23\\nand terrapin for six, only to awaken to his infernal\\nslap-jacks and molasses.\\nAll this hath thy servant endured. Is he not then\\na fool, an abomination in the sight of wisdom\\nAnd is it not to such, and such only, that fortune\\ndispenseth her iavors? Yet she has deserted me.\\nI a])proach her and she fleeth 1 double on her\\ntrail, and she turneth away I await her coming,\\nand she stands still 1 secrete myself in her path\\nand seize her unawares, but she glideth off as though\\nI had caught a hog by his greased tail! Sic transit,\\nI exclaim, as with a sick heart I revile poverty and\\ncurse fortune.\\nLo are not these evils, and wherefore should\\nthey be visited on thy servant Surely he hath not\\nsinned as other men sinneth. He hath not coveted\\nhis neighbor s ox, nor his ass, nor his man-servant,\\nnor his maid-servant, for be it known unto thee that\\nthere are no maid-servants here. He hath abided\\nby the law and the prophets, but the profits have not\\nabided by him!\\nJNow, therefore, I renounce these diggings; I\\nabsquatulate the premises; 1 vamose the ranch;\\nI take off; I put out; 1 go; I slope, without scrip or\\nprovender, taking no heed for the morrow for the\\nmorrow takes no care of me. Ere five days shall\\nhave passed the shirt-tail of thy servant will be\\nwaving in the breezes of Nevada. A remnant of it\\nwill be nailed upon the top of the highest mountain\\nthat he crosses, as an emblem of the extremity to\\nwhich a man may be reduced in this land of Ophir.\\nBut think not, oli Elisha, that I would rend my gar-\\nment for this alone. Verily, I say unto thee, an\\nevil genius hath long pursued me. She has ibllowed\\nso close upon my footsteps that every thread and\\nfibre of my shirt-tail are familiar to her eye. And\\nif in pursuit of me she should gaze upon this\\nrelic in the solitary fastness of the mountain she\\nwill at once recognize it, and, believing me to have\\nbeen torn and destroyed by wild beasts, she will\\nretrace her steps, and thus I will escape her.\\n1 go hence, Elisha, unto the town of Sonora, where\\nit has been prophesied that thy servant will heal the\\nsick and prosper with amazing prosperity. As\\nMoses reared the serpent in the wilderness, for the\\nchildren of Israel to look upon and be cured of their\\ninfirmities, so will I elevate my tin among the Gen-\\ntiles, that they may gaze upon it and be made whole.\\nTheir offerings of gold and silver will be acceptable\\nunto me, and if they live not afterwards peradvent-\\nure they may find treasure in heaven.\\nTHE miners PROOESS.\\n[Written by one who has been there\\nThe following unique poem was published in the\\nGolden Era in May, 1873, describing a meeting\\nbetween tw(j 4!}er8, who compare notes of their\\nwanderings in the language of the prospectors,\\nwhich, with the names of localities and persons, the\\nroutes of travel and incidents, the trials and triumphs\\nof the miners life, will bring vividly to recollection\\nin the minds of pioneers man}^ thoughts of by-gone\\ndays:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHello! HeWow. Why, Jim! Why.Dan!\\niood Lord I want to know\\nWell, well old fel gives us your lian\\nBut, Jim, how does it go\\nOh sometimes gay and sometimes rough\\nAnd how s it go with you\\nWell, times jes now s a little tough\\nUp here in I-da-ho.\\nBut where ye been, Jim, ever sence\\nWe left the Stanislow;\\nAnd pulled up stakes down thar at Dent s\\nNow eighteen years ago\\nWell, seuee that time that we put out\\nOn that stampede from Stoney,\\nBeen mos the time knockin about\\nWay down in Air-e-zony.\\nOnly been back a month or so,\\nAnd thought Id take a tramp\\nThrough the old diggin s long with Jo,\\nWho stops at Nigger Camp.\\nStarted from Alpha on our trip,\\nAnd passed up the Divide,\\nThrough Tangle-Leg and Let-Her-Rip,\\nRed Dog and Whiskey Slide.\\nThen after leaving thar we went\\nDown by the Tail-Holt Mill.\\nC rost Greenhorn Mountain to Snow Tent,\\nAnd up to Gouge Eye Hill.\\nFrom Gouge Eye down to Esperance,\\nSlap Jack and Oro Fin;\\nThrough Deadwood over to Last Chance,\\nIfoot Hog and Lost Ravine.\\nFrom Petticoat to Shirt-Tail Flat,\\nAnd on by Murderer s Bar,\\nCrost Bloody Run and thro Wild Cat,\\nTo Poker and Lone Star.\\nFrom Angels Camp down by Rawhide\\nWe took a run one night.\\nThrough Chinese Roost and Satan s Pride\\nAcrost to Hell s Delight.\\nThen came along to Poverty,\\nDead Broke and Bottle Ridge,\\nBy Haugtown, Poor Man and Lone Tree,\\nGarrote and Smash-Up Bridge.\\nThrough Nip and Tuck and Old Bear Trap,\\nCoon Hollow and Fair Play,\\nAlong the Scorpion and Fur Cap,\\nKanaka and El Rey.\\nWe stopped one day at Never Sweat,\\nAnother up at Ophir;\\nThen moved our boots on to You Bet,\\nAnd struck across by Gopher,\\nTo Sucker near Grass Widow Bend,\\nWhar, as twas getting late.\\nWe brought our journey to an end\\nDown by the Devil s Gate.\\nWell, Jim, yon must uv seen a heap;\\nI d like to make the rounds\\nAs you have done, and cast a peep\\nThrough the old stamping grounds.\\nY-e-s, but I tell you what it is,\\nThe times they ain t no more\\nIn Californy as they was\\nWay back in Fifty-Four.\\nBut bout the girls and Schneider s Frow,\\nAnd Kate and Sal Magee\\nI s pose they ve all got married now\\nLeastwise they ought to be.\\nMarried You can buck high on that;\\nSome of them several times;\\nFirst fellers they jest had to get\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThey didn t have the dimes.\\nWell well do tell is that the way\\nThe gals is goin on\\nBut how s the boys and old man Ray,\\nAnd Ike and Steve and John\\nAnd what became of Zaccheus Wade,\\nWho run the big mule train\\nW-a-al, Zach he made his pile, they said,\\nAnd then went back to Maine.\\nAnd so did old Pop Ray and Steve,\\nAnd Ike and Johnny Yates\\nAnd made a raise at last, I b lieve.\\nAnd went home to the States.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "2S6\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nAnd Slater, him that took the trip\\nWith us to Yazoo Branch\\nWal, Slate, he kind o lost his grip.\\nAnd settled on a ranch.\\nAnd Jackass Jones that came about\\nWith whiskey on the Bar\\nWell, Jackass, too, he petered out,\\nAnd went I don t know whar.\\nAnd tell me, W here is .Jerry King,\\nWho kept the Grizzly Bear,\\nJes down forninst the Lobscouse Spring,\\nAnd kilt the greasers there\\nThat Greaser Jose, dont yovi know.\\nThat stabbed Mike at the ball.\\nThe time we had the fandango.\\nAt Blood and Thunder Hall\\nOh, Jerry, didn t do no good,\\nGot sweet on a woman,\\nAnd tuck at last to drinkin hard,\\nCause she got sort o common\\nY-a-s, was by nature low inclined,\\nAnd went clean to the bad.\\nWhich worked so on Jerry s mind\\nIt almost made him mad.\\nDick went one day up Pike Divide,\\nAnd thar lay Jerry dead,\\nA navy pistol by his side\\nA bullet in his head.\\nTight papers them on Jerry Ring,\\nBut Jim, just bet your life.\\nThem women is a di eadful thing\\nFor me no, nary wife\\nBut Plug Hat Smith that kept a stand\\nSold pens and ink and sich\\nWal, Plug he helt a poorish hand,\\nAnd never struck it rich.\\nGot sort o luny and stage-struck,\\nCut up a heap o capers.\\nAnd final went below and tuck\\nTo writin for the papers.\\nAnd Sally Jake, that drove so long\\nThere on the Lightnin Line,\\nAnd afterwards from One-Horse Town\\nTo Webfoot aud Port Wine\\nGot hurt on Bogus Thunder Hill\\nThrowed over his horses necks\\nWas carried up to Coyoteville,\\nAnd thar hant in his checks.\\nTwas kind o queer; these they said,\\nWar the dyin words o Jake s:\\nWal, boys, I m on the dowu-hill grade,\\nAnd cannot reach the brake.\\nAnd Butcher Brown that used to boast\\nHe d killed so many men\\nAh, Butch, he met his match at last\\nVan Sickle settled him;\\nWent to Washoe, kilt three thar\\nFound it geltin hot\\nHealth requii-ed a change o air.\\nAnd so got up and got.\\nSaid how he d sent a baker s dozen\\nAcrost lots to the grave\\nWould like to make the number even\\nBefore he took liis leave.\\nSo went for Van aud came blamed nigh\\nA gettin him they say.\\nThen on his horse that stood near by\\nHe jumped and rode away.\\nNow, Henry ain t no hand to blow.\\nBut jes that sort o lad\\nOn which its always safe to go\\nYour very bottom scad.\\nSaid to himself, like: Now this whelp,\\nTo get his even tally,\\nWill likely go and skelp\\nSome neighbor up the valley.\\nReckon I d better block his game.\\nAnd do the thing at onc t\\nBesides, I don t much like this same\\nRough way o being bounced.\\nWhen Sam had got oflF bout a mile,\\nHe heard a Minie hum.\\nLooked round and thar war Van all heeled\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWho after him had cum.\\nNot fancying much that Minie s tone\\nSam put off on a run.\\nLike he would rather save liis own\\nThan raise the ha r o Van.\\nAnd so they rid wal, I spect,\\nNigh on a three-mild race\\nExchanging shots without effect,\\nWhen Van gave up the chase\\nLeastwise lay off, for about midnight.\\nWhen Sam came back to Lute s,\\nHe let him out in a square fight,\\nJes standin in his boots.\\nNext day the jury found deceased,\\nHis name was .Samuel Brown,\\nAnd further that they all believed\\nHe had been taken down\\nBy one Van Sickle, and somewhar\\nAbout Lute Old s last night.\\nAnd on tlieir solemn oaths did swar\\nHe sarved the d d cuss right!\\nBully for Van! He s hard to beat\\nAnd for the Jury, too\\nThough most a shame that way to cheat\\nThe gallows of its due.\\nWhar s sailor Jack, that used to cruise\\nWith Alabam and Yank,\\nThem chaps that bilked the boarding-house\\nAnd l urst the faro bank?\\nJack left the country on a ship,\\nAnd t others, I don t know as\\nThey ever got back from a trip\\nThey tuck to Barbacoas.\\nHear anything of Teddy Karn,\\nOr Bruisee Bob Magoon?\\nBoth down thar at the Bay, I hearn,\\nKeeping a Bit Saloon.\\nAnd him that wore the big moostache?\\nYou mean that rich French Count\\nHe s down thar too a slinging hash\\nAt the Miners Restaurant.\\nY-a-s, Frisco s lousy with them kind.\\nAnd bums of all condition\\nSome capping for the demi monde.\\nSome playing politician.\\nBut tell me, Jim, about the sights.\\nAnd what you ve done and seen;\\nReckon j ou had some Pache fights,\\nDown yonder whar you ve been?\\nY-a-s, got us in a rocky pass\\nAnd thar corralled one day.\\nThey had a dead sure thing on us\\nCouldn t fight nor get away.\\nAnd fore our party could back out,\\nThey shot poor Fred McKean;\\nThe arrows Hying thick about,\\nAnd not a varmint seen.\\nAnd when I fouiul tliat Fred would die,\\nI felt almighty bad.\\nAnd jist laughed out I couldn t cry,\\nI was so thundering mad!\\nAnd then I said, now look here, boys,\\nEf you would save your lives.\\nYou jist put up them shootin toys,\\nAnd sail in with your knives.\\nRaisin quick the Pache whoop,\\nI started on ahead\\nAnd did t others hack you up?\\nYes, Dan, you bet they did!", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE.\\n287\\nAnd when the cusses seed us come,\\nThey raised a scrouging yell,\\nTo whicli our boys sang out each one,\\nWade in and give em h 1\\nAnd of our band I b leeve the whole\\nWas wounded more or less;\\nBut we made good Indians of them all,\\nAnd they ll stay good I guess.\\nPoor Fred, when I came back to him,\\nThougli trying hard to speak,\\nCould only say: tell mother, Jim,\\nHe was so powerful weak.\\nAnd next day we made his grave\\nUpon a little knoll,\\nUnder the shade of a mes^uit grove\\nOn the road to C ristoval.\\nWe had after that another fight.\\nWith them yar pesky fellows,\\nDown at Arroya .Saucelite,\\nAmong the little willows.\\nBut thar they didn t get us foul\\nWe d larnt their sneakin ways\\nAnd you can swar we made em howl,\\nAnd git between two days.\\nAs for their names, why, Dan, sich frights\\nYou never came acrost\\nEspiritu Santo, which the whites\\nThey call the Holy Ghost.\\nLas Mariquitas, Juan de Dios\\nThese names they seem so funny.\\nWe christened one the Kunty Marias,\\nAnd t other Pious Johnny.\\nWe altered heaps o Greasers names\\nLos Ojos de Inez,\\nSierra Blanco, Sebastians,\\nEl Cobra and La Paz.\\nSo, too, we changed mongst other things,\\nSan Pedro to St. Pat;\\nThe eyes of Inez to Mud Springs,\\nLa Paz to Quaker Flat.\\nEl Pajara we called The Bird,\\nLa Reina, Gypsy Queen,\\nSalinas and El Bio Verde,\\nSalt River and The Green.\\nSan Nicholas we dubbed Old Nic,\\nMoriuo Dirty Dun,\\nArroya Muerto, Murder Creek,\\nPuerco, Ground-Hog Run.\\nWe cut our name on every cross,\\nAnd burnt some to the ground.\\nTo let the natives know their boss,\\nThe white man had been round.\\nWarm thar! Why, Dan, twas jes that hot\\nThat beans were cooked well done.\\nAnd we always biled the coffee-pot\\nIt standing in the sun.\\nSoldiers who died they nearly froze\\nLeast that is what they tell\\nAnd sent right back for their underclothes\\nThe moment they got to well,\\nNot to the land of the holy ones,\\nWhar blood shall cease to flow;\\nAnd thar being no use for these sons of guns,\\nThey re not very apt to go.\\nStaid there three years and then turned suutl\\nCame back to Camp McPhail,\\nAnd so on down to Quesnelle Mouth,\\nAnd cross the La Hache Trail.\\nTo Kamloops and Okinakane,\\nAnd through the Grand Coult\\nBy way of the Samilkameen,\\nClean round to Kootenai.\\nStopped till I made a raise again,\\nThen started out anew;\\nAnd striking cross by Ccrur d Alene,\\nCame on to Idaho.\\nWell, Dan, you ve been about some, too\\nBut tell me, if you know.\\nWhat has become of Ned JIcGrew,\\nAnd whar is Sleepy Joe,\\nAnd Poker Pete and Monte Bill,\\nAnd I forget his name\\nWhat used to run the whiskey-mill.\\nAnd keep the keno game\\nWal, as for Ned, can t zactly say,\\nBut bout t other three.\\nThe last we heard, were up this way,\\nA hanging on a tree\\nWent into tiie Road Agency\\nAlong with Texas Jim;\\nThe Vigilants of Montany\\nLikewise also got him.\\nSleepy was drowned at Upper Dalles,\\nAnd so was Al La Tour\\nWent in a skiff over the falls.\\nAnd we didn t see em no more.\\nSome think Ned was eat by bears.\\nAnd I most think so, too,\\nCause didji t one gobble up Nic McNares,\\nOn the trail to Cariboo\\nCold up North! I ve known a name\\nTo congeal in my mouth\\nAnd that s how the saying came\\nAbout the frozen truth.\\nYes, and I ve seen still stranger feats.\\nYou know, Jim, I m no liar\\nThe flames freeze into solid sheets,\\nAs they rise up from the fire.\\nSure that s right cold! But tell me, Dan,\\nHow goes the mining game,\\nAnd what s the chance here for a man\\nTo strike a paying claim\\nWal, jest bout here it s rather slim,\\nBut I ve got one that pays,\\nSo pitch right in here with me, Jim,\\nAnd when we ve made a raise.\\nWe ll put off north with a good rig;\\nFor yesterday I seen\\nGus Gape, who said they d struck it big,\\nHisjh up on the Stickeen.\\nOr, if you rather like tlie south.\\nWhy, then, it s south we ll go;\\nThe only di awback is the drouth,\\nDown that ar way, you know.\\nThe next we hear of Dan and Jim\\nMay be on the Youkon,\\nOr in the forest, damp and dim,\\nThat shade the Amazon;\\nOr what s more likely still, we shall\\nHear of them on their way\\nTo the diamond fields beyond the Vaal\\nIn South Africa.\\nCHAPTER XXXIII.\\nAGRICULTURE.\\nEarly Efforts at Cultivation The Dry Valley Thought a\\nDesert A Change in the Scene The Pioneer Fruit Planter\\nClaude Ghana Pioneer Cultivators and Orchardists\\nEarly Ranches in the Valley Assessor s Report in 1S55\\nAssessor s Report in 1856\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fruit Trees Vines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Grain Live\\nStock Flou ring-Mills Requii ed Progress in 1S57 Ranch\\nof J. R. Nickerson Spring Valley Ranch Assessor s Report\\nin 1870 Successful Horticulturists J. W. Hulbert An\\nUnusual Frost.\\nThe missionaries who in 17(17 brought to Califor-\\nnia the semi-civilization of patriarchal, or medireval", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "238\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntimes, came dependent on the soil for their subsist-\\nence, and, through three-quarters of a century of\\nSpanish occupancy, undisturbed by foreign intrusion,\\nprospered with their floclfs and herds, rudely tilled\\nthe ground in favored localities; planted the grape,\\nthe orange and the olive, and thus to a limited\\nextent proved the capacity of the country to sup-\\nport mankind. The first Americans came as farmers,\\nbut -were absorbed in the Spanish settlements and\\nadopted the Spanish customs. A few timidly scat-\\ntered over the country, selecting the most lovely\\nsites, where springs and streams maintained a more\\nlasting verdure, and there ventured the planting of\\nsmall areas of wheat, barley, corn and beans. The\\ngreat valley of the Sacramento and the bordei-ing\\nfoot-hills were deemed arid wastes, fitted only for\\nthe grazing of cattle; and the high Sierra was totally\\nunexplored. Pasturage was the great resource\\ncommerce, manufactures and mining being an advance\\nto which their enlightenment was not prepared.\\nTHE DRY VALLEY THOrGHT DESERT.\\nFollowing the discovery of gold, in 1S4S, a new\\nelement came upon the scene, and a change in the\\norder of things was made. Then mining was\\nthe chief aim of the people. Many of the new-\\ncomers were farmers fiimiliar with the system of\\ncultivation in the Atlantic States and Mississippi\\nValley, where the rains of summer brought to har-\\nvest the annual plants, and these looked upon the\\nbroad plains, sered and sun cracked by the long\\nsummer drougths, as inhospitable, irreclaimable\\ndeserts. They had read reports of the great crops\\nof wheat harvested by Captain Sutter, but his fields\\nwere on the low bottom-lands of the Sacramento\\nRiver, which were deemed exceptional, and the\\ncountry in general was condemned as desert. Cross-\\ning the desert was the common term for the jour-\\nney from the river to the mountains, or from one\\nstation where water was found to another. Although\\nwild oats and other grasses grew luxuriantly, and\\ncattle ranged and fatted over the wide areq, still\\nthe plains were regarded as incapable of successful\\ntillage. Some were so bold as to declare that where\\nthe native grasses would grow so thriftily culti-\\nvated grain would also grow, but were generally\\nridiculed for their opinion, and years passed before\\nthe experiment was tried. Little by little the\\nadvance in agriculture was made. Some favored\\nspot of sandy loom by a river s bank, or some well-\\nwatered ravine, was sought and a farm was planted.\\nBarley was in great demand for the feed for\\ndraught animals, and the high price it brought\\nai oused the enterprising farmer to attempt its cul-\\ntivation. It grew and yielded as they had never\\nseen before, and its cultivation extended. Thus\\nbarley became the pioneer cereal of California cul-\\ntivation. Graduallj other plants were tried, and\\nall found to grow and mature. The small patches\\nwhere grains and vegetables were produced were\\nlooked upon as the specially favored localities, and\\nwhile the great bulk of the barley, potatoes, melons,\\nand all the wheat and fruit were imported from\\nChili, Oregon, the Sandwich Islands, and other dis-\\ntant countries, all the available land in California was\\nsaid to be taken up, and men must seek some other\\ncountry if thej wished to farm. Years passed in\\nthis slow progress to cultivation. Men most anxious\\nto win the fortune for which they had abandoned\\ntheir homes in the East for the distant Pacific\\nCoast saw about them as a free gift, ready to their\\nhands, the most fertile of soils in the most genial\\nand healthful of climates, yet had not the sagacity,\\nthe patience, or the forethought to appreciate the\\nfact, to take hold and plant and reap the certain\\nreward. Those who ventured in agriculture were\\ntruly enterprising, but thej^ were comparatively few\\nin the first half dozen or more years following\\nthe geld discovery. Watermelons at from one to\\nfive dollars each, apples from Oregon at one and two\\ndollars each, potatoes and onions at fifty cents to\\none dollar a pound, barley at ten to twenty-five\\ncents a pound, hay at SlOO a ton, eggs at \u00c2\u00a72.00 a\\ndozen, milk at \u00c2\u00a71.00 a quart, and other articles pos-\\nsible to obtain at proportionate rates, would seem\\nto have tempted a rush of farmers to the field, but\\nwith all the sun-cracked plains were shunned and\\nthe mountain vales and gentle hills were despised as\\nunworthy of the notice of the husbandman.\\nA CHANGE IN THE SCENE.\\nThe slow progress of agriculture and horticulture\\nmade in California where the inducements were so\\ngreat now seems unaccountable. Years have passed\\nand the desert plain has become a sea of waving\\ngrain; the hills are brilliant with orange groves and\\nverdant with the wide-spread vineyard. Peaches\\nmore luscious than those of the far-famed banks of\\nthe Delaware, and apples surpassing the choice of\\nthe Eastern States, now usurp the place of the chap-\\narral and manzanita; and the fig, apricot, prune,\\ncherry, almond, walnut, and all the fruits, berries\\nand products of the gardens of the despised foot-\\nhills are sought in all the great markets of America.\\nThe tropical and the hardy fruits of the north grow\\nside by side, and in such perfection that their fame\\nhas become world-wide. In these productions Placer\\nCounty stands pre-eminent.\\nTHE PIONEER FRUIT PLANTER.\\nWhile here the progress was so very slow at fii st,\\nstill Placer has the honor of being the pioneer of\\nmountain counties in agriculture and horticulture, as\\nshe has now become the most famous in her produc-\\ntions.\\nThe pioneer fruit trees of Placer, as well as of\\nthe Sacramento Valley, now lie buried deep beneath\\nthe debris which the ruthless hydraulic poui-s upon\\nthe plain. As has been previously stated, the first\\nminer for gold within the limits of the county was\\nClaude Chana. To him is also due the honor of\\nplanting the first fruit trees, and we will give the\\nemainder of the story of", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL.\\n2.39\\nCLAUDE CHANA.\\nTo the eniii, ratioii of 1846, which that year was\\nconsiderablt; from the Western States to the Pacific\\nCoast, does i lacer County owe the presence of one\\nof its earlii st settlers; its pioneer fruit culturist; one\\namong thu first to till the soil, as well as the primal\\ndigger after gold within its borders, in the person of\\nClaude Chana, born in France in 1811, who now\\nlivesat Wheatland, Yuba County. In the spring of 1846\\na company to which Mr. Chana belonged started\\nfrom St. Josoph, Missouri, for the then little known\\ncountry of California, with a train of wagons drawn\\nby oxen. At Weber Canon, Utah, this train over-\\ntook and for several daj s kept company with the\\nunfortunate Donner party. The company with\\nwhich Chana traveled passed the Donner company,\\nand after the usual vicissitudes attendant upon such\\njourneys, at length reached the Truckee River, up\\nwhich they traveled, crossed the summit of the\\nSierra, struck the head of the Greenhorn branch of\\nBear River, descended Steep Hollow by dragging\\nfallen trees behind their wagons, proceeded down\\nthe old trail to the head of Wolf Creek; thence to\\nHiram Austin s present place, and from there to\\nJohnson s ranch the first settlement they had seen\\nin the country on the north bank of Bear River,\\nwhere there was then an adobe house and some\\npretensions toward cultivation. This was in October,\\nand about two weeks before the occurrence of the\\nstorm which drove the Donner party, who were\\nfollowing, into winter quarters and prevented their\\nfurther advance across the mountains.\\nWhen the company of which Chana was a member\\nreached the head of Wolf Creek, there was no\\nrunning water only holes in the bed of the creek\\nin which it was found standing. Previous to arriv-\\ning here, no trouble had been made by Indians since\\ncrossing the summit; but here, all the night through,\\nan infernal din was kept up in imitation of the ci ies\\nof coyotes. To some of the more experienced of the\\nmen, these sounds had a significant effect; they were\\nwakeful and prepared for an attack. Daylight\\ndisclosed the fact that some of their cattle had been\\nshot with arrows, while others had been driven off\\nover a trail leading toward Grass Valley.\\nOn the southern side of Bear River nearly opposite\\nJohnson s ranch, was also an adobe house owned by\\nTeodore Sigard, a Frenchman who had settled there\\nin 1845, and claimed a tract of land under a grant from\\nthe Mexican Government issued in 1844. Sigard\\nwas undoubtedly the first white settler in the terri-\\ntory now embraced within the limits of Placer\\nCounty. Both he and Johnson had put in and\\ngathered small crops of wheat in 1845. Johnson\\nhad acquired his title to the grant he occupied from\\nGeneral Sutter, who, as administrator of the estate\\nof the original grantee who had been killed, had\\nso .d fhe land at public sale. Sigard had traveled\\nextensively in Mexico after leaving his native coun-\\ntry, and settled in California in 1839.\\nAs soon as Chana learned at Johnson s that the\\nranch across the river was owned by a Frenchman,\\nhe very naturally went there, and being well i-eceived\\nmade it his home and worked upon the place. Some\\nof the company who came with him also crossed the\\nstream and camped on the Sigard ranch. Among\\nthese were a family with children. Sigard and\\nChana noticed that among some dainties which the\\nparents had given their children, wei e a few dried\\npeaches unpealed and unpitted and that the pits\\nhad been thrown away. This suggested the possi-\\nbility that the rich bottom land of Bear River might\\nbe adapted to the growth of the peach tree. There-\\nupon the two Frenchmen carefully gathered all the\\npeach stones thej could find, and in November. 1846,\\nplanted them. While doing this Chana bethought\\nthat among his effects were a few almonds, and that\\nif peaches would grow, almonds also might flourish.\\nThe day previous to setting out from St. Joseph\\nfriends of the party about to leave for the unknown\\nWest had given a grand dinner, and after enjoying\\nwhich, Chana, as he rose from the table, picked up\\na handful of almonds, and had sacredly kept them\\nas a souvenir of the occasion. These were the nuts\\nhe now thought of, brought forth from their safe\\nrepository, and this November day, in the year 1846,\\nwith the peach-pits, they were planted upon the\\nbanks of Bear River, in California, upon Sigard s\\nranch.\\nIn the spring of 1847, Claude Chana wont to work\\nat Sutter s Fort, and afterwards came the gold\\ndiscovery, and Ghana s mining in Auburn ravine\\nand on the Yuba, where he made a fortune and then\\nreturned to Bear River. [See Chapter XVI, page 66.]\\nThe peach-pits and almonds that had been planted\\nin 1846, as also some apple and pear seeds, plum-pits\\nand 200 grape cuttings which had been obtained at\\nthe Mission San Jose in 1848, and planted, were\\ngrowing finely and bade fair to be productive; while\\nvegetables of all sorts grew rankly upon the rich\\nloamy Bear River bottom-lands. Of all places I\\nhave seen, thought the pioneer, this spot is the\\nprettiest and best in which to make my home.\\nSigard would sell and Chana bought the grant,\\npaying i?6,000 in gold. Being an enterprising man,\\nthe new owner began extensive improvements, and\\nbut few years elapsed before the fruit grown upon\\nit found way to the markets and yielded no little\\nrevenue. The almonds grown from the seed brought\\nfrom St. Joseph, took first premium at the first\\nState Fair. Select peaches taken to Grass Valley\\nand Nevada City brought one dollar for three, while\\nthe commoner ones sold at seventy-five cents a\\npound, and the wine pi-oduct soon reached from\\n10,000 to 12,000 gallons annually. A flouring mill,\\nrun by a 16-foot overshot wheel was built and the\\nmost flourishing condition obtained. The owner,\\nduring this prosperous era, often refused $25,000 for\\nthe place always intending it as his home. But a\\ntime came when the title was attacked; the grant", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "240\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwas found to be defective, and after long and expen-\\nBive litigation, Ghana lost all but 500 acres, which he\\nmanaged to secure in some manner, under the laws\\nof the United States. Content with this the old\\nman was still cheerful, enterprising and happy. But\\nthe flood of lStil- 62 brought down the sands from\\nthe mountain gorges above, and his mill was rendered\\nuseless. He must build levees. He did this, year\\nafter year, and although as late as lS7-i, he lived\\nupon the place and rented it for S2,000 to a tenant,\\nthe sand came down the river, piling higher and\\nhigher and overtopping his levees, finally swept over\\nall and buried it out of sight\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the most complete\\nwreck, the most utterly desolate scene; the most\\nsorrowful case of individual hardship wrought in\\nthe entire State by the devastating erosions of this\\nmodern age. Money had to be borrowed to fight the\\nelements, for which mortgages were given, and a\\nfew years since the place was sold under the hammer,\\nand brought only the pittance of \u00c2\u00a7500. It is now\\nsaid to be entirely worthless. And thus the model\\nhome of the old pioneer has been destroyed, and he\\nsent forth in the world penniless, with his weight of\\nyears. And yet the cheerful old man repines not,\\nnor uttei s curses ujjon those whose acts compassed\\nhis immediate financial ruin. At Wheatland he can\\nbe found in a bachelor home, attached to which is\\na winery, where he makes a sim2)le living bj^ manu-\\nfacturing a light wine, from grapes grown in the\\nimmediate neighborhood, and which he is obliged to\\npurchase for the purpose, having no vines of his\\nown.\\nPIONEER CULTIVATORS AND ORCHARDISTS.\\nWith the pioneer work of Claude Chana the valley\\nrested unfretted by plow or other implement of\\nenlightened husbandly for a period of three or four\\nyears. In the mining regions the enterprising emi-\\ngrants found many little glades and valleys exceed-\\ningly attractive lor their future homes, and there\\ncommenced the first cultivation in the county\\nalways excepting the efibrts of Chana.\\nIn May, 1849, Mr. E. T. Mendenhall located at\\nlUinoistown, which he and companions then called\\nAlder Grove, and in August of the same 3-ear settled\\nthere permanently with his family. Mr. Menden-\\nhall had come with the first gold-hunters from Ore-\\ngon in 1848, returning to his northern home in the\\nfall of that year, and again to California in 1849.\\nAs an Oregonian, he sought for his new home a soil\\nwet and heavy, and such he found at Alder Grove.\\nThis, he thought, was the only soil that would pro-\\nduce anything in so dry a climate. In his new home\\nhe prospered as a hotel-keeper, and thought he would\\nadorn it, as were the homes of the Oregonians.\\nWith this view he went to Oregon in the fall of 1850,\\nand procured a number of apple and other fruit trees,\\nand returned with them to his place, now Illinois-\\ntown. An orchard was planted, which is still flour-\\nishing, and thus did Mr. Mendenhall set the example\\nto his neighbors. From 1850 the little ranch has\\nbeen in cultivation.\\nFollowing the example of Mr. Mendenhall, came\\nColonel Wm. McClure, of Yankee Jim s, who was a\\npioneer in many works. Mr. Lisbon Applegate, at\\nhis place named Lisbon, about the same time com-\\nmenced cultivating the land, and planted an orchard.\\nThese were the pioneer fruit growers of Placer\\nCountj and among the earliest of northern Cali-\\nfornia.\\nEARLY RANCHES IN THE VALLEY.\\nIn 1851, Joseph Walkup and S. B. Wyman, mer-\\nchants in Auburn, settled upon a location made bj^\\nthemselves on the verge of the plain in Auburn\\nRavine a choice and valuable selection and there\\nbecame the pioneer farmers of the valley portion of\\nPlacer County. Other settlements were made on\\nsites which have since become known as fertile and\\nhighly productive farms, orchards and vineyards,\\nbut were established as wayside stations or hotels,\\nthe owners paying no attention to cultivating the\\nsoil. Large herds of stock were kept and stock\\ntaken to ranch, or in charge, for a certain sum\\nper month. Cox s ranch, on Coon Creek, was for\\nmany years a noted stopping-place and pleasant\\nrendezvous for a large area of country. The Union\\nShed, now Sheridan, and many places on the princi-\\npally traveled roads, were settled without designs\\nof agriculture, but now claim the rank of pioneers.\\nAfter some enterprising per.son had proven that cul-\\ntivation of a certain class of soil could be made pro-\\nfitable, another station-keeper would venture to try\\nthe same on his place in a small way, and thus the\\nblack and cracked adobe of the plain, the loam of\\nthe intervale, and the red soil of the hills came into\\ncultivation.\\nIn 1851, quite a number of locations were made\\nfor gardening, and in the following year their pro-\\nducts were obtainable in the markets of the towns\\nor upon the tables of the hotels where produced)\\nmaking a most attractive feature for such table,\\nand thereby spreading their fame among travelers\\nand teamsters.\\nMessrs. Walkup and Wjman, on their ranch a\\nshort distance east of the present town of Lincoln,\\nwere the first to harvest a crop of wheat in Placer\\nCounty, in 1852. Their report for 1853 gave a pi-o-\\nduct of 1,600 bushels of wheat, and 1,100 bushels of\\nbarley, aggregating a value of S7,000. Such a result\\nwas very encouraging to farmers, and the successive\\nreports of the Surveyors and Assessors show the\\nprogress that was made.\\n.assessor s REPORT, 1855.\\nMr. A. S. Smith was appointed Assessor in 1855,\\nand as required by law. reported to the Surveyor-\\nGeneral of the State his observation on the condition\\nof the county, and a statement of facts regarding its\\nproperty and resources. In his report he says:\\nThe County of Placer, like many uf the northern,\\nis naturallj divided into lands adapted to mining and\\nagriculture, and each section is generally improved\\nas such. The western or agricultural, joining Sacra-", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "j^^ 4\u00e2\u0080\u0094 sT\\nS pi\\n^m", "height": "3369", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE.\\n241\\nmento and Sutter, lies below or west of what is\\ntermed the foot-hills. Into this Bcetion the streams\\nthat rise in the mountainous sections course their\\nway, until lost in the plains of the Sacramento Val-\\nlej-, or empty into some of the principal rivers, along\\nwhose banks are spread out in one great level plain\\nthe most desirable farming lands. All of these lands\\nhave long been located, and on which are many good\\nand permanent improvements. These ravine bot-\\ntom-lands are desirable on several grounds water\\nfor stock and domestic use in abundance during the\\nlong dry season; banks lined with timber, affording\\nfire-wood and shade groves for stock. There are a\\nfew ranchers in isolated spots scattered through\\nother sections of the county on the mountains and\\nrivers but generally speaking, agriculture is con-\\nfined to the valley section.\\nThe principal productions of these lands are wheat,\\nbarley, oats and hay, though experimental crops in\\ncorn and other grains have been planted in several\\ninstances. There were 1,545 acres cultivated in\\nwheat, producing an aggregate of 30,900 bushels,\\naveraging twenty bushels per acre.\\nThrough the agricultural or lower portion of the\\nadjoining counties of Sacramento and Sutter is a\\ngeneral grazing depot, where stock of cattle cross-\\ning the plains the year before, and young and poor\\ncattle from the southern counties, are ranched,\\nfatted, and fitted for market. During the whole\\nseason, from this section, little bands of cattle are\\ndriven north, east, and south, for immediate\\nslaughter. Among the citizens of our county are\\nmany enterprising farmers.\\nNo reliable or correct record of the number of\\ncattle, sheep, hogs, etc., in the county can be given.\\nDuring the past year or two, considerable atten-\\ntion has been paid to the introduction of horticul-\\nture. A number have planted the different fruit\\ntrees, together with grape vines, and are patiently\\nawaiting time to decide the important problem.\\nThese experiments are not confined to the agricul-\\ntural portion proper, but are general. The following\\ntabular statement from an amateur farmer residing\\nnear Auburn, is perhaps the most advanced orchard,\\nand largest, in the county.\\nI OTAL.\\nApple trees\\nPear\\nPeach\\nCherry\\nPlum\\nApricot\\nQuince\\nGrape vines\\n30\\n5\\n8\\n3\\n2\\n6\\n6\\n35\\n5\\n4\\n10\\n5\\n10\\n10\\n15\\nTotal\\n105\\n15\\n20\\n17\\n5\\n6\\n10\\n25\\n203\\nThere are 143 improved ranches in the county,\\nmany of which have good and permanent buildings\\nand fences others are only inclosed with brush,\\nwhile some are only surveyed and staked. The\\nimprovements and stock on these ranches are\\nassessed at \u00c2\u00a7219,000.\\nasskssor s report, 1856.\\nThe same Assessor, in his report for 1856, says:\\nThe lower or western portion of the county, sit-\\nuated on the foot-hills adjoining Sutter County, is\\nalmost exclusively an agricultural and grazing coun-\\ntry. In this section are located the finest ranches\\nin the county, if not in northern California, the\\nimprovements on which are steady and progressive.\\nThis section is fast being converted into rich grain\\nlands, orchards, and vineyards, though occasionally\\nin the upper or mineral portion of the county fruit\\norchards arc in a most prosperous condition. Many\\nyoung fruit trees were destroyed last year, or the\\ngrowth retarded for two years by the grasshoppers,\\nand, in the higher lands, were more or less affected\\nby frost. The coming year Placer County will raise\\nhundreds of bushels of the finest peaches, and when\\nall the orchards now planted reach maturity, this\\nfruit will be as plentiful as tomatoes at present.\\nFarmers, who have given their attention to the rais-\\ning of wheat and barley have been very successful,\\nand in several instances have reaped large profits.\\nThis is particularly true of our citizens cultivating\\nlands on Coon Creek, which runs through the north\\nwest section of this county. The average yield on\\nthese lands has been about thirty bushels to the acre.\\nThere are 5,844 acres of cultivated land in this\\ncounty, and about 12,000 acres inclosed. Most of\\nthese lands are good and productive, and entirely\\ncleared of timber. All lands in this county are\\nclaimed under the preemption acts, the Spanish grants\\nterminating at our western .boundary. The poorest\\nlands in this county would bear one or two years\\ncrops, no doubt, but after the second year the soil is\\nso thin it would probably fail. Consequently it will\\nnot pay for improving or farming. A large quantity\\nof oat hay is raised yearly on these lands, which\\nbrings a high mountain price. In listing the cultivated\\nlands, I have not included the small patches and\\nparcels scattered through the entire county as\\nwardens. Neither was it possible to gather an accu-\\nrate account of vegetables raised and consumed at\\nhome. The growers themselves found it impossible\\nto render an account approximate to a true account.\\nSuffice it to say. Placer County raises its own vege-\\ntables, excepting potatoes, and has the soil to raise\\nsufficient vegetables for northern California.\\nFRUIT TREES.\\nPeach 2,607 Cherry 64\\nApple -1,6.37 Figs 11\\nPear 360 Gooseberries _ 36\\nPlum 118 Almonds 2\\nCurrant 228 Apricots 20\\nQuinces 20\\nThe peach trees are now in a most flourishing\\ncondition, and vary in age from one to five years.\\nAbout one-eighth of these will bear the coming sea-", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "242\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nson (accidents excepted). More attention has been\\npaid to planting this fruit than others, and a rich\\nreward is awaiting the pioneers in this county,\\namong whom are Messrs. J. R. Crandall, of Auburn,\\nand Wm. McClure, of Yankee Jim s.\\nStrawberry _ 16,423\\nGrape .-..-_ 2,702\\nMany of the former produced abundantly this j ear,\\nand it may be safely anticipated the yield next year\\nwill be much greater. The grape cuts are yet young,\\nand no great results can be expected from them for\\nseveral years.\\nGRAIN.\\nThere has been raised:\\nWheat, bushels 59,770\\nBarley, 56,760\\nOats, 4,180\\nHay, tons 1,310\\nCorn acres _ 50\\nPeanuts, bushels 100\\nLIVE-STOCK.\\nNeat cattle 3.899 Sheep 1,388\\nWork 455 Yearlings 750\\nCows 1,554 Bulls 40\\nHorses 1,052 Hens 3,500\\nMules 468 Turkeys 263\\nCalves... 610 Ducks 82\\nSwine 5,543 Geese (tame) 5\\nThe annual product of the dairies of Placer, I am\\nunable to report. They are all quite small, and in\\ntheir infancy. The coming year it may be reason-\\nably expected that butter and cheese will be quite\\nan important product of the county.\\nThe Messrs. Cox, at their ranch on Coon Creek,\\nwere among the successful farmers of 1X56. With\\nan expenditure of 82,200 they raised, and prepared\\nfor market, wheat, barley, and hay of the value of\\n$12,800. Four of their neighbors, the same season,\\nraised an average of 4,000 bushels of grain each.\\nThese same farmers were quite extensively engaged\\nin stock herding and raising, which business was then\\nvery profitable.\\nFLOURING-.MILLS REQUIRED.\\nWith the cultivation prior to 1857, the capability\\nof the soil to produce grain and many of the fruits\\nhad been fully proven, and the question next to be\\nconsidered was to find a market. Shipments of\\nwheat were made to New York, and flour brought\\nback in return, thus traveling over 17,000 miles to\\nmill, returning the same, a longer road than an eco-\\nnomical farmer usually takes with his grist. So\\ndistant a market was not very encouraging to farm-\\ners, and the construction of flouring-mills was\\ndemanded.\\nThe following letter to the J /acer J/erald, from\\nCoon Creek, dated March 5, 1857, shows how mat-\\nters stood at that time:\\nMr. Editor Having finished seeding and\\nnothing much to do until harvest, we will look\\naround, like prudent farmers, and see what place\\nwill afford us the best market.\\nShall we be forced, another season, to haul our\\ngrain to Grass Valley and Nevada to find a market,\\nand in return bring our fencing lumber from another\\ncounty one that will build up mills, when there is\\na plenty of lumber near and more of easy access,\\nand as good market for our grain if we had the mills\\nto manufacture it?\\nAre there no men of nerve and capital that will\\ntake hold of the enterprise and push it through in\\nCalifornia style\\nPossessing the resources of water, which can be\\nhad anywhere along Bear River Ditch, at a trifling\\nexpense, what is to prevent it?\\nThough Placer County will raise enough grain for\\nher own consumption, under her present manage-\\nment of things scarce a pound of it will be used,\\nbut wc shall draw our supplies from other sources,\\nwhile the produce of home must be carried abroad\\nto be manufactured.\\nThe flouring business can be carried on much\\ncheaper and at a greater profit to the operators at\\nhome than elsewhere. For instance, there are\\ntwenty-five farmers on this creek, who will in the\\naggregate cultivate not less than 1,500 acres of\\nwheat, which, at thirty bushels per acre, will give\\nus 45.000 bushels of grain, and at one cent per pound\\nor one dollar per 100 for grinding, will amount to the\\nhandsome sum of \u00c2\u00a727,000, which will go into the\\nhands of men in another county, while the remain-\\nder of the farms on the plains and the ranches in the\\nmountains, with what will come from other coun-\\nties, will be sufficient to supply one mill the entire\\nseason. A mill will manufacture 100 barrels per\\nday; running 200 days in the year will grind 6,000,-\\n000 pounds of wheat, and at the above rates will\\namount to the handsome sum of S60,000. This may\\nbe done with a merchant mill, that need not cost\\nmore than $15,000, with \u00c2\u00a715,000 contingent expense,\\nwhich ought to cover all expense, and will leave\\nthen to the operator the sum of $30,000 clear.\\nNow all this is within the bounds of reason, and\\nas a large profit deserves the attention of men of\\nenterprise, and be better pay than an indifferent\\nquartz ledge. Thus a ready market can be found at\\nhome. Placer is the fourth county in the State in\\npoint of population, yet she is far behind Nevada in\\nenterprise. The latter has two fine flouring-mills\\nthat have realized fortunes to the owners this season.\\nThe peculiar localities for mills, and the convenience\\nof the grain and ready markets, ofl er a fine oppor-\\ntunity to men of capital to invest.\\nThis estimate will, I think, fall far below the true\\nresources of the grain crop this season, for in this\\nvicinity, in ten miles square, there are no less than\\n5,000 acres in grain, which, at an average of twenty-\\nfive bushels per acre and three cents per pound, will\\namount to \u00c2\u00a7225,000. And all of this produce will go", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE.\\nto build up the wealth of another county, and the\\nfarmers, on returning home from the mills at Grass\\nValley and Nevada, will bring back loads of lumber\\nto build fences and houses, which, in all probability,\\nwill amount, this season, to more than 300,000 feet.\\nAll of this custom our lumber men are de]:)rived of.\\nThis sale of lumber would amount to perhaps a\\nmillion feet annually, if there was a right mill in\\nthe vicinity, and a market nearer to home, and at\\nthe same time relieve us of a monopoly that is heav-\\nily felt by the grain growers. Though flour is sell-\\ning at this time at the Bay from thirteen to eighteen\\ndollars per barrel, and wheat from three and one-\\nhalf to four and one-eighth cents per pound, yet at\\nGrass Valley they are only paying four cents for the\\nbest article of wheat, which is not what it is worth\\nbelow, say nothing about the transportation, which\\nis worth from two to three cents per pound.\\nNow I hope the citizens of Auburn and vicinity\\nwill take the matter under consideration and at once\\nbuild a mill that will add wealth to the county, profit\\nto the owners, and be a god-send to the farmers.\\nPROGRESS IN 1857.\\nAn examination of the reports of the Assessor of\\nPlacer for the years 1856 and 1857 show a very\\nfavorable progress in agriculture, and the fact that\\nthis industry was becoming one of the great resources\\nof the county and State. The improvements made\\nwere more substantial and homelike, indicating that\\nthe ftirmers were really prospering; the experimental\\ntrials had proven satisfactory, and permanency had\\ntaken the place of the nomadic, cattle-grazing char-\\nacter formerly prevailing. The adaptability of a\\nlarge area of the county to horticulture was making\\nitself manifest, as the increase in the various trees\\nand plants proved. Of these the Assessor reported\\nthe following in 1857: Peach trees, G,166; apple,\\n2,800; pear, 298; plum, 375; cherry, 88; quince,\\n1,018; figs, 11; apricots, 39; nectarines, 20; currant\\nbushes, 351; gooseberries, 116; strawberry vines,\\n20,000, and grape vines, 5,742. This showing,\\nalthough largelj in excess of the previous year, was\\nregarded as falling far short of the real number in\\nexistence at the time the report was published, as\\nthe Assessor s count had been made in the season\\nbefore the planting of fruit trees commenced and\\ncould not be included in his report.\\nThe cereal product for 1857 was given as follows:\\nWheat 73,000 bushels; barley, 82,8. )0, and more than\\nfifty acres of corn, which, being usually marketed\\ngreen, the number of bushels was not given.\\nOf neat cattle there was a decrease, owing to the\\nfact that but few were raised in the county, but\\ndriven there from other parts of the State, sold and\\nslaughtered; but of other stock there was a favora-\\nble increase, which can be observed by comparing the\\ntwo reports. In 1857 the number was: Neat cattle,\\n638; work cattle, 472; cows, 2,194; horses, 960;\\nmules, 373; swine, 4,763; sheep, 3,853; yearlings,\\n1,052. Poultry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 hens, 7,992; turkeys, 660; ducks,\\n260; geese, 102.\\nThese reports have shown the first stages of agri-\\nculture in the county, and its progressive condition\\nuntil it had become a fixed and prominent resource.\\nFrom the first the progress has been sure and steady,\\nuntil the present, when Placer ranks among the\\nhighest in its cereal and horticultural productions.\\nThere are many instances of great success worthy of\\nspecial notice, among which is the following from a\\nletter in the Herald oi April 8, 1871:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nRANCH OP J. R. NICKERSON.\\nOne of the most remarkable instances of success\\nin life commencing in California under the most\\nadverse circumstances, but success soon attained\\nby indomitable energy and enterprise may be learned\\nbj a visit to the magnificent ranch of Mr. James R.\\nNickerson, now celebrated throughout the State as\\na viniculturist, orchardist, etc. This rancho in Placer\\nCounty is situated about three miles northeast of the\\nrailroad depot in the town of Lincoln, and twelve\\nwest of Auburn, the fair capital of Placer County.\\nMr. Nickerson was born in 1819, in the good old\\nState of Kentucky, whence at the age of sixteen he\\nemigrated with his parents to Missouri. During his\\nstay in the latter State he resided in Howard, Char-\\niton, and lastly Linn County. While in Chariton he\\nmarried a lady of an excellent family, and who now\\nadorns and gives luster to their beautiful home in\\nCalifornia by the urbanity of her manner and genial,\\nhappy disposition. The issue of this marriage has\\nbeen four sons and three daughters, two of the former\\nand one of the latter being married, while the two\\nremaining sons and a daughter, just blushed into\\nwomanhood, yet live with their parents on ihe ranch.\\nIll 1849 Mr. Nickerson, leaving his family for a while,\\ncame to California, where he engaged in various voca-\\ntions till some time in 1851, when he went back to\\nMissouri, and in the spring of 1852 returned with\\nhis family to California, with the determination to\\nmake it his future home. His design was to settle\\nin Tulare County, and was proceeding thither when\\na simple circumstance occurred which caused him to\\nchange his previous intention. How truly the poet\\nCampbell says:\\nHow oft our fate from momentous things\\nMay rise like rivers out of little springs.\\nMr. Nickerson on a certain night encamped with\\nhis family on the very ground now occupied by the\\ntown of Lincoln, and getting up in the following\\nmcrning discovered that his cattle had strayed, and\\nimmediately set out in search of them. While thus\\nwandering, he stumbled on a grassy glade bordering\\non Doty s Ravine, the waters of which were then\\npure and transparent as crystal; a dense ferest of\\noak and pine trees with matted underbrush stretched\\naway in front of him, but his eye took in at a glance\\nthe adaptability of the region for a splendid home in\\nthe future. He at once abandoned the previous", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "244\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nintention of going to Tulare, and moved his family\\nto a spot on the left bank of Doty s Ravine, where\\nthey still reside. Without one dollar in money, he\\ncommenced to raise vegetables, which when matured\\ncommanded a very high price, for there were then\\nhundreds of miners in the surrounding region. Every\\nspare hour from the vegetable garden was industri-\\nously devoted to the clearing of the forest and under-\\nbrush, and now we behold, instead of a silent\\nwilderness, one of the most magnificent and extensive\\nvineyards, with a truly splendid orchard of several\\nthousand fruit trees of every species and choicest\\nselection we have yet beheld in California, from the\\nsouthern portion of Los Angeles County to Siskiyou,\\nin the northern portion of the State. Mr. Nickerson\\nhas repeatedly received premiums in money, diplomas\\nin silverware and gold medals from various exhibi-\\ntions, at the State Fair and elsewhere, at diflPerent\\ntimes, and is now an opulent man and an honor\\nto the Slate. Proverbial for hospitality, he is unas-\\nsuming and unostentatious, frank and with generous\\nimpulses. Not having had the benefit of much\\nscholastic education, he is nevertheless a gentleman\\nof sound practical knowledge, of varied information\\nin a word, of high intelligence, and with all his\\npossession of an abundance of the world s goods, we\\ncan say of him in truth as the immortal bard, Robbie\\nBurns, said of Lord Dace,\\nThe faent a pride na pride has he\\nMair than an honest ploughman.\\nShould he live for a few year.s longer his asjiirations\\nwill be realized in being the owner of onegrand vine-\\nyard of 500 acres.\\nLet us try to describe his new wine cellar just\\nabout completed. This elegant structure is 100 feet\\nlong, 50 feet wide and 3 stories high. The walls of\\nthe first story are of granite, 12 feet in height and\\nthree feet thick. This granite rock was quarried\\nfrom an excavation made in a gently sloping hill, and\\nwhere the building now stands. Sufficient rock was\\nalso quarried for the erection of a still-house very\\nsoon to be commenced, and which in dimensions\\nwill be 35x23 feet. The first story of the building\\nfirst referred to is supported bj five sets of massive\\nstringers, each 10x12 inches, these stringers sup-\\nported by columns 12x12 inches, and standing\\non brick piers built in cement, the piers resting on a\\nbed-rock of solid granite. The columns occur every\\n9 feet; then come the joists 4x1^, and only 1 foot\\napart; then a floor of sugar-pine boards, each li inches\\nthick; over this floor was spread a layer of pulver-\\nized, decomposed granite, 19 inches deep, and well\\npounded down; and to cap the climacteric, as it\\nwere, over all is a bed of cement, 2^ inches thick,\\ncompletely impervious to water and fire-proof also.\\nOn the top of that occurs another set of stringers,\\nprecisely alike to that already mentioned as in the\\ncellar below, each stringer supported by a brick\\ncolumn running up 3 feet, 9 inches, and resting\\non the stringers first mentioned immediately over\\nthe first column. On the top of these stringers\\ncome the posts, 4x12 inches and only 8 inches\\napart, and strong enough to uphold the largest train\\nof cars that ever thundered over a railroad. On these\\njoists is another floor, from which springs the same\\nnumber of columns, half in dimension of those already\\nspoken of; then another set of joists and floor; from\\nthe later springs another set of columns one-third the\\nsize of those first referred to. These columns rise to\\nmassive stringers that support the roof. The stud-\\nding in the second story is 6x6 inches, heavily\\nbraced, mortised and pinned the corner posts being\\n12x12 inches, all framed and mortised into a sill\\n10x12 inches. The balance of the studding inter-\\nvening to that we have spoken of is 4x6 inches.\\nThe siding is of clear sugar-pine, dressed and painted\\nwith three coats of paint. The main body is of\\nstraw finishing of white, while the doors are of\\nslate color. In front of this fine structure is a porch\\n50 feet long by 13 wide, constructed of IJ-inch red-\\nwood, tongued and grooved in artistic style. Every-\\nthing that modern science has devised for proper\\nventilation has been applied in the erection of the\\nbuilding. In front are three openings, well guarded\\nwith iron grates. At the back part are two flues, or\\nperhaps more properly speaking, chimneys, running\\nup or through the granite wall on the outside and above\\nfor 12 feet, constructed of brick. There are forty\\nwindows in the building. Running around the base\\noutside is a flume (should you choose to call it such)\\nthree feet wide, covered with cement and bordered\\nwith a parapet of granite. This is to carry away\\nwater which might come from adjacent portions of\\nthe grounds and from the roof of the building. The\\nsecond story is the fermenting room, and as every\\none knows that when the grape juice is in process\\nof fermentation it will overflow, pipes are ingeniouslj\\nlaid, which emerge from the walls of the building,\\nand thus convey the liquid to the flume beneath.\\nThe two upper stories are ceiled. The space (6\\ninches) between the ceiling and weather boarding\\nbeing filled with saw-dust. The ceiling, of clear\\nsugar-pine, is washed with some kind of material\\nwhich will resist the action of fire. Paint would\\nnot. The front portion of the building is oti level\\nground, then extends backward 100 feet its entire\\nlength. In this 100 feet an elevation was gained on\\nthe hill of 17 feet. It is evident, therefore, when\\nthe ground was excavated and graded for the recep-\\ntion of the building, the ascent to the third story by\\nan inclined plane from the rear of the structure\\nwould be very easy. This third story is the fruit\\nand crushing room, ceiled and furnished in everj-\\nsimilar resjject to the fermentation room below.\\nThe grapes are hurled with velocity up the gentle\\nincline and crushed. Instead of conveying the\\njuice in buckets to the fermentation room, a hose is\\napplied, through which it passes through the floor to\\nthe barrels or other receptacles below for fermenta-\\ntion. Again, in front of the second story is a hand-", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCE OF JOHN WOODWARD.\\n/JEW CAUSTIC Placer cci\\nRESIDENCE a STORE OF E.W. CULVER", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE.\\n24.5\\nBOine veranda, 13 feet wide. The casks are rolled\\nout here from the fermentation room to be prepared\\nfor the reception of the wine, which is done by thor-\\noughly cleansing by pure soft water from a never-\\nfailing well, through a hose by a force pump outside.\\nFi-om the fermenting room to the cellar underneath\\nthe wine is conveyed by a hose through the floor, in\\nthe same way that the juice is sent from the crush-\\ning room above. Again, all the material in the fer-\\nmenting room for the manufacture of brandy will be\\nconveyed by troughs or flumes to the still-house, just\\nabout to be built; so that everything that wealth\\ncould command, and art and ingenuity devise, have\\nbeen lavished here to facilitate his business by Mr.\\nNickerson. All doors are furnished with burglar-\\nproof locks and windows, also. The whole edifice\\nstands on a bed of granite everlasting as the bills.\\nThe doors and windows of the cellar have iron shut-\\nters, fire and burglar- proof. This grand structure\\nwas commenced about the first of June, last year,\\nand on an average fifteen men were eniploj-ed daily\\nin its construction the whole being superintended\\nand directed by Mr. Kickerson in person; and in\\nconcluding our discursive, rapid description of the\\nbuilding, permit us to say, that in all our peregrin-\\nations through California for more than twenty-two\\nyears, we have not seen anything of its kind erected\\nby one man that manifested to our mind so forcibly\\nthe results of persevering energy andgo-a-headative-\\nness. Although we had frequently heard and read of\\nthe gentleman we had never had the pleasure of see-\\ning him until at the request of several friends we were\\ninduced to visit his splendid domain of 800 acres,\\nwhere we met with a cordial and disinterested recep-\\ntion. His splendid orchard and vineyard now cover\\nan area of 225 acres; the air, while vocal with the\\nsong of many tiny warblers, is fragrant with wel-\\ncome odors; the heavens are tranquil and serene,\\nand good old Sol shines brightly over all on God s\\nfootstool the poor and the rich alike. We desire\\nthat you bear in mind always that when the proprietor\\nsettled here in the fall of 1852, the whole surrounding\\nregion was a wild forest of oaks and pines, whose\\nstalwart arms stretched far and wide, and between\\nwhose trunks was an almost impassable brake, and\\nthe courageous pioneer himself settled there with-\\nout a dollar, to combat with and make the wilder-\\nness bloom and blossom as the rose.\\nMr. JS^ickerson does not irrigate his vineyard but\\nhas an abundance of water throughout the year to\\nfructify his grand orchard. The water of the Bear\\nRiver Canal flows through the entire length of his\\nranch, thus aftbrding every facility for irrigating his\\nfruit trees. He has no less than 90,000 good bear-\\ning vines now, besides 75,000 more planted a short\\ntime ago, the greater number of which will bear next\\nyear. There are no less than 270 varieties of grape-\\nbearing vines. Forty other varieties will bear this\\nand next year, and those of the choicest selections.\\nAt the State Fair of 1869 Mr. Nickerson exhibited no\\nless than 1,200 varieties of fruits, including 216 of\\ngrapes. He will have this fall the large number of\\n2,000,000 rooted vines for sale of careful and choice\\nselection. His orchard contains no less than 6,000\\nfruit trees, including 1,000 planted this year. He\\nhas, in all, 1,400 varieties of fruit, including grapes.\\nThe orchard presents a magnificent sight, truly, laid\\nout in broad avenues; the branches of every tree\\nbeing laden with foliage and blossoms of wondrous\\nbeauty, emitting a delightful fragrance on the circum-\\nambient air. The soil is simply composed of granite.\\nBerries of great variety flourish there, and the\\nalmond, black and English walnuts, and a great vari-\\nety of other nut trees yield abundantly. Everything\\nthat flourishes in this climate, except the orange\\nand lemon, may be found at Nickerson s but\\nthere cannot be a doubt but that those will grow\\nthere luxuriantly. He will experiment very soon.\\nHe has wondrous avenues bordered by grand fig trees,\\nand even down to the persimmon. He has had two\\ndepots one at Reno and another at Truckee, both\\neast of the Sierra Nevada. In 1869 be paid to the\\nCentral Pacific Railroad Company $3,500, exclusive\\nof a large amount paid to Wells, Fargo Co., for\\nfruit sent by express. Of wines he has the Muscat,\\nHamburg, Peru, Palestine, St. Peters, Traminier,\\n(champagne grape), Angelica, Catawba, Isabella, and\\nothers too numerous to mention. Of brandies he\\nhas from the grape, pear, apple, peach, and other\\nfruits. Mr. Nickerson s opinion is that the Malaga\\nis the best raisin grape. He puts up tons and tons\\nof dried iruits, which are sent to all portions of the\\ncountry. Mr. Nickerson has received three gold\\nmedals for his displays of fruit, and the walls of his\\nparlor are adorned by the many diplomas awarded\\nto him by the various fairs. He is a constant ex-\\nhibitor at the State Fair; often at the Mechanics\\nInstitute Fairs, in San Francisco, and District Fairs,\\nat Chieo, Marysville, and elsewhere, and has never\\nfailed in carrying off the highest prizes and diplomas\\nfor his fruit, also winning prizes for his display of\\nhams, bacon, lard and other products. The region\\nis healthy, the water excellent, and any amount of\\ntimber contiguous to the rancho, while the facilities\\nfor the transportatin of produce by railroad are all\\nthat could be desired.\\nAt the State Fair in September, 1871, the follow-\\ning awards were made to exhibitors from Placer\\nCounty. On wines J. R. Nickerson received \u00c2\u00a710.00\\nfor the best white still wine, two years old; also,\\n810.00 for the best red still wine, two j-earsold; also,\\n$10.00 for the best claret wine at the fair; also, $10.00\\nfor the best grape brandy, one year old; also, $100\\nfor the best general display of fruits, embracing the\\nbest and greatest varieties of any exhibitor at the\\nfair. Joshua Reeves, of Lincoln, was awarded the\\nfirst premium, $40.00, for the best stallion, Vibrator,\\nfor horses of all work. For first-class thoroughbred\\ncattle, R. M. Sparks, of Lincoln, received the first\\npremium, $30.00, for the best Durham cow, Maggie.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "246\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntwo years old or over. Mrs. Lee Chamberlain, of\\nLincoln, also received a premium of \u00c2\u00a75.00 for the\\nbest cone work on exhibition, rare skill and taste\\nbeing displayed on the work. James E. Nickerson\\nwas also awarded a gold medal for the largest and\\nbest display of varieties of fruit.\\nAt every State Fair while Mr. Nickerson re\\nmained the owner of the ranch he surpassed all com-\\npetitors in displays of fruit, and it is doubtful if his\\nexhibit could have been surpassed by anj- one person\\nin the world.\\nOf Mr. Nickerson and his ranch, Mr. Thomas S.\\nMyrick writes in February, 1881: -Thirty years ago\\nthe veteran pioneer in fruit culture in Placer County,\\nMr. James R. Nickerson planted an orchard and\\nvineyard on Doty s Ravine, three miles north of the\\nthriving village of Lincoln. He sold his fruits at\\nfabulous prices in the mining camps of Yuba, Nevada\\nand Placer Counties. In the process of time he ex-\\ntended his grounds until he bad over one hundred\\nacres in fruit and vineyard cultivation. The present\\nowner of the celebrated Nickerson Vineyard is Mr.\\nHerndon Barrett, of Marysville, who puts upon the\\nmarket tons of superior raisins annually, besides large\\nquantities of wine. Mr. Nickerson now owns a large\\nranch on Wolf Creek, in Nevada County; and one of\\nhis sons, Mr. James Nickerson, is the enterprising\\nmanager of the California Raisin Company s vine-\\nyard in Clover Valley, near the village of Rocklin. In\\nthe early history of the cultivation of the grape in\\nCalifornia, vineyards were very generally located on\\nthe deep and rich soil of the valleys, or on the ex-\\ntended adobe land of the plains, but subsequent ex-\\nperience has demonstrated the problem that the\\nridges and slopes of the foot-hill lands are especially\\nadapted to the successful and profitable cultivation\\nof the grape, both for raisins aiid for wine. The\\nphylloxera has become the incurable pest of the\\nvineyards which are located in the alluvial valley of\\nthe Coast Range, and mildew blights the crops of\\nthose which are planted on the deep and moist\\nsoil of the plains.\\nSPRING VALLEY RANCH.\\nThis tract comprises about 20,000 acres; is situated\\nin the southern part of Placer County, twenty miles\\nnorth of Sacramento, and between the towns of\\nRoseville, Rocklin and Lincoln, and is the property\\nof Mr. J.P.Whitney.\\nThe western part of the properly is intersected for\\na distance of four miles and a half by the Oregon\\nDivision of the Central Pacific Railroad in its route\\nfrom Lincoln to Roseville, while the eastern boundary\\nextends to the Central Pacific Railroad at Rocklin.\\nThe property occupies in Placer County that par-\\nticular locality where the lower foot-hills of the\\nSierra Nevada range of mountains mingle and glide\\nalmost imperceptibly into the long reaches of the\\nSacramento Valley; diversified here and there by\\nridsjes and little streams of water and the most\\ngraceful and picturesque valleys imaginable. As one\\ndescends from the pine region of the mountains\\nthrough the manzanita and chaparral growth of the\\nupper foot-hills, his vision is surprised and gratified\\nby the graceful contour of the lower foot-hills, and\\ntheir luxuriant growth of oaks and buckeye groups,\\nresembling more in appearance the cultivated parks\\nof England than a stranger would suppose the foot-\\nhills of the lofty Sierra.\\nHere is the region most favored in the State for\\nthe cultivation of vineyards and fruit, yearly more\\nappreciated for the peculiar flavor of its products,\\nand destined ultimately to be the most valuable in\\nthe State for grapes and the delicate varieties of\\nfruit.\\nHere has been demonstrated also the most suc-\\ncessful growing of fine wool sheep on the Pacific\\nCoast.\\nThis was commenced in the year 1855 by Mr.\\nGeorge Whitney, father of the present owner, now\\nresiding in San Francisco, at an advanced age, who\\nmay be accounted one of the earliest pioneers of an\\nindustry which has of late years assumed such large\\nproportions.\\nMr. Whitney imported into the State from Aus-\\ntralia, a small flock of pure Saxony sheep, 120 in\\nnumber, at a cost of over $50.00 each, which for years\\nwere carefully bred in with pure-blooded Spanish\\nMerino Bucks, brought from the State of Vermont.\\nAt the period when Mr. Whitney engaged in this\\npursuit, the total wool product of the State was esti-\\nmated at 300,000 pounds, which steadily increased\\nuntil the maximum of State production was reached\\nin 1876 of 56,550,000 pounds. Since that year, owing\\nto a more extensive cultivation annually of grain\\nlands, a moderate decrease has occurred.\\nIn 1868 Mr. Whitney, senior, retired from the bus-\\niness, disposing of his interests to his sons, J. P. and\\nF. L. Whitney, who carried on the business together\\nuntil 1872, when Mr. F. L. Whitney disposed of his\\ninterests to his brother, J. P. Whitney, the present\\nowner, retiring to go into the wool business in San\\nFrancisco, where he is at present engaged.\\nWhen Mr. George Whitney engaged in the enter-\\nprise, and even up to 1868, the whole region was\\nunfenced, and open to settlement and the grazing of\\npredatory stock.\\nUpon the building of the Central Pacific and Ore-\\ngon Railroads, from Sacramento through this region,\\na marked change occurred: Towns sprung up along\\nthe railroads; settlers came in rapidly, and a new\\nera of prosperity was inaugurated for the lower\\nagricultural portion of Placer County, as well as for\\nthe mining regions in the upper part of the count}\\nIt was the habit in early days to believe that the\\nagricultural possibilities of C alifornia were limited,\\nan opinion now happilj- dispelled by the immense\\nproducts of the State. This belief was generally\\nheld by the wool and cattle men of Placer Countj- in\\ncommon with others, and farming was carried on in", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE.\\n247\\na very limited manner until 1872, when Mr. J. P.\\nWhitney ploughed up and put 1,200 acres in grain\\nof his land iiig below Lincoln, adjacent to the Ore-\\ngon Divisiiiii of the Central Pacific Railroad.\\nThis laiiil and additional large tracts have been\\nregularlj cultivated since. The total of land under\\ncultivation upon the Spring Valley Ranch at the\\npresent time exceeding 4,000 acres, although the\\nsystem of summer-fallowing pursued, precludes the\\nputting in of grain upon over one-half of the culti-\\nvated land in one year, the other half Ij ing dormant\\nand resting until the following year.\\nBy the system of summer-fallowing, and of late\\nfall dry sowing upon land which has been well\\nploughed up and harrowed in the spring, good crops\\nhave been secured, and since this system has been\\npursued, no entire failure has occurred any year.\\nIn addition to grain growing, large quantities of\\nhay are cut and baled at the ranch every year, which\\nis mainly disposed of to the lumber men and mining\\ncompanies in the towns above on the line of railroad.\\nThe property is under the direct management of Mr.\\nJohn T. Whitney, cousin of Mr. J. P. Whitney, well-\\nknown in Placer County as one of the most prudent\\nand experienced of managers.\\nIn 1877, Mr. Whitney laid out and planted on one\\nof his foot-hill valleys, a vineyard of 250 acres in\\nMuscat of Alexandria vines, which is the second\\nlargest bearing vineyard in the vState. This vineyard\\nwas noticed in the Grass Y Uey Foof-IIill Tidings of\\nDecember 31, 1881, as follows:\\nMore attention has been given in California this\\nj ear than in any other, to the curing of raisins, and\\nthe shipments East have exceeded the amount of\\nlast year by many hundred tons. In vSpain, the\\ncuring of raisins is confined almost exclusively to the\\nMalaga district, while we find in California a long\\nstretch of country, from north to south, ftivorably\\nadapted to cultivation.\\nThe industry is a comparatively recent one here,\\nbut is making rapid progress, and it is quite within\\nthe bounds of reason to say, that the State possesses\\na capability to supply the whole country with this\\nchoice fruit.\\nWhile the flat lands and irrigable tracts in the\\nState are capable of producing a good and superior\\nquality, as evinced by the products from the Briggs,\\nBlower and other vineyards, and the irrigated\\ncolonies in different parts of the State; we have\\nrepeatedly drawn attention to the superior advan-\\ntages of our foot-hill lands, for grape and raisin\\ncultivation, as well as for most kinds of fruits.\\nOur attention is particularly drawn to the adapt-\\nability of the foot-hill region, by the result of this\\nyear of the California Raisin Company, near Rock-\\nlin, in Placer County.\\nThe vineyard of this company occupies a valley of\\n250 acres, two and one-half miles west of Rocklin,\\nwhich five years ago was in its indigenous state,\\nconsidered ap|propriate for sheep grazing, and its\\ngrowth was of buckeyes and scrub oaks.\\nThis vallej^, now under deep plowing and high\\ncultivation, and without any irrigation, may be con-\\nsidered OIK of the most successful in California,\\nyielding this year nearly seventy tons of superior\\nraisins, while its product may be expected to annually\\nincrease until the vines have reached maturity.\\nThe vineyard is inclosed by about four miles of\\nfence, and is laid out in blocks of vines, of an acre\\neach, intersected with roads and avenues, and in its\\nregularity and apportionments of drying grounds\\nand buildings, may be presented as a model vineyard.\\nThe vineyard was laid out by Mr. J. P. Whitney,\\nprominently known for his extensive land reclama-\\ntion and irrigating works in the State, and who is\\nextensively engaged in wool and grain growing in\\nPlacer County.\\nThe whole product of the vineyard this year was\\nshipped to Chicago, excepting the first selections,\\nwhich, tastefully packed in four-pound boxes, have\\nbeen disposed of in the home market at prices con-\\nsiderably in advance of those asked for the best of\\nforeign layers, and have been mainly purchased by\\nCalifornians for presents, and to send East as a\\nsample of what the State can do in the raisin line,\\nand for size, bloom and exquisite flavor certainly\\nequal, if not surpass any foreign production.\\nThe Spring Valley Ranch is entirely inclosed with\\nsubstantial walls and fence, with many subdivisions,\\naggregating nearly 100 miles in length, and carries\\nnow with several thousand acres belonging to the\\nestate in Sutter County, 14,000 head of sheep, all\\nderived from the original stock, while many thousand\\nhead have been sold from the ranch, the annual\\nincrease now being from 4,000 to 5,000.\\nThese sheep having been carefully bred and\\nculled, areunequaled by any large flock in the State,\\nproducing annually over six pounds of superior wool\\nper head, which is well known in the Boston wool\\nmarket, where it has been exclusively sold for the\\nlast thirteen years.\\nThe fine quality is indicated by the prices the wool\\nhas sold for, the spring clips for the whole period of\\nthirteen years averaging in its unwashed condition\\nthirty-five cents per pound. The spring clip of 1880\\nwas sold for forty cents per pound, and the spring\\nclip of 1881 for thirty-eight cents per pound.\\nMr. Whitney has also been prominently engaged\\nin other parts of the State in land enterprises; a few\\nyeai s ago he owned the larger part of 120,000 acres\\nof the swamp or tide lands on the Sacramento and\\nSan Joaquin Rivers, and in 1876-77 reclaimed by\\nsubstantial levees or embankments of thirty-six\\nmiles in length, the upper part of Roberts Island,\\nnear Stockton, on the San Joaquin River, a tract of\\n20,000 acres which is now under high cultivation,\\nand one of the most successful reclamation districts\\nin the State.\\nIn 1878, Mr. Whitney having disposed of his tide\\nlands, gave his attention to the irrigation of lands\\nin the San Joaquin Valley, where the annual rain-\\nfalls are insuflS,eient to insure cultivation.\\nSelecting a tract of eleven square miles near\\nFresno, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, known\\nnow as the Washington Irrigated Colony, ho con-\\nstructed about seventy miles of canals .and ditches,\\nand laid out the tract in ton and twenty-acre lots,\\ncarrying the water over the entire tract, and appli-", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "48\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ncable to each lot, by a large canal from King s River\\ntwenty-six miles distant.\\nThis project vvas designed to give homes for those\\nin moderate circumstances, and has succeeded in\\nplacing several hundred persons on the colony, whore\\na prosperous community now exists.\\nassessor s report in 1S70.\\nThe Assessor in 1870, reported the agricultural\\nproducts of the year as follows: Wheat, 101,802\\nbushels; barley, 57,400 bushels; oats, 2,590 bushels;\\nrye, 1,457 bushels; corn, 200 bushels; potatoes, 4,071\\nbushels; sweet potatoes, 3,345 bushels; hay, 6,665\\ntons; butter, 11,390 pounds; cheese, 938 pounds;\\nwool, 151,420 pounds; honey, 7,609 pounds; wine,\\n173,128 gallons and of brandy 5,496 gallons. The\\nvalue of these products was $275,000.\\nOf grape vines there were 813,514; strawberry\\nvines, 171,600; raspberry, 50,536; apple trees, 55,971\\npeach, 35,864; pear, 19,871; plum, 11,773; cherry,\\n5,783; nectarine, 3,410; quince, 2,170; fig, 1,998;\\nmulberry, 4,868; prune, 871 almond, 824; and walnut,\\n597.\\nSUCCESSFUL HORTICULTURISTS.\\nAmong the successful horticulturists at that time\\nwas Mr. Anton Armbruster, of Neiisburg, whose\\napple orchard was one of the best in the county.\\nHis location was at an altitude of 1,800 feet above\\nthe sea, which appeared to be in the favored belt to\\nsecure the proper temperature for the perfection of\\nthe apple. In his orchard he had about 400 trees in\\nbearing in 1871, from which he gathered 28,000\\npounds of aj)ples of the most choice varieties, for\\nmarket.\\nMessrs. Silva, Dr. Frey, Michael Bauman, Rev. N.\\nR. Peck and others, of Newcastle, John McGinley,\\nof Rose Spring, freorge W. Applegate, of Lisbon, J.\\nW. Hulbert, Dr. (Jrandall and others in and near\\nAuburn whose places are not particularly described,\\nhave been distinguished for their enterprise and\\nsuccess in fruit culture.\\n.J. W. IIULBEKT\\nWas born in Erie County, Pennsylvania, January S,\\n1818, where he lived until about four years of age.\\nThe removal of the family to Brantford, Upper\\nCanada, caused our subject to pass his boyhood days\\non Canadian soil. At the age of eighteen years he\\nreturned to the United States, and settled in Aurora,\\nCayuga County, New York, whore he completed his\\neducation by attendance at school for one year. His\\nremoval to Pennsylvania, where he lived about three\\nyears, gave him an opportunity of learning the ways\\nof the people of that great State. His next location\\nwas near Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he finally\\nsettled at Columbus, Columbia County, where he\\nlived until 1861. In the latter year he came to\\nCalifornia by way of the plains, and settled in Sutter\\nCounty, on the Sacramento River; he afterwards\\nlived on the Butte Slough, and at this place had a\\nfine orchard. His home was in Sutter County until\\n1875, at which time he came to Auburn, where he\\nresided one and one-half years. He then removed\\nto his present location, situated about three miles\\nnorthwest of Auburn, on the Marysvillo road, where\\nhe has one of the finest orchards in the county,\\ncovering about forty acres, and containing _over\\n6,000 trees. A view of his residence and surround-\\nings will be found in this volume.\\nMr. Hulbert has always taken a great interest in\\nthe cultivation of fruit, being a careful and advanced\\nstudent on the subject, and has done much to advance\\nthe business in Placer County.\\nAN UNUSUAL FROST.\\nAbout the middle of April, 1872, a severe frost\\nwas experienced throughout the entire State, which\\ninflicted much damage to the fruit. During Feb-\\nruary preceding the weather had been so mild as to\\nbring vegetation forward, almond trees being in full\\nblossom and peach buds showing their color before\\nthe last of the winter month, and, as a consequence,\\nthe frost in April was more destructive than ordina-\\nrily. In the vineyard of J. R. Nickerson fully 100\\nacres of vines were blighted, but this did not destroy\\nthe ci op as the vines put forth new wood, and a\\ntwo-thirds yield followed, but the almonds, peaches,\\nnectarines, plums, and other tender fruits, were\\nnearlj all destroyed through the western section of\\nthe county, and on low lands throughout the State.\\nOn elevations, however, of 800 feet altitude the\\nfrost was not felt, and in many sheltered localities\\nthe fruit was saved. The fact was proven, that\\nthrough a certain belt of elevation thei e was\\ngreater security against loss bj frost than in the\\napparently more fertile and favorable localities in the\\nlower valleys.\\nCHAPTER XXXI V.\\nAGRICULTURE.\\n[l ONTINTED.]\\nOrange Culture\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Andrews Foot-hill Fruits Silk Culture\\nWorks and Life of B. Bernhard Productions of the Granite\\nHills Cotton Culture Alfalfa, or Chili Clover Angora\\nGoats Agriculture in the Mountains William N. Lee\\nStatistical Report for 1SG9 Statistics for KS7o.\\nThe orange in its beauty and delicacj is tho fitting\\ncrown of Pomona s kingdom. The tree of perfect\\nsymmetry of form, a foliage of deep, brilliant, and\\nunchanging green, with flowers so incomparable in\\ntheir loveliness and fragrance that the} have given\\nthe distinctive name of orange blossoms as the\\ntitle of perfection, and when studded with fruit in\\nits setting of rich and glossy green, the whole is a\\npicture of unequaled arboreal loveliness. Of this the\\npoets have sung through all the ages of civilization,\\nand with the orange all comparisons are made.", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "l^ SP^^i^i^^\\n_| r r f f\\nii\\nHOTEL OF E GRANT\\nP\u00c2\u00a3MPVN PLACER COUiVTr CAL.", "height": "3369", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURK.\\n24!t\\nWhere the orange grows there, it is known, is a\\ngenial climate and a fertile soil in a record more sat-\\nisfactory to the ignorant, as well as the educated,\\nthan columns of official statistics of temperature,\\nhumidity, and anaij zalion of soils. To jieople of\\nnorthern latitudes, the orange is associated with\\ndistant tropic climes.\\nof the land of the celai- and vine,\\nWhere the flowers ever blossom, the leaves ever shiue;\\nWhere the light wings of Zephyr, oppressed with perfume;\\nWax faint o er the gardens of Gul in their bloom;\\nWhere the orange and olive are fairest of fruit,\\nAnd the voice of the nightingale never is mute,\\nWhere the tints of the earth and the hues of the sky,\\nIn color though varied, in beauty may vie.\\nThe countries of the Mediterranean, the Indies,\\nand the isles of the Pacific were the lands of the\\norange. In our own country wore the orange groves\\nof Florida and Los Angeles, but no one looked to\\nthe higher latitudes for the golden fruit. Like much\\nof the progress in cultivation, the planting of the\\norange in the northern part of California was more\\nof an accident, or pleasantry, than of intelligent\\ndesign. The first growth in the mountain region was\\nfrom a seed planted in 1853 at Bidwell s Bar, in Butte\\nCounty. This was planted more in playfulness than\\nin the expectation of its growing; but, to the sur-\\nprise of all, it grew and flourished, and, in ten years\\nthereafter, bountifully rewarded the fortunate owner.\\nThis was sufficient proof that the foot-hill region in\\nthe northern part of the State was adapted to the\\ngrowth of the royal fruit, but still there were few\\nwho had the sagacity to profit by the lesson. The\\norange tree of Bidwell s Bar has now become cele-\\nbrated, and in 1881 yielded a crop of one hundred\\ndozen oranges.\\nTo Mr. Moses Andrews of Auburn is due the honor\\nof first planting oranges in Placer County. In 1860\\nhe followed the example of the experimenter of\\nBidwell s Bar, and planted some orange seed. These\\nsprouted and grew, taking their chances among other\\nfruit trees of a more hardy nature, and in due time\\nblossomed and bore the delicious fruit. The tree of\\nMr. Andrews stood on an exposed ridge, fully 1,300\\nfeet above the level of the sea, and, through all its\\nj^ears from sprouting to bearing, withstood whatever\\nof winter frosts and summer drought prevailed,\\nmaturing into a vigorous and fruitful tree, a conclu-\\nsive and satisfactory proof of the adaptability of the\\nregion to production of semi-tropical fruits. In 1871\\nMr. Andrews saw his first oranges, and from that\\ntime they have become plentiful.\\nIn the meantime others had planted orange trees\\nin Auburn and vicinity, who a few j-ears after\\nreaped rich reward for their enterprise.\\nThe Herald of May 2-1, 1873, under the head of\\nMore Oranges, says:\\nFrom Rev. N. R. Peck, who has a most highly\\ncultivated place at Ophir, excelling in beauty and\\nvariety of pomological and ornamental trees and\\nplants to be found in most of the larger and noted\\nplaces in the State, we learn that he has also an\\norange tree, of which he planted the seed with his\\nown hands, that came into bearing last season, and\\nis now literally crowded with bloom and young\\noranges. The fruit of last season from this tree was\\nequal, if not superior, to any raised in southern Cali-\\nfornia, or imported. We note this as we have the\\ntrees of Mr. Andrews, in Auburn, and Barkhaus,\\nnear Gold Hill, only to say that the people of Placer\\nCounty, south and west of the American River, live\\nin the garden spot of the world if they only knew it.\\nW. C. Norton and Robert Gordon, in Auburn, the\\nMessrs. Chamberlain, in western Placer, and manj-\\nothers, have thrifty orange trees ready to come into\\nbearing, and the tests of those that have already\\nborne will lend an impetus to this branch of business\\nin Placer, that will make the orange, lemon, and\\nlime groves on our bills and valleys as common in\\nthe next ten years as are now the apple, peach, pear,\\ncherry, fig, etc. There has been no instance, even\\nas high up in the foot-hills as Auburn, where the\\norange has not ripened to perfection in the winter,\\nand they bloom here in May after all danger of frost\\nis over, and from these two demonstrated facts\\nanother follows, and that is that the orange tree\\ngrown out of doors here is more reliable for a crop\\nevery year than either the peach or the ajiple. There\\nare now growing and bearing in these hills and val-\\nleys apple, pear, plum, cherry, nectarine, almond, fig,\\nEnglish walnut, persimmon, and quince, with all\\nthe varieties of berry, and when we add the lime,\\nlemon, and orange, with the other semi-tropical vari-\\neties, why do wc not speak correctly when we saj-\\nwe live in what uughf to be the garden spot of the\\nworld\\nOne other word. Our markets furnish the orange,\\nlemon, and lime. These can be purchased, the seed\\nplanted and the trees grown out of doors; and wh}\\nnot every man who owns a place plant seeds and\\nraise his own plants at home It would not surprise\\nus if the day was not distant when the lemons and\\noranges from the foot-hills of Placer would, as now\\ndo our mountain fruit and berries, drive the valley,\\nsouthern, and imported oranges and lemons from\\nthe city markets.\\nMOSKS ANDREWS.\\nSon of .Jessie and Sarah (Alvord) Andrews, is a\\nnative of the State of M^assachusetts, having been\\nborn in the town of Montague, Franklin County, on\\nthe 6th day of October, 1822. His education was\\nreceived principally in the comnaon schools of his\\nnative town, with the addition of tw^o terms at the\\nDeerfield Academy, in the town of Decrfield. After\\nleaving his studies, he apprenticed himself to a\\nwatchmaker and jeweler, bj the name of C. Chand-\\nler, in the town of Greenfield, and afterward was\\nwith Scth Flag, in the same lino of business, at\\nSpringfield. Mr. Andrews finally finished his trade\\nwith Benjamin E. Cooke, at Northampton, and soon\\nafter, in October, 1843, went to the City of New\\nYork, and for the succeeding three years was\\nengaged with the well-known firm of Stebbins Co.,\\nas watchmaker for their establishment. In October,\\n1846, Mr. Andrews, desiring to see the southern por-\\ntion of the United States, left New York, and, after\\nsome travel, was engaged at his trade bj- L Horame-\\ndieu Bros., in Mobile, Alabama, until June 1. 1848,\\nat which time he returned to New York, and, in the\\nfollowing October, started a watchmaking business", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "250\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\nof his own, ou Courtland Street. This ho continued\\nuntil, inspired by the news of discovery of gold in\\nCalifornia, and a desire to behold the wonders of the\\nPacific Coast, he joined the throng who were press-\\ning westward. On the 10th of February, 1849, he\\nsailed from New York in the ship Big Cameo, Cap-\\ntain Tibbets Commander, with twenty-three other\\npassengers, and, as he says, sailed the Horn\\naround; landing in San Francisco September 28th,\\nof the same year, 232 days being consumed in this\\ntrip.\\nThree days after his arrival in San Francisco, Mr.\\nAndrews took passage on the schooner Sea Witch,\\nand went to Sacramento, where he remained until\\nthe 13th of the following November, when he sought\\nthe mines in Placer County, and, on the 12th, landed\\nfor the first time in Auburn. He remained in the\\nvicinity for two weeks, one of which was spent at\\nTamaroo Bar, and the remainder at Rich Flat. He\\nthen returned to Sacramento, and engaged in gen-\\neral merchandising at that place. He was there\\nduring the great flood, and sufl ercd heavy losses\\nthereby. January 2, 1850, he returned to Auburn,\\nand remained until the Ist of May. He had in the\\nmeantime, in connection with other parlies, opened\\ntwo stores, one at Sacramento, and another at Mur-\\nderer s Bar, in El Dorado County. These stores\\nwere in operation until June, 1850, when the\\\\ were\\nclosed out, and Mr. Andrews became one of the great\\narmy of miners and prospectors, being one of the dis-\\ncoverers of the famous Secret Ravine, Placer\\nCounty. In the month of September, 1850, he built\\nthe first house in the ravine, and opened a trading\\npost and boarding-house, which received the name\\nof Wild Cat House. In the month of October\\nfollowing, he, in connection with his partners, who\\nhad been with bim up to this lime, opened a board-\\ning-house at Salmon Falls, in El Dorado County.\\nThey had about fifty men at work for them, whom\\nthey boarded, besides as many more outsiders.\\nAbout one year later the partnership ceased to exist.\\nIn the division of the partnership property, the\\nWild Cat House, in Secret Ravine, fell to Mr.\\nAndrews as part of his share, and he conducted the\\nbusiness alone until 1855. In 185-1 he was elected to\\nthe Assembly of the California Legislature, from\\nPlacer County, ou the Whig ticket, and made a most\\nexeniplai y record as a legislator. In June, 1855, he\\nsailed for his old home in the East, going by the\\nNicaragua route, and during his visit was married\\nto Miss Hannah Maria Stephens, a native of Staten\\nIsland, New York. This union was at Wilmington,\\nClinton County, Ohio, on the 20lh of September,\\n1855. The last of the following month found him\\nand his bride located at Rattlesnake Bar, on the\\nAmerican River, in Placer County, California, where\\nhe engaged in the business of his youth. In 1856 he\\nwas elected a Justice of the Peace. In 1857 he\\nlocated permanently in Auburn, which town has\\nclaimed him as .a resident to tlie present time. In\\n1866 the firm of Hubbard Andrews, bankers, and\\nagents for Wells, Fargo Co. s Express, was estab-\\nlished. This firm continued until June 1, 1874,\\nwhen Mr. Andrews bought the interest of his part-\\nner, and the present firm of Andrews Hollenbeek\\nwas formed. They are the only banking house in\\nAuburn, and conduct a regular business with all\\nparts of America and Europe. Wells, Fargo Co. s\\nbusiness for Auburn is intrusted to them, and there\\nis also a department in the same building for the\\nwatchmaking and jewelry business.\\nIn Mr. Andrews one finds a sentiment peculiar to\\nthe old pioneer, and coming as he did to this Coast\\nat such an eai ly date in the historj^ of the State, has\\na stock of knowledge of the useful kind. His mem-\\nory of dates is remarkable, and the stories, of which\\nhe has an inexhaustible supply, he can tell of earlj-\\ntimes, is simply astonishing. He is a genial, whole-\\nsouled man, and is well and favorably known\\nthroughout this section of the State.\\nFOOT-HILL FEUIT.\\nIn December, 1881, the Sacramento Bee published\\nthe following as showing the condition and progress\\nof fruit culture in the foot-hills of Placer County:\\nRobert Williamson, of the fruit firm of Williamson\\nCo., and one of the firm of W. R. Strong Co., of\\nthis city, called at the Bee office on Saturday, with\\nan armful of tropical fruits grown on his place near\\nPenryn, Placer County the Orange Hill Fruit\\nRanch. The special fruit to which he directed\\nattention was the orange, with its many varieties,\\nwhich is, indeed, a phenomenon of the productive\\nqualities of our foot-hill soil for the tropical fruits\\nand flowers products that have long been supposed\\nindigenous alone to the Italian and Sicilian climate,\\nor that on the south borders of our own continent.\\nBut the gentlemen named are proving by their\\nuntiring industrj- that far up in our Sierra pied-\\nmonts nature has supplied a garden plat capable of\\nj roducing in unlimited abundance fruits and flowers\\nof everj^ variety intended to gratifj the palate or\\nfascinate the vision of man. Just three j^ears ago\\nthis month, Williamson Co. took up their land\\nin that spot and begun to grub out the brush and\\nstumps; to-day they have 1,400 orange ti-ees grow-\\ning, and the most of them producing that fruit that\\nwas one of the refections of the gods. This season\\nthey will add 600 more trees to the plantation. Fig\\ntrees a variety unknown, but closely allied to the\\nfavorite white fig of Smyrna is also a capital fruit\\nin their garden, and thrives like the mountain pine\\nsurrounding it on all sides. Among the varieties of\\norange productions left at this office five are especially\\nworthy of note, viz: The Navel, a large, clear,\\ngolden-hued fruit, sweet and juicy, as luscious as the\\nchoicest imported; the Mediterranean Sweet, some-\\nwhat smaller than the Navel, but likewise sugary\\nand toothsome as a table fruit; then the Davis Golden\\nExcelsior, which, while yet smaller than the tvvo\\npreceding, lacks none of their agreeable flavor and\\ngeneral excellence. Then there is the Myrtle Leaf\\nOrange, having a leaf like the myrtle, hence its\\nname; it is about the size of the Manderine and is\\nstrictly ornamental. It is said to bo the only vari-\\nety indeed, the only fruit of the kiml in Califor-\\nnia perhaps in existence. The Occidental Seedling", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE.\\n251\\nis another ornamental orange, smaller in size, but\\nvariegated in hue, like Joseph s coat of many colors,\\nand must prove a pretty tree in ornamented yards\\nand flower gardens. Messrs. Williamson Co. have,\\nas already said, also a variety of figs, but principal\\namong which is a white variety assimilated nearly\\nto the White Smyrna of commerce, and which is\\nheld in such high esteem by after dinner connoisseurs.\\nThe aroma, the saccharine taste, the delicacy of this\\nfig, has no superior, and all that may detract from\\nits superlative qualities beyond all its fellows of the\\norchard is a slight elasticity of the skin, but which\\nobjection can be easilj^ remedied by a process in pack-\\ning. The beauty of this delicate fruit for marketing\\nis that after maturing, and being allowed to remain\\non the trees, it accommodates itself to man s desire\\nand dries on the limb, and is ready to pack as soon\\nas plucked. The truth is, the near mountain base,\\nfor hundreds of miles in a circuit, is a grand fruit\\nplateau when our moneyed men will throw a modi-\\ncum of their capital into the industry of developing\\nthe resources and putting to work the idle labor that\\nstalks the State.\\nSILK CULTURE.\\nFrom the earliest date of California history the\\nopinion has been expressed of its favorable condi-\\ntion of soil, climate and seasons for the successful\\ngrowth of the mulberry tree, and the health and\\nproductiveness of the silk-worm. Other branches of\\nbusiness, however, were so attractive that none\\nwere induced to undertake the care and patience of\\nexperimenting in the culture. Newspapers, lecturers\\nand individuals advocated the subject, and the public\\nmind was brought to believe that by proper encour-\\nagement silk culture could be established as a leading\\nindustry; profitable to the small landholder, giving\\nemployment at light labor to the families of farmers\\nand the youth of the cities, and whose manufacture\\nwould afford rich returns to the investment of the\\ncapitalist. The many pleasant little valleys, ravines\\nand gentle slopes of the foot-hills were specially\\nreferred to where the mulberry would grow most\\nthriftily, and was the most desirable home of the\\nsilk-worm, and these, exhausted of the gold that\\nonce enriched them, would be re-enriched with a\\npei petual wealth many times more valuable, reaped\\nwith less toil, and providing greater happiness\\nthan did the golden grains for which they were\\ntorn and rent by the destructive methods of the\\nminer. In these warm ravines the willow, the\\nalder, the buckeye, the manzanita, and other shrubs\\nand trees delighting in a rich, moist and warm soil,\\nbad flourished spontaneously and luxuriantly, and\\nthere would grow the most perfect leaves for the\\nsilk culturist s purpose. Many years have passed\\nsince the subject was agitated, and the occupants of\\nthese choice places have struggled with corn, barley,\\nbeans, and other garden and farm products, some\\nprofiting with vines, peaches and other fruits, leaving\\nthe culture of the royal fabric to bolder enterprise\\nand intelligent experiment.\\nIn 1866 the Legislature of California passed an\\nAct authorizing the payment of bounties for the\\ncultivation of mulberry trees and the production of\\nsilk. This enactment was prepared so indefinitely,\\nand with such little knowledge of the question, that\\nwhen in 1868 the planters of the trees began to ask\\nfor their awards the bankruptcy of the State was\\nthreatened and the law quickly repealed. Many\\nthousand mulberries were planted in various parts\\nof the State, particularly in Sacramento and Yolo\\nCounties, and every sprout of riding-whip size was\\ncalled a tree. The attempted silk culture of that\\nperiod was more of a grab at the public treasury\\nthan legitimate enterprise, and, as the business did\\nnot long survive, the proof of the inutility of State\\nbounties in leading a people into great and perma-\\nnent industry was made apparent.\\nThe pioneers of silk culture in California were\\nMr. Prevost and the brothers Neumann, of Santa\\nClara; Mr. Haynie, of Sacramento; Mr. Hoag, of\\nYolo; Mr. Edward MuUer, of Nevada, and Mr. Bern-\\nhard, of Placer. The reports of some of these, as\\na matter of history and as arguments, are interest-\\ning. Mr. Haynie reported that in 1868 he fed the\\nleaves from three and a half acres of land covered\\nwith two-year-old morus multicaulis trees grown\\nwhere they stood from cuttings. They had been\\ncut back the preceding winter and spring, close to\\nthe ground, and the tops used for cuttings, so they\\ndid not furnish much over half the foliage they would\\nhave done had they been pruned with an eye to that\\npurpose. The result was 486 ounces and ISi pen-\\nnyweights of eggs, sold at 84.00 an ounce \u00c2\u00a71,946.70;\\nvalue of eggs retained, $1,897.50; perforated cocoons\\nsold at .-?75.00, or a total value of S3, 920. The\\nexpense for labor, etc., was $472, leaving a profit ot\\n$3,448. The feeding commenced on the 1st of June\\nand on the 25th of July the eggs wore all made.\\nThis gave a net return of $1,000 per acre from the\\nsecond j-ear of planting the trees, and not two months\\ntime occupied in feeding the silk-worms and gather-\\ning the harvest.\\nThis, however, was at an exceptional period, when\\nthe demand for eggs in France was great and the\\nprice high, but it nevertheless demonstrated the\\nadaptability of the country for the culture. But the\\nseason s labor was not closed with the first crop of\\neggs. During the month of August the same gen-\\ntleman, from the same trees, fed a like number of\\nworms of the Japanese ti-ivoltine variety, and pro-\\ndued a large quantity of cocoons.\\nThe experiments of Mr. Hoag, in Yolo, and Mr.\\nMuller, in Nevada, were equally successful, the profits\\nbeing from .$1,000 to $1,500 per acre of trees. In\\n1868 and 1869, when these trials were made, the\\nvalue of eggs was from $4.00 to $6.00 an ounce, and\\nof perforated cocoons 75 cents per pound.\\nThe principal eftbrts of the silk culturists were in\\nthe production of eggs to supply the ravages of disease\\nin Europe. The demand at high rates did not con-\\ntinue, the bounty was withdrawn, the excitement", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "252\\nHISTORY OF PLACER OOtlNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ndecliued and the fine promise of silk culture disap-\\npointed.\\nThe art of reeling silk is a necessary adjunct to\\nthe successful culture, and in silk-producing coun-\\ntries is the work of women and children, evincing\\nthe fact that it is not difficult to acquire. Light\\nlabor attends the whole pi-ocess, from the picking of\\nthe leaves to the reeling of the cocoons, making it\\na most inviting industry on small farms with small\\ncapital the labor that of the famih^ the market\\nunlimited, and the jn-oduct imperishable.\\nWORKS AND LIFE OF B. BERNHAIU).\\nWhile the excitement and the grab for bounties\\nin 1867 and 68 prevailed, most in sight of the Capi-\\ntol, there were others who were most earnest in their\\nefibrts to produce silk as a legitimate business.\\nAmong these were Mr. Edward MuUer, of Nevada,\\nand Mr. B. Bernhard of Placer. The latter s\\nwork belongs to the history of Placer County. Mr.\\nBernhard is an experienced, intelligent, industrious\\nand very determined expei imenter. He is a native\\nof the Old World, having been born at Foldah,\\nin the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Cassel, Germany, Sep-\\ntember 9, 1833, remaining in his native land until he\\ngrew to manhood, when, at the age of twenty-two\\nyears, he emigrated to the United States. In 1846\\nhe was married to Miss Rosa How, in Pennsylvania,\\nalso a native of Germany. He lived in different\\nparts of the Atlantic States until 1852, when he\\ncame to California, arriving in San Francisco late in\\nMarch of that year, but did not tarry in the metrop-\\nolis, at once coming to Placer Countj which has\\nsince been his home.\\nFrom the time of his arrival until 1868 be was\\nengaged in teaming over the mountains, and did a\\nthriving business. In the last-named year he bought\\nthe place upon which he now resides. The place\\ncomprises an area of thirty acres, at the time of the\\npurchase of the uninviting red hills and rocky ridges\\nfound in the suburbs of Auburn. Here he has matle\\nhis home and reared his family, prospering from\\nwell directed industry, showing the wealth of the\\nfoot-hill lands, so often spurned by those seeking\\nhomes, and so forbidding in their natural state.\\nThe accompanying sketch shows the wilderness\\ntransformed into the garden.\\nMr. Bernhard has made horticulture a success, and\\nas a wine grower and brandy maker ranks among\\nthe first. As a silkculturist he is one of the pioneers\\nof an industry which is destined to rank among the\\nnoblest, most important, and most profitable of Cali-\\nlornia. Of the experimental trials, however, it is\\ndoubtful whether to Mr. or Mrs. Bernhard the high-\\nest honors belong. While having successfully estab-\\nlished his vineyard and orchards, in the winter of\\n1872 he entered upon the trial of silk cultui-e, fii-st\\nsetting out 1,000 mulberry trees, and in the spring\\nof that year attempted the raising of silk- worms. In\\nthis attempt he failed, as all his worms died. In 1873\\nhe renewed the eflort, purchasing one ounce of eggs\\nof the French Annual variety from Messrs. Muller A;\\nGelette, of Nevada, from which grew between 30,000\\nand 40,000 worms, and from these he produced but\\nabout six pounds of silk. The paucity of the product\\nwas caused by want of food for the worms. The trees\\nwere planted in a dry locality and cultivated without\\nii-rigation, the determination on the part of Mr. Bern-\\nhard being to make the experiment most thorough.\\nThe second trial was not a total failure, as the worms\\nlived to make cocoons, which, though small, were\\nsufficient to preserve the seed and bring a small\\nreturn. The experience, too, was worth much. The\\nthird year, 1874, Mr. and Mrs. Bernhard were better\\nprepared to conduct the work. About 1,000,000\\nworms were hatched, and the trees had grown\\nthrifty, affording abundant food. The worms lived\\nand grew, made large cocoons producing 100 pounds\\nof silk, worth SIO. 00 a pound. The time from the\\nhatching of the worm until the cocoon was ready for\\nthe market was about seven weeks, during which\\nthe labor of attendance was all done by Mrs. Bern-\\nhard and her three or four children, besides attend-\\ning to their liousehold duties.\\nOf Mr. Bernhard s place the Placer Ihrald of Juno\\n14, 1873, gives the following description as it was at\\nthat early stage of its development:\\nLast Wednesday we made a visit to the premises\\nof Mr. B. Bernhard, mainly for the purpose of seeing\\nhis silk-worms, and observing the mode of feeding\\nand caring for them; but seeing so much on all sides\\nstrikingl} illustrative of what honest industry can\\naccom])lish on the apparently forbidding hills, and in\\nthe uninviting hoUovvs of this section of the country,\\nwe were induced to extend our observations. Mr.\\nBernhard s farm, which is located on one of the hills\\nimmediately adjoining Auburn, consists of about\\nthirty acres, all told.\\nLeaving the silk-worms we were invited into the\\nwine cellar, which, though not small, was so com-\\npletely filled with barrels and tanks, which we were\\ninformed were all full, that we could hardly get\\naround. Next we were shown into the brandy\\nhouse, which was also filled with full barrels of the\\nvery best quality of brandy. Next we took a stroll\\nthrough the vineyard, whence all this storehouse of\\nwine and brandy was produced, and to view this com-\\nparatively small field with its burdens of growing\\nfruit caused us to marvel that the hand of man,\\nwhen i-ightly applied, could, in so short a time,\\naccomplish so much. This small field of thirty acres is\\nsurrounded by thousands of other acres equally as\\ngood by nature, but while the outside presents an\\nalmost arid appearance, within this inclosure Mr.\\nBernhard has, besides 1,000 mulberry trees, 850 large\\nbearing fruit trees, of various kinds: one-half acre\\nof blackberries completely loaded down with the\\nnearly grown fruit; a nice vegetable garden, contain-\\ning a great variety of fresh vegetables; and 17,000\\nfine, thrifty grape vines, nearly all bearing, though\\npromising this year a lighter yield than usual, owing\\npartly to the late frosts, and to the visitation of the\\narmy worm.\\nMr. Bernhard is at present engaged in excavating\\nfor a new wine cellar, to be twenty-four bj^ sixty\\nfour feet in extent, the building to be two stories\\nhiiili, built of rock, and connected with the old i tllar", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE.\\n253\\nby a tunnel. All lliin, and even more tliaii we have\\ndescribed is the result of a few years labor. When\\nMr. Bernhard bought this place it had no significance\\nin an agricultural point of view, and without any\\ncapital but his hands he has made it what we have\\ndescribed, and we fear vve have not done justice, and\\nhe assures us he has never went in debt a dollar,com-\\nparatively. We give this to show what the country\\nis capable of producing; for this place possesses no\\nnatural advantages that are not possessed by nearlj^\\nanj- tract of the same size for miles around.\\nThe vvine cellar referred to above was completed\\nin the fall of 1874, and was regarded, if not the best,\\nat least the second best in Placer County. The walls\\nare of stone, well set in the best of mortar. The\\nbuilding is two stories high, and being on a side- hill\\nthe main entrance to the two stories is on a level\\nwith the ground, thus obviating the neeessitj- of\\nlifting or climbing stairs in stowing away his pro-\\nducts in either department. The basement is large\\nand will hold many thousand gallons of wine. The\\nfine property, with comfortable residence and pleas-\\nant surroundings, as will be seen in the illustration,\\nis all derived from the red knoll, in the foot-hills,\\nand a few years of frugal industry. With such\\ncapabilities of country, and such products the rich\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0mining county of Placer can never be worked out.\\nPRODUCTIONS OP THE GRANITE HILLS.\\nThe Placer Herakl of Jaiiuarj 17, 1880, gave the\\nfollowing review of the character and the produc-\\ntions of the granite hills constituting a portion of\\nthe foot-hill region of the county:\\nThe granite hills, which lie between Eoseville\\nand the beginning of the State, a short distance west\\nof Newcastle, include about 60,000 acres. The soil\\nis feldspar and potash, holding thirty per cent, of\\nfeldspai-, and is only two feet deep. The surface is\\nquite rough, and in most instances the land has to\\nbe cleared and cleaned. Each acre contains rock\\nsufficient to make a fence and bushes and small trees\\nenough if carefully put away for one year s fuel.\\nThe average Ualifornian will burn this fuel on the\\nground. The whole section is exceedingly pictur-\\nesque to the eye of an artist, but very forbidding to\\nthe eye of a farmer. Six years ago this section of\\nPlacer County was considered valuable only for\\nquarries and random mining. A few planted fruit\\ntrees twenty years ago in the ravines, but no one at\\nthat time thought of cultivating the hills.\\nSix years ago Dr. Frey went to Newcastle for his\\nhealth, and selected a warty granite nob, on account\\nof the view, which was superb. He dug up the\\nchaparral and removed the bowlders, making a\\nheavy fortification around his twelve-acre lot, and\\nplanted fruit trees. Three years ago his work began\\nto tell what could be produced, and people began to\\nthink that the granite hills might be utilized. Jiut\\neven three years ago the land was purchasable for\\na mere song; since that time the land has been in\\ngreat demand. And now let the story be told about\\nthis wonderful transformation what the granite\\nhills wrill and will not produce, beginning with a fail-\\nure, because all true success begins in that way.\\nThese hills do not produce the best apples, and the\\nreason is obvious. The trees grow and make wood\\ncontinuously, and hence have no strength to put\\nflavor and tartness into the fruit. The ground is\\ntoo warm and the climate is too genial for that fruit.\\nHungarian prunes grow luxuriantly and producit\\nprofitable results in seven years. The fruit is bettei-\\nthan the imported article. Date i-alms prosiier\\nequally well. The peach trees reach their prime in fiv^-\\nor six years, and the old trees planted by the miner.-*\\nshow that careful trimming will continue their pro-\\nductiveness for twenty-five years. The crop from\\ngood varieties is always profitable. Dr. Prey s\\npeaches are very large, and a box seven inches dee])\\nholds two strata of peaches; the best varieties grown\\non the hills being \u00c2\u00a72.00 a box, when the valley\\npeaches bring only 75 cents. The Sacramento Val-\\nley, however, sends to market the earliest peaches.\\nAn acre of peach trees of good vai-iety will, if pi-op-\\nerly cared for, bring regularly -SSOO at lowest prices.\\nMr. Silva this year obtained for the crop of three\\npeach trees four years old, and not over nine feet\\nhigh, .\u00c2\u00a723.00. One tree twenty years old yielded a\\nsingle crop that brought $53.00. All agree that\\npeach orchards require but little irrigation and labor.\\nThe banana tree grows luxuriantly, but needs pro-\\ntection from the severest ft-osts. Dr. Prey has one\\ntree three years old that has never been housed\\nagainst the weather. No fruit has yet been produced,\\nand we cannot anticipate its quality. The pine-\\napple gi ows well, but nothing in the way of good\\nfruit is expected. The orange trees defy the gentle\\nfrosts of the granite hills, and grow like weeds.\\nDr. Frey has an orange orchard seven years old, and\\nthe trees fairly groan with heavy loads of large\\noranges. There are now twenty or thirty thousand\\norange trees in the granite hills. The fruit ripens\\none month earlier than the Los Angeles oranges, and\\nthe quality is unsurpassed. The lemon and citron\\nflourish exceedingly well, but the former is inferior\\nto the Sicilj lemon, though equal to any other in\\nqualitj The defect may be caused by budding.\\nThe almond tree is a triumphant success, both as to\\nproductiveness and quality; one tree nine 5^ears old\\nis fifteen feet high, with a branching lop that has a\\ncircumference of at least twentj- feet. Italian\\nchestnuts are raised with great ease; they bear pro-\\nfusely and bring fifty cents a pound; one is not\\ncharmed with theta.ste; the Eastern variety does not\\ndo well. The black walnut is a perfect success, and\\nthe European variety also. The filbert does not\\nprosper, though the wild hazel grows luxuriantly.\\nThe large black cheriy tree grows to an enormous\\nsize, and produces the best possible cherry in great\\nabundance. In one cherry orchard the trees only\\nnine years old were twenty-five feet high and the\\ntrunk eight inches in diameter. The crop brings", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nregularly twenty-five or thirty cents per pound.\\nThe quince bush produces large fruit and heavy\\ncrops, which are .sold at five cents a pound. The\\npear crop is very large, and always in demand. The\\npomegranate reaches unusual perfection, but has no\\ncommercial value as yet. An excellent wine is made\\nfrom the fruit, and it is delicious when made into\\nsherbet. The granite hills apricots are prolific and\\ngood, and there is always a demand for them. The\\nnectarines are magnificent and much sought after.\\nThe fig-tree is at present a nuisance on account of\\nits productiveness. It will obtain a value as soon as\\nsome one hits upon a method of curing. In that\\nevent, the United States can be supplied with tigs\\nby the foot-hills. No attention has been given to\\nthis subject for the reason Jhat the sources of money\\nmaking are already so numerous. Red. white, and\\nblack currants flourish and produce abundantly.\\nThe berries of the foot-hills demand special atten-\\ntion. The pi oduction is enormous, and they sell for\\none-third more than valley berries. The granite\\nhill strawberries are widely known for their superior\\nsize and flavor. One acre of strawberries will, if\\ncarefully watched and cultivated, make a return of\\nbetween $1,700 and $1,800, with prices ranging from\\nsix and ten cents per pound. Very few, however,\\ngive the required attention, and hence fail, as a rule,\\nto attain the highest success. The average return\\nfor average work is never less than $300 to one acre.\\nThere are some varieties that bear every month in\\nthe year, and the granite hills gardener need never\\nbe without ripe, fresh strawberries. Now and then\\nwhen cultivators grow slack in toil, the vines make\\na very poor return. It is questionable whether or not\\nthe foot-hills can ever supply the demand for straw-\\nberries, as no one chooses to eat the valley strawber-\\nries when those of the foot-hills can be procured at\\nmoderate prices. The raspberries are prolific and\\nhighly flavored, but unfortunately for the granite hills,\\nthe Santa Clara Valley, near the main market, keeps\\ndown the prices and renders the crop unprofitable.\\nA little more vim might, however, succeed in utiliz-\\ning the raspberries, bj^ making them into jam and\\njuice for summer drinks. The granite hills farmers\\nraise blackberries on the waste corners, and secure\\na return of from $500 to $700 jicr acre, with prices at\\nfive and fifteen cents. The foot-hill grape is the\\npride of the table. The product per acre is enor-\\nmous, while the labor required is not very consider-\\nable. The common Mission grape sells for $17.00 and\\n$18.00 per ton. But little has been done in the way\\nof raisin making, for the reason that the crop pays\\ntoo well when sold for table use. Mr. Kaiser, near\\nPino, makes a wine that has a great reputation.\\nOthers produce good wine that sells well in Eastern\\nmarkets. Enough has been made to show that very\\nfine wine can be produced. Few, however, if any,\\nhave planted the vines best adapted to wine-making,\\nand much of the wine heretofore made was pressed\\nI roni several varieties mixed. Wine making, though\\na success as to quality in the foot-hills, will not be\\nextensively made as long as the grapes can be read-\\nily sold at paying prices. A denser population will\\nbe needed to make wine-making a great industry.\\nThe reader will notice in the resume that farmers\\nof the lower foot-hills of Placer County have planted\\nand successfully raised nearly every kind of fruit.\\nAs a rule, these trees are quite young and not yet\\nsufticientlj mature to pi-oduce their best results,\\nthough they have done well in every sense of the\\nterm. In view of these facts, it is hardly necessary\\nto say that the garden vegetables are easily produced.\\nThe common potato of that region is not the very\\nbest, though it is as good as that of the lower valley.\\nThe sweet potato is smaller, but about as good as\\nthat raised in the valley. Sugar or sweet table corn\\nof ver} fine quality is raised, but not sent to market.\\nAs everywhere else in California, the sweet corn has\\nto fight for its life against the worm. Hardly a\\nsingle ear can be found free from this devouring pest.\\nFive or six crops may be raised every season. Green\\npeas on Christmas never surprise the granite hills\\nfarmers the luxury has become a very coramon-\\njjlace affair. Ripe tomatoes are taken from the vines\\nthroughout the winter. The various melons are\\ngood, but not exceptionally so. All the common\\nvegetables grow exceedingly well, and make hand-\\nsome returns in cash. All the flowering plants and\\nvines grow like weeds, and floral adornments are in\\neasy reach of everybody without expense. Vegeta-\\ntion is rarely affected with blight of any kind.\\nPeach trees are sometimes injured by the curl-leaf\\nand occasionally a fruit tree ceases to bear for a\\nseason without, so far as the eye can see, just cause.\\nBut, as a rule, all kinds of crops are regular.\\nFew farming countries are so happily provided\\nwith markets as the foot-hills of Placer County.\\nThe fruit is in demand Ln the valley or coast cities,\\nand in the mountain towns, the State of Nevada,\\nthe Territories and the Western States. These\\nextense mai-kets can never be overstocked by early\\nfruits and vegetables. In fact, all early products of\\nthe foot-hills will always have an unfailing market,\\nand their energies will be taxed to supply the wants of\\nthe 20,000,000 of the northern States, who will never\\ncease to purchase such articles when they can be had.\\nFoot-hill farming is therefore among the assured\\nthings of the future. Foot-hill farmers have a cer-\\ntain measure of independence in other matters.\\nThey do not raise much horse feed, though they can\\neasily do so, and would if the ground was not more\\nvaluable for other purposes. Those who succeed in\\nreclaiming say 160 acres can raise grain and hay on\\na few acres that will make them independent of\\nthe valley in that respect.\\nSo far the granite hills have been spoken of in\\ngeneral terms, though refei once has been made\\nespecially to the country about Newcastle, as fairly\\nillustrative of the section. Let there be now cited a\\nsingle case and not an exceptional one, to show what", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE.\\none diligent man can do with these rough hills. In\\n1854, a man located on 160 acres near Newcastle\\nwithout a dollar. He succeeded in borrowing \u00c2\u00a71,400\\nto put on the land, on which he paid 22 per cent\\nper month or 30 per cent per annum, S420 per year.\\nHe obtained the patent in 1865, after he had paid\\nover S4,000 in interest. He has had twenty acres\\nunder cultivation for several years, and they are\\nwell covered with fruit-bearing trees. He is now\\nout of debt, owns a good house that cost 63,000 and\\nhas money besides.\\nIf the reader will analyze this case, foot up the\\namount of interest paid and the cost of living, he\\nwill sec that the man has made quite a fortune out\\nof twenty acres. But it must be remembered that\\nhard work and irrigation are absolutely essential to\\nsuccess in this kind of fiirming. Water will cost\\nabout SlOO a year and work will cost a large amount\\nof patience. No idler, no speculative philosopher\\nneed expect to make his salt in the foot-hills. Such\\nmen will do better by going Bast; certainly they\\ncannot do worse. In fact, there is no longer room\\nin California for lazy people. Even industrious\\nmuscle without a few hundred dollars will make but\\nslow progress. The land in the vicinity of New-\\ncastle is all taken up, and it is no easy matter to\\nobtain land even at high prices. Land that was not\\nworth a cent three years ago, is now held as high as\\nSlOO an acre. In 1878, Mr. Silva sold forty aci-es of\\nimproved land, and received for a portion of it \u00c2\u00a7100\\nan acre, for the remainder 6175. This is a demon-\\nstration of stupendous progress in three years, and\\nthe people about Newcastle stand on the great high-\\nway of the continent a living, withering rebuke to\\nall idlers, a vigorous encouragement to all industrious\\npeople. Time has not sufficed to ascertain how\\nmany farms there are about Newcastle, but it may\\nbe said the farms are all small. Some farmers live\\nco7nforlably on two or three acres, doing all their\\nown work. To illustrate more completely the success\\nof the small farms of the granite hills, the following\\ntranscript from the books of the railroad and express\\nagents at Newcastle are given\\nFruit and vegetables shipped from Newcastle by\\nrail and express from .May 1 to December 1,1878:\\nMay S 55,645\\nJune 157,940\\nJuly 271,172\\nAugust 34.3,487\\nSeptember 192,876\\nOctober 131,319\\nNovember 16,049\\nDecember 5,777\\nTotal for eight months. 1,170,091\\nThe account for 1879 at this writing, November, is\\nnot made up, but the above-named agents say\\nthat the shipments for this year have been consider-\\nable over one-half more than last year, as reported\\nabove. Add the lowest estimate of the increase and\\nit will be seen that there has been shipped from one\\noffice (there are five offices from which shipments\\nare made in the granite hills) in seven months,\\n1,755,436 pounds of fruit and vegetables. The head\\nmen of the fruit association say that these shipments\\nwould average at least four cents per pound.\\nThe small farms about Newcastle have then\\nmarketed, beside what they have used in the last\\nseven months, $70,217.20 worth of products. As to\\nthe amount shipped from the other four centers and\\nrailroad offices, the sum total must be immense.\\nLet the reader bear in mind that these stupendous\\nresults have been achieved within three or four\\nyears. Notice the facts also that these results have\\nbeen accomplished by poor men, who were compelled\\nto pay exorbitant interest for every dollar they\\nborrowed. There is no parallel to this in the history\\nof agricultui-e, either in California or elsewhere. And\\ngrand benefits to California from these people may\\nbo counted on. Their children may be hardy,\\nintelligent and quick-witted, and they will enrich\\nour population by their superior qualities.\\nThe immediate future of these cultivated granite\\nhills is exceedingly attractive. Very pretty houses\\nand elegant grounds may already be found. But in\\nthree or four years the people will have money to\\nspare, and then they will adorn their homes and\\nfarms. Let it be prophesied here, that in less than\\nten years the granite hills in Placer will be celebrated\\nfor their beauty, a:i they have heretofore been\\nnotorious for their ugliness. As stated there are\\nabout 60,000 acres of this granite land. In the\\narticle cannot now be given the number of acres\\nunoccupied and unclaimed, but assurance is given\\nthat the whole region is as good as that about New-\\ncastle, and that manj- thousands of acres may be\\nobtained at some little distance from the railroad.\\nAt the furthest point the granite lands ai o not\\nmore than twelve miles from the railway. Men who\\nknow say that some of this land can be procured at\\nGovernment prices. Some belongs to the railroad\\nand can be obtained at very low prices. Water can\\nbe obtained from ditch companies, money can bo\\nboiTOwed, and labor and money can redeem every\\nacre of this land.\\nCOTTON CULTURE.\\nIn 1861, Mr. Duchstein, residing at Gold Hill, tried\\ntho cultivation of cotton in his garden at that place,\\nand succeeded beyond his expectations. A gentle-\\nman familiar with the culture of the famous plant in\\nSouth Carolina and Mississippi, regarded the product\\nof Mr. Duchstein as equal to the best upland of those\\nStates. From one stalk taken as a sample, were\\nover forty pods of matured cotton, the staple being\\na trifle shorter than the best Mississippi upland, but\\nthe seeds were only one half the usual size.\\nALF.\\\\L1A. oil ClIIM CLOVER.\\nAlfalfa was introduced in California by (rov. John\\nBigler, who, while Minister to Chili in 1857-61,", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "25(5\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nforwarded the seed to this iStato with strong recom-\\nmendations for its use. In 1872, Governor Walkup\\nreports experimenting ujjon its cultivation in Auburn,\\nmeeting with great success, and others tried it in\\nvarious parts of the county.\\nANQORA GOATS.\\n(3apt. Edward Shirhind is awarded the honor of\\nintroducing the business of raising the Angora goat\\nin Placer County. The first arrivals of these animals\\nis not reported, but in 1872 we find Captain Shirland\\nthe possessor of between 1,500 and 2,000 graded\\nAngoras, varying from full-blood to half-breeds, in\\nJuly of that year he imported by rail from the East,\\nseventy-five thorough breds, there being thirty-five\\nbucks and thirty-nine docs, some of the bucks being\\nvalued at S250 each.\\nAGRICULTURE IN THE JIOUNTAINS.\\nPlacei Cduuty, cxlendingas it does from the plains\\nof the Saci amento Valley on the west, to the eastern\\nslope of the Sierra Nevada on the east, is topograph-\\nically classified as divided into plain, foot-hill and\\nmountain regions. These divisions blend into each\\nother so that no positive lino of demarkation can be\\ndrawn. The western border of the county has an\\nelevation of about 55 feet. Roseville is usually\\nregarded as in the plain, with an elevation of 163\\nfeet, and I ocklin in the foot-hills four miles east, with\\nan elevation of 249 feet. Lincoln and Sheridan are\\non the ])lain, but within two or three miles eastward\\nthe fdot-liills are manifest. The i oot-hill region is\\nusually regarded as extending to between 2,000 and\\n2.500 iVct of elevation, or on tiie Central Pacific\\nPailroad from Roseville to Colfax, a distance of\\nthirty-six miles; beyond are the mountains in their\\nmajesty, rent in precipitous canons, clad with tower-\\ning ])ines and subject to the deej) snows of winter.\\nBelow the line of 2,500 I eet is the region of gentle\\nse;iM)ns, although the snows sometimes extend much\\nlower, and there the growth of the most delicate\\nfruits has become the chief resource of the Jiusband-\\nman.\\nThe mountain region from an elevation of 2,000 to\\n4,000 feet is subject to snow and frost in winter and\\nspring, though while the snows are deeper, the cold\\nis not as severe as in the northern States east of the\\nRocky Mountains, and the vegetation of those States\\nis adapted to this belt. Above 4,000 feet, frosts are\\naj)t to be ex])crienced during many of the summer\\nnights suffic-ient to destroj tender plants. Through-\\nout the mountain belt many plants flourish luxu-\\nriantly, it being the natural field for potatoes and\\nother litirdy vegetables, and the apple, peach, plum\\nand fruits of the northern clime grow to perfection.\\nAbout the many mining towns of the high Sierra\\nare gardens, orchards and farms of value, and their\\nnumber could be multiplied many fold upon ground\\nfar superior and in a more genial clime than occupied\\nas costlj^ farms in the Middle and New England\\nStates.\\nIn the early history of Dutch Flat numbers of\\nits pioneer residents, as Wm. N. Lee, E. L. Brad-\\nley, Josejih Hauser, John Thomas, M. S. Gardiner,\\nD. \\\\V. Strong, and others, made gardens and planted\\nfruit trees and flowering shrubs, giving jjleasure\\nand profit to themselves and adding homelike and\\ncivilizing ornaments to the town.\\nWILLIAM N. LEE\\nIs a native of the State of Michigan, having been\\nborn at Farmington, Oakland County, October 9,\\n1831. lie remained during his minorit} in his\\nnative place, his time being divided between attend-\\ning school and other occupations incident to boy-\\nhood s life. On the 10th of May, 1851, he arrived\\nin San Francisco, coming by way of the Isthmus\\nof Panama. After a short stay in the city he came\\nto Placer County, and located at Ophir. During\\nthe succeeding two years he was engaged in min-\\ning in that then flourishing camp. In 1853 he\\nremoved to Dutch Flat, and has resided there, or in\\nthe immediate vicinity, to the present time. His\\nbusiness has been divided_.between mining and agri-\\ncultural pursuits. He is at present residing upon\\nhis ranch near Alta, a view of which will be found\\nin this book. Mr. Lee was married July 19, 1854,\\nto Miss Minerva A. Bliss, a native of Michigan.\\nThough Mr. Lee does not claim to be a 49er, he has\\nhad many vears experience in the mines of this\\nStale, and is thoroughly conversant with that branch\\nof industry.\\nSTATISTICAL REPORT FOR 1869.\\nJohn C. Bogg, Assessor of the county, reported to\\nthe Surveyor-General, in 1870, the following statis-\\ntics of the year 1869:\\nIjand inclosed, 78,175 acres; land cultivated, 29,633\\nacres; sown in wheat, 10,000 acres, yielding 150,000\\nInishels, or 15 bushels average to the acre; barley.\\n2,200 acres, yielding 33,000 bushels. It is proper to\\nremark that a very considerable portion of the\\nwheat, barley and rye sown in this county is never\\ncut, but used for hogs, chickens, etc., pasture; and\\nnearlj all the oats raised is cut for hay. One\\nhundred and eighty acres of potatoes yielded 15,212\\nbushels. Of hay there was returned 8,500 tons;\\nbutter, 9,350 pounds; cheese, 2,500 pounds; wool,\\n76,000 pounds; honey, 10,000 pounds. Offruittrees\\nand wines there were returned, apple trees, 31,000;\\npeach, 18,000; pear, 11,000; plum, 2,500; Cherry,\\n1.200; nectarine, 900; quince, 2,000; apricot, 400;\\nfig, 2,100; lemon, 40; orange, 20; prune, 250; mul-\\nbeny, 2,700; almond, 600; walnut, 225; gooseberry\\nbushes, 1,200; raspberry, 40,000; strawbciny vines,\\n133,420; grape vines, 617,618; wine, 125,000 gallons:\\nl)randy, 5,000 gallons; six breweries, producing\\n55,744 gallons of beer; three distilleries, producing\\n3,000 gallons.\\nLIVE-STOCK.\\nHorses, 1,832; mules, 181; asses, 15; cows, 876;\\ncalves, 850; beef cattle, 1,100; oxen, 510; sheep,", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "Mr.w. n. lee.\\n^i w i- ii\\nU\\na\\nResidence of W.N. LEE, Alta, Placer County, Cal.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.\\n27,000; Angora goals, 18; hogs, 9,080; chickens,\\n15,640; turkeys, 1,000; geese, 300; hives of bees,\\n1,000.\\nI.MPROVE.MENTS.\\nSaw-mills, 15, producing 17,000,000 feet of lumber;\\nshingles made, 2,000.000; quartz mills, 14; quartz\\ncrushed, 5,000 tons; mining ditches, 36, aggregating\\n379 miles in length and running daily 14,000 inches\\nof water; railroads. 2, aggregating 112 miles in\\nlength; registered voters, 6,028; estimated popula-\\ntion, 11,500.\\nSTATISTICS FOR 1875.\\nIn 1875 there were 288,836 acres of land listed by\\nthe Assessor, of which 191,369 were in the district\\nclassed as Western Placer, including the plains and\\nlower foot-hills as far as Newcastle; 85,584 acres in\\nthe district including Auburn and the country north\\nof the North B ork of the American Eiver, and\\n11,883 acres in the district south of the North\\nFork. In the first district the land was valued at\\nan average of $3.54 an acre; in the second at S3.12i,\\nand in the third at 83.66. The first produced 31.000\\ngallons of wine, valued at 15 cents a gallon, and\\n1,400 gallons of brandy, valued at \u00c2\u00a71.29 per gallon;\\nthe second 7,360 gallons of wine and 2,500 of brandy,\\nvalued at $3.11 per gallon, and the third, 3,600\\ngallons of wine, valued at 20 cents a gallon.\\nOf live-stock there was the following: American\\nhorses, 1,438; Spanish horses, 1,140; colts. 598\\ntotal horses, 3,146; mules, 258; stock cattle, 1,736;\\nbeef cattle, 301; cows, 2,285; calves, 952; oxen, 501;\\ngraded sheep. 23,068; common sheep, 42,728; hogs,\\n3,135.\\nCHAPTER XXXV.\\nPUBLIC SCHOOLS.\\nriiicer County Schools in 1857 Schools of Placer County\\nOffice of County Superintendent Salary of County Super-\\nintendent Miscellaneous Statistics Teachers Institute\\nAlta District Auburn District Bath District Blue Caiion\\nDistrict\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Butcher Ranch District Central District Chris-\\ntian Valley District Clipper Gap District Colfax District\\n--Consolidated District Coon Creek District Damascus\\nDistrict Daueville District Dry Creek District Dutch\\nFlat District Emigrant Cap District Excelsior District\\nFair View District Forest Hill District Franklin Dis-\\ntrict^GoId Hill District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Run District\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Iowa Hill\\nDistrict Lincoln District Lone Star District Michigan\\nBluff District Jlount Pleasant District Mount Vernon\\nDistrict New England Mills District Newcastle District\\nOphir District Penryn District Rock Creek District\\nRocklin District Roseville District Sheridan District\\nSpring Garden District Sunny South District Todd s\\nValley District Union District Valley View District\\nVan Trees District Lapsed Districts Statistical Tables\\n0. F. Seavey.\\nThe founders of the State Government looked\\nprophetically forward to the time when families\\nand children should follow in their footsteps to the\\ngolden land. In the Constitution of 1849, provision\\nwas made for the school system which has carried\\nthe schools to the front rank among the high edu-\\ncational institutions of the LTnion. The Government\\nof the United Stales grants to all new States and\\nTerritories the 16th and 36th sections of land in\\nthe public land surveys; and this grant, and 500,000\\nacres, also expected as granted to other new Stales\\nfor educational purposes, were devoted to the public\\nschools, by that noble instrument, the Pioneer.-^\\nConstitution of California. The Legislature of\\n1849-50, failed to organize any school system, or\\nlevy a tax, for the purpose. The second Legis-\\nlature, in 1851, passed an Act concerning public\\nschools, but no efficient system was adopted.\\nSchools, both public and private, had been cslab\\nlished in the large cities and towns, though not\\nthrough State aid imr uiiiier State organization.\\nThe missions, of course, were the first schools of\\nCalifornia. The first American school in California\\nwas a private enterprise, opened by a Mr. Marston.\\nin San Francisco, in April, 1847. This he continued\\nnearly one year, having twenty or thirty pupils,\\nwhose tuition was paid bj- their parents. In Feb-\\nruary, 1848, a meeting of citizens was held in San\\nFrancisco, and a board of school trustees was\\nchosen. Mr. Thomas Douglas, a graduate of Yale\\nCollege, was engaged as teacher, and a public school\\nwas opened, April 3, 1848. In April, 1849. Rev.\\nAlbert Williams, pastor of the First Presbyterian\\nChurch, organized a private school, charging tuition.\\nLate in the fall of 1849, Mr. J. C. Pelton opened a\\nschool in the Baptist Church of that city; and these\\nwere the pioneer schools.\\nJohn G. Marvin was the first Slate Superintendent\\nof Public Instruction. In his report to the Legis-\\nlature, in 1852, he recommended several important\\nchanges in the imperfect school law of the previous\\nLegislature. Among others, that a tax of five cents\\nshould be levied on each $100, for school purposes;\\nthat the office of County Superintendent should be\\ncreated; that provision should bo made for school\\nlibraries; and that the jn-oceeds of the sale of swamp\\nand overflowed lands, which had been granted the\\nState, should be ai)plied to the school fund. He\\nestimated the number of children in the State,\\nbetween the ages of four and eighteen years, at\\n6,000. In the second annual report, 1852. the num-\\nber of public schools in the State was rejiorted at\\nonly twenty. The sales of public-school lands had\\nproduced a fund of $300,000; the number of school\\nchildren was 17,821, and 3,314 attended school. He\\nrecommended that the Couiitj- Assessor should be\\nex ojjfe cjo Supcrinl\u00c2\u00bb)ndent of Public Schools, also, that\\nno Catholic schools be allowed any portion of the\\nschool fund.\\nIn 1853, the Legislature enacted that the school\\nfund should not bo used for any other purpose\\nwhatever; that religious and sectarian schools\\nshould not have a pro rata of the school fund. The\\nCounty Superintendent was authorized to appoint\\nthree School Commissioners for each district.\\nIn 1854, the Legislature provided that fifteen per", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "258\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ncent, of the poll-tax should be paid into the school\\nfund. An attempt was made to repeal the Article\\nprohibiting the granting of money to sectarian\\nschools, but the proposed law did not reach a vote.\\nThe Superintendent reported the number of children\\nattending school as having increased from 2,000, in\\n1853, to 5,751, in 1854, this being the first attempt\\nto get a tabulated statement of school matters.\\nIn 1855 a bill introduced in the Legislature became\\na law. This provided that no sectarian doctrines\\nshould be taught in schools receiving public money;\\nalso that no public money should be appropriated to\\nany school not taught by a regularly examined and\\nlicensed teacher, and important provisions in the\\nelection of County Superintendents. This statute\\nappeared to be the one required to settle the contro-\\nversy regarding sectarian schools, and the division\\nof public money as the policy has since become as\\nfixed as a constitutional provision.\\nPLACER COUNTY SCHOOLS IN 1857.\\n[From the HeroM of November 28, 1S67.)\\nBy the examination of the Superintendent s books,\\nand the yearly report of the County Treasurer to\\nthe State Superintendent, which have been kindly\\nfurnished us by Mr. Milletto, the present efficient\\nhead of the schools of Placer County, we are enabled\\nto furnish our readers with some items of interest\\nrelating to the cause of education in this county.\\nThe following exhibits the return of children\\nbetween the ages of four and eighteen years, for the\\nyears 1856 and 57:\\n1856.\\nAuburn 127.\\nGold Hill 46.\\nIowa Hill.. 90-\\nMichigan Bluff 27.\\nOphir 29.\\nDutch Flat. 34.\\nYankee Jim s 49.\\nCoon Creek 20\\nMt. Pleasant. 34.\\nSecret Ravine. 85.\\nlllinoistown 35.\\nDry Creek 22..\\nWisconsin Hill 21\\nTodd s Valley\\n1857.\\nTotal .628\\n856\\nThe district of Rattlesnake was included in 1856,\\nin that of Auburn.\\nThe returns from some of the districts last year\\nwere mere guess work, consequentlj it is difficult to\\ntell what the actual increase in number has been.\\nThis year the districts have been canvassed by the\\nschool marshals.\\nThe Treasurer s Report for the year ending Octo-\\nber 31, 1857, exhibits the amounts paid into the\\nschool fund of the county, and sources from whence\\nderived as follows;\\nFROM\\nSTATE.\\nFROM\\nCOUNTY.\\nAuburn\\nGold Hill\\nOphir\\nMt. Pleasant.\\nCoon Creek\\nDry Creek\\nSecret Ravine\\nlllinoistown\\nYankee Jim s\\nIowa Hill\\nWisconsin Hill\\nMichigan City\\nDutch Flat\\nTotals\\n0341 63.\\n104\\n91.\\n91\\n46.\\n228\\n65.\\n131\\n81.\\n280\\n05.\\n23\\n92.\\n72\\n63.\\n91\\n46.\\n\u00c2\u00ab1,366 52\\n$368 29.\\n133\\n39.\\n113\\n06.\\n98\\n59.\\n57\\n99.\\n63\\n80.\\n246\\n50.\\n98\\n63.\\n142\\n09.\\n260\\n96.\\n60\\n94.\\n78\\n29\\n98\\n63.\\n\u00c2\u00ab1,821\\n22\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S706 92\\n133 39\\n218 00\\n190 05\\n57 99\\n63 80\\n475 15\\n98 63\\n267 90\\n541 04\\n84 86\\n150 92\\n190 09\\nS3187 74\\nThe total amount of money from all sources paid\\nout during the year was $3,007.33. The amount of\\nschool moneys remaining on hand October 21st, was\\n$953.32.\\nThe State makes its apportionment of school\\nmoneys on the 1st of January and 1st of July, each\\nyear. The county made its apportionment on the\\n1st of June and the 3lBt of October. The January\\napportionment of the State was $1.65 for each child\\nreturned, between the ages of four and eighteen\\nyears, and the July apportionment was $1.04; the\\nJune apportionment of the county was $1.05, and in\\nOctober eighty-four cents.\\nBy the above table it will be seen that but nine\\nschools received money from the State last year\\nThis was caused by a failure to make proper returns.\\nFive others would have lost their apportionment but\\nfor the exertions of the present Superintendent, he\\nhaving taken the office in time to cause the necessar}\\nreturns to be made. At the present time there are\\nfifteen public schools in the county, and an additional\\none will soon be in operation. More interest than\\nfoi merly is manifested in the cause of education by\\nparents, and the advantages offered by the school\\nsystem of the State are more readily embraced.\\nMr. Millette has exerted himself to systematize and\\nestablish the different schools ol the county, and\\nextend the facilities for school attendance to the\\nchildren in all the settled parts of the county, and\\nwe are pleased to note that his efforts have been so\\nsuccessful.\\nOur common schools are yet in their infancy, but\\nthe benefits to be derived from them may even now\\nbe felt, and as years increase their number and util-\\nity, the wisdom displayed by the State in fostering\\nthese primary institutions of learning will be more\\napparent in the impi-oved tone of California society.\\nSCHOOLS OP PLACER COUNTY.\\nFor the following historj of the schools of Placer\\nCounty we are indebted to Hon. O. F. Seavey, the", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.\\n259\\npresent eflScient County Superintendent of Public\\nSchools:\\nOFFICE OF COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT.\\nNot until the third session of the Legislature was\\nany provision made for Countj Superintendent of\\nSchools. During the session of 1852 the Legisla-\\nture enacted a law one section of which made\\nCounty Assessors ex officio County Superintendents,\\nand defined the duties of such officer. Through the\\ncarelessness of the Enrolling Clerk the section cre-\\nating the office was omitted, and the duties of that\\noffice were specified without creating the office. In\\n1853 the Legislature amended the school law, and\\nprovided that County Assessors should be ex officio\\nCounty Superintendents.\\nDuring the sixth session of the Legislature, in\\n1855, the school law was revised. The law, as\\nrevised, provided for the election of County Super-\\nintendents and defined their duties. Under the pro-\\nvisions of this Act II. Force was elected first\\nSuperintendent of Placer County in September, 1855.\\nWithin a few months after entering upon the duties\\nof his office he died of consumption, and Theodore\\nHotchkiss was appointed to fill the vacancy occa-\\nsioned by his death,\\nLIST OP COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.\\n1855\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H. E. Force, elected September, 1855; T. B.\\nHotchkiss, appointed February 5, 1856.\\n1856\u00e2\u0080\u0094 P. C. Millette, elected September, 1856.\\n1857\u00e2\u0080\u0094 P. C. Millette, re-elected.\\n1859 S. S. Greenwood, elected.\\n1861\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. H. Goodrich, elected.\\n1863 A. H. Goodrich, re-elected.\\n1865\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. P. Case, elected.\\n1867\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. K. Case, re-elected.\\n1868 C. C. Crosby, appointed.\\n1869\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. P. Kinkade, elected.\\n1871\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. P. Kinkade, re-elected.\\n1873\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. P. Kinkade, re-elected.\\n1875\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. Calvin, elected.\\n1877\u00e2\u0080\u00940. F. Seavey, elected.\\n1879\u00e2\u0080\u00940. F. Seavey, re-elected.\\nSALARY OF COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT.\\nThe salary of County Superintendent has varied\\nconsiderably. In the minute book of the Super-\\nvisors the following order is entered November 8,\\n1856: The County Superintendent shall receive a\\nreasonable compensation for services, but the same\\nshall not exceed $500. During the term of A. H.\\nGoodrich the salary was raised to $1,000 per annum.\\nWhile S. R. Case was Superintendent the salary\\npaid was .?1,800 per annum. While J. P. Kinkade\\nwas in the office the compensation was fixed at$l,200,\\nand has remained unchanged since that date. The\\nexpense incurred in visiting schools is paid out of\\nthe General Fund.\\nMISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.\\nThe following items concerning the six years suc-\\nceeding the introduction of the public school system\\ninto the count} have been added because, although\\nthey give but a vague idea of the condition of the\\nschools at that time, yet they throw some light upon\\na period now well-nigh forgotten, and afford some\\ninformation concerningtheearlyyearsof our schools.\\nIn 1857 there were fifteen districts, representing\\n856 census children between four and eighteen years\\nof age.\\nAmount of State money apportioned for the year\\n$269. Fifteen teachers were employed. The school\\nyear at that time ended on the 31st day of October\\n1857. At the end of the year 1857 there were 14\\nschools and 628 children. Average length of school\\nfive months. For the year ending October Slst,\\n1858, there were 15 schools and 854 children. For\\nthe year 1859, total number of children of all ao-es\\n1,569; between four and eighteen years of age 609-\\n723 children of Californian birth. Amount appor-\\ntioned, $6,061.81. In July of that year there was\\napportioned, of State money, 8985; of county money.\\n$1,701.64. There were eighteen schools in session\\nthat year. For 1860 there were 2,703 children of all\\nages; 721 between four and eighteen years of age:\\n914 born in California. The total amount appor-\\ntioned cannot be ascertained. It appears that $1,792\\ncame from the State, and $1,701 from the county.\\nThe public fund paid less than one-half of the school\\nexpenses. Average length of time school was main-\\ntained, five months and eleven days. Four new dis-\\ntricts, although formed in 1859, were not enumerated\\ntill this j ear, viz.: Forest Hill, 87 census children;\\nPock Creek, 45; Monona Flat, 36; Van Trees, 51.\\nNineteen districts in existence. For the year 1861\\nthere was apportioned, of State money, -52,142; of\\ncounty money, $2,911; amount raised by subscrip-\\ntion, $4,508; amount raised by distinct taxes and rate\\nbills, $3,420. Average length of school term six months\\nand three and one-half days. One district main-\\ntained school the whole year. Number of census\\nchildren, 1,440; number born in California, 1,364.\\nStewart s Flat, Mad Caiion, Lone Star and Lincoln\\nDistricts receive public money for the first time.\\nFor 1862 there were 1,786 census children, and\\nUnion, Franklin and Smithville were added to the\\nnumber of school districts. Twenty-six schools\\nwere maintained that year.\\nALTA DISTRICT.\\nFormed February 12, 1872. E. M. Panvard, N.\\nPedlar and G. Kodgers constituted the first Board of\\nTrustees. Miss A. V. Kelly taught the first term of\\nschool, which began in the spring of the same year.\\nForty pupils attended. The school house is situated\\nin the town of Alta, fronting the railroad, and is\\n23x45 feet in dimensions. It was built with money\\nraised principally by giving dances. Fifty-three", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "260\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\npupils can be seated in tiic main room. Seats are till\\npatent. Pretty well supplied with maps and charts.\\nDiirmg the last term taught bj R. D. Faulkner,\\nfift3--one pupils attended, five of whom were in the\\ngrammar grade.\\nThe library number. 108 volumes. J. Q. Baxter\\nis the present District Clerk.\\n.WBL RN DISTRICT.\\nJohn G. Marvin, the first Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction, in his first annual report states that\\nthere was a small school at Auburn in 1851, but the\\noldest residents are unanimous in the opinion th:it\\nthe first school was taught in 1852. According to\\ntheir best recollection a private school was opened in\\nthe fall of 1852 by a Mrs. Horton in a house known\\nas the Parsonage, which stood on the west side of\\nSacramento Street, a short distance above the site\\nof the present American Hotel. Rev. J. R. Rodgers\\nsucceeded her, using the Methodist Church, located\\ntill higher on the hillside, and on the opposite side\\nof the street. For several years the lower story\\nof the Masonic Hall, standing on the northeastern\\nside of the common, now inclosed in the Court House\\nyard, was used as a school room. In 1868 the trus-\\ntees bought Ira Grant s house, standing then just in\\nfront of the new school house site. This house was\\ntorn down and a school house erected, which served\\nthe needs of the district till 1874. At this time the\\nincreased number of children demanded more room\\nand more teachers. To meet this need a new and\\nlarger school house was built during the summer of\\n1874. Twenty-five hundred dollars were raised by\\ntax and 81,049 were donated. In 1879 the two upper\\nrooms were finished and furnished at a cost of si, 512.\\nThe building as finished con-^ists of four rooms two\\nin each story. It is 34x56 feet in size, and each story\\nhas an ante-room 14x26 feet in size. Each room is sup-\\nplied with patent furniture, charts. maps and all the ad-\\njuncts necessary to the success of the school. There are\\nfour schools: one grammar, one intermediate, and two\\nprimaiy. J. H. Firehammer is the Principal. Forty-\\none pupils are enrolled in his room. The seating\\ncapacity is fifty. Miss Bell May has charge of the\\nintermediate, with forty pupils attending. The\\nseating capacity is forty-three. The first primary is\\nin charge of Miss C. M. Lytle, with an attendance\\nof forty-two. The seats are all occupied. Miss\\nEsther Brown teaches the second primary, having\\nninety enrolled, with a seating capacitj of only sixty-\\ntwo. The average monthly expense of the schools\\nfor the last year was 8401. The school library con-\\nsists of some two hundred volumes. The school\\nhouse is located on Railroad Street, and presents a\\nfine architectural ajipearanee. O. \\\\V. Hollenbeck is\\nthe District Clerk.\\nteachers institute.\\nThe Legislature, during the session of 1865,\\nempowered Superintendents to hold Institutes in\\ntheir respective counties, providing there were\\ntwenty districts in the county. Prior to this session\\nthe Superintendent was required to apply to the\\nSupervisors for an order authorizing him to call an\\nInstitute. The first Institute was held in the Court\\nHouse, beginning October 7, 1862. Since that time\\nan Institute has been held every year.\\nbath district.\\nOrganized February 11, 1866. School was opened\\nin May of the same year in a building erected the\\npreceding winter. Miss Carrie A. Green was the\\nteacher. About thirty pupils attended. Henry\\nLong, Henry Ford and John Miteherson were the\\nfirst Trustees. The school house is situated on the\\nsouth side of the road as you enter the town, and is\\n25x35 feet, with seating accommodation for thirty-\\neight children. The seats are not patent, but are\\nnevertheless very comfortable. The school is well\\nsupplied with charts and maps. The district at one\\ntime had quite a large librarj for a small mountain\\nschool. H. H. Richmond is the present teacher.\\nThirty-one pupils are enrolled, of whom two are in\\nthe grammar grade. Mr. Dougherty is the District\\nClerk.\\nBLIE CANON district.\\nThis district was organized November 9, 1867.\\nMiss Sara Jackson taught the first school. A. B.\\nMosher was one of the Trustees. In 1880 the citi-\\nzens built, by subscription, a very well finished school\\nhouse, and t urnished it with good furniture. The\\nschool house does the district credit. Last term\\ntwenty-two pupils attended, and Miss M. S. Belcher\\ntaught them. Library is small. G. P. Bartlett is\\nthe District Clerk.\\nbutcher ranch district.\\nFormed in May, 187S. School was immediately\\nopened in a cabin near the Hibernia House, with\\nMiss K. McElwee as teacher. Nine pupils attended.\\nThe Trustees were, Pej ton Powell, Thomas Sheridan\\nand Archie Maither. The school house is 10x18\\nfeet, and plainly but comfortably furnished. Miss\\nMcElwee has taught every term since the dis-\\ntrict was organized. E. B. Gilbert is the District\\nClerk.\\nCENTRAL DISTRICT.\\nThis district was formed February 13, 1872. H.\\nC. Curtis taught the first public school. M. Wal-\\ndron, H. M. Whaley, and H. Newton were the first\\nTrustees. The district has a good echool house, well\\nsupplied with improved furniture. G. W. Fuller has\\ncharge of the school. Forty children attend.\\nLibrary is small. E. B. Heryford is the District\\nClerk.\\nCHRISTIAN VALLEY DISTRICT\\nOnce formed part of Clipper Gap District, from\\nwhich it was set oft in April, 18G8. A Miss Mor-\\ngan taught the first school fil teen pupils attended.\\nThe school house is 16x30 feet, and has been greatly\\nimproved the last year. The district needs new fui-.", "height": "3349", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.\\n2fil\\nniture. J. M. Lowell is at present teaching, with\\ntwenty pupils enrolled. E. F. Cook is District\\nClerk.\\nCLIPPER GAP DISTRICT,\\nFormerly Neilsburg District, was organized May 7,\\n1864. School began August, 1864. N. B. Steward\\ntaught the first term, and thirty-one children\\nattended. The Trustees were Mr. Campbell, G. W.\\nPredmore, and George W. Honn. The school house\\nis a substantial building, 26x28 feet, located on the\\nAuburn and Colfax wagon road, about one-quarter\\nof a mile north of Clipper Gap railroad station.\\nCan seat thirty pupils. The seats are plain and\\nhome-made, but comfortable. Miss Daisy Radcliffe\\nis at present engaged in teaching the school, having\\nnine pupils enrolled. Twenty-nine volumes com-\\npose the library. G. VV. Honn is the District Clerk.\\nCOLFAX DISTRICT.\\nFrank Sanderson taught the first school in Colfax,\\nor, as it was then called, Illinoistown, in 1854 and\\n55. The first public school was taught in 1858 by\\na teacher whose name was Bluet. R. S. Egbert, E.\\nJ. Brickell, W. A. Hines were the Trustees. From\\n1858 till December, 1872, the school was taught in\\nwhat had once been a packing-house in Illinoistown.\\nIn 1872 the citizens, by a series of dances, collected\\nmoney to erect a school house. This was finished\\nnear the close of 1872, costing SI, 350. It can seat\\nninety pupils. All the seats are patent. The rooms\\nare ceiled and very well finished. In 1880, by an\\nincrease of census children, the district became\\nentitled to another teacher, and to accommodate\\nthis school another room was added to the main\\nbuilding, at a cost of S700. This room can seat fifty\\npupils. At present the Colfax School consists of\\nthree departments grammar, first and second prim-\\nary. G. W. Wj-llie teaches the gi-ammar grade, and\\nhas twenty-eight pupils enrolled. The first primaiy\\nis under the charge of Miss Emma Nickell, with\\nthirty-five pupils attending. Miss Annie A. Quick\\nteaches the second primary, having an attendance\\nof forty-eight. One hundred and twenty six volumes\\ncompose the library. W. A. Hines is the District\\nClerk.\\nCONSOLIDATED DISTRICT.\\nThis is a pioneer district. The first public school\\nwas taught in 1859. Mrs. Woods was the first\\nteacher. The school was at first taught in the widow\\nMiller s house. This was burned and the school\\nused a house which stood on the ground now occu-\\npied by Mr. McBride s orchard. Afterward the\\nschool was taught in a building belonging to a Mi s.\\nPrice. This was formerly Eattlesnake District, but\\nwas united to Wild Goose District, in El Dorado\\nCounty in 1875, and was called the Consolidated\\nDistrict. The present school house is located on the\\ntop of the River Hill. It is a well-built house, and\\nfurnished with patent furniture. Miss M. E. McCann\\nhas just closed the term of 1881, with an attendance\\nof twentj -one pupils. There are some sixty vol-\\numes in the library. E. D. Shirland is the District\\nClerk.\\nCOON CRK.EK DISTRICT.\\nThis is one of the pioneer schools; organized in\\n1857. J. Barnes, F. L. Chamberlin and J, Hulbert\\nwere the Trustees. John McConighey was the first\\nteacher. Fourteen pupils attended his school. The\\nschool house is very pleasantly situated in a grove\\nof oak and manzanita. Size, 32x32 feet, having\\na seating capacity of thirty. A. Spooner is the\\nteacher this term. Fifteen children attend, three of\\nwhom ai e in the grammar grade. The school has a\\nvery small library. The District Clerk is Phillip\\nDippel. Sr.\\nDAMASCUS DISTRICT.\\nOrganized November 8, 1867, with J. T. Ashley,\\nM. H. Power, N, Lombard as Trustees, Miss Clau-\\ndine Eounder taught the first school in a miner s\\ncabin, with twelve pupils in attendance. School was\\nmaintained several years by rate-bills and a little\\npublic money. The school house is small, and plainly\\nfurnished with seats of home manufacture. The\\nlibrary is very small. J. P. Darwin is the present\\nteacher, with some twenty pupils enrolled, F, E.\\nCameron is District Clerk,\\nDANEVILLE DISTRICT,\\nFormed May 8, 1874, Trustees were O, P, Rich-\\nardson and H, Nader, L, C. Gage was the first\\nteacher. The school house is well finished and has\\nsome patent furniture. Last term, thirty-six chil-\\ndren attended school, P. S. Dippel is the present\\nteacher. The library is small. O. Clark is the\\nDistrict Clerk,\\nDRY CREEK DISTRICT,\\nThis is one of the pioneer districts, being a district\\nin 1857, but it does not appear upon the records\\nbefore 1863, In 1862 it received an increase of terri-\\ntory, the Van Trees District being divided between\\nit and Franklin District, In 1863 E, J, Schellhous\\ntaught the school. The school house stands upon\\nthe Sacramento road 26x40 feet in size, has some\\npatent seats, but needs considerable renovation.\\nMiss M, G, Devine is the present teacher. Fifteen\\npupils attend, N, Mertes is District Clerk.\\nDUTCH PLAT DISTRICT.\\nThe first school in Dutch Flat was taught in 1856\\nby W. C. Stratton, afterward State Librarian, in a\\nsmall wooden building on Main Street, now forming\\na part of the residence of Postmaster Smart, The\\nschool was private, having an attendance of twelve\\nor fifteen pupils. In 1875 James Jameson, C, A,\\nBarrett, and R, Hoskins being Trustees, the district\\nerected a two-story school house on Stockton Street,\\nat a cost of near S7,000. The main building is 30x80", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "262\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nfeet, with an ante-room 18x30 feet. This is the finest\\nschool house in the county. It is well finished through-\\nout, convenient of ingress and egress. There are four\\nrooms, three of which are occupied. The schools are\\nwell supplied with patent furniture, charts, maps,\\nand all the apparatus necessary to the well-being of\\na prosperous school. The district has more than\\ntwo hundred volumes in the school library. L.\\nF. Coburn is Principal having the grammar depart-\\nment in his immediate charge. Fifty-six pupils\\nare enrolled in his room, nine of whom are in\\nthe advanced grade. Miss F. H. Folwell has charge\\nof the first primary, with fifty-one enrolled. In the\\nsecond primary fifty-seven pupils are registered,\\nunder the tuition of Miss Rosa Brown. The three\\nrooms together have a seating capacity of 189.\\nFor several years Dutch Flat reported more census\\nchildren than any other district in the county. The\\naverage monthly expense of the school is $255. C.\\nA. Barrett is now District Clerk.\\nEMIORANT GAP.\\nFormed May 10, 1873. J. B. Chinn was one of\\nthe Trustees. Miss Annette Greenleaf was the first\\nteacher. In 1880 the district subscribed money and\\nbuilt a very nice school house. The furniture is all\\npatent. The library is small. School is not in ses-\\nsion at present. Last term twenty-one children\\nattended. G. F. Boldon is the present District\\nClerk.\\nEXCELSIOR DISTRICT.\\nOrganized February 5, 1869. A Miss Burke taught\\nthree months of the first term, and was succeeded by\\nMiss S. V. Boles. The first school was taught in a\\nhouse about one-half a mile from the present school\\nhouse, which is situated on the Auburn and Sacra-\\nmento wagon road. G. R. Grant and a Mr. Hawkins\\nwere the first Trustees. Ten pupils attended. At\\npresent there are twenty-two pupils attending under\\nthe tuition of Miss Lizzie King. School house can\\naccommodate thirty-five children. The seats are of\\nhome manufacture. There are eighty-six volumes\\nin the library. Charles King is District Clerk.\\nFAIR VIEW DISTRICT.\\nThis district was formed in August, 1867. It is a\\njoint district with Fair View in Sutter County. The\\nschool house is situated in Placer, just over the county\\nline. During the last term the average daily attend-\\nance from the Placer side was four. The school house is\\ncomfortable and is furnished with improved furni-\\nture. The library is small. C. E. Beilby is the\\nDistrict Clerk.\\nFOREST HILL DISTRICT.\\nThis district was organized in 1858, with R.\\nWinspear, Esq., as teacher, and Albert Hart and J.\\nW. Philips as Trustees. The first school began in\\nJune, 1858, with eleven pupils attending, in a one-\\nstory building on the corner of Main and School\\nStreets. In October, 1872, this building was burned,\\nand the school was taught in the Union Hotel for\\ntwo months. Three hundred library books were\\nalso destroyed by the fire. The citizens immediately\\nsubscribed money, bought a lot and built a new\\nschool house. This is situated on the south side of\\nMain Street on the old Fitzimmon lot, is -10x80 feet\\nand can accommodate 1-10 pupils. There are two\\ndepartments, grammar and primary. The furniture\\nin both schools is patent. The schools are well\\nsupplied with charts and maps. The school house\\ncommands a fine view of the Sacramento Valley.\\nG. W. Simpson is the principal; Miss E. F. Colton,\\nassistant. There are over 200 volumes in the\\nlibrary. Joseph Dilts, Esq., is the present District\\nClerk.\\nFRANKLIN DISTRICT.\\nThis district received its first public money in\\n1862. A teacher by the name of Crosby taught the\\nfirst public school. In 1864, a portion of Van Trees\\nDistrict was joined to this district. The school house\\nis small and is supplied with old-fashioned desks. It\\nis situated on the old Sacramento wagon road. Miss\\nMar^ McKay is teaching the present term; fourteen\\npupils attend. The library is very small. M.Lucas\\nis the District Clerk.\\nGOLD HILL DISTRICT.\\nJ. Henderson taught the first school in 1855. The\\nschool house is situated one-half a mile south of the\\nonce prosperous mining camp of Gold Hill, and can\\nseat forty children. Miss Bell Fogg now has charge\\nof the school; twelve pupils attend, two of whom\\nare in the grammar grade. The library is small.\\nJ. S. Philbrick is District Clerk.\\nGOLD RUN DISTRICT.\\nOrganized August 11, 1863. D. Rice, S. Palmer,\\nand O. W. HoUenbeek were the first Trustees. Miss\\nLizzie Herbert taught the first school which began\\nJune 19,1864:, in an old building on Main Street in\\nGold Run; eighteen pupils attended. In 1865, the\\ncitizens held a meeting to provide means to purchase\\na site and erect a school house thereon. In one day\\n8552 was subscribed. The school house cost S772.\\nThe remainder, 8220, was paid by means of concerts\\nand donations. In 1867 an addition was built at a\\ncost of 8640. The school house, 25x60 occupies a\\ncommanding position, afiTording an extensive view of\\nthe surrounding country and the Sierra. The\\nfurniture is patent; the seating capacity is ninety.\\nMiss Maggie Barrett is the present teacher, having\\nfifty-four pupils enrolled, eighteen of whom are in\\nthe grammar grade. The district has a library of\\nover 200 volumes. F. A. Schnabel is District Clerk.\\nIOWA HILL DISTRICT.\\nThe first school was taught by J. S. Binney in\\n1855. A Mr. Straton taught the first public school\\nin 1857. The names of the Trustees cannot be ascer-\\ntained. In September, 1863, the Monona Flat", "height": "3349", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.\\n268\\nDistrict was consolidated with this district. The\\nold school house located a little west of the town on\\nthe hillside, consisted of two small rooms and could\\nbarelj accommodate the children. In 1878, the\\npeople erected a fine building of two rooms, one story\\nhigh, on the main street of Iowa Hill. It is,34x72 feet\\nin size and cost $3,000. The grammar and primary\\nrooms are supplied with patent furniture and all the\\naccessories of a well-ordered school. Mr. H. M.\\nDrew is the Principal; Miss A. C. Murphy teaches\\nthe primary pupils. One hundred and seventeen\\nchildren attended scheol last term. The library is\\nsmall. J. W. Chinn is the District Clerk.\\nLINCOLN DISTRICT.\\nThis district was formed in 1860. Mr. P. S.\\nLeavey was one of the Trustees; the names of the\\nother two are forgotten. The first school was\\ntaught by P. Singer, Esq., in 1861. Until 1868, the\\ndistrict had no school house of its own, but used a\\nbuilding located on the corner of Fifth and J Streets.\\nFifty-four children attended the first school. In\\n1868, a school house was erected. In 1879, the\\ncitizens taxed themselves, and, with the money thus\\nraised, built an addition, 20x24 feet; the whole\\nbuilding now measures 24x60. There are now two\\nschools. The primary is taught by Miss Delia Man-\\nning; has forty pupils enrolled. The grammar,\\ntaught by J. P. Eonald, has thirty pupils enrolled.\\nThe district has only twenty-five books in its library.\\nF. Wastier is District Clerk.\\nLONE STAR DISTRICT.\\nThis district was formed in 1860. M. Orr, L.\\nUtt, and W. Page, were the first Trustees. In the\\nsame year, the present school house, 18x24 feet,\\nwas built. Mr. Davis taught the first school, with\\nten pupils in attendance. Lone Star once included\\nEoek Creek, Christian Valley, and a large portion\\nof Mount Vernon, Districts. The furniture is old.\\nand the district needs a new school house veiy\\nmuch. F. Evinger is teaching the school now, hav-\\ning twenty-one pupils in charge. P. Oest is the\\nDistrict Clerk. Became Smithville District in 1862.\\nSMITHA ILLE DISTRICT.\\nThis was formerly known as the Secret Ravine\\nDistrict. P. Lynch, L. Stout, and J. Turner, were\\nthe first Trustees. Miss Mary Powner taught the\\nfirst school, in 1856; the school house cost 8480.\\nThe jiresent school house is well furnished with\\npatent furniture; Miss L. W. Colton is the present\\nteacher. Thirty-one pupils attend school; sixty-\\none volumes compose the library. C. F. Fobes is\\nthe District Clerk.\\n.MICHIG.W BLUFF DISTRICT.\\nThere was a school there as early as 1856, taught\\nby P. Singer, Esq., in a building re-modeled for this\\npurpose, on Maiden Lane. The Trustees were W.\\n\\\\V. Cunningham, J. VV. Brady, and Mark Shawl;\\nnear twenty pupils attended. This district, in 1866,\\nabsorbed the Mad Caiion District, located on the\\nMiddle Fork of the American River. The present\\nschool house is located south of the town, on the\\nriver-hill slope. In 1880, during a high wind, it\\nwas moved several feet, sustaining considerable\\ndamage; it can just accommodate the pupils of\\nthe district. The larger portion of the desks are\\npatent. This district has managed to keep long\\nterms by means of school parties, given in the spring\\nof each year. Miss Jennie Morgan is the present\\nteacher. Seventy-two pupils are enrolled; six of\\nthese are in the grammar grade. There are 118\\nvolumes in the library. H. L. Van Emon is Dis-\\ntrict Clerk.\\nMOUNT PLEASANT DISTRICT.\\nFirst school began in 1855, with thirty pupils in\\nattendance. Judge Henry, now of Sacramento, was\\nthe teacher, and Stephen Birg and Peter Myers, were\\nthe Trustees. The school house was located on the\\npresent site, section thirty, township thirteen north,\\nrange seven east, 24x30 feet in size, and was burned\\nin 1871. The citizens immediately erected another,\\nto which additions and improvements have been\\noccasionally made. The school is now in charge\\nof L. C. Gage; thirty-two pupils attend. The\\nlibrary is very small. John Thorpe is the present\\nDistrict Clerk.\\nMOUNT VERNON DISTRICT.\\nThis district was formed May 10, 1877, and school\\nwas immediately opened, by Miss Kate Dunphey,\\nwith ten pupils attending. S. Logan, J. Holmes,\\nand H. Bosse, were the Trustees. The school house\\nis one of the best in the county; it is almost\\nentirely supplied with patent furniture. The par-\\nents have been very liberal in furnishing a pleasant\\nand comfortable school room for their children.\\nMiss Mary Skinner now has charge of the school;\\neighteen pupils attend. S. Logan is the District\\nClerk.\\nNEW ENGLAND MILLS DISTRICT.\\nThis was organized as the Lisbon District, in\\n1864. First school began in August, 1864, having\\nMiss Lydia Hinckley as teacher, and G. W. Apple-\\ngate, J. E. Simpson, and M. Mendenhall, as Trustees.\\nThe school house was a commodious building, located\\none mile east of G. W. Applegate s present residence.\\nWithin a year many of the people moved away,\\nand the building was sold for a farm-house. The\\npresent school house has been moved four times,\\nand is situated nearly a mile north of New England\\nMills Station; is 20x30 feet, and can seat forty-five\\npupils. This district retained the same teacher\\nnearly seven years, paying her \u00c2\u00a765.00 per month\\n\u00c2\u00ab2,991.10. Miss M. E. McCann is teaching at\\npresent, with an attendance of forty pupils. The\\ndistrict has a very small librarj\\\\ Some of the\\ndesks are patent, but the greater part are home-", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "264\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nmade; the school room is very pleasant. W. B.\\nOsborn is the District Clerk.\\nNEWCASTLE DISTRICT.\\nOrganized in 1864. John Holden, John Hanson,\\nand H. Mullen, constituted the first Board of\\nTrustees. A Mr. Patton taught the first school, in\\n1865; the school house is situated a little south of\\nth j town. In 1880, an addition was built, render-\\ning it more commodious, and better adapted to the\\nneeds of the growing district; the furniture is wholly\\n])atent. The school house is now 25x60 feet, and\\ncan seat fifty-six children. O. P. Harvey has charge\\nof the school; number of pupils attending, fort}--\\nfour, eleven of whom are in the grammar grade.\\nThe library is small. Berry Mitchell is the present\\nDistrict Clerk.\\nOPHIR DISTRICT.\\nThe fiv-t ^-f hdol was private, taught by a Mrs.\\nLong in a private house. Mrs. Horton taught the\\nfirst public school, in 1856. A. Walker and D. Olds\\nwere two of the Trustees. About this time, it is\\nsupposed, a school house was built. In 187-1 an addi-\\ntional room was built for the accommodation of an\\nassistant teacher. On the first Saturday of Septem-\\nber, 1874, the school house was fired by an incendi-\\narj and it was burned. All its contents, including\\na library of 350 volumes, an organ and some new\\ndesks, were destroyed. This building stood on\\nCrater Hill, nearly opposite the Crater House. The\\ncitizens immediately raised money and built another\\nschool house nearer the center of the town. This is\\nsituated in the center of a fine j-ard covered\\nwith a natural growth of oak. The building is\\n24x48 feel in size, with an ante-room 10x20\\nfeet. There are two departments grammar and\\nprimary and each room is well supplied with\\natent furniture, charts and maps. R. D. Faulkner\\nis the Principal. In his room forty-three pupils are\\n(inrolled; fortj -eight can be seated. The primary\\nschool is taught by Mrs. L. A. Billett, with an attend-\\nance of fifty. The seating capacity is fifty-four.\\nThere are 180 volumes in the libraiy. Nearly all\\nare standard works. James Moore, Esq., is the Dis-\\ntrict Clerk.\\nPENRYN DISTRICT.\\nThis was formerly called the Stewart s Flat Dis-\\ntrict, and with the Secret Ravine District formed\\nl)istrict No. 0. In 1856, while Miss Powner was\\nteaching, one of the Trustees became dissatisfied\\nwith the location of the school house, and started\\nanother in a miner s cabin on Pennsylvania Ravine.\\nThis became known as the Stewart s Flat District.\\nA. H. Goodrich taught the first school in 1856. In\\n1872 its name was changed to Penryn. The district\\nnow has two departments grammar and primary-.\\n.Miss Octavia Wetmoro has charge of the grammar\\nschool, with thirty pupils enrolled. Miss Eliza Jam-\\nison has charge of the primary school, with fifty\\nenrolled. There are two rooms in the building, each\\n24x36 feet in size. One room was built in the fall of\\n1881, at a cost of S900. Both rooms are supplied\\nwith patent furniture. A. Ross is District Clerk.\\nROCK CREEK DISTRICT.\\nThis was known as the Live Oak District till 1860.\\nwhen It received its present name. Rock Creek.\\nSchool began, according to the record, in 1859, but\\nold residents say there was a school as early as 1857,\\ntaught in a building located on Missouri Flat. This\\nwas the first school house. It was a small building\\nonly 10x12 feet in size. In 1862 or 63 a new school\\nhouse was built on Bald Hill, near the Nevada road,\\n24x36 feet in size, with a seating capacity of forty-\\ntwo. The furniture at present is nearly all patent.\\nThe district has a good library in fair condition.\\nC. M. White is teaching the present term. There\\nare thirty-six pupils enrolled, three of whom are in\\nthe grammar grade. Frederick Dependiner acts as\\nDistrict Clerk.\\nROCKLIN DISTRICT.\\nThis district was formed August 18, 1866. Miss\\nEllen Hinckley s name appears upon the record as\\nthe first teacher. The district now has two schools\\ngrammar and primary in charge of H. C. Curtis\\nand his wife, Mrs. A. E. Curtis. The school house\\ncan barely accommodate the pupils. Each depart-\\nment is supplied with patent furniture. One hun-\\ndred and twenty-two pupils attend this term. There\\nare 106 volumes in the library. John Ertle is the\\nDistrict Clerk.\\nROSEVILLE DISTRICT,\\nOriginally a part of Dry Creek District, was set oft\\nand formed May 14, 1872. E. J. Schellhous taught\\nthe first school, in the building now occupied by\\nJesse Blair, on Atlantic Street. The district now\\nhas two good school houses. The grammar school,\\ntaught b} S. J. Pullen, occupies the brick, and the\\n]iriraary, taught by Miss Lily A. Cross, occupies the\\nwooden building. Eighty-eight pupils are attending\\nschool this term. Both rooms are well supplied with\\nfurniture, blackboards, and the conveniences neces-\\nsary to the welfare of a school. The library consists\\nof fortj -five volumes. L. D. Thomas is the District\\nClerk.\\nSHERIDAN DISTRICT\\nWas originally formed as the Norwich District. May\\n7, 1864. In 1879 its name was changed to Sheridan.\\nThe first school was private, taught by L. H. McDon-\\nald, in a shed a mile south of the town. A teacher\\nby the name of Reynolds taught the first public\\nschool. The present school house was built in 1877,\\nis 30x60 feet in size, and can seat sixty pupils.\\nThe house is well finished and furnished with patent\\nfurniture. It commands a fine view of the vallej-\\nand mountains. Miss Luana arns has had charge\\nof the school this term. Fifty pupils have been\\nattending, and nine of them are in the grammar\\ngradt J. .M. Long is the District Clerk.", "height": "3349", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "O. F- Seen\\navey.", "height": "3369", "width": "2250", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.\\n265\\nSPRING GARDEN DISTRICT.\\nFormed May 8, 1874. Miss A. MacDonakl imme-\\ndiately began teaching in a log cabin at Spring\\nGarden Eanch witii twenty ]iupil8 in attendance.\\nThomas Dodds, Esq., Peyton Powell, and Hamilton\\nBryan were the first Trustees. In the summer of\\n1874, the district built a school house. Money raised\\nby dances and subscription paid its cost. The school\\nhouse is 20x30 feet,and can seat twenty-seven childi-en.\\nMiss Mollie Adams taught this last fall term, having\\nfourteen pupils in attendance. There are thirtj\\nvolumes in the school library. The District Clerk\\nis Morris Smith.\\nSUNNY SOUTH DISTRICT.\\nThis district was formed February 9, 1878, and\\nincludes the territory upon which the Hidden\\nTreasure Mine is situated. Miss Ida Williams taught\\nthe first public school. The Trustees were Wm.\\nCameron, E. Burwell and J. P. Just. In 1880 the\\ncitizens built a small, well-finished school house with\\nmonej- collected by subscription. It contains twenty-\\nsix homemade seats. Robert Burns is the teacher,\\nand VV. J. Sparks the District Clerk. Twenty-one\\nvolumes compose the district library.\\nTODD S valley DISTRICT.\\nThis is one of the pioneer districts. H.Miller was\\nthe first teacher that drew public money. A. A.\\nPond and Thomas Dodds were, I think, the first\\nTrustees. Cannot ascertain the number of children,\\nbut judging from comparing reports there were some\\nfifty odd. The district had a pretty good school\\nhouse, but suffered it to fall to pieces. For several\\nyears the district rented a room under the Odd\\nFellows Hall. In the fall of 1880 the citizens sub-\\nscribed, and built a school house at a cost of $500.\\nC. P. K. Tracy is the pi-esent teacher, with an at-\\ntendance of twenty-four pupils. Six pupils are in\\nthe grammar grade. There are about one hundred\\nvolumes in the library. A. A. Pond is the District\\nClerk.\\nUNION DISTRICT.\\nFormed in 1862. Gould, D^^er and J. Williams\\nwere the first Trustees. A Miss Howe taught the\\nfirst public school. The school is small and in fair\\ncondition, having been thoroughly repaired during\\nthe last year. E. E. Panabaker is the present\\nteacher. Seventeen pupils attend. O. J. Gould is\\nthe District Clerk.\\nVALLEY VIEW DISTRICT.\\nSchool began in 1871 under the tuition of Mrs.\\nBarman, nineteen pupils attending. School was\\nmaintained eighteen months by subscription. In\\n1872 the district received its first apportionment of\\npublic money. The Trustees were S. J. Lewis and\\nL. W. Scott. The school house stands on a high\\nhill, overlooking long reaches of the Sacramento\\nValley, and affording a panoramic view of the Sierra\\nNevada. Twenty-four pupils can be seated. The\\nfurniture is rough and cumbrous. The library is\\nverj- small. Miss L. J. Hyde is the present teacher.\\nShe has twenty-four pupils enrolled, eight being in\\nthe grammar grade. The District Clerk is S. J.\\nLewis.\\nVAN TREES DISTRICT.\\nThis was formed in 1859. The first teacher that\\ndrew public money was Mrs. Hite. In 1864 Van\\nTrees District was divided between Dry Creek and\\nFranklin Districts.\\nYANKEE JIM s DISTRICT.\\nThis is one of the pioneer schools. Three terms\\nof private school were taught before it became a\\npart of the public school system. The first private\\nschool was taught by Albert Hart in 1855. Each\\npupil paid SIO.OO per month tuition. The attendance\\nwas about fifteen children. The school house was a\\nlog building, once known as the Bloomer Hotel,\\nwhich stood between the saloon and the dwelling-\\nhouse of the late Martin Tubbs. This log house\\nbecame the property of R. 0. Cravens, (afterward\\nState Librarian) and was sold by him for a church.\\nThe district was organized in 1837, Col. Kerr, John\\nCo!ner and John Vail being the first Trustees. The\\npresent school house is situated east of the town, and\\nis 30x40 feet, and has a seating capacity of forty-six.\\nTwo hundred and thirty volumes compose the\\nlibrary. Miss Elsie Buckley is the pi-esent teacher,\\nwith twenty-five pujjils in attendance. There are\\nfour in grammar grade. Chas. Trafton is District\\nClerk.\\nLAPSED DISTRICTS.\\nThe following districts have ceased to exist:\\nCisco District was organized in 1867. A person\\nby the name of Curtis taught the first school. School\\nwas intermitted October 1, 1871.\\nLast Chance District was formed in 1862. School\\nwas opened in 1863. Cannot ascertain who were\\nthe teacher and Trustees. This district, through the\\nmoving away of many of its residents and the con-\\nsequent lack of school children, was consolidated with\\nDeadwood District in 1874. In 1865 that portion of\\nLast Chance District Ij ing between El Dorado Canon\\nand the North Fork of the Middle Fork of the Ameri-\\ncan River was set off and formed into the Deadwood\\nDistrict. In 1865 a Miss Irving taught the first\\nschool, ten children attending. The people paid by\\nsubscription. The school house, 14x20 feet, was\\nbuilt by the Sons of Temperance, and donated to the\\nschool. In August, 1879, there not being the legal\\nnumber of children in the district it was discontinued.\\nMonona Flat District was formed in 1859. Trustees,\\nM. McDonald, J. La France, M. Tiegler. Miss\\nMcDonald was the first teacher. The district was\\nconsolidated with Iowa Hill in 1863.\\nPleasant Grove District was formed August 2\\n1864. Mrs. J. E. Hill taught the first school. V.", "height": "3349", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "266\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nM. Leonard was one of the Trustees. School district\\nlapsed April 25, 1880.\\nShady Run District was formed May 10, 1877.\\nMiss Mary A. Curran was the first teacher. J. P.\\nTalbot, H. K. Devely, J. H. Thomas were the\\nTrustees. District was consolidated with Blue\\nCanon in August, 1879.\\nWashington District was formed May 7, 1864. J.\\nT. Darwin taught the first school. The district\\nlapsed January, 1880.\\nSCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1881.\\nValuation of\\nAlta\\nS -O\\nAuhmn...\\n7,oon\\nBath\\n300\\nBlue Cafton\\n700\\nButcher Ranch\\n37\\nClipper Gap.\\nI.O IO\\nCentral\\n700\\nChristian Vallev.\\ne.iO\\n2,500\\nson\\nCon.solidated..\\nCoon Creek\\n4 JO\\nDamascus\\n400\\nDaneville.\\n900\\nDrv Creek.\\n800\\nDutch Flat\\n9,000\\nEmigrant Gap\\n500\\nEucelsior\\n600\\nFair View\\n800\\nForest Hill.\\n2,500\\nFranklin\\n300\\nGold Hill\\n500\\nGold Run...\\n850\\nIowa Hill...\\n4,000\\nLincoln\\n1,700\\nMichifran Bluff\\n1,000\\nMount Pleasant\\n600\\nMount Vernon\\n120\\nNew England Mills\\n460\\nNewcastle\\n1,350\\nOphir\\n2,500\\nPenrvn\\n2,100\\nPleasant Grove\\n300\\nBock Creek...\\n950\\nRocklin\\n1,200\\nRoseville.\\n2,000\\nSheridan\\n2.100\\nSmithville\\n980\\nSpring Garden,\\n260\\nSunny South.\\n300\\nTodd s Valley.\\n600\\nUnion\\n360\\nValley View...\\n400\\nWashington\\n30:\\nWisconsin Hill\\n400\\nYankee Jim s..\\nTotal\\n57,187\\n60\\n1,570\\n50\\n2,750\\n9U\\n2,305\\n350\\n62\\n1,287\\n50\\n1,4.10\\n40\\n2,150\\nm\\n2,250\\n40\\n1,100\\nAlta\\nAuburn\\nBath\\nRlueCafion\\nKutcher Ranch.\\nCentral\\nChristian Valley\\nClipper Gap\\n28\\n23\\n115\\n114\\n13\\n16\\n9\\n13\\n4\\n4\\n17\\n23\\n20\\n15\\n9\\n13\\n82\\n66\\n9\\n14\\n7\\n1\\n1\\n0.6\\n3\\n3\\n8\\nT\\nI\\n0.4\\n1\\n1\\n7.5\\n1\\n7.3d\\n6\\n1\\n7.6\\n1\\n1\\n6\\n7\\n2\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nSchool Statistics. Continued.\\nCoon Creek\\n6\\n10\\n16\\n11.24\\n8\\nDamascus\\n16\\n11\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0il\\n16\\nfi\\n1\\nDaneville\\n22\\n14\\n36\\n25\\n7.1\\nDrv Creek.\\n7\\n9\\n16\\n14.95\\n7\\n1\\nDutch Flat..\\n96\\n84\\n180\\n130\\n6.4\\n2\\nEmigrant Gap.\\n12\\n21\\n9\\n6.8\\nExcelsior\\nU)\\n12\\n32\\n11\\nK\\nFair View\\n6\\n9\\n14\\n3\\n6\\n1\\nForest Hill\\n69\\n60\\n119\\n75\\n8\\n1\\nFranklin\\nin\\n7\\n17\\n11\\n8\\n1\\nGold Hill\\n14\\n13\\n2V\\n11\\n6.65\\nGold Run.\\n3?\\n2\u00c2\u00ab\\n58\\n43.17\\nH.5\\nIowa Hill\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a057\\n60\\n11 V\\n76.7\\n7\\ni\\nL-ncoln\\n48\\n42\\n90\\n61\\n7.5\\n1\\nLone Star\\n17\\n10\\nil\\n17\\n7\\n1\\nMichigan Bluff\\n41\\n3(i\\n11\\n62.6\\nS\\nMount Pleasant\\n18\\n23\\n41\\n24.6\\n6.6\\n1\\n.Mount Vernon\\nS\\n13\\n21\\n15.73\\n6\\n1\\nNew England Mills\\n21\\n26\\n46\\n34\\n7.45\\n1\\nNewcastle\\n27\\n;,7\\n64\\n34\\n6.15\\nOphir\\n50\\n62\\n102\\n65,8\\n7.5\\n1\\nPlrasant Grove.\\n3\\n7\\n10\\n4.6\\n3\\n1\\nPenrvn\\n49\\n49\\n98\\n60\\n8.2\\n2\\nRock Creek.\\n23\\n29\\n52\\n31\\n8\\n1\\nRocklin\\n74\\n68\\n132\\n76.2\\nV.6\\n1\\nRoseville\\n44\\n48\\n92\\n51\\n7.75\\n1\\nSheridan\\n33\\n30\\n63\\n32.2\\n6.36\\n1\\nSmith\\\\ille...\\n22\\n14\\n36\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a020,15\\n7.5\\n1\\nSpring Garden\\nIS\\ny\\n2 i\\n13\\n8\\n1\\nSunny South.\\n11\\n12\\n23\\n21.65\\n8\\nI\\nTodd s Vallev\\n16\\n13\\n29\\n21.6\\n6\\nUnion\\n11\\n6\\nIV\\n7.39\\n6\\nValley View.\\n13\\n14\\n27\\n16\\n6.4\\n1\\nWashington\\n4\\n4\\n8\\n3.2\\n2.5\\n1\\nWisconsin Hill.\\n22\\n15\\n3(\\n27.7\\n6./\\n1\\nYankee Jim s\\n14\\n19\\n33\\n20.13\\n7.4\\n1\\nave.\\nTotal\\n1,220\\n1,182\\n2,408\\n1,649.65\\n6.8.\\n21\\n39\\n39\\n21\\nAlta\\nAuburn\\nBath\\nBlue Carton\\nButcher Ranch\\nCentral\\nChristian Valley\\nClipper Gap\\nek.\\nDamascus\\nDaneville\\nDrv Creek\\nDutch Flat\\nEmigrant Gap.\\nExcelsirr\\nFair View.\\nForest Hill\\nF.anklin\\nGold Hill\\nGold Run\\nIowa Hill\\nLincoln\\nLone Star\\nMifhigran Bluff.\\nMount Pleasant.\\nMount Vernon\\nNew Eng-. Mills.\\nNewcastle\\nOphir\\nPenryn\\nRock Creek\\nRocklin\\nRoseville\\nSheridan\\nSmithville\\nSpr ng Garden.\\nSxmnv South.\\nTodd s Valley...\\nUnion\\nVallev View....\\nWisconsin Hill.\\nYankee Jim s.\\nPleasant Grove.\\nWashin^toD....\\nso\\n28\\n123\\n134\\n18\\n21\\n9\\n13\\n11\\n9\\n17\\n23\\n27\\n28\\n9\\n13\\n116\\n87\\n19\\n17\\n9\\n12\\n16\\n16\\n19\\n17\\n7\\n10\\n111\\n94\\n9\\n12\\n24\\nIV\\n5\\n9\\nSO\\n71\\n16\\n19\\n25\\n17\\n37\\n39\\n6/\\n5s\\n65\\n50\\n20\\n12\\n40\\n38\\n22\\n22\\n9\\n13\\n33\\n35\\n3S\\n32\\n69\\n6S\\n63\\n65\\n43\\n34\\n105\\n92\\n48\\n65\\n30\\n38\\n19\\n18\\n16\\n5\\n10\\n13\\n17\\n11\\n10\\n14\\n22\\n18\\n23\\n19\\n16\\n20\\n1,511\\n1,436\\nTotal 44 Districts 1,511 1,436 2,947 2,951 1136 2,282\\ntt\\n41 62S 160", "height": "3349", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n2C7\\nMISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.\\nNumber Grammar tjchools. 35\\nPi imary .schools 25\\nSchool-houses built of wood, 45\\nSchool-houses built of brick 1\\nNew school houses erected. 3\\nMale teachers 21\\nFemale teachers 39\\nTeachers graduate of California Normal School 5\\nTeachers graduate of any other State Normal School 3\\nholding State educational diplomas 11\\nlife educational diplomas 5\\ncounty certificates first grade 39\\ncounty certificates\u00e2\u0080\u0094 second grade. 21\\nSchools maintained less than si,x months ..2\\nTeachers who attended Comity Institute ,57\\nAverage monthly wages paid male teachers 77 61\\nfemale trachers 67 99\\nSalary uf County Superintendent per annum 1,200 00\\nRate of county school tax levied October, 1S80, 12 cents on the 100 00\\nAmount of taxable property in county 7,999,343 00\\n0. r. SEAVEY.\\nOscar Fitzallan Seavey was born in Boston, Massa-\\nchusetts, January 8, 1847. His parents were Eli\\nSeavey and Lydia A. (Thorn) Seavey, natives of\\nMaine, who had removed to Boston shortly after\\ntheir marriage. The family can boast of their\\nPuritan origin, as tradition has it that the first of\\nthe Pilgrim mothers to step foot upon Plymouth\\nRock, from the Mayflower, on the 22d day of\\nDecember, 1620, was the maternal ancestor, on the\\nfather s side, of the present Superintendent of Public\\nSchools of Placer County. Through both father s\\nand mother s families, Mr. Seavej traces back the\\nfamily line to the stalwart Puritans, who rebelled\\nagainst the tyranny of Charles I. and supporters of\\nCromwell. Over Plymouth Rock came the liberty-\\nloving element that refused to submit to oppression\\nin the Old World, and, with determined courage and\\nsteadfast principles, established and maintained\\nfreedom in the New. Of this ancestry New Eng-\\nlanders are justly proud, and wherever the descend-\\nants of the Pilgrims may be found, most tenaciously\\ndo they hold to the ancient line.\\nThe childhood and youth of Mr. Seavey was spent\\nas many others not born to affluence but who had\\ntheir own way to make in the world. When but\\nfive years of age he went to Maine, to live with his\\nmaternal grandmother, where he remained until\\nhis seventeenth year. During these years he at-\\ntended the common and high schools; from the ago\\nof fifteen supporting himself by farm labor, and\\nattending school in the spring and fall. In 1863,\\nthen in his seventeenth year, he obtained a situa-\\ntion in a wholesale dry-goods jobbing house in Bos-\\nton, to which city he removed. Here he remained\\nin business until the fall of 1864, when his ambition\\ninspired him to seek a higher education, and he\\nentered the Boston Latin School, from which he\\ngraduated in 1866. He then entered Harvard Col-\\nlege, one of the highest educational institutions of\\nAmerica, and graduated, with the degree of B. A.,\\nin the class of 1870.\\nMr. Seavey entered College with the intention\\nof adopting the profession of medicine, but, upon\\ngraduation, concluded to try his fortune in Cali-\\nfornia; and, therefore, came to this State in Septem-\\nber, 1870. Here he has sought the fickle goddess\\nas miner, farmer, and teacher, struggling through\\nseveral years of trial as a miner, but has been more\\nsuccessful as a teacher and farmer.\\nThe happy event of his life was consummated\\nSeptember 3, 1874, in his marriage to Miss Annie\\nE. Patterson, at Forest Hill, in Placer County.\\nThis lady is a native of Brooklyn, New York, whore\\nshe was born February 3, 1857.\\nIn 1877, Mr. Seavey was nominated on the Demo-\\ncratic ticket for the position of County Superin-\\ntendant of Public Schools, to which position he was\\nelected, being one of the two Democrats elected on\\nthe county ticket that year. Serving his term with\\nmuch satisfaction, in 1879 he was again nomi-\\nnated by his party for the same position, and\\nre-elected, having the distinctive honor of being the\\nonly Democrat elected, the Republicans carrying\\nall the other offices. This position, more honorable\\nthan profitable, he still holds.\\nWhile performing the duties of his office, he\\nattends to the cultivation and improvement of a\\nfarm, located near Auburn, there intending to\\nestablish his future home, beneath his own vine\\nand fig-tree, in the genial clime and amidst the\\npleasant surroundings of the famous fruit belt of\\nPlacer County.\\nMr. Seavey is a member of the Independent\\nOrder of Odd Fellows, of the Order of Good Tem-\\nplars, and of the Ancient Order of United Workmen,\\nindicating a love of society, and attention to duties\\ntoward his fellow-men. While not a member of\\nany church, he has been observant of his duties as\\na Christian, always connected with the Sabbath-\\nschool; and, for nearly five years, was Superin-\\ntendent of the Sunday-school at Forest Hill. Hav-\\ning been born on the 8th of January, the day held\\nsacred by the Democrats for the glorification of\\nAndrew Jackson, the apostle of Democracy, he first\\nbreathed Democratic air, and has, through his life,\\nbeen a consistent member of the party, and now\\nsees no reason to change.\\nCHAPTER XXXVl.\\nRAILROADS.\\nTraveling in Old Times New York to Boston in Four Days\\nAnecdote of Stephenson Pearly Traveling in California\\nStrange Terminus to a Railroad First Locomotive in America\\nA Historical Railroad Excursion First California R.iil-\\nroads Railroad Extension California Central Railroad\\nAuburn Branch Railroad^.Sacramento, Placer and Nev,ida\\nRailroad Transcontinental Railroad l rojecte l EfiTorts of\\nTheodore D, Judah\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Central Pacific Railroad Company Rail-\\nroad Bill Passed Congress The Work Comuuneed Placer\\nCounty a Stockh4)lder Address to the People The Election\\nContest Progress of the Road The First Surprise Great\\nEnergy in the Work Triumph of Engineering and Finance\\nNevada County Narrow Gauge Railway John B. Whitcomb.\\nAt the date of the acquisition of California, rail-\\nroads were comparatively rare in the United States,\\nand many of the pioneers of 1849 saw one for the\\nfirst time the Sacramento Valley in 1855. The", "height": "3349", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "2fi,S\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ngold of California poon gave an impetus to business,\\nand from that time their construction has gone on,\\naccelerating continually, until we may expect at no\\ndistant day, to see every country and farm-road laid\\nwith the parallel rails. This system of transporta-\\ntion is one of the greatest of the many great triumphs\\nof this century. For it the world is indebted to\\nGeorge Stephenson, an English collier, who first\\nmade the experiment in 1814, and in 1829 his son,\\nRobert Stephenson, brought the invention to perfec-\\ntion. The railroad in its eifectiveness, far surpasses\\nall means of transit by land ever put in practice or\\nconceived by ancient or modern people. Two simple\\nbars of iron lying upon the ground, almost concealed\\namid the growing herbage or in the drifting sand,\\nconstitute the channel of a mightj commerce. Over\\nmountain and plain, through watery marsh and\\nsandy desert, the railroad bears its equal way, and\\nupon it, as part of itself, the apparently vitalized\\nmachine rushes along with its laden train, with the\\nr.peed of the wind and as tireless as the elements.\\nTRAVELING IN OLD TIMES.\\nSo simple and effective a system becomes indis-\\npensable to an enterprising people, and in this age\\n80 blessed by the inventor, we refer with wonder and\\ncuriosity to the methods of travel and commerce\\n))racticed anterior to the railroad. As a sample of\\ntraveling in -old times is the following from an\\nancient publication.\\nNEW YORK TO B jSTON IN FuUR DAYS.\\nThe first stage coach from Xew York to Boston\\nstarted on the 24th of June, 1772, from the Fresh\\nWater. It was to leave each terminus once a\\nfortnight. The fare was four pence, New York\\ncurrency, per mile. It reached Hartford, Connecti-\\ncut in two days and Boston in two more. The\\npro]jrietors promised a weekly stage, if encouraged\\nin their great enterprise.\\nANECDOTE OF STEPHENSON.\\nTo Mr. Stephenson is commonly awarded the\\nhonor of first constructing a railway for general\\ntransportation. Three years elapsed from the com-\\nmencement of the work, and those interested began\\nto be impatient. They wished as was natural\\nfor some returns from the vast amount of capital\\nthey had expended.\\nNow, George said Fjiend Crupper to him one\\nday, thou must get on with the railway and have\\nit finished without further delay. Thou must really\\nhave it ready for 0])ening by the first da} of Januaiy\\nnext.\\nIt is impossible, said Stephenson.\\nImpossible! I wish I could get Napoleon at\\nthee. He would tell thee that there is no such word.\\nTush! don t speak to me about Napoleon. Give\\nme men, money and materials, and I will do what\\nNapoleon couldn t do drive a railroad from Liver-\\npool to Manchester over Chat Moss.\\nEARLY TRAVELING IN CALIFORNIA.\\nIt is not unlikel} that the man who figures in the\\nfollowing whirligig of fun was a Yankee, having an\\neye to sites, water privileges, etc., and ready\\nfor an operation when the opportunity should\\npresent itself. Assuming this very reasonable proba-\\nbility, we are only too happy to give it a place in\\nthese pages.\\nAcross the Yuba River, some enterprising individ-\\nual built a dam as the head of a mining ditch, and\\non the banks somebody else built three or four\\nhouses. The inhabitants called theplace Yuba Dam.\\nThree bars were instantly erected and the town\\nincreased rapidly. About noon one cool day, a\\ntraveler and sojourner in the land passed this flourish-\\ning locality, and seeing a long-legged specimen of\\nhumanity in a red shirt, smoking in one of the bars,\\nthus addressed him, Hello! Hello! replied the\\nshirt with vigor, removing his pipe from his mouth.\\nWhat place is this? demanded the traveler. The\\nanswer of the shirt was unexpected: Yuba Dam.\\nThere was about fifty yards between them and the\\nwind was blowing. The traveler thought he had\\nbeen mistaken. What did you say? he asked.\\nYuba Dam! replied the stranger, cheerfully.\\nWhat place is this, roared the traveler. Yu-ba\\nDam, said the shirt in a slightly elevated tone of\\nvoice. Lookee here! yelled the irate Yankee, I\\nasked you politely what place this was; why in\\nthunder don t you answer? The stranger became\\nexcited; he rose and replied with the voice of an\\neighty pounder, y UBa dam. You hear that?\\nIn a minute the traveler, burning; with the wrath of\\nthe righteous, jumped off his horse and advanced\\ntoward the stranger with an expression not to be\\nmistaken. The shirt arose and assumed a posture\\nof offense and defense. Arrived within a yard of\\nhim the traveler said, I ask you for the last time;\\nwhat place is this YUBA DAM. The next\\nminute they were at it. First the traveler was down\\nthen the shirt, and then it was a dog-fall that is,\\nboth were down. They rolled about kicking up a\\ntremendous dust. They squirmed around so ener-\\ngetically, that it appeared they had a dozen legs\\ninstead of four. It looked like a prize fight between\\ntwo pugilistic centipedes. Finally they both rolled\\noff the bank and into the river. The water cooled\\ntheir wrath. They went down together but came\\nup separate, and put out for the shore. Both reached\\nit about the same time; the traveler scrambled up\\nthe bank, mounted his warlike steed and made tracks,\\nleaving his foe gouging the mud out of one of his\\neyes. Having left the business jiortion of the town,\\nthat is to say the corner where the three bars were\\nkept, he struck a house in the suburbs, before which\\na little four-year old girl was playing. What place\\nis this, sissy? he asked. The little girl, frightened\\nat the drownedrat figure which the stranger pre-\\nsented, streaked it for the house. Having reacLud", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n269\\nthe door she slopped, turned and said, Oo-bee-Dam!\\nGood Heavens! said the traveler, digging his heels\\nbetween his horse s ribs Good Heavens! let me\\nget out of this horrid place, where not only the men,\\nbut the very babes and sucklings swear at inoffen-\\nsive travelers.\\nSTRANGE TERMINUS TO A RAILROAD.\\nThere is a town on the Southern Pacific Railroad\\ncalled Yuma; and Yuma is a hard place, a very Lard\\nplace. In one of the ears on this road, on a certain\\noccasion, sat, with his feet upon the cushions and his\\nhat down over his eyes, a flashy but dirty-looking\\nindividual, evidently some three sheets gone.\\nJ he conductor, in coming around, gave him a shove,\\nand aroused him with a short, Ticket, sir! Ain t\\ngot none, said loafer. Pay your fare, then.\\nHow much is it? demanded the fellow. Where\\nare you going to? inquired the conductor. Guess\\nI m (hie) goin (hie) to the devil! with an air of\\ntruthfulness. Then, said the conductor, paj\\nyour fare to Yuma, $27.00.\\nFIRST LOCOMOTIVE IN AMERICA.\\nEvery nation, every locality, every people are\\nexceedingly tenacious of the honor of producing any\\nman who has distinguished himself as a benefactor\\nto the world by deeds of skill, invention, arms,\\nliterature, oratory, or great enterprise. To Amei*-\\nica, through the genius of Fulton and the enterprise of\\nLivingston, is the honor due of making the first prac-\\nticable steamboat, the most important, as it was the\\nfirst great step toward independence of the elements\\nand of relief from vital powor. Twenty years after\\nthe steamboat the locomotive appeared in England.\\nStephenson, Brunton, Trcvithick and Blackett had\\nmade locomotives as early as 1822, which were used\\non colliery railroads, but in 1829, in competing for\\na prize of \u00c2\u00a3300, the famous locomotive Rocket car-\\nried oft the palm, and since then has been regarded\\nas the first of these animate machines in existence.\\nThe Rocket was to railroads what the Clermont, Pul-\\nton s first boat, was to steamboats, the successful\\napplication of a ))rincipal in practical use.\\nImitations and improvements soon followed, and\\nif America did not have the first railroad and the\\nfirst locomotive, she now has the most extended\\nlines, the best locomotives, coaches, palace cars and\\nrailway system in the world. There are many\\naccounts and claims of constructing the first loco-\\nmotives in America, but this has been conclusively\\nsettled, as shown in the following article prepared\\nby Mr. B. J. Burns for the Mining and Scientific Press\\nof July 3, 1880:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe question of priority in the use of the locomo-\\ntive on railroads in this country is one of perennial\\ninterest. The literature on the vexed subject com-\\nprises volumes. For the seven cities of Greece,\\nwhich claimed the honor of the birthplace of Homer,\\nwe have had almost as many States claiming the\\nhonorable distinction of first introducins; the loco-\\nmotive engine for service on the railroad. The\\nidea of applying steam as the motive power on rail-\\nroads had occurred to many of our engineers, stim-\\nulated as they were, doubtless, by the successful\\npractice of England; and the introduction of the\\nlocomotive by Pennsylvania and South Carolina was\\nalmost S3 nchrouou8; yet the former is fairly entitled\\nto the distinction of priority.\\nFortunately there is now living in San Francisco\\n0!:e of the veteran railroad men of the country, who\\nis absolutely lamiliar with the interesting incidents\\nof the early history of the railroad and the locomo-\\ntive engine in this countiy, all of which he saw\\nand part of which he was. The name of this vet-\\neran is David Matthew, now nearly three-score-and-\\nten. He is a worthy representative of the Amer-\\nican mechanic, at once intelligent, alert and trust-\\nworthy. In the course of an entertaining conversation\\nwith Mr. Matthew recently, we learned that he was\\nborn in Scotland and arrived in this country at the\\ntender age of seven, and that a few years later he\\nwas sent to the West Point foundry shops in Xew\\nYork Cil) to learn the trade of machinist. It was\\nat these West Point machine shops that the very\\nfirst American locomotives were built, and where the\\nfirst English locomotive brought to the country was\\nreceived and set up and exhibited. And it was also\\nat those famous machine shops that Mr. Matthew\\nmet the distinguished engineer, John B. Jervis,\\nwhose name and fame are identified with some of\\nthe most remarkable engineering projects of the\\ncountry, and who was the inventor of the plan of\\nputting a truck under the forward part of the loco-\\nmotive to direct and control the machine in running\\nupon curves a practice that is now universal and\\nindispensable in the United States where the rail-\\nroads follow the face of the country.\\nSuch engineers as Jervis, Allen, Latrobe and Mat-\\nthew have furnished to the world the following\\nfacts:\\nThe first locomotive engine placed and tried on\\nany railroad in America was called the Stourbridge\\nLion, and was imported from England for the Dele-\\nware and Hudson Canal and Railroad Company.\\nThis engine arrived in New York May 17, 1829, and\\nwas set up in the yard of the West Point Foundry\\nmachine shops and publicly exhibited for days to\\nthousands of the first citizens of the country. It\\nwas brought from England by Horatio Allen, who\\nmade the first experimental trial of it at Honesdale,\\non the banks of Lackawaxen Creek, Pennsylvania,\\nAugust 8, 1829, when he opened the throttle-valve\\nof the locomotive engine that turned the first driv-\\ning-wheel on an American railroad. This highly\\ninteresting statement was made by Mr. Allen in a\\nspeech delivered at Dunkirk on the occasion of the\\ncelebration of the completion of New York and Erie\\nRailroad. The Stourbridge Lion, meeting with an\\naccident shortlj^ after its first trial, was never\\nrepaired.\\n2. The first locomotive built in America for a\\npurely experimental purpose was the Tom Thumb,\\nwhich was constructed by the now venerable Peter\\nCooper. This little machine was built for the pur-\\npose of testing the feasibility of a locomotive sustain-\\ning itself while running over curves, which was a\\nmooted point among the engineers and scientists of\\nthat day. The engine weighed less than a ton, the\\ncylinder was only three and a half inches in diameter,\\nthe boiler was about as large as an ordinary kitchen\\nboiler, ard was vertical, with gun barrels for tubes.", "height": "3349", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "270\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nTbo first trial was made on the Baltimore and Ohio\\nRailroad, from the depot at Baltimore to Ellicott s\\nMills, August 28, 1830.\\n3. The first locomotive engine built in America for\\nactual service on a railroad was called the Best\\nFriend, and was constructed for the Charleston and\\nAugusta Railroad Company. This pioneer locomo-\\ntive was built at the West Point Foundry machine\\nshops in New York City, and the work of fitting it\\nup fell to the lot of Mr. Matthew. Immediately\\nafter the engine was completed it was placed on the\\ncompany s road, and the first experiment with a\\ntrain was made November 2, 1830, N. W. Darrell\\nacting as engineer.\\nSome few days previous to the above date, or\\nabout the 20lh of October, in accordance with a\\nnotice given in the Charleston papers, a public trial\\nwas made with this locomotive, without any cars\\nattached, at which trial Mr. VV. B. Ewer, one of the\\nproprietors of this paper, was present. It was on\\nthis occasion that the first American-built locomo-\\ntive turned its wheels for the fir. ^t time on a railroad\\ntrack. At the trial on November 2d the wooden\\nwheels of the inachine, which were constructed after\\nthe English practice, sprung and got off^ the track;\\nbut they were replaced by cast-iron wheels, and on\\nDecember 14th and 15th the engine was again tried,\\nand run at the rate of sixteen to twenty-one miles\\nan hour with five cai s carrying about fifty passen-\\ngers, and without the cars it attained a speed of\\nthirty to thirty-five miles an hour. In the Charles-\\nton Courier, March 12, 1831, there is an account of a\\nlater trial of the speed of the Best Friend, on\\nwhich occasion, the writer remarks, safety was\\nassured by the introduction of a barrier car, on which\\ncotton was piled up as a rampart between the loco-\\nmotive and the passenger cars. The second loco-\\nmotive for service built in this country was called\\nthe West Point, and was for the same road. It\\nwas also constructed at the West Point machine\\n4. The first locomotive built in America for a\\nnorthern road was called the De Witt Clinton, and\\nwas the third American locomotive. It was for\\nactual service on the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad.\\nThis engine, like the others, was built at the West\\nPoint machine shops, and was also fitted up by Mr.\\nMatthew; and when it was completed he took it to\\nAlbany, June 25, 1831, and made the first excursion\\nwith a train of cars over the road August 9, 1831.\\nAccording to Mr. Matthew s statement, the De\\nWitt Clinton weighed three and a half tons, and\\nhauled a train of three to five cars at the speed of\\nthirty miles an hour. It is especially noteworthy\\nthat both the cab and the tender of the Do Witt\\nClinton were covered to ])rotect the engineer from\\nthe weather a happy thought of honest David\\nMatthew, for which all American engineers at least\\nought to hold him in kind remembrance. About the\\nmiddle of August the English locomotive, Robert\\nFulton, built by the j^ounger Stephenson, arrived\\nand was placed on the Mohawk and Hudson road\\nfor service in the middle of the following September.\\nThe locomotives had been used and fairly tested\\nboth on the southern and northern railroads, and the\\nnecessity for a radical change in their construction\\nhad become evident. Very soon John B. Jervis\\ndevised the plan of putting the truck under the\\nforward part of the engine to enable it to turn sharp\\ncurves easilj and safely. The machine so constructed\\nwas called the bogie engine. The first of these\\nengines ever built was for the Mohawk and Hudson\\nroad, and was called the Experiment. It was put\\non the road and run by Matthew, who says it was\\nas fleet as a grej-hound. The Experiment had\\nbeen built to burn anthracite coal solely; after a\\nwhile it was rebuilt and adapted to the use of any\\nkind of coal, and its name was changed to the\\nBrother Jonathan. Shortly after these changes\\nhad been made the English locomotive Robert Ful-\\nton, belonging to the same company, was also rebuilt\\nand furnished with the truck, and named the John\\nBull. The Brother Jonathan was a remarkable\\nmachine for those pioneer days. Mr. Matthew says\\nof it: With this engine I have crossed the Mohawk\\nand Hudson Railroad from plane to plane, fourteen\\nmiles in thirteen minutes, stopping once lor water. I\\nhave tried her speed upon a level, straight line, and have\\nrun a mile in forty-five seconds by the watch. She\\nwas the fastest and steadiest engine I have ever run\\nor seen, and I worked her with the greatest ease.\\nThis is certainly wonderful speed, and may be, as\\nMatthew earnestly maintains it is, the fastest time,\\nat least on the American railroad record.\\nIn comparison to the splendid and efficient engine\\nof to-day, our first locomotives, built after the English\\nmodel mainly, were clumsy and crude machines. Since\\nthen our improvements have been manilold and extra-\\nordinary, and the American locomotive is now pro-\\nnounced the most perlect raili-oad tool in the world.\\nIts exquisite symmetry and flexibility, and its extra-\\nordinary power must till the mind of a veteran like\\nMatthew who has watched its growth from its\\ninfancy in this country\u00e2\u0080\u0094 with feelings of generous\\nadmiration and pride. The English and the Amer-\\nican railroads and locomotives are strikingly con-\\ntrasted by a writer in llaipers Mayazlne for March,\\n1879. English roads are short, solid, straight and level,\\nand laid with the best rails in the world; and their\\nmassive and powerful, and rigid-framed engines are\\nthoroughly adapted to those perfect roads. On the\\ncontrary, the American road is generally of great\\nlength, and being necessarily cheap it goes as you\\nplease. Over these eccentric roads the American\\nlocomotive adjusts itself to every change of level\\nboth across and along the line; it takes curves that\\nwould be impossible for the rigid English engine;\\nand, finally, it runs over a crazy track, up hill and\\ndown, in perfect safety. It has been well said that\\nall that the English engine can do on a perfect road\\nthe American engine will do; and much more than\\nthis, it will do work on any road, however rough,\\nhilly, curved and cheap. The name of the first Amer-\\nican locomotive seems to have been inspired, for it\\nhas in the largest sense proved our Best Friend.\\nThis locomotive was of different form from the\\nStephenson locomotive, resembling the steam fire\\nengine of the pi esent day, being an upright boiler\\nwith smoke-stack rising irom the upper end, the\\ncarriage being an open frame- work, and four wheels\\nof equal size, the pistons and connecting rods reach-\\ning to the forward wheels. The Stephenson loco-\\nmotive was a horizontal boiler with steam chest,\\nfire-box and smoke-stack attached, as at present, the\\ncarriage and driving wheels being the same as in the\\nBest Friend.\\nA HISTORICAL RAILROAD EXCURSION.\\nThere is a painting in the possession of the Con-\\nnecticut Historical Society representing an excursion\\ntrain on the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, from", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n271\\nAlbany to Schenectady, New York, in 1831, often\\nclaimed to have been the first steam train in America,\\nbut the correct history regarding priority has\\nundoubtedly been given in the preceding extract.\\nThe train, in comparison with the trains of the\\npresent day, was a unique affair, consisting of\\nthe toy-like English locomotive, a car carrying water\\nin a closed tank and wood in barrels, and two stage-\\ncoach bodies set on car wheels. The venerable\\nThui low Weed was one of the venturesome excur-\\nsion party, of whom there were sixteen in all,\\nand he has given descriptions of the ride. The cars\\nwere connected in train by chains from one to the\\nother leaving quite a space between each. When\\nstarting, if the connecting chains were slack, the\\njerking threw the passengers off their seats, and\\nwhen slacking or stopping the engine, the collision\\nthreatened destruction. Necessity is the mother of\\ninvention, so a remedy must be had or the railway\\ntrial for passengers would be a failure. The train\\nwas stopped near a convenient fence from which\\nrails were taken and fastened between the coaches,\\ntender and locomotive, thus making the whole rigid\\nand preventing the furious bumping. Thus bump-\\nera were invented. Stage-coach bodies were the\\nfirst passenger cars, and these, somewhat enlarged,\\nbut verjf slightly different, continued in use, some\\nremaining on American roads as late as 1848, by\\nwhich time the people of the East were becoming\\nquite familiar with the iron road and its flying train.\\nFIRST CALIFORNIA RAILROADS.\\nThe isolation of California retarded the adoption\\nof any extended railroad system for many years. A\\nfew mining railroads, which, however, cannot be\\nclassed as being part of the system, were constructed\\nas early as 1853, and of these Placer County claims\\nthe pioneer. In that year Capt. John Birston\\nand a company of miners built a railroad of a mile\\nor more in length from Virginia Hill to Auburn\\nRavine, for the purpose of transporting the gold-\\nbearing earth from their mine to the water of the\\nstream. This was used successfully for several\\nmonths, when the better plan was conceived of con-\\nducting the water to the mine by means of a ditch,\\nand the pioneer railroad was abandoned.\\nThe succe.ss and novelty of this enterprise led to\\nthe organization of the first railroad company in the\\nState. This Virginia and Bear River Railroad was\\nintended for carrying pay dirt from Auburn Ravine\\nto Bear River, where was an abundance of water,\\nthe essential element to the mine in separating the\\ngold from the earth. The company created a sensa-\\ntion on great expectalious, but built no road, the\\nditch superseding the necessity for any railroad.\\nThe inland trade and travel through Placer County\\nwas large from the earliest period of the golden era.\\nThis was carried on b}^ moans of teams and stages,\\nwhich were slow, toilsome and expensive. The\\ndemand for the building of railroads was incessant\\nSacramento was the depot of the northern mines.\\nThe principal road from it leading up the American\\nRiver, supplying the counties of Amador, El Dorado,\\nPlacer and Nevada. The Sacramento Valley Rail-\\nroad was built to supply this demand. This was\\naccomplished in 1855 and 56, being completed in\\nFebruary of the latter year. This was the first steam\\ntraveled railroad in California, and was the first ever\\nseen by many of the pioneer immigrants, so rare\\nwere railroads in the States west of the great lakes\\nin 1849. The road extends from Sacramento to\\nFolsom, a distance of twenty-two and a half miles,\\non the south side of the American River, termin-\\nating near the junction of the South and North\\nForks of that stream. The projectors of this road\\nclaimed to have in contemplation its extension\\nthrough the valley of the Sacramento northward,\\nand to be a part of the transcontinental railroad\\nwhen that should be made, but running so near the\\nriver it had, at Folsom, entered a cut de sac from\\nwhich it could only be extended by doubling on itself.\\nThis short piece of road cost in construction and\\nequipment about $1,100,000; rates of labor being\\nhigh, and all the material, but the ties, in the track\\nbeing imported from the Atlantic States and Europe.\\nSo great was the cost that it deterred capitalists\\nfrom undertaking such enterprises. During that\\nperiod freights to the Pacific Coast were very high,\\nthere being little return cargo, it being before\\nthe days of wheat, wool and wine productions, for\\nwhich the ships of all the World now seek our har-\\nbors, often coming in ballast, thus reversing the\\norder of olden times.\\nRAILROAD EXTENSION.\\nImmediately upon the completion of the road to\\nFolsom, and the rise of that place, which was built\\nas the result of the railroad at its terminus, a\\ndemand for its extension was made by the people of\\nPlacer. The argument urged is shown in the follow-\\ning editorial in the Flacer Herald of February 23,\\n1856:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe Sacramento Vallej Railroad is now completed\\nfrom the city of Sacramento to Folsom, on the\\nAmerican River, and in a few days our stages will\\nbe running regularly from this town to the upper\\ndepot. With scarcely any advantages over any\\nmining town in Placer County we find the village of\\nFolsom, upon our border, springing as it were in an\\nhour, into a place of commercial importance, by vir-\\ntue of the advantages it derives from being the tem-\\nporary terminus of the railroad. It is estimated\\nthat the stock of the road, incomplete as it is, will\\nshortly pay two percent, per month upon the capital\\nstock invested. Stage routes are being established,\\nradiating from the depot to every section of the\\nmountain country contiguous to it, and a feverish\\nanxiety on the part of the business men and travel-\\ning public generallj- to adopt this road for their uses,\\nis daily made more and more manifest. These facts\\nare worthy the serious reflection of our citizens, for\\nthey are the mathematical conclusions of experience.\\nThis railroad enterprise is no longer a matter of", "height": "3349", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "272\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ndoubt it is reduced to a practical certainty a pay-\\ning investment.\\nThe destination of this road is said to be ulti-\\nmately the City of Marysville. In its passage it\\nwill traverse the County of Placer along the line of\\nthe foot-hills where the} break into the plains. This\\nwill be of incalculable advantage to the ranchmen\\nand farmers along the line, and perhaps to the county\\nat large. Something is wanted to connect us with\\nthe great marts of California trade and develop the\\nresources of this mountain county. We have exten-\\nsive forests of fine timber, numerous streams for the\\nuse of machinery, limestone and marble quarries, and\\nmany other resources of which mention could be\\nmade. Shall we continue to trundle along in cum-\\nbrous, obsolete stage coaches, through dust and mire,\\nas usual Drag our stores with painful toil, in heavy\\njolting wagons and ox-teams Or would it become\\nus as men to make some move tending, if possible,\\nto draw to ourselves the benefits of this railroad?\\nWe are not ambitious of Auburn; it is a village now,\\nand will be nothing more, in all probability, during\\nour day aiiJ generation. Grreat cities are built now\\nonly where necessity requires them, and in this rela-\\ntion commerce is a necessity. San Francisco is by\\nnatui e the city of California and the Pacific, unless,\\nindeed, these earthquakes should knock our calcula-\\ntions in the head. Be that as it ma}-, we want a\\nbranch of this road to pas^ from its present terminus\\nthrough Auburn to Grass Valley and Nevada. This,\\nfrom what we can understand, is physically feasible.\\nAuburn is about seventeen miles from Folsora; the\\nrise from there to this point is no more than thirty-\\nfive feet to the mile. [The average is seventy feet\\nto the mile. Ed] From this to Grass Valley there is\\na succession of valleys, which will probably give about\\nthe same grade. Perhaps Nevada is equally acces-\\nsible, but of that we cannot speak from personal\\nknowledge. Upon some of the roads in the Atlantic\\nStates the grade at some points is as much as 110\\nfeet to the mile. If, then, it is as we represent it,\\nthe scheme is entirely practicable. As to the means\\nto be taken to obtain this desired result, we con-\\nfess ourselves at a loss to advise. It would seem\\nproper for our citizens to hold a meeting and take\\nsome action. No doubt our friends in Nevada\\nCounty and Sacramento would lend us their support,\\nand assist in the work. They are quite as deeply\\ninterested as we of Placer.\\nWe have made these suggestions at this time, and\\nthough crude as they are, believe we have dischai ged\\none among our man} duties in calling public atten-\\ntion especially to the matter. In the future we\\nshall have more to say about it, and will probably be\\nbetter prepared with reasons in support of the meas-\\nThis appeal was followed by others, arguing\\nvehenently in favor of building an extension to\\nAuburn. The people were aroused, and on the 13th\\nof March a pi-eliminary meeting was held, at which\\nit was resolved to call a general meeting of the citi-\\nzens of Auburn and vicinity, to take steps towards\\nprocuring the building of a railroad to connect\\n.\\\\uburn with the Sacramento Valley Railroad at\\nl )lsom. The meeting was held on t1ie20th of March,\\nHr)6, and an executive committee appointed, to\\nwhich was intrusted further movements.\\nAs nn argument why the railroad should be built,\\n1110 Placer Press, in April, published statistics show-\\ning the advantage it would be in saving freight,\\nstating that 2,700 tons of freight was brought into\\nPlacer County monthly from Sacramento, and that\\nthe average rate paid was \u00c2\u00a730.00 per ton, making\\nthe enormous outlay of S81,000 per month for freights.\\nBy the same estimates it was shown that freight\\ncould be delivered at Auburn by railroad at 85.00\\nper ton, making a saving to the people of the county\\nof at least \u00c2\u00a750,000 per month and lumber there cost-\\ning S15.00 per M. freight to Sacramento could be sent\\nfor S5.00. Such arguments and inducements were\\nheld out to the public.\\nThe Legislature of 1856 passed an Act to enable\\nthe County of Placer to take and hold stock in any\\ncompany having for its object the extension of the\\nSacramento Valley Railroad to the town of Auburn.\\nThe proposition to vote \u00c2\u00a7100,000 was submitted to\\nthe people at the election in November, 1856, and\\nwas defeated by a vote of 3,432 against it, and only\\n319 in its favor.\\nIn showing the profits arising from such a road,\\nthe Placer Herald of January 24, 1857, quoted from\\nthe report of the Directors of the Sacramento Valley\\nRailroad the following: The total earnings of the\\nroad for 1856 were \u00c2\u00a7177,266; running expenses,\\n896.000; balance over running expenses, \u00c2\u00a781.266.\\nThe freight increases daily, particularly down freight,\\nconsisting of granite, cobble-stone, wood and gen-\\neral merchandise. It is estimated that the gross\\nearnings for 1857 will be 8216,000; running expenses,\\n\u00c2\u00a781,000; clear balance of earnings, \u00c2\u00a7132,000. The\\ncompromise effected with the contractors was entirely\\nfavorable, and fixed the debt due to them on the 1st\\nof November at $430,000, for which they receive\\n8200,000 in bonds of the company at eighty cents\\non the dollar, leaving a balance with accrued interest\\nof 8273,500, which bears interest at the rate of three\\nper cent, per month from the 1st of November.\\nThere are \u00c2\u00a7700,000 due from stockholders in unpaid\\nassessments on their subscriptions to stock, which,\\nif promptly paid, the road in a few months will be\\nfree from embarrassments, and thenceforth pay large\\ndividends. During the past year 82,000 passengers\\nand 17,000 tons of freight passed over the road.\\nThe distance run by trains was 50,000 miles; wood\\nconsumed, 1,200 cords; oil consumed, 500 gallons;\\nwater, 1,000,000; and the whole number of running\\ndays, 335. The foregoing is given as a sample of\\nrailroad management and finance in California in\\n1S56 a reason why railroads could not be built with\\nho])es of prosperity.\\nC.\\\\LIF0RNI.\\\\ CENTR.\\\\L R.\\\\ILR0.\\\\D.\\nIn the spring of 1857 a company was formed in\\nMarysville. under the title of the California Central\\nflai road Company, to build a railroad from Folsom\\nto Marysville. Col. Chas. Lincoln Wilson, who had\\nbeen a contractor on the Sacramento Valley Rail-\\nroad, was sent Bast to procure funds for baildins\\nthe ro.id. This object he effected, and the construe-", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2281", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "RAILROAnS.\\n273\\ntion commenced forthwith. The road connected\\nwith the Sacramento Valley at Folsom, on the south\\nside of the American River, going on that bank a\\nfew hundred yards up the stream, and crossing on a\\nwooden bridge; then going down the stream about\\none mile, when it gained the level of the bluflf bor-\\ndering the river, where it took a northwesterly\\ncourse along the foot-hills to Lincoln, in Placer\\nCounty\u00e2\u0080\u0094 having a total length of nineteen miles, of\\nwhich fourteen were in this county. The Sacra-\\nmento Valley Railroad builders had shown the poor\\njudgment of running into a cul de sac, while the\\nbuilders of this, having the ultimate object of reach-\\ning Sacramento, constructed a mountain road, cross-\\ning the river at Folsom by an expensive bridge,\\nmaking a course from Eoseville to S.icramento of\\nthirty-two miles, when the direct and easy line was\\nonly eighteen miles in length. The road was com-\\npleted to Lincoln, October 31, 1861, and the passen-\\nger travel of Placer, Nevada and Yuba, and much of\\nthe freight of the two former counties, passed over\\nit. The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad\\nin 1863 to RoseviUe destroyed the usefulness of that\\nportion of the California Central extending to Fol-\\nsom, and business on it ceased. The section from\\nLincoln to Marysville was not completed until 1869,\\nthen under the name of the Yuba Railroad Company,\\nand the same year it became the property of the\\nCentral Pacific Company, under the title of California\\nand Oregon Railroad Company but shortly after-\\nwards designated as the Oregon Division of the\\nCentral Pacific. This has twenty-one miles in Placer\\nCounty from RoseviUe to Bear River passing\\nthrough the towns of Lincoln and Sheridan.\\nAUBURN BRANCH RAILROAD.\\nThe year 1858 opened brightly for the railroad\\nhopes of Auburn. The construction of the California\\nCentral was commenced, which would pass through\\nthe western portion of the count} and offered oppor-\\ntunities for easy connection by rail with Auburn; or\\nat least the open country, the gentle slopes and\\nbroad ravines seemed free of all obstacles to railroad\\nbuilding. An instrumental survey, however, devel-\\noped most serious difficulties to overcome before the\\niron-horse could stride with ease, and in triumph to\\nthe town.\\nOn the 21st of July, 1858, T. D. Judah, Chief\\nEngineer of the California Central, commenced at\\nAuburn the survey of the Auburn Branch Railroad,\\nwhich was to join the Central at the most feasible\\npoint. The report of this survey is dated Folsom,\\nAugust 13, 1858. It says:\\nThe line as run commences at Auburn near the\\nPlacer Herald printing office, running thence down\\nand upon the easterly side of Auburn Ravine about\\ntwo miles. Thence crossing over into Dutch Ravine,\\nit runs down the same to a point three and two-\\nthirds miles below Auburn, where the main road\\nbranches off to the .Mountaineer House. Here, ero. ^s-\\ning over the divide between Dutch and Buckeye\\nRavines, it runs into Buckeye Ravine, passing a few\\nrods in the rear of Newcastle. To this point, which\\nis four miles from Auburn, is found a fair line,\\nrequiring no grade of over eighty feet per mile\\nFrom the point opposite Newcastle, the line con-\\ntinues down Buckeye Ravine to its intersection with\\nSecret Ravine, near Preston VVorroll s quartz-\\nmill six miles from Auburn, thence down Secret\\nRavine, passing near Bishop s quartz mill, the Oaks\\nHouse, Indian Valley House, Pine Grove House and\\nHavves, keeping in Secret Ravine to its intersection\\nI with the line of the California Central Railroad at a\\npoint sixteen and two-thirds miles from Auburn, eight\\nand forty-four onehundredths miles from Folsom,\\nand thirty and sixty-two one hundredths miles from\\nSacramento vi i, Folsom.\\nThe only serious difficulty on the whole line occurs\\non the mile immediately bel iw Newcastle, the fifth\\nmile from Auburn, which falls 240 feet, so that an\\neighty foot grade continued down does not strike\\nthe surface again until it reaches a point eleven and\\na half miles f^i-om Auburn.\\nThe great difference of elevation below Newcastle,\\nand the long and high trestle-work required in cross-\\ning Dutch and Baltimore Ravines were the fatal\\nobjections to the route, and the Auburn Branch\\nwas not constructed.\\nSACRAMENTO, PLACER AND NEVADA RAILROAD.\\nWhile the obstacles developed by Judah s survey\\nwere serious, they were not regarded as insurmount-\\nable, and the determination was still maintained of\\nhaving a railroad. People of Sacramento, Placer\\nand Nevada Counties were earnest in the enterprise,\\nand books were opened for subscription to the slock\\nof a railroad company, and by July, 1859, stock to\\nthe amount of ?50,000 had been taken. On the 2d\\nof July, notice was given for subscribers to the\\nstock to meet at Auburn on the 23d of that\\nmonth, to form a preliminary organization. On that\\nday, July 23, 18.39. the Sacramento, Placer and\\nNevada Railroad Company was organized for the\\nj)urpose of constructing a railroad from some point\\non the California Central to Auburn, Grass Vallej\\nand Nevada City. James E. Hale was elected\\nPresident of the company, John 0. Jackson, Treas-\\nurer, and F. B. Higgins, Secretary.\\nThis was to be the long-hoped-for railroad to\\nAuburn, for which its enterprising citizens had\\nstruggled and organized at various times since 1852;\\nfor which conventions had been held, laws enacted,\\nsubsidies voted and many columns of newspaper\\nmatter printed in its advocacy. The most, laudable\\nambition of a public-spirited and energetic people\\nwas to be gratified.\\nSurveys and reconnoissanccs were made by County\\nSurveyor S. G. Elliott and by engineer M. M. Stan-\\ngroom, preceding the complete survey by Sherman\\nDay, who commenced operations on the 11th of\\nOctober, 1859, and made bis report March 26, 1860,\\nwhich was published in full in the Placer HeraM,\\nMarch 31, 1860. The line was divided into two\\ndivisons, the first extending from Auburn to Secret", "height": "3349", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "274\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nRavino below Newcastle, embracing the acknowl-\\nedn ccl most difficult pai t. In thifs division great\\ndifficulty was encountered in maintaining a practi-\\ncable line in entering Auburn from below, and leaving\\nit in tbe extension towards Nevada. The Placer\\nUtriihJ printing office was taken as the initial point,\\nand it seemed to be regarded as a sine qua non that\\nthe road should pass centrallj through the town.\\nThe line from Auburn to Secret Ravine required\\nthe crossing of Banvard Ravino by a trestle 1,200 feet\\nlong and 135 feet above the bed of the stream at the\\nhighest point. Then a trestle-bridge across Balti-\\nmore Ravine ;t50 feet long, and 161 feet above the\\nbottom of the ravine. Dutch Ravine was crossed\\nby a liridge 800 feet long and seventy-eight feet high\\nat the center. Other ravines to cross, and deep cuts\\nto make made this section the most difficult of the\\nline, and as the subsequent history of the road will\\nshow, was never utilized by any railroad. By a\\nscintillation of genius, encouraged by a disregard of\\nothers wishes, or by independence, a later and greater\\nenterprise found a practicable route to and past\\nAuburn without running through its main street.\\nThe route selected by Engineer Day over the\\nsecond division continued along the western slope\\nand summit of the lower dividing ridge between the\\nsources of Secret and Miners Ravines, afterwards\\ncrossing the latter half a mile southwest of the\\nFranklin House, then followed nearly the stage\\nroute from Auburn to Fulsom, passed near Rose\\nSpring, then near Beals Bar, then entered Big Gulch,\\nwhich it descended by a grade of eighty feet per\\nmile to its junction with the American, then to the\\njuiiLlioa with the California Central at a point nine-\\nteen and thirteen one-hundredths miles from Auburn,\\nand immediiitely at the northern end of the i-ailroad\\nbridge at Fol^om.\\nOf the cost of this the Engineer says: As the\\nsecond division of the roail, about thirteen miles\\nnearest Folsom, costs so much less in ))roportion\\nthan the upper, it may be thought good policy to\\nenter at once upon the construction of the lower\\ndivision, thus giving an impetus to the work and\\nproviding for the transportation of the materials for\\nthe heavy bridging on the upper portion. Adding\\none and a half miles of the first division to bring the\\nroad to within four and a half miles of Auburn, the\\ntotal cost for road, equipped with rollingstock ready\\nfor UMC was estimated at #510,133.\\nThe guage of the road was fixed at five feet, the\\nsame as that of the Sacramento Valley Raih oad;\\nthe rails to weigh sixty pounds to the yard, set in\\nciiairs of wi ought iron weighing seven pounds each,\\nand fastened with spikes weighing half a pound each.\\nIron rails were then delivered from England at .170.00\\npel- ton. the price in England being from \u00c2\u00a3(5 to\\nlOs. per ton, with freight, commission, insurance,\\nexchange, duty etc., added.\\nThe question was asked, Will the road i\u00c2\u00bbay to\\nwhich the engineer answered, Does U jmi/ to do\\nwithout the road Does it pay the people of Placer\\nand Nevada Counties to travel in stage coaches and\\nmud wagons, or even in buggies covered with dust\\nin summer and mud in winter, starting at unseason-\\nable hours and paying $8.00 or \u00c2\u00a59.00 from Nevada,\\nand S4.00 from Auburn to Folsom Does it pay to\\nget goods up over the muddy i-oads at 120.00, S25.00\\nand #30.00 per ton in three or four days passage,\\nthat might be brought up for less than one-quarter\\nof the money in one day Does it pay the miners\\nto compensate the merchants for keeping heavy\\nstocks of goods on hand at some seasons because\\nthey can only be brought when the roads are good,\\nwhen the same merchants could sell at much lower\\nrates by renewing their stocks monthly? Does it\\npay to leave the splendid timber of the forest uncut,\\nwhen it might be remunerating the occupant of the\\nland if a market were opened for it Does it pay to\\nwait two or three days for letters by mail, that\\nmight be received and answered on the same day?\\nDoes it ])ay to lose an extra day or two in the\\ntransit of gold-dust, and incur extra risks by reason\\nof the unseasonable hours of travel Does it paj\\nto leave the granite in the ledges that might be on\\nits way to build stores, and public buildings, and\\nfortifications at Sacramento and the Bay\\nThe gross receipts of the road were estimated at\\n$943 per day, or #344,195 per year, and the total\\nexpenses, including estimated repairs at 8168, t)00 per\\nannum, leaving a net income of #176,195. This was\\nto come from seventy-five passengers each way, at\\n#1.90 each; llStons up freight at #2.85; 100,000 feet\\nlumber, down, at #3.00; twenty tons fire-wood and\\ngranite at #1.50, each day. Should the road be com-\\npleted to Nevada City it was estimated that the\\nfreight to that place would add $263,000 to the\\nannual receipts. The survey to Nevada showed a\\ndistance of thirty-one and three-quarter miles from\\nAuburn, and an elevation of 2,498 feet above the sea.\\nThis would be more than one-third the elevation of\\nthe summit of the Sierra Nevada at Henness Pass,\\nand the construction of this road to that city was\\nsupposed to fix it as one of the divisions, and the\\nroute of the future Pacific Railroad, which should\\nenter the central and business portion of California.\\nOn the 7th of April, 1860, Charles A. Tuttle,\\nEsq., was elected President of the company, and S.\\n\\\\V. Jjovell was chosen a Director in place of Judge\\nHale, who had resigned.\\nThe Legislature then in session passed an Act\\nauthorizing the people of Auburn to vote on the\\nproposition to subscribe to $50,000 of the stock of\\nthe Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad, to bo\\npaid when the road was completed an l in working\\norder to within thirteen miles of the town. This was\\na very popular measure in Auburn, and was strongly\\nadvocated by the papers. The election occurred on\\nthe 4th of June.\\nAn editorial in the lleniltl of June 2d, asked for a\\nunanimous vote in favor of the proposition, saj ing.", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n275\\nanyone who is opposed to it is not only indifferent,\\nbut an enemy to the interests of the place. The\\nvote was 160 yeas, and not one in opposition.\\nThis vote was soon to be followed by another.\\nThe same Legislature passed an Act, approved April\\nAO, 1860, authorizing an election to be held by the\\npeople of Placer County to vote on the propositions:\\nTo subscribe for \u00c2\u00ab100,000 of the stock of the Sacra-\\nmento, Placer and Nevada Railroad; ^25,000 of the\\nstock of the Eastern Extension Railroad; \u00c2\u00a712,500\\ntowards the construction of a wagon road from Secret\\nSprings, on the Divide, between the Middle and North\\nForks of the American River, in Placer County, to\\nCarson Valley; and 812,500 towards the construction\\nof a wagon road from Dutch Flat, in Placer (!ounty,\\nto Carson Valley.\\nThe campaign preceding this election was one of\\nthe most bitterly contested ever held in Placer\\nCounty. Each proposition was to be voted sepa-\\nrately: As Subscription to Sacramento, Placer and\\nNevada Railroad Yes, or Subscription to Sacra-\\nmento, Placer and Nevada Railroad No; and the\\nothers in the same form. The Eastern Extension\\nRailroad was to run from Lincoln up Auburn Ravine\\nto Auburn, and received but little favor, but by those\\nin the immediate vicinity of its route. The remain-\\ning propositions were favored by those along the\\nline of the railroad, and of the Dutch Flat Wagon\\nRoad, and opposed by the people of the Divide,\\nbetween the Forks of the American River. The\\npeople of the western part of the county, not affected\\nby either of the propositions, also opposed them all.\\nThe election was held as ordered on the 27th of\\nJune, 1800, resulting in the defeat of the measure.\\nThe official returns of the votes were as follows:\\nSubscription to the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada\\nRailroad Yes, 1,997; No. 2,183. Subscription to the\\nEastern Extension Railroad Y^es, 108; No, 4,000.\\nSubscription to Dutch Flat Wagon Road Y es, 1,833;\\nNo, 2,218. Subscription to Secret Springs Wagon\\nRoad\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Yes, 1,030; No, 2,986. Total vote cast in\\nthe county, 4,220, being larger than any vote ever\\nbefore given.\\nThe vote of Auburn was very large, the majority\\nfor the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad\\nbeing 450, and at Dutch Flat, 272. The Herald said\\nof the unusually large vote at Auburn: It is true\\nthe vote was larger than has been polled at any gen-\\neral election in many years; but never was the same\\neffort made to get out a vote. Stages, wagons, and\\n^buggies were run constantly during the day, and\\nseveral miles in ever^ direction, and every voter who\\ncould be persuaded to leave his Imsiness was\\nbrought in.\\nThis source of revenue being cut off, the company\\nsought their financial help elsewhere. Books were\\nopened in Auburn, Sacramento and San Francisco,\\nand .?CO,000 were subscribed, which, with the $50,000\\nvoted by the town of Auburn, would give 8110,000\\nto commence operations with. The engineer, Sher-\\nman Daj-, in March, 1861, estimated that the gi.il-\\ning of the lower division of thirteen miles could be\\nmade for $130,000. The Directors had arranged\\nwith the Sacramento Valley Railroad for the iron\\nand for operating the road. On the first of June\\nthe Directors appointed J. P. Robinson, Chief Engi-\\nneer, and M. L. Stangroom, Assistant, to perma-\\nnently locate the line. The Directoi-s elected in\\nAugust were J. B. Bayerque, of San Fraiici\u00c2\u00aboo, J. P.\\nRobinson, of Sacramento, James E. Hale, J. R. Cran-\\ndall and C. H. Mitchell, of Auburn. J. E. Rale, Pres-\\nident; John Q. Jackson, Treasurer; and C. H.\\nMitchell, Secretary. These contracted with Mr.\\nJackson R. Myers, on favorable terms to the com-\\npany, to grade the division from Folsom to within\\nfive miles of Auburn, and on the 20th of August,\\n1861, the Work was begun in Big Gulch, near\\nFolsom.\\nThe winter of ]K(;i-62 was of unj)rccedented sever-\\nity, and work was greatly impeded thereby. The\\nfirst iron was laid on the road in the latter part\\nof April, 1802, and on the 16th of July the road was\\nopened for business to Wildwood Station, seven miles\\nfrom Folsom. September 20, 1862, the road was\\ncompleted and put in operation to Auburn Station,\\nthirteen miles from F olsom, and six miles from\\nAuburn. At this station Johnson Co., Egbert,\\nCo., W. 1j. Perkins, and (leorge Wilment established\\nforwarding and warehouses, and stage ami team\\nlines made it the starting point of their business. A\\nbusy little village grew up around the station,\\nand high hopes were entertained by town proprie-\\ntoi s and railroad owners when this line should be\\nadopted as part of the Pacific Railroad.\\nTo secure this, and to make sure that the route of\\nthe future transcontinental road should pass through\\nPlacer County, had been among the primary objects\\nof the builders, and the hopes of the people. As .such,\\nand as the pioneer mountain road it deserves, and\\nhas received, much consideration in this history.\\nIn June, 1862, Congress passed the Pacific Rtul-\\nroad Bill, and in October the survey of the route\\nwas begun. This survey selected the line crossing\\nthe American River at Norris Bridge, then direct to\\nthe nearest point of the foot-hills of the iSierra Nevada,\\ncrossing the course of the California Central at right\\nangles, and adopting a route from three to seven\\nmiles northwest of tbc Sacramento, Placer and\\nNevada Railroad. This survey and adoption of the\\nroute was fatal to the last-named road, and its own-\\ners and officers became the bitter opponents of the\\nnew enterprise. The statute, permitting the people\\nof the county to vote on the subject of a loan of\\n$100,000 to the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada\\nRailroad allowed the election to be ordered at the\\ndiscretion of the Board of Supervisors, and now, with\\nthe prospect of a road which would destroy its u*e-\\nfulness, there was no hopes of the loan boing granted,\\nand no election was called. The road continued\\nbusiness until in June, 1864, by which time the Central", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nPacific was completed to Newcastle, this place being\\nthe depot i or freight and passengers instead of\\nAuburn Station, and soon business ceased entirely.\\nThe Sacramento Valley Railroad Company had\\nsupplied the iron for the Sacramento, Placer and\\nNevada Railroad, and held a mortgage on the road\\nas security. This mortgage was foreclosed, and\\nin the latter part of June the company began\\ntaking up the rails for the purpose of relajing them\\non the Sacramento Valley and Placerville Railroad,\\nwhich had rival aspirations to the Central Pacific\\nto cross the Sierra to the Territory of Nevada.\\nThe Central Pacific Companj- procured an injunc-\\ntion against the removal of the rails, and the Placer\\nCounty Railroad war was inaugurated. This rail-\\nroad war created a great sensation at the time,\\nresulting in many arrests and trials, the calling out\\nof troops for the protection of officers guarding the\\ntrack, the importation of hired fighters from\\nSan Francisco, and heavy bills of costs against the\\ncounty; but at last the rails were removed and the\\nSacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad ceased\\nto be.\\nTRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD PROJECTED.\\nWho first suggested the construction of a railroad\\nfrom the navigable waters of the Mississippi Valley\\nto the Pacific has been a matter of some contro-\\nversy, but it appears to have been suggested very\\nsoon after the adoption of the steam railroad system.\\nThe locomotive was put in practical operation by\\nStephenson, in 1829, in England, from Liverpool to\\nManchester. Also, in 1829, a locomotive was em-\\nployed at Honesdale, in Pennsylvania, in an ex-\\nperimental manner, drawing cars of coal, and in\\n1831 was drawing its train of passenger cars on\\nthe road from Albany to Schenectady, in New\\nYork. This new system of travel created great\\nexcitement, and its fame spread over the country.\\nAt that early date in the historj of railroads one to\\nthe Pacific was thought of. In proof of this we\\nquote from a letter by ol. B. L. E. Bonneville, of the\\nUnited States Army, to the St. Louis Democrat:\\nI observe in your paper of June 4th, fourth page,\\nthat the paternity of the Pacific Railroad is claimed\\nby certain individuals. I desire to say that in\\nJuno, or July, 1831, 1 was at Jefferson Barracks,\\nnear St. Louis, and residing as the guest of Major\\nGeneral Gaines, of the United States xirmy, and that\\nhe told me that he had received a paper from\\nGeneral Leavenworth, United States Army, recom-\\nmending the building of a railroad to the Pacific,\\nand that he had forwarded the same to the War\\nDepartment, Washington City, indorsed as follows:\\nI forward to you the magnificent project of Gen-\\noral Leavenworth. Of course this paper must be\\nin the office of the Adjutant-General of the War\\nDepartment, and may be revived and ]iublished,\\nin justice to a meritorious officer, and to compare the\\nrude ideas of the early friends of that great and\\ngrand success.\\nThe officers of the army, and the few trappers\\nand members of the fur companies, were the only\\ncivilized people then familiar with the great plains\\nand the mountainous regions between them and the\\nPacific, and General Leavenworth was the most\\nprominent of these officers in the West. His idea\\nof a railroad at that time was bold in the extreme,\\nand it is a question whether the indorsement of\\nGeneral Gaines of magnificent project was in\\nirony or admiration.\\nNo doubt hangs over the proposition of the Rev.\\nAsa Whitney, who, in 184G, lectured in many places\\nin the United States in the advocacy of a plan\\nconceived by him for the construction of a Pacific\\nRailroad. His plan was for a railroad from the\\nMissouri, through the South Pass, to the Pacific at\\nAstoria, Oregon, to be built by the National Gov-\\nernment from the proceeds of sales of the public\\nlands lying within ten miles on each side of the\\nroad. Whitney may properly be regarded as the\\noriginator of the Pacific Ruilroad and father of the\\nland grant scheme in its aid. His demands, how-\\never, were exceedingly modest when compared with\\nthose who profited by his ideas and made the I oad.\\nMr. Whitney had been a missionary in Oregon, had\\ncrossed the plains and mountains more than once,\\nand was greatly impressed with the importance of\\nthe project, and the feasibility of his plan. This was\\nin that quiet period of American history which so\\nhappily prevailed anterior to the acquisition of Cal-\\nifornia and the discovery of gold. The time had not\\nripened until the golden Sierra and the grand bay\\nof San Francisco had become a part of our common\\ncountry and under the rule of a people capable of\\ntheir development and protection. His ])lan, as pro-\\nmulgated, was approved y many prominent officers\\nof the Government, and Senator Thomas H. Benton\\nintroduced a bill to give it effect.\\nThe discovery of gold and the rapid increase of\\npopulation in California put a dift erent aspect on\\nthe railroad question; then it was demanded as a\\nvital necessity b} a numerous and prosperous people.\\nSenator Benton introduced a bill on the 7th of Feb-\\nruary, 1849, to provide for the construction of a\\nPacific railroad. Then it became a great political\\nquestion, over which the North and South contended\\nuntil the secession of the latter, which left the North\\nfree to decide. During the i)eriod of dispute there\\nwere many projects brought forward, bills introduced\\nand surveys ordered, the literature of which, includ-\\ning Congressional discussion of the subjects, would\\nmake quite a large and interesting library. The\\nexplorations attending the surveys covered the\\ngreater part of the country between the Mississippi\\nand the Pacific, the reports of which were elaborate\\nand elegant volumes, but published in such a manner\\nthat thej^ appeared but little in popular use. The\\nknowledge of the interior was at last made public\\nand general through the explorations by miners,\\nprospectors and traveler,?, whose accounts and\\ndescriptions were published in newspapers. There", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n277\\nwere various routes proposed, but the great division\\nwas between the northern and the southern. The\\npoliticians of the South insisted upon adopting a\\nsouthern route, which was supposed to favor south-\\nern capitalists and southern institutions, while those\\nof the North contended for their special interests.\\nThe first organized movement for the construction\\nof a Pacific railroad made in California was by citi-\\nzens of Placer, Nevada and Sacramento Counties.\\nThere were filed in the office of the Secretary of\\nState at Sacramento, August 17, 1852, articles of\\nincorporation of the Sacramento, Auburn and\\nNevada Railroad Company. The articles contained\\nthe names of twentj^-six subscribers of twenty-eight\\nshares each, at a value of 8100 per shure, and the\\nnames of the following Directors: S. W. Lovell,\\nPlacer County; T.O. Dunn, John R. Coryell, Charles\\nMarsh, Isaac Williamson, and William H. Lyons, of\\nNevada County; John A. Read, J. B. Haggin, and\\nLloyd Tevis, of Sacramento Counlj-. A line was\\nsurvej-ed from Sacramento through Auburn and\\nGrass Valley to Nevada City, showing the distance\\nto be sixty-eight miles, and the estimated cost of\\nthis section of the road was 82,000,000. From\\nNevada the survey was continued through the Hen-\\nness Pass. This was undertaken in a spirit of grand\\nenterprise, but it was too gigantic a measure to be\\ncarried out by private individuals with the fortunes\\nconsidered large in those daj s.\\nThe Sacramento Valley Railroad was built with\\nthe expectation that it would be a part of the\\ntranscontinental system. This company was formed\\nAugust 4, 1852, and 85,000 paid in percentage\\non the stock. The company reorganized Novem-\\nber 9, 1854, and made immediate preparations for\\nbuilding the road. This was completed, as has been\\nstated, but it did not form a link in the Pacific Rail-\\nroad, although it played an important part in that\\ngreat work.\\nEFFORTS OF THEODORE D. JUDAH.\\nThe engineer, Mr. Theodore D. Judah, during the\\nyears 1854, 55 and 56, explored the Sierra Nevada\\nthrough a great part of its extent in search of a\\npracticable route for a railroad crossing the range,\\nand labored assiduously to organize a company to\\nengage in the work. The first route selected by him\\nwas from Benicia, via Knight s Landing, Marj sville\\nand Noble s Pass, thence to the valley of the Hum-\\nboldt. In this enterprise he visited Washington in\\n1856, and through Gen. James W. Denver, then\\nMember of Congress, introduced a bill, in which the\\nUnited States was to give in aid of the construction\\nof the proposed road thirty sections of land, or\\n19,200 acres, per mile of road. The fund from the\\nsale of this, he estimated, would be ample to build\\nthe road. On the 17th of May he wrote to Mr.\\nChenery, of Marysvillo, of the bright prospects of\\nthe passage of the bill. The bill, however, did not\\nbecome a law, and Mr. Judah returned to California.\\nIn 1858, while Chief Engineer of the California\\nCentral, he surveyed a route for the Auburn Branch\\nRailroad, and made barometrical observation of the\\nhigher Sierra, which convinced him that a practical\\nroute could be obtained in that direction for a road.\\nHe now engaged with great energy and perseverance\\nupon carrying out his plan for the construction of\\nthe Pacific Railroad, and at the session of the Legis-\\nlature convening in 1858, succeeded in having a con-\\ncurrent resolution passed which authorized the hold-\\ning of a Railroad Convention in San Francisco. This\\nwas held September 20, 1859, and was composed of\\nmany of the most prominent men of California at\\nthat time. This Convention delegated Mr. Judah to\\nproceed to Washington to endeavor to procure legis-\\nlation on the subject. While in Washington at this\\ntime a bill was dt-awn up by himself and Hon. John\\nC. Burch, then a Member of Congress from Cali-\\nfornia. This bill contained nearly all the provisions\\nof the bill as finally passed in 1862. It was printed\\nat private expense, and a copy sent to each Senator\\nand Member of Congress. But the time was not\\nripe for the measure. Political complications the\\nslavery question absorbed the attention of Con-\\ngress. Mr. Judah urged the question upon the\\nmembers, exjilained the details in a lucid and intelli-\\ngible manner, and so prepared the way for the future.\\nIn 1860 he returned to California and continued\\nhis surveys, struggling with stinted and precarious\\naid in the grandest enterprise of the age. Dr. D.\\nW. Strong, of Dutch Flat, contributed largely from\\nhis private means in paying the expenses of the sur-\\nvey, and accompanied Mr. Judah in his explorations\\nof the route from Auburn to the Truckee River.\\nAfter completing the survey, which was made with\\na barometer, Judah went to San Francisco to lay his\\nplan before the capitalists of that city, and induce\\nthem, if possible, to form a company to take hold of\\nthe work. His ideas were received very coldly, and\\nhe failed in getting the financial support he desired.\\nReturning to his hotel one evening, convinced of\\nthe futility of any further trials in San Francisco,\\nMr. Judah remarked: The capitalists of San Fran-\\ncisco have refused to-night to make an investment\\nfor which, in less than three years, they shall have\\nample cause to blame their want of foresight. I\\nshall return to Sacramento to-morrow to interest\\nmerchants and others of that place in the great\\nwork, and this shall be my only other cfl ort on this\\nside of the continent.\\nCENTRAL PACIFIC RAILRO.\\\\D COMPANY.\\nIn Sacramento were two hardware merchants\\nwith whom Mr. Judah had had business relations\\nwhile in charge of the Sacramento Valley Railroad\\nMr. Collis P. Huntington and Mr. Mark Hopkins\\nand to those gentlemen the final proposition was\\nniade. A meeting of the business men of Sacra-\\nmento was called, and the preliminary steps were\\ntaken to organize a company. This organization", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "278\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COTTNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwas effected, and articles of incorporation were filed\\nwith the Secretary of State June 28, 18GL The\\ncompany was named the Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompanj of California, with the following-named\\nDirectors: Leland Stanford, Charles Crocker, James\\nBailey, Theodore D. Judah, L. A. Booth, C. P. Hunt-\\nington, Mark Hopkins, of Sacramento; D. W. Strong,\\nof Dutch Flat, and Charles Marsh, of Nevada.\\nLeland Stanford was elected President; C. P. Hunt-\\nington, Vice-President; Mark Hopkins, Treasurer:\\nand Theodore D. Judah, Chief Engineer.\\nAfter the organization of the company Mr. Judah\\nwas instructed to make a thorough instrumental sur-\\nvey of the route across the Sierra. This survey-\\ndeveloped a line with lighter grades, less distance\\nand fewer obstacles than the previous observations\\nhad shown. The first report of the Chief Engineer\\nto the oflicers of the company, gave the following as\\nthe topographical features of the Sierra Nevada,\\nwhich rendered them so formidable for railroad\\noperations:\\nFirst, The great elevation to be overcome in\\ncrossing its summit, and the want of uniformity in\\nits western slope. The average length of the west-\\nern slope of the Sierra Nevada is about seventy\\nmiles, and in this distance the altitude increases\\n7,000 feet, making it necessary to maintain an even\\ngrade on the ascent to avoid creating some sections\\nwith excessive grades.\\nSecond, From the impracticability of the river\\ncrossings. These rivers run through gorges in many\\nplaces over 1,000 feet in depth, with the banks of\\nvarying slopes from perpendicular to forty-five\\ndegrees. A railroad line, therefore, must avoid the\\ncrossing of these canons. The line, as established\\nby the surveys of 18G1, pursued its course along an\\nunbroken ridge from the base to the summit of the\\nmountain, and by descending the eastern slope by\\nthe valley of the Truckoe River avoided the eastern\\nsummit, which rises east of Lake Tahoe, and of the\\nseveral mountain lakes and valleys that characterize\\nthe Sierra Nevada. The estimated cost of the road\\nfrom Sacramento to the State line was 888,000 per\\nmile. The estimated length of line contemplated by\\nthe company, extending from Sacramento to the\\neastern boundary of the State, was llli miles, but\\nthe subseciuent location of the road made it 14-1\\nmiles.\\nThe struggle now commenced to raise the money\\nnecessary to perfect the organization and give it the\\nappearance of substantiality. Ever}- paper in the\\nState, every political party in its platform, and every\\npolitician on the stump, had, since the days of the\\ndiscovery of gold, advocated and proclaimed the\\nPacific llailroad as the greatest conceivable blessing\\nto the Union, to California, and to mankind, and that\\nwhen completed it would pay the enormous profit of\\n150,000,000 per annum! Now that some real effort\\nwas making, a j)racticablo route found, and a pros-\\npect oi work being conimcnced, capitalists began to\\nexpress opposition to the work, and the company\\nwas denounced as a company on paper only.\\nThe Directors were stigmatized as ordinary trades-\\npeople in a small interior city, in moderate circum-\\nstances, with slight education, and no experience in\\nany great enterprise or financial operation. Truly\\nthe venture was a wild one if carried on timidly,\\nbut by a liberal expenditure, bold and energetic\\nmovements, there was a possibility of success, equal-\\ning the representations made by Engineer Judah to\\nthe San Franciscans. The developments in the silver\\nmines of Nevada offered a prospect for immediate\\nbusiness, and the secession of the Southern States,\\ntaking the southern route from the controversy,\\nopened the prospect for the passage of the Pacific\\nRailroad bill with liberal grants and subsidies.\\nOn the 9th of October, 1861, the Board of Direc-\\ntors of the Central Pacific Railroad Company passed\\nthe following resolution:\\nJiesoh-ed, That Mr. T. D. Judah, the Chief Engin-\\neer of this company, proceed to Washington, on the\\nsteamer of the 11th of October, instant, as the accred-\\nited agent of the Central Pacific Railroad Companj-\\nof California, for the purpose of pi-ocuring appropri-\\nations of land and United States bonds from Gov-\\nernment, to aid in the construction of this road.\\nRAILROAD BILL PASSED CONGRESS.\\nThe mission was successfully accomplished, greatly\\nthrough the aid of (ren. James A. McDougal, Sen-\\nator from California, and the bill passed Congress\\nand was approved in July, 18G2. This bill granted\\na Iree right of way to the roads, of 400 feet over all\\n(iovernment lands on theii- route. The land on\\neither side ol the i-oute was to be withdrawn Irom\\nsettlement, by pre-emption or otherwise, lor a dis-\\ntance of fifteen miles, until the final location of the\\nroad should be made and the United States surveys\\nhad determined the location of the section lines.\\nThis bill also provided for issuing to the company, as\\na loan. United States thirty -year six per cent, bonds,\\nas each twenty-mile section of the road was com-\\n])lcted, at the rate of %!10,000 per mile for the line\\nwest of the western base of the Sierra Nevada\\nwhich was fixed by President Lincoln at seven miles\\nfrom Sacramento and at the rate of $48,000 per\\nmile from the western to the eastern base. To secure\\nthe Government from loss and to insure the payment\\nof the bonds, they were made a fii-st lien on the road.\\nThis was subsequently modified by an .\\\\ct passed\\nJuly, 1864, allowing the company to issue first mort-\\ngage bonds to the same amount as the Government\\nbonds, the United States taking the position of sec-\\nond mortgagee. The land grant in the first bill was\\nevery alternate section for ten miles on each side of\\nthe track, but this was afterwards doubled, making it\\ntwenty sections per mile.\\nThe company was now fully organized, grants\\nmade, and it given the possession of the route. .Mr.\\nHuntington visited New York, with the power of\\nattorney of the company, in the endeavor to nego-", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n270\\ntiate money on tbc company s bonds, but without\\nsuccess, as the abilitj to prove them valuable by the\\nconstruction of any part of the road was not yet\\nshown. Subscriptions to the stock wci-e sought in\\nCalifornia, and a few gentlemen subscribed, among\\nwhom were Mr. Samuel Brannan, of San Francisco,\\nMv. Charles Holbrook, of Sacramento, and Mr.\\nCharles Marsh, of Nevada. Private subscriptions\\nfurnished the means for the beginning of work. In\\n1862, the city of Sacramento granted the right of\\nway along the city front, and also gave the company\\nthe tract of ground covered by Sutter Lake. In\\n.November, 18(52, the first body of surveyoi s, under\\nDouglas Judah, brother of the Chief Engineer, went\\nout to locate the permanent line.\\nTHE WORK COJI.MENCED.\\nThe ceremonies attending the throwing of the\\nfirst earth, or beginning the work of construction of\\nthe Pacific Itaih oad, took place at Sacramento on\\nthe 8th of January, 1863. The locality of the work\\nwas on the bank of the Sacramento River, at the\\nfoot of K Street, in Sacramento City. The Sacra-\\nmento Union of January 9, 1863, says: The skies\\nsmiled yesterday upon a ceremony of vast signifi-\\ncance to Sacramento, California and the Union.\\nThe day was the anniversary of the Battle of New\\nOrleans, which it had been customary to celebrate as\\nn national holiday. The Legislatui e was in session,\\nand in a body took part in the ceremony. Leland\\nStanford was Governor of the State and President\\nof the Central Pacific Railroad Company. The\\nGovernor and State officers, the Members of the\\nLegislature, members of the railroad company, and\\nmany citizens with music and banners, joined in pro-\\ncession and marched through the city to the levee\\nwhere the ceremonies were performed. Charles\\nCrocker called the attention of the assemblage, and\\nintroduced Governor Stanford, who made a brief\\naddress. Rev. J. A. Benton asked the Divine bless-\\ning upon the enterprise, the L^nion, the company, and\\nthe people. After this Charles Crocker announced\\nthat the Governor of the State would now shovel the\\nfir,*t earth for the great Pacific Railroad. Several\\naddresses followed. vSenator A. M. Crane, of Ala-\\nmeda Counl3^ delivered an eloquent oration, and\\nspeeches were made by lion. J. H. Warwick, Mem-\\nber of Assembly from Sacramento; Rev. J. T. Peck;\\nHon. VV. H. Sears, Momberof Assembly from Nevada;\\nIlon. Newton Booth, Senator from Sacramento; Dr.\\nJ. F. Morse, and Charles Crocker. The day was\\npleasant and everything auspicious of success in the\\nbeginning of the work for the construction of the\\ngreat road which was to stretch across the continent.\\nThe I oad was regarded as a public work, to be con-\\nstructed by the people and for the people, in which it\\nwas the duty of all to assist, knowing that theincor-\\n))orators, as individuals, were comparatively without\\nmeans. They were, too, prominent Republicans;\\nthe great war of the Rebellion was raging; the polit-\\nical feeling was intense; the raih oad was thought a\\nmilitary necessity as a protection to the Pacific\\nCoast, and a grateful feeling was engendered toward\\nthe men who had taken themanageraent of construc-\\ntion. They were looked upon as patriots who had\\nassumed a great bui den for the public good, and\\nwhose acts it would be deemed mean to question as\\nselfish, or to limit by legislation in any grants made\\nto them. There was no thought but this confidence\\nwas reciprocal, and that the gratitude of the people\\nwould inspire gratitude in return. Those were days\\nof innocence. The great fortunes so common now\\nwere then unknown to the Republic, and the rigor-\\nous power of money and of corporations had not been\\nfelt in California. The cunning Credit Mobilier\\nhad not been invented, nor the Contract and Finance\\nCompanj^ conceived. All were ready to grant the\\nrailroad company unlimited power, and to vote the\\npublic funds without stint in aid of the work. Laws\\nof an extraordinary character were enacted by the\\nState Legislature of 1863 for this object. By these\\nActs the State donated $10,000 per mile for the first\\nfifty milcsof road completed, equalling \u00c2\u00a7500,000; also\\nauthorized Placer County to elect to subscribe for\\n.\u00c2\u00a5250,000 of the stock; Nevada County, \u00c2\u00a7150,000;\\nSacramento, $300,000; and San Francisco, $600,000.\\nFjlections were held and the subscriptions ordered,\\nbut the money was not speedily realized. San Fran-\\ncisco subsequently compromised by donating iir-iOO,-\\n000, and taking no stock. The Legislature of 186-1\\npassed an Act guaranteeing seven per cent, per annum\\ninterest on $1,500,000 of bonds of the Central Pacific\\nRailroad Company. The Attoi-ney-General enjoined\\nthe payment of the interest, as a violation of the\\nclause in the Constitution prohibiting the creation of\\na State debt exceeding $300,000, excepting for the\\npurpose of defense in time of war. The Supreme\\nCourt decided that the country was at war, that\\nthe railroad was for defensive purposes, and the debt\\nconstitutional.\\nPLACER COL NTY A STOCKHOLDER.\\nThe Act approved by Governor Stanford April 2,\\n1863, ordered an election to be held in Placer County\\non the second Tuesday in May following, on the pro-\\nposition ordering the Board of Supervisors to take\\nand subscribe $250,000 of the capital stock of the\\nCentral Pacific Railroad Company of California.\\nAll was ordered by statute, and nothing left to the\\ndiscretion of the Board of Supervisors. The cam-\\npaign was lively and the opposition strong and bitter.\\nThe Ffacer Herald opposed the appropriation with\\ngreat ability, and with singular prescience denounced\\nthe growing power of a grasping monopoly, already\\nsupercilious in its manner, positive in its demands,\\nand insolent in its throats. Several able correspond-\\nents contributed to its columns in opposition to the\\nsubscription. The Adoorate also opposed it. The\\nPlacer Courier, of Forest Hill, and the Dutch Flat\\nEnquirer strongly advocated, and wore supported by\\nthe Sacramento Union, which had a large circulation\\nin the county, and by many stump-speakers, who, in", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "280\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nthe interest of the railroad company, made a thor-\\nough and active canvass. The Herald charged that\\nmoney was used extravagantly by the railroad com-\\npany. James P. Bull, editor of the Auburn Aduocafe,\\npublished his affidavit that he had been offered 81,000\\nto advocate the subscription, and that ho refused to\\ndo so. As the Union Pacific Company, which was\\nexpected to build the road from the Missouri River\\nto the eastern boundary- of California, had not j-et\\ncompleted its organization, and there were doubts if\\nit ever would, therefore the Central Pacific was\\ndenounced as a local affair, and could not claim to be\\na national work.\\nADDEESS TO THE PEOPLE.\\nThe railroad company published an address to the\\nvoters of Placer Countj-, saying:\\nThis wuik, when comjileted, will be the greatest\\nof any age or country the great highway of the\\nrichest commerce and most extensive travel of the\\nworld; and, citizens of Placer, nearly 100 miles of it\\nwill be within your county and will ]jass dii-ectly\\nthrough your county seat. In the construction of\\nthe road there will be expended in your county not\\nmuch, if any, less than nine millions of dollars, and\\nabout two millions of it within the trading and traffic\\ndistance of your county scat. The whole of this\\nvast sum, when expended, will immediately enter\\ninto all the transactions of business condiicte I within\\nthe county, and into the )iermanent and substantial\\nwealth of the country, and will then be subject and\\nliable to taxation in the same manner as other accu-\\nmulated wealth; and, in addition to that, the raili-oad\\nitself as it is constructed, from year to 3 oar, is sub-\\nject to the same taxation as other property.\\nYou are asked to assist us to the extent of 8250,-\\n000 let us make up an account of the cost of such\\nassistance. You give S250.000 in bonds at eight per\\ncent interest for twent3- years. You will then have\\nto provide $20,000 yearly to meet interest and to\\nmeet principal at the end of that time. Your rate\\nof taxation for county purjioses this year is unusually\\nsmall, thirty cents on the \u00c2\u00a7100. Suppose the rail-\\nroad alone, without adding any iticreased value of\\nother propertj-, or adding any property accumulated\\nfrom the expenditures of building the road were\\ntaxed at that rate, ($9,000,000 at thirty-five cents\\nl)er \u00c2\u00a7100) this will yield an income of 831,500, or\\n811,500 per j car more than the interest you will\\nhave to pay this annual surplus at the end of\\ntwenty 3 ears being nearly sufficient to pay the\\noriginal bonds. Your whole taxable ])roperty for\\nthe last currentj ear was only the sum of 83,000,000;\\nwith the road completed it will be i?12,000,000.\\nCitizens of Placer, 30U, as citizens of ihe great\\nState of the Pacific Coast, have labored twelve long\\nyears in connection with other citizens of the State\\nfor the great work. You have assisted to make it an\\nimportant plank in all your part} platforms: you\\nhave spoken ior it at the hustings and voted for it\\nat the polls, and from j-ear to year you have asked\\n.lid of the General Government for its construction.\\nWith unparalleled munificence the General Govern-\\nment, in lime of direst trouble, granted your request.\\nNow, will j-ou not, out of your abundance, add your\\nmite and render your assistance to consummate this\\ni 111 portanl work We believe you will.\\nTHE ELECTION CONTEST.\\nIt would have been very unbusiness-like to have\\nrefused to invest in such profitable property. The\\nincorporators were known to be unable to build the\\nroad, and thirty miles of new road must be con-\\nstructed before the subsidy which the General\\nGovernment, with unparalleled munificence, had\\ngranted, could be drawn, and without county and\\nState aid that thirty miles might never be made and\\nthe Pacific Raih oad go to other hands, other times\\nand another route. With the comparatively small\\nsum of 8250,000 in bonds, the addition of 89,000,000\\nwould be added to the assessable property of the\\ncounty, returning 831,500 annuallj- in taxes. This\\nwas impliedly assured and the payment of taxes\\npromised as a consideration for the bonds. Under\\nsuch circumstances opposition seemed scarcely\\nreasonable, nevertheless, it was strong and bitter.\\nThis would appear to have come almost entirely from\\nthe Democratic element, as the road was advocated\\nas a war meariure, but the opposition to granting aid\\nwas equally strong by the professed Union papers\\nof San Francisco, which, at that date endeavored\\nnot only to suppress the railroad, but manufactures\\nand the National currency as well, because of its\\ninterfering with sea-going commerce.\\nThe Herald of May 9, 1863, saj s:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGovernor Stanford has been here this week to\\nelectioneer the county into 6250,000 for his railroad.\\nCharles Crocker, W. N. Leet, Senators Higgins and\\nHarriman, Assemblymen Yule and Blaiichard, S. T.\\nLeet, W. C. Stratton and many other lesser lights\\nai e working like beavers in all parts of the county\\nto carrj- the measui-e. Opponents must be active to\\ndefeat their machinations.\\nThe election was held on the 12lh of May as\\nordered, and resulted in a majority of 409 in a total\\nvote of 3,810 for the subscription, and Placer County\\nbecame a stockholder in the Central Pacific Railroad\\nCompany. But not yet. Mr. C. H. Mitchell obtained\\nfrom Judge Myers an order enjoining the Board of\\nSupervisors from issuing the bonds, and similar steps\\nwere taken in Sacramento at the instance of J. P.\\nRobinson, of the Sacramento Valley Railroad, and in\\nSan Francisco the subscription was refused, but the\\nyear following a compromise with the latter count}\\nwas made by the payment of $400,000 as a gift.\\nAll injunctions were soon dissolved. By the end of\\nthe year \u00c2\u00a7200,000 of the Placer County bonds had\\nl)cen issued, and in January, 1864, the remaining\\n850,000.\\nPROGRESS OF THE ROAD.\\nJune 1, 1864, the road was completed to Newcastle,\\nthirty-one miles from Sacramento, sixteen of which\\nwere in Placer. Newcastle then became an impor-\\nlar,t and busy depot for stages and teams.\\nThe railroad company was still struggling for\\nfunds, but in June obtained 8400,000 from San Fran-\\ncisco, and the work was pushed on. By the subsid}-", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3380", "width": "2281", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3329", "width": "2189", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n281\\ngranted by Congress the company was entitled to\\nabout one and a quarter millions, and the same\\namount on first mortgage bonds, and from the\\nmortgage bonds the company acknowledged the\\nreceiptor $1,250,000 and 6414,000.14 from individual\\nsubscription.\\nTHE FIRST SURPRISE.\\nThe property was assessed in July and the value,\\nas returned by tho President of the company, was\\nbut \u00c2\u00a76,000 per mile, and $43,000 as the value of the\\nrolling stock and other property. This was a great\\nsurprise to the people of the county, who, when\\nvoting to take the stock had been told of the mill-\\nions it would add to the taxable property. The\\nvaluation set by the Assessor was $20,000 per mile,\\nand other property at $78,815, making a total of\\n$398,815. This was afterwards fixed by the Board\\nof Equalization at $252,011.\\nIn August an effort was made by the Board of\\nSupervisors to investigate the affairs of the railroad\\ncompany, and James E. Hale and F.B. Higgins were\\nappointed as experts to make the examination.\\nThis proceeding was rescinded at the instigation of\\nthe railway company, and on the 15th of August the\\nBoard appointed its own members, James R. Rogers,\\nA. B. Scott and D. W. Madden as a committee to\\nmake the examination. Messrs. Scott and Madden\\nreported that they had made a careful and full\\nexamination, and everything had been properly and\\nhonestly done. Mr. Rogers made a minority report\\nupon afiidavit dated September 19, 1864, saying\\nevery obstacle had been put in his way, and that he\\nhad been treated verj^ insolently. He was told that\\nfifty -one of the Placer County bonds had been sold,\\ntwelve at 66f cents on the dollar, and thirty-nine at\\nninetj -five cents in greenbacks, equal to about fifty\\ncents in coin; also that Governor Stanford had\\nborrowed money on them, paying ten per cent\\ninterest on the loan.\\nMr. Rogers, as President of the Board of Super-\\nvisors had been deputized to cast the vote of Placer\\nCounty as stockholder in the railroad company, but\\nafter his report was made, the authority to do so\\nwas taken from him and reposed in the Board,\\nMessrs. Scott and Madden constituting the majority,\\ncast the vote.\\nThus early commenced the contest between the\\nauthorities of the county and the Central Pacific\\nRailroad Company, which has continued until the\\npresent day.\\nJanuary 2, 1865, the famous decision by the\\nSupreme Court of California was made, that the Act\\nguaranteeing the interest on .SI, 500, 000 at seven per\\ncent per annum was constitutional, and the comjjany\\ndrew from the Treasury the sum of 551,555 in gold\\nas the first payment of the semi-annual interest on\\n1,473 $1,000 bonds, twenty-seven bonds having been\\nsold to other ])urtics.\\n(iREAT E.VKRGY IN THE WORK.\\nThe road was now pushed forward with more\\nenergy. The work from Newcastle to Auburn was\\nvery heavy, involving deep cutting, known as the\\nBloomer Cut and other expensive work. On the\\n22d of May, 1865, cars commenced running to the\\npresent station on the outskirts of Auburn, and this\\nremained the depot until Clipper Gap was reached\\nin June. The town of Colfax was laid out early in\\nJuly on land belonging to the railroad company, and\\nlots sold at auction. Early in September the road\\nwas completed to that point, and it became an\\nimportant business place. The railroad was now\\nrunning fifty-four miles from Sacramento, to a point\\nso far toward tho rich mining region of Nevada as\\nto command the transmountain travel and freight,\\nand its business assumed proportions of an impor-\\ntant and profitable character.\\nTRIUMPH OF ENGINEERING AND FINANCE.\\nMay 7, 1866. the passenger depot was made a\\nSecret Town, nine miles from Colfax; July 15th, at\\nAlta, and at Cisco November 29th of the same year,\\nninety-two miles from Sacramento. From this date\\nthe road was rapidly extended, reaching VVadsworth,\\nNevada, in July, 1868, 189 miles from Sacramento at\\nthe eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, and on the\\n13lh of May, 1869, made connection with the Union\\nPacific at Promontory, Utah, 691 miles from Sacra-\\nmento. There and then the golden spike was driven\\nby Governor Stanford, who, on the 8th of Januarj-,\\n1863, had shoveled the first earth in the construction\\nof the road on the levee ai Sacramento. By subse-\\nquent arrangement with the Union Pacific Company,\\nthe Central Pacific was permitted to use that road\\nfrom Promontorj to Ogden, a distance of fifty-four\\nmiles. The Western Pacific from Sacramento via\\nStockton connected with San Francisco by a route\\nof 135 miles, and this with tho Union Pacific, 1,032\\nmiles in length, made the Pacific Railroad comj)lete,\\nwith a total length of 2,012 miles, to the Missouri\\nRiver.\\nNEVADA CnrNTT NARROW-GAUGE RAILWAY\\nUpon the completion of the Central Pacific to\\nColfax it became the depot for the travel and freight\\nbusiness to Grass Valley, Nevada City, .North San\\nJuan, and other points in Nevada and Sierra Coun-\\nties. This business was very large, and in 1874 a\\ncompany was formed to construct a narrow-gauge\\nrailroad from Colfax to Nevada Citj-. A route was\\nsurveyed showing a length of road required to Grass\\nValley of seventeen miles, and to Nevada twenty-\\ntwo and a half miles. The work of construction\\nbegan in 1875, and the road was completed, and the\\nlast spike driven at Nevada on the 20th of May,\\n1876. But two and a half miles of this road is in\\nPlacer County.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "282\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nJOHN R. WHITCOMB.\\nWas boi n at Ellensburg, Clinton County, New\\nYork, Fobruary 22, 1833. In his infancy he removed\\nwith his family to Peru, in the fame county, where\\nhe lived until twelve years of age. His next move\\nwan to Franklin County, where he reached his\\nmajority. In 1855 he emigrated to Minnesota, and\\nsettled at Farmington, but after one year s trial in\\nthe West, returned to his native State. In 1857 he\\nagain went to Minnesota and remained until 1859.\\nDuring the latter year he crossed the plains to Cali-\\nfornia, and located at a point on the Sacramento\\nRiver known as Grizzly Bend, where he remained\\nabout one year. He then made a trip to Los\\nAngeles, and returning settled in Marysville, Yuba\\nCounty, and spent the winter of 1861-62. He was\\nat the last-named place during the great floods. In\\n1862 he crossed the Sierra to the State of Nevada,\\nand located in Humboldt County, where he followed\\nmining and dealing in mines, until 1865. During\\nthat year he removed to Virginia City, Storey\\nCounty, where he remained until 1880. During his\\nresidence there he general!} followed his profession,\\nthat of an engineer, and was in that caiiacity nine\\nyears, at the Gould and Curry mine. In 1880 he\\ncame to his present residence, near Colfax, having\\npreviously purchased the place where his family liad\\nresided for some years.\\nMr. Whitcomb was married March 15, 1874, to\\nMrs. Charlotte Trousdale, a native of Canada. They\\nhave one child aged six years.\\nC H A 1 T K li X X VII.\\nWAGON RO.^DS OF PLACER COUNTY.\\nRoads in 1849 First Wagon iii Yankee .Tim s Emigrant Roads\\nEmigrant Koad of 185:2 Surveys in 1855 Placer County\\nEmigrant Road Biographical Sketch of Captain Thomas\\nA. Young Road Convention at Yankee Jim s List of\\nDelegates Speeches Delivered Resolutions Offered Last\\nof the Emigrant Road Scheme Placer County and Washoe\\nTurnpike Toll-roads, Ferries, and Bridges Bear River\\nBridge Auburn Ravine Turnpike Mineral Bar Bridge and\\nRoad\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Other Toll-fioads Before 18150\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Auburn and Yankee\\n.lim s Turnpike Lyon s Bridge and Road Lake Poss\\n(Dutch Flat) WaL on Road\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dutch Flat and Donner Lake\\nWagon Road\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pacific Turnpike\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colfa.x and Forest Hill\\nToU-road Auburn and Forest HiU Turnpike Tohn\\nCarlson.\\nTiiE boldness of the engineering that has con-\\nstructed the wagon roadsof the mountainous regions\\nof Galifornia must win the admiration of all who\\nbehold the works. The county of Placer is most\\nparticularly distinguished in this respect. Extend-\\ning, as her territory does, from the plains of the Sac-\\nramento Valley to the eastern slope of the Sierra\\nNevada, a direct distance of about seventy miles,\\nembracing a section of the great mountains through\\ntheir entire breadth. Included in this mountain area\\nare the canons of the Middle and North Forks of the\\nAmerican and Bear Rivers, the valley of the Truckee\\nand the slopes of Lake Tahoe, and the many deep\\ncanons, gulches and ravines intersecting the county\\nin every direction. Few can conceive the depth and\\nprecipitousness of these awful chasms in the earth\\nunless they have had the experience of their passage\\nwithout the aid of the fine graded roads and the\\neasy riding coach that enterprise, money and labor\\nhave prepared for them.\\nThese caiions are from 1,000 to 2,000 feet in depth\\nbelow the bordering ridges which inclose the stream\\nat the bottom with the declivity and rigidity of a V\\nflume. In the short distance across the county from\\nBear River to the Middle Fork, are the canons of\\nthe Bear, North and Middle Forks, making an aggre-\\ngate rise and fall of about 6,000 feet in eight miles\\nof direct line.\\nHigher up in the Sierra the canons are deeper and\\nsucceed each other with appalling frequency if the\\ntraveler is passing transverse to their course. The\\ndifficulty is not so serious when following the direc-\\ntion of the dividing ridges, but even then many deep\\ndepressions obstruct the way. The great Sierra\\nNevada stands like a mighty dorsal column, with\\nsummit passes and peaks from 8,000 to 10,000 feet\\nabove the sea, and throws out to the westward its\\nridges, like ribs to the body, which extend, when\\nunbroken by rivers, with eomparativeevenness to the\\nvalley. By these lateral ridges the first immigrants\\nmade their difficult way, on unimproved roads, across\\nthe mountains, and by one which reaches the valley\\nbetween the American and Bear Rivers, in Placer\\nCounty, the Central Pacific Railroad found a feasible\\nroute to the summit.\\nROADS IN 1849.\\nWagon roads reached to Auburn, to Bear River,\\nand to Illinoistown without serious difficulty in the\\nfall of 1849. In the spring of 1850 occurred the\\nexcitement and rush to Bird s Store and El Dorado\\nCanon, on the divide between the North and Middle\\nForks. Wagons were taken as far as Kelley s Bar,\\non the North Fork, being let down the canon by\\nropes, or by attaching limbs of trees as a drag to\\nretard the descent. Zigzag trails were cut to facili-\\ntate the passage of pack animals. Similar trails\\nwere made from Oregon and Spanish Bars on the\\nroad from Coloma, through Todd s Valley, to the\\nsame points of destination. Such were the first roads\\nin Placer County.\\nBut the immigrants of 1849, having toiled with\\ntheir wagons over unknown plains, mountains, and\\ndeserts, learning by experience many devices for\\npassing successfully the most serious obstacles, would\\nnot long be delayed nor turned aside by the canons\\nof the American. Early in the summer of 1850\\nwagons found their way up the divide as far as the\\nF orest House and vicinity. These wagons brought\\nmerchandise from Sacramento, delivering it on the\\nridge, from whence it was taken, on men s backs, or\\non p.ack-mules, to the mining camps in the canons\\nand on the river bars.", "height": "3339", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "WAGON ROADS.\\n28S\\nFIRST WAGON IN YANKEE JIM S.\\nEarly in the fall of 1850 Messrs. B. F., Gr. W., and\\nN. F. Gilbert and Thomas Farthing arrived at Yan-\\nkee Jim s with an ox-team and wagon, emigrants\\nfrom Missouri, bringing with them their winter s\\nsupply of provisions, mining tools, clothing, etc., and\\nthis was the first wheeled vehicle that ever came to\\nthe place.\\nEAIIGRANT ROADS.\\nThe subject of constructing roads extending to the\\neastern slope attracted the attention of enterprising\\nbusiness men at a very eai ly day. Theii object usu-\\nally had the business point in view of inducing prof-\\nitable travel through their section, but the patriotic\\nand generous purpose of inviting immigration to the\\nState and facilitating the passage of the mountains\\nwas loudly proclaimed. All coming to the State\\noverland in the early days were called emigrants.\\nThe first of these found their way as best they\\ncould, climbing the mountains from the east where\\nsome stream or visible depression led to the summit,\\nthen following down the western ridges, avoiding\\nthe large streams and gaining the plains below after\\nmuch toil and trouble. The Walker River led the\\nfirst explorers and Colonel Bartleson s party to the\\nsummit; the Carson opened a favorite pass, which\\nled the traveler most direct to Sutter s Fort; the\\nTruckee and Donner Lake made a comparatively\\neasy road to the divide between the Boar and the\\nYuba, and Peter Lassen, Noble, Fredonyer and\\nBeckwourth guided them to passes in the north.\\nNo emigrant road led through Placer County; Bl\\nDorado receiving the greater portion, giving her\\nthe largest population of any county in the State,\\nexcepting San Francisco. The travel was enormous\\nand most valuable to localities through which it\\npassed. To turn this through Placer County feasible\\npasses must be found and roads constructed. At this\\nday, since the Central Pacific Railroad, bearing all the\\ntravel and freight, traverses almost the entire length\\nof the county, it seems that its route would have sug-\\ngested itself to the emigrant and the people who\\ndesired them. The old emigrant road crossed near\\nwhere now crosses the raih oad, and entered Bear\\nValley on the border of Placer, but the easier route\\nout led to the north of Bear River, while the narrow\\ndivide between that stream and the North Fork of\\nthe American offered no road without such improve-\\nments as the emigrant was not able to make.\\nRoads had been made leading from Auburn across\\nthe North Pork of the American to Iowa Hill and\\nYankee Jim s, and from these points explorations\\ndeveloped a practicable route leading to the Truckee\\nRiver, Mountain Lake (subsequently named Bigler,\\nnow Tahoe), and Washoe Valley, east of the Sierra\\nNevada.\\nEMIGRANT ROAD OP 1852.\\nIn 1852 an emigrant road was constructed from\\nYankee Jim s to Washoe Valley at a cost of over\\n$13,000. This was a bold and generous enterprise\\non the part of the people of Placer County, but the\\nexpenditure was too small to make a very inviting\\nroad, however favorable the route. The road was\\ntraveled by a limited number, and gradually lapsed\\ninto disuse and decay. Had it been supported in\\nafter years with the energy equaling the energy of\\nwords in its praise and advocacy, it would have\\nredounded greatly to the prosperity of the section,\\nnow 80 isolated, through which it passed. The his-\\ntory of its construction is as follows:\\nOn the 8th of June, 1852, a mass meeting of the\\ncitizens of Placer County was held at Smith s Ranch\\non the divide to take steps toward the construction\\nof an Emigrant Road through the county to con-\\nnect with the old traveled roads east of the mount-\\nains. At that meeting an executive committee was\\nappointed, consisting of Messrs. Jonathan Roberts,\\nL. B. Ferris, W. D. Smith, and J. A. Avery, who were\\ninstructed to take measures for the construction of a\\nroad to Carson Valley by the way known as -Scott s\\nRoute. In obedience to these instructions the com-\\nmittee built the road at a cost of $13,200. )f this\\namount there was left an indebetedness of 87,000.\\nUpon this the Placer i/erre^f^ of September 13, 1852,\\nsays:\\nA meeting of the executive committee for the con-\\nstruction of the Emigrant Road to Carson Valley\\nwas held in Auburn to-day. The object of the com-\\nmittee was to petition the Court to accept the road\\nas a county road, and to assume the payment of the\\ndebts outstanding, amounting to about S7,000.\\nAs a free road it was not maintained in good order\\nand soon became impassable to hcavilj laden\\nwagons.\\nSURVEYS IN 18.55.\\nThe Legislature of California in 1855 made an\\nappropriation to aid in the construction of a wagon\\nroad crossing the Sierra, and a Board of Commis-\\nsioners was appointed to select the route upon which\\nthe money was to bo expended. In September, 1855,\\nthis Board reported in favor of the route along the\\nSouth Fork of the American River, passing Slippery\\nFord, Johnson s Pass, Lake Bigler, Luther s Pass,\\nHope Valley, and Car.son Canon to Carson Valley.\\nThis pleased the people of El Dorado County who\\nexpected to and did reap great benefits iVom it,\\nand aroused the people of Placer.\\nSurveyor-Genei al S. H. Marlette, who led the\\nCommissioners, was soundly berated for ignoring\\nthe route through Placer, and the people declared\\nthat if the State would not construct the road that\\nthey, the Placer County people, would without State\\naid. Nothing was done, however, more than to agi-\\ntate the subject, which was continued through the\\npress during the two following years with many\\nstrong articles and correspondence descriptive of the\\nroute, its feasibility, distances from place to place,\\ncomparisons with others and cost of construction.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "28-1\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, (CALIFORNIA.\\nPLACER COUNTY EMIURANT EOAD.\\nCongress in 1857 appropriated money for the con-\\nstruction of two rouds crossing the Territories to\\nCalifornia. This avvaliened the people of the State\\nto extraordinary exertions to open transmountain\\nroads to connect with the National roads, and the\\nentire mountain press, from Mariposa to Siskiyou\\ncalled upon their people to meet in conventions and\\norganize for the construction of roads through their\\nfavorite passes. Several conventions were held. The\\npeople of Placer were not to be outdone by rival\\ncounties, and entered upon the subject with a deter-\\nmination that promised the highest success.\\nIn the preceding fall Mr. Thomas A. Young, then\\nCounty Surveyor, published in the Placer Herald,\\nalso in his report to the Surveyor-General, a graphic\\ndescription of the route, and of the upper country,\\nwhich is here appended;\\nTlie following is a report of an examination and\\npartial survey of the Placer County Emigrant Road,\\nmade in the month of August, 1856, in company\\nwith the following-named gentlemen: James Her-\\nrick and David Orr, fi om the town of Yankee Jim s;\\nGeorge Haycock, A. G. McCook, Capt. W. C. Gray\\nand James Gist, of Iowa Hill.\\nThe Forks House we made our starting-point. It\\nis situated at the junction of the Michigan Bluft\\nYankee Jim s and Iowa Hill roads. From the Forks\\nHou.se to the Secret Spring House (a distance of\\neight miles) all that is required to make a good\\nwagon road is to remove the loose stones. From\\nSecret Spring House to Robinson s Flat (seven miles),\\nthe road leaves Canada Hill one-half mile to the\\nsouth. After leaving Secret Spring House, the road\\nascend-; a hill known as Secret Hill, but with too\\nmuch grade; and can be improved and made an\\nexcellent wagon road. The remainder of the road\\nto Robinson s Flat requires but little improvement.\\nFrom Robinson s Flat to the west summit of the\\nSierra Nevada Mountains the distance is seventeen\\nmiles (ridge road), passing over one caiion, and is\\ngenerally good, with the exception of three places,\\nwhere tlie road is constructed Oj the highest part of\\nthe ridge, it should be graded around. For the\\nentire last six miles before arriving at the summit\\nthere is good grass and water. One mile west of\\nthe summit the road passes through a small valley,\\nknown as American Valley, having a fine stream of\\nwater flowing through it and covered with grass.\\nThis stream is the head-waters of the North Fork of\\nthe Middle Fork of the American River. The ascent\\nto the summit is gradual, the surface smooth, and\\nwill require but little side-hill cutting. A good road\\ncan be made at an angle of two degrees. From the\\nwest summit there is a fine view of Lake Bigler\\n(distance, air-line, seven miles). From the summit\\nthe road descends into the upper or northwest end\\nof Squaw Valley distance three miles. This poi\\ntion of the road can be much improved, and make a\\ngood one by extending it so far as to strike the lower\\nend of Si[uaw Valley. Squaw Valley is the most\\nbeautiful valley- the eye of man ever beheld. It is\\ncovered with luxuriant grass, and the soil is of the\\nmost productive nature.\\nThe valley is completely surrounded by mountains\\nwith the exception of the east end, at which point a\\nmost magnificent stream of water, that flows through\\nthe entire length of the valley, empties into Truckee\\nRiver. There is contained in the valley about 500\\nacres of tillable land. From the upper end of Squaw\\nValley there is nearly level road of two miles to the\\ncrossing of the Truckee River. The ford is good.\\nAt the time of our crossing, the river was two feet\\ndeep and thirty wide, the current rapid, and the bed\\nof the stream solid. At this point the river runs in\\na northerly direction. From the crossing at Truckee\\nthe road extends along the east bank of the river\\nfive miles, to the head- waters of the river (Lake\\nBigler). This five miles of road requires but a small\\namount of labor to make it a good road, with only\\nsixty feet grade to the mile.\\nTruckee River at its head, is four feet deep and\\nninety wide, and running in a northerly direction.\\nBigler Lake is a noble sheet of water, forty-five\\nmiles in length, and at this point fifteen miles wide.\\n[Later surveys show it to be twenty-two miles long,\\nand ten to twelve broad. Ed.] All along the west-\\nern shore of this lake, the water does not exceed five\\nfeet in depth to the distance of about twenty rods\\nfrom the shore. It then evidently becomes very deep,\\nas there is a well-defined line of deep blue extending\\nparallel with the shore. The bottom of the lake, so\\nfar as I explored it, is composed of soft granite rock,\\ncovered over with fine particles of granite or sand and\\nround washed gravel resembling the gravel of the\\nhill diggings in many places in Placer County. The\\nview of the lake and surrounding mountains is most\\nmagnificent. The lake is entirely closed in with\\nmountains, and it is impossible to detect the outlet by\\nwhich Truckee River flows from it, unless you are in\\nthe immediate vicinity of the river. At this point\\nwe parted company with a party of ladies and gen-\\ntlemen from Forest Hill, in this county, with whom\\nwe fell in at the Porks House, and who when we\\nparted with them appeared to be enjoying themselves\\nvery much.\\nFrom the shore of the lake at the head of Truckee\\nRiver, the road extends nearly parallel with the\\nwest shore of the north end of the lake (a distance\\nof twenty miles), and beng a good road, with the\\nexception of two miles which requires some side-hill\\ncutting, the road passes by several pieces of good\\nmeadow land. From the north end of the lake the\\nroad commences ascending the east summit of the\\nSierra Nevada Mountains. The ascent is easy, the\\nsurface smooth, and will require but a small amount\\nof side-hill cutting to make it a good road; the dis-\\ntance is three miles, and there is an abundance of\\ngood grass the entire distance. From the summit to\\nWashoe Valley the distance is five miles, the road for\\nthe most part has been worked, and a large amount\\nof side-hill cutting done. Two miles below the sum-\\nmit a slide of loose granite rock and sand has taken\\nplace since the road was made, and has covered it\\nfor twenty rods. Five men in a week s time would\\nplace the road in its original condition. From the\\nsummit to Washoe Valley the road can bo made a\\ngood one.\\nThe entire distance from the Forks House to\\nWashoe Valley is sixty-two miles; from the Forks\\nHouse to Yankee Jim s, fifteen miles; from the\\nForks House to Iowa Hill, twelve miles. From\\nYankee Jim s to the Forks House the road is very\\ngood, and is traveled by heavily laden teams.\\nWashoe Valley is entirely occupied by the Mor-\\nmons. Orson Hyde, who is Judge of Probate, is\\nbuilding a large flouring-mill, and the Mormons, in\\nthe immediate vicinity of the mill, have laid out a\\ncity, and commenced building operations. The Mor-", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "WAGON ROADS.\\n285\\nmons are favorably disposed towards the Placer\\nCounty road, and expressed their wiiiinc;ness to\\nimprove that portion of the road lying within their\\nterritorj 1 had a long conversation with Judge\\nHyde upon the subject, and he expressed himself\\nemphatically in favor of improving the road. Labor\\nto the amount of $8,000 properly expended will\\ncause it to be traveled in preference to any other\\nroute crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains.\\nThe road for the most partis a ridge road, requires\\nbut little side-hill cutting, and crosses but one stream\\nthat exceeds five feet in width the Truckee River\\nand that but once. Sixty feet above the present\\ncrossing a bridge of sixty feet span will reach from\\nbank to bank above high-water mark. My impres-\\nsion is that the Placer County Emigrant J?oad can\\nbe improved and made a good road with less expense\\nthan any other route, will be shorter, and is the\\nmost central road extending from Carson Valley into\\nthe State.\\nA table of distances were given from Sacramento\\nto Carson Valley, through Placer County, as\\nfollows:\\nMILES.\\nFrom Sacramento to Auburn 36\\nAuburn to Forks House 35\\nForks House to Secret Spring. _ 8\\nSecret Springs House to Robinson s Flat. 7\\nRobinson s Flat to west summit of Sierra\\nNevada .._ 17\\nWest summit to lower end of Squaw Val-\\nley, near Lake Bigler and at the cross-\\ning of Truckee River 5\\nTruckee crossing along east bank of river\\nto its head at the lake 5\\nThence north to head of Lake Bigler 12\\nNorth end of Lake Bigler to east summit\\nof Sierra Nevada _... 3\\nEast summit to Washoe Valley 5\\nWashoe Valley to Carson Valley 8\\nTotal 141\\nFrom Sacramento to Auburn the roads are as good\\nas any in the State; from Auburn to the Forks\\nHouse (on the divide between the North and Middle\\nForks of the American River), there are two roads,\\none crossing the North Fork three miles from\\nAuburn, and passing thi-ough Yankee Jim s, and\\nnear Michigan City the other bj^ way of Illinois-\\ntown, crossing North Fork, eighteen miles above\\nAuburn, and passing through Iowa Hill. Over both\\nof these roads stages and heavily laden teams pass\\ndaily (stages leaving Iowa Hill and Yankee Jim s\\nat daylight reach Sacramento at noon). The com-\\npanies owning the bridges and turnpikes at these\\ntwo crossings have expended many thousands of dol-\\nlars in making them the best of mountain roads\\nthey are excelled by none in California. From the\\nForks House to Secret Springs House the road is\\ngenerally good it only being necessary to remove\\nsome loose stones to make it easy traveling for\\nwagons.\\nA few miles this side of the west summit the head\\nwaters of the American Porks (mere rivulets) are\\nmet, and the emigrant to the Sacramento Vallej if\\nhe desires, can follow down the ridge north of North\\nFork of American to Bear Valley, just in the edge\\nof Nevada County, from which flow the head-waters\\nof Bear River and the South Yuba (the divide\\nbetween these two streams is not over two hundred\\nfeet in width). From Bear Valley there are favor-\\nable routes down the ridges between the North Fork\\nof American and Bear River, in Placer County, or\\non the divide between Bear River and South Yuba\\ninto Nevada County. This last is the Truckee route\\ninto Nevada, and is the only good route into that\\ncounty.\\nCAPTAIN THOMAS A. YOUNG.\\nThe energetic County Surveyor, whose reports\\nupon the topography and resources of Placer County\\nfurnished the first and most authentic information of\\nthe region, joined the California Volunteers in 1862.\\nIn the following year his company went to Arizona,\\nwhere they performed efficient service against both\\nRebels and Apaches. Escaping the dangers of the\\nfield, the worthy officer and gentleman met death by\\ndisease, dying at Fort Mason, Arizona, December 2,\\n1864, of dropsy on the brain.\\nROAD CONVENTION AT YANKEE JIM s.\\nSurveyor Young s very favorable and interesting\\nreport helped to keep the matter before the people,\\nand when Congress made an appropriation to build\\nroads, and other counties were holding conventions,\\nhe again entered the field and in April, 1857, called a\\nconvention to meet at Yankee Jim s on the 6th of the\\nfollowing May, to take action in relation to the con-\\nstruction of the much-desired emigrant road. In\\npursuance of this call the convention met at Yankee\\nJim s, the proceedings of which were published in\\nthe Placer Herald, and Iowa Hill News of May 9,\\n1857, as follows:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nConvention met at the M. B. Church on Wednes-\\nday at two o clock, p. M. A. P. K. Safford called the\\nconvention to order, and nominated Capt. Thos. P.\\nSlade, of Iowa Hill, for temporary Chairman, who\\nwas elected by acclamation.\\nIn taking the chair Captain Slade stated the ob-\\nject of the convention, and of the importance of the\\nsubject to Placer and the central counties of the\\nState, and the stability to every branch of industry\\nwithin the influence of such an improvement.\\nLISTS OF DELEGATES.\\nYankee Jim s R. G. Allen, Wm. McClure, A. P. K.\\nSafford, Wm. Wright, John S.Scott, Wm. Myrick, Dr.\\nP. B. Fagan, Thos. Sherman, Perry Howell, A. Wil-\\nkinson, Chas. Lasalle, James Carter, I. F. Welsh, H.\\nC. Subtle, R. A. Harmon.\\nAuBORN. Chas. H. Mitchell, L. B. Thurman. H.\\nR. Hawkins, A. S. Grant, E. M. Hall, Chas. H. Watt,\\nJames Anderson.\\nFord s Bar. Geo. L. Hamlin, Geo. Holcomb.\\nGold Hill. W. L. Carpenter, John R. Hampton.\\nBeals Bar. S. G. Elliott.\\nWisconsin Hill. M. M. Robinson, Mark Kim-\\nball.\\nIowa Hill.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thos. P. Slade, H. C. Ladd, Thos. A.\\nYoung, T. B. Hotchkiss, E. Warner, J. W. Johnson,\\nJustic^e Baker, J. H. Willitts, W. R. Bennett, H. F.\\nBowlcv, M. McCall, J. H. Creamer, J. P. Olmstead,\\nP. H. Sibley, W. C. Rich, John Neland, Chris\\nMowray, P. Van Riper.\\nTodd s Valley. Herman Krause. N. S.Noleman.\\nYorkville. Fuller.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "286\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nForest Hill. W. H. Hardy, Alvord DeLand,\\nPhillip Deidesheimer.\\nSpringer s JIill. M. B. Tubbs, L. C. Goodspeed.\\nRoach s Hill. Wm. Lowe, E. Patton.\\nThe permanent officers chosen were: President\\nThos. P. Slade; Yice-Presidents Col. Wm. iMcClure,\\nJohn S. Scott, A. DeLand, S. G. Elliott, H. C. Ladd,\\nGeo. S. Hamlin; Secretaries Chas. H. Mitchell. J.\\nP. Olmstead.\\nSPEECHES delivered.\\nJames Anderson being called upon made some\\nbrief remarks upon the general objects of the meet-\\ning, urging the Convention to action. He represented\\nthe public improvements of a nation as the best evi-\\ndences of their social refinement and advanced state\\nof civilization said the monuments that evidenci d\\nthe true gi eatness of the rulei s of Europe were the\\nroads, canals and other peaceful accomplishments\\nleft behind them rather than the story of bloody\\nbattles and ravaged, conquered provinces; spoke of\\nthe great advantages to result to Placer Count3r\\nwhen travel from the East should be secured to it,\\ntiie industry of the emigrant and the steady men\\nfrom the West who settle among us and develop our\\nresources; but said in conclusion that he thought not\\nsuch positive information as would justifj the Con-\\nvention in going forth to ask assistance in the actual\\nconstruction of the road; thought the distances,\\ngrade, latitude and longitude, should be scientifieally\\ndecided, and a full and accurate report published; and\\nthen if the facets should prove as we believe them, we\\nmay safely determine upon our course if it was the\\nmost direct and cheapest communication between\\nthe main trunk of the military road, and the valleys\\nbelow, it would be but a question of time when the\\nroad shall be established people were practical and\\nwould adopt the course which interest marked out:\\nwished to hear some one better informed on the\\nfacts of the case came to listen not to speak.\\nThe remarks of Mr. Anderson were enthusiastic-\\nally received.\\nThos. A. Young, County Surveyor, followed, giv-\\ning a minute and interesting description of the\\ncountry over which the Placer County Emigrant\\nRoad passes, its distances, favorable grades, the advan-\\ntages possessed over other routes, and approximate\\ncost.\\nMr. Safford responded to the call of the Con-\\nvention, and in remarks pertinent to the occasion\\nshowed the necessity and importance of the work\\nwhich the Convention proposed to push forward\\nto completion; the centrality of its position, and\\ndirectness to the rich and populous counties of the\\nState; the benefits that would accrue to thecountj\\nthe incentive to immigration bj means of favorable\\nand improved routes from the Mississippi River;\\nthe invitations thus held out to citizens of older\\nStates to seek a permanent home among us, and\\nthe assurance we would have of peopling, in a\\nfew years, our mountains and valleys with an intel-\\nligent, industrious and permanent population. At\\nthe conclusion of his speech the Convention mani-\\nfested their approbation bj hearty applause.\\nMr. Safford moved the appointment of a com-\\nmitte of five to present a plan in furtherance of\\nthe object for which the Convention was called.\\nOn the adoption of the motion, the Chair appointed\\nMessrs. Safford, MoClure, Young, Anderson and\\nElliott.\\nThe committee appointed to present a plan of\\naction in regard to the improvement of the road\\npresented the following report:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhereas, The Congi-ess of the United States,\\nhaving provided for the construction of a military\\nroad from the valley of the Mississippi River to a\\npoint at or near Honey Lake, near the eastern\\nline of the State of California; and whereas, the\\nmembers of this Coivvention believing that a road\\ncan be constructed through Placer County con-\\nnecting in the most direct and practical manner\\nthe said military road with the valley of the Sac-\\nramento and its tributaries, and being desirous, as\\ncitizens, to expedite that great work for the wel-\\nfare of the State, as well as to secure to said\\ncounty the benefits of the travel and increase of\\npopulation; and whereas, believing that when the\\nfacts in regard to the practicability of the Placer\\nCounty route shall be demonstrated our fellow-\\ncitizens of the valley counties will acknowledge our\\nright to call upon them for aid in the construction\\nof said road; and whereas, we have every confi-\\ndence that they will render such material aid as we\\nmay require for said purpose, it is therefore\\nResolced, That a committee of seven be appointed\\nby this Convention as a Committee of Manage-\\nment, who shall have complete control and direc-\\ntions in raising funds and making contracts for the\\npurpose of making a survey of the Placer County\\nRoute, establishing the grade, distances, cost of\\nbridging and of building said road, to make appoint-\\nments and fill vacancies for the purpose of main-\\ntaining their own existence and facilitating the\\nobjects of the Convention, and to do such other and\\nfurther acts as may be essential in the premises.\\nResolved, That a majority of the Committee of\\nManagement constitute a quorum for the purpose of\\nbusiness; that said committee keep a record of all\\ncontracts entered into, moneys received and from\\nwhat sources, moneys expended, and that they make\\na report through some of the county newspapers as\\noften as the public good may require.\\nResolved, That this Convention appoint as said\\nCommittee of Management the foUowiny; persons:\\nCol. Wm. McClure, ^J. H. Baker. W. R. Longley,\\nChas. Rice, Theodore B. Hotchkiss, Dr. J. R. Crandall,\\nand Wm. Leet.\\nResolved, That the Committee of Management be\\nempowered to call a convention of the people when-\\never the exegencies of the business in hand requires\\nit, and that the people of Placer County be re(iuested\\nand earnestly solicited to contribute liberallj- to the\\nenterprise when called upon.\\nA. P. K. Safford, Chairman.\\nMr. Safford explained that in the appointment of\\na Committee of Management, whose duty it should\\nbe to have a full and accurate survey of the road\\nmade one iu every respect reliable, and brought\\nout under the auspices of gentlemen, well and favor-\\nably known to the citizens of the county to ascer-\\ntain the precise cost, grades, etc., and to what point\\nthe road should be constructed, and the report\\nproving favorable, as our knowledge of the route\\nwould warrant in believing, that then the citizens of\\nnot only Placer, but adjoining counties could be\\napi)ealed to successfully for means to connect this\\nwork with the national road to terminate near\\nHoney Lake.\\nJames Anderson and J. F. Welch being called\\nupon, favored the Convention with interesting\\nremarks upon the subject matter before them, and\\nurged the necessity of prompt, energetic, untiring\\naction on the part of the citizens of the county, in\\nthe prosecution of an enterprise so fraught with", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "WAGON ROADS.\\n287\\nimportance to their future j)i osperity, and to the\\nstability of the leading interests of the State.\\nLAST OF THE EMIGRANT ROAD SCHEME.\\nWith the series of meetings, conventions, explora-\\ntions and reports, expensive, favorable and appar-\\nently enthusiastic, the construction of the Placer\\nCounty Emigrant Eoad seemed an assured fact,\\nwith the great stream of immigration pouring over\\nit; with the vast numbers of travel-worn, foot-sore\\nand tired stock, and sun-di ied wagons, with irons\\nrattling as they rolled, to trade or sell at one-fourth\\ntheir value; with hotels and ranches lining the road;\\nwith the beautiful Squaw Valley transformed\\ninto Ladies Paradise, and afterwards the ceaseless\\nrumble of the Washoe teams and stages going over\\nit during the silver excitement; but alas! nothing of\\nthe kind happened. The sequel is shown in the\\nfollowing, the fourth and last report of the wagon\\nroad committee.\\nYankee Jim s, July 8, 1857.\\nThe committee met at this place on Tuesday, the\\n2d instant, at 3 o clock p m. Present in person, J.\\nH. Baker and William Eufus Longley, and by proxy,\\nWilliam McClure and Theodore Hotchkiss; J. H.\\nBaker, Chairman, and William Eufus Longley,\\nSecretary.\\nThe committee, after a full and careful review of\\nthe business connected with their appointment, as\\nwell as the position occupied by its members towards\\nthe committee, of which thej are a part, report:\\n1st. That since their last meeting no addition has\\nbeen made to the funds in the hands of the Treasurer,\\nand that consequently they find themselves placed\\nin the same delimma as at that time.\\n2d. That the3 do not find any favorable basis\\non which to found a hope that, if the survey agree-\\nable to their original plans, by a competent surveyor\\nwhose woi k would be satisfactory to the community\\nbe performed, a sufficiency of money could be raised\\nwith which to construct the road.\\nFor reason. That so little interest has been\\nmanifested by the people of the county generally,\\nthat the verj^ first plan recommended bj the com-\\nmittee cannot be carried out.\\nThey therefore think Jeephj, and conclude wisely,\\nthat the money advanced by the friends to this\\nundertaking, cannot find so appropi iate an applica-\\ntion as to be placed again in the pockets of the\\noriginal not the present subscribers; and hence\\nadopt unanimously the following:\\nResolved 1st, That the Treasurer be ordered to\\nreturn the money received into the Treasury of the\\nW^agon Road Committee to the several persons from\\nwhom he received it, instructing them to use due\\ndiligence in delivering the same to those who handed\\nto them th-j sums affixed to their names on the sub-\\nscription list.\\nHfsdiced 2d, That the committee believing their\\n])arti(ular duties as such at an end, hereby relinquish\\nail authoritj into the hands of those friends who\\nhonored them with it, at the same time hoping for\\ntheir approval in what they have done, and the\\nhappy announcement, satisfactory.\\nWm. Rufus Longley, Secretary.\\nplacer COINTY AND WASHOE TURNPIKE.\\nThe failure of the public to improve the Placer\\nCounty Emigrant Road left the \u00e2\u0080\u00a2opportunity open\\nto private enterprise. The discovery of silver in the\\nComstock vein in 1859, and the rising excitement\\ninfused great enterprise among road-builders, and\\nevery route possible crossing the Sierra Nevada was\\nsought for the purpose of constructing toll-roads to\\nthe land of silver, or Washoe, as it was then uni-\\nversally called. The route through Placer County\\nvia Yankee Jim s and Squaw Valley was known to\\nbe practicable, and on the 11th of February, 18fi0, a\\ncompany was organized at Forest Hill with a capital\\nstated at $50,000, under the name of the Placer\\nCounty and Washoe Turnpike Company, to con-\\nstruct and maintain a road over this route. William\\nN. Leet, an enterprising citizen of Michigan Bluff,\\nwas President of the company. The project, how-\\never, was never carried to a successful conclusion.\\nTOLL- ROADS, FERRIES AND BRIDGES.\\nThe date of the first ferries established, it would\\nbe difficult to ascertain, as they were among the\\nearliest enterprises engaged in to accommodate the\\nwandering miners and profit by the opportunity\\noffered. On the lower rivers where accessible to\\nwagons, ships boats were brought up from Sacra-\\nmento and ferries established early in 18-19, and\\nsoon scows of sufficient capacity to carry a wagon\\nwere constructed. There were such ferries in that\\nyear at Condemned Bar, Beal s Bar, and Rattlesnake.\\nAt other places the pioneer ferry was made of the\\nwagon-bed of some emigrant, and others constructed\\nrafts. At Murderer s Bar and Oregon Bar on the\\nMiddle Fork, and atKelley s Bar on the North Fork,\\nwere ferries doing a very profitable business in the\\nspring of 1850. To make these successful, roads\\nwere necessary, and these were constructed by the\\nferry owners at great expense, leading from the\\nriver up and along the sides of the caiions to the\\nbordering ridges on either side.\\nBEAR RIVER BRIDGE.\\nOn the road from Auburn to Grass Valley was\\none of the earliest constructed of the toll-bridges of\\nPlacer County, demanded by the great amount of\\ntravel, this being one of the stage routes from Sacra-\\nmento to Nevada. From Auburn to the Bear River\\nbridge known as English s Bridge the distance by\\nthe road traveled up to 1860 was ten miles. When\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad was completed past\\nAuburn in 1805, a joint stock company was formed,\\nconsisting of James L. English, Charles Crocker,\\nMark Hopkins, VV. F. Knox, H. B. Morrill, A. B. Van\\nArsdale, A. A. Bennett, U. H. Hartley and E. H.\\nMiller, Jr., to construct a toll-road from the railroad\\nat Rock Creek three and a half miles above Auburn,\\nto English s Bridge on Bear River, a distance of six\\nmiles. Tolls on the bridge, as fixed by the Board of\\nSupervisors, May 4. 1865, were as follows:\\nFor loaded wagon _ 61.00\\nFor empty wagon .50\\nFor each animal attached thereto 25", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "288\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nFor horse and ricier .50\\nFor each animal packed. _ .50\\nFor each animal loose 25\\nFor each footman ._...._ 25\\nFor sheep and hog.s each 25c, if over 20, each. .12*\\nAUBURN RAVINE TURNPIKE.\\nA fair natural road was easily found leading from\\nthe Sacramento Y alley to Auburn, which was trav-\\neled without much difficulty, after slight improve-\\nments, for a number of years; but the increase of\\nbusiness and the desire to economize by the use of\\nheavy wagons carrying large freights, made improved\\nroads very desirable. To construct roads at public\\nexpense was not popular, if it was not altogether\\nimpracticable, and as a consequence franchises for\\ntoll-roads, bridges, and ferries were freely granted\\nwith liberal terras.\\nIn 1857 the Auburn Ravine Turnpike was con-\\nstructed. This road was about twelve miles in length\\nleaving the old Sacramento and Auburn road at the\\nOaks House, running via Gold Hill, in Auburn\\nRavine, through Auburn and to the Junction House,\\non the Illinoistown road, two and a half miles above\\nAuburn, where it connected with Yankee Jim s road.\\nThis was used by many of the heavy teams and\\nstages from the terminus of the Sacramento Valley\\nRailroad at Folsom, and opened a more direct and\\neasy road to the people of the valley in their com-\\nmunication with the county seat. The assessed val-\\nuation of this property in 1860 was SIO.OOO. The\\nconstruction of the Central Pacific Railroad in 1863\\nand 64 deprived it of its principal business, and in\\nMay, 1875, it was opened to the public as a free road.\\nM[NERAL BAR BRIDGE AND ROAD.\\nFor some years Illinoistown was regarded as the\\nhead of wagon navigation on the Divide between\\nBear River and the North Fork of the American,\\npack-mules bearing thence the merchandise brought\\nfrom Sacramento to the mining camps beyond and\\nin the canons on either side. One of these trails led\\nvia Rice s Ferry, at Mineral Bar, on the North Fork,\\nto Iowa Hill. At a later date one of the most import-\\ntant turnpike roads in the county was constructed,\\nconnecting these points with a substantial covered\\nbridge crossing the river. This road is known as\\nthe Mineral Bar Bridge and Road. The length is\\nseven miles, entering and leaving the canon, which\\nis about 1,500 feet in depth, by a gentle grade cut\\nwith great labor and expense through the solid rock\\nwhich forms the mountain sides. This road and\\nbridge was constructed by Charles Rice Co.. at a\\ncost of about 875,000, and for several j ears, while\\nthe Iowa Hill Divide was in the hey-day of its pros-\\nperity, was a very valuable property, and still con-\\ntinues to do a good business. Stages and teams tra-\\nverse it from the railroad at Colfax to Iowa Hill and\\nother points on the Divide. The scenery viewed\\nfrom the road is interesting and grand. The steep\\nmountain sides seem ever threatening to precipitate\\nthe traveler into the abyss which yawns below, and\\nfar beneath is the rapid torrent of the American,\\nwhose once clear and sparkling water is now yellow\\nas the gold it has washed, conveying its load of\\ngravel and soil from the mines above. From the\\nbridge, looking northeasterly, is seen the rocky acliv-\\nity of Cape Horn, around which, on a scarcely per-\\nceptible shelf, rush the trains of the Central Pacific\\nRailroad, 1,500 feet above the river. Dangerous as\\nit may appear, no accidents have happened on the\\nnarrow grade.\\nOTHER TOLL-ROADS BEFORE 1860.\\nThe Harmon Hill, or Big Hill, Turnpike, and sev-\\neral other short toll-roads, led toward and into\\nAuburn, and for some years were extensively trav-\\neled. The amount of freight passing through Auburn\\nduring the years 1859 and 1860 was estimated at\\nabout 200 tons daily.\\nThe Yankee Jim s and Wisconsin Hill Turnpike\\nin 1867 opened communication between the two\\nplaces over one of the most precipitous routes in the\\ncounty, crossing Shirt-tail and Brushy Canons, hav-\\ning a total length of eight miles. This short road\\ncost about \u00c2\u00a725,000, was well graded, and the bridges\\nwere well constructed.\\nIndian Canon Turnpike was a short road connect-\\ning the towns of Iowa Hill and Wisconsin Hill,\\nwhich are on opposite sides of Indian Canon.\\nVolcano Canon Turnpike led across the canon of\\nthat name from Baker s Ranch to the town of Mich-\\nigan Bluff, and was constructed by J. A. Matteson in\\n1856. Another road was built by the same person in\\n1858 from Bath to Michigan Bluff, five and a half\\nmiles in length; cost, \u00c2\u00a712,000.\\nMile Hill Turnpike, on the road leading from\\nAuburn to Yankee Jim s, co.?t \u00c2\u00a75,000. This was\\npartly macadamized.\\nMountain Spring Turnpike was a short road of\\ntwo miles in length from Mountain Springs to within\\nfive miles of Illinoistown; cost, S6,000.\\nAUBURN AND YANKEE JIJl S TURNPIKE.\\nThis road crosses the North Fork above and near\\nthe junction of the North and Middle Forks of the\\nAmerican River by a substantial wooden bridge. A\\nroad by this route was made at an early day, but in\\n1855 the grade of the North Fork Hill was\\nimproved at an expense of $12,000. The distance\\nfrom Aubiirn to Yankee Jim s by this road is twenty\\nmiles, descending and rising from the deep cafion of\\nthe North Fork by easy grades, cut by great labor\\nin the rocky and precipitous sides of the canons.\\nThe cost of this road and bridge exceeded 850,000.\\nIn October, 1867, the new North Fork Bridge was\\nfinished for travel, the old one being deemed unsafe.\\nThe contract for building it had been let to H. R.\\nLeonard, C. E., and construction began in July. It\\nis an elegant structure, built upon an improved plan\\na modification of the Howe Long s truss. The\\nlength of the bridge is 182 feet, single span, substan-", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "WACiON ROADS,\\nIHD\\ntial, very strongly braced, and well covered. The\\nsingle track across it was laid with blocks, something\\non the plan of the Nicholson pavement, for the pur\\npose of preserving the floor from wear. In the con-\\nstruction of the bridge Mr. Leonard s assistant\\nwas Ben. Moi se, of Auburn. The structure and\\napproaches cost about SlOjOOO. This is the traveled\\nroute from Auburn to Todd s Valley, Yankee Jim s,\\nForest Hill, Bath, Michigan Bluff, Sunny South, and\\nother points on the Forest Hill Divide south of Devil s\\nand Shirt-tail Canons.\\nLVON s imiDllE AND ROAD.\\nThe construction of this bridge and road was\\naccomplished in the summer and fall of 1865. The\\nproprietor, Mr. W. C. Lyon, is one of the pioneer\\nbridge builders of the county, and constructed a wire\\nsuspension bridge across the North Fork at Con-\\ndemned Bar in 185(5. hi 1865 this was taken down,\\nand such of it as was practicable was removed to the\\npresent site, immediately below the junction of the\\nNorth and Middle Forks. The bridge was completed\\nand made passable for horsemen, July 7, 1866, but\\nthe grades leading out of the canon were not com-\\npleted for the passage of wagons until September\\nfollowing. From that date the road and crossing\\nhas been an important thoroughfare from the rail-\\nroad depot at Auburn to Cave Valley, Greenwosd\\nValley, Georgetown. Pilot Hill, Coloma, Placervillo,\\nand other points in El Dorado County. At Cave\\nValley is an extotnive limestone formation, where\\nlime is burned in large (juantities and transported\\nover this route to the railrorid and to market, making\\nan important business for the bridge.\\nLAKE PASS (DUTCH FLAT) WAOON ROAD.\\nThe Dutch Flat Wagon lioad has figured ex-\\ntensively in newspaper and political controversy in\\nconnection with the construction and progress of the\\nCentral Pacific Railroad.\\nThe discovery of the silver mines of Washoe in\\n1859 gave a great impulse to travel over the mount-\\nains, and every county in which there was a practi-\\ncable pass was anxious to have a road running\\nthrough it. In answer to this desire the Legislature\\nin 1860 passed a bill giving the State s portion of\\nForeign Miner s License and Poll Tax for the years\\n1860 and 1861 to the counties of Tuolumne, Cala-\\nveras, Amador, El Dorado, Placer, Sierra and Plumas\\nfor the purpose of enabling them to build roads over\\nthe Sierra Nevada. The State s portion of these\\nmoneys in the year ending June 30, 1850, in the\\ncounty of Placer amounted to $17,210.76, and should\\nthe same i-ate continue during the two years the\\naggregate would be $34,-121.52 for this county alone.\\nThe people of the counties mentioned were elated by\\nthe passage of this bill, which would build in each a\\ngood stage road over the Sierra; but their hopes\\nwere blasted by the veto of Governor Downey, who\\ndeclared the bill preposterous, and that the with-\\ndrawal of su(!h large amounts from the annual reve-\\nnue would bankru])t the State.\\nThis scheme so condemned by the Governor was\\nnot such a wrongful robbery of the State Treasury\\nas it would seem. The amount appropriated, or to\\nbe diverted, was derived chiefly from the Foriign\\nMiners License Tax a license of ^4.00 a month for\\nworking in the gold mines collected almost entirely\\nin the counties included in the bill, and from the\\nChinese miners only. The agricultural or cow\\ncounties, were subject to no such tax, but persisted\\nin the mining counties paying it into the State\\nTreasury. The law authorizing the collection of the\\ntax was shortly afterwards declared inconsistent\\nwith the Civil Rights Bill and with United States\\ntreaties, and the deprivation of the fund did not\\nbankrupt the State.\\nThe vetoing of this bill forbade the construction\\nof free roads over the Sierra, and several toll roads\\nwere the result, yielding large revenues to iheir\\nowners. The Lake Pass Turnpike Company was\\norganized at Dutch Flat, March 21, 1861, for the\\npurpose of constructing a turnpike from that place\\nto Steamboat Springs, in the Territory of Nevada.\\nThe treasurer of the company reported having\\nreceived the sum of $7,500 in cash, being ten per\\ncent, of the capital stock. A contract was let to S.\\nG. Elliott for the construction of the road, for the\\nsum of $60,000, that being the lowest satisfactory^\\nbid. The riacer Herald congratulated the people of\\nDutch Flat upon such a bright promise for their\\nplace, saying, Dutch Flat is now second to no\\ntown in the county in population and business, is\\nonly thirty-three miles from the summit, and a por-\\ntion of the distance is a good natural road. From\\nSacramento to Dutch Flat an ordinary eight-mule\\nteam will easily haul 8,000 pounds of freight. Ry\\nway of Dutch Flat will not only be the great wagon\\nroute, but the railroad that must be built not many\\nyears hence must follow the same. All success, then,\\nand speed to the Dutch Flat Wagon Boad.\\nBut the summer of 1861 ]iassed, and the road was\\nnot constructed. The Dutch Flat En imi-er of\\nOctober 10th, says; We learn that responsible par-\\nties will commence work soon on the wagon road\\nacross the Sierra. Parties who have passed over the\\nroute in light wagons and on horseback represent\\nit as perfectly practicable. Freight teams will be\\nable, when this road is made, to make the trip from\\nWashoe to Auburn in four days.\\nQn the lOth of October of that year Leland Stan-\\nford, Governor elect, C. P. Huntington and Charles\\nCrocker, of Sacramento, and Dr. D. W. Strong, of\\nDutch Flat, left the latter place on a tour of inspec-\\ntion of the route proposed by Judah for the railroad\\nand wagon road. ShortI} after the return of the.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^e\\nparties the\\nDUTCH PLAT AND DONNER L.VKE WAGON ROAD CO.MPANY\\nWas formed, with a capital of $100,000. This com-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "290\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\npany was composed of the same partips who were at\\nthat time attempting to make headway in the organ-\\nization of the Central Pacific Railroad Company.\\nTheir progress in that enterprise is told in the chap-\\nter on railroads. \u00e2\u0099\u00a6Work was begun on the wagon\\nroad in the fall of 1862, and a few miles constructed.\\nIn June, 1863, a large force was at work, numbei-ing\\nnearly 500 men, but even with this force the road\\nwas not completed when the snow in xvovember\\ndrove the laborers from the work. The Dutch Flat\\nEnquirer saj s, Sufficient men could not be obtained,\\nnotwithstanding the highest wages have been\\noffered.\\nThe road was open for travel earh in June, 1864,\\nand it was then said to be the best mountain road in\\nthe State. The California Stage Company com-\\nmenced running over the road on the 16th of July,\\nfrom the railroad at Clipper Gap to Virginia Citj\\nmaking the trip from Sacramento through in sixteen\\nhours. As the railroad progressed and made stations\\nat various points the stages and forwarding houses\\nalso moved on and made connection at the terminus.\\nThe railroad company thus forced the stages and\\nfreight wagons over their own road, which aroused\\nthe suspicion that the railroad was only a feeder to\\nthe wagon road. Thus it received the ci)ithet of\\nDutch Flat Swindle from the enemies of the\\ncompany, which it bore until the railroad had so far\\nprogressed as to prove that it really meant to build a\\ngreat trans-continental road instead of the compari-\\ntively small affair for local business. When the\\nrailroad had reached Colfax, in 1865, it commanded\\nthe greater part of the freight and passenger busi-\\nness between California and Nevada, which was\\nvery large, and the revenue t(i the comjiany was in\\nproportion.\\nThe following is an extract from the proceedings\\nof the Board of Supervisors of Placer County, INIay\\n4, 1865.\\nThe Dutch Flat and Donner Jjake Wagon Road\\nCompany are allowed lo erect a toll-gate on their\\nroad in the vicinity of Dutch Flat, one at Polly s\\nStation, and one at Donner Lake. The rates of toll\\nare established as follows, payable in gold and silver;\\nOne animal and vehicle 5 OU\\nTwo animals 9 00\\nFour 11 00\\nSix 13 00\\nEight 15 00\\nTen 17 00\\nFor each additional animal in team 1 00\\nhorseman 75\\npack animal 50\\neach head loose stock, horses, mules\\nor cattle 50\\nhead hogs and sheep 25\\nIn addition to those exactions of the toll-gates the\\ntraveler and teamster were accasionally subjected to\\nthe demands of the road agents, who enforced\\ntheir claims at the muzzle of the pistol or shot-gun.\\nIn the history of Nevada it is related that some\\nof the toll-roads leading down the eastern slope\\nannually paid the owners double their cost, with\\nrates of from \u00c2\u00a72.00 to $6.00 per team of from two to\\nten animals. Teamsters reported a detention, often\\nof four days in the passage from Virginia City to\\nPlacerville, caused by the difficulty in passing the\\nloaded wagons, which constituted a continuous train\\non the narrow roads. From this an idea of the bus\\niness may be obtained, but the income of the Dutch\\nFlat and Donnor Lake Wagon Road is unknown.\\nIn 1867 the depot was made at Cisco, near the sum-\\nmit, and early in 1868 the iron rail deprived the\\nwagon road of its usefulness and business.\\nPACIFIC TURNPIKE.\\nAll roads lead to Rome was said of one historic\\n])criod, but in the early years of the seventh decade\\nof our century all roads led to Washoe, and among\\nthe number was the Pacific Turnpike, or Culbert-\\nson s road. The construction of this was under-\\ntaken in May, 1863. In June there were 125 men\\nat work and an advertisement in the paper for 300\\nmore. The road led from Dutch Flat, via Bear Val-\\nley, Bowman s Ranch, Henness Pass, Webber s Lake,\\nSardine Valley, and Dog Valley, to the Truckee\\nRiver near Verdi, a great deal of the route being in\\nNevada County. The distances were given from\\nDutch Flat to Bear Valley, fifteen miles; thence to\\nthe Henness Road at Bowman s Ranch, ten miles,\\nand from Bowman s to the summit, twelve miles;\\nthence to Virginia City, fifty-five miles. Total,\\nninety-two miles. This was six miles shorter than\\nthe Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Road, and the\\ngrade and road bed was claimed as making it one\\nof the best of the many excellent turnpikes crossing\\nthe Sierra. At Bear Valley it was joined by a\\nbranch road belonging to the same company, com-\\ning from Nevada City up the ridge between Bear\\nRiver and the South Yuba.\\nThese were completed and opened for travel in\\nMay, 1864, and for several years a large amount of\\nthe transmountain business passed over them.\\nCOI-FAX AND FOREST HILL TOLL-ROAD.\\nAugust 28, 1875, articles of incorporation were\\nfiled of the Colfax, Yankee Jim s, and Forest Hill\\nWagon and Toll-road Company, with a capital\\nstock of S40,000, divided in shares of S200 each.\\nThe Directors were W. B. Hayford, J. A. Culver,\\nJacob Keck, C. Trafton, and A. H. Cowden, having\\ntheir princi])al place of business at Colfax.\\nAUBURN AND FOREST HILL TURNPIKE.\\nA company under the above title filed a certificate\\nof incorporation in the office of the Secretary of\\nState, at Sacramento, on the 7th of July, 1873, with\\na stated capital of $20,000, divided in shares of the\\nvalue of SlOO each, the proposition being to con-\\nstruct a wagon road in Placer County.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "Journalism.\\n291\\nJOHN CARLSON\\nIs the eldest son of Chai les and Catherine Carlson,\\nnatives of Sweden. John was born at Linkoping,\\nin Sweden, on the 24th of June, 182C. His life was\\npassed in bis native country until he reached the age\\nof twenty-four years. He then emigrated to the\\nUnited States and settled in Iowa, where he remained\\nabout six months. In 1850 he joined the throng\\nthat was pressing westward bound for the land of\\npromise California. His route was across the plains,\\nand he underwent the trials and privations incident\\nto the trip in those early times. Upon his arrival\\nin this State he located at Todd s Valley, in Placer\\nCount} where he engaged in the usual occupation\\nof early days, that of mining. This business he fol-\\nlowed until 18G(j, at which time he settled upon his\\npresent ranch, located on the Forest Hill and Auburn\\nroad, about fifteen miles northeast of Auburn. His\\nranch contains IGO acres, under a good stale of cul-\\ntivation, an abundant supply of water, and it is, in\\nfact, one of the finest ranches in the county.\\nHe was married on the 29th of January, 18(j2, to\\nMiss Margaret Muir, a native of Pennsylvania. Their\\nunion has been blessed with five children, named\\nand aged respectively: Susan E., aged eighteen years;\\nAgnes L., aged fifteen years; Charles J., aged eleven\\nyears; Janette, aged nine years, and Charlotte E.,\\naged five years.\\nA view of the residence of Mr. Carlson will be\\nfound in this work. He is also proprietor of eight\\nmiles of toll-road between Axiburn and Forest Hill.\\nCHAPTER XXX VII I.\\nJOURNALISM.\\nReading for the Pioneers Eastern Newspapers for California\\nThe Placer Herald\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tahh Mitcliell, J. A. Filcher\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Placer\\nDemocrat Death of John Shannon The Auburn Whig\\nThe Placer Press Hiram 11. Hawkins The Iowa Hill .Ve\u00c2\u00ab .s-\\nMountain Couriei Placer Courier Philip Lynch Iowa\\nHill Patriot Dutch Flat Unquirer Democratic Signal A\\nDeplorable Tragedy The Union. Advocate The Stars ana\\nStripex Placer Weekly A rgus James B. McQuillan T. Glaii-\\ncey Dutch Flat Forum Placer Times Colfax Enterprise\\nMountain Echo Roseville Farmer The Advance Tlie\\nCaucasian Tahoe Tattler Placer Times.\\nOne of the pleasant features of pioneer life on the\\nPacific Coast was the presence of the newspaper.\\nWith the rush of people to the mining regions books\\nwere left behind. The emigration was mainly com-\\nposed of young, intelligent, enterprising and ener-\\ngetic men, those of the American element, which\\ncomprised the great majority, being fondly attached\\nto their distant homes, anxious at all times to read\\nthe news of the world, and ambitious to take part\\nin the National and State politics.\\nMany of those who had taken the overland journey\\nhad endeavored to carry with them considerable\\nlibraries, but the many miles of toil, the exhaustion\\nof overladen teams, and the necessity of sacrificing\\nall that was dispensable to save that which was most\\nimportant for the preservation of life, and to expedite\\nprogress, caused the way to be strewn with many\\ntreasured volumes, leaving the young immigrant to\\npass his first year bereft of the great comfort and\\nconsolation of his accustomed books.\\nThose who came by sea, around the Horn, had\\ngi-eat advantages of transportation, and brought\\nlarge numbers of books to the poi-t of their destina-\\ntion. Some of the vessels ascended to Sacramento,\\nto Stockton, and to other points along the river,\\nwhence the passengers sought their way to the\\ngolden placers. But so great was their haste and so\\ninadequate the means of transportation, that books\\nwere left among the rubbish of the ships, or stored\\nwhere the floods and fires soon or ultimately swept\\nthem from existence.\\nHow many of the old pioneers, even to the present\\nda}-, let their thoughts recur back with a pang in\\nthe remembrance of some lost treasure, and the\\ndreaiy time passed in some lonely gorge; on some\\nsecluded river bar, or by some silent ravine, where,\\nperhaps in sickness, or by the side of a sick friend,\\nor waiting for the rains to come or the river to fall,\\nhe wished and sighed for the unattainable books.\\nThese wei e far away, scattered along the inhospita-\\nble desert, turning to rubbish in the holds of ships,\\nand going to destruction in the insecure warehouses\\nof distant cities. In the wild mountain region where\\none deep canon after another intersected the country\\nin quick succession, the passage of wagons was\\nimpossible without previous great labor in construct-\\ning roads, and the miner and the pack-mule sought\\ntheir way with difticulty. Buildings were rude, the\\nlife was strange and all were expecting frequent\\nremovals. Under these circumstances the comforts\\nand pleasures of refined life wei-e not expected, in\\nfact were utterly ignored and banished from the\\nthought. Cards came as the ready substitute for\\nreading matter, and the public saloon as every\\ndrinking-room is called for the comfortable home.\\nEASTERN NEWSPAPERS FOR CALIFORNI.A..\\nThe expressman soon followed the miner, bringing\\nthe newspapers of the East, and of San Francisco,\\nthus relieving the monotony and establishing a line\\nof connection, which led, like an invisible thread,\\nfrom the dark canons of the Sierra to the centers of\\ncivilization throughout the world. The papers of\\nthe Eastern cities published large editions expressly\\nprepared for circulation in California, the most\\nprominent being the Joarnal and Traveller of Bos-\\nton, the Herald and Tribanc of New York, and the\\nDelta and Picayune of New Orleans. The St. Louis\\nRepublican, the Cincinnati Enrjuirer, and several\\nNew England papers also circulated largely. The\\nSteamer Edition of all were filled with items\\nfrom the surrounding country, collated and arranged\\nwith great care, and most eagerly were these col-\\numns sought by the wandering and homesick emi-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ngrant, for the name of his native county or town,\\nand dearly was ever} word treasured found under\\nthe head. They were like friendly letters from\\nhome, and every person mentioned seemed a dear\\nutid familiar acquaintance. The political and social\\nnews were no less cl/Sely scanned. Great was the\\nexcitement when the yell or the horn of the express-\\nman was heard as he was entering some mining\\ncamp crying, Here s your Herald r\\\\Ayoxxv Tribune,\\nthe Delta and the Vimyitne these being the great\\npapers of that da} He also brought the Boston\\n]):ipors for the Yanks, and the Afissouri RejiaJilirtin\\nfor the Pikes. as the Missourians were usually\\ncalled.\\nThe sale of these papers was very remunerative\\nto the publishers, making California, particularly for\\nthe Nevv Orleans Delta, the most profitable State in\\ntheir circulation outside of their own. This large\\nbu.siness continued through a number of years in\\nthe mining region, until the telegraph, and the Rebell-\\nion, and the great dailies of Sacramento and San\\nFrancisco changed the course. The isolation, the\\nscarcity of books, the longing for news from home,\\nthe active and inquiring mind of the pioneers, made\\nCalifornians a news]Kiper-reading people, and to this\\nday they are distinguished patrons of this class of\\nliterature.\\nThese papers, coming at long intervals at first,\\nthen monthly, and semi- monthly, sold readily atone\\nand two dollars a copy, and years passed before the\\nprice declined to fifty cents, and afterwards to twen-\\nty-five cents each. Welcome, too, was the express-\\nman. The postal system of the United States was\\nthen far inferior to what it is at present, and post-\\noffices and mail routes lagged far behind the enter-\\nprise and needs of the times. The express, in part,\\nfilled the void, profiting by the high ))rice of letter\\ncarriage and the sale of newspapers.\\nThe mixing of people from all sections of the\\nI nion was complete, and the papers of every State\\nwere read by all, thus moulding a cosmopolitan poji-\\nulalion with new ideas and opinions. These feat-\\nures of early newspaper experience and their influ-\\nence were general throughout California where the\\nnew and enterprising emigration most congregated.\\nThe eflects of general reading of such matter was\\nmarked and lasting, most civilizing to the people, and\\nstrengthening their attachment to the Union.\\nThe establishing of papers was much more tim-\\nidly undertaken in the early period of California\\nhistory than at a later date, and it was not until\\nAuburn had grown to be a thriving town of three\\nyears growth, and two years a county seat, first of\\nSutter County and then of Placer, before it contained\\na newspaper. Local papers were more desired at\\nthat time to aid the political aspirations of some\\nparty or individuals than to jiroelaim the resources\\nof the section, advocate its interests, instruct the\\njieople, i)iiblish legal advertisements, or give the\\nnews. -Mining lor gold was the only resource\\nworthy of notice, and supplying the miner the only\\nbusiness. Advertising of mortgages, and foreclos-\\nures, and Sherift s sales, and divorce suits, and left\\nmy bed and board. and assessments, and delinquent\\nsales, and applications for patents, and many\\nsources of newspaper revenue of the present day,\\ndid not then demand a paper in every county seat.\\nThe news current in the great woi ld was brought\\nby the Eastern papers, and all that transpired in\\nthe neighborhood was furnished in familiar gossip\\nby the freely intermixing miners, or learned when\\nall gathered on Sunday, as was the custom, at the\\n|irincipal stores, saloons, and camps.\\nTHE PLACER HERALD.\\nThe opportunity for establishing a newspaper at\\nAuburn was excellent, as a general business venture,\\nbut still none was started until aid was given. On the\\n11th of September, 1852, the first number of the\\nWeekly Flaeer Herald was issued b} T. Mitchell Co.\\nThe publishers were Tabb Mitchell, Richard Rust,\\nand John McBlroy. The paper contained twenty\\ncolumns, was 14x20 inches in size, and issued ever}\\nSaturday morning. Terms, SO. 00 per annum; single\\ncopies, twenty-five cents. In the salutatory the\\neditor introduces his paper to the citizens of Placer\\nCounty as follows:\\nThrough the partiality of friends, we have been\\nselected to the responsible position of publishing the\\nfirst journal in Placer County. Although some-\\nwhat dilfidenlof our abilities, the strong promptings\\nof our inclinations urge us to the task.\\nIn becoming a candidate for popular favor, a\\ndeclaration of principles is due to the public. This\\ntime-honored usage we have no desire to disregard,\\nbut will state briefly the principles which will guide\\nus in the conduct of the Placer Herald.\\nIn all matters of religious or political concernment,\\nthe Herald will be FREE and independe. ^t. The\\npeculiar advocate of no sect or party, we shall strive\\nearnestly to do equal and exact justice to all.\\nWithout friends to reward or enemies to punish,\\nwe come amon^r you, and trust our coming may be\\nalike pleasurable and profitable to all.\\nPlacer County being particularly a mining county,\\nwe shall labor especially for the development of this\\ngreat branch of industry and source of wealth.\\nThus the Herald was launched upon its career.\\nThe promises made were modest, dignified and fair.\\nIn looking back over its history, the proclamation of\\nindependence in politics seems a little deceptive.\\nA very few issues showed the strong Democratic\\npartisanship of the paper; with its second volume it\\ndeclared openly for Democracy, and so it has con-\\ntinued a power in the party, and respectable\\nthrough all the vicissitudes of its fortune. The paper\\nwas ])rosperous from the beginning. The editor s\\nsalutatory intimated that assistance had been ren-\\ndered or encouragement given to start the cnterjtrise.\\nThe first number was well filled with advertisements,\\nand the patronage was liberal through many years.\\nAmong the advertisements of the first number are\\nthe cards of B. F. Myers, Philip W. Thomas, James", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "JOURNALISM.\\n293\\nE. Hale, R. D. Hopkins, H. O. Ryerson, and J. W.\\nScobey, as attorneys at law; the Empire Hotel, H.\\nM. House, proprietor, and Niles Hotel, Auburn; Her-\\nrick a and Gardnei-s s hotels at Yankee Jim s; Union\\nHotel, kept by Ogden Chadwick, Ophir; Daguer-\\nrean Rooms, next to Miners Drug Store, Auburn;\\nnumerous San Francisco advertisements, and a speech\\non the Pacific Railroad, by Gen. James A. McDougal,\\ndelivered in San Francisco August 24, 1832. Quite\\ninteresting histories and biographies could be written\\nfrom the advertisements and notices of prominent\\nmen in the files of the old newspaper. The robust\\nand hilarious pioneer can be traced in many from\\ntheir early manhood through an eventful life, after\\nrising to distinction, serving their country in office\\nor in the field; some still on the stage, prosperous,\\nhonored and loved; others who have responded to\\nthe last call, and rest near the scenes of their early\\ntoils and triumphs. The history of Placer County\\nand its people is in the columns of the Herald; the\\nstruggles of parties, the contests for office, the\\nI eports of finances, the announcement of rich min-\\neral discoveries, the records of the Courts, the con-\\ntroversy of the Pacific Raih-oad, the progress of\\nagriculture, the births, niarriages and deaths of its\\ncitizens, and all kindred topics, are contained therein.\\nAs a partisan journal, the Herald was fierce and act-\\nive. The Democracy, through the first decade, ruled\\nthe State slightly broken bj- the episode of Know-\\nNothingism and Placer County was one of the\\nstrongholds of the party. The county, too, then\\nranked as one of the first class in population and\\npolitical power, San Francisco leading but slightly,\\nfollowed by El Dorado, Tuolumne, Nevada and\\nPlacer in their order, and, of course, the county\\npaper was strongly partisan in proportion. As such\\nit flourished and prospered, and became widely\\nknown throughout the State.\\nFor some years it had clear sailing, but dissensions\\nin the Democratic ranks brought it opposition, and\\nsuccessive papers contested for the business. First\\nthe Bi oderick wing of the partj created a disturb-\\nance, sufficient only, however, to give zest to the\\npolitical controversy. The Herald consistently\\nadhered to the main, or Chivalry, wing of the\\nparty, fighting with trenchant blows the Broder-\\nickites, or Mud Sills, the Know-Nothings, the\\nDouglas Democrats, and the Black Republicans,\\nas they arose in their turn. The latter party at last\\ntriumphed, and for a period the power and pre-emin-\\nence of the Herald waned, but it never weakened or\\ndespaired; believing in itself, its oft-repeated refrain\\nwas, Truth crushed to earth will rise again.\\nIn the course oi its long life, the Herald has\\nhad many changes of proprietorship and editor-\\nship. In the sixth issue the following notice is\\n])ublished:\\nThe partnershi]) heretofore existing between the\\nundersigned in the publication of the I larer Ifcnild\\nis dissolved by mutual consent, Mr. Mitchell having\\npurchased the entire interest of his partners.\\nAuburn, October 14, 1852. T. Mitchell.\\nR. Rust.\\nJ. McEluoy.\\nTabb Mitchell, now sole proprietor, had probably\\nbeen editor from the first, as at that lime Col. Rich-\\nar 1 Rust was editor of the California Express, of\\nMarj^sville, and J. McElroy Co., being John\\nMcRlroy and Andrew Brady, were the publishers of\\nthe same, having purchased the paper of Giles k Co.,\\nin July of that year.\\nDecember 4, 1852, the Herald announces that the\\nfirm name of the publishers from this date will be\\nT. C. H. Mitchell. Thus it continued until Sep-\\ntember 17, 1853, when C. H. Mitchell retired, and\\nTabb Mitchell became sole owner and editor. With\\nthe fourth volume the Herald was enlarged to six\\ncolumns of twenty inches in length to each page.\\nThe next change appears January 12, 185G, when a\\nnotice is given that James Anderson has purchased\\na one-third interest in the Placer Herald, and the\\nfirm name is Mitchell Anderson, and the latter\\nbecomes the editor. This partnership continues\\nuntil April 11, 1857, when it is announced that James\\nAnderson has retired from the Herald, and is suc-\\nceeded by C. H. Mitchell. The heading says the\\npaper is published by C. H. Mitchell. The title of\\nthe firm is again changed September 10, 1859, to T.\\nk C. H. Mitchell.\\nAt this period begins the serious partisan struggle\\nof the country. The Republican party is beginning\\nto make headway, and the Herald pours upon it the\\nvials of its wrath, denouncing the members as\\nAbolitionists, Black Republicans, Radicals,\\nand like epithets, all of which fail to repress its\\ngrowth or mar its respectabilitj The editorials of\\nthis ])eriod exhibit the bitterness of feeling prevail-\\ning at that time, which culminated in the success of\\nthe Republicans in 1860, the secession of the South-\\nern States, and the War of the Rebellion. As the\\nwar progressed, policy dictated a milder tone, and\\nthe Herald of April 22, 1865, turned its co umn rules\\nin mourning for the death of President Abraham\\nLincoln, whom it had formerlj denounced as clown,\\nmonkey, traitor and Abolitionist the usual style of\\nreference to him by the Democratic press prior to his\\nassassination.\\nThe next change of note in the paper is that on\\nSeptember 1, 186(), the subscription price of the\\npaper was reduced to !f?5.00 per annum. The sudden\\ndeath of its editor, James Anderson, took place Octo-\\nber 12, 1866. [See page 118 for biographical sketch\\nof James Anderson.] October 19, 1867, the Herald\\nwas leased to Wm. H. Smith Co, who were to con-\\ntinue it in thesamelineof politics as usual; Governor\\nWalkup being the editor. Januaiy 11, 1868, Gov.\\nJoseph Walkup became interested in the paper, and\\nhis name announced as editor, the firm name being\\nJos. Walkup A: Co., the other members being Wm. H.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "204\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\nSmith and Robert Hartley. April 17, 1869, Gov-\\nernor Wulkup becomes the sole jjroprtetor, publisher\\nand editor, with Samuel H. Fisher as foreman.\\nAugust 19, 1872, J. A. Filcher becomes associated\\nin the publication, the firm name being Waikup tt\\nFilcher, rather an ominous name when divided into\\nmonosyllables. But Governor Waikup was distin-\\nguished for his upright and honest character, and no\\nfilching was over permitted where he had any con-\\ntrol or association. He took editorial charge of the\\nHerald January II, 18G8, and continued until his\\ndeath, dying suddenly in the Herald oflSce October\\n15, 1873. His biography is published elsewhere in\\nthis volume. Mfs. E. A. Waikup succeeded to the\\ninterest of her husband, it being announced on April\\n10, 1875, that from this date the Herald will be\\npublished by Mrs. E. A. Waikup and J. A. Filcher\\nunder the firm name of J. A. Filcher Co.\\nJanuary 1, 187G, A. C Kinkadeand J. H. Gregoiy\\npurchased the interest of Mrs. Waikup, and the\\npaper was continued under the same firm name as\\nbefore. At the same tinae the Herald was doubled in\\nsize. On the 5th of the following August, an item\\nin the paper says: A. C. Kinkade has sold his\\ninterest in the Placer Herald, and is going East to\\nstudy the profession of the law. Julj- 29, 1878, R. F.\\nGwynn purchased the interest of J. H. Gregory in\\nthe Herald and the firm became Filcher Gwynn.\\nUnder this firm the paper was published one year,\\nuntil August 9, 1879, with the beginning of volume\\ntwenty-eight, when the firm name of Filcher Kin-\\nkade is again at the head, continuing there until\\nNo. 1, volume 29, when J. A. Filcher becomes sole\\nproprietor. LTnder this gentleman s rule the Herald\\nhas greatly improved in its literary matter, giving\\ngreat attention to subjects of county interest and\\ndevelopment, and maintaining its position as a Demo-\\ncratic and anti-monopoly advocate. In the vicissi-\\ntudes of party life, when the success of Democracy\\nappeared hopeless, the Herald has swerved into\\nDolly Vardenism, Independence, New Con-\\nstitution, and such oi ganizationa, always claiming\\nadherence to its principles of the past, but in its\\ngeneral course through its long career, no paper of\\nCalifornia can claim greater consistency or higher\\nres| ect.\\nThe Henddhaa the distincticm of being jirinted on\\nthe first press ever brought to California, having\\nbeen brought here by Samuel Brannan on the ship\\nBrooklyn, which arrived ^t San Francisco in July,\\n184G, three weeks after the hoisting of the American\\nflag at Monterey. Upon this press was printed, in\\nBrooklyn, New York, the Frophet, a Mormon paper,\\nedited by Samuel Brannan, and after its arrival in\\nCalifornia, the Star in San Francisco. Doubly, there-\\nfore, is the Herald and its office entitled to the\\nhonor of being the pi mcer paper of California. Many\\nothers have come and gone, but the Herald still\\nmaintains its ))roud position, and under the charge\\nof Mr. Filcher, is more than over j)romising and\\nprosjJerous.\\nTABB MITCHELL.\\nThis gentleman, the founder of the Placer Herald,\\nwas born at Shepherdstown, Jeft erson County, Vir-\\nginia, October 24, 1823: removed with his parents\\nto Ohio when a boy, and learned the printing trade\\nin his father s office, the Western Palladium, at New\\nLisbon, Ohio. There are few schools better for a\\nstudious and inquiring mind than the printing office\\nof a country newspaper, and there, with the tuition\\nof an able and careful father, did young Mitchell\\nacquire the principal part of his education. While\\nyet under the age of manhood he went west, to\\nthe then Territory of Iowa, settling on the banks of\\nthe Des Moines River, at the village of Keosauqua,\\nand there established the Times a youthful printer\\nand ambitious editor. Here he was when the news\\nof the gold discovery in California aroused all such\\ncharacters to the bright and attractive venture of\\nexploration and gold mining in the newly-acquired\\nregion. In 1849 he joined the throng moving west-\\nward, crossing the plains bj^ the northern route, anil.\\nas many others, was induced to take the round-about\\nway called Lassen s Cut-off, via the northern passes\\nand Pit River into the Sacramento Valley. This\\nbrought him into the gold region on Feather River,\\nand at Ophir (now Oroville), Long s and Bidwell s\\nBars he first engaged in gold mining. The labors\\nand incidents of his mining career formed many pleas-\\nant I eminisconces, which he delighted to relate in\\nafter years. His mining success did not meet with\\nhis expectations, and in 1852 he became inter-\\nested in the California Express, at Marysville, then\\nthe new and promising metropolis of the north.\\nSoon thereafter overtures were made to the pro-\\nprietors of the Express to establish a paper at\\nAuburn, and on the 11th of September, 1852, the\\nfirst number of the Placer i/e-raW was issued under\\nthe proprietorship of Tabb Mitchell, Richard Rust\\nand John McElro} Mr. Mitchell s newspaper life is\\ntold in the history of the paper which he had the\\nhonor of founding, and which is his enduring monu-\\nment.\\nWhile a resident of Iowa, he was elected Clerk of\\nVan Buren County, and in 1856 was elected Clerk\\nand Recorder of Placer County, which position he\\nfilled with honor to himself and satisfiiction to the\\npublic.\\nAfter leaving the Herald office in 1868, he took a\\nposition as clerk in the office of the State Control-\\nler, where he remained four years, He subsequently\\nremoved to San Francisco, where he died February\\n11, 1879, aged 55 yeai s and two months, his remains\\nbeing returned to Auburn for burial. A brother,\\nCharles H. ^Mitchell, for many j^ears assuciated in\\nthe publication of the Herald, is now publishing the\\nGrass Valley Union, and another brother, William\\nK. Jlitchell, died at Tombstone, Arizona, in April.\\n1881.\\nOn the :!lst of December, 1856, Tabb Mitchell was\\nmarried at Auburn to Miss Carrie S. Smith, then", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "JOURNALISM.\\n29;\\nrecently from New York, and sister of E. G. Smith,\\nEsq., of Sacramento. Three children were the fruits\\nof the marriage one son. Mayo, born February 10,\\nISeO, dying in infancy, and two, Katie and Eddie,\\nsurviving their parents. Mrs. Mitchell died Decem-\\nber 23, 1879, at Auburn, respected and loved by all,\\nand now rests beside her honored husband in the old\\nburying ground near where they had dwelt so long.\\n.J. A. FII.CHER.\\nThe present proprietor and editor of the Ihrald is\\nJoseph Adams Filcher, who was born at Burlington,\\nIowa, August 3, 1845, residing there until his four-\\nteenth year, when his parents moved to California.\\nMr. Filcher s ancestors were English, his paternal\\ngrandfather, Joseph Filcher, being a brickraaker and\\nSuperintendent of that branch of manufacture for\\nEai-1 Granville, in connection with his extensive iron\\nand coal mines, and his maternal grandfather was\\nIvalph Adams, a veterinary surgeon. Both lived\\nto a good old age and were highly i-espected in the\\ncommunities in which they lived. His parents names\\nwere Thomas J. Filcher and Eliza (Adams) Filcher,\\nnatives of Hanlej^ England, the first born March\\n18, 1812, the latter April 5, 1815, and were married\\nJune 11, 1836. In 18-11 they moved to America,\\nsettling in Burlington, Iowa, and in 1859 crossed\\nthe plains with ox-teams to California, when they\\nsettled in Yuba County and engaged in mining.\\nFrom early age Mr. Filcher has made his own way\\nin the world, assuming the responsibilitj of his own\\nsupport and education, making him in his mature\\nyears the self-reliant, independent man that he is.\\nWork on a farm in Yuba County prevented him\\nattending school except to a limited extent, two\\nyears aggregating the total of school attendance\\nprevious to attaining the age of twenty-one. From\\nthat time his earnings were devoted to paying his\\nexpenses at school, determined on having an educa-\\ntion commensurate with his ambition for a higher\\nposition and usefulness iii life. He entered the\\nState Normal School in 1867, and for the five suc-\\nceeding years attended oi taught school continually,\\nteaching, principally, in that period, in Yuba and\\nSutter Counties. In 1870 he removed to Auburn and\\nbecame the Principal of the public school in that\\nplace, which position ho held until 1872, He then\\npurchased a half interest in the Flacer Ilerahl, in\\ncompany with Ex-Lieutenant-Governor Joseph\\nVValkup, and participated in the. editorial manage-\\nment until that gentleman s death, from which date\\nhe lias had sole charge, and in 188(1 became sole\\nlirojinetor.\\nFrom the dale of his first residence in Placer\\nCounty he has pursued an active and prominent\\npublic career, advancing to the front rank of Placer s\\npublic men. In 1873 he was nominated on the Dem-\\nocratic ticket for the position of Superintendent of\\nPublic Schools, but it was not a good year for Dem-\\nocrats, and although Mr, Filchor received the high-\\nest vote of the party, he was defeated. A similar\\nexperience attended him in 1877, when nominated\\nfor the Legislature, the majority against the Demo-\\ncratic party in the county averaged about 350, but\\nagainst Mr, Filcher only five majority. In 1878 the\\nDemocrats and Republicans united, as Non-Partisans,\\nto nominate two candidates to the Constitutional\\nConvention, and J, A. Filcher and S. B. Burt were\\nthe nominees. Both were elected and served through\\nthe long session of 157 days, framing the present\\nConstitution of California. In this Convention Mr.\\nFilcher served on the Committees on Water and\\nWater Rights, on Legislation, and on Printing. No\\nmember was more attentive to his duties or took a\\ngreater interest in preparing that important instru-\\nment, and the speeches of Mr. Filcher were among\\nthe best and most carefully prepared of that body.\\nAfter the. session he returned to his paper and\\nlabored with good effect in procuring the adoption\\nof the Constitution by the people. As a writer and\\nspeaker he is vigorous and lucid, his well-filled and\\ninteresting paper being evidence ot his industry,\\nability and patriotism.\\nHis social relations are of the highest order, and,\\nalthough not a member, attends the church of his\\nwife, the Congregational, being a member of the\\nBuilding Committee, and is a member of the\\nImproved Order of Red Men, of which he was\\nelected to the highest office in the Order, that of\\nGreat Sachem, at the Annual Great Council in July,\\n1881, He is alio a member of the Order of Knights\\nof Pythias, Of his public enterprises, he was very\\nactive in organizing the Aldcn Fruit Company,\\nwhoso works are at Newcastle, and is Secretary of\\nthe company,\\nMr, Filcher was married by Rev. Charles Luce to\\nMiss Clara E. Tinkham, at Sheridan, January 19,\\n1873, the daughter of Hon, Samuel Tinkham, of\\nSomerset County, Maine, and of one of the oldest\\nfamilies of that State, The mother of Mr, Filcher\\ndied at Auburn April 1878,\\nTLACER DEMOCRAT.\\nThe next paper started in Placer County, and pub-\\nlished at Aubui-n, bore the name of Placer JJemocmf,\\nthe first number bearing date April 19, 185-1. This\\nwas started by the Broderick wing of the Demo-\\ncratic party, and struggled through the political\\ncampaign of that year, ceasing publication a few\\nweeks after the September election. The first editor\\nand proprietor was Philip Lynch, who was suc-\\nceeded, July let, by L, P. Hall, who was followed by\\nJohn Shannon, all those names being well known\\namong California journalists. Lynch afterwards\\npublished the Placer Courier, of Yankee Jim s, and\\nestablished the News at Gold Hill, Nevada, Hall\\nwas connected with many papers throughout the\\nState, being usually known as Long Primer Hall,\\nand Shannon established the Delta at Visalia,\\nThe object of the Broderickitos was to elect their", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "29(1\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIP^ORNIA.\\nchampion. David C. Broderick, to the United States\\nSenate. The previous session Broderick had made\\na great effort to bring on the election, and could he\\nhave succeeded in bringing on a vote would ])rob i-\\nbly have been elected. The contest was Ihi^ entcrini;\\nwedge to split the Democratic party. The cum\\npaign of 1854 was very bitter. The Senatorial can-\\ndidates were Wrn. M. Gwin and D. C. Broderick.\\nSouthern men usually took the side of Gwin, and\\nNorthern men that of Broderick, but in Placer\\nCounty, by a singular anomaly, this condition was\\nreversed, Broderick having many Southern men,\\nbesides those of Irish descent, as his adherents.\\nThe campaign in this county resulted in defeating\\nthe Democracy, that party having two tickets, and\\nelecting the Whig candidates by a small pluralitj-.\\nWith this campaign the mission of the Democrat was\\nended, anl it wis succeeded by the Auburn, WJi kj.\\nIn the tirst number of this paper the following notice\\nof its predecessor was published;\\nThe I I (i-f:r Democrat, a paper representing the\\nso-called Broderick Wing of the Democracy of this\\ncounty, has been discontinued. Its publication com-\\nmenced April 19, of the present year, and ended\\nabout two weeks since. It has had the effect of\\ncausing rather stormy times in the Democratic Party\\nduring the late political canvass; but whether or not\\nthe object which it had in view has been entirely\\naccomplished we do not know. That portion of the\\n|)arty whose organ it was, was badly beaten here bj\\nthe Anti-Electionists, as well as throughout the State.\\nThe resignation of their County Central Committee,\\nand the withdrawal of Milton S. Latham, one of their\\nnominees for Congress, were undoubtedly serious\\ndrawbacks to their success, though, without these\\nobstacles, the result might have been the same. The\\nreason given for the discontinuance of the Democrat\\nis. that -it will not pay, which, unquestionably is\\nquite a satisfactory one to all interested. We wish\\nMr. Shannon better success in his private enterprise\\nthan has, in this instance, favored his political ones.\\nDE.VTII OF .lOIIN SH.\\\\NNON.\\nAs previously announced John Shannon, one of\\nthe ])ublishers of the Placer Democrat established\\nthe Delta, of Visalia, Tulare County, a locality distin-\\nguished for the intensity of feeling of its Democratic\\nmajority, and Shannon was fierce in his onslaughts\\non his opponents. Wm. Governour Morris and Hugh\\nA. (rorley, since distinguished as Captain of Volun-\\nteers in the war, established a Republican paper in\\nthe same place, and the two papers maintained a\\nmost bitter controversy. On the 14th of November,\\n18()0, Shannon entered the office of his rival, and,\\nwith a large pistol, struck Morris on the head,\\nknocking him senseless to the floor, cutting open his\\nscalp over the brow. Morris soon recovered con-\\nsciousness and drew his pistol, when Shannon\\nretreated toward his own office, Morris followini;-.\\nand, with one hand wiping the streaming blood fr )iii\\nIlls eyes, fired at his assailant as he was entering the\\ndoor of his office, the ball penetrating the ititestincs,\\ncausiniz: death in half an hour. Morris surrendered\\nto the authorities, and was discharged after an exam\\nination by a Justice of the Peace. Mr. Shannon had\\nresided for a number of years in Placer County,\\nwhere he had many friends. At one time he was\\npublisher of the Calaveras Chronicle, and had been\\nconnected with other papers. His wife, who died\\nwhile a resident of Auburn, was quite distinguished\\nas a po etical and prose writer under the nom de\\nplii.iiie Eulalie.\\nTHE .MBURN WHiCi.\\nThe office for a paper being ready, it was not.\\nat this time, a very costly enterprise to start a paper\\nand run it as long as the publishers could hold their\\nbreath, or fast, or obtain credit. The countj^ now\\nhaving Whig officers, the prospect for supporting a\\nWhig paper appeared very bright, and, on the 2l8t\\nof October, IS54, Charles Winkley and A. L. Stinson\\nissued the first number of the Auburn Whi j, under\\nthe editorial control of M. E. Mills, recently elected\\nDistrict Attorney. The paper was ably conducted\\nduring its entire career of thirty-one issues.\\nMr. Mills was its editor for the first three months,\\nwhen he was succeeded by Mr. Hiram R. Hawkins,\\nwho remained the editor until it ceased j)ublication\\non the 19th of May, 1X55.\\nThe party bearing the name had won the county\\nelection through the division of its opponents, and.\\nbeing greatlj- in the minorit} was quietly but surely\\ngoing out of existence. The total vote of the\\ncoanty had been, for Senator 5,389, of which the\\nWhig candidate received 2,;)47. There was, however,\\ngreat dissatisfaction with the party throughout the\\nNation, difterent sections giving different reasons.\\nIts leaders had voted for the repeal of the Mis-\\nsouri Compromise, thereby admitting slavery into\\nthe Territories north of ?t 30 of latitude, thus\\noffending the North, and the incoming of great num-\\nbers of foreigners who usually went upon the public\\nlands, thus excluding slave labor, offended the South,\\nand with these feelings at the bottom, the American\\nPart} was formed of its dissatisfied and beaten\\nfragments. The members were commonly called\\nKnow-Nothings, because of their secret organization\\nand their reticence. The ri.se of this party, in 1855,\\nshelved the Whigs, and the conductors of the paper\\nbearing the name, bowing to the influence of the\\nnew excitement, ceased their publication without\\nnotice or obituary.\\nTEIE PLACER PRESS.\\nOn the -!d of June, 1S55, the Placer Press first\\nap)ieared under the proprietorship of Hiram Iv.\\nHawkins, A. L. Stinson, and harles Winkley, with\\nMr. Hawkins as editor, being the same organization\\nas that of the defunct Whig. The Press was ably\\nedited, and was the organ of the American, or Know-\\nNothing party. After the election in September,\\nresulting in the American triumph, Mr. Hawkins\\nlook a journey to his native home, leaving Mr. II.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "A. File her", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "JOURNALISM.\\n297\\nE. Force as editor of the Press during the time of\\nIlls absence.\\nThese were generally lively times in Auburn; the\\nmines of the surrounding countrj vvere yielding\\nwell, the Foreign Miners License Tax, collected\\nalmost exclusively from the Chinese, ])roduced a\\nlarge revenue for the county, and raone}- was plen-\\ntiful; but extravagance was the fashion, wages were\\nhigh, population unstable, and vvith ever-so-good\\nprospects it was difficult to maintain a newspaper.\\nDuring the campaign of 1856 the Press was the able\\nadvocate of its party, and its editor was compli-\\nmented bj nomination to the State Senate, receiving\\n1913 votes, the Republican candidate, Mr. C. J. Hil-\\nyer, receiving 1016, but with this division of the\\nanti-Democratic sentiment, the Democratic nominee,\\nMr. Joseph VValkup was elected, receiving 2,738 votes.\\nThis was thj first appearance of the Republicans\\nin California politics. But, however much inclined\\nthe publishers and editor of the Press were to the\\nprinciples of the party, the time had not come to\\nmake an open avowal or assume the name. The\\nopprobrious appellation of Abolitionist was too\\ncommoni} hurled at the members of the new party,\\nand this the Democratic sj^mpathizers with the\\nSouth had made the most offensive word in the\\nlanguage. To surmount the unpopularity of this,\\nor its congener, Black Republican, was deemed\\nimpossible, and it was only by taking the new\\nparty in by small doses that it ever gained strength\\nand respectability. Anti-Lecompton was the first\\ndose, and the Press was the able advocate of that\\nparty.\\nThe question of the admission of Kansas into the\\nUnion with or without slavery, the Lecompton Con-\\nstitution representing the former, agitated the\\nnation, and gave the foundation for the party,\\nwhich staggered along in scattered ranks under the\\nnames of Free Soil, Anti-Lecompton, Squatter Sover-\\neignty, Douglas Democrats, Republicans, Aboli-\\ntionists, and Unionists. These scattered elements,\\nalthough reallj tending to the same purpose, as\\ncharged by the Democracy, often denied each other,\\nand gave poor support to the paper. The strong,\\nnoisy, bullying, popularizing crovvd were Democrats,\\nand the new party was hardly tolerated on the\\nstump, and its papers were kept in the background.\\nOn the 30th of May, 1857, upon the commence-\\nment of the third volume of the Press, it is announced\\nthat the publishers are H. R. Hawkins and James\\nP. Bull. October 3l8t Mr. Hawkins sold his inter-\\nest to A. S. Smith, who assumed editorial control,\\nMr. Bull continuing in the paper until May, 1858.\\nOn the 22d of May the name of A. S. Smith appears\\nas editor and proprietor, and on the 19th of June\\nfollowing Mr. Bull advertises to sell his half of\\nthe paper, and with the issue of July 24th his\\nconnection ceases entirely, the firm name being then\\nSmith Co.\\nA Directory of Placer County, ijublished in 1861\\nby R. J. Steele, James P. Bull and F. I. Houston,\\nsays:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe Press from this time uulil its demise was the\\norgan of tlic Anti-Lecompton party, and was\\naccused of being strongl}- tinctured with Abolition-\\nism. The Press continued to make a regular weekly\\nsqueeze for a short time, under the direction of ,1.\\nS. Smith; but eventually falling into the hands of J.\\nW. Scobey, who continued the editorship, was con-\\nducted bj him until December 4. 1858, when betook\\nAnother Glance at the Field, and inconti-\\niienth retired, the Press becoming a defunct insti-\\ntution.\\nIn this notice there crops out a feeling of spite\\nagainst the editors of the Press, and the prevalent\\nfeeling of abhorrence of the term Abolitionism.\\nAs Mr. Smith has long and successfully published\\nthe Marysville Appeal, and seen the triumph ot Abo-\\nlitionism, he may smile at the feeling expressed in\\n1861.\\nHIRAM R. HAWKINS.\\nThe principal editor of the Press had been Hiram\\nR. Hawkins. This gentleman was born at Lansing-\\nburg, New York, in 1826, and emigrated to Califor-\\nnia in 1819, arriving in San Francisco on the 11th\\nof July of that j car. He came around the Horn\\non the ship Tamaroo, in which were many who have\\nsince become noted for their wealth, high position\\nand public influence. Ho was one of the early set-\\ntlers of Placer County, first mining at Deadman s\\nBar, on the North Fork of the American River.\\nUpon the organization of the county, in 1851, he\\nwas a candidate for County Clerk, there being four\\ncandidates for the position, James S. Stewart receiv-\\ning 1,118 votes; Hiram R. Hawkins, 961; Wm. M.\\nJordan, 395, and John JIcNally, 219, electing Mr.\\nStewart, and Hawkins was made De|)uty Clerk.\\nMr. Hawkins was afterwards Justice of the Peace of\\nAuburn; in 1856 was a candidate for the State Senate\\non the American ticket, as has been related, and in\\n1858 was candidate for County Judge. In 1861 he\\nwas ed tor of the Union Advocate. In 1863 he\\nremoved to Gold Hill, Nevada, and became editor of\\nthe Gold Hill News, a strong Republican pa))er. The\\npublisher was Philip Lynch, who had been associated\\nwith Mr. Hawkins in Auburn, and had published a\\npaperat Yankee Jim s andat Forestliill. As editor of\\nthe J ^etfs he did stalwart service for the party, and in\\n1865 received the appointment of Consul at Tumbez,\\nPeru. Mr. Hawkins had not been successful as a\\nbusiness man, and a Federal appointmont was sought\\nin the hope of bettering his fortune. The kind\\noffer of the Consulship at Tumbez seems, now, more\\nof a mockerjr than an honest reward to a deserving\\nman for services rendered, and it proved an ignis\\nfatnus to the recipient. The locality was unheullhy\\nand business stagnant. Here Mr. Hawkins died on\\nthe 20th of November, 1866.\\nWhile a resident of Auburn he was married to\\nMiss Echols, and three children had blessed their", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "2 08\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nunion. Mr.-*. Hawkins and two of the children died,\\nand their remains rest in the graveyard at Auburn,\\nand the eldest son, John, was taken to the home of\\nhis grandfather, Ezekiel Hawkins, at Lansingburg,\\nNew York.\\nTHE IOWA HILL NEWS.\\nOn the 15th of September, 1855, Messrs. J. P.\\nOlmstead and Miller established a paper at Iowa\\nHill, which they named the News, professing neu-\\ntrality in politics. That town was then in high\\nprosperity, and the Divide, as the section between\\nthe North and Middle Forks is called, contained\\nnumerous busy and prosperous towns, as Todd s\\nValley, Forest Hill, Michigan City, Yankee Jim s,\\nand oihers, of which Iowa Hill was the chief To\\npublish a paper in such a place with such surround-\\nings seemed a legitimate and safe enterprise, although\\nnot a county seat. But a county scat would be of\\ngreat benefit to the paper, and if it could not get\\ninto the county seat, the News undertook to make a\\ncounty seat of its own.\\nIn the issue of the paper of December 22d, 1855,\\na notice was published calling a meeting of the citi-\\nzens of the Divide to be held at Herrick s Hotel,\\nin Yankee Jim s, on the 29Lh of the same month, to\\ntake into consideration the subject of a division of\\nPlacer County. The project was to have the Legis-\\nlature of that session create the County of Wash-\\nington out oi the eastern portion of Placer. This\\nquestion became the distinguishing feature of the\\nNews, which, for a year or more, advocated the pro-\\nject with much energy, but failed in its accomplish-\\nment.\\nIn November, 1857, the office was removed to\\nNorth San Juan, in Nevada County, J. P. Olmstead\\nand Thomas Waters then being the proprietors, and\\nthere commenced the publication of the San Juan\\nStar, which was subsequently sold to Benjamin P.\\nAvery, who changed the name to Hydraulic Press,\\nAvery afterwards selling to Wm. Bausraan, who\\nchanged the name to S ih Jaan Press, the material\\nat last resting in Nevada City, where the Gazette\\nand other papers have been published with it.\\nMOUNTAIN COURIER.\\nIn the winter of 1857, Messrs. Parker Graves\\ncommenced at Yankee Jim s the publication of the\\nAfounlain Courier, which they continued for three\\nmonths. The enterprise appears to have been an\\nunprofitable one, or badly managed, as the office was\\nattached for debt, and the publication of the paper\\nstopped.\\nPLACER COURIER.\\nA good printer and vigorous writer entered the\\njournalistic field of this county at this time, remain-\\ning through many years, continuing an honorable, if\\nnot exceedingly prosperous, career. This gentleman\\nwas Mr. E. B. Boust, who on the 4th of July, 1857,\\nissued the first number of the Placer Courier, at\\nYankee .Tim s, on the material formerly used in the\\nMountain Courier. The place proved not so bad\\nfor newspaper enterprise as the failure of the pre-\\nceding publication had indicated, as Mr. Boust made\\nquite a success with his paper, continuing it until\\nNovember, 1858, when he sold it to R. J. Steele, for-\\nmerly of the Columbia Gazette, who continued it at\\nYankee Jim s until the following April, when he\\nremoved the establishment to Forest Hill, where he\\npublished the paper until December 29, 1860. when\\nhe sold out to\\nPHILIP LYNCH.\\nMr. Lynch continued the publication of the Cour-\\nier for a number of years, and, in 1863, removed to\\nGold Hill, Nevada, and there, October 12, 1863,\\nestablished the Gold Hill News. This gentleman had\\nbeen a prominent citizen of western Placer from\\nearly days, as a pioneer farmer and horticulturist;\\nas an active public man and politician, representing\\nthe county in the Legislature of 1859. He had\\nbeen connected with the Placer Democrat in Auburn,\\nand other papers, was an excellent printer, and able\\nwriter. While publishing the Gold Hill News, the\\npaper had the reputation of being the best printed\\nof any on the Pacific Coast. Mr. Lynch died at\\nGold Hill, Nevada, February 13, 1873, leaving a\\nwidow, who subsequently married Mr. Dam, of Oak-\\nland, California.\\nIOWA HILL PATRIOT.\\nJanuary 22, 1859, E. B. Boust, recently- of the\\nPlacer Courier, established the Patriot at Iowa Hill.\\nThis field had been tried by Messrs. Olmstead\\nMiller, who had moved on to North San Juan, in\\nNevada Count}\\nIowa Hill appears not to have been the best place\\nin the world for a newspaper, judging from an arti-\\ncle in the Patriot, in May, 1859. In the language of\\nthe farmer, sometimes used in a printing office, the\\ngrass was getting short, and Mr. Boust gave vent\\nto his feelings as follows:\\nHow, in the name of common sense, people can\\nexpect us to get out a newspaper, write editorials,\\ndo all the work, and cook for ourselves, and have a\\nman at our elbow dunning for SI 0.00 when we\\nhaven t got a cent in the world, with another sitting\\nopposite to us in an awful hurry to give the particu-\\nlars, benefits, etc., of a new patent medicine, that he\\nhas expended twenty-five cents on as a speculation,\\nand is boring us for a pufi we say how can people\\nexpect us to issue a paper under such circumstances\\n(not mentioning the washing of our own clothes),\\nwe can t tell. Yet there are communities that have\\nno more ijtimption than to expect this; besides bring-\\ning us all the subscription papers for charitable objects,\\nprefacing their presentation with the desire that we\\ndonate liberally and give a notice of the cause.\\nThose who happen to owe us take particular pains to\\nnever mention it, and those we owe won t let us\\nsleep. We would take the benefit of the Act\\nentitled an Act to-get-out-of-debt, but we haven t\\ngot enough to take us through. To sum up the\\nwhole matter, we arc getting desperate, and. as\\nthere is a chance for another Mormon war. we ll ffo", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": ".I01TRNALT8M\\n299\\nto it, distinguish ourself, and be rewarded with a good\\nfat oflSee probably be appointed Governor over\\nBrigham Young and all his wives.\\nNotwithstanding his much-complained-of hard-\\nships, Mr. Eoust remained at Iowa Hill and contin-\\nued the publication of the /^aYz-i o^ until May 1, 1860,\\nwhen he, too, moved on, taking his material to the\\nrising town of Dutch Flat, where the Fat riot was\\nchanged into the\\nDUTCH FLAT ENQUIRER.\\nAt Dutch Fiat Mr. Boust prospered for a number\\nof years, publishing a large and handsome weekly.\\nThe editor was a Democrat, and of course his paper\\ncould be nothing else, but polities did not appear the\\nobject of the publication, and the columns of the\\nEnquirer were characterized for their liberality, con-\\nservatism, and independence. An effort was made\\nto publish it semi-weekly, and for a period it\\nappeared as such, but business did not sustain the\\nenterprise after the building of the Central Pacific\\nRailroad past the town, and, in 1868, the publication\\nceased.\\nDEMOCRATIC SIUNAI..\\nThe Presidential campaign of 1860 will be ever\\nmemorable. The regular Democratic nominations\\nwere John C. Breckenridge and General Josej^h\\nLane; the Anti-Lecompton Democrats nominated\\nStephen A. Douglas and Reverdy Johnson; and the\\nRepublican nominees wei e Abraham Lincoln and\\nHannibal Hamlin; and the Union party nominated\\nJohn C. Bell and Edward Everett. The Brecken-\\nridge Democrats had the Herald as their organ, and\\nthe Douglas Democrats as a counterpoise established\\nthe Signal, the first number appearing August 4,\\n1860, under the proprietorship of S. T. Newell Co.,\\nand edited by R. C. Poland, who was succeeded by\\nJoseph W. Seobey.\\nThe contest was severe and bitter, bu: the great\\nleaders of the Nation, who appeared to regard them-\\nselves as the supreme power in the Government,\\nhad, this time, reckoned without their host, and the\\nderided Republicans won. There was no emploj--\\nment for a Douglas Democratic paper after the\\nelection, and, on the 10th of December of the same\\nyear, the Signal went into the possession of R. J.\\nSteele of the Placer Courier. Mr. Steele continued\\nthe publication of the Signal until the summei- of\\n1861.\\nA DEPLORABLE TRAGEDY.\\nA most deplorable tragedy ended the life of Mr.\\nSamuel T. Newell, the publisher of the Spinal. After\\nthe disposal of his paper to Mr. Steele he removed\\nto San Francisco, in Auburn re.sided Horace Smith,\\na prominent lawyer and Democratic politician, who\\nformerly had been Mayor of Sacramento. Newell\\nwas charged with having slandered Mrs. Smith, and\\nthe offended husband followed Newell to San Fran-\\ncisco, and, accompanied by his brother-in-law, Judge\\nJ ames H. Hardy, on the 1st of January, 1861, wet\\nthe object of his search, and plunged a Bowie-knife\\nthrough his heart, causing death in a few minutes.\\nThe fate of Smith was equally dramatic and\\ntragic. He was an-ested and imprisoned, and, in\\ndue time, was indicted for murder by the Grand\\nJury of San Francisco. He applied for a change of\\nvenue to Placer County, which was denied by Judge\\nCampbell of the Twelfth District Court. His friends\\nthen introduced a bill in the Legislature then in ses-\\nsion, as a special Act, to change the place of trial\\nof Horace Smith from San Fi-ancisco to Placer\\nCounty. The bill was passed, but was vetoed by\\nGovernor Downey on ihe ground of its unconstitu-\\ntionality, but it was passed over the veto, by a\\nvote of twenty-two yeas to nine noes in the Senate,\\nand forty-five yeas to twenty-two noes in the Assem-\\nbly. Notwithstanding this J udge Campbell refused\\nto order the change, denying the right of legislation\\nto interfere in such a manner, and an appeal was\\nmade to the Supreme Court, which body, on the 13th\\nof April, decided in favor of the constitutionality of\\nthe Act, and the case was transferred. A most ear-\\nnest discussion had been maintained in the news-\\npapers during the controversy, the Union papers\\nopposing the change as an unfair measure in the\\nhomicide s favor, while the Democratic papers upheld\\nthe Act.\\nThe trial was set for May 6th, and at that date\\nwas postponed until July 8th following. June 10th\\nthe prisoner was admitted to bail in the sum of\\n$\u00e2\u0096\u00a010,000. The trial commenced, as ordered, July 8,\\n1861, before B. F. Myers, District Judge, and occu-\\npied three days, resulting in a verdict of not guilty.\\nGreat interest had been taken in the trial, and the\\ncitizens of Auburn applauded the verdict.\\nSmith subsequently removed to the Territory of\\nNevada, and entered into the practice of the law in\\nVirginia City. On the 28th of October, 1863, he\\nwas engaged in a dispute about the receipt of some\\nmoney with Capt. F. W. H. Johnson, agent of Wells,\\nFargo Co. s Express, and knocked Johnson down\\nwith his cane, who, while in his fallen position, shot\\nSmith in the abdomen, from which wound he died\\non the 4th of December following, and the body\\nwas taken to San Francisco for burial. Johnson was\\ntried for the offense and acquitted.\\nTHE states RIGHTS JOURNAL.\\nThe titles of papers will, of themselves, indicate\\nthe character of political sentiment. Publishers\\ndesire to catch the public favor, and in starting a\\npaper give it that name they think will express the\\npopular opinion. The period was one of changing\\npolitics, and Mr. Steele in changing from the Signal\\nto the States Rights Journal thought to express a\\ngi eat principle. The times however were not auspi-\\ncious for such an advocate. The paper could have\\nno hopes as a Democratic organ, and this title was\\nan undefined expression of opposition to -Republi-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "f?no\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ncanism, with its ideas of consolidation of the nation\\nand centralization of power, and thus was without a\\nparty. The first paper was issued August 10, 1861,\\nlasting a few weeks, when it was succeeded by\\nTHE UNION ADVOCATE.\\nThis, also, was of that mixed class of politics\\nwhich prevailed during that period, opposing seces-\\nsion but hesitating about declaring directly for the\\nRepublican Party. This party name was usually\\nstyled, in 1861, -Black Republican, and all papers\\ncharged that it was -tinctured with Abolitionism.\\nJames P. Bull, a Democrat, vvas the manager of the\\nUnion Advocate, and Hiram R. Hawkins was editor.\\nMr. Hawkins, afterwards so strong a Republican,\\nstill wavered among the factions outside its ranks.\\nIn this manner the Union Advocate continued for\\ntwo \\\\-oars and suspended.\\nJAMES P. BULL.\\nThis gentleman, so long a resident of Placer Count}\\nand connected with its press, removed in 1863 to\\nArizona, and there died at Hard^ ville in September,\\n1878. Oi his death the Prescott Enterprise says:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2There rests one of Mohave County s best citizens,\\nwho was always willing to lend a helping hand in\\ntime of need, and perfectly upright and honest in\\nhis convictions. In the death of James Perry Bull\\nMohave County has lost a good friend. Peace to\\nhis ashes.\\nTHE STARS AND STRIPES.\\nThe first Republican paper of Placer County made\\nits appearance Julj- 29, 1863, under the proprietor-\\nship of John C. Boggs, with W. A. Selkirk as editor.\\nThe paper was 14x20 inches in size of page and con-\\ntained twenty-four columns, three pages of its first edi-\\ntion being devoted to ad^enisements. Y\\\\i Stars and\\nStripes was published at Auburn every Wednesday,\\nat S5.00 per annum. The Republican Party had\\nthen become strong and popular, and people began to\\ntake pride in the name, though Democratic editors\\nand speakers still attempted to crush it by the pre-\\nfix, Black, for which they subsequently substi-\\ntuted the epithet Radical. The declaration of\\npriuciples was summarized in the following editorial\\nin the first number: Our political principles can be\\nsummed up in a few words WE love loyalty and\\nHATE TREASON.\\nThe record of publishers and editors is as follows:\\nFebruary, 17. 1864, W. A. Selkirk retires from the\\neditorial control. August 2, 1865, his name is again\\nat the bead of the columns as editor. November 22,\\n1865, Mr. Selkirk again retires, and is succeeded b}-\\nWm. J. Beggs. October 17, 1866, Mr. Beggs pub\\nlishes his valedictory, and on the 7th of November\\nfollowing Edward A. Littlefield becomes the editor.\\nJanuary 23, 1867, John C. Boggs sells the ])aper to\\nW. A. Selkirk, who relieves Mr. Littlefield from edi-\\ntorial control. December 12,1867, Mr. Selkirksells\\nto Hart Fellows, who assumes the editorship. Jan-\\nuary 21, 1869, the Stars and Stripes is reduced in\\nsize, one column in width, and two inches in length.\\nJune 17, 1869, E. A. Littlefield again becomes editor,\\nwhich position he holds until October 14th following,\\nwhen the proprietor, Mr. Fellows, takes the editorial\\nchair. December 16th, the same year, Mr. W. H. H.\\nFellows takes charge as publisher and proprietor.\\nJune 30, 1870, W. A. Selkirk becomes proprietor\\nand editor, and reduces the subscription price to\\n$4.00 per year. In the Presidential Campaign of 1872\\nthe Stars and Stripes espoused the cause of Horace\\nGreeley, who had been nominated by the Democrats\\nunder the name of the Liberal Republican Party, and\\nlosing the election and the support of the Republi-\\ncans, ceased to exist after November 28lh of that\\nyear. Until its change of base as above stated, the\\n]iaper had done good and faithful service for the\\nparty, and seemed on the high road to prosperity\\nand permanency.\\nOf the editors of the Stars and Stripes, Mr. Sel-\\nkirk is now the proprietor of the Mountain Demo-\\ncrat at Placerville, El Dorado County.\\nMr. Littlefield has distinguished himself as the\\nstarter of manj papers, having been one of the\\nstockholders of the San Francisco Daily Fast; then\\nof the Nevada Slate Journal, o? the Elko Post, a.nd\\nthe Tuscarora Times; then the Daily Mining Review,\\nof Salt Lake, and is now connected with the Ogden\\nDaily Pilot.\\nplacer weekly argcs.\\nThe Republicans of Placer County were indignant\\nat the defection of the Stars and Stripes, and an asso-\\nciation was organized to establish a paper in its stead.\\nThis association commenced the publication of the\\nPlacer Weekly Ai-gus September 13, 1872, a twenty-\\neight column paper, with subscription rates at S4.00\\nper year. This association was organized with\\nMoses Andrews, President; W. B. Lyon, Secretary\\nand Business Manager; Hubbard Andrews,\\nTreasurers; and James B. McQuillan, Editor. A paid\\nup capital of 33,000 was subscribed, and the paper\\nstarted out under the most favorable auspices. The\\ngentlemen comprising the association were men of\\nwealth, of high social position, and political influ-\\nence. Under such conditions, with its party in the\\nascendant, and a prosperous country surrounding it,\\nthere could be no doubt of the success of the enter-\\nprise. The Presidential election followed in Novem-\\nber, at which the Republican electors received 1,417\\nvotes and the Greeley electors received 839 votes in\\nPlacer County. This result was a triumph for the\\nArgus, vshWa it was a crushing blow for the Stars and\\nStripes, which succumbed under the defeat. Novem-\\nber 15th Mr. McQuillan resigned the editorial charge,\\nwhich was assumed by W. B. Lyon, who held the\\nposition until the 1st of March, 1874, when he was\\nsucceeded by Daniel McNeill. This position was\\nheld by Mr. McNeill until June 1st following, when\\nTheodore Glance y, formerly of the Los Angeles Daily\\nHerald, took charge. In August of the same car", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "SOCIETIES.\\n301\\nMr. Lyon resigned the Secretaryship and Mr. Glancey\\nwa8 elected his successor. On the 10th of April,\\n1875, Mr. Glancey resigned and W. N. Slocum\\nbecame editor of the paper and Secretary of the\\nassociation. On the 1st of July, 1877, the paper was\\nsold to Henry W. Fenton, who assumed control from\\nthat date. The paper is a handsome folio of seven\\ncolumn.s to each page, and is furnished subscribers at\\nthe rate of \u00c2\u00a73.00 per annum, or ten cents a single\\nnumber. In politics it is strongly Eepublican, and\\nis an able advocate of the resources and interests of\\nPlacer County.\\nJames B. McQuillan, the first editor of the Anjus,\\nwas well known among the journalists of the State,\\nhaving filled the editorial chair of several papers, and\\nwas a popular gentleman and able writer. He died\\nat Jacinto, in Colusa County, September 15. 1874.\\nand was buried at Chico, in Butte County.\\nTheodore Glancey, while editor of the Santa Bar-\\nbara Press, was brutally murdered by Clarence Gray,\\na candidate for District Attorney of Santa Barbara,\\nCounty, upon whose past criminal career Mr. Glancey\\nseverely animadverted.\\nDaniel McNeill was subsequently one of the pub-\\nlishers of the Amador Sentinel, and has been con-\\nnected with various papers of the State.\\nDUTCH FLAT FORDM.\\nThis paper issued its initial number October 9,\\n1875, with Benjamin F. Prank as proprietor and\\neditor. It was a neat and spicy eight-page weekly,\\nwell filled with advertising and promising a success-\\nful career, representing the interests, progress and\\nsociety of Dutch Flat. The Forum professed inde-\\npendence in politics, but in its first number strongly\\nadvocated the election of T. B. Eeardan, of Nevada,\\na Democrat, for District Judge over James E. Hale,\\nof Placer, a Republican. June 8, 1878, J. R. Winders\\nappears as proprietor, also as candidate on the VVork-\\ningmen s Ticket for Delegate to the Constitutional\\nConvention. In this he is defeated by J. A. Filcher.\\nMay 3, 1879, W. G. Ransom is the proprietor, who,\\nJune 19, 1880, sold to W. A. Wheeler, who at the\\nclose of 1881, changes the name to\\nTHE PLACER TIMES,\\nA well-printed paper, issued ever}- Saturday at\\nDutch Flat, having four pages of five columns each.\\nCOLFAX ENTERPRISE.\\nThe Dutch Flat field appears not to have been as\\npromising to Mr. Frank as it appeared when estab-\\nlishing the Forum, for we find him in the fall of 1876\\nat Colfax, publishing the Enterprise. Here he re-\\nm;rined about eleven months, and removed to Read-\\ning, in Shasta County, and there published the\\nReadiru/ Independent, the first number of which was\\ndated October 11, 1877.\\nTHE MOtJNTAIN ECHO.\\nAgain wo follow Mr. Frank to Placer County,\\nand find him, February 28, 1880, publishing the\\nMountain Echo, at Rocklin. This was a neat six-\\ncolumn paper, and battled with the world for the\\nperiod of about four months.\\nTHE ROSEVILLE FARMER.\\nEdited by S. J. Pullen, appeared May 22, 1880, at\\nRoseville, being the successor of the Mountain Echo,\\nfrom the neighboring town of Rocklin.\\nTHE ADVANCE.\\nVolume 1, Number 1, of The Advance, is dated\\nAuburn, May 2, 1879, H. W. Hulbert, publisher and\\nproprietor. This was a well-printed and ably edited\\npaper of four pages, of six columns to the page, and\\nwas a vigorous advocate of the Greenback-Labor\\nParty. The great reform questions of that\\nparty were fully discussed and many theories and\\nfacts presented in their favor. Mr. Hulbert had\\noften contributed articles toother papers, presenting\\nthe agricultural and horticultural resources and pro-\\ngress in Placer County, and was well qualified to\\nmake an interesting and valuable paper, but the\\npublisher s efforts could not maintain 27ie Advance,\\nand its career was brief.\\nTAHOE TATTLER.\\nThis is not a very pretentious sheet, being a folio\\nof two columns to each page of five and a half inches\\nin length, but gives the local news and gossip of\\nTahoe City during the season when the lovely lake\\nis visited by summer tourists. Mr. and Mrs. R. E.\\nWood are the publishers.\\nTHE CAUCASIAN\\nWas a monthly publication in 1878, by J. A. Filcher\\nCo., at Auburn, as the organ of the Order of Cau-\\ncasians. Its life was of short duration.\\nCHAPTER XXXIX.\\nSOCIETIES.\\nThe Order of Freemasoury Speculative Freemasonry Masonry\\non Pacific Coast\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Remarkable Masonic Display\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Grand Lodge\\nof California Masonry in Placer County Eureka Lodae,\\nNo. 16\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Hill Lodge, No. 3-_ Michigan City Lodge, No.\\n47 Illiuoistovvn Lodge, No. 51 Rising Star Lodge, No. 83\\nWisconsin Hill Lodge, No. 74 Clay Lodge, No. 101\\nIonic Lodge, No. 121 Granite Lodge, No. 2 2 2 Tyre Lodge,\\nNo. 23S\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Penryu Lodge, No. 258\u00e2\u0080\u0094 O. \\\\V. Holleubeck\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Royal\\nArch Masons Libanus Chapter, No. 17 Olive Chapter, No.\\n23\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Delta Chapter, No. 27\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Siloara Chapter, No. 37\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C.ipt.\\nMelvin S. Gardner Order of the Eastern Star Odd Fellow-\\nship in Califurnia Odd Fellowship in Placer County\\nAuburn Lodge, No. 7 Mountain Lodg No. 14 Placer\\nLodge, No. 38 Washington Loilge, No. 40 Minerva Lodge,\\nNo. 55\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Covenant Lodge, No. 73\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Olive Lod, e, No. 81\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nValley Lodge, No. 107\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colfax Lodge, No. 132\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Run\\nLodge, No. 139 Roseville Lodge, No. 203 Order of Knights\\nof Pythias Washingtou Lodge, No. 1 Sons of Temperance\\nIndependent Order of Good Templars Improved Order of\\nRed Men Patrons of Husbandrj- Ancient Order of United\\nWorkmen War Veterans.\\nSocieties and civilization are coeval, and as man\\nadvances in enlightenment the greater is the tend-\\nency to organize social orders. Government itself is", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "^02\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\na social order, and therefore organizations appeared\\non the earth while the human race were advancing\\nfrom barbarism to civilization; so it would be impos-\\nsible to tell when the first society appeared. With\\nthe establishing of governments came the tyranny of\\nrulers, and very probably secret societies were\\nformed soon thereafter in self-protection.\\nTHE ORDER OP FREEMASONRY.\\nThe oldest secret organization now known is that\\nof Freemasonry, the origin of which is wrapped in\\nobscur.ty, though attributed to the workmen engaged\\nin the building of King Solomon s Temple, and this\\ntheory is now accepted as the fact. At that time\\nthe members were 0|)erative architects, and through a\\nlong period of years their skill was displayed in every\\nimportant structure. Operative masons were known\\nto Britain as early as the year 287 of the Christian\\nera. During the invasion of Britain by the Danes,\\nbetween the year.s 835 and 870, nearly all the con-\\nvents, churches and monasteries were destroyed, and\\nwith them the records and ancient documents of the\\nOrder, of which they were the re.spositories. Fifty\\nyears afterwards, King Athelstan desired his adopted\\nson Edwin, who had been taught the science of\\narchitecture, to assemble in the year 926, in the city\\nof York, all the lodges of Freemasons scattered\\nthroughout the kingdom, that they might be recon-\\nstructed according to their ancient laws. This done,\\nhe confirmed to them all the privileges which they\\ndesired, and at the same time presented to the assem-\\nbled Masons the immortal document known as the\\nCharter of York. Thereafter Freemasonry flour-\\nished to an extraordinary degree in all civilized lands.\\nAbout the year 1649 the different lodges in Eng-\\nland and vScotland, having admitted many honorary\\nmembers into the society, generally for the influence\\nwielded rather than for any qualification pertaining\\nto the original design of the order they may have\\npossessed. Masonry in its speculative character\\nbecame a matter of earnest discussion. With the\\ncompletion of St. Paul s Cathedral, in the city of\\nLondon, the occupation of operative masons seems\\nto have been brought to a close; for we find that in\\nthe year 1703, the Lodge of St. Paul, so named\\nbecause the operative Masons engaged in the erection\\nof the cathedral held their lodge in a building situ-\\nated in the church-yard on its grounds, passed an\\nimportant resolution, the object of which was evi-\\ndently to augment its numbers, and thereby enlarge\\nthe area for the bestowal of its benefits. That reso-\\nlution was as follows:\\nRisoloed, That the privileges of Masonry shall no\\nlonger be confined to operative Masons, but be free\\nto men of all professions, provided that they are\\nregularly approved and initiated into the fraternity.\\nThis im])ortaiit decision entirely changed the scope\\nand features of the society, and transformed it into\\nwhat we find it today speculative, as contradis-\\ntinguished from operative. Masonry a praiseworthy\\ninstitution, existino; as the conservatorof art, religion\\nand tradition, and perpetuating by the beautiful\\nallegories of its legends and symbols, its eminentlj\\nkind and humanitarian doctrines.\\nSPECULATIVE FREEMASONRY.\\nIn the short space of twenty-five years, specula-\\ntive Freemasonry spread itself in a manner but little\\nless than miraculous into nearly every portion of the\\ncivilized world. Passing from England to France as\\nearly as 1725, thence to Belgium, to Holland, to\\nGermany, to America; subsequently to Portugal,\\nSpain, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden and to Poland.\\nLodges were to be found as early as 1740 in Den-\\nmark, in Bohemia, in Russia, in the Antilles, in Africa,\\nand in the British possessions in Hindostan. The\\nmissing link in Masonry was welded in Japan, in\\n187-1, by the establishment of a lodge in that coun-\\ntry the only land in the world at that time where\\nthe order had not obtained a foot-hold and the\\nchain around the world was complete. Taking pat-\\ntern from it, all other secret associations of modern\\ntimes have sprung into being.\\nIf Freemasonry has ceased to erect temples; if it\\nhas ceased to engage in material architecture; if it\\nno longer exhibits itself in the elevation of spires\\nand turrets, or points from which eyes may be\\ndirected and hopes ascend towards a better and hap-\\npier world it has not less continued its work of intel-\\nlectual and moral culture, and its success in this respect\\nhas been far more satisfactory than those who\\nplanned its design as a speculative institution ever\\nhoped to achieve. Its spirit is immortal; its won-\\nderful craft is voiced in the towering pyramids and\\nmonumental obelisks of Egypt. It will live and\\nthrive as long as mankind exists.\\nMASONRY ON THE P.^CIFIC COAST.\\nWith the Argonauts who came in search of the\\ngolden treasures of California in 1849, were parties\\nwho previous to leaving their homes in the East had\\nformed themselves into companies for either mining\\nor commercial purposes, or both, as well as for mutual\\nprotection. Several of these organizations were\\ncomprised mainly of Masons, and had, previous to\\nsetting out upon their journey to the far West,\\napplied to the lodges where they wore made for per-\\nmits or dispensations to open lodges, and work\\nwhen opportunity offered. These dispensations\\neventually became the nuclei around which some of\\nthe first Masonic Lodges of California formed. The\\nfollowing incident will show that, although no\\nlodges vvere organized until the spring of 1850, the\\nbrethren of the m3^stic tie of the Pacific Coast never-\\ntheless forgot not their charitable duties, even among\\nthe allurements attendant upon those flush, golden\\ntimes of the earlier days.\\nREMARKABLE MASONIC DISPLAY.\\nThe first Masonic funeral that ever took place in\\nCalifornia occurred in the year 1849, and was per-", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "SOCIETIES.\\nSOS\\nformed over the body of a brother found drowned in\\nthe bay of San Francisco.\\nUpon the body of the deceased was found a silver\\nmark of a Mark Master, upon which were the initials\\nof his name. A little further investigation revealed\\nto the beholders the most singular exhibition of\\nMasonic emblems that were ever drawn by the inge-\\nnuity of man upon the human sUin. There is noth-\\ning in the history or tradition of Masonry equal to\\nit. Beautifully dotted on his left arm, in red and\\nblue, which time could not efface, appeared all the\\nemblems of Entered Apprentice. There were the\\nHoly Bible, the square and the comoass, the twenty-\\nfour-inch gauge, and the common gavel. There\\nwere also the Mosaic pavement, representing the\\nground floor of King Solomon s Temple, the identi-\\ncal tassel which surrounds it, and the blazing star in\\nthe center.\\nOn his right arm, artistically executed as the\\nothers, were emblems pertaining to the Fellow Craft,\\nthe plumb, the square and the level. There were\\nalso the five columns, repre enting the five Orders of\\nArchitecture the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,\\nand Composite.\\nIn removing the garments from his body, the\\ntrowel presented itself with all the tools of operative\\nMasonry, besides all the emblems pertaining to the\\ndegree of a Master Mason. Conspicuously on his\\nleft breast were the Lights of Masonry. Over his\\nheart was the Pot of Incense. On other parts of\\nhis body, were the bee-hive, the book of constitu-\\ntions, guarded by the Tyler s sword; the sword\\npointing to a naked heart; the all-seeing eye; the\\nanchor and ark; the hour glass; the forty-seventh\\nproblem of Euclid; the sun, moon, stars, and comet;\\nthe three steps, emblematical of youth, manhood and\\nold age. Admirably executed was the weeping\\nvirgin reclining on a broken column upon which lay\\nthe book of the constitutions. In her left hand she held\\nthe Pot of Incense emblem of a pure heart and in\\nher uplifted hand a sprig of acacia the emblem of\\nthe immortality of the soul. Immediately beneath\\nher stood winged Time with his scythe by his side\\nwhich cuts the brittle thread of life and the hour\\nglass at his feet which is ever reminding us that\\nour lives arc withering away. The withered and\\nattenuated fingei s of the destroyer were delicatel3\\nplaced amid the long and gracefully flowing ringlets\\nof the disconsolate woman. Thus were the striking\\nemblems of mortality and immortality beautifully\\nblended in one pictorial representation.\\nIt was a spectacle such as Masons never saw before\\nand in all probability such as the fraternity will\\n?icver witness again. A large concourse attended\\nthe burial. The impressive service of the craft was\\nread; the sprig of acacia was dropped into the grave\\nby the hands of men from all quarters of the globe;\\nthe grand honors were given, and the stranger was\\nentombed in the last resting-place alloted to man-\\nkind. His name was never known.\\nIn October, 1849, as told in the Annals of San\\nFrancisco, a convention assembled in San Francisco\\nand organized a lodge under a charter, dated Novem-\\nber 9, 1848, which had been granted by the Grand\\nLodge of the District of Columbia to Messrs. Levi\\nStowell, \\\\Vm. Van Voorhies, and B. F. McDonald,\\nthat the} might accomplish this object when they\\nshould arrive in California. This was entitled Cali-\\nfornia Lodge, No. 13, subsequently California Lodge,\\nNo. 1, and consisted of about twenty members, whose\\nfirst officers were:\\nLevi Stowell, Esq., of Washington City, Worship-\\nful Master; A. Bartol, Esq., of Columbus, Ohio, Senior\\nWarden; Col. John W. Geary, of Westmoreland\\nCounty, Pennsylvania, Junior Warden; Dr. John H.\\nGihon, of Philadelphia, Secretary, and A. A. Selo-\\nver, of New York, Treasurer.\\nGRAND LODGE OF CALIFORNIA.\\nOther lodges acting under similar charters were\\nin several parts of the State, and the expediency of\\norganizing a Grand Lodge was eai netly considered\\nearly in 1850 by prominent members of the Order.\\nAs a consequence the following call was published\\nin the Placer Times of Sacramento, April 6, 1850:\\nSacramento, April 5, 1850.\\nAt a meeting of the Worshipful Masters of the\\nfollowing lodges of A. Y. Masons, held at the\\nMasonic Hall, in Sacramento City, on the 5th day of\\nApril, 1850, A. L. 5850, viz:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBrother John A. Tutt, Connecticut Lodge, No. 75;\\nBrother Sarshall Woods, Western Star Lodge,\\nNo. 98;\\nBrother Wm. M. Doughty, New Jersey Lodge,\\nU. D.;\\nBrother B. D. Hyam, Benicia Lodge, U. D.;\\nOn motion it was\\nResolved, That it is deemed expedient to form a\\nGrand Lodge in this State, and that a Convention be\\nheld for that purpose on the 17th of April, 1850, at\\nthe citj of Sacramento. Also, that all regular\\nlodges of A. Y. Masons of the State of California,\\nand all Present and Past Grand officei s be invited to\\nattend said Convention.\\nResolved, That the above proceedings be published\\nforthwith in the ditferent newspapers of San Fran-\\ncisco and Sacramento City.\\nIt was further\\nResolved, That Brother Wm. M. Doughty be\\nempowered to forward a copy of the above resolu-\\ntions to every and all legally constituted lodges\\nthroughout the State who are not here represented,\\nto meet with us in said convention.\\nSarshall Woods, Chairman.\\nIn obedience to this call and invitation representa-\\ntives from the four lodges above mentioned, also\\nCalifornia Lodge, No. 13, of San Francisco, assem-\\nbled in convention at Sacramento April 17, 1S50,\\nand remained in session until the 19th. The organ-\\nization was completed on the 18th, and the first\\nregular meeting of the Grand Lodge was held on the\\n19th. The Ibllowiiig were the first officers: Col.\\nJonathan D. Steven.son, M. W. Grand Master; John\\nA. Tutt, \\\\i. W. Deputy Grand Master; Caleb Fennor,", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "304\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nSenior Grand Warden; Sarshall Woods, Junior Grand\\nWarden; John H. Gihon, M. D., Grand Secretary;\\nLevi Stowoll, Grand Treasurer; B. D. Hyam, W.\\nSenior Deacon; E. J. Willis, Grand Junior Deacon;\\nSimon Groenwalt, Grand Steward Aaron GreenwaU,\\nGrand Steward; G. P. Gordon, Grand Marshal; Wm.\\nDavenport, Grand Standard Rearer; B. B. Gore,\\nGrand Sword Bearer; W. G. Deale, Grand Champion;\\nFrederick A. Clark, Grand Tyler.\\nIn the summer of 1850 San Francisco Royal\\nArch Chapter was established under a charter\\nfrom the General Grand Chapter of the United\\nStates, of which Col. John W. Geary was first High\\nPriest, and Dr. John H. Gihon was first Secretary.\\nThe Knights Templars opened an Encampment\\nin San Francisco on the 20th of December, 1853.\\nCalifornia Lodge, of San Francisco, bears the title\\nof No. 1 in the Masonic Order in this State, but there\\nare charters of earlier date. The Western Star\\nLodge was granted a charter by the Grand Lodge\\nof Missouri, which bore date May 10, 18 18, but was\\nnot organized until October 30, 18-10, then at a place\\nbearing the name of Benton City, or Reading Springs,\\nnow Shasta. The charter number of this Lodge was\\n98, but at the oi-ganization of the Grand Lodge of\\nCalifornia it kindly relinquished the honor of pre-\\ncedence to the more influential organization of the\\nmetropolis, and accepted the designation of No. 2.\\nConnecticut Lodge, No. 75, now Tehama Lodge,\\nNo. 3, of Sacramento, bore a charter from the Grand\\nLodge of Connecticut, bearing date of January 31,\\n1849, A. L. 5849, granting full power to Caleb Fen-\\nner, W. M. James, W. Goodrich, S. W., and Blizur\\nHubbell, J. W., to open and continue a Lodge in the\\nTerritory of California. This was opened in Sacra-\\nmento on the 8lh of January, 1850, b} Caleb Fenner,\\nand continued in successful operation under that\\naiilhoritj and name until the establishment of the\\nGrand Lodge of California.*\\nMASONRY IN PLACER COUNTY.\\nMasonry is presumed to have had its representa-\\ntives in Placer County with the first inflow of gold-\\nhunters, as the brethren were numerous among the\\npioneers. With the aid of the mystic signs they\\nmade themselves known to each other, and could\\nthus commune in mutual joy, sympathy, and frater-\\nnity. When the stability of the people became suffi-\\nciontly marked and associations had ripened into\\nfriendships, knowledge of each other, and into\\nsociety, the time had arrived for the organization of\\nlodges of the Order.\\nEUREKA LODGE, NO. 16.\\nIn and about Auburn were many of the Masonic\\nOrder from the days of 18-19, but not until 1851 did\\nthey organize a lodge. The first in the county was\\nEureka Lodge, No. 16, instituted at Auburn on the\\n7th day of November, 1851, under charter from the\\nTljompson West s History of Saci-aincnto, jiagf 15 J.\\nGrand Lodge of California, with the following charter\\nmembers: Lisbon Applegate, John Nye, W. G.\\nMonroe, A. P. Joslin, James Bowen, J. R. Crandall,\\nColonel McDonald, B. F. Myres, Wm. M. Jordan,\\nN. O. Hinman, and J. D. Fry.\\nThe Masonic Hall at Auburn was dedicated by the\\nEureka Lodge on the anniversary of St. .John the\\nBaptist, June 24, 1853. Rev. O. C. Wheeler delivered\\nan address in Mechanics Hall, immediately after the\\ndedicatory exercises. In the evening a grand ball\\nwas given at the Empire Hotel, under the manage-\\nment of H. R. Hawkins, .James Bowen, H. T. Holmes,\\nTabb Mitchell, M. P. H. Love, Philip W. Thomas,\\n.James E. Stewart, and H. O. Ryerson.\\nOf former officers, there were elected December\\n17, 1855, the following: Moses Hyneman, W. M.;\\nM. P. H. Love, S. W.; P. W. Thomas, J. W.; H. R.\\nHawkins, Secretary; H. T. Holmes, Treasurer, and\\nD. Davidson, Tyler.\\nDecember 20, 1858, the following were elected:\\nJ. R. Crandall, W. M.; James Rodgers, S. W.; S. E.\\nRoussin, J. W.; S. E. Barrett, Secretary, and John\\nC. Boggs, Treasurer.\\nDecember 29, 1859, E. H. Vandecar, W. M.; S. E.\\nBarrett, S. W.; E S. Roussin, J. W.; Jacob Feldberg,\\nTreasurer; F. B. Higgins, Secretary, and M. P. H.\\nLove, Tyler.\\nDecember 27, 1860, E. H. Vandecar, W. M.; B. C.\\nAllen, S. W.; Alvin S. Higgins, J. W.; John C.\\nBoggs, Treasurer; George Johnson, Secretary;\\nThomas B. Harper and Peter Harrison, Stewards,\\nand E. G. Smith, Tyler.\\nDecember 18, 1869, W. B. Lyon, W. M.; O. W.\\nHoUenbeck, S. W.; Charles Hell wig, J. W.; Frank\\nLux, Treasurer; J. R. Crandall, Secretary; C. C.\\nCrosby, S. D.; Wm. Barter and J. M. White, Stew-\\nards; Wm. M. Crutcher, Marshal, and Thomas\\n.Jamison, Tyler.\\nDecember 17; 1874, 0. W. HoUenbeck, W. M J.\\nM. Fulweiler, S. W.; Thomas Dickinson, J. W.;\\nD. W. Lubeck, Treasurer; C. Crosby, Secretary;\\n.John R. Winders, S. D.; Grifiith Griffith, J. D.; W.\\nB. McGuire and W. G. Greene, Stewai-ds; John M.\\nWhite, Tyler.\\nOfficers installed December 27, 1881, St. John s\\nDay, by P. M., J. G. Bisbee, assisted by J. M. Jacobs,\\nMaster of Ceremonies: O. W. HoUenbeck, W. M.;\\nJ. M. Fulweiler, S. W.; J. E. H. Elfendahl, J. W.;\\nW. B. McGuire, Secretary; D. W. Lubeck, Treasurer;\\nW. L. Moore, J. D.; James Borland and John C.\\n15 .ggs. Stewards; J. R. Willis, Tyler. Past Masters,\\nMoses Hyneman, E. H. Vandecar, J. R. Crandall,\\nJ. H. Neff, W. B. Lyon, O. W. HoUenbeck, Charles\\nJ. Hell wig, E. F. Holle, Elias L. McClure, J. G.\\nBisbee. Number of present Master Masons, forty-one,\\nundone Fellowcraftsman. Stated meetings Saturday\\nof or next procoding full moon.\\nGOLD HILL LODGE, NO. 32.\\nTbe second organization in Placer was Gold Hill\\nLodge, No. 32, which obtained its charter from the", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "6^^^^\\n(k^ttc^yi.LK^J)(^", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "SOCIETIES.\\n30.5\\nGrand Lodge of California, May 5, 1853, with the\\nfollowing charter members: James B. Henderson,\\nBenjamin L. Heath, D. V. Mason, E. S. Roussin,\\nSamuel McClure, Wm. E. Roberts, and W. VV. Caper-\\nton. There were nineteen Master Masons at the\\norganization of the lodge at Gold Hill in 1853.\\nThe officerr* elected December 1, 1855, wore .1. B.\\nHenderson, \\\\V. M.; B. L. Heath, S. W. J. W. Spann,\\nJ. W.; D. V. Mason, Secretary;. J. B. Holcomh,\\nTreasurer; E. L. Huneycutt, Tyler.\\nDecember 5, 1858, the following were elected:\\nB. F. Heath, W. M.; J. W. Spann, S. W.; M. Wal-\\ndron, J. W.; James Holcomb, Treasurer; H. W.\\nStarr, Secretary, and W. S. C. Woods, Tyler.\\nDecember 17, 1860: Jaraea E. Stewart, W. M.;\\nHenry W. Starr, S. W.; Julius Malsh, J. \\\\V.; Samuel\\nMcClure, Treasurer; Isaac Stonecipher, Secretary;\\nD. V. Mason, S. D.; L. B. Daniels, J. D., and M.\\nWaldron, Tyler.\\nDecember 5, 1865; T. B. Harper, W. M.; Henry\\nVV. Starr, S. W. George Small, J. W.; Isaac Stone-\\ncipher, Secretary; M. Waldron, Treasurer; B. C.\\nEvans, S. D.; H. Lohse, J. 1)., and J, T. Manter,\\nTyler.\\nI This lodge was subsequently removed to Lincoln,\\nI where it is now located. The ofR ers elected iti\\ni December, 1874 were: H. C. Curtis, W. M.; James\\n1 B. Young, S. VV.; E. J. Sparks, J. VV.; Wm. Ingram,\\nI Treasurer; A. C. Flemming, Secretary; Isuuc Slone-\\nci))her, S. D.; John Haenny, J. I).; VV. B. Robinson\\nI and T. S. E wing, Stewards; T. B. Harper, Marshal,\\nand George Dysert, Tyler.\\nOfficers for 1880: Edmund Jones Spark-t, VV. M.;\\nJames Striplin, S. W.; J. U. Crosby, J. W.; Wm.\\nIngram, Treasurer; John Haenny, Secretary; C. H.\\nHoppert, S. D. James F. Guthrie, J. D. Oliver\\nPerry Richardson and Lorenzo Dow Nash, Stew-\\nards, and Thomas Burrill Harper, Tj ler.\\nPast Masters: J. B.Henderson. Benjamin L. Heath,\\nD. V. Mason, James E.Stewart, T. B. Harper, Isaac\\nStonecipher, H. C. Curtis, Mahlon Waldron, James\\nEdgar Young, Edmund J. Sparks, Chrislo|)her C.\\nSanders.\\nNumber of Master Masons in 1880. thirty. Stated\\nmeetings, Saturday of or next preceding full moon.\\nMICHIGAN CITY LODGE, NO. 47.\\nLocated at Michigan Bluff was instituted under\\ncharter from the Grand Lodge of California, dated\\nMay 3, 1854. This, for a number of years, was a\\nvery prosperous lodge, having in 1860 over forty\\nmembers. In 1880 the membership was forty-four.\\nThe officers for the last named year were: P. N.\\nJuergenson, Master; John Tickell, S. W.; F. VV^.\\nLament, J. W.; Walter Willey, Treasurer; C. S.\\nMontgomery, Secretary; VV. C. Shain, S. D.; Julian\\nBoesinger, J. D.; Patrick McHale, Marshal; G. R.\\nCowan and Henry Williams, Stewards, and Samuel\\nM. Huff aker, Tyler.\\nPast Masters: Benjamin Dulaney Dunnam, J. T\\nHigbee, Warren Cassius Shain. Peter Nicoloi Juer-\\ngenson. Stated meetings, Saturday of or next pre-\\nceding full moon.\\nOn the 24th of June, 1856, this lodge, assisted by\\nRising Star Lodge, No. S3, of Todd s Valley, cele-\\nbrated St. John the Baptist s Day at Michigan Bluff\\nA procession was formed at Masonic Hall at the\\nhour of 4 o clock p. .m., and proceeded to the Union\\nChurch, where the regular exercises were opened\\nby prayer by Chaplain Taylor, after which an\\neloquent oration was delivered by B. T. Buckley.\\nAfter the usual exercises at the church, the proces-\\nsion marched to the store formerly occupied by H.\\nT. Buckley, Esq., where was prepared a luxurious\\nrepast. This Lodge occupied its new hall at Michi-\\ngan Bluff January 24, 1858, the officers at that time\\nbeing, J. T. Higbee, W. M.; P. D. Butler, S. W.; D.\\nTaggart, J. W.; Jacob Levin, Treasurer, and F. E.\\nNoble, Secretary.\\nILLINOISTOWN LODGE, NO 51.\\nWas instituted under charter from the Grand\\nLodge of California, dated May 3, 1854, with the fol-\\nlowing charter members: J. Jones, J. M. Collier,\\nJ. T.^Burdge, J. Hill, E. J. Brickell, J. M. Fritz,\\nJ. W^. Cook, Charles Rice, Joshua Bigham, George\\nEverhart, and J. W. Thomson.\\nThe lodge was located at lUinoistown until 1868,\\nwhen Colfax absorbed the ancient town. June 24,\\n1868, the lodge dedicated its new hall in due form.\\nA procession was formed and, headed by the cornet\\nband of Sacramento, marched through the principal\\nstreets of the town to the hall, where an address was\\ndelivered by Judge MeKune. The procession again\\nformed and repaired to the railroad depot, where\\naddresses were delivered by Hon. Aaron A. Sargent,\\nof Nevada, and Rev. J. E. Benton, of Dutch Flat. In\\nthe evening a grand ball was given, which was\\nattended by 175 couples.\\nThe officers for 1880 were: Morris Lobner, Master;\\nWilliam Benjamin, S. W.; Thomas Hooper, J. W.;\\nW. B. Hayford, Treasurer; Wm. B. Storej^ Secre-\\ntary; P. II. Maginn, S. D.; Leland Cadjen, J. D.;\\nWilliam Rowe and W. A. Himes, Stewards; Darius\\nIngersol, Tyler.\\nPast Masters: (reo. W. Applegate, James P. Ilodg-\\ndon, W. A. Himes, Wm. Benjamin, Morris Lobner,\\nWm. B. Storey, Wm. B. Hayford. Number of Mas-\\nster Masons, thirty-one. Stated meetings, Saturday\\nof or next preceding full moon.\\nRISING STAR LODGE, NO. S3.\\nWas instituted at Todd s Valley on the 8th of\\nMay, 1856, under charter from the Grand Lodge of\\nCalifornia, with the following-named charter mem-\\nbers: J. W. Harville, J. M. Hackett, Arteraas Baker,\\nL. Worsburg, G. M. Martin, S. S. Willard, W. R.\\nWhite, W. T. McGinnis, John Dogen, G. VV. Decker,\\nand T. M. Todd.\\nThis lodge is now located at Forest Hill. The\\n39", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "30J\\nHISTORY OF PLACER CX)UNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nfirst officers were J. \\\\V. llarville, W. M.; Martin\\nHoover, S. W.; John M. Minor, J. W.; S. S. Wil-\\nliams, Treasurer; Wni. Rufus Longley, Secretary;\\nI). P. Marshall, S. D.; Albert Knapp and R. O.\\nCravens, Stewards; and H. E. JSIewman, Tyler.\\nOn the 2(;th of December, the day of St. John the\\nEvangelist, the members of the lodge dedicated their\\nnew and handsome hall at Todd s Valley. The ora-\\ntion was delivered by Dr. J. R. Crandall, of Auburn.\\nAfter the exercises of the day, the fraternity repaired\\nto the Long Island House and partook of a sumptu-\\nous repast.\\nThe following officers were then installed: W.\\nRufus Longley, VV. M.; M. Hoover, S. W.; D. J.\\nBaker, J. W.; J. W. llarville. Secretary; iVrtemas\\nBaker, S. 1).; J. Follensbee, J. D.\\nIn ISGO the officers were Josejjh S. Follensbee, W\\nM.; N. Benedict, S. VV.; H. Ott, .J. \\\\V.; S. S. Wil-\\nlard, Treasurer; R. O. Cravens, Secretary; W. R.\\nLongley, S. D.; J. F. Smith, J. I).; A. Baker and P.\\nPowell, Stewards; G. \\\\V. Decker, Marshal, and VV. S.\\nShields, Tyler.\\nIn 1875 the officers were: F. W. Allen. W. M.; K.\\nAllen, S. W.; James Hodgos, J. \\\\Y.- A. H. Cowden,\\nTreasurer; A. Mclveiiley, Secretarj Trafton, S.\\nD.; C. Volland, J. D.; W. R. White and L. Blumen-\\nthal, Stewards; J. F. Smith, Marshal, and Andrew\\nMorehead, Tyler. The lodge was then located at\\nForest Hill and had forty-six members.\\nIn 1880 the officers were Erskinc Allen, W. M.;\\nJame.s Hod^ es, S. VV. Charles H. Drury, J. W.;\\nChristian Volland, Treasurer; Andrew Morehead,\\nSecretary; Charles Trafton. S. D. J. H. Armstrong,\\nJ. D.; Thomas Scott, Marshal; J. M. Landers and\\nPeyton Powell, Stewards, and Joel F. Smith, Tyler.\\nPast Masters: J. W. Harville, \\\\Vm. Rufus Long-\\nle} J. S. Follensbee, F. W. Allen, James R. Clover,\\nJacob W. Byrd, Plrskine Allen. Membership, thirty-\\neight.\\nWISCONSIN II ILL LODGE, NO. 74.\\nWas instituted in June, 1855, under charter from\\nthe Grand Lodge of California, dated May .3, 1855,\\nand on Saturday, the 23d of June, the officers were\\ninstalled, and the lodge consecrated and dedicated\\nwith appropi iate ceremonies at Wisconsin Hill.\\nThe lodge has surrendered its charter.\\nCLAY LODdE, NO. lUl\\nIs located at Dutch Flat, and was instituted May\\n8, 1856, under charter from the Grand Lodge of Cal-\\nifornia, with the following charter members: J. H.\\nMontgomery, George Rishie, E. Hogan, M. S. Gard-\\nner, E. L. Bradley, Isaac Gill, J. A. Beal, S. Hey-\\nman, Jacob Schubert, and J. M. Fritz.\\nThe lodge has a fine hall located on !\\\\lain Street,\\nand built shortlj after the society was organized.\\nThe officers in 18(i() were: S. B. Harriman, W. M.;\\nThos. Pattinson, S. W.; L. D. Kopp, J. W.; E. L.\\nBradley, Treasurer; B. F. Mooro, Secretary; .1. S.\\nBloom, S. D.; J. C.Lillie, J. D.; J. Moultor, Tyler.\\nIn 1875 the officers were: E. M. Thomas, W. M.;\\nGeorge H. Davidson, S. VV.; Noble Martin, J. W.;\\nIsaac T. Coffin, Secretary; M. S. Gardner, Treas-\\nurer; Geo. C. Cabot, S. D. Benjamin Floyd, J. D.\\nThos. J. Nichols and David Rose, Stewards; C. M.\\nKopp, Marshal; V. Curren, Tyler. Number of\\nmembers, sixty-one.\\nThe officers in 1880 were: S. E. Swenson, W. M.;\\nHenry Disque, S. W.;^ Alex. Drynen, J. W.; H. R.\\nHudepohl, Treasurer; J. M. Knight, Secretary; E.\\nM. Thomas, S. I).; J. S. Floyd, J. D.; C. M. Kopp,\\nMarshal; D. M. Eshbach and W. Fred. Michel, Stew-\\nards, and Isaac T. Coffin, Tyler. Number of mem-\\nbers, fifty-five.\\nPast Masters: L. I). Kopp, B. F. Moore, Samuel B.\\nHarriman, Thomas Pattinson, Jehoiakim Jones, I. T.\\nCoffin, VVm. H. Kruger, N. W. Blanchard, A. G\\nOlliver, E. M. Thomas, Charles M. Kopp, S. Ed.\\nSwenson.\\nIONIC LonclE, NO. 121.\\nIjocatcd at Iowa Hill; was instituted October\\n15, 1857, under charter from the (xrand Lodge of\\nCalifornia, with the following charter members: E.\\nII. Vandocar, Thomas P. Slade, W. C. Rich, George\\nE. Smith, John C. Simpson, J. M. Power, J. H. Neff,\\nand J. Stockwell.\\nOfficers in 1875: J. J. Rich, W. M.; James Ross, S.\\nW.; John G. Bisbee, J. VV. J. B. Carder, Secretary;\\nJ. W. Chinn, Treasurer; J. H. Mitchell, S. D.; W. F.\\nGould, J. D. J. P. Jost and Edward Mitchell, Stew-\\nards; John Butler. Marshal, and A. L. Leighton,\\nTyler. Number of members, thirty-five.\\nOfficers in 1880: Wm. G. Wolfe, W. M.; Garrett\\nBooth, S. W.; John Beaugarde Hobson, J. W.;\\nJames Weaks Chinn, Treasurer; Albert P. Smiley,\\nSecretary; Ed. Geo. Spencer, S. D.; Chester Hack-\\nett, J. D. Jamas B. Carder, Marshal; J. J. Rich and\\nHenry Hammill, Stewards, and John VV. Myrick,\\nTyler. Number of members, thirty-six. Stated\\nmeetings Wednesday of or next preceding full moon.\\nORANITE LODGE, NO. 222.\\nLocated at Roeklin; was instituted July 24, 1872,\\nunder charter from the Grand Lodge of California,\\nwith the following named charter members: J. T.\\nKinkade, J. A. Lindsey, John Sweeney, W. D. Per-\\nkins, George Bailey, James Hanley, B. F. Smith. A.\\nH. Scheutze, N. S. Page. Aaron Harrison and Samuel\\nTrott.\\nOfficers in 1875: J. T. Kinkade, W. M.; W. F.\\nSchuetzc, S. W.; John M. Connor, J. W.; John Muir,\\nTreasurer; Z. Bates, Secretary; S. E. Webster, S. D.;\\nIsidor Levinson, J. D.; J. G. Booth and Geo. Hoath.\\nStewards; Lewis Curl, Tyler. Number of members,\\ntwenty-three.\\nOfficers in 1880: John Sweeney, W. M.; J. W.\\nTaylor, S. W.; Isidor Levin,son, J. W.; W. F.\\nSehuetzo, Treasurer; H. C. Curtis, Secretary; Jas. P.\\nBurchard, S. D.; Edwin Purdy, J. D.; John Nye", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "SOCIETIES.\\n307\\nTaylor, Marshal; Lewis Curl and A. N. Moore,\\nStewards; Ben. F. Smith, Tyler.\\nPast Masters: J. T. Kinkade, VVm. Fred. Scbuetze,\\n11. C. Curtis, and John Sweeney. Number of mem-\\nbers, forty-three. Stated meetings, Monday of or\\nnext preceding full moon.\\nTYRE LODGE, NO. 238.\\nLocated at Gold Run; was chartered by the (rrand\\nLodge of California October 14, 1875.\\nOfficers in 1876: Alexander G. Oliver, Master;\\nHenry L. Lovejoy, S. W.; J. A. Stone, J. W.; Thorn-\\nton King, Treasurer; J. Y. Thomas, Secretary; Wm.\\nKing White, S. D.; Wra. G. Oliver, J. D.; Wm. Jones\\nand H. L. Noyes, Stewards; Hans M. Dahl, Tyler.\\nThe officers in 1880 were: Alexander G. Oliver,\\nMaster; John Y. Thomas, S. W.; Henry L. Noyes,\\nJ. W.; George M. Chaney, Treasurer; Joel A. Stone,\\nSecretary; Mark F. Noyes, S. D., Wm. Jones, J. D.\\nJames E. Woodward and Joseph Rogers, Stewards,\\nand Wm. Henry White, Tyler.\\nPast Masters: John W. Ritchie, A. G.Oliver, Wm.\\nK. White, Joel A. Stone. Number of members,\\ntwenty-seven. Stated meetings, Thursday of or next\\npreceding full moon.\\nPENRYN LODCiE, NO. 258.\\nLocated atPenryn; was instituted under charter\\nfrom the Grand Lodge of California, dated October\\n15, ISSO.\\nThe officers in 188(1 were; Levant Markham, W.\\nM.; J. Penpraze Mediand Phillips, S. W.; James\\nBiekicson, J. W.; Griffith Griffith, Secretary; J. R.\\nLittle, Secretary; Hosea Taylor, S. D.; Wm. W.\\nTippins, J. D.; Wm. Cranley, .Marshal; Robert W.\\nRoberts and Wm. W. Severance, Stewards; Robert\\nMathews Rowe, Tyler.\\nMaster Masons: Peter F. Caddy, Pierce C. Da\\nBois, A. B. Tippens, Jacob H. Free, John J.Hughes,\\nJohn Jenkin, David Loyd, Charles Martin, Alex.\\nMcLennan, Owen R. Owens, Albert 11. Schuelze,\\nMatts Sundholm, Edwin Tippet, Ira F. White; and\\nHenry Nelson, Entered Apprentice. Number of\\nmembers, twenty-six. Stated meetings, Thursday\\nof or next preceding full moon.\\nO. W. HOLLENBECK.\\nOrrin Whitcomb Hollenbeck was born June 2,\\n1832, in the town of South Egremont, Berkshire\\nCounty, Massachusetts. His parents were Cyrus\\nand Marinda (Dorman) Hollenbeck, both natives of\\nBerkshire County, where the son was born. A sister\\nof Mr. Hollenbeck, Marilla J., now the wife of\\nGeorge C. Benjamin, still lives on the old farm in\\nMassachusetts, which has Been the homestead of\\nthe HoUenbecks since the county was redeemed\\nfrom a wilderness. Here Orrin W. passed his boy-\\nhood, following the usual course of youth in that\\nland of industry, thrift, and study, obtaining his\\neducation and laying the foundation of life in the\\nsolid principles of self-reliance, integrity and honor\\nthat have marked his career.\\nAt the age of nineteen he assumed the responsibil-\\nities and duties of a school teacher, selecting for his\\nfield the county of Wj oming, Pennsylvania, where\\nhe taught successfully through two terms. After\\nclosing his school in Penn.sylvania he returned, a\\ntriumphant young man, to his home in Massachu-\\nsetts, and after making a short visit accepted a posi-\\ntion as teacher in New Jersey. This honorable\\ncalling he pursued until 1854, when he took passage\\nby steamer and by Panama to California, arriving\\nin San Francisco October 4th of that year. Passing\\nthe metropolis without delay, he sought his future\\nhome in the mountains of Placer County. His first\\nlocation was at Mountain Springs, a few miles south-\\nwest of Dutch Flat, and near the present town of\\nGold Run. This was a lively mining camp, although\\nthe great hydraulic mines of the present were not\\nthen opened. Here he remained engaged in mining\\nand other business until 1859, when he went to Little\\nYork, in Nevada County, where he continued the\\nbusiness of mining for about eighteen months, and\\nthen returned to his old stamping ground, having\\nfaith in the great gravel range that runs through\\nDutch Flat and Gold Run.\\nHe now entered upon a more extended business\\ncareer. He believed that his Mountain Springs was\\nas good a foundation for a town as Dutch Flat,\\nLittle York, or any of the towns on the gravel\\nrange, and, locating a tract of land, proceeded to\\nlay out his town. Having done this, he erected a\\nhotel and proceeded to make business and a town.\\nHis efforts in having a post-office established were\\ncrowned with success, and he was made postmaster\\nin April, 1862. The place still bore the name of\\nMountain Springs, but in 1862 became officially\\nknown as Gold Run. Improvements in building up\\nthe new town and in constructing roads from it to\\nthe larger and the lesser towns surrounding Gold\\nRun were encouraged and assisted by Mr. Hollen-\\nbeck, until he saw the village a fi.xed fact and a\\nprosperous ti-ading and mining camp. This enter-\\nprise led to its legitimate results by making business\\nand increasing the value of his town-lot property.\\nAfter continuing the hotel for four yeai-s he sold\\nthe property and established a variety store, still\\nretaining the post-office. The construction of the\\nCentral Pacific Railroad, and the development of\\nthe Gold Run mines, increased business, and Mr.\\nHollenbeck was prosperous.\\nFrom this, in 1867, he was called to serve his\\ncounty, being nominated by the Republicans for the\\nvery important and responsible position of County\\nTreasurer, and to this office he was elected over\\nCol. Wm. McClure, a pioneer and one of the most\\npopular Democrats in the county, Mr. Hollenbeck\\nreceiving the largest vote given, and about 100\\nabove the average of the ticket. This position\\nnecessitated his removal to Auburn, the county seat,", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "308\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COTTNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwhere he has resided since early in 18fi8. To the\\nsame position he was re-elected, in 1869, receiving\\n1.338 votes to his opponent s, Frank Lux, 1,268, and\\nagain in 1871, receiving 1,707 votes, and his oppo-\\nnent, E. (J. W. Aibreeht, 1,306. These successive\\nelections were a substantial testimonial in favor of\\nhis business qualifications and sterling integrity.\\nIn 1873 he was again nominated by his pai ty, but\\nby a combination of factions with the Democratic\\nParty, his opponent, Mr. B. D. Dunnam, a Mexican\\nWar veteran and pioneer, was elected.\\nEetiring from office in 1874, he formed a partner-\\nship with Mr. Moses Andrews, one of Placer s oldest\\nand most prominent citizens, for the purpose of a\\ngeneral banking business, purchasipg gold dust, etc.\\nThis firm is also the agent of Wells, Fargo Co. s\\nEspi ess, and through it a large amount of business\\nis transacted.\\nIn politics, as well as business Mr. Hollenbeck has\\nalways been prominent and active. At heart and\\ndeeply seated are the great progressive principles of\\nthe Republican Party, and for these he has labored\\nwith indefatigable zeal and unflinching devotion at\\nall times. As Secretary of the Republican County\\nCentral Committee, he has manifested an ability and\\nskill as a manager that has gone far toward mak-\\ning the party triumphant when the greatest fears\\nwere apprehended. In his parly, as in society and\\nbusiness, he is a leader among men, and now. in\\nthe prime of life, while happily contemplating an\\nhonorably and successfully spent past, can look\\nforward into the future with bright prospects.\\nMr. Hollenbeck is a prominent member of the\\nMasonic Order, as his name often appears as officer\\nof different grades in his lodge. In April, 1880, he\\nwas elected Junior Grand Warden of the Grand\\nLodge of the State of California. He is also Treas-\\nurer in the Delta Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, and\\nof other societies, all evincing the trust reposed and\\nthe active part he takes in public and social affairs.\\nThe hapjjy event of his life, as all marriages are\\nhappy events, was his marriage with Mrs. Hester\\nMcLean, of Manchester, Nevv Hampshire, on tha\\n16th of October, 1859. One son, Lincoln W.. born\\nin 1865, blesses the union.\\nlillV.M. .\\\\K(JH .MASO.NS.\\nThe Royal Arch is an advanced order of Masonry\\nderived from the York Branch, though dating their\\norigin from the second building of Solomon s Temple,\\nwhich date is obtained by adding 530 to the current\\nyear, or making 1881 the year2Ul a. i.or Au)w\\nInventionem (year of discovery). The officers are:\\nHigh Priest, King, Scribe, Treasurer, Sccrelar}. Cap-\\ntain of the Host, Principal Sojourner, Royal Arcli\\nCaptain, Masters of the Third, Second and Fjr-t\\nVails, and Guard.\\nI.IBA.NIS CHAPTER, NO. 17.\\nThe tiisl of these chapters organized in I lacer\\nCounty was Libanus C ha|)ter. No. 17, at Iowa Hill,\\non the 8th of May, 1857, under charter from the\\nGrand Chapter of California, with the following\\ncharter members:* Squire Powell, J. W. Harville,\\nThos. P. Slade, H. W. Roberts, E. Hogan, M. S.\\nGardner, E. h. Bradley, J. C. Coleman, R. M. Trim,\\nand G. Rudolph.\\nAt the first annual meeting, held December 14,\\n1H57, the following officers were elected and installed\\nE. H. Vandeear, H. P.; Thomas P. Slade, K.; G. L.\\nHamlin, S.; G. Rudolph, C. of H.; J. C. Coleman, P.\\nS.; J. F. Neff, R. A. C; J. C. Simpson, M. 3d V.;\\nJ. Stockwell, M. 2d V.; H. W. Roberts, M. 1st V.; W.\\nA. Housel, Treasurer; W. C. Rich, Secretary; J. F.\\nVandivier, Guard. They were installed by J. W.\\nHarville, P. H. P.\\nDecember 17, 1858, the following were elected offi-\\ncers: J.. I. Priest, M. E. H. P.; J.C.Coleman, E. K.;\\nS. F. Vandivier, E. S.; J. F. Nett C. H; J. Lancaster,\\nP. S.; W. H. Patton, R. M. C; D. Q. Priest, M. 3d\\nv.; J. C. Simpson, M. 2d V.: J. Dodds, M. 1st V.; H.\\nW. Roberts, Treasurer; W. C. Rich, Secretary; W.\\nH Woods. Guard.\\nThe officers for 1875 were: James Ross, H. P.; E.\\nG. Si)encer, R.; J. M. Smith, S.; W. W. Poole, C. H.;\\nJ. Vandivier, P. S.; J. H. Mitchell, R. A. C; C.\\nHacket, M. 3d V.; J. P. Just, M. 2d V.; W F. Gould,\\nM. 1st v.; John Schmidt, Treasurer; John Butler,\\nSecretary, J. J. Rich, Guard.\\nOLl\\\\E CHAPTER, NO. 23.\\nWas in-itituted at Todd s Valley, under dispensa-\\ntion, June II, 1858. The following were its first offi-\\ncers: J. W. Harville, M. E. 11. P.; John M. Minor, E.\\nK; D. J. Baker, E. S.; Wm. R. Longley, C. H.;\\nM:artin Hoover, P. S.; John Hatch, R. A. C; S. T.\\nLeet, Higbee and Robinson, M. Vs.\\nMay 25, 1859, it received a charter from the Grand\\nChapter of Cilifonua, with the foUowini^ charter\\nmembers: J. W. Harville. W. R. Longley, S.imuel T.\\nLeet, R. O. Cravens. W. R. White, W. S. Stevens, G.\\nW. Decker, J M. Minor, George Hoover, D. P. Mar-\\nshall, J. F. Kirby. R. Corey, J. R. Glover, J. H. Gun-\\nsell, D. J. B.iker, I). C. Scott, J. S. Follensbee, S. S.\\nWillard, J. V\\\\^ Waters, W. G. Montgomery, Henry\\nGooding and C. M. Peck. The chapter is now\\nlocated at Forest Hill.\\nThe officers in 1875 were: A. H. Cowden, H. P.;\\nT. N. llosnier, K.; Abraham Breece, S.; J. F. Smith,\\nC. H F. W. Allen, P. S J. L. Welker, R. A. C;\\nPeyton Powell, M. 3d V.; M. B. Tubb.s, M. 2d V.;\\nJohn Tickle, M. 1st V W. R. While, Treasurer; J.\\nR. Glover, Secretary.\\nDELTA CHAPTER, NO. 27.\\nWas organized al Auburn, May 17, I860, under\\ncharter from the Grand Chapter of California, with\\nthe following charter members: E. H. Vandeear, B.\\nF. Myers, Henry Gooding, H. R. Hawkins, J. R.\\nC^randall, Wm. Weld, Jas. R. Murphy, Jas. B. Stew-\\n*The cluirter uieinliers and officers in 1875, herein given, are\\nfioni the Uii eetiiry of I laeer County for )t)75.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "SOCIETIES.\\nS09\\nart, Alfred Spinks, L. KuUman, H. B. Waddilove,\\nVVm. Timson, and D. C. Scott.\\nThe first officers were: B. H. Vandecar, M. E. H.\\nP.; Benjamin P. Myres, K. K; Henry Gooding, E. S;\\nHiram R. Hawkins, 0. A. H,; John R. Crandall, P.\\nS.; \\\\Vm. Weld, R. A. C; VVm. Timson, M. 3d V.; N.\\nB. Waddilove, M. 2d V.; L. Kallman, M. 1st V.; D.\\nC. Scott, Secretary; James E. Stewart, Treasurer;\\nJames R. Murphy, Guard.\\nJn 18G1 its officers were: E. H. Vandecar, H. P.;\\nB. F. Myers, K.; Henry Goodiiiir, S.; D. C. Scott, C.\\nH.; J. R. Ci-andall, P. S.; \\\\Vm. Weld, U. A. C; Wm\\nTimson, M. Hd V.; A. Spinks, M. 2d V.; L. Kullman,\\nM. Ist v.; H. R. Hawkins, Secretary; Jas. E. Stew-\\nart, Treasurer; E. G. Smith, Guard. The chapter\\nthen contained thirty Royal Arch Masons.\\nOn the 14th of December, 1865, the following were\\nelected officers: B. F. Myers, H. P.; J. R. Crandall,\\nK.; Thomas Jamison, S.; Samuel Beck, C. H.; T. B.\\nHarper, P. S.; Mack Webber, R. A. C; D. W.\\nLubeck, Secretary; William Sexton, Treasurer, and\\nJ. V. Wardwell, Isaac Stoneeipher, and Wm. K.\\nCreque, Masters of the Vails.\\nAt a meeting held at their hall in Auburn, Decem-\\nber 10, 1809, the following were installed as officers\\nfor the ensuing year: J. R. Crandall, High Priest; J.\\nV. Wardwell, King; Chas. J. Hellwig, Scribe; T. B.\\nHarper, Captain of the Host; Isaac Stoneeipher,\\nPrincipal Sojourner; J. D. Pratt, Royal Arch Cap-\\ntain; G. W. Applegate, Master 3d Vail; B. F. Myres,\\nMaster 2d Vail; Thomas Jamison, Master 1st Vail;\\nJohn McBride, Secretary; D. W. Lubeck, Treasurer;\\nLsaac Brodriek, Guard.\\nThe officers elected December 17, 1S81, were: J.\\nG. Bisbee, H. P.; George Washington Applegate, K.;\\nJ. R. Winders, S.; D. W. Lubeck, Secretary; O. W.\\nHollenbeck, Treasurer; C. H. Graham, C. of H.; J.\\nM. Fulweiler, P. S B D. Dunnam, M. 3d V.; James\\nBorland, M. 2d V.; W. L. Moore, M. Ist V.; R. W.\\nRoberts, Guard, and T. M. Todd, Organist.\\nOn the 27th of December these were duly installed\\nby P. H. P., J. T. Kinkade, assisted by R. F. Rooney.\\nPast High Priests: E. H. Vandecar, B. F. Myres,\\nDr. J. R. Crandall, C. J. Hellwig. J. T. Kinkade, J.\\nG. Bisbee.\\nSILOAM CH.4PTER, NO. 37.\\nLocated at Colfax; was instituted March 30, 1809,\\nunder charter from the Grand Chapter of California,\\nwith the following named charter members: J. H.\\nNeff, E. L. Bradley, M, S. Gardner, 1. T. Coffin, J.\\nH. Lakamp, Wm. Endean, A. G. Oliver, J. Y. Thomas,\\nJames Holmes, B. Mur|)hy, and R. J. Tolraan.\\nThe offi(u-rsin 1875 were: J. H. Neff, H. P; A. G.\\nOliver, K; W. A. Himes, S.; 1. T. Coffin, C. H.; W.\\nB. Osborn, P. S.; L. Lobner, R. A. C; O. K. Cloud-\\nman. M. 3d v.; James Cook, M. 2d V.; W. S. Makins,\\nM. 1st V W. B. Playford, Treasurer; M. Lobner.\\nSecretary; J. P. Hodgdon, Guard.\\nCAPT. MELVIN S. GARDNER.\\nThis gentleman was born in Bowdoinham, Saga-\\ndahoc County, Maine, December 12, 1814. At the\\nage of nineteen years he entered upon a seafaring\\nlife, which he followed until 1849, at which time he\\nresolved to seek his fortune in the far West. He\\njoined the Knickerbocker Company, which left New\\nYork on the 5th of February, 1849. Their route was\\nacross the plains, and their journey was long and\\ntedious, and they suffered the usual privations inci-\\ndent to such a trip in early days. He arrived in\\nSan Francisco, (California, October 25th, which places\\nhim in the list of 49ers. Soon after his arrival he\\nengaged in mining, first at Coloma, and subsequently\\nitt Yankee Jim s and Iowa Hill. In 1854 he located\\nin Dutch Flat, and joined E. L. Bradley in introduc-\\ning water into that camp for minlnii purposes.\\nSuccess crowned their labors, and the Dutch Flat\\n^Vater Company was well and favorably known in\\nPlacer County for many years. In 1857, Captain\\nGardner visited his old home and married Priscilla F.\\nHough, a native of Lebanon, New Hampshire. By\\nthis union there were two daughters, both living at\\nthe present time. His wife died in 1860. In 1803,\\nbe returned to Dutch Fl^t. One year later he went\\nEast again, and was united in marriage to Miss\\nAbhie E. Adams, a native of Bowdoinham, Maine.\\nTwo children were born to them, a daughter and\\nson, the former dying in infancy. In 1872 the Dutch\\nFlat Water Company sold its interests to the Cedar\\nCreek Company. The pi-operty was valuable, embrac-\\ning a large amount of fine hydraulic ground, in con-\\nnection with the ditches. Ca|)tain Gardner after-\\nwards purchased Spring Brook Ranch in Los Gatos,\\nSanta Clara County, and planted an extensive almond\\norchard, one of the largest in the State. By the\\ndeath of Captain Gardner, which occurred November\\n27, 1878, of heart disease, the community lost one\\nof their most esteemed citizens. In him the public\\nschool and church ever found a friend. In eai Iy\\nlife he made a profession of religion and united with\\nthe Baptist Church.\\nORDER OF THE EASTERN STAR.\\nThis is an Order of which only a Master Mason, or\\nhis wife, mother, widow, sister, or daughter can\\nbecome members. The Order was first established\\nin France in 1730, and in the United States at a\\nmuch later date, when it flourished as a Masonic side\\ndegree, or Ado])tion Kite, until 1855, when the Order\\nof Eastern Star, as now conducted, was established.\\nThe designation is usually O. E S. The officers are:\\nWorthy Matron, Worthy Patron, Associate Matron,\\nConductress, Associate Conductress, Treasurer, Sec-\\nretary, Adah, Ruth, Ksthcr, Martha, Electa, Warder,\\nand Sentinel.\\nCRYSTAL CHAPTER, NO. 58.\\nIs located at Auburn. At the meeting of the\\nChapter on the lOlh of November, 1881, the follow-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "310\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ning officers were elected: Mrs. Julia M. Lubeck.\\nW. M.; James G. Bisbee, W. P.; Mrs. Mary Fulweiler,\\nA. M.; J. R. VV^inders, Secretary; C. J. Hell wig,\\nTreasurer; Mrs. Elizabeth Willis, C; Isabella Boggs,\\nA. C; Julia E. Holle, Adah; Mary Ann McGuire,\\nRuth; Miunetta W. Bisbee, Esther; T. Holle, Electa;\\nJ. M. Fulweiler, Chaplain; Levesa C Boggs, W F.\\nP. Grohs, S.\\nINDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.\\nThe Independent Order of Odd Fellows, as it at\\npresent exists throughout the world, is an American\\ninstitution of the present centuiy, although the Order\\nof Odd Fellows existed in England long anterior to\\nthe organization in this country. The object of the\\nearly English organization appeared to be more for\\nconviviality than benevolence and the advancement\\nof the social condition. The members recognized\\neach other in a way mysterious to the public,\\nand acted so singularly that they were given\\nthe name of odd fellows, which long usage\\nmade the name of the society. In the early\\npart of this century Thomas Wildey emigrated\\nfrom England to this country. He had belonged to\\nan Odd Fellows Lodge in his native land, and\\ndesired to institute a similar institution in the land\\nof his adoption. For this purpose he applied for\\nthe proper authority from the organization he had\\nleft, but failed to get it. He therefore determined\\nto proceed independently, and, then a resident of\\nBaltimore, Mai-yland, advertised in the papers of that\\ncity for any of the Order to meet at a public house\\nin Baltimore, known as the Seven Stars. Pursu-\\nant to that notice there met on the 26th day of\\nApril, 1819, five persons, to wit, Thomas Wildey,\\nJohn Welch, John Duncan, John (jheatbem, and\\nRichard Rushworth, and there on that day organ-\\nized the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, distin-\\nguishing it from the Order of Odd Fellows of Eng-\\nland, being organized without a charter or dispensa-\\ntion from any Grand or older organization. With\\nthe ex])anded ideas and nobler aspirations that seem\\nto inspire all people as they are transplanted to the\\nfree soil and free institutions of the Great Republic,\\nso did the founders of Odd Fellowship in America\\nview the greater field, and prepared their institution\\nfor a wider and nobler scope, with Faith, Hope and\\nCharity as its watchwords. With the organization\\nof the Order, at the same time and place, was\\norganized\\nWASHINGTON LODtiE, NO. 1.\\nThis was a worthj^ name for the first lodge of that\\nOrder that was to be in the gre:it future first in love,\\nfirst in chai ity, and first in cementing the brotherhood\\nof man. The officers and members of this lodge were:\\nThos. Wildey, N. G.; John Welch, V. G.; John Duncan,\\nJohn Cheathem and Richard Rushworth. This was\\na small beginning it\u00c2\u00ab survival was doubtful, and the\\nfull scope of its object and powers not fully com-\\nprehended. For many years the growth was slow,\\nbut the foundation was solid, the object noble, the\\nassociation fi-aternal, and the benefits so real, tangi-\\nble, and substantial that when it became fully known,\\nthe prejudice against secret orders removed, then\\nthe growth was rapid, until now the membership has\\ngrown. to half a million men, and its charities have\\ncalled for over $27,000,000. The hallt,, lodges,\\nencampments and libraries are in every town of\\nimportance in the land, and its charities are every-\\nwhere.\\nIn 1821 a convention was held in the same city, on\\nthe 7th of February, for the purpose of forming a\\nGrand Lodge. That, because of some obstructions,\\nfailed to produce the desired result until the ensuing\\n22d of May, when that old pioneer lodge surren-\\ndered its charter and received one from the Duke of\\nYork Lodge of England, and became subordinate to\\nthe general head in America. The Grand Lodge of\\nthe LTnited States was formed February 22, 1825, at\\nwhich time there were but nine subordinates on the\\ncontinent; and in 1828 the number of the Order was\\nfirst stated, there being given at the time but 568 as\\nthe result of a growth of nine years. Ten years\\nlater, the total amount paid out for relief of\\nof members that year was \u00c2\u00a74,505.85. From such a\\nbeginning has developed that grand beneficiary influ-\\nence among men, the magnitude of which can best be\\nrealized by glancing at the subjoined statistics com-\\npiled from reports of grand and subordinate bodies\\nunder the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge:\\nTHE ORDER IN 1878.\\nGrand Lodges 50\\nSubordinate Lodges ._.6,975\\nRebekah Degree Lodges 734\\nGrand Encampments 1,863\\nLodge initiations. 33,860\\nLodge members 442.291\\nEncampment members 82,408\\nRelief by Lodges \u00c2\u00a71,553,726 70\\nRelief by Encampments 177,180 69\\nRelief by Rebekah Lodges 9.498 29\\nTotal relief \u00c2\u00a71,740,405 68\\nRevenue of Lodges __ ..83,814,126 98\\nRevenue of Encampments 415,934 22\\nRevenue of Rebekah Lodges. 36,925 32\\nTotal revenue \u00c2\u00a74,266,986 52\\nThe following is an exhibit of the operations of the\\nentire Order, including Australia, Germany, etc.:\\nFRO-M 1830 TO DECE-MBER 31. 1878.\\nInitiations 1 .094,965\\n.Members relieved 859,126\\nWidowed families relieved 115,127\\nMembers deceased 81,648\\nPresent membership 450,238\\nTotal relief. .\u00c2\u00a727,468,286 36\\nTotal receipts 73,504,918 00", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "SOCIETIES.\\nIll\\nODD FELLOWSHIP IN CALIFORNIA.\\nThe first legitimate step to plant the seed of Odd\\nFellowship on this coast had its birth in the city of\\nPhiladelphia, a short time previous to January 12,\\n1849, a chai-ior having been issued by the U. VV.\\nGrand Sire, Hoen E. Knease. bearing the above date,\\nand having on its face the names of Messrs. Samuel J.\\nTorbet, Charles Justis, Frank M. Caldwell, George\\nH. Weaver, John Willetts, and James Smiley, peti-\\ntitioners, and entitled California Lodge, No. 1.\\nThree of these brothers, with the books and papers,\\narrived in San Francisco on the 20th day of May,\\nA. 1). 1849.\\nThe excitement attending the discovery of gold,\\nand the many wild tales told of the immense rich-\\nness of the rivers and bars in the mountains, caused\\na portion of the brothers named to seek the glitter-\\ning ore in the interior of the State, and consequently\\ndeferred the organization of the Lodge. The books\\nand papers were in the hands of Mr. James Smiley,\\nwho, with others zealous in the cause, persevered\\nwith the work until they had secured a sufficient\\nnumber of brothers who were in possession of final\\ncards to assist in making up the compliment of\\ncharter members required by the laws under which\\nthey had secured the charter. On the 9th day of\\nSeptember, just one year previous to the admission\\nof the State into the Union, California Lodge, No.\\n1, sprang into existence, Mr. James Smiley, acting\\nunder authority, instituting the lodge.\\nAssisted by such books as are now in existence, we\\nfind that Col. R. H. Taylor was the first elected N.\\nG.; H. W. Henly, V. G.; E. C. Franklin, Secretary,\\nand John M. Coughlin, Treasurer; and Messrs. Julius\\nEose, Wm. Burling, J. N. Dall, David Jobson and\\nLewis Tremble, comprised the lodge, and are entitled\\nto the honor of organizing the first lodge, and first\\nplanting the standard of charity and mutual relief\\non the shores of the Pacific. Although as early as\\n1847, we have reason to suppose, there was an asso-\\nciation formed and working as a regularly organized\\nlodge, having all the necessary paraphernalia, books,\\netc., to successfully carry on the work. This organ-\\nization was in successful operation until the discov-\\nery of gold in May, 1848. The members were\\nseized with the excitement common to all citizens\\nof the State, and concluded to suspend the working\\nof the lodge, and all left for the mines. Previous to\\ndoing so, they destroyed the books, etc., to prevent\\nthem falling into improper hands, and packed the\\nregalia away. Thus ended the first organization of\\nthe Order in California.\\nIN PLACER COUNTY AUBURN LODGE, NO. 7.\\nAuburn Lodge, No. 7, was instituted by P. G., Geo-\\nI. N. Monell, under date of dispensation, October 7,\\n1852. The fir^t officers were: Hansen Hazel, N.G.;\\nJ. B. Squire, V. G.; M. P. H. Love, Secretary; Rob.\\nJ. Fisher, Treasurer. The charter members were;\\nJames B. Squire, .John F. Scott, James Bowen,\\nJames E. Miller, and Hansen Hazel.\\nOfficers for term commencing January 1, 18S1,\\nwere: Amos Hinkle, N. G.; James D. Borland, V.\\nG. J. H. Rittinger, Secretary; Wilson Hunt, Treas-\\nurer. Past Grands: James Borland, Thomas Cain,\\nM. Dodsworth, A. Fougeron, H. Gerlach, W. G.\\nGreene, A. Holer, W. B. Lyon, G. W. McCreedy,\\nJohn T. Reed, D. W. Spear, S. M. Stevens, J. W.\\nSmith, H. Furley, John Walker, S. B. Woodin, John\\nYoung, S. VV. Willis, J. H. Sawyer, VV. B. Hughes,\\nE. F. Cook, and Amos Hinkle. Number of members\\nin good standing January 1, 1881, 101. Night of\\nmeeting, Saturday.\\nMOUNTAIN LODGE, NO. 14.\\nWas instituted by D. D. Grand Master Hansen\\nHazel, on the 2.3d of July, 185.3. The petition was\\nsent by residents of Mad Canon, praying for the\\nestablishment of a lodge in that place, to be known\\nas Mountain Lodge, No. 14. At the unanimous\\nrequest of the lodge, its locality was changed, by\\ndispensation from the Grand Master, to Michigan\\nCity, now Michigan Bluft\\nThe officers were P. N. Cook, N. G.; B. F. Dewey,\\nV. G. James Kennedy, Secretary; A. J. B. Seymour,\\nTreasurer. The charter members were: Wm. Cory,\\nP. G.; Geo. H. Van Cleft, James W. Duncan, N. P.\\nCook, Wm. H. Hardy, Benj. T. Dewey.\\nOfficers for term commencing January 1, 1881:\\nS. T. Snedicor, N. G; C. W. Middleton, V. G.; Wm.\\nF. Farrier, Secretary; Edward Polifka, Treasurer.\\nPast Grands: B. D. Dunham, S. T. Snedicor, Joseph\\nTaylor, H. L. Van Emon, J. L. Robertson, Edward\\nPolifka, G. W. Hoffman, G. A. Manelin, E. Thomas,\\nWalter Willey, C. F. Freitag, P. McHale, E. L.\\nDooley, Wm. Smith, James Blackburn, J. D. Mc-\\nCormick, Adolph Weske, Geo. W. Cusick, John\\nWhitfield. Number of members January 1, 1881,\\nforty-three. Night of meeting, Saturday.\\nPLACER LODGE, No. 38.\\nWas instituted at Iowa Hill on the 14th of April,\\n1855, by D. D. Grand Master, H. Hazell. charter\\nmembers were: Benj Antill, H. Mattox, C. H. Frisch-\\ngesoll, A. L. Long, W. McCracken.\\nOfficers for the term commencing January 1, 1881\\nJohn Mill, N. G.; C. H. Wilcox, V. G.; Wm. Van\\nVactor, Secretary; J. F. Brown, Treasurer.\\nPast Grands: W. S. Makins, Henry Stemple, Wm.\\nVan Vactor, C. H. Hoppert, Adam Barrett, P. Stone.\\nJohn Eisgler, J. B. Bisbee, Louis Solomon, W. J.\\nTener, John Vasdig, C. F. -Maey, Alex Dolt, O. J.\\nSpencer, Wm. Watts, John Butler, Thos. Entiwistle.\\nNumber of members in good standing January 1,\\n1881, forty-seven. Night of meeting, Saturday.\\nWASHINGTON LODGE, NO. 40.\\nWas instituted at Yankee Jim s on the 10th of\\nMay, 1855. The officers were: E. Bunn, N. G.; P. B.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "81:\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nFagan, V. G.; Wtn. Winchester, Secretary; M. B.\\nTubbs, Treasurer. (Charter members were: Samuel\\nTodd, Thos. 11. Whitaero. Ezekiel Bunii, D. C. Scott,\\nJacob Staub.\\n.MINERVA J OD(iE, NO. 5.1.\\nWas instituted at Todd s Vallej-, March 20,\\n1856. Officers were: Wm. X. Hall, N. (i; Charles\\nConstable, Y. U.; V. J. Hitter, Secretary; H. M.\\nConstable, Treasurer. Charter members were: T.N.\\nWhitacre, A. (i Road. H. M. Constable. F. J. Ritter,\\nCharles Constable. Wm. N. Hall, .Tohn H. Gwjnin.\\nCOVENANT LODliE, NO. 73.\\nLocated at Bath, was instituted on the 30th\\nof September, 1S57. The officers were: S. C. Steele,\\nN. G.; Albert N. Davidson, V. G. E. W. Bradford,\\nSecretary-; R. D. iMassitigwell, Treasurer. Charter\\nmembers: Daniel Crib. A. Crib, Samuel Watson, S.\\nC. Steele, C. R. Sanborn. Officc^rs for term commenc-\\ning January 1, 1881: Joseph Taylor, N. G.; H.\\nSchwalenberg, V. G.; Robert Winsj)ear, Secretary;\\nChristian Yolhind, Treasurer.\\nPast Grands: E. \\\\V. Bradford, R. Winspear, J. Q.\\nAekerman, P. .M. Worlhingioii, VoUand, Jacob\\nKelting, W. D. Andrews, \\\\V. H. Craig, Wilson Hunt,\\nL. Remler, M. W. Crary, Henry Long,C. H. Ranlett,\\nCharles Fett, Charles Schmutzler, Joseph Dilts,\\nRichard Pecht. Jacob Kelting. Henry Schwalenberg,\\nJoseph Taylor, Leonard Remler. Number of mem-\\nbers in good standing January 1, 1881, fifty-three.\\nNight of meeting, Wednesday.\\nOLIVE J.ODGE, NO. 81.\\nOlive Lodge, No. 81, located at l)utch Flat, was\\ninstituted by D. D. G. M., N. U. D. Traphagen, on\\nthe 8th of December, 1858. The officers were, N.\\nW. Blanchard, N. G.; H. S. Wooster, V. G.; P. C.\\nCraig, Secretary; B. F. Moore, Treasurer. The\\ncharter members were: S. (J. Steele, P G.; H. S.\\nWooster, Solomon Williams, N. W. Blanchard, P. C.\\nCraig, L. Gross, B. F. Moore. Officers for the term\\ncommencing January 1, 1881: Orlando H. Lee, N.\\nG.; Thomas F. Guding, Y. G.; James Jameson,\\nSecretary; H. M. Hudepohl, Treasurer.\\nPast Grands: N. W. Blanchard, J. N. Boke, J. W,\\nBeach, J. J. Brady, 1. T. Coffin, G. B. Chadwiek, J.\\nJ. Dunning, J. Foerner, R. Hudepohl, W. II. Hill-\\nhouse, R. Hoskin, James Jameson, M. Kopp, W.\\nN. Keeler, H. C. Kathin, l A King, G. W. Ryberd,\\nT. J. Nichols. J. K. Squier, Wm. Trather, E. M.\\nThomas, A. A. Ferguson. J. 11. Runckle, John B.\\nFrick, H. \\\\j. Rickai d, John G H i|ipright. Number\\nof members January 1, 1S81, Uii. Night of meet-\\ning, Wednesday.\\nVALLEY LOlXiE, NO. 107.\\nWas institato i at Lincoln, on the 1 1 Lh of Septem-\\nber, iSlil, by R. W. Grand Warden, David Kendall.\\nThe officers were: Alfred Bateman, N. G.; Harvey\\nKile, Y. G.; J. B. Dameron, Secretary; Myer Cohen,\\nTreasurer. Charter members were: T. B. Harper,\\nM. Cohen, A. Bateman, Harvey Rice, and Thomas\\nS. Levy. Officers for term commencing January 1,\\n1881: Anthony Blackie, N. G.; Howard M. Stacey,\\n\\\\^G.;C. L. Hotehkiss. Secretary; Chris. H. Hoppert,\\nTreasurer.\\nPast Grands: T. B Harper, C. L. Hotchkiss, F.\\nWastier, J. Dallman, G. S. Butler, Samuel Dodd, John S.\\nDodd,S. Dallman, Andrew Laswell,N. V\\\\^. Starr, Peter\\nSaiing, Jacob Welty, P. G. Owens, Hollis Newton,\\nJ. Orchard, H. Anderson, C D. Aldrich, Wm. C. Ro.se.\\nNumber of members January 1. 1881, forty-six.\\nNight of meeting, Thursday.\\nCOLFAX LODGE, NO. 132.\\nLocated at Colfax: was instituted on the 18th\\nday of April, 18G7. The officers were: John Finyland,\\nN. G.; Jacob Keck. Y. G.; James Harrison, Secre-\\ntary; A. H. Goodrich, Treasurer. Charter members\\nwere: A. H. Goodrich, James Harrison, Jacob Keck,\\nJohn Finyland, and N. D. R. Traphagen. Officers\\nfor term commencing January 1, 1881: John Butler,\\nN. G.; Wm. Rowe, Y. G.; George B. McCullough,\\nSecretary; Leopold Lobner, Treasurer.\\nPast Grands: A. H. Goodrich, P. A. Gay, William\\n(rable, James Harrison, L. I/obner, E. Webster, G.\\nB. McCullough, D. S. McCullough, P. McMahon,\\nJames Harrison, George Benvic. E. J. Newett, John\\nButler. Number of members January 1, 1881.\\nthirty-one. Night ofmeeting, Saturday.\\nliOLD RUN LOPGE, NO. 139.\\nWas instituted on the 23d day of August, 1867,\\nwith the following named officers: J. A. Stone, N.\\nG. N. A. Beaves, Y. G. H. A. Unrah, Secretary;\\nThornton King, Treasurer. Charter members were:\\nJ. A. Stone, U. S. Walcott, W. R. Feidler, George W.\\nHeppard, J. H. Weissberger, Parker Halloway.\\nThornton King, and N. A. Beaves. Officers for term\\ncommencing January 1, 1881: Edwai-d II. Willard,\\nN. G.; ChaHes H. Mellor, Y. G.; Chas. E. Kidd,\\nSecretary; John A. Harrison, Treasurer.\\nPast Grands: N. A. Beaves, T. E. P. Slade, J. H.\\nHoskin, C. A. Bartlett, John Spinney, W. H. Smith,\\nA. C. Cook, W. W. Anderson, John N. Jersen, M. F.\\nNoyes, J. A. Harrison, C. E. Kidd. Number of\\nmembers January 1. 1881, thirty-six. Night ofmeet-\\ning, Saturday.\\nROSEVILLE LODGE, NO. 203.\\nWas instituted on the 26th day of June, 1872,\\nwith the following officers: R. Ward, N. G.; John\\nMcCluney, Y. G.; J. D. Pratt, Secretary; W. J.\\nBranstetta, Treasurer. Charter members were: B.\\nW. Neff, J. D. Pratt, Robert Ward, L. D. Thomas,\\nS, A. Boutwell, S. Denney, and George K. Cirhy.\\nOfficers for term commencing January 1, 1881:\\nJames M. Fitzgerald, N. G. Jerry C. Givens, Y. G.;\\nSamuel J. Pullen, Secretary; George K. Cirby,\\nTreasurer.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "1 1 ;:;:;z j\\nfi^-^-.^^as^-^.^-M^.\\nSTORE 8r RESIDENCE OF D.W.I-UBlCK.\\nPm^,-\\nEMPIRE LIVERY STABLE. C.C.CROSBY. PROP?.\\n^U Bl/ff/V.PljIICeri C CAi", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "SOCIETIES.\\n313\\nPast Grands: B. W. Neff, Eobert Ward, John\\nMcClung, J. D. Pratt, S. J. Pullen, A. N. Moore, L.\\nD. Thomas, Edwin Purdj James O. Gould, M. J.\\nNeher. Number of members January 1, 1881, seventy-\\nnine. Night of meeting, Saturdaj\\nORDER OF KNKiHTS OF PYTHIAS.\\nAll who have read the ancient story of Damon\\nand Pythias will at once know the intent and mean-\\ning of the Knightly Order that has for its title the\\nname of the devoted and honorable friend. As long\\nago as the third century before the Christian era the\\nterm has been a synonym of truth and fidelity.\\nDamon and Pythias were disciples of the Pythago-\\nrean principles of friendship. The tyrant of Syra-\\ncuse had condemned Pythias to death, but the victim\\nbegged for his liberty for a short period that he\\nmight return to his home and arrange bis affairs\\nprevious to his execution. Damon pledged his life\\nfor the return of his friend. The tyrant, appearing\\nsatisfied if he would have one to execute, granted\\nthe strange request and accepted the pledge. Before\\nthe appointed time of execution the faithful Pj thias\\nreturned to undergo his fate and relieve his friend\\nfrom jeopardy. The noble action of the condemned\\nman, and the perfect confidence manifested by the\\nfriend, so excited the astonishment of the tyrant,\\nDyon3^sius, that he not only released both friends\\nbut begged to be admitted to their friendship.\\nSuch an example has been held as the chivalric\\nmodel of true manhood through all the intervening\\ncenturies, and as such presented to the brotherhood\\nof clerks and attaches of the various Bureaus and\\nDepartments at Washington. The great war of the\\nJiebellion was raging with all its intensity and fierce-\\nness in the beginning of 1864, and during the year\\nwere to occur the culminating campaigns, both polit-\\nical and military, that were to determine the future\\nof the Kepublic. They were dark daj s. The neces-\\nsity of organization, of intimate relationship, of\\nmutual knowledge and confidence with associates,\\nfor self-protection and the good of the public, were\\napparent to all. Being the period of a great war,\\nmany of the associations assumed a semi-military\\ncharacter.\\nSuch were the circumstances that led to and sug-\\ngested the organization of the Knights of Pythias.\\nThe exigencies of the Government had called a\\nlarge number of men to Washington in a civil capac-\\nity, as officers, clerks, and attaches of the various\\ndepartments. Generally, they were far from home,\\nfriends, and relatives. Naturally they sought for\\nassociation and friendship. Those who were music-\\nally inclined formed the Arion Glee Club. This was\\ntoo limited. Mr. J. H. Bathbone, who had previously\\nconceived the idea of an association of the kind, and\\nhad drawn up a form of constitution, now saw the\\nopportunity to carry it forward. Assisted by Mr.\\nJ. T. K. Plant, he prepared a ritual and plan of an\\norder of friendship for mutual aid and protection\\namong the clerks of the departments, which were\\npresented to the members of the Arion Glee Club\\nand others, were heartily approved by them, and on\\nthe 10th of February, ]8()4, the Order of Knights of\\nPythias was organized, with the motto oi Justitia et\\nFidelitas, and its principles based on the lesson of\\nfriendship and honor as taught by the example of\\nDamon and Pythias.\\nWASHINGTON LODGE, NO. 1,\\nWas the title of the lodge organized, with J. H.\\nRathbone as Worthy Chancellor; Joel K. Woodruff,\\nVice-Chancellor; J. T. K. Plant, Venerable Patri-\\narch; D. L. Burnett, Worthy Scribe; A. Van Der-\\nveer, Banker; R. A. Champion, Assistant Banker,\\nand George R. Covert, Assistant Scribe.\\nOn the following 8th of April a Grand Lodge was\\nformed with but one subordinate body as a base of\\nauthority; but there soon followed four other organ-\\nizations, among which was Franklin Lodge, No. 2.\\nSoon, however, all ceased to operate excepting No.\\n2, which maintained its existence and exercised the\\nfunctions of a Grand Lodge.\\nA reorganization took place, and on the 9th of\\nJuly, 1866, the new Grand Lodge held its first meet-\\ning, at which there was a total membership in the\\nOrder of 139. On the same date the Supreme Lodge\\nof the United States held its first meeting at Wash-\\nington.\\nFrom that time prosperity has rewarded by suc-\\ncess the zeal of its members for the expansion of the\\nOrder. The membership has increased to upwards\\nof 100,000, extending over the United States, Can-\\nada and the Hawaiian Islands. From the primitive\\nobject of encouraging friendship, and guarding the\\ninterests of a class, the broad principle has spread\\nits joyful light over all classes, knowing no south,\\nno north, no east, no west; no class or religion, but\\na human brotherhood of all who possess its require-\\nments and conform to its rules.\\nThe Order is very- popular and prosperous in Cali-\\nfornia, with lodges in every county. Pacific Lodge,\\nNo. 52, K. of P., is located at Newcastle, and is in a\\nprosperous condition.\\nSONS OF TE.MPERANCE.\\nFrom the earliest occupation of California by\\nAmericans efforts have been put forth by public-\\nspirited and reformatory individuals to stay the\\nprogress of intemperance or exterminate the evil.\\nTemperance societies were formed under various\\nstj-les of organization. Prominent of these in Cali-\\nfornia, in the first decade following the discovery of\\ngold was the Order of Sons of Temperance. Lodges,\\nor divisions, of this Order existed in every county\\nof the State, and of course several were formed in\\nPlacer County. Their organization was copied as\\nfar as necessary after the older secret orders, with\\nofficers of many departments with symbolic letters\\nattached to their names signifying their positions\\nin the Order.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "314\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nTHE INDEPENDENT ORDEK OF (iOOD TEMI LARS,\\nAs a temperance organization, soon absorbed the\\nSon\u00c2\u00ab of Temperance, appearing in California in 1860.\\nThe symbol by which the Order is usually desig-\\nnated are the letters I. O. G. T. The officers are\\nPast Worthy Chief Templar, VV^orthy Chief Templar,\\nWorthy Vice-Templar, Worthy Recording Secretar^^\\nWorthy Treasurer, Worthy Inside Guard, Worthy\\nOutside Guard, etc.\\nN umerous lodges of the Order are in Placer County,\\nand the membership has, probably, during their\\nexistence, included nine-tenths of the people, though\\nnot as permanent members in good standing. The\\nOrder being reformatory and social, without great\\ncost or dreadful penalties, is very popular, the mem-\\nbership consisting of ladies and gentlemen, and are\\nof much beneficial influence. Almost ever} village\\nand hamlet in the county has its Good Templar\\nLodge, and these are increasing in numbers and\\npower. The first of these in Placer was the New\\nYork Lodge, No. 14, instituted December 27, 1860,\\nby I). S. Cutter, D. G. W. C. T., at Auburn, and had\\nthirty-one members. R. C. Poland was Worthy\\nChief Templar. Subsequently there were organized\\nNil Dosperandum Lodge, at Dutch Flat; Isabella\\nLodge, at Gold Run; Roseville Lodge, Rocklin Lodge,\\nNewcastle Lodge, Ophir Lodge, Granite Lodge, at\\nPenryn; Auburn Lodge, at Auburn; Clipper Gap\\nLodge, Star of the Hill Lodge, at Forest Hill; Rosy\\nCrown Lodge, at Iowa Hill; Lincoln Lodge, at Lin-\\ncoln, and the Placer County District Lodge. This\\nlodge met at Auburn May 19, 1881, and elected the\\nfollowing District officers: J. C. Hawver, D. D.,\\nForest Hill; Mrs. Don Foster, D. V. S., Auburn; D.\\nH. Mills. OS., Colfax; Miss Viola Rackliffe, D. F.S.,\\nAuburn; Warren Reed, D. T., Ophir; T. B.Carter,\\n1). M., Michigan Bluff; Miss Hattie Swan, D. D. M.,\\nAuburn; .Mrs. R. A. Mills, i). I. G., Rocklin; W.\\nRittinger, D. O. G., Auburn; M. Gregory, D. C,\\nRoseville.\\nIMPROVED ORDEK OF RED .MEN.\\nThis is a society for social culture and benevolence,\\nand is an American institution of a comparatively\\nrecent date. As its name implies, it adopts as far as\\npracticable the titles and customs of the aborigines\\nof America, the different organizations being styled\\nTribes; the officers being Cfreat Sanap, Great Sachem,\\nGreat Chief, Great Prophet, etc.; their days of meet-\\nings, Sleeps; their sessions. Councils; their chair,\\nStump, and so on.\\nThe Oneida Tribe is located at Dutch Flat, and the\\nDeleware Tribe at Newcastle.\\nPATRONS OF IU SB.\\\\NDRY.\\nThis order is organized in the interest of the tiller\\nof the soil, and is a recent American institution.\\nThe symbol is P. of H., and the different organiza-\\ntions are styled granges; hence the members are\\ndenominated grangers.\\nThere are several granges in Placer County, as\\nthe Lincoln Grange, at Lincoln, Roseville Grange and\\nNewcastle Grange, all receiving their charters from\\nthe State (rrange of California.\\nANCIENT ORDKR OF UNITED WORKMEN.\\nAn Order of friendship, unity, and mutual assist-\\nance to its members and other purposes. This is\\none of the many orders of recent organization, and\\nits large membership and increasing numbers are\\nevidence of its popularity and usefulness.\\nThere are several lodges of the Order in Placer\\nCounty, those at Newcastle, Rocklin, Lincoln,\\nAuburn and Michigan Bluff being in a flourishing\\ncondition.\\nWAR VETERANS.\\nThroughout California are many veterans of the\\nwar with Mexico, now growing old and venerable.\\nThey were among the first of the pioneers, and\\nhave always been held in high respect and consid-\\neration, as to a very great extent they have been\\nenterprising and honorable men. There are also\\nmany who have borne arms in other wars, more\\nnotably the War of the Rebellion, and these,\\ntoo, are veterans. The ex-soldiers have formed\\nnumerous societies, which are generallj represented\\nin Placer County. Among these are the War Vet-\\nerans, who December 18, 1881, published the follow-\\ning advertisement in the Placer Herald:\\nNOTICE TO EX-SOLDIERS.\\nAll the veterans, resident in Placer County, of the\\nMexican War, the Civil War, the Modoc War, or any\\nother war, ai-e requested to meet at Music Hall,\\nAuburn, on Saturday, December 24, 1881, for the\\npurpose of taking such steps as will result in an\\norganization of said veterans, and attending to other\\nbusiness of material interest. By request of\\nCapt. E. D. Shirland.\\nJ. S. Dean.\\nB. D. Dunnam.\\nPursuant to the above call, some ten or twelve\\nMexican or Civil War veterans met at the Herald\\noffice, December 24, 1881, for the purpose of taking\\ninitiatory steps toward the formation of an organi-\\nzation to include all ex-soldiers resident in Placer\\nCounty. Judge J. Ives Fitch was elected Chairman,\\nand Capt. B. D. Shirland, Secretary. After a gen-\\neral interchange of opinions, it was decided to take\\nthe necessary steps towards a permanent organiza-\\ntion. Accordingly, Judge Fitch, Captain Shirland,\\nand B. D. Dunnam were appointed a committee to\\ndraw up a Constitution and By-Laws, and report at\\na meeting to be held at the Court House, January 4,\\n1882, when it was expected a permanent organiza-\\ntion would be effected. Both Capt. Shirland and\\nMr. Dunnamjire veterans of the Mexican War, the\\nformer having been a member of Stevenson s Regi-\\nment, arriving in California in 1747, Captain of Cal-\\nifornia Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion, and\\na resident of Placer County since 1848.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "CHURCH, BENCH, AND BAR.\\nSI\\nThe primary object of the association was stated\\nto be to collect money by organized effort for the\\nSoldiers Home of California. All who had served\\nin the army or navy of the United States, and hon-\\norably discharged, were eligible to membership.\\nCHAPTER XL.\\nCHURCH. BENCH, AND BAR.\\nAn Eloquent .Sermon \u00e2\u0080\u0094A Financial Sermon Cluirch Organiza-\\ntion Mormonism in Auburn .James E. Hale The Bench\\nand Bar The Judiciary District .Judges Superior Judge\\nCounty Judges District Attorneys Attorneys Regis-\\ntered in Placer County\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. H. Bullock\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. A. Tuttle.\\nThe American civilization as known east of the\\ngreat plains was transplanted upon the shores of the\\nPacific and in the mountain region of the placers by\\nthe immigrants of 1849, who came in one grand\\nbody, bringing with them, the customs, religion, and\\nprinciples in which they had been taught in their old\\nhomes. Among the settlers were men of the world,\\nprofessors of religion, ministers, lawyers, and doc-\\ntors; men of ignorance and men of education; men\\nof reckless character, and men of firmest pur-\\npose of right and honor; generally young or in the\\nearly years of middle life; few were aged, and vigor,\\nmanhood, and independence were the characteristics\\nof all. The rough element, the stalwart yeoman,\\nand the refined intermixed, forming a heterogene-\\nous society in which every extreme was found.\\nMinisters were, perhaps, the least among the profes-\\nsions, particularly in the mining regions, and the\\norganization of church societies proceeded slowly.\\nSunday, however, was usually observed; by some\\nas a day of rest, devotion, reading or writing letters\\nto the dear ones at home; by others, as a day of\\nrepairing and renovating garments, visiting the\\ntowns and stores for purchasing the week s supplies,\\nselling gold dust, and enjoying all the sport obtain-\\nable. If no church bell called them to meet in\\nChristian service, nor spire pointed to a better world,\\nthere were many whose thoughts on that day recurred\\nto the duties in which they had been trained, and the\\nSabbath was held sacred, and its traditions pre-\\nserved. Many have said that in early times there\\nwas no Sunday in California. This was not wholly\\ntrue. There were ministers among the miners, and\\noccasional services were held. Some of the ministers\\nare reported as having fallen from grace and turned\\ngamblers, and curious stories are told, but among the\\nrepresentatives of the cloth were true and stalwart\\nmen.\\n.IN ELOQUENT FRONTIER SERMON.\\nThe following, one of the most eloquei\\\\t appeals\\nthat ever rang among the forests and rocks of the\\nSierra, is reported as one of the first of the sermons\\nto the miners. That gamblers, hard drinkers, and\\nroystering characters comprised a large portion of\\nthe people will be readily believed. But a pioneer\\nMethodist preacher was among them and he sought\\nto influence them to better lives. His audiences\\nwere small, and his efforts appreciated but by a few\\nof those who had adhered to the faith. He therefore\\ngave notice that on a certain Sunday, in a beautiful\\ngrove where was a gushing mountain spring, he\\nwould before preaching give a barbecue, and supply\\nbetter liquors than the saloons of the neighboring\\ntown furnished its customers. The day came and\\na crowd assembled. The preacher began his service,\\nwhen he was interrupted by a gambler known as a\\ndesperate character, with, Mr. Preacher, I say you\\nare a liar You promised us better liquors than we\\nhad in town. Now where is your liquor?\\nThere! answered the preacher, in tones of\\nthunder, and, pointing his finger at the matchless\\nspring, gushing up in a beautiful fountain, with a\\nsound like a shout of joy from the earth, There, he\\nrepeated, there is the liquor which God, the Eter-\\nnal, brews for all his children Not in the sim-\\nmering still, over smoky fires, choked with poison-\\nous gasses, surrounded with the stench of sickening\\nodors and corruptions, does j^our Father in heaven\\nprepare the precious essence of life the pure cold\\nwater, but in the green glade and grassy dell, where\\nthe red deer wanders, and the child loves to play\\nthere God brews it; and down, low down in the\\ndeepest valleys, where the fountains murmur and\\nrills sing, and high upon the mountain tops, where\\nthe native granite glitters like silver in the sun,\\nwhere the storm-cloud broods, and the thunder-\\nstorms crash, and away far out on the wide, wild\\nsea, where the hurricane howls music, and the big\\nwaves roll the chorus, sweeping the march of God\\nthere he brews it, that beverage of life, health-giv-\\ning water. And everywhere it is a thing of life and\\nbeauty gleaming in the dew-drop; singing in the\\ngentle rain; shining in the ice-gem, till the trees all\\nseem turned to living jewels; spreading a golden\\nveil over the setting sun, or a white gauze around\\nthe midnight moon; sporting in the cataract; danc-\\ning in the shower; sleeping in the glacier; folding\\nits bright snow curtains softly about the wintry\\nworld, and weaving the many-colored sky, that ser-\\naph s zone of the syren, whose warp is the rain-\\ndrops of earth, whose woof is the sunbeam of\\nheaven, all checked over with celestial flowers by\\nthe mystic hand of refraction. Still always it is\\nbeautiful that blessed life-water No poison bub-\\nbles on its brink; its foam brings not madness and\\nmurder; no blood stains its liquid glass; pale\\nwidows and starving orphans weep not burning\\ntears in its depths; no drunkard s shrinking ghost\\nfrom the grave curses it in words of eternal despair\\nSpeak out my friends, would you exchange it for\\nthe demon s drinU, alcohol?\\nA shout like the roar of a tempest answered, No!\\nA FIN.iNCIAl, SEimON.\\nOf another pioneer preacher of a different charae-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "SIT)\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nter the following is told of one, who, in the story, is\\ncalled Old Jack Martin, and is represented as an\\neccentric character who crossed the plains in the\\nflood of immigration in 1850.\\nHe had been an e.xhorter in the States, but the\\ngold fever tore him from his theological studies and\\nturned his feet toward the West. With pick, shovel,\\nand pan he went to work in a gulch on the\\nAmerican River; but fortune was not lavish of her\\nsmiles in his particular case, and he soon found him-\\nself flat on bedrock, with not a pound of flour or\\nbacon in the cabin. In disgust he abandoned his\\nclaim and drifted down to Sacramento, where for a\\nfew weeks he earned a precarious livelihood. The\\nmining fever again attacked him and drove him to\\nthe mountains, where in a few weeks he was dis-\\ncovered walking about the camps, preaching to all\\nwho would listen to his harangues, which were\\nusually delivered from the top of a stump or the\\nhead of a whiskey barrel loaned him by some accom-\\nmodating saloonist. At the close of each sermon be\\nwould pass a tin box, prepared for the purpose,\\naround in the crowd.\\nAt a later day he settled down as the regular\\nPastor of a charge in Dutch Flat, where a rude\\nchurch had been erected by such of the miners as\\nhad not lost all of their religious inclinations in their\\nsearch for gold. A rather good story is related of\\nthe manner in which the old man woke up his con-\\ngregation on the matter of a little back salary due\\nhim. On a certain Sabbath morning an unusually\\nlarge congregation assembled to hear him discourse.\\nBefore the beginning of the service Jack descended\\nfrom the pulpit, and was seen to approach several\\nbrawny members of the congregation and whisper\\ninto their ears. When he returned to his stand the\\nmuscled worshipers quietly arose and stationed\\nthemselves at the door, after which the preacher\\ncalmly said:\\nMy dear brethren, it is now about a year since\\nI first showed up in this pulpit and headed you\\ntoward the living pastures on the straight and\\nnarrow gospel trail. I ve tried to ladle out the\\nsquare truth as I caught on to it in my skirmishes\\nthrough the Holy Writ. In my prayers I have\\nshown no partiality, but have wrestled just as hard\\nwhen asking Heaven to open the eyes of Bummer\\nJim and turn him from his wickedness, as I have\\nwhen imploring that the truth be made manifest to\\nColonel Ward, the owner of the Monarch mine.\\nNow, I m going to talk business to you, after\\nwhich I will drive ahead with the regular service.\\nI want money! 1 am going to have money, too,\\nbefore I sling a word this morning. You are not\\ndoing the square thing with me, and you know it.\\nWhen I agreed to look after your spiritual welfare,\\nyou promised me a clean 2,000 a year, but during\\nthe year jiasi 1 have received less than 1,000. Now,\\n1 have stationed a mob of business at the door, and\\nthe fir.-it impenitent sinner that tries to make a sneak\\non the open air, will be the leading character in a\\nlively little incident that he will remember as long\\nas he lives. A collection will now be taken up, and\\nas I call each man s name, I want him to draw his\\nbag and empty some dust into the box. Tony Arnold,\\njust you circulate the box. Pass it there to Doc\\nWilson first. Now, Doc, spill yer dust and set the\\nboys a good example. Tip er up don t be afraid\\nof dropping a grain or two too much. Contribute\\nyour mite, that your days may be long in the land\\nthat flows with milk and honey. Now, Aleck Jones,\\nit s j our turn. Thanks, that was a decent spill.\\nJohnson, 1 saw the bulk of the wealth on your side\\nof the table in the game at Kentuck s last night, and\\nthe church wants its percentage. Good enough\\nthat s a fair share. Judge Mason, skin your weasel\\nand pay toll, or don t travel. That s the ticket\\nnothing mean about you. Judge. Now, Shorty, chip\\nin and give the glorious cause a boost may the\\nLord be as liberal in shaking blessing.-t down on you.\\nYour pull next. Arkansaw, ante and pass the buck.\\nHold on, that don t go. You didn t drop three grains\\ninto the box. Tip er up again, and may your bless-\\nings be choked off as you choke oft the stream of\\ndust.\\nThus he went over the whole congregation. Not\\none of them had the cheek to refuse a contribu-\\ntion. When the dust was brought forward the\\npreacher said;\\nThe cause of the Lord and Jack Martin II not\\nsuffer now for several months, and I shall continue\\nas heretofore, to herd your souls on the best theo-\\nlogical grass to be found in the gospel ranges. The\\ntext chosen reads as follows: inasmuch as you\\ndid it unto one of the least of these, m}^ brethren,\\nye did it unto me.\\nFrom this text he preached such a povverful finan-\\ncial sermon, that several came forward after the\\nservice and wanted to double their contributions.\\nCHURCH OROANIZATION.\\nThe first church organization in Placer County\\nwas at Auburn, in June, 1852, by the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Society. Rev. James Hunter officiated,\\nhaving service at his residence every alternate Sun-\\nda3% at Auburn, and at other places on the other\\nSunda^-s. Mr. Hunter was succeeded by Rev. Mr.\\nBrook, he by Rev. J. D. Blain, subsequently Presid-\\ning folder, and then by Rev. N. R. Peck, now the\\nsuccessl ui horticulturist. Among those who have\\npresided over the Methodist Church at Auburn are\\nthe Rev. J. H. Peters, Rev. J. B. Hill, Rev. Mr.\\nBrooks, Rev. Mr. Nelson, Rev. Mr. Elliott, Rev. E.\\n11. Kins, Rev. H. D. Hunter, Rev. S. II. Todd, Rev.\\nG. W. Fii,ch, and Rev. T. B. Hopkins.\\nIn the Methodist Episcopal (Jhurch at Auburn a\\nSunday-school was organized in October, 1852, by\\nRev. James Hunter, the Pastor. This has been con-\\ntinued, having a large library and a good attend-\\nance.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "CHURCH. BENCH, AND BAR.\\nS17\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church at Dutch Flat\\nwas organized in 1857, by Rev. G. B. Hinckle, P. C,\\nand Rev. S. B. Simonds, P. E. Among the first pas-\\ntors of the church was Rev. T. H. McGrath, in 1860,\\nwho removed to the territory of Nevada, and there\\nlabored diligently in the service, organizing several\\nchurch societies, but ultimately withdrawing from\\nthe ministry.\\nSince the first organization churches have gener-\\nally been maintained in Auburn, but in September,\\n1837, the Herald makes the strange announcement\\nthat there was not a minister of any religious denom-\\nination at that time located in Placer County. The\\nfact is also noticeable that in nearly all the mar-\\nriages previous to 1870 the ceremony was performed\\nby a judicial officer, indicating a scarcity of minis-\\nters, or an indifference to the religious character of\\nthe marriage tie.\\nThe non-residence of ordained preachers did not\\ndeprive the people of divine service, as clergymen\\nfrom other localites often visited the dirt erent towns.\\nFine church edifices were erected in nearly every\\nvillage at an early A j in their histor3-, generally by\\nthe Methodists and Catholics, and at the present\\ntime there are but very few towns where there is\\nnot a spire pointing heavenward, and in the larger\\ntowns each of the principal denominations have\\ntheir elegant place of worship, fully organized\\nchurch societies, and regular service.\\nMOR.MONIS.M IN AUBURN.\\nIn 1856 Auburn was honored by a representative\\nof the Church of Latter Day Saints, in the person of\\nRev. Mr. Stuart, who proposed to establish himself\\npermanently there as a teacher of the Mormon faith.\\nAt that time the only resident clergyman was Rev.\\nMr. Brooks, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and\\nthe Rev. Mr. Stuart was encouraged in his efforts.\\nThe following is an extract of a letter from Mr.\\nStuart to the Western Standard in May, 185G:\\nWe preached in the Court House yesterday to a\\ngoodly number of the respectable citizens of Auburn.\\nThey manifested quite a desire to hear, whether they\\nwill investigate is not for me to say, but for them\\nto determine. We are determined lo do our duty,\\nwith the help of God, come what will. We have\\nappointed Brother Charles Hardy to preside here;\\nhe is a worthy young man, a resident of this place.\\nBrother Hardy is on his way to Salt Lake Valley\\nfrom Au.stralia he intends slopping here till fall,-\\nand while he remains he wishes to do all the good he\\ncan; we recommend him to the brethren, and all\\ngood men who wish to investigate our principles.\\nAs nothing more is ever said of the Mormon\\nChurch in Auburn, it is probable that but few con-\\nverts were made.\\nJA.MES E. HALE.\\nAmong the throng marching westward across the\\nbroad plains and towering mountains, towards the\\nland of gold, in the eventful 1849, was James Ellery\\nHale, then an ambitious young lawyer, looking, with\\nmany of his companions, forward with hope at the\\nbright prospect of wealth and fame that awaited him\\non the Pacific Coast. Since then the period of the\\naverage years of man has passed, and the pioneer\\nstill battles the way of life, bearing the honored\\nmarks of time upt)n his brow, and buoyant in spirit,\\nbold in act, ready in speech as when he left the\\ncomforts of Eastern civilization to build up a new\\none in the unknown West. The frosts of many\\nwinters crown his head, but his body and mind\\nretain the vigor of the prime of manhood.\\nJudge Hale first saw the light in the town of\\nSmithfield, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, where\\nhe was born on the 15th of October, 1824. He passed\\nhis youthful years in his native county, there attend-\\ning school and college, studying the profession of\\nthe law, and was there admitted to the bar. With a\\nthorough education and a noble profession acquired,\\nlike an enterprising American youth, he went West,\\nseekingfor the field of his future labors and triumphs\\nthe broad and fertile prairies of Illinois. In 1846\\nhe settled in Knox County, Illinois, and there com-\\nmenced the practice of his profession. As ho was\\nbecoming well established in his practice, the excit-\\ning news spread over the world of the discovery of\\ngold in California, and the bright opportunity then\\nopening at once impressed itself upon the young\\nlawyer. Illinois was then a frontier State of the far\\nWest, and its people looked across the plains as the\\ndirect route to the Pacific, and large companies were\\nformed to make the journey with wagons drawn by\\nmules or oxen. The influence of many joining induced\\nothers, until it seemed as if the Sucker State\\nwould be depopulated of its young and most active\\nmen. The great rivers were convenient channels to\\ncarry the emigrants from all parts of the State far\\non their journey to the West, and this convenience\\nand the passing of the hopeful and hilarious bands\\nraised the excitement and swelled the crowds. Hale,\\njoining one of these companies, hitched up his oxen\\non the west bank of the Missouri in the spring oj\\n1849, and drove out into the wilderness of an unnamed\\nland. In the slow progress of an ox-team, Sacramento\\nwag reached on the 26ih of October of the same year.\\nThat was the end of the journey, nearly all the\\nimmigrants pushing forward to that point after their\\nlong journey, calling there for letters and news from\\nhome, disposing of their jaded teams and getting\\noutfits for the mines. From Sacramento Hale sought\\nthe mines of El Dorado and Plainer, making the latter\\nhis permanent home since February, 1852, his resi-\\ndence being at Yankee Jim s for some years. He\\ncame as a lawyer and has continued the practice,\\nexcept when in office, during his life.\\nFrom the earliest date of the golden era in Califor-\\nnia, Judge Hale has borne a conspicuous part in\\npolitics. In early life, as a Whig, ho took an active\\npart in advancing its interests, attending its con-\\nventions, and stumping the county. Such a man,\\nwith ambition and energy, soon came to the front.\\nIn the political campaign of 1852. Hale was nomi-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "31 S\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nnated at the Whig State Convention as one of the\\nPresidential electors, and by the County Convention\\nfor State Senator. In that year California gave a\\nlarge Democratic majority, and Placer was one of\\nthe strongest Democratic counties. The Democratic\\ncandidate for the Senate was Joseph Walkup, who\\nwas elected by a majority of 552. In 185-1: he was\\nelected County Judge on the Whig ticket, defeating\\nAbram Bronk, Democrat, and Hugh Fitzsimmons,\\nBroderick Democrat. This position he held until\\n1SG9, when he was succeeded by E. H. Vandecar, a\\nDemocrat. While holding the office of County Judge\\nthe Whig party had gone out of existence, the Know-\\n2s othing party had grown into being, swept the\\nState and disappeared, and a chaotic mass of ele-\\nments was opposing the Democracy. These at last\\ncrystalized into the Republican party, and from that\\ntime Judge Hale has been one of its most prominent\\nmembers. In 1863 he was elected to the State\\nSenate by the Republicans of Placer, the county\\nthen being entitled to two Senators. His Senatorial\\nterm continued through four j^ears, during which\\ntime political matters of the most vital importance\\nagitated the public. The great questions pertaining\\nto the saving and the restoration of the Union,\\namendments to the Constitution, and the establish-\\ning of equal rights among men, found in Judge Hale\\na clear expounder according to Republican principles,\\nand one ever ready to do battle for the right.\\nWhile a strong and active partisan when political\\nquestions were at issue, in all subjects of a non-polit-\\nical character his counsel was sought by people\\nof all parties. In all eases he advocated the cause\\nof the people and the material interests of Placer\\nCounty. Throughout the history of the county fre-\\nquent mention is made of his acts, from which a story\\nof his life may be gleaned. In November, 1867.\\nJudge Hale was appointed by Governor Low\\nreporter to the Supreme Court, which position he\\nheld until 1871. In 1872 came the Presidential Cam-\\npaign, with Gen. U. S. Grant and Horace Greeley\\nthe op])osing candidates. James E. Hale was nom-\\ninated one of the Presidential Electors on the Repub-\\nlican ticket and was elected. At the meeting of the\\nCollege of Electors, Judge Hale was chosen to carry\\nthe vote to Washington. This journey was success-\\nfully made, the Judge being accompanied by his fam-\\nily, and remaining for a visit of several months in\\nthe East.\\nIn the Judicial campaign of 1875, James E. Hale\\nwas the Republican, and T. B. Reardan, of Nevada\\nCounty, was the Democratic nominee for the office\\nof District Judge of the Fourteenth Judicial District,\\ncomprising the counties of Placer and Nevada. In\\nPlacer County Hale received a majority of 148, but\\nthe majority in Nevada for Reardan was 267, thus\\nsecuring his election.\\nA Constitutional Convention was called to meet in\\n1878 to form a new Constitution for California. Each\\nCongressional District was entitled to eii^bt deletfates\\nto the convention, to be selected and voted for by the\\nState at large. The different parties combined to\\nnominate a non-partisan ticket to counteract the\\ninfluence of the W^orkingmen s Party, which was\\nlooked upon as a party of impracticable ideas.\\nJames E. Hale was nominated as a Non-Partizan,\\nand was elected a delegate at large to the Conven\\ntion. The session continued 157 days and formed\\nthe Constitution, which was adopted by a vote of the\\npeople, Jlay 7, 1879.\\nA writer for the Foothill Tidinjs making pen por-\\ntraits of the members of the Constitutional Conven-\\ntion saj s:\\nJudge Hale, of Placer, is the Nestor of the Con-\\nvention. Full of the conserved wisdom of the past,\\nhe has only to open his mouth to evolve speech as\\nby machine work. Even the jerks of his hands,\\nthe pivoting and sweep of his venerable head seem\\nautomatic. The wiry gray hair upon his rounded\\npoll stands out as if electritiod, and he were insula-\\nted upon a glass stool. The spectacles upon his eyes\\ngive him the drowsy look of that oracular bird\\nwhich is deemed to attend upon the patron goddess\\nof our State, whose effigy surmounts our rostrum.\\nHale sits down as if he were an old Dutch clock\\nready to be wound up again. He is a living witness\\nto the conservation of force. But there beats not\\nan honester heart within an old drab coat than that\\nof Hale s. God s blessing on his frosty pow.\\nThe new Constitution required an election of all\\nState officers in 1871). among which were six Asso-\\nciate Justices of the Supreme Court. Judge Hale\\nwas one of the candidates nominated by the Repub-\\nlicans. In this campaign he vvas unsuccessful, being\\ndefeated by a combination of Democrats and Work-\\ningmen. The following year he was agp.in in the\\nfield as candidate for the Assembly from Placer. In\\nthis he was successful, serving the term with dis-\\ntinction to himself and usefulness to the State and\\nhis county.\\nJudge Hale was, while ori a leive of absence vis-\\niting the East, married July 23, 1856. in Knox\\nCounty, Illinois, to Miss M u-y Hart Pierce, a native\\nof Smithfield, Pennsylvania. Immediately after the\\nmarriage he returned with his bride to California.\\nTwo children were the fruits of this marriage, both\\ndying young. The sad notices of their death read-\\ning, that Clayton Douglas, only son of J. B. and\\nMary H. Pierce Hale, died October, 7, 1863, aged two\\nyears, four months and twenty-two days. Another\\nsoon following, saj s: Died at iuburn. December 5,\\n18C3, of scarlet fever, Nellie Pierce, only child of\\nJames E. and Mary H. P. Hale, aged six years.\\nTHE BENCH AND B.\\\\R.\\nBefore the organization of Placer County, in 1851,\\nlitigation was nearly all carried on in the Justices\\nCourts.\\nIn 1849 Gordon N. Mott and 1 W. Thomas set-\\ntled in Auburn, and mingled mining and law practice\\ntogether. Otis L. Bridges commenced the practice\\nat Auburn early in 1850. James S. Christy, H. O.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "CHURCH, BENCH, AND BAR.\\n310\\nRyerson, and R. D. Hopkins also commenced the\\npractice in the latter part of 1850. Christy had\\nfirst located at lllinoistown, and 0. A. Tuttle was\\nlocated at Bird s Valley. It must not be supposed\\nthat practice supported all these lawyers, but min-\\ning and law together engaged their attention.\\nNearly all catcs were tried before a jury. The cur-\\nrency was gold-dust by the ounce. Many humorous\\nand some exciting scenes took place in the courts.\\nA teamster had hauled a load of goods with oxen\\nto Spanish Corral, where Ophir now is, eai-ly in\\n1850. He was taken sick and called a physician\\nfrom Auburn. The physician visited him five times,\\nbut on the last visit took his gold scales and demanded\\nhis pay, six ounces for each visit. The teamster\\ngave him sixteen ounces. The doctor returned to\\nAuburn and attached the teamster s cattle for the\\nremainder of his fee. Mott was for the defense.\\nThe jury found that as the doctor had taken his\\ngold scales on the last visit be went as a collector\\nand not as a doctor, and that he was also exorbitant\\nin his charges, and made him refund one ounce to\\nthe teamster and pay his own costs. It would not\\nhave been safe for the doctor to have refused to\\ncomply with the verdict. Mott remained at Auburn\\ntill 18,53, and then removed to Marysville. He was\\nafterwards one of the Judges in Nevada Territory,\\nand also a Member of Congress from that Territory.\\nBridges had been Attorney-General of the State of\\nMaine. He was proud of this distinction, and was\\ncontinually alluding to it. Thomas was humorous\\nand loved to draw out Bridges on this matter, and\\nthen ridicule him. Bridges left Auburn in the latter\\npart of 1852. James E. Hale was at Millertown in\\n1850, but in 1851 went to Yankee Jim s and com-\\nmenced practice there. Hugh Fitzsimmons settled\\nin Auburn in the latter part of 1850. In 1851 he\\nwas elected County Judge. He was a native of\\nNew York and was a cultivated gentleman. B. P.\\nMyres also came to Auburn in 1851.\\nIn 1852 Myres and Ryerson were on opposite\\nsides of a case before Jordan, Justice. Some lan-\\nguage deemed insulting passed, and the attorneys\\nengaged in a fight. While the battle raged Ryer-\\nson s client moved the Justice to adjourn the court,\\nand Myres client objected. The Justice failed to\\ndecide the motion and the trial proceeded.\\nRyerson was a native of New Jersey and a man\\nof fine education, and a well-read lawyer. He\\nreturned to New Jersey in 1855. His brother has\\nbeen one of the Supreme Judges of that State.\\nMyres possessed a keen and analytical mind. The\\ntwo were generally pitted against each other in\\n1852-53. In the upper part of the county, M. E.\\nMills had also settled at Yankee Jim s in 1852, and\\nC. J. Hillyer had located at Iowa Hill in 1853. In\\ncases brought there Mills, Hale, Hillyer and Tuttle\\nwere employed. These suits often involved mining\\nproperty of many thousand dollars in value. Christy\\nwas a native of Illinois, a well-read lawyer and a\\nman of fine literary taste. He was passionately\\nfond of novels, often reading the entire night. He\\ndied at Auburn in 1853. Hopkins was a native of\\nMaryland. He was elected District Attorney in\\n18-51, and held the office for several years. He now\\nresides in San Francisco. Jlills was a man of fair\\nability, but a man of an infinite fund of words. He\\nwould consume hours in argument, drawing fine dis-\\ntinctions on points of law, which it was sometimes\\ndiflicult for the Court to comprehend. He was Dis-\\ntrict Attorney in 1854-55, and died at Auburn in\\n1858, a victim of the intoxicating bi- wl.\\nThomas was a native of Maryland, but came to\\nCalifornia from New Y ^ork City. He was proud and\\nimpetuous in his tempera nent. He had been admit-\\nted to the bar in New York. He spent most of his\\ntime in conversation in the saloons and on the streets,\\nread but little, and depended on absorbing his law\\nduring the session of the courts. His large acquaint-\\nance gave him a good practice. He was by nature\\na politician, and in a political controvei-sy was bitter.\\nIn a speech which he made during the election of\\n1854 he denounced a certain gentleman as a gam-\\nbler. Dr. Dickson was the bearer of a message from\\nthe gentleman to Thomas. The latter refused to\\nreceive it because the sender was not a gentleman.\\nDickson then sent a peremptory challenge to Thomas,\\nwhich was accepted. He killed Dickson at the first\\nfire. Dickson was a native of Mississippi, and a refined\\nand educated gentleman. The aftair cast a shade\\nover Thomas subsequent life. He became District\\nAttorney, an l then a Senator, and died at Auburn\\nin 187-, broken in purse and spirit. After 1854,\\nowing to a decision of the Supreme Court, limiting\\n.Justices jurisdiction, legal business was mostly\\ntransferred to the District Court. About this time\\nHale, Mills, and Hillyer removed to Auburn, and for\\nseveral years the practice was divided between the\\nthree, and Myers, Thomas and Tuttle. Many\\nimportant questions arose, and the Bar of Placer\\nCounty was justly regarded as an able one. Tuttle\\nand Hillyer formed a partnership in 1857, and the\\nlatter removed to Auburn. Hale became Countj\\nJudge in 1854, and Myres District Judge in 1859.\\nHillyer removed to Virginia City in 1863. He has\\nacquired a great reputation as a lawyer, and was\\nemployed by the firm of Mackay, Flood and Fair in\\n1878-79-80 to attend to their mining interests at\\nVirginia City. He now resides at Washington.\\nThe county of Placer has generally been fortunate\\nin its judiciary. This, however, has not always\\nbeen the case. In 1858 a County Judge was elected\\nwho was from the Mohawk Valley, N. Y. and had been\\na clerk in a store. After his election he went into a\\nlawyer s office to prepare for the discharge of his\\nduties. His first case was this: A family at Todd s\\nValley consisted of a step-father, his wife, and two\\ndaughters of the wife by her first husband, aged\\nthirteen and fifteen years. The step-father had\\nmarried the mother when the girls were young", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "320\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nmere babies. An industrious well-to-do blacksmith,\\nabout forty years old, married the eldest girl with-\\nout the consent of the mother. vShe procured an\\nindictment against the clergyman for performing the\\nceremony. Tattle was for the defense. Thomas,\\nthe District Attorney, called a witness to prove the\\nmarriage, and the mother to prove that she had\\nobjected to it. and rested. Tuttle called the second\\ndaughter, when the following colloquy took place:\\nJudge What do you call that girl for?\\nTuttle I expect to prove by her that the step-\\nfather has raised the girls, and has stood in loco\\nparentis and been their guardian, and gave his con-\\nsent to the marriage.\\nJudge 1 wish you to understand that this Court\\nwill not permit a young girl like that to be called to\\ncontradict an old woman like that.\\nTuttle The District Attorney does not object.\\nOourt It is my business to take care that this\\nCourt is not imposed on.\\nThe witness retii ed and Tuttle took his seat.\\nThere was a painful silence for three or four min-\\nutes, when the Ju lge saiil, Why don t you goon\\nTuttle answered, The Court refuses to let our wit-\\nness be sworn. There was a short pause, when\\nthe District Attorney told the jury that the\\ntestimony was all on one side. The Judge then\\ninstructed them to find a verdict of guilty. The\\njury retired, and in tive minutes returned with a ver-\\ndict of not guilty.\\nFitzsimmons, when he ceased to be County Judge,\\nremoved to Forest Hill, where he practiced several\\nyears and then went to GoM Hill, State of Nevada,\\nwhere he now resides.\\nJo Hamilton was one of the pioneer lawyers of\\nPlacer County, locating at Auburn, where he has\\nresided for many years. In 1860 he was elected\\nDistrict Attorney, and again in 1862. In 1871 he\\nwas elected Attorney-General of the State, and\\nre-elected in 1875. Gen. Hamilton is one of the\\nleading Democrats, as also one of the best-known\\nlawyers of California. Since retiring from the\\noffice of Attorney-General he has resumed practice\\nat Auburn.\\nThe following anecdote is told, which indicates\\nthestanding of this gentleman among the heathen of\\nCalifornia. A Chinese notable traveling in the\\ncountry, acting as an interpreter and general agent\\namong his countrymen, presuming to occupy a posi-\\ntion similar to that of an American attorney, when\\nasked as to his means of obtaining an honest liveli-\\nhood, he responded, Me big lawyer; me alle same\\nJo Hamilton.\\nKdward W. Ilillyev, a 3 ounger brother of C. J. Hill-\\nyer, commenced the jjractice of law in Auburn. In\\n1862 he became Lieutenant of California Volunteers,\\nand subsequently became Lieutenant-Colonel. In\\n1863 he was elected to the Assembly from Placer, and\\nobtained leave of absence from the army to serve\\nhis term. In 1871 he was appointed U. S. District\\nAttorney for the State of Nevada.\\nW. H. Bullock commenced practice at Michigan\\nBluffs in 1856, and W. H. Norton at Lincoln some\\ntwo j-ears later. Mr. Bullock is a native of Massa-\\nchusetts and a graduate of Williams College. Norton\\ncame to California from Wisconsin. Both gentlemen\\nhave been practicing at Auburn several years. H.\\nH. Fellows commenced practice at Auburn in 1863.\\nHe was a man of a fine legal mind. After serving\\nas District Attorney and coming into the possession\\nof a good practice, he died, another victim of intem-\\nperance. His sad end was lamented by many\\nfriends. C. A. Tweed, who had been pra -ticing at\\nDutch Flat for some time in 1864, formed a part-\\nnership at Auburn with E. L. Craig. Mr. Tweed\\nwas afterwards appointed by President Lincoln one\\nof the Territorial Judges of Arizona. J. M. Ful-\\nweiler commenced the practice at Dutch Flat in\\n1868, and soon after removed to Auburn.\\nJudges Myres and Hale are the Nestors of the Bar\\nin Placer County, for they have practiced there con-\\ntinuously since 1852. C. A. Tuttle removed to Oak-\\nland in 1868, but has since retained a portion of his\\nformer practice in the county. J. T. Kineade has\\nbeen practicing at Auburn for several years. Hale\\nand Craig have been partners for several years, and\\nBullock and Norton have recently formed a partner-\\nship. W. B. Lardner, a young lawyer, commenced\\nthe practice at Auburn in 1878, and W. A. Hughes\\nin 1880; and J. E. Prescott also settled at Dutch\\nFlat in 1879. Lardner is now District Attorney,\\nand Myres is Superior Judge.\\nThe many important cases that have occupied the\\ncourts of Placer it would be impracticable to detail\\nin this volume, but many are referred to in the dif-\\nferent chapters.\\nTHE JUDICIARY.\\nSince the organization of the county the following\\njudges and attorneys have presided over its courts:\\nDistrict Judges. Seth B. Farwell, 1851 to 1852;\\nJohn M. Howell, 1852 to 1859; Benjamin F. Myres,\\n1859 to 1864; T. B. McFarland, 1864 to 1870; T. B.\\nKeardan, 1870 to 1880.\\nCounty Judges. Hugh Fitzsimmons, 1851 to\\n1855; James E. Hale, 1855 to 1859; E. H. Yandecar,\\n1859 to 1863; Hart Fellows, 1863 to 1868; D. W.\\nSpear, 1868 to 1872; J. Ives Fitch, 1872 to 1880.\\nSuperior Judge. B. F. Myres, 1880.\\nDistrict Attorneys. R. D. Hopkins, 1851 to\\n1853; P. W. Thomas, 1853 to 1855; M. E. Mills, 1855\\nto 1857; P. W. Thomas, 1857 to 1861; Jo Hamilton,\\n1801 to 1864; C. A. Tweed, 1804 to 1866; E. L.\\nCraig, 181)6 to 1870; H. H. Follows, 1870 to 1872;\\nJ. M. Fulweilor, 1872 to 1876; W. H. Bullock, 1876\\nto 1880; W. B. Lardner, 1880.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "Photographed by J M. Jacobs\\nJohn T. Ashley.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "CHURCH, BENCH, AND BAR.\\n321\\nATTORNEYS REGISTERED IN PLACER.\\nL. Aldrich,\\nAllen,\\nGeo. L. Anderson,\\nJames Anderson,\\nAnkeny,\\nL. B. Arnold,\\nA. J. Ball,\\nW. H. L Barnes,\\nBeatty,\\nJ. S. Belcher,\\nW. C. Belcher,\\nThos. Bodley,\\nOlis L. Bridges,\\nAbram Bronk,\\nC. J. Brown,\\nBuckner,\\nBuckner,\\nW. H.Bullock,\\nJ. E. Campbell,\\nJ. F. Cannon,\\nW. R. Cantwell,\\nC. E. Carpenter,\\nA. P. Catlin,\\nJ. Christy,\\nJ. S. Christy,\\nJos. Churchman,\\nP. H. Clayton,\\nJames Coffrolh,\\nCornelius Cole,\\nE. L. Craig,\\nR. O. Cravens,\\nE. B. rocker,\\nN. Greene Curtis,\\nJ. P. Dameron,\\nWm. P. Dangerfield,\\nHorace Davenport,\\nA. B. Dibble,\\nGeo. W. Donnelly,\\nCharles C. Dudlej\\nDunlap,\\nCharles Dyer,\\nP. Edwards,\\nJ. L. English,\\nM. M. Estec,\\nSeth B. Farwell,\\nHart Fellows,\\nFerguson,\\nH. H. Fellows,\\nJ. Ives Fitch,\\nJ. Jones Fitch,\\nHugh Fitzsiramons,\\nFoote,\\nH. E. Force,\\nC. G. W. French,\\nC. A. Friend,\\nJ. M. Fulweiler,\\nJ. Garber,\\nGardner,\\nE. H. Gaylord,\\nGilman,\\nGlover,\\nW. H. Goodfellow,\\nJ. H. Goss,\\nW. B. Greer,\\nJ. J. Griffith,\\nJames E. Hale,\\nJo Hamilton,\\nJ. Hardy,\\nHarley,\\nHarmon,\\nH. H. Haitley,\\nHarrison,\\nHarshaw,\\nCreed Haymond,\\nHiram R. Hawkins,\\nJohn Heard,\\nL. Hermance,\\nA. S. Higgins,\\nFelix B. Higgins,\\nE. E.Hill,\\nCurtis J. Hillyer,\\nEd. W. Hillyer,\\nHimrod,\\nP. J. Hopper,\\nR. D. Hopkins,\\nN. E. Horce,\\nF. A. Hornlilower,\\nF. J. Houston,\\nJohn M. Howell,\\nHoward,\\nJ. F. Hubbard,\\nHughes,\\nHyer,\\nT. R. Jones,\\nJohns,\\nC. A. Johnson,\\nJ. Neely Johnson,\\nJudah,\\nKelts,\\nCharles A. Keyser,\\nJ. T. Kinkade,\\nH. J. Labatt,\\nC. W. Langdon,\\nW. B. Larduer,\\nM. S Latham,\\nL. D. Lattimer,\\nW. D. Lawrence,\\nW. S. Long,\\nE. Longj-ear,\\nF. S. Manford,\\nMarkham,\\nJ. B. Marshall,\\nFrancis McConncU,\\nJohn R. McConnell,\\nJ. G. McCullough,\\nT. B. McFarland,\\nC. F. McGlashan,\\nH. McGrew,\\nJ. H. McKune,\\nMelbourne,\\nHenry Meredith,\\nM. S. Meyer,\\nM. E. Mills,\\nGeo. R. Moore,\\nJames Moore,\\nW. W. Morel and,\\nMunson,\\nBenj. F. Myers,\\nJ. A Neuues,\\nNewell,\\nA. C. Niles,\\nW. C. Norton,\\nOeden,\\nPatton,\\nGeo. N. Peck,\\nR. C. Poland,\\nJ. E. Prewett,\\nT. B. Reardan,\\nWm. C. Rich,\\nRobinson,\\nRobertson,\\nRoss,\\nC. W. C. Rowell,\\nH. O. R3 erson,\\nS. W. Sanderson,\\nSanders,\\nSaunders,\\nJoseph W. Scobey,\\nNiles Searles,\\nP. H. Sibley,\\nPeter Singer,\\nJ. P. Slade,\\nHorace Smith,\\nA. W. Smith,\\nJ. C. Smith,\\nSpaulding,\\nD. W. Spear,\\nLansing Stout,\\nSunderland,\\nA. VV. Sweet,\\nTaylor,\\nTallman,\\nPhil. W. Thomas,\\nG. W. Towle,\\nC. A. Truett,\\nChas. A. Tuttle,\\nC. A. Tweed,\\nW. W. Upton,\\nVanBuren,\\nE. H. Vandeear,\\nA. A. VanGuelder,\\nWm. VanVactor,\\nA. W. Walker,\\nG. L. Waters,\\nG. G. Webster,\\nJ. S. Welch,\\nJ. F. Welch,\\nD. W. Welty,\\nChas. Westmoreland,\\nB. C. Whiting,\\nThos. H. Williams,\\nJ. L. Wilber,\\nE. M. Wilson,\\nJ. W. Winans,\\nF. W. Wj-man.\\nW. n. BCLLOCK.\\nWilliam Horalio Bullock is a native of Massachu-\\nsetts, having been born in the old Bay State in\\n1828. There he remained until the years of man-\\nhood, acquiring the education and profession that\\nhave been so important to him in after life. In 1851\\nhe came to California and sought his fortune in the\\nmines, chiefly at Lowell Hill, in Nevada County.\\nAfter an experience of six months in the gold region,\\nhe returned to his native State, where he remained\\nuntil 1855, when he determined to make his future\\nhome in California, and hither he came, landing in\\nSan Francisco in October of that year. He then\\nsettled in Michigan Bluff, where he remained in the\\npractice of law for nearly ten years, subsequently\\nremoving to Auburn. In 1875 Mr. Bullock was\\nelected District Attorney as an Independent, he\\nbeing a Democrat.\\nWhen the nominations of the Independent Party\\nwere made, the Herald said:\\nW. H. Bullock, candidate for District Attorney, is\\none of the best nominations made, and for this rea-\\nson, Mr. Bullock is one of the best read lawyers in\\nthe county; and apart i rom the important nature of\\n41", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nmuch of Placer s litigation, the people will readily\\nconceive the vast importance of securing us much\\ntalent for this position as possible.\\nIll 1877 he was re-elected on the Democratic ticket,\\nholding his position until 18S0. when succeeded by\\nW. B. Lardner. The administration of Mr. Bullock\\nwas claimed as attended with more ability, more\\ngeneral quiet, and less expense than any adminis-\\ntration of the office for years preceding. Since\\nretiring from public office he has resumed the prac-\\ntice of his profession in Auburn, and is now one of\\nthe most prominent lawyers at the Bar of Placer\\nCounty.\\nC. A. TITTLE.\\nCharles A. Tuttle was born in LeRoy. (xenessee\\nCounty, Xew York. November 5, 1818. His parents\\nwere Harvey and Lucy (Taylor) Tuttle, the father\\nborn in Barkhamsted. and the mother at Hartland,\\nboth in Litchfield (bounty, Connecticut. They were\\nmarried in 181G. and removed to LeRoy. The\\npaternal ancestors of .Mr. Tuttle emigrated from\\nEngland in l i 2-t. and landed at Portsmouth. New\\nHampshire. On his mother s side he traces his\\nancestry to Capt. John Brown, who was killed in\\nbattle at Lake Champlaiii during the French\\nand English war in 17. J0. .John Brown, of Ossawa-\\ntamie, was a grandson, and Lucy Taylor, Mr. Tut-\\ntle s mother, was a granddaughter of Capt. John\\nBrown. The subject of this sketch has inherited\\nthe strong and positive traits of character exhibited\\nin the Brown family, as will be readily observed by\\nall who are familiar with his political course. The\\nprinciples of libertj of conscience and the inalien-\\nable birthright of man are born in the blood and\\nbred in the bone, and with the determination and\\ncourage of his ancestors he has always been ready\\nto express and act upon his opinions.\\nWhile a child of seven years, in a boyish attempt\\nto use an axe, ho cut his right knee, and from the\\nwound he became a cripple by the stiffening of the\\njoint. His father, who.se ideas of a son were\\nstrength and skill to assist him on the farm, told\\nhim with a mournful face: Now j ou will never be\\ngood for anything, and I must send you to\\nschool. After receiving the usual instruction in\\nreading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and gram-\\nmar, at the public school, he prepared for college at\\na private school in the village of LeRoy, under the\\ninstruction of the Rev. Mr. Metcalf, the Episcopal\\nclergyman of the village, and entered Hobart Col-\\nlege, at Geneva, N. Y.. in July, 1840.\\nFrom his earliest recollection, when told he would\\nnot be good for anything. Mr. Tuttle had formed the\\nresolution to become a lawyer, and at the end of\\ntwo years he left college and entered the law office\\nof Gardiner Delano, at Rochester, New York.\\nIn October, 1845, he was married to Maria L.\\nBatchelder, daughter of Enos Batchelder, a farmer\\nin LeRoy. Soon after marriage Mr. Tuttle and his\\nwife removed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he\\nwas admitted to practice in the United States Terri-\\ntorial Courts, and commenced the practice in com-\\npany with S. P. Coon, who was elected Attornej\\nGeneral of Wisconsin in 1849.\\nIn the winter of 1849, Mr. Tuttle determined to\\nremove to California, and in March, in company with\\nthree others, left Milwaukee for Independence, Mis-\\nsouri. From this point the party, on the 26th of\\nApril, commenced the long journey across the plains,\\narriving in California late in July. On the 28th of\\nJul} 1849, he arrived at lUinoistown, and shortly\\nafter engaged in mining at Barnes Bar, on the North\\nFork of the American River. There were but few\\npeople in that region at that time. Mr. E. T. Men-\\ndenhall had located at Illinoistown. Dr. F. W. Todd,\\nnow of Stockton, and F. Hill, of Oregon, had settled\\nat Todd s Valley, Capt, Thompson and Archie\\nMcDonald were at Bird s Valley, Yankee Jim was\\nmining in a gulch where the town now bears his\\nsobriquet, and Capt. Tichenor was mining in a gulch\\nin the locality which afterwards became Michigan\\nBluff. On the rivers were a number of Oregonians\\nand sailors who had left their vessels in San Fran-\\ncisco, and a few Americans who had come by way of\\nthe Isthmus of Panama.\\nIn February. 18.50. Mr. Tuttle went to Stony Bar,\\non the North Fork of the Middle Fork of the Amer-\\nican River, and there he tried his first California\\nlaw-suit before a tribunal of miners. One Capt.\\nSmith, a Scotchman, and several sailors, also Scotch-\\nmen, had built a cabin on Stony Bar, and mined\\nthere during the winter, and had located the bed of\\nthe stream for summer mining. A company of Ohio\\nmen came to the bar in March, looking for diggings.\\nThese men posted notices up and down the river,\\ncalling a miners meeting to decide whether foreign-\\ners should hold claims. On Sunday a large crowd\\nassembled. Mr. Tuttle volunteered to defend the\\nScotchmen. He addressed the audience and used all\\nthe arguments he was master of to show the injus-\\ntice of forcing the Scotchmen to abandon their\\nclaims. There were some present who had been in\\nthe Mexican war, and these said, we fought for this\\ncountry and it is ours by right. The meeting\\ndecided that the Scotchmen could not hold a claim,\\nand the Ohio men took possession.\\nIn 1851 Mr. Tuttle went East, and in the summer\\nof 1852 returned overland with his wife and settled\\nat Bird s Valley. In the political campaign of 1853\\nhe became the Democratic candidate for the Senate,\\nand was elected. This was his first acquaintance\\nwith politics, and with the public men of this State.\\nAt the session which followed he made the acquaint-\\nance and became the friend of David C. Brodcrick.\\nThe Supreme Court of this State had about this time\\ndecided that no appeal could be taken from the State\\nCourt to the Supreme Court of the United States.\\nAt the session of 1855 Mr. Tuttle. in connection with\\nJudge Whiting, of Monterey, prepared a bill to", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "THE CRIiMINAL RECORD.\\n823\\nenforce such appeals in proper cases. His speech on\\nthe bill was published and generally circulated, and\\nto the surprise of everyone the bill passed. The law\\nwill be found in the Statutes of 1855, page eighty.\\nThis act laid the foundation for the controversj-\\nbetween the advocates of States Rights and their\\nopponents, which was carried on in this State, and\\nwhich aided much in the formation of the Republi-\\ncan Party. Mr. Tuttle retired from the Senate at\\nthe close of the term in 1855, an adherent of the\\nRepublican Party, then organizing in the East. He\\ncanvassed the northern part of the State in 1856 for\\nFi-emont, and in 1857 he presided over the Republi-\\ncan State Convention. In the spring of 1856 he\\nformed a partnership with C. J. Hillyer in the prac-\\ntice of the law at Auburn. Mr. Hillyer was a grad-\\nuate of Yale, and an able lawyer. The firm trans-\\nacted a large business until 1863, when Mr. Hillyer\\nwent to the Territory of Nevada and settled at Vir-\\nginia City. He now resides in Washington, D. C.\\nIn 1860 Mr. Tuttle was on the Republican Elec-\\ntoral ticket, canvassed the Stale in advocacj^ of the\\nparty, and had the honor of casting his vote as\\nElector of California for Abraham Lincoln for Pres-\\nident. In 1863 he was appointed by Governor Stan-\\nford Reporter to the Supreme Court, which position\\nhe held till the fall of 1867, when he resigned. As\\nReporter his work comprised ten volumes, from the\\ntwenty-second to the thirtj^-third of the California\\nReports. They are spoken of in the highest terms\\nby the profession.\\nIn the fall of 18G7 Mr. Tuttle was elected to the\\nLegislature from Placer County. In the winter of\\n1868 he removed to Oakland, because a change of\\nclimate was deemed necessary for the health of his\\nwife. Mrs. Tuttle visited the East the following\\nsummer for her health, and died at Brooklyn, New\\nYork, in October, 1868.\\nMrs. Tuttle was a grailuate of the LeRoy Female\\nSeminary, and a lady of refinement. She had early\\nstudied under Mr. Stanton, an artist, and left a num-\\nber of paintings, which now adorn the walls of Mr.\\nTuttle s residence. She left three sons, two of whom\\nare now memljers of the bar.\\nIn 1871 Mr. Tuttle was appointed by Governor\\nHaight one of the revisers of the work of the Code\\nCommissioners, and in company with Sidney A. John-\\nson was engaged ou that labor until the passage of the\\nCodes in the spring of 1872. In the summer of 1873\\nhe was again appointed by the Supreme Court\\nReporter of its decisions, which position he held\\nuntil the spring of 1878. During this period he\\npublished thirteen volumes of reports. In 1875 he\\nwas nominated by the Independent Party for Con-\\ngress, but failed of election.\\nAlthough Mr. Tuttle s life-work has been tbat of\\na lawyer, yet he takes a deep interest in politics, and\\nhas positive opinions on all political questions. He\\nstill resides in Oakland, but retains considerable\\npractice at Auburn, being much attached to Placer\\nCounty, and intends to return there and pass the\\nremainder of his life. There is probably no one liv-\\ning who was more completely identified with the\\nearly history of Placer L ounty, or who is better\\nacquainted with its mining and other resources\\nthan Mr. Tuttle.\\nCHAPTER XL I.\\nTHE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\nThe Rurity of Crime The tirst Highway Robbery Execution\\nof Robert Scott .Scott s Last Words Execution of John-\\nson at Iowa Hill A Law-maker Law-breaking James\\nFreeland Hanged E.xecution of Joseph Bradley Murder\\nand Lynching at Auburn Robbery and Battle Rattle-\\nsnake Dick Dick Changes his Location The Robber\\nGang Robbery of ^Vells, Fargo Co. s Express Record\\nof George Skinner Dick and a New Gang -Dick s Hatred\\nof John C. Boggs Escape from Jail Robberies by the\\nGang Phillips, of the Mountaineer House Mysterious\\nDeath of a Prisoner Death of Rattlesnake Dick An\\nAffecting Letter The Last of the Tragedy Chinamen\\nSlaughter a Family The Chinese Expelled from Rucklin\\nExpedition After Ah Sam Discovery and Death of the\\nMurderer Murder by Indians Wrecking a Railroad\\nTrain Singular Reve atiou of Murder A Tragic End\\nHomicides and Robberies.\\nIn all frontier countries the criminal record is\\nexpected to greatly exceed that of old and well\\norganized communities, and the following, as occur-\\nring in a single county in California during a period\\nof thirty years, may appear so formidable as to\\nreflect disadvantageously upon the civilization of\\nthe Pacific Coast. The fact should be borne in\\nmind that it is an aggregation of many years, gath-\\nered from the records of the courts and the criminal\\nitems of the contemporaneous newspa])er8, and will,\\nperhaps, not be found to exceed in proportion to\\npopulation that of the large cities where the high-\\nest civilization is sujijiosed to exist. No city of the\\nUnited States contains a more mixed population\\nthan did the mining counties of California, and while\\nsome in the latter were desperate characters, having\\nan evil influence upon others naturally inclined to\\nvirtue and honor, thus swelling the criminal record,\\nthere were many others determined that law and\\norder should prevail, and through their efforts crim-\\ninals were brought to justice and all deeds of crime\\nwere brought to public notice. While in some\\nStates many crimes pass unnoticed, or are avenged\\nor punished by the persons aggricvefl, and no great\\nrecord is made, in California, as in the most law-\\nabiding communities, all are made a matter of pub-\\nlic record, making the comparison of statistics\\nentirely unfair.\\nTHE RAIUTV OF CRI.ME.\\nDuring the first few years of gold-mining, crime\\nwas remarkably rare. There wasvery little security\\nfor property but the knowledge that punishment\\nwould be quick and terrible, without any inter-\\nvention of the tedious processes of the courts, or the\\ntechnicalities of the law now so universally used to", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "324\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nshield the criminal. E^en suspicion sometimes\\nbrought punishment, the suspected being required to\\nprove their innocence or suffer, and therefore\\nwhere otherwise crime would probably have been\\ncommitted, those who might have been inclined to\\ntrespass upon the rights of others were deterred\\nfrom so doing.\\nHorse-stealing was more common, as the stolen\\nproperty so materially aided the thief to e,5cape.\\nThis class of crime was one of the most heinous\\nof offenses, and was usually summarily punished.\\nIdle men were regarded with distrust. Of these\\nthere were two groups the gamblers and the\\nthieves the first giving their occupation as that\\nof miner, and the other as rancher, until it was\\njocularly said that the term miner was synonymous\\nwith gambler, and that of rancher with horse-thief.\\nTHE FIRST HIGHWAY ROBBERY.\\nProbably the fir.st large robbery within the\\nregion of the gold mines occurred on the plains\\nbetween the Auburn Ravine and the crossing of\\nthe American River, and was in the fall of 1848.\\nAn English gentleman traveler, whose name is for-\\ngotten, related, many years ago, the following inci-\\ndent: He, happening to be in Sm Francisco when\\nthe first excitement of the gold discover} was car-\\nrying oft the people, joined a party for the mines.\\nThey, with the crowd, went first to Sutter s Fort,\\nand then to Sutter s Mill, at Uoloma. After min-\\ning with moderate success in the vicinity sutfioientl}\\nto learn the methods in operation, the} traveled\\nnorth to some unnamed ravine north of the North\\nFork, and there worked with good success for sev-\\neral months. In October the} made preparations to\\nreturn to San Francisco. Purchasing some riding-\\nanimals from some .Mexicans, and a p.ick-mule to\\ncarry their blankets and gold-dust, ihoy started on\\ntheir journey. The pack mule was quite heavil}-\\nladen with the precious cargo, and was taken in\\ncharge by one and then another of the part} who\\nwould lead it in advance of the other-i. The d ly\\nwas exceedingly jjleasant as the little cavalcade\\nmarched out of the foot-hills. I Dllowing the single\\ntrail, or bridle path, that led towards Sutter s Fort.\\nAn unpeopled wilderness extended on all sides. Xo\\nperson was met or seen, and as the d:iy wcn-e on, the\\nparty became careless and tired, and were considera-\\nbly separated from each other on the trail. While\\nthus riding and approaching a grove ot trees where\\nthey thought of camping fc)r the night, the mule and\\ntreasure considerably in advance, iher.j ruig from\\nthe grove a shot and the leader of tht^ mule fell from\\nthe saddle. A quick charge, the twirling of u cou|ile\\nof lassoes, and the riderle-^s h r-ie aul gold-laden\\nmule were in thi* ]M ssessioii of a parly of t oiir or\\nfive Mexiriii-i, and under whip and spur were (lying\\ntovvard the Uio tie los Americanos. The first\\nthought of the party of miners was to attend to\\ntheir wounded companion, but soon they aiipreri.ited\\nthe loss of their treasure, and some started in pur-\\nsuit. The animals they were riding were of little\\nvalue, and the pursuit was fruitless.\\nThe next day Sutter s Fort was i-eached, the mur-\\ndered friend was buried, and a party was organized\\nto pursue the robbers. Some delay attended these\\npreparations, and several days passed before the pur-\\nsuers could proceed. In the meantime it was learned\\nthat the robbers were headed by Jose Armijo, a son,\\nor nephevv, of the former Governor Armijo of New\\nMexico, who is so graphically described by Kendall\\nin his account of the Texan expedition to New\\nMexico.\\nThe bandits had fled up the San Joaquin Valley,\\nand the pursuing party followed. The chase was a\\nlong one, and the trail plain, as the Mexicans had\\ngathered quite a large caballada before leaving the\\noccupied region. The pursuers followed through the\\nwhole length of the great valley, through the south-\\nern passes of the Sierra Nevada, out upon the desert\\nof the Mohave, and into the old Spanish Trail\\nthat for many years had been the route of inter-\\ncommunication between California and New Mexico.\\nHere, with animals jaded, supplies exhausted, the\\nseason late, the robbers with their booty far in\\nadvance, further ])Ursuit was hopeless and the\\ndespoiled miners returned.\\nEXECUTION OF ROBERT SCOTT.\\nOctober 20, 1853, an atrocious murder was com-\\nniittt d near a house called Traveler s Rest, in\\nAuburn. Andrew King, a quiet and peaceable young\\nman, hud refused to lend three dollars to Robert\\nScott at a gaming-table on the evening of the 19th.\\nThe next day Scott called King out of his house\\nand, presenting two loaded revolvers, told King to\\ntake one and defend himself. This the latter refused\\nand turned to go into the house, when Scott fired\\nand instantly killed his victim.\\nThe murderer fled, but was pursued by many who\\nturned out in the search, and on the 2-lth foUovving\\nwas arrested by (Nonstable M. P. H. Love and Dep-\\nuty Sherift E. B lioust, who had traced the fugitive to\\nthe Cosumncs liiver. In due time Scott was brought\\nto trial, ail on the A\\\\\\\\ of February, 1854, was con-\\nvicted and sentenced hy Judge Howell to be hanged\\non the :ilst of March, 1851.\\nOn the day of the execution, a large number of\\npeojile assembled at Auburn from all parts of the\\ncounty to witness the ap] alling sight of launching a\\nfellow-being into eternity through the dread process\\nof the law. Two thousand people had assembled,\\nhut the utmost order prevailed. The Shei-ift\\ndetailed the members of the Hook and Ladder Com-\\npany as a guard, and these accom])anied the pris-\\noner from the jail to the gallows, and there formed\\na line between the spectators and the culprit. The\\nexecution is reported in the Herald of that date as\\nfollows:\\nAt the hour of half-])ast eleven a. m., he was", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n32:\\nreleased from his irons, and dressed in a becoming\\nmanner. With his bands tied behind him, he was\\ntaken in a wagon from the jail to the place of execu-\\ntion, followed by a large crowd of people. During\\nhis course to the gallows, Scott appeared perfectly\\ncool and unmoved. Not a change was perceptible\\non his countenance. He sat on the front seat of\\nthe wagon, smoking a cigar, apparently an indiffer-\\nent looker-on at a dreadful scene about to be trans-\\nacted. Immediately behind him sat the Sheriff and\\nhis deputies.\\nUpon arriving at the gallows, the prisoner\\nmounted the stairs with a quick and firm step,\\naccompanied b} the Sheriff, Mr. Astin, and his depu-\\nties, and Sheriff Buell of El Dorado County and his\\ndeputies. Young, Welton, and Orr, and Constables\\nMcKinney and Robinson. Dr. John P. Harper was\\nalso present as attendant physician.\\nThe crowd around the gallows was now very\\ndense, and crowds were coming all the time from\\ntown to swell the numbers, but were kept in order\\nby the guard who accompanied the prisoner.\\nThe Sheriff read the order of the Court.\\nAfter the order was read the Sheriff asked Scott\\nif he had anything to say. When he stepped for-\\nward and addressed the multitude as t ollows:\\nscott s last word.s.\\nI have but a few woi ds to saj I have had a\\nfair and impartial trial, and I am willing to abide by\\nthe law. 1 have done no more than I would do\\nagain to any man who would not give me satisfaction\\nfor what he had said. I return my thanks to John\\nSpell, the Jailor, and Sam Astin, the Sheriff, and\\nother friends, who have been kind to me. As for\\nthe paltry mob, vvho have urged on mj^ trial before\\n1 was ready, they are too mean for my curses. I have\\ndone.\\nThese vvords were uttered in rather a low tone of\\nvoice, and were hardly audible to many who were\\npresent.\\nThe prisoner was then dressed in a white robe,\\na black cap was drawn over his head, his feet\\nsecurely tied, and placed in his proper position upon\\nthe trap, with the rope around his neck. The Sher-\\niff now announced the hour to be 12 o clock, when\\nthe lever which worked the machinery was pushed\\nforward, the trap fell, and Robert Scott s spirit was\\nushered into the presence of his God. He gave but\\na shudder or two, and all was over. It was an\\nawful sight, and one which no man could look upon\\nwithout feelings of regret but Robert Scott had\\nbrought the penalty upon himself; he had deprived\\na fellow-being of life; he has atoned for it.\\nAt twenty-two minutes i)ast 12 o clock. Dr. Har-\\nper examined the culprit, and was satisfied that he\\nwas dead. The body was permitted to hang ten\\nminutes longer, when death was pronounced to the\\nSheriff bj the Doctor. Scott was cut down, and\\nburied at the foot of the gallows. Good order pre-\\nvailed throughout the entire day.\\nEXECUTION OP JOHNSON AT I0W.4. HILL.\\nThe execution of Wm. Johnson, at Iowa Hill, by\\na lynch court, created a great sensation at the time,\\nagd was the cause of a long continued controversy\\nin the courts and in the public press. Johnson had\\ninfluential relatives and partisans, as many despera-\\ndoes of that period had, and these were active in\\nrevenging the execution, and defending his char-\\nacter.\\nThe following circular was issued by the citizens\\nof Iowa Hill, in relation to the execution, which is\\nundoubtedly the true version of the traged}\\nTo THE Citizens of Placer County: In conse-\\nquence of the false statements that have been put in\\ncirculation by interested parties, the people of Iowa\\nHill and vicinity deem it but justice to themselves\\nthat the following statement of the facts should be\\nmade public.\\nThe whole matter originated as follows: At 1\\no-clock at night, in the (^ueen City Hotel, two per-\\nsons, one a friend of Johnson, and the other a\\nfriend of Montgomery, had got into a difficulty.\\nThe friend of Johnson seemed likely to be worsted,\\nand Johnson seized the arm of the other to protect\\nhis friend. Montgomery seeing this, seized-hold of\\nJohnson, and told him to desist, holding at the same\\ntime a jack-knife, with a two-inch blade, in his right\\nhand. Johnson told him to put, it (the knife) up, or\\nhe would cut his d d bead off. Montgomery\\nthen put up his knife. Johnson then said, I have\\na knife, too, and drew his Bowie-knife, flourishing\\nit in the air. He then put it up. Montgomeiy then\\nreached toward him with his right hand, when\\nJohnson seized him by the hair of his head with his\\nleft, struck him violently in the face with his\\nclenched fist three or four times, and, as he fell for-\\nward, kicked him in the stomach.\\nDuring this time there was no resistance on the\\npart of Montgomery, whom the witnesses consid-\\nered in a state of intoxication at the time.\\nAfter he had risen, he went to the bar, and, tak-\\ning up a tumbler in each hand, cried, show me the\\n8 b that struck me, repeating the words,\\nhe walked several times around the room, passing\\nnear Johnson several times, but without recognizing\\nhim. Tbe bystanders then took the tumblers out ot\\nMontgomerj s hands.\\nAfter this nothing more occurred until about\\nfifte n minutes past 6 o clock in the morning, about\\nfive hours after the above occurrence took place.\\nJohnson rode up to the Queen City Hotel, on a horse\\nhe had just hired at Cad^- Co. s stables, and, seeing\\na friend, wont in to drink. As he advanced to the\\nbar, he saw .Montgomer}- leaning against it, and,\\ngoing toward him, addressed the following words\\nto him: You d s b I hear that you\\nsaid I struck you with a slung-shot.\\nMontgomery replied that he bad not said so, and\\nasked Johnson who he was, and, raising his cap,", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "326\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nsaid that he thought the marks on his forehead\\nlooked like it.\\nJohnson replied: D j-ou, you have two of\\nmy marks now, and I will give you another to\\nremember me by. As he said this he struck him in\\nthe mouth, knocking him down.\\nMontgomery complained that he was no match for\\nhim, being a smaller man. Johnson replied that he\\nwas a pretty fellow to run for Constable, adding,\\nd you, go and arm yourself with a knife and\\npistol, and make yourself my equal. Then turning\\nto the bar, he called for some brandy, bathed the\\nback of his hand, the skin of which had been\\nknocked off against Montgomery s teeth, saying that\\nhe had come all the way from Yreka to cut the hearts\\nout of some men on Iowa Hill, oae of whom was a\\nticket seller, and the other a merchant.\\nMontgomery in the meantime had risen and relit\\nhis cigar, and walked slowly across the street to\\nCramer s Hotel, and asked for Mr. Colgan, who was\\nsleeping there, but was told not to disturb him. In\\ninquiring for him ho had gone into Mr. Cramer s\\nroom, and, seeing a pistol on the table, had asked\\nfor it, saying he had been attacked and was afraid\\nto go into the street, and asked Mr. Cramer to\\naccompany him to Colgan s store, which request he\\ncomplied with, and they passed out and walked\\ndown the street arm in arm.\\nWhen about half the distance, Johnson saw them,\\nand, leaping from his horse, drew his knife, saying,\\nYou d 8 of a b are you armed now?\\nAt this time he was within one step of Montgomerj^,\\nwith his knife raised for the blow. Cramer, seeing\\nhis threatening attitude, sprang and caught his arm,\\nand received in so doing a slight wound in his hand.\\nThis saved Montgomery s life, as he had not at this\\ntime drawn his pistol, and was entirely without\\ndefense. The force with which Cramer seized\\nJohnson s arm turned him partly round. Montgomery\\nthen drew his pistol and attempted to tire, but the\\npistol hung fire and did not go off until he had low-\\nered it for the purpose of re-cocking. Johnson, on\\nsight of the pistol, fled aero-ts the street to the Queen\\nCity, followed by Montgomery, who fired again at\\nhim from the middle of the street, but without effect\\nJohnson ran through the door, which was opened\\nback, and dodged behin 1 it. Montgomery, following,\\ntripped on the sill of the loor, and would have fallen\\nto the floor had he not caught at the door-post, from\\nwhich he hung back in an inclined position. John-\\nson, seeing him fall, s])r,iiig upon him, seizing\\nhim by the collar with his left hand, and stabbed\\nhim five or six times, and Montgomei-y fell back\\nexclaiming, I am a dead man.\\nJohnson then attempted to catch his horse, which\\nwas loose in the street, but was unable to do so, and\\nfinding the crowd pursuing him, he fled in the direc.\\ntion of Wisconsin Hill, but was soon overtaken and\\nmade prisoner by W. M. Crutcher, Constable of this\\ntownship.\\nWe, the undersigned, having either been present\\nduring the above occurrences, or during the exami-\\nnation, certify that the above is correct in all its par-\\nticulars, being the substance of what was testified\\nby sworn witnesses.\\nWm. R. Olden, Samuel Todd,\\nG. C. Reed, James Herrick,\\nM. B. Tubbs, J. R. Gilbert,\\nJ. H. Cramer, C. O. Kimble,\\nJ. Franklin, D. Symes,\\nA. Butts, W. J. Armstrong,\\nGlover Ault, J. T. Hill,\\nT. W. Kent, W. D. Smith,\\nA. Oxendine, B. D. Hows,\\nJ. Spratt, W. D. Squares,\\nJohn Kavenaugh, John Armstrong,\\nM. P. Miller, D. Lathrop\\nA. L. Boydeu, Michael Gahan,\\nS. N. Calvin, James Fox,\\nJ. Byers, Michael Rogan,\\nJohn M. Denny, Henry N. Kimball,\\nT. H. Green, B. M. Trim,\\nW. L. Morrison.\\nThe following is a narrative of the events as they\\noccurred after the arrest:\\nAfter his arrest the prisoner was taken to the oflice\\nof Esquire Sibley, where he remained about two and\\na half hours, in charge of the Constables, at the end\\nof which time he had a hearing before Esquire Sellen,\\nof Wisconsin Hill Esquire Sibley having, it was\\nreported, been so much overcome with the fatigue oj\\ndancing the night previous that he had gone to bed\\nimmediately after the prisoner had been brought into\\nhis office. The prisoner demanded twenty-four hours\\nto prepare for trial, which was gr.mted, and he was\\nturned over to Deputy Sheriff Sinclair, for safe-keep-\\ning until that time. In the meantime a large crowd\\nhad assembled in town from the surrounding country,\\nand the desperate character of the prisoner and the\\nfear of an attempt to rescue on the part of his friends,\\ncaused many of the people to volunteer their assist-\\nance as an additional guard. At four o clock in the\\nafternoon the town-crier announced that a meeting\\nof the citizens would be held at the Queen City Hotel.\\nThe meeting assembled, came to order, and appointed\\nthe Hook and Ladder Companj- and twenty-five\\nother citizens as a guard to the prisoner, and to\\nprevent fire; also thirty two well-known citizens\\nwe re chosen to hold an examination of the prisoner.\\nThese persons wore nominated and voted for sepa-\\nratelj without a dissenting voice. These were to\\nselect out of their number twelve, by b.illot, who\\nwere to serve as the examining committee, and\\nmake a report to the people as soon as practicable.\\nThe meeting then adjourned, and after su] per the\\nguard appointed took possession of the prisoner, and\\nremoved him to a place of greater safety. At eight\\no clock the committee commenced their examination,\\nand continued until two in the morning, having", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "THE CTJMllSAL EECCED.\\n327\\nexamined some sixteen witnesses, who were all dulj-\\nsworn and confronted with the prisoner, who was\\nallowed the utmost latitude in cross-examining them,\\nasking them leading questions in such a way that it\\namounted to testifying himself. Every witness that\\nthe prisoner wi-hed was sent for, sis of whom were\\nhis personal frii-nds; the others were most of them\\nmen who wei-e unacquainted with either party. At\\ntwo o clock the Committee adjourned, to meet at nine\\no clock the following morning, and unanimously\\nagreed upon a report, of which the following is\\na true copy, viz.:\\nThat, on the evening of the 22d of December, at\\neight o clock, a majority of the committee appointed\\nto investigate the matter with regard to the alfray\\nbetween Wm. M. Johnson and Thomas Montgomery,\\nassembled in the Queen City Hotel, and immediately\\nproceeded to select twelve of their number by ballot,\\nas directed by the meeting, and your committee,\\nafter the most unprejudiced and careful investiga-\\ntion, and after having examined all the witnesses\\n(who were first duly sworn), both for and against\\nthe prisoner, to the number of sixteen, whose testi-\\nmony was given in the presence of the accused,\\nwho was allowed the utmost latitude in cross-exam-\\nining the same, we, the committee, have come to the\\nconclusion, from all the facts elicited in our exami-\\nnation, that the prisoner, Wm. M. Johnson, without\\nsuflicient provocation in the first assault, and five\\nhours after, without any provocation at all, in the\\nsecond and third, is guilty of an assault and battery,\\nwith intent to kill. In testimony whereof we have\\nhereunto affixed our names.\\nJohn T. Hill, John M.Demiss,\\nJames Fox, J. Rj ers,\\nDavid Symmes, W. J.Armstrong,\\nMichael Gahan, B. D. Howes,\\nMichael Eogan, M. B. Tubbs,\\nDaniel Lathrop, W. R. Olden, Chairman\\nAt ten o clock, on the 23d of December, the meeting\\nh aving been called to order, the above report was read\\nbj the Chairman of the Committee, and the people were\\nthen asked what should be done with the prisoner.\\nA universal cry of hang him burst from 1,500\\nthroats, and one among them made a motion which\\nwas seconded, that the people there assembled should\\nselect a committee and a Sheriff, who would proceed\\nto hang him forthwith. This was passed almost\\nunanimously, only some twenty voting against it.\\nThe committee thus selected having procured a rope,\\nconveyed the prisoner to a tree at the north end of\\nthe town, to execute the sentence of the people\\nWhilst under the tree, the conduct of the prisoner\\nwas such as might have been expected, from the\\nreckless, desperate life he had led during the last\\nfive years, cursing and blaspheming in a m jnnerthat\\nwas calculated to excite disgust in all who heard or\\nsaw him. At hi owii request ho was allowed to\\nbecome his own executioner, springing from the\\nbarrel on which he stood.\\nDuring the whole of the proceedings, notwith-\\nstanding the exciting nature of the business that had\\ncalled thom together, during the whole of the two\\ndays, not a single man could be seen who was in the\\nleast excited by liquor; everything was done in the\\nmost deliberate manner; there was no haste, every\\nman seems to have made up his mind to make an\\nexample that would prevent such crimes for the\\nfuture.\\nIowa Hill, January 5, 1855.\\nThrough the exertions of a brother of the executed\\nman, a large number of indictments were obtained\\nagainst citizens of [owa Hill, and many arrests were\\nmade. A numerous posse was summoned, making\\nquite an army to make the arrests, as has been\\nreferred to in preceding pages, but the chief result\\nwas a large addition to the debt of the county and\\nno convictions.\\nIn February, 1855, Mr. Robert MeClure, of Yankee\\nJim s, went to San Francisco to meet his father on\\nhis return from the Atlantic States, and while the\\ntwo, and a gentleman named VVorden from Iowa\\nHill, were stopping at Wilson s Exchange, then the\\nleading hotel of that city, they were attacked by a\\nlarge gang of roughs headed by Johnson, the brother\\nof the one executed at Iowa Hill the previous Decem-\\nber, and were terribly beaten. The papers of San\\nFrancisco, as well as the govern mentof the city were\\nthen controlled by the rough element; but in the\\nyear following, the law and order people of the\\nmetropolis followed the example of the people of\\nIowa Hill and executed a number of politicians and\\ndesperadoes, and reformed the government. This\\nwas the Vigilance Committee of 1856.\\nA LAW-MAKER LAW-BREAKING.\\nApril 8, 1856, at Sacramento, in the Orleans Hotel,\\nR. S. Williams, member of the Assembly from Placer\\nCounty, met Mr. Borland, member of Assembly from\\nEl Dorado, and the two engaged in a dispute about\\nsome legislative matter, and the dispute resulted in a\\nquarrel. Mr. Borland drew a pistol which Williams\\ncaught, and the two struggled into the street, when\\nthe pistol exploded aiid Mr. Borland was shot\\nthrough the breast. Williams was held in 810,000\\nbail bonds to await the action of the grand jury, and\\nby that body was discharged.\\nJAMES PREELAND HANGED.\\nOctober 1, 1855, James Freeland, while gambling\\nat Oak Flat with a man called Greek George,\\naccused the latter of cheating, and a quarrel ensued.\\nDuring the raclee, Freeland picked up a gun standing\\nin the room and killed his antagonist. For this he\\nwas tried, condemned, appealed to the Supremo\\nCourt where the judgment was affirmed, and on the\\n6th of June, 1856, was banged at Auburn. Freeland\\nwas a young man, a native of Tennessee; had been\\na soldier in the Mexican war, and a resident of\\nPlacer County since 1850. He claimed to have acted\\nin self-defense, and that the witnesses against him", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "328\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwere attacking him when he fired the fatal shot.\\nAt his execution he maintained a firm and collected\\nmanner without a sign of bravado or braggadocio,\\nwhich elicited the sympathy of the public.\\nEXECaXIO.V OF JOSEPH BRADLEY.\\nIn 1856, Joseph Bradley killed Jacob Bateman at\\nthe latter s cabin near Auburn. Both the parties were\\nnegroes. Bradley was arrested, and in July, 1857, was\\nfound guilty and sentenced to be hanged on the 18th\\nof September following. Upon the day appointed,\\nthe execution took place. Tbe gallows was erected\\nabout a mile and a quarter above town, near\\nthe junction of the Nevada, Ulinoistown, and Yankee\\nJim s road. A proce-ssion was formed at the jail,\\nthe escort being the Placer Rifles Military Company,\\nunder command of Capt. James Anderson. A coftin\\nwas placed in a light wagon and Sheriff King, Under\\nSheriff Bullock, and Deputy Sheritt Sherman, having\\nBradley in charge, seated themselves upon it. .Mr.\\nZentmyer, the driver, and agentleman who conducted\\nthe religious ceremonies, occupied the front seat. A\\nbody of horsemen and laany citizens brought up the\\nrear of the procession. Upon arriving at the place\\nof execution at half-past two o clock. Captain Ander-\\nson formed his men in a square around the gallows.\\nSheriff King assisted Bradley from the wagon and\\nwalked with him upon the scaffold, followed by his\\nassistant officers. The coftin was placed upon the\\nplatform and Bradley, seating himself upon it.\\nlistened with composure to the reading of the death\\nwarrant by Mr. Bullock. This over, at request, he\\nrose, took oft his hat and neck-handkerchief On\\nbeing asked if he desired to say anything, he made\\nsome remarks; he thanked the officers for their\\nkindness to him while in prison. Having finished\\nspeaking, he was placed upon the trap, his hands\\nand feet were tied, a black robe put over his per.son,\\nthe noose adjusted around his neck, and a black cap\\ndrawn over his head by the Sheritt This done, a\\nprayer was offered by the gentleman officiating, and\\nas the solemn Amen announced its conclusion, the\\nSheriff drew the lever, the trap fell, and the spirit\\nof Joseph Bradley winged its way to the realms of\\neternity. After remaining until life was extinct,\\nthe body was taken down and buried near the foot\\nof the gallows. Bradley conducted himself with\\nfirmness throughout the whole scL^ne. Al)Out 500\\npersons witnessed the execution.\\nBradley was born in Maryland, near ihe District\\nof Columbia; was thirty-nine years of age, and had\\na wife and three children living in Washington City.\\nHe made a short confession in which he acknowl-\\nedged killing Bateman, bat that the killing was not\\npremeditated.\\n.MintDER .\\\\ND LVNCHING IN AUBURN FEBRUARY 18, 1858.\\nThe town of Auburn, says the Herald of February\\n18, 1858, was thrown into a state of excitement by\\nthe report that one of its oldest citizens had been\\nkilled. Investigation proved that Mr. James Mur-\\nphy had been killed by a negro, named Aaron\\nBracey. The men owned adjoining lands, and Mur-\\nphy had recently purchased some of the negro s\\nland. They met near their boundary line, and\\nBracey struck his victim with a pick-axe, driving\\nthe steel into his brain. He (the negro) then came\\nto Auburn and gave himself up, telling the officers\\nthat he had acciilentalh* struck Murphy, and feared\\nhe had hurt him bad. The negro was placed in jail\\nand a posse of citizens went to attend to Mur-\\nphy. He was found with a fearful hole in the back\\nof his head, from which the blood and brains were\\noozing. He lived quite a while, and told the circum-\\nstances of his murder. In the early part of the\\nevening following the deeil, a rumor was current\\non the streets that an attempt would be made to\\nlynch the murderer. Everything was quiet, how-\\never, until, about half past two o clock the next\\nmorning, Constable Boggs informed the Sheriff that\\na body of men were approaching the jail. As\\nthe Sheriff and deputies came out they were\\nseized and held, and the keys demanded; while\\nthis w.is going on a posse bursted the doors in with\\na sledge hammer, and taking the murderer to the\\noutskirts of the town proceeded to hang him. After\\nBracey had been taken from the jail, Father Quin,\\nwho had come up from Sacramento to see Mr. Mur-\\nphy, interceded for the prisoner, and tried to quell\\nthe citizens. There were about sixty-five or seventy\\nconcerned in the lynching, though probably fully\\none hundred witnessed the hanging. The negro was\\nthe same one that killed a Chinaman in Auburn, in\\nthe spring of 1856, for which crime he was acquit-\\nted. Murphy died on the 25th, leaving a wife and\\ntwo children.\\nBracey had a wife and family in Camden, New\\nJersey. He had been in California several years.\\nROBBERY AND BATTLE.\\nThe store of Otto Thiele Co of Daneville, was\\nentered by robbers, five in number, at a late hour in\\nthe night, of March 19, 1859, after the proprietors\\nhad retired. Thoy secured the key of the safe, but\\nnot being able to open it, they awakened the men,\\nand with threats of death if resistance was offered\\ncompelled one of them to open the safe. The rob-\\nbers then obtained about Sl,350 in gold dust and\\namalgam, and \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2?350 in coin; they then proceeded to\\nfeast themselves on whatever the store offered for a\\ngood lunch, and each one of the party provided him-\\nself with a new suit of clothes, leaving the old ones\\nin their stead.\\nThe alarm was given next morning, and Sheriff\\nKing and Constable Boggs repaired to Daneville,\\nwhere they discovered the trail of the robbers, which\\nled to a point on Bear River; swimming the river\\nthoj made their way to the Nevada road beyond\\nBear River, and took the stage running through\\nAuburn to Nevada, and went as far as Grass Valley.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "^T^ ^Md-- 1?%^\\nS .M. STEVENS DRUG STORE.\\nS.M STEVENS, RESIDENCE\\nAUBUfflV PlACEfi CO.,CAL.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n329\\nTho harbor of the thieves was ascertained to be\\nin a cabin some two miles from Grass Valley, and a\\nparty consisting of Under Sheriff Van Hagan, Depu-\\nties Burrell, Johnson and Lockwood, of Nevada\\nCounty, and Constable Boggs, of Auburn, proceeded\\nto the cabin for the purpose of effecting a capture.\\nUpon arriving they found the cabin to contain eight\\ndesperadoes, who started the fight by firing upon\\nthe officers. Shooting on both sides continued until\\nthe ammunition of the officers gave out, and they\\nwere forced to retire.\\nEarly the next morning they again returned to the\\ncabin, and found one of the robbers had been killed\\noutright, and another wounded in the leg. The bal-\\nance of the gang had fled. The name of the man\\nkilled vvas Ned Whitney, the murderer of Constable\\nLeary at Columbia, Tuolumne County; Bill Riley was\\nthe wounded one. Deputy Sheriff Lockwood was\\nshot through the arm; none of the other officers\\nwere injured. The result of this fight was the break-\\ning up of one of the most successful gangs that ever\\noperated in that locality.\\nRATTLESNAKE DICK.\\nThis noted criminal also aspired to the title of\\nThe Pirate of the Placers. His real name was\\nRichard Barter, and he was one of that class of men\\nwhose course in life is governed by circumstances\\nmen of natural ability, of extreme selfishness, and\\nvanity, and void of that native sense of honor that\\ndistinguishes intuitively between right and wrong.\\nSuch persons become prominent as circumstances\\nlead them. Richard Barter, as a youth, was influ-\\nenced by vile characters of both sexes, and became\\nprominent as a degraded criminal.\\nTis educatiou forms the coinmou miinl;\\n.lust as the twig is bent the tree s inc ined.\\nThe follovving sketch of this Pirate ofthe Piacer-s\\nis from a publication issued shortly after his death:\\nRattlesnake Dick was the son of an English\\nColonel, and was born in Quebec, about the year\\n1833. As far as can be learned, and very little is\\nknown of his early history, Dick was a roving, reck-\\nless sort of a boy; not exactly bad, in the common\\nacceptation of the term, but decidedly wild. He\\nwas caught in the great maelstrom that whirled\\naround California after the discovery of gold, and\\ncame to this State during 1850, in company with an\\nelder brother and an old man supposed to have been\\na relation of his family. They located at Rattlesnake\\nBar, a small mining camp in Placer County, on the\\nNorth Fork of the American River, and it was from\\nthis camp that Dick received the prefix to his name.\\nThe brother and the old man soon returned to their\\nhome in Canada, leaving Dick to work out a career\\nin California.\\nThis was the turning point in his life. Thrown,\\nas he was, among scenes and men so different from\\nany of his previous associations, he fell into the evil\\ncourses that eventually ended in his tragic death.\\nHe mined on the bar until 1S53, when whispers\\ndei ogatory to his good name and character came\\nto be bruited among the miners of the North Fork.\\nThese finally culminated in his arrest upon a charge\\nof stealing some clothing from the establishment of\\na Jew, who kept a little mining camp variety store.\\nHe was defended on this charge by Judge B. F.\\nMyres, and pronounced not guilty by a jury. It\\nwas afterwards ascertained conclusively that he did\\nnot commit the crime, and that he was maliciously\\naccused. During the same year (18.j3_) he was again\\ncharged with a ci ime. His accuser was a Mormon,\\nnamed Crow, who charged him with stealing a mule,\\nand upon this allegation he was convicted and sen-\\ntenced to tho State Prison for a term of two years.\\nCircumstances tending to prove his innocence were\\nafterwards discovered, and he was released\\nbefore the sentence was carried into effect. It was\\nnot long after this that Dick was fully exonerated\\nfrom all blame in this matter also, but the stain\\nattending the conviction and sentence clung to him,\\nfor it was a fearful crime in those days to steal a\\nhorse, and people did not stop to inquire whether a\\nman was guilty orinnocent after a conviction was once\\nhad. This was a terrible ordeal for a sensitive and\\nhigh-strung young man, and Dick could not pass it.\\nHe had left his cell with the firm intention of lead-\\ning an honest and upright life thereafter, so that no\\none could again accuse him of wrong-doing.\\nDICK CHANGES HIS LOC.VTION.\\nWith this intention he went to Shasta County, but\\neven there his conviction for horse-stealing followed\\nhim, bi-ought to that locality, perhaps, by some\\nwandering Bedouin of the mountains, who had\\nknown him at Rattlesnake Bar. Finding thatevery-\\nbody directed the glance of suspicion at him, he took\\na cursory view of his prospects. Here he was a\\nstranger, almost, in a strange land, and yet he was\\nso well known that go where he would, the shame of\\nthis alleged crime followed him like a sleuth-hound,\\nand debarred him from retrieving bis fortunes or\\ncharacter, while those men who were living oft the\\nState by robbery and larceny inspired the people\\nwho sneered at him with the respect which fear only\\ncan give; and he resolved that if he could not elevate\\nhimself by fair means, he would at least make him-\\nself feared by joining the outlaws that ravaged the\\nState, and would thus also revenge himself upon his\\nenemies. He therefore commenced by stopping a\\nstage-coach on the mountain highway.\\nRattlesnake Dick was, to use his own expres-\\nsion, an Ishmaelito. In speaking of the cau.ses\\nwhich led to his criminal career, Dick long after-\\nwards said: 1 left Rattlesnake Bar with the inten-\\ntion of leading a better life, but my conviction\\nhounded me at every turn until I could stand it no\\nlonger. 1 have been driven to it, and hereafter my\\nhand is against everybody. 1 suppose everybody s\\nhand is against me.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "330\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nRattlesnake Dick was only about tweaty-one\\nyears of age when he entered upon his career of\\ncrime. He was nearly six feet in height, and weighed\\nabout 160 pounds, slight of build, but rather broad-\\nshouldered; not fleshy, but very muscular. He was\\nvery handsome, from a woman s point of view, at\\nleast; for his features were regular in outline, and\\nhis form was almost a paragon of manly beauty.\\nHis hair was black, and his neck was long, while his\\nflashing black eye betrayed everj^ passion that ani-\\nmated his mind. In walking, he displayed that\\nsupple, springing motion peculiar to the Indian or\\nthe white man who has lived for the greater portion\\nof his life upon the border.\\nTHE EOBBER GANG.\\nAs has been stated, he inaugurated his criminal\\ncareer bj robbing a stage in Shasta, after which ho\\ncommitted other robberies on the highwaj in that\\ncounty, and wandering southward, existed by sluice\\nrobbing and other devices of like nature, until he\\nreached his old haunts on the American River. Here\\nhe ranged from Rattlesnake to Folsom, where ho\\nhad a rendezvous, and where, in May, 1856, he gath-\\nered around him his first gang. The principal mem-\\nbers of this gang were, George Skinner, dias Walker,\\nalias Williams; Cyrus Skinner, brother of George,\\nand bearing the same aliases; Adolph Newton, better\\nknown as Big Dolph Newton; Nickamore Romero\\nand Wm. T. Carter. With these men, Rattlesnake\\nDick for a time bade defiance to the law-abiding\\nportion of the community. Stages were robbed,\\nburglaries were perpetrated, and larcenies of every\\ndescription committed.\\nROBBERY OF WELLS, FARGO k CO. s EXPRESS.\\nThe crowning act of the gang, and the one that\\nuliiniate!y resulted in its final dissolution, was the\\nrobbery of Wells, Fargo Co. s gold train from\\nYreka. Dick and his men had previously ascertained\\nthat the bullion, amounting to \u00c2\u00a780,000, would be\\npacked on mules, guarded by twenty men, and\\ndriven by way of Trinitj Mountain, and it was at\\nthis place they resolved to attack the train. Trinitj^\\nMountain is in many places lonely and desolate in\\nthe extreme, being a spur of the basaltic formations\\nthat line the Sierra on its western slope, and a better\\nposition for the attack could not have been found.\\nTheir plan of attack was to the eflfect that George\\nSkinner, Newton, Romera, Carter, and a Mexican\\nshould lie in wait for the train on the mountain,\\nattack it, if necessary, and secure the plunder, while\\nDick and Cy Skinner made a raid into Placer County\\nfor the purpose of securing a band of mules upon\\nwhich to pack the gold, as the express company s\\nmules wci-c branded, and would betraj^ the robbers\\nif they attempted to di-ive them off.\\nGeorge Skinner and his companions were very\\nsuccessful in carrying out their portion of the pro-\\ngramme. They waited until the train, in charge of\\nGeorge Barstow, came abreast of them in a lonely\\nhighway over the mountains, when they sprang\\nsuddenly among the convoy, and, with weapons\\ndrawn and cocked, commanded them to stop. The\\naction was so sudden, and the demeanor of the\\nrobbers so fierce, that the men with the train could\\nnot resist. The consequence was that they were\\nall tied to neighboring trees and the train unloaded.\\nThey had waited several days for Dick and Cyrus\\nSkinner to return with the mules, but they never\\ncame, and the robbers who had dared so much,\\nresolved to get off, with a portion of the metal at\\nleast, that night; for they knew that something must\\nhave happened to the mule-raiding party. They\\ncarried away with them about !?40,000 worth of the\\ngold, and buined the remainder in the mountain\\nwhere it probablj lies to-day, there being no record\\nof its ever having been removed. Before leaving\\nthe spot, however, a quarrel arose among them as to\\nthe division of the plunder, and the Mexican was\\nkilled. They carried the gold to their rendezvous\\nat Folsom, and there discovered that Dick and Cyrus\\nSkinner had been arrested for stealing the mules,\\nand were at that moment lodged in Auburn Jail. In\\nthe meantime, the party of twenty men tied up on\\nTrinity Mountain managed to cut loose, and hurry-\\ning into the lower country, gave information of the\\nrobbery to the authorities. A fearful hue and cry\\nwas immediately raised against the daring robbers,\\nand Jack Barklej-, then Wells Fargo s detective in\\nthat section of the country, started in pursuit of the\\nhighwaymen with a posse of five citizens. The\\nopposing parties met at night near Folsom, and the\\nfiring commenced on both sides. Almost at the first\\nshot four of the posse deserted, leaving Barkley and\\nanother man to fight it out the best way they could.\\nFor a few moments the aflfraj* was very hot, Barkley\\nshooting away from two revolvers, and his companion\\nfiring at every opportunity. George Skinner was\\nkilled, and Romera and Newton wounded Romera\\nbeing cajitured in the American River, which he\\nattempted to cross bj- swimming, wounded as he was.\\nRomera, Newton and Carter were tried for the rob-\\nbery, and sent to the penitentiary for ten years each,\\ndating from Jul} 9, 1856; but Carter was afterward\\npardoned for certain information which he gave the\\ndetectives in regard to the stolen property, and\\nwhich led to the ultimate recovery of the \u00c2\u00a7-i0,000\\nconcealed in the den at Folsom,\\nRECORD OF GEORGE SKINNER.\\nThe prison record of George Skinner may be\\nappropriate at this point. He was sent to the pene-\\ntentiary the first time in August, 1851, from El\\nDoi-ado County, for some crime committed in that\\ncounty, and served a term of two years. He was\\nthe twentieth man incarcerated in the State Prison\\nof this State, June 13, 1854, he was convicted of\\ngrand larceny in Yuba County, and sent to the State\\nPrison for three j^ears, but escaped October 24, 1854,\\nand was killed in 1856, as stated.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n331\\nThe first that is heard of his brother Cyrus was in\\nPlacer County, in 1856, he being convicted of grand\\nlarceny, and on May 2Gth of that year was sent to\\nthe State Pi ison, on five commitments, for a term of\\nfourteen years. He escaped shortly after, and it\\nwas while enjoying this furlough that he met Rat-\\ntlesnake Dick, and was arrested with that individual\\nfor mule-stealing. They both escaped from the jail\\nat Auburn, where they were confined, and, separat-\\ning. Skinner was recaptured and sent to the pene-\\ntentiary. He remained there until 1860, when he\\nagain escaped and left the State, emigrating to Mon-\\ntana, where he met his just deserts, being hanged by\\na vigilance committee.\\nDICK AND A NEW GANG.\\nAfter his escape from Auburn Jail, Dick found his\\ngang completely broken up, and finding that he\\ncould not hope to cope single-handed with the\\nSherifls of that section, he went to San Francisco,\\nwhere he met a number of desperadoes, among whom\\nwere George Taylor, Aleck Wright, Billy Dickson,\\nand Jim Driscoll, who afterwards formed the leading\\nspirits of his gang.\\nWhile in that city Dick ran a course which, if not\\nexactly criminal, was decidedly loose, and he was\\narrested several times on suspicion, and finally\\nshown up with a number of others in the Plaza\\nit being the custom of those days to introduce the\\nthieves and other dangerous characters to the limited\\npolice force, that at that time guarded the city.\\nAbout this time the Vigilance Committee arose, like\\na veritable giant of the people, and spreading terror\\namong the evil-doers by their prompt and efficient\\nmeasures, drove Dick and his new-found allies out\\nof the city back to the placers. They ranged out of\\nRattlesnake Bar, along the various roads that inter-\\nsect that portion of the State, and committed\\ninnumerable depredations without fear of punish-\\nment, for the country literally swarmed with des-\\nperadoes from every clime beneath the sun, and the\\npromoters of law and order were for the time being\\ndefied. A continual war was raging betvveen the\\nhighwaymen and the Sheriifs, and desperate fights\\nfrequently occurred on nearly every road in the\\nState.\\ndick s hatred of JOHN C. BOGGS.\\nProbably the man most feared by these charactei-s,\\nwas John C. Boggs, then Deputy Sheriff of Placer\\nCounty. Boggs seemed to bear a charmed life, for\\nhe fought these men wherever he found them, and\\nalways escaped without injury, although others were\\nshot down beside him; and as a general thing he\\nmade a capture whenever he attempted one. It is\\nstrange, by the way, that Mr. Boggs was not elected\\nSheriff of the county in those days, for he did his\\nduty in every instance, and accomplished more for\\nthe county in ridding it of desperate characters\\nthan any Sheriff that was elected, and he ran for\\nthe office often, but was invariablj- defeated. (Mr.\\nBoggs is the present Sheriff of Placer County, being\\nelected in September, 1879.) Politics, even at that\\nearly date in the history of this State, was pretty\\nmuch the same as it is at the present time, and\\npartisan feeling overbalanced every consideration of\\nefficiency ibr the office. Rattlesnake Dick was\\nparticularly opposed to Boggs; not for any business\\ntransactions that had occurred between them on\\nthe road, but because, as Dick asserted, the Deputj\\nSheriff had sworn falsely against him in some case\\nfor which Dick was tried. It is more than likely,\\nhowever, that the deadly enmity which Dick bore\\ntowards Boggs was occasioned by the latter s per-\\nsistent pursuit of the young robber, and his frequent\\nfrustrations of Dick s plans.\\nIt would be impossible to give a full and complete\\naccount of the numberless encounters between Boggs\\nand Dick, but there are two that cannot be omitted,\\nand will serve to show the character of the men.\\nOn one occasion, in the latter part of 1857, Boggs\\nlearned that Dick and George Taylor were on the\\nstage from Nevada City, bound for Folsom; so one\\nmorning he rode out of Folsom and waited for his\\nmen, carrj ing with him a compliment of handcuffs,\\na warrant, and a derringer. He met the stage as it\\nwas coming down Harmon Hill, and commanded\\nthe driver to stop, which he did. Stage drivers were\\nin the habit of stopping frequently at the behest of\\nstrangers, even in those days. Dick and Taylor\\nwere on the top of the stage, in company with A.\\nAV. Bee, afterwards Washington correspondent of a\\nSan Francisco journal. Boggs invited the two men\\nhe was after to alight, but they immediately denied\\ntheir identity, and commenced parleying with the\\nDeputy Sheriff in regard to the matter. Taylor at\\nlast demanded Boggs authority and asked to see\\nhis warrant. The officer was for a moment thrown\\noff his guard, and commenced fumbling in his pockets\\nfor the document asked for. He did not produce it,\\nhowever. The two highwaymen taking advantage\\nof the Deputj Sheriff s obedience to their request,\\nopened fire on him with their revolvers, which was\\npromptly returned by Boggs with his derringer, but\\nthe single shot which he fired had no other effect\\nthan to increase the trepidation of Mr. Bee, who\\nprobablj has a most vivid recollection of California\\nlife to this day. Dick and Taylor of course escaped,\\nit being the height of folly for Boggs, unarmed as\\nhe was, to follow them after they had left the stage\\nand struck over the hill. It is said that his coun-\\ntenance presented a most woeful appearance on his\\nreturn to Folsom, with his wristless handcuffs, his\\nunserved warrant, and his empty derringer. He\\nreceived the highest credit, however, for his coura-\\ngeous attempt, but his friends could not help smil-\\ning heartily at his abortive effort to capture two\\nsuch desperate men as Rattlesnake Dick and George\\nTaylor, with the single weapon he carried on the\\noccasion.\\nAnother encounter took place in the forests of", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "33:\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nNevada County, which proved more successful for\\nBoggs. The authoi itie^ learned that Dick could be\\nfound in the vicinity of Nevada City, and George\\nJohnson, the Sheriff of Placer County, and Boggs,\\nstarted in pursuit. They met Dick in the woods on\\nthe slopes of the Sierra, and the robber, as usual,\\nshowed fight. A running fight ensued without any\\ndamage being done, and Dick, after emptying his\\nrevolver at his pursuers, sprang away from them at\\na very brisk pace; in fact he would have escaped,\\nhad he not tripped in some undergrowth, and before\\nhe could rise again Johnson and Boggs were on him.\\nHe called for quarter which was freely given, and\\nNevada City Jail was his lodging place that night.\\nHe escaped soon after, as was his invariable custom.\\nHe seemed to have a peculiar faculty for breaking\\nfrom the flimsy prison-houses that were erected in\\nthose days, and probably esca])ed from every jail in\\nthat section of the State.\\nESC.\\\\PE FRO.M JAIL.\\nHe was once confined in the Auburn jiiil, which\\nhappened to be very crowded at the time, and as he\\nwas a known jail-breaker, as well as a desperate man,\\nevery precaution was taken to keep him within the\\nwalls. He was heavily ironed from the hip to the\\naidvle, and a strict watch kept upon him by the\\nkeepers. One daj a gentleman named Hillard came\\nto the jail, and asked permission of L. L. Bullock,\\nwho had charge of the place, to see one of the\\nprisoners. His request was granted and Dick War-\\nrick, an under keeper, opened the barred door lead-\\ning to the corridor where the prisoners were confined,\\nand after Mr. Hillard had entered, locked it again,\\nbut forgot to take the key out of the lock, and went\\naway to attend to other duties. IJattlesnake Dick\\nobserved his oversight and took advantage of it. He\\npassed bis arm through the bars and unlocked the\\ndoor, passing quiet!}- from the place, ironed as he\\nwas, and eventuallj- made his escape through the\\nconnivance of a man named Al. Briton, who con-\\ncealed him in a barn near Aulnini, until it was safe\\nfor him .o leave.\\nROBBERIES BY THE GANG.\\nDick was not immediately concerned in every rob-\\nbery perpetrated by his gang, but jtrobably insti-\\ngated and planned most of them. There was one,\\nhowever, worthy of mention, that he was not at all\\ncognizant of This was the robbery of the stage\\nrunning between Rattlesnake Bar and Fol.- om, by\\nJimDriscoll and Cherokee Bob. The two highway-\\nmen concealed themselves in a ditch above the road,\\nand when the stage came within proper distance\\nthey leaped upon the boot, and before the bewil-\\ndered driver knew that he had two unwelcome pas-\\nsengers on board, Wells Pargo s treasure box. con-\\ntaining SG,000, was in their possession. Thoj-\\nburied the money and se))arated, Cherokee Bob\\ncrossing the mountains to Carson, and DriscoU, mak-\\ning his way through Dick Fuller s to Vernon, on the\\nSacramento River, where he took passage on a\\nwood-boat to Red Bluff. Sheriff Bullock started in\\npursuit without a single clue, and the capture of the\\nrobbers seemed hopeless, for both Driscoll and Bob\\nwere comparatively unknown in a country where so\\nmany similar characters committed their depreda-\\ntions. The Sheriff made the attempt, however, and\\none day, while in Sacramento, related the circum-\\nstance to Chas. O Neil and Dan tray, both of whom\\nwere Sherift s or deputies at the time. The fact that\\nthe robber, or robbers, for they did not know how\\nmany were concerned, had apparently left the State,\\nimpressed Messrs. O Neii and Gay as being a trick\\npeculiarly DriscoU s, and upon investigation this\\ntheory was strengthened by the fact that a man\\nwith a halt in his walk had been seen making his\\nway to Vernon, and afterwards on the wood-boat\\nfor Red Bluff. As Driscoll had a halt in his walk,\\nthe supposition became almost a certainty, and the\\nauthorities at Red Bluft and other points were noti-\\nfied; but Driscoll managed to elude the Sheriffs,\\nboth at Red Bluff and Marysville, returning to Ver-\\nnon on the identical wood boat on which he had\\ntaken passage after the robbery. Mr. Bullock was\\non the lookout for him there, and when the boat\\nmade a landing he stepped on board and, much to\\nDriscoU s surprise, arrested him. Driscoll, on his\\nway back to Auburn, was continually asking the\\nquestion, Bullock, how did you know I did the\\njob? and how in h I did j^ou track me? To\\nwhich the reticent Sheriff only smiled grimly, and\\nreplied, that such a notorious thief as Driscoll did\\nnot have much chance in California just then. He\\nadmitted his guilt; was sent to State Prison for a\\nlong term of years, and a short time after made a\\nproposition to turn up the swag (meaning the\\n$6,000) and leave State, if granted a free pardon;\\nbut the authorities would not listen to him, and\\nCherokee Bob took the treasure as a sort of legacy.\\nPHILLIPS, OF THE MOUNTAINEER HOUSE.\\nDriscoU s further history is closely connected with\\nthat of a man named Jack Phillips, and this sketch\\nwould not be complete without these details also.\\nPhillips kept a wayside tavern, called the Mountain-\\neer House, on the Folsom road, about thi-ee miles\\nfrom Auburn. This place did not possess the best\\nreputation in the world from the start. As time\\npassed on, rumors of midnight gatherings at Phil-\\nlips of other characters besides honest teamsters\\nand mule-drivers, began to gain ground, and the\\nplace was avoided by everyone who regarded his\\nlife or property. After events proved that the house\\nwas a rendezvous for most of the desperadoes that\\nthen cursed the country, the worst being Tom Bell s\\ngang, a band of cut-throats and highway robbers\\nthat numbered several hundred, and who pillaged\\nthe State from the Oregon border to the southern\\nlakes, rivaling Murietla and his horde in boldness and\\nbrutality. These men had a regular code of signals.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n333\\nsigns, and passwords, by which they made them-\\nselves known to each other whenever they met. At\\nPhillips place, they introduced themselves by call-\\ning for liquor, and when pi-oducing the money with\\nwhich to pay for the drink displayed a bullet with a\\nstring through it, and the individual being recog-\\nnized as a member of the gang, was treated with all\\nthe hospitality due a man of the road. Every\\neffort to break up this rendezvous was unsuccessful\\nuntil the murder of a Jewish peddler named Rosen-\\nthal, on the banks of a lonely stream near Phillips\\nknown as Rose Spring, when the authorities became\\naroused to more than their usual vigilance, and\\ndetermined efforts were made to capture the\\nunknown murderers. It was strongly suspected that\\nTom Bell s gang did the work, and that Aleck\\nWright, Billy Dickson, and Jim Driscoll, of Rattle-\\nsnake Dick s gang assisted, or knew more about\\nthe crime than they would willingly tell, but nothing\\ndefinite was ever known in regard to the matter.\\nSheriff Paul, of Calaveras County, interested him-\\nself in working up the murder, and in the course\\nof his investigations came across a Mexican who dis-\\nclosed the string bullet signal of Phillips to him, and\\nhe resolved to commence at that tavern.\\nThe Sheriff, in pursuance of this resolution, visi-\\nted the rendezvous, and producing the bullet, was\\nfreely admitted, and while staying all night at the\\nplace, succeeded in learning much to prove that\\nPhillips harbored the desperadoes suspected. He\\nleft next morning and did not return for a week,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0when he brought a posse of men with him and\\narrested Phillips and two others. The tavern-\\nkeeper was tried for harboring highway robbers,\\nand served a term in the State Prison.\\nMYSTERIOUS DEATH OF A PRISONER.\\nThe investigation in regard to the murder at\\nRose Springs still continued, and the convicts con-\\nfined in the State s Prison received the information\\nthat Jim Driscoll, who was then in prison, was about\\nto divulge to the officers all that he knew of the\\naffair. Measures were promptly taken to prevent\\nhim from doing so. One day while passing under\\nthe corridor, a man known as Dirty Thompson,\\none of Tom Bell s gang, dropped a bar of iron on his\\nhead, and erysipelas eventually set in, which caused\\nhis death, although there is a legend among the\\nconvicts that Chas. Mortimer, who was confined in\\nthe prison at the time, fearing that he would make a\\nconfession before he died, administered poison to\\nhim. He died very suddenly at any rate.\\nDEATH OP RATTLESNAKE DICK.\\nAnd now after these scenes that have formed the\\ncriminal drama comes the closing act of all, the\\ntragedy that ended the career of Rattlesnake Dick.\\nHe had boasted that he would never rot in a prison\\nas long as a revolver could keep him out, and the\\nmanner in which he carried out the boast may be\\nobserved when it is known that although confined in\\nnearly every jail in the northern mines, he succeeded\\nin breaking them all. About half-past 8 o clock on\\nMonday night, the 11th of July, 1859, some one\\ninformed George W. Martin, Deputy Tax-Collector,\\nof Placer County, that Rattlesnake Dick and\\nanother desperado had gone through Auburn on\\nhorseback. Mr. Martin mounted a horse, and being\\njoined by Under Sheriff Geo. C.Johnston and Deputy\\nSheriff W. M. Crutcher, started in pursuit. They\\nmet on the lilinoistown I oad, about one mile from\\nAuburn, and Johnston, who was riding ahead, called\\nupon the men to halt. The only reply was made by\\nDick, who asked what was wanted, and the next\\ninstant a flash paled the sheen of the moonlight,\\nand a bullet sped from the revolver which Dick held,\\npassing through Johnson s left hand, cutting his\\nbridle rein, and shattering the hand in a horrible\\nmanner. At the same moment Dick s companion,\\nwho was not recognized bj^ the Deputy Sheriff, fired,\\nthe ball passing Wm. Crutcher and entering the\\nbody of Martin, who dropped from his horse dead.\\nFor a moment the fight looked dubious for the\\nari esting party, for Johnston occupied most of his\\ntime plying his spurs and the butt of his revolver\\nupon his horse, which he could not control in any\\nother way, the bridle-reins being gone and the\\nanimal being frightened by the noise of the firing.\\nJohnston finally found an opportunity to fire, and\\nDick was mortally wounded. The two robbers,\\nwounded, then turned and fled, and about half a\\nmile further on some people in a house by the road-\\nside saw two men riding past at a furious pace in\\nthe bright moonlight, one of whom was reeling in\\nhis saddle, being supported bj the other. Parties\\nscoured the country during the night, but without\\nresult, and no trace was discovered of cither until\\nthe next morning, when the driver and passengers\\nof the Iowa Hill stage were horrified by the sight\\nof a corpse lying by the roadside near the Junction\\nHouse. It was recognized as that of Dick, and he\\nhad ridden over a mile from the scene of his last\\nfight before lying down to die. He was shot twice\\nthrough the body, both bullets passing clear through,\\nfrom breast to back and side to side. Either would\\nhave ultimately proved fatal, but the immediate\\ncause of his death was from a bullet through the\\nbrain, whether inflicted by his companion or himself\\nis a question. L. L. Bullock, however, who was then\\nSheriff of the county, and who had the body con-\\nveyed to Auburn, inclines to the belief that Dick,\\nfinding that he was bleeding to death, committed\\nsuicide, as he says when the body was found the\\narm was in such a position as would warrant the\\nbelief. When the body of Dick was found it was\\nlying on a machilla, on a pile of brush, a saddle\\nblanket partly covering him. He had on a pair of\\nkid gloves; in the right hand of one was a slip of paper,\\non which was scrawled in pencil the words:\\nRattlesnake Dick dies but never surrenders, as", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "334\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nall true Britons do; and on the other side was\\nwritten, If J. Boggs is dead, I am satisfied. He\\nprobably mistook Martin for Boggs, his inveterate\\nenemy, and supposed that he had been shot, and\\nthese last words showed the hate and fear in which\\nthis prince of highwaymen held the brave Deputy\\nSheriff.\\nAN AFFECTING LETTER.\\nA letter was found on the body of Dick, from his\\nsister, which, for pathos and true sisterly love, and\\ndeep, enduring affection, has seldom been equalled,\\nand the sympathy which it awakens in the breast\\nof every kind-hearted man or woman must be gen-\\nuine. How two such beings, so different in every\\nrespect, could be allied by bonds of relationship is\\nalmost past belief The following is a copy of the\\nletter:\\nSweet Ho.me, March 14, 1859.\\nMr Dear, Dear Brother: I can scarcely believe,\\nor rather realize, that 1 am again indulging in the\\nprivilege of addressing j ou, with the hope of being\\nheard or under.-itood and tremblingly I ask that\\nyou, my beloved brother, the guide of my infant\\njoys, the long lost friend of my childhood, will allow\\na renewed correspondence to open between you\\nand your good old home. Oh! how our hearts have\\nached for a word from your own pen. Years have\\npassed away since your last letter reached us\\nyears that now seem to be lifetimes. I have grieved,\\nbut never despaired, for 1 have prayed to the Father\\nthat bo would restore you to the paths of recti-\\ntude; but if ho has not already, you will say: Ah\\nme! Ho will never save me! But 1 say, faithfully,\\nHe will. Oh, brother, will you not be saved? God\\nsees your heart, while you read these words. He\\nknows, if there is a secret wish there, it is to be a\\nbetter man. If there be but the bud of a resolu-\\ntion. He knows. Hear him say: Seek ye first the\\nkingdom of God, and all things shall be added\\nthereunto. Jesus will raise your head and make\\nyou a new man. Go to Him, oh! my brother.\\nWill you not write a few words to j our own\\nhome? It may, indeed, be a bitter task, but may\\nit not prove a blessing Do try to overcome every\\nobstacle; look down deep into your heart and see if\\nthere is not a wish to remember your sister, your\\nown most affectionate sister.\\nHarriet Barter.\\nP. S. Please do write, dear brother, and I will\\ntell you so many things that will interest you.\\nTo Richard H. Barter.\\nThere was no envelope to the letter, and no indi-\\ncation whatever as to where it was written or\\nmailed, but as Dick received letters frequently,\\nwhile in jail, from Canada, it is thought that this\\nwas from that section.\\nTHE LAST OP THE TRAGEDY.\\nThe body was brought to Auburn in a prairie\\nschooner, or mule team, and while lying on the\\nsidewalk in front of Masonic Hall, in that town, an\\nunwarranted indignity was imposed upon it by a\\nprominent citizen named Sam Whitmarsh, who delib-\\nerately raised his heavy boot and kicked the dead\\ndesperado in the face. This action, in a great meas-\\nure, defeated him for the office of Supervisor a year\\nlater. The rugged Argonauts could not vote for a\\nman who would thus grossly insult a corpse. Dick\\nwas buried in the clothes he wore at his death fine\\nblack pants, light-colored vest, a light drub merino\\ncoat, and kid gloves. Thus ended the career of one\\nof the boldest villains that ever stopped a stage or\\nrifled a treasure-box. George W. Martin was buried\\nby the Masonic Order, and ten years afterward\\nAleck Wright was tried for his murder, it being\\nbelieved he was the companion of Dick on the night\\nof the affray, as he left that section of country imme-\\ndiately afterwards, but the evidence was not suffi-\\ncient, and he was acquitted.\\nIt has always been a disputed point as to who\\nreally was with Dick on the night in question, some\\nholding that it was George Taylor, and others that\\nit was Aleck Wright, but it is generally considered\\nthat the latter was the man. The manner of his\\ndeath is also involved in obscurity, but the theory\\nthat his companion on the night of the affray shot\\nhim is strengthened by the fact that Dick always\\ntold his gang that whenever it became impossible for\\nhim to escape, to kill him and get away themselves;\\nbut the position of Dick s hand, with a pistol in it,\\nis no proof that he committed suicide. He found\\nthat he could go no further, and, knowing that the\\nofficers of the law were liable to discover him at any\\nmoment, wrote the lines quoted and gave the word\\nto his comrade to kill him.\\nCHINAMEN SLAUGHTER A FAMILY.\\nThe people of Placer County, as well as of the\\nState, were shocked by the report of an appalling\\ntragedy committed near Rocklin on the loth of\\nSeptember, 1876. The locality was three miles north\\nof Kockliu, on a place known as the Old Ryan Ranch.\\nThe victims were Mr. H. N. Sargent, a well-known\\nand highly respected citizen of that locality, and Mr.\\nand Mrs. Xavier D. Oder, employed by Mr. Sargent.\\nThe murderers were Chinamen, headed by a young\\nviper named Ah Sam, who for a number of years\\ngerved as cook in different private families in Auburn.\\nA few days previous, Mr. Sargent had sold these\\nChinamen a mining claim for $120, and the only\\nknown provocation for the murder was the desire\\non the part of the Chinamen to repossess the money.\\nMr. Oder and his wife were keeping house for Mr.\\nSargent, and, as though afraid to make the attack\\non all at once, they, to decoy Mr. Sargent from the\\nhouse, told him they wanted to purchase more min-\\ning ground, and wished him to go with them to the\\nclaim for that purpose. While on the way to the\\nclaim, and nearly half a mile from the house, one of\\nthe Chinamen walking in the rear shot Mr. Sargent\\nin the back; turning quickly to face his assailant, a\\nChinaman in advance shot him again. Five times\\nhe was shot before he fell, and then, for fear he might\\nsurvive, he was shot again in the head. After this,", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n33c\\nit is supposed, the murderous wretches rushed back\\nto the house and completed their bloody work on\\nMr. and Mrs. Oder, before hunting for the money.\\nAt all events, Mrs. Oder, shot with a pistol and her\\nhead cut open with an axe, was found lying in a pool\\nof blood on the floor, and in an adjoining room,\\ntrunks, broken open with the same bloody axe that\\nhad served to scatter the brains of Mrs. Oder, were\\nfound, rummaged of their contents, and all in them\\nof value, including the ?120 received by Mr. Sargent\\na few days before for the mine, gone. About si^ty\\nyards from the house was the body of Mr. Oder,\\nlying on his face, and pierced with three bullets.\\nSoon after the outrage, a neighbor passing by took\\noccasion to call. On approaching the door and see-\\ning the mangled and gory form of Mrs. Oder, he was\\nhorrified, and at once started for Rocklin to give the\\nalarm. Officers were soon on the premises, who\\nbegan at once a search for the murderers. They had\\nno idea Mr. Sargent was killed, until, while hunting\\nfor the perpetrators of the horrible crime, they\\nheard groans, and on going in the direction from\\nwhich they emanated, found Mr. Sargent lying sense-\\nless on his face, though still alive. He was at once\\ntaken to Rocklin and placed under surgical treat-\\nment, and though he revived sufficiently to recover\\nhis reason, during which time he gave the informa-\\ntion that his assailants were Penryn Chinamen, and\\nthat Ah Sam was one of them, he died from the\\neffects of his six wounds, any one of which might\\nhave proven fatal in time, about 9 a. m. the next\\nmorning. The Sheriff and Coroner were sent for,\\nand while the former and his deputies scoured the\\ncountry in search of the murderers, the latter held\\nan inquest over the remains of the unfortunate vic-\\ntims. The jury found in the case of Mr. Sargent,\\nthat he came to his death from wounds inflicted by\\nAh Sam and Ah Jim and another C/ hinaman to them\\nunknown. In the case of Oder and his wife, they\\nfound that they came to their death at the hands of\\nparties to them unknown.\\nDuring the raid by the officers, some fifteen China-\\nmen in all were taken into custody and lodged tem-\\nporarily ^until the arrival of the east-bound passen-\\nger train in Exchange Hall, Rocklin, where a heavy\\nguard was required to keep the enraged citizens, who\\nbegan to gather around, ft om taking possession of the\\nprisoners and lynching them. Out of all the China-\\nmen arrested, Sheriff MeCormick decided to hold four,\\nand on the arrival of the train it took much tact and\\ndetermined work on the part of the oSicors to get\\nthese four through the crowd to the depot and on\\nthe cars. The four Chinamen were taken to Auburn\\nand lodged in jail.\\nTHE CHINESE EXPELLED PROM ROOKHN.\\nOn Monday morning, a meeting of the citizens\\nof Rocklin was held, which decided to notify all the\\nChinamen in town to leave by six o clock that even-\\ning, or be driven out. .Many packed up and left at\\nonce, and by 4 o clock p. si., the last squad, burdened\\nwith their baggage, filed out of town, even to those\\nwho were employed by the railroad company. At\\n6 o clock a body of men marched to the Chinese\\nquarters and demolished every house, to a total of\\nabout twenty-five, that the moon-eyes had previously\\noccupied. In one was a stove containing some fire,\\nand when the roof fell; the rubbish was ignited, and\\nfor a few minutes quite a conflagration was threat-\\nened; but a stream from the force-pump at the Rail-\\nroad Round House prevented the fire spreading.\\nMeetings were held the same evening at Roseville\\nand Penryn, and at each place committees were\\nappointed to notify the Chinese of the respective\\nneighborhoods to leave before 12 o clock the next\\nday. It is useless to say that at the expii-ation of\\nthe time few Chinese were to be found at either of\\nthe above-named places.\\nA band of some fifteen to twenty armed men from\\nRoseville, and another band of about 100 from\\nRocklin, traveled up and down the country from\\nPenryn to Roseville, and out towards Folsom as far\\nas the American River, visiting the various Chinese\\ncamps, driving out the occupants of those which had\\nnot already been deserted, and leveling their huts to\\nthe ground. Though determined in their work, they\\nseemed not excited, and manifested no desire to\\nplunder. At Pino, also, a delegation waited on the\\nChinese, and in a brief space of time there was not\\na Celestial around.\\nThe only Chinaman to be found in that section of\\nthe country was John Boggs cook, who in consider-\\nation of being allowed to stay, promised Mr. Boggs\\nthat he would render him assistance in hunting\\nup all the guilty parties. Assisted by this Chinaman,\\nMr. Boggs was enabled to arrest one Ah Fook, at\\nFolsom. This Ah Fook was said by Boggs China-\\nman to be one of the murderers. From the day of\\nthe murder the most vigorous search was instituted\\nfor the assassins, and various arrests were made of\\nChinamem supposed to be more or less connected\\nwith the affair. Some were discharged for want of\\nevidence, while others were kept in custody. The\\narch rascal. Ah Sam, managed to elude the officers\\nand keep concealed from those who desired to know\\nhis whereabouts.\\nEXPEDITION AFTER AH SAM.\\nJ. C. Boggs, of Penrj-n, a special detective for the\\nrailroad company, had from the start been very dil-\\nigent in his search for the perpetrators, and, as\\nresults show, his diligence was only surpassed by\\nhis perseverence. After putting together certain\\npoints in the case which he had been able to collect,\\nhe came to the conclusion that Ah Sam was some-\\nwhere up in Plumas County, and, accordingly, about\\nthe 1st of February, he started for that region in\\nhopes of procuring his arrest. On arriving there\\nand making inquiry, he heard of a Chinaman that\\nanswered the description of the one he wanted, who", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "336\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was at the time cooking for G. W. Gulliver, at the\\nGold Strike 31ine, on Wolf Creek, near Greenville.\\nArrangements were made for his arrest, but, when\\nthe officers gained the premises it was found that the\\nbird had flown. Other Chinamen, hearing of Boggs\\npre.sence, had hastened ahead and warned Sam of\\napproaching danger. Boggs remained in the neigh-\\nborhood prosecuting his search for several days,\\nuntil at length feeling that the culprit must be out of\\nhis immediate reach, he temporarily abandoned the\\nsearch, and i-eturned home.\\nDISCOVERY AND DEATH OF THE JIQRDERER.\\nAh Sam, it seems, started for Rich Bar, which is\\non the East Branch of the North Fork of Feather\\nRiver, about twenty -five miles from Greenville, but,\\nowing to the deep snow and rugged country, he\\nmade his way with great difficulty. Oa the 15th of\\nFebruary, vvilh liis feet Irozen and nearly famished\\nwith hunger, he made his appearance at the cabin of\\nMr. Ira Wentworth, which is on a high mountain oif\\nthe road, and near Rich Bar. He desired food and\\nshelter for the night.\\nFood was given him, but Mr. Wentworth refused\\nto harbor him. The next morning he made his\\nappearance and again desired food, which was given\\nhim, and once moi-e he went away. That day Mr.\\nWentworth went down to the Bar, and told the boys\\nat the mine of the suspicious-looking Chinaman on\\nthe mouniaiu. They had heai d that the officers\\nwere looking for a Chinamen in that vicinity, and\\nconcluded this was the one, at all events they\\ndecided to arrest him, and for that ])urpose two\\nyoung miners, T. J. Stentz and A. Buvinghausen,\\nstarted in pursuit. They soon came on to Ah Sam,\\nbut, finding him intrenched behind a ledge of rocks,\\nand armed with a pistol which he showed a\\ndisposition to use, they concluded that to take him\\nwithout endangering their lives would require a\\nlarger force. Accordingly one remained and watched\\nhim, while the other went for i-einforccments, which\\nsoon arrived to the number of eight armed men.\\nWhen Sam saw his arrest was inevitable, and real-\\nizing what would follow, he told them, in good\\nEnglish, that he would kill himself before they should\\ntake him, and, before they could reach him, he took\\nout his pistol and shot himself in the abdomen. He\\nwas taken down to Rich Bar, whore he lived two\\ndaj .ii, refusing to answer questions or converse on\\nthe matter for which he had been arrested.\\nOn his death he was packed in snow and brought\\nby way of Reno to Auburn, under the direction\\nof District Attorney Bullock. Coroner Swett at\\nonce summoned a jury and proceeded to hold an\\ninquest over the body. Numerous witnesses were\\nexamined from both Auburn and Penryn, who, with\\nscarcely an exception, testified that thej recognized\\nthe body before them as that of Ah Sam. The Jury\\nbrought in a verdict in accordance with the forego-\\ning statement. After the inquest the Chinamen\\nwere offered the body, but they refused positively to\\nhave anything to do with it.\\nAccordingly, the Coroner had him buried the next\\nday, near the Chinese burjing-ground. And thus\\nfittingly terminated the career of one of the most\\nbrutal murderers that ever disgraced Placer County\\nwith his presence. The rewards that had been\\noffered for his capture aggregated $850 S600 by the\\nState and \u00c2\u00a7250 by the Chinese Six Companies. This\\namount, we presume, was divided among those who\\nwere instrumental in thus hastily terminating his\\ncareer.\\nMURDER BY INDIANS.\\nJohn Norton was murdered int he fall of 1877 on\\nthe public highway leading from Auburn to Forest\\nHill, in broad daylight, by two of the most desper-\\nate Indians in that part of the State, Indian Charlie\\nand Indian Bill. It seems that when the Indians\\nsaw Norton coming alone and on foot down the road,\\nthey made up their minds to rob him. On meeting\\nhim they demanded his money. Norton told them he\\nhad none, and started to run. At this Indian Charlie\\nshot him, the ball striking his shoulder, but the shot,\\nfailing to have the desired eft ect, the other Indian\\nfired and Norton fell to the ground. The Indians,\\ncoming up, drew knives to complete the job their\\nbullets had commenced. In their endeavor to cut\\nhis throat, Norton evidently grabbed the knives by\\nthe blade to ward them ofl for, when found, his\\nhands were shockingly cut. While engaged in their\\nbutchery another man came in sight, and the Indi-\\nans, becoming alarmed, escaped in the brush. By\\nexcessive diligence in follovving them up. Sheriff\\nMcCormick finally captured Charlie some ten miles\\nabove Auburn, near the North Fork of the Ameri-\\ncan River.\\nAbout two months after the capture of Charlie,\\nhe obtained information which satisfied him that his\\nman, Indian Bill, was at one of two camps in\\nEl Dorado County, either Volcanoville or Bottle\\nHill. It was upon the last day of his official term,\\nbefore arrangements could be matured for making\\nthe search, when Deputies McCormick, Jr., and\\nLaughlin were sent out in pursuit of the fugitive.\\nThey arrived at Georgetown, and accompanied b}*\\nC. Cushman and Thos. Lewis, of the latter place,\\nstarted for Bottle Hill, which place they reached\\nabout midnight. They surrounded the camp and\\ngave the alarm, but the Indians refused to come out.\\nThe door of the cabin was then broken down, when\\nMcCormick and Cushman entered and discovered\\ntheir man in a small side apartment, eyeing them\\nthrough a low, naiTow doorway. McCormick told\\nhim to come out, they wanted him; he immediatelj\\nbegan to shoot. He could have been instantly killed\\nat this moment by McCormick, who had him covered\\nwith a Henry Rifle, but his point was to take the\\nman alive. After some shooting on both sides, and\\nhis still refusing to come out, they threatened to burn\\nhim out, and at once began to pile fuel against the", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCE OF A.H.GATES.\\nUNCOllV,PUC\u00c2\u00a3-/f CO.fiAL.\\nJ^O^JIIi!\\nRESIDENCE OF W^ AMBROSE.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n337\\nside of the wigwam. Seeing this he finally gave\\nhimself up, though not without a desperalo straggle\\nto retain his arms, consisting of pistol, rifle, and\\nhatchet.\\nThis completed the capture of every known fugi-\\ntive from justice in the County at that time, and\\nSheriff MeCormick, on retiring from office, left every\\naccused rascal within his jurisdiction, including five\\nmurderei s, safely in the lock-up, giving to his suc-\\ncessor an even start and clear sailing.\\nWRECKING A RAILROAD TRAIN.\\nA desperate attempt was made to rob the East-\\nbound mail and express train on the Central Pacific\\nRailroad, near Cape Horn Mills, on the night of\\nSeptember 1, 1881, but fortunately the would-be\\nrobbers obtained no booty. To stop the train the\\nrobbers had torn up one of the rails, and coming on\\nthe place under full headway, the engine jumped\\nthe track. As it was the forward locomotive, the\\nmail, express, baggage, and one fruit car were\\nditched, but without doing any material damage.\\nAlarmed at the shock, the clerk of the mail car\\nappeared at the door, when ho received a command\\nto throw up his hands. This was the first intimation\\nas to the cause of the stoppage. A similar demand\\nwas, at about the same time, made on the express\\nmessenger; but instead of complying with their\\nrequest, he dodged back at once and extinguished the\\nlights. Strange to say no further demands were\\nmade, but a few minutes later the robbers were\\nheard halloing to each other as if collecting their\\nforces for a retreat. A runner was sent back to\\nColfax, who telegraphed to Sacramento, and the\\nwrecking-train, having on board a number of detec-\\ntives, was dispatched to the scene of the would-be\\nrobberj at once. On an inspection of the grounds\\nafter the departure of the robbers, there were found\\nnine masks, fifteen or twenty giant-powder cartridges,\\na quantity of fuse, axes, sledges, etc., and such other\\nminor article s as were necessary for a sj-stematic and\\nwholesale robbery. It was afterwards learned by\\nSheriff Boggs and his deputies, that three men were\\nliving in a cabin on the North Fork of the American\\nRiver, who claimed to be miners, but who had neither\\nmining tools to work with nor a claim to work.\\nThis suspicious circumstance furnished a clue, which\\nbeing worked up, led to the capture of every one\\nengaged in the attempt.\\nThe persons arrested were; John Mason, B. Stein-\\negal, Reuben A. Rogei-s, and A. II. Frazier, September\\n11th, and George H. Shinn, October 27th. The trial\\nof the train-wreckers constituted one of the causes\\ncelehre of Placer County.\\nSINGULAR REVELATION OF MURDER.\\nOn the 16th of September, 1881, the citizens of\\nPlacer County were shocked with the revelation of\\nwhat had every appearance of being a foul and\\ndeliberate murder, which had been committed five\\nyears previous. The ciriuim-ilances are related as\\nfollows:\\nIn 1859. Ambrose S. Niles came to California\\nacross the plains from Wisconsin. There came\\nwith him, from the same State and same neighbor-\\nhood, a friend by the name of James Singleton.\\nAfter arriving in this State, Nilos settled on some\\nland about four miles west of Lincoln, Placer County,\\nwhile Singleton went to work in the same neighbor-\\nhood for wages. Nilos soon acquired some promi-\\nnence in business, and was generally regarded as an\\nupright and reliable man. Singleton, being industrious\\nand steady, made money and saved it. Niles became\\nquite heavily indebted to Singleton, though in just\\nwhat amount can never be l?:nown After several\\nyears of farming, during which time Singleton had\\nbecome well known in and about Lincoln, and quite\\na favorite among those with whom he worked, he\\nstruck out for other fields of labor. He went to\\nNevada, but in a year returned to Lincoln. He then\\nwent to Sacramento, and between O ikland and\\nSacramento he worked at the livery business up to\\nthe time of his death.\\nAbout Thanksgiving time in 187G, he came from\\nOakland, whore he was then employed, to Lincoln,\\nfor the purpose of visiting his friends, and if possible,\\nto get his money from Niles. After visiting briefly\\nin town, he, promising to see his friends there again,\\ngot on a wagon which was going that way, and rode\\nout to Niles place. Either the ne.xL day or ihj day\\nafter, he and Niles went to Sheridan with a team,\\nand from that day no one ever savv him again alive.\\nOf course those he had promised to visit inquired of\\nNiles what had become of him, and Niles answer\\nwas, that while at Sheridan he jumped on the train\\nand went to Maiysville. The thought of foul play\\nat the time seemed to have entered the heads of\\nsome of the neighbors, but Niles excellent standing\\ndiscouraged any general expression on the subject.\\nIt was known that Niles hired man, Ropp. had\\nfilled up an old well at Niles request the day afcer\\nthe latter and Singleton had went to Sheridan. On\\nbeing questioned, Niles told a conflicting and unten-\\nable story, and all the circumstances put together\\ntended to confirm the suspicions, and after Niles\\nsold out and vrent away certain parties would say,\\noccasionally, they would give so and so to see the\\nbottom of that old well. About two months previ-\\nous to the discovery of the body, one Thomas Brown,\\nwho from the first had been a convert to the idea\\nthat Niles had something to do with the disappear-\\nance of Singleton, went to Sacramento, and there\\nlearned, on top of all else, that Niles had negotiated\\na note due to Singleton from some other party. On\\nhis return he again agitated the subject, and insisted\\nthat the old well should be dug out. Others sided\\nwith him and it was resolved to do something. The\\nCoroner was applied to, but he had no authority to\\nimpose an expense on the county for digging out\\nold wells. Fmally, upon the suggestion of the Dis-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "338\\nHISTOKY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntrict Attornej W. B. Lardner, a subscription was\\ntaken among the citizens sufficient to pay the\\nexpcnsesof digging out the well. Accordingly work\\nwas begun. They continued digging until they\\ncame upon boards laid quite regularly like a\\nrude floor. Most of the party said: Here is the\\nbottom, and no body has been found. But one of\\nthem, thinking the regularity of the floor a suspi-\\ncious circumstance, persuaded his comrades to con-\\ntinue the search. Upon proceeding lower down\\nthey found, two and one-half feet of earth beneath\\nthe boards, sticks and trash thrown in promis-\\ncuously. These being removed, another floor of\\nboards was found. LTpon raising one of these,\\nthe legs of a human body were discovered. Their\\nsearch had been rewarded by the discovery of the\\nbody of James Singleton. They at once stopped the\\nprocess of exhuming the body and notified the Cor-\\noner and District Attorney. A guard was then\\nplaced over the well, which remained on duty all\\nnight. The Coroner, the next morning, took charge\\nof the body. The news of the finding of the body\\nspread like wildfire throughout the country, and the\\nmost intense excitement prevailed. The body was\\ntaken into the town of Lincoln, and the streets were\\nthronged with excited people. The remains were\\nin an advanced state of decomposition. The skull\\nhad been literally mashed. The clothing was well\\npreserved and readily identified. An inquest was\\nheld over the remains, the jury being composed of\\nE. Jarvis, John Rea, John Heanny, H. C. Johnson,\\nT. H. Jeter, E. Herryford, and N. Coates. The fol-\\nlowing was their verdict:\\nIn the matter of the in(iuisition upon the body of\\nJames Singleton, deceased, wc, the undersigned,\\njurors summoned to appear before J. D. Redfern,\\nCoroner of the county of Placer, at Lincoln, on the\\n17th day of September, 1881, to inquire into the\\ncause of death, and having been sworn according to\\nlaw, and made such inquisition, after inspecting the\\nbody and hearing the testimony adduced, upon our\\noaths, each and all do say. That we find the deceased\\nwas named James Singleton, a native of Ireland,\\naged about fifty years; that he came to his death\\nabout the middle of November, 1876, by the blow of\\na deadly weapon on his head inflicted by the hand\\nof one A. S. Niles, according to our best information\\nand belief and which was done about four miles\\nwest of Lincoln, on the premises at that lime owned\\nby said A. S. Niles, in this countj-; all of which we\\ncertify to by this inquisition in writing, bv us signed\\nthis 17th day of September, A. D. 1881.\\nin the meantime Sheriff Boggs and Constable\\nHotchkiss, of Lincoln, were out after the supposed\\nmurderer, Niles. It was reported that Niles, who\\nwas out selling patent beds and seat cushions, had\\nthat day passed through Wheatland. Hearing of\\nthis, a Deputj Sheriff of Yuba County, Thos. Beven,\\nstarted in pursuit, and made the arrest about five\\nmiles from Wheatland, on the road to the foot-hills.\\nNiles asked on what chai-ge he was arrested, and\\nwhen told for murder, it i\u00c2\u00ab said he turned very pale\\nand broke completely down. After his arrest he\\nwas turned over to the officers of Placer County and\\nlodged in the Auburn jail. He then admitted that\\nthe body found was that of Singleton, and con-\\nfessed that he throw it in the well. He denied,\\nhowever, that he slew him, but said as they were\\ndriving home they got into a dispute on religious\\nmatters, which was followed bj- an altercation, in\\nwhich Singleton struck him, and while he was\\ndefending himself the horses took fright and ran\\naway, throwing both of them out, stunning Niles,\\nand that the wheels passed over Singleton s head,\\nsmashing his skull. Niles said that after his recov-\\nery from the shock he examined Singleton and found\\nhim dead, and, fearing that he would not be believed\\nin stating the above, he concluded to throw him into\\nthe old well near by and fill it up, and thus avoid\\nany ti-ouble and save the county the expense of an\\ninquest.\\nA TRAGIC END.\\nAfter being in jail about a week he concluded to\\nend his misery by committing suicide. It seems\\nthat he borrowed a knife from Mason, one of the\\naccused train- wreckers, for the ostensible purpose of\\ncutting tobacco. This he took pains to whet to a\\nkeen edge, and with it cut his throat. It was about\\nmidnight, and one of the prisoners, who was awake\\nreading, heard a noise like the falling of water-\\nHearing Niles groan at the same time, he asked if\\nhe was sick. To which the reply was made: Yes,\\nbut not much. His weak, husky voice aroused the\\nsuspicions of his neighboring prisoner, who at once\\ngave the alarm and called the Sheriff Medical\\nassistance was summoned, but he could not be saved.\\nHe lived but a few minutes. The act was evidently\\ncontemplated, his principle motive, as appeared from\\na letter to his wife, being to end his miserable exist-\\nence, save lawyers foes, and save what property he\\nhad for his wife and family. While in his letter he\\ndenied his guilt, the fact that he destroyed himself\\nwas generally regarded as evidence that he was\\nguilty of the crime of which he was accused, and\\nthat he felt a certainty of conviction and an inflic-\\ntion of the severest penalty. Much sympathy was\\nexpressed for his family, and for his brothers, both\\nof whom wore men of excellent standing. But for\\nNiles himself the general opinion was that his\\ntragic and awful end was a just conclusion to what\\nmust have been a miserable life.\\nHOMICIDES AND ROBBERIES.\\nSeveral of the most noted criminals and homicides\\nhave been noticed in the preceding pages. Of those\\nnot there named there is recorded the killing of a\\nman named Mayberry by A. E. Tompkins at Span-\\nish Flat on the 2-lth of January, 1853, in a quarrel\\nover the sale of a mine.\\n1853.\\nMarch 1st. J. J. Schmidt was found murdered in", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n339\\nBig Ravine, near Auburn, the supposed cause being\\nrobbery.\\nJuly 30th. An Indian was hanged on Bear River,\\nnortheast of Auburn, by order of a lynch court, for\\nkilling a Chinaman. Previous to his execution he\\nconfessed to the murder of five Chinamen and one\\nAmerican.\\nNovember 7th. A man named Jennings was\\nkilled by Morrison, at Whisky Bar. Aloi-rison\\nwas examined and discharged.\\n1854.\\nJune 26th. James Ryan was killed in an aflFray at\\nIowa Hill by Patrick Vance.\\n1855.\\nMay 12th. The Indians in the neighborhood of\\nGold Hill were performing the funeral rites upon a\\ndeceased member of their tribe, when a quarrel\\nensued between a squaw and one of the males, which\\nresulted in a brutal murder. The man took the\\nwoman s child and deliberately cut its head off\\nthrowing the body on the tire which was consuming\\nthe body of the dead squaw. The woman in\\nrevenge took the child of her opponent and threw\\nit on the fire, but it was rescued from the flames by\\nsome of the spectators. The Indian was arrested,\\nbut subsequently discharged on a nolle prosequi.\\nMarch 19lh. M. J. Van was stabbed and killed\\nby John Roberts, at Iowa Hill. They were propri-\\netors of the Crescent City Hotel. The trouble grew\\nout of a settlement. Roberts was convicted of\\nmurder and sentenced to be hanged, but the sentence\\nwas commuted by the Govei nor to imprisonment for\\nlife.\\nMarch 20th.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I. P. Beatty was killed at Rector s\\nBar by E. Lockwood, who was convicted of man-\\nslaughter for the crime, and sentenced to two years\\nin State Prison, and fined $1.00.\\nApril lOlh. Wm. Durham was shot and tilled, at\\nAuburn, by Hank Marsh. Durham was supposed to\\nbe insane, and attacked Marsh.\\nApril 11th. Smith was shot and killed by\\nWoodward, in a negro dance-house in Dutch\\nRavine. Both men were gamblers, and the trouble\\ngrew out of the favors shown Smith by one of the\\nnegro women.\\nJune 2d. Townseud was shot and mor-\\ntally wounded by W. L. Carpenter.\\nSeptember 22d. A Chinaman was killed by an\\nIllinoistown Indian, called Tubbs, on the trail lead-\\ning from Christian Valley to the North Fork of the\\nAmerican River. The citizens of Christian Valley\\nsecured Tubbs and hung him to the limb of a tree.\\nSeptember 30th. A. B. Hall was fatally stabbed\\nby Wm. Redmund, alias Pike, in a quarrel caused\\nby whisky.\\n1856.\\nFebruary 10th. Samuel Hillman was shot by\\nJohn Ualagher, at Iowa Hill, in the Alta Saloon.\\nMarch 5th. Aaron Bracy, a colored man, killed a\\nChinaman who was in the act of robbing his house.\\nJune 3d.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Phineas A. Longley, toll-keeper at the\\nWhisky Bar Bridge, over the American River, was\\nbrutally murdered by a party of Indians.\\nSeptember 13th. John O Connor was shot by\\nPatrick Mahoney, at the Rock Spring House; cause,\\njealousy.\\nSeptember 28th. Ned. Conway, a robber, was\\nshot and killed by the Sheriff and his posse. He was\\na member of the notorious Tom Bell gang.\\nNovember 22d. Potts found guilty of mur-\\nder in the second degree, and sentenced to State\\nPrison for life.\\n1857.\\nJanuary 2d. Thomas Stevens was shot and killed\\nby Benjamin Petrie, at the saloon of E. W. Bennett,\\non Roach Hill.\\nFebruary 5th. William Gilley, a man living on\\nBear River, about twelve miles from Auburn, com-\\nmitted suicide by cutting his throat.\\nMarch 2l8t.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jos. Lester, an Englishman, living\\nat Secret Diggings, shot his wife, killing her\\ninstantly, and then committed suicide by shooting\\nhimself through the head. He was intoxicated at\\nthe time.\\nMarch 2l8t. Mr. A. A. Mason was brutally\\nassaulted, at Michigan Bluff, by Foot, Roberts, and\\nBass. He died the week following.\\nJune 11th. The Grand Jury found eight indict-\\nments for murder: Against Marion T. Whithurst,\\nalias Foots, Wm. Roberts and Charles Bass, for the\\nmurder of A. A. Mason; and against five Chinese for\\nthe murder of one of their countrymen. There were\\nin jail at that time ten prisoners indicted for murder\\nin the first degree, and one for assault to do bodily\\ninjury.\\nJune 13th. Antonio Soso was shot and killed by\\nSabriano Robles, at Dutch Ravine. They were both\\nMexicans.\\nJune 13th. Philip Gar} was stabbed to death by\\ntwo Chilenos, Francisco Acosta and Jemasio, at\\nDutch Ravine.\\nDecember 12th.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. B. Johnson, owner of a valua-\\nble claim on Doty s Ravine, several miles from Gold\\nHill, shot a woman by the name of Frenchy, or\\nFlorisdine, and in attempting to escape was thrown\\nfrom his horse and killed.\\nDecember 20th. Andrew HoUenberg, a Swede,\\nwas shot and killed by Martin Rodriguez; caused by\\nHoUenberg refusing him admittance to his house.\\nDecember 2Gth.--The cabin of Mr. Fordyce was\\nrobbed at Rose Springs, by two men, who succeeded\\nin getting $300 in coin, and papei s to the value of\\nfour or five thousand dollars.\\n1858.\\nFebruary 6th. Sigsby, alias Buckskin Joe, was\\nshot by Irish George, at Todd s Valley, during a\\nmelee at a dance-house.\\nFebruary 29Lh. William Snow was stabbed three", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a740\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntimes in the abdomen by. Peter Miwiy, at Forest-\\nHill. The ditiijulty ocoari-el abjiit same mone}\\nJune 11th. Jlartiii Rodrlt^ uez, who was convicted\\nof the murder of Andrew llollenberg the iSwede, at\\nBlue (Jafion, was hung.\\nJuDe 25th. The body of Andrew J. Hoselbaum,\\ntoll-keeper at the Caiion Creek Bridge, was found\\nnear Murderer s Bar, on the American River, with\\nhis head crushed in and other marks of violence on\\nhis person.\\nJuly 5th. The Alta Express office in Iowa Hill\\nwas robbed of S7,-110.\\nJuly ISth. John Naven was stabbed and killed\\nby J. Smith at Auburn. A grudge had existed\\nbetween them for a long time. Smith acted in self-\\ndefense.\\nJuly 25th.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michael Cochran and P. Ward, broth-\\ners-in-law, got into a difficulty with each other, which\\nresulted in the death of the latter Cochran fled.\\nAugust 29th. During a celebration at Forest Hill\\na desperado named Domingo had a dispute with one\\nof the party, and stabbed him in the breast, cutting\\nhis heart completely in twain. Domingo fled and\\nmade good his escape.\\nOctober 30th. The bodies of three Chinese labor-\\ners were found in Shirt-tail Caiion, about six miles\\nfrom Yankee Jim s, with knife wounds on their per-\\nsons, and every indication of having been murdered.\\nNo clue to the perpetrators.\\n1859.\\nJanuary 11th. The stage between Forest Hill and\\nTodd s Vallej- was stopped by eight men, and the\\nexpress box, containing 100 ounces of gold, taken.\\nSeveral shots were tired. The robbers escaped.\\nMarch 8th. Mr. Wilson, the keeper of the boai-d-\\ning-house at Dutch Plat, was murdered by a Swede\\nnamed Joseph Napoleon Moir.s.\\nJune lOth. A man by the name of 1 wards was\\nshot dead by John Niimen when trying to get away\\nwith some ti nber that the latter claimed^\\nJuly 2d. John Ryynolds, the keeper of a disrepu-\\ntable house at Michigan Bluff, was murdered by a\\nMexican for not being permitted to help himself at\\nthe bar.\\nJuly 1-tth. Archibald McBride was stabbed and\\nmortally wounded at Deadwood, by a man named\\nJohn Daly.\\nAugust 6th. Mr. Cole, the keeper of the toll-house\\non the Yankee Jim s and Wisconsin Hill Turnpike,\\nwas found in the toll-house brutally murdered.\\nThere were twenty lour knife wounds upon the\\nbody. No traces of the fiends who committed the\\ndeed could be found.\\nAugust 14th. ^John M. Fordyce was stabbed by a\\nChinaman near Rose Spring, dying from the wound\\nfive days after. Mr. Fordyce was a ditch tender and\\ngold-dust buyer. The Chinaman entered the office\\nand offei-od a small quantity of dust for sale. This\\nFordyce weighed, and turning and opening the safe\\nto procure the coin to pay for the dust, was stabbed\\nin the back. Quickly shutting the safe, and crying\\nout, the murderer was foiled in his attempt at rob-\\nbery and fled. A reward of S750 was offered for\\nhis arrest by Governor Weller, and a large force of\\nmen turned out in pursuit, but he was never appre-\\nhended.\\nSeptember 10th.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DriscoU and Williams, each con-\\nvicted of stage robbery, were sentenced to ten years\\nin the State Prison.\\nNovember 7th. An attempt was made by four\\nhighwaymen to rob the Forest Hill stage of Wells,\\nFargo Co. s treasure-box, and two of them were\\nkilled.\\nIt seems the design of the robbers became known\\nto Daniel C. Gay, a detective of Sacramento, who, in\\nconnection with officer O Neil of thatcity, proceeded\\nto Forest Hill, and after acquainting Wells, Fargo\\nfe Co. s agent with the particulars, they took pas\\nsage on the stage for the purpose of giving the rob-\\nbers a w.irm reception. Upon arriving at Todd s\\nValley the treasure-box and passengers were left\\nbehind, and the stage started for Smith s Ranch, the\\nonly persons aboard being the officers and the driver.\\n.After ascending the hill, between Todd s Valley and\\nAuburn, four men stepped out from behind the trees,\\none caught the horses by the head, one approached\\nthe driver to demand the treasure-box, and the\\nremaining two stood one on each side of the coach,\\nwith revolvers levelled. It being too dark to take\\nsure aim in the coach the officers stopped out and\\nfired, each at his man, bringing them to the ground\\ntogether. O Neil s man was instantly killed. Ho\\nwas an American. The man Officer Gay shot was\\na Spaniard, named Francisco Lunez, a well-known\\ndesperado, and almost a second Joaquin. The\\nname of the American was White, lately out of the\\nState Prison. The bodies of White and Lunez were\\ntaken to*Todd s Valley and buried.\\nDecember 29th. John Dickinson was shot and\\nseverely wounded by Sikesy, a saloon-keeper in\\nTodd s Valley.\\nDecember Slst. A teamster named I. S. Baker,\\nwhile driving quietly from Todd s Valley, was\\nassaulted by two highwaymen a Spaniard and an\\nIrishman who attempted to rob him. A scuffle\\nensued in which knives were used. The Irishman\\nwas fatally stabbed, whereupon the Spaniard placed\\nhim upon one of the horses and mounting behind\\nhim escaped. Baker fought desperately, and\\nreceived several cuts, none of which were serious.\\nISGO.\\nJanuary 29th. Mr. F;d. Richardson, while on his\\nway from Michigan Bluff to Wisconsin Hill, was\\noverpowered by four highwaymen and robbed of\\n81,000.\\nMay 4th. During a fight with pistols between\\ntwo men, named Britton and Dewitt, at Michigan\\nBluff, Dr. W^illitts, a miner who happened to be in", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n341\\nclose proximity, was shot and instantly killed by a\\nstray bullet.\\nMay 25th. The stage from Iowa Hill to Illinois-\\ntown was stopped within a mile and a half of the\\nformer place, before daylight, and the treasure-box\\nof Wells, Fargo Co. was robbed of $11,000 by a\\nparty of five or six highwaymen. After the stage\\nhad been stopped one of them held the horses while\\nthe others brought their pistols to bear upon the\\ndriver and passengers, and one mounted the boot\\nand took out the treasure-box. At the time of the\\nrobbery there were six passengers in the stage, not\\none of whom was armed.\\nJune 23d.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Under Sheriff Stewart and Deputy\\nKennedy, hearing that there was a camp of Iowa\\nHill robbers below Forest Hill, in a canon, went\\nthere and surprised them. One attempted to escape\\nand was shot dead by Kennedy; they arrested two\\nothers and lodged them in jail.\\nJuly 17th. Simmons and Crozier, two of the\\nMountain Spring robbers, were captured and placed\\nin the Auburn jail.\\nJuly 2-lth. Mr. Schnabel s store, at Doty s Flat,\\nwas robbed of \u00c2\u00a7300 in gold coin.\\nAugust 15th. Augustus Melius was shot dead by\\nLo)^d, at Michigan Bluff, for improper intimacy\\nwith the latter s wife.\\nSept. 21st. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Joseph N. Maes and Gunaro Quintano\\nwere executed for murder Maes for killing Joseph\\nThomas, of Dutch Flat, on the 8th of March, 1859,\\nand Quintano for the murder of Joseph Reynolds, at\\nMichigan Bluff, on the 3d of July, 1859.\\n1861.\\nApril 11th. A man named James Hall was\\nkilled by one Owens, in the vicinity of Gold Hill.\\nOwens was tried, but was discharged, as from all the\\ncircumstances he appeared to have acted in self-\\ndefense.\\nNovember 2d. Lewis Fogle, a respectable German,\\nwas murdered at Dutch Flat, by parties unknown.\\n1862.\\nMarch 1st. Wm. O Brien was shot and killed by\\nJ. M. Gaunt, at the Bank Exchange in Auburn.\\nGaunt was sent to State Prison for the homicide, but\\nwas pardoned by the Governor.\\nMay 24th. John Stanton and David Orr, partners\\nin the stage lines between Auburn, Forest Hill,\\nMichigan Bluff, etc., had a serious affray at Forest\\nHill the result of a misunderstanding in business\\naffairs in which both were badly wounded.\\nJuly 12th. The wife of S. S. Greenwood, residing\\ntwo miles south of Auburn, while laboring under\\ndepression of mind caused by illness, hung herself.\\nJuly 24th. George Leavick was shot and killed\\nby Joseph B. Todd, on a ranch between Rose Springs\\nand the Gait House.\\nSeptember 6th. A difficulty occurred at Lincoln\\nbetween Austin Henderson and Eoss H. Meacham,\\nin which the latter was killed.\\nNovember 30th. Andrew Smith committed suicide\\nby cutting his throat with a razor. It was thought\\nhe was laboring under a fit of insanity.\\n1863.\\nJanuary 10th. A party of robbers entered the\\nstore of Mr. Sehnabel, at Doty s Flat, five miles west\\nof Auburn, and after tying the proprietor and four\\nother men present, robbed the phwie of \u00c2\u00a740.00 and a\\nrevolver.\\nFebruary 2d. Charles Hopkins, an old resident of\\nSecret Ravine, was killed near Ryan s store by a man\\nnamed Smith.\\nMay 12th. -A quarrel in relation to challenging a\\nvoter arose between Jacob Lindsey and John Larkin,\\nin which Larkin was killed. Lindsey was examined\\nby Justice Sexton, of Auburn, and discharged.\\nAugust 24th. In a shooting affair between Wra.\\nHorn and Wm. Gwj-nn, at Virginia, Horn accident-\\nally shot a Mr. Morehouse, who died from the effects\\nof his wound.\\nSeptember 6th. A difficulty occurred at Knoxville\\nbetween a man by the name of Moore and P. S.\\nTracj-, in which Moore was shot dead by Tracy.\\nThe latter is said to have been justified in the act.\\nDecember 2d. Henry Mo ehler, who shot George\\nMaye at Forest Hill, was examined before Justice\\nJamison, at Yankee Jim s, and was held under bonds\\nin the amount of \u00c2\u00a710,000 double sui oty.\\n1864.\\nFebruary 12th. The community of Auburn was\\nstartled by the announcement that Samuel McDon-\\nald, the night-watchman, had been found dead, hav-\\ning been shot through the heart with a pistol-ball\\nsometime during the night. The deceased was Ibund\\nlying in the rear of Steiner s brick store, and upon\\nexamination, it was found that an attempt had been\\nmade to break into the store by forcing away the\\nbrick wall next to one of the iron doors. He was\\nshot through the upper part of the heart, the ball\\nranging from the left side in a direction slightly\\ndownward showing that he must have been shot bj\\nsome person standing in the street above, on the\\nascending ground. Mr. McDonald had resided in\\nAuburn for many years, and was regarded as a quiet\\nand inoffensive man. He was a native of New\\nHampshire, and was thirty-four years of age. The\\ncitizens of Auburn offered a reward of SI, 400 for the\\napprehension of the person or persons who com-\\nmitted the deed.\\nOctober 23th. Austin Henderson killed James\\nDrew, at Lincoln, by stabbing him in the lower ribs\\nwith a dirk-knife.\\nDecember 22d. Mr. Stevens, a cattle-dealer from\\nYolo County, was I obbed by a highwayman between\\nAuburu and Yankee Jim s, and relieved of \u00c2\u00a7550 in\\ncoin.\\n1865.\\nFebruary 12th. George L. Merrill was shot dead", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "342\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nby A. G. Creed at Rocklin Station, on the Central\\nPacific Railroad.\\nMarch 6th. A Mexican, known as Antoine, was\\nstabbed at Michigan Bluff, and died in less than half\\nan hour. He had been in company, drinking with\\nseveral other Mexicans. Ned Lopez was arrested on\\nsuspicion of committing the act.\\n1866.\\nNovember 5th. Frank Steinmann, a drunken\\nrailroad hand, killed Philip Heisner, a restaurant-\\nkeeper at Cisco.\\nNovember 17th. Drew was shot and killed by\\nBlair, who acted in self-defense.\\n1867.\\nJanuary 9th. Wm. McDaniel was foully murdered\\nin his store at Auburn. He was a respected citizen,\\nand his untimely end caused groat excitement in the\\ncommunity.\\nApril 23d. Deputy Constable Rogers, of Cisco,\\nwith a posse, went in search of James Sexton, to\\narrest him for some offense he had committed daring\\nthe day. On the way Sexton saw Rogers and his\\nposse, who ordered him to stop and give himself up;\\nthis he refused to do. Rogers then fired, and Sexton\\nclosed with him, cutting him in a fearful manner\\nwith a large Chinese dagger. While Sexton was\\nstabbing Rogers, some of the posse fired upon the\\nformer, wounding him in several places. Sexton\\ndied the next day, and the remains were taken to\\nAuburn for burial, by his brother, sheriff Sexton.\\nOctober 8th. An affray occurred at Colfax between\\nThomas Way and a man named Noble. There seems\\nto have been little cause for the diflSculty, both parties\\nbeing intoxicated by strychnine whisky. They first\\nengaged in a fist fight, in which Way had the advan-\\ntage. They soon made up, but in the course of an\\nhour the difficulty was renewed, and Noble threw a\\nstone at Way, striking him on the head and knock-\\ning him down. Both parties were then arrested and\\ntaken to the Justice s ofiBce, where the prisoners\\namused themselves by throwing ink bottles, etc., at\\neach other. Soon after this Way went out to wash,\\nand after washing laid down on the ground uncon-\\nscious. He was then carried to the Pioneer House,\\nwhere he had been boarding, and died in a short\\ntime.\\n1868.\\nMay 7th. Ferdinand Helbs was instantly killed\\nby a man known as Dutch Charley, at Newcastle.\\nJune 23d. Ah Fon, a Chinaman, was disembow-\\neled by Robert S. Alderson, at Auburn.\\nSeptember 19th. Solomon Grover was killed at\\nRattlesnake by French Charley. They had been\\nin town together during the day, and were appar-\\nently the best of friends. They left town about eight\\no clock in the evening, and the next morning Grover\\nwas found under a tree, terribly wounded and beaten\\nabout the head. He died two days afterward.\\nFrench Charley was arrested.\\nOctober 3d. C. Hoffman, better known as Sebas-\\ntopol, was accidentallj shot dead at Dutch Flat, by\\na boy who was playing with a loaded pistol. Ho\\nwas a German, aged about thirty-seven.\\nIn a drunken quarrel at Todd s Valley, M. Malone\\nkilled James Trainor with a knife.\\nJuly 13th. A ranch owner named Freeman was\\nshot by a sheep-herder named Smith, near Lincoln.\\nSmith was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced\\nto State Prison for ten years.\\n1869.\\nMarch 2l8t. Martin Dickinson Bayes, Deputy\\nTax -Collector in the Fii-st Revenue District, was\\nassassinated at Newcastle, under the following\\ncircumstances: Bayes had left Rocklin for Auburn,\\nand had stopped at Newcastle, and had gone to a\\nhouse tosee his wife and child, who were there visiting\\nfriends. After being there about twentj minutes,\\nand when about to start for the cars, having bidden\\ngood-bye to his wife, who was standing in the door,\\nand while in the act of rising up from kissing his\\nchild, he was shot. He lived about twenty-two\\nhours after being shot. The shot was fired from a\\nbarn or hay-yard on the opposite side of the street,\\nand was believed to have been the delibei ate act of\\na murderer. There was much excitement in the\\ncommunity over the murder, which extended to\\nLincoln, Auburn and Rocklin.\\nApril 11th. David Holiday was shot and instantly\\nkilled at Real s Bar, by L. Seffer, who went imme-\\ndiately to Auburn and gave himself up. There had\\nbeen a disagreement between the parties about land\\nmatters. Seffer was examined before Judge Poland,\\nof Auburn, and discharged.\\nMay 21st. Charles Dental, found guilty of murder\\nin the second degree, for the killing of a man on\\nRattlesnake Bar, was sentenced by Judge McFarland\\nto imprisonment for life.\\nAugust 16th. A man, supposed to be named E.\\nA. Sule, committed suicide at the Junction House,\\nAuburn, by taking laudanum. He had been a laborer\\non the railroad, but was removed with many others\\nto make room for Chinamen; and being out of\\nemployment, with no means of sustaining himself,\\nhe spent his last quarter for laudanum to kill himself.\\nDecember 7lh. A. B. Glascock shot and killed\\nThomas Teaff at Dutch Flat. The parties had been\\nengaged in playing cards; an altercation arose about\\nsome point in the game, when Teaff went and armed\\nhimself with a navy revolver, as is supposed,\\nwith the intention of killing Glascock. Subse-\\nquently the quarrel was settled, and they resumed\\ntheir game of cards. After playing a short time,\\nanother discussion arose, when Teaff drew his pistol\\nand attempted to kill Glascock. A struggle ensued,\\nin which Glascock secured the pistol. Teaff then\\ngathered up a couple of bottles, and was advancing\\ntowards Glascock in a threatening attitude, when the\\nlatter shot Teaff, who survived but a short time.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "THE CRIMINAL RECORD.\\n343\\nAfter the shooting, Glascock surrendered himself to\\nthe authorities. Both were old residents of Dutch\\nFlat.\\n1870.\\nJuly 7th. As Thomas Brown was returning home\\nfrom Auburn to his farm about two miles out of\\ntown, and when near home, he was shot twice by\\nsome one concealed behind a stone wall. Some of\\nthe shot entered the hip and thigh, causing a painful\\nwound. No clue to the perpetrators.\\nJuly 19th. A fatal aflfray occurred at Auburn,\\nin which James Costello was suddenlj^ killed by John\\nLeach. They had a disagreement about a partner-\\nship in a mining claim.\\nJuly 28th. A Frenchman named Thiebeau com-\\nmitted suicide by blowing his brains out, at a cabin\\non Spanish Ravine, one-half mile from Auburn.\\nDecember 19th. A fiendish, heathenish murder\\nand robbery was committed at Stewart s Flat, below\\nNewcastle. Booker Chambers, one of the oldest\\nminers on the Flat, and a quiet and estimable gen-\\ntleman, was the victim. A Chinaman had called at\\nChambers cabin once or twice, trying to buy a min-\\ning claim, and it seems that he had gone there again,\\nand that Chambers had ceased mixing bread (as the\\ndough was still on his fingers when found), and taken\\nhis pick and pan and gone to show him how rich the\\nclaim would prospect. Chambers position when\\nfound would show that he was on his right kneC;\\nbending over, and had struck one or two blows\\nunder the bank of the claim, when he was struck a\\nheavy blow on the back of the head with a sharp\\nhatchet, cutting through the coat-collar and par-\\ntially severing the spinal bone; a second blow\\nstruck on the side of the neck, severing the jugular\\nvein. He then fell or was pulled over backwards,\\nand again struck on the right forehead, burying the\\nbit of the hatchet in the brain, and a fourth just\\nabove the right ear, and a fifth below the right eyo\\nand ear. Chambei s was known to have about $200\\nin gold coin on his person, and about the same or a\\ngreater amount of gold-dust, and a gold hunting-\\ncase Watch. The watch-guard was cut and the\\nwatch taken, and his pockets were turned inside out,\\nand empty. Chambers was the fourth or fifth victim\\nof these brutal, heathenish man-butchers within a\\nfew years in the county, and the weapons and\\nmode of slaughter and stealthy acts were almost\\nidentical in each case.\\n1871.\\nJanuary 8th. The lifeless body of A. G. Miller,\\nbetter known as Spring Vallej^ Milller, was found\\non a bar at the foot of a hole of water in the\\nNorth Fork of the American River, below Rattle-\\nsnake Bar. He is supposed to have committed sui-\\ncide.\\nAugust 11th. Michael O Hara, a farmer on Pleas-\\nant Grove Creek, was shot and seriously wounded\\nby a neighbor named Thomas Carroll. They had\\na misunderstanding about some stock.\\nNovember 28th. ^The stage from Placerville for\\nAuburn was stopped between Georgetown and Green-\\nwood, and robbed of 810,047.50 in dust and coin,\\nthe contents of Wells, Fargo Co. s treasure-box.\\nThe robber only one man had a fence across the\\nroad, a six-shooter slung in view, and pointed a Mis-\\nsissippi yager at the driver s (Wm. H. Hills) head,\\nand said: Hand out Wells, Fargo Co. s box, or\\nI ll blow your head off. Hills obeyed, and the rob-\\nber, who was masked, made tracks with the box.\\nThere was a white man and a Chinaman in the\\nstage, but were not molested.\\n1872.\\nMarch 30th. A. S. Rose was shot in his own\\nhouse at Lincoln, between 11 and 12 o clock, p. m.\\nThe general opinion is that the shots were not\\nintended to kill the man, but as a scare to drive the\\nfamily out of the town on account of the behavior of\\nMrs. Rose, his wife. Several men were arrested,\\nalso the woman, but all were discharged. The men\\nwho did the shooting wore masks.\\nApril 5th. Frank Steinmann, who was sentenced\\nto State Prison for twenty -five years, for murder in\\nthis county in 1867, was pardoned out by Governor\\nBooth.\\nMay 22d. Paul Grable, an old man sixty years of\\nage, was found murdered at Shady Run. He was\\nshot twice and stabbed, and was supposed to have\\nconsiderable money.\\nSeptember 7th. Ballenger was shot and\\nkilled by Wright, at Dutch Flat, it was said in\\nself-defense.\\nNovember 30th. B. F. Gilson was stopped by\\ntwo masked men, about one mile east of Lincoln,\\nand robbed of $540.\\n1873.\\nMay 24th. Chas. S. Strobel, an old and esteemed\\ncitizen of Michigan Bluff, was brutally murdered\\nand robbed in his own house. The murderers\\nworked their way into his room, and with a hatchet\\nchopped the victim s head in a terrible manner,\\nbesides stabbing him in the breast. They then\\nrolled his safe away from the house and broke it\\nopen. The amount obtained therefrom could not be\\nascertained, but was at least $600 or $800. A\\nreward of $1,000 was offered for the arrest of the\\nmurderers. Two Chinamen were, one year after-\\nwards, convicted of the murder and executed.\\nJuly 27th. The stage from Colfax to Grass Valley\\nwas robbed by four masked men. Seven thousand\\nseventy-eight dollars was the amount taken from\\nWells, Fargo Co., who offered a reward of $2,500\\nfor the recovery of the money and conviction of\\nthe robbers.\\nSeptember 12th. The Auburn and Forest Hill\\nStage was stopped by three masked men. There\\nwere two passengers, from whom the agents got\\n$300 and $80, respectively. Wells, Fargo Co. s\\nbox was about empty, containing only about $60.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "344\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nNovember. Norman was ridden on a rail\\nby the citizens of Sheridan for running away with a\\nshoemaker s wife.\\n1874.\\nFebruary.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Edward Schoeler, known as Butch,\\nwas found murdered in front of his cabin at Indian\\nRavine, near Lincoln. Robbery the cause.\\nMarch Itith. Daniel Ellis was shot and killed by\\nJ. Douglass, at Rocklin. An old grudge the cause.\\nEllis threatened to whip Douglass, and was shot\\nin self-defense.\\nMarch IGth. John Hays and John Clark, found\\nguilty of robbing the Forest Hill stage, were sen-\\ntenced by Judge J. Ives Fitch to a term of ten\\nyears each in State Prison.\\nNovember 1st. James Stewart was shot and\\nkilled by Scott, at Tahoe City. Stewart was\\na well-known desperado, and was killed by Scott in\\nself-defense.\\n1875.\\nMay 12th. Bernard O Riley was shot and killed\\nby Thomas Campbell, at Wisconsin Hill. The parties\\nhad been drinking together, and O Riley called\\nCampbell some hard names. The latter went away\\nand returned with a loaded musket, and demanded\\na I eti-action of the words. Upon getting a refusal\\nhe shot him dead, the charge entering G Riley s\\nbreast. Campbell was tried, convicted, and sentenced\\nto State Prison for life.\\nSepteinb(!r 19th. Chas. Anderson was shot by\\nGustave Fustell, at Ophir. The trouble grew out of\\na dog, which Anderson asked Fustell to watch while\\nhe went somewhere. When Anderson came back\\nboth man and dog were gone, and he, t ollowing\\nthem, raised a row, with the above result. Both\\nwere old residents of Ophir. Anderson died four\\ndays after the shooting. Fustell was examined and\\ndischarged.\\nDecember 22d. -Four noted robbers, among whom\\nwere Red Autone, Isador Padillo, and Trinidad\\nRodrigues, were captured at the Spanish settlement\\nin Doty s Ravine, by Sheriff McCormick, assisted\\nby Sheriff Daniels, of Butte; Sheriff Cunningham,\\nof San Joaquin; Chief of Police Myers, of Stockton,\\nand a large posse made up of deputies and citizens.\\nThese i-obbers were known to be participants in\\nmany of the stage robberies committed in different\\nsections of the county. Creat caution was necessary\\nfor their capture, etc.\\n1876.\\nJanuary 18th.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. R. Ridder, a ])rominent mine\\nowner of Iowa Hill, was shot and almost instantly\\nkilled. He bad employed a man to watch his\\nsluices, and becoming suspicious that his watchman\\nwas not doing his duty, ho set out to watch for\\nhimself, and was mistaken for a robber and shot.\\nHe had given his watchman orders to shoot any one\\nhe found about the mine.\\nFcbruarv 4th. The Forest Hill slaire was robbed\\nof $10, that being the total amount contained in\\nWells, Fargo Co. s box. This was within a mile\\nof Auburn.\\nFcbruarj 5th. Forest Hill and Aubui-n stage\\nagain robbed. This time the robbers got \u00c2\u00a71,300 from\\nWells, Fargo Co. s box.\\nApril. Henry Miller was stabbed and killed\\nnear Lincoln, by Alexander Fox. Hot words the\\ncause. The men were wood-choppers. The Coi o-\\nner s jury gave a verdict of unjustifiable homicide.\\n1877.\\nOctober 23d. \u00e2\u0080\u0094August Behlty was shot and killed\\nby his brother, Albert Behlty, at Iowa Hill.\\nNovember 4th. N. V. Waggoner was shot and\\nkilled by Paschal Varnum, at Gold Bar, about six\\nmiles above Auburn. The shooting grew out of a\\nbusiness difficulty.\\n1878.\\nJul} 5th. George Granger was shot and instantly\\nkilled by J. R. Tracy, at Dutch Flat. The shoot-\\ning was about a trifling money matter.\\n1879.\\nNovember 27th. Theodore Wilson was instantly\\nkilled by Herman Gallagher, at Penryn. The trouble\\ngrew out of land matters.\\n1880.\\nJanuary 4th. The Georgetown and Auburn stage\\nwas stopped and robbed by two masked men. They\\ngot about \u00c2\u00a7200.\\nMay 15th. The stage from Michigan Bluff to\\nForest Hill was robbed again on this date, when\\nabout one and one-half miles from Auburn. The\\nrobbers got $88, two silver and one gold watch\\nfrom the passengers.\\nMay 22d. A serious diflSoulty occurred on the old\\nMcDonald Ranch, about seven miles east of Sheri-\\ndan, which resulted in the killing of Daniel Haley,\\na young man of about nineteen j-ears of age, by\\nW. K. Fenton. Fenton was examined and found\\nto have acted in self-defense.\\nAugust 6th. The stage from Auburn to Forest\\nHill was stopped near the Grizzly Bear House,\\nabout ten miles above Auburn, by two masked men.\\nThere were two passengers in the stage one a\\nCatholic priest named Cassidy, and a Mr. McAlice,\\nof Oakland. They got \u00c2\u00a780 and a S250 gold watch\\nfrom Mr. Cassidy and \u00c2\u00a7100 in coin from Mr. McAlice.\\nThey were provided with chisels and hammers, and\\nproceeded to undo Wells, Fargo Co. s box, from\\nwhich they got $1,530.\\nSeptember 30th. J. P. Bullard, an old gentleman,\\nwas shot and killed by C. N. Adams, Deputy Sheriff,\\nwho was acting as guard on the Forest Hill stage.\\nThe aft air was very unfortunate. Mr. Bullard, for a\\nfew evenings previous, had been meeting the stage\\nat the lower watering trough on the North Fork\\nHill, and going With it a few miles as a guard.\\nAdams did not know this. The evening in ques-", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "u\\n3\\no\\nO\\nm\\ncc", "height": "3359", "width": "2270", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "r\\nMILITARY.\\n.34o\\ntion Mr. BuUard and his son were together. Mr.\\nAdams, supposing them to be robbers, shot and\\nkilled the old gentleman and fired at the son.\\nWhen the horses were stopped it was discovered\\nthat an innocent man had been shot. The Coro-\\nner s jury found that Mr. Ballard came to his death\\nthrough misapprehension, being mistaken for a\\nrobber by Mr. Adams.\\nNovember 1st. The Georgetown and Auburn\\nstage was stopped and robbed of $2,44-1.30 while\\ncoming up the North Pork grade, about a mile above\\nAuburn.\\nDecember 7th. The residence of J. T. Ashlej in\\nAuburn, was robbed in broad daylight of valuables,\\netc., to the amount of \u00e2\u0080\u00a2S200.\\n1881.\\nMay 25th. The stage running between the town\\nof Dutch Flat and Dutch Flat Sfation was stopped\\nby two masked men, and Wells, Fargo Co. s bo.K\\nwas robbed of about ?25.\\nJuly 27th. George McClintock, Joseph Sprout,\\nJames Scanlan, and George Green, who were con-\\nvicted of breaking into a railroad car at Rocklin and\\nstealing goods to the amount of 8250 in value, were\\nsentenced to the State Prison, the first three for a\\nterm of fifteen years each, and Green for five years.\\nThese were boys all under fifteen yeai-s of age. The\\nfirst three had been previously convicted of crime.\\nCHAPTER XLII.\\nMILITARY.\\nFirst Military Organization\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Miners Guard State Militia\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Placer Eifles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The War of the Rebellion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I Wish I\\nWas in Dixie s Land First Comp my for the War Camp\\nSigel Defending Colonel Forman Movements of the Vol-\\nuntCTS Murders by Secessionists End of the War\\nGrand Army of the Republic.\\nIn the history of such a ]iolitical division of the\\nearth or of a nation as a county, the recoi-d of its\\nwars, military organizations, military operations, its\\nbattle-fields, the engagements thereon, the causes\\nand cifects, and the roster of its soldiers, under ordi-\\nnary circumstances, must be brief Generally, his-\\ntory is but the record of battles and revolutions, the\\nstrife of ambitious and selfish men to rule and profit\\nby the distress of the people; but, happily, in this\\npleasant State by the peaceful sea few have been\\nthe battles to ensanguine the historic page. Happy\\nare the people, says Montesquieau, whose annals\\nare brief in the history books. That philosopher\\nreferred to such a period when only the great\\ndeeds of kings and generals upon the field, the\\ngrandeur of royalty, and the proud movements of\\nmighty armies were deemed worthy of notice.\\nUnder such a view there would be but little to say of\\nPlacer County, or of California, but since the era of\\nLouis XV, through blood and battle and revolution,\\ngovernments have arisen among men that are con-\\ntrolled by the people, and their annals present many\\na pleasant and interesting i)age.\\nFIRST MILITARY ORGANIZATION.\\nThe first military organization in Placer County\\nwas at Illinoistown, in December, 1849, of a com-\\njianj- called the California Blades, for a cani])aign\\nagainst the Indians, who had committed many dar-\\ning robberies, and were suspected of some murders.\\nThis company was not recruited under the form of\\nlaw, and its roster will not be found in the archives\\nof the State; nor was it armed and equipped in the\\nmanner of armies of a great government. Even the\\nnames of its officers are lost to history by their title\\nand rank, and, what is a singular exception, their\\nbills for salary, arms, ammunition, forage, transpor-\\ntation, and damages, swell no list of war claims\\nfor annual pi-esentment, and subject of demagogic\\nappeals on the floor.s of Congress. Nevertheless, the\\nCalifornia Blades was a stalwart companj-, armed\\nwith long rifles, yagers, and shotguns, dragoon and\\npepper-box pistols, butcher and Bowie-knives; and\\nwith powder-horn and bullet-pouches, blankets, and\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0hard-tack and bacon made several marches\\nagainst the Indians, killed and laid waste, and, after\\nthe manner of larger armies, struck such terror to\\nthe foe that lasting peace followed their victory.\\nNo outrages were committed against the savages\\nnot justified by the occasion, and as soon as the\\nladians ceased their depredations hostilities ended,\\nand from that day they were kindly treated. In\\nthe chapter entitled Reminiscences of Illinois-\\ntown, are given the causes which led to the retalia-\\ntory movement.\\nCalifornia was acquired hy the Americans as the\\nresult of a successful war, the most brilliant on\\nrecord, and among the early settlers were many\\nwho had served in the conquei-ing armies. Others\\nof the pioneers emulated the soldierly spirit, gener-\\nally they were accustomed to the use of arms, many\\nhad crossed the plains, and had been in contests\\nwith the savages, and the whole population\\nwas like an unorganized body of soldiers\\ndepending upon might to maintain their rights,\\nrather than civil law. National soldiers or a State\\nmilitia would have found but little consideration\\namong the strong and indeiiendent men who first\\npeopled the State. These men invaded the fiist-\\nnesses of the Sierra with a rush, stopping not to ask\\npermission of the Indian nor offering beads, trinkets,\\nand tobacco for a treaty of cession of the territor}-;\\nbut always doing that justice to the native occupant\\nthat men should. By this means the country was\\noceujiied without serious war, and without the scan-\\ndal that has attended the treaty-making, the Indian\\nwars, a7id the reservation system of other new\\nStates and Territories.\\nTHE miners guards.\\nSociety in 1853 was in a very incohato condition,\\nthe chief organizing clement woman\u00e2\u0080\u0094 being not", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "34(1\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nBufficiently numerous as to exercise a commanding\\ninfluence. Anything, therefore, to make up a social\\nbody was encouraged. Such was the principal object\\nin forming the Miners Guards. There were no\\nIndians to punish in western Placer, no insurrection\\nto suppress, no Court House and jail to guard, or\\nprisoners to defend from an infuriated mob, no inva-\\nsion to fear; but the miners of Secret Diggings,\\nwishing to have a reason for social gatherings, and to\\nmake life more pleasant by having means of regulat-\\ning their meetings by united efforts, in July, 1853,\\nformed the military company which they styled the\\nMiners Guards, with William L. Carpenter, as\\nCaptain. The company contained between thirty\\nand forty members, and celebrated its organization\\nby a parade, oration, dinner, and toasts, on the 4th of\\nJuly of that year. Among those participating in\\nthe celebration were: Esquire Crary, who was iMar-\\nshal of the day; Philip Lynch, President; John Har-\\nrison and VV. P. Vanderbilt, Yice-presidents; E. A.\\nAndrews read the Declaration of Independence;\\nLansing Stout delivered an oration; Rev. Thomas\\nParker was Chaplain; J. S. Jordan and W. R. Smith\\nwere Secretaries, and Mrs. Williams prepared the\\ndinner. The company was entirely voluntary, and\\nself-sup]iorling, the State not then having prepared\\nfor military organizations,\\nSTATE MILITI.4^.\\nThe Legislature of 1854 passed an Act providing\\nfor the formation of a State Militia, and, in March,\\n1854, steps were taken by the young men of Auburn\\nto organize a militarj company. The military\\nspirit, however, was not very great at the time, and\\nthe project was ineffectual.\\nThe Legislature of 1855 divided the State into six\\nmilitary divisions and twelve brigades. The coun-\\nties of Placer, El Dorado, S:icramento, Nevada, and\\nSierra comprised the Fourth Division, and, on the\\n29th of September, 1855, B. F. Myres, of Auburn,\\nwas appointed bj the Governor, Brigadier-General of\\nthe Second Brigade.\\nPLACER RIFLES.\\nIn March, 185G, Brigadier-General B. F. Mj-res\\nwas authorized by the County Judge to organize a\\nrifle company in Auburn, and a meeting was called\\non April 5th for the purpose. A company was\\nformed, called the Placer Rifles, and the following\\nwere elected its officers; Captain, James Anderson;\\nFirst Lieutenant, Alfred Mason; Second Lieutenant,\\nEzra Kinsey; Junior Second Lieutenant, Benj. Stin-\\nson; First Sergeant, S. C. Astin; Second Sergeant,\\nA. S. Grant; Third Sergeant, S. C. Huntress; Fourth\\nSergeant, J. T. Reed; First Corporal, Samuel Hyne-\\nman; Second Corporal, Dr. Woody; Third Corporal,\\nC. T. Palmer, and Fourth Corporal, Mr. Bartlett.\\nThe company did not receive its arms until late the\\nfollowing year.\\nTHE WAR OF THE REBELLION.\\nThe secession of the Southei n Confederacy in\\n1860-61, in consequence of the election of Abraham\\nLincoln as President of the United States, and the\\narming of the rebels, aroused the martial spirit of\\nthe North. In 1861 attention began toward military\\naffairs, and continued to increase until the country\\nbecame a great camp of soldiers, and the waving\\nflags a familiar sight, the spirit-stirring drum and\\near-piercing fife familiar sounds, the movements of\\narmies and the reports of great battles the chief\\nnews of the daily journals. Long years of peace\\nand pro.spGrity bad made the hearts of the people\\ntender and their feelings kind, and they were totally\\nunused and unprepared for the violent death-dealing\\nstrife, or the destructive acts of war, and the first\\nscenes of armed assault, and the shedding of blood,\\nsent a thi ill of horror throughout the land, creating\\nan excitement rising to indignation, which nothing\\nbut retaliation could quell. From the most peaceful\\nof peoples they became the most warlike, and from\\nundisciplined volunteers were made the best and\\nmost formidable armies the world ever saw.\\nI WISH I WAS IN dixie s LAND.\\nThe song of Dixie s Land was the favorite of\\nthe Southerners and their sympathizers in the North,\\nand the tune became the national air of the Confed-\\neracy. So dear did this seem to many, and so pop-\\nular did it become, that it is here given in full:\\nI wish I was in de land ob cotton\\nOld times dar am not forgotten;\\nLook away look away look away Dixie Land\\nIn Dixie Lnnd whar I was bom in,\\nEarly m one frosty mornin\\nChorus.\\nDen I wish I was in Dixie, hooray hooray\\nIn Dixie Land I ll took my stand,\\nTo lib and die in Dixie away! away I\\nAway down South in Dixie.\\nOle missus marry Wdl de weaber;\\nWilliam was a gay deoeaber;\\nLook away c.\\nBut when he put his arm around er,\\nHe smiled as fierce as a forty-pounder;\\nLook away c. (Chorus.)\\nHis face was as sharp as a butcher s cleaber;\\nBut dat did not seem to greab er;\\nLook away c.\\nOle missus acted de foolish part,\\nAn died for a man dat broke her heart;\\nLook a way c.\\nNow here s a health to de next old missus,\\nAn all de gals dat want to kiss us;\\nLook away c.\\nBut if you want to drive way sorrow.\\nCome and hear dis song to-morrow;\\nLook away cfec.\\nDar s buckwheat cakes and Ingen batfer,\\nMakes you fat or a little fatter;\\nL ok a%vay 1 c.\\nDen hoe it down and scratch your grabel.\\nTo Dixie Land I m bound to trabe\\nLook away c.\\nFIRST COMPANY FOR THE WAR.\\nThe war had really begun with the passage of\\nthe Ordinance of Secession by South Carolina on the", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "MILITARY.\\n347\\n20th of December, 1860, but the earnestness of that\\nmovement was not appreciated until, on the 12th of\\nApril, 1861, when the Rebel army opened fire on\\nFort Sumter. A temporizing, timid, anti-coercion\\npolicy had continued up to that date, although a\\nEebel Government had been formed, a rebel army\\nequipped, United States forts seized, and national\\nships fired upon. With the firing upon Fort Sumter\\nthe war is commonly said to have commenced.\\nThen the North flew to arms. Companies were\\norganized, without authority of the Government, in\\npreparation of the call for service.\\nThe first to prepare for war in Placer County\\nwere the Auburn Greys. Under this name a com-\\npany was formed June 20, 1861, and fifty-four vol-\\nunteers signed the roll. An election was held for\\nofficers, choosing C. W. C. Eowell, for Captain;\\nEdgar W. Hillyer, First Lieutenant; Henry Stone,\\nSecond Lieutenant; Thos. Cross, Third Lieutenant;\\nA. S. Grant, Orderly Sergeant; John Gorman, Sec-\\nond Sergeant; John T. Reed, Third Sergeant; John\\nC. Boggs, Fourth Sergeant; Wm. T. McGinnis, First\\nCorporal; Thos. Jamison, Second Corporal; J. B.\\nLangford, Third Corporal; Frank Miller, Fourth\\nCorporal; S. B. Woodin, drummer, and W. A. Sel-\\nkirk, fifer.\\nThe company immediately proceeded to drill and\\nprepai-e itself for active duties in the field. Recruits\\ncontinued to add to its numbers, coming Irom\\nAuburn and vicinity, Ophir, lUinoistown, Pine\\nGrove, and Secret Ravine. There was, as yet, no\\ncall for troops from California. The first call was\\nmade late in July for a regiment of infantry and\\nbattalion of cavalrj to protect the overland mail\\nroute through Southern California and Arizona.\\nThis I egiment was organized in San Francisco, but\\nhad many companies and recruits from the interior,\\ntwo, Peter Hoin and J. W. Van Mater, being from\\nAuburn.\\nLate in August, 1861, a call was made on Califor-\\nnia for 5,000 more volunteers, and all independent\\ncompanies were invited to offer their services.\\nThis was the opportunity for the Auburn Greys,\\nand the company was readily accepted as part of the\\nCalifornia contingent. The company then reorgan-\\nized, as some of its members were not ready to go\\nto war.\\nEarly in September this company received orders\\nto report at the camp of the Fourth Regiment, at\\nPlacerville, and on the 13th of the month marched\\nfrom Auburn. In the meantime a company of\\nHome Guards had been formed, containing some of\\nthe members of the Greys. The ofiicers of the\\nGuards were: A. S. Grant, Captain; J. L. Brown,\\nFirst Lieutenant; Thos. Cross, Second Lieutenant;\\nHenry Stone, Third Lieutenant, and C. J. Hillyer,\\nOrderly Sergeant.\\nPrevious to the march the ladies of Auburn pre-\\nsented the company with a beautiful flag of blue silk\\ntrimmed with silver-bullion lace. On one side was\\nthe coat of arms of California, on the other Pre-\\nsented by the Ladies of Auburn, and upon a gilt\\nground the motto, W^hen duty calls tis ours to\\nobey. The presentation was made by Mrs. C. A.\\nTuttle, in a neat speech, and responded toby Captain\\nRow ell.\\nThe Home Guards escorted the company to the\\noutskirts of the town, gave them a salute, and\\ncheered them on their way, the first to march from\\nhome in the service of their country. The Home\\nGuards now assumed the name and place of the\\nAuburn Greys.\\nEarly in September, Captain Thomas A. Young, of\\nForest Hill, reported to the Governor with a com-\\npany, recruited on the Divide, which was accepted,\\nand went to Arizona.\\nCaptain J. Ives Fitch also raised a company in the\\nsame region, called the Mountain Volunteers, and\\njoined the camp at Placerville.\\nCaptain William Pitcher recruited a company of\\ncavalry, making, as early as September, four com-\\npanies raised in Placer County.\\nCAMP SIGEL.\\nThe headquarters of the Fourth Regiment, early\\nin October, was changed to Auburn, where a camp of\\ninstruction was established, and called Camp\\nSigel. The following were the officers of the regi-\\nment: Colonel, H. M. Judah; Lieutenant-Colonel,\\nHarvey Lee; Major, Henry Hancock; Adjutant,\\nWilliam Forry; Regimental Quartermaster, and\\nActing Commissary of Subsistence, David J. Wil-\\nliamson; Sutler, James L. Trask.\\nThe following are the names of the officers and\\nmen of the Placer County companies in camp, Octo-\\nber 12, 1861:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCOMPANY A, AUBURN.\\nC. W. C Rowell, Captain; Edgar W. Hillyer, First\\nLieutenant; Edward D. Tuttle, Second Lieutenant;\\nJoseph W. Scoboy, First Sergeant; M. A. Gerke,\\nSecond Sergeant; D. S. Leebendelfer, Third Ser-\\ngeant; Brown Rawles, Fourth Sergeant; Frank\\nKaiser, Fifth Sergeant; Thomas Smith, Sixth Ser-\\ngeant; S. R. Barr, Seventh Sergeant; P. W. Good-\\nman, Eighth Sergeant; R. B. Stanley, Bugler; Dan-\\niel Phelps, Drummer; J. M. Jenkins, Wagoner.\\nPi-ivates:\\nHugh Agan, Wm. Lossee,\\nDavid Armstrong, J. Mohan,\\nJ. Ashburn, J. McCred,\\nJohn Ballif, H. C. McCoy,\\nWm.Baraford, J. W. McKinley,\\nJ. Bartlett, M. S. McKinney,\\nJ. M. L. Beam, P. C. Molloy,\\nChas. Baer, H. Morgan,\\nJ. Bedford, Edwin Naylor,\\nJ. G. Blake, J. S. Newman,\\nG. Boyle, J. O Brien,\\nF. A. Carr, A. M. Patterson,\\nEdwin Clapp, D. H. Pepper,", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "348\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA,\\nJ. CoateB,\\nH. Cohl,\\nH. Christman,\\nVV^m. Corrifjcan\\nJas. Cunningham,\\nWm. Doherty,\\nMartin V. Davis,\\nE. Ferrell,\\nAmos Fithian,\\nF. J. Frank,\\nJames F. Frye,\\nS. Gardner,\\nSamuel Gibson,\\nH. W. Gelty,\\nG. H. Gladding,\\nAsa Harden,\\nBenj. S. Higgins,\\nA. Hubbard,\\nF. Ilbreght,\\nJ. Johnson.\\nF. Keating,\\ni). S. Kerr,\\nF. M. Kirk,\\nA. S. Longle}-,\\nJ B.\\nE. M. Phillips,\\nW. Ramsey,\\nM. Rawles,\\nI. F. Reavis,\\nChas. Reeves,\\nJ. G. Robbins,\\nE. Ross,\\nR. H. Russell,\\nJ. H. Russell,\\nJ. B. Saltmarsh,\\nJ. M. Sanders,\\nR. K. Sargeant,\\nM. Shimer,\\nJ. Shrontz,\\nThomas Smith,\\nJ. Swarm,\\nJ. W. W. Stewart,\\nT. M. Sharji,\\nUriah Thompson\\nO. F. Warren,\\nC. M. Wager,\\nJohn Way,\\nB. R. Wells,\\nWilliam Wilson,\\nLoutzenhiser.\\nCOMPANY B, FOREST HILL.\\nJ. Ives Fitch, Captain; A. W. Copley, First Lieu-\\ntenant; A. C. Haskell, Second Lieutenant; John\\nPearson, First Sergeant; C. C. Nason, Second Ser-\\ngeant; Smith Miner, Third SergeantyW. L. Haskell,\\nFourth Sergeant; C. H. Godfrey, Fifth Sergeant;\\nD. W. G:ize, First Corporal; Charles White, Second\\nCorporal; Wm. Sheriu, Third Corporal; S. J. Kings-\\nley, Fourth Corporal; George Sterling, Fifth Cor-\\nporal; J. P. Raynes, Sixth Corporal; H. S. Allen,\\nSeventh Corporal; J. Maculey, Eigath Corporal;\\nSamuel D.iggett. W;igon Master.\\nPrivates:\\nFrancis Abrams.\\nJonathan Adams,\\nG. Austin,\\nJ. Austin,\\nE. Baldwin,\\nA. J. Bartholemew,\\nJ. Beardsley,\\nF. Becker,\\nJ. Bother,\\nE. Breed,\\nC. Brown,\\nW. Bryant,\\nE. Clow,\\nH. M. Crampton,\\nO. Bay,\\nJ. Davis,\\nU. E. Doolittle,\\nW. Drake,\\nR. H. Dodge,\\nD. Fisher,\\nJ. H. Good,\\nJ. Murraj\\nJ. McMikel,\\nG. Noyes,\\nJ. M. Ormsby,\\nJ. Paul,\\nG. Pearce,\\nJ. T. Robinson,\\nS. T. Rolson,\\nJames Russell,\\nW. A. Raywood,\\nL. W. Scott,\\nS. Smith,\\nSylvanus Smith,\\nW. Sprinkles,\\nS. Streeter,\\nW. R. Stoles,\\nW. B. Swan,\\nW. Taylor,\\nP. T. Thornton,\\nJ. Tierney,\\nW. E. Towle,\\nH. P. Hale,\\nJ. H. P. Hall,\\nW. Hammond,\\nS. Hoffner,\\nF. Hoffner,\\nL. M. House,\\nW. Hartshorn,\\nC. W. Johnson,\\nW. R. Kincannon,\\nPat. King,\\nL. A. Loring,\\nG. P. Lund,\\nJ. W. McDowell,\\nW. M. Miller,\\nA. Miller,\\nChai les\\nGeorge G. Tryon,\\nW. Tyler,\\nA. B. Vanalstine,\\n0. Walker,\\nJ. White,\\nH. Whiting,\\nC. S. Wright,\\nD. H. Woods,\\nWm. Yarrington,\\nDavid J. Williams,\\nMichael Long,\\nDaniel Davis,\\nJames Houger,\\nJ. Hyler,\\nMonier,\\nStewart.\\nThe companies comprising the Fourth Regiment\\nin camp at Auburn were; Company A, Captain\\nRowell; Company B, Captain Fitch\u00e2\u0080\u0094 both of Placer\\nCounty; Company C, Captain West, of Shasta; Com-\\npany D, Captain Scott, of Amador; Company E,\\nCaptain Crowninshield, of Trinity; Company F,\\nCaptain CuUum, of El Dorado; Company G, Captain\\nGrant, of Piaeer. This last company was organized\\nout of the Home Guards, Captain, A. S. Grant;\\nF^rst Lieutenant, Matthew Sherman. Company H,\\nCafitain Brooks, of Trinity; Company I, Captain\\nNugent, of El Dorado.\\nCOMPANY G, AUBURN.\\nThe following is a list of the officers and privates\\nof Company G, Fourth Infantry, raised in Placer\\nCounty in 1S6I, as it was constituted in 1865: A. S.\\nGrant, Captain; Geo. Haycock, First Lieutenant;\\nFrederick J. Franks, Second Lieutenant; James F.\\nChapin, First Sergeant; Rankin McMullen, Sergeant;\\nWalter R. Towle, Sergeant; Benoni Stinson, Ser-\\ngeant; Alexander H. Bown, Corporal; Nicholas H.\\nCampbell, Coi poral; John H. Fox, Corporal; John\\nHill, Corporal; David B. McKee, Corporal; Elmer\\n(-rranger. Musician.\\nPrivates:\\nAndrew Areola,\\nWm. H. H. Ackors,\\nCharles Brown,\\nJohn Berk,\\nJames Berry,\\nN. C. Bos worth\\nSamuel S. Bolton,\\nPeter N. Beck,\\nJames Boyles,\\nCharles Caldwell,\\nCharles P. Chapman,\\nThomas .Donley,\\nAugust Dupins,\\nArthur C. Erwin,\\nElijah B. Fitzgerald.\\nJames Francis,\\nLouis A. Fouquet,\\nGeorge W, Fiko,\\nJohn F. Maurice,\\nJohn McMichael,\\nCharles Morris,\\nJohn E. Murray,\\nAmos P. Myres,\\nGeorge McConihe,\\nJames J. Moriarty,\\nMichael J. Nelson,\\nJames Ogden,\\nWilliam O Donnell,\\nRichmond W. Pease\\nRudolph Podhir,\\nSamuel Reynolds,\\nGustave L. Ruthsturni\\nKaziner Rozinoski,\\nWilliam A. Raywood,\\nJohn Rozell,\\nThomas C. Stephens,", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "MILITARY.\\n349\\nAlexander Graham,\\nJacob Grinn,\\nWm. C. Guirey,\\nGeorge VV. Harris,\\nHenry B. Hooker,\\nLouis A. Johnson,\\nTimothy Keiley,\\nEobert Lynn,\\nJohn Landsbury,\\nLeonard B. Lawes,\\nJames Leary,\\nSamuel M. Murray,\\nOliver S. Mabrey,\\nDennis Murphy,\\nDavid VV. Maikens,\\nWm. Malson,\\nB. H. Schumaker,\\nCharles W. Smith,\\nWilliam L. States,\\nWilliam Sprinkles,\\nSylvester Smith,\\nWm. H. Thompson,\\nFrank Trunk,\\nRosewell Trask,\\nThomas J. Tramel,\\nLorrin Tisdale,\\nEeuben Tinker,\\nWilliam J. Tolan,\\nWilliam Voorhees,\\nWm. fl. Waterman,\\nJames Wilson,\\nBarzilla D. Wright.\\nIn October, 1861, several of the companies of the\\nFourth Regiment were ordered to Oregon and Wash-\\nington to occupy and garrison the various posts in\\nthat quarter, and marched from Auburn. Before\\ntheir departure. Colonel Judah was ordered East, he\\nbeing of the regular army, and Colonel Ferris Fore-\\nman, a veteran of the Mexican War, was appointed\\nto the command.\\nThe companies going to Oregon were stationed at\\nvarious posts; Company A, at Walla Walla; Com-\\npany B, at Fort Vancouver in Washington Territory;\\nand Companies D and E, at Fort Yamhill Oregon;\\nCompanies A and B subsequently went to Arizona.\\nThe others remained in Camp Sigel, under the com-\\nmand of Colonel Forman.\\nThe various promotions and changes of officers,\\ncompanies, stations, and regiments occurring during\\nthe four and a half years service are not traced, but\\nthe organizations were very different when dis-\\ncharged in the spring of 1866. Captain Ttiomas A.\\nYoung was in command of Company D, First Battalion\\nof Native Cavalry, and died in Arizona. Patrick\\nMunday of Placer was Captain of Company K, Fourth\\nInfantry and in 1863 64 and 65 was stationed at\\nLos Angeles. He afterwards was member of the\\nAssembly, and died at Cisco, October 14, 1872, from\\nan accident.\\nDEFENDING COLONEL FORMAN.\\nSome objections were expressed to the appoint-\\nment of Colonel Forman, as his loyalty was doubted,\\nand the following card was published:\\nCamp Sigel, Placer Co., Nov. 4, 1861.\\nWe, the undersigned, commanding officers of the\\nFourth Regiment, California Volunteers, having seen\\nseveral articles criticising the appointment of Ferris\\nForman to the Colonelcy of our regiment, and insin-\\nuating doubts of his loyalty, feel called upon to\\npublicly state that we have full confidence in his\\nloyalty, military ability, and experience, and his\\ndetermination to do all in his power to aid the\\nGovernment in prosecuting the war to a successful\\nissue. Of his bravery, none can doubt who are\\nfamiliar with the history of the Mexican War.\\nA. VV. CuLLUM, Captain Company F,\\nJames Evans, First Lieutenant Company F,\\nJ. A. Hale, Second Lieutenant Company F,\\nA. S. Grant, Captain Company G,\\nM. Sherman, First Lieutenant Company G,\\nG. Haycock, Second Lieutenant Companj- G,\\nJ. M. Cass, First Lieutenant Company H,\\nChas. Atcuison, Captain Company I,\\nW. P. Nason, First Lieutenant Company I.\\nDuring the Mexican War, Colonel Forman was\\nin command of the Third Regiment of Illinois Volun-\\nteers, and obtained high commendation for his\\nmovements of the volunteers.\\nLieutenant B. W. Hillyer, stationed with his com-\\npany at Walla Walla, in Washington Territory, was\\nelected by the people of Placer County to the Assem-\\nbly, and in December obtained leave of absence and\\nreturned to California, where he served his term in\\nthe Legislative session of 1862, after which he\\nreturned to his duties in the military service. In\\nMarch, 1866, he was mustered out with the rank of\\nLieutenant-Colonel, and received the thanks of\\nGeneral McDowell for his faithfulness and efficiency.\\nIn January, Company G, Captain Grant, left Camp\\nSigel for Camp Union, at Suttervillo, near Sacramento,\\nand subsequently was sent to the southern part of\\nthe State, the headquarters of the Company being at\\nSan Diego.\\nOther companies were formed in the county, ready\\nfor maintaining order at home or joining other\\nregiments if called upon. Of these were the Forest\\nHill Guards, the Placer Cadets, the Yankee Jim\\nRifles, and the Auburn Greys. In November, 1863,\\na military company was organized at Lincoln, with\\nthe following officers: F. A. Sprague, Captain; J. A.\\nHale, First Lieutenant; G. W. Taylor, Second Lieu-\\ntenant; W. Myers, Third Lieutenant. These com-\\npanies did not join the Volunteers, but remained as\\npart of the National Guard of California, the modern\\nterm for militia, until 1868, when they surrendered\\ntheir arms, etc., and were mustered out of service.\\nmurders by secessionists.\\nCompany A, under Captain Rowell, stationed at\\nWalla Walla, though far from the armies of the\\nConfederacy, was surrounded by a hostile element,\\nmany of the citizens being sympathizers with the\\nrebels, and more dangerous traitors, as claiming the\\nprotection of civil law, jury trial, and the processes\\nof sympathetic courts, than the enemies in the field.\\nOn the 10th of April, 1862, a party of the volunteers\\nwent to the theater in Walla Walla, and after the\\nperformance, expressed joy over the news then\\nreceived of the fall of Newborn, North Carolina.\\nThis aroused the ire of a number of secessionists\\npresent, and a melee ensued, during which John B.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "3.50\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nLoutzenhiser, who had joined the comjjany, from\\nlllinoistown, was shot through the heart, killing him\\ninstantly, and Ansil Hubbard, from Dutch Flat, was\\nmortally wounded. Sergeant J. W. Seobey, after-\\nwards Lieutenant Seobey, writing to a friend of the\\nmatter, says:\\nThe affray was premeditated, commenced, and\\ntragically consummated by a gang of rowdies and\\ngamblers, who boldly and exultingly proclaim them-\\nselves secessionists; who have persistently annoyed\\nand insulted the soldiers whenever opportunity\\noffered; who look upon the volunteers with feelings\\nof hate, and really entertain a sort of contempt for\\ntheir courage the first, born of their ti eason, the\\nlatter, of their ignorance. They have occasioned a\\ngreat deal of annoyance to the garrison during the\\nentire winter. In all this they have had the moral\\nsupport of the citizens of the Valley, a large majority\\nof whom are disunionists in sentiment, manifesting\\nit both by word and action.\\nThis was a severe charge to make against the\\npeople of Walla Walla, as at this day it seems impos-\\nsible that disunionists could exist who were not\\ncitizens of the Confederate States, but the charge\\nwas undoubtedly true, and shows the embarrassing\\nposition in which the California Volunteers were\\nplaced in the various quarters where they were\\nstationed.\\nEND OF THE WAR.\\nThe Placer County Volunteers performed efiicient\\nservice in various parts of the Pacific Coast States\\nand Territories, although not participants in the\\nstruggles and glory of the great battles for the Union,\\nwhich were fought east of the Rocky Mountains.\\nExposure, hardship, disease, and assassination caused\\nthe loss of many lives, and their graves are scattered\\nthrough California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Oregon,\\nand Washington. Some fell in Indian battles, and\\nsome by the hands of rebels. The service was\\narduous and unthankful, but in after years each and\\nall, of whatever rank, from the humblest private to\\nthe field ofBcers in command, are proud of the high\\nduty performed, and of the record that they volun-\\nteered to enter the field for the preservation of the\\nintegrity and glory of their country.\\nGRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC.\\nThe California Volunteers were mustered out of\\nservice in 1866. Some returned to their homes, and\\nothers remained in the region where last stationed.\\nAfter the close of the war an association of ex-soldiers\\nwas formed, styled the Grand Army of the Repub-\\nlic. All were entitled to membership who had\\never taken the oath of service, and had been honor-\\nably discharged. In March, 1868, a Post of the\\nGrand Array of the Republic was established at\\nAuburn with the following ofBcers: Capt. J. Ives\\nFitch, P. C; Capt. M. H. Calderwood, V. P. C; B.\\nR.Wells, Jr., V. C; W. H. Hubbard, Q. M.; W. H.\\nH. Fellows, Adjt.; T. A. Wright, Surgeon; B. F.\\nWellington, P. C.\\nThe object of the association is cementing the\\nfriendships formed in the field, social pleasures,\\npreservation of the records, tales and history of the\\nwar, and the care and due respect to deceased com-\\nrades. Annually, on the 30th of May, the Comrades\\nof the G. A. R. strew flowers on the graves of those\\nwho have gone before, and from this custom the\\nday is styled Decoration Day, and is made a legal\\nholiday.\\nCHAPTER XLIII.\\nDESTROYED BY FIRE.\\nOphir Burned\u00e2\u0080\u0094 .Sundry Fires Great Fire in Auburn Iowa Hill\\nBurned Michigan Bluff Destroyed Fires again in Auburn\\nIowa Hill again Burned Dwelling Burned Fire at\\nRattlesnake Destructive Conflagrations in Auburn Flour-\\ning-mill Burned Buildings Burned Hotels Burned at\\nEocklin Fire at Auburn Depot More Fires Empire Mill\\nBurned Incendiary Fire in Auburn Dwellings Burned\\nHoisting Works Burned .Saw-mill and Luniljer Destroyed\\nFire at Forest Hill Destructive Fire at Dutch Flat\\nBound House and Locomotives Burned\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colfax in Ashes\\nResidence of J. C. Boggs Burned Hotel Burned Incendi-\\narism Burning at Lincoln Barn and Horses Burned\\n.Serious Loss at Lincoln Residence Destroyed The Aggre-\\ngate Losses Later fires in Auburn.\\nThe record of the destruction of px-operty by fire\\nin California since the discovery of gold is one that\\nwill appal the statistician. The great cities, where\\nfii-e-proof brick and stone buildings were constructed,\\nan abundant supply of water at hand, and an efficient\\nfire department ready to combat the destructive\\nelement, as well as the humble raining towns, built of\\npine and without protection, have over and over\\nagain been swept by the flames. During the first\\nten or twelve years these destructive fires were most\\nfrequent, the calamity of repeated losses teaching\\ncare in construction of buildings, and in the manage-\\nment of fire. The first buildings were constructed\\nof pine and cloth, and stove-pipes were thrust through\\nthe tinder in the most thoughtless and reckless\\nmanner. The long, dry summers i-endered all com-\\nbustibles almost to the point of explosion when\\ntouched by flame, and when a fire once caught on\\nthe substance of a building, it would rise into the\\nsky a column of blaze, bow before the wind and lap\\nthe neighboring buildings with a flash, while any\\nstood within its reach. A few minutes from the\\nalai m, and the handsome village would be a smoul-\\ndering ruin; wealthy merchants and prosperous\\nlandlords would be impoverished, and pleasant homes\\nwould be made desolate. The combustible nature\\nof the buildings and liability to conflagration ren-\\ndered insurance impossible, leaving the loss a total\\none to the owner. To this cause many of the most\\nindustrious, frugal, and worthy of the early settlers\\nowe their loss of fortune, and to many the recurrence\\nof such losses have brought despair, and abandon-\\nment of hope and energy. Fortunately, however,\\nthe spirit of the mass of pioneers could not be thus\\nsubdued, and often while the embers of a store and", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "DESTROYED BY FIRE.\\n351\\nfortune were still smouldering, the work of rebuild-\\ning would commence, and business would soon be\\nresumed as if nothing had happened. The indom-\\nitable courage of Californians was seldom overcome\\nby the destructive element. In later years greater\\ncare has been taken in the construction of chimne3 s,\\nand fewer conflagrations have been the result.\\nOPHIR BURNED.\\nOn the 12th of July, 1853, the town of Opbir was\\nalmost totally destroyed. The flames were first seen\\nbursting out of the kitchen of the Union Hotel, and\\nspread with great rapidity. In the whole length of\\nMain Street there were but two buildings left stand-\\ning, the brewery at the upper, and the bowling\\nsaloon at the lower end of the street. The number\\nof buildings destroyed was between fifty and sixty,\\nand the total loss as estimated at the time was\\nbetween $80,000 and 890,000.\\nSUNDRY FIRES.\\nOctober 14, 1853 A saw-mill belonging to Messrs.\\nMay Miller, on the lUinoistown road, about six\\nmiles from Auburn, was totally destroyed by fire.\\nThe loss was estimated at several thousand dollars.\\nMarch 28, 1854 A fire at Newcastle destroyed\\nPellet s Hotel and the Young America Saloon. Loss\\nabout $6,000. The fire was supposed to have been\\nthe work of an incendiarj\\nApril 12, 1854\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The dwelling of Mr. S. W. Lovell,\\nfive miles above Auburn, was consumed by fire. The\\nfamily barely escaped from the burning building.\\nThe loss was estimated at 810,000.\\nGREAT FIRE IN AUBURN.\\nAt two o clock on the afternoon of June 4, 1855, a\\nfire broke out in Auburn, in one of the China-houses\\non the hill-side below the Methodist Church, which\\nspread with fearful rapidity. The flames soon cros.sed\\nthe street to Dr. Rinzie s drug store, thence to the\\nDiana Bowling Saloon, Keehner s Bakery, George H.\\nStephens livery stable; the Empire and Orleans\\nHotels soon followed in quick succession. Before\\nthe flames had spread this far, every citizen and\\nvisitor in towt) who could be spared from the fire,\\nwas at work carrying to the adjacent hills and\\nravines, such valuables as could be seized hold of.\\nThe time occupied in the burning was one hour and\\ntwenty minutes, and eighty buildings were consumed.\\nThe total loss was estimated at 8215,100. The list\\nof losers comprised 100 names, besides the county.\\nOdd Fellows, and incorporated companies.\\nJanuary 12, 1857 A fire broke out in Auburn in\\nthe Pioneer Livery Stable, owned and occupied by\\nMatthew Crow. Alongside of it was the stable of\\nMr. Clark. Both buildings wore consumed. Crow s\\nlosses were about $3,000, and Clark s about 12,000.\\nIOWA HILL BURNED.\\nFebruary 12, 1857 The business portion of the\\ntown of Iowa Hill was almost entirely consumed.\\nThe fire originated in the City Bakery and was sup-\\nposed to be the work of an incendiary. Upwards of\\nsixty buildings were burned, with a loss of about\\n6160,000.\\n.MICHIGAN BLUFF DESTROYED.\\nThe flourishing village of Michigan Bluff was\\nalmost wholly destroyed on the 22d of July, 1857.\\nThe fire originated in the United States Bakeiy, on\\nthe west side of Main Street, immediately connected\\nwith the adjoining buildings, and sweeping on with\\nan irresistible force, laid the principal part of the\\ntown in ashes. There were 150 buildings burned,\\nand the loss was about $150,000. This was a heavy\\nblow to the Bluffs. The accumulation of years of\\nindustry and toil had been swept away in an hour.\\nFIRES AG.4.IN IN AUBURN.\\nSeptember 18, 1858\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The residence of Mr. C. J.\\nHillyer, in Auburn, was totally destroyed. The fire\\nwas caused by a defective chimney. This was one\\nof the finest places in the vicinity of Auburn.\\nOne year passed without a visitation of the dreaded\\nscourge, but on the morning of October 9, 1859, the\\ncitizens of Auburn were startled by the dreadful cry\\nof fire, which, unfortunately, was the warning note\\nof sad disaster Many had not risen from their beds\\nat the time, but the alarm soon brought out the\\nwhole population, who went to work with almost\\nsuperhuman energy to combat the fierce element,\\nand to remove valuables to places of security. The\\nfire originated in a small frame building (two doors\\nsouth of the American Hotel) occupied by some\\ncolored men as a restaurant. The time of the fire\\noccupied about three-quarters of an hour; the num-\\nber of houses destroyed were fiftj^-eight, exclusive of\\nstables and out-buildings. The loss, as cai-efully\\ntaken, amounted to over $119,000. This was a sad\\ndisaster to a prosperous town, and a loss that fell\\nheavily upon many of the citizens; but with an\\nenergy only known to Californians, they at once\\ncommenced to re-build, and in less than a week\\nthirty new structures were seen to rise from the\\nblackened foundations of the old.\\nJune 16, 1860 The store of Davidson Jones, of\\nAuburn, was burned, together with their entii-e stock\\nof goods. There was an insurance on the goods and\\nbuilding of 87,500.\\nJune 8, 1861\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A destructive fire occurred at\\nWisconsin Hill, in which a dozen buildings wei-e\\ndestroyed. Loss about 830,000.\\nIOWA HILL AGAIN BURNED.\\nThe town of Iowa Hill was again devastated by\\nfire on the 27th of March, 1862, it having originated\\nin the Star Bakery, situated on the north side of\\nMain Street, and before anj assistance of an effectual\\nnature could be rendered, the flames had attained\\nsuch headway as to utterly defy every exertion to\\nsave the town. Every business house, together\\nwith the theater, which had been purchased for", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "355\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\npublic school purposes, was destroyed. The total\\nloss was about 665,000. Most of the business houses\\nwere insured.\\nDWELLING BURNED.\\nOctober 1, 1863\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The dwelling-house of Mr. F. A.\\nRedwine, situated near Dry Creek, four miles north\\nof Auburn, was entirely destroyed by fire, together\\nwith the furniture. The loss was $1..500. It was\\nbelieved that some vagrant Indians robbed the\\nhouse and then set fire to it.\\nFIRE AT RATTLESNAKE.\\nOctober 7, 186.3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A tire broke out in Rattlesnake,\\nand before its progress could be stayed, seven build-\\nings were destroyed. The town was not compactlj\\nbuilt, else the whole village would have been\\ndestroyed.\\nDESTRtTCTIVE CONFLAGRATIONS IN AUBURN.\\nOctober 14, 1864\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Auburn was again visited by\\na destructive conflagration, which laid in ashes a\\nconsiderable portion of the town, and inflicted serious\\nloss upon its inhabitants. The fire broke out in a\\nhouse occupied by Chinese, and thirty-five houses\\nwere destroyed, with a loss of over $33,000.\\nOctober 11, 1865 The town of Auburn was\\nagain visited with a conflagration, destroying thirteen\\nhouses; the loss was about 68,000. A Chinese child,\\nseven yeai-s of age, perished in the flames.\\nOn the 16th of July, 1866, Auburn had its annual\\nvisit a fire. The dwelling of Mr. L. Hauser was\\nburned with most of its contents, inflicting a loss of\\n$400. By great eiforts the fire was confined to the\\nplace where it originated, and there being no wind,\\nthe town was saved. After this fire the people\\nwent to work to build tanks for water in different\\nparts of tho town, to be better prepared to combat\\nthe devouring element.\\nFLOURING-MILL BURNED.\\nOctober 18, 1867\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The flouring-mill of Messrs.\\nZeigenbeiii, Heff ner Co., at Lincoln, was consumed\\nby fire. The mill was built but a j^oar previous, at\\na cost of $29,000; thobuilding was insured for $15,000.\\nBUILDINGS BURNED.\\nJuly 23, 1868 The residence of Mr. Jacob Steiner,\\nabouttwelve miles from Auburn, was burned, together\\nwith all the contents.\\nSeptember 1, 1868 A fire originated inthcunoceu-\\npiod store of A. Lipsett, in Auburn, which spread to\\nthe building formerly used by J. Nolan, then to the\\nRoussin House, and then to the residence of P. W.\\nThomas. Lipsett was insured for $1,500; George\\nWilment, $400 on the Roussin -property, and J. N.\\nDickerson, $1,000 on the Thomas House.\\nOctober 2, 1868\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The residence of Mr. John\\nPogarty, in Auburn, was entirely consumed by fire,\\nwith all the furniture and household effects. This\\nwas one of the finest dwellings in the town, built on\\na large lot. and hard-finished throughout. The\\nfamily consisted of parents and five children, who\\nlost their property and their home.\\nAugust 11, 1869\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The residence of Dennis O SuUi-\\nvan, about three miles from Auburn, was completely\\ndestroyed by fire. No insurance.\\nOctober 6, 1869\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The large barn at the Mountain-\\neer House, about nine miles from Auburn, was\\nburned with all its contents, consisting of sixty tons\\nof hay, four fine milch cows, two fine, young horses,\\nand a large collection of improved farming machinery.\\nHOTELS BURNED AT ROCKLIN.\\nNovember 5, 1869 The large hotel, owned and\\nkept by Sam. Trott, atRocklin, was totally destroyed\\nby fire. The light of the burning building shone so\\nbright and ascended so high, it being a calm night,\\nthat an alarm of fire was sounded, and the engine\\nbrought out in Sacramento, twenty-two miles dis-\\ntant. A man by the name of Schmidt became suffo-\\ncated with smoke, and was burned to death. The\\nhouse was filled with boarders, who barely escaped\\nwith their lives, losing all their clothing, jewelry,\\netc. The loss was about $5,000, and the building\\nwas insured for $3,000.\\nJune 27, 1870 A fire was discovered in the Van\\nTrees Hotel, at Rocklin, and in defiance of all efforts\\nto stay the progress of the flames, the entire property,\\nincluding barns, stabling, and out-buildings, were\\nconsumed. A strong gale was blowing at the time,\\nand it was with the greatest exertion of the whole\\npopulation that the main portion of the town was\\nsaved. The property was insured for $2,000.\\nFIRE AT AUBURN DEPOT.\\nAugust 29, 1870 -A fire was discovered in the\\nwood-shed of the C. P. R. R. Co., and in the passen-\\nger depot and saloon of Curley Mahon, at Auburn\\ndepot. The flames had enveloped such an extensive\\nportion of the wood-shedding, omnibus line shedding,\\nand passenger depot buildings, at the time of dis-\\ncovery, that it was impossible to staj the devouring\\nelement. All those, together with the freight depot\\non the opposite side of the track, as well as the fine,\\nlarge, new hotel of John J. Smith, his barn, stabling,\\nhay and feed; Crosby s blacksmith shop, two lime-\\nhouses, and the stabling, shedding, etc., attached to\\nWilson s Hotel, were swept, with their contents,\\nclear from the face of the earth. Total known losses,\\n$19,555; insurance, $8,200; leaving a net known loss,\\nover insurance, of $11,355.\\nMORE FIRES.\\nOctober 3, 1870 The school house at Rattlesnake\\nDistrict was totally destroyed by fire. Supposed to\\nbe the work of an incendiaiy.\\nNovember 10, 1870 The two-stor} boarding-\\nhouse of J. Lindsay, at Rocklin, was burned down\\nwith most of its contents. The morning was clear\\nand calm, and though there were some other build-\\nings near it, all were saved. The property was\\ninsured for $2,000.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "Mr.T. E.STEPHENS\\nMrs.T. E.STEPHENS\\nResidence, OF T. E.STEPHENS, Auburn, Placer Co.Cal.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "dp:str()yed by fire.\\nS.-)3\\nNovember 20, 1870 The slaughter-house of\\nDodBworth i*c Co., near Auburn, was totally destroyed\\nby fire. All the tools, fixtures, dressed carcasses,\\nhides and tallow, etc., were consumed. Loss, about\\n$700.\\n.March 27, 1871 The large two-story dwelling-\\nhouse of Fred. Burkhaltcr, at Dutch Flat, was\\nburned to the ground. The fire originated from the\\nBtove-pipc.\\nEMPIRE MILL BURNED.\\nAbout 1 o clock on the morning of September 29,\\n1871, when all nature was at rest, there was sud-\\ndenly heard at Empire City, near Ophir, an agoniz-\\ning cry of Fire when all, who were within\\nhearing distance, were disturbed from their slumbers\\nonly to behold the destruction of the Empire Mill, a\\nmost magnificent structure, complete in workman-\\nship, and made ready for the start. When the fire\\nwas first discovered it was no bigger than a man s\\nhand, but for the want of water it soon spread itself\\ninto a mighty blaze. In a few minutes the whole\\nbuilding was enveloped in flames, the light from\\nwhich illuminated the most distant skies, and the\\neff ect, as seen from the surrounding hills, was grand.\\nAll that possibly could be done by man was done in\\nthis case, in order to save the machinery, but to no\\navail. The fire continued for about half an hour,\\nwhen the work of destruction was complete, and all\\nthat was left was a heap of ruins. Loss, $20,000.\\nINCENDIARY FIRE IN AUBURN.\\nOn the evening of August 21, 1872, the people of\\nAuburn were startled by the cry of fire, and it was\\nBoon discovered that the hay loft of Predonis liv-\\nery stable was in flames. The rapidity with which\\nthe fire spread was frightful. The stable, carriage-\\nhouse, blacksmith and wagon-shop, together with\\nthe tools, were entirely consumed. Loss, about\\n$7,000; insured for Sl. iOO. The flames leaped across\\nthe road to the residence of Mr. John Worsley, con-\\nsuming the entire building and contents. Mr.\\nWorsley s loss was about $2,500, insured for $600.\\nThe Herald office was insured to the extent of about\\n$1,000. How the fire originated was not fully\\nknown, but it is supposed to have been the work of\\nan incendiary.\\nDWELLINGS BURNED.\\nNovember 17, 1872\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The residence of M. McNeal,\\nabout a mile from Auburn, was totally destroyed by\\nfire, with all its contents. The building and con-\\ntents were insured for $1,000.\\nApril 13, 1873\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The residence of J. W. Blanchard,\\nat Dutch Plat, was discovered to bo on fire, and,\\nthough a hard finished house and burned slowly,\\nall efforts to save it were in vain. The house was a\\nnew one, and cost between three and five thousand\\ndollars.\\nMay 1, 1873 The residence of Mr. Shannon, near\\nthe Auburn depot, was wholly destroyed by fire\\nwith most of its contents.\\nHOISTING WORKS BURNED.\\nJuly 3 l, 1873 A fire originated in the Auburn\\nmine, in the roof of the blacksmith shop, which was\\nconnected with the store-house and building which\\ncovered the hoisting works. In a short time these\\nbuildings were all ablaze. There were two meti at\\nwork in the shaft, and before they could be signaled\\nto come up, the fire was burning immediately over\\nthe mouth of the shaft. The blaze ascended high\\nover what seemed their deep grave, and from the\\ncracking ruins came in rapid succession the explosion\\nof nineteen kegs of blasting powder and six car-\\ntridges of giant powder, which, added to the thought\\nof the two men below, made the scene awful in the\\nextreme. The first the men knew of their danger-\\nous condition was when the rope fell, it having been\\nburned off at the top. The) were beginning to feel sen\\nsation.s of suffocation, when a large stream of water\\ncame thundering down the .shaft, turned in by those\\nabove in hopes of affording relief to the suft erers\\nshould they still be alive. To escape the force of the\\nfalling stream they stepped into the mouth of a drift,\\nand, from the reviving effects of the cool water,\\nwere, by the time the fire had burned out above, able\\nto climb bravely to the surface. The damage by the\\nfire, including buildings, tools, and supplies, was\\nabout *1, 000.\\nSAW-MILL AND LUMBER DESTROYED.\\nJuly 30, 1873\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bragg Fulsoms saw-mill, in the\\neastern part of the county, at what is known as\\nCamp 18, was entirely destroyed by fire, besides\\nabout 1,500,000 feet of lumber. The total loss was\\nabout $50,000. The fire originated by a spai k from\\nthe smoke-stack, and, though discovered before\\ndoing much damage, could not be suppressed with\\nthe means at hand, as a high wind prevailed at the\\ntime, which carried the fire fiend on in its work of\\ndestruction in spite of all opposition.\\nTHE VILLAGE OF CLIPPER GAP BURNED.\\nAugust 7, 1873 Nearly the entire town of Clip-\\nper Gap was destroyed bj^ fire, entailing heavy\\nlosses upon the citizens.\\nFIRE AT FOREST HILL.\\nSeptember 10, 1873 A fire broke out in Forest\\nHill, in a small unoccupied building adjoining\\nSchwalenburg s store, and, though the alarm was\\ninstantly given, the flames spread so fast that all\\nefforts to check them wore in vain, until nearly one-\\nhalf of the town was in ashes. Besides the serious\\nloss of individuals, it was a heavy blow on the whole\\ntown. Among those who lost heavily were Schwal-\\nenburg, Ranlet, Eddy, Morohead, Dilts, Smith and\\nRemler. The Union Hotel, and other valuable\\nbuildings were burned. The fire was the work of an\\nincendiarj\\nAnother fire occurred on the 20th of the same\\nmonth, in the fire-proof brick store of Charles Fett,", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "354\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nbut was ostiiii:;ui8hed lieforc anj^ Horious damage had\\nboon done.\\nDESTRUCTIVE FIRE IN DUTCH PLAT.\\nNovember 5, 1873 The town of Dutch Fhii was\\nvisited by the firey demon, and most of the town\\nwas reduced to ashes. Nearly the whole of China-\\ntown, where the fire originated, consisting of forty\\nor fifty buildings, was destroyed. The residences of\\nMessrs. Farr and Nichols were also burned.\\nROUND-riOLTSE AND LOCOMOTIVES BURNED.\\nNovember 26, 1873^The roundhouse at Kocklin\\nwas destroyed by fire, with the entire property, con-\\nsisting of ten locomotives and tenders, which were\\nbuilt at a cost of about $30,000.\\nCOLFAX IN ASHES.\\nApril 22, 1874 A fire broke out in Colfax, in a\\nbarber-shop north of the railroad, and in twenty-\\nfive minutes the main busino.ss part of the town and\\nseveral family residences were in ashes. The wind\\nwas blowing quite strong at the time from the north-\\neast, virhich carried the flames rapidly from one house\\nto another. All the buildings on the north side of\\nthe railroad were burned up to Grass Valley Street.\\nVery little of the property destroyed was insured.\\nMany families were left homeless by the fire, and\\nvery few residing in the burnt district had time to\\nsave even their clothing.\\nRESIDENCE OF .JOHN C. BOfiOS BURNED.\\nMay 30, 1874\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The residence of J. C. Boggs,\\nsituated on his ranch two and a half miles below\\nNewcastle, was completely destroyed by fire, together\\nwith all its contents.\\nHOTEL nUKNED.\\nSeptember 23. 1.S74\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tlic hotel near Ophir, the\\nproperty of Madame Kittler, was, with nearly all\\nits contents, completely destroyed by fire. The\\ntotal value of pr.)perty destroyed was about .$5,000.\\nINCENDIARISM.\\nSeptember 26, 1874 The school house at Ophir\\nwas completely destroyed by fire, and the old Poland\\nBuilding and shed, formerly a hotel, on the turnpike\\nbetween Auburn and Ophir, was, on the same night,\\nburned to the ground. Both were set on fire. The\\nloss on the school house was 11,500; insured forSSOO.\\nSeptember 28, 1875 Jonathan Norris, whose\\nplace is situated on Dry (!reek, about seven miles\\nnortheast of Auburn, lost his barns, horses, harness,\\nand between twenty and thirty tons of hay by fire.\\nThe amount of ropcrty destroyed was between\\n$1,500 and *1 SOO, on which there was no insurance.\\nAll the circumstances indicate that the fire was the\\nwork of an incendiary.\\nBURNINd OF LINCOLN.\\nOctober 14, 1875 A fire broke out in Lincoln on\\nthe south side of Main Street. Everything being\\ndry, and the facilities for fighting fire limited, it\\nspread rapidly, and for awhile it was greatly feared\\nthat the principal part of the town would be\\ndestroyed. VVastier s butcher shop was first\\ndestroyed; from this the flames connected with\\nHaenny s blacksmith shop and with Wastier s\\nstable. Wastier lost, besides his buildings and\\nhorses, considerable hay and grain, three wagons,\\nharness, all his tools and stock, his account books,\\nand a portion of $500 in coin, which was in the shop\\nat the time of the fire. His entire loss was about\\n$3,000. Haenny s loss, which included a fine, large\\nblacksmith and wagon shop, and all tools therein,\\nwas about $2,500. None of the property was\\ninsured.\\nBARN AND HORSES BURNED.\\nNovember 1, 1875 A fire occured at P. Maher s\\nplace, about two and a half miles from Auburn, on\\nthe Rattlesnake Road, resulting in the destruction of\\nhis barn, two horses, several sets of harness, all his\\nfarming utensils, and other things of value, including\\nhis winter supply of hay.\\nSERIOUS LOSS AT LINCOLN.\\n.March 30, 1876 The Logan Livory Stable at\\nLincoln, the property of T. J. Waldron, was, with\\nall its contents, consisting of eleven horses, all the\\nbuggies and carriages used in the business, the har-\\nness and saddles, the stock of feed on hand, the\\nbooks and other things appertaining to tha busi-\\nness, completely destroyed by fire. The fire was\\nfirst discovered about two o clock in the morning,\\nbut the building was so completely wrapped in flames\\nthat all attempts to save any of its contents proved\\nfutile. The loss was estimated at $4,000; insured\\nfor $1,000.\\nRESIDENCE DESTROYED.\\nApril 5, 1876 The residence of Mr. Brod at\\nAuburn, including everything it contained, even to\\nthe little mementoes so dear to memory, and which\\nmoney cannot I eplace, was totally destroyed by fire.\\nInsured for $900.\\nLATER FIRES IN AUBURN.\\nDecember 5, 1877 Another large fire occurred\\nin Auburn, which destroyed property to the value of\\nabout $18,000.\\nOn the 9th of .January, 1881, the fine hotel of Mr.\\nSamuel Putnam, at Auburn depot, was burned to\\nthe ground, involving a loss of about $13,000, of\\nwhich $5,000 was recovered by insurance. Mr.\\nPutnam w.is a pioneer of 49, and of the blood of\\nGen. Israel Putnam, and in less than six months had\\nreconstructed his hotel on a larger scale than before.\\nTHE AGGREGATE LOSSES.\\nNo serious fire has occurred for several years.\\nFrom the list given, with known and estimated\\nlosses, the aggregate may be stated to exceed\\n$1,350,000, being almost a total loss to the people of\\nPlacer, as but a very small portion was covered by\\ninsurance.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "REMINISCENCES OF ILLINOISTOWN.\\n355\\nC H A P T P: R X L I V.\\nREMINISCENCES OF ILLINOISTOWN.\\nSite of Illiuoistowu Alder Grove Mining on the River\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nPioneer .Settlers Landing at Sacramento First Prospect-\\ning Experience The Mining Lesson Learned Generosity\\nand Gratitude Seeking Shelter Indians Dastardly Rob-\\nbery and Bloodless Battle Pursuit of the Indians First\\nMilitary Company Organized Campaign against the Sav-\\nages A Frontier Picture The Camp Receives its Name\\nThe Pioneer Family First Fruit Culture Chivalrous Pio-\\nneers Houses of Entertainment Rescued from the Snow\\nAn Exhausted Traveler In the Spring of 1850 Wing\\nDams in the River \u00e2\u0080\u0094Result of Mining Early Physical Fea-\\ntures Pike County Represented.\\nLet vagrant memory plume her pinions and take\\nflight backward over time s unending course, to\\nlinger for a while where lie the embers of a neglected\\npast, buried by the rubbish of more than three\\ndecades; let truant thought unloose to wander as it\\nlists, and call up the scenes and transactions of a\\nthirdpartof a century gone; letthe grave be invaded\\nand those who have long lain dead be awakened,\\nbrought forth and rehabilitated with life once more;\\nlet the thin, gray locks of wrinkled old men with\\npiping voice assume the gloss, and color, and luxu-\\nriance of that which is wont to adorn the form of\\nfresh, hopeful, and noisj adolescence; let grown men\\nand matrons, as in that long ago, be turned over\\nagain, infants mewling and puking in the nurse s\\narms; clothe the landscape again in primal garb of\\npark-like forest glade instead of maturer fields of\\norchard, vine, and grain; and let narrow bridle-paths,\\ntrodden by men with blankets on their backs, be\\nreinstated for the usurping steel-lain grade, over\\nwhich flies the shrieking locomotive and the rumbling\\npalace car. Slowly memory brushes off the accretions\\nof years gone by, and at first naught but a gloomy-\\nlooking pile is seen. But rummaging thought invades,\\ndigs up the heap, and now and then drops a scintillat-\\ning spark which at length kindles into a flame of\\nrecollecting light; and lo! the charred and blackened\\nmass is all aglow and beams with ruddy warmth,\\nobliterating all the ravages made by time s progress-\\ning strides!\\nSITE OF ILLINOISTOWN.\\nThe site of Illinoistown is a little valley which lies\\njust below Colfax, on the southern side of the Central\\nPacific Railroad. People began to rendezvous there\\nearly in 1849, and as it was the uppermost point\\nupon the dividing ridge between Bear River and the\\nNorth Fork of the American that wagons reached,\\nit became the distributing point of supplies for all of\\nthe mining camps at the north, south, and east of it.\\nManj of the first inhabitants who went to the Deer\\nCreek (now Nevada City) mines, either bought their\\nprovisions for the trip there or had then brought to\\nthe place from Sacramento by wagon. As a business\\nlocality it ranked the Dry Diggings (Auburn) until\\nlate in the fall of 1849, when the emigration, and\\npeople who supposed they could not exist in the\\nriver canons during the winter, congregated in great\\nnumbers at the latter place, attracted by its more\\ngenial, winter climate, as well as the shallow surface\\n])lacers where an occasional large lump of gold could\\nbe found, making it at once the business center of\\nthe predestined County of Placer, as well as its\\nfuture shire town.\\nALDER GROVE.\\nAt a bend in the valley about half a mile below\\nColfax, in a narrow place, a fine large spring flowed\\nto the surface; and about a quarter of a mile below\\nthat was another, which had caused the formation of\\nquite a plat of boggy meadow land, on the lower\\nside of which grew many thrifty alder trees, which\\nbecame a favorite camping place. At that time\\nthe early part of 49 the North b ork of the Amer-\\nican was thronged with men from Kelley s Bar to\\nthe Giant s Gap, mainly from Oregon. They at first\\ncalled the place Alder Grove. Subse(|Uently, when\\nwagons reached there, a corral was built in the\\nupper portion of the valley, and some of the Oregon-\\nians designated it as the Upper Corral. Early that\\nsummer three log buildings were erected for trading-\\nposts, one by Sears Miller at the extreme lower\\nend of the valley; one by John W. Piersons at the\\nspring at the narrows, and another about a quarter\\nof a mile above, upon the eastern side of the valley,\\nby a Mr. Neall.\\nMINING ON THE RIVER.\\nThe rush to the river had been too earlj- in April\\nand May at a time when the water was high, and\\ntherefore all the gold that could be got, came either\\nfrom the higher bars or from pits, to work which\\nrequired bailing of water. The consequence was\\nthat before the water iu the river became low enough\\nto work advantageously, most of the men left in\\nsearch of other diggings, leaving along the stream on\\nthe bars, in their abandoned camps, everything they\\nhad taken in there but the clothing they wore\\n(generally of buckskin), and their blankets. August\\n1, 1849, there were not more than twenty white men\\nfrom Barnes Bar to Green Valley working upon\\nthe North Fork, and six of these were former Hudson\\nBay Company emplojees, at work in the bed of the\\nstream just above the Giant s Gap. Some very fair\\nstocks of goods had been put in store at Alder\\nGrove about the time the exodus of the miners from\\nthe river began, and the traders were disappointed\\nat the turn that aft airs had taken. Sears Millei-,\\nwho had a large assortment of goods suited only for\\nthe Indian trade, immediately began to hire them to\\nwork, and from about July 1st to the middle of\\nSeptember employed an average of filly Indians a\\nday, whom they kei)t j)aiming out upon the river\\nbars, and in this way accumulated a great deal of\\ngold.\\nTHE PIONEER SETTLERS.\\nAmong the Oregonians who came to Alder Grove\\nin May, 1849, was E. T. Mendenhall, who had left a", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a756\\nHISTORY (_)F PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nyoung wife and babe encamped among the sand dunes\\nof Happy Valley, San Francisco, while he went\\nmountainward to spy out a home for himself and\\nthem. He learned from experience that the minep\\nupon the North Fork were good, and at the same\\ntime looked with very favorable eyes upon the\\npristine beauties of the valley in which were located\\nAlder Grove and the Upper Corral. Here he deter-\\nmined to set up his altar, gather around him his\\nhousehold gods, and establish a home in the wilder-\\nness of California. With this laudable intention,\\nabout the middle of the summer he proceeded to\\nSan Francisco, and soon thereafter had his wife,\\ninfant, and what few articles of indispensable house-\\nhold material were at hand en route for the mount-\\nains.\\nThus, on the 28th of July, 1849, on the deck of\\nthe little schooner Sea Witch, in the harbor of San\\nFrancisco, did the writer first encounter them. With\\nthe other passengers were two more Oregonians,\\na Mr. McLeod (an old-time Hudson Bay employee)\\nand a Mr. Atwood, both of whom were old miners,\\nhaving worked on the Stanislaus in 1848, and having\\nbeen back to Oregon, were now just on their return\\nto remain during the season of 49. How natural it\\nwas for the young novice to listen to the tales of\\nthese old miners, and become captivated to ingra-\\ntiate himself into their esteem, to that extent that\\nthey would allow him to accompany them to the\\ndiggings, where, profiting by their large experience,\\nfortune might soon be accumulated.\\nL.\\\\ND1N0 AT SACR.\\\\MENTO.\\nThe Sea Witch made her landing under a big\\nsycamore tree in front of the future city of Sacra-\\nmento, on the moi-ning of July 29th, having bad a\\nremarkubly quick passage, and preparations were im-\\nmediately made for transportation to the mines. An\\nOregon man owning a team was finally found, who\\nwould, for thirtj -five cents a pound, deliver the outfit\\nat Alder Grove, and he was speedilj eng.iged. With-\\nout remarkable incident the place was reached on\\nthe 3d of August, and Mr. Mendenhall at once\\nentered into possession of what proved to be for\\nmany years his future home. Immediately setting\\nto work be put up his little tent, built a booth of\\npoles with cross pieces covered with brush, and forth-\\nwith the first hotel of the place was established,\\nwhere, for one dollar and a half, the wayfarer would\\nbe served with bacon and beans, bread, and pie made\\nof dried fruit all the delieacies then obtainable\\nfrom the hand of the pioneer white woman of that\\nwhole region, Mrs. Mendenhall.\\nFIRST PROSPECTING EXPERIENCE.\\nAtwood and McLeod, with their protege, mean-\\nwhile prospected every bar upon the North Fork,\\nfrom Barnes to the forks of the river above Green\\nValley. The two first-named, during the previous\\nsummer, had luckily been possessed of big diggings,\\nfrom which, inexperienced as they were they had\\nrealized $20,000 to !$25, 000 each. Consequently their\\nideas were quite exalted, and no common diggings\\nwould suit them.\\nThe river banks were almost untouched and were\\nrich everywhere, but with the heavy, deep tin pans\\nsupplied by the Hudson Bay Company, these men\\nwould pan out in the presence of their companion,\\nand obtaining no more than twenty-five cents to one\\ndollar and a half a pan, would invariably say wake\\nkloshe, kultus, hit the bottom of the vessel a kick\\nwith their toe and consign the gold again to the\\nstream. They didn t want the fine dust; they were\\nseeking chunks which were doubtless higher up in\\nthe mountains. In this manner was that rich stream\\ncondemned by these two old miners clear up to\\nthe forks, near which point the sis old mountaineers\\nwere at work, and who told the little party it would\\nbe unsafe to go farther, for they believed from what\\nthey had seen that there were fully a thousand\\nIndians scattered upon the streams but a short\\ndistance above, and as quite a party of them had\\nbeen met at Cold Springs in coming up, who were\\nimpudent and saucy, McLeod and Atwood concluded\\nthey would go over to Feather River, which they\\ndid.\\nTHE MINING LESSON LEARNED.\\nThe novice who had thus far followed the fortunes\\nof the two old miners, concluded that he had\\nlearned all they had to impart; he was footsore and\\nfagged out by much travel, after having been long\\npenned up on ship-board, and bethought him of a\\nshady spot away down in the gorge bj the water,\\nwhere, in a shallow hole the gravel yielded what\\nthey called a dollar and a half a pan. He would not\\ngo to Feather; nor did he. On the contrary he\\nwould revisit his ideal spot to mine, and there\\nattempt his virgin effort at digging for gold.\\nThe place was on the North Fork of the Ameri-\\ncan, nearly opposite Cold (now Mountain) Spring,\\nupon the southern side of the river. There he picked\\nup a rocker dug out of a log, with no apron, and\\nwith a riddle made of rawhide, and some other rude\\ntools that had been left by the earlier Oregon men,\\nand with these wrought until the rain of the 9th of\\nOctober of that year admonished him of the liability\\nof being cut off from the lower world, and a repeti-\\ntion of the storm a few days later determined him\\nin hurrying his departure to some point further\\ndown the stream. For a month past there had been\\nother men on the bar two brothers named Higgins,\\nand a man named Friek, all from Mt. Pleasant,\\nIowa. The last work done at this place with the old\\ndugout rocker, by the original locator, yielded a\\nlittle over three ounces in three hours. The whole\\nplant was then presented to the Higgins brothers\\nandFrick, who were partners, and the former owner\\nturned his footsteps from the place forever, and\\nclimbed the hill with no little load of blankets and\\ngold-dust.\\nt.", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "REMINISCENCES OF ILLINOISTOWN.\\n357\\nGENEROSITY AND GRATITUDE.\\nThe new owners worked the bar with great suc-\\ncess until the rains in November compelled them\\nto leave it. They then went to Deer Creek, and\\nwere among the first locators of claims on Gold\\nRun (not the Gold Run of Placer County), a little\\nstream overlain then with deep muck and grass-\\ncovered soil, which emptied into Deer Creek oppo-\\nsite the present town of Nevada City, from the\\nsouth. In making locations there they did not\\nforget the one who had given them their start\\nupon the North Fork, but located ground for him\\nalso, and sent word of their action; but not being\\nable to get to it in time, and the great rush there a\\nlittle later, which rendered it impossible for the\\nlocators to hold it without representation, made it\\nunavailable.\\nThe following spring, in witnessing its working,\\nthe one for whom the Higgins boys located the\\nground frequently saw a panikin, holding about\\na pint, full of gold as a half day s work of two men\\nwith a rocker the top dirt having boon stripped\\noff previously.\\nSEEKING SHELTER.\\nAs the winter of 1849 approached, men began to\\nleave the rivor, as at other points, and gather at\\nthe settlements on the ridges, and Alder Grove\\nbecame quite populous. Before the rains had fairly\\nset in, Mr. Mendenhall had completed a double\\nlog house\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he occapying one part as a hotel and\\nCharles L. King and Horatio Hoskins the other\\nportion as a store. In September John D. Egbert,\\nRobert S. Egbert, and Oliver Egbert had arrived and\\nlocated in the vicinity, the two latter settling down to\\nmining, making shakes, and doing all sorts of work,\\nwhile the former, having a commercial turn, devoted\\nhis time to teaming and trading. It was not long\\nbefore the Egbert Brothers had a cabin filled with\\nminers supplies, and were ready to trade in those\\nor any other article going. Pierson, meantime,\\nhad been busy laying in stores, and had several ox-\\nteams running over the road freighting from Sac-\\nramento. Sears Miller sold their store in Novem-\\nber to David Pairchild and M. D. Pairchild, father\\nand son, and the little community, with all of\\nthese sources of supply to draw upon, seemed to be\\nwell-prepared for the winter before them.\\nINDIANS.\\nAs there were many beautiful little valleys upon\\nthe divide between Auburn and Illinoistown, and\\nas the locality reached the altitude where grew the\\nsugar-pine, as well as being the home of the black\\noak, and there being an abundance of game, it\\nwas a favorite abiding-place of the Indians, and\\nscores of littlo knolls overlooking the small valleys\\nspoken of were covered with the circular-shaped\\nhuts, constructed mainly of bark. Cords of the\\nlong cones of the sugar-pine were stacked up near\\nthese villages, with the seed, or nut, still in thorn,\\nwhich were only shelled when required their\\nnatural cell affording better protection from the\\neffects of rain by the closing up of the scales of\\nthe bur by dampness upon the outside, than any\\nmethod the Indians had adopted for their preserva-\\ntion. Immense ca :hes of manzanita were also made.\\nLargo cribs were built of small-sized logs, filled with\\nacorns and covered with bark. These were the\\nmain winter stores of the aborigines, and were then\\nan adjunct to every cluster of wigwams, and the\\nquantities gathei-ed and stored were astonishing.\\nToward the end of November the Indians began\\nto get impudent and saucy. They were more numer-\\nous than the whites; they were, of right, no doubt,\\nthe natural lords of the heritage; the country had\\nbeen occupied by their ancestors away back to a\\ntime beyond the memory of the oldest among them,\\nand they soon began to look upon the interloping\\ngold-diggers aslegitimatesubjectsof plunder. Aslight\\ncastigation for a few instances of palpable theft made\\nthem avoid the settlement. When any would come,\\nit would only be an old man or two, accompanied,\\nperhaps, by several urchins of the tribe, but signs\\nof a great many could be seen at any time just at\\nthe outskirts of the place, which circumstance was\\nlooked upon as an unfavorable indication of their\\ngood feeling and intentions.\\nDASTARDLY ROBBERY AND BLOODLESS BATTLE.\\nFinally, about the second week of December, dur-\\ning the temporary absence of the proprietors, who\\nhad gone to Auburn, the Indians broke into the\\nstore, at the lower end of the valley, and carried oft\\nor destroyed nearly everything that was portable,\\nexcept liquors, which at that time they never drank.\\nFor several nights they continued these visits, and\\nno one came to make them afraid. But just at dusk\\non the evening of the 15th of December, 1849, during\\nthe prevalence of a heavy storm, which had been\\nincessant during the day, the proprietors of the\\nstore approached the place with five pack-animals\\nladen with additional supplies. A smoke issuing\\nfrom a hole in the shake roof, instead of coming\\nthrough the chimney, first attracted their attention.\\nA bar was spiked to the logs on the outside, across\\nthe door, as they had left it six days before.\\nListening for a moment, suppressed sounds of\\nmerriment were heard in the Indian dialect. It was\\nno time for parleying, but one for action. The\\nhowling storm without, and the darkening pall of\\nnight had more terrors to the fatigued and hungrj\\nwhite men than the arrow points of the exuberant\\nsavages within. The barricade was wrenched from\\nofi the door, which was suddenly thrown open, and\\ntwo drenched and storm-chilled angry white men\\nconfronted more than a score of comfortably condi-\\ntioned Indians, surprised at their feast. The fire\\nthey had made under the place they had entered\\nprevented escape in that way, and their only oppor-\\ntunity was to flee through the door.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "358\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nA rifle barrel was poised before them, its aim\\ndirected at the most prominent one, and the trigger\\nsprung. The hammer struck a cap rendered harm-\\nless by the dampness, and a savage lite was pro-\\nlonged. A pistol was then jerked from a scabbard un-\\nderneath the outer garments, levelled and attempted\\nto be fired, but the damp had penetrated to the per-\\ncussion upon that, too, and made ineffective. The\\nfist was next tried, and several fleeing Indians\\nrolled upon the sleet-covered ground as they came\\nin a body over the threshhold of the door. Their\\nbows were all unstrung, and the suddenness and\\nfierceness of the attack had frightened the Indians\\nso that they were glad to escape, without attempt-\\ning their use, not knowing the number of their\\nassailants.\\nThe mules were unpacked and tethered for the\\nnight, the fire removed to the ample hearth, and the\\nhole in the roof patched up. Supper got and eaten,\\nand clothing dried, the two occupants of the cabin\\nsought the repose of their blankets. Not long after\\nthat the noise of men tramping around them, and\\nthe voices of white men, re-assured them. It was a\\na party from the upper end of the valley, who, having\\nnoticed the depredations during the day, and know-\\ning the owners to be absent, had come down armed\\nintending to chastise the intruders, but upon learn-\\ning of the state of affairs returned to their homes\\nafter an hour or two.\\nPURSUIT OP THE INDIANS.\\nMorning came, and not a mule was found where\\nthe previous night they had been securely fastened,\\nand the tell-tale tracks showed but too plainly where\\nthey had gone. The Indians had taken them. Fol-\\nlowing up their trail, a couple of miles brought the\\npursuer to a place where one of them had been\\nkilled, though not a particle of the animal remained,\\nonly the offal emptied from the entrails. Returning\\nto the town, the citizens were informed, and several\\nmen volunteered to follow up the trail and attempt\\nthe recovery of those yet alive.\\nOf this party Mr. Pierson was one, and the trail\\nhad not been long followed before it became appai\\nent that the Indians had taken some oxen as well as\\nmules, and if so they were cattle belonging to Pier-\\nson. Though the animals at first had been driven,\\nor led, singly and circuitously, upon nearing the\\nstrongholds of the Indians the tracks augmented\\nand the trail became more marked. Places were\\nfound where other animals had been slaughtered,\\nand the flesh packed away on the bucks of Indians.\\nPierson was furious over his loss.\\nFIRST MILITARY COMPANY ORGANIZED.\\nIt was unsafe for the small party in pursuit to go\\nfurther. They therefore decided to return to Illi-\\nnoistown, report the situation to the inhabitants,\\nand obtain reinforcements. This was done. A\\npublic meeting was called and held at Pierson s\\nstore, which resulted in th^formation of the pioneer\\nmilitarj- organization of Placer County, under the\\neuphoneous title of California Blades. Twenty-\\none members enisled, and elected J. W. Gish, Captain.\\nCAMPAIGN AGAINST THE SAVAGES.\\nArming themselves, not as the law directs, but\\nas each member best could some with United\\nStates j^agers, others with old-fashioned muzzle-\\nloading rifles, swords of curious pattern, conceived\\nby some fertile brain in the far East and fashioned\\nfor the use of some mining company that came\\nacross the plains, old cutlasses, single- barreled cav-\\nalry pistols glittering with much brass, Allen s pep-\\nper-boxes, and such other incongruous weapons.\\nThe day following the organization this company-\\nwent upon the war-path. Some four or five miles\\nwesterly from Illinoistown the evidences of Indian\\ndepredations accumulating as they traveled while\\nfollowing up a trail, the company came suddenly\\nujDon a ridge and surprised and captured an Indian\\nwho was evidentlj there as an outlook to warn the\\ntribe of any approaching enemy. Silently the\\nwhites pi oceeded, and not long after, unheralded,\\nthey entered the Indian village, but fired no shots.\\nAlarmed, the Indians vanished in a moment all but\\nthe prisoner and several decrepit ones unable to\\nescape.\\nHere were undoubted evidences of their thefts;\\nmules and cattle hides fresh from the animals were\\nused to cover the bark huts; the meat and bones\\nwere found; manj goods stolen from the store were\\nin the wigwams, and there were even other articles\\nseen which gave rise to suspicions that they had not\\nbeen obtained without the murder of their original\\nowner. Besides these were large cribs of acorns,\\npiles of pine cones, and supplies of manzanita. The\\ncapture having been eftected, the question was then\\nmooted as to what disposition should be made of the\\ncaptured material. Some argued that there would\\nbe no security from Indian raids until they were all\\ndriven across Bear River, and to do this their huts\\nand stores must be destroyed; while others, who\\nhad lost nothing, and who had never made fast time\\nover a rough course to the twanging bowstring as\\nit sped a glass-headed shaft in pursuit, thought it\\nwould be too inhuman to deprive the savages of\\ntheir huts so cunningly- contrived, and their food\\nso carefullj- garnered. But the evidences of their\\nraids were palpable; men out alone in the woods had\\nbeen shot at with arrows, and if not punished, the\\nIndians might construe an act of clemencj- into\\ncowardice.\\nThe advocates pro and con. seemed to be about\\nevenly divided in the ranks of the Blades, and\\nthey would put the question to vote. The destruc-\\ntionists won by a single vote; and an hour or two\\nlater all that remained about that Indian village\\nbesides piles of ashes and glowing embers were the\\nstone mortars and pestles used by the squaws in", "height": "3349", "width": "2180", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "REMINISCENCES OF ILLINOISTOWN.\\n359\\npounding into flour the aoorns and manzanita, or\\nsomething equally incombustible the stolen plunder\\nfound there as well as the Indian property.\\nThe same day another camp was attacked, two\\nmen killed, several children taken prisoners, and the\\nvillage and stores destroyed. From that time on\\nuntil the following June it was not safe for an Indian\\nto be seen upon that divide. One after another did\\nthe Blades seek out these villages, destroy them\\nas found, and drive the Indians across Bear Eiver;\\nand the Boar River Indians were rated as the most\\nfierce of all the Digger Tribe.\\nDuring the month of January a party of them\\nwentdown to Auburn, and just about daylight one\\nmorning stampeded and drove away over fifty head\\nof oxen from a place in sight of the village, and they\\nwere never recovered. About fifty men organized\\nfor the pursuit, but dared not attempt it without\\nthe co-operation of the Blades, and therefore came\\nup to Illinoistown and the two companies went out\\ntogether.\\nThe result was fruitless, for the Auburn Company\\nhad fully half its members disabled by sore feet from\\ntraveling in snow, and the number being so great\\nthat the Indians were forewarned and got out of\\nreach long before the party in pursuit could get at\\nthem. Several villages, however, were destroyed,\\nthe huts of which were covered with the hides of the\\nstolen cattle. But a single Indian was seen on the\\nwhole scout, and he out of reach of gunshot, whoop-\\ning derisively at the whites.\\nNot long after this time a party of Indians made\\na raid from the north side of Bear River into Illi-\\nnoistown in the night, and going to Fairchild .s place\\nstole apother mule, and leading it to the upper end\\nof the valley where the Egbert Brothers had a store-\\nhouse filled with provisions, broke into it, loaded the\\nanimal and themselves with all sorts of goods and\\nmade their escape over the trail to Bear River. Upon\\nreaching the stream, not being able to get the mule\\nacross, they shot it, but got away with the balance\\nof the plunder. In April they stole more horses\\nfrom Fairchild, and in pursuing them he and a com-\\npanion forced them to reti eat to Bear River, upon\\nthe banks of which they killed two animals that\\nthey were unable to get into the water one belong-\\ning to Piersou (a valuable one) and one to Fairchild.\\nReturning to Illinoistown, Pienson was informed\\nof his loss, when he called together the Blades,\\nwith others who volunteered, and went into the last\\nscout of the campaign. Some twenty or more Indi-\\nans were killed and scalped, and a month later at\\nnearly all of the wayside houses on the road from\\nIllinoistown were scalps on exhibition. Several men\\n(one named James Doane) and quite a number of\\nteam animals were shot by the Indians about that\\ntime on the wagon road between Auburn and Illi-\\nnoistown; but practically the trouble was by this\\ntime ended.\\nA FRONTIER PICTURE.\\nThe foot-hill Indians at that time were a peculiar\\npeople. But few of them had ever visited the Mis-\\nsions, though many of the male adults had been to\\nSutter s Fort. While the females were but sparingly\\nrobed, many of the males in summer time went\\nentirely naked.\\nA few weeks after Mendenhall established his place\\nat Alder Grove, there being nothing more than a\\ntent where his wife and child slept and the booth\\nunder which the table was spread, and while Mrs. M.\\nhappened to be alone, there suddenly appeared before\\nher six stalwart savages in jniris nnluralibus demand-\\ning bishkit, and thinking her unprotected were\\nquite impertinent. Becoming a little alarmed she\\napproached the tent, looked in and began talking to\\nan imaginary person therein. Upon this the Indi-\\nans desired to look in also, but she, thinking her\\nonly salvation from harm depended upon their not\\nbeing allowed to do so, seized an old rifle which stood\\nthere unloaded and presenting it, drove them off.\\nAt another time there came a big buck well calcu-\\nlated to create a sensation. At this time there had\\nanother woman arrived at the place, Mrs. Rachael\\nGriffith, also a young Oregonian. They and two\\nyoung men were sitting under the booth discussing\\napple pies and the general news, when in marched\\nthe gentleman alluded to. He had, from the cast-\\naway outfit of some gentleman pioneer, procured a\\nplug hat; and from some deserting soldier either\\nstolen or bought a cavalryman s jacket all blue with\\ngorgeous stripes of red and yellow. These he had\\ndonned and nothing more and now appeared for\\nthe first time in his life before a civilized assemblage\\nin civilized costume, sans shirt, sans pants, sans\\neverything, save and except the tall plug hat and\\nthe short jacket of a U. S. dragoon. It was a\\nfrontier scene which no artist could correctly trans-\\nfer upon canvas with the expectation of having his\\npicture adorn the modern drawing-room. It was\\ndecidedly comical. There was no escape for\\neither the young men or women. Stoically and with\\nstatue-like rigidity stood the Indian, no doubt sup-\\nposing himself the admired of all beholders.\\nThis was too much for human risibilities. A\\nglance from one white man to the other caused a\\nspasmodic relaxation of the facial muscles, which let\\nescape a half-suppressed titter, which was the cause\\nof opening the safety-valves of the entire quartette\\nof throats, and a loud guff -haw broke forth as the\\nwomen scampered laughing with all their might to\\nthe friendly seclusion of the little tent. The noble\\nred man, divining that his appearance had brought\\nhim ridicule rather than admiration, without even\\nsaying a word or changing his immobile features,\\ncontemptuously turned upon his heel and sought the\\ncover of the adjacent forest.\\nThe diet of the primitive Indian, besides the food\\nenumerated in the foregoing pages, was spiced by", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "360\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nthe larva of various insects, and the tender young\\nclover of spring was devoured by them with\\nimmense gusto. The eggs of ants tliej- gathered by\\nbushels; and the maggots found in wasp s nests were\\nan apparent delicacy. To find these they sometimes\\ncaught a yellow-jacket and attached to it a spider s\\nweb two or three feet long to the loose end of which\\nwas fastened a piece of down. This done, the insect\\nwould be chased and driven by a troop of yelping\\nurchins until it sought the nest, generally in the\\nground, whereupon it was dug out and the coveted\\nmorsel roasted and eaten.\\nTHE CAMP EECEIVES ITS NAME.\\nHow the name lUinoistown stuck to the little set-\\ntlement is past comprehension. Any of the other\\nnames which it bore were more euphoneous. Pier-\\nson s store was the place where the boys most\\ndid congregate and where speculation in cards was\\na predominating feature. Here a meeting was held\\nin December, 1849, and the name fastened upon the\\nlocality, though there were probably not to exceed\\na half-dozen emigrant residents from the State of\\nIllinois. Fully fifty men claimed it as their winter\\nhome, and with the opening spring of 1850, came\\nhundreds of men seeking for diggings upon the adja-\\ncent streams and the ridges both upon that and the\\nIowa Hill divides, and it assumed a business import-\\nance second only to Auburn, which it maintained\\nfor fully fifteen years, or until the completion of the\\nCentral Pacific Railroad to Colfax, which place has\\nnow completely absorbed it in a commercial point of\\nview.\\nTHE PIONEER FAMILY.\\nMrs. Mendenhall was the only lady who spent the\\nmemorable winter of 1849 at Illinoistown, and she\\nstill resides at Colfax, almost in sight of the scene of\\nthose early experiences. She is an honored pioneer\\nmother of Placer Countj-, and it is with pleasant\\nmemories that the historian commemorates her\\nname upon the pages of this book. Elvira Ellen,\\nher eldest daughter, now wife of Mr. Angwin, of\\nLajot Ranch, Howell Mountain, Napa County, was\\nthe infant in her arms, about four months old, when\\nshe reached Alder Grove in August, 1849. George\\nW. Mendenhall, her eldest son, was the first white\\nchild born in Illinoistown, which event happened\\nin 1851.\\nFollowing these the living children born at Illi-\\nnoistown are Jennie, wife of A. D. Bowley of Iowa\\nHill; Sylvester Jacob; Silvinia, now Mrs. Benvie of\\nReading, Shasta County; Thomas Dick Mendenhall,\\nnow a conductor on the Nevada County Narrow-\\nGaugo Railroad, who was born while the family\\nwere temporarily I esiding at Sacramento, and Lydia\\nAnn, born at Illinoistown.\\nThe old jnoneer, K. T. Mendenhall, and the eldest\\nson have large landed interests in San Diego County,\\nand remain there, while the others of the family, as\\na rule, linger near the old birthplace in Placer.\\nOf the other old-timers of Illinoistown David Fair-\\nchild rests in his last sleep at Georgetown, El Dorado\\nCounty; the three Egbert brothers are all living\\none, Robert S., in Oakland, Alameda County; Oliver,\\nat Rio Vista, Solano County, and John B., at his old\\nhome east of the Rocky Mountains; Horatio Hos-\\nkins and M. D. Fairchild, are yet in California. The\\nold store at the lower end of the valley passed from\\nthe jjossession of the Messrs. Fairchild in the spring\\nof 1850, having been purchased by Messrs. Furst\\nMorris, who later the same year sold it to Ed. Brickell.\\nMr. B. soon had his wife and sister-in-law with him;\\nMrs. Keck came there the same summer (and is still\\nliving on the old Mendenhall place), and Illinoistown\\nbegan to boast of its superior society.\\nFIRST FRUIT CULTURE.\\nE. T. Mendenhall was the pioneer mountain fruit\\nculturist of Placer County, if not the Slate. Follow-\\ning closely after him. Col. Wm. McClure, of Yankee\\nJim s, came next; then the Applegates and others.\\nHad not the old Sigard Ranch, belonging to Claude\\nChana, been floated by change of boundaries into\\nPlacer County, doubtless to Mendenhall would have\\nbelonged the honor of having set out the first orchard\\nof fruit trees in the present limits of the county.\\nAt that early period it was thought that the black\\nand mucky soil, always wet, of the little mountain\\nvalleys was the kind, if any, most suited for fruit\\ntrees, as well as all other kinds of vegetation, and it\\nwas upon one of those the old Alder Grove where\\nthe maiden efforts of the pioneer were made. A\\nthrifty orchard to-day marks the spot where Men-\\ndenhall set out his young trees, brought with great\\nexp ense from the nursery of Lewellyn, of Oregon.\\nCHIVALROUS PIONEERS.\\nThe erroneous impression to some extent obtains\\nthat the majority of men who pursued the vocation\\nof mining in 1849 were a rough and dangerous class.\\nDuring a residence now of thirtj -three years in a\\nmining region, it is the evidence of Mrs. Mendenhall\\nthat the men of the earlier years of California s\\nsettlement were less rude and more cultured than\\nthose of a later period; for in all her experience of\\npioneer life, she asserts that the only white man she\\nfeared was Jack Allen, when drunk, who is spoken of\\nin another page. He never offered insult to her, and\\nwould doubtless have been her bravest defender in\\ncase of necessity; it was his manner while in an\\nintoxicated condition that appalled.\\nHOUSES OF ENTERTAINMENT.\\nEvery bouse, nearly, at Illinoistown became a\\npublic stopping-place for wandering minors at the\\napproach of spring, and from the middle of February\\nthere were but few nights when they were not all\\ncrowded to the utmost capacity. One dollar and a\\nhalf a meal was cheerfully paid for the pork, beans\\nand bread set before the wayfarer, and at times a\\ndollar would be given for the privilege of spreading", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "O\\nu\\nz\\no\\nh-\\no", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "REMINISCENCES OF ILLINOISTOWN.\\n3f)I\\nblankets down upon the floor and sleeping for a night.\\nThe floor of every house was generally thus occupied\\nuntil the rains were over and the ground dried out,\\nand men of all conditions would be stowed thickly,\\nside by side, thus seeking the repose of sleep. The\\nunavoidable result of such promiscuous contact was\\nthe generation of enormons quantities of parasitic\\npests, from which for a time there seemed to be no\\npermanent escape.\\nThree men by this time were permanent occupants\\nof the lower store, and that being the first halting-\\nplace upon reaching the valley, was certain to be\\nthronged each night. A mysterious disease attacked\\nthese men; they itched, and scratching, itched and\\nscratched and itched again. Some times at night,\\nwhile in their bunks, they would fancy they felt\\nsome creeping thing upon them, which they would\\never fail to catch.\\nThis peculiar condition existed for several weeks;\\nwhen a discovery was made. One of the trio, an old\\nman and pious a godly Presbyterian in making\\nhis Sabbath toilet, was the astonished discoverer, and\\nwith tears in his eyes, came rushing into the pres-\\nsence of the other two, exclaiming: By George I\\nknow now what s given us the itch; we re lousy\\nlousy, by George And he piloted his companions\\nto the spot where he had pitched his discarded gar-\\nments, and there pointed out and exhibited in the\\nseams of the cast off clothing innumerable bodj^-lice,\\nthe first that either of them had ever beheld.\\nExaminations speedily made disclosed that all under-\\ngarments were alike, and what was the proper thing\\nto do The fat and nasty-looking parasites were\\nunder the cover of every seam, while nits were strung\\nupon everj thread more thicklj than scales upon a\\nfish. There was but one road out of such a difficultj\\nand that was by the crematory route. A bonfire\\nwas soon blazing; good honest flannels, made in the\\nfar-off East with the greatest care, especially for the\\nCalifornia trip, were stripped from off the wearer\\nand foolishly consigned to the flames, and with them\\ncountless parasites victims immolated upon the\\naltar of man s fastidiousness.\\nRESCUED FROM THE SNOW.\\nDeeper snow prevailed in the winter of 1849-50 at\\nIllinoistown than there has been at any time since,\\nand several men came near losing their lives by\\nattempting to travel in it, owing to inexperience.\\nTwo men Sharp and Murrey remained during\\nthe winter at Barnes Bar, being the only residents\\nthere. Prom time to time thej- came to Illinoistown\\nfor supplies, which was not a formidable trip when\\nthe ground was bare of snow. A prolonged storm\\nin January, which at the Bar was rain, deposited\\nupon the ridge from two to four feet of snow.\\nAt this time, their provisions being exhausted,\\nthese two men started up the hill for Illinoistown\\nearlj^ one morning. Before reaching the top of the\\nhill they got into snow which, upon arriving at the\\ncrest of the divide, was four feet deep, soft and wet.\\nThere was nothing then to mark the road to be trav-\\neled; all being covered with a white pall, looking\\nsimilar, thoy could only guess the route from the\\ngeneral course traveled by them often before.\\nFloundering on in this, first one man in advance for\\na few rods until well blown, and then the other, thej-\\nwere soon wet to the skin from the waist down.\\nThis severe exercise made them pL-rspire freely, and\\nthey therefore would not sufter from cold unless\\ncompelled to lie out through the long and prospect-\\nively clear, cold night before them.\\nThe distance to be made, all told, was not more\\nthan eight miles, but often they wished they had\\nbraved the pangs of hunger and delayed starting, or\\ntaken the way toward Auburn. Noontime found\\nthem in still deeper snow, and but little over half\\nway to the coveted goal. Wearily thej- floundered\\non, becoming more and more exhausted as the\\nmoments lengthened into hours, and the sun sank\\nout of sight below the western horizon.\\nOne, who had a single-barreled pistol, struggled\\nonward in advance of his companion, who had suc-\\ncumbed to drowsiness and fatigue, and, disheartened,\\nwas prone upon the snow. The avant courier at\\nlength reached a point in advance of his companion,\\na distance of perhaps a quarter of a mile, when he, too,\\ngave up and fell limp and completely blown into the\\nyielding snow, and gazed upward to the glittering\\nstai s, which now were fast appearing in the blue sky\\noverhead. He was a tough old whaleman, and many\\na cruise had he made in the Arctic seas, and would\\nmake one final effort to extricate himself and friend\\nfrom the certain fate which must follow further\\napathy. Raising himself, he yet continued the strug-\\ngle for life, but exhausted nature could do but little;\\nonly a few yards were gained. Then it was that he\\nbethought of the pistol in his belt. By firing it off,\\nthe echoing sounds might reach the ears of some one\\nwho would come to his relief Lucky thought\\nThe sharp report of the weapon rang out upon the\\nchilling air of fast gathering night, and the weary\\nman who fired it again fell fainting upon the fleecy\\nsnow A young man who happened to be out of\\nthe door of the lower cabin at Illinoistown, prepar-\\ning wood for the night, heard the unusual sound and\\ndivined its meaning. Fresh, impulsive, and athletic,\\nhe started down the valley in the direction whence\\nthe sound had come. The progress was slow, and\\nthe work tedious, as there was no track, but finally\\nMurrey was reached, and bj- encouragement and\\nassistance was dragged nearly dead into the house.\\nAid was then procured and Sharpe was sought,\\nand with difficulty at length got in. Before the huge\\nfire upon the ample hearth, with hot punch and\\nmulled wine, did the two men soon recover, and\\nyears afterward, when the shifting scenes of life\\ncasually brought them in contact with their rescuer,\\nwould they recall the event with tear-beglistened\\neyes.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "S62\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nAN EXHAUSTED TRAVELER.\\nUpon another occasion during that historic winter\\nwere the inmates of the lower cabin in the valley\\naroused in the night by a knocking upon the door.\\nThe first thought on being awakened was the Indi-\\nans but to the question of ^Vho 8 there came\\nthe response of Me, from the lips of a white man.\\nRecognizing the voice of a young man named White,\\nthe door was speedily unbarred and he was admitted.\\nA brisk storm had raged all the day, and now the\\nsnow twirled in thickly falling flakes, and the wind\\nsoughed with ominous portent through the surround-\\ning forest trees. Snow lay at a depth of two feet,\\nand was fast augmenting; it was a night in which he\\nwith shelter might thank his lucky star that no com-\\npulsory incident could send him forth to breast its\\ndire inclemencies.\\nWhite, who was usually bright and jovial, seemed\\nnow somewhat dazed, and evasively answered ques\\ntions asked him. That he had been out in the storm\\nsome hours was evidenced by his drenched clothing\\nand his wearied air. The ruddj fire, a hot brand}-\\npunch, and a bottle of mulled wine, with other good\\ncheer tendered him, brought revival to his waning\\nmind, and he told how he and a companion had that\\nday left Auburn, and that the latter had been left on\\nthe way in the snow\\nIt was fully an hour after the arrival of White at\\nthe cabin before this fact became apparent from his\\nincoherent utterances. Something must be done to\\nrescue the man. The same young man who had\\nbrought in Murrey and Sharpe immediately set out\\nafter aid, the two companions in the cabin being both\\nadvanced in years. Going to King Hoskins store,\\nhe there found a person about his own age, named\\nHenry Close, who unhesitatingly agreed to start out\\nwith him when the situation was explained. At\\nPierson s place was a powerful horse, which subse-\\nquently fell into the hands of the Indians, and was\\nkilled. Pierson loaned the horse to the young men,\\nwho, about 12 o clock, got started upon White s back\\ntrail. The tracks were well nigh obliterated by fall-\\ning snow; the little streams running in the canons\\nwere all full; the snow was slumpy and wet, and a\\nperson in walking would sink down into it fully a\\nfoot at every step. Alternately riding the horse and\\nwalking, the two young men searched out the way\\nby following the tracks.\\nAbout five miles below Illinoistown, lying beside a\\nprostrate tree, the lost man was found, groaning\\npiteously, chilled to the marrow, foot-sore and\\nexhausted. Had he lain there a few hours longer,\\nmost likely he would have been done for. A stiff\\nhorn of brandy from a flask brought by the rescuers\\nfor the purpose, and the presence of those who would\\nsave him, aroused him to eft ort. He was placed upon\\nthe animal, plied with another horn from the flagot,\\nthe horse s head turned homeward, and he given\\ninstructions to not direct the animal s course, when\\noff they were started, leaving tne two men oy them-\\nselves. Anxious to reach shelter, the horse, within\\n[WO hours from the time of leaving the place where\\nthe perishing man was found, reached the house with\\nhim in safety. Close and his companion did not get\\nin until 11 o clock the following day. The man\\nrescued was from Kentucky, then aged about twenty-\\neight years.\\nIN THE SPRING OF 1850.\\nThe influx of gold-seekers to the neighborhood of\\nIllinoistown in the spring of 1850, created a demand\\nfor gold-saving appliances there. On the south side\\nof the valle}^, just across the way fi-om the lower\\nstore, stood a magnificent sugar-pine tree, probably\\nseven feet in diameter. A man named Frasier\\nagreed to fell it for a half-ounce of gold-dust, which\\nwas given him. It proved to be a good-splitting\\ntree, and an old gentleman named Barnard, from\\nWhite Plains, New York, was allowed the privilege\\nof using the timber for making rockers, and drove a\\nthriving business at the price of six ounces per\\nrocker. In the spring, after the water in the dry\\ndiggings about Auburn had failed, several men who\\nhad been working there came up and explained to\\nBarnard how there had been a new gold-washing\\nmachine invented and used, which was called the\\nLong Tom, and gave him an idea of their con-\\nstruction; whereupon ho began making them also,\\nat the price of nine ounces each. Shakes and punch-\\neons were made from this tree, hewed logs were\\nprepared, and, in April, the old Sears Miller store\\nwas used only as a lodging-place, while a pretentious\\nhewn log house a few yai ds to the east of it was\\nerected and used for the store and hotel.\\nWING DAMS IN THE RIVER\\nWere, in the early days, much resorted to in aiding\\nto drain rich gravel beds, on account of their extreme\\nsimplicity of construction. Beginning, generally,\\nat the head of some rapid and extending down to\\nthe next pool, or deep hole below, they were made\\nsimply by laying up two parallel walls of cobbles\\nand grouting between them, which process would\\nturn the water at the head and cause it to run in\\none-half the usual space upon one side of the bed of\\nthe stream.\\nThis necessitated the cutting of no race, nor the\\nsetting back of the water to any material height\\nabove the usual level, and, at the same time, enabled\\nthe operating miners to extend their labors on the\\nlower bars to the center of the stream. The gravel\\nupon these ripples was generally shallow and rich.\\nRESULT OF MINING.\\nThe following, transcribed from memoranda noted\\nat the time, is given to show what was done at that\\ntime upon the low bars. It represents the sums made\\ndaily by two men with one rocker one person dig-\\nging and carrying the gravel, and the other wash-\\ning it upon the North Fork of the American, a", "height": "3359", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "REMINISCENCES OF ILLINOISTOWN.\\n363\\nshort distance above Kelley s Bar, the gold calculated\\nto be worth $16.00 per ounce, the usual price then\\ngiven:\\n1850.\\nOctober 16 $368 00\\n17 347 00\\n18 138 00\\n19 38 40\\n22. 274 00\\n23 150 00\\n24 77 00\\n25 85 50\\n26 17 50\\n29. 109 00\\n30 77 50\\n31.. _. 38 00\\nNovember 1 65 00\\n2.... 79 50\\n4 78 00\\n5 30 50\\n13.:. 224 50\\n14... 53 00\\nTotal !iS3947\\n1850.\\nSeptember 18-19..$ 84 GO\\n20_ 133 00\\n21 60 38\\n23 55 00\\n26 38 40\\n27 48 50\\n28 22 40\\n30 7 75\\nOctober 1 37 75\\n2 18 50\\n3 34 70\\n4 100 20\\n5 94 50\\n7 60 20\\n8 62 00\\n9 55 25\\n10 154 30\\n11 120 25\\n12 110 40\\n14 200 00\\n15 200 00\\nThe rain about the middle of November raised\\nthe water and prevented further working upon the\\nlow bar that fall, but a small wing dam the following\\nseason enabled the same parties to obtain near\\n$25,000 from the bed of the stream by the simple\\nprocess of working then in vogue.\\nEARLY PHYSICAL FEATURES.\\nThere is a marked difference lietween the appear-\\nance of the face of the country of to-day and the\\ntime preceding settlement. Then, in spring time,\\nnative grasses, alfillerie, indiginous flowers of various\\nkinds and hues thickly covered the entire surface of\\nthe great valleys; and the elk, antelope, grizzly,\\ncoyote, and minor animals made the great plains\\ntheir home. Approaching the foot-hills, the white\\noaks were encountered, in pristine form, standing\\namid the tall growth of wild oats, resembling some\\nold orchard long ago planted by civilized hand.\\nAnd then when the pine lands were reached,\\nwhat a park -like picture they presented. But little\\nundergrowth was seen\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the annual fires kindled by\\nIndians, either for the capture of game or from\\nsheer carelessness, having kept it down. The red\\nearth was untrodden save by the wild animals and\\naborigines, and no roads nor ugly scars from miners\\nwork rent abrasions to roil the limpid waters of the\\nstreams.\\nSo porous was the soil that the great rain-fall of\\neach succeeding winter scarcely ever was sufficient\\nto cause the water to run over the surface at any\\nplace outside the natural depressions of river and\\nravine in the foot-hill region between the valley and\\nthe snowy zone. Spongy, it absorbed it as it fell,\\nand caused it to seek drainage upon the bed-rock\\nunderneath.\\nBy this cause was travel rendered extremely diffi-\\ncult in the rainy season of the first few years of\\nsettlement. The unpacked earth retained the mois-\\nture until drainage and evaporation relieved it, and\\nwas not as now impacted by civilization s giant tread.\\nSo soft would the ground become that outside a\\nbeaten path, even upon the hill-sides where bed-\\nrock did not protrude, a domestic animal, unloaded,\\nwould sink down to a depth of from six to eight\\ninches. Wagons upon roads, once cutting through\\nthe surfiice crust, would sink to the hub in quagmire\\nunderneath. These conditions caused high freights,\\nthe price from Sacramento to Illinoistown, in Novem-\\nber, 1849, being sixty cents a pound.\\nPIKE COUNTY REPRESENTED.\\nOf the immigrants who thronged the mountains\\nin 1849-50, were large numbers from Missouri, who\\nvery positively made known their presence, were\\nvery assertive of their rights, proud of their State,\\nand of their lineage through the first families of\\nKentucky and Old Virginia, and quite clannish.\\nPeople usually, when asked their former residence,\\npromptly gave the State or county whence they\\ncame, but the Missourian s reply was the county\\nonly; as, from Pike County, Jackson County,\\nChariton County, Howard county, and the\\nlike. So many answered from Pike, that all .Mis-\\nsourians were given the name of Pikes.\\nA story is related of the early settlers of the\\nregion, which was often repeated and helped to fix\\nthe appellation. Society, of course, was made up of\\nall the elements that could be gathered, and the few\\nladies were glad to assemble with members of their\\nsex without the discrimination used in older commu-\\nnities.\\nAt a party of ladies where the representatives of\\nseveral vStates were assembled, the conversation\\nquite naturally flowed with reminiscences of the\\npast. The triumph of their handiwork in the dear\\nand distant homes of the East, where the means and\\nmethods of housekeeping were more convenient than\\ncould be hoped for soon in the wilds of the Sierra\\nNevada, were the themes upon which each loved to\\ndwell. One related of the excellent cheese she used\\nto make in Ohio; another of such rich butter as she\\nmade in the green hills of Vermont; another of the\\nluscious tarts and jellies that graced her well-ppread\\ntable in Maine; another of the handsome quilts and\\nthe merry quilting parties that were so pleasant in\\nold-time Indiana; another of the fine flannels she\\nhad woven and the garments made in Iowa, until\\none 3 oung lady, who had remained quite unnoticed,\\nbroke in with a bitter sneer:\\nWall, I don t keer a dog-gone f er yer old\\ncheese, and tarts, and quilts, and sich sort o Y ankee\\nfixin s, I kem from Pike County, Missoura, and I kin\\ncut, shoot, and play keerds.\\nThe supremacy of Pike County could no longer be\\nignored, and Pike became the synonym of Missouri.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a764\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nCHAPTER XLV.\\nTOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\nAlta Antelope Applegate Auburn Great Fires List of\\nIjosses Incorporation of Auburn A Kail*oa l Town Fare\\nUeduoed A Business View Old Settlers Water Supply-\\nGreat Freshet William Ambrose A. F. Boardman James\\nBorland Dr. J. R. Crandall C. C. Crosby Alexander\\nLipsett\u00e2\u0080\u0094 D. W. Lubeck\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. M. Todd, M. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Antoine\\nCanon Barnes Bar A Glimmer of the Great Rebellion\\nBarrett s Store A Death Struggle Bath.\\nIn the general history of the county, the early\\ndiscovery, the movements of individuals, the inci-\\ndents of settlement, the success of miners, and in\\nother I eferences, nearly every town, river bar, and\\nmining camp, of old and of modern times, have been\\nmentioned, and in some instances quite full histories\\ngiven. Thei e are many localities vphose history is\\nfull of interest, and upon which memory loves to\\nlinger in commune with the recollection of scenes\\nof those bright and hopeful days when time seemed\\nso laggard and the future at command. Then con-\\nventionalities and classes were unknown. Equality\\nreigned supreme, and toil had no terrors, so that\\nhope spread the inaccessible bed-rock with gold oV\\ndirected the impracticable tunnel to the auriferous\\nchannel. These recollections may be preserved in\\nthe legends of the pioneers; aborted and exaggerated\\nin the stories of the magazine and novel writers; or\\nfound in occasional sketches in the newspapers.\\nTheir aggregate would burst the volume covers.\\nHere space and other questions forbid, and brief\\nmust be the mention of many. Placer County is\\ndivided into eleven townships, which are designated\\nby numbers. Township No. 1 includes Antelope and\\nRoseville, in the extreme southwest; No. 2 includes\\nOphir, Gold Hill, Virginiatown, Mount Pleasant; No.\\n3, Auburn and Clipper Gap, extending from the\\nAmerican to Bear River; No. 4, Applegate, Colfax,\\nDutch Flat, Gold Run, Alta, Emigrant Gap, and\\nothers; No. 5, Forest Hill, Yankee Jim s, Todd s\\nValley, Batcher Ranch; No. 6, Michigan Bluff, Bath;\\nNo. 7, Iowa Hill, Sunny South, Damascus, Wisconsin\\nHill, Humbug Canon, Grizzly Flat, Bird s Flat,\\nMonona Flat, Sucker Flat; No. 8, Canada Hill, Tahoe\\nCity, Deadman, Last Chance, Long Caiion, and the\\nhigh region of the Sierra forming the southeast part\\nof the county; No. 9 is in the foot-hills, embracing\\nRocklin, Penryn, Newcastle and others; No. 10 is in\\nthe valley, embracing a large area of farming land\\nand the villages of Lincoln and Sheridan, and No.\\n11, on the line of the railroad, embracing Cisco, Hot\\nSprings, Summit, Truckee River, Lake Valle} etc.\\nIs a creation of the Central Pacific Railroad, dating\\nits existence as a town from the time the road was\\nconstructed. The place received its name in the\\nspring of 186G, and on the 15th of July I ollowing\\nthe completion of the railroad to that point, and the\\nestablishing of a station, was celebrated by an excur-\\nsion from Sacramento. The locality is two miles\\nfrom Dutch Flat, and, via the railroad, thirty\\nthree miles northeast of Auburn, at an altitude ot\\n3,607 feet above the sea. With the completion\\nthe road to this point, Alta became the depot foi\\nfreight and passengers for Dutch Flat and all points\\nbeyond, making it a brisk business point during\\nthe year 1866. The region surrounding was covereii\\nwith a dense forest of pines, and was the seat of\\nseveral large saw-mills. Although much of this\\ngrand forest has been utilized in lumber, a large\\nbusiness is still carried on. Near Alta are the large\\nlumber yard, store-houses, and box factory of Towle\\nBrothers, who carry on the most extensive lumber\\nbusiness in the county. They have several mills,\\nthe largest having a capacity of 50,000 feet of lum-\\nber everj twenty-four hours. From the lumber\\ndepot a narrow-gauge railroad leads to the mills, ten\\nmiles distant, passing by inclined planes over a ridge\\nrising 1,300 feet on one side and falling 2,400 feet on\\nthe other, a stationary engine raising and lowering\\nthe cars.\\nAt Alta is a fine hotel, kept by E. M. Banvard,\\nand the usual stores, saloons, and residences of a\\nflourishing village. Population, 120. Population of\\nTowles Mills, 225.\\nIs a station on the Central Pacific Railroad, in\\nTownship No. 1, near the line separating Placer and\\nSacramento Counties, twenty-one miles southwest of\\nAuburn, having an elevation of 154 feet above\\nsea level. In the rainy season a small stream flows\\npast, called Antelope Creek, the name being sug-\\ngested by the large bands of antelope once so plen-\\ntiful throughout the valley.\\nAPPLEGATE.\\nThe region including Applegate was first settled\\nupon in 1849 by Lisbon Applegate, and a vil-\\nj lage grew which bore the name of Lisbon, in\\nhonor of the pioneer settler. The localitj was on\\nthe road from Auburn to Illinoistown. The pre-\\ncinct was fii st designated as the Bear River House,\\nbut in 1855 received the name of Lisbon, a post-\\nofBce being then established under that name, with\\ni G. W. Applegate as postmaster. The voting popula-\\ntion numbered from twenty -five to fifty, through a\\nseries ofj^ears, the majority being auti-Democratic--\\nWhig, Know Nothing, and Republican, in their\\norder until the abolishing of the precinct, in 1871.\\nHere is one of the finest fruit regions of the State,\\nas has been demonstrated by the success of Mr. Geo.\\ni W. Applegate and others of the locality. At an\\nearly day Mr. Applegate planted a nursery, and also\\ncultivated hay and grain, fencing in upwards of 1,100\\nacres of mountain land. From his nursery he has\\nextended his vine3 ards and orchards until his trees\\nare numbered in thousands and his grapevines in\\nhundred thousands. Apple, pear, plum, peach,", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3349", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n365\\nquince, fig, orange, aud almond, are the principal\\ntrees; grapes of every variety, and berry bushes and\\nvines in great number. In connection with this\\nextensive vineyard are cider-mills, wine-presses and\\ntanks, stills for brandy-making, wine collar and\\nstore-houses, and all the appurtenances necessary to\\nso extensive a business. Such is one of the mount-\\nain ranches and vineyards. The land lies in United\\nStates survey, townships 13 and 14 north, range 9\\neast. Mount Diablo base and meridian.\\nApplegate is the station on the Central Pacific\\nEailroad contiguous to this region. It is ten miles\\nnortheast of Auburn, at an elevetion of 2,014 feet\\nabove the sea, and is in Township No. 4, of the\\npolitical divisions of Placer County.\\nAUBURN.\\nAuburn, the county seat and principal town of\\nPlacer County, is on the line of the Central Pacific\\nEailroad, thirty-six miles northeast of Sacramento,\\nthe depot having an elevation of 1,360 feet above\\ntide water, the principal portion of the village being\\nforty or fifty feet lower.\\nThe history of Placer County is so much the his-\\ntory of Auburn that a special reference may appear\\nsuperfluous. The town antedates the county some\\nyears, the gold-digger having sought its hidden\\nwealth as early as 1848. The first, however, that it\\nbore a habitation and a name was early in 1849,\\nwhen it was called the North Fork Dry Diggings,\\nthe name of Auburn being given in the fall, as\\nshown from an old diary quoted on page 79 of this\\nbook. Some have referred to Auburn as formerly\\nbearing the name of Wood s Dry Diggings, but\\nof this we have no i-ecollection nor contemporaneous\\nrecord, and conclude that such appellation was not\\ngenerally applied.\\nThe locality is a concentration of small gulches,\\nor ravines, constituting a larger one, flowing almost\\ndue west into the Sacramento Valley, where the\\nwater is lost in the plain. These ravines were rich\\nin gold, and upon the site of Auburn many miners,\\nin the summer of 1849, pitched their tents, and with\\npans, crevicing knives and spoons, and i-ockers, dug\\nfor the precious metal. Cabins were constructed as\\npleased the builders fancy, and when pack-animals\\nand wagons subsequently came they sought their\\npassage way as most convenient, and thus marked\\nout the streets of the future town, resulting in a\\npicturesque irregularity.\\nThe existence of gold in the ravines had been\\nproven in 1848, and the centrality of Auburn, its\\naccessibility, and its proximity to the North Fork,\\npointed it out as a good trading-point and a good\\nplace to pass the winter. Several stores wore opened\\nin the summer of 1849, and then stores comprised\\nall business houses in the mines, being saloon, eating,\\ngambling, and lodging-house. For cooking and lodg-\\ning, the miner or traveler usually depended on his\\nown resources, seldom troubling any store or other\\nhouse for accommodation. The first of these stores\\nwere established about the middle of July, 1849, by\\n\\\\Vm. (iwynn and H. M. House. Shortly after, Julius\\nWetzler, in company with Capt. John A. Sutter\\nstarted a trading-post under the firm name of Wetz\\nler Co. George Willment and VV. B. Disbrow, Jo\\nseph Walkup and Samuel B. Wyman, Wm. H. Parkin\\nson and Wm. Leet, Bailey Kerr, and Post Kipley\\nwere also store-keepers in 1849. Quite a largo com\\nmunity gathered there in the fall to pass the winter\\namong them a number from Otsego County, New\\nYork, who had come by sea around (^ape Horn and\\nbrought quite a large amount of goods, which they\\nsold from their cabins without calling them stores;\\none of these was Wm. M. Gates, afterwards a prom-\\ninent lawyer in the State of Nevada. Many others\\nspent their first California winter in that compara-\\ntively pleasant locality, who in the spring rushed off\\nto the rivers and to other mining regions. But\\nAuburn was then fixed as a trading center, and has\\nso continued. As a town of 18-19 it was composed\\nof tents, cloth-houses and log-cabins, with canvas\\nroofs, and in a few instances were roofs made of\\nshakes split from the pine trees which were abund-\\nant in the neighborhood. In the summer of 1850\\nmore pretentious buildings were constructed, and\\nframes, and clapboards, and paint, and plank floors\\nmade their appearance.\\nAt present one cannot view the pleasant town,\\nwith its many fine public and business houses, its\\nhandsome dwellings embowered in fruit and shade\\ntrees, and its general air of thrift and comfort, with-\\nout recurring to the beautiful lines of Goldsmith,\\ndescriptive of the happy days of another village,\\nwhose name is adopted in this:\\nSweet Auburn loveliest village of the plain,\\nWhere health and plenty cheer the laboring swain;\\nWhere smiling spring its earliest visit pays,\\nAnd parting summer s lingering bloom delays\\nDear, lovely bowers of innocence and e se,\\nSeats of my youth, where every spot can please\\nHow oft do I loiter o er thy green,\\nWhere humble happiness endears each scene;\\nHow often do I pause on every charm\u00e2\u0080\u0094 r\\nThe sheltered cot, the cultivated farm,\\nThe never-failing stream, the busy mill,\\nThe decent church that crowns the neighboring hill,\\nThe willows green, with walks beneath the shade,\\nFor talking age and whispering lovers made.\\nDuring its history Auburn has experienced many\\nvicissitudes; business, in its first decade, fluctuating\\nwith the success and movements of the miners, but\\nwith the development of the varied resources of the\\ncount}^ greater stability marks its prosperity. In\\nthe division of the State into counties it was included\\nin Sutter, of which it afterwards become the county\\nseat, as is related in chapters XVIII and XIX of\\nthis work.\\nGREAT FIRES.\\nSeveral times fire has swept its streets of build-\\nings and hard-earned fortunes from its citizens, but\\nBesurgam has been its motto, and a handsomer\\nvillage than before has followed each conflagration.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "366\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe first and most desti-uctive occurred on June\\n4, 1855. The fire originated in one of the Chinese\\nhouses on the side of the bill below the Methodist\\nChurch, spreading with fearful rapidity, and seeming\\nfairly to lick up the buildings as it went. Those\\nresiding on the south side of the town were unable\\nto secure much from the devouring element. The\\ntime occupied in the burning was one hour and\\ntwenty-five minutes.\\nLIST OF LOSSES.\\nHawkins Co. {Placer Press) 4.000\\nHall Hardy.. 600\\nM. P. H. Love... _ 800\\nAllen Duncan 5,200\\nDr. S. P. Thomas 2,000\\nM. E. Mills.- 800\\nJames Anderson _ 800\\nGeorge Willmeut ._ 4,000\\nThomas Holden 3,000\\nJ. C. Baker Co.... 8,000\\nWm. K.Parkinson 2,000\\nL. Newman Co 1,500\\nSaml. Hyneman 5,500\\nI. W. Credit. 2,000\\nTheo. B. Hotchkiss 2,000\\nB. Goodkind Co 1,300\\nJames Mudsell 1,500\\nWoddy Barney 4,000\\nCharles Palmer 3,000\\nRobert Fisher 2,000\\nWm. Miller 2,000\\nFerrell Brewster 8,000\\nRobert Gordon 5,000\\nW. F. Norcross 3,500\\nTupper s estate 500\\nAdams Co 500\\nFoster Burtis 500\\nPlacer County 13,000\\nP. W. Thomas 1,500\\nS. E. Roussin 5,000\\nEchols Lloyd... 10,000\\nJ. Myres 300\\nHenson Hazell 600\\nJ. Q. Jackson 2,000\\nL. Sanders 2,500\\nGeorge Lans 300\\nTabb Mitchell {Placer HeraUI) 2,500\\nH. T. Holmes 8,000\\nDr. \\\\Vickes Co... 1,000\\nM. Oberdeener 1,000\\nWm. Steven 1,500\\nCharles Morrison 5,000\\nH. M. House 20,000\\nGeorge H. Stephens 10,000\\nDr. kinsey 15,000\\nCapt. 2,000\\nA. Robbins 2,500\\nOdd Fellows 1,500\\nWm. Murphy 800\\nEberly, Gove Co. 3,500\\nJ. M. Van Mater 1,500\\nDavidson Marcs 1,500\\nA. Davidson 9,000\\nJos. Hennian 2,000\\nMr. Fewing. 200\\nMunsell Rice 1,000\\nDr. Traphagen 500\\nPalmer Milwaine 4,000\\nMurray Lofe 2,000\\nJames Walsh 200\\nT. H. Oliver 1,000\\nW. D. Chapman 800\\nMr. Kitter 500\\nRichard Sanders. 3,000\\nMethodist Parsonage. 500\\nMichael Jamison 300\\nSautena _ 650\\nAnyo 6,000\\nChing Chang.. 6,000\\nLung W a 5,000\\nE. Shing. 2,500\\nGeo. H. Kehner 3,000\\nCalifornia Stage Co. 1,500\\nJames H. Clark 1,000\\nTotal ..6215,100\\nWith characteristic energy the town was rebuilt\\nlarger and more substantial than before, only to\\nmeet a like fate on the 9th of October, 1859. The\\nfire originated in a small frame building, two doors\\nsouth of the American Hotel, occupied by some col-\\nored men as a restaurant. From. the place where\\nfirst seen, the fire spread rapidly on all sides, envel-\\noping building after building in rapid succession, and\\ndriving their inmates forth in haste. But few min-\\nutes elapsed before both sides of the street were\\nin flames, which then ran north and south with a\\nfury that seemed to threaten the total annihilation\\nof the town, but fortunately the walls of the brick\\nhouses proved bulwarks that broke the force of the\\nstorm, and enabled the citizens to make a successful\\nfight against further destruction. From the Amer-\\nican Hotel to Russel s orchard, on the west side of\\nthe street, and from the residence of Wm. McDaniel\\nto the banking house of Hall Allen, on the east\\nside, all the houses were destroyed. Before the\\nembers had cooled, busy prej^arations began for\\nre-building, and, before dark, lumber was on the\\nground ready for re-building. The loss was about\\n\u00c2\u00a7119,000.\\nAnother fire occurred October 28, 18G3, in which\\nnineteen buildings were destroyed, with a loss of\\nabout 860,000. These repeated losses had the effect\\nof stimulating the erection of safer buildings, and\\nthose put up for business purposes in succeeding\\nyears have been mainly of brick and stone, and fire-\\nproof in their construction. Other destructive fires\\nare noticed under the proper heading in this book.\\nINCORPORATION OF AUBLTIN.\\nDuring 1855, and for some years, the subject of\\na town incorporation was persistently advocated by\\nthe Whig and Herald, the two papers then guarding\\nthe interests of the place. As presenting the condi-\\ntion of the town, and reasons for the incorporation,\\nan editorial upon the subject in the Herald of Janu-\\nary 9, 1856, is here inserted:\\nDuring the month of April last, the subject of\\npetitioning the County Court for a town incorpora-\\ntion, was somewhat discussed by our citizens, and a\\npetition to that effect was put in circulation. For", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n367\\nsome reasons, the project was not carried into execu-\\ntion.\\nBy reference to the files of the Auburn Whig, of\\nthe 18th of April and the 5th of May, 1855, we find\\nthe attention of our citizens called to the matter in\\ntwo well-written articles, by the editor of that paper.\\nThe necessities of the move, the law upon the sub-\\nject, and the entire question is so ably treated\\ntherein, that we will extract from those articles such\\nportions as our space will permit, but would recom-\\nmend those interested, and who have the files of\\nthose dates, to read every word he has there written.\\nIn the article of the 28th of April, he says: One\\ngreat peril necessarily incurred in a thickly-built\\ntown or village, is that of conflagration, a danger to\\nwhich, by reason of our numerous Chinese population,\\nwe are particularly liable. The extremelj loose and\\ncareless customs of that people are too generally\\nknown and understood to require any comment\\nfrom us, and it is for them in a great measure that\\nwe have reason for apprehension.\\nThe words in italic seem almost prophetic, where\\nwe recall the fact that on the J:th of June following,\\nthe fire which laid our village in ashes originated in\\none of the dens of that tribe.\\nThe Chinese portion of the town is much more\\nextensive now than it was then. Manj more of\\nthat people are here now than then, and although\\nwe have, in re-bnilding the town, erected some\\nbarriers calculated to stay an entire sweep of the\\ntown, in case of another fire, in the shape of some\\ngood fire-proof brick buildings, yet, we apprehend a\\nfire in Chinatown would, in all likelihood, destroy as\\ngreat an amount of property now as it did before,\\nwhen the whole town was consumed. Perhaps if\\nthere had been a town coi-poration, the calamity\\nmight nevertheless have befallen us; certainly suffi-\\ncient police arrangements can be instituted to lessen\\nthe danger fifty per cent.\\nFurther: The condition of our streets and alleys\\nis not at all times such as we could desire, j^et the\\nobstruction existing, and the remedies required are\\nnot properly under the control of the Eoad Super-\\nvisor.\\nWe will just call attention to the streets in front\\nof the Orleans, and Wells, Fargo Co. s Express\\noffice, in verification of this extract, at the present\\ntime. Here, we are the center of an extensive stage\\ntravel, strangers visiting us daily; the county seat of\\na large county, the entertainers of our fellow-citizens\\nfrom all parts of the county attending upon the\\nCourts, and drawn here from their necessities in\\nother matters connected with a county seat, and\\nyet we have none but miry streets without crossings\\nor a system of sidewalks for them to walk upon.\\nThe law provides that whenever the majority of\\nthe electors of any town or village shall petition the\\ncounty court to that efl ect, the court shall proceed\\nto incorporate the town, and order an election of a\\nBoard of Trustees, Assessor, Treasurer, and Marshal;\\nsaid officers to hold for one year, and their pay to be\\nfixed b} the Board of Trustees. The powers of the\\nTrustees, as fixed bj^ law, are to prevent and remove\\nnuisances; to provide for licensing public shows and\\nlawful games; to prohibit disorderly conduct; to\\nregulate and establish markets; to construct pumps,\\naqueducts, reservoirs, or other works for supplying\\nthe town with water; to keep in repair public wells;\\nto lay out, alter and keep open and repair the streets\\nand allej s of the town; to provide such means as\\nthey may deem necessary to protect the town from\\ninjuries by fire, and to pass such other laws and\\nordinances for the regulation and police of the town\\nas they may deem necessary.\\nSuch, after an examination of the acts passed\\nupon the subject, we find to be substantially the law\\nin relation thereto, with this addition, that they may\\nhave a Recorder, with the powers of a Justice of the\\nPeace in criminal and ordinance violations, within\\nthe limits of the corporations, if they desire it. It\\nseems admirably adapted to our necessities; the\\nexpense of the administration can be gauged by the\\njudgment of our citizens. Elect your Board of\\nTrustees from among your property-holders, and\\nthey ai e not likely to produce a necessity for taxing\\nthemselves.\\nWe are painfully sensible that the fire has crippled\\nour citizens in their resources, and we incline to favor\\nthis move, from the fact that it will produce greater\\nresults, a more uniform improvement, and excellent\\npolice arrangements much cheaper than in any other\\nway. The revenue from fines, the license from\\nshows, etc., would of itself not be inconsiderable.\\nMost of the officers, we have no doubt (as it would\\nnot require more than two hours a week), would\\nserve gratis, and those it would be necessary to pay\\ncould draw it from the fees of office.\\nAside from all other considerations, it is something\\nof a favor that this is the county seat of a large and\\npopulous county, where our citizens come and spend\\ntheir money, and we owe them something in the\\nway of keeping up a comfortable, pleasant, orderly\\ntown.\\nWe have been led to make these remarks at this\\ntime from the fiict that a petition is again in circula-\\ntion to eff ect this, as we think, desirable object. We\\nhope it will not fall still-born again, but that our\\ncitizens will pursue the undertaking to the consum-\\nmation so devoutly to be wished for.\\nThe town of Aubui-n was incorporated by an Act\\nof the Legislature approved March 29, 1861. The\\narea of the town was fixed by the Act at one and\\none-fourth miles square, having the Court House as\\nthe centre. On the 30th of March, 1868, the Act of\\nincorporation was repealed, and since that time the\\ncitizens of Auburn have got along as best they could\\nwithout any town government.\\nA RAILROAD TOWN.\\nFrom a very early date, Auburn aspired to be a\\nrailroad center, and lai-ge sums of money were\\nexpended in advocating and assisting such enter-\\nprises. From 1852 to 1860, the subject was kept\\nbefore the people. While incorporated, the town,\\nJune 4, 1860, voted a subsidy of 350,000 to the\\nSacramento, Placer and Nevada Raih oad, and suc-\\nceeded in having a lino constructed to within five\\nmiles of the town, the history of which is elsewhere\\ngiven. Auburn depot was established at the terminus,\\nand several lines of stages connected the depot with\\nthe town by frequent trips. A large amount of\\nfreight and travel was thus brought through Auburn,\\ngiving it a lively appearance and a profitable busi-\\nness. But this, Auburn s railroad and hope, was of\\nshort life. A greater railroad, with a more direct\\nand practicable route, approached from Sacramento\\nand absorbed its business. This was the Central\\nPacific, which was completed to Auburn and com-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "368\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nmenced running to the present depot, on the south-\\nern border of the village, on the 22d of May, 1865.\\nThe hope had been entertained that tiie railroad\\nwould pass through the center of the town, but this\\nbeing impracticable, all became satisfied with the\\nlocation, and Auburn congratulated itself upon being\\nmost happily situated.\\nAmong the institutions of Auburn was the Cali-\\nfornia Stage Company, which, in September, 1855,\\npublished the following advertisement, which shows\\nthe rates of travel at that period;\\nFARE REDUCED.\\nThe coaches of the California Stage Company\\nleave Auburn as follows: From Auburn to Sacra-\\nmento, every daj at 7, 10, and 12 a. m; from Auburn\\nto Grass Vallej Nevada, and Forest City, 12 and\\n2 p. M.; from Auburn to Yankee Jim s, Todd s Val-\\nley, and Michigan Bluff, 2 r. m.; from Auburn to\\nIllinoistown, Iowa Hill, and Cold Springs, 2 p.m.;\\nfrom Aubuiii Lu Marysvilie, Tuesdays, Thursdays,\\nand Saturdays, at 1 o clock p. Ji.\\nOn and after Saturda3^ August 4, 1855, the rates\\nof fare will be as foUws:\\nFrom Sacramento to Auburn S2 00\\nIllinoistown .3 00\\nGrass Valley. 3 00\\nNevada 3 00\\nReturning from the above places, the rates of faro\\nwill be the same to Sacramento.\\nOffices: Orleans Hotel, 2d Street, Sacramento.\\nEmpire Hotel, Auburn.\\nEgbert s Hotel, Illinoistown.\\nBeattie House, Grass Valley.\\nMetropolis, Oriental, and United States\\nHotels, Nevada.\\nThis was a time of opposition, the usual fare from\\nSacramento to Auburn being .55.00.\\nA BUSINESS VIEW.\\nAuburn has a population of nearly 2,000 people.\\nThere is a good public school of four departments.\\nThere are several churches, and more projected.\\nThe benevolent institutions compi-ise lodges of\\nMasons, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Ancient\\nOrder of United Workmen, Good Templars, and\\nSons of Temperance.\\nThe scenery in the vicinity of Auburn is grand, and\\nthe climate, though warmer in summer than that\\nprevailing along the coast, is extremely healthful.\\nResidences on the main streets arc surrounded with\\nthe prettiest of gardens, filled with shade and fruit\\ntrees and flowers of every hue, which make the\\natmosphere fragrant with their odors. There is no\\nhealthier spot in the State. The main portion of\\nthe town is about 1,300 feet above the sea-level an\\nelevation sufficient to lift it above the fogs of the\\nvalley, and yet not high enough to bring it within\\nthe storm-area of the Sierra. Snow is seldom seen,\\nand then only remains for a few hours. At the\\npresent time it is the center of a large and increasing\\ntrade. The numerous mines located in the imme-\\ndiate vicinity furnish emploj ment to a largo number\\nof men. The towns and mining camps on the For-\\nest Hill Divide also draw their supplies from this\\npoint. Considerable quantities of fruit and wine of\\nexcellent quality is produced by the farmers and\\nfruit-growers of the slopes and fertile valleys; so\\nthat horticulture and wine-growing have become\\nvery important industries. Silkworms are raised\\nto a limited extent, but sufficient to show that the\\nindustry, if properly managed, might be a remuner-\\native one. Wood, coal, building-stone, and iron of\\nfine quality are convenient, giving assurance of\\nfuture importance as a manufacturing centre. The\\ngreatest period of depression appears to have been\\nin 1873, as shown by statistics of business kept by\\nthe agencj of Wells, Fargo Co., since which time\\nit has steadily increased. The total amount of gold-\\ndust, coin, and currency shipped through Wells,\\nFargo Co. s Express from Auburn during the\\nyear 1881 was $434,63 4.65. Of the above amount\\n$281,379 was gold-dust.\\nOLD SETTLERS.\\nWe give below a list of very early settlers in\\nAuburn, as furnished by Mr. Moses Andrews, one of\\nthe first who located there:\\nAndrews, Moses\\nAnderson,\\nBeaty, Abe\\nBailey, Major\\nBailey, James\\nCromwell, E. C.\\nCrawford, J. B.\\nCraig, J. L.\\nCraig, Abram\\nCulver, B.\\nDana, L.\\nDuBois, James\\nDunn, Robt.\\nDobleman, John\\nDisbrow, W. D.\\nEllard, Chas.\\nEast, Thos.\\nEchols, H.\\nFittejDlace,\\nFuller, Richard\\nFisher, Robt.\\nGoodell, Richard\\nGwynn, Wm.\\nGould, John\\nHall, E. M.\\nHouse, H. M.\\nHolladay, S. W.\\nHowell, Robt.\\nHolmes, H. T.\\nHopkins, R. D.\\nHawkins, H. R.\\nKerr,\\nKnight, Sam.\\nLivingston, H. B.\\nLeet, W. N.\\nLove, H. P. M.\\nMcCormick, Mrs.\\nMonroe, Wm.\\nMiller, Wm. E.\\nNeistram, Chas.\\nPoland, R. C.\\nPeltigrow, Wm.\\nPhillips,\\nPole, John\\nPost,\\nParkinson, Jas.\\nParkinson, Wm. H.\\nPhinney, Dr.\\nRonnie, Nathaniel\\nRipley,\\nRogers, J. R.\\nReardon, I. B.\\nStafford, S. S.\\nSmith, A. J.\\nSmith, James\\nStratton, Dr.\\nThomas, P. W.\\nUdell, J. C.\\nWheeler, Wm.\\nWalkup, Jos.\\nWyman, S. B.\\nWillment, Geo.\\nWainwright, Chas. L.\\nWordin, S. B.\\nWilson. Thos.\\nWhitoley, Dr.\\nWhiteloy, Thos.\\nWhiteridffe,", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "m^* ^-w- i\\nm\\n-J _)\\n5\\nGO\\nw\\nm 5\\no\\nh", "height": "3277", "width": "2261", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "-J\\n1-\\nS", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n369\\nThe following prominent Placerites arc residents\\nof San Francisco: Wm. T. Holmes, Wm. Gwj nn, W.\\nB. Lyon, Wm. Ilollis, I. N. Hoin, Jas. II. Gates,\\nLeland Stanford, W^m. H. Martin, John Mannix,\\nE. M. Hall, John M. Currier, Jas. K. Rogers, Wm.\\nG. Graham, A. W. Poole.\\nFor bu.siness purposes Auburn is favorably located,\\nhaving easy access to all the great mining districts\\nof the State and Nevada, and being closely connected\\nby rail with the principal parts of the State, so that\\nwith its many attractions, it cannot fail to become a\\nplace of general resort at no distant day.\\nWATER SUPPLY.\\nAuburn is very well supplied with water, both for\\ndomestic and other purposes. By a not very heavy\\noutlay pipe could be laid from the ditch of the Bear\\nRiver Canal Company, and fire plugs so located\\nunder sufficient pressure as to render nearly all the\\nbusiness portion of the town completely safe from\\ndanger of destruction by fire, and it is a wonder\\nthat this has not been done long ere this. Water of\\ngood quality is obtained from wells of not very great\\ndepth, and an occasional wind-mill is used in pump-\\ning for various purposes. Water-works were estab-\\nlished, and pipes laid through the town, in 1857, by\\nMessrs. Woodin Smith.\\nIn 1864 the water-works system was purchased by\\nWm. M. Crutcher, and has yielded a net income of\\nabout S2,000 annually. The water is delivered into\\nthree reservoirs, so situated as to command the\\ngreater portion of the town. From the reservoirs\\nthe water is conveyed in iron pipes to the various\\nplaces of consumption dwellings, hotels, stables,\\nshops, etc. under a pressure of sixty or seventy feet.\\nGREAT FRESHET.\\nThe night of December 23, 1867, was terrible for\\nits storm all over the lower Sierra; was particularly\\n80 to the people of Auburn. The heavy rain of the\\nfew preceding days was only as a slight shower\\ncompared with that which began at the close of that\\ngloomy day. The water in the two branches of the\\nravine running through town rose to a height never\\nbefore known. Buildings were lifted from their\\nfoundations and destroyed, some of the owners\\nbarely escaping from them, and saving nothing but\\nthe clothes they wore. But the destruction of prop-\\nerty was not the most appalling feature of the occa-\\nsion. Bordering the ravines were dwelling-houses,\\nthe flats upon which they were built being guarded\\nalong the frontage by stone walls, from the top of\\nwhich to the opposite bank foot-bridges were con-\\nstructed for ingress and egress. About the time of\\nthe beginning of the flood, two little girls, daughters\\nof W. A. Selkirk, impelled by childish curiosity, were\\nout upon one of these bridges watching the surging\\ntorrent. Becoming giddy, no doubt, one of them\\nfell off but being near one edge of the water she\\ncaught some pi ojecting shrub, and her little sister\\nbravely leaped to her rescue, caught hold of her and\\ncried out for assistance. Each moment the flood\\nraged higher and more fierce, but its awful roarwas\\nfar louder than the imploring little voices crj\\ning out for help. No one capable of saving heard\\nand came to the rescue; and though they nobly\\nstruggled to maintain their hold upon the fringing\\nwillows which lay between their young lives and\\ncertain destruction, their effbrts were unavailing, and\\ntogether the remorseless waters overwhelmed and\\nbore them off Just at this time night spread its\\nmurky pall over the scene, rendering utterly hope-\\nless all thought of ever finding the children alive,\\nthough men with lanterns hurried down the grade\\nwhich ran along the ravine. Search that night was\\nfruitless; but several days after one of the bodies,\\nthat of Emma, was found. Nearly one month\\nelapsed before the other, Mary Bell, was discovei*ed,\\nhaving been taken by the water about twelve miles\\nbelow Auburn.\\nWILLIAM AMBROSE\\nWas born at Newport, Rhode Island, June 22, 1845.\\nHis father, Robert Ambrose, was also a native of\\nRhode Island, as was his mother, whose maiden\\nname was Louisa Almay. The father was a sea-\\ncaptain, and engaged in the Mediterranean fruit\\ntrade, until he died of the yellow fever in 1863. Mr.\\nAmbrose was educated at the public schools of his\\nnative State, and afterwards learned the business of\\na jeweler. In this he was engaged for three years.\\nSome years since he made California his home, and\\nbecame engaged in mining. In 1876, he accepted\\nthe situation as agent of the Bear River Ditch,\\nresiding at Auburn, and this position he now fills.\\nOctober 20, 1877, he was married to Marion W.\\nChipman. This lady is a native of Maine, having\\nbeen born in Poland, Androscoggin County, April\\n27, 1859. Mr. Ambrose is a member of the Repub-\\nlican Party, to which he adheres with the faithful-\\nness born of conviction.\\nA. F. BOARDMAN.\\nThe cai eer of Mr. Boardman, whose pleasant\\nhome in Auburn is shown in this book, has been one\\nof enterprise and adventure that could be elaborated\\ninto a thrilling romance. Adventures, travels,\\nIndian fighting, disasters and successes are not con-\\nfined to 49ers, and those of the great plains preced-\\ning that era, as here is a young man who has passed\\nthrough as many varying scenes as the oldest pio-\\nneer. Arthur Flandei-s Boardman was born at West\\nRutland, Rutland County, Vermont, September 5,\\n1846. His father was also born in West Rutland,\\nAugust 31, 1820, and married October 13. 1845, to\\nGrata M. Ashley, who was born at Fair Haven, Ver-\\nmont, July 29, 1821.\\nWith an enterprise seldom witnessed in one so\\nyoung, A. F. Boardman left his native home at the\\nage of nineteen years for the West, as an importer\\nand breeder of thoroughbred stock. This business", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "S70\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nhe followed some four years with good success, accu-\\nmulating quite a fortune. Being of au adventurous\\nnature, he undertook the exploration of northwest-\\nern iMinnesota in 1869, and spent a year in his\\ntravels through that and the Deadwood country,\\nsince become the famous and populous mining\\nregion of the Black Hills in Dakota. From this\\nregion he went to southwestern Kansas and Texas.\\nAfter making this tour he became the agent of\\nTerrle Tisdle s Big Stage Line, until the Atchison,\\nTopeka Santa Fe Railroad took the business.\\nThen he went to Texas and joined the Texas Land\\nand Copper Exploring Company, which took him\\nall over western Texas and into Mexico. For two\\nyears, vvhile engaged in this enterprise, through a\\ndangerous and unexplored country, he was subject\\nto extreme hardships, deprivations, and exposures;\\nand was engaged in several conflicts with the\\nIndians, the most wily, treacherous, and barbarous\\nknown, and he still boai-s ugly marks of the severe\\nengagements with that implacable foe. From the\\nextreme hardships and sufferings in the wilds of\\nTexas his health became so impaired that he con-\\ncluded to seek the more gonial climate and more\\nquiet society of California, and hither he came in the\\nwinter of 1873, locating in upper Placer. In the\\nfall of 1874, joining with Mi Cameron, Mr. Powers,\\nand others, they organized the Hidden Treasure\\nGold Mining Company, and commenced the long\\nsearch for the gold-bearing channel in the Golden\\nGate Mountain. Eventually, on the 10th of Feb-\\nruary, 1876, the gold-bearing channel was struck.\\nand the fortunes of all the owners was made. The\\nfamous Hidden Treasure s now regarded as one of\\nthe best gravel mines in the State, and is estimated\\nto be worth a half-million of dollars. Mr. Boardnian\\nhas continued to be an owner in this mine since the\\norigin of the Hidden Treasure Company, although\\nhe at times has sold shares of his stock at big fig-\\nurea, but he still retains enough to give him a fine\\nincome from the gold produced from the mine.\\nMr. Boardnian was married September 5, 1877, at\\nIowa Hill, to Miss Mary L. Armstrong, of that place.\\nIn 1880 he purchased his present home in Auburn, of\\nwhich place he has since been a resident. He is a\\nmember of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows,\\nand is a man who makes his mark in every position\\nin life in which accident or business places him.\\nJA.MES BORLAND.\\nThe subject of the following notice is a native of\\nthe old world, having been born in the City of\\nGlasgow, Scotland, October 27, 1825. He remained\\nin his native country until ho reached his twenty-\\nseventh year, and during that time became thor-\\noughly conversant with mining in a practical way.\\nIn 1852, he came to the United States, and located\\nin Pennsylvania, where he engaged in his former\\noccupation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that of mining, daring the succeeding\\nfour years. On the 14th of April, 1856, he landed in\\nSan Francisco, having made the journey by water.\\nHe made no stop in the city, but came at once to\\nPlacer County, and located at Forest Hill. In the\\nlatter place he engaged in mining, which he con-\\ntinued until 1867. Desiring a change of business,\\nhe started in as a hotel-keeper at Forest Hill. This\\nhe continued until his removal to Auburn, March 1,\\n1872. Having found the business for which he is so\\nwell fitted, he took charge of what is now known as\\nthe Borland House, in Auburn, and to his credit may\\nit be said, he has by good management and a thor-\\nough knowledge of his duties built up a business of\\nno mean proportions. The house, as we find it to-day,\\nis a very different affair fi om what he found in 1872.\\nAt that time it was a shabby one-story building,\\ncontaining only four sleeping-rooms, with nine beds.\\nThe house at present is two stories high, 200 feet\\nlong, with verandahs above and below, extending\\naround both fronts; has thirty-two well-furnished\\nrooms, and is first-class in every respect. It is a\\npopular resort for tourists, and is well patronized by\\nthe traveling public, Mr. Borland s fame as mine\\nhost having extended for miles in all directions.\\nThe building is situated convenient to the railroad\\ndepot, and has a large barn and corrals for the\\naccommodation of teams and stock. In addition we\\ncan safely say, travelers will find in Mr. Borland\\nthe right man in the right place.\\nDR. J. R. CRANDALL.\\nFew of the pioneers of 1849 are better or more\\nfavorably known than Dr. John Riggs Crandall, of\\nAuburn, Placer County. This gentleman was born\\nin Massachusetts, in 1809, and when in the prime of\\nmanhood moved to Illinois. He had arrived at\\nmature years and become established in one of the\\nnoblest of professions when the discovery of gold in\\nCalifornia announced the opening of a new era in\\nthe business and civilization of the world. At that\\ntime Dr. Crandall was a resident of the beautiful\\ntown of Peoria, Illinois, and there, in the winter of\\n1848-49, was organized a large company, called the\\nPeoria Pioneers, for the overland journey to Cali-\\nfornia, and the doctor joined the throng. The most\\nof this companj took the route by the Platte River\\nand the South Pass, and arrived in California in\\nAugust and September, while othei-s were led a\\nwild goose chase after gold on the head of the Rio\\nGrande, and then to the Gila, arriving in California\\nvia Fort Yuma, late in the fall of 1849, and in the\\nmining region in March, 1850. Dr. Crandall settled\\nat an early day in Auburn, and from the first has\\ntaken an active part in all questions of high social\\nand business enterprises. The construction of the\\nAuburn and Bear River Ditch, one of the first great\\nworks of the State, was largely due to his energy\\nand enterprise, he being one of the originators and\\nfirst officers. To him is also due the encouragement\\nof fruit culture in the county; although not the first\\nto plant fruit trees, he was one of the first to esperi-", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n371\\nment on the different varieties of friiil, and to bring\\nthe results to public notice.\\nIn 1854 Dr. Crandall was elected County Treas-\\nurer, on the Whig ticket, and, in 1857, was nomi-\\nnated for State Treasurer, on the American or\\nKnow-Nothing ticket. At this election the Demo-\\ncrats won. In 1875 he was elected County Clerk, on\\nthe Republican ticket, the opposing party in Placer\\nCounty then being a combination of Democrats and\\nEepublicans, and styled Independents. This position\\nhe held during the term of two years.\\nIn 1869 Dr. Crandall and wife joined the excur-\\nsion party of California Pioneers, ci-ossing the plains\\non the newly constructed Pacific Eailroad, on the\\ntwentieth anniver.sary of their long and toilsome\\njourney to the Pacific Coast. This was quite a his-\\ntorical expedition, and the pioneers received marked\\nattention wherever they went. The long-hoped-for\\nrailroad was completed, and the immigrants of 1849,\\nwho had opened a new era by their opportunities,\\nnumbers, and achievements, now celebrated the\\nsecond era, the completion of the iron road connec-\\nting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In November,\\nthe doctor and Mrs. Crandall returned to their\\nAuburn home, exceedingly pleased with their jour-\\nney, and more than ever satisfied with their happy\\nhomo, and deeply impressed with the superior loveli-\\nness of California.\\nIn society, church, and social orders. Dr. Crandall\\nhas ever borne the highest part. He was one of the\\ncharter members of Eureka Lodge, No. 16, F. and\\nA. M., in 18-51, and also of Delta Chapter, No. 27, of\\nRoyal Arch Masons. He also took an active part\\nin the organization of various temperance orders,\\nand has held neai ly all the offices of honor in the\\nseveral societies. He was Assistant Superintendent\\nof the first Sundaj^-school ever established in the\\ncounty, in 1852, and has been prominent in church\\nmatters during his life. In him is found an honora-\\nble representative of California s pioneers, an enter-\\nprising and intelligent man of business, an exem-\\nplary Christian, and a leading man in societj-.\\nC. C. CROSBY.\\nCharles Chase Crosby was born in Wisconsin, in\\n1839. The place of his birth was then in the wilds\\nof the far northwest, the region being marked on\\nthe map of that time as the Northwest Territory.\\nYears afterwards it became Wisconsin Territoiy, and\\nthen the Slate. Whileyoung he moved to California,\\nand may bo classed as a pioneer of Placer County.\\nIn August, 1868, a vacancy occurred in the office of\\nthe Supei intendent of Public Schools by the abscond-\\ning of S. R. Case, the incumbent of the office, and\\non the 2d of September following, Mr. Crosby was\\nappointed by the Board of Supervisors to the posi-\\ntion. Of this appointment, the Herald, of opposite\\npolitics, says: We are happy to have it in our\\npower to say for once that this Board has done a\\ngood thing in this appointment. Mr. Crosby is a\\nyoung gentlemen whose demeanor heretofore gives\\nassurance that he will discharge with credit to him-\\nself, and to the interest of our public schools, the\\nimportant duties which will devolve upon him.\\nAfter performing the duties of this office to the\\nsatisfaction of the people, he was nominated in 1869\\nby the Republicans for the office of County Recorder,\\nand was elected, and re-elected in 1871, and again in\\n1873, holding the office through three terms. In\\n1877 he was again nominated for office by the\\nRepublicans this time for Sheriff and was elected,\\nsurrendering his office to his successor. John C.\\nBoggs, in 1880.\\nAfter closing his long and satisfactory official\\ncareer, he entered into business in Auburn, a view of\\nthe Empire Lively Stable, of which he is proprietor,\\nbeing given in this book. In 1870, August 9th, he\\nwas married at Bath, Placer County, to Caroline\\nGreen.\\nMr. Ci osby is a worthy member of the Masonic\\nOrder, of Eureka Lodge, No. 16, of which he has\\nfilled several offices of trust and responsibility.\\nALEXANDER LIPSETT\\nIs one of those original characters occasional!} met\\nwith in the course of one s pilgrimage through this\\nsinful world. He is a native of the Emerald Isle,\\nand is brim full of the native wit peculiar to that\\nclass of people. He was born in the town of Ross-\\nnowlegh, February 22, 1827. He remained in his\\nnative country until 1844, at which time he came to\\nAmerica, landing in the city of New York May 6th\\nof that year. During his six years residence in the\\ngreat metropolis, he was agent for an extensive\\nbrewing establishment, and at that time laid the\\nfoundation for his future success. Like thousands\\nof others he was inspired with a desire to behold the\\nwonders of the Pacific Coast, and accordingly joined\\nthe rush for California. He landed in San Francisco\\nJul} 2, 1850, having made the voyage by way of the\\nIsthmus. Soon after his arrival he went to Mokel-\\numne Hill, in Calaveras County, thence to Sacra-\\nmento, and finally located at Salmon Falls, in El\\nDorado County, where ho engaged in mining and\\nthe construction of water ditches for mining purposes.\\nHe was one of the projectors of the Natoma Ditch,\\nand wealth flowed into his possession at an almost\\nincredible rate. He remained there until 1855, when\\nhe returned to New York, and again crossed the\\nwater to visit his home in Ireland. The following\\nyear he returned to California and located at Carrol\\nton, in Placer County, a town of former Jays. He\\nremained at that place, engaged in mining, until his\\nremoval to Auburn in 1859. Upon his arrival in the\\nlatter place he opened a clothing store in the build-\\ning now occupied by him as a hotel, and for about\\nsix years was a prominent merchant in his line.\\nDuring the year 1865 he gave up the clothing busi-\\nness, and started in as proprietor of the now well-\\nknown Orleans Hotel. This house is a favorite", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": ":i72\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nresort, and is conducted on the true principle, ele-\\ngance and ease being corabined to make the exist-\\nence of the weary traveler a pleasure. By a refer-\\nence to the illustration of the building, to be found\\nin this volume, some idea of the outward surround-\\nings may bo gained. The building is fire-proof, and\\nits accommodations are second to none in the upper\\ncountry. During the many years of his life in Cali-\\nfornia, Mr. Lipsett has gained much practical knowl-\\nedge, which, combined with his natural good sense\\nand remarkable memory, places him in the front\\nrank in his line.\\nD. W. LUBECK.\\nFor more than twenty years the handsome store\\nand pleasant visage of this gentleman have been\\nfamiliar to the people of Auburn and Placer County.\\nDavid Waldemar Lubeck was born in Russia, in\\n1836, but came to America in childhood, and through\\nall his life since reaching man s estate has made\\nAuburn his home. His ancestors were prominent\\npeople in the land of his nativity, and many relics of\\nancient times are still in the possession of Mr. Lubeck,\\nwhich ho treasures with the care of an sesthetic\\nantiquarian. In business he has been distinguished\\nby a tine taste, excellent judgment, gi-eat enterprise,\\nand liberality. For many years he has been a pi-om-\\ninent member of the Oi-der of Free and Accepted\\nMasons and of the Royal Arch Masons, having filled\\nseveral offices in the Eureka Lodge, No. 16, of the\\nformer, and of Delta Chapter, No. 27, of the latter,\\nat the present being Treasurer. Mr. Lubeck always\\nbeai s a prominent part in the organization of such\\nsocieties as conduce to the well-being and social\\nadvancement of the community those of pleasure,\\nbenevolence, and the church as well, ile has taken\\nH prominent part in the organization of the Epis-\\ncopal Church of Auburn, and other denominations\\nhave found him a liberal patron. Mr. Lubeck was\\nmarried August 1, 1868, in San Francisco, to Miss\\nJulia M. Andrews, sister of M. Andrews, Esq., of\\nAuburn. The store and residence of this gentleman\\nare shown b} an engraving in this book.\\nJOHN JULIUS S.MITH\\nIs a native of the State of New York; was born at\\nUtiea, Oneida County, October, 1833. His early\\nyears were passed in his native State, until, in the\\nyear 1855, he came to the Pacific Coast. Mr. Smith,\\nin his journey to the Golden State, has no thrilling\\nadventures to relate of his experience among the\\nIndians, for he took a mode of conveyance that is\\nseldom troubled by them, a ship. Upon his arrival\\nin this State he sought the mines as the proper\\navenue to wealth, and made his first location at\\nMillertown, near Auburn, in Placer County. This\\nbusiness he followed for about one year, when he\\nremoved to Upper Gap and engaged in the lumber\\nbusiness, and for a space of one and one-half j ears\\nwas prominent in that branch of industry. His next\\nenterprise was as Superintendent of the Auburn toll-\\nroad, a position he held during the succeeding two\\nyears. In 1860, we find him in a new departure at\\nTodd s Valley, that of the livery business. After\\none year s experience in this line, he was unfortu-\\nnately visited by that ruthless destroyer, fire, and was\\nobliged to see his hard-earned accumulations ascend\\nheavenward in flames. After his misfortune he\\nbuilt and run the Roadside House, on the Auburn\\nand Michigan Bluff road, known to the traveling\\npublic as Smith s Station. He remained at this point\\nuntil his removal to Auburn, in 1869, where he built\\na hotel near the railroad station, which was the first\\none erected at that point. Three years later he\\nleased the property for one year, and returned to\\nhis old home in New York, on a visit of about nine\\nmonths duration. Upon his return to Auburn he\\nbuilt a fine hotel on the site of his present house.\\nThis was also destroyed by fire, after an occupancy\\nof only six weeks. Two years later, he built the\\nhotel of which he is at present the proprietor, known\\nas the Auburn Hotel, a view of which will be found\\nin this volume. I he building is pleasantly situated,\\nand the surroundings are fine. It is conveniently\\nlocated, near the railroad station, and is superin-\\ntended by a man who knows how to keep a hotel.\\nThe house contains about forty well- ventilated and\\nnicely-furnished rooms, and the landlord aims to\\nmake things pleasant for the traveling public.\\nTHOMAS E. STEPHENS,\\nSon of John and Mary Stephens, was born on\\nStaten Island, New York, August 31, 1835. The\\nfirst seventeen years of his life were passed at home\\nand were varied between attending school, and other\\nduties pertaining to boyhood s estate. In 1852, he\\nremoved to Wilmington, Clinton County, Ohio, and\\nfor four years was otigaged as clerk in a dry goods\\nestablishment. He then went to New Albany,\\nIndiana, and in connection with Wm, J. Morgan,\\nformed a partnership for the purpose of conducting\\nthe grocery trade. The firm of Morgan Stephens\\nwas in operation until the spring of 1859, when Mr.\\nStephens sold his interest to his partner, and soon\\nafter sailed for the Pacific Coast. Ho arrived in San\\nFrancisco on the 16th of May that year, and came\\nimmediately to Auburn, Placer County, where he\\nhas since resided. In 1862, he engaged in the\\ngrocery trade in Auburn, which he still successfully\\ncarries on, having the largest general merchandise\\nestablishment in the town, and second to none in\\nthe county. His stock consists of groceries, crockery-\\nware, hardware, paints, oils, etc., and his trade\\nreaches over the entire county. The residence of\\nMr. Stephens, which is one of the finest in the town,\\nis illustrated in this volume, and will repaj^ scrutiny.\\nHe was married July 11, 1875, to Miss Addie Bab-\\ncock, daughter of John and Louisa Babeock, who is\\na native of Scipio, Cayuga County, New York, being\\nborn May 7, 1845. She came to California with hci\\nparents in ISG i. settling in Sacramento.", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "Mr. a BREECE.\\nMrs. a BREECE.\\n#*t^k-\\n1\\nResidence of A. BREECE, Bath, Placer County, Cal^", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n373\\nJOHN B. BTARBUCK\\nis the only son of Elisha and Winnifred Starbuek,\\nboth natives of Nantucket, Massachusetts. John B.\\nis also a native of the same place, and veas born\\nMarch 23, 1821. He called this his home during the\\nsucceeding twenty-eight years, though he passed\\nmuch of his time on the briny deep, after he was\\nold enough to handle a rope. He remained a sailor\\nuntil 1849, when ho came to the Pacific Coast in the\\nschooner Ferdinand, from Baltimore, Maryland.\\nHe aiTived in San Francisco in September, 1849. Ho\\nat that time quit a sea-faring life and sought his\\nfortune in the mines. His first location was near\\nwhat is now Auburn, in Placer County, where he re-\\nmained, mostly engaged in mining, until 1854. Desir-\\ning a change of business, he went to what was then\\ncalled New England Mills, now a station on the\\nCentral Pacific Eailroad, and engaged in the lumber\\ntrade. Thisbusinesshe followed successfully untill874,\\nwhen he retired from active business life, having by\\nhis strict application to business, and frugal habits,\\ngained a competency, and can rest easy in his beauti-\\nful home during his declining years. A view of his\\nresidence and surroundings will be found in this\\nvolume. Mr. Starbuek was married in December,\\n1879, to Lena Matthias. In Mr. Starbuek we find\\nthe real type of a 49er, one who has exercised the\\nadmonition to make hay while the sun shines.\\nT. M. TODD, SI. D.\\nDr. Thomas Milton Todd, now of Auburn, Placer\\nCounty, California, was born in Wheeling, West\\nVirginia, April 6, 1839. His parents were James\\nand Mary E. (Byers) Todd. The education of the\\nsubject of our sketch was thorough and first-class.\\nHo graduated at Washington and Jefferson College,\\nWashington, Pennsylvania, in the class of 1862,\\nwith the degree of A. B. Three years after, he took\\nthe degree of A. M. He also graduated at the Miami\\nMedical College, Cincinnati, Ohio, in the year 1868,\\nreceiving the degree of M. D. After his graduation\\nfrom the Washington and Jefferson College in 1862,\\nhe entered the Union army in the War of the Rebel-\\nlion, and served throe j-ears. After this arduous and\\nhonorable service, Dr. Todd renewed his studies as\\nbefore stated, perfecting himself in the noble profes-\\nsion which he has since so faithfully and successfully\\npracticed. In the spring of 1871, he moved to\\nAuburn, and entered into practice. In 1875, he was\\nappointed physician and surgeon to the County\\nHospital, which position he still holds. He is a\\nmember of the State Medical Society, also of the\\nMasonic Fraternity, and is a Knight Templar. The\\ndoctor is fond ol society, and among his accomplish-\\nments is that of being a fine musician, which greatly\\nadds to his pleasures and to his power of entertain-\\ning the cultivated people of his social circle. He\\nwas married at Auburn, September 25, 1877, to Miss\\nAlise Adrian, one of Auburn s fair daughters, she\\nbeing a native of that town.\\nANTOINE CANON.\\nSome distance above Michigan Bluff, between Big\\nSecret and Van Clief Caflons, is a smaller stream\\nthan either of the two named, but having the same\\ngeneral course, as the waters flowing down it find\\ntheir way into the North Fork of the Middle Fork,\\nand is known as Antoine Canon. It was first dis-\\ncovered to contain gold by a half-breed Indian, who\\ncame into California in company with Jim Beck-\\nwourtb from the Crow Indian country. Antoine (or\\nAntwino, as always pronounced) in the spring of 1850.\\nwas ono of the Bronson party to Bird s Valley and\\nthe mouth of El Dorado Canon, near Michigan\\nBluff, but not liking the outlook there had returned\\nto Pilot Hill, in company with Lawrence Bargy, to\\nwhom he had attached himself, Bargy being a\\ncareless, easy-going man of generous impulses, and\\nthe two prospected and worked together.\\nAn idea of the character of the twain will be\\nbetter illustrated by the relation of the following\\nfiicts. At Pilot Hill they had no cabin, and, during\\nthe winter of 1849-50, had depended altogether upon\\nthe hospitality of friends for shelter. O. T. Nichols\\nand D. W. C. Story had a cabin which they shared\\nwith Bargy and Antoine, allowing them to sleep,\\ncook and eat thei-e whenever they chose to do so,\\nwhich was a great portion of the time during the\\nwinter. Bargy and the half-breed would, day after\\nday, as they came in from work invariably leave on\\nthe table for their hosts the greater portion of the\\nresults of their labor, only taking enough themselves\\nto keep them m grub, whisky, and tobacco, and\\ncould not be induced to do otherwise, being told, and\\nwell-knowing, that they were cordially welcome to\\nthe accommodations they had. The daily sums they\\nwould thus leave aggregated a groat deal, as they on\\none occasion left four ounces.\\nThe Indians about Pilot Hill that spring, being\\nquite numerous, were saucy as well, and inclined to\\nbe troublesome. While coming to this country. Beck-\\nwourth and Antoine, though of Indian blood them-\\nselves, had been attacked by the Shoshones, and\\nbadly used, having lost their animals and every-\\nthing else but their lives, which thoy barely saved\\nby their superior art and endurance as plainsmen.\\nThis fact made Antoine the deadly enemj of all\\nWestern Indians, and from time to time the Pilot\\nHill Indians would mysteriously lose ono of their\\ntribe, who would be found dead, having been shot.\\nPerhaps this had much to do with the hostile attitude\\nassumed by them, which finally culminated by their\\nkilling a young white man about the 1st of Juno,\\n1850. The whites then immediately retaliated by\\ncapturing and hanging three Indians, and an alarm-\\ning condition prevailed, as any lone miner was liable\\nto be punctured by a glass-headed arrow at any\\ntime when out at work, and not pi eparod for the\\nenemy. Finally, it dawned upon the minds of the\\nwhite people at Pilot Hill, that, from expressions", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "374\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nthe half-breed had from time to time dropped, he\\nmight be the one who was causing the decimation\\nof the Digger race; and then it became natural that\\nthey should suppose Bafgy to be implicated also.\\nThe natives continued to go down before the mur-\\nderous bullet of some one, until, at length, Bargy\\nwas told of the general suspicion of the peof)le, and\\nthat the business must stop. Whereupon Bargy,\\nwho was innocent, told Antoine, who acknowl-\\nedged to his partner that he was the one to blame,\\nthat they must part company. Antoine replied that\\nhe did not wish to get his friend in trouble, and\\ntherefore would leave. He did so, following up the\\nold trail he had gone in the spring to Bird s Valley;\\nthence continued up the divide, prospecting as he\\nwent, until he finally entered the canon which now\\nbears his name, in the latter part of June. He\\nreturned to where Bargy was, the same fall, with\\nSI, 500 in gold dust, which, in consideration of the\\nman s habitual improvidence, was remarkable.\\nBARNES BAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A GLIMMER OF THE GREAT REBELLION.\\nEven in California, in the year 18-19, at the mines\\nalong the rivers of Placer County, did there come a\\ngleam of that irrepressible conflict which was the\\nprime cause of the great civil war in later yeai s.\\nThat year there were located at Barnes Bar, besides\\ntwo camps of Stevenson s Regiment men of a half-doz-\\nen each, a half-score of Yankees, and a goodly sprink-\\nling of Oregonians; also a company of Georgians,\\nsome of whom were accompanied by negro slaves.\\nA mining claim then had in width only a frontage\\nupon the river ol twenty feet, with the length\\nextending into the hill to an indefinite distance.\\nThe bar proper was not very extensive in its river\\nfrontage; was exceedingly rich and therefore desir-\\nable. The Georgians, having come to the bar a little\\nin advance of the Yankees, had naturally not only\\nlocated claims for themselves, but for their negroes\\nalso. Thus some of the New Englanders were short\\nof ground, and raised a tumult by springing the del-\\nicate question that no chattel could assume\\nownership to a mining claim. Argument in relation\\nto this matter waxed warm, and for a time the\\naspect was threatening. One side argued that each\\nperson was entitled to a mining claim, while the\\nother as stoutly asserted that so long as the miners\\nconsidered the slaves as their personal property\\nthey could no more hold mining ground for them\\nthan the non-slave owner could for his horse which\\nwas grazing upon the adjacent hills. The Yankee\\nside of the question had strong friends in the camps\\nof Loo Choo and Susan Drew men, as the\\nrespective parties which had comprised a portion oi\\nColonel Stevenson s command were called. Finally\\na committee sought the Southrons, and informed\\nthem it was the opinion of a majority of the residents\\nof the bar that, while each white man among them\\nhad an undoubted right to the possession of a mining\\nclaim, and might set whomsoever he chose to work it\\nbo he bond or free, white or black, that it was decid-\\nedly unfair to locate more ground and place a personal\\nchattel thereupon to represent it. The Georgi-\\nans protested, but agreed to submit the proposition\\nto a public meeting of the I esidents of the Bar.\\nThis was called; in fact several meetings were held\\nbefore the decisive vote was taken, at which each\\nfaction put forth its best efforts to win. The final\\nvote was at length taken, and the Yankees carried\\ntheir point. The ai-bitrament, being extremely dis-\\ntasteful to the Georgians, and there being no imme-\\nate prospect of an accession to their ranks which\\nwould enable them to change the result, soon after\\nfolded their tents, sought a more genial locality, and\\nleft the Yankees complete masters of the field.\\nBarrett s store a death struggle.\\nOn the north bank of the Middle Fork of the\\nAmerican River, at the foot of the steep hill where\\nthe trail comes down from Bird s Valley, near\\nHorseshoe Bar, is the long-established and well-\\nknown trading-post of E. Barrett. Thousands of\\ntons of the various commodities used by a mining\\npopulation have been distributed from this post\\nthroughout the numerous camps and bars up and\\ndown the river, and mule-loads of gold-dust have\\nbeen passed over the counters. Here it was that\\nmen came at the close of their week of toil to order\\nfresh supplies, sell gold-dust, receive letters and\\npapers, chat with their fellow-miners from the differ-\\neiat diggings, and often to indulge convivial longings.\\nThe store is situated at the head of a narrow prom-\\nontory, which here juts southeasterly for nearlj^ a\\nhalf-mile, diverging the course of the stream, and\\ncausing one of those remarkable sinuosities for\\nwhich the Middle Fork, more than any other stream\\nin California, is noted. Turning the point of the\\npromontory the stream retui ns toward the location\\nof the store, and thus washes the base of the hill\\nwhere the building stands, below it, as it does upon\\nthe upper side where the stream is diverged. Taus\\nare the river banks immediately contigaous to the\\nstore above and below, and overlooked throughout\\nits long detour of nearly a mile. A tunnel of not\\nmore than 350 feet would pierce through the narrow\\npromontory, near where the stream strikes its upper\\nbase, and by thus straightening the river, drain its\\nbed for more than three-fourths of a mile. A scheme\\nof this character was accomplished in the year 1849,\\nwhich will be noted in another place in this work.\\nSituated at an elevation of about 100 feet above\\nthe bed of the stream, Barrett s store commands as\\ngood a view of every side as can be often had from\\nany position in these deep gorges of the American\\nRiver.\\nOn the 5th of August, 1870, in the forenoon, there\\ncame to the store four men Alexander McLain, a\\nnative of Renfrenshire, Scotland, who had been liv-\\ning about Stony, American, and other bars, for\\ntwenty years, and who had been nicknamed by min-", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n375\\ners, and known as, Duke of Maccaeac; Louis Stu-\\nperee, a native of Lesenia, on the Adriatic; and two\\npai-tners of the latter. The four men wore fast\\nfriends; they chatted pleasantly for several hours,\\nmeanwhile partaking of a social glass in deference to\\ncommon custom, though not becoming intoxicated.\\nAbout 12 o clock tbcy left the store, the two un-\\nnamed men going up the river, while McLain and\\nStuperee went down upon the Mad Canon trail lead-\\ning toward Bath and Forest Hill, which is upon a pre-\\ncipitous side-hill, and in places near perpendicular\\ncliffs overhanging the river. This was the last ever\\nseen of them alive. Being without families, and\\nbelonging to the nomadic class of miners, who were\\nas likely to go away from their cabins and remain\\nfor an indefinite period as not, they were neither\\nmissed nor inquired for. On the 12th of August,\\njust one week from the day they left Barrett s, some\\nmen, who were working upon a dam near Grey\\nEagle, discovered the body of a man floating on the\\nsurface of the water. Presently another was seen\\na short distance above the first, and both were taken\\non shore for identification. They proved to be\\nMcLain and Stuporoe, the latter considerably disfig-\\nured about the ftice, but both with necks dislocated.\\nThe cause of the singular death was sought, but\\nnever will positively bo known,\\nUpon the trail they had ti-avelcd, search was\\nmade, and a short distance from it toward the river,\\nlying about twenty feet apart, were found the hats\\nof the two men and evidences of preparations for a\\nfight. They had, no doubt, begun a dispute about\\nsomething after leaving the store; along friendship\\nof years had been rudely broken and supplanted by\\nsudden hate one perhaps having given the other\\nan involuntary blow or degrading epithet and\\nalone, unwitnessed, they had decided then and there,\\nin that unfavorable spot, upon the very brink of a\\nyawning precipice, to fight it out. The view up and\\ndown the river from the fateful spot was unobstructed\\nand extended; many people wei-e working all along\\nthe river; the trail was one much frequented, and\\nyet no one witnessed the death struggle of these\\ntwo desperate men. Apparently, the Scot was too\\nmuch for his antagonist in a fistic rencontre, for\\nStuperee s face was terribly disfigured, and in his\\nhot blood he could never think of appearing before\\nhis fellow-miners, bearing the sears inflicted by his\\nformer friend. To set all things even, he could grasp\\nMcLain, crowd him over the precipice and hurl him\\ndown upon the rocks a hundred feet below! The\\nattempt followed the thought; both went over the\\nprecipice. The necks of both were broken, and\\nboth lay dead upon the shingly beach of the river,\\nat the water s edge, until the dammed up waters had\\nrisen to float thorn off to discovery and burial.\\nThis place is situated about two miles north of the\\nMiddle Fork of the American Eiver, and a mile and\\na half northeast of Forest Hill. John Bradford, a\\nmerchant, was its pioneer settler, having been\\nattracted there in the summer of 1850. He was, at\\nthat time, doing business af Stony Bar, and his atten-\\ntion was first drawn to the locality by the excellent\\npasturage, and the beauty of the location for a stock\\nranch. A cabin was erected in which to reside and\\nstore his goods on their arrival from Sacramento in\\nwagons, to be packed to the store at Stony Bar as\\nthey were required. A brush fence was also built\\naround the place which he claimed as a ranch. Some\\ntime during the fall of 1850, some miners from the\\nMiddle Fork of the American Eiver were attracted\\nthere, who purchased the place of Bradford for a\\nsmall sum. They located therefor the winter, intend-\\ning to hunt deer, and mine in the dry gulches.\\nAfter prospecting for some time, gold was discovered\\nby this party, and, as the news spread of the exist-\\nence of mineral in paj ing quantities, miners from all\\ndirections flocked to the place and formed a settle-\\nment, which was given the name of Volcano.\\nThe following year, in consequence of the discovery\\nof rich hill diggings, by the Blakeman Brothers,\\nwho located the Mint Drop claim, and by Isaac\\nSnodgrass, who took up the Snodgrass Claim,\\nlarge numbers of miners flocked to the place, and a\\ntown was rapidly built up. As there was another\\ntown of the same name on the opposite side of the\\nMiddle Foi-k of the American River, at that time, of\\nequal importance, a change was made in the name,\\nand it was afterwards known as Sarahsville, in honor\\nof the wife of a man by the name of Blaze. Her\\nChristian name being Sarah, and she being the first\\nlady settler of the place, the gallant pioneers con-\\nsidered the place honored by bearing her name.\\nEarly in January, 1858, a petition numerously\\nsigned, was sent to the Post-ofl[ice Department, ask-\\ning for the establishment of a post-office at the town,\\nthe name of which was changed from Sarahsville to\\nBath. In a short time a weekly mail route from\\nYankee Jim s to Bath was established, which had\\nthe effect of rendering the new name permanent, if\\nthe town itself was not.\\nOwing to the close proximity and rapid growth\\nof Forest Hill, tho town commenced to decrease in\\npopulation and importance, until, at the present time,\\nit is but a small village of about 200 inhabitants,\\nwith one or two stores, hotel, butcher and black-\\nsmith shops, a saloon, etc. Tlie mines, however,\\nare rich, the principal one being the Paragon, owned\\nby Messrs. Breeco Wheeler, which yields a not\\nprofit of about $13,000 per month, a description of\\nwhich is given in another chapter of this work.\\nTHOMAS N. nOSMER.\\nAmong the eai-ly miners on the Divide, is Mr.\\nThomas N. Hosmer. This gentleman was born in\\nCamden, Maine, June 24, 1823, his ancestors being\\nof the old residents of that section of our Rf public.\\nLike many of tho young men of Maine, he, when", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "376\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntwenty-ono years of age, tried the life of a sailor.\\nNot finding this vocation as pleasant as his fancy\\nhad pictured, he soon abandoned it, and removed to\\nGeorgetown, Massachusetts. In the quiet New Eng-\\nland, he was roused to excitement, in 18-13, by the\\nnews of the discovery of gold on the Pacific Coast,\\nand to that point he determined to emigrate. Mak-\\ning his preparations, he was delayed until November\\n14, 1849, when he sailed in the schooner B. L. Allen,\\nfrom Boston, via Cape Horn, for the golden land,\\narriving in San Francisco, April 27, lc 50. He went\\nfirst to the southern mines, and, in 1853, to Mormon\\nIsland, Sacramento County. After trying different\\nmining districts, in January, 1856, he found himself\\nat Yankee Jim s, and in that region he has remained\\never since, making mining his chief business. From\\n1864, his principal place of operation has been at\\nBath, where, unless the laws and Courts of the State\\ncondemn the mining industry, he expects to secure\\nthe fortune his industry entitles him to.\\nMr. Hosmer was married in San Francisco, by\\nRev. E. S. Lacy, January 29, 1861, to Miss Sarah A.\\nH. Barrett. This lady is a native of Camden, Maine,\\nand came to California in 1859. During his long\\nresidence in California, Mr. Hosmer has made two\\nvisits to his native home; once in 1851, by steamer\\nvia Panama, remaining a few months, and again,\\naccompanied by his wife, making the railroad jour-\\nney overland, in May, 1874, returning in October.\\nThe pleasant residence of Mr. Hosmer is shown by\\nan accompanying illustration in this book.\\nCHAPTER XL VI.\\nTOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n[continued.]\\nBogus Thunder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Brushy CaSon Butcher Ranch\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cisco Colfax\\nDarius V. Norton--Clipper Gap Damascus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Deadwood\\nDutch Flat Henry A. Frost^Herman R. Hudepohl\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFrytown Duncan Caiion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fort Trojan James W. Ohinn\\nGray Horse Canon Humbug Caiion Johnso I s Ranch\\nManzaiiita Grove Newtown Grizzly Flat Lincoln\\nPeter Ahart Isaac .Stonecipher Sheridan Rogers Shed\\nShirt-tail Canon Sunny South Emigrant Gap Forest\\nHill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. G. Garrison\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Rea\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Hill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold Run\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Iowa Hill\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dr. Oliver H. Petterson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michigan Bluff-\\nNewcastle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ophir\u00e2\u0080\u0094Peuryn\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Griffith Griffith\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Placer County\\nGranite Elisha Grant\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rockliu W. D.ma Perkins\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rose-\\nville\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Todd s Valley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Shaft in Todd s Valley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alfred\\nA. Pond Nicolas Quirolo Wisconsin Hill Yankee .Jim s.\\nBOGUS THUNDER.\\nThe above name is applied to a bench or high bar\\nlocated upon the North Fork of the Middle Fork,\\nin the canon some two or three miles from Deadwood.\\nA fall in the river, a mile or more above the place,\\nover which the waters of the stream plunge, and\\nthe sound of which reverberates throughout the\\ngorge, fixes an impression upon the mind of a\\nstr.mger who first visits the bar, that the noise he\\nhears so distinctly is thunder. So thought the first\\noxplorci-s, until they finally located the cause and\\nproclaimed the thunder bogus.\\nBRUSHY CANON.\\nThis locality is between Yankee ^^im s and Wis-\\nconsin Hill, and at one time was the scene of exten-\\nsive mining operations. The diggings were located\\nin 1855, and gave promise of great wealth. Numer-\\nous tunnels were constructed, and for three or four\\nyears the place was one of bustle and activity.\\nBUTCHER RANCH.\\nThis is a farming settlement situated on the Stony\\nRill Turnpike, on the divide between the North and\\nMiddle Forks of the American River, eight miles\\nfrom Auburn and fifteen miles from Forest Hill. It\\nhas a post-office and is a voting precinct, and has a\\npopulation of about 250. The places of business\\nconsist of one drug store, two hotels, one blacksmith\\nshop, and one carpenter shop.\\nCisco\\nIs in the snowj region of the Sierra, fifty-six miles\\nnortheast of Auburn, and 5,934 feet above the level\\nof the ocean, in longitude 120\u00c2\u00b0 33 west from Green-\\nwich and 39\u00c2\u00b0 21 north latitude, being within two\\nmiles of the extreme northern line of the county.\\nWith the opening of the Donner Lake Wagon\\nRoad, in 1864, for travel to the silver mines of Ne-\\nvada, numerous stations, or hotels, were established\\nalong its line. Among these were Heaton s and\\nFoley s, a few miles apart. In 1806 a great excite-\\nment prevailed regarding the mines and citj of\\nMeadow Lake, near the summit of the Sierra, in\\nNevada tJounty. With the rush of people thither\\nthe two stations mentioned were points of depart-\\nure from the Donner Lake Road, and both aspired,\\nto be towns. In June the place at Heaton s was\\nsurveyed into lots, and the town named Cisco, in\\nhonor of John J. Cisco, United Slates Treasurer.\\nOn the 29th of November, 1866, the Central Pacific\\nRailroad was completed and the cars commenced\\nrunning to this point, and Cisco became a ver}-\\nbusy place, crowded with groat freight wagons and\\nteams, stages and travelers. This remained the ter-\\nminus of the road until 1868, when the summit tun-\\nnel was completed and the road extended out into\\nNevada. Cisco is in Township No. 11, and has a\\npopulation of about 100.\\nCOLFAX.\\nThis place is situated on the Central Pacific Rail-\\nroad, fifty-four miles from Sacramento and eighteen\\nmiles northeast of Auburn, and is another of the\\nmany towns that sprang into existence upon the\\ncompletion of the great overland railroad. The\\nrails reached Colfax September 1, 1865, and regular\\ntrains were running on the 4th of that month. The\\ntown of Colfax was laid out in 1865 by the Central\\nPacific Railroad Company. The site was subse-\\nquently sold to Messrs. Ivohn Kind, and a sale of\\nlots took place July 29, 1865, which amounted to\\nbetween .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2?6,000 and !?7,000.", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "fe^ lit. *v.\\n.-TUsVfc^;\\no\\no\\no\\nI-\\nu\\nz\\nA\\nM", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n377\\nWithin half a mile of where Colfax now stands is\\nthe old settlement of lllinoistown, and when Colfax\\nwas laid out in 1SG5 it gathered to itself all that was\\nleft of this ancient place. Colfax has, since that\\ntime, steadily increased in population and import-\\nance, until now it is one of the leading towns in the\\ncounty.\\nIn 1874 a conipanj was formed to build a narrow-\\ngauge railroad from Colfax to Nevada City. The\\nwork of construction began in 1875, and the road\\nwas completed and the last spike driven at Nevada\\non the 20th of May, 1876.\\nKich veins of quartz were discovered near Colfax\\nin 18C6. A test of the rock was made at Grass\\nVaile} and found to be worth between $27 and S28\\nper ton. A company was organized and a mill con-\\nstructed in 1869. The mine was christened the\\nEising Sun. The gold is of a pure quality, being\\nworth S18.50 per ounce. The mill had five stamps\\nof 800 pounds each, and was capable of reducing\\nten tons per day. The mill was subsequently\\nincreased to twenty stamps, and still continues a\\npaying mine. The Montana Mine has been worked\\nto some extent, and numerous buildings have been\\nerected. The Meda Mine is situated on the dividing\\nridge, three miles from town. The ore is rich and\\nhas yielded an average of $30 to the ton.\\nA destructive fire occurred in April, 1874, which\\nswept away the main portion of the town. With\\nundaunted energy the citizens have re-built, and now\\nit is difficult to discover any traces of the fire, and\\nthe place is now handsomer and more substantially\\nbuilt than ever.\\nThe climate of Colfax is similar to that of the\\nother towns on the western slope of the Sierra. Its\\naltitude is 2,421 feet above the sea level, and with\\nits salubrious and healthful location, its mountain\\nbreezes, laden with the spicy odors of pine forests,\\ndisease cannot linger. Fruits of all kinds that grow\\nin temperate latitudes are raised on the ranches,\\nand apples and peaches are much better flavored\\nthan similar productions in the valleys.\\nThe population of Colfax is about 600. The\\nbusiness establishments consist of dry goods and\\ngrocery stores, two hotels, drug store, wagon and\\nblacksmith shop, bakery and restaurant, saloons,\\nlumber yard, meat market, shoemakers, etc.\\nDARIUS V. NORTON,\\nEldest son of Eeuben and Mary Norton, was born\\nat Allison s Prairie, Crawford County, Illinois, March\\n^2, 1820. He grew to manhood in his native State,\\nand received a thorough education. After reach-\\ning his majority, he was for several years engaged in\\nteaching school. In 1 850 he crossed the plains to\\nCalifornia, arriving at Hangtown on the 15th of\\nAugust. His journey over the barren country lying\\nbetween the Garden State and the land of gold\\nwas similar in detail to that of thousands of others\\nwho braved the dangers of the trip in early days.\\nHis first three years in this State were spent in the\\nmines in El Dorado County. In 1855 Mr. Norton\\nfailed in health, and removed to Nevada County,\\nwhere he remained about two years as a teacher in\\nthe public schools; was also elected Justice of the\\nPeace. His next move was to Napa County, where\\nhe owned a fruit ranch near St. Helena Mountain.\\nThis was his home for a number of years. In 1875\\nhe sold his fruit ranch and came to Placer County,\\nsettling in Auburn, where he remained one year, at\\nwhich time he removed to his present home, about\\ntwo miles from Colfax. A view of his place will be\\nfound in this volume.\\nMr. Norton was married June 23. 1863, at Napa\\nCity, California, to Mrs. Mary Sitton, nk,e Montague,\\nwho is a native of Bourbon County, Kentucky. Mi s.\\nNorton came to California, across the plains, in 1854,\\nand settled in Sonoma County, where she resided\\nseven j^ears. She then i-emoved to Napa County,\\nand lived there until her present union. They have\\ntwo sons, aged, respectively, seventeen and twelve\\nyears.\\nCLIPPER GAP\\nIs a railroad station seven miles northeast of Auburn,\\nin Township No. 3, having an elevation of 1,759 feet\\nabove sea level. It is in the midst of a fine fruit\\nregion, and is the depot of the Hotaling Iron Mines,\\nand of the lime works of Holmes Co.\\nDAMASCUS.\\nDamascus is an old mining town, whoso history\\nbegins in the year 1852, at which time Dr. D. W.\\nStrong, who was prospecting in the vicinity, discov-\\nered gold in an outbreaking stratum of quartz\\ngravel upon a point between the two branches of\\nHumbug Canon, near the southern, or as it is now\\ncalled, Damascus Branch. For several years, or\\nuntil a post-office was established in 18 it was\\nknown as Strong s Diggings, Strong and his asso-\\nciates dug a small ditch from a spring at the head of\\nthe cafion, which conveyed a small head of water,\\nand began to ground sluice the gravel at the rim\\nbeing not more than two feet deep, paying from the\\nsurface to the bod-rock. Later, hydraulic apparatus\\nwas placed in position, and the ground washed off\\nduring the portion of the year when water was\\nobtainable for the purpose by that method, until\\ntoo much barren overlying material was encountered,\\nwhen, in 1854, a tunnel was begun for the purpose of\\ndrifting out the paying stratum, under the name of\\nthe Golden Gate. West of the claims of Strong\\nCo., was the Mountain Tunnel Company, also having\\ncommenced a tunnel. The two tunnel companies,\\nbecoming involved in disputes relating to boundaries,\\ndrainage, and priority of right, finally, in 1863, com-\\npromised their difficulties and consolidated under\\nthe name of Mountain Gate Mining Company,\\nwith twenty-one shares, representing an ownership\\nof that number of persons, which are still main-\\ntained. Like the majority of unincorporated mining", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "378\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COTTNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nventures, where no particular pains are taken in\\npreliminaiy surveys, the first tuunel driven was\\nfound to be sixty-five feet too high to profitably work\\nthe gravel through, which it encountered in a length\\nof 300 feet; consequently, another and lower one\\nwas driven, which reached the gravel in a distance\\nof 800 feet. Much of the quartz-gravel of the\\nwhite channel was worked through this second\\ntunnel but eventually that also had to be abandoned,\\nand the one through which the workings are now\\nconducted was begun. This was driven into the\\nhill 7,000 feet, at which point a chocolate-colored\\ncement was encountered, with no paying gravel.\\nHere a shaft was sunk thirty-eight feet deep, which\\nencountered rich gravel, but not of the white\\nchannel. It was of an entirely difierent character,\\nthe rocks, pebbles, and abraded matter being of a\\ndark color, with but little white quartz some dis-\\ntinct deposit from a channel not contemporaneous\\nwith the other. This stratum has since that time\\nbeen designated as the black channel. It is here\\nabout eighty feet lower than the white or quartz\\nchannel. To work this it became necessary to grade\\nan incline from the floor of the tunnel to the bed-\\nrock of the channel, which was done, down which a\\npump-column was conducted and a car-track laid,\\nand the water flowing into this lower level is pumped\\nand the gravel hoisted by one large overshot wheel\\nand a turbine, supplied with water from the old\\nbreasts and levels of the white channel above,\\nwhich has been extended some 200 feet further into\\nthe mountain than the point where the incline begins,\\nand been stoped out an average width of 500 feet.\\nUpon reaching the top of the incline, the cars\\nloaded with gravel are drawn out of the tunnel a\\ndistance of near one and a quarter miles by horses,\\nand emptied into the large dumping receptacle at the\\nhead of the sluices, and washed from water flowing\\nfrom the tunnel. Over 7,000 feet of pay-channels\\nhave thus been explored the black channel for a\\nwidth of 275 feet and is found to yield an average\\nof about one-(iuarter of an ounce of gold to the car-\\nload of gravel.\\nThe Mountain Gate Mine, for which a patent has\\nbeen applied, is located in sections 14, 15, 22, 23, and\\nother subdivisions of Township 15 N., Range 11 E.,\\nMount Diablo Meridian; with a lineal extent along\\nthe east line of 9,600 feet; southern end line extend-\\ning to the line of the Hidden Treasure of Sunny\\nSouth, 5,500 feet; western line 10,000 feet, and\\nnorthern (or front) line of 5,500 feet, of which some\\n4,000 feet along the white and 6,000 of the\\nblack channel are unworkod. Since 1860 it has\\nproduced over 81,000,000, and has been worked prin-\\ncipally by the owners, who are as follows: John H.\\nThomas, Tunis C. Broom, John B. Parker, A. B.\\nCampbell, Christopher Elliott, Owen Jones, Robert\\nJ. Thomas, J. P. Rains, William Rowlands, William\\nBrown, Jr., G. W. Snyder, J. F. Moody, J. T. Ashley\\nAlbert Burgess, Mrs. J. N. Lombard, D. R. Abrams,\\nNicholas Weaver, William Broom, Sr., and Mrs. Jane\\nWeaver.\\nDamascus, being situated upon the northern slope\\nof the ridge, is subjected to deep snows in the win-\\nter, but its summer temperature is admirable.\\nDuring the inclement season, in cases of sickness, no\\nlittle diflicult} is experienced in procuring the attend-\\nance of a physician, the nearest one residing some\\nten miles distant, at Iowa Hill. At one time, during\\nthe prevalence of a fierce snow-storm, and when the\\nearth was enveloped to the depth of many feet, it\\nwas found after nightfall that a lady resident, the\\nwife of a miner, was suff ering with an attack of\\npneumonia, and, without relief, could not long sur-\\nvive. Females were never at any time numei ous in\\nthe camp, but those who were there were respecta-\\nble ones, and were all favorites with the male popu-\\nlation. A physician must be had at every hazard;\\nwork in the tunnels for that night, at least, was\\nabandoned; twenty brave men assembled, who, under\\nthe leadership of Gould Coker, set out in the gloom\\nof night, in the blinding storm, to break a trail to\\nIowa Hill for the physician. By turns, each man\\nwould take the lead in the deep snow until exhausted,\\nand another took his place, as, waist deep, they wal-\\nlowed slowly onward through the cold, fleecy mass.\\nSome time upon the following day the heroic little\\nparty reached Iowa Hill, and, after prevailing upon\\nDr. O. H. Petterson to accompany them, and\\nrefreshing themselves as best they could within a\\nlimited time, started upon the homevrard journey.\\nThis trip, though not as fatiguing as the one out,\\nwas in itself no child s play; for, meanwhile, the\\nstorm continued to rage, and the fast-falling snow\\nhad well-nigh obliterated the trail previously made.\\nBut perseverance, at length, overcame eveiy obsta-\\ncle, and within thirty -six hours from the time of\\nstarting for the doctor, he was at the bedside of the\\nsuffering woman, and not too late to save her life.\\nWhen the patient was past danger, the humane min-\\ners were again obliged to escort the doctor home,\\nbreaking the road much after the manner they had\\nbeen compelled to do at first.\\nThe site of the village is on a steep hill-side, over-\\nlooking the junction of Blue Canon with the North\\nFork of the American, the gorge of Humbug Gafion,\\nand a stretch of the Central Pacific Railroad bed\\nnear Shady Run. Many comfortable cottages,\\naround which are little garden plats and orchards,\\ndot the landscape; a school house, at which, during\\nschool months, there is an attendance of about\\ntwenty-five scholars, and a large hotel and store,\\nowned by Owen Jones, are among the architectural\\nfeatures of the place. In March, 1880, a former\\nstore-house and hotel were destroyed by fire while\\nthe owner, Mr. Jones, was prostrated by sickness at\\nIowa Hill, entailing a loss of S8,000. A post-office\\nwas established and maintained for several years at\\nDamascus, but was finally abolished. The regular", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n379\\npopulation will probably not exceed 150, most of\\nwhom are engaged in mining operations.\\nDEADWOOn.\\nDeadwood is situated about seven miles above\\nMichigan Bluff, across El Dorado Canon, on the\\ndivide between that stream and the North Poi-k of\\nthe Middle Fork. The altitude of Deadwood is\\nnearly 4,000 feet. The wagon road leading to the\\nplace is circuitous, and follows up the main divide\\nvia Forks House (that was), Secret Springs, around\\nthe head of El Dorado Canon, and then down the\\nnarrow ridge near the point of which the place is\\nlocated. Some hydraulic mining has been done\\nhere, but the principal mines are now worked\\nthrough tunnels by drifting and washing the bottom\\nstratum of gravel. In 1881 there were five claims\\nthus working all old locations.\\nGold in paying quantity was first found here in\\n1852 by a party of prospectors, who, being so elated\\nat their good luck, remarked to all subsequent com-\\ners, that, though heretofore they had had indifferent\\nsuccess in prospecting, now assuredly had the dead-\\nwood upon securing a fortune. So positive were\\nthe first discoverers of gold in this locality of its\\nrichness and magnitude, that the most flattering\\naccounts were circulated and a great influx of people\\nresulted. There must have been at one time 500\\nor 600 people congregated in the vicinitj Many\\nsubstantial buildings were erected, considering its\\nisolated situation, and high hopes were indulged of\\nsudden wealth to be acquired. The trail from Mich-\\nigan Eluft leads into the gorge of El Dorado CaSon,\\nand thence for three miles almost uninterruptedly\\nup an abrupt incline. Aside from the grandeur of the\\ntowering hill, the awe-inspiring chasms through\\nwhich meander the tributaries of the Middle Fork,\\nand the impressive jumble of rock and foliage spread\\nout at the feet of the beholder, there is but one\\nsingular feature of interest in the course of the\\ntoilsome ascent. About a half-mile before reaching\\nthe village there are two long, parallel walls of stone,\\nsome three feet apart and about three feet high, evi-\\ndently the handiwork of some branch of the human\\nrace. For what purpose so laid, or their use, is only\\na matter of conjecture; but many of those who first\\nvisited the spot supposed it to have been a crematory\\nfor the Indian dead. In 1855 Deadwood s transient\\nglory had, in a great measure, departed, and since that\\ntime its remaining population have been content to\\ndelve in the mines there for a certain, though mod-\\nerate, remuneration for their toil.\\nPeriodically during winter come fearful storms\\nof rain and snow in these high altitudes. When\\nwarm, and the rain thoroughly saturates the loamy\\nsoil that overlies the cement, it becomes dangerous\\nto those who dwell below the brow of the ridge upon\\nthe precipitous side-hills, for an occeasional ava-\\nlanche is loosened from near the summit s crest, which\\nsweeps everything before it. In December, 1860,\\non one side of the hill, about one-fourth of a mile\\nbelow the village stood the house of A. J. Felch,\\noccupied by himself, wife, and boy, aged eight,\\nnamed William. On Christmas eve, while father and\\nson were sitting in the house before a comfortable\\nfire (Mrs. Felsh fortunately being absent), all at\\nonce the roar which precedes the approaching land-\\nslide smote upon their ears. Before it was possible\\nto get out of doors, the avalanche struck the build-\\ning, and crash it went, apparently carrying away\\ninmates and all! Not so, however, for soon Mr.\\nFelch became conscious that he was still alive!\\nthough cut, bruised, and bleeding from contact with\\nfalling timbers. Bat where was the boy A plain-\\ntive call from the father elicited no response. Dead,\\nmangled and swept away into the fierce-raging\\nchasm below! thought the poor, wounded, agonized\\nfather; but he would search for the lost one. Prov-\\nidentially, some oak trees to which portions of the\\nbuilding had been attached had withstood the\\nonslaught of the moving mass, and, under the pro-\\ntecting lee of these, there yet remained debris of the\\nhousehold wreck. Digging among this the father\\nfound his boy, unharmed. That either escaped, is\\nlittle less than a miracle.\\nAt that time, December, 1860, the ditch conveying\\nwater to Deadwood was owned by David Davis and\\nJohn Williams, Welchmen. On the 24th of that\\nmonth, during the prevalence of a tremendous snow-\\nstorm, they both started up the ditch, declaring\\nthey would bring the water down therein before\\nthey returned. They were never seen again alive.\\nParties went out to search after the storm subsided,\\nand, on the 5th of January, 1861. the body of Wil-\\nliams was discovered in the ditch, where, having\\nsank in exhaustion, he had folded his arms upon his\\nbreast and died. Tracks of animals leading to the\\nbody caused its discoverj% and exposed portions of\\nthe corpse had been mutilated by the ravenous\\nbeasts. The Masonic fraternity consigned the\\nremains to their final resting place at Michigan\\nBluft About two months after that time the body\\nof Davis was found, and was buried by the Masons\\nat Todd s Valley.\\nDUTCH FLAT.\\nThis place is situated in the northeastern part of\\nthe county, upon the ridge which divides the waters\\nof Bear Eiver from those of the North Fork of the\\nAmerican, thirty-one miles from Auburn, and dates\\nback in the annals of time to the year 1851.\\nJoseph Doranbach has the honor of being called\\nthe first settler, having located there in the spring of\\nthat year. The name Dutch is derived, perhaps,\\nfrom the nationality of Mr. Doranbach and those\\nwho were his companions at the time, but it is diflS-\\ncult to conceive of why Flat should be added in\\ngiving the name to the then embryo town, except\\nit is to fully carry out and demonstrate the Califor-\\nnian custom of perverting names. In 1854, the", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "3S0\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY. CALIFORNIA.\\nplace was considered, by persons then thought to be\\nvisionary individuals, of sufficient importance as a\\nmining locality to warrant the construction of a\\nwater-ditch to convej the waters of Bear River upon\\nthe tops of the ridges for mining purposes. This\\ngave quite an impetus to the settlement of the place,\\nand it continued to increase in population and import-\\nance. In November, 1855, a post-office was estab-\\nlished, with Charles Seifens as Postmaster. In May,\\n1859, it was one of the first towns of the county in\\n|)opulation. After the completion of the Bradley,\\nor Placer County Canal, from the North Fork of\\nibe American, and the Bartlett Thomas Ditch,\\nfrom Little Bear River, in 1859 and 60, the town\\nsteadily increased, until, in 1860, its voting popula-\\ntion was larger than that of any other town in the\\ncounty, having polled at the Presidential election of\\nthat year over 500 votes. Since then the number\\nof votes has decreased, but the permanent popula-\\ntion has gained, and now it is next to Auburn in\\nimportance. The Dutch Flat Enquirer, a weekly\\nnewspaper, made its first importance May 29, 1860,\\nand for a number of years was published regularly.\\nThe Enquirer was followed by the Forum, which in\\nturn has been succeeded by the Placer Times.\\nThis is one of the principal and best-known mining\\nlocalities of California, the system of hydraulic min-\\ning being carried on very extensively. The hill of\\ngravel denominated Dutch Fiat is somewhat isolated,\\npresenting three sides to the attack of the hydraulic,\\nand overlooks Bear River, which runs along its\\nnorthern base, about 1,200 feet below the crest of\\nthe hill. The gravel deposit is about one and a half\\nmiles in length by half a mile in width, and from\\n100 to 350 feet in depth. Gold is found throughout\\nthe gravel, but there is a thick stratum of pipe-clay\\nbarren of the precious metal. Beds of ashes, char-\\ncoal, and partly charred wood are found in places\\nbeneath a hundred or more feet of gravel. The\\nformation exposes a very interesting field for the\\ngeologist. A large number of mining companies are\\nengaged here, and the product has been many mil-\\nlions of dollars. In addition to the ditches stated,\\nthe South Yuba Canal supplies about 3,000 inches\\nfrom the South Yuba River. The mining district\\nembraces Elmore Hill, Indian Hill, and others of\\nlocal name, besides Dutch Flat. In this district are\\na large number of mining companies, and the opera-\\ntions are very extensive and interesting. The Cedar\\nCreek Company, purchasing several properties in\\n1872, was one of the most extensive. It was an\\nEnglish corporation, with a capital stock of \u00c2\u00a3200,-\\n000. During its most prosperous condition, there\\nwere 150 men employed. The capacity of its main\\nditch was 5,000 inches, the greater portion of which\\nwas used in operating its claims, the principal of\\nwhich were the Pacific, the Central, Jehosophat,\\nHomo Ticket, half of the Gold Run, and the Gem.\\nThe property altogether consisted of thirty-two\\nclaims, comprising about 200 acres of mining ground.\\nThe drill and machinery in use y this company\\ncost $12,000. The property, after having lain idle\\nfor about three years, owing to certain complications,\\nfell into the hands of Mr. J. P. Hickey, of San Fran-\\ncisco, in April, 1881, whose intention is to work it\\nextensively and systematically.\\nLike other towns of California, Dutch Flat has\\nsuffered much from fires. The most recent occurred\\non the 22d of October, 1881, when its Chinese quarter\\nwas burned, involving a loss of about 830,000. Some\\nsixty buildings were burned, generally of a poor\\nquality. These, although occupied by Chinese, were\\ngenerally owned by white people.\\nIn 1860, a company was organized to construct a\\nwagon road from Dutch Flat to the eastern slope, to\\naccommodate the travel then beginning to flow over\\nthe mountains to the silver mines of Nevada. Two\\nroads were subsequently constructed, and for several\\nyears the town profited by the large travel through\\nit. In July, 1866, the Central Pacific Railroad\\nreached the vicinity of the town, and soon passing\\non, making Cisco the depot of passengers and fi-eight,\\nand business relapsed to its former dependence on\\nthe resources of its neighborhood.\\nDutch Flat is situated high up in the mountains,\\nhas an unlimited supply of water from pure mountain\\nspi ings, and timber abundant and convenient. In\\nconsequence of its elevated position, the town is\\nregarded as a pleasant place for summer residence,\\nits altitude being about 3,400 feet above the sea-level.\\nIts climate is subject to great changes. Snow falls\\nat times to considerable depth in the winter and\\nspring months, but the summers are warm and\\nexceedingly pleasant. At this elevation, tender\\nfruits, such as the lemon and orange, are not raised;\\nbut the pear, peach, cherry, and apple, the black-\\nberry, raspberry, grape, currant, and gooseberry\\ngrow in great perfection; so that the citizens are not\\ndependent on the valleys for their supplies.\\nThe principal street, whereon are located nearly\\nall the business houses, is Main Street. The general\\nappearance of the private residences and places of\\nbusiness is neat and tasty, which speaks well for the\\nculture and thrift of its inhabitants. The town at\\npresent supports one newspaper the Placer Times\\nowned and published by W. A. Wheeler, Esq., and is\\nissued eveiy Thursday. There are three churches,\\none school house, a number of dry goods and gro-\\ncery stores, one drug store, hotel, livery stable, one\\nfire company, and one brewery, besides the usual\\nquota of lawyers, doctors, etc. Its secret societies\\nnumber five Masons, Odd Fellows, Red Men, Good\\nTemplars, and Ancient Order of United Workmen.\\nThe Masons and Odd Fellows each have a fine hall.\\nThe Ancient Order of United Workmen use the\\nOdd Fellows Hall for their meetings.\\nThe society is good, owing to the settled and reli-\\nable character of the mining interests, and business\\nmen find a substantial and legitimate trade; conse\\nquentlj they gather their families around them.", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "ii r\\nrr\\n4\\n1 y\\nH*\\nt^^ _^^\\nv.\\nV\\n\\\\l]f\\\\\\ntf\u00c2\u00ab^^\\nI\\nt\u00c2\u00bb\\n1^\\nMl\\n1 i\\n^h t\\n1\\nFA/RVIEW place RESI DENCE OF H.A.FROST DUTCH flat.\\nPLACE, COC ,VT C^L\\n1^\\\\\\nRESIDENCE OF H.R.HUDEPOHL\\nnOTCH riJT. PLACEf\\\\ CO.,CAl.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n381\\nNumerous pleasant homes cover the hill-sides, and\\nevidences of taste and refinement are abundant.\\nHENRY A. FROST.\\nThe subject of this biographical notice is a native\\nof Massachusetts, having been born at New Bedford,\\nBristol County, May 15, 1830. Mr. Frost, through\\nthe visitation of the hand of death, lost his father\\nin infancy, and, at the age of twelve years, was left\\nan orphan by the death of his mother. This changed\\nthe course of his life, and he removed to the State of\\nVermont, where he remained until his eighteenth\\nyear, at which time he returned to his native\\nState. During the succeeding twelve years, he was\\nengaged in mechanical and agricultural pursuits at\\nWorcester, in Worcester County. In the lall of 1861,\\nhe came to California by way of the Isthmus of\\nPanama, landing in San Francisco in the month of\\nDecember. lie made no stay in the city, but came\\nimmediately to Placer County, and during that win-\\nter remained at Gold Eun. In the Spring of 1862,\\nhe located at his present place, near Dutch Flat,\\nwhere he has since resided. During the first ten\\nyears of his residence in this State, he followed\\nmining, but of late has been engaged in agriculture\\nin connection tlierewith.\\nIn Mr. Frost we do not find a -IDer, though his\\ntwenty years residence in this State gives him the\\nright to the title of an old settler. He has been\\ntwice married, his first wife departing this life in\\nJune, 1878. In June, 1881, he was married to Mrs.\\nS. A. Waggoner, a native of Illinois, but more\\nrecently from Nevada County, in this State.\\nHERMAN R. HDDEPOHL.\\nThis gentleman is a native of Hanover, Germany,\\nand was born March 30, 1823. He remained with\\nhis parents until he reached his sixteenth year, when\\nhe was apprenticed to a shoemaker, and, in due time,\\nmastered that trade. Dui-ing eight years succeeding,\\nhe worked at his trade in different cities in the old\\nworld. In 1848 he came to America, and located at\\nCincinnati, Ohio, where he followed his trade until\\n1854. In the last-named year, he came to Califor-\\nnia by way of the Isthmus of Panama, arriving in\\nSan Francisco late in the month of March. After a\\nfew days sojourn in the city, he came to Placer\\nCounty, and located at Dutch Flat, and for six\\nmonths was a miner. From that time until 1865 he\\nworked at his trade, and during that year he\\nembarked in the dry goods business, which he has\\nsince successfully followed. His stock is one of the\\nmost complete in the town, embracing a full lino of\\ndry and fancy goods, clothing, etc.\\nHo was married April 5, 1865, in Sacramento, to\\nMiss Catherine E. Power, a native of New York\\nCity. By this union there were three children, two\\ngirls, aged, in 1881, fourteen and ten years, and on\u00c2\u00a9\\nson, aged twelve years. Mrs. Uudepohl died March 8,\\n1875.\\nWas located on the Auburn Itavino, about tvvo miles\\nbelow Ophir. It was first settled in 184D. Only a\\nfew houses were built, but the miners were in the\\nhabit of using the place as supply head-quarters.\\nThere was a general merchandise store, kept by\\nMessrs. Fry Bruce, which supplied the miners in\\nthe immediate vicinity with the necessaries of life.\\nThe town received its name from the senior partner\\nin the firm. It was one of those mushroom towns\\nwhich sprang into existence and soon died. But\\ntwas lively while it lasted.\\nDUNCAN CANON.\\nThis stream is an important confluent of the\\nMiddle Fork of the Middle Fork of the American,\\nand rises pretty well up toward the western summit\\nof the Sierra, between the main North Fork and\\nPicayune Valley. It was never noted for its gold\\nproduct, and to-day, by reason of its undisturbed\\ncondition, its clear, pellucid water, the tangled mat\\nof undergrowth upon its flats, and noble forest trees\\ngrowing adjacent to its unscarified banks, it reminds\\nthe old-timer more of the primitive days than\\nalmost any other stream of like magnitude in the\\nmountains. James W. Marshall says that it derived\\nits name from Thomas Duncan, who came to the\\ncountry overland, in 1848, from Missouri, in the\\ntrain of Captain Winter, and who entered California\\nvia the road, or mountain trail rather, diverging\\nfrom American Valley, and following down the ridge\\nsouth of the North Fork.\\nIn the fall of 1850, Antoine and other eafions in\\nthat locality having been slightly worked, and con-\\nsiderable gold of a coarse character exhibited, which\\nhad been taken therefrom, naturally the attention\\nof gold-seekers was directed thither, and persons\\nwho had been there were eagerly sought, and the\\noracular knowledge they dispensed was readilj\\ntaken in by credulous inquirers. No tale was\\ntoo extravagant; however palpable the canard, there\\nwere always more to believe than to doubt. The\\nchronicler hereof remembers well how, in the\\nspring of 1849, when one of the pioneer mail steam-\\ners of the Pacific Coast entered the harbor of\\nPanama upon her first return trip, the city was\\nthronged with Americans, who bad onlj purchased\\ntickets to the isthmus and were unable to get\\nfurther. There were still doubts as to the reputed\\nrichness of the gold mines, and a thousand anxious\\nand excited interviewers stood upon the shore, ready\\nto make prisoners of those who landed. Two bravo\\nsailors becoming thus corralod, and finding escape\\nimpossible, edified the crowd with yarns that did\\ncredit to their imaginative powers, satisfied their\\nlisteners, and disillumined the brilliancy of Alladin s\\nLamp. Exhibiting a buckskin bag which evidently\\ncontained nuggets, one of them said: Whj look\\nhere, it s no trouble to get gold anywhere in Califor-\\nnia; it s all over everywhere! Just after we loft", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "382\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntlie port of San Francisco, the mate set mo to clean-\\ning the anchor which wo had just hove up, and see!\\nhere s over \u00c2\u00a7200 that I panned out from tho mud\\n1 scraped otf the flukes! and the crowd believed\\nhim for why should they doubt\\nIn nice manner did Tom Duncan regale the senses\\nof a crowd of minors who happened to be at work\\nnear him on Shirt-tail Canon, late in tho fall of 1850.\\nHo had, in coining into tho country, traversed tho\\nregion where Antoino Canon flowed; more than that,\\nhe had found digging.^ in a creek, but never stopped\\nto work thorn, nor had he ever been back to them\\nsince. Could he find them for a consideration\\nMost assuredly. Thereupon a company of select\\nspirits entered into a compact with Tom, that he\\nwould pilot them to the spot. Furnishing him with\\na horse, the party started out in quest of tho favorite\\nspot, which Duncan declared he had been to two\\nyeai s before. Reaching tho vicinity, the canons all\\nlooked so much alike that Tom couldn t strike the\\nright spot; member-* of the company canvassed the\\nmatter; the guide had either lied to them or was\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0throwing oif for a bettor thing each offense\\ndeserving capital punishment. Tom was distrusted.\\nAt night he was placed under guard, and he must\\nsoon show the place ho had contracted to do, or be\\nshot. While camped in the bed of a certain canon,\\nnear its head, the guide led the party to the northern\\nside of the ridge, overlooking tho North Fork of tho\\nAmerican River above Sailor Bar. Here were some\\nsmall flats and ponds, where gold enough was found\\nto induce a relaxation of vigilance, to the extent\\nthat no guard was placed over Du;ican tho following\\nnight. Tho next morning s sun rose in the canon\\nupon a decimated camp. Tom Duncan and a male\\nhad gone The party afterward found the mule at\\nTodd s Valley, but Tom Duncan they never saw\\nagain. He had sought new diggings out of reach of\\nhis late companions while as a remembrance, they\\nchristened tho stream upon which they had camped,\\nDuncan s Canon and thus it goes down to history.\\nFORT TROJAN.\\nThis peculiarly-named town was located on tho\\nAuburn Ravine, about three miles from tho present\\ntown of Lincoln. It does not date back in its history\\nto tho days of -19, but roaches only to the year 1838.\\nIt was lively until the starting of the town of Lin-\\ncoln, when the business was transferred to that\\nplace. There was a hotel kept by Jerry Henderson,\\nwho was also postmaster for the town xMills Evans\\nhad a general merchandise store; Gray Philipps\\nhad a moat market, and Peter Fritchard had a\\nblacksmith shop. There were two saloons, one\\nowned by Honcycut Hoffman, and the other by\\nE. A. Gibson. James Beck was Justice of the Peace,\\nand James Berg was Constable. There is nothing\\nleft to denote tho existence of this town, except tho\\nmemories of the men who wei o familiar with the\\nfacts. Tho common appellation given the place by\\nthe miners was Fort Toejam.\\nJAMES W. CHINN.\\nThis gentleman was tho third son of Robert and\\nSidney Chinn, who were natives of Loudon\\nCounty, Virginia. James W. was born at Rich-\\nmond, Virginia, December 28, 1822. He remained\\nin his native city until he was sixteen years\\nof age, at which time ho removed to Baltimore,\\nMaryland, and was engaged in a wholesale dry\\ngoods establishment. About one and one-half years\\nwere spent in this place, when he went to Zanes-\\nville, Ohio, and was first a clerk, and then pro-\\nprietor, in his adopted business until 1849. The\\nexcitement incident to the discovery of gold in\\nCalifornia attracted his attention, and he joined\\ntho throng who were rushing to the scene of battle\\nfor wealth on the Pacific Coast. On the 28th of\\nAugust, 1850, he arrived at Hangtown, now\\nPlacerville, in El Dorado County, after a long and\\ntedious trip across tho plains. From Hangtown\\nMr. Chinn went to Sacramento, and then came to\\nPlacer County, and for a few weeks was in Auburn\\nRavine. His next move was to Nevada County,\\nwhere he arrived in October, 1850. He was in that\\ncounty until September, 1851, when ho came again\\nto Placer and located at Ophir. In 1852 Mr. Chinn\\nopened a store and sold miners supplies, until Sep-\\ntember, 1854. In tho fall of the last-named year\\nho opened a store at Dotan s Bar, on the American\\nRiver, and was agent for Wells, Fargo Co. s\\nExpress. In 1856 he was elected a Supervisor of\\nPlacer County. During the latter year he removed\\nto Nevada County and opened a store at Woolsy\\nFlat, and another at Moore s Flat. In 1859 Mr.\\nChinn was elected Treasurer of Nevada County on\\nthe Democratic ticket, and hold the office one term.\\nIn 1861 he entered the dry goo.is business in\\nNevada City, which ho continued about two years,\\nwhen he went to San Francisco and remained\\nuntil 1866. During the summer of tho latter year\\nhe came again to Placer County and located at\\nIowa Hill, which has since been his home. Mr.\\nChinn has always been an active business man,\\nand is to-day reckoned as one of the lively men\\nof the county. Ho is tho postmaster of his town,\\nand in connection therewith carries on a banking\\nbusiness, his purchases of gold-dust averaging about\\n8200,000 per year. Ho is also agent for Wells, Fargo\\nCo.\\nHe was married January 26, 1863, at San Fran-\\ncisco, to Miss Lizzie Jessup, a native of New York\\nState. Four children live to bless their union, three\\ngirls and one boy.\\nORAY HORSE CANON.\\nHigh up on tho Rubicon there occurs quite a flat\\nstretch of grass land, in great contrast with the\\ngeneral cbaractoristics of that usuallj rapid, rocky,", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n383\\nand naiTOW gorge. For a mile and a half the\\nriver winds sluggishly along through a tussocky\\nbottom, a quarter of a mile wide, where thei e is\\nsplendid pasturage, and at the sides of which are\\nmany deer licks, occasioned by the exudations of\\nsalts, of which the animals are fond, from the bor-\\ndering ledges. This place is much frequented in\\nthe summer and fiill by Indians, fi-om the trans-\\nmountain tribes, who come over from the eastern\\nslope of the Sierra, and in season and out of season\\nremorselessly slay deer of all ages, sexes, and con-\\nditions, without regard to game laws or common\\ndecency. Near the head of this flat, from the\\nnorth, comes in Gray Horse Caiion, once known as\\nBig Valley. During the prospecting excitement\\nwhich resulted in the discovery of the Squaw Val-\\nley mines, the original pariy looking for the place,\\nduring their peregrinations, happened into Big Val-\\nley, and camped. Upon packing up to depart, an\\nold gray horse used for suniptei ing -threw up, and\\nin his antics bucked the camp equippage with\\nwhich he was loaded off, and scattered the traps\\naround promiscuously over a great extent of terri-\\ntory, to the gi-eat annoyance and inconvenience of\\nthe prospectors. Hence its present name, in com-\\nmemoration of the frisky disposition of the old gray\\nhorse.\\nGray Horse Valley is a fine grazing locality, and\\nis claimed by George Taverner, of Cosumnes Town-\\nship, Sacramento County, who uses it as a summer\\npasture for sheep. For about three miles the valley\\nis from 300 to 400 yards wide. It was first claimed\\nby John and George Hunsucker. Five-lake Creek,\\nAmerican Valley Creek, Gray Horse, Bear, and\\nSquaw Creeks all head in one range of mountains,\\nand quite near each other the two latter running\\ninto the Truckee, while the waters of the others\\nrun toward the Pacific. Fire Lake Creek comes\\ninto the Eubicon above Gray Horse, and between\\nthe two is a large and exceedingly rocky point.\\nDuring the wagon road excitements, when the\\nGeoi getown party were out in search of a practi-\\ncable route to Washoe, two members of the expe-\\ndition W. S. Montague and John W. McKinnej\\ntook a stroll upon this rocky ridge. Eattlesnakes\\nwere numerous then in that region, almost any-\\nwhere, for the sheej) had not, at that time, driven\\nthem to cover, as now-a-days, and the two men\\nnamed did not mind an occasional rattler in their\\npathway; but upon this particular promontory they\\nbegan to be too frequent for either safety or com-\\nfort of feeling, and when about passing a crevice\\nin a rock, which was about two feet wide, they\\nwere stopped by the most wonderful spectacle. It\\nwas literally filled with twisting, writhing, seal}-,\\nmottled serpents a veritable den of monsters such\\nas they had never before conceived the existence\\nof. They had revolvers, and McKinnoy proposed\\nfiring a few shots into the mass. This they did;\\nbut then there arose guch a horrid stench, to which\\nthe thousand odors of Cologne were as otto of rosos,\\nthat the attacking party were forced to beat a\\nretreat, vomiting as they went. McKinney swears\\nto this day that there were not less than four solid\\ncords of rattlesnakes in that single crevice.\\nHUMBCG CANON.\\nThe above-named stream is one of the earliest\\nplacers worked, and empties into the South Branch\\nof the North Fork of the American, from the south,\\na short distance above its junction with Blue Canon\\nat Euchre Bar. It heads at the base of the grand\\ngravel ridge, upon which are located the Mountain\\nGate and adjoining mines, having several branches,\\nand was first explored early in 18-50. In February\\nof that year L. P. Burnham, now a resident of\\nDamascus; Kobert E. Draper, who subsequently\\nlived a long time in El Dorado County, and at\\nAurora, Nevada, at which latter place he figured in\\na duel with Dr. Eichelroth, and a man -by the name\\nof Kirkpatrick, were among the crowd who first\\nrushed, during the pleasant weather which at that\\ntime prevailed and gave promise of an early open-\\ning of spring, to the locality of Bird s Valley and\\nMichigan Bluff. Snow covered the ridges, and the\\nwater in the main streams was so high that but\\nlittle mining was done there then which circumstances\\ncaused a feeling of restlessness to pervade the\\nminds of the nomadic pi ospectors, and these three\\nmen concluded to strike out in seai-ch of other\\ndiggings. Therefore, the same month, they mounted\\nsnow-shoes, left camp at the future-to-be Michigan\\nCity, and boldly turned their footsteps toward the\\nunknown region to the northeastward. Arriving at\\nthe head of a canon which ran toward the North\\nFork, after a weary journey of some eighteen or\\ntwenty miles, they proceeded down it to where\\nanother branch came in, the two forming quite a\\nlarge stream within a deep gorge. Here they\\ncamped, and, upon prospecting, found gold sufficient\\nin quantity to induce them to locate claims. As it\\nwas of importance enough to do this, a proposal was\\nmade that a name be given it, and the three pioneers\\nhaving all emigrated to California from Mississippi\\nthough none wei C natives of that State but Kirkpat-\\nrick they bestowed upon the stream the name of\\nMississippi Canon. A few days work, however,\\nseems to have disgusted them, for thereafter they\\nshouldered their blankets and climbed the hill, with\\nthe intention of returning to the place from whence\\nthey started. After leaving their camp in the canon,\\nand while toiling up the steep mountain side, Kirkpat-\\nrick, in an interval while resting in the ascent, gave\\nexpression to his disgust by saying: Pshaw, hasn t\\nan} gold of any account, it s a regular humbug, and\\ninstead of Mississippi we d better call it Humbug\\nCanon.\\nJust as the throe men had scaled the precipitous\\nsides of the canon, and were fairly setting out on\\ntheir return journey down the ridge, human voices", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "384\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwere heard, and soon after human forms descried\\napproaching them. The new-comers proved to be a\\nparty of men following up their trail, supposing they\\nhad discovered rich diggings. No declarations upon\\nthe part of the three could deter the new party from\\ngoing ahead; the more the three endeavored to per-\\nsuade them that the canon was a humbug, the\\nmore determined were the interlopers that they\\nwere upon the portals leading to great wealth, and\\ninto the canon thej would descend. This determin-\\nation on the part of the last party re-enthused the\\nhopes of the first, and they, too, would return and\\ndefine the boundaries of their claims. Consequently\\nall went into the canon, when the following day a\\nmining district was organized, and rules and regula-\\ntions were adopted. At the meeting held, Robert\\nE. Draper was chosen to act as Secretary, and in his\\nwritten minutes of the proceedings occurred the fol-\\nlowing words: At a meeting of the xamem of Humbug\\nCanon, held this day of February, 1850, etc.,\\nwhich have ineffacably attached themselves to the\\nplace, to the entire obliteration of the primal cogno-\\nmen of Mississippi. Subsequent workings have\\nproven the banks and bed of the canon to be rich\\nno humbug it having been washed over several\\ntimes, and at each time producing large amounts of\\ngold.\\nJohnson s ranch.\\nAmong the many camps that sprang into existence\\nin this county during the few years subsequent to\\nthe discovery of gold in California, was the one\\nknown as Johnson s Crossing, or Johnson s Ranch.\\nThe spot where the little town once stood is still\\nthere, but the inhabitants have all sought other\\nfields for their labors. There was a bridge across\\nBear River at this place, and it was a stopping-place\\nfor the many teams engaged in hauling freights from\\nSacramento to the mines in the upper country. In\\n1852 there was a small hotel kept by a man named\\nJohn Shuster, and soon after that the town com-\\nmenced to flourish. It was located about twenty-\\nfive miles northwest from Auburn, which was the\\nprincipal town in the county at that time. Mr.\\nYoung Dougherty, now a resident of Sheridan, and\\nfrom whom the information regarding the place was\\nreceived, pitched bis tent there in 1852, and the\\nnext year built his house. In 1856 there were about\\nthirty dwelling-houses and the usual number of\\nbusiness places. Wm. O Rear was the first post-\\nmaster, and was appointed in 1854. He also kept a\\nhotel.\\nThe place at one time had a population of over\\n100, and supported two blacksmith shops, two stores,\\nand also a couple of saloons. It was a voting pre-\\ncinct and often polled as high as 150 votes, though\\nthe voters came in from the surrounding country.\\nAmong the earliest settlers were Claude Chana,\\nwho came there as early as 1846. After him came\\nJohn Shuster, Wm. B. Campbell, John Swearer, A.\\nH. Estell, Joseph Rears, Philip Tracy, Dr. Gray, Dr.\\nEsmond, John Boone, Dennis Neugent, Harrison\\nKimball, Young Dougherty, and others.\\nIn the year 1862 the floods nearly destroj-ed the\\nplace, and then came the debris from the hj draulic\\nmines higher up on the river, and now there is not\\na vestige of this lively little town left visible. The\\ndeer and bear run wild over the site of the town.\\nThe real cause of the desertion of the place was the\\ndebris from up the river.\\nMANZANITA GROVE.\\nThis remarkable spot claims a place in the history\\nof the county in which it lies. It is situated about\\nhalf-way between the towns of Lincoln and Sheri-\\ndan, and contains about fifteen acres. The place\\ngained notoriety in early days from the fact of its\\nbeing a stronghold for thieves, who had a corral near\\nthe center of the grove, where they kept their stolen\\nstock until an opportunity presented itself to drive\\nit to the country lying south. The name i- derived\\nfrom the manzanita bushes growing there, which\\nwere much more numerous in the early days than\\nnow. Quite a number remain, though the grove is\\ncomposed mostly of oak. In 1855, some one con-\\nceived the idea of turning this place into a burial-\\nground, and there are at the present time several\\nhundred people buried within the enclosure. The\\nfirst one was buried in the last-named year, in the\\nspring. His name was Wynan. There are some\\nmonuments that would grace some of the fine cem-\\netei ies in large cities. The towns of Lincoln, Sheri-\\ndan, and even Wheatland, furnish subjects to pop-\\nulate this city of the dead. It is a very picturesque\\nspot, and will always remain as a monument to per-\\npetuate the memory of the dead. It is cared for by\\nan annual subscription.\\nNEWTOWN.\\nThis, like others of its class, has ceased to exist as\\na place of habitation. It was located on a side\\nravine that terminated in what was known as Doty s\\nRavine, and was started about the year 1855. The\\npopulation increased to about one hundred. The\\nclaims paid big, but it was what they called a\\nspotted location, and once j ou find it and twice\\nyou don t. The town was about five miles north-\\noast of the present town of Lincoln. Not a house is\\nleft to mark the spot where so many miners found\\nemployment in days gone bj-. There was a largo\\nhotel called the CardiUion House, owned and run\\nby a man named CardiUion; another was run by\\nWebdell. Neidihut OTeele kept a large\\ngrocery store, and another was kept by John Barnes.\\nThere was a saloon and dance-hall, owned by Ezra\\nNewell, and a livery stable, by Wm. Johnson.\\nGRIZZLY FLAT.\\nThe mining camp of Grizzly Flat is situated\\ndirectly cast of Wisconsin Hill, at the head of Griz-\\nzly Ca on.", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "tl I\\nm-\\ni s M\\nmTTTTTTTrmTm\\nKt\\nJ\\nSTORE OFA.A.POND 8 CO.TODDS VALLEY.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n38o\\nIn 1855-56 this camp had a population of fifty\\npeople, tho mining ground consisted of nearly forty\\nacres. The gold was course, and was taken out by\\nthe handful, and the whole flat was honey-combed\\nwith drifts and tunnels. Every minor made some-\\nthing, and many made fortunes. After the flat had\\nbeen worked out, a company of a dozen minors, who\\nhad been successful, was formed to prospect the\\nnortherly branch. The name of the company was\\nthe Rough and Kcady. A long tunnel was con-\\nstructed of several hundred feet in length, from a\\npoint down the canon, which cut through the rim-\\nrock of the basin, and drained the claim to a\\ncertain depth. A steam-engine was purchased, and\\na large pump put in operation.\\nThe company worked with constant internal dis-\\nscntions, until the year 1865, when the members\\nmutually separated, and the claim was abandoned.\\nUpon the dissolution of the old Rough and Ready\\nCompany, in 1865, Messrs. Little Hazelroth, of Griz-\\nzly Flat, obtained a possessory title to the tunnel\\nclaim but, not having the capital to successfully carry\\non the work, a new company was incorporated in\\n1878, under the name of tho Eclipse Company. This\\ncompany paid Mr. Hazelroth and tho heirs of Mr.\\nLittle 82,000 for their possessory title. They also\\nobtained title from the Government for 171 acres\\nof mining ground.\\nIs situated in the valley of tho Sacramento, bordering\\nthe foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, near where\\nAuburn Ravine debouches upon the plain, being\\nnearly directly west of Auburn, and fourteen miles\\ndistant in a direct line, or twenty-nine miles by rail.\\nIt is on the line of the California and Oregon Rail-\\nroad, ten miles from its junction with the Central\\nPacific. The place was named in honor of Charles\\nLincoln Wilson, the builder of the California Central\\nRailroad, which was completed to this point October\\n31, 1861. Tho first settlement was made in 1859 by\\nJohn Chapman, G. Gray, John Ziegenbein, E. A.\\nGibson, and Camron Ballinger following soon after.\\nIn the years 1862-63, the town was very pros-\\nperous, having at that time between 400 and 500\\ninhabitants, and from four to eight stages making\\ndaily trips from Lincoln.\\nThe section of country surrounding Lincoln is\\ndecidedly- agricultural, and is especially noted for its\\ncertainty of crops. Excellent fruit is raised here, and\\napples of superior quality. Mr. J. R. Nickerson,\\nthe pioneer fruit-raiser, exhibited at San Francisco\\nin 1865, at the Mechanics Institute Fair, 223 varieties\\nof apples, for which he received a high testimonial\\nfrom the committee.\\nThe Lincoln Winery, conducted by Stephen D.\\nBurdge, is an industrial feature which will probably\\ngrow into considerable importance as a more extended\\nknowledge obtains of California s vintage. It was\\nestablished in 1880, by the proprietor, who learned\\nthe business of wine-making in Italy, in 1828 and\\ntho time intervening to 1835, going there from tho\\nUnited States for that purpose. Mr. Burdge came\\nto Placer County in 1850, and has never considered\\nany other place than the locality about Lincoln his\\nhomo since, as he soon after settled about four miles\\nfrom tho present site of the town, upon the place\\noriginally located by Kinsly and Copeland, but now\\nowned by George D. Aldrich, on Doty s Ravine.\\nMr. Burdge made wine as early as 1851 from grapes\\ngrown on the Hock Farm. In 1852 he obtained at\\nthe farm, from General Sutter, a lot of cuttings the\\nGeneral being loth to part with Ibem then, as they\\nwere scarce which he set out upon the Kinsly and\\nCopeland place, he having purchased it from thom\\nfor i?6,000. In 1854, his cuttings had done so well,\\nthat he was enabled that season to make a small\\nquantity of wine from grapes grown upon the young\\nvines.\\nThe wine manufactured at the Lincoln Wincrj- is\\nentirely the product of the mission grape, denomi-\\nnated Hock by the proprietor, with a beautiful\\namber color, fine flavor and bouquet, and finds ready\\nmarket. But 2,000 gallons wore made in 1881. The\\nvintage of 1882 is expected to produce 30,000 gallons.\\nThe discovery of excellent beds of coal in 1873,\\nhas contributed to bringing Lincoln into prominence.\\nThe Lincoln coal mine, situated a short distance\\nfrom the depot, was discovered in 1873, a description\\nof which can bo found on page 213 of this volume.\\nThe Clipper Coal Mine was discovered in June,\\n1874, by J. D. B. Cook. The propertj- has changed\\nhands several times, arid is now owned by John\\nLanders, of Wheatland. In March. 1875, Mr. Glad-\\nding, the senior member of the firm of Gladding,\\niMcBean Co., tho present owners of the pottery,\\nbeing on this coast, took some of the clay found in\\nthe Lincoln coal mine to Chicago, where he had\\nFormerly been in business. The sample proved\\nsuitable for sower pipe and that class of goods; a\\ncompany was soon formed, and in the same year,\\n1875, he returned and erected a building 11(1x45 feet,\\nwith an engine at one side. The main building is\\nnow 216x45 feet; another built recently is 135x30\\nfeet. There are five kilns where the pipe is burned;\\nthe engine is sixty-horse power, with two boilers.\\nAll the machinery was made in Ohio, and is of the\\nmost modern kind. About thirty-five men and boys\\nare employed constantly; the principal manufacture\\nis sewer pipe, but in connection with this they make\\nwell-pipes, chimney-tops, flower-pots, lawn-vases,\\nand ornaments of all descriptions.\\nThe present population of Lincoln is about 300,\\nand at the elections about 170 votes are polled.\\nThere is one drug store, one express office, two\\nhotels, two grocery stores, one dry goods store,\\nthree blacksmith shops, one butcher shop, one tele-\\ngraph office, one bakery, five saloons, two doctors,\\none lawyer, one notary public, and two school teach-\\ners. There are two churches, one built in 1864 and", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "386\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nafterwards sold for taxes, and bought by the citizens\\nof the town, who opened it as a free church,\\nallowing anybody to preach. A Catholic Church was\\nbuilt in 1880, in which services are held regularly.\\nThere is one school house, built of wood, with a seat-\\ning capacity of about eighty. Two teachers are\\nemployed. The buildings in Lincoln are mainly of\\nwood, there being several of brick. The people are\\nsupplied with water by a reservoir that is connected\\nwith the Bear River Ditch Company, and the water\\nis distributed through the town in pipes. Several\\ndisastrous fires have occurred here. In October,\\n1867, the large flouring-mill of Messrs. Ziegenbein,\\nHeffner Co. was destroyed, with a loss of about\\n$30,000. October 12, 1875, a fire occurred which\\ndestroyed a livery stable, blacksmith shop, and\\nmeat market. Another fire occurred March 30,\\n1876, which destroyed the Logan Livery Stable,\\ntogether with all its contents, consisting of eleven\\nhorses, all the buggies, harness, and saddles, the\\nstock of feed, etc.\\nPETEE AHART\\nWas born in Germany June 27, 1833, and when but\\ntwelve years of age left his native home for the\\ngreat Republic of the West, arriving in the United\\nStates in May, 1845, with his father, his mother\\ndying on the voyage. His father, George Ahart,\\nsettled in Missouri, and died in 1866. Mr. Peter\\nAhart came to California in 1852, and engaged in\\nmining, which ho followed successfully until 1857,\\nwhen ho bought the farm he now occupies at Lin-\\ncoln, Placer County. For some years he pursued\\nthe business of raising and dealing in cattle, which\\nbe continued for a period of fifteen years, when he\\nturned his attention more particularly to the culti-\\nvation of his farm and the raising of sheep, in\\nwhich profitable business he is now engaged.\\nMr. Ahart is a member of Valley Lodge of the\\nIndependent Order of Odd Fellows, and is highly\\nrespected in the community in which he lives. On\\nthe 9th of May, 1861, he was married by the Rev.\\nMr. Winters, of the Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nto Miss Ursula Prudence Ragsdale. daughter of\\nWilliam B. and Sarah W. Ragsdale, and the happy\\nfamily occupy the pleasant home shown in the\\naccompanying illustration. The farm of Mr. Ahart\\ncoraprisHS the extensive area of 2,200 acres, being\\nalmost enough for a Dukedom in the land of his\\nnativity. Here in the fertile valley of the Sacra-\\nmento his broad acres spread out miles in extent,\\nof some of the finest land in the world, showing\\na wealth that could be acijuircd by the unaided\\nefforts of man in but few other countries than Cali-\\nfornia.\\nISAAC STONECIPHER.\\nIsaac Stonecipher, now a resident of Lincoln,\\nwas born in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, on\\nthe 5th of November, 1819. Leaving Pittsburg on\\nthe 14th of January, 1850, for California, via the\\nIsthmus of Panama, at New York he purchased a\\nticket for passage through, the connecting steamer\\non the Pacific to be the Monumental City. Arriving\\nat Panama, that mythical vessel never came, and\\nafter remaining three weeks in suspense concluded\\nto wait no longer. The whale ship Rowenn in the\\nmeantime came in and fitted up for passengers, and\\nin her he embarked upon the Pacific side. Not\\nlong after the vessel went to sea an epidemic broke\\nout, which prostrated many of the passengers, and\\nbefore the ship reached Acapulco, in Mexico, thir-\\nteen had died and been cast overboard. Here the\\nCaptain of the Eowena determined to leave his sick\\npassengers, and Mr. Stonecipher, being one of these,\\nwas taken ashore. Partially recovering, when the\\nsteamer Win/ieM Scott came in, eight days after, he\\nwas enabled to procure passage on her, and arrived\\nin San Francisco April 30, 1851. On the Ist of\\n^lay he arrived at Auburn, and has continuously\\nresided in Placer County ever since.\\nSHERIDAN.\\nThe village of Sheridan, named in honor of Gen.\\nPhil. Sheridan, is situated near the southwestern\\nportion of Placer County, in township 13 north,\\nrange 5 oast. Mount Diablo meridian, twenty\\nmiles northwest of Auburn, or thirty-six miles by\\nrail; is a station on the Oregon Division of the Cen-\\ntral Pacific Railroad; is the trading point for a con-\\nsiderable population of farmers and stock-raisers,\\nwho occupy lands and grazing ranges surround-\\ning it, and is the only place in the county which\\nhas at this time in operation a flouring-mill. With\\na public school, several trading establishments,\\npost and express oflSce. and one hotel, it is quite a\\nthriving little town. The locality was first settled\\nupon in 1855, by Mr. E. C. Rogers, and soon after\\ncame Mr. Young Dougherty.\\nThe flouring-mill was built in 1870, under the pat-\\nronage of the late Mark Hopkins, for Daniel Click,\\nwho has ever since its construction boon the man-\\nager, and is now its owner. The motive power is\\nsteam; the fuel, wood, being hauled from the foot-\\nhills, some six or eight miles distant in an easterly\\ndirection. The water used is obtained from wells\\nsunk upon the premises, and pumped into tanks by\\nsteam. The capacity of the mill is about 175 bar-\\nrels of flour per day. and consumes nearly all the\\ngrain raised within a radius of ten miles.\\nThe town site is located near a historic place\\nthat wayside hostelry, so well and favorably known\\nto all old-time travelers as\\nROGERS SHED.\\nThe Shed, or Union Shed, as afterwards\\ncalled, was built by E. C. Rogers, in December.\\n1857, and comprised a one-story house, 24x80 feet,\\nand the uninclosed shed in front, 40x40 feet, and\\ntwenty feel high, under the shelter of which the\\nmonstrous freight teams, then thronging the roads.", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n387\\nGould repose, and be sheltered from summer s heat or\\nfrom the winter s rain. A large barn and corral\\nwere also an attachment of the premises upon the\\nopposite side of the road. Situated as the Shed\\nwas upon the old Sacramento and Nevada road, and\\nthere being also four other roads diverging there-\\nfrom, it became, in those early days, quite a noted\\nplace. One road ran westerly toward Nicholaus;\\none northwesterly to Marysville, rin Kempton s\\nCrossing of Bear River; one northeasterly toward\\nGrass Valley, via McCourtney s Crossing of Bear\\nRiver, and another running easterly to Auburn L-ia\\nDanetown. The distance from the Shed to Sac-\\nramento was thirty miles; to Grass Valley, twenty-\\neight; to Nevada, thirty-two; to Auburn, twenty;\\nto -Maiysville, fifteen; to Nicholaus, thirteen; to\\nJohnson s Crossing, four and to Coon Creek,\\nthree. For four or five years after its establish-\\nment, two stages passed the Shed daily; and\\nthe number of big freight teams during that\\nperiod was from forty to sixty each daj^, the most of\\nthe latter either stopping over night or for dinner.\\nThe road was then traveled by all teams going to\\nGrass Valley, Nevada, North San Juan, Forest City,\\nDownieville, and other places in the mountains in\\nthat direction, and, as they here laid in a supply of\\nfeed to last during the round trip, the Shed\\nbecame the market place at which the fiirmers of the\\nsurrounding county congregated for the purpose of\\ndisposing of their hay and barley.\\nAnd then the Shed became a place where the\\npeople of both valley and mountain resorted for\\namusement. During these lively days, now, alas, all\\ndeadened by the remorseless puff and snort of the\\nlocomotive, there were two evenings in each week\\ndevoted to dancing-school; while, as regularly as the\\nmonths rolled round, was there a public ball held\\none every month at which the people flocked from\\nall sides, from the very suburbs of Sacramento,\\nMarysville, Auburn, Grass Valley, and from other\\nplaces. A fine race-track and frequent trials of\\nspeed soon attracted many stock-breeder.-; to the\\nplace, some of whom brought and matched blooded\\nhorses, and either lost or won considerable sums of\\nmoney.\\nMr. Rogers was an enterprising man, and he desired\\npeople with families to settle about him. An objec-\\ntion to this was raised, because there was no school\\nin the vicinity. To obviate this, Mr. Rogers applied\\nfor, and was successful in, the establishment of a\\nschool district calling it Norwich District from a\\nportion of Manzanita District, in 1864. Of Nor-\\nwich District he was elected one of the Trustees.\\nThere was no school house in which to hold a school,\\nnor school money with which to pay a teacher; but\\nall this did not daunt Mr. Rogers, who hired Mrs.\\nM. E. Reynolds as teacher, gave the use of his ball-\\nroom at the Shed as a school house, boarded her,\\nand paid her $60.00 a month for two months out of\\nhis own pocket. Subsequently the teacher s wages\\nwas paid out of the school fund. Thus was the\\nschool district at Sheridan established, and for four-\\nteen years did Mr. Rogers retain the position of\\nTrustee.\\nIn 1860, there was a voting precinct established\\nthere called Union Shed Precinct now changed to\\nSheridan, as is the name of Norwich to Sheridan\\nSchool District. The locality being upon quite high\\nground, in the undulating lands just where the lower\\nfoot-hills blend with the stretches of the valley, and\\noverlooking a long distance thereof, it was a central\\nposition at which stock-raisers met in searching for\\nestray animals, and a number of them selected this\\npoint upon which to erect an observatory, or look-\\nout, as the vaqueros termed it. This structure\\nwas forty feet high, and had a large telescope some\\nfour or five feet long, mounted at its apex, which\\ntook in a view for many miles, and with which stock\\ncould be descried for a long distance. It was situ-\\nated a little west from the Shed.\\nIn 1865, a church was organized and also a Sunday-\\nschool, the latter probably the first in the vallc}-,\\nboth of which were held in the ball-room of the\\nShed, and were well attended. Mr. Charles Luce\\nwas the first Superintendent of the Sunday-school.\\nBusiness was good at the old Shed on the road\\nuntil 1866, when the railroad was constructed\\nthrough as far as Wheatland, and a great change\\nwas the consequence. Finally, in 1868, the entire\\nestablishment, together with a large quantity of hay,\\ngrain, etc., was destroyed by fire, by which Mr.\\nRogers lost $3,000, there being no insurance.\\nThe first depot building constructed at Sheridan\\nwas in 1866, near the Shed, by the farmers in the\\nneighborhood; but in 1868, it was moved some sixty\\nrods to where it now stands in the village, by Messrs.\\nDoughert} and Rogers. The post-office was first\\nestablished in 1868, with Mr. Young Dougherty as\\nPostmaster, to which position Mr. E. C. Rogers soon\\nsucceeded, and has ever since and now holds it. The\\nfirst store was built in 1869. The population of the\\nvillage, as given by the census of 1880, was 125, but\\nthe precinct, including considerable of the surround-\\ning country has a voting population of about 130.\\nThe village has, in 1881. three stores, one drug store,\\ntwo blacksmith shops, one shoe store, two hotels,\\nthree saloons, two clergymen, one doctor, and one\\nschool teacher. The school house is of wood, with\\na seating capacity of sixty, and was erected at a\\ncost of 13,000. It contains a schoolroom, librarj*.\\nand ante-room. There are two church denomina-\\ntions Baptist and Methodist. Rev. John S.Jesse is\\npastor of the Baptist Church, and Rev. L. S. Feath-\\nerston is pastor of the Methodist Church. Several\\nsocial orders are, or have been, represented in Sheri-\\ndan. Sheridan Lodge, No. 304, I. O. G. T., was\\norganized in November, 1870, and a Division of the\\nSons of Temperance was formed in 1878. Sheridan\\nBand of Hope was organized November 7, 1880.\\nThe first officers were: Y. Dougherty, Superintend-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "388\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nent; Mrs. R. V. McDonald, President; J. Boyce\\nChaplain; Daniel Click, Treasurer; Joseph Jesse,\\nSecretary; Mrs. Lucy McAllister, Sentinel and Usher.\\nThe present officers are: Mrs. E. C. Rogers, Presi-\\ndent; Miss Lelah Carpenter, Vice-President; Miss\\nElla Rickey, Assistant Superintendent; Joseph Jesse,\\nChaplain; Daniel Click, Treasurer; Mrs. R. V. Mc-\\nDonald, Secretary: Miss Alice Murphy, Sentinel;\\nMiss Mary Raymond, Usher. There are thirty-six\\nmembers. Mr. J. T. Briggs is the Justice of the\\nPeace, and E. C. Rogers is Constable.\\nSHIRT-TAIL CANON.\\nA short distance above the historic spot once\\nknown as Barnes Bar, on the North Fork of the\\nAmerican River, a stream flows into the river from\\nthe southward, known as Devil s Canon. Going up\\nthis, perhaps three miles, a branch joins it upon the\\nleft hand side, and Shirt-tail Canon presents itself,\\nto the beholder. Like all streams of its magnitude,\\nits bed is a deep gorge, narrow and rocky, from\\n1,000 to 1,500 feet below the crests of the surround-\\ning divides. It became an important auxiliary to\\nthe gold-producing fields at an early period in the\\nhistory of the State, and has poured forth from its\\nrough bosom a large quota of treasure to swell the\\nvolume of that precious commodity by which com-\\nmerce regulates the standard of values.\\nThe unique name it bears was bestowed in the\\nfollowing manner: Early in the summer of 1849 two\\nmen, one named Tuttle, Ibrmerly from the State of\\nConnecticut, and the other Van Zandt, from Oregon,\\nwere prospecting upon Brushy Canon and in that\\nlocality, and at the time supposed there was no one\\nnearer to them than the people who were at work\\nalong the river bars. From Brushy they emerged\\ninto the valley of the larger stream into which it\\nemptied. It was sultry and hot, and no sound but\\ntheir own suppressed voices broke the silence of the\\ngorge. A bend in the creek a short distance below\\nthem obstructed the view, and they walked down\\nthe stream to overcome it. Abruptly turning the\\npoint, they were astonished to see before them, but\\na little way off, a solitary individual whether white\\nor red they could not at first determine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 engaged\\nin primitive mining operations, with creviciug spoon,\\nand sheath-knife and pan. The apparition was per-\\nfectly nude, with the exception of a shirt, and that\\nwas not overly lengthy. The lone miner was in the\\nedge of the water, and, happening to look up, saw\\nthe two men who had intruded upon his domain at\\nabout the same time that they discovered him. Had\\nthis not been so, Tuttle and Van Zandt, as\\nthey declared afterward, would have stepped back,\\nmade some noise, and given the man a chance to\\ndon his overalls. As it was, the eyes of both parties\\nmot, and an involuntary hello! came from all throe\\nmouths. What in the devil s name do you call this\\nplace? queried one of the intruders of the sans\\ncallolUs, who proved to bo an American. He glanced\\nat his bare legs, and from them to his questioners,\\ntook in at a moment the ludicrous appearance ho\\nmade, and laughingly answered: Don t know any\\nname for it yet, but we might as well call it Shirt-\\ntail as anything else, and under that euphoneous\\nnomenclature has it since been known, and must\\nthus go down to posterity. It is to be regretted that\\nno record can be found of the name of the man in\\nthe shirt.\\nSUNNY SOUTH.\\nThe little town of Sunny South, represented in the\\npicture upon another page, owes its existence entirely\\nto the extensive and rich gravel mine known as the\\nHidden Treasure. Lying upon the southern slope\\nof the ridge which separates the waters of the North\\nand Middle Forks of the American, the exposure to\\nsunshine causes such a contrast with respect to cli-\\nmate to that of the temperature enjoyed by the\\nkindred villages upon the northern side of the ridge,\\nthat its first residents bestowed upon it the above\\nappellative, in contra-distinutian between their own\\nand the snow-buried domiciles of their neighbors.\\nBeing about 3,500 feet above sea-level, on the north\\ncrest of the ridge, which here assumes the char-\\nacter of a broad plateau, rises some 700 or 800\\nfeet higher, and is, for four or five months of the\\nyear, ordinarily covered with snow ^sometimes to a\\ngreat depth during which time the ground at the\\nimmediate locality of the village will be nearly or\\nquite bare. It is five miles from Michigan Bluft\\nwhich lies in a southerly direction, and seven from\\nDamascus, situated toward the north; and from the\\nsite of the town appears one of the most magnifi-\\ncent views of the rugged side of nature that can be\\nwell imagined in a bird s-eye survey of the tremen-\\ndous gorges of the branches of the Middle Fork of the\\nAmerican, with the towering bluffs and peaks that\\nskirt them, which are here spread out at the feet of\\nthe beholder. A school house, two hotels, and two\\nstores, and numerous cosy and well-furnished family\\ncottages, are among the structures of Sunny South.\\nThe school has an attendance of about tvventy\\nscholars. The stores are kept, respectively, by Peter\\nJust and John Abram Son, and the hotels by Mrs.\\nB. Lyons and James A. Abram.\\nEMIOKANT GAP\\nIs a station on the Central Pacific Railroad, forty-\\nseren miles northeast of Auburn, at an elevation of\\n5,221 feet above the sea, in Township No. 4, and has\\na population of 137. It is in the midst of the great\\npine forests of the Sierra, and lumbering is the chief\\nresource of the place. The scenerj around Emi-\\ngrant Gap is grand and inspiring, and, coupled with\\nits fine summer climate and good hunting, makes it\\na pleasant place of resort for those seeking health\\nand pleasure.\\nFOREST BILL.\\nThis mining town is pleasantly situated on the\\nridge between Shirt-tail Canon and the Middle Fork", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n389\\nof the American River, twenty-two miles northeast of\\nAuburn, at an elevation of 3,230 feet above the sea.\\nThe region is a gravel formation, and was originally\\ncovered with a noble growth of pine trees. Before\\nMarch, 1850, the surface of the ground was un-\\nbroken, and its forest unbacked by the hand of the\\nwhite man. In that month the story was spread of\\nthe discovery of rich diggings at Bird s store, and a\\nrush of people passed up the country via Coloma\\nand Greenwood Valley from the south, and via\\nAuburn from the west. On the top of the ridge, a\\nfew miles from Dr. Todd s store, now the village of\\nTodd s Valley, the two routes came together. Some\\nof the prospectors stopped near the junction and\\nwashed in the surface for gold, making from five to\\nten dollars a day each, with a rocker. The first of\\nsuch mining was in the middle of April, 1850. Wher-\\never running water was found, there gold could be ob-\\ntained; but with the simple appliances of pan, shovel,\\nand rocker, in use at that time, the returns were not\\nsuch as satisfied the expectations, and the inexperi-\\nenced and hopeful miners moved on. The point\\nbeing well situated for trade, it was occupied in the\\nfall of that year by M. and James Fannan and R. S.\\nJohnson, who established a trading-post. This way-\\nside brush shanty grew into a house and hotel,\\nknown as the Forest House, as here was a dense\\nforest of pine, fir, spruce, and oak trees. In 1851\\nother houses were built in the vicinity, and the\\nForest House became quite an important trade and\\ntravel center.\\nMining was continued in a small way in the neigh-\\nboring gulches, but an accident in the winter of\\n1852-53 led to greater enterprise and the opening of\\nthe deep mines which have given to Forest Hill its\\ncelebrity. That winter is historically remembered\\nas one of great severity of storm and flood. During\\none of the storms a mass of earth was loosened at\\nthe head of Jenny Lind Canon, above the mining\\nclaims of Snyder, Brown Co. Upon going to their\\nclaim, when the storm had abated, they saw with\\ndismay the havoc that had been wrought. A great\\nslide of earth had covered their mine and mining\\nimplements, and, in curiosity, they proceeded to\\nexamine the mass and the freshly-ront bank whence\\nit came, and it was a bank of I ich deposit for them.\\nChunks of gold were seen glistening in the gravel,\\nand these they at once proceeded to gather, finding\\nsome \u00c2\u00a72,000 or $2,500 worth a day. This led to the\\nopening of the Jenny Lind Mine, which has pro-\\nduced over $1,100,000 of gold. Claims wore then\\nlocated on all the gravel region thought accessible,\\nand tunnels started to develop them. Among these\\nwere the Deidesheimer, Rough and Ready, Inde-\\npendent, Northwood Fast, Gore, Alabama, Darda-\\nnelles, Eagle, Garden, India Rubber, and others,\\ncovering quite an extended area. The miners were\\nconsiderably scattered, and, for some years, the\\nlabor was devoted to opening the mines, rather than\\nextracting the precious metal.\\nForcot Hill is remai-ked to have seen its most pros-\\nperous days in the first eight or ten years of its\\nexistence, but under the more skillful and economical\\nmanagement of mining of late years the prospects\\nmust be considered very favorable. There are.\\nmoreover, many resources besides mining, but the\\nabsence of railroad facilities and an abundant supply\\nof water prevent full development. In 1859, and\\nfor several j ears, the Placer Courier was published\\nhere, and with its newspaper, fine blocks of fire-\\n.proof stores, hotels, elegant saloons, banks and\\nexpress offices, and pleasant flower-adorned resi-\\ndences, Forest Hill had quite a metropolitan air.\\nThis, in a measure, it retains at present, though the\\nbustle on the street is not so great, and it still bears\\nthe appearance of a prosperous and pleasant village.\\nThe population, as given by the census of 1880, was\\n688, showing it to be one of the large towns of\\nPlacer County.\\nJ. Q. GARRISON\\nIs a native of the State of Maine, and was born in\\nHarps well, Cumberland County, March 15, 1830. At\\nthe tender ago of fourteen years, he left his home\\nand became a sailor on the briny deep, making his\\nfirst voyage in the bi-ig Rebecca C. Fisher. This\\nvessel was engaged in the West India trade. Mr.\\nGarrison followed the sea until the year 1850, at\\nwhich time he came to California by way of Cape\\nHorn, in the ship Poiohatan, from Baltimore, Mary-\\nland. One hundred and seventy-five days were con-\\nsumed in the trip, and he landed in San Francisco\\non the 15th of November. About four months were\\npassed in the latter city by him, when he went to\\nDrytown, Amador County, but remained only a few\\nweeks, returning to the city, and, soon after, coming\\nto Placer County, and locating at Auburn. In the\\nfall of 1851, he removed to Coloma, and from there\\nto Trinity County, and engaged in mining for about\\nnine months. He then returned to Placer County,\\nand was engaged in the same line of business, until\\n1855. During the latter year he conducted a butch-\\nering and meat business at Volcanoville, El Dorado\\nCounty, and, in March. 1856, was engaged in mer-\\nchandising with Harding Kennedy, at Gray Eagle,\\nin the same county. Ho remained with this firm\\nabout one year and a half, and then removed to\\nHorse-shoe Bar, in Placer County, and established a\\nbusiness of his own, general merchandising, which\\nhe conducted until the great flood of January, 1862,\\ndestroyed his place and stock. Mr. Garrison barely\\nescaped death in the troubled waters, by breaking a\\nhole through the roof of his house. His next ven-\\nture was purchasing the interest of S. S. Kennedy in\\na mercantile house, at Forest Hill, where be has since\\nresided. His establishment is one of the largest in\\nthe county. His residence at Forest Hill is iu keep-\\ning with the cultivated tastes of its owner, and will\\ncompare favorably with many in large cities, costing\\nabout $14,000. Among the misfortunes to which he\\nhas been subjected during his eventful life, was the", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "soo\\nHIRTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nburning of a $10,000 residence, July 30, 1879. His\\npresent house is erected upon the site of the former.\\nMr. Garrison was married October 2-3, 1864, to\\nMiss Alice M. Humphrey, a native of Wisconsin.\\nThey had, in 1881, four children, three sons and one\\ndaughter, aged respectively, fourteen, twelve, ten\\nand eight years.\\nWILLIAM RKi.\\nThis gentleman is the fifth son of Robert and\\nMary Rea, who were natives of England. Our pres-\\nent subject was born at Hillsboro, New Brunswick,\\nMarch 25, 1833. In his infancy ho removed with\\nhis parents, to the State of Maine, where he lived\\nuntil he was twenty-one years of age. He was\\nemployed in the mills after he became old enough\\nto woi-k. In 1854 he came to California, by the\\nNicaragua route, arriving in San Francisco in the\\nmonth of June. He wont immediately to El Do-\\nrado County, and two months later removed to\\nLakeport, in Lake County. In company with an\\nelder brother, he erected a saw-mill at ti)e outlet of\\nClear Lake, on Cache Creek. About one year later\\nhe came to Placer County, and located at Forest Hill.\\nMr. Rea has been largely interested in the milling\\nbijpness during his life in California, and is at pres-\\nent the owner of a mill situated in Black Hawk\\nCanon, about three miles from Forest Hill. This\\nmill was erected in 1869, by two brothers of Mr.\\nRea, but was subsequently purchased by him, and\\nmoved to its present site. About five years since\\nMr. Rea leased the well-known Forest House,\\nwhich hotel he has since conducted. In the fall of\\n1880, he became one-third owner in the stage line\\nrunning between Auburn and Michigan Bluff, a dis-\\ntance of about thirty miles.\\nMr. Rea returned to Maine in the spring of 1861.\\nand was married to Miss Angeline Rice, and returned\\nwith his bride to California during the following\\nwinter. In 1864 he went East again, in hopes to\\nrecruit his wife s health, but she died in 1866. He\\nwas again married in 1870, to Miss Annie Allen, a\\nnative of Maine, and the same year returned to Cal-\\nifornia, and has since resided at Forest Hill.\\nGOLD HILL.\\nIn the early history of Placer County Gold Hill\\nwas quite a conspicuous point, but as a village its\\nglory has departed. It is situated in Auburn Ravine,\\nseven and one-half miles west of the county seat.\\nHere are the lower foot-hills of the Sierra, slight\\nundulations distinguish it from the great valley that\\na few miles west stretches oil a level plain, and at\\nthe present time oi-chards, fields, gardens, and vino-\\nyards occupy the places once devoted to mining.\\nThe first attempt at mining was in 1851, and in\\nApril, 1852, the village was organized and received\\nits name. J. M. Bedford was Justice of the Peace;\\nT. Taylor was Constable, and C. Langdon was\\nRecorder of mining claims. The busy population of\\nits early days may be estimated from the votes\\ngiven. In 1852, Presidential election, the vote at\\nGold Hill numbered 444; in 1853 it was 304, and in\\n1854, 294. The diggings were in the surface, and\\nalmost everywhere, where water could be obtained,\\na miner could get some gold, and in some spots rich\\ndeposits were found. Gradually the village declined,\\nuntil at present it is not distinguished as a voting\\nprecinct.\\nGOLD RUN\\nIs situated on the line of the Central Pacific Rail-\\nroad, twentj^-niue miles northeast of Auburn, having\\nan elevation above the sea of 3,206 feet. Through\\nthis region extends that succession of auriferous\\ndeposits of gravel found in Nevada and Placer Coun-\\nties, which some have, without authority of facts,\\nconstructed into an imaginary and impossible con-\\ntinuous Dead Blue River channel. For some\\nmiles around Gold Run are these gravel deposits,\\nconstituting hills similar to Dutch Flat, and which\\nare mined by the hydraulic process. This system\\nof mining has been carried on here ver^- extensively\\nuntil enjoined, in the fall of 1881, by order of the\\nSuperior Court of Sacramento, in a suit brought by\\nthe Attorney-General in behalf of the State against\\nthe Gold Run Ditch and Mining Company, to restrain\\nthe running of debris from the mines into the\\nAmerican River. This put a temporary stop, pos-\\nsibly perpetual, to the hydraulic mining.\\nIn this vicinity were some of the first hydraulic\\nmines of the State, opened by that process, as sworn\\nto by J. F. Talbott in the trial above referred to,\\nearly in 1853, on Indian Hill. Mr. H. H. Brown\\nstated in the trial that the population of Gold Run,\\nengaged in mining in 1865, was about 250. In 1866\\nit was about 400. From 1866 to 1878 the population\\ndiminished, until now they only poll about 100 votes.\\nThe census of 1880 gives the population at 377. Mr.\\nBrown, who had formerly been a banker at Gold\\nRun, stated that there bad been shipped, through\\nWells, Fargo Co. s Express, from 1865 to 1878,\\n$4,500,000, and via Dutch Flat $1,625,000, making\\nthe product, in twelve years, $6,425,000. In 1865\\nthe product was $400,000; in 1866, $600,000; in 1867,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2$500,000, and a gradual decline to 1877, $250,000.\\nPrior to 1878 the wages paid to miners was $3.00\\nfor ordinary and $5.00 for foremen per diem of eight\\nhours. Since then the ordinary pay is $2.50 a day,\\nthe miners paying all their own personal expenses.\\nWhile much minitig was done prior to 1865, it was\\nnot until that year that an abundance of water was\\nsupplied and the mines opened systematically and\\nwith improved mining apparatus. Since 1877 the\\nproduct has averaged about $200,000 annually from\\nthis locality.\\nThe early history of Gold Run is given in the bio-\\ngraphical sketch of O. W. Hollenbeck (see page 307;,\\nwho laid out the town in 1862, when called Mountain\\nSprings, and was its first postmaster. The name of\\nGold Run was adopted in September, 1863. by the", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n391\\nauthorities at Washington as the name of the post-\\noflSce. In July, 1866, the Central Pacific Railroad\\nwas completed to this point, and since then the\\nvillage has been one of the important ones of Placer\\nCounty.\\nIOWA HILL.\\nSo much has already been told in this historj of\\nthe mining region of the Iowa Hill Divide that an\\nextended notice here specially devoted to the town\\nwould be superfluous. The town is located on a nar-\\nrow part of the ridge between the North Fork of the\\nAmerican, on the north, and Indian Canon, on the\\nsouth, twenty-six miles northeast of Auburn, via the\\nCentral Pacific Eailroad to Colfax, in Township No.\\n7. The population, as returned by the census of\\n1880, was 450; the elevation, 2,867 feet above sea\\nlevel. The surrounding localities are. Independence\\nHill, Roach Hill, Birds Flat, Monona Flat, Grizzly\\nFlat, Wisconsin Hill, Elizabethtown, and Stephens\\nHill. The first discoveries of gold were made in\\n185.3 on the ground subsequently so famous for its\\nproductions, called the Jamison Claim. Other claims\\nwere opened, first bj drifting and ground-sluicing,\\nand then by the hj draulic. The weekly product in\\n1856 was stated at 8100,000. The historian of 1861\\nsays, The business portion of Iowa Hill consists of\\nthree large grocery stores, four hotels, five dry-goods\\nand clothing stores, one fancy store, three variety\\nstores, one brewery and soda factory, two hardware\\nand tinware stores, and two butcher shops, besides\\nthe usual number of bowling alleys, billiard and\\nlager beer saloons. Iowa Hill also has a splendid\\nCatholic Church, a Methodist Church, a Masonic\\nLodge, and a lodge of Independent Order of Odd\\nFellows, also a public school, and a theater.\\nFebruary 2, 1857, the town was destroyed by fire,\\nof which the following account was published in the\\nIowa Hill N ews, Extra, of that day:^\\nMonday, Februar}- 2, 185 7.\\nThis morning at 3 o clock the alarm of fire was\\ngiven. In a few moments the central portion of the\\ntown was in flames. The fire was first discovered in\\nthe back part of the City Bakery, and is supposed\\nto have been the work of an incendiary, as thei e had\\nbeen no fire in the building for baking purposes since\\nSunday at 10 a. m.\\nThe east side of Main Street, from Temperance\\nHall to McCall Co. s Breweiy, is swept away with\\nthe exception of Colgans brick store. The post-ofiice\\nwas in this building. On the west side of the street\\nthe fire extended from the office of the Xews to Hill s\\nreservoir. The dwelling-houses in the rear on either\\nside of Main Street were all saved. About one hun-\\ndred buildings and tenements are destroyed. It is\\nalmost miraculous that no lives were lost.\\nThe material of the JVews printing office was all\\nmoved, but by tearing away a building between it and\\nthe St. Louis House, and by the indefatigable exertions\\nof our citizens, our office was saved and the fire\\narrested on the west side of the street. We are\\nunder deep and lasting obligations to friends and\\nour citizens generally, for their generous and timely\\nassistance.\\nIt is almost impossible to approximate anything\\nnear the loss sustained. So rapidly did the flames\\nextend that the fire-proof cellars under the most of\\nthe large stores were of little use, there being no\\ntime to remove merchandise into them.\\nWo give an estimate of some of the heaviest\\nlosses:\\nCreamer s Hotel _ _ 810,000\\nMelbourne (clothing) 7,000\\nHawkins DeLiano .__ 8,000\\nRosenburg 8,000\\nSanders 5,000\\nBlock (cigars, etc.) 5,000\\nGross Co 2,000\\nBerger 2,500\\nEgbert Co. (grocers) 3,500\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tohn Kneeland 10,000\\nIsabella Connor 10,000\\nSt. Louis House 1,000\\nJas. Walworth 3,000\\nBrown 2.500\\nHotel De Paris 3,000\\nPeacock Stable _.. 1,000\\nAlleman Baker. 1,250\\nKimball Co 1,000\\nBarber 2,500\\nSheafe 1,500\\nDr. Strong (drug) 5,000\\nRoberts (saloon) 3,000\\nGarity (liquors) 5,000\\nMcCall Co 3,000\\nHenley 5,000\\nSmith (City Bakery) 2,000\\nSteen Willits 2,500\\nPatrick 1,500\\nEdwards (banker) 1,000\\nWinn (bookstore) 1,500\\nGeo. Haycock 8,000\\nOgelby 4,000\\nCadien... 5,000\\nMatthews. 3,000\\nVogeley 3,000\\nEmpire Stable 2,500\\nMcKinney 4,000\\nWells, Fargo Co. saved their papers.\\nUp to the time of our going to press P. J.\\nEdwards safe had not been opened; probably all\\nhis papers are preserved.\\nA meeting was held to-daj- at 12 o clock for the\\npurpose of devising means for the alleviation of the\\ndestitute.\\nMessrs. Ladd, Cruteher, Hotchkiss, Rich Ben-\\nnett of Iowa Hill, Wm. D. Lawrence of Birds Flat,\\nHousel of Grizzly Flat, Brown of Wisconsin Hill,\\nReno of Independence Hill, and Trask of Roach\\nHill, were appointed a committee to receive sub-\\nscriptions. A meeting will be held at 3 o clock for\\nthe purpose of taking into consideration the widen-\\ning of the streets.\\nTwo o clock. The work of re-bidlding has com-\\nmenced. Two houses have been moved on to Main\\nstreet. Teams are busily engaged in hauling lumber\\nfor the reconstruction.\\nThe telegraph office has been removed to the\\nNevjs office, and was in working order by 9 o clock,\\nA. M.\\nMain street has been surveyed by Mr. Young\\ntwenty feet wider than originall}-. Additional losses:\\nMrs. Colcutt 83,000\\nHotchkiss. 300\\nStiles. 1,200", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "392\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nCarder Harmon 400\\nCoyle (Commercial Hotel) 2,000\\nLevy Co 2,000\\nHeberle Stockwell 800\\nSullivan Kligo 1,000\\nSterling 3,500\\nP. H. Sibley _ 800\\nMrs. Hawkins 800\\nM. E. Church 500\\nThe town was again burned on the 27th of March,\\n1862, involving a loss of $65,000. Notwithstanding\\nthese disasters the citizens rebuilt in a substantial\\nmanner, but the losses were such as to seriously\\nimpair the fortunes of the wealth} and bring to ruin\\nand discouragement those of feebler characters.\\nDR. OLIVER H. PETTERSON\\nIs the only son of Oliver and Elizabeth Petterson,\\nthe former a native of Sweden, and the latter a\\nnative of England. Oliver H., our present subject,\\nis, however, a native of New York City, having\\nbeen born there on the 12th day of November, 1830.\\nHe received a classic education in his native city,\\nand was a graduate of the College of Physicians and\\nSurgeons in 185n. He also attended a full course of\\nlectures at the State University. At the age of\\ntwenty-one years he bade farewell to the great\\nmetropolis and sailed for Califoi-nia in the ship\\nPhilip Home. Nearly six months were consumed\\nin the voyage, as he made the passage of Cape Horn.\\nEarly in August, 1851, he landed in San Francisco,\\nand proceeded at once to Sacramento, where betook\\ncharge of the City Hospital. This position he held\\nfor one year, and then removed to Salmon Falls,\\nEl Dorado County, and commenced the practice of\\nhis profession. He remained at that point about two\\nyears, and while there was Justice of the Peace and\\nAssociate Justice of the Court of Sessions. His next\\nlocation was at the New Almaden Quicksilver Mine,\\nin Santa Clara County, where for eighteen months\\nhe was surgeon for that company. He then\\nreturned to San Francisco and practiced medicine\\nfor two years in that city, but the climate proving\\ndetrimental to his health, he was obliged to seek\\nother fields for his labors. We next find him located\\nat Iowa Hill, in Placer County, in the enjoyment of\\na large and lucrative practice in his profession. The\\nDoctor is a man well known outside of his pi actice,\\nas well as recognized in his calling for honesty,\\nintegrity, and the skillful treatment of diseases.\\nHe was married May 4, 1864, to Miss Elizabeth\\nBeybring, a native of Mexico, of Gorman descent.\\nMICHIGAN BLUFF,\\nOne of the oldest of Placer s mining towns, rests\\nhigh upon the brow of the canon of the Middle Fork\\nof the American River, looking over into the neigh-\\nboring county of El Dorado, thirty miles northeast ot\\nAuburn, from which point it is reached by wagon\\nroad through Todd s Valley and Forest Hill. It is\\nin Township No. 6, has a population of 468, and is\\n3,488 feet above ihe sea.\\nThere is no authentic data attainable whereby the\\nfacts can be chronicled in these pages, relating to\\nthe nomenclature of this noted mining locality. It\\nis presumed, however, that a party of prospectors\\nfrom the State of Michigan, in the spring of 1850,\\ncamping somewhere near the base of Sugar Loaf\\nHill, gave cause for the name. Sugar Loaf is a\\npeak, the shape of which is indicated by the name,\\nwhose crest rises 3,740 feet above the sea level, or\\n250 feet higher than the main street of the town, at\\nthe Phcenix Hotel. The present village is situated\\nimmediately at its southern base; but the first town,\\nwhich in earlier days was commonly known as\\nMichigan City, was located about half a mile below\\nupon a stretch of tolerably flat ground which once\\nexisted there.\\nWhile little mining was done in that vicinity,\\non the rivers, as early as the summer and fall of 1848\\nfirst at Rector s Bar by a party of sailors, and later\\nin the season by a company who went there from\\nSutter s Fort with J. D. Hoppe it was not until\\n1850 that any extensive operations were begun. In\\nthe fall of 1849 there seems to have been two men,\\none named Robert Wilson, who worked a short time\\nin Dutch Gulch, but who did little, as one would\\nstand out upon the flat and watch for Indians of\\nwhom they were afraid while the other dug and\\nwashed the gravel for gold. They did not stop here\\nlong, however, under these circumstances; but that\\nthey did well in thus working, is evinced by the fact\\nthat Mr. Wilson returned to the spot in 1880, after a\\nlapse of thirty-one years, confident that he knew of\\na spot in the vicinity of his early labors, where a\\nfortune lay awaiting him.\\nWith the above exception, the work done in that\\nvicinity during the year 1849, seems to have been\\nconfined entirely to the bars upon the adjoining\\nstreams in the deep canons, and this was only in the\\nshallow places, by crevicing. That fall two men,\\nNed and Bronson, being at work upon the\\nMiddle Fork of the American, decided to follow up\\nthe stream for the purpose of prospecting. In doing\\nso they reached the mouth of a large canon coming\\ninto the river from the northeast, where they found\\nin crevicing the cleanly water- washed bed rock, con-\\nsiderable quantities of large, heav}- gold. Not long\\nafter this the rainy season begun and they were\\ncompelled to leave going to Pilot Hill, El Dorado\\nCounty, where, during the summer, they had located\\nclaims to be worked in che winter after water came.\\nWhile at Pilot Hill they exhibited their gold to a\\nnumber of persons, whom they informed of their\\nintention to return in the spring to the spot where\\nthej obtained it, but only to their intimate friends\\nwould they disclose the locality. As time wore on,\\nthe flight of imagination became loftier and loftier,\\nincreasing the importance of the new find, until the\\nBronsons gave away their claims at Pilot Hill, as\\nthey were too insignificant for them to work, and\\nawaited the coming of spring, when they could", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "O. H. Pettersou.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n39:1\\n.return to the canon thej- had left on the Middle\\nFork always representing it to be a long ways off\\nand in an almost inaccessible locality. Lawrence\\nBargy, Sid. Kitchum, and several other men who\\ncame from Syracuse, New York, with the Bronsons.\\nwere at that time also living at Pilot Hill, and, being\\ntownsmen, became allied, and were all to go in the\\nspring together to the wondrous mines on the Middle\\nFork. Quite a company of men thus became inter-\\nested in the prospect between the friends of all\\nsome of whom were living at Coloma, some at Hang-\\ntown, and at other places to the number of twenty\\nor twenty-five. Outside of this particular circle\\nnobody knew where the good diggings of the Bron-\\nsons were located. It nevertheless became notorious\\nthat they were to start out in the spring, and parties\\nwere constantly on the watch prepared to follow\\nthem up. Meanwhile the favored ones were going\\nwell provided for; they had purchased not less than\\nsixty mules and horses, and packed to the rendezvous\\nat Pilot Hill several loads of tools, pi-ovisions, etc.,\\nfrom Sacramento, during the latter part of the\\nwinter, to be ready to start on the melting of the\\nsnow in the mountains. February was a pleasant\\nmonth; the rendezvous was below the snowy zone;\\nthe continued fine weather that prevailed through\\nthe first week of March brought out the early vege-\\ntation and flowers, so that by the middle of that\\nmonth the party thought the season far enough\\nadvanced to justify a movement. Accordingly, with\\nas much secrecy as any such large party could\\ngather, they assembled, packed up and went away\\nat night. Not many days elapsed after the cavalcade\\nhad got under way, before there were from 500 to\\n600 men in their wake pursuing them, and as\\nrolling snow gathers volume as it courses down an\\ninclination, so did the crowd of pursuers increase\\nas it proceeded, until the rush became enormous.\\nThe Bronson party traveled up the Georgetown\\nDivide, crossed Canon and Otter Creeks to where Vol-\\ncanoville now is, and thence descended the hill to\\nVolcano Bar, on the Middle Fork. Finding the\\nriver so high that it was impossible to proceed up\\nthe canon, with much delay and diflSculty they got\\nacross the stream, climbed the hill on the north side,\\nand were upon the ridge between the North and\\nMiddle Forks of the American, up which the party\\ntraveled. Upon arriving at Bird s store, in a little\\nvalley about a mile west of where the town of\\nMichigan City was afterwards built, they went into\\ncamp the Bronsons believing they were not far\\naway from the canon at the mouth of which they\\nhad found their gold. A few people even at that\\ntime had preceded them; but it was the operations\\nof this party which caused the great influx of popu-\\nlation into Bird s Valley to the number of two or\\nthree thousand in the spring of 1850, and the subse-\\nquent creation of the little temporary town there,\\nand of building the permanent one afterward, of\\nMichigan Bluff\\nResearch determined that it was at the mouth of\\nEl Dorado Canon where the Bronsons had obtained\\ntheir gold; but how changed in appearance Instead\\nof an insignificant stream as they had left it in the\\nfall, the Bronsons and party found a great, rapid\\nriver larger now, a great deal, than the Middle Fork\\nwas the fall before and the water so high that but\\nlittle work could be done. Bird s Valley was at that\\ntime about as far up in the mountains as it was pos-\\nsible for animals to travel, for snow, which, as late\\nas the middle of April, fell in the valley to a depth of\\neight inches to one foot. Hundreds of men sought\\nthe river for diggings, at Stonj Eector, and other\\nbars, but the water being too high to enable them to\\nwork to any great extent, the majority of them\\nremained congregated at Bird s and other eligibly\\nlocated camping places, awaiting a time when the\\nwater would be low in the streams. Some of these\\nwho had camped upon the flat east of Bird s, and\\nnearer to the supposed rich diggings, while waiting\\nfor the subsidence of the water, and being attracted\\nby the fine growth of sugar-pine in the vicinity,\\nbecame of the belief that by riving out shakes, etc.,\\nand constructing shanties they might bo rented to\\nsome of the many homeless, tentless and shelterless\\nprospectors thronging the vieinitj In accordance\\nwith this suggestion several of the more speculative\\nindividuals of the community began the work of\\nbuilding, and being in some instances obliged to do\\nslight grading for their primitive structures, while\\ndoing so discovered that they were upon ground\\ncomposed largely of gravel smooth -washed, rounded,\\nwhite quartz gravel which upon being washed was\\nfound to contain gold. This ultimately led to the\\nlocation of the ground for mining purposes; as also,\\nthe permanent establishment of the town of Michi-\\ngan Bluff. Not long after this time Lawrence Bargy\\nreturned to Pilot Hill, disgusted with the diggings\\nat the mouth of El Dorado Canon, and reported the\\ndiscovery of gold at Michigan Bluff saying that some\\nfine gold had been found away up near the top of the\\nridge from the river fine gold, and but little of it\\nand men had located claims there, but were wild for\\nhaving done so; and for his part said he wanted no\\ndiggings BO far away from water, which opinion\\ngoes to show the citizen of to-day what the esti-\\nmated value was of the mines there in the mind of\\nsome of the pioneers.\\nThough manjT claims had been located in the deep\\ngravel diggingsof Michigan Bluff from 1850 to 52, but\\nlittle progress had been made toward their develop-\\nment until the latter year,when several ditch compan-\\nies were organized to bring the water to the banks,\\nwhere it could be made available in washing the\\nground. The first of these was begun in 1852, but\\nwas not completed so as to run water until the spring\\nof 1853. The water was taken from from Volcano\\nCanon, a distance of about five miles, and its carrj-ing\\ncapacity about fifty inches. Philip Stoner, George\\nSmith and Barker were the owners.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "394-\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe second ditch was also begun in 1852, and\\ncompleted in 1853; but did not convey water to the\\ndiggings as soon as the other, owing to careless\\nengineering four miles of the lower end being too\\nlevel. This brought water from El Dorado Canon;\\nwas twelve miles long, with a capacity of five\\nhundred inches. Edwin Tyler. Charles Blake, C. H.\\nT. Palmer, and Webster were the owners.\\nSeveral years later it was extended some six or eight\\nmiles to the east branch of El Dorado Canon.\\nWith the introduction of water, although the price\\nfor its use was one dollar an inch, several hydraulic\\noperations were started, many shafts and tunnels\\nwere begun; population augmented rapidly, and the\\ncity soon became a tangible reality. T revious to\\nthis time, in the fall of 1852. a hydraulic apparatus\\nhad been put in place at El Dorado Hill, a mile east\\nof Michigan Bluff, by Jo. Burnham, Jo. Millsap,\\nLex. Gooch, John Lowe, Wm. Bui-nham and Benj.\\nMitten, which was operated by water from Poor-\\nman s Ca on, flowing through a ditch about one and\\na quarter miles long, of a capacity of one hundred\\ninches, where with a pressure of seventy-five feet,\\ndirected by canvas hose through a one-inch and\\nthree-quartor-ineh nozzles, and sluices one foot wide,\\nthe gravel was sent off (as they then thought) with\\ngreat rapidity.\\nAmong the first hydraulic miners at Michigan\\nBluff was Tim. G. Smith, afterward Sheriff of\\nOrmsby County, Nevada, who began upon the first\\nintroduction of the water. 0!aims were very small\\nin those days compared with those of the present\\ntime. The Millsap claim, tailing into Poorman s\\nCanon, was also one of the earliest hydraulic mines\\nworked, with water taken from Volcano Canon by a\\nditch about six miles long, costing S7, 000, constructed\\nby Jo. Burnham and Jo. Millsap, who also sold water\\nat seventy-five cents an inch, having more than they\\nrequired for their own use. The Millsap hydraulic\\nused about two hundred inches of water, and was\\nrigged with four-inch leather hose. This company\\nbuilt the pioneer car of the district a wooden one\\nentirely laid a track, and moved the bowlders from\\ntheir claim with it.\\nThe mines, as first located at Michigan Bluff, lay\\nupon an extensive flat, where the town was first\\nbuilt, lying between Skunk Cafion on the west, and\\nPoorman s Gulch on the east, with Tichenor s Ravine\\nand Dutch Gulch intervening; the latter, where it\\nreached the flat, being a mere channel cut into the\\ngravel, with no bed-rock at sides or bottom, the\\ndepression dividing the gravel plateau. The eastern\\nside of the flat was named Red Hill, while the west-\\nern part was called Michigan Bluff Flat. The claims\\naround the flat were only twenty feet front, and\\nwere numbered from 1 to and went in that order\\nall round the brow of the oval plateau, narrowing as\\nthey went back toward the center. When the main\\nhill was reached different mining regulations were\\nadopted, in 1854, and one hundred feet square was\\nallowed to each claim. As the ground became\\ndeeper shafts were sunk and horse-power whims\\nerected to raise the dirt and water. The first of\\nthese whims, with a twenty-foot drum, was con-\\nstructed by the Know Nothing Company, the\\nmembers of which were Joseph and William Burn-\\nham, Matthew Nunan (now an Ex-Sheriff of San\\nFrancisco County), Capt. Michael White, Nelson\\nFinley, J. Hugh Ivins, and William Christie, each\\none of whom had consolidated his 100x100 claim.\\nThis shaft was sunk in 1854, and was 150 feet deep,\\nseven feet deep of the bottom stratum of which was\\ndrifted and washed, yielding a net profit per man of\\n$10.00 a day until worked out. The Empire Com-\\npany sunk the first shaft in deep ground and began\\ndrifting, That ground was drifted over twice, and in\\nmany places three times the posts first put in hav-\\ning, by pressure above, been driven into the bed-rock\\nso that it again united with the gravel, while at the\\nsame time the bed-rock coming in contact with the\\nair would rise up, or, in mining parlance, swell.\\nAs time passed by, one by one these small-sized\\nclaims were purchased from the original locators,\\nuntil at the present time nearly all of the ground\\nembraced in Michigan Flat and Red Hill is consoli-\\ndated under the name of Big Gun Mine, under the\\nownership of Jas. A. and H. L. Van Emmon, who\\nhave a patent for about 300 acres.\\nTo such an extent had the ground around the rim\\nof the flat upon which Michigan City was built been\\nwashed away or cut up by drifts, and with the reser-\\nvoirs in which the water from the ditches was stored\\nso situated above that it percolated the land remain-\\ning, in 18.t8 the whole site upon which the town was\\nbuilt began to settle and slip downward, cracking\\nthe walls of buildings, and seriously affecting the\\nstability of every structure, great and small. This\\ncontinued until it was rendered unsafe to remain\\nlonger, and, in 1859, the site where the present vil-\\nlage stands was selected and built upon. Sugar-Loaf\\nHill affords most of the water used, there being an\\noccasional well dug in the sloping ground at its base,\\nbut the main supply, cold, clear, and delicious, is\\ndelivered throughout the village in pipes under pres-\\nsure from tunnels run in the side of the hill.\\nThis flourishing village was almost wholly de-\\nstroyed by fire on the 22d of July, 1857, causing a\\nloss of S150,000, as the work of an hour.\\nNEWCASTLE.\\nThe present village of Newcastle is on the line of\\nthe Central Pacific Railroad, five miles southeast of\\nAuburn, in Township No. 2, having an elevation of\\n95fi feet above the sea. Here was a mining town of\\nthe earlj^ days, but now it is the center of one of the\\nmost important fruit-growing districts of the State.\\nThe name of Ophir was a favorite one with the\\npioneer gold-hunters, and it was given to numerous", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n39.S\\nlocalities and claims which were supposed to be of\\nextraordinary richness. Here was supposed to be\\nthe land of Ophir spoken of in the Bible, whence\\ncame the gold to adorn the temple of Solomon. The\\nOphir of Placer County is situated on Auburn\\nEavine, about three miles west of the Court House,\\nand is still an important and pleasant village. Its\\nhistory as a village dates from 1850. In 1852, it was\\nthe most populous town in the county, polling in\\nthat year 500 votes. In recent years it has been\\ndistinguished for tlie number and wealth of its quartz\\nveins and the fruitfulness of its orchards and vine-\\nyards. Oranges, figs, olives, almonds, and other\\nsemi-tropical fruits grow luxuriantly. The present\\npopulation is about 600.\\nPENRTN.\\nThe busy town of Penryn bases its prosperity\\nupon the enduring granite, and a more solid and\\nlasting foundation could not be found or desired.\\nThe site is on the line of the Central Pacific Rail-\\nroad, eight miles southeast of Auburn, twenty-eight\\nmiles from Sacramento, and at an elevation of 610\\nfeet above the sea. The population, as given by the\\ncensus of 1880, was 238; but the vote of the precinct\\nin the same year being 91, a larger population is\\nindicated. The town is a growth of the granite\\nquarries in the neighborhood, which were opened in\\n1864. This was not at once made a station, and pas-\\nsengers to and from Penhryn as it was then\\nspelled, after its patronym in Wales were obliged\\nto go to some other station. Later a station was\\nestablished, and the spelling of the name changed\\nby Judge Crocker to suit the modern method of sim-\\nplicity. Penryn owes its existence and prosperity as\\na town to\\nGRIFFITH GRIFFITH,\\nThe proprietor of the celebrated Penryn granite\\nquarries. This gentleman is a native of Great\\nBritain; was born Decembers, 1823, at Ty Gwyn,\\nLlanllyfni, Carnarvonshire, North Wales. His\\nparents were David and Mary (Eoberts) Griffith, the\\nfather being superintendent of a large slate quarry\\nin that country. The elder Griffith died when the\\nsubject of our sketch was but fourteen years of age.\\nleaving a family of seven children, the youngest\\nbeing but one year old. Hard labor on the farm, to\\naid the mother, burdened by heavy taxes and high\\nrents, added to the support of the large family, occu-\\npied the next five years of his life. At the age of\\nnineteen, he went to work in the slate quarry, and\\nsoon became foreman over a gang of thirty men.\\nIn June, 18-17, Mr. Griffith came to the United\\nStates, taking a sailing vessel via Quebec, and mak-\\ning his way to the granite quarries of Quincy, Mas-\\nsachusetts. There he obtained employment of\\nWright, Barker Co., first as a quarryman, and\\nthen as a stone-cutter. For this firm he wrought\\nsome years, at Quincy, Milford, and Lynnfield, in\\nMassachusetts, and at Millstone Point, in Connecti-\\ncut, for Barker Hoxie, of Philadelphia.\\nIn 1853 he removed to California, arriving in San\\nFrancisco on the 14th of April, of that year. His\\nfirst effort in this State was in mining at Coloma,\\nand afterwards at Mormon Island and Negro Hill,\\nin El Dorado County. There the bed-rock was gran-\\nite, and along the river banks were immense bowl-\\nders and projections of this rock, glistening with the\\npolish of the waters, and as hard as adamant. The\\nexperienced quarryman viewed these as his familiar\\ncompanions of past years, and here was promised a\\nvocation more to his taste than the precarious search\\nfor gold. But of Mr. Griffith s experience in this\\nnew line of business for California, we will relate in\\nour notice of the Placer County granite.\\nMr. Griffith is fond of society, and is a genial com-\\npanion. His wife is a native of North Prospect,\\nMaine, her maiden name being Julia Ann Partridge.\\nHe is a member of the Masonic Order, a Knight\\nTemplar, Thirty-second Scottish Rite, Knight\\nDefender of the Shield and Star, and a life member\\nof the Cambrian Mutual Aid Society. In politics he\\nis a Republican since the Charleston Convention of\\n1860, but never has held or aspired to office.\\nPLACER COUNTY GRANITE.\\nWhile fruit-growing, the product of gold, raisin\\nmanufacturing, the grain interest, wool-growing,\\nlime-burning, pottery manufacture, smelting of iron\\nore, the production of wines and brandies, and other\\nindustrial interests in which multitudes are engaged,\\nare noted in their proper order in this work, there is\\nanother important industry, which, though even at\\nthis time may be considered large, is yet in compar-\\native primacy. This is the quarrying, dressing, and\\npreparing of granite for builders use. This primitive\\nrock occurs in a zone which, upon the eastern side,\\nreaches well up in the foot-hills to an elevation, ap-\\nproximately, of 800 feet and crops out as far to the\\nwesterly as a height above the tide level of about 150\\nfeet, at which point the abrasions of centuries have\\nwashed down and hidden it under the undulating sur-\\nface of the higher plain lands, where it is no longer\\nseen. This granite zone extends across the entire\\ncounty from north to south, and is visible in width,\\nfrom east to west, a distance of at least twelve miles.\\nIn traveling through the granite region, one is im-\\npressed favorably by the peculiar aspect of the land-\\nscape; with the smooth roads, which are without dust\\nin summer and mud in winter, the white-oak. with its\\nhanging mosses; the first appearance of the silver-\\nleafed pine; the live-oak with deep verdure; the\\nchapparral and the buckeye, with an occasional bush\\nof holly; while not infrequently will be seen monu-\\nmental nodules of the solid granite itself rising to a\\nheight of twenty or more feet, that have been left\\nas the erosion of thousands of years of frost and\\nsunshine has worn away its surroundings, leaving\\nit unscaleable without the aid of ladders a reminder\\nthat once the overhanging cliff s of granite looked\\ndown upon a deep, yawning chasm, now occupied\\nby the fair valley of the Sacramento.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "S96\\nHISTORY Of PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe j)ioneer worker of granite in California for\\nbuilding purposes is Mr. G. Griffith, whose works\\nare illustrated in this book. His experience was\\nbrought into requisition in the year 1853, by the\\nMeredith Brothers, at Folsom, Sacramento County,\\nin testing the quality of some large granite bowl-\\nders, which were then lying near the American\\nRiver, at Negro Bar, to determine the worth of the\\nmaterial for constructing large buildings. The\\ngranite proving to be of fair quality, Mr. Griffith\\nsoon had large contracts at Sacramento, and opened\\nhis first quarry of importance near Mormon Island.\\nWhile established in that locality, he furnished the\\ngranite used for all buildings of importance in the\\nState, such as the Adams Co. s Express, Sacra-\\nmento; for the fortifications at Alcatraz, Fort Point,\\nand other costly structures.\\nAs the demand for cut granite steadily increased\\nwith the progress of the State, in 1S6-1 Mr. Griffith\\nlocated a quarry at Wildwood. on the line of the\\nSacramento, Placer Nevada Railroad, and when\\nthis road was destroyed he moved to the Penryn\\nQuarry, upon the line of the Central Pacific Rail-\\nroad thus securing most advantageous shipping\\nfacilities. This location being nearly in the center\\nof the granite belt, the stone is hero found to be of\\na superior quality to that l3 ing nearer either the\\neastern or western edges of the zone, in that it is\\nentirely free of iron, and, therefore, never changes\\ncolor from atmospheric effects, nor, where polished\\nand placed in position in buildings, or as monuments,\\ncan Time s corroding tooth mar the beauty of its\\nglassy and faultless surface. In appearance, the\\nPenryn granite is beautifully mottled in white and\\nblack, equally proportioned, and in larger spots than\\nthat of the granite from quarries nearer the edges\\nof the zone, while occasional dark-gray knots of\\nvarj-ing sizes and form occur to relieve the block or\\ncolumn of monotonous color.\\nBesides the mottled granite principallj- wrought,\\nthere are several other kinds at the Penryn works\\nequally susceptible to finish, and quite as durable.\\nOne of these is a beautiful black granite, polished\\ncolumns and ornaments of which can bo seen in\\nmost of the important business buildings and pri-\\nvate mansions of the State.\\nSamples of the several kinds of granite were sent\\nto the Centennial Exhibition, as a part of the Cen-\\ntral Pacific Railroad Company s cabinet exhibit, and\\nwere pronounced to be the best in the world with\\nreference to freedom from iron, and liability to stain\\nor abrade. This fact brought it to the notice of the\\nofiicials of the Interior Department, at Washington,\\nwhose duty it was to report upon the building mate-\\nrials of the United States, who wrote to Mr. Griffith\\nfor samples, which were sent.\\nAnd yet, with such quarries as these in Placer\\nCounty, to the derricks of which are laid the rails of\\na commercial highway; where there is no difficulty\\nin procuring all the building material necessary for\\nthe wants of the whole Pacific Coast, in as large\\nblocks as any contract ever called for; when the\\npresent United States mint at San Francisco was\\nbuilt, the architect saw fit, for some reason the\\noutside looker-on cannot divine, to only procure a\\nportion of the I ock used therein from the California\\nquarries, obtaining the rest from British Columbia,\\na sort of sandstone in which there is iron, and\\nwhich being laid above the California granite, sends\\ndown upon it, from its own discolored surface,\\nunsightly stains which nothing but the chisel and\\nhammer can efface.\\nIn 1874 Mr. Griffith erected at the Penrj n quarry\\na large polishing mill, the first and only one of the\\nkind in the State. This building is 200 feet long by\\n40 feet wide, with a polishing capacity of 100 feet\\nper day. A fifty-horse power engine is the motor.\\nThere are two stone-polishing carriages for flat sur-\\nface work, 26 feet long by 6 feet wide, worked by\\na spring wheel driven by two belts. A block of\\nstone weighing upward of ten tons can be polished\\nwith ease upon these carriages. There are also two\\npolishing pendulums in the mill, as well as eight\\nvertical polishers, so arranged that the operator can\\nreadily handle them for the smallest and most intri-\\ncate portions of his work, either upon flat surfaces\\nor moldings. Two large and powerful lathes occupy\\nspace in the building, upon which are placed, and\\nturned, and polished, granite columns of ten tons\\nweight. Railroad tracks are laid in the building,\\nand cars run immediately under each of these pol-\\nishing and turning machines to deliver the rough\\ngranite, and again receive the polished block or\\ncolumn.\\nThe granite of Placer County is steadily gaining\\nfavor, and this industry must increase as the years\\ngo by, as a feeling of permanency obtains among\\nthe population, and those of other generations appear\\nnpon the scene, who know no other home but Cali-\\nfornia. Then will wood be discarded as the principal\\nmaterial for building, and the eternal granite, so\\neasily obtained, more generally substituted.\\nOther extensive granite quarries besides those at\\nPenryn are also in operation in Placer County. Mr.\\nGriffith has one at Rocklin, also; and A. D. Hath-\\naway and J. N. and J. W. Taylor have large, fine\\nquarries there, with steam hoisting apparatus, and\\nmany men constantly employed. At Pino there is\\nalso a good quarry opened.\\nELISHA GRANT\\nWas born in the town of Prospect, Waldo County,\\nMaine, February 24, 1815, and for the succeeding\\nthirty-seven years was a resident of that State. He\\nwas married in November, 1850, and in 1852 he fell\\ninto the big column of immigration and started for\\nCalifornia, via Cape Horn, on the 12th day of Feb-\\nruary.\\nHis first halt was made in the harbor of Rio\\nJaneiro, where his vessel was detained for eighteen", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": ";^?^1^^", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n397\\ndaj s. Leaving Jlio JaiiLiro on tho 8th of April, he\\narrived in San Francisco Jul} 12ih. He left at once\\nfor the mines, where he spent the first four years of\\nhis California life in seeking the golden fleece.\\nIn 1856 he located at Eich Gulch Flat, in Calaveras\\nCounty, where he formed a partnership with Tunis\\nSylvester Bever, for the hotel business, the firm\\nbeing known as Gratit Bever. After remaining\\ntogether for twelve years the partnership was dis-\\nsolved, and, in 1868, Mr. Grant removed to Railroad\\nFlat, in the same county, where for six yeai s he\\ncontinued in the same business. In 187 l- he sold out,\\nand removed to Penryn, where he is at present\\nengaged in his old occupation, that of hotel-keeping.\\nThe character of his place will be best learned from\\nthe fine engraving which accompanies this volume.\\nIn politics Mr. Grant is a staunch Eepublican,\\nhaving always voted the Republican ticket, and has\\nnever had cause to change his views. He is a mem-\\nber of Independent Lodge, No. 158, Independent\\nOrder Odd Fellows, and Placer Lodge, No. 52,\\nKnights of Pythias.\\nMr. Grant was married in November, 1850, at his\\nnative place. Prospect, Maine, and, in 1856, Mrs.\\nGrant joined her husband in California, making the\\njourney via the Isthmus of Panama.\\nROCKLIN.\\nThis is a thriving village on the line of the Cen-\\ntral Pacific Railroad, fourteen miles southwest of\\nAuburn, 249 feet above the level of the sea, in Town-\\nship No. 9, and has a population of 624. Here is a\\nround-house of the Central Pacific Railroad, where\\nthe extra locomotives ai e kept which are necessary\\nto attach to trains ascending the mountain. Here\\nalso are large granite quarries, giving employment to\\nmany people. The history of the village dates from\\nthe construction of the railroad. The water supply\\nof the railroad company is bi ought a distance of six\\nor seven miles, from Secret Ravine. Wells are sunk\\nin various parts of town, and fair water obtained at\\ndepths varying from fifteen to forty feet all in\\ngranite. Well water is used for animals and many\\ndomestic purposes, but all the drinking-water is\\nfurnished free by the railroad company, from Blue\\nCaSon, from the tenders of the locomotives. These\\nall come down from the mountains filled with the\\nmost delicious water, and as there are always several\\nlocomotives in the round-house, a syphon is always\\nkept attached to the tank of one of them, and all\\nwho wish go there and take away all they have\\na mind to; therefore the wells are not depended upon\\nfor water for drinking. All Rocklin people have the\\nbest of mountain water to drink, and to this fact do\\nthey attribute their immunity from intermittent\\nfever, which is so prevalent upon all sides of them.\\nIt is also the boast of its citizens that not a single\\ncase of diphtheria has ever occurred there. Not a\\nChinaman is to be found at Rocklin. The round-\\nhouse is capable of accommodating about thirty\\nengines not as large now as before the fire that\\npartiallj- destroyed it. A great deal of wood is con-\\nsumed by engines, there sometimes being as much\\nas 25,000 coi-ds piled there at once.\\nW. DANA PERKINS.\\nOf the pioneer residents of Placer, none are better\\nor more favorably known than Will Dana Perkins,\\nof Rocklin. Mr. Perkins is a native of the Old\\nGranite State, New Hampshire, where he was born\\nin 1S31. For many years he was the proprietor of\\nthe Pine Grove House, on the Auburn and Sacra-\\nmento road. This house was distinguished as pos-\\nsessing one of the finest and most capacious dancing-\\nhalls in that part of the State, and the grand parties\\nthere held are among the most pleasant reminis-\\ncences of the people. The genial Perkins, as well as\\nbeing a very popular host, has always taken a\\nprominent part in politics, being one of the leaders\\nof the Democratic party in Placer County, and has\\nheld several offices of honor and responsibility, as\\nhas been previously noticed in. these pages.\\nThe railroad name of this place is Junction, as\\nhere the Oregon Division joins the Central Pacific.\\nIt is eighteen miles southeast of Auburn, at an eleva-\\ntion of 163 feet above sea level, is in Township No.\\n1, and has a population of 288. The town plat was\\nlaid out in 1864. Cyrus Taylor was the first resi-\\ndent; Van Trees built the first hotel, and W. A.\\nThomas opened the first store. A good farming and\\ngrazing region surrounds the town, giving it a sub-\\nstantial and increasing business. The name is\\nderived from the neighboring ranch of Rose Spring,\\nformerly the property of Judge James McGinley.\\ntodd s valley.\\nThis charming and pi osperous village lies on the\\nsouthern slope of the divide, between the north and\\nMiddle Forks of the American River, twenty miles\\nnortheast of Auburn, on the line of road reaching to\\nForest Hill, Michigan Bluff, etc., in Township No. 5,\\nand has a population of 226, as returned by the\\ncensus of 1880. Previous to the time that the coun-\\ntry was overrun with gold-seekei s, and before they\\nhad begun to scarify the beautiful ridges and seam\\nup the gently sloping vales that were occasionally\\nfound nestling upon the park like plateaus, with the\\nunsightly gashes necessary to the pursuit of their\\noccupation, there were few more inviting places than\\nTodd s Valley. Beautiful streams, with broad flats;\\nmeadowed slopes abundant with grass; clear, cold\\nand deliciously sweet water; fern-covered hills;\\ntowering pine and other trees, and the various foli-\\nage of maples, dogwood and indigenous shrubs of\\nmany sorts, waving to the song of passing zephyrs,\\ncombined to form a panoramic scene of wondrous\\nbeauty.\\nThe first settler there was Dr. F. Walton Todd, in\\nJune, 1849, and whose name this place has since\\nborne. Ho built a log-house, for a store and tavern,", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "398\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nabout three-fourths of a mile from the present town-\\nsite, and there, in the fall of that year, drove a lively\\ntrade with passing miners who were in need of his\\ncommodities, at good round prices his rice, not\\nfirst-class, selling in December at \u00c2\u00a71.50 a pound;\\nflour, that upon Change would have been rated as\\nsour, $2.50 a pound, and other articles at propor-\\ntionate rates. The station being upon the main\\ntrail, over which the wandering prospectors from\\nthe mining camps further south traveled toward the\\nupper portion of Placer County, in 1850, became a\\ngeneral stopping-place for travelers, as well as a\\nftrading-point for the mines upon the river, and the\\nfew men who had then begun to work the shallow\\ndiggings upon the ravine, near the head of which\\nDr. Todd s buildings stood. As the ravines were\\nfound to pay well, it occurred to some of the men\\nwho had been working upon the main one leading\\nout of the valley, ihat a shaft sunk in the flat itself\\nmight develop good-paying ground. This fact\\ncaused Joseph Swasey, Mark E. Hubbell, and Josej\u00c2\u00bbh\\nSimmons, in the winter of 1850-51, to begin the work\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of sinking\\nTHE FIRST SH.iFT IN TODD S VALLET,\\nThat ultimately led to the opening of the deep dig-\\ngings there. Just below the valley, or the little\\nstream near the doctor s house, a company had\\nlocated a claim which was called Long Island the\\nuppermost one on the ravine. Above this, in the\\nflat, Swasey, liubboU, and Simmons located and\\ncommenced their shaft. Deep mining, at that time,\\nwas to these three men an untried mystery, but they\\nwere willing to attempt to fathom it. They sank\\ndown into the gravel to the depth of twenty feet,\\nand at that point encountered a soft, whitish sub-\\nstance, which yielded to their shovels the pipe-\\nclay, so called, now so well known to all hydraulic\\nminers. Continuing to sink in this stratum some\\nfour or five feet further, and not reaching any other\\nmaterial, they decided that the substance they were\\nworking in vvas either the bed-rock itself, or that it\\nlaid upon it; at all events, they had gone to the\\nbottom of the gravel. The gravel they had thrown\\nout, though containing gold all through, would not\\npay as well as that of the more shallow diggings\\nthey had left in the ravine; and as the quantity of\\nwater met with in sinking the shaft was then to\\nthem a formidable obstruction to the further working\\nin the flat, they abandoned the shaft and went back\\nto their old claim on the gulch.\\nThe succeeding spring two men bi-others came\\ninto the valley from the lead mines of Illinois, both\\nof whom had had experience in deep mining, and\\nseeing the abandoned shaft, thought thej would\\nbail out the water and explore it. They did so, and\\nthen went further down into the bottom stratum, not\\nknowing what it was, nor the nature of gold placers.\\nFortunately they had but a little depth to go until\\nthe pipe-clay was penetrated, under which another\\nstratum of gravel was found, that prospected much\\nbetter than that above. This stimulated them to\\ngreater eftbrls, and they continued working, with\\nmore favorable results as they went deeper, until\\nthey reached the bed-rock. Here the extreme bot-\\ntom stratum was found to be very rich, not infre-\\nquently yielding a half ounce to the pan. The two\\nmen, in the meantime, having kept their own coun-\\nsel, sought Swasey and his companions, whom they\\ninformed of the find, and generously offered to share\\nthe discovery with them. At that time, Swasey and\\nhis partners happened to be doing remarkably well\\nin the old claim, where the gravel was shallow and\\nthe work easy and in the open air. He and his\\nassociates, upon consultation, concluded that, as\\nthe shaft was wet and deep, and they inexperienced in\\nunderground work, that if they went there, they\\nmust of necessity endure many discomforts, and that\\nthere was more danger in that method of working\\nthan that in which they were now engaged, they\\nwould decline the offer tendered, which they did,\\ntelling the two brothers to keep the ground in the\\nflat all to themselves. In this manner was deep\\nmining begun at Todd s Valley. Before a year\\npassed, the two brothers owning the ground had\\nrealized 320,000 each, when, becoming satisfied with\\ntheir accumulations, and desiring to return to their\\nformer home, disposed of their claim, and left for\\nIllinois.\\nFrom that time mining at Todd s Valley has con-\\ntinued. In 1867 the principal mines were purchased\\nby Mr. Alfred A. Pond, who has continued the pos-\\nsessor with fine success. But this pleasant locality\\nis not dependent upon mining alone. The altitude\\nis 2,738 feet, which is usually regarded as too high\\nfor the semi-tropical fruits which flourish so well in\\nthe western part of the county, but this valley is\\npeculiarly favored in location, and most of the fruits\\ngrow to perfection. Dr. Todd, at an early day,\\nplanted fruit trees and vines, and in 1865 made a\\nlarge quantity of wine, which was regarded as of an\\nexcellent quality.\\nDESTROYED BY FIRE.\\nTodd s Valley, like other villages of California,\\nhas had the sad experience of fire. On the 25th of\\nSeptember, 1859, the whole business part of the\\ntown went down before the terrible flames, leaving\\nonly the store of A. A. Pond, the Masonic Hall, the\\nstore of Read Hall, and a butcher shop, all of\\nbrick and tire-proof The loss was estimated at\\nfrom \u00c2\u00a7150,000 to $200,000. The fire originated in\\nthe Pacific Saloon, in the center of the village, and\\nas it had not been occupied for some months, the\\nconflagration was undoubtedly the work of an\\nincendiary. The work of re-building commenced\\nimmediately, and in December following the burned\\ndistrict presented a better appearance than before\\nthe fire.", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "TOWNS AND LOCALITIES.\\n399\\nALFRED A. POND\\nIs the second son of Jonathan and Charlotte Pond,\\nnatives of New England. Alfred A. was born on\\nthe 6th of January, 1830, in Essex County, Massa-\\nchusetts. His first recollections are of the Old\\nBay State, but at the age of nine years he removed,\\nwith his parents, to Scott County, Illinois. In the\\nlatter State he received his education, and at the\\nearly age of nineteen years wo find him among the\\nhardy pioneers wending his way toward the land of\\ngold. In Mr. Pond we find a real 49er, he having\\narrived in California in the fall of 1849, after spend-\\ning about six months in making the trip across the\\nplains. His first location was at Weaverville, Trin-\\nity County, where he engaged in mining for four\\nmonths. In the spring of 1850 he came to Placer\\nCounty and located at Todd s Valley, and since that\\ntime has been a permanent resident of that place.\\nMr. Pond has for many j ears been extensively\\nengaged in mining and merchandising, and has the\\nlargest mercantile establishment in the town. In\\nearly times he had all his goods packed upon mules\\nfrom Sacramento, there being no wagon road to the\\nvalley. He is interested in some good paying mines,\\none of which is being worked by Pond Co. This\\nmine has been worked since 1854, and has always\\npaid well. He was married July 1, 1855, at Diamond\\nSpring, El Dorado County, to Miss Olive Constable,\\na native of Pennsylvania. Their union has been\\nblessed with eight children, three girls and five boys.\\nNICHOLAS QUIROLO\\nIs a native of Sunny Italy, having been born at\\nSan Ambrosia January 1, 1834. The first twenty\\nyears of his life were passed in his native land, and\\non the 11th day of July, 1854, be sailed from Genoa\\nin the bark Am/el for New York. During the suc-\\nceeding two years he followed the calling of a sailor,\\nand on the 17th of Januaiy, 1856, landed in San\\nFrancisco. He went immediately to the mines in\\nCalaveras County, where for two years he was\\nengaged in search of the precious metal. He then\\nengaged himself as a clerk at Campo Seco. From\\nthat point be went to Jenny Lind Camp, and\\nconducted a store for one and one-half years He\\ncame to Todd s Valley in 1861, where he has since\\nmade his home. He has a store in which he keeps a\\nfull stock of miners supplies. A view of his busi-\\nness house will be found in this work.\\nWISCONSIN HILL\\nIs situated on the Iowa Hill Divide, thirty-eight\\nmiles northeast of Auburn and opposite Iowa City,\\nthe two places being separated bj- Indian Cafion.\\nThe first settlement at Wisconsin Hill was made in\\nJune, 1854, and as the reports of the rich hill dig-\\ngings gained circulation the camp began to increase,\\nso that in a few months many families were located\\nthere, and the place had a population of about 700\\ninhabitants. At that time the people wore support-\\ning some half dozen saloons, several restaurants,\\ndry goods and grocery stores, and two hotels. In\\nthe spring of 1856 the tunnels that had been work-\\ning began to reach the center of the hills, and no\\nrich deposits being struck the claims were laid\\nover to wait for future developments. The popu-\\nlation then began to dwindle, but soon again the\\nhopes of the business men and property holders\\nwere revived by the completion of a turnpike road\\nacross Shirt-tail Canon, connecting the place with\\nYankee Jim s, and another across Indian Caiion,\\nconnecting with Iowa City. But instead of these\\nroads tending to increase the population, by render-\\ning the place easy of access, they furnished the peo-\\nple with an easy mode of transit to some more\\nfavored locality, and the place began to decrease in\\npopulation and importance.\\nYANKEE JIJi S.\\nAbout eighteen miles northeast of Auburn, in\\nTownship No. 5, is the ancient mining town of Yan-\\nkee Jim s. This town is situated on the northern\\nside of Devil s Canon, which stream forms a junction\\nwith Shirt-tail a mile or so above its entrance into\\nthe North Fork. Among the first permanent\\nsettlers there were Nicholas F. Gilbert, Geo. W. Gil-\\nbert, Benjamin F. Gilbert, and Thomas Farthing,\\nfrom Missouri; Thomas Adams, of Massachusetts, and\\nSamuel W. Bowman, of Pennsylvania, who all reside\\nthere now but Mr. Adams, who still lives in Placer\\nCounty. The Messrs. Gilbert were the pioneer\\nwagoners into town, arriving there with a team in\\nthe ftiU of 1850. Thomas Adams was one of a firm\\nthat established the first trading-post the same fall.\\nIn March, 1851, the diggings on Georgia Hill, on\\nthe opposite side of Devil s Canon from Yankee\\nJim s, were discovered by a party of Georgians.\\nThe discovery of this rich deposit of gold was\\npurely accidental. While lying upon the ground to-\\nrest, one of the party saw some particles of gold\\nupon the surface. Taking some of the dirt to the\\ncanon and washing it, a fair prospect was obtained,\\nbut it was believed that it was gold that had been\\nspilled there by some one. However, they contin-\\nued, and thus opened, probably, the richest surface\\ndiggings over found in the State, and soon loaded\\ntheir mules with clean gold-dust and departed for\\ntheir Georgian home.\\nDuring its history Yankee Jim s has been one of\\nthe largest towns of the county, and the leader in\\nmany enterprises. Here was one of the first ditches\\nin the State, made by H. Starr and Eugene Phelps;\\nhero Colonel McCluro introduced the hydraulic in\\n1853, and here he planted his largo orchard in the\\nsame year, having purchased 500 trees in Philadel-\\nphia in the fall of 1852.\\nThe Mountain Courier was established at Yankee\\nJim s in 1856 by Parker Graves, and in 1857 E.\\nB. Boust published the Placer Courier. The place\\nwas of such importance that the Democratic County\\nConvention of 1857 was held here.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "400\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nIn June, 1852, a fire broke out in tho lower part of\\ntown, and before it could be checked had consumed\\nover half the entire number of buildings, embracing\\nmore than half the business portion. The loss was\\nestimated at \u00c2\u00a755,000, leaving several of the most\\nenterprising citizens penniless. The town is off the\\nmain road of travel up the divide, and bears little\\nof its former importance, the population, according\\nto the last census, being 150.\\nCHAPTER XLVII.\\nRIVER BARS, VALLEYS, LAKES, ANIMALS, ETC.\\nThe Old River Bars Old Time Improvements The Eivers in\\ntheir Purity Along the Southern Boundary The Hunter s\\nHome Tahoe City Lake Tahoe Lake Tahoe s Name The\\nGeorgetown Snag Mountain Lakes^Mountain Peaks\\nMountain Valleys Squaw Valley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 French Meadows\\nPicayune Valley Soda Springs Valley American Valley\\nAnimal? An .Amphibious Mouse Unclassitied Big Trees\\n^-Mining on Bear River in 1S49.\\nA HISTORY would be incomplete that did not men-\\ntion the old river bars, once so full of life, thronged\\nwith speculative humanity, so productive of gold,\\nand the scene of so many queer incidents. Time\\nwas when they were the only places where towns\\nwere located, and where community congregated.\\nThe ridges adjoining the rivei-s were where the roads\\nran, over which freight was hauled to the bars, and\\nthe wayside taverns were there for the accom-\\nmodation of teamsters and travelers en route for the\\nmines; but the mines were all on ihe river, at the\\nbars, consequently the little stations along the roads\\nowed their existence to the fact that there wore bars\\nupon tho streams where all tho gold was dag. No\\none then had begun to investigate the capabilities of\\nmountain land, if, indeed, they had ever thought of\\nanything else but to accumulate a pile and go to\\nthe States, and consequently no further idea than\\ntemporary occupancy claimed the attention of the\\nsquatter upon the foot-hill domain. The river bars\\nwere worked out in a few years, that is, the gold-\\nbearing strata of gravel they were composed of were\\nwashed oif, and they were gone. And now, alas,\\nall that is left of them are black sand flats, stretches\\nof bare, white, sun-heated cobbles, or, perhaps, a cosy\\nlittle vineyard or orchard. A description of one will\\nsuffice to depict the general characteristics of all.\\nA rapid stream on one hand, curving around a\\npeninsular-shaped, or a rectangular plat of land, with\\na sharp hilly background, down which came trails\\nand roads, tho surface of tho plat being elevated but\\na few feet above the level of the water in the river.\\nNext to the high ground which formed tho border is\\nthe street the main one narrow and crowded, and\\nupon one, or each side, are the buildings. If large\\nenough, there may be a few square feet allotted for\\nthe plaza, near which stands tho round tent where\\nall sorts of games of hazard are played and liquors\\ndispensed; and perhaps adjoining that is the danco-\\nhou.~e, with squeaking violins, dark-skinned senori-\\ntas putfing cigarettes, and more liquors on sale. On\\nthe main street are found the hotels, boarding-houses,\\nstores, bakeries, saloons, in each of which more\\nliquors are displayed. Here are the livery stable,\\nthe butcher shop, the shoemaker, the washman, the\\nblacksmith, all in operative order, in all sorts of\\nstructures some stone, some shakes, some canvas,\\nsome of boards, and an occasional one of poles with\\nbrush thrown over. Pack-mules, saddle-horses,\\ndonkeys, and not infrequently large freight wagons\\nto which are hitched eight to ten mules, are seen in\\nthe street.\\nAll along the brink of the stream are men with\\nrockers and long-toms washing gravel which other\\nmen are either bringing to them in buckets or dig-\\nging and shoveling to them from holes in the bar,\\nfrom claims of from fifteen to twenty-five feet in\\nwidth. From the I iver a wheel set between two\\nboats and having buckets attached to the paddles is\\nseen revolving and hoisting water for the tom,\\nwhile the man at the rocker dips up his own. At\\nnoon and night they are seen cleaning, drying and\\nweighing their gold-dust, which frequently is an\\namazing sight. When the work of the day is done\\nthe street is thronged, and the populace soon there-\\nafter divide their presence where the attraction is\\ngreatest for each individual some to the tent\\nto gamble; some to the dance-house to court\\ntorpsicboro; some to the billiard-rooms; some to the\\nstores and taverns to play bean poker, talk politics,\\nand discuss the value of claims, etc., etc. An occa-\\nsional dog-fight fills tho street with people in an\\ninstant, while a row between two half-drunk gam-\\nblers or habitues of the dance-house inspires a desire\\nthat there may be a funeral or two. Once in a\\nwhile a preacher comes to the bar and wishes to\\neshort the people, and often tho bar-room is cleared\\nand prepared for him, his discourse uttered to atten-\\ntive listeners, and his appeal for contributions\\nresponded to by a generous crowd, after which bus-\\niness will proceed as though no interruption had\\noccurred. The alcalde which the miners have\\nchosen will now and again try and determine cases\\nwhich have been brought before him, from simple\\nassault, to murder, and decide them in accordance\\nwith the popular will, whether strictly legal or not\\nand has been known to even issue high chancery\\npapers, and make them stick, too, notwithstanding the\\narguments adduced by lawyers brought from the\\nshire towns that such things couldn t be done.\\nAmong the men who in early times dug for gold upon\\nthe river bars, were numbered some of the most\\nprominent of the State lawj ors, doctors, divines,\\nartisans, gentlemen, and roughs of all sorts.\\nPlacer County, embracing as it does several\\nbranches of the American, besides Bear River, was\\nthe localitj of scores of these river bars, where the\\nearliest mining was principally done, and the most\\nexciting scenes of its historj- have occurred. Real s\\nBar is the first upon the North Fork, and situated", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "s\\n1b^\\n7 T\\nt^", "height": "1988", "width": "3145", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "RIVER BARS, VALLEYS, ETC.\\n401\\nin the southeast corner of the county, and as late as\\n1853 polled a vote of ninety-six. It was an\\nactive mining town, and when the old bar immedi-\\nately upon the river was worked out sufficiently to\\nrequire it, the town was moved to a high bench\\nadjoining, and the sight of the primitive village dug\\nout and washed. Among the records loft of its for-\\nmer incidents is the following: On the 6th of\\nSeptember, 1852, a negro was arrested for stealing\\na watch, and a people s jury empanneled. The theft\\nwas confes.sed, judgment awarded, and thirty-nine\\nlashes duly administered upon the bare back.\\nFollowing up the stream from Beal s Bar, are Con-\\ndemned, Doton s, Long, Horseshoe, Rattlesnake,\\nWhisky, Milk Punch, Deadman s, Smith s, Lacy s\\nGranite, Manhattan, Oregon, and Tamaroo Bars,\\nbefore arriving at the point where the Middle Fork\\njoins, the names of which are suggestive, which have\\nat one time been densely peopled, and each has an\\ninteresting history if pains were taken in rescuing it\\nfrom a fast-concealing oblivion.\\nOLD TIME IMPROVEMENTS.\\nOne of the first bridges built in the lower portion\\nof the county was erected at Condemned Bar, and\\nthe road which crossed the river here for a long time\\nwas run by mail coaches.\\nDoton s Bar and Long Bar, the former on the\\nnorth and the latter on the south side of the river,\\nopposite to each other, are about two miles above\\nCondemned Bar. The old 49 wagon road from Sac-\\nramento came around upon the bench where the\\nlater town was built, after leaving Rock Springs and\\napproaching the old original Franklin House, which\\nstood some distance south fi-om the more modern\\nhostelry of that name. From 1849 to 1852, during\\nthe summer months, there were probably not less\\nthan 500 men strung along the river s edge working\\nin these two bars. When the town was built upon\\nthe high flat there were some pretentious buildings\\nthere, among which was Grilley s Hotel, a two-story\\nstructure, which stood there and did a good business\\nfor several years. In 1851, among other miners here,\\nwere John C. Heenan, afterward the Benicia Boy,\\nthen an awkward youth working for a fluming com-\\npany for wages, and the subsequent great grain king.\\nIsaac Friedlander. The former had hi.^ first prize-\\nfight at Long Bar with a bully much older, who\\nforced a fight simply because the boy would not\\nacknowledge him as his superior. Old-timers tell of a\\nlittle brush tent occupied by the tall grain merchant,\\nand of how ho fried his flapjacks, cooked his bacon\\nand beans, and dug and rocked alone at the upper\\nend of Long Bar, all of which the historian must\\nchronicle as fact.\\nHorseshoe Bar, situated about seven miles above\\nBeal s and about two miles south of the old 49 Sac-\\nramento road, was first worked by Mormons in 1848.\\nIn the four or five following years it had quite a pop-\\nulation, and was a trading center for the following-\\nnamed adjacent bars: Whisky, Beaver, Deadman s,\\nMilk Punch and, until 1853, Rattlesnake Bar. In\\n18-52 there were four hotels and stores there, owned\\nby the following firms: Harrub Manseur, Sweet\\nBarney, Clark Canfield, and George W. Martin\\nCo. That year it was estimated there were three\\nhundred voters at Horseshoe, and that the gold\\nproduct was one hunderd thousand dollars.\\nRattlesnake Bar became notorious as the principal\\ntown along the river in 1853, when the town was\\nbuilt on the flat bench, high up, and back of the low\\nbar from which it derived its name. On the 7th of\\nApril of thnt year, John C. Barnelt, while prospecting\\nthe flat back of the bar, washed out a pan of gravel\\nand got nearl}^ an ounce of gold. The next bucket\\nof dirt contained an ounce and a quarter. This cre-\\nated a great excitement, the whole bench was located\\nby people who rushed in, and building upon the flat\\nbegan immediately. So great was the increase of\\npopulation that in May, Frank Brown establi.xhed a\\ndaily stage-line from Sacramento, and Jim Birch\\nannounced that he would run in there en route\\nfrom Sacramento and Auburn. The Bear River\\nDitch Company immediately began the construc-\\ntion of a ditch to convey water there, and by the\\nmiddle of July had turned it in and begun to supply\\nthe miners.\\nFrom that time till 1856 the town grew rapidly;\\nthe North Fork Canal Company constructed a ditch\\nthat supplied water to the mines, and there were\\nseveral small ditches. There were several hotels;\\nWell s, Fargo Co. established an express ofiice; a\\ntheater was built, and the population rated about\\none thousand, and many estimated the number of\\ninhabitants of the town and immediate suburbs at\\ndouble that number.\\nThe place was the scene of many stirring events\\nand its disreputable haunts were the primary school\\nin which several aftertimo notorious criminals begun\\ntheir career. Richard H. Barter, a/ios Rattlesnake\\nDick, here worked as an honest miner until led\\nastray. In December, 1854, a post-office was first\\nestablished at Rattlesnake Bar, with Thomas Woods\\nas postmaster, and about the same time the new\\nwagon road was completed upon the El Dorado side,\\nand the Whisky Bar wire suspension bridge finished.\\nA fire which occurred on the 7th of October, 1863^\\ndestroj-ed a number of the principal buildings, includ-\\ning a hotel and the theater, and made considerable\\nof an inroad, since when it has been on tlie decline,\\nand, like all of the old river mining towns, is a thing\\nofthe past.\\nFirst upon the Middle Fork, after passing up from\\nthe junction with the North Fork, is Louisiana Bar;\\nthen New York, Murderer s, Sailor Claim, Buckner s,\\nRocky Point Slide, Mammoth, Texas, Quail, Brown s,\\nKennebec, Wild Cat, Willow, Hoosier, Green Moun-\\ntain, Maine, Poverty, Buckeye, American, Sardine,\\nYankee, Dutch, Spanish, Oregon, African, Drunk-\\nard s, Ford s, Big, Volcano, Sandy Yankee Slide, Gray", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "402\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nEagle, Eureka, Horseshoe (No. 2), Boston, Pleasant,\\nAmerican, Junction, Alabama, Stony, Rector s, and a\\nscore of others, all noted once for their produT3tion of\\ngold, and as having been the locality of interesting\\nscenes, comic and tragic, in the early history of the\\ncountry.\\nOn the North Fork, above the junction, Calf Bar\\ncomes first, and then Kelley s, Rich, Jones Barnes\\nMineral, Pickering, and Euchre, with a score of\\nothers long since washed awaj or buried out of sight\\nby the mass of debris sent down into the river by\\nthe Gold Run and other mines of more modern days.\\nTHE RIVERS IN THEIR PURITY.\\nThe river canons, where the old bars were located,\\nwere romantic places previous to being disturbed and\\ntorn up by the gold-digger. The water was as clear\\nas crystal, and above each ripple or rapid place was\\na l( ng, deep pool, with water blue as turquoise,\\nswarming with fish. Salmon at that time ran up all\\nthe streams as Air as they could get, until some per-\\npendicular barrier which they could not leap pre-\\nvented further progress. Before the falls at Mur-\\nderer s Bar was cut down, during spawning time, the\\nsalmon would accumulate so thickly in a large pool\\njust below, that they were taken in great numbers\\nby merely attaching large iron hooks to a pole, run-\\nning it down in the water, and suddenly jerking it\\nup through the mass. And that place was not an\\nexceptional one; it was so at all places where there\\nwas any obstruction to free running. During these\\ntimes, the Indians supplied themselves with fish,\\nwhich they dried in the sun. Trout similar to those\\nnow in Lake Tahoe were also plentiful, and the\\nwriter has caught them with hook and line weighing\\nas high as ten pounds in the North Fork, above\\nKelley s Bar.\\nUpon every little bend or plat of land bordering\\nthe streams, grew the white ash, alder, maple, laurel,\\nhoneysuckle and rank ferns and mosses, with other\\nindigenous shrubs and plants, while every projecting\\nbowlder in the river-bed was the home of the bi oad-\\nleaved water-plant. Tussocks of rank bunch-grass\\ncovered the bottoms, and wild grapevines clam-\\nbered over everj convenient tree. The water ousel,\\na little dark-colored bird, flitted from phico to\\nplace in search of food, and the vigilant kingfisher\\ndarted from his perch on overhanging limb into the\\nclear water and rose again with some finny victim in\\nhis beak. Deer wandered unscared amid these\\nbeauteous scenes, for there were none to do them\\nharm. When first dug ovei the old river bars were\\nsimply beds of clean-washed gravel, containing gold\\nnatural ground-sluices where nature had been for\\nuntold ages at work, and the innumerable fierce\\nfloods had so thoroughly washed away the finer\\nalluvium and abraded material, that what remained,\\nafter getting below the surface soil, would scarcely\\nroil the element in which the miner washed it.\\nSuch was the condition of the California streams\\nwhen the gold-seeker first approached them things\\nof rare beauty, joyous to behold, inconceivable to\\nthose who only know them as they are found to-day\\ntreeless, mud-laden, turgid, filthy, and fishless;\\nwith matchless beauty gone, and natural purity\\nforever lost, prostituted to the unchaste uses of man-\\nkind in the acquirement of an artificial wealth made\\nabsolutely necessary by the civilization of the age.\\nALONG THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY.\\nThe southern boundary line of Placer County is\\nthe middle of the North Fork of the_ American\\nRiver, from its junction with the South Fork to\\nLj on s Bridge, where the Middle Fork comes in. At\\nthis place the county is narrowest, as a due north\\ncourse, according to the United States land surveys,\\nwould enable one to strike Bear River, the northern\\nline, in less than eight miles. Continuing above\\nLyon s Bridge, the boundary line follows the center\\nof the Middle Fork up its principal branch, the\\nRubicon, to where the Georgetown trail crosses the\\nstream, a short distance below Hunsucker s soda\\nspring. The line then follows the trail to the west-\\nern summit of the Sierra, through McKinney s pass,\\nwhere there are four little lakes and several hun-\\ndred acres of fine meadow land, at intervals, to the\\nhead of McKinney s Creek, and following down that\\nstream, strikes the Lake Tahoe near the northern\\nside of Sugar-pine Point, thence continuing east\\nuntil it intersects the California and Nevada line,\\ntoward the center of the lake.\\nWith the multiplicity of diverse territory, it has a\\nshore line upon Lake Tahoe of from fifteen to twenty\\nmiles from the mouth of McKinney s Creek, via\\nTahoe City, to the State line, east of the Hot Springs;\\nand for a distance of some seven or eight miles, does\\nthe outlet, or Truckee River, flow within its borders.\\nThe marine interests of Placer County were first\\nnoticed by the Assessor in 1866, when he, that year,\\nlisted upon the assessment roll for taxation two\\nschooners which were then plying upon the lake.\\nThe lake portion of Placer did not become populated\\nas early as some other parts, owing to its isolation\\nfrom the direct routes of wagon travel. About the\\nearliest permanent settlements there, of which there\\nis any record, were those at the mouth of McKinney s\\nCreek, at Ward s Creek, and at the outlet, now\\nTahoe City, in 1861 and 62. In the winter of 1861,\\na man who attempted to pass the winter on the lake,\\nnear the outlet, was frozen to death. William Fer-\\nguson and Ward Rust built a cabin on the lake at\\nthe mouth of Ward s Creek, in the summer of 1862,\\nhaving gone there from Volcanoville, El Dorado\\nCounty. John W. McKinney and Thomas Wren\\nlocated a hay ranch on the summit, near the county\\nline, in 1861, but McKinney, in 1862, went to the\\nlake shore, near the creek now bearing his name,\\nand located thei-e, for the purpose of hunting, fishing,\\nand trapping, where ho has ever since remained, and\\nhas established quite a noted place of resort known as", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "RIVER BARS, VALLEYS, ETC.\\n403\\nTHE hunter s home,\\nWhich i8 patronized extensively by people from the\\nState of Nevada, as -well as by tourists. He has\\nerected, for the accommodation of guests, besides\\nthe main building in which is the dining-hall, com-\\nfortable cottages, to the number of tweuty-five or\\nmore, bordering the clean, pebbly beach, just far\\nenough back from the lake to be away from the\\nreach of high water. A good wharf extends into\\nthe lake some two hundred feet to water deep enough\\nto admit of steamer landing, on which is a good\\nsaloon building 22x32 feet in dimensions, and two\\nstories high. All of the steamers running on the\\nlake stop semi-daily at McKinney s Landing for\\npassengers and mail, and the old pioneer always\\ntreats his guests well. He always keeps a number\\nof sail and row-boats for yachting or fishing parties.\\nAmong the former is the Transit, the crack yacht of\\nthe lake, and the fastest sailer.\\nGoing northerly along the lake shore, from the\\nHunter s Retreat a mile distant, and the mouth of\\nMadden s Creek is reached; two miles further to\\nBlackwood, where there are nice picnic gi-ounds, with\\na large floor forty feet square laid for dancing, and\\na wharf where steamers laud. Thomas McConnell,\\nof Sacramento County, owns the land, and has a\\nsummer cottage there. Here, too, is the Wildidle\\ncottage, belonging to Mrs. Crocker and daughter, of\\nSacramento, besides another belonging to some resi-\\ndent of the State of Nevada. Other people have\\nbought lots in Blackwood, and will build cottages\\nduring the summer of 1882. Two miles further\\ntoward the foot of the lake is where Ward s Creek\\ndebouches, and here is the Sunnyside Cottage,\\nbelonging to Mrs. Hayes, of Nevada State, with\\nwharf, boat-house, etc. About a mile from the latter-\\nnamed stream is the site of the saw-mill of Reuben\\nH. Saxton, on the lake shore, which, when running,\\nwas propelled by an overshot wheel fifty-four feet in\\ndiameter, run with water brought in a ditch from\\nWard s Creek. All of these streams are resorted to\\nby trout in spawning-time, when thousands of them\\nof large size are taken.\\nThe next point of interest reached is the Truekee\\nRiver, the outlet of Lake Tahoe. The stream here\\nis about fifty feet wide, with an average depth of\\nfive feet, the water flowing with a velocity of five\\nfeet a second, and discharging from the lake approx-\\nimately 518,400,000 gallons of water every twenty-\\nfour hours. A few hundred yards across the stream,\\nwhich is crossed by a bridge, is the site of\\nTAUOE CITY,\\nWhich was first laid out in 1863, by a party of men\\nwho, having congregated during that summer and\\nfall at the new diggings in Squaw Valley District, in\\nanticipation of the commercial importance of the\\nplace, and in view of its commanding position,\\nlocated city lots, each proprietor digging a trench\\naround his plat. It lies on a gently sloping plateau,\\nat an elevation of about fifty feet above the water\\nof the lake, to mark the boundaries. The following\\nyear a wharf was begun by John Chesronn, which\\nwas afterwards purchased bj J. O. Forbes, Jr., and\\nJ. B. Campbell, who completed it. It extends into\\nthe lake some 200 yards, and is constructed upon\\ncribs built of strong timbers and anchored with\\nrock the bottom found in the lake here being too\\nhard to drive piles to sufficient depth in. About 300\\nfeet from the shore, upon the wharf, is situated the\\nCustom House, a building used as a saloon and\\npost-office, now owned by J. B. Campbell. Beyond\\nthe wharf, some 200 feet into the lake, one strong\\npier has been sunk, where steamers are moored in\\nbad weather, when too rough to lay up at the wharf\\nThefirstpublichouscbuiltthere was the Tahoe House,\\nby William Pomin, who is yet the owner and pro-\\nprietor. He also built a brewery there. Later, as\\nthe place began to be visited by pleasure-seekers, as\\nsteamers began to ply the lake, and a wagon road\\nwas constructed from Truekee, after the completion\\nto that point of the Central Pacific Railroad, the\\nwant of more extended accommodations was felt, and\\nanother hotel was built. This, after passing through\\nnumerous managements, has at length merged into\\none of California s palatial hostelries under the\\nownership of A. J. Baj ley, and is now enduringly\\nestablished, with a world-wide reputation, as the\\nGrand Central Hotel.\\nLAKE TAHOE.\\nTahoe City is justly conceded by all to be the best\\npoint of observation for a general panoramic view of\\nthe lake, as from here almost every location of inter-\\nest is within the range of vision aided by a field-\\nglass of ordinary power. Glenbrook, fourteen miles\\nacross the water, is distinctly seen. During winter\\nthe snow often falls at Tahoe City to the depth of\\nfive or six feet, and in summer the climate ttiere is\\ncalled the coolest of any place upon the lake. The\\nwater of the lake is wondrously clear and blue, so\\nthat when in repose fish and other objects can be\\nreadily discerned at a depth of thirty or forty feet.\\nIt is also very cold, but has the peculiarity of never\\nfreezing in the winter. The deepest soundings ever\\nmade were 2,800 feet. The bed of Lake Tahoe is\\nsupposed by some to be the crater of an extinct\\nvolcano, and unfathomable. Some plausibility exists\\nfor such a theory in the fact that hot springs occur at\\nplaces on the lake shore, and a small conical mound,\\nevidently the creation of solfataras, exists a short\\ndistance northwest of Tahoe City, and masses of\\nscoriaceous rock are strewn promiscuously along the\\nbanks of the Truekee River. A phenomenon was\\nwitnessed in September, 1866, from Saxton s saw-\\nmill, at that time in operation, by a number of per-\\nsons employed there. Nearly abreast of the mill,\\nseveral hundred yards out from the shore, the water,\\nbeing smooth and calm at the time, was discovered\\nat a particular locality to suddenly rise in columnar\\nfoi m some five or six feet above the surface of the", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "iOi\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nsurrounding level. The diameter of the column\\nseemed to be eight to ten feet, and when subsiding,\\nas it soon did, a whirlpool was formed. This being\\nnoticed upon several occasions, a person rowed out\\nto the spot in a small boat and found the water\\nthere quite warm. At the place where this occuri cd,\\nthere is a deep hole, perhaps fifty yards in diameter,\\nwhich has been sounded to the depth of seventy-five\\nor eighty feet, while all around the indentation the\\nwater is only thirty or forty feet deep, and which,\\nuntil about two j ears before this phenomenon was\\nwitnessed, was noted as an excellent fishing ground.\\nThe fact that the water there was found to be warm\\ngave plausibility to the theory that a sub-aqueous\\nvolcano caused the commotion, and that its existence,\\nunnoticed before, explained the reason why the fish\\nhad been driven away. Perhaps these phenomena\\nhave in former ages been noticed by the aborigines,\\nand have been handed down in their traditions, as\\nthe Indians of the present day never cross the lake,\\naffirming the belief that an evil spirit would draw\\nthem to the bottom were they to make the attempt.\\nFollowing the lake shore from Tahoe City, the\\nIsland House is approached in a distance of a couple\\nof miles, over a fine stretch of country; thence\\nObservatorj Point, a sharp prominence running into\\nthe lake at the lower end of Carnelian Bny; follow-\\ning up the beach, where are found many smoothly-\\nworn and variagated silicioas pebbles, the rocky\\npoint on the north is passed, and the shore of Agate\\nBay greets the traveler. Not far from hei-c a small\\ncreek enters the lake, about the mouth of which is\\nsome pretty meadow land. Griffin s saw-mill is on\\nthis stream. Bast of this a few miles are the Hot\\nSprings, near the State line, now the pi-operty of\\nSisson, Wallace Co.\\nThe altitude of Lake Tahoe, according to the\\nobservations of the United States Geographical Sur-\\nveying Corps, under the command of Lieutenant\\nGeorge M. Wheeler, is 6,202 feet above the sea;\\nTahoe City, 6,251; Hot Springs, 6,237. The lake is\\ntwenty -two miles long and twelve and a half wide, and\\nis fed by the waters of more than thirty streams of\\nvarious sizes, which have their sources in the surround-\\ning snow-clad hills, and are ever pouring their volume\\ninto it sometimes in gently flowing brooklets; at\\nothers in leaping, laughing, beautiful cascades, and\\nagain in fierce and angry tori ents.\\nLAKE TAHOE S name.\\nThe name of this grand lake now appears to be\\nfixed as Tahoe, but over this subject an exciting and\\nacrimonious controversy has more than once been\\nheld. The first record of the lake is in Fremont s\\nexplorations of 1843-44. January 10, 1844, he dis-\\ncovered and named Pyramid Lake, and a few days\\nthereafter reached the river at the south end, where\\nhe had a feast of salmon trout, and he named the\\nstream Salmon Trout River. This now bears the\\nname of Truckee. He was told that the river came\\nfrom another lake in the mountains three or four\\ndays distant, in a direction a little west of south.\\nOn the maps accompanying Captain Fremont s\\nNarrative, this lake bears the name of Mountain\\nLake, and it was so called in California until after\\n1852, and it is thus referred to in the Placer Herald\\nin discussing the subject of wagon roads. In 1852,\\nthe Surveyor-General, looking out a route for a\\nwagon road, gave the name of the then Governor of\\nCalifornia to the lake, and it became officially and\\ngenerally known as Lake Bigler.\\nIn 1859, Dr. Henry De Groot was exploring the\\nmountains, and being of an inquiring mind and a\\nwriter for the press, formed a vocabulary of Indian\\nwords of the Washoe dialect. By this he learned that\\ntah-oo-ee meant a great deal of water; tahu e maani\\nsnow, and tah-oo, water. This he wrote, or a partial\\nexplanation, to the Sacramento Union, and the word\\ntah-oo-ee suggested as an appropriate n.ame for\\nLake Bigler, being the Indian term for big water.\\nIn 1863, Rev. T. Starr King and a party visited the\\nlake. The War of the Rebellion was then raging;\\nGovernor Bigler was a Democrat, and was denounced\\nas a copperhead and secessionist, and therefore\\nunworthy of the honor of having so grand a feature\\nof natural scenery named in his honor, and Starr\\nKing christened the lake Tahoe. California and\\nNevada Legislatures have repeatedly Resolved\\nthat the name was Lake Bigler, but notwithstand-\\ning all these official declarations, the popular\\nname of Tahoe is adopted, and Bigler is only pre-\\nserved by his partisans and friends.\\nAmong the French immigrants of 1849 were maps\\nin which the mountain lake was given the name of\\nBonpland. This name had been given to it by\\nPreuss, the draughtsman accompanying Fremont in\\n1843-44, and was so published in Europe. This name\\nseemed so appropriate, as in honor of a great traveler\\nand geographer, the famous companion of Baron\\nVon Humboldt, that, when the change was proposed\\nto Tahoe, an effort was made to have the name of\\nBonpland re-established. This, however, did not\\nobtain.\\nUpon inquiry of Governor Fremont in this con-\\nnection, we have the following letter:\\nPresoott, Arizona Territory, Feb. 20, 1881.\\nMy Dear Sirs: What is now called Tahoe Lake\\nI named Lake Bonj^land, upon my first crossing the\\nSierra in 1843-44. I gave to the basin river its name\\nof Humboldt, and to the mountain lake the name of\\nhis companion traveler, Bonpland, and so put it in\\nthe map of that expedition. Tahoe, I suppose, is the\\nIndian name, and the lake the same, though I have\\nnot visited the head of the American since I first\\ncrossed the Nevada in 44. Yours Truly,\\nJ. C. Fremont.\\nTHE GEORGETOWN SNAO.\\nOne of the features to be seen along Tahoe s Placer\\nCounty coast line, is the Geoi-getown Snag, about\\nhalf a mile south of McKinney s. It is the top of a", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "RIVER BARS, VALLEYS, ETC.\\n405\\nlargo pine or fir tree, barkless, which usually stands\\nin the lake about 150 yards from shore, rising above\\nthe surface of the water from six to eight feet, and\\nwhere broken off, about two feet in diameter. It is\\na dead tree standing upon end, and finds anchorage\\nin water at the depth of 110 feet. From time to\\ntime, with the varying winds, it shifts its position,\\nbut never gets far from the locality where first dis-\\ncovered by the white man. It is a favorite hitching\\nplace for fishing boats. How long it has been there\\nthe oldest inhabitant knoweth not. Several years\\nago a severe gale prevailed off shore, and the old\\nsnag was seen to leave its moorings and move\\nfarther seaward than was its wont. Fearing it had\\ngot too far ever to be returned by favoring winds\\nand currents, some daring boatman, who, from\\nMeKinney s, saw its movements, launched a boat,\\nbraved the gale, rowed to it, and towed it near the\\nspot it had left.\\nMOUNTAIN LAKES.\\nBesides Lake Tahoe, Placer County contains a\\ngreat number of small lakes in her extended mount-\\nain area, the most of which have been stocked with\\ntrout within the past ten years. West of the George-\\ntown Snag, (described elsewhere), about one and a\\nhalf miles west of Lake Tahoe, is Quail Lake, some\\n600 to 800 feet higher in altitude than the former,\\nabout 300x200 yards in extent, and from fifteen to\\nforty feet deep. J. VV. McKinney, several years ago,\\ncaused some small trout to be put into this lake. In\\n1881 some of these were caught, weighing three to\\nfour pounds, which fact induced him to place more\\nthere. John Hunsucker that year added to Quail\\nLake about 3,000 young trout from one and a half to\\ntwo inches long.\\nBear Lake, a pretty sheet of water lying in the\\nhigh mountains, about eight miles west of MeKinney s,\\nand about 400 yards in diameter, nearly round, has\\nbeen stocked with trout by shepherds in the employ\\nof James H. Miller, of Latrobe, El Dorado County,\\nwho has extensive land interests near by, used for\\nsummer pasturage for sheep.\\nBuck Lake is 300x150 yards in extent, and lies\\nabout four miles southwesterly from MeKinney s;\\nwill be stocked with trout by Mr. McKinney during\\nthe spawning season of 1882.\\nThere is a lake about half a mile north of the\\ntrail going over from the Rubicon River to Lake\\nTahoe, which is about a mile long and 150 yards\\nwide, the outlet to which flows into the Rubicon.\\nFour small lakes, of several hundred j ards each in\\nextent, lie embosomed upon the summit of the divide\\nin the magnificent pass through which the trail from\\nthe Rubicon to l^ake Tahoe runs.\\nFive-lake Valley derives its name from that\\nnumber of lakes, which it contains. A portion of\\nthe water from these lakes runs into the Rubicon\\nand finds its way to the Pacific, while another part\\ngoes into Bear Valley, and thence through Bear\\nCreek to the Truckee.\\nMOUNTAIN PEAKS.\\nWhile the denizens of the lowlands bordering the\\ngreat valley of the Sacramento, in Placer County,\\namid their vine-embowered foot-hills, and their or-\\nchards of semi-tropical fruits, their level grain fields,\\nand stretches of arid bowlder-strewn pasture grounds,\\nBwelter in the heat of Summer, from a point where\\nno snow ever covered the surface of the land but for\\na few hours, if at all, they yet have the satisfaction\\nof casting their eyes to the esatward, and taking in\\nthe range of their vision many lofty snow-clad\\npeaks within the limits of their own county. Among\\nthese ai e Twin Peaks, near the head of Blackwood\\nand Ward Creeks, 8,824 feet high; Ellis Peak, at\\nthe head of Madden Creek, 8,675 feet; Duncan Peak,\\n7,286 feet; with Devil Peak, Granite Chief, The\\nNeedles, near American Valley, Gray Eagle Bluffs,\\nBoar Hill, Pluto Peak, at the head of Silver Creek\\n(a stream flowing west into the Truckee), and many\\nothers, at whose feet nestle delightful little valleys of\\nlesser altitude, and through which flow beautiful\\nstreams of purest water, cold and sweet, in which\\ndesport the nimble trout all inviting the heat-over-\\nburdened mortal to comfort, freedom, and repose.\\nMOUNTAIN VALLEYS.\\nMany mountain valleys of small size are found in\\nthe eastern portion of Placer County, that are\\namong the best in the world for summer pasturage\\nfor horned cattle, and for dairying purposes, the\\nherbage being sweet, and not causing distasteful\\nflavor to dairy products, while the cold, pure water\\ninsures cleanliness and solidity to the article. Nearly\\nall of these are occupied for this business, and a\\ngreat deal of butter is made, which, as a rule, finds\\nready market without leaving the mountains at the\\ntourists resorts, the logging and wood-chopping\\ncamps, lumbering mills and it is from this source\\nthat the well-to-do resident of the Silver State\\nusually secures his annual supply. One of the most\\nimportant of these is\\nSQUAW VALLEY,\\nLying at an altitude of 6,126 feet above the sea. Dur-\\ning the time in the history of the State when there\\nwere so many emigrant wagon-roads projected, the\\nPlacer County road, as contemplated, ran through it,\\nand Surveyor Thomas A. Young thus said in his report\\nto the Surveyor-General:\\nSquaw Valley is the most beautiful valley the eye\\never beheld. It is covered with luxuriant grass and\\nthe soil is of the most productive nature. The\\nvalley is completely surrounded by mountains, with\\nthe exception of the east end, at which point a most\\nmagnificent stream of water, that flows through the\\neatire length of the valley, empties into Truckee\\nRiver; There is contained in the valley about 500\\nacres of tillable land.\\nThe dehouoheur of the stream running through\\nSquaw Valley into the Truckee is about five miles\\nfrom the lake. This beautiful valley has been util-", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "406\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COimTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nized by the farmer, its products of hay and vegeta-\\nbles, butter, cheese, eggs, and berries, usually finding\\na market at the hotels on Lake Tahoe, the saw-mills\\nof the region, and in Nevada.\\nFRENCH MEADOWS.\\nAt the time there were so many people prospect-\\ning in the eastern portion of Placer County, from\\n1850 to 1836, but few places escaped exploration, as\\nthere are continuous beds of auriferous gravel upon\\nmost of the ridges clear up to the very base of the\\nbare granite peaks which form the high Sierra.\\nEarly during that period a company of Frenchmen,\\nin following up the Middle Fork of the Middle Fork\\nof the American, came upon a narrow gorge, where\\nfor about half a mile the stream whirled and tum-\\nbled through a rocky canon at a fearful velocity.\\nPassing this they found that the country above\\nopened out into a fair valley of near half a mile wide\\nand for several miles in length. Here, for a time,\\nthey camped and pi-ospected for gold, and subse-\\nquent comers who followed, and found them located\\nthere, were wont to cull thelocaliiy the Frenchmen s\\nMeadows, to designate it from other places in the\\nvicinity, which circumstance has indelibly affixed\\nthe name.\\nThe altitude at the lower end of the meadows is\\n5,108 feet. The soil is gravel, but as frosts occur\\nevery month of the year, no attempt has ever been\\nmade at cultivation. Considerable prospecting has\\nbeen done for gold in the vicinity of the meadows,\\nbut no large results have been met. Gen. 0. H.\\nEvans, of Nevada County, is the owner of large\\nmining locations, upon which he has been tunneling\\nfor several years, at a place several miles up the\\nvalley, called Chalk Bluffs. Sheep and cattle are\\nkept here during the summer in large numbers, being\\ndriven in over the road ma Murderer s Bar, Forest\\nHill, Secret House, Tadpole Lake, Main Top, and\\nacross Duncan Canon. Splendid trout-fishing is to\\nbe had in the stream, running through the meadows,\\nwhile various kinds of mountain game are plentiful,\\nfrom quail to bear.\\nPIOATUNE VALLEr\\nis simply an extension of the river valley in which\\nFrench Meadows occur, lying upon the southern\\nbranch of the stream, while continuous bottom\\nlands are found up the northern fork until the base\\nof the ridge dividing the waters of the North and\\nMiddle Forks of the American is reached, ascending\\nwhich Soda Springs Valley, to which a wagon-road\\nfrom Summit Station on the Central Pacific Eail-\\nroad is constructed, and where thei-e is a noted sum-\\nmer resort. At this place, too, in 1864, did the pros-\\npectors rush and form a district, and locate many\\nclaims, with high-sounding titles, for mining pur-\\nposes.\\nSODA SPRINGS VALLEY\\nIs at the head of the North Fork of the American,\\nabout ten miles west of Lake Tahoe. I-n natiu^l\\nbeauty, picturesque scenery, and romantic land-\\nscapes it stands out unique and wonderful in all the\\nfeatures that compose it, surrounded by lofty mount-\\nain peaks, with their bare, rugged granite sides ex-\\nposed, and with shaded depressions filled with snow.\\nIt is at this point where the great tunnel of seven\\nmiles in length, proposed by Colonel Von Schmidt to\\ndivert the waters of Lake Tahoe into the North\\nFork, has its exit to the California side of the Sierra.\\nAMERICAN VALLEY,\\nBig and Little, lie at the extreme head of the\\nMiddle Fork of the American, and at an elevation of\\nover 7,000 feet. A number of years ago, during the\\nprevalence of the wagon road and mining excite-\\nj ments in the neighborhood, Jorge Ballen, or, as he\\nis commonly called, Greek George, built a house in\\nLittle American Valley, and kept store as well as\\npublic house for the accommodation of travelers.\\nHe and his wife concluded at one time to remain\\nthere all winter, and brave the rigors of the climate.\\nThe one hibernation there, however sufficed, as the\\nsnow fell early and remained late, and most of the\\ntime was twenty feet deep. Mrs. Ballen did not\\nleave the house for a period of five months, and then\\nmade her first appearance from that long imprison-\\nment in the month of April, after her husband had\\nshoveled a trail from the door of the house to the\\nroof, to which she ascended, and there, upon a\\nblanket spread for the occasion stood for awhile to\\nbask in the sunlight from which she had been so\\nlong deprived the snow at that time being, by\\nactual measurement, just five feet deeper than the\\napex of the roof\\nA climb of half a mile east of the house brings\\none to the top of a ridge overlooking nearly the\\nwhole of Lake Tahoe and surroundings, and is mag-\\nnificent, the point of observation being perhaps four\\nmiles distant from the northwestern shore of the lake,\\nsome 1,500 feet above it, with Squaw Valley inter-\\nvening, and the valley of the Truckee stretching\\naway to the northward, the railroad in view at a\\ndistance, while Tahoe City is at the feet of the\\nbeholder, and the summer cottages between that and\\nMcKinney s in fact a bird s-eye view of the whole\\nscene is at once taken in the immense water sheds\\nat the heads of the Itubieon, and of the South, Mid-\\ndle and North Forks of the American and their innu-\\nmerable tributaries in the sinuosities; the unequaled\\ngrandeur of the mountain meadows spread out at\\nthe feet, verdant with freshly-grown herbage;\\ncraggy and fantastic peaks; gigantic forests of\\nconifera; leaping cascades; snowy, bleak, hoary and\\ngrand old mountains, rendered doubly magnificent\\nby the reflection in the blue waters of the lake. The\\nAmerican Valleys are now used exclsively as a sum-\\nmer pasturage for stock.\\nANIMALS.\\nAmong the wild animals of the high Sierra are\\nfour distinct varieties of bear cinnamon, brown,", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "RIVER BARS, VALLEYS, ETC.\\n407\\nblack, and an occasional grizzly. The black bear\\ninvariably has a white spot about the size of a\\nman s hand on the breast. The cinnamon differs\\nfrom the brown bear in that it has a longer and\\ndifferently shaped head, and, next to the grizzly, is\\nmore dangerous to attack than the black or brown.\\nTrappers in the mountains number among their\\ncaptures the following fur-bearers: Fishers, pine\\nmartin, mink, otter, and black, red, silver-gra} and\\ncross fox; muskrats have also been caught in the\\nTruckee River.\\nTo the larger game mentioned may be added,\\ndeer, gray squirrel, grouse, and mountain quail, in\\nthe high Sierra; valley quail, doves, and wild\\npigeons, in the foot-hills and valleys. When the\\nregion was first occupied herds of antelope, num-\\nbering thousands in a bfidy, fed on the plains, and\\nelk, and deer, and coyotes were quite plentiful, and\\nall the streams abounded in fish. Now the game\\nis confined to the mountains, and mining has\\ndriven the fish from the rivers.\\nAN AMPHIBIOUS SIOUSE.\\nPerhaps the smallest of the furred amphibia that\\nexists, and of which no mention has ever hitherto\\nbeen made, is a tiny creature resembling an ordi-\\nnary mouse, which is common along the clear\\nstreams of the high Sierra. Does a solitary camper\\nseek the bed of the creek for water with which to\\nwash down his noonday lunch, and keep quiet\\nalongside of the huge granite bowlders that lie so\\nthickly about him, more than likely will he see one\\nor more of these little fellows peei ing forth from\\ntheir lurking places, and finally stealing out to\\ngather up the fallen crumbs. If he remains quiet\\nhe will see them, after finishing their repast on\\nland, go directly to the water, plunge in, and swim\\nand walk beneath its clear surface with as little\\ninconvenience as if treading dry land. Its body\\nis no more than one and one-half inches long,\\nwhile the tail appears the same as that of the\\ncommon mouse. In color, it is bluish, or maltese,\\nand altogether is a curious little creature.\\nUNCLASSIFED BIO TREES.\\nThere is a group of big trees, four or five in\\nnumber, in Placer County, on the divide between the\\nNorth Fork of the American and Duncan Cafion,\\neast of Last Chance, and near a locality known as\\nBlack Joe s Diggings. The largest of these trees\\nwas originally 300 feet in height, before it lost its\\ntop in a gale of wind. Several years ago the tree\\nalso fell, and is about thirty feet in diameter at the\\nbutt, tapering symmetrically to the top. The bark\\nof these trees, unlike those of the Mariposa and\\nother mammoth conifera,is quite thin, being but a few\\ninches thick. The wood alone of the prostrate tree\\nis thirteen feet in diameter, fifty feet up from the\\nground, and is soil and white, though at the same\\ntime susceptible to a high polish. They are doubt-\\nless all of their kind there is in the State, and never\\nhave been classified because of their isolated situa-\\ntion.\\nMINING ON BEAE RIVER IN 49.\\nNotwithstanding the fact that Bear River is to-day\\nturgid with thickened water, and that the gorge in\\nwhich this slickens-laden element runs is now broad-\\nened by the resultant eff^ects of the artificial erosion\\neast from adjacent hills to a width of many yai-ds,\\nand a depth of near 100 feet; that dead, barkless,\\nand rotting trees stand all along its sinuous way,\\ncasting out their bare and verdureless limbs in every\\ndirection as warning finger-posts to guide from cor-\\nroding art s insiduous realm, time was when that\\nstream, with all its ravines and tributaries, were\\nmarvelous in their natural beauty. Pleasant little\\nflats covered with trees and bunch grass; clamber-\\ning grapevines; pebbly bars; moss-eovcred bowl-\\ndei s; clear, bright water inhabited by myriads of\\nfish; fringes of cedars, spruce, fir, pines, yews, maples,\\nand ash, greeted the eyes of the pioneers who first\\nsought the banks of Bear River above its deboucheur\\nfrom the foot-hills into the valleys, while below were\\nextensive meads of bottom lands black in the moldy\\nrichness which had been caused by the aggregation\\nof ages of alternate overflow, of thrifty vegetable\\ngrowth, and annual decomposition.\\nNot noted as a great gold-producing stream, it has\\nyet yielded up much treasure in its time. Many\\nwere the bars along its banks that in 1849 were\\nsure to produce an ounce and a quarter to each\\n100 buckets of gravel washed out by rocker. That\\nfall, about duo north from Illinoistown, were a\\nparty of eight men from Palmyra, New York,\\namong whom were I. N. Hoag and Joe Under-\\nwood, engaged in their maiden eff orts at gold dig-\\nging. And they did well, stripping off and throw-\\ning away top gravel that would have yielded five\\ncents a pan had it been washed, to get at that\\nwhich was ultimately worked. It is doubtful if the\\nbed of Bear River, or the bars, were ever worked\\nas thoroughly as their merit deserved, before being\\noverwhelmed by debris from the hills. In the\\nspring of 1851 a party of seven men went on to\\nBear River from S. D. Burge s place, on Doty s\\nRavine, intending to put in the entire Summer at\\nmining there; but the melting snow caused hi^h\\nwater, and no work of account could be done the\\nfirst few weeks. Fourteen claims were located in\\nthe stream, and the camp was made upon a bar\\nnot a great way below Dutch Flat. About this time\\nthe Gold Bluff excitement began, and the rumors\\nof wealth to be found on the far-away northern\\ncoast made the men restive while inactive and\\nwaiting for the snow to go ofi S. D. Burge was\\nof the party, and as ho was permanently located on\\na ranch within one day s travel, while the others\\nhad no permanent abiding-place, they finally pro-\\nposed to sell to him. He did not wish to buy,\\nbut for fun off ered them half an ounce for diggings,\\ntent and outfit. They took him at his offer and left.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "408\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nAs ho could not yet work in the stream, the place\\non which the tent stood looked the more favorable\\nspot to prospect, and so ho sank a hole there. The\\nfirst pan, after getting to bed-rock, yielded S52, and\\nit was not many weeks before Burge folded his tent\\nand went back to his ranch on Doty s Ravine with\\n$9,000. Many other incidents of like character as\\nthe foregoing could be related, but the above suflSces\\nfor an illustration.\\nCHAPTER XLVIIL\\nOBITUARIES OF PIONEERS.\\nTo some arc given spirits high and daring,\\nAnd stouter hearts than others of their kind\\nWho never know the sense of fear and fearing,\\nWho never in the race are left behind.\\nAnd while wc throng to do our country honor\\nOur golden State, the proudest of her peers\\nMay it not he that with our blessings on her\\nAre mingled those of long-gone pioneers\\nO CONNELL.\\nIn closing the history of Placer County a brief fare-\\nwell notice is due to those of her prominent pioneer\\ncitizens who have passed from the stage of their\\nearly toils, triumphs, and disappointments, hoping to\\nrevive a kind and sympathetic memory of those who\\nbore a part in the settlement and development of the\\nState. Many have been noticed in the preceding\\npages whoso names will not be found in this chapter,\\nand the records of many are lost.\\nBenj. C. Allen, one of Auburn s old-time and\\nprominent residents, died at his residence in Ct^nter-\\nville, R. I., March 20, 1S80. Mr. Allen was a mem-\\nber of the firm of Hall Allen, bankers, of Auburn,\\nand, to use the language of an old acquaintance,\\nBen. Allen was a glorious fellow. He was socia-\\nble, and accommodating.\\nLisbon Applegate, a pioneer citizen of Placer\\nCounty, and one of the projectors of the tunnel at\\nupper Horseshoe Bar, on the Middle Fork, in 1850,\\nfather of George W. Applegate, died at Keytsville,\\nMissouri, January 23, 1875. Judge Applegate came\\nto California in 1849, and for several years lived\\nat Lisbon, between Auburn and lilinoistown, which\\nplace was named after him. He was a practical\\nsurveyor, and assisted in locating the western bound-\\nary of the State of Missouri, as well as making\\nextensive surveys in the celebrated Platte Pur-\\nchase. In 1845 he was a member of the Constitu-\\ntional Convention of Missouri, and during his life-\\nlime filled many important public trusts.\\nJudge L. B. Arnold, one of the leading citizens of\\nDutch Flat, and once County Judge, died at his\\nhome, March 10, 1879, at the age of sixty-five.\\nJohn Bahney, a native of Switzerland and a resi-\\ndent of Placer County since 1852, died at his home\\nbetween Clipper Gap and Colfax, June 20, 1880, aged\\neighty-seven years. He was a highly rcsp(;cted\\ncitizen, a member of llie Independent Order of Odd\\nFellows, and remarkably vigorous in his extreme\\nage. His wife, Marian Bahney, followed on the 26th\\nof January, 1881, aged sixty-seven years.\\nB. H. Bartlett, for twenty years a resident of\\nDutch Flat, a gentleman very highly respected, died\\nMay 10, 1879. He was a native of Maine, forty-\\nseven years of age.\\nC. Beckman fell over an embankment near Forest\\nHill, December 25, 1872, and was almost instantly\\nkilled. He was a gentleman of more than ordinary\\ntalent and correct judgment, and as a citizen was\\nhighly esteemed. Mr. Beckman was a native of\\nMecklenburg, Germany, and was thirty-nine years of\\nage.\\nConrad John Belty, a native of Germany, died at\\nWisconsin Hill, May 5, 1871, aged ninety-three\\nyears. Deceased was a good and brave man. Three\\ntimes was he decorated on the field of battle with\\nmedals by his commanding generals. His last bat-\\ntle was Waterloo.\\nWm. Bissett, died at Rock Creek, Juno 18, 1875,\\naged sixty-six years. He was one of the oldest res-\\nidents of that section of the country, and was always\\nrespected as one of Rock Creek s best citizens.\\nE. L. Bradley, an old resident of Placer County,\\nbut later of San Jose, died at his home in the latter\\nplace, July 17, 1S80. Mr. Bradley was a valuable\\nacquisition as a citizen to any community.\\nMark Buckley, one of Placer s oldest residents,\\ndied at his home near Clipper Gap, November 21,\\n1880. He lived to the good old age of seventy-\\nseven.\\nThomas CoflFey died at Pino Grove, March 24, 1860,\\nin the thirty-first year of his age. Ho was formerly\\nof Staten Island, New York, and came to California\\nin 1849. He was a resident of Placer County, dur-\\ning the entire period. Possessing many qualities to\\ninsure the good will of men, he died leaving sincere\\nmourners.\\nWilliam Cory died at Auburn, September 20, 1863,\\naged thirty-nine years. He was a native of Eng-\\nland, but at an early age came to California. At the\\ntime of his death he was County Clerk of the county\\nof Placer, an amiable gentleman, upright in his deal-\\ning, and firm and true to his friends.\\nEdward Cook died at Auburn, August 14, 1861, of\\nconsumption. Mr. Cook was formerly from New\\nYork, and camo to California in 1849. He was\\nthirty-three years of age.\\nPaul Cox, one of Placer s oldest pioneers, was,\\ninstantly killed by falling from a loaded wagon,\\nSeptember 6, 1870. Deceased had been a resident of\\nCoon Creek for twenty years, and was particularly\\nnoted for his quiet, sober, and industrious habits.\\nGeorge Crisman died at his home in Auburn, May\\n14, 1879. Deceased was forty-seven j-ears of ago.\\nFew men were better liked, none would be missed\\nmore.\\nCol. Geo. Cullum died at Lincoln, December 23,\\n1877. He was a native of Ohio, aged seventy-four", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "o\\na\\n00\\nc\\n_l\\no", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "OBITUARIES OF PIONEERS.\\n4ort\\nyears, ten tnonths, and four days. He oamo to\\nPlacer in 1852, where he resided up to the time of\\nIlls death, and was hold in high esteem by all who\\nknew him.\\nEdgar Culver died in Newcastle, May 23, 1871.\\nDeceased was an early settler in Auburn, having\\nbeen a member of the firm of Hubbard, Woodin\\nCulver, in Auburn, in 1852-53. He was universally\\nesteemed by all his acquaintances.\\n\\\\Vm. H. Davis, an old resident of Auburn, died at\\nIowa Hill, October 11, 1880. Deceased was a native\\nof Woodstock, Maine, and was an excoptionall}^ good\\nman.\\nHorace Davenport died at Newcastle, December\\n3, 1875. Mr. Davenport came from New York to\\nCalifornia in 1851, and settled at Rattlesnake Bar,\\nwhere he resided until 1870, when he removed to\\nNewcastle. He was an intelligent man, an honored\\ncitizen, and a good neighbor.\\nA. C. Denton died at Lincoln, December 25, 1877.\\nHe was an old resident of Placer, and a native of\\nKentucky, and was seventy-seven years of age.\\nThomas Dodds died at Todd s Valley, December 10,\\n1880. Of Mr. Dodds, it can be said that no man\\nwas his superior in moral rectitude, and strict busi-\\nness integrity. He was a native of vScotland, and\\naged sixty-six years.\\nMichael Donnelly, a native of New York, aged\\nfifty-two j-ears, died at Forest Hill, December 28,\\n1881. Deceased was well-known by everybody on the\\ndivide, where he had resided since the early days of\\nCalifornia gold mining.\\nDaniel Downs, who came to California in 1849,\\nand resided in Placer County from that time to the\\nday of his death, died at Rocktin, February 20, 1875.\\nMr. Downs was a native of Monticello, Sullivan\\nCounty, New York, and, at the time of death, aged\\nsixty-eight years. His naturally quiet and kind dis-\\nposition won for him the respect of all, and there\\ncan be said of him what can be told of few he left\\nnot an enemy behind.\\nThos. Bntwistle, an old Californian, and an old and\\nhigTily esteemed resident of Iowa Hill, met his death\\nin the Aurora Mine, June 8, 1880.\\nHenry Hart Fellows died at Auburn, July 8, 1874,\\naged thirty-eight years. Mr. Fellows was an old\\nresident of Placer County, and an attornoj^ by pro-\\nfession.\\nMr. Robert J. Fisher died in Auburn, August 8,\\n1861, of enlargement of the heart. He was thirtj\\nfour years of age, and a native of Baltimoi o, Mary-\\nland. In 1849 he came to what is now Auburn.\\nUnlike many of the gold-hunters of those days, who\\nwere constantly wandering after richer diggings,\\nMr. Fisher remained upon the scene of his first essay\\nat mining, and saw the scattered camp assume the\\nshape of a town, and receive its name of Auburn.\\nHe was a man of amiable disposition and kindness\\nof heart.\\nHenry B. Force died at Auburn, January 19, 1856.\\nDeceased was thirty -two years of ago. He was a\\nmember of the bar, and editor of the Placer Fresx\\nfor a short time.\\nCapt. S.J. Frisbiu died at Michigan BluflF, Septem-\\nber 27, 1862, aged forty years. He was a native of\\nPennsylvania. He came to California in 1850, and\\nwas a resident of Placer County during that entire\\nperiod, variously occupied in mining and merchan-\\ndising. He was a worthy citizen, and commanded\\nthe respect of friends and acquaintanec.-i.\\nJohn P. Gaines, a native of Virginia, aged sixty-\\nthree, died at his home, near Auburn, October 22,\\n1879. Deceased crossed the plains in 1849, and was\\na continual resident of the count}-.\\nMrs. Eliza Elliott Gibson, the second white woman\\nresident in Auburn, died at her residence in Silver\\nCity, Nevada, March 11, 1872. Deceased arrived in\\nAuburn in the spring of 1850, and remained until\\n1864, when she removed to Nevada. She was a\\nkind-hearted, c.ip;ible, and industrious business lady,\\nand many there are who have cause to remember\\nher as the good Samaritan of Auburn.\\nRobert Gordon, one of the oldest residents of\\nAuburn, and a very highly respected and much\\nosteemed citizen, came to his death Janu.iry 8, 1877,\\nb} the accidental discharge of a pistol which he\\nwas handling. Deceased was a native of Ireland,\\naged fifty-four years.\\nJohn R. Gwynn died at Auburn, April 27, 1876,\\naged seventy-six years, six months, and eighteen\\ndays. Mr. Gwynn vvas one of California s earliest\\npioneers and one of Placer s oldest citizens, having\\narrived in Auburn with his family from his native\\nState, Maryland, in September, 1850. Mr. Gwynn\\npossessed, as he well deserved, the profound respect\\nof all his acquamtances, and was a kind, generous,\\nand indulgent parent.\\nWm. Hamilton died at Doty s Flat, December 9,\\n1881, aged fifty-one years. Deceased came to C:ili-\\nfornia in 1859, and settled near Ophir, where he\\nresided up to the time of his death.\\nDr. John P. Harper died at Yankee Jim s, Novem-\\nber 23, 1854. He was a native of Virginia, and was\\nthirty yeai-s of age. He came to Auburn in 1851,\\nand commenced the practice of his profession.\\nDr. J. C. Hawthorne, at one time State Senator\\nfrom Placer County, and for many years Superin-\\ntendent of the Oregon Insane Asylum, died at his\\nhomo in Portland, February 15, 1881. Ho was an\\nold resident of Placer, but had moved to Oregon\\nseveral years previous to his death.\\nJ, M. Hogue died at Newcastle, June 3, 1872.\\nDeceased was a pioneer of Placer County, and one\\nof her most worthy and highly esteemed citizens.\\nHe was a member of the Constitutional Convention\\nof Illinois in 1847-48, besides holding many positions\\nof trust in that State. All who knew him were his\\nfriends; enemies, he had none.", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "410\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nEdward F. Holle died at his home in Auburn,\\nNovember 21, 1880. Mr. Holle was a native of Ger-\\nmany, and came to Placer County in 1858. He was,\\ntherefore, one of the oldest residents. As a gentle-\\nmen and citizen, words seem wanting to express his\\nfull merits.\\nFranklin I. Houston died at Auburn, June 30,\\n1861, of inflammation of the brain. He was thirty\\nyears of age, and had resided in the county a number\\nof years. He was a prominent member of the bar,\\nand one of the compilers of the Placer County Direc-\\ntory in 1861, a man of unwavering integrity, and a\\nfaithful and upright lawyer.\\nJohn Jacob Howald died May 10, 1881. He was a\\nnative of Switzerland, aged eighty years, and had\\nbeen a resident of Auburn for about thirty years.\\nJohn Larkin died at Stewart s Flat, May 12, 1863,\\nin the thirty -second year of his age. He was bora\\nin Tipperai y, Ireland. Came to America when very\\nyoung, and was a resident of Placer County from\\n1849 to the time of his death.\\nWilliam Rafus Longley died in San Francisco,\\nJune 22, 1863. Judge Longley was about fortj\\nyears of age, and resided in Todd s Valley. He\\nwas a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and was\\nheld in high esteem. He was one of the original\\nlocators of the famous Dardanelles claim. He was\\nwidely known, and much respected for his sterling\\nqualities.\\nWm. McErneruy died at Clipper Gap, March 16,\\n1870. Deceased was a native of Ireland, aged\\nthirty-three years, and came to Placer County in\\n1856. He was an energetic man, and had accumu-\\nlated considerable property and means.\\nCol. Wm. McClure died at Oakland, February 1,\\n1871. He was a native of Pennyslvania and was\\nsixty -four years of age. For twenty years he was\\none of the most esteemed, honored, and loved of\\nall of Placer s leading citizens.\\nMr. E. Mills died at Auburn, October 24, 1862, in\\nthe thirty-sixth year of his age. He was a native of\\nPennsylvania, but came to Placer County in 1851.\\nHe was elected Prosecuting Attorney of the county\\nin 1854, and filled the oflSce with ability.\\nSamuel G. Morris died at the American Hotel, in\\nAuburn, April 9, 1871, in the fifty-seventh year of\\nhis age. He came from South Carolina to California\\nin 1852, and located in Ophir. Mr. Morris was a\\nman of sterling integrity, energetic, and honest in\\nall his business dealings, and was universally loved\\nand respected.\\nCapt. P. Mundy died in Cisco October 14, 1872.\\nHe had been a resident of Placer County for many\\nyears and was ranked among her most popular,\\nhighly esteemed, and worthy citizens. He was a\\nnative of Ireland, and forty-nine years of age.\\nJames Munsell, Sr., died at Newcastle November\\n6, 1879. Mr. Munsell came to California in 1849, and\\nresided in Placer County up to the time of his\\ndeath.\\nJames Nolan, a native of Ireland, aged forty-\\nfive years, and an old resident of Auburn, died at San\\nFrancisco October 2, 1869.\\nCapt. John Nye died at Washington, D. C, July\\n7, 1871. He came to California in 1849, and was a\\nresident of Placer County for many years. Previ-\\nous to coming to California he had been Mayor of the\\ncity of Mobile, besides holding several other high\\noffices. Deceased was a man of warm impulses and\\nfine conversational powers.\\nW. K. Parkinson died at Carson City in Octo-\\nber, 1869. Deceased crossed the plains and arrived\\nin Auburn in 1852. He resided in Auburn until 1861\\nwhen he removed to Humboldt County, Nevada,\\nwhere he filled several high offices with trust and\\nhonor. In 1866 he was elected State Controller,\\nwhich office he held at the time of his death.\\nJoseph Perkins died at his homo near Clipper\\nGap, September 15, 1880. Ho was an old resident\\nof Placer and a California pioneer. It is said that\\nhe commanded the first sailing vessel that ascended\\nthe Sacrmento River in 1849. He was a respected\\ngentleman.\\nMrs. Rosanna Redfern died May 2, 1881. She\\nhad lived at Virginiatown since 1850, and through\\nthe lapse of thirty years had seen that place stripped\\nof its once large mining population and all the\\nhouses that were at one time the scene of so much\\nbusiness. She had a good, a generous, and noble\\nheart. Few ladies were better or more favorably\\nknown than was Mrs. Redfern. She was a native of\\nPennsylvania, aged fifty-two.\\nDaniel A. Rice died at Newcastle, November 23,\\n1881. Ho had been a resident of Placer County for\\nthirty years and was a substantial, energetic and\\nintelligent citizen.\\nJonathan Roberts died in Auburn, January 27,\\n1853, in the fifty-second year of his age. Deceased\\nwas one of the organizers of Placer County, together\\nwith Joseph Walkup, J. D. Fiy, H. M. House and\\nWm. Gwynn, and was afterwards elected Public\\nAdministrator.\\nSiffroid B. Roussin, one of Auburn s earliest pio-\\nneers, died at Auburn, July 5, 1857. He was highly\\nesteemed as a man of sterling integrity, of high\\nsense of honor, and as a kind and generous friend.\\nIn his native State, Missouri, he filled several high\\nand honorable offices and was a memberof the Leg-\\nislature, but no temptation seduced him from his\\nduty and no act of his sullied his reputation.\\nAndrew Sampson Shaw, a forty-niner, died in Alta,\\nDecember 13, 1879. Deceased was a native of Massa-\\nchusetts. He lived formerly at Forest Hill, but for\\nthe twenty years previous to his death he had been\\na resident of Dutch Flat and Alta.\\nDaniel Sickles died at Virginiatown, December 19,\\n1881. Mr. Sickles was one of the old pioneers of\\nPlacer, having been a resident of the county since\\n1850. He was seventy-two years of age, and a\\nnative of New York.", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "OBITUARIES OF PIONEERS.\\n411\\nL. G. Smith died at Rocklin, November 24, 1880,\\naged fifty-four years. Deceased came to the county\\nin 1850, in company with J. T. Kinkade, of Auburn,\\nwith whom he crossed the plains in 1849.\\nCol. Richard N. Suowden, in the early days of\\nCalifornia a resident of Auburn, died at Union ville,\\nNevada. September 16, 1863.\\nMr. John Stephens, a brother of Thos. E. Ste-\\nphens and Mrs. M. Andrews, of Auburn, was killed\\nat the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862, in the\\nfront rank of his company. He was nineteen years\\nof age and a member of Company A, Ninth Regi\\nment, Hawkins Zouaves. It was his first battle.\\nPeace to the memory of the gallant youns; soldier.\\nDaniel Stephenson died on his farm near Rose-\\nville, November 13, 1881, aged sixty-three years.\\nDeceased was familiarly known as Uncle Dan,\\nor Blackhawk, and was a native of North Caro-\\nlina. He came to California in 1857, and at one\\ntime was an unsuccessful candidate for Legislative\\nhonors from this county.\\nLeander Strong, a native of New York, aged fifty-\\nthree j ears, died at Auburn, April 3, 1880. Deceased\\nwas an old Placerite, having come to the county in\\n1849.\\nGen. J. B. Taylor died at Rock Creek, near\\nAubui n, October 25, 1875. He was an old resident\\nof Placer County, and a much respected citizen. He\\nwas a native of Kentucky and aged fifty-eight years.\\nDr. S. P. Thomas died at Sacramento, January 11,\\n1878. Deceased was an old Placerite and a native\\nof Maine, aged fifty-four years.\\nThomas Uren died at Dutch Flat, December 19,\\n1873. Deceased came to California in 1848, and was\\nconsequently one of the oldest pioneers of the State.\\nHe was a machinist by trade, a good man by will,\\nand a good companion by nature.\\nDavid Wade died at the Grizzly Bear House, April\\n21, 1863, aged thirty-four years. Mr. W. was an\\nold resident of Placer County, and respected by all\\nwho knew him.\\nElisha Webb, who was counted among Placer s\\nold and respected citizens, died July 31, 1881. He\\nwas a native of Ohio, aged forty-four j ears.\\nJacob Welty died November 17, 1879, on his farm\\nnear Lincoln. Deceased was well-known in the\\ncounty, having served one term in the Legislature\\nfrom Placer County.\\nMr. James Wells, one of the old and very highly\\nesteemed citizens of Michigan Blufl died at San\\nFrancisco September 13, 1880.\\nMr. George Willment, one of Placer s earliest set-\\ntlers and a 49er, died at Auburn December 22, 1878,\\naged fiftj -eight years. His honesty and integrity\\nwere proverbial.\\nJohn B. White died at Pine Grove, January 5,\\n1864, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. He was\\na nafive of Maine. At the time of his death he\\nwas Collector of Township No. 9, and an active and\\nefficient officer.\\nJohn Winders, aged sixty-seven j ears, a native\\nof Virginia, and for many years a resident of\\nAuburn, died at Stockton March 25, 1872. He came\\nto California in 1847, and was at Sutter s Mill with\\nMarshall and others during the winter of 1847-4S.\\nWinders, in company with others, aided in quieting\\nthe troubles of the Indian massacre which occurred\\nat Murderer s Bar at this time, and from which it\\nreceived its name. He was a brave and upright man.\\nTHE POPULATION OP PLACER COUNTY IN 1880.\\nTownship No. 1\\nRoseville 258\\nOther portions of townshij), aggregate 660\\nTotal, Township No. 1. 918\\nTownship No. 2:\\nOphir... 595\\nVirginiatown. 514\\nMount Pleasant. 99\\nTotal, Township No. 2. 1,208\\nTownship No. 3;\\nAuburn 1,229\\nOther portions of township, aggregate. 820\\nTotal, Township No. 3.. 3,049\\nTownship No. 4:\\nDutch Flat 939\\nColfax 591\\nGold Run. 377\\nTowle s Mills 225\\nBlue Canon 162\\nEmigrant Gap 137\\nAlta. 120\\nOther portions of township, aggregate 764\\nTotal, Township No. 4 3,315\\nTownship No. 5:\\nForest Hill 688\\nButcher Ranch 227\\nTodd s Valley. 226\\nYankee Jiin 150\\nTotal, Township No. 5 1,291\\nTownship No. 6:\\nMichigan Blutr. 468\\nBath 172\\nTotal, Township No. 6 640\\nTownship No. 7:\\nIowa Hill 456\\nSunny South 145\\nDamascus 71\\nWisconsin Hill 66\\nHumbug Cafion 50\\nGrizzly^Plat 48\\nBird s Flat 48\\nMonona Flat 47\\nSucker Flat 21\\nTotal, Township No. 7 952\\nTownship No. 8;\\nCanada Hill 35\\nTahoe City 32\\nDeadwood 31\\nLast Chance. 26\\nLong Cafion 25\\nAmerican Hill 16\\nTotal, Township No. 8 165", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "412\\nHIRTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nTownship No. 0:\\nfiocklin\\nPenryn\\nNewcastle\\nJulian Mine.\\nOther portions of township, aggregate.\\nTotal, Township No. 9\\nTownship No. 10:\\nLincoln\\nSheridan\\nOther portions of township, aggregate\\nTotal, Township No. 10.\\nTownship No. 11:\\nCisco\\nHot Springs\\nCold Stream\\nMiddle Fork\\nTruckee River.\\nTexas Diggings\\nSummit.\\nLake Valley\\n624\\n238\\n162\\n63\\n953\\n2,U40\\n275\\n125\\n900\\n1,300\\n73\\n56\\n54\\n45\\n38\\n34\\n28\\n20\\nTotal, Township No. 11.. 348\\nGrand Total 14,226\\nThe population is classified as follows: White\\nmales, 7,12.5; white females, 4,928; Chinese, 2,125;\\nIndians, 100. Increase in past ten years, 2,921.\\nPopulation of aliloriiia, 864,686. Increase in ten\\nyears, 303,190.\\nTotal gold product of California, $1,147,000,000,\\nof which Placer County has produced one-tenth, or\\n\u00c2\u00ab114,700,000.\\nALTITUDES IN PL.\\\\CER COUNTr,\\nAs furnished by W. A. Goodyear, of the State Geo-\\nlogical Survey, June 28, 1872:\\nLOCATION. FEE l\\nToll House at Rice s Bar, North Fork Ameri-\\ncan River 1 146\\nParker House, Iowa Hill 2867\\nSummit First Sugar-Loaf, Iowa Hill .3^084\\nMr. Teasland s House, Wisconsin Hill 2,880\\nHighest crest of ridge between Elizabeth and\\nKing s Hills. 3.065\\nHotel at Damascus .4016\\nSummit of Secret Hill- 6 051\\nMiller s Defeat 5812\\nLast Chance _ 4 545\\nHotel at Deadwood 3943\\nExpress Office, Michigan Bluff .3 488\\nForest House, ForestHill. 3,230\\nYankee Jim s. _ 2574\\nTodd s Valley. 2738\\nFord r, Bar, mouth of Otter Creek 795\\nRoseville j (j3\\nRocklin 249\\nI ino 403\\nNewcastle _ 97O\\nAuburn .1,363\\nClipper Gap 1^759\\nNew England Mills 2 289\\nColfax .2 421\\nCape Horn 2,692\\nGold Run 3^206\\nDutch Flat 3,403\\nAlta. ...3^612\\nShady Run 4 154\\nChina Ranch 4 411\\nBlue Cafion _ 4 gyg\\nEmigrant Gap _ _ 5^230\\nCisco _ _ 5^939\\nTamarack q 191\\nCascade _ 6*520\\nSummit 7 oi7\\nStrong s. 6 J81\\nTruckee 5^846\\nTHE RAIN-FALL.\\nThe climatology of California is diiTerent from\\nthat of any other portion of the United States, in\\nfact the climate changes with localities, although of\\na general sameness. The year is divided into two\\nseasons, the wet and the dry. The wet teason,\\nextending from October to May, varies greatly in\\nthe amount of rain, and in the dry season rain some-\\ntimes falls, usually about the first of July, but such\\nfall is regarded as phenomenal. The physical fea.\\ntures having the chief influence in governing the\\nrains are the bi oad expanse of ocean and the Sierra\\nNevada, and until these are changed there is little\\nlikelihood of the climate or seasons changing.\\nPlacer County is so situated as to be exempt from\\nexcessive drouth, the high Sierra intercepting and\\ncondensing the vapors brought bj^ the warm south\\nwinds of winter. A few statistics of rain-fall are\\nhere given, a complete record never having been\\nkept: but the following will give a general idea of\\nthe average seasons:\\ni! ro-7i.\\nISCHES.\\nlsri-72.!lS75-7H.\\nISCJlEs. I.NCHES.\\n187SI-SO.\\nIN-OHES.\\n1880-Sl.\\nINCHKf.\\nSan Francisco\\nStockton\\n13.0S\\n4.53\\n6.02\\n10.07\\n17.38\\n24.33\\n28.49\\n31.48\\n33\\n34.25\\n7.73\\n33.49 28.17\\n30\\n27\\nSacramento\\nRocklin\\n1\\nAuburn\\nColfax\\n40 54\\n47.16\\n45.50\\n38.64\\n35.83\\nAlta\\n57\\n1 Snow\\n517^\\nEmigrant Gap\\nCisco\\n56.69\\n60.29\\nSummit\\nBoca\\n16.87\\nI\\nThe most complete record has been kept at San\\nFrancisco, from which estimates may be made for\\nPlacer County by subtracting from 15 to 20 ])er\\ncent, in the Sacramento Valley portion, adding\\nfrom 20 to 30 per cent, for Auburn, and 80 to 120\\nper cent, for the Summit.", "height": "3328", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "Patrons Directory.\\nAbbott, A. G Newcastle.\\nRB8IDRNCK.\\nCame to Came to\\nState. County\\nAbram, John\\nAdams, F. D\\nAliart, Peter.\\nAlabama Con.Mi ngCo\\nAlbee, H. F\\nAmbrose, William.\\nAnderson, Chris.\\nAndrews, M\\nApplegate, Geo. W.\\nArthur, Wm\\nAshley, J. T\\nAtkinson, E.J\\nBales, J. S\\nBanvard, E. M\\nBarlow, Chas. D.\\nBarry, Wm\\nBell, A.\\nBeruhard, B\\nBisbee, J. G\\nBoardman, A. F.\\nBoggs, John C\\nBoles, R\\nBolton, James\\nBowley, Frank H.\\nBowman, .Samuel.\\nBrackett, G. F\\nBross, Peter, M. D.\\nBrown, James B.\\nBrown, John W.\\nBrown, J. R\\nBrown, Otis\\nBullock, W. H\\nBurnham, L. P.\\nBurns, Bobert F.\\nCaldwell, Mrs. A.\\nCarlson, J\\nCarson, R. A\\nCassidy, M\\nChadwick, Geo B.\\nChappellet, F\\nChinn, J. W\\nChoate, Mrs. A. F.\\nClick, Daniel\\nCoffin, Isaac T\\nCoker, W. H\\nCook, Wm\\nCoulton, John\\nCrandall, J. R\\nCrockett, H\\nCrutcher, W. M..\\nCulver, E. W\\nCurley, Tliomas.\\nDardanelles C.G.M.Co\\nDavis, Thos A.\\nDavis, Walter S.\\nDixon, Jos\\nDoran, James.\\nDunlap, J. W\\nSunny South\\nAuburn\\nLincoln\\nPenryn\\nNewcastle\\nAuburn\\nLincoln\\nAuburn\\nApplegate\\nForest Hill\\nAuburn\\nPleasant Grove.\\nRocklin\\nAlta\\nForest Hill\\nDoty s Flat\\nBald Hill\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nRattlesnake\\nRocklin\\nMonona\\nForest Hill\\nRocklin\\nColfax\\nOphir\\nMt. Pleasant Prec t\\nIron Mt. Ranch\\nRocklin\\nAuburn\\nDamascus\\nMichigan Bluff.\\nPenryn\\nU. S. Ranch\\nAuburn\\nLincoln\\nDutch Flat\\nYoung America.\\nIowa Hill\\nOphir\\nSheridan\\nDutch Flat\\nAuburn\\nPine Grove\\nBear River, Camp 19\\nAuburn\\nForest Hill.\\nAuburn.\\nNewcastle\\nColfax\\nForest Hill.\\nBath\\nAuburn\\nGold Run\\nRoaeville\\nMichigan Bluff\\nWagonmaker and blacksmith. New Hampshire.\\nHotel-keeping [England\\nRecorder and Auditor |Massachusetts\\nRanching Germany\\nAlabama Mine\\nMerchant iNew Brunswick.\\nAgent Bear River Ditch [Rhode Island.\\nPotter Denmark\\nPOST-OFFICR.\\nWatchmaker, jew rand banker\\nFruit-grower\\nMining\\nUnder Sheriff..\\nRanching and stock\\nBrakeman\\nProprietor Banvard s Hotel.\\nMining\\nFruit-raiser\\nFarming and mining\\nWine and fruit\\nCounty Treasurer\\nMining\\nSheriff\\nFruit-grower and miner\\nRanching\\nMining and carpentering\\nMining\\nFireman C. P. R. R\\nPhysician and surgeon\\nMining and fruit\\nFarming\\nRanching\\nRanching\\nLawyer\\nMining\\nSchool teacher\\nFruit-raising\\nProprietor Toll House\\nPlasterer and mason\\nHotel-keeper\\nMerchandising and mining.\\nMiner\\nP. M. and Express Agent\\nStore and saloon\\nPropr Sheridan Flour-mill.\\nOwner Water Works\\nDeputy Sheriff\\nGranite quarry and farming.\\nStock-raising\\nHorticulturist phys n (ret d)\\nTeaming\\nOwner Water Works.\\nMerchant and P. M..\\nOwner in part of hotel sta n\\nHotel\\nMining\\nButcher\\nTrack Inspector\\nSuperintendent Eureka Ditch\\nMassachusetts\\nMissouri\\nEngland\\nVermont\\nNew York\\nOhio\\nNew York\\nMassachusetts\\nIreland\\nTennessee\\nGermany\\nMaine\\nVermont\\nPennsylvania.\\nOhio\\nIreland\\nMaine\\nOhio\\nMaine\\nVirginia\\nPennsylvania\\nMissouri\\nGeorgia\\nNew York\\nMassachusetts\\nMaine\\nMassachusetts\\nNew York\\nSweden\\nPennsylvania.\\nIreland\\nOhio\\nFrance\\nVirginia\\nMassachusetts\\nGermany\\nNew Hampshire\\nMaine\\nEngland\\nEngland\\nMassachusetts\\nMaine\\nKentucky\\nCalifornia\\nNew York\\nCalifornia\\nMassachusetts\\nMaine\\nCalifornia.\\nOhio\\n1871\\n1860\\n1852\\n1852\\n1851\\n1855\\n1875\\n1849\\n1849\\n1850\\n1853\\n1853\\n1872\\n1852\\n1853\\n1853\\n1852\\n1852\\n1858\\n1872\\n1849\\n1850\\n1849\\n1875\\n186G\\n1870\\n1854\\n1859\\n1877\\n1851\\n1849\\n1851\\n1849\\n1859\\n1862\\n1850\\n1865\\n1849\\n1869\\n1849\\n1850\\n1860\\n1852\\n1856\\n1859\\n1855\\n1869\\n1849\\n1859\\n1853\\n1854\\n1851\\n1874\\n1854\\n1856\\n1856\\n1871\\n1860\\n1873\\n1857\\nNewcastle\\nMichigan Bluff.\\nAuburn\\nLincoln 2,200\\n1868\\n1876\\n1878\\n1849\\n1850\\n1853\\n1853\\n1855\\n1872\\n1855\\n1865\\n1871\\n1852\\n1852\\n1858\\n1872\\n1849\\n1850\\n1849\\n1875\\n1866\\n1870\\n1866\\n1859\\n1877\\n1851\\n1849\\n1851\\n1850\\n1S72\\n1862\\n1850\\n1865\\n1849\\n1869\\n1877\\n1850\\n1860\\n1853\\n1856\\n1859\\n1860\\n1870\\n1850\\n1859\\n1854\\n1867\\n1855\\nissi\\n1879\\n1867\\n1870\\n1860\\nNewcastle\\nAuburn\\nLincoln\\nAuburn\\nApplegate\\nForest Hill\\nAuburn\\nRoseville\\nRocklin\\nAlta\\nForest Hill.\\nNewcastle\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nNewcastle\\nRocklin\\nIowa Hill\\nForest Hill\\nRocklin\\nColfax\\nOphir\\nLincoln\\nAuburn\\nRocklin\\nAuburn\\nDamascus.\\nMichigan Bluff,\\nPenryn\\nButcher Ranch\\nAuburn\\nLincoln\\nl iitch Flat\\nForest Hill\\nIowa Hill\\nOphir\\nSheridan\\nDutch Flat\\nAuburn\\nPino\\nColfax\\nAuburn\\nForest Hill.\\nAuburn\\nNewcastle\\nColfax\\nBath\\nAuburn\\nGold Run\\nRoseville\\n3,000\\n120\\n160\\n46\\n160\\n320\\n160\\n160\\n80\\n80\\n1,200\\n240\\n120\\n160\\n500\\n340\\n160\\nIGO\\n23", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "414\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nOESUIE.N CE.\\nPOST-OFFICK.\\nDuncan, John\\nDurham, C. F\\nDyer, Mrs. Ellen\\nDyer, John R\\nFarrell, Timothy.\\nFenton, H. W\\nFereva, A\\nFilcher, J. A\\nFinley, C. W\\nFogarty, John\\nForsyth Philip\\nFoulks, John W\\nFrost, H. A\\nGardner, Mrs. M. S.\\nGarrison, J. G\\nGeissendorfer, George.\\nGladding, McBean Co\\nGleeson, James\\nGoding, T. F\\nGrant, E\\nGregory, J. H\\nGriffith, G\\nGuilford, E. R\\nHale, J. E\\nHamilton, Mrs. Jo.\\nHaney, Austin\\nHanisch, G\\nHathaway, A. D.\\nHeaton, W. D\\nHector, Robt\\nHendershott. W. D.\\nHenny, C\\nHerrold, Frank\\nHertlein, Joseph.\\nHicken, John B\\nHobson, John B.\\nHollenbeck, 0. \\\\V..\\nHosmer, T. N\\nHoward, Frank\\nHudepohl, H. R....\\nHudson, W. H. VV.\\nHulbert, J. W\\nHunter, T. J\\nHutchinson, Mrs. L.\\nHyland, J. J\\nJacobs, J. M\\nJesse, J. E\\nJoesink, B. H\\nJohnson, Levi\\nJones, Owen\\nJones, T. R\\nJones, William\\nJoninan, Louis\\nJuergensen, P. JN\\nKaiser, Frederick.\\nKaiser, John\\nKaiser, Samuel\\nKarchner, N. H\\nKaseberg, T. W\\nKingsley, Ezra\\nKittles, Mrs. E\\nLaird, J\\nLapham, Mrs. S. M.\\nLardner. W. B\\nLay cock, Scott\\nLay ton Bros\\nLeavitt, F. C\\nLee, W. N\\nLeeds, L. D\\nLewis, G. C\\nLinn, J. B\\nLoring, Chas. A\\nLothrop, Lee N\\nLubeck, D. W\\nLucas, R. B\\nMacy, C. F\\nMahan, J. L\\nMaher, Peter\\nMariner, J, S\\nMartz, C. E\\nMayer, W. J\\nMcAllister, Wallace.\\nMcAninch, John.\\nMcClung, John\\nMcCormick, Jas.\\nTodd s Valley\\nAuburn\\nDry Creek\\nDry Creek\\nDoton s Bar\\nAuburn\\nNewcastle\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nDry Creek\\nAuburn\\nDutch Flat\\nDutch Flat\\nForest Hill\\niV. E. Mills\\nLincoln\\nWisconsin Hill\\nAlta\\nPeury n\\nPenryn\\nPenryn\\nSunny South\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nBath\\nRoseville\\nKocklin\\nLincoln\\nRattlesnake\\nPenryn\\nOphir\\nLeach s Mill\\nIowa Hill\\nRoseville\\nIowa Hill\\nAuburn\\nBath\\nMt. Pleasant Prec t.\\nDutch Flat\\nDutch Flat\\nAuburn\\nSan Francisco\\nOphir\\nBath\\nAuburn\\nSheridan\\nRocklin\\nRoseville\\nDamascus\\nRoseville\\nLincoln\\nIowa Hill\\nSunny South\\nOphir\\nPenryn\\nOphir\\nSheridan\\nPleasant Grove\\nClipper Gap\\nOphir\\nPino\\nOphir\\nAuburn\\nForest Hill\\nClover Valley*\\nGreenwood\\nAlta\\nColfax\\nAuburn\\nAlta\\nRocklin\\nNewcastle\\nAuburn\\nSheridan\\nIowa Hill\\nEmigrant Gap\\nAuburn District.\\nCoon Creek\\nSleepy Hollow\\nVirginiatown\\nMining\\nTeacher Public School\\nFarming\\nFarming\\nRanching\\nPublisher Placer Argus\\nEngineeer\\nPublisher Placer Herald\\nFarming ex-Co. Surveyor.\\nRailroading\\nRanching\\nSupt. Addie Mine\\nFruit-raiser\\nStkhldr in Gold Ru i D M Co.\\nMerchant\\nRanching and stock-raising\\nSewer Pipe Manufacturing\\nDitch Agent\\nDitch Agent\\nHotel-keeper\\nFarmer\\nMerchandizing, Granite Q ry\\nMining mrr:-.. .t. 7.\\nLawyer\\n(husband) ex-Atty. Genl\\nMining\\nFarming\\nGranite Quarry\\nRanching\\nFarming and fruit-raising\\nTeaming\\nTeaming and ranching\\nSawyer\\nMining\\nRanching and sheep-raiser\\nMining Supt\\nBanker and Agt. W., F. Co.\\nMining\\nRanching\\nMercantile.\\nBlacksmith fruit-raiser.\\nFruit-raiser\\nMining\\nBoarding-house\\nMining\\nPhotographer\\nClerk\\nEngineer on C. P. R. R\\nStock-raising\\nHotel and Mining\\nR. R. Agt. and Tel. operater.\\nRanching\\nMining\\nMining\\nMining and hunting\\nFarming wine brandy M.\\nQuartz-miner\\nFarming\\nStock-raiser\\nFarming\\nHotel-keeper\\nMining\\nU. S Ranch.\\nDry Creek\\nAuburn\\nAtt y at Law and Diet. Att y.\\nMining\\nRanching\\nHydraulic mining\\nFruit-raising and farming.\\nSaloon\\nMining and ranching\\nFruit-raiser\\nEngineer C. P. R. R\\nFruit-grower\\nMerchandising\\nEngineer\\nSect y. I. Hill Canal druggist\\nSaloon and timber\\nFarming\\nRanching and stock raising\\nMining\\nFarming\\nLaborer in S. F. Mill\\nStage Prop., A. Forest Hill L\\nFarming and Stock-raising.\\nMiner\\nBelgium.\\nMaine\\nMissouri\\nMissouri\\nIreland\\nCanada.\\nSwitzerland.\\nIowa\\nTennessee\\nIreland\\nNorth Carolina\\nNew York\\nMassachusetts.\\nMaine\\nMaine\\nGermany\\nEstablished in\\nIreland\\nMassachusetts.\\nMaine\\nConnecticut.\\nWales\\nMassachnsetts\\nPennsylvania.\\nKentucky\\nCalifornia\\nAustria\\nMassachusetts\\nOhio\\nGermany\\nNew York\\nSwitzerland.\\nIndiana\\nGermany\\nGermany\\nIreland\\nMassachusetts.\\nMaine\\nKansas\\nHanover\\nMaryland\\nPennsylvania.\\nVermont\\nKentucky\\nNew York\\nOhio\\nMissouri\\nHolland\\nKentucky\\nWisconsin\\nCalifornia\\nSouth Wales.\\nFrance\\nG ermany\\nOhio\\nSwitzerland.\\nOhio\\nPennsylvania.\\nGermany\\nPennsylvania.\\nGermany\\nIreland\\nIllinois\\nMichigan\\nOhio\\nLong Island\\nMassachusetts.\\nMichigan\\nOhio\\nNew York\\nOhio\\nMaine\\nCanada\\nRuasia\\nOhi\\nMassachusetts.\\nMissouri\\nIreland\\nIndiana\\nIowa\\nNew York\\nMaine\\nIreland\\nKentucky\\nIreland\\n1852\\n1876\\n1853\\n1853\\nim\\n1874\\n1859.\\n1S49\\n1S50\\n1853\\n1874\\n18t)l\\n1849\\n1850\\n1850\\n1875\\n1855\\n1859\\n1852\\n1859\\n1853\\n1855\\n1849\\n18(51\\n1856\\n1854\\n1871\\n1852\\n1862\\n1852\\n1855\\n1873\\n1862\\n1859\\n1857\\n1854\\n1850\\n1874\\n1854\\n1865\\n1861\\n1858\\n1856\\n1853\\n1853\\n1875\\n1860\\n1850\\n1851\\n1853\\n1859\\n1853\\n1S54\\n1859\\n1859\\n1859\\n1855\\n1858\\n1853\\n1852\\n1S54\\n1871\\n1872\\n1870\\n1856\\n1860\\n1S52\\n1850\\n1861\\n1852\\n1876\\n1869\\n1855\\n1879\\n1850\\n1870\\n1850\\n1858\\n1870\\n1859\\n1876\\n1875\\n1850\\n1850\\niTodd s VaUey.\\nAuburn\\nRoseville\\nRoseville\\nNewcastle.\\nlAuburn\\n240\\n240\\n200\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nSacramento.\\nAuburn\\nDutch Flat.\\nColfax\\nForest Hill..\\nColfax\\n855\\n859\\n874\\n859\\n862\\n868\\n851\\n861\\n856\\n868\\n871\\n852\\n873\\n855\\n857\\n873\\n862\\n859\\n869\\n855\\n856\\n877\\n854\\n863\\n875\\n880\\n856\\n853\\n857\\n878\\n860\\n851\\n859\\n878\\n859\\n876\\n857\\n859\\n859\\n859\\n855\\n863\\n853\\n852\\n854\\n875\\n872\\n872\\n856\\n879\\n852\\n850\\n861\\n871\\n876\\n875\\n855\\n879\\n852\\n870\\n850\\n853\\n876\\n872\\n879\\n880\\n852\\n851\\nIowa Hill\\nAlta\\nIPenryn\\nPenryn\\nPenryn\\n-Michigan Bhiff;\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\njBath\\nRoseville\\nRocklin\\nLincoln.\\nSacramento.\\nPenryn\\njOphir\\nColfax\\nIowa Hill\\nRoseville\\n]Iowa Hill\\n[Auburn\\n;Bath\\nLincoln\\nDutch Flat.\\nDutch Flat....\\nAuburn\\nSan Francisco.\\nOphir\\njBath\\nAuburn\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Sheridan\\nRocklin\\nRoseville\\nIowa Hill\\nRoseville\\nLincoln\\nIowa Hill\\nMichigan Bluff.\\nOphir\\nPino\\nOphir\\nSheridan\\nSacramento.\\nClipper Gap\\n60\\n400\\n70\\n244\\n240\\n500\\n320\\n1,040\\n360\\n40\\n80\\n6,000\\nli\\nieo\\n4,803\\n6\\n400\\n6\\n240\\n640\\n400\\n160\\n640\\n5\\n160\\n160\\n8\\n200\\n36\\nPino\\nOphir\\nAuburn\\nForest Hill\\nRocklin\\nGreenwood\\nAlta\\nColfax\\nAuburn\\nAlta\\nRocklin.\\nNewcastle\\nAuburn\\n.Sheridan\\nIowa Hill\\nEmigrant Gap\\nAuburn\\nSheridan\\nTodd s Valley.\\nLincoln\\nSheridan\\nButcher Ranch. I 7\\nAntelope 1.100\\nAuburn I\\n80\\n320\\n3,000\\n80", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "PATRONS DIRECTORY.\\n415\\nMcLaughlin Joseph\\nMcLennan, A.\\nMcRea, A. B\\nMertes, Nicholas.\\nMessacar, Arthur.\\nMills, Mrs. R. A..\\nMitchell, J. H....\\nMoody, J. F\\nMonahan, W. R\\nMartin, Edwin\\nMuir, Wm\\nMuUer, Jac.bF..\\nMunaon, W. L.\\nNash, J. D\\nNeely, J. H\\nNeflF, J. H\\nNeher, A. D\\nNewman, T). G.\\nNichols, T. J\\nNichols, Oeo. D.\\nNickerson, J. A.\\nNixon, J. H\\nNorton, D. V\\nNutting Cooper.\\nPage, A. N\\nPardy, E\\nPeck, N. R\\nPerkins, Dana.\\nPeters, Gerard.\\nPetterson, O.H.,M. U\\nPhelan, E\\nPhilbrick, J. S\\nPillow, Mrs. Mary\\nPond, A. A\\nPratt, J. D\\nPuffer, W. H\\nPurington, C. E\\nPutnam, S\\nQuirolo, N\\nRea, Wm\\nReamer, S. E\\nReeves, Joshua\\nReeves, Walter J\\nRoberts, Wm\\nRogers, E, C\\nRooney, R. F., M. 0.\\nRoss, James\\nRoss, John\\nSeavey, 0. F\\nSchafer, Jacob\\nSchellhoua, Mrs. C. A,\\nSchippman, John.\\nSchnabel, Ad. H\\nSchuetze, A\\nShirland, E. D\\nShurtleff, A\\nSilva C. M. Son.\\nSimons, John\\nSimpson, G. W\\nSlaback, Aaron\\nSmith, Wm\\nSmyth Dunahos.\\nSmyth, J. W\\nSnyder, G. W\\nSparks, E. J\\nSparks, R. M\\nSpaulding, John.\\nSp\u00c2\u00abar, D. W\\nSpeidel, D. S\\nStarbuck, J. B\\nStevens, S. M\\nSumner, Wayne,\\nSwears, John\\nTaylor, Joseph\\nTaylor, J. M\\nTaylor, John N\\nThompson, Nels\\nTodd, T. M., M. D.\\nTowie, Allen\\nTremelling Arthur.\\nTudsbury, W. H\\nVan Emon, H. L.\\nVan V actor, W\\nWalker, D. M\\nOphir\\nPenryn\\nRoseville.\\nDry Creek\\nPenryn\\nRocklin\\nStewart s Flat.\\nGold Run\\nOphir\\nMining\\nForeman Penryn Granite Wks\\nFarming\\nFarming\\nEngineer\\n(husband) Engineer\\nCounty Assessor\\nMin g propr Gold Run Hotel\\nFruit orchard\\nPennsylvania.\\nScotland\\nCanada\\nGermany..\\nMichigan.\\nVermont.\\nVirginia\\nMaine\\nCalifornia.\\nMichigan Bluff\\nDick s Hill Ranch\\nAuburn\\nColfax\\nRocklin\\nColfax\\nRoseville\\nNewman s Ranch.\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nCal. Raisin Vineyard\\nDoton s Bar\\nColfax\\nClipper Gap\\nNewcastle\\nRocklin\\nOphir\\nRocklin\\nLincoln\\nIowa Hill\\nPino\\nLincoln\\nOphir\\nTodd s Valley\\nRoseville\\nPenryn\\nMichigan Bluff\\nAuburn\\nTodd s Valley\\nForest Hill\\nAuburn\\nLincoln\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nSheridan\\nColfax\\nGreen Valley\\nLong Ravine Bridge.\\nAuburn\\nC.P.R.R. paint shop\\nSuperintendent of mine\\nFruit-raising and winemaker.\\nCounty Assessor\\nEngineer Rising Sun\\nC. P. R. R\\nMining and merchandizing.\\nBlacksmith and wagon mfg.\\nFarming\\nCounty Clerk\\nMail and express carrier\\nSuperintendent of vineyard.\\nFruit- raising\\nToll House keeper\\nMining and fruit-raising\\nHotel proprietor\\nDairying\\nClergj man and fruit-raising.\\nC. P. R. R. land agt. ranc g\\nPotter\\nPhysician and surgeon\\nFarming and stock-raising\\nRanching\\n(husband) Mining\\nMerchant and miner\\nMerchant\\nBlacksmith, mining and fruit.\\nSuperintendent of mine\\nPropr Putnam H e lumber.\\nMerchandising\\nHotel, millman and stage propr\\nRanching\\nRanching\\nFreight Clerk and asst R.R.agt\\nPart owner in Conrad Mine\\nRanching\\nPhysician and surgeon\\nMining\\nCharge railroad bridge\\nCounty Superintendent of Schls\\nPainter\\nTodd s Valley.\\nNewcastle\\nPenryn\\nAuburn\\nOphir\\nNewcastle\\nDutch Flat\\nApplegate\\nNewcastle\\nMiller Town.\\nHorseshoe Bar.\\nHorseshoe Bar.\\nDamascus\\n4 mis e of Sheridan\\nSunny South\\nDutch Flat\\nAuburn\\nSheridan\\n5 mis 3 w of Colfax\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nSheridan\\nForest Hill\\nOphir\\nRocklin\\nSheridan\\nAuburn\\nDutch Flat\\nOphir\\nPino\\nMichigan Bluff.\\nIowa Hill\\nRocklin\\nMining\\nMining\\nButcher\\nStock-raiser\\nOwner of .Shurtleff Mine\\nFruit-growers and nursery\\nSuperintendent Baker s Mine\\nTeaching\\nBlacksmith\\nFarming\\nMining and fruit-grower.\\nMining\\nRanching and Co. .Supervisor.\\nMining and part owner Hid.Tr,\\nSupt. of S. Y. W. M. Co\\nMining and attorney at law\\nMillwright and carpenter\\nRetired\\nDruggist\\nLawyer\\nFarming\\nButcher\\nMining\\nGranite quarry\\nTrack Inspector\\nPhysician and surgeon\\nLumbering\\nQuartz-miner\\nFarming\\nOwner of Van Emon Gravel M.\\nSupt Iowa Hill Canal Mines\\nRailroad land agent\\nCanada\\nGermany\\nMaine\\nNova Scotia.\\nIllinois\\nPennsylvania\\nOhio\\nNew York\\nNew York\\nOhio\\nMissouri\\nTennessee.\\nIllinois\\nVermont\\nMaine\\nNew York\\nVermont\\nNew Hampshire,\\nIowa\\nNew York\\nIndiana\\nMassachusetts.\\nEngland\\nMassachusetts.\\nMassachusetts.\\nNew York\\nMaine\\nNew Hampshire,\\nItaly\\nNew Brunswick.\\nOhio\\nOhio\\nIndiana\\nKentucky\\nConnecticut\\nCanada\\nSweden\\nScotland\\nMassachusetts\\nGermany\\nMichigan\\nGermany\\nCalifornia\\nGermany\\nNew York\\nCanada\\nNew York\\nEngland\\nCalifornia\\nIndiana\\nDenmark\\n185S\\n1873\\n1872\\n1858\\n1868\\n1867\\n1854\\n1858\\n1859\\nIreland\\nGermany\\nNorth Carolina..\\nKentucky\\nNew York\\nPennsylvania\\nInJiana\\nMassachusetts\\nVermont\\nIllinois\\nGermany\\nPennsylvania.\\nMissouri\\nNew Hampshire,\\nSweden\\nWest Virginia\\nVermont\\nEngland\\nCalifornia\\nPennsylvania..\\nOhio\\nNew Hampshire,\\n1858\\n1855\\n1850\\n1852\\n1850\\n1850\\n1856\\n1850\\n1859\\n1875\\n1852\\n1854\\n1850\\n1849\\n1860\\n1840\\n1850\\n1850\\n1872\\n1849\\n1853\\n1868\\n1865\\n1849\\n1850\\n1856\\n1874\\n1849\\n1856\\n1854\\n1850\\n1850\\n1874\\n1853\\n1854\\n1877\\n1851\\n1874\\n1870\\n1865\\n1852\\n1849\\n1855\\n1867\\n1847\\n1858\\n1849\\n1855\\n1855\\n1854\\n1850\\n1850\\n1859\\n1853\\n1853\\n1855\\n1852\\n1869\\n1849\\n1855\\n1874\\n1850\\n1859\\n1850\\n1860\\n1873\\n1869\\n1856\\n1865\\n1855\\n1859\\n1854\\n1853\\nOphir.\\nPenryn.\\nRoseville.\\nRoseville..\\nPenryn.\\nRocklin\\nPenryn.\\nGold Run.\\nOphir\\n858 San Francisco.\\n858 JNewcastle.\\n854 j Auburn\\n852 Colfax\\nRocklin\\nColfax\\nRoseville.\\n856 Sheridan.\\n859\\n879\\n879\\n854\\n850\\n880\\n860\\n873\\n850\\n850\\n876\\n858\\n855\\n873\\n870\\n849\\n850\\n861\\n879\\n866\\n861\\n855\\n852\\n852\\n874\\n577\\n854\\n878\\n851\\n874\\n870\\n875\\n852\\n850\\n855\\n867\\n850\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nRocklin\\nNewcastle\\nColfax\\nClipper Gap.\\nNewcastle\\nRocklin\\nOphir\\nRocklin\\nLincoln\\nIowa Hill\\nPino\\nLincoln\\nOphir.\\nTodd s Valley.\\nRoseville\\nPenryn\\nMichigan Bluff.\\nAuburn\\nTodd s Valley..\\nForest Hill\\nLincoln\\nLincoln\\nAuburn\\nAuburn\\nSheridan\\nColfax\\nIowa Hill\\nColfax\\nAuburn\\nSacramento\\nRoseville\\nTodd s Valley..\\nNewcastle\\nPenryn\\nAuburn\\n870 Ophir\\n850 Newcastle\\n856\\n855 Applegate\\n881 [Newcastle.\\n852 I Auburn\\n851 Newcastle\\n859 Iowa Hill\\n864 Lincoln\\n854 iMichigan Bluff.\\nS.5S iDutch Flat\\n852 lAuburn\\n869 .Sheridan\\n849 Colfax\\n855 Auburn\\n874 (Auburn\\nSheridan\\nForest Hill\\nOphir\\nRocklin\\nSheridan\\nAuburn\\nDutch Flat\\nOphir\\nPino\\nMichigan Bluff.\\nIowa HQl", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "416\\nHISTORY OF PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.\\nWalkup, Mrs. Jos.\\nWaring, E. R\\nWarwick, T. C\\nWashburn, S\\nWatts, Wm\\nWhitcomb, J. B\\nWhite, J. H\\nWhite, S. A\\nWhitten, Morrill\\nWhitney, J. T\\nWhittenmore, A. S.\\nWilliamson, Kobt.\\nWills, Mrs. Maria.\\nWillment, Mrs. M. F.\\nWinsby, Frank C.\\nWoodward, John\\nrORT-OFPrcE.\\nAuburn\\nLittle York Town. Ranching and teamin\u00c2\u00ab\\nDry Creek Ranching\\nAuburn ;.Superiutendent of ditches\\nIowa Hill Mining\\nColfax jFriiit-raising and ranching.\\nTodd s Valley Prop. Todd s Valley Saw-mill\\nYoung America. [Mniing\\nGold Run iForeman of Indiana Mine.\\nSalt Spring Ranch. iRanching\\nNewcastle Agent for Ditch Co\\nPenryn Horticulturist mercliands ng\\nMichigan Bluff Frnit-grower\\nAuburn R. R. Agent\\nMill Ranch jMining\\nNewcastle Mining and frviit-raising.\\nPennsylvania.. 1849\\nNew York 1854\\nOhio 1S49\\nNew Y.rk i 1851\\nEngland 1S6S\\nNew York 1 859\\nMaine 1853\\nMichigan 1876\\nMaine 1863\\nMassachusetts... 1861\\nConnecticut 1849\\nLouisiana i 1 862\\nIreland 1849\\nConnecticut 1857\\nNova Scotia. 1 1875\\nEngland 1850\\n1849\\n1857\\n1854\\n1876\\n1868\\n1877\\n1853\\n1876\\n1865\\n1869\\nisol\\n1868\\n1849\\n1857\\n1878\\n1851\\nAuburn\\nColfax\\nAntelope\\nAuburn\\nI..wa Hill....\\nColfax\\nTodd s Valley\\nForest Hill\\nGold Run\\nRocklin\\nNewcastle\\nPenryn\\nMichigan Bluff.\\nAuburn\\nForest Hill\\nNewcastle\\n540\\n320\\n100\\n40\\n640\\n15,000\\n139\\n146", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "5:^ -m^ /\\\\^-m^^\\nc", "height": "3318", "width": "2179", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "p; N\\n1 MANCHESTER.\\nINDIANA\\nS s", "height": "3452", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nIII\\n006 803 344 5", "height": "3472", "width": "2199", "jp2-path": "historyofplacerc00ange_0554.jp2"}}