{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2627", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\n(El)ap. AS 105\\n5STo. -I (o\\nm UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "2528", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "t*", "height": "2564", "width": "1532", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2533", "width": "1478", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "OUTLINES\\nOP\\nGENERAL KNOWLEDGE;\\nFORMING A\\nCONCISE INTRODUCTION\\nTO EVERY BRANCH OF\\n@Lvt, Sconce, anti iLiurature,\\nBY\\nHENRY INCE, M.A.,\\nAuthor of Outlines of English History Outlines of French History\\nSfC. [C.\\nTHIRTEENTH THOUSAND-MUCH EXTENDED.\\nLONDON:\\nJAMES GILBERT, 49, PATERNOSTER ROW.\\n1850.\\nT.", "height": "2582", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\n00\\nNothing is so important as knowledge, principally because it exercises\\na power of the most important character during our life to simplify it,\\nand prepare the key to open its vast and varied stores, is not only a\\npleasing employment, but a noble exercise. There are gradations in\\nknowledge and the man whose discoveries have enlightened the world,\\nwas once as ignorant as the untaught savage the elements and outlines\\nmay induce the mind, step by step, to an investigation of nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ndeepest laws but before those laws can be understood, the elements\\nmust be thoroughly mastered.\\nTo learn every thing is neither possible nor desirable some men may\\nattain a large share of knowledge, but this height they will never attain\\nit is likewise better that one branch of science or knowledge should be\\nwell understood, than that the mind should be partially acquainted with\\nseveral branches it is nevertheless desirable that the objects, principles,\\nand intentions of all the sciences should be grafted in the mind.\\nThere are various means by which knowledge may be obtained the\\nmost important are reading and conversation of these, conversation is\\nthe clearest method, reading is the safest. There are few who are capable\\nof conversation\u00e2\u0080\u0094it is only by a long co urse of reading and study that a\\nman can arrive at that eminence when his extemporaneous speeches are\\nvaluable. Beading is the great means of obtaining knowledge it may\\nalso be termed conversation, since by it we hold intercourse with the\\nmighty dead and most illustrious living. Without study, however,\\nreading and conversation will be alike in vain\u00e2\u0080\u0094study will reduce\\nknowledge to practice. It was a wise saying of Parrhasius, the painter,\\nnulla dies sine linca (no day without a line): he alluded to his pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress with a painting he had in hand let every one adopt the same\\nmotto in relation to study, and determine, that no day shall pass with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout at least one idea or one fragment of knowledge being gained, and\\nthe advantage will soon be perceived.\\nSuggestions for the improvement of this or any of the series of Outlines\\nto he addressed to the Publisher.", "height": "2591", "width": "1568", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "OUTLINES\\nOP\\nGENERAL KNOWLEDGE.\\nNATURAL PHILOSOPHY.\\nWhen we are called to tlie investigation of nature, two\\ncircumstances arrest our attention\u00e2\u0080\u0094nature active, and naturo\\npassive. When nature passive attracts our notice, we are\\nengaged in the study of natural history, and we only recog\u00c2\u00ac\\nnise colour, place, figure, c.; when engaged in the study of\\nnature active, all possess life, and we are studying natural\\nphilosophy and motion\u00e2\u0080\u0094time and gravity arrest our mind.\\nNatural history teaches that things exist; philosophy tells\\nus how they came to be, and how they continue to be.\\nAll nature is composed of matter, and matter exists in\\nBpace; matter is a concentration of infinitely small atoms\\nexisting in unison, called solids of atoms so excited over\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoming the pressure of the medium in which they are placed\\ncalled fluids of atoms so excited as to overcome the pressure\\nand ascend and fill a space of their own in orbits, called gas.\\nMatter has several properties I. Impenetrability two\\nbodies cannot occupy the same place at the same moment of\\ntime. II. Magnitude all bodies fill a certain portion of\\nspace. III. Figure all bodies possess shape and form. IV.\\ndivisibility all bodies may be separated into parts. V.\\nPorosity: all bodies are composed of atoms not immediately\\nin contact with each other, through which lighter atoms pass.\\nNature possesses other properties, as volume, dilatability,\\ncompressibility, c.; some we shall notice under the head\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDYNAMICS.\\nThis term is derived from two Greek words it is used to\\nsignify power and force, and teaches the laws which govern\\nthe universe, and upon its principles the world and even the\\nuniverse itself hangs for existence j it tends to illustrate the\\nproperties of matter, which are,\\nI. Inertia: all bodies have a natural tendency to rest\\nunless set in motion. II. Impulse: which may be defined as\\nweight or density, and arises from the downward tendency of\\nall bodies to the earth. The quantity of matter multiplied\\nby the velocity of motion constitutes the relative momentum\\na 2", "height": "2582", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "4\\nDYNAMICS\u00e2\u0080\u0094ACOUSTICS.\\nof all bodies in like circumstances thus, if a body weighs\\nfour pounds and is moved twenty feet in a second, its\\nmomentum is eighty pounds.\\nAlthough a spectator seeing an apple fall from a tree may\\nthink it falls straight, it is not so; while the apple is falling\\nthe earth is moving, and the tree is moving the apple of\\ncourse is moving, and it is the patient of these movements\\ntherefore it does not fall pei\u00e2\u0080\u0099pendicularly, but performs a\\ncurvature. Bodies in falling receive continual acceleration,\\nand in rising are equally retarded.\\nGravity is a term signifying weight, and is used to indicate\\nthe force by which matter is carried towards the centre of the\\nearth. Every body in nature has a centre of gravity wdien\\na loaded coach, or cart, or boat, is upset, it is because the\\ncentre of gravity, which maintains stability, is lost.\\nThe law of gravitation was discovered by the immortal\\nNewton when sitting in his garden, he observed an apple\\nfalling from a tree from that circumstance he drew the fact\\nthat all bodies mutually attract each other, the sun attracting\\nthe planets, the planets attracting their moons and satellites,\\nand so on throughout the universe.\\nThe pendulum is an important instrument in natural philo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsophy it is any body which in its oscillations describes an\\narc its importance was discovered by Galileo, from observing\\nthe regular motions of the chandeliers of a drawing-room\\nupon being accidentally shaken. The time of a pendulum is\\nvery nearly equal, whether the motion be much or little the\\nreason is, that the arc is more extended, and consequently the\\npendulum has to travel farther, which counterbalances the\\naccelerated motion.\\nThe length of the pendulum determines the time of its\\njourney the longer it is, the more slowly it vibrates, because\\nit has a greater journey to perform without a steeper line of\\ndescent. The pendulum determines by its vibrations the\\namount of centrifugal force in the various parts of the globe,\\nbecause the centrifugal operating in opposition to the centri\u00c2\u00ac\\npetal force, diminishes its effects, and consequently when the\\nforce is more efficient the pendulum will vibrate more slowly.\\nACOUSTICS.\\nThe term is derived from two Greek words, and its purpose\\nis to investigate the nature, causes, phenomena, and laws of\\nsound.", "height": "2609", "width": "1613", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "ACOUSTICS.\\nSound is to be regarded as vibrations in the air, caused by\\nvibrations of the sounding body acting in pulsations or con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncentric waves, like the surface of water into which a stone is\\nthrown. The principal causes of the variety of sounds, and\\nfrom which arise their height, modification, and strength,,\\nare\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. The greater or less frequency* of the vibrations. II.\\nThe quantity of force of the vibrating materials. III. The\\ngreater or less simplicity of the sounds.\\nWater, timber, and flannel, are good conductors of sound:\\nbut air is the principal vehicle. Sound travels at the rate of\\n1142 feet in a second, or 13 miles a minute; the softest\\nwhisper travels as swiftly as the loudest thunder; no obstacle\\nhinders its progress; wind only is a small matter diminishing\\nits velocity. Cold fogs, by increasing the density of the\\natmosphere, although they do not diminish its elasticity,\\ndiminish its velocity warm vapours have a contrary effect.\\nAll sounds do not travel the same distance thus, on ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nproaching an organ while playing, we hear the bass tones*\\nfirst j the grave notes therefore are heard previous to those\\nwhich are high.\\nThe distance to which sound may be heard depends upon\\nthe roughness or smoothness of the surface over which it\\npasses: it is heard better over the smooth water than over\\nrough and uneven country. The great bell of St. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s has\\nbeen heard at Windsor, a distance of twenty miles.\\nThe ear is, next to the eye, the most complicated part of\\nthe human frame the outer part collects and transmits the\\ncurrents of air into the passage which leads to the tympanum:\\nthis passage is defended by small hairs and a waxy substance,\\nwhich is to prevent the intrusion of insects and dangerous\\nsubstances at its end is the drum, which conveys the sensa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of sound: to these are added some small bones for\\nextension or modification of sound. The last action still\\nprevents the escape of air and renders the sound certain: tho\\nvestibule of the ear transmits the sound to the brain.\\nAmongst the phenomena of sound we may notice remark\u00c2\u00ac\\nable echoes at Brussels, one returns fifteen vibrations at\\nNaples, one gives back fifty-six. Speaking and hearing\\ntrumpets, JEolian harps, and the statue of Memnon, may\\nlikewise be mentioned.\\nIn connection with sound, bells have always been objects\\nof interest. The largest bell in the world is supposed to be\\nthat of Moscow, and is said to weigh 432,000 lbs. Its height\\nA 3", "height": "2582", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "6\\nACOUSTICS\u00e2\u0080\u0094PNEUMATICS.\\nis nineteen feet, its diameter at the mouth, twenty-two feet,\\nand its greatest thickness, twenty-three inches. It was cast\\nin 1653, in the reign of the Empress Ann; and the female\\nfigure represented on it, is said to be intended for her; but\\nthe greater probability is, that it was designed for the Holy\\nVirgin. Bells have been cast of an enormous weight in\\nChina, seven *at Pekin weigh 120,000 lbs. each; compared\\nwith those mentioned above, most of the others in Europe\\nsink into insignificance.\\nWEIGHTS OF THE GREATEST CHURCH BELLS.\\nEmpress Ann, Moscow, lbs. 432,000\\nSt. Ivan\u00e2\u0080\u0099s, Moscow 142,000\\nGreat Bell, Pekin 120,000\\nNovogorod, Russia 70,000\\nVienna\u00e2\u0080\u0094cast from Turkish\\ncannon 40,200\\nAmboin\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bell, Rouen 40,000\\nErfurt, Saxony 30,800\\nCologne, Germany. 25,000\\nVerdun, France 24,000\\nExeter Cathedral 17,472\\nGreat Tom of Oxford, lbs. 17,360\\nAntwerp Cathedral 16,000\\nSt. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s, London 11,470\\nGhent Cathedral 11,000\\nGreat Tom of Lincoln 10,854\\nCanterbury Cathedral 7,840\\nYork Cathedral 6,384\\nGloucester Cathedral 6,000\\nBow Bell, London 5,800\\nBeverley, Yorkshire 5,600\\nSpitalfields, London 4,400\\nPNEUMATICS\\nTreats of the mechanical properties of all aeriform fluids, em\u00c2\u00ac\\nbracing their weight, density, elasticity, and compressibility.\\nAir is the most important phenomenon of the universe it\\nis a subtle and elastic fluid surrounding our globe the word\\nis derived from the Greek, and signifies to suck up gas (from\\nthe German gheist) has the same meaning. Air was formerly\\nsupposed to be a simple element, but it is now known to be\\ncomposed of two gases, oxygen and azote, the proportion of\\nthe former being about twenty-one per cent.\\nAir extends a considerable distance above the earth this,\\nwith the clouds and vapours which float in it, is called the\\natmosphere. It is necessary to animal and vegetable life\\nits highest extent is unknown, but rays of solar heat do not\\nreflect above 45 miles. I. It is invisible, because perfectly\\ntransparent. II. Air is 800 times lighter than water, and\\ncan be compressed into a less space than it naturally occupies.\\nIII. The elastic spring of the air is equal to the compressing\\nforce. IV. The elasticity of air is increased by heat. V.\\nThe pressure of the air varies at different altitudes. VI. Air\\npresses equally in all directions.\\nAir in motion constitutes wind, which is a current of air\\nvarying in force according to its velocity. Many instruments\\nare used in connection with this science, among which may", "height": "2609", "width": "1613", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PNEUMATICS\u00e2\u0080\u0094HYDROLOGY.\\n7\\nbe mentioned the following I. The barometer, from the\\nGreek baros weight, and tnetron, measure j it weighs the\\natmosphere, and determines its variations. II. The thermo\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeter, which ascertains the temperature of the atmosphere.\\nIII. The hydrometer it ascertains the degree of moisture in\\nthe air. IY. The air-pump, which exhausts the air from\\nglasses prepared for scientific observation. Y. The diving-\\nbell, which is of metal, with benches on w T hich persons may\\nlie the enclosed air excludes the water, and supplies of it\\nare let down through small leathern tubes, while the foul air\\nescapes by a small pipe.\\nComparison of the Fahrenheit, Centigrade, and Reaumur\\nThermometers.\\nFahrenheit.\\nCentisrrade.\\nReaumur.\\nFahrenheit. Centigrade.\\nReaumur.\\n212 water boils\\nloo-\\n80-\\n60 water boils\\n15-55\\n12-44\\n200\\n93-33\\n74-66\\n50\\nio-\\n8-\\nISO\\n82-22\\n65-77\\n40\\n4-44\\n3-55\\n160\\n71-11\\n56 88\\n32 water freezes\\no-\\no-\\n140\\n60-\\n48-\\n20\\n6-66\\n5-33\\n120\\n4S-88\\n39-11\\n10\\n12-22\\n9-77\\n100\\n3777\\n30-22\\n0\\n17-77\\n14.22\\n80\\n26-66\\n21-33\\nHYDROLOGY\\nIs a term derived from two Greek words, signifying water\\nand a discourse; and it purposes to treat of that branch of\\nnatural philosophy connected with fluids.\\nIt is usually divided into two branches: the first is called\\nHydrostatics and treats of the nature, gravity, pressure, and\\nmotion of fluids, and of the methods of weighing solids\\ntherein. Fluids are either non-elastic and incompressible,\\nas water, oil, mercury, c. or elastic and compressible, as\\nair, steam, and the different gases. The supposed cause of\\nfluidity, is heat or motion.\\nIce without heat is a solid; with heat it becomes a fluid in\\nwater, and with more heat an expansive fluid in steam. In\\nthe first state the atoms are fixed in crystals; in the second\\nare thrown into intestine motion and in the third are forced\\nasunder with an amazing expansive force. The hydrostatic\\nparadox is, that any quantity of fluid, however small, may be\\nmade to counterpoise any quantity, however large.\\nSpecific Gravities .\u00e2\u0080\u0094By this is Attended the relative weight\\nof equal bulk of different bodies. The method of ascer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining specific gravities was discovered by Archimedes, the\\nSyracusian he perceived that in bathing the water rose in\\nproportion to the bulk he instantly saw that any other\\nsubstance of equal size would have raised the water equally", "height": "2582", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8\\nHYDROLOGY.\\nas much, though one of less bulk and equal weight would not.\\nThe specific gravities of all bodies that sink in water may bo\\nfound by weighing the body first in air, then in water, and\\ndividing its weight in air by the loss of the weight in water.\\nHydraulics which is the second branch of hydrology,\\nteaches how to estimate the velocity and force of fluids in\\nmotion. All the machines worked by water are constructed\\nupon the principles taught by this science.\\nWater can be set in motion only by its own gravity, as\\nwhen it is allowed to descend from a higher to a lower level j\\nby increasing or removing the pressure of the atmosphere\\nit will rise above its natural level. Fluids may be conveyed\\nover hills and valleys in bent pipes, to any height not greater\\nthan the level of their spring.\\nAll water finds its own level. While the ancients formed\\nvast aqueducts to convey water across valleys the moderns\\neffect the same purposes by wooden, leaden, iron, or stone\\npipes. The construction of fountains, the common pump,\\nc., is, generally speaking, well understood.\\nThe steam engine is an hydraulical machine: it consists of\\na large cylinder or barrel, fitted with a solid piston, like tho\\nforcing pump steam is supplied from a large boiler, which,\\nforcing up the piston, produces effects of the greatest impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance, communicating to the other machinery the power of\\nfrom 2 to 100 or 200 horses.\\nOceans.\\nAtlantic\\nAntarctic\\nArctic\\nPacific\\nIndian\\nMediterranean.\\nCaspian Sea\\nBlack Sea\\nBaltic\\nThe ocean, with all its inland hays and\\nseas, covers an area of nearly 147,800,000\\nsquare miles, or about three-fourths of the\\nsurface of the globe. Supposing its mean\\ndepth to be about 2 miles, its cubic con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntents will be nearly 300,000,000 cubic\\nmiles.\\nIKES.\\nSquare Miles.\\nSuperior\\n40,000\\nHuron\\n25,000\\nMichigan\\n25,000\\nErie\\n11,000\\nOntario\\n10,000\\nLadoga\\n6,330\\nOnegha\\n3,280\\nWener\\n2,136\\nGeneva\\n336\\nConstance\\n290\\nGarda\\n180\\nMaggiore\\n150\\nNeufchatel\\n115\\nLucerne.\\n100\\nArea of Oceans and Lakes,\\nSquare Miles.\\n25,000,000\\n30,000,000\\n8,400\\n50,000,000\\n17,000,000\\n1,006,000\\n160,000\\n350,000\\n175,000\\nOPTICS.\\nThe term is derived from the Greek, and signifies seeing\\nit treats of that branch of natural philosophy connected with\\nthe phenomena of light and vision.", "height": "2609", "width": "1613", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "OPTICS.\\nThe first point in relation to this science, is thoroughly to\\nunderstand the nature and laws of light. Light is the un\u00c2\u00ac\\ndulation of atoms, or of a medium of various atoms in space,\\nlike those of water when a stone is thrown into it. The colours\\narise from the varied length or width between the undulating\\nand diverging circles. Young and Newton have measured the\\nrays, and determined that in red rays there are 37,640 in an\\ninch, and 450,000,000,000 fluctuations in a second; in green\\nrays there are 46,460 in an inch, and 577,000,000,000 in a\\nsecond; in violet 59,750 in an inch, and 727,000,000,000 in\\na second. It requires twelve successions of light to fall on\\nthe eye in a second, to produce a constant perception of the\\nobject w 7 hence the rays or pulsations proceed.\\nAny body which affords a ready passage for light is called\\na transparent or diaphanous medium, as air, glass, water, c.;\\nbodies which do not allow the passage of light through them,\\nare called opaque, as stone, wood, c. A ray or pencil of light\\nis an exceedingly small portion of light from a luminous body\\na beam of light is a body of parallel rays. Rays which sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate as they proceed from a point are called diverging rays\\nthose which tend to a common point are called converging.\\nEvery visible body emits particles of light, or reflects\\nvisible lines from its surface in all directions, which, passing\\nwithout obstruction, move within the same medium in right\\nlines. The rays or vibrations of light have great velocity;\\nthe flash of a gun is seen a considerable time before the report\\nis heard the same may be observed of lightning. This science\\nis generally divided into three parts:\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Catoprics treat of\\nthe reflection of light from plane or spherical surfaces, and\\nthe phenomena of the formation of images. II. Dioptrics\\nconsider the different refractions of light in passing through\\nits various mediums. III. Physical optics treat of light in\\nrelation to the organs of vision. The eye is the most\\ncomplicated piece of machinery in the human frame it is\\ncomposed of three coats covering each other, and enclosing\\nsubstances called humours. These coats are the sclerotica,\\nthe choroides, and the retina; the humours are the aqueous,\\nthe crystalline, and the vitreous.\\nObjects are seen in consequence of their images being\\npainted upon the retina or nerves at the back of the eye and\\nthough the images thus painted are inverted, they are seen\\nerect by the habit of the mind. The rainbow is a beautiful\\nphenomenon seen in the part of the heavens opposite to the", "height": "2582", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10\\nOPTI03\u00e2\u0080\u0094ASTRONOMY.\\nsun, and is caused by the refraction and reflection of its\\nrays on the falling drops of rain. The powers of the telescope\\nand the microscope aro of a wonderful character; of the\\neffects of the latter tho crystallizations of snow magnified\\nmay be instanced as an example. By this instrument the\\nhuman hair has been discovered t be a small tube through\\nwhich blood is constantly circulating; it has likewise given\\nrise to some curious observations relative to the crystallization\\nof salt.\\nASTRONOMY\\nDerives its name from two Greek words, astron t a star, and\\nnomos a rule by its principles we become acquainted with\\ntho motions of the heavenly bodies, their magnitudes and\\ndistances. That which ought first to arrest the attention in\\nconnexion with this science, is the solar system, because tho\\nearth on which we live forms a part of it; it comprises tho\\nsun Q, which is the centre of attraction around which tho\\nfollowing seven primary planetary bodies revolve: Mercury\\nVenus 9 the Earth 0, Mars Jupiter 1/, Saturn Ip, and\\nHerschell Ijl. There are likewiso five asteroids, or minor\\nplanets: Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta and Nep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntune y.\\nThere are eighteen secondary planets the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s moon,\\nJupiter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s four satellites, Saturn\u00e2\u0080\u0099s seven, and six belonging to\\nHerschell, as well as a considerable number of comets.\\nThe sun is a million times larger than our earth, therefore\\nthe balance of the motion of the sun and planets would not\\nbe destroyed if one million of earths moved round the sun.\\nThe stars which may be observed twinkling on a bright\\nevening, do not belong to our system the distance of the\\nnearest is 32,000,000,000 of miles, and they are doubtless as\\nfar from each other.\\nIn order to find and describe the stars, the ancients classed\\nthem into figures of men and beasts, and called them constel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlations, to winch tho moderns have added twenty-four. In\\nthe Zodiac, or that part of the heavens where the sun appears\\nto make his annual tour, there are twelve signs, viz.: Aries,\\ntho ram, Y Taurus, the bull, \u00c2\u00a35 5 Gemini, the twins, n\\nCancer, tho crab, Eeo, the lion, Q Virgo, the virgin, Tfl?;\\nLibra, the balance, Scorpio, the scorpion, J1\\\\; Sagittarius,\\nthe archer, f Capricorn, the goat, V? j Aquarius, the\\nwater-bearer Pisces, the fishes, X. The memory will be\\nmaterially assisted by remembering the lines by Dr. Watts\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "2609", "width": "1613", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "A3TB0N0MY.\\n11\\nThe Ram, tho Bull, the Heavenly Tu rns,\\nAnd next tho Crab, the Lion shines.\\nThe Virgin and the Scales\\nThe Archer, Scorpion, and Sea Ooat,\\nThe Man that holds the Water-pot,\\nThe Fish with glittering tails.\\nThe most brilliant of all the constellations is Orion, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinguished by his belt of three stars in a row beneath which\\nis Sirius, the brightest of the stars and above to the right\\nare, the red star of the bull, and the Pleiades or seven stars,\\nand to the left two stars, Castor and Pollux. These constel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlations are always visible on a bright winter evening.\\nThe fixed stars seen at any one time by the naked eye do not\\nexceed 1000; but the telescope reveals many millions.\\nThe swiftest motion with which we are acquainted is that\\nof light, which travels at the rate of twelve millions of miles\\na minute, and yet light would be three years in passing from\\nthe nearest fixed star to the earth. A cannon ball, which\\nmay be made to move at the rate of twenty miles a minute,\\nwould be one million eight hundred thousand years in travel\u00c2\u00ac\\nling that distance. Sound, the velocity of which is thirteen\\nmiles a minute, would be more than two million seven\\nhundred thousand years in passing from the nearest star to\\nthe earth. So that if it were possible that the inhabitants of\\nthe earth could see the light, to hear the sound, and receive\\nthe ball of a cannon discharged at the nearest fixed star, they\\nwould not perceive the light of its explosion for three years\\nafter it had been fired, nor receive the ball until one million\\neight hundred thousand years had elapsed, nor hear the\\nreport for two million seven hundred thousand years.\\nTime occupied by Transmission op Light from the Planets, c.\\nSun\\nJupiter\\nUranus\\nII\\n99\\n99\\nht comes to the Earth in 14 seconds.\\n99 99\\n99\\n8\\nminutes.\\n99\\n99\\n52\\n99\\n99 99\\n99\\n2\\nhours.\\nFirst magnitude, 3 to\\n12\\nyears.\\nSecond\\n99\\n20\\n99\\nThird\\n80\\n99\\nFourth\\n99\\n45\\n99\\nFifth\\n99\\n66\\n99\\nSixth\\n99\\n96\\n99\\nSeventh\\n99\\n180\\n99\\nTwelfth\\n99\\n4,000\\n99\\nTn the Philosophical Transactions for 1800, is a paper by the late\\nSir Win. Herschell, Upon the power of Telescopes to penetrate into\\nSpace.\u00e2\u0080\u009d In it he says, that the light from the brilliant nebulae seen by\\nhim at that time by means of his powerful telescope, cannot have been\\nless than one million and nine hundred thousand years in its progress.\\nThe velocity of light is 192,000 miles in a second of time.", "height": "2609", "width": "1568", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12\\nASTRONOMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094METEOROLOGY.\\nPROPORTIONS OF PLANETS TO THE SUN, THAT OF THE\\nEARTH BEING UNITY.\\nVolume.\\nMass.\\nEquilateral\\nDiameter.\\nSun\\n1,395,324-4000\\n329,630 0000\\n111454\\nJupiter\\n1,280-9000\\n308-9400\\n10-860\\nSaturn\\n974-7800\\n93-2710\\n9-987\\nUranus\\n81-2600\\n16-9000\\n4-332\\nEarth\\n1 0000\\n1-0000\\n1-000\\nV enus\\n0-8828\\n0-9243\\n0-975\\nMars\\n0-1386\\n0T294\\n0-517\\nMercury\\n0 0565\\n0 1627\\n0-398\\nNeptune\\n30-2026\\nDISTANCE OF PLANETS FROM THE SUN.\\nPlanet.\\nMiles.\\nPlanet.\\nMiles.\\nMercury\\nVenus..\\n36,791,000\\nCeres T\\n263,011,600\\n68,748^000\\nPallas\\n263,547,000\\nEarth\\nJupiter\\n494,494,000\\nMars\\nSaturn\\n906,607,000\\nVesta\\n225,052,000\\nUranus\\n1,823,178,000\\nJuno\\nNeptune.\\n2,851,320,000\\nDIMENSIONS AND ELIPTICITY OF OUR EARTH.\\nFeet. Miles.\\nEquatorial diameter 41,843,330 7924 873\\nPolar diameter. 41,704,788 7898-634\\nDifference of diameters. 138,542 26-239\\nRatio of diameters 103,026\\nCircumference at the Equator. 24,897 miles.\\nMETEOROLOGY.\\nThis branch of science exemplifies the principles of natural\\nphilosophy, in explaining the various appearances of the\\natmosphere, as the clouds, winds, rain, hail, snow, c. c.\\nEvaporation combined with electricity produces all the pheno\u00c2\u00ac\\nmena of vapour, fog, clouds, rain, and according as these two\\nare joined to certain degrees of heat or cold, they produce\\nhoar-frost, rain, hail, and snow. Clouds are dense masses of\\nvapour in the atmosphere more or less opaque: when con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndensed, the clouds fall in rain; there are several kinds of\\nclouds ;\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. The cirrus which is the brightest aerial: it is\\naccompanied or followed by steady high winds. II. Cumulus\\nwhich is the cloud of the day-time it appears in dense and\\nheavy masses formed in the lower atmosphere, and when they\\ncongregate and increase about sun-set, betokens thunder.\\nIII. The stratus or cirro-stratus is a widely extending hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzontal sheet often touching the water or the earth: it is\\nproperly the cloud of night, and in the morning is converted\\ninto the cumulus. The nimbus or rain cloud, is a horizontal\\nsheet above which the cirrus spreads, and the cumulus enters\\nits side and forms beneath, neither of the former appearing\\nto rain by themselves.", "height": "2609", "width": "1613", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "METEOROLOGY.\\n13\\nRain is caused by a cloud moving into a stratum of oold\\nair, by which its particles are condensed, and run into drops\\ntoo heavy to float in the atmosphere. Snow is produced by\\nthe cloud becoming frozen before its particles have collapsed\\ninto water. Sail is caused by the freezing of the drops after\\nthey begin to fall as rain. Dew is the falling of the vapours\\nof the day when they part with the motion in the cool of the\\nevening. A fog is a cloud floating on the surface of the\\nearth, and a cloud is a fog floating in the atmosphere.\\nEvaporation is the process which converts water into\\nvapour lighter than the atmosphere, therefore raised above the\\nearth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface, where, by partial condensation, it forms clouds.\\nExhalation is the dispersion of dry particles from a body.\\nThe great cause of all winds is the heat of the sun, which,\\nduring the diurnal rotation of the earth, passes over some\\nparallel between the tropics from east to west every twenty-\\nfour hours this increased motion causes an expansion of the\\naerial gas, by which, becoming lighter, it ascends, and a\\ncurrent from surrounding parts rushes in to supply its place.\\nBut as expanded air affords greater vacuities between the\\nmoving atoms, so next adjoining atoms press into those void\\nspaces, and hence every rarefaction necessarily creates a dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nturbance in its vicinity and around. The air, by the reflection\\nof the solar rays and other causes (see Electricity), becomes\\nin this disturbed state of electrical excitement; and by highly\\nexcited electricity are produced the phenomena of thunder,\\nlightning, fire balls, ignes fatui, and aurora borealis. By the\\naction of heat and electricity combined, are produced hurri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncanes, whirlwinds, and waterspouts, although the mode in\\nwhich they combine themselves is at present unknown.\\nHEIGHT OF THE LINE OF CONGELATION AND MEAN\\nTEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES.\\nMean Tempt.\\nHeight of\\nLat.\\nMean Tempt.\\nHeight of\\nLat.\\nat the Level\\nof the Sea.\\nLine of\\nCongeltn.\\nFEET.\\nat the Level\\nof the Sea.\\nLine of\\nCongeltn.\\nFEET.\\n0\\n84-2\\n15,207\\n50\\n53 6\\n6,334\\n5\\n83-8\\n15,095\\n55\\n49 2\\n5,034\\n10\\n82-6\\n14,764\\n60\\n45-0\\n3,818\\n15\\n80-7\\n14,220\\n65\\n41-3\\n2,722\\n20\\n78-1\\n13,478\\n70\\n38-1\\n1,778\\n25\\n74-9\\n12,557\\n75\\n35-5\\n1,016\\n30\\n711\\n11,484\\n80\\n33-6\\n457\\n35\\n67-0\\n10,287\\n85\\n32-4\\n117\\n40\\n45\\n62-6\\n581\\n9,001\\n7,671\\n90\\n32-0\\n0\\nB", "height": "2609", "width": "1568", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14\\nMETEOROLOGY\u00e2\u0080\u0094GEOLOGY.\\nFORCE OF WIND ON A SQUARE FOOT,\\nFor different Heights of Column of\\nInches-\\n10\\n9\\n8\\n7\\n6\\n4\\n3\\n2\\n1\\n0-5\\n0-1\\n0-05\\nForce of the Wind,\\nin lbs- Avoird-\\n52-08\\n46-87/\\n44-66\\n3655\\n31-75\\n26-04\\n20-83\\n10-42\\n5-21\\n2-60\\n0-52\\n0-26 _\\nJFater in Lind s Anemometer.\\nMost violent hurricane.\\nA very great hurricane.\\nA great hurricane.\\nA hurricane.\\nA very great storm.\\nA storm.\\nA very high wind.\\nA high wind.\\nA brisk gale.\\nA fresh breeze.\\nA pleasant wind.\\nGEOLOGY.\\nThis science, like most of the others we have enumerated\\nand shall have to enumerate, derives its name from the Greek,\\nejea y the earth, logos, a discourse. No science of the present\\nday excites such enthusiastic attention, and no one has so\\nrecent an origin; it investigates the nature of materials com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposing the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s crust, and the causes of the changes which\\nare and have been constantly transpiring on its surface.\\nThe rocks are thus classified:\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Primary, or Unstratified\\nPocks: they contain no remains of animal or vegetable life,\\nand therefore it is supposed they were formed prior to their\\ncreation; they are extremely hard, and their substances are\\npure crystallized matter; they exist in large vertical masses,\\nare more or less inclined to the horizon, and form the lowest\\npart of the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s crust with which we are acquainted; the\\nprincipal are as follows:\u00e2\u0080\u00941. Granite. 2. Serpentine, so\\ncalled from its resembling the skin of a serpent in the admix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of its colours. 3. Trappean, from a resemblance to steps\\nand stairs. 4. Basalt, of which Fingal\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cave in Staffa, and\\nthe Giant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Causeway in Ireland, are the most remarkable\\nspecimens. With them may be mentioned the inferior strati\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied rocks. II. The transition, or lowest fossiliferous group\\nIt is supposed that these rocks were forming at the time when\\nthe earth was passing from a chaotic to a habitable state:\\nthey are less perfectly crystallized than the primary rocks,\\nand contain similar organic deposits to the secondary. III.\\nThe secondary rocks. These always lie on the transition in\\nthis division are included the chalky formations the oolitic,\\nor those formed of carbonate of lime mixed with other ingre-", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGY.\\n15\\ndients; tho red sandstone, and tho coal or oarboniferous\\nseries. IV. The tertiary or supercretacious. V. The diluvial\\ndeposits. VI. The alluvial or modern formations.\\nThe changes which transpire on the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface are as\\nfollow :\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. j Rivers carry down an immense quantity of mud,\\nsand, c., which accumulates at their mouths, and are called\\ndeltas, from their similarity to the Greek letter \u00c2\u00b0f that\\nname; in process of time sand will thus rise where the sea\\nformerly flowed. II. The action of the sea on coasts: thus\\nit is proved that considerable encroachments have been made\\non Venice, the island of Sheppey, and other places. III. Vol\u00c2\u00ac\\ncanoes they have not only buried cities in the earth, as\\nPompeii and Herculaneum, A.D. 79, but have thrown up\\nislands in the midst of the sea, as that of Monte Nuovo, near\\nNaples, which was thrown up in a day and a night in 1538.\\nIV. Earthquakes: that of Lisbon, in 1755, was felt over\\nnearly the whole of Europe: and the coast of Chili, in South\\nAmerica, near one hundred miles in length, was raised three\\nor four feet in consequence of one. Some of the other prin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipal causes of change are hurricanes, submarine forests, and\\ncoral islands. The science of geology exhibits a greater\\nvariety of wonders than any other. The remains of several\\nextinct animals have been found of more than gigantic size\\namongst others, tho Ichthyosaurus, or Fish Lizard its eye\\nis proved to have possessed the power of magnifying and\\ndiminishing; and some idea may be formed of its size, when\\nwe mention that some have been discovered whose eye was\\nnineteen inches in circumference the Megatherium was\\nanother gigantic animal, in height about seven feet, in length\\nabout seventeen. Coal mines, it is now satisfactorily proved,\\nare the remains of widely extending forests and the diamond\\nhas been determined by Sir David Brewster to be a petrified\\nflower.\\nSir John Herschell, in contrasting the sciences of geology and as\u00c2\u00ac\\ntronomy, says,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u009c Like astronomy, the progress of geology depends on\\nthe continued accumulation of observations carried on for ages. But,\\nunlike astronomy, the observations on which it depends, when the\\nwhole extent of the subject to be explained is taken into consideration,\\ncan hardly as yet be said to be more than commenced. Yet, to make\\nup for this, there is one important difference, that, while in the latter\\nscience it is impossible to recall the past or anticipate the future, and\\nobservation is in consequence limited to a single fact in a single moment,\\nin the former the records of the past are always present; they may be\\nexamined and re-examined as often as we please, and require nothing but\\ndiligence and judgment to put us in possession of their whole contents.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16\\nPHYSIOLOGY.\\nThe term physiology is borrowed from two Greek words,\\nand, literally rendered, signifies a discourse on nature it is\\nemployed in our language, however, to signify the science\\nwhich investigates the structure and organization of animated\\nbodies it admits of several divisions, which will be taken up\\nseparately with any facts relating to the individuals composing\\nthese bodies:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY.\\nThe anatomy of the human frame is divided into three\\nparts: the head comprehending its external and internal\\nformations, the scalp, the features, and the brain the trunks\\ncomprehending the spine, the thorax, and the abdomen; and\\nthe extremities which are superior and inferior; the superior\\nconsisting of the shoulder, the arm, and the hand; and the\\ninferior, of the hip, the thigh, the leg, and the foot.\\nThe bones are composed of the earthy matter of lime and\\nof gelatine, or animal glue; the lime gives them hardness and\\nsolidity, the animal matter renders them pliant, and not so\\nreadily broken: their outer surface is smooth, firm, and com\u00c2\u00ac\\npact, while the inside is spongy and porous, with numerous\\nvessels running through them: some are hollow like pipes,\\nby which their strength is increased, while the necessary\\nlightness is preserved. The human body contains 248. The\\nmuscles are the instruments of motion; they are thick fleshy\\nsubstances of a red colour, composed of numerous fibres or\\nlayers placed lengthwise, sometimes straight and sometimes\\noblique they are of an elastic nature, and contract or extend\\nat the impulse of the will. The blood-vessels consist of the\\nheart with its arteries and veins, which branch through the\\nsystem, and convey the tide of life to every part. The blood\\nthis is the chief of all the fluids in our body; it consists of a\\nwatery serum, fibrous particles, and red globules, which last\\nare not a twelfth part of it. It is generated thus\u00e2\u0080\u0094the meat\\nand drink, being digested into chyle, pass from the intestines\\nthrough the lacteal vessels, and the thoracic duct into the left\\nsubclavian vein, and thence into the vena cava, where it mixes\\nwith the blood, and then circulates with it till it is wholly\\nassimilated.\\nPerhaps nothing connected with the human frame is more\\nsurprising than the pulsations of the heart: they average\\nfrom 3000 and 4000 to 5000 an hour j according to Dr. He-", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOLOGY.\\n17\\nberden, tlic heart of an infant in the first days of its existence,\\nand when sleeping tranquilly, performs about 140 pulsations\\na minute; the first year, 124; the second, 110; third and\\nfourth 96 seventh and following, 86 time of puberty, 80;\\nmanhood, 75 sixtieth year, 65 beyond which time the va\u00c2\u00ac\\nriations are very great.\\nThe organs of sensation are the optic, or the eye, by which\\nobjects are made visible the acoustic, or the ear, by which\\nwe perceive the elastic tremors or impressions of the air; the\\nolfactory, by which we are admonished of what is palatable\\nor unpalatable, when probably our other organs might not be\\nsufficiently strong to receive the necessary impression; palate,\\nby which we discriminate tastes which are pleasant or unplea\u00c2\u00ac\\nsant. There are other organs of common sensation\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\ntouch, the voice, the locomotive organs, c.\\nPathology is generally considered as a branch of the study\\nof human physiology; it treats of the origin and cure of\\ndiseases: there can be no doubt that most of the diseases\\ncurrent amongst us arise from three causes\u00e2\u0080\u0094sitting up late at\\nnight, the use of intoxicating liquors, and the want of exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncise a proper attention to these points would operate better\\non the human frame than much medicine.\\nCaucasians.\\nMongolians.\\nEthiopics.\\nAmericans.\\nCLASSIFICATION OF MANKIND,\\nAccording to Bluytcnbach.\\nEuropeans (excepting Fins and Laplanders), Western\\nAsiatics as far as the Ganges, the Turks and Tar\u00c2\u00ac\\ntars, properly so called, the tribes of Caucasus, the\\nJ Armenians, Persians, Affghans, and Hindoos; the\\nAfricans who live on the shores of the Mediterranean\\nand throughout the Sahara, the Egyptians and\\nCopts, the Abyssinians and the Gaunches, or ancient\\npeople of the Canary Islands.\\nCentral, North Eastern, Eastern and South Eastern\\nAsiatics, Chinese, Japanese, Indo-Chinese, Fins,\\nLaplanders, and Esquimaux.\\nAfricans to the south of Sahara and Abyssinia,\\nAustralasians, Tasmanians, New Guineans, New\\nBritons, and various tribes throughout the Indian\\nArchipelago.\\nAll American native Tribes and Nations.\\nMalays\\nr Islands of the Pacific Ocean, and the dominant Nations\\nl of the Indian Archipelago.\\nCLASSIFICATION OF MANKIND,\\nAccording to their Languages.\\nThe researches made by Balbi for the construction of his Atlas Eth-\\nnographique, have led him to set down the number of known languages\\nB 3", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18\\nPHYSIOLOGY.\\nas 2000 at lea6t; but the imperfect state of ethnography, he states, has\\nallowed him to class only 860 languages, and about 5000 dialects of\\nwhich number, 143 languages belong to Asia, 53 to Europe, 115 to\\nAfrica, 117 to Oceanica, and 422 to America.\\nCLASSIFICATION OF MANKIND,\\nAccording to their Religions.\\nChristianity in all its branches\\nJudaism\\nIslam\\nBrahmanism\\nBhuddism\\nOther Religions\\nTotal\\nWEIGHT OF THE HUMAN BODY.\\nThe average weight of an adult man, aged 40, according to M. Quetelet,\\nis 140lbs. 602. The skeleton generally consists of 240 bones, and weighs\\nabout 14 lbs. The height of a man when alive being 5 ft. 8 inches, the\\nskeleton will be about 5 feet 7 inches. The average weight of the brain\\nof a man is 3^ lbs.; that of a woman, 2 lbs. 11 oz.\\nAn ordinary-sized man consumes about 46,000 cubic inches of oxygen\\nper day. The average number of respirations are 20 per minute, or 2 for\\nevery arterial pulsation.\\nII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY.\\nThis is a wide field of investigation: we must take every\\npart of it separately\\nI. Zoology is that branch of science which describes the\\nhabits and organization of the mammalia tribe of animals;\\nthis division includes all those animals which suckle their\\nyoung, and have warm red blood flowing in their arteries.\\nThey have blood, for life bones for strength muscles for\\nmotion; and nerves for sensation.\\nThe classification of the mammalia is as follows: that of\\nBaron Cuvier is adopted in preference to that of Linnaeus, the\\nlatter seeming forced and arbitrary:\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. JBimana or two-\\nhanded animals, of which man is the only instance. II. Quad-\\nrimana or four-handed animals, as monkeys, apes, baboons.\\nIII. Carnassier feeders wholly or chiefly upon animal sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, such as bats, bears, foxes, dog3, c. IY. Hoden-\\ntia those which have the mouth formed for gnawing, and\\nsubsist chiefly upon vegetable matter hares, rats, moles,\\nbeavers, belong to this tribe. Y. Edentata animals in which\\nthe teeth are wanting, among which are the sloth, the arma-\\ndilloes. YI. The Fachydermata or thick-skinned animals\\nas the rhinoceros, the elephant, the common swine, c.\\nYII. Euminantia or animals which chew the cud; the goat,\\nthe antelope, the cow, the camel, are among the animals of\\n396 000,000\\n5 000,000\\n96 000,000\\n80 000,000\\n230 000,000\\n153 000,000\\n1,020,000,000", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOLOGY.\\n19\\nthis tribe. VIII. The Cetacea or the whale and dolphin tribe.\\nThe elephant genera stands at the head of quadrupeds:\\ntheir size and docility have made them the admiration of man\u00c2\u00ac\\nkind in their wild state they live in societies, feeding entirely\\non vegetables, and never attacking other animals unless pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvoked by violence the power of its instinctive sagacity has\\nexcited great astonishment. The peculiar mechanism of its\\ntrunk is in the highest degree remarkable; it is the organ of\\nbreathing with it the elephant procures his food and con\u00c2\u00ac\\nveys it to his mouth; by this instrument he drinks, first\\nsucking up the water and then pouring it into his mouth.\\nIt is composed of a vast number of flexible rings, terminating\\nwith a fleshy moveable hook, which enables him to seize what\u00c2\u00ac\\never he desires, and so wonderful is it, that with it he can\\neither destroy a tree, or pick up the smallest pin.\\nThe camel has been styled the ship of the desert, and in\\nthe East it is a most valuable servant; these wonderful ani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmals can perform a journey of several days without eating or\\ndrinking, their stomachs contain a reservoir of fresh water,\\nand they have sometimes been killed and opened to yield the\\nperishing traveller this supply; they kneel down to receive\\ntheir load, and carry from five to fifteen hundred pounds, tra\u00c2\u00ac\\nvelling fifteen hours a day j the foot of the camel is wonder\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully adapted for travelling over sandy deserts.\\nWhat the camel is to the Arabian, the rein-deer is to the\\nLaplander. This animal travels thirty miles without halting\\nits flesh and milk supply its master with food; its sinews,\\nthread and cordage; its bones are converted into glue; almost\\nevery part of the animal is useful, although those only can\\nappreciate him who know by experience his value.\\nII. Ornithology. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The study of this science, which in\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires into the habits of the feathered tribe, may be pursued\\nin reference to their various orders, which are six:\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Acci-\\njpitres or birds of prey: they are the most powerful of all\\nbirds, and their habits agree with their structure, as they all,\\nin a state of nature, live upon animal food, and the greater\\nnumber of them kill the prey which they eat. Birds of prey\\nare divided into two sections or families, according to their\\ntimes of feeding; the first, or diurnal family, is composed of\\nfalcons, hawks, vultures, eagles the eagles exceed all others\\nin size and strength, and generally fly very high. The second\\nsection is the nocturnal, and the families composing it are\\nknown by the general name of owls they fly abroad chiefly", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20\\nPHYSIOLOGY.\\nin the twilight, and they are remarkable for the fine extremi\u00c2\u00ac\\nties of their feathers, in consequence of which, they fly almost\\nwithout making any noise. II. Passerines or birds resemb\u00c2\u00ac\\nling sparrows, a very numerous order, and including a great\\nvariety of character; thrushes, fly-catclicrs, swallows, larks,\\nc., belong to it. III. Scansorice, climbling birds they have\\nthe foot remarkably formed for climbing; wood-peckers, tou\u00c2\u00ac\\ncans, cuckoos, parrots, macaws, and parroquets, are examples\\nof this order. IY. Qallinice poultry birds in this order\\nare comprised the domesticated fowls, poultry, peacocks, tur\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeys, guinea fowls, and partridges, c. Y. Echissiers, still\\nbirds, or waders; the birds belonging to this order are not\\nall water birds, but many live by the banks of rivers and feed\\nupon reptiles others are to be found on the arid deserts of\\nthe East; they may be distinguished by the nakedness of their\\nlegs. YI. Palmipedes, web-footed, or swimming birds the\\nduck, goose, swan, penguin, guillemots, belong to this order.\\nNo branch of natural history supplies so many singular and\\ninteresting anecdotes as ornithology. The boldness and ra\u00c2\u00ac\\npacity of birds of prey when urged by hunger has been noticed\\nfrequently. Markwick, the naturalist, says, When shooting\\nin the winter in company with two friends, a woodcock flew\\nacross us closely pursued by a small hawk; we all three fired\\nat the woodcock instead of the hawk, which, notwithstanding\\nthe report of three guns close to it, continued its pursuit of\\nthe woodcock, struck it down, and carried it off, as we after\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards discovered.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIII. Ichthyology. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The science which inquires into the\\nhabits and character of fishes is thus designated. There is a\\nvery popular mistake in supposing that a fish is any animal\\nliving in the water: oysters and crabs are called \u00e2\u0080\u009cshell fish,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nthough neither of them is a fish, the oyster being of the\\nmolluscous tribe, and the crab crustaceous.\\nA fish is an animal having a back bone, and a brain in the\\nhead, more or less of a spindle shape, and breathing water by\\nmeans of gills. Eishes are divided by Linnaeus into five\\norders, namely:\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. The apodal, those which have no ventral\\nfins; of these the eel will readily occur as an instance. II.\\nJugular, those which have the ventral fins situated more\\nforward than the pectoral: the perch, the mullet, the margo,\\nare specimens of this division. III. Abdominal, or those\\nwhich have the ventral fins situated behind; this is by far\\nthe most numerous family of the fishes; the carp, pike,", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOLOGY.\\n21\\nsalmon, and herring, each a separate division of the order,\\nbelong to it. IV. Thoracic those which have the ventral\\nfins situated immediately under the pectoral: all flat fish,\\nand the cod family will be found in this division. V. Car\u00c2\u00ac\\ntilaginous which have a cartilaginous instead of a bony\\nskeleton; amongst the numbers which compose this division,\\nare sturgeons, sharks, skates, and rays.\\nThe fertility of fishes has excited astonishment, the table\\nextracted from the Philosophical Transactions will give some\\nidea of the relative fertility of oviparous fishes\\nFishes-\\nWeight.\\nWeight of Roe-\\nNo. of Eggs.\\nDate.\\nCarp\\no\u00c2\u00bb. dr-\\n25 5\\n2,571\\n263,109\\nApril 4\\nCodfish\\n90\\n0\\n12,540\\n3,686,760\\nDec. 2\\nFlounder\\n24\\n4\\n2,200\\n1,357,400\\nMarch 14\\nHerring\\n5 10\\n480\\n36,960\\nOctober 25\\nMackerel\\n18\\n0\\n1,223\\n765\\n546,681\\nJune 18\\nPerch\\n8\\n9\\n28,323\\nApril 5\\nPike\\n56\\n4\\n5,100\\n49,304\\nApril 25\\nRoach\\n10\\n6\u00c2\u00a3\\n361\\n81,586\\nMay 2\\nSmelt\\n2\\n0\\n149\\n38,278\\nMarch 21\\nSole\\n14\\n8\\n5,442\\n100,362\\nJune 13\\nTench\\n40\\n0\\n383,252\\nMay 28\\nLobster\\n0\\n0\\n1,671\\n21,699\\nThe salmon is said to be even more productive than any of these, one\\nhaving been found with nearly 10,000,000 eggs.\\nIV. Malacozoology. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This term is now applied to that\\nbranch of the study of natural history which treats of the\\nMollusca, or Mollusses, which are an order of animals in the\\nLinnsean system, comprehending the slug, the snail, c.; in\\nshort, it professes to treat of all testaceous or soft animals\\nit is compounded of three Greek words; and although we\\nhave adopted the proper orthography, it is very seldom used;\\nthe word Malacology, an abbreviation, being substituted for\\nit. It includes all invertebrated animals, which have their\\nmuscular system supported by external hard parts, and do\\nnot possess an internal skeleton, or any articulated portions.\\nTheir classification is as follows\\nClass I. Cephalopoda those which have the head, and what\\nmay be termed the feet, closely united in respect to position.\\nA very curious member of this class is the Nautilus the shell\\nis the most beautiful that can well be imagined. The Hindoos\\npay it divine honours, believing the gods to have stamped\\ntheir image upon it: it rides on the water like a boat; and\\nmany suppose that the idea of navigation was borrowed from", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22\\nPHYSIOLOGY.\\nthis singular animal: there is, however, much mystery\\nattaching to it, and the real owner of the shell has never yet\\nbeen seen within it. II. Pteropoda or winged feet: they\\nare a tribe very small in size and not numerous, but abounding\\nin the northern seas; they form the principal food of the\\nGreenland whale, into whose mouth they pass by shoals.\\nIII. Gasteropoda: the general character of this class is that\\nof the power of adhesion, either simply by its surface or by\\nslimy matter, W hich it secretes: this power lies in a thick\\nfleshy disc; it is placed upon the belly, and from hence it\\nderives its name of belly foot.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The animals of this class\\nare very numerous, and are to be met with in all parts of the\\nworld. IY. Acephala headless animals. In these animals\\nthe mouth is always under the cloak or shell, and always\\nwithout teeth, so that they can only feed upon such particles\\nof matter as the water brings within their reach they are\\nquite incapable of wandering from place to place in search of\\nfood, or for any other purpose: amongst the animals of this\\nclass we may mention the oyster, the muscle, the cockle, c.\\nV. Branchiopoda these animals derive their name from two\\narms, which extend from the body between the folds of the\\ncloak, and which are capable of being coiled up and with\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrawn they are not a numerous race at present, but appear\\nto have been so at e former periods of the world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s history,\\nbeing found in vast numbers in the secondary strata of rocks\\nin England, and many other countries. YI. Cirropoda\\nthe construction of these animals is very singular they seem\\nto be in fact a connecting link between the mollusca and\\narticulated animals, though they certainly belong to the\\nformer. The most singular is that animal known by the\\nname of the barnacle; it attaches itself to the bottoms of\\nships, the under sides of floating timber, and even to the\\nskins of marine animals sometimes the bottom of a vessel is\\ncovered with a crop of them, more than a foot in length, by\\nwhich its progress through the water is materially diminished.\\nThe heads and tails of snails w ill grow again; young snails\\ncome forth with their shells on their backs, and the shells\\nare enlarged with the animals, by means of a secretion for\\nthat purpose, by which also they repair the shells when\\nbroken. The shell so effectually preserves them, that they\\nhave revived in water, after being kept dry in a box for\\ntwenty years, and after being immersed in boiling water. The\\npolype does not properly belong to this class it is an insect", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOLOGY.\\n23\\nof a snail or jelly-like substanoe the young issue from its\\nside in a surprising manner but it is the wonderful property\\nof this insect that if cut into any number of pieces, and in\\nany direction, each part will become a perfect polype it may\\nbe turned inside out without injury, and the dismembered\\nparts of one polype will unite with those of another, and\\nmake one perfect polype.\\nSome naturalists consider Conchology or the study of\\nshells, a part of the study of Malacology and others make it\\na distinct branch of natural history\u00e2\u0080\u0094perhaps both are right:\\nit is generally divided as follows:\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Multivalves, which\\nconsist of many plates or shells, connected in some species\\nlike different parts of a coat of mail. II. Bivalves consisting\\nof two shells connected by a hinge, as the mussel and\\noyster, c. III. Univalves, comprehending those that have\\na regular spiral: this is a very numerous division, including\\nthe periwinkle, and those also without a regular spiral.\\nV. Entomology. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This is the division of natural history\\ndevoted to the study of Insects its etymology is Greek,\\nfrom entomon, an insect, and logos, a discourse the word\\ninsect is derived from the Latin insecta, signifying a cutting\\nor dividing; it gives their leading characteristic, namely,\\ntheir evident division in the middle of the body the classi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfication of Linnaeus is considered the least complex he has\\narranged them, according to their wings, as follows:\u00e2\u0080\u0094I.\\nColeoptera, such as have cases that cover the wings\u00e2\u0080\u0094as the\\nbeetle tribe. II. Hemiptera, half-winged insects\u00e2\u0080\u0094as the\\ncock-roach, locusts, grasshopper, bug, c. III. Lepidoptera\\nscaly-winged insects\u00e2\u0080\u0094as the butterfly, and the moth, c.\\nIY. Neuroptera, nerve-winged or fibre-winged insects; their\\nwings are furnished with conspicuous nerves, ribs, or ramifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncations\u00e2\u0080\u0094as the dragon-fly, may-fly, trout-fly. Y. Hymen-\\noptera, insects with four wings\u00e2\u0080\u0094as the bee, wasp, hornet,\\ntermes or white ant. YI. JDiptera, two-winged insects\u00e2\u0080\u0094as\\nthe gnat, common fly, musquito, c. YII. Aptera, insects\\nwithout wings\u00e2\u0080\u0094as the flea.\\nAfter man has exerted the power of his eyes to view the\\nsmallest insects, he will find, on applying a microscope,\\nothers so small that ten thousand of them are not equal in\\nbulk to the smallest which he can view with his naked eye.\\nLeucnhoek tells us of insects seen with the naked eye, of\\nwhich twenty-seven millions would only be equal to a mite,\\nand four millions to a single grain of sand yet each of these", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24\\nPHYSIOLOGY.\\nsmall beings has an organized body, provided with a heart,\\nlungs, muscles, glands, arteries, and veins, and with blood\\nand other fluids passing through them. There are some,\\nindeed, so inconceivably small, that millions may be suspended\\non the point of a needle. A small particle of water is found\\nto contain a little world of animated beings. What then\\nmust be the number inhabiting the vast expanse of ocean:\\neach leaf of a tree is a colony of insects, and every plant or\\nflower affords food for millions of creatures. The web of a\\nspider, also, is so inconceivably fine, that thousands would\\nscarcely be as thick as a thread of common sewing silk.\\nIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.\\nVegetable physiology is the study of the history, classifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation, and construction of plants and by philosophers is\\ndescribed as that branch of nature which grows and lives,\\nbut possesses no sensation. Every plant consists of a root,\\nbuds, a trunk or stem, of leaves, of props or arms, of the\\ninflorescence, and the parts of fructification. Plants are\\ndivided into trees, shrubs, herbs, which last die in winter.\\nBotanists have divided all plants into twenty-four classes\\nand 121 orders and they have discovered 3000 genera,\\n50,000 species, and varieties of the species without number.\\nWith regard to the roots, plants are bulbous, as in onions\\nand tulips; tuberose, as in turnips or potatoes and fibrous,\\nas in grasses. They are deciduous when their leaves fall in\\nautumn; and evergreen when they are constantly renewed,\\nas in most resinous trees. They are said to sleep when they\\nchange the appearance of the leaves or flowers at night.\\nThey are indigenous, or native; and exotic, or foreign.\\nBlowers, although apparently so diversified consist but of\\neight parts. The pistil in the centre of the flower the stamen\\nexterior to this\u00e2\u0080\u0094both being extensions of the pith and of the\\nwood the pistil is discriminated by a woollen base, which is\\nthe seed vessel the stamen contains coloured farina or\\npollen; when the stamens and pistils are found together,\\nthe flower is called bisexual; when separate in different\\nflowers, the flower is called unisexual. The other parts of\\nthe flower are the corolla an expansion of the bark; and the\\ncalyx an expansion of the rind. The nectary is the place\\nwhere the honey is secreted the pericarp is the germen\\nenlarged, filled with mature seeds the seeds are the rudi\u00c2\u00ac\\nments of the new plants and the receptacle is the basis upon\\nwhich the other parts rest.", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PIIYSIOLOGY\u00e2\u0080\u0094DENDROLOGY.\\n25\\nThe chemical or elementary principles of vegetables are car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.\u00e2\u0080\u0094According to Humboldt,\\nthere are 38,500 vegetable species, viz., 6500 in Asia, 7000 in\\nEurope, 3000 in Africa, 5000 in Oceanica, 17,000 in America.\\nDENDROLOGY\\nIs the study of trees, and is an interesting branch of vegetable\\nphysiology. Of European trees, the Oat has long been\\nacknowledged the monarch of the woods. The Framlingham\\nOak (Suffolk), used in the construction of the Royal Sove\u00c2\u00ac\\nreign, was four feet nine inches square, and yielded four\\nsquare beams, each forty-four feet in length. The Boddington\\nOak, in the vale of Gloucester, was fifty-four feet in circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nference at the base. The largest of which w r e have any\\nrecord was Damory\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Oak in Dorsetshire: its circumference\\nwas sixty-eight feet, with a cavity of twenty feet high, which\\nwas used about the time of the Commonwealth as an ale-house\\nfor the entertainment of travellers. The dreadful storm in\\nthe reign of Queen Ann shattered this majestic tree, and in\\n1755 the vestiges of it were sold for fire-w ood.\\nSome oaks are celebrated for their historical associations.\\nNot an 100 years since the oak was standing against which\\nthe arrow is said to have glanced which killed William\\nRufus, and a monument was erected to indicate the spot: at\\nTorwood, in Stirlingshire, the oak existed a short time since\\nbeneath whose branches William Wallace convened his\\nfollowers, and represented to them the necessity of delivering\\ntheir country from the thraldom of Edward.\\nThe teak tree is the lord of the Birman forest, and before\\nit the oak sinks into insignificance; it generally rises from\\n160 to 200 feet; the circumference is eight or nine yards, and\\nits leaves twenty inches long and nineteen broad. Continual\\nverdure, grace and majesty of form, height and amplitude of\\ngrowth, are the distinguishing characteristics of this tree.\\nThe banian tree is the most beautiful of nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nductions in the tropical climates every branch from the\\nmain body throws out its roots, which grow thicker until\\nthey reach the surface of the ground, when, there striking in,\\nthey become parent roots to other trees, which spread in like\\nmanner. One of these remarkable trees in the island of\\nNerbudda is 2000 feet in circumference the number of its\\nlargest trunks, each exceeding our noblest oaks in size,\\namount to 350; 7000 persons can bo covered by its shade.\\nThe Hindoos look upon it as the symbol of a prolific Deity.\\nc", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26\\nDENDROLOGY\u00e2\u0080\u0094METALLURGY.\\nA plant is found in Coylon, which is said by the natives to\\nsupply tho place of clocks, as it continues opon from four in\\nthe evening to four in the morning, and remains shut during\\nthe other twelve hours. The Talipat of this island grows to\\nthe height of 100 feet; and its leaf is so large, that it will\\ncover sixteen or twenty men, as an umbrella. When dried\\nthey are round, and fold up like a fan: every soldier carries\\none, and it serves him for a tent.\\nThe island of St. Lucia presents a most curious pheno\u00c2\u00ac\\nmenon in the animal flower. This organization lives in a large\\nbason, the water of which is brackish. It is more brilliant\\nthan the marygold, which it resembles when the hand is\\nextended towards it, it recoils, and retires like a snail into\\ntho water. It is supposed to live upon tho spawn of fish.\\nMETALLURGY.\\nMetallurgy is that branch of science which teaches the\\nchemical combinations and analysis of metals. Metals arc\\ngenerally known by the following characteristics:\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. They\\npossess a peculiar lustre, which may be seen even in the\\nsmallest fragments. II. They are fusible by heat, and in\\nfusion retain their lustre and opacity. III. They are all\\nexcept selenium, good conductors both of electricity and\\ncaloric. IY. Many of them may be extended under the\\nhammer and are called malleable or under the rolling-press\\nand are called laminable or drawn into wire and are called\\nductile. Y. When exposed to the action of caloric, oxygen,\\nchlorine, or iodine, at an elevated temperature, they generally\\ntake fire, and, combining with one or other of these elementary\\ndissolvents in definite proportions, are converted into earthy\\nor saline looking bodies devoid of metallic lustre and ductility,\\ncalled oxides, chlorides, or iodides. YI. They are capable of\\ncombining in their melted state with each other in almost\\nany proportion constituting alloys. These arc only some of\\ntheir properties they will be most readily comprehended by\\nthe youthful reader.\\nPlatinum is the heaviest of all metals, being 1 twenty-three times heavier\\nthan Avater. Gold is the most valuable of all metals it is nineteen times\\nheavier than Avater; it is so malleable, that it may be beaten into leaves of\\nAvhicli 28,000 would be but an inch thick; an ounce will gild a silver\\nwire 13,000 miles in length and it is so tenacious, that Avire one-thir\u00c2\u00ac\\nteenth of an inch in diameter will suspend 150 lbs.: 500 inches of gold\\nmay be drawn from a grain of that metal, and the hundred-thousandth\\npart of a grain may be seen Avitli the naked eye. The loadstone, which\\npossesses the singular property of pointing towards the north, is an ore\\nof iron,", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "METALLURGY\u00e2\u0080\u0094CHEMISTRY.\\n37\\nESTIMATE OF THE ANNUAL PRODUCE OF BRITISH MINES.\\nCoals.\\nThe Export is about 2,700,000 tons.\\nThe Home Consumption is estimated at about 20,009,000.\\nAverage price, free on board, at 10s. per ton \u00c2\u00a315,774,147\\nThis, trade gives employment to about 150,000 persons.\\nThe capital embarked is estimated at from eight to ten\\nmillions. The extent of the Coal-fields in the North\\nembraces 837 square miles of country, and is capable of\\nsupplying 14 millions of tons annually for 500 years.\\nIron 1,396,400 tons at \u00c2\u00a34. per ton\\nCopper- 14,000 tons at \u00c2\u00a385. per ton\\nTin 4,500 tons at \u00c2\u00a370. per ton\\nLead 50,000 tons at \u00c2\u00a317. per ton\\n5,585,600\\n1,190,000\\n315,000\\n850,000\\nTotal\\n\u00c2\u00a323,714,747\\nAn Account op the Quantities and declared Value of\\nCoals, Cinders, and Culm,\\nExported from the several Ports of the United Kingdom in 1848.\\nCoals .2,699,468 tons.Value..\u00c2\u00a31,032,564\\nCinders.... 82,908 tons...Value. 54,861\\nCulm. 2,924 tons.Value. 79G\\nTotal. .27785,300 tons Total. .\u00c2\u00a31,088,221\\nEXPORT OF PRECIOUS METALS.\\nIn the year 1843, 7244 ounces of gold were exported from London to\\ndifferent parts of the world, and 9,436,087 ounces of silver.\\nAMOUNT OF GOLD TENDERED AT THE BANK OF ENGLAND.\\nBetween June, 1842, and Feb. 1844, 2,779,000 ounces of gold coin, of\\nthe value of \u00c2\u00a310,820,731 was given into the Mint for recoinage. The\\ntotal amount of light gold coin received by the Bank of England, since\\nJune, 1842, to Feb. 1B44, was \u00c2\u00a311,187,223. The loss on light gold is\\nestimated at 2 %d. on each sovereign.\\nESTIMATED ANNUAL PRODUCE OF THE GOLD AND SILVER MINES IN\\nEUROPE, ASIA, AND AMERICA.\\nThe estimated annual produce of the above Mines is \u00c2\u00a33,135,000 in\\ngold, and \u00c2\u00a35,543,000 in silver.\\nCHEMISTRY.\\nThis science inquires into tlie changes to which all masses\\nof matter in nature are subject, either by decomposition or\\nrenovation and it imparts to its students, likewise, a know\u00c2\u00ac\\nledge of the nature of the several parts composing such bodies.\\nThe ancients supposed that there were four elements which\\ncombined in the formation of the earth, namely, wind, fire,\\nair, and water; but these have been found to be composed\\nof other elements. Air is composed of nitrogen, azote, and\\noxygen j Water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen\\nEarth has nine different substances entering into its for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmation and Fire is merely atomic motion. The elementary\\nc 2", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28\\nCHEMISTRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094ELECTRICITY.\\nbodies composing the earth are now believed to be fifty-four,\\nand may be thus classified :\u00e2\u0080\u0094There are five which seem\\ncapable of combining with all the others; when in unison\\nwith a certain portion of the other simple bodies, they form\\nacids and when with the rest, they constitute bases or\\nalkaline bodies, and are capable of commingling with and\\nneutrallizing the acids the five bodies mentioned are called\\nsupporters of combustion they are oxygen, chlorine,\\nbromine, iodine, and fluorine. The simple acidifiable bases\\nare eighteen, among wdiicli are hydrogen, azote, nitrogen,\\ncarbon, boron, sulphate, c., c. The simple alkaline bases\\nare thirty-one; amongst them are potassium, sodium, lithium,\\nbarium, strontium, c.: these are likewise divided into\u00e2\u0080\u0094I.\\nDifficultly fusible bases, as iron, nickel, cobalt, c. II. Easily\\nfusible bases, as zinc, cadmium, lead, tin, copper, c. III.\\nNoble metals, as gold, platinum, paladium, c. In former\\ntimes, chemistry was studied under the foolish supposition\\nthat from its principles the art of making gold, of preserving\\nlife, c., might be discovered but these extravagant ideas\\nhave now passed away the science is not, however, brought\\nto perfection, although of late years it has been studied with\\ngreat enthusiasm, by some of the most elevated minds our\\ncountry has produced. Chemistry consists of four parts,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFirst, such substances as are properly denominated simple.\\nSecondly, such as are formed by the union of simple bodies.\\nThirdly, compound substances united. And fourthly, such\\nsubstances as we meet with in the animal, vegetable, and\\nmineral worlds.\\nELECTRICITY.\\nIt is very difficult to define accurately the nature and\\nobject of the science of electricity, because philosophers them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves are not agreed as to its definition: it may, however,\\nwith safety, be said to be a branch of natural philosophy,\\nwhich investigates the attractions and repulsions, and produc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of light, as well as the explosions and other phenomena\\nattending the friction of vitreous, resinous, and metallic sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nfaces, and the heating, cooling, evaporation and mutual contact\\nof a great number of bodies. The primary cause of electricity\\nis the excitement of motion, which affects the atoms of some\\nbodies and not those of others. The bodies capable of beiug\\naffected, or of receiving an excitement, are called electrics;\\nand as these exhaust or arrest the excitement, they are called\\nnon-conductors: they are for the most part as follows:\u00e2\u0080\u0094glass,", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "EL30T3ICITY.\\n39\\nsillr, air, sulphur, charcoal, woollens, bakod wood, sealing-wax,\\nc.: all theso arc capablo of receiving the excitement, and\\ntherefore do not conduct the excitement. Excitement simply\\nmeans the separation of elementary atoms within the electric.\\nMotion excites and accumulates one kind more than another\\nkind: hence any friction separates them, and the atoms which\\nseparate them arc the same as those which produce the acid\\nand alkaline principles, or oxygen, and nitrogen, or hydrogen.\\nThere are, however, many bodies incapable of being excited,\\nand these serve as boundaries, neutral surfaces, or unaffected\\nsides to electrics; and as the excitement appears therefore to\\nmove or to be continued along their surfaces, they arc called\\nconductors or non-electrics.\\nThe principal non-electrics are the metals, animal and moist\\nvegetable substances, and the varied combination of theso\\nwith electrics and the commixture of both produce all tho\\nphenomena of the science. If the hand or a metallic knob\\nbe held within three or four inches from a metallic or main\\nconductor, a large spark will escape from some point on one\\nto some point on the other, which, in the dark, will be forked,\\nand of the colour of lightning there will also be a snapping\\nnoise, which increased by larger quantities, would produce\\ntho noise of thunder. In fact, lightning and thunder are\\neffects of electricity in the clouds. A flash of lightning is\\nsimply a disturbed stratum between the clouds and the earth,\\nrestoring itself from the earth to the clouds, or from one\\ncloud to another, while thunder is the report and the echo of\\nthe report, from the rapid passage.\\nPhilosophers amused themselves for a century with experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nments on the electrical apparatus; but a new mode of exciting\\nthis power was discovered by Galvani, and the experiments\\nmade in this way are called Galvanism. Some fishes, as the\\ntorpedo, the gymnotus electricus, and the silorus electricus,\\nwhen touched, communicate shocks to tho human body like\\nthose of electricity, and from similar causes.\\n1. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Positive electricity common to fair weather, often yields to a\\nnegative state before rain.\\n2. \u00e2\u0080\u0094In general, the rain that first falls after a depression of the barometer\\nis negative.\\n3. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Above forty cases of rain in one hundred give negative electricity\\nalthough the state of the atmosphere is positive before and afterwards.\\n4. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Positive rain in a positive atmosphere occurs more rarely; perhaps\\nfifteen times in one hundred.\\n5. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Snow and hail unmixed with rain, are positive almost without\\nexception.\\nc 3", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30\\nELECTRICITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094AGRICULTURE.\\n6.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Forty cases of rain in one hundred are found to affect the apparatus\\nwith both kinds of electricity; sometimes with an interval in which\\nno rain fell; and so that a positive shower was succeeded by a negative,\\nand vice versa: at others, the two kinds took place during the same\\nshower.\\nAGRICULTURE.\\nBefore man became a civilized being, or attempted to make\\nany progress in the arts and sciences, it was necessary that\\nhe should be able to preserve his own existence land, like\\nair, was the common property of all, and was cultivated\\nwithout any regard to individual possession.\\nThe first property consisted of sheep, goats, oxen and the\\nfirst husbandmen were shepherds, wdio tended their flocks,\\nand drove them without restriction from pasture to pasture.\\nThe next step towards the exclusive right in property, was\\nthe obtaining a particular spot of ground, the produce of\\nwhich he could secure to his family he would then bend all\\nhis energies carefully to cultivate, sow, and plant it, knowing\\nthat he should reap the reward of labour in the season of\\nharvest. Farmers are called arable farmers, when they are\\nchiefly employed in raising corn and pasture farmers or\\ngraziers, when they are engaged in fattening and rearing\\nsheep, and other live stock.\\nFarms vary in size from 50 to 1000 acres. Arable farms are\\ngenerally smaller than those occupied in pasture or grazing,\\nbecause they require more labour. Those from 100 to 300\\nacres are most beneficial to the occupiers and the public.\\nSoils may be divided into clay, loam, chalk, sand, gravel,\\npeat, and moor. The clayey and loamy are called stiff and\\nstrong soils, and the sandy and gravelly light soils. Soils\\nare barren when they consist of too much of one kind of\\nmaterial, either too moist or too dry; and they are fertile\\nwhen they contain a due mixture of several primitive earths,\\nwith the remains of animal and vegetable matter. The prin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipal agricultural implements are the spade, the mattock, and\\nthe hoe, the plough, the harrow, the roller, and the sickle.\\nOn stiff soils,ulover, beans, w heat, cabbages, and oats, may\\nbe cultivated and on light soils, potatoes, turnips, peas, oats,\\nand barley. The largest cheese farms are in Cheshire and\\nDenbighshire; on some of these 500 milch cows are kept.\\nAll cheese would be w 7 hite if it were not coloured by Spanish\\nor other arnatto. The principal farming animals of England\\nare, horses, cows, sheep, hogs, domestic poultry for eggs,\\ngeese, ducks, turkeys, guinea fowls, and pigeons; bees for", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURE ARCHITECTURE.\\n31\\nhoney, ancl fish stocked in ponds. Farmers likewise extract\\ncider from apples, perry from pears, and wholesome British\\nwines from various fruits. The potatoe is the most con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable and wholesome portion of our food it was brought\\nfrom America by Sir Walter Raleigh.\\nAGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.\\nIn the absence of official returns for the United Kingdom, the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing Estimate has been propounded:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPrimary\\nCrops 4\\nImproved I\\nCrops I\\nEngland and Wales.\\nWheat, 3J per acre, 12,350,000 qrs., at 50s.\\nBarley and Rye, 4 per acre, 3,600,000 qrs., at 30s.\\nOats and Beans, per acre, 13,500,000 qrs., at 25s.\\nAllow 10s per quarter more for Beans\\nRoots: Clover, Turnips, Potatoes, c. at \u00c2\u00a35. 5s.\\nper acre\\nHops, and produce of Garden Grounds\\n30,875,000\\n5,400,000\\n16,875,000\\n625,000\\n13,125,000\\n2,250,000\\n1801 to 1810\\n1811 to 1820\\n1821 to 1830\\n1831 to 1840\\n1841 to 1844\\nInclosure of Land.\\nInclosure Bills. Acres-\\nIncrease of\\nPopulation.\\n906\\n1,657,980\\n2,209,618\\n771\\n1,410,930\\n2,643,738\\n186\\n340,380\\n3,113,261\\n120\\n236,078\\n2,610,272\\n52\\n95,160\\n1,044,108\\nState of Land in the British Empire.\\nArable\\nand\\nGardens.\\nMeadows\\nPastures\\nMarshes.\\nWastes ca\u00c2\u00ac\\npable of Im\u00c2\u00ac\\nprovement-\\nPresent\\nAnn. Value\\nof Wastes.\\nIncapable\\nof Improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment.\\nSummary.\\nEngland\\nWales\\nScotland\\nIreland\\nBr. Isles\\n10,252,800\\n890,570\\n2,493,950\\n5,389,040\\n109,630\\n15,379,200\\n2,226,430\\n2,771,050\\n6,736,240\\n974,060\\n3,454,000\\n530,000\\n5,950,000\\n4,900,000\\n166,000\\n1,700,000\\n200,000\\n1,680,000\\n1,395,000\\n25,000\\n3,256,400\\n1,105,000\\n8,523,930\\n2,416,664\\n569,469\\n32,342,400\\n4,752,000\\n19,738,930\\n19,441,944\\n1,819,159\\n19,135,990(37,386,980\\n15,000,000\\n5,000,000\\n15,871,463\\n77,394,433\\nARCHITECTURE.\\nThe buildings of man in the early stages of society are of a\\nrude description, and do not even exhibit the ingenuity of\\nsome of the lower orders of creation. Among savage tribes\\nwe find many, as the Siberians and North Americans, who\\nreside under ground, having their filthy habitations entirely\\nclosed during the winter months. In warmer regions, the\\nAmericans build wigwams of stakes, leaves, and turf, in the\\nshape of a soldier\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tent. In proportion as mankind increased\\nin the arts of civilization and the elegancies of life, they\\ncultivated a more polished and graceful style of building.", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "ASOniTECTUBE.\\noo\\nKiO\\nWo have the remains of sis principal stylos amongst us\\nI. The Tuscan. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This order admits of no ornaments or flutes\\nIll the columns, but rustic cinctures are sometimes represented\\non the shaft. This order may be employed in most case3\\nwhere strength and simplicity are required rather than mag\u00c2\u00ac\\nnificence, such as prisons, market-places, arsenals, or the\\ninferior parts of large buildings. II. The Doric. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The origin\\nof this order has been ascribed to Dorus, the son of Ilellen\\nand the nymph Grises this is, however, most likely fabulous\\nsome specimens of this order may be seen in the British\\nMuseum among the Elgin marbles. III. The Ionic. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This\\nderives its name from the fact of its being invented by the\\nlonians; the temple on the Ilyssus, and those of Neptune\\nand Minerva in the Athenian Acropolis, are the best existing\\nmonuments of this order. IY. The Corinthian. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This is the\\nrichest of the Grecian orders; it possesses grace, delicacy,\\nand splendour, and was considered by the ancients as the\\nchef d oeuvre of architecture. Y. The Toman or Composite\\nThis differed little from the Corinthian; a great deal of the\\nbeauty of the latter was lost on the former by an excess of\\ngorgeousness, which lessened the effect. There is an orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nment in the Corinthian architecture which we must not pass\\nover. It is the Caryatides, or figure of a female which took\\nthe place of a column, and gave an additional beauty of\\narchitecture to the entire building: the figures may be seen\\nin St. Pancras Church, London, correctly copied from a\\nGrecian temple. YI. The Gothic. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This was founded, wo\\nhave reason to believe, by our Norman sires it is most\\nremarkable for its pointed arch; it is not so classical as the pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously mentioned orders, but it certainly harmonises better\\nwith our ideas of monasteries and abbeys, which are, generally\\nspeaking, built in this style we may instance, as two of the\\nmost splendid specimens of it extant, the porch of Bedcliffe\\nchurch, Bristol, and King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s College Chapel, Cambridge.\\nThe Escurial, or royal palace of Spain, is the largest in Europe it i 3\\nsituated in the province of New Castile, and was erected by Philip II.\\nto commemorate the victory gained over the French at St. Quintin,\\nAug. 10th, 1557. The palace contains 11,000 windows, 14,000 doors,\\n8,000 columns, and several thousand apartments, some of which are\\nvery large. This stupendous work was finished at an expense of six\\nmillions of crowns, and occupied twenty-four years in its construction.\\nIt is usually the place of burial for the kings and queens of Spain.", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "ARCHITECTURE.\\n33\\nRELATIVE HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS\\n1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Apparently the most ancient, and certainly the most colossal,\\nstructures in the world, are the Pyramids of Egypt: the largest is said\\nto occupy a space equal to that enclosed by the railing in Lincoln\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Inn\\nFields, and has been raised to the enormous height of 514 feet, being\\n110 feet higher than St. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s. 2.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Cathedral of St. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s at\\nItome stands next to the Pyramids it rises to a height of 464 feet.\\n3 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Cathedral of Strasburg, lower only by one foot than St. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s,\\nappears in reality much higher, in consequence of its tasteful and delicate\\narchitecture. 4.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Salisbury Cathedral stands upon a base of 100 feet\\nsquare, and reaches to a height within 50 feet of that of the great pyra\u00c2\u00ac\\nmid, being 463 from the ground. 5.\u00e2\u0080\u0094St. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cathedral, although the\\nfirst in importance of our Protestant churches, is not so high as Salisbury\\njust mentioned the summit of the cross is 404 feet from the ground.\\n6.\u00e2\u0080\u0094St. Giralda, at Seville, is the only church noted for its height in\\nSpain its height is 350 feet. 7.\u00e2\u0080\u0094One of the most lofty buildings used\\nfor public service among the heathen, is the tower of Minar, at Delhi:\\nit is built somewhat in the figure of a round obelisk its height is 262\\nfeet. 8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Porcelain Tower of Nankin is the most elevated of the\\nChinese pagodas, which, generally speaking, do not rise beyond sixty\\nor seventy feet; the buildings of the Chinese can seldom be seen by\\nforeigners, and this is held in especial veneration its height is 249 feet.\\n9.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The church of Notre Dame is the principal sacred edifice in Paris\\nit is, however, only 232 feet in height. 10.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Monument of London\\nwas built to commemorate the great fire, by Sir Christopher Wren in\\n1606: its height is 210 feet. 11.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of\\nthe most remarkable buildings the world contains its hoiizontal incli\u00c2\u00ac\\nnation does not affect its safety its height is 202 feet. 12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Bridge\\nof Alcantara, an ancient town and frontier fortress in the Spanish\\nprovince of Estremadura, rises in elevation to 196 feet. 13.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Mosque\\nof St. Sophia at Constantinople, out of 500 others in the same city, is the\\nprincipal: it is 270 feet in length by 240 in breadth: its height is 189\\nfeet. 14.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Place Yendome, Paris, is 153 feet. 15.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Trajan\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Pillar,\\nat Home, is considered one of the finest pieces of monumental archi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntecture in the world: its height is 151 feet. 16.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mosque of Omer,\\nJerusalem, is a splendid temple, so styled from the Saracen Caliph who\\nerected it: its height is 125 feet. 17.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Luxor or Obelisk, originally\\nthe temple of Elaksor, was removed by Napoleon to Paris, where it still\\nremains: its height is 110 feet. 18.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Aqueduct of Segovia is a\\nvery remarkable object of antiquity it is supported by 159 arches, and\\nis 102 feet in height. 19.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Sphinx is a colossal image near the\\ngroup of Pyramids at Gizeh it is above 150 feet long and 63 feet high.\\nBefore we leave this notice, we may remark that St. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s and St.\\nPaul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rank as the largest edifices in Christendom undoubtedly St.\\nPeter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s is vastly superior to our metropolitan church, but there is a\\nsense in which our national edifice excels even St. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s St. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\noccupied 145 years in building, Avas the work of twelve successive\\narchitects, and exhausted the revenues of nineteen successive popes\\nSt. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s was completed under the direction of one architect, in the\\nspace of 37 years; the expense was entirely defrayed by a small tax on\\ncoals. The dimensions of this cathedral, when compared with those of\\nSt. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s, are\\nSt. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\n500\\n223\\n340\\nSt. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\n669\\n442\\n432\\nLength within\\nGreatest breadth\\nHeight.", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34\\nARCHITECTURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094COMMERCE.\\nEXPERIMENTS ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS,\\nBy Professor Hodgkinson.\\nMaterial.\\nTensile\\nTransverse\\nCrushing Strength,\\n1,000.\\nstrength.\\nstrength.\\nTimber\\n1\\nA\\n1\\n1\\n1,900\\n85-1\\nCast Iron\\n158\\n19-8\\nGlass (Plate and Crown)\\n123\\n10-\\nStone and Marble\\n100\\n9-8\\nThe ratio of the crushing force to the transverse force is nearly the\\nsame in glass, stone, and marble, including the hardest and softest\\nkinds. Hence, if we know the transverse strength in any of these\\nbodies, we may predict the other and as glass and the hardest stones\\nresist crushing with from seven to nine times the energy that they do\\nbeing torn asunder, we may get an approximate value of the tensile\\nforce from the crushing force, or vice versa.\\nCOMMERCE.\\nCommerce is the great link which binds societies together,\\nwhether considered as communities or nations it is the\\ngreat source of wealth and power; besides which, by it mil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlions of individuals are supported in health and happiness.\\nTrades are frequently intimately connected, and mutually\\nassist each other thus it has been ingeniously shown, that\\nthe production of a book gives employment to about 100\\ndifferent departments of trade\u00e2\u0080\u0094the author, seller, publisher,\\nrag-merchant, paper-maker, stationer and type-founder, tho\\npress-maker, ink-maker, the chase-maker, the compositor, the\\npressman, the gatherer, the folder, the stitcher, the leather-\\nseller, the binder, the eoppcr-plato printer, c. c.\\nA pack of wool, weighing 2401bs., employs 200 persons\\nbefore it is ready in the form of stuffs, cloths, c. for sale.\\nA sword wrought of steel, the original metal of which was not\\nworth a shilling, is sometimes sold for 300 guineas and a\\nwatch chain has produced 50 guineas, the metal of which,\\nbefore it was wrought by the hand of man, was not worth\\nthree-pence. A yard of lace will fetch 20 guineas, the flax in\\nwhich was originally not worth three-pence. A painting not\\ntwo square yards has been valued at \u00c2\u00a325,000: and a shawl,\\nwhich contains but a few ounces of wool, and may be drawn\\nthrough a curtain ring, sells for from 60 to 80 guineas.\\nWithin the last thirty years, Britain appears to havo mono\u00c2\u00ac\\npolized the trade almost of the whole world. It has not only", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "COMMERCE.\\n35\\ntho greatest manufacturers, but also the greatest carriers of\\ndcsirablo produce, and has throe timos as many merchant\\nvessels on tho seas as all other nations put togethor. In the\\nWest Indies, Groat Britain occupies Jamaica, Barbadoes,\\nand a dozen other islands, besides Demerara, c. on the main,\\nall of which supply sugar, rum, cotton, coffee, spices, drugs,\\nmahogany, dried and preserved fruits, c. These luxuries\\nservo to gratify ourselves, while they becomo desirable me\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiums of exchange for the produce and manufactures of many\\nother countries. We send them to Russia, in exchange for\\nhemp, tar, and tallow to Sweden, for copper; to Norway,\\nfor timber to Germany, for wool, rags, and smalts for\\npaper; to France, for wino and brandy to Portugal, for\\nwine; to Spain, for gold, silver, and fruit; to Italy, for silk,\\nrags, oil, and fruit; to Turkey, for silk, drugs, oil, and coffee.\\nThe chief ports of the United Kingdom, are\u00e2\u0080\u0094London, Liver\u00c2\u00ac\\npool, Bristol, Glasgow, Grennock, Hull, Falmouth, Dartmouth,\\nPlymouth, Devonport, Portsmouth, Yarmouth, Lynn, Shields,\\nLeith, Aberdeen, Whitehaven, Swansea, Dublin, Cork, Water\u00c2\u00ac\\nford. The chief manufacturing towns, for cutlery and metallic\\nwares, are Birmingham, Wolverhampton, and Sheffield: for\\ncalicoes and muslins, Manchester, Stockport, Bolton, Glasgow,\\nand Paisley for woollen cloths, Leeds and Norwich for\\nhosiery, Nottingham and Leicester; for linens, Belfast and\\nLondonderry for carpets, Kidderminster and Wilton for\\nchina, glass, c., Newcastle and Worcester.\\nVALUE OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE\\nUNITED KINGDOM\\nDuring each of the three years ending 5th of January, 1814; also, the\\namount of the produce and manufactures of the United Kingdom\\nexported therefrom.\\n60 tl\\nValue of\\nimports into\\nthe United\\nKingdom.\\nVALUE OF\\nEXPORTS FROM UNITED\\nKINGDOM.\\nValue of the\\nProduce and\\n\u00c2\u00a71\\noS 4\\nCL) 1 \u00e2\u0080\u0094I\\nProduce and\\nManufactures\\nof the United\\nKingdom.\\nForeign and\\nColonial\\nmerchandize.\\nTotal\\nExports.\\nManufacture of\\nthe United King\u00c2\u00ac\\ndom exported\\ntherefrom.\\n1842\\n1813\\n1844\\n64,377,962\\n65,204,729\\n68,433,050\\n102,180,517\\n100,260,101\\n117,574,563\\n14,723,151\\n13,584,158\\n13,947,513\\n116,903,668\\n113,844,259\\n131,522,076\\n51,634,623\\n47,381,023\\n51,932,056\\nAMOUNT OF COMMERCE OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES TO\\nEACH INDIVIDUAL.\\nGreat Britain 86s. 10 d. France 34s, 2d.\\nBelgium 70 0 Russia 7 4\\nUnited States (il 0", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36\\nCOMMERCE,\\nH\\nP-\\nO\\nW Ph\\nPH\\nr P\\nPh co\\no H\\nz\\nco w\\nH\\nW\\nW\\nPh\\n4)\\na\\nQ.\\nCO\\nPh\\nu\\na;\\ncq\\nlO O 00\\n00 o o\\n2 MO o\\no Oir2\\nPhQOOh)!\\nioq?i_\\nrh i-O O lO\\nwas\\nCS\\nr-\\n2\\nC to\\nG3 o\\nCw r-\\nO^jT\\no*\\n00\\noo\\no\\nto\\no o\\no o\\ncq\\nMd o\\ncq o\\nTt M\u00e2\u0080\u0099S\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\nO 1\\nl o\\n1 o\\n03 O\\no\\ngo\\no\\no\\n2 o\\no\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\u00c2\u00ae.\\nO GO 1\\no\\nCO\\no\\nr-\\ni\\n1 r\u00e2\u0080\u00944\\nto\\nCO\\n03\\n3\\nbo\\n03\\n03\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2l-q\\n\u00c2\u00a32\\nct\\nTo\\no\\nPh\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u009c*\\noS\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0H\\nce\\nG w\\nCi H *rH\\n2 ?H\\n\u00c2\u00a32 /3\\nJh r- 00\\nJ-i 3\\nC/3\\nTO 03\\nbD\\nr 3\\nTobacco.\\nCwts.\\n223,093\\n*580,000\\n401,500\\n135,000\\nCO O O\\nIf. 1 i -o\\nZO 00 00\\n03\\nH\\nto os cq\\no \u00c2\u00abo\\ni-\\nco\\nO\\no\\n03\\nC/3 O 1 Ct\\n1 o\\n.03\\n03 O)\\no\\neg\\nof o\\no\\nO\\nOi- r-\\no\\no\\nN iO\\n4 CO\\no o o\\no o\\nr o o o\\no o\\nd\\n12 oo p\\noo\\nbn\\no o o\\n6 -H\\n3\\nrt GO lO CO\\nOO 05\\nco\\n1\\nM0 CQ\\ng\\no\\nPh\\nS\\nin\\nG\\nO\\no\\n+H\\no\\n03\\nc3\\nPh\\n03\\nr~j\\na?\\na\\nH C /3\\nO/ rH\\n*=.2\\no\\n*3 S\\n2\\n5\\ng 2\\nC 03\\nw\\nQ\\nw\\nQ\\nH\\nZ\\nw\\n/3\\nw\\np$\\nf /3\\nJO\\nrO\\nr-\\no\\ncq\\nC /3\\n*3\\nO\\no\\ncS\\nO\\nM\\nCQ\\no o o\\no o o\\noo oqo\\no\\n_r -r oc -h\\nOo^LO\\no o o o\\no o o o\\noo oo\\no -r cf\\nGO GO O O\\nCQ o\\nr4N\\no o o\\no o o\\npOH 1 O\\no o~ o\\nO I-H o\\nkO\\no o o o\\no o o o\\no o^o o\\nocooc\\n0*0\\no cs r-\\no o o\\no o o\\nCO O O\\no o o\\nr q o go o\\nCJ 00 CO 00\\no o o o\\no o o o\\n\u00c2\u00a9_\u00c2\u00a9\\no o o\\noo o o o\\nco cp cq ms\\ncq CO\\no o o\\no o o\\nc/3 O O\\n4J\\npOOO\\nrr o o o\\nO -H OC-*\\niO 50 iC5\\no o o o\\no O o o\\nqoqq\\no oo o o\\nO o o\\noo_oo o cq\\no ccT o\\no o o o o\\no o o o o\\no o o o o\\no o o i o o\\no o o O O\\nCCS o o\\no o o o o\\nt O O CM\\nm jj c S* -^r\\no o\\no o\\noo\\ncT o\\no o\\n0^0\\ncTo*\\no o\\nO I-O\\nOOOOOOOO\\noooooooo\\no^ o o^ cq o^ q o^ cq\\nO O O O O o 0 s o\\noooooooo\\nlOOlgc o^o^cqo\\nto r- o oodd\\nO X C C OC H lO O)\\ni-H r\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\no\\no o o\\no\\no o o\\no\\nO O o 1\\no\\no\\no o o\\no\\no o o\\no^\\no o cq\\nco\\no\\nO 00 i\\no\\nO\\no\\nOh 1\\n1 O CQ CQ 1 1\\nr-4\\nc u g.s.5 cs K\\nP u 5 Pi- c\\nO \u00c2\u00a3C C ill Krt ^3 -*_\u00c2\u00bb\\nfed S u t\u00c2\u00bb Xf!\\nw o w ph pq\\nu\\nG\\no\\no\\no\\nG\\no\\na) a5\\nS.2\\nC\\nco Ph\\n3 H\\nn\\nO a)\\no\\nPh O\\nS 3\\nG c^j\\nC/J\\nG\\nO\\nc\\nrz\\nG\\nO C /3\\nflj\\nCO CD\\n03 \u00c2\u00abhG\\nP S\\nc5\\nH.S\\n03\\nco o\\n03\\n5 o\\nG^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r* in\\nin G\\nco\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00992 g\\nH\u00e2\u0080\u0094* p-i\u00c2\u00bb\\nco fc\u00c2\u00ab\\nc5 o\\n03\\nf 13\\nrH o\\nCO\\nG\\nPROPORTION OF NUTRIMENT CONTAINED IN VARIOUS\\nARTICLES OF FOOD.\\nCCommunicated by Dr. Thompson, of Glasgow.J\\nGreens and Turnips 1 in 612\\nCarrots 1 347\\nPotatoes\\nWheat Flour\\n1 m 281\\n1 49\\nMeat contains about 26 per cent, of nutritive matter, 74 per cent, being\\nwater, and is twice as nutritious as bread.\\nupply", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "COMMERCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094NAVIGATION. 37\\nNUMBER AND POPULATION OF THE BRITISH COLONIES.\\nEurope\\nAsia\\nAustralasia\\nAfrica\\nNorth America\\nSouth America\\nWest India Islands\\nTotal\\nNumber of\\nColonies.\\nPOPULATION.\\nWhites.\\nColoured.\\n11\\n490,000\\n10\\n122,000\\n101,560,079\\n8\\n191,800\\n155,000\\n13\\n67,868\\n222,800\\n8\\n1,510,000\\n120,000\\n5\\n3,958\\n99,571\\n18\\n871,850\\n639,708\\n73\\n3,257,476\\n102,797,158\\nThe total cost of the above Colonies to Great Britain is nearly\\n\u00c2\u00a32,650,000 per annum.\\nTHE COLONIES OF GREAT BRITAIN.\\nA Parliamentary Return just published gives a full and complete list\\nof all the Colonies of Great Britain, with the total cost to this Country\\nfor pay and commissariat expenses, for the five years ending March,\\n1847. The following are the names of the Colonies, with the expenses\\nNorth American possessions\u00e2\u0080\u0094Canada, \u00c2\u00a31,726,213 Fort Garry, \u00c2\u00a312,130;\\nNova Scotia and Prince Edward\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Island, \u00c2\u00a3522,324; New Brunswick,\\n\u00c2\u00a311,584 Newfoundland, \u00c2\u00a393,240; Bermuda, \u00c2\u00a3280,603 West India pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsessions\u00e2\u0080\u0094Jamaica, \u00c2\u00a3591,393; Honduras, \u00c2\u00a347,388; Bahamas, \u00c2\u00a3108,303;\\nBarbadoes, \u00c2\u00a31,091,173 St. Vincent, \u00c2\u00a34,495; Granada, \u00c2\u00a34,614; Tobago,\\n\u00c2\u00a33,724; St. Lucia, \u00c2\u00a34,250; Antigua, \u00c2\u00a34,859; Monserrat, nil St. Chris-\\nopher, \u00c2\u00a34,636; Nevis, nil Virgin Islands, nil Dominica, \u00c2\u00a33,828;\\nBritish Guiana, \u00c2\u00a37,146; Trinidad, \u00c2\u00a35,498; Mediterranean and African\\npossessions\u00e2\u0080\u0094Gibraltar, \u00c2\u00a3672,584 Malta, \u00c2\u00a3398,768 Ionian Islands,\\n\u00c2\u00a3471,136; Cape of Good Hope, \u00c2\u00a31,353,615; Sierra Leone, \u00c2\u00a386,323\\nGambia, \u00c2\u00a362,166; Forts and Settlements of Gold Coast, \u00c2\u00a316,675; St.\\nHelena, \u00c2\u00a3109,721 Australian possessions \u00e2\u0080\u0094New South Wales, \u00c2\u00a3360,313\\nSouth Australian, 1,875; Van Dieman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Land, \u00c2\u00a3313,534 South Australia,\\n\u00c2\u00a315,890; West Australia, \u00c2\u00a343.636 New Zealand, \u00c2\u00a3132,151: Miscella\u00c2\u00ac\\nneous\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mauritius, \u00c2\u00a3387,645; Ceylon, \u00c2\u00a3332,665; Hong Kong, \u00c2\u00a3463,853\\nFalkland Islands, \u00c2\u00a31,366. Total, \u00c2\u00a39,742,354.\\nGreat Britain and Ireland, with their thirty millions of inhabitants,\\nhave a greater number of Britons than all our Colonies put together.\\nNAVIGATION.\\nNavigation is one of the most wonderful of the arts; it\\nenables men to conduct great ships with precision from port\\nto port across vast seas, on which they sail for many weeks\\nwithout the sight of land. The Phoenicians and Phrygians\\nwere the first people on record who employed ships to carry,\\nthe produce and manufactures of one nation to another.\\nThey were followed by the Carthagenians, Britons, Venetians,\\nand Genoese. During the two last centuries, the Portuguese\\nand Dutch divided the trade of the world with the English\\nduring the last fifty years, the balance has been suspended\\nbetween England and America.\\nD", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38\\nNAVIGATION.\\nTill within the last 400 years, no ship ventured out of sight\\nof land. If the mariners lost sight of the land they despaired\\nof regaining it; such were the disadvantages of Phoenician,\\nCarthagenian, Roman, and Grecian navigation.\\nIn the thirteenth century, it was discovered that if a cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain ore of iron was suspended on a point, and allowed to turn\\nitself at pleasure, it would always point towards the north, or\\nthe same part of the world. Hence, if a seaman took with\\nhim to sea one of these magnets or loadstones, he was enabled\\nto distinguish the north, and keep a journal of his course.\\nThe loadstone, or magnetic needle, as it is also called, is\\nusually placed in a frame, and covered by a glass beneath it\\nin a frame, are marked the thirty-two points; the principal\\nof these are the four cardinal points, that is, north, south,\\neast, and west. A skilful sailor, though lost on the wide\\nocean, can always tell -where he is by the position of the sun,\\nmoon, and stars in the heavens. Thus, if it appear by the\\nalmanack, that at London the sun is on the 5th of June sixty-\\none degrees high at 12 o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock, and a sailor finds it at that\\ntime to be seventy degrees high, he concludes that he is nine\\ndegrees nearer to the vertical place of the sun or moon to the\\nsouth, than London\u00e2\u0080\u0094thus he determines his latitude or dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance from the equator.\\nAgain, if it appear by an almanack, that, on the evening of\\nJune 5th, the moon comes to a conjunction with the planet\\nMars, at London, and a sailor finds it take place at 9 o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock\\nwhere he is, he concludes that he is one hour or 15 degrees\\nwest: hence he determines the longitude or the distances from\\nany known meridian of the place where he is. So vast are\\nthe improvements in navigation in our days, that a ship has\\nsailed from Portsmouth to Calcutta in fifty-five days, a voy\u00c2\u00ac\\nage which formerly employed six months from Portsmouth\\nto Malta in eleven days, formerly two months and to the\\nWest Indies in twenty-one days, formerly two months.\\nDrake and Anson were three years sailing round the world,\\nand this is now frequently performed by merchantmen in\\nnine or ten months.\\nNUMBER AND TONNAGE OF STEAM VESSELS\\nBelonging to the British Empire in 1844.\\nUnited Kingdom.\\nIsles of Guernsey,\\nJersey, and Man.\\nBritish\\nPlantations.\\nTotal.\\nShips.\\nTons.\\nShips.\\nTons.\\nShips.\\nTons\\nShips.\\nTons.\\n855\\nj 109,146\\n4\\n587\\n93\\n10,416\\n952\\n120,149", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "NAVIGATION\\n39\\nNUMBER OF VESSELS\\nEmployed in the Foreign Trade of the United Kingdom in the Tear\\n_ endi ng 5 th January, 1848.\\nINWARDS.\\nOUTWARDS-\\nVessels.\\nTons.\\nMen.\\nVessels.\\nTons.\\n[Men.\\nBritish\\n18,147\\n4,020,415\\n211,326\\n15,206\\n3,553,777\\n21,976\\nForeign.\\n9,639\\n1,559,046\\n79,791\\n6,774\\n1,497,460\\n81,718\\nTotal\\n27,786\\n5,579,461\\n291,117\\n24.893\\n5,051,237\\n299,694\\nVESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE COASTING TRADE OF THE\\nUNITED KINGDOM.\\nAn Account of the Number and Tonnage of Vessels which Entered Inwards and\\nCleared Outwards with Cargoes, at the several Ports of the United Kingdom,\\nduring the Year 1S4S, compared with the Entries and Clearances of the preceding\\nYear; distinguishing the Vessels employed in the Intercourse between Great\\nBritain and Ireland from other Coasters-\\nENTERED INWARDS.\\nCLEARED OUTWARDS.\\nVESSELS.\\nEmployed in\\nthe intercourse\\nbetween Great\\nBrit. .Ireland\\nOthrCoast.Ves.\\nTotal\\n1847.\\n1848.\\n1847.\\n1848.\\nShips.\\nTonnage\\nShips.\\nTonnage\\nShips.\\nTonnage\\nShips.\\nTonnage\\n8,085\\n134,410\\n1,296,610\\n10,923,186\\n9,109\\n131,332\\n1,470,309\\n11,053,563\\n17,935\\n140,987\\n2,047,387\\n11,218 238\\n18,941\\n136,804\\n2,153,054\\n11,162,295\\n142,525\\n12,219,796\\n140,441\\n12,523,872 158,922\\n13,265,625 155,745\\n13,315,349\\nThe Amount Voted for Ship-Building and the Maintenance\\nof the Government Navy, in the following Years\\n1832\\n.\u00c2\u00a34,878,634\\n1838\\n.\u00c2\u00a34,811,990\\n1844\\n1833\\n4,658,134\\n1839\\n4,197,511\\n1845\\n6,943,720\\n1834\\n4,578,009\\n1840\\n5,824,074\\n1846\\n1835\\n4,245,723\\n1841\\n6,805,353\\n1847\\n7,747,156\\n1836\\n4,533,543\\n1842\\n6,818,181\\n1837\\n4,788,761\\n1843\\n6,382,990\\n\u00c2\u00a391,992,662\\nThe wages and cost of victualling for all hands, sailors and marines,\\nin those sixteen yeaTs, were probably about \u00c2\u00a326,000,000, estimating by\\nthe number of men employed in each year. Add to this the cost for\\nship-building, as already stated, namely, \u00c2\u00a34,334,915, and there is a sum\\nof \u00c2\u00a330,334,915. Add to the cost of ship-building one-half for rigging,\\nsails, and stores to complete for sea, or \u00c2\u00a32,167,547, and there is a cost,\\nexclusive of machinery to steamers, repairs, and dockyard buildings, of\\n\u00c2\u00a332,502,462, about one-third only of the whole money voted. Guns and\\nammunition\u00c2\u00abare paid for under the Ordnance estimates.\\nIn 1848, the sum was \u00c2\u00a37,972,021; in 1849, \u00c2\u00a37,451,842.\\nThe number of men voted for the navy in 1836 was 33.700, and in 1848,\\n43,000. In the navy the increase of men has been 9,800, or nearly one-\\nthird, of charge from \u00c2\u00a34,533,543 to \u00c2\u00a37,747,156 being an augmentation to\\nthe amount of \u00c2\u00a33,213,613 in this one department.\\nWhen fighting with Napoleon we had but 36 admirals in the service;\\nwhereas now, in time of peace, we have no less than 151 on full pay,\\nbesides 43 on the retired list. Of 541 captains, above 100 are unfit for\\nservice. Of 870 commanders, one-half are of the same description; and\\nd2", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40\\nNAVIGATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094MECHANICS.\\nof 2,310 lieutenants, at least 1,300 are disqualified for employment at\\nsea. So extravagant is the mode of building ships (says Mr. Hume),\\nthat if economy were studied, the navy estimates might be reduced\\nfrom \u00c2\u00a38,000,000 to \u00c2\u00a34,000,000.\\nNAVAL FORCES OF THE CHIEF STATES.\\nAfloat.\\nIn Ordinary and\\nBuilding.\\nTotal.\\nShips.\\nGuns.\\nShips. 1\\nGuns.\\nShips.\\nGuns.\\nGreat Britain..\\n332\\n4,588\\n304\\n13,098\\n636\\n17,686\\nFrance\\n215\\n4,293\\n181\\n4,635\\n396\\n8,928\\nRussia.\\n179\\n5,896\\n179\\n5,896\\nTurkey\\n62\\n2,636\\n4\\n24\\n66\\n2,660\\nUnited States..\\n47\\n1,155\\n30\\n1,190\\n77\\n2,345\\nEgypt\\n35\\n1,448\\n3\\n312\\n38\\n1,760\\nHolland\\n48\\n302\\n85\\n1,344\\n133\\n1,646\\nSweden.\\n330\\n660\\n50\\n1,196\\n380\\n1,856\\nDenmark.\\n96\\n344\\n12\\n732\\n108\\n1,076\\nAustria.\\n74\\n686\\n_\\n74\\n686\\nBrazil\\n31\\n450\\n11\\n325\\n42\\n775\\nSardinia\\n11\\n226\\n4\\n220\\n15\\n446\\nSpain.\\n21\\n348\\n21\\n348\\nTwo Sicilies\\n17\\n338\\n17\\n338\\nPortugal.\\n59\\nMexico.\\n23\\n42\\n23\\n42\\nTHE FRENCH AND ENGLISH NAVY.\\nMr. Milner Gibson states he had carefully compared the French navy\\nlist with that of England, and he found that in the French navy there\\nwa\u00c2\u00a7 but 1 full admiral; in the English there were 31. In France there\\nwere 10 vice-admirals; in England, 45. In France, the rear-admirals were\\n20 in England, 72. The French navy had 100 captains the English,\\n554. There were 200 French commanders, 876 English; and whilst on\\nthe navy list of France there were 600 lieutenants, on our own there\\nwere 2,353. So that while 931 officers in Finance were all that was\\nrequired to take care of her navy and protect the interests of her com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerce, more than 3,931 were required to take care of our own.\\nMECHANICS.\\nIn a scientific arrangement mechanics would, doubtless, be\\nincluded uuder the head Dynamics, as it comprehends the\\ndoctrines of rest, equilibrium, and the motions; we, however,\\nhave confined the definition to the forces relating to the arts,\\nwhile Dynamics applies to the great forces which give motion\\nto the universe.\\nThe mechanical powers are engines composed on the prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciples of the laws of motion increasing the effect of a given\\npower, so that its momentum exceeds that of the resistance,\\nenabling men to raise heavy weights, move heavy bodies, and\\novercome resistance. In mechanics, various moving powers\\nare employed: \u00e2\u0080\u0094I. The strength of animals, men, horses,", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "MECHANICS\u00e2\u0080\u0094MYTHOLOGY.\\n41\\noxen, c. II. The force of running water and wind, as in\\nthe instance of mills. III. The force of steam. IV. The\\nweight of heavy bodies. In mechanical contrivances here\\nthree particulars must be considered: \u00e2\u0080\u00941st. The weight to\\nbe raised, or the resistance to be overcome. 2nd. The power\\nto raise it; and 3rd. The instruments to be employed. There\\nare six mechanical powers the first is the lever, which is the\\nmost simple, being merely a bar of wood or iron it is the\\nfoundation of all balance. There are three kinds of levers\\nthe 1st is where the fulcrum and the resistance meet, as the\\nbalance, snuffers, scissors, c.; the 2nd, where the resistance\\nis between the prop and the power, as oars, rudders of boats,\\nc.; the 3rd kind is where the power acts between the prop\\nand the resistance. II. The wheel and the axle this has\\nbeen termed the perpetual lever, because it acts upon the\\nsame principle. In the axle, the power is applied to the cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumference of the wheel, by means of a rope or otherwise,\\nthe weights raised being fastened to a rope, which winds\\nround the axis, in order to overcome resistance, or elevate\\nthe weight. III. The inclined plane: it is upon this prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciple that all roads leading over eminences are constructed.\\nV e can easily see that it would be next to an impossibility to\\nascend a precipitous mountain without this simple contri\u00c2\u00ac\\nvance. The road being cut in a horizontal inclined plane,\\nin the manner of a screw, the inclination is rendered gradual,\\nand it can now be ascended with comparative ease; waggons\\nfilled with stones may be dragged to their summit, by the aid\\nof a power equal to about half their weight, by the means of\\nhorses or other animal power. IV. The wedge may be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered as two equally inclined planes, united at a point; it is\\nan important mechanical power, used to split rocks, timber,\\nc., which could not otherwise be effected; also to raise\\nimmense weights, as ships, c. Y. The pulley, which is a\\nsmall wheel turning on an axis, with a rope passing over it.\\nYI. The screw is a spiral groove or thread, winding round a\\ncylinder, so as to cut all the lines drawn on its surface parallel\\nto the axis at the same angle. Most kinds of presses, common\\ncork-screws, c., work on this principle.\\nMYTHOLOGY.\\nMythology is the history of the fabulous gods and heroes\\nof antiquity, and. it very seldom receives that regard which it\\nin reality deserves; generally speaking, truth may be dis*\\nd3", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42\\nMYTHOLOGY.\\ncerned, though dressed iu fiction and falsehood. Most of\\nthe personages celebrated in mythological history had an\\nexistence they signalized themselves from the rest of man\u00c2\u00ac\\nkind, and were therefore considered as supernatural beings, and\\nregarded and spoken of as such. Other parts of mythology\\nare to be regarded as allegorical: hence the war of the gods\\nwith the giants was intended to represent the war of the\\nelements with nature, which to the ancients seemed to be the\\ncase when volcanic eruptions took place, or when the storm\\nwas heard in the heavens. The following is a brief summary\\nof the principal of the gods\\nEgyptian.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Isis, the goddess of agriculture and legislation she was\\nworshipped under the form of a cow\u00e2\u0080\u0094her tears were said to occasion\\nthe overflowing of the Nile. Osiris was the husband of Isis: he was\\nworshipped under the form of an ox: he presided over vegetation, and\\nwas supposed to be the sun. Typhon was a monster partly in the form\\nof a man, partly in the form of a wild beast. The Sphinx was likewise\\na monster, having the face of a woman, the breast, feet, and tail of a\\nlion, and the feathers of a bird.\\nGreece was the principal seat of mythology. There were nine\\nMuses, who presided over the liberal arts they were the daughters of\\nMnemosyne the goddess of Memory, and Jupiter they were as follows\\nClio presided over history; she was represented as crowned with laurels,\\nholding a trumpet and a book. Euterpe\u00e2\u0080\u0094 music she was crowned with\\nflowers, and drawn playing on a flute. Thalia \u00e2\u0080\u0094festivals, pastoral and\\ncomic poetry; she held a mask in her right hand, a shepherd\u00e2\u0080\u0099s crook in\\nher left. Melpomene \u00e2\u0080\u0094tragedy; she was represented wearing buskins,\\na crown and sceptre in one hand, and a dagger in the other. Erato\\nlyric poetry; she was crowned with myrtle and roses, having a lyre in\\none hand and a lute in the other. Terpsichore \u00e2\u0080\u0094dancing; her symbol\\nwas a harp, and her head was crowned with laurel. Folyphemia\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nrhetoric and singing; she appeared crowned with jewels, holding a\\nsceptre. Calliope \u00e2\u0080\u0094eloquence and heroic poetry; she held a trumpet in\\nher right hand, and books in the other, implying that her office was to\\ncelebrate the actions of heroes she was generally crowned with laurels.\\nUrania \u00e2\u0080\u0094astronomy; she held a.celestial globe, mathematical instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nments being placed around, and was covered Avith stars.\\nOf the gods, Jupiter was the most powerful; he was called the\\nThunderer. Juno was the wife of Jupiter, and queen of heaven.\\nMinerva, or Pallas, was daughter of Jupiter, and goddess of wisdom.\\nNeptune was worshipped as the god of the sea. Venus was the goddess\\nof love and beauty, and is said to have sprung from the froth of the sea.\\nMars, the god of Avar, Avas celebrated as a Avarrior, riding in a chariot\\ndrawn by horses Discord preceded them, and Distraction, Rage, Fear,\\nand Terror, attended their progress. Vesta Avas the goddess of fire.\\nVulcan was the god of fire he was said to forge the armour of the gods\\nand the thunder of Jupiter. Apollo was the god of music, poetry, and\\nthe sciences. Diana, the sister of Apollo, Avas the goddess of chastity,\\nhunting, and the Avoods. Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, first taught\\nthe art of soAving and making bread. Mercury, the messenger of the\\ngods, the inventor of the letters and of arts and sciences, Avas the patron\\nof theft and eloquence. Somnns Avas the god of sleep; Morpheus of\\ndreams; Erebus of darkness: Flutus of riches; Momus of folly; Nox", "height": "2609", "width": "1568", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "MYTHOLOGY\u00e2\u0080\u0094HISTORY.\\n43\\nwas the goddess of night; Chaos, her mother, presided over confusion.\\nThe three Graces were the daughters of Jupiter by Euronyme Minos,\\nRhadamanthus, and JEacus, were the inexorable judges of the actions\\nof the dead. Tisophone, Alecto, Megaera, were the executioners and\\ngaolers of Tartarus they were armed with torches and snakes. Charon\\nconducted the souls of the dead across the Styx, where they drank of\\nthe waters of Lethe, or oblivion. The Elysian Fields were the paradise\\nof the good. The Fates were Clotho, who held the distaff; Lachcsis,\\nwho spun the thread of destiny; and Atropos, who with her scissors\\ncut it asunder.\\nThe mythology of the Northern Nations was the most daring and\\nfiery; from their gods, through the Saxons, the names of the days of\\nour week are derived Sunday, because on that day, lhey worshipped\\nthe Sun; Monday, the moon Tuesday, Tuesco, one of their apotheosised\\ndeities; Wednesday, Woden, their chief divinity; Thursday, or Thor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-\\nday, the king of the gods; Friday, Friga and Saturday, Saturna.\\nValhalla was the palace of Odin, where the souls of heroes enjoyed\\nsupreme felicity, drinking wine from their enemies\u00e2\u0080\u0099 skulls from Hela,\\ntheir place of torture, comes our word hell; from Sinna, the wife of\\ntheir evil genius, comes our word sin. The study of mythology is cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainly, if attentively and cautiously pursued, a key to history, although\\nother subjects are certainly more worthy of attention.\\nHISTOEY.\\nHistory is a science (though it is seldom thus regarded),\\nwhich treats of man in all his social relations, political, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmercial, religious, moral, and literary its great object is to\\nshow the influence which man exercises upon the whole world\\nthrough all time. History may be variously studied\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. By\\noral tradition that is, by the legends and tales which are\\nhanded down from one generation to another, and which,\\nalthough clothed in fiction, are generally based on truth. IT.\\nBy national poetry: thus Homer and Ossian are certainly\\nhistorians, especially the former they develope manners and\\ncustoms, paint objects, events, and sentiments, as they existed\\nin their own times. III. By hieroglyphics the principal\\nsource of this branch of study is Egypt; the sarcophagi or\\nstone coffins are covered with interesting records touching its\\nhistory, precedent to the period when they were engraven\\nin Mexico and Peru these enigmatical histories are found in\\nthe form of paintings; they likewise abound in China. IY.\\nBy coins and this branch of the study of history is becoming\\nevery day more and more popular: thus the history of\\nChristianity, the decline and fall of the Eoman empire, and\\nseveral other important circumstances, have been clearly and\\nlegibly transcribed from the coin to the book this is perhaps\\nthe most incontestible and permanent species of historical\\nevidence we have in our possession. There are many other\\nminor sources of historical information, but we notice that to", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44\\nHISTORY.\\nwhich appeal is usually made\u00e2\u0080\u0094the written records of history.\\nHistory is divided into Sacred, or that which is derived\\nfrom the Old and New Testament, and Profane, which\\nincludes the history of all nations, from their poets, medals,\\ninscriptions, c. Again, history is divided into three sec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions :\u00e2\u0080\u00941st. Ancient, which treats of events from the earliest\\nrecords to the decline and fall of the Roman empire, A.D.\\n476. 2nd. The middle ages beginning with 476, down to the\\ndiscovery of America, 1492, because this event produced a\\ndecided change in common politics, c. others bring it down\\nto the period of the Reformation. 3rd. Modern history,\\nwhich reaches from about 1500 to our own times.\\nThe most memorable events in sacred history, are the\\ncreation of the world, the disobedience of our first parents,\\nthe deluge, the confusion of t ongues, the call of Abraham, the\\nexodus of Israel out of Egypt, and the giving of the Law on\\nMount Sinai, the conquest of Canaan by Joshua, the reigns\\nof David and Solomon, the building of Solomon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Temple,\\nthe destruction of Jerusalem, the end of the captivity, the\\nbirth of Christ.\\nThe four great empires of antiquity were\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. The Assyrian,\\nfounded by Belus, nearly 2000 years B.C.: among its different\\nmonarchs Ninus and Semiramis were greatly distinguished\\nits glory terminated in the person of Sardanapalus, B.C. 767.\\nThe country is now called Cardistan. II. The Persian,\\nfounded by Cyrus the Great, about 600 B.C. it included all\\nIndia, Assyria, and Persia; it existed nearly 300 years. III.\\nThe Grecian comprehended modern Greece, and all the\\ncountries from the Hellespont to India; on the death of\\nAlexander, its founder, it was divided into separate kingdoms\\namong his captains. IY. The Roman, which, under Augustus,\\ncomprehended the greater part of the known globe, extending\\nabove 2000 miles in length.\\nThe principal events of modern history are\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. The subju\u00c2\u00ac\\ngation of the greater part of Europe under Charlemagne, in\\nthe eighth century. II. The croisades, or crusades, 1096.\\nIII. The invention of printing in the fifteenth century, the\\ndiscovery of America, 1492, and the revival of learning and\\nliterature. IY. The rise and progress of the Reformation.\\nV. The French Revolution, and the victories of Buonaparte.\\nThe following is a list of the primitive races which figure\\nin modern history :\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Suns occupied a large tract of\\ncountry on the north side of the great walL of China: there", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY\u00e2\u0080\u0094CHEONOLOGY.\\n45\\nwere two divisions of them 1st, the Eplitlialite, or Nephtha-\\nlite, or White Huns; 2nd, the Sarmatian, or Scythian Huns.\\nThe Huns invaded the Roman empire about the year 400,\\nfrom the settlements on the east of the Palus Moeotis, or sea\\nof Azof: their greatest leader was Attila, called the Scourge\\nof God, who was slain at the battle of Chalons, in Gaul, about\\nthe year 450. The Goths inhabited Scandinavia the Westro,\\nor Visigoth, dwelt in and about Denmark, and the Ostro\\nlived more to the east, adjoining the Baltic sea they became\\nformidable to the Romans in the reign of Caracalla, in the\\nyear 212 their greatest leader was Alaric Roderic their\\nking, who was defeated and slain by the Moors at the battle\\nof Xeres, in Spain, 713, is styled the last of the Goths. The\\nVandals were of Gothic origin they settled in Africa in the\\nyear 439, under their king Genseric Belisarius conquered\\nthem in the year 534, and took their king prisoner. The\\nLombards were a tribe of Goths, under their king Alborn\\nthey founded the kingdom of Lombardy, which lasted from\\nthe year 568 to 774, when Charlemagne destroyed it. The\\nFranks were originally a tribe of Germans, who lived on the\\nbanks of the Lower Rhine and Weser: they afterwards in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvaded and took possession of France. The Normans were a\\nrace of Scandinavian Goths: and Rolla, their chief, first\\nfounded the kingdom of Normandy; from this man descended\\nour William the Conqueror. The other principal races were\\nthe Turcomans and Saracens.\\nCHRONOLOGY.\\nChronology may be defined a scientific method of ascer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining or computing time, from the commencement of some\\ngiven event to the completion or fulfilment of another, with\\nthe doctrine of dates, seras, epochs, c., coincident therewith.\\nThe most obvious divisions of time in all ages and countries\\nare to be referred to the apparent or real revolutions of the\\nsun and moon. Thus, the apparent revolution of the sun, or\\nthe real rotation of the earth on her axis, in causing the sun\\nto appear to rise and set, constitutes the vicissitudes of day\\nand night, which must be evident to the most ignorant and\\nbarbarous nations. The moon, by her revolution about the\\nearth, and her changes, as naturally and obviously forms\\nmonths while the great annual course of the sun through\\nthe several constellations of the Zodiac, points out the larger\\ndivision of the year.", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46\\nCHBOIfOLOGY.\\nComparatively speaking the science of Chronology is but\\nof recent origin for many ages elapsed before the mode of\\ncomputing time, or even of giving dates to important events,\\nwas at all regarded nay, after the value of historical writings\\nwas felt and acknowledged, Chronology long remained im\u00c2\u00ac\\nperfect the most ancient historians leaving the precise\\nperiods they record undetermined. When Homer and Hero\u00c2\u00ac\\ndotus wrote, and for centuries afterwards, there was no\\nregular distribution of time into such parts as months, weeks,\\nand hours nor any reference to clocks, dials, or other instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, by which the perpetual current of time was subdivided.\\nAn hour is the twenty-fourth part of a natural day, or the\\ntime from noon to noon. The hour is divided into sixtieths\\nfirst, into sixty minutes, and each minute into sixty seconds.\\nA day is a period of time denoting a complete revolution\\nof the earth upon its axis in popular phraseology, the term\\nis applied to that period of time between the first appearance\\nof light in the morning, and the return of darkness in the\\nevening.\\nThe week is a period of time, under which denomination\\nvarious divisions have obtained in different countries. The\\nweek of the earlier Greeks comprehended a period of ten days j\\nthe Northern Chinese had a week of fifteen days and the\\nMexicans one of thirteen. Most of the oriental nations have\\nused the Jewish week of seven days, which has been adopted\\nby Mahomedanism and Christianity, and used in most civi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlized nations.\\nThe month in the ancient computations of time, was in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvariably determined by the phases of the moon; but the\\ndifficulty of adjusting this division to the annual revolution\\nof the earth, led to the invention of the astronomical and\\ncivil month. The civil month is that artificial division of\\ntime by which the solar year is divided into twelve parts or\\nmonths, named by Julius Caesar, and consisting of thirty or\\nthirty-one days, with the exception of February, which con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains twenty-eight, and every fourth year twenty-nine days.\\nThe year is the largest natural division of time. The most\\nancient annual measure of time appears to have consisted of\\ntwelve lunar months, amounting to 360 days. It is conjectured\\nthat this gave rise to the division of the ecliptic, which still\\ncontinues in 360 equal parts or degrees. In the time of Julius\\nCaesar, the year was reduced to such disorder that the winter\\nmonths had fallen back to the autumn. To restore them to", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CHBONOLOGY.\\n47\\ntheir proper season, Caesar formed a year of 445 days, which\\nhas been styled the year of confusion. He afterwards insti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntuted a solar year of 365 days, six hours, which is now known\\nby the name of the Julian year.\\nIn order to adjust this year to the annual revolution of\\nthe earth, which is six hours and some minutes more than\\n365 days, a day was appointed to be intercalated every fourth\\nyear, in the month of February this day, from its position\\nin the Roman calendar, was called bissextile.\\nThe Julian year, however, near as it approximated to the\\ntruth, was not the truth the true time of the annual revo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution of the sun in the ecliptic is 365 days, five hours, and\\nnearly forty-nine minutes, which falls short by a few minutes\\nof the time assumed by the Julian year. This difference may\\nat a first glance appear trifling, but in the course of 131 years\\nit amounted to a whole day. To remedy this defect, Pope\\nGregory XIII. caused the calendar to undergo another cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrection. In A.D. 1580, he ordered ten days to be cut out of\\nthe month of October, so that the fourth was reckoned the\\nfifteenth day; and to prevent such retrocession in future, in\\naddition to the Julian regeneration with respect to the\\nbissextile year, he ordered that the years 1600, 2000, 2400,.\\nand every fourth century in succession, should have an inter\u00c2\u00ac\\ncalation of a day; but that in other centuries, 1700, 1800,\\n1900,2100, the day should be omitted, and those years remain\\ncommon years. This regulation comes so near the truth,\\nthat the only correction it -will require will be the suppression\\nof a day and a half in 5000 years.\\nThe following are some of the principal eras whence are\\ndated all history and chronology :\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Lustra. A period of\\nfive years, by which the Romans reckoned their time it\\nderived its name from a census instituted by Servius Tullius,\\nwhich was to be paid every fifth year. II. The Olympiads\\nconsisted of four Grecian years: they derived their names\\nfrom the public games instituted every fourth year at Pelo\u00c2\u00ac\\nponnesus. They were instituted in honour of Jupiter, but\\nwhen and by whom is unknown. After they had been\\nneglected for some time, they were again instituted by\\nIphitus, king of Elis, B.C. 776, and it is from this date\\nthat Olympiads are reckoned in chronology.\\nThe Lunar Cycle .\u00e2\u0080\u0094A period of nineteen solar years; at\\nthe end of which, the sun and moon return to very nearly\\nthe same part of the heavens.", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48\\nCHRONOLOGY\u00e2\u0080\u0094BIOGRAPHY.\\nThe Solar Cycle is a period of twenty-eight years; at the\\nexpiration of which, the sun returns to the sign and degree of\\nthe ecliptic which he had occupied at the conclusion of the\\npreceding period, and the days of the week correspond to the\\nsame days of the month as at that time.\\nThe Cycle of Incliction consists of fifteen years, and is\\nderived from the Romans.\\nAn Epoch is a certain point generally determined by some\\nremarkable event, as the Deluge, the call of Abraham, the\\nArgonautic expedition, c. c.\\nThe Era of the Seleucidee is reckoned from the establish\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of Seleucus, one of Alexander\u00e2\u0080\u0099s generals.\\nThe Christian Era was invented by Dionysius, a Roman\\nabbot, about the year 527. Many disputes exist among the\\nlearned as to the correctness of its data, some placing it at\\nthe birth of Christ, and others seven years before the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmencement of the era.\\nThe Hegira or Mahomedan Era is founded upon the\\nflight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina, to escape the\\npersecution of his enemies, and is computed by his followers\\nfrom A.D. 622.\\nBIOGRAPHY.\\nBiography is a section of history, being a record or memo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrial of the lives of individuals, and is a most instructive and\\ninteresting branch of study. The following are some of the\\nprincipal personages of whom it takes notice\\nInventors and Discoverers. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Pythagoras, who lived 500 years before\\nChrist, first taught that the sun was the centre of the universe. Galileo\\nwas born in 15G4, died 1612 he first applied telescopes to astronomical\\npurposes. Sir Isaac Newton is generally considered to be the greatest\\ngenius that ever lived he discovered the doctrine of universal attraction.\\nSir W. Herschel Avas originally a drummer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s boy: he was born at Hanover,\\n1738, \u00e2\u0080\u0094died at Slough, near Windsor, 1822. He discovered the Georgium\\nSidus. James Watt, a civil engineer, Avas born at Greenock, 1736; he\\nmay almost be styled the inventor of the steam engine: he died in\\n1819. James Brindley, a native of Derbyshire, and an eminent mechanic,\\nAvas born 1716, and died 1772. Canal navigation oAves its origin to his\\ninventive and enterprising genius. John Guttemburg Avas born at\\nMentz, in 1400, and died 1467. William Caxton, the first English printer,\\nAvas born 1412, he died 1491. Sir Richard Arkwright, born at Preston,\\nLancashire, 1732, is celebrated for the invention of machinery for spin\u00c2\u00ac\\nning cotton he died at Cromford, Derbyshire, 1792. Christopher\\nColon, or Columbus, discovered America in the year 1492, under the\\nauspices of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. The spot on Avhich he\\nfirst landed Avas Guanhani, or Cat Island, one of the Bahamas he Avas\\nborn at Genoa, 1442, and died 1506.\\nDivines .\u00e2\u0080\u0094John Wicliff, the first English Reformer, Avas a native of\\nYorkshire. He entered into holy orders, and obtained the rectory of", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY\u00e2\u0080\u0094GEOGRAPHY,\\n49\\nLutterworth, Leicestershire. He translated the Bible, and died in\\npeace, 1384. Martin Luther, an eminent German Reformer, was born\\nat Isleben, 1483, and died 1546. The other eminent opposers of the\\nPapal power were\u00e2\u0080\u0094Huss, Calvin, Melancthon, Knox, and Cranmer.\\nAnselm, Becket, and Wolsey, were three haughty prelates: Anselm\\nlived in Henry the First\u00e2\u0080\u0099s reign Becket, in Henry the Second\u00e2\u0080\u0099s; and\\nWolsey, in Henry the Eighth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s. Nicholas Breakspear was the only\\nEnglishman that ever succeeded to the Popedom. He assumed the\\ntitle of Adrian the Fourth, and was choked by a fly in 1159, in the fifth\\nyear of his pontificate. George Fox, founder of the sect of Christians\\ncalled Friends or Quakers, was born at Drayton, Leicestershire, 1624,\\nand died 1690.\\nPoets. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Homer lived 907 years before Christ: he w r rote the Iliad,\\nrecounting the actions of the Greeks at the siege of Troy; and the\\nOdyssey, containing the wanderings of Ulysses after the taking of the\\ncity. Virgil, the most eminent of the Roman poets, was born seventy\\nyears before Christ; his most celebrated poem was the Hinead. Milton\\nwas born in London, 1608; his grand work of Paradise Lost was com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed when he was blind he died in penury, 1674. William Shakspeare,\\nthe prince of dramatists, was born at Stratford-upon-Avon, 1564: he\\ncomposed thirty-six plays, and died 1616.\\nThe principal Painters and Sculptors were\u00e2\u0080\u0094Phidias, Apelles, Raphael\\nMichael Angelo, Titian, Domenichino, Teniers, Tintoretto, Sir Peter\\nLely, Murillo, the Palmas, James Barry, Sir Christopher Wren, William\\nHogarth, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Benjamin West, Sir Thomas Lawrence,\\nCanova, John Flaxman.\\nWarriors. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Saladin, an Egyptian Sultan, was born 1113, and died 1192.\\nHe w T as engaged with the Christian powers in the Crusades. Before he\\nexpired, he ordered his winding-sheet to be carried through every street\\nin Damascus, and a crier to proclaim, with a loud voice\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u009c This is all\\nthat remains of the mighty Saladin, Conqueror of the East.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sesostris,\\nCyrus, Alexander, Jenghis Khan, Attila, Alaric, Buonaparte, were the\\nmost eminent foreign conquerors. The most eminent of the British\\nare\u00e2\u0080\u0094Duke of Marlborough, Oliver Cromwell, General Wolfe, Sir John\\nMoore, Lord Nelson, Duke of Wellington.\\nHistorians. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Rapin, a French writer on English history. Rollin, a\\nFrench professor, author of an invaluable work on ancient history.\\nDavid Hume, author of the History of England. Edward Gibbon,\\nauthor of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. William Mitford,\\nthe historian of Greece and the not less important names of Robertson,\\nGillies, Ferguson, Milner, Mosheiirf, and Goldsmith.\\nGEOGRAPHY.\\nGeography is one of the most extensive of the sciences,\\nfrequently including not only the representation or descrip\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the earth, but all the circumstances of its philosophy\\nand history.\\nGeography generally admits of five divisions :\u00e2\u0080\u0094T. Mathe\u00c2\u00ac\\nmatical geography is the consideration of the earth, a solid\\npiece of matter of a certain form and bulk: it teaches the\\nmethod of finding certain plans on its surface, of determining\\ndistances, and representing the whole part in pictures. II.\\nE", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "60\\nGEOGRAPHY,\\nPhysical goography describes the whole natural history of\\nthe earth, the land, and water, of which it is composed, the\\natmosphere surrounding the earth, the animals and plants\\nwhich live and grow upon it. III. Descriptive geography is\\na knowledge of the shape of all portions of land and Avater,\\nand their relative situation on the globe. IV. Civil geography\\ninforms us as to the distribution of the human race, the forms\\nof society, and the classes, habits, manners, and customs of\\nthe human race. V. Progressive geography is the history of\\nthe changes which have taken place in regard to the local\\ndistribution of nations over the earth.\\nPOPULATION AND EXTENT OF THE GLOBE.\\nBALBI GEOGB., 1844-\\nWEIMAR ALMANAC, 1840.\\nPo ulation.\\nEnglish\\nSquare\\nMiles-\\nPopulation\\ni to Square\\nMile.\\nPopulation.\\nEnglish\\nSquare\\nMiles.\\nPopulation\\nto Square\\nMile.\\nEurope\\n227,700,000\\n3,700,000\\n61-5\\n233,240,043\\n3,807,195\\n61-2\\nAsia\\n390,000,000\\n16,045.000\\n24-3\\n608,516,019\\n17,805,146\\n34-2\\nAfrica.\\n60,000,000\\n11,254,000\\n5-3\\n101,498,411\\n11,617,428\\n8-6\\nAmerica.\\n39,000,000\\n14,730,000\\n2-6\\n48,007,150\\n13,542,400\\n3-5\\nOceanica (Aus-\\ntralia,\u00e2\u0080\u0099Polynesia,\\nand the Indian\\nArchipelago)....\\n20,300,000\\n4,105,000\\n4-9\\n1,838,194\\n3,347,840\\n0-4\\nTotals....\\n737,000,000\\n49,834,000\\n14-8\\n993,099,817\\n50,150,009\\n19-8\\nPOPULATION OF CITIES,\\nACCORDING TO THE LATEST RETURNS.\\nAlexandria\\n60,000\\nAmsterdam\\n207,000\\nAntwerp\\nmm\\n75,000\\nAthens\\n26,237-\\nBerlin\\nmm\\n290,797\\nBerne\\n20,500\\nBombay\\nm\\n230,000\\nBrussels\\n107,000\\nCalcutta\\nm\\n230,000\\nChristiania\\n25,000\\nConstantinople\\nmm\\n500,000\\nCopenhagen\\n122,000\\nDublin\\nmm\\n275,000\\nEdinburgh\\n160,000\\nFlorence\\nmm\\n99,400\\nGenoa\\n115,500\\nHamburgh\\n128,000\\nJerusalem\\n10,000\\nLondon\\n1,870.727\\nLeipsic\\n47,500\\nLisbon\\nMadrid\\n280,000\\n236,000\\nMorocco\\nMexico\\n_\\n80,000\\n137,000\\nMunich\\nNaples\\nm\\n108,537\\n350,000\\nNew York\\nNew Orleans\\n340,000\\n40,272\\nParis\\nPetersburg\\n909,126\\n469,720\\nPekin\\nPrague\\n2,000,000\\n120,000\\nPalermo\\nRome\\n140,000\\n148,903\\nStockholm\\nStuttgart\\n83,883\\n38,500\\nTurin\\nVienna\\nmm\\n104,000\\n333,000", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "GEOGRAPHY.\\n51\\nThe following is a table of the lengths of the principal\\nmountain chains of our world\\nMILES.\\nThe Andes.4,500\\nMexican and Rocky Moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains 7,000\\nWhole American Chain 11,500\\nUral 1,500\\nAtlas 1,500\\nMILES.\\nDofrafield 1,000\\nAllegany. 900\\nAlps 600 to 700\\nAppenines 700\\nCarpathian 500\\nPyranees. 200\\nVolcanoes are burning mountains, having an opening called a crater,\\nwhence fire, or smoke and fire, constantly issue. The oldest volcanoes\\nknown are Vesuvius in Italy, and Etna in Sicily. In the Lipari Isles,\\nis Stromboli, the only mountain that burns without ceasing. The num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of volcanoes is estimated at about 200.\\nTable of the heights of mountains in English feet above\\nthe level of the sea\\nName.\\nCountry.\\nHeight\\nin feet.\\nAtlas\\nAfrica\\n12,500\\nArarat\\nArmenia\\n12,700\\nlien Lomond\\nScotland\\n3,2-40\\nBen Lavers\\nDitto\\n4,015\\nBen Nevis\\nDitto\\n4,380\\nCheviots\\nEngland\\n2,658\\nCader Idris\\nWales\\n2,914\\nCotopaxi\\nS. America\\n18,862\\nChimborazo\\nDitto\\n21,451\\nDliawlegeri\\nAsia\\n28,077\\nEtna\\nSicily\\n10,946\\nEgmont\\nNew Zealand\\n15,304\\nFmsterliorn\\nAlps\\n14,096\\nGrimsel\\nDitto\\n9,695\\nHecla\\nIceland\\n5,000\\nName-\\nCountry.\\nHeight\\nin feet.\\nJungfrau\\nAlps\\n13,725\\nLibanus\\nSyria\\n9,526\\nMagillicuddy\\nReeks\\nIreland\\n3,404\\nMont Blanc\\nSwitzerland\\n15,630\\nMont Rosa\\nDitto\\n15,555\\nMont Perdu\\nFrance.\\n11,283\\nOtalieite Mount\\nOtalieite\\n10,895\\nOrtler Spitz\\nTyrol\\n14,927\\nSkiddaw\\nEngland\\n3,022\\nSnowdon\\nWales\\n3,578\\nStelvio Pass\\nTyrol\\n9,272\\nTeneriffe,\\nPeak of\\nTeneriffe\\n12,351\\nVesuvius\\nItaly.\\n5,731\\nThe following are the ancient names of some of the most\\ndistinguished places in the world\\nEngland Albion. Norway and Sweden, Scandinavia.\\nLondon Londinwm. Transylvania Dacia.\\nWales Cambria. I Sclavonia. Pannonia.\\nScotland Caledonia.\\nIreland. Hibernia or Icrne\\nThe Popedom.. Latium Umbria\\nPicenum.\\nBavaria Rhcetia.\\nFrance. Gallia.\\nAlbania. Eporus.\\nRomania Thracia.\\nMorea Peloponnesus\\nTunis. Numidia.\\nCorsica. Cyrnus.\\nMalta. T Melita.\\nParis. Lutctia.\\nCandia Creta\\nSpain. Hispania or Iberia\\nPortugal. Lusitania.\\nSwitzerland Helvetia.\\nHolland Batavia.\\nRussia. SarmaUa.\\nAnglesea Mona.\\nConstantinople Byzantium.\\nShetland and the\\nOrkneys. Thule.", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52\\nGEOGRAPHY.\\nLENGTH OF El VERS.\\nRiver.\\nMouth.\\nCourse.\\nLength in\\nEnglish\\nMiles.\\nAmazon\\nAtlantic Ocean\\nSouth America\\n3380\\nAmur.\\nPacific Ocean\\nRussia in Asia\\n2150\\nArkansas\\nMississippi River\\nNorth America\\n1730\\n1 )ouro.\\nAtlantic Ocean\\nPortugal and Spain\\n400\\nDnieper\\nBlack Sea\\nRussia\\n1140\\nDanube\\nDitto\\nGermany and Austria\\n1760\\nElbe\\nNorth Sea\\nAustria and Prussia\\n670\\nEuphrates\\nPersian Gulf\\nTurkey....\\n1900\\nEnisei\\nArctic Sea\\nChina, Russia in Asia\\n2340\\nGanges\\nBeng-al Bay\\nHindostan\\n1550\\nHohango\\nPacific Ocean\\nChina\\n2625\\nIndus\\nIndian Ocean\\nHindostan\\n1630\\nLoire\\nBiscay Bay.\\nFrance\\n545\\nLena\\nArctic Sea\\nRussia in Asia\\n2370\\nLawrence, St.\\nAtlantic\\nNorth America\\n2340\\nMississippi.\\nMexico Gulf\\nDitto\\n3300\\nNile\\nMediterranean\\nEgypt\\n2600\\nNiger.\\nAtlantic\\nAfrica\\n2000\\nOhio\\nMississippi River\\nNorth America\\n1188\\nOrinoco\\nAtlantic\\nSouth America\\n1480\\nObi\\nArctic Ocean\\nChina\\n2550\\nPotomac\\nChesapeake Bay\\nNorth America\\n410\\nPo\\nAdriatic\\nItaly\\n410\\nParana\\nPlate River\\nSouth America\\n1500\\nPlate\\nAtlantic\\nDitto\\n2130\\nRhone\\nMediterranean\\nSwitzerland and France\\n460\\nRhine\\nNorth Sea\\nGermany\\n810\\nSchelde\\nDitto\\nNetherlands\\n170\\nShannon\\nAtlantic\\nIreland....\\n200\\nSeine\\nEnglish Channel\\nFrance\\n425\\nSusquehana\\nAtlantic\\nNorth America\\n620\\nSenegal\\nDitto\\nAfrica\\n950\\nThames\\nNorth Sea\\nEngland\\n215\\nTagus\\nAtlantic\\nSpain and Portugal\\n550\\nTigris\\nEuphrates River\\nTurkey in Asia\\n1000\\nVistula\\nBaltic Sea\\nAustria\\n640\\nVolga\\nCaspian Sea\\nRussia\\n2035\\nYnngtsekiang\\nPacific Ocean\\nThibet and China\\n2990\\nPROPORTION OF LAND TO THE ENTIRE AREA\\nOf different Latitudinal Zones on the Earth s Surface.\\nLand,\u00e2\u0080\u0094Northern Hemisphere.\\nPro. Sq. Miles.\\nArctic zone 0 400 3,252,589\\nTemperate zone 0-559 28,531,631\\nTorrid zone 0 297 11,628,440\\nTotal 0-441 43,412,660.\\nLand,\u00e2\u0080\u0094Southern Hemisphere.\\nPro. Sq. Miles.\\nAntarctic zone 0-000\\nTemp, zone 0 075 3,828,036\\nTorrid zone 0-312 12,215,735\\nTotal 0-163 16,043,771\\nThe habitable terrestrial globe contains 37 673,000 square geographi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal miles, of which it is probable that upwards of 20,000,000 are avail-", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "GEOGBArilY\u00e2\u0080\u0094TOPOGRAPHY.\\n58\\nable lor the subsistence of the human raco. In tho Uaiitcd Kingdom of\\nGreat Britain and Ireland, there are 1)1,000 square geographical miles,\\nand on them food is now raised for nearly 30,000,000 of human beings.\\nIf, therefore, the whole world were peopled in the same proportion a 9\\nthe British Islands, there would be about 220 times as many inhabitants\\nas there now are in the United Kingdom, or the globe would contain\\nsix thousand six hundred millions, being about eight times its present\\npopulation.\\nLENGTH OF A DEGREE OF THE MERIDIAN, AND OF A\\nDEGREE OF LONGITUDE,\\nAT EVERY TENTH DEGREE OF LATITUDE.\\nDegree of Meridian.\\nDegree of Longitude.\\nLat.\\nFeet.\\nMiles.\\nFeet.\\nMiles.\\n0\\n362,734\\n08-70\\n305,152\\n0910\\n10\\n302,843\\n68-72\\n359,610\\n0811\\n20\\n303,158\\n08-78\\n343,263\\n6501\\n30\\n303,041\\n68-87\\n316,493\\n59-94\\n40\\n364,233\\n68-98\\n280,106\\n53.05\\n50\\n304,802\\n6910\\n235,171\\n44-54\\nGO\\n305,454\\n69-21\\n183,029\\n3467\\n70\\n305,937\\n09-31\\n125,254\\n2372\\n80\\n300,252\\n69-30\\n63,612\\n1205\\n90\\n300,366\\n69-39\\n0\\n0\\nTOPOGRAPHY.\\nTopography merely implies the history of a district or\\nlocality, a parish, a town, a city, a county it is sometimes\\ncalled CnouoGRAPiiY. The following table of the derivation\\nof names of places in British topography may materially\\nassist the reader in understanding their history.\\nAb, in the beginning of names of places, is generally a contraction of\\nabbot, and denotes that an abbot or monastery formerly existed there;\\nas Abingdon\u00e2\u0080\u0094Abbey Town.\\nAc or ak, from the Saxon ac, signifying an oak; thus, Acton in Mid\u00c2\u00ac\\ndlesex, is Oak Town, or a town surrounded with oaks.\\nAl or aid, implies old or ancient; thus, Aldborough means Old\\nBorough Aldgate, Old Gate.\\nBrad from the Saxon broad; thus, Bradford was originally Broad\\nFord.\\nBourn, or burn, signifies a river; hence several towns which stand on\\na river or stream are simply called bourn, or have it in their composi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion as Ravensbourn, Bannockbourn.\\nBrig or brix, from the Saxon bridge as Stockbridge, Brixton.\\nBurgh, implies a city, town, or castle as Edinburgh\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bury has the\\nsame meaning, as St. Edmond\u00e2\u0080\u0099s bury.\\nDen, dean, signifying either a vale or any woody places; hence, Mor-\\nden, Dean Mitchell.\\nFord, a stream which maybe passed on foot; thus, Deptford, a stream\\ndeep in the ford.\\nHam, is a farm, house, or village; as Addingham, c. From this\\ncome our English words home and hamlet\\nE 3", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54\\nTOPOGRAPHY\u00e2\u0080\u0094ENGINEERING.\\nHolms, from the Saxon, is a spot surrounded by water, or a little\\nisland; hence we find several places called the Holmes.\\nHurst, a wood or forest; as Midhurst, Sandhurst, c.\\nLade, means to unload, and generally signifies the mouth of a river,\\neither where it meets the sea or some great river; as Cricklade, c.\\nMere, implies the name of a lake or pond, and is found in the names\\nof many places; as Haslemere, c.\\nMinster is a contraction for monastery; as Westminster.\\nRig, ridge, signify a bank; hence the phrase, a ridge of hills; and this\\nis denoted in the names where it is found as Pentndge, Dorsetshire.\\nStan, a stone; as Stanstone\u00e2\u0080\u0094Stony Town, Stony Race.\\nThorp, a village; as Langthorpe, a long village.\\nTon or tun, always signifies a town.\\nWold, a plain open country; as Ringwold.\\nIt may, perhaps, with safety be said, that there is not a\\nspot of ground in England that is not remarkable for some\\nhistorical association or natural peculiarity. Blackheath, in\\nKent, is celebrated as the place where Wat Tyler and Jack\\nCade mustered their motley armies where the great battle\\nwas fought between Henry YIT. and Lord Audley; and the\\nspot where the citizens of London met Henry Y. returning\\nfrom the battle of Agincourt. It is likewise remarkable for\\nits cave, in which the Danes lay concealed in the time of\\nAlfred.\\nNaseby, in Northamptonshire, celebrated for the decisive\\nbattle fought there, is supposed to be the highest ground in\\nthe kingdom thirty-nine parish churches may be seen from\\none station. Albany, north of Argyle, is the highest part of\\nScotland.\\nThere are as many counties in England and Wales as there\\nare weeks in the year. The largest county is Yorkshire:\\nthe smallest is Rutlandshire and the most central, Warwick\u00c2\u00ac\\nshire. Coventry is said to be the most central town. Nor\u00c2\u00ac\\nthamptonshire is touched by nine counties, Cornwall only by\\none.\\nDerbyshire is generally considered the inost interesting of\\nthe English counties. The Peak is one of the most celebrated\\nof the numerous marvels which meet the eye. There is a\\nremarkable cave or opening on the side of the Peak, nearly\\nin the form of a Gothic arch it is chequered with a diversity\\nof coloured stones, from which water drops, and stalactites\\nare formed.\\nENGINEERING,\\nstrictly speaking, is the art of managing engines but latterly\\nit has been applied, not only to that art, but to all manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacturing and building operations in which engines are", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "ENGINEERING\u00e2\u0080\u0094RELIGION.\\n55\\nemployed. It is customary to divide it into two branches\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMilitary and Civil. Military engineering \u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0094we abridge from\\nBrande\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u0098 implies a knowledge of the construction and main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntenance of fortifications, and all buildings necessary in\\nmilitary posts and bence includes a thorough instruction\\non every point relative to the attack and defence of places.\\nThe science also embraces the surveying of a country for the\\nvarious operations of war, and consequently an acquaintance\\nwith mathematics and facility in drawing. Civil engineering,\\nas the name implies, does not include those branches above\\nmentioned which specially belong to the art of war but\\nrelates to the forming of roads and bridges, railroads, the\\nconstruction of machinery for all purposes, the formation of\\ncanals, aqueducts, harbours, drainage of a country, c.\\nTo give the faintest outline of the science of practical\\nengineering, would be to write treatises on mathematics, me\u00c2\u00ac\\nchanics, hydraulics, hydrostatics, and the other branches of\\nnatural philosophy the reader must therefore seek for infor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmation under the separate heads of science involved in it.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nTo this we may add, that the science is indeed so vast, as to\\nrender it necessary for an individual to restrict himself to\\nsome special department, as mining, water, bridges, railways,\\nc., by which means more accurate and satisfactory results\\nare most likely to be obtained.\\nRELIGION.\\nThe word religion is derived from the Latin word religio\\na sacred oath or obligation\u00e2\u0080\u0094but that which it signifies is the\\nduty of man in his relation to God in all countries and in\\nevery age. By Paganism, is intended the worship of many\\ngods it is a system of Polytheism it is derived from the\\nLatin Paga a village; the heathens who refused to proselyte\\nto Christianity were so styled by the Christians, because,\\nwhen Constantine established Christianity in the Eastern\\nEmpire, they fled to the villages, where they might uninter\u00c2\u00ac\\nruptedly worship their gods and idols.\\nThe Mahomedan religion is derived from Mahomet who\\nin the seventh century pretended to be a new prophet from\\nGod. The Koran, which was composed by this impostor,\\nembraces the whole of the Mahomedan religion: it is written\\nin the purest Arabic, and contains 3000 verses. Mahomet\\nwas a great scourge to Christianity he extended his religion\\nchiefly by the sword. The Koran contains tales and fables", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56\\nRELIGION.\\nmoro ridiculous than many of the most preposterous mytho\u00c2\u00ac\\nlogies the most ridiculous and profane is the account of Ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nhomet\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tour to Heaven, accompanied by the angel Gabriel.\\nHindooism is the most debasing and degrading of the\\nnumerous systems of idolatry the worship is sensual, im\u00c2\u00ac\\npure, and cruel: and, strange to say, the Hindoo Mythology\\ncontains no less than 330,000,000 deities.\\nChristianity, as its name imports, was founded by Jesus\\nChrist; and very shortly after its establishment it was divi\u00c2\u00ac\\nded into two great bodies, called the Greek and Roman\\nChurches the Greek Church was established in Russia, Asia,\\nand Greece, and is still professed in those countries the\\nRomish Church spread its influence over the western parts\\nof Europe some errors which appear to have crept into that\\nchurch were exposed by Luther, Cranmer, Melancthon, Cal\u00c2\u00ac\\nvin, and others. The religious opinions held by these divines\\nspread over the Continent, and many individuals adopted\\nthem, and those who adopted them were called Protestants,\\nfrom the fact of their protesting against the errors of Popery.\\nThe Protestants are subdivided as follows Lutherans or\\nfollowers of Luther Calvinists or followers of Calvin Ar-\\nminians, or followers of Arminius Socinians or followers of\\nSocinus Presbyterians who deny the authority of bishops,\\nand whose ecclesiastical affairs are conducted by a Presbytery,\\nor Synod, consisting of the elders of the church Indepen\u00c2\u00ac\\ndents who form in themselves a distinct church Baptists\\nwho disapprove of infant baptism Quakers, who have no\\nexternal religious ceremonies; Unitarians who deny the\\ndoctrine of the Trinity Wesleyans who adopt the principles\\nof the Rev. John Wesley. To these might be added many\\nothers, too numerous indeed to mention.\\nDeism signifies a belief in God, but acknowledges no reve\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation of his will; and in China and Japan, it implies the\\nworship of one God, but debased by many superstitions and\\nidolatries.\\nChristians found their faith on the Scriptures, or the\\nwritings of the Apostles and Evangelists of Christ; Mahome-\\ndans on the Koran, a book which was written in a cave by an\\napostate Jew, at the dictation of Mahomed; Chinese, on the\\nwritings of Confucius. It is calculated that in religion about\\nfour men are Pagans, two Mahomcdans, and one Christian.\\nThere are thirty-nine books in the Old Testament, but the Jews\\ndivide them into twenty-two, corresponding\u00e2\u0080\u0099 with the letters of their", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "RELIGION,\\n57\\nalphabet, fourteen in the Apocrypha, and twenty in the New Testament,\\nThe oldest version of the Old and New Testament belonging to the\\nChristians, is that in the Vatican Library, at Rome, written in the\\nfourth or fifth century. The Liturgy or Book of Common Prayers, was\\nestablished by Parliament, 1559, and the present version of the Bible\\nwas executed by forty-seven translators, in the reign of James I.\\nTHE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.\\nDignitaries and Ministers\\nof the Church.\\n(From the Clergy List for ISIS.)\\n2 Archbishops\\n25 Bishops\\n29 Deans\\n58 Archdeacons\\n355 Prebends\\n291 Canons\\n10,784 Incumbents\\n4,837 Curates\\nIn some instances these dignities are\\nheld by the same individual.\\nPatronage of the Church.\\n(From the Ecclesiastical Commissioners\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nReport.)\\nIn the gift of the Crown 952\\nArchbps. Bishops 1,248\\nDeans and Chapters 787\\nDignitaries 1,851\\nUniversities and\\nHospitals 721\\nMunicipalCorporations 53\\nPrivate Owners 5,096\\n10,708\\nAs the patronage is frequently divided\\nbetween different classes of patrons, this\\ntable will not agree with the number of\\nbenefices.\\nValue of Benefices.\\nUnder \u00c2\u00a310\\n\u00c2\u00a310 and under \u00c2\u00a320\\n20\\nM\\n30\\n30\\nM\\n50\\n50\\nrt\\n100\\n100\\nM\\n150\\n150\\nM\\n200\\n200\\nM\\n300\\n300\\nM\\n400\\n400\\n0\\n500\\n500\\nM\\n750\\n750\\n1000\\n1000\\n1500\\n1500\\n2000\\nI JVU j\\n2000 and upwards\\n4843\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rectory of Stanhope\\nN orthumberland\\n7306\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rectory of Doddington,\\nCambridgeshire\\nSinecure Rectories, averaging\\n\u00c2\u00a3275 each\\nNo Returns\\n11\\n19\\n32\\n235\\n1,629\\n1,602\\n1,354\\n1,979\\n1,326\\n830\\n954\\n323\\n134\\n32\\n16\\n1\\n1\\n62\\n178\\nIncumbents.\\nTotal Resident Incumbents\\nNon Resident:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nResiding on other Benefices\\nNon Resident, without licence or exemption\\nWant or unfitness of Parsonage house\\nInfirmity or illness\\nFilling public offices\\nMiscellaneous\\nMiscellaneous cases, vacancies, c.\\n5,859\\n1,878\\n937\\n647\\n369\\n279\\n197\\n4,307\\n576\\n10,742\\nThe Liturgy was established by Parliament in 1559, being revised by\\nWhitehead. The oldest version of the Old and New Testament, is that\\nin the Vatican, published in 1587. The Latin translation of the New\\nTestament was made by Jerome, in 405. Our division oi the Bible into\\nchapters was made by Archbishop Langton, and perfected by Robert\\nStephens.", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58\\nGRAMMAR.\\nGrammar is the art of speaking or writing in any language\\nwith propriety it is divided into four parts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Orthography\\nwhich teaches the nature and powers of letters, and the just\\nmethod of spelling words Etymology, which treats of the\\ndifferent orders of words, their various modifications and de\u00c2\u00ac\\nrivations Syntax which treats of the proper arrangement\\nand connection of words in a sentence and Prosody, which\\nteaches the true pronunciation of words, comprising accent,\\nquantity, emphasis, pause, and tone, with the measure of the\\nverses. There are nine parts of speech\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Article: a word\\nput before a noun to show the extent of its meaning. II.\\nNoun: the name of any person, place, or thing. III. Adjec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive a word which expresses the quality of a noun. IY.\\nA Pronoun a word used instead of a noun. Y. A Verb\\na word which expresses being, doing, or suffering. YI. An\\nAdverb: a word joined to a verb, an adjective, or another\\nadverb, to express some quality or circumstance of time and\\nplace. YII. A Preposition a word put before norms and\\npronouns, to show the relation between them. YIII. A\\nConjunction: a word which joins words and sentences toge\u00c2\u00ac\\nther. IX. An Interjection: a word which expresses some\\nemotion of the speaker.\\nThese nine kinds of words, or parts of speech, compose\\nmost languages there are in the English language about\\n25,000 nouns, 40 pronouns, 9,200 adnouns or adjectives,\\n8,000 verbs, 2,600 adverbs, 69 prepositions, 19 conjunctions,\\n68 interjections, and 2 articles.\\nThe alphabets of different nations contain the following\\nnumbers of letters :\u00e2\u0080\u0094English, 26 French, 23 Italian, 20\\nSpanish, 27 German, 26 Sclavonian, 27 Russian, 41\\nLatin, 22 Greek, 24 Hebrew, 22 Arabic, 28 Persian,\\n32 Turkish, 33 Sanscrit, 50; Chinese, 214. The inven\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of letters, by combining which all sounds could be repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsented, is ascribed to some wise Phoenician or Egyptian, in\\nthe reign of Cadmus, king of Thebes.\\nPhilology is a term employed to signify the study of\\nthe elements and philosophy of universal language and gram\u00c2\u00ac\\nmar. Language is the power of expressing thoughts, or\\ncommunicating information concerning things past, present,\\nand to come. This may bo done either to the oar or to the\\neye when the former, the mode of communication is by ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nticulate sounds or words when the latter, by pictures or", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "GEAMM AR\u00e2\u0080\u0094LOGIC.\\n59\\ncharacters, or pioturcs representing words or things. The\\nnumber of languages and dialects in tho world arc 3014 of\\nthese 587 aro European 937 Asiatic 226 African 1264\\nAmerican. Tho number of words derived from other lan\u00c2\u00ac\\nguages in the English are\u00e2\u0080\u0094Greek, 1288; Latin, 6621; Saxon,\\n2060 German, 117 French, 361; Dutch, 600; Italian,\\n529 Welsh, 111 Spanish, 83 Danish, 81; Arabic, 18.\\nLOGIC.\\nLogic is that branch of science which teaches us to think\\nand to reason with propriety. There are five rules which\\nlogicians lay down in order to enable the student to do this\\nthe first point is, that the mind should obtain a clear and dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct knowledge of things divested from all confused and ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nscure notions. II. The mind should obtain a complete and\\nample survey of subjects or objects in all their parts. III.\\nThe mind should grasp comprehensively all the properties and\\nrelations, occasionally attributes, and accidental modes of sub\u00c2\u00ac\\njects and things. IY. The mind should conceive of things\\nextensively, searching through all the orders, and characters,\\nand complexions, which diverge from the one original point.\\nAnd, lastly, things should be apprehended in their purpose,\\norder, and method, by which means the memory will be\\nassisted, and the judgment more easily formed.\\nMethod is analytical or synthetical. Analytical method\\nresolves the compound into its principles, and the whole into\\nits parts. Synthetical begins with the parts, and leads to a\\nwhole, or it puts together the principles, and forms a com\u00c2\u00ac\\npound. The Arguments are either metaphysical, physical,\\nmoral, mechanical* or theological, according to the science or\\nsubject from whence they are drawn. I. The Argumentum\\nad judicium is an appeal to the common sense of mankind.\\nII. The Argumentum adjidem i3 an appeal to the faith. III.\\nThe Argumentum ad hominum is an appeal to the practises or\\nprofessed principles of the adversary. IY. The Argumentum\\nad populum is an appeal to the people. Y. The Argumentum\\nex concessu is when something is proved by means of a point\\npreviously conceded. VI. The Argumentum ad passiones is\\nan appeal to the passions. VII. The Argumentum a fortiori\\nforms the conclusion, by proving a less probable proposition\\non which the conclusion depends. VIII. Argumentum ad\\nignorantiam is founded upon insufficient principles, which\\nthe opponent has not skill to refute. IX. Argumentum ad", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60\\nLOGIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094POETBY\\nverecundiam is drawn from authority we are ashamed to\\ndispute. X. A direct argument is that which immediately\\nproceeds to tlie point in question. XI. An indirect argument\\nforms tlie conclusion, by proving or discovering some pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition upon which the conclusion depends. Demonstrations\\nare a succession of propositions, beginning with self-evident\\ntruths, and advancing to those which are more remote.\\nCorollaries are self-evident inferences, from established pro\u00c2\u00ac\\npositions. Sophistry is a train of false and artful reasoning\\ngrounded upon erroneous principles, or an ambiguity of terms.\\nAnalogy is an argument, in which, from corresponding causes,\\nare deduced corresponding effects. A Syllogism is a sentence\\nmade up of three propositions, so disposed as that the last is\\nnecessarily inferred from those that precede it, thus\\nThat which thinks cannot be material.\\nThe mind thinks.\\nTherefore, the mind cannot be material.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAll arguments are series of syllogisms; and although they\\ndo not retain their syllogistic form in ordinary discourse, all\\narguments may be reduced to syllogisms and sophisms, and\\nwill thus be detected.\\nPOETRY.\\nPoetry is the language of the heart, and the language of\\nnature, and poetry in its own perfection is most generally\\nfound in minds^of rude barbarians, who, like the Northern\\nand Southern Americans, inhabit the Avild woods and moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain solitudes of an uncultivated world. There are several\\nsorts of poetry. The Epic instructs under the allegory of\\nsome heroic action the Odyssey, the Iliad, and the JEnead,\\nare the finest specimens of that style of writing. Tragedy\\naimed to inspire a horror for guilt, and a love of virtue\\nEschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, excel in this style.\\nComedy blends together expressions and incidents, which\\ngive to the poem a tone of humour its original intention\\nw T as to ridicule vice a nd folly. The Ode is an inspiring strain,\\nwhich, while it celebrates the exploits of eminent men, rouses\\nthe mind to imitate as well as admire. The Elegy is a soft\\nand dirge-like strain it calls up feelings of tenderness for\\nthose whom Ave have loved when living, and mourn Avhen\\ndead. There are various rhymes and orders of versification;\\nthey are divided into feet; there are eight kinds. I. The\\nSpondee which is composed of two long syllables, as soft", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "POETRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094RHETORIC.\\n61\\nhearts bright stars. II. The Iambus which is composed of\\na short syllable before a long one, of an unaccentuated syllable\\nbefore an accentuated one, as resume III. The Trochee\\nwhich is composed of a long syllable before a short one, or an\\naccentuated before an unaccentuated one, as treasure. IV.\\nThe Pyrric which is composed of two short syllables, as in the\\nhighest heavens. Y. The Dactyl is composed of a long or\\naccented syllable beforo two short ones, as loveliness. VI.\\nThe Anapcesty which is composed of a long or accented syllable\\nafter two short ones, as immature. VII. The Amphibrach\\nis composed of a long syllable between two short ones, as\\ndelightful. VIII. The Tribrach which is composed of three\\nshort syllables, as numerable.\\nRHETORIC.\\nIt has been stated that every man may be an orator; cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainly that is saying too much: it is, however, equally true,\\nthat many or most of the difficulties which oppose a clear\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of voice and an elegance of diction, may be overcome by\\npatience and perseverance. Demosthenes, the greatest orator\\nour world ever produced, laboured under the greatest diffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nculties whieh nature could possibly inflict, but ho conquered\\nthem all.\\nThe student of elocution must be careful in his articulation;\\nthat is, he must give a clear, full, and deliberate utterance to\\nthe several simple and complex sounds; and he must then\\nbe careful that his pronunciation, which is an extension and\\napplication of the articulation, be correct, elegant, and\\nuniform. Then let the inflections be attended to; they tend\\nmaterially to the beauty of a speech or discourse a few\\nimportant inflections are here subjoined.\\nThe rising inflection followed by the falling\\nYou must not say elocution but elocution\\nYou must not say incomprehensible but incomprehensible\\nYou must not say dictatorial but dictatorial\\nDid he do it correctly or incorrectly\\nDid he speak distinctly or indistinctly\\nThe falling followed by the rising.\\nWe should say fable not fable\\nWe should say impertinent not impertinent\\nWe should say soliloquy not soliloquy\\nWe should say infidel not infidel\\nHe was rational not irrational\\nAction should be natural: no law can give powor and\\nbeauty to speech, unless the speaker enter into the spirit, and\\n2", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62\\nRHETORIC HERALDRY.\\nfeel tlie intent, of what he reads or says. Action is of the\\nutmost importance in rhetoric. Action,\u00e2\u0080\u009d says Shakspeare,\\nis eloquence, and the eyes of tlie vulgar are more learned\\nthan their ears the great secret of speaking well, is\\nearnestness, to make every word one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s own, and to speak\\nunder their impression. Action should be easy, or it will be\\nungraceful; it should be strong, or it will have no weight.\\nHERALDRY.\\nHeraldry is a science neither useful nor necessary, being\\npurely ornamental. As a study, how r ever, it is both interest\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and amusing its object is to place marks of hereditary\\ndistinction on individuals and families, or to inquire into the\\nhistory of such badges and designations of distinction; it\\nhas a language entirely its own every colour, every figure it\\nemploys, are or were symbolical. Radges and emblems on\\nshields and helmets appear to have been used amongst the\\nmost ancient nations. Xenophon mentions them among the\\nGreeks Suetonius, among the Romans Tacitus, among the\\nGermans. Heraldry w r as first regulated to a system wdien\\nthe tournay became common in Europe; we find no monu\u00c2\u00ac\\nment or tomb ornamented with escutcheons prior to the\\neleventh century. The most ancient monument of this kind is\\nsaid to be the monument of Valmond, Count of Vagsesburg,\\nin the church of Emmeran, at Ratisbon. The first Pope who\\ncan be proved to have had a coat of arms, is Boniface VIII.,\\nwho filled the papal see from 1294 to 1303. All the earlier\\npapal arms are the fanciful inventions of later historians. The\\ncolours used in the science of heraldry are generally red, blue,\\nblack, green, purple, termed in this science, gules, azure, sable,\\nvest, and purpure; gellotv and white, termed or and argente,\\nare metals. Arms are distinguished by different names, to\\ndenote the causes of their bearing: they are as follows :\u00e2\u0080\u0094I.\\nArms of Dominion, those which emperors, kings, and sove\u00c2\u00ac\\nreign states constantly wear, being annexed to the kingdoms,\\nterritories, and provinces they possess thus the three lions\\nare the arms of England, the house of Ireland, c. II. Arms\\nof Pubension, are those of a kingdom and province, to which\\na prince or lord has some claim, and which he therefore\\nquarters with his arms, although such kingdoms may be\\npossessed by a foreign lord. III. Arms of Concession, or\\naugmentation of honour, are either entire arms, or else one\\nor more figures given by princes as a reward for some extra-", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HERALDRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094TYPOGRAPHY.\\n63\\nordinary services. IV. Arms of Community are those of\\nbishoprics, cities, universities, societies, companies, and\\nother bodies corporate. V. Arms of Patronage are such as\\ngovernors of provinces, lords of manors, patrons of benefices,\\nc., add to their family arms, as a token of their superiority,\\nrights, and jurisdiction these arms have introduced into\\nheraldry, castles, gates, harrows, ploughs, wheels, racks, c.\\nVI. Arms of Family or paternal arms, are those that belong\\nto one particular family that distinguish it from others, and\\nwhich no person is suffered to assume. VII. Arms of Alliance,\\nare those which families or private persons take up and join\\nto their own, to denote the alliance they have contracted by\\nmarriage. VIII. Arms of Succession are such as are taken\\nup by those who inherit certain estates, honours, c., either\\nby will, entail, or donation. The ornaments of heraldry are\\ncrowns and diadems, the helmet, mantlings, the cap of state,\\nthe wreath, the crest, the motto, the supporters.\\nTYPOGRAPHY.\\nBy typography is meant the arranging of the types for the\\npress, and it involves the history of the process of printing.\\nPrinting is the most important step in science, because it\\nrenders every branch of knowledge, science, and art, simple\\nand intelligible. There are three kinds of printing the one\\nfrom moveable letters, for books another from copper-plates,\\nfor prints and the last from blocks or wood-cuts the first\\nis called letter-press printing the second and third, rolling-\\npress printing the principal difference between the three\\nconsists in this, that the first is cast in relievos, in distinct\\npieces the second is engraved and the third cut in relievos\\non the surface of wooden blocks. The first duties connected\\nwith printing are those of the compositor, or setter up of the\\ntypes the business of the reader commences immediately\\nafter that of the compositor, and much of the credit of a\\nprinting office depends upon the care and accuracy with which\\nthe duties of this department are fulfilled. The composing-\\nstick is a small iron or brass frame, one side of which is\\nmoveable, so that it may be adjusted to the required width of\\nthe page or column which the workman has to set up the\\npractised compositor usually takes in a line or more at a\\nglance, if the author writes in a clear and intelligible hand;\\none by one the compositor puts the letters into this stick,\\nsecuring each letter with the thumb of his left hand, which is\\nE 2", "height": "2636", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64\\nTYPOGEAPHY\u00e2\u0080\u0094POLITICAL ECONOMY.\\nthcreforo constantly travelling on from tlie beginning to the\\nend of tlie line his right hand goes mechanically to the box\\nfor the required letter; when the compositor arrives at the\\nend of his line, he has a task to perform, in which he exhibits\\nhis skill\u00e2\u0080\u0094this is the equalizing his spacing, that is, adjusting\\nthe lines, so that they close with a word, or at any rate with\\na syllable, and this is done by varying the rate of thickness\\nbetween each word. When the compositor has filled the\\ncomposing-stick, he lifts the letters out into what is termed\\na galley, by grasping them with the fingers of each hand, and\\nlifting them up as if they were a solid piece of metal. The\\nfacility with which some compositors can lift a handful, as it\\nis termed, of moveable metal, is remarkable; this skill is only\\nobtained by practice, and it is one of the severest mortifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncations a printer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s prentice can undergo, to toil for an hour\\nin picking up upwards of a thousand letters, then to see his\\nfabric destroyed by his own unskilfulness.\\nPOLITICAL ECONOMY.\\nPolitical economy is that science which explains the\\nsources and distribution of national wealth; it inquires by\\nwhat means a nation either has acquired or may acquire\\ncommercial prosperity, and enters into the cause of all those\\nadverse circumstances which may sap its strength and great\u00c2\u00ac\\nness the great means by which a nation\u00e2\u0080\u0099s prosperity is\\nsecured, is by labour and industry; they are the real springs\\nof political economy, because they change the places, appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nances, and qualities of bodies it is the effect of labour that\\nour country is so preferable to the wilds of North America;\\nin England, two hundred and twenty persons live upon every\\nequare mile; in the uncultivated parts of America, not one\\ncould live upon that space. Another accelerative to political\\neconomy, is trade and exchange. In the first stages of society,\\nevery man would not only have to plough and reap for\\nhimself, but would likewise have to make the instruments\\nwith which to plough and reap; and he would not feel this\\nas a disadvantage, so long as he had plenty of time at his\\ndisposal; as in the course of a few years his time became\\nmore valuable, he would confine himself to agricultural pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nsuits, and purchase his tools from some individual, who, for\\nthe same reason as himself, had abandoned them, namely,\\nbecause either skill or taste dictated a different pursuit:\\nthis is not only the origin of all trade, but of the division of", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL ECONOMY.\\n65\\nemployment. But although barter is indispensable in the\\nearlier stages of communities, it is a source of loss, generally\\nspeaking, somewhere or other therefore a standard of valua\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, called money, is established: this is not the same in all\\nnations shells are money in some countries salt is money in\\nothers gold, silver, and paper bills in others and promises\\nto pay, often serve the same purpose as the actual current\\nspecie. The study of political economy is one of great\\nimportance, because it has a practical bearing upon every\\nmember of the community, and it benefits society because it\\nremoves those impediments which hindered its advancement.\\nTHE EUROPEAN DEBT.\\nThe debt of Europe is estimated at \u00c2\u00a32,000,000,000. The interest of\\nthis debt is \u00c2\u00a3100,000,000 per annum. The expenses of collecting this\\ndebt are about \u00c2\u00a325,000,000 a year. The armed force of Europe\u00e2\u0080\u0094soldiers,\\nsailors, and police\u00e2\u0080\u0094are estimated at 2,800,000, and the cost of them at\\n\u00c2\u00a3120,000,000 a year; and supposing- their productive labour to be worth\\n\u00c2\u00a3200,000,000, added together, amounts to \u00c2\u00a3320,000,000 a year for the\\nphysical force of the European nations. But these items are not all.\\nThere are at least 2,000,000 of Government employees, costing\\n\u00c2\u00a325,000,000 more, these annual sums make a total of \u00c2\u00a3445,000,000.\\nThe population of Europe is said to be about 220,000,000. It would\\nthus appear that \u00c2\u00a32 a head a year are the average taxes imposed upon\\nthe European. Only, however, one-fourth of this population consists of\\nmen of mature age, or 55,000,000, and of these, perhaps, 15,000,000 are\\nidlers, paupers, criminals, leaving 40,000,000 of industrious men to\\nsupport their families and pay an average of \u00c2\u00a310 or \u00c2\u00a312 a head in taxes!\\nPROGRESS OF THE PUBLIC REVENUE since the CONQUEST.\\n1066 William the\\nConqueror\\n1087 William Rufus\\n1100 Henry 1.\\n1135 Stephen\\n1154 Henry II.\\n1189 Richard I.\\n1199 John\\n1214 Henry III.\\n1272 Edward I.\\n1307 Edward II.\\n1327 Edward III.\\n1377 Richard II.\\n1399 Henry IV.\\n1413 Henry V.\\n1422 Henry Vf.\\n1460 Edward IV. v\\n1483 Edward V. t\\n1483 Richard III .J\\n1485 Henry VII.\\n1509 Henry VIII.\\n\u00c2\u00a3400,000\\n350,000\\n300,000\\n250,000\\n200.000\\n150,000\\n100,000\\n80,000\\n150.000\\n100,000\\n150,000\\n130,000\\n100,000\\n76,000\\n64,000\\n100,000\\n400,000\\n800,000\\n1547 Edward VI\\n1553 Mary\\n1553 Elizabeth\\n1558 James\\n1602 Charles I.\\nicmo c Commonwlth\\n1648 1 Charles\\n1684 James II.\\n1688 William III.\\nAnne, at the\\nUnion\\nGeorge I.\\nGeorge II.\\nGeorge III.\\nDitto\\nDitto\\n1820-1 George IV.\\n1830 William IV.\\n1837 Victoria\\n1848-9 Ditto\\n1706\\n1714\\n1727\\n1788\\n1800\\n1820\\n400,000\\n450,000\\n450,000\\n500,000\\n600,000\\n1,517,287\\n1,800,000\\n2,001,000\\n3,805,000\\nj 5,691,000\\n6,762,643\\n8,522,540\\n15,572,671\\n36,728,000\\n54,282,958\\n55,829,192\\n50,056,616\\n46,475,194\\n59,323,465\\nF 3", "height": "2654", "width": "1595", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "6G\\nPOLITICAL ECONOMY,\\nPEEIODS.\\n1690\\n1689\\nWar.\\n1697\\n1700\\nPeace.\\n1702\\n1710\\nWar.\\n1720\\n1713\\nPeace.\\n1730\\n1739\\n1740\\nWar.\\n1748\\n1750\\nPeace.\\n1756\\nWar.\\n1760\\n1763\\nPeace.\\n1770\\n1775\\nWar.\\n1780\\n1783\\nPeace.\\n1790\\n1793\\nWar.\\n1800\\n1802\\n1803\\n1810\\nWar.\\n1820\\n1815\\nPeace.\\n1830\\n1835\\nTHE NATIONAL DEBT,\\nFUNDED AND UNFUNDED, STATED IN MILLIONS.\\nDebt contracted under Chas.II. and Jas. II.. .660,0001 or\\nContracted in the war of the Revolution, under Win. III.\\nTotal debt, 1697....\\nLiquidated in the Peace under Win. III. Queen Anne\\ni Total debt, 1702....\\nContracted in war of Spanish succession, under Anne\\nTotal debt, 1713....\\nLiquidated during this peace, under Georges I. and II..\\n2\\nTotal debt\\nContracted in the war with Spain, and of the Austrian\\nsuccession under George II.\\nTotal debt, 1748.\\nLiquidated in this peace, under George II.\\nTotal debt, 1756.\\nContracted in the 7 years\u00e2\u0080\u0099 war under Georges II. III.\\nTotal debt, 1763.\\nLiquidated in this peace, under George III.\\n21\\n21A\\n5 2\\n16J\\n37|\\n?2\\n461\\n2\\n3l|\\n78\\n3\\n75\\n72\\n147\\n11\\nJ Total debt, 1775.\\nContracted in the American war, under George III.\\nTotal debt, 1783.\\n1 Liquidated in the peace under George III.\\nTotal debt, 1793.\\nContracted in the war of the French Revolution, under\\nGeorge III.....\\nContracted in this peace, under George III.\\nTotal debt, 1803....\\nContracted in war against Buonaparte, under Geo. 111.\\nI and Prince Regent...\\nJ Total debt, 1815....\\nLiquidated in this peace, under the Prince Regent,\\nGeorge IV. and William IV...\\n136\\n103\\n239\\n234\\n292\\n526\\n3\\n529\\n336\\nTotal debt, 1835....\\nContracted as compensation for slave emancipation,\\nWilliam IV., about.\\n865*\\n87\\n778\\n20\\nTotal debt, 1835.\\n798\\nThis is the highest point the National Debt has yet attained.", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL ECONOMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094MATHEMATICS.\\n67\\nWhile the observer is looking over the long list of glorious victories\\nwhich our history records, it will be well to calculate the cost. It will\\nbe seen that the great burthen was mainly accumulated during ihe wars\\nwith America and France. The means by which money was procured\\nwere as questionable as the object it was needed to forward. According\\nto the historian Alison, \u00c2\u00a3600,000,000 of the debt were contracted\\nin the Three per Cents.; in other words, the public creditor was\\ninscribed in the books of the Bank of England for \u00c2\u00a3100 in consideration\\nof only \u00c2\u00a360 advanced to the nation.\\nMATHEMATICS.\\nBy mathematics is intended that which rests upon a foun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndation that can be sworn to, or is proved, or does not admit\\nof the slightest doubt. The mathematical are sometimes\\ncalled the accurate sciences, because there is no doubt in them\\ncompared with other sciences; mathematical science is thus\\ndivided I. Pure mathematics, containing arithmetic and\\ngeometry, which treat only of number and magnitude. II.\\nMixed mathematics, which treat of the properties of quantity\\napplied to matter, as astronomy, geography, and physics.\\nIII. Speculative mathematics, which contemplate the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nperties, relations, c., of bodies in the abstract. IY. Practical\\nmathematics, or their application to the practical uses of life.\\nGeometry is an ancient, perfect, and beautiful science, which\\nenables us to determine the relations and proportions of\\nsuperficies and solids. Superficies consist of figures of three\\nsides, called triangles of four sides, called quadrangles,\\nsquares, parallelograms, and trapeziums of five sides, called\\npentagons; of six sides, called hexagons of eight sides,\\ncalled octagons; of many sides, called polygons. Superficies\\nare also circles, ovals, or ellipses sectors of circles, or parts\\ncut out from the centre, and segments of circles, cut off by a\\nstraight line, called a chord. Solids are cubes, regular and\\nirregular spheres, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and spheroids.\\nDefinitions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. A point is that which hath no parts or no\\nmagnitude. II. A line is length without breadth. III. The\\nextremities of a line are points. IY. A straight line is that\\nwdiicli lies evenly between its extreme points. Y. A super\u00c2\u00ac\\nficies is that which hath only length and breadth. YI. The\\nextremities of a superficies are lines.\\nPostulates. I. That a straight line may be drawn from\\nany one point to any other point. II. That a terminated\\nstraight line may be produced to any length in a straight\\nline. III. That a circle may bo described from any centre-\\nat any distance from the centre.", "height": "2654", "width": "1595", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68\\nMATHEMATICS\u00e2\u0080\u0094SCULPTURE.\\nAxioms I. Things which are equal to the same, are equal\\nto one another. II. If equals he added to equals, the whole\\nare equal. III. If equals be taken from equals, the remain\u00c2\u00ac\\nders are equal. IY. If equals be taken from unequals, the\\nremainders are unequal. Y. Things which are double of the\\nsame, are equal to one another. YI. Things which are halves\\nof the same, are equal to one another.\\nSCULPTURE.\\nSculpture is the art of carving stone or any other materials\\ninto definite forms. Greece has signalized herself in this as\\nin all the fine arts, and has left to posterity many brilliant\\nspecimens of her power in giving life to stone. Modern\\nsculptors have assigned four different styles to this art. I.\\nThe ancient style which continued until the time of Phidias\\nmost of the relics preserved of the ancient style, are in the\\nform of medallions, and contain inscriptions, which lead back\\nto very distant periods of time the writing is from right to\\nleft, and this custom w r as abandoned before the time of\\nHerodotus. II. The grand style which was brought to per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfection by Phidias, Polycletus, Scopas, Alcamcnes, Myron,\\nand other illustrious artists. The most distinguished pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduction of Phidias was his Jupiter Olympus, so noble a piece\\nof sculpture, that it was deemed one of the wonders of the\\nworld. The figures of Niobe and her daughters, are likewise\\nhighly esteemed as specimens of this age of grandeur. III.\\nThe beautiful style was introduced by Praxiteles, Apelles,\\nand Lysippus. A specimen of dignified beauty may be seen\\nin the statue of one of the Muses in the Barberini Palace at\\nRome; and in the garden of the Pope near Quirinal is the\\nstatue of another Muse, which affords a fine instance of\\nattractive beauty. Winkleman says, that the most excellent\\nmodel of infant beauty which antiquity has transmitted to\\nus, is a satyr of a year old, which is preserved, though a\\nlittle mutilated, in the Yilla Albani. IY. The imitative\\nstyle, practised by those artists who copied the works of the\\nancient masters.\\nIMPORTANT FACTS\\nIN GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, A ND NATURAL SCIENCE.\\nBooks. \u00e2\u0080\u0094At the beginning of the tenth century books were so scarce\\nin Spain, that one bible often served several monasteries. The price of\\nbooks was so high, that persons of moderate fortune could not afford to\\npurchase them. In the year 1174, Walter Prior, of St Swithin, at\\nWinchester, purchased of the monks at Winchester, Bede\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Homilies,", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT PACTS.\\n69\\nand St. Austin\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Psalter, for twelve measures of barley, and a pall, on\\nwhich was embroidered in silver, the history of Biriuas converting- a\\nSaxon king. About the year 1255, Roger de Insula, Dean of York, gave\\nseveral Latin Bibles to the University of Oxford, on condition that the\\nstudents who perused them should deposit a cautionary pledge. In\\n1299, the Bishop of Winchester borrowed of his Cathedral Convent, of\\nSt. Swithin, at Winchester, the Bible with marginal notes, and gave a\\nbond for the return of it drawn up with great solemnity for the bequest\\nof tlie Bible to the convent, and 100 marks, the monks founded a daily\\nmass for the soul of the donor. If any person gave a book to a religious\\nhouse, lie believed that so valuable a donation merited eternal salvation,\\nand he offered it on the altar with great ceremony. The Prior and\\nConvent of Rochester declared that they would every year pronounce\\nthe sentence of irrevocable damnation on him who should purloin or\\nconceal a Latin translation of Aristotle\u00e2\u0080\u0099s poetics, or even obliterate the\\ntitle. Sometimes a book was given to a monastery, on condition that\\nthe donor should have the use of it for life. Before the year 1300, the\\nlibrary of the University of Oxford, consisted only of a few tracts,\\nchained or kept in chests, in the choir of St. Mary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Church. Among\\nthe statutes of St. Mary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Church in 1446, one is, that no scholar should\\noccupy a book in the library above an hour, or two at most.\\nTHE LIBRARIES OF EUROPE.\\nThe following is the order of the Libraries of Europe, according to\\nthe number of volumes which they contain, viz Paris\u00e2\u0080\u0094National\\nLibrary, 824,000 vols.; Munich\u00e2\u0080\u0094Imperial Library, 600,000 vols.; St.\\nPetersburgh\u00e2\u0080\u0094Imperial Library, 446,000 vols.; London\u00e2\u0080\u0094British Museum\\n435,000 vols.; Copenhagen\u00e2\u0080\u0094Royal Library, 412,000 vols.; Berlin\u00e2\u0080\u0094Royal\\nLibrary, 410,000 vols.; Vienna\u00e2\u0080\u0094Imperial, 313,000 vols.; Dresden\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nRoyal, 300,000 vols.; Madrid\u00e2\u0080\u0094National Library, 200,000 vols.; Wolfen-\\nbuttel\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ducal, 200,000 vols.; Stutgardt\u00e2\u0080\u0094Royal, 187,000 vols.; Paris\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nArsenal Library, 180,000 vols.; Milan\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Brera Library, 170,000 vols.;\\nParis\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Library of St. Geneieve, 150,000 vols.; Darmstadt\u00e2\u0080\u0094Grand\\nDucal, 150,000 vols.; Florence\u00e2\u0080\u0094Magliabeechi Library, 150,000 vols.;\\nNaples\u00e2\u0080\u0094Royal, 150,000 vols. Brussels\u00e2\u0080\u0094Royal, 133,000 vols. the\\nHague\u00e2\u0080\u0094Royal, 100,000 vols.; Paris\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Mazarine, 100,000 vols.; Rome\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Vatican, 100,000 vols.; Parma\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Ducal, 100,000.\\nThe Libraries of Paris, Madrid, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Copenhagen,\\nNaples, Brussels, Milan, the Hague, Florence, Parma, and London,\\nhave a right, conferred by law, to copies of all the works published in\\nthe country.\\nNumber op Newspapers Published in various Countries.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAfrica, 14 Australasia, 36 Austria, 37; Belgium, 81; Canada, 52\\nDenmark, 54; East India and China, 61 England and Wales, 500;\\nFrance, 489 Germany, 109 Greece, 10 Hanover, 4; Holland, 57\\nIreland, 89; Norway and Sweden, 70; Poland, 49; Portugal, 21; Prussia,\\n172; Russia, 154 Scotland, 82; Spain, 77 Switzerland, 51; Turkey, 11;\\nUnited States, 610; Van Dieman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Land, 17; West Indies, 41.\\nThe Coral Insects.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The labours of the coralinse are a most\\nsingular feature in the economy of nature. The coral insect belongs to\\nthe\u00c2\u00b0order polypes these beings are so insignificant, that they seem to\\nbe scarcely animalized at all. The coral banks are seen in the Pacific\\nOcean, in different stages of progress some are become islands, but not\\nyet habitable; others are above high water mark, but destitute of\\nvegetation; Avhile many are overflowed with the returning tide. When\\nthe polypi, which form the corals at the bottom of the ocean, cease to", "height": "2645", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70\\nIMPORTANT FACTS.\\nlive, their skeletons still adhere to one another, and the interstices being\\nfilled up with sand, and broken pieces of corals and shells washed in by\\nthe sea, a mass of rock is at length formed future races of these\\nanimalcules spread out upon the rising bank, and in their turn die,\\nincrease and elevate this wonderful monument of their existence.\\nFishes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Fishes have no voice because they have no lungs they\\nnevertheless sometimes produce a sound when raised above the water,\\nby expelling the air through the gill opening when the flap is nearly\\nclosed; while others even under water utter sounds, as the salmon\\nwhile depositing their Spawn; but for what purpose these sounds are\\nuttered, or by what organ they are produced, we are still ignorant.\\nInsects.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Insects are of great importance in the arts of life, because\\nof the ready adaptation of their labours to many of its conveniences.\\nThus mead is prepared in many parts of Europe mead is prepared\\nfrom the honey of bees silk is employed for clothing-; several insects,\\nas cochineal, afford excellent dyes galls are employed for ink, wax, and\\nlights, and other purposes lac, employed to make varnish, is obtained\\nfrom an Indian species of corcus; as medicines, cochan, Spanish flies,\\nants, c.; the oil beetle recommended for hydrophobia and many\\nbeetles for relieving the tooth-ache.\\nBridges. \u00e2\u0080\u0094There are many kinds of bridges in the world rope\\nbridges, rock bridges, iron, wood, rush, and stone bridges the remains\\nof a bridge of rushes still crosses the Desguadero, a river in Peru it\\nwas invented by Capac Yupanqui, the fifth Inca, for the purpose of\\ntransporting his army to the other side, in order to conquer the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvinces of Collasuyo. At Eampore, over the Sutlej, is a bridge of ropes\\ncalled the Jhoola; the rope used in forming this bridge, is generally\\nfrom two to three inches in circumference, and at least nine or ten times\\ncrossed to make it secure. The collection of ropes is traversed by a\\nblock of wood hollowed into a semicircular groove, large enough to slide\\neasily along it, and around this block ropes are suspended, forming a\\nloop, in which the passengers seat themselves, clasping its upper parts\\nto keep themselves steady; a line fixed to the wooden block at each end,\\nand extending to each bank, serves to haul it from one side of the river\\nto the other. The rock bridge of Virginia is one of the most grand and\\nstupendous wonders of the world it has been formed by some interest\u00c2\u00ac\\ning natural process, how, we are of course unable to divine, and perhaps\\never shall be.\\nMagical Clock. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Droz, a Genevean mechanic, once constructed a\\nclock, which was capable of the following surprising movements;\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThere were seen on it a negro, a dog, and a shepherd when the clock\\nstruck, the shepherd played six tunes on his flute, and the dog ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nproached and fawned upon him. The clock w r as exhibited to the king\\nof Spain, who was delighted with it. The gentleness of my dog,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said\\nDroz, is his least merit, if your majesty touch one of the apples which\\nyou see in the shepherd\u00e2\u0080\u0099s basket, you will admire the fidelity of the\\nanimal.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The king took an apple, and the dog flew- at his hand and\\nbarked so loud, that the king\u00e2\u0080\u0099s dog, which was in the room, began to\\nbark also; at this, the courtiers not doubting that it was an affair of\\nwitchcraft, hastily left the room, crossing themselves as they went out.\\nThe minister of marine was the only one that ventured to stay. The\\nking having desired him to ask the negro what o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock it was, the\\nminister did, but he obtained no answer; Droz then observed that the\\nnegro had not yet learned Spanish.", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FACTS.\\nVI\\nWorm Plant. China is remarkable, as possessing amongst its\\nvegetable productions, the hiastaotomtetom, the root of which is said to\\nchange, at a certain time, into a worm. M. Reaumur has given it the\\nname of plantera in the French, but he discovered the error of supposing\\nsuch a transformation the whole truth of the case being, that a certain\\ncaterpillar, when about to change into the chrysalis state, so nicely joins\\nitself to the root of this plant, as to appear a part of it.\\nOpii i olatreanism is serpent worship, which has prevailed perhaps\\nwithout a single exception, over the whole surface of the inhabited\\nearth. In the most classical climes, and the most barbarous and\\nuncivilized districts, this singular custom seems to have prevailed. The\\nserpent, by some nations, is regarded as an evil, by others as a good\\ndeity. The serpent may be traced in the ceremonials of the worship of\\nEgypt, Greece, and Rome. In Britain, it was anciently held in high\\nveneration, and the archdruid possessed a talisman called the serpent s\\negg; all their temples were built in a serpentine form. In the east, they\\nare regarded by some with feelings of horror; by others, with sentiments\\nof devotion. Some travellers affirm, that among some tribes of the frozen\\nand barbarous north, pictures resembling serpents are regarded with\\nthe highest degree of veneration.\\nBones of Captain Cook.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Some of the bones of Captain Cook have\\nbeen preserved in the Tahitian temples, aud received worship, although\\nevery endeavour has been made to learn whether they are still in\\nexistence, and if so, where, has been unsuccessful. All who have in\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired, uniformly find, that they were kept by the priests of Rono,\\nwhich god Captain Cook was supposed to be, and worshipped accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ningly. The best conclusion we may form is, that part of Captain\\nCook\u00e2\u0080\u0099s bones were preserved by the priests, and considered sacred by\\nthe people, probably till the abolition of idolatry in 1819; but at that\\ntime, they were committed to the secret care of some chief, or deposited\\nby the priests, who had charge of them, in a cave, unknown to all\\nbesides themselves.\\nSingular Narcotic. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A plant is found in the woods near Papayan,\\naccording to the testimony of many very intelligent persons, possessing\\nextraordinary strong narcotic properties. If a leaf of it be laid between\\nthe fingers or toes of a person while sleeping, it is said that he will not\\nawake until it be removed. A branch of it also, if found on a snake\\nwhen curled up, will effectually stupify it, so that it may be handled\\nwith safety. The white inhabitants of the country use every endeavour\\nto root out this plant wherever it is found, for several fatal instances\\nhave occurred of slaves avenging themselves on their masters by its\\nmeans they have been known to conceal under their master\u00e2\u0080\u0099s pillow,\\nsnakes that they had previously stupified by means of this herb, and\\nthe reptiles on recovering have killed those by whom they were first\\ndisturbed.\\nComets. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Speaking of comets, Sir J. F. AY. Herschell says, the calcu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation of the diameters of their heads, and the lengths and breadths of\\ntheir tails, offers not the slightest difficulty when once the elements of\\ntheir orbits are known, for by them we know their real distances from\\nthe earth at any time, and the true direction of the tail, which we see\\nonly foreshortened. Now calculations instituted on these principles, lead\\nto the surprising fact, that the comets are by far the most voluminous\\nbodies in our system. The following are the dimensions of some of\\nthem, which have been made the subjects of inquiryThe tail of the", "height": "2645", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72\\nIMPORTANT FACTS.\\ngreat comet of 1680, immediately after its perihelion passage, was found\\nby Newton to have been no less than 20,000,000 of leagues in length, and\\nto have occupied only two days in its emission from the comet\u00e2\u0080\u0099s body a\\ndecisive proof this of its being darted forward by some active force, the\\norigin of which to judge from the direction of the tail, must be sought\\nfor in the sun itself. Its greatest length amounted to 41,000,000 leagues,\\na length much exceeding the whole interval between the sun and the\\nearth. The tail of the comet of 1769, extended 16,000,000 leagues, and\\nthat of the great comet of 1811, 36,000,000. The portion of the head of\\nthis last, comprised within the transparent atmospheric envelope, which\\nseparated it from the tail, was 180,000 leagues in diameter. It is hardly\\nconceivable that matter projected to such enormous distances should\\never be collected again by the feeble attraction of a body like a comet,\\na consideration which accounts for the rapid progressive diminution of\\nthe tails of such as have been frequently observed.\\nThe Island of Great Britain appears to have been formerly a\\npart of the Continent; and that England was once joined to France, the\\nnarrowness of the strait, and the sameness of the strata of stone and of\\nearth on the opposite sides, are a sufficient indication. Whether it was\\ndisjoined by an earthquake, or an irruption of the ocean, or the opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of man (which seems highly improbable), we know not. The\\nsameness of the strata and of the rocks are not the only evidences;\\nwolves and bears formerly existed in this Island. It is not likely that\\nthese animals could swim over, nor that such destructive animals would\\nbe transported by man, for in general the noxious animals of the Conti\u00c2\u00ac\\nnent are found in all those Islands which are very near it, but never in\\nthose which are remote. This fact was remarked by the Spaniards\\nwhen they arrived in America. On the English Coast, the German sea\\nmust have occupied that large valley which commences at Sandwich,\\nruns by Canterbury, Chartliam, and Chilham, and terminates at Ashford,\\na space of more than twenty miles. Here the land is much more elevated\\nthan it was in ancient times, for at Chartham the bones of a hippopo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntamus have been found embedded at the depth of seventeen feet, and\\nlikewise anchors of ships and sea shells.\\nDruidical Eemains.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Salisbury Plain and Abury are celebrated as\\nthe places where exist the remains of Druidical temples; of these, while\\nAbury is by far the least noted, it is considerably the most remarkable.\\nThe figure of the temple is that of a serpent, and the same figure appears\\nto be preserved through all the Druidical temples. The Cromlech\\nStone is supposed to be a sepulchral monument. The Cheese Ring\\nappears to be a monument alike of the mechanical skill and priestcraft\\nof the Druids it is sometimes called the Logan, and sometimes the\\nRocking Stone; it consists of an enormous mass of stone, sometimes\\nplaced upon a pile of rocks, as the famous one near the Land\u00e2\u0080\u0099s End, in\\nCornwall; others are on the level ground, others on rocky hills or the\\nsea coast, and many in the interior of the country. The famous Trevethy\\nStone of Cornwall stands about one mile and a half north-east of St.\\nClear. The term Trevethy, signifies in British language, a place of\\ngraves; thus its sepulchral designation and British origin is evident.\\nMason, in his Caractacus, supposes that these stones were the tests of\\nguilt and innocence, because they are so equally balanced, that the\\nslightest touch will cause them to move upwards and downwards, while\\nviolent exertions to move them are unattended with success.\\nThe Desert. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Pillars of Sand. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The deserts of Arabia are\\namongst the most remarkable places in the world, and they are espe-", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "IMPOBTANT FACTS\\n73\\ncially remarkable for their pillars of sand they are raised by whirlwinds,\\nand have a very close resemblance in their appearance to waterspouts.\\nThe places where these pillars of sand most frequently occur, are those\\nportions of the deserts which are near to a river or the sea. The pillars\\not sand in the deserts of Africa are very magnificent; the raised sand is\\nin wavy and rounded lobes, which have a curling motion, like that of\\nsmoke and both the apex of the entire pillar, and the extremities of the\\nlobes, are shaped off to a very indefinite outline. The mirage is\\nanother very singular feature of the deserts. The traveller frequently\\nsees rising, as it were, before him, some great city or lovely village he\\nhastens onwards, full of eager anticipation to receive refreshment, and\\never as he goes, the image recedes from his advancing steps, till at last\\nlie sinks exhausted down, and discovers too late that it was an image\\nformed by the refraction of the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rays in a particular direction, upon\\nan atmosphere somewhat hazy and opaque.\\nThe Human Frame. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The body, says Lord Brougham, is constantly\\nundergoing changes in all its parts: probably no person at the age of\\ntwenty has one single particle in any part of his body which he had at\\nten, and still less does any part of the body he was born with, continue\\nto exist in or with him. All that he before had has entered into new\\ncombinations, forming parts of other men, and other animals, or of\\nvegetable or mineral substances. Exactly as the body he now has, will\\nhe be resolved into new combinations after his death.\\nShape of the Earth illustrated.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 We have likened, says Sir\\nJ. F. N. Herschell, the inequalities on the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface, arising from\\nmountains, valleys, buildings, c., to the roughness of the rind of an\\norange, compared with its general mass. The comparison is quite free\\nfrom exaggeration. The highest mountain does not exceed five miles\\nin perpendicular elevation; this is only l-1000th part of the earth\u00e2\u0080\u00993\\ndiameter; consequently, on a globe of sixteen inches diameter, such a\\nmountain would be represented by a protuberance of not more than one\\nhundredth part of an inch, which is about the thickness of an ordinary\\ndrawing paper. Now as there is no entire continent, nor even any very\\nextensive tract of land known, whose general elevation above the sea, is\\nany thing like half this quantity, it follows that if we could construct a\\ncorrect model of our earth with its seas, continents, and mountains, on\\na globe sixteen inches in diameter, the whole of the land, with the\\nexception of a few prominent points and ridges, must be comprised on\\nit within the thickness of thin writing paper, and the highest hill would\\nbe represented by the smallest visible grain of sand.\\nSwiftness of Man \u00e2\u0080\u0094Harold, King of England, called Harefoot,\\nbecause he could run down a hare, was so fleet that few horses could\\nkeep up with him. Our Henry V. could outstrip a buck or doe, and\\ncatch it, though on foot, if he wished. Phillipides, sent by the Athenians\\nto the Spartans to ask their assistance against the Persians, ran with\\nsuch speed that in two days he went on foot one hundred and fifty\\nHoman miles; in Peru, letters are sent by runners; these men have\\nhouses about one league and a half apart, and each man runs fifty\\nleagues in a day and a night. The runners by profession of the Grand\\nSeignor, are so swift of foot, that w T ith a little short pole axe, and a phial\\nof sweet waters in their hand, they will go from Constantinople to\\nAdrianople in twenty-four hours, a distance of one hundred and sixty\\nHoman miles.\\na", "height": "2645", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74\\nIMPORTANT FACTS.\\nRETURN OF THE NUMBER OF PERSONS ADMITTED TO\\nVISIT THE BRITISH MUSEUM.\\nFrom Christmas 1842 to Christmas 1843 517,440\\nFrom Christmas 1843 to Christmas 1844 575,758\\nFrom Christmas 1844 to Christmas 1845 685,614\\nFrom Christmas 1845 to Christmas 1846 750,601\\nFrom Christmas 1846 to Christmas 1847 820,965\\nFrom Christmas 1847 to Christmas 1848 897,985\\nNumber of Visits made to the Reading Rooms, for the purpose of\\nStudy or Research, about 1,950 in 1810; 4,300 in 1815; 8,820 in 1820;\\n22,800 in 1825; 31,200 in 1830; 63,466 in 1835; 67,542 in 1840; 69,303 in\\n1841; 71,706 in 1842; 70,931 in 1843; 67,511 in 1844; 64,427 in 1845;\\n66,784 in 1846; 67,525 in 1847; 65,867 in 1848.\\nNumber of Visits, by Artists and Students, to the Galleries of Sculp\u00c2\u00ac\\nture. for the purpose of Study, about 4,938 in 1831; 6,081 in 1835; 6,354\\nin 1840; 5,655 in 1841; 5,627 in 1842; 4,907 in 1843; 5,436 in 1844; 4,256\\nin 1845; 4,124 in 1846; 3,508 in 1847; 3,694 in 1848.\\nNumber of Visits made to the Print Room, about 4,400 in 1832; 1,065\\nin 1835; 6,717 in 1840; 7,744 in 1841; 8,781 in 1842; 8,162 in 1843;\\n8,998 in 1844; 5,904 in 1845; 4,390 in 1846; 4,572 in 1847; 5,813 in 1848.\\nThe Public are admitted to the British Museum on Mondays, Wed\u00c2\u00ac\\nnesdays, and Fridays, between the hours of Ten and Four, from the 7th\\nSeptember to the 1st May; and between the hours of Ten and Seven,\\nfrom the 7th of May to the 1st September.\\nPersons applying for the purpose of Study or Research are admitted\\nto the Reading Rooms every day, from Nine o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock in the Morning\\nuntil Four in the Afternoon, between the 7tli of September and the 1st of\\nMay, and until seven in the Evening between the 7th of May and the 1st\\nof September.\\nArtists are admitted to study in the Galleries of Sculpture, between\\nthe hours of Nine and Four, every day except Saturday.\\nThe Museum is closed from the 1st to the 7tli January, the 1st to 7th\\nMay, and the 1st to 7tli September inclusive, on Ash Wednesday, Good\\nFriday and Christmas day, and also on any Special Fast or Thanksgiving\\nDays ordered by Authority.\\nNUMBER OF VISITORS\\nTo the State Apartments at Hampton Court Palace, and Windsor\\nCastle, and to the Botanic Gardens at Kew, in the years 1847 and 1848.\\nHampton Court\\n1847.\\n162,031\\n1848.\\n150,321\\nWindsor Castle\\n25,970\\n26,897\\nKew Gardens\\n64,282\\n91,708\\nARMY.\\nCavalry.3 Regiments, Guards\\nOfficers and Privates.\\n1,308\\n19\\nLine\\n6,662\\n4\\n5J x\\nE. I. C. Service\\n3,867\\nInfantry ...,3\\nGuards\\n5,253\\n55 55\\nLine\\n77,939\\n22\\nE. I. C. Service\\n26,013\\nOrdnance\\nColonial Corps\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Engineers, c.\\n8,635\\n129,677\\n1.506\\nArtillery, 9 Bat.\\n6,931\\n8,437\\n138,114", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FACTS.\\n75\\nCost of a British Soldier per Day.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pay, Is. Id.; Clothes,2\u00c2\u00a3d.;\\nLodgings, Id.; Washing, ^d.; Medical attendance, l^d.; Miscellaneous,\\nl\u00c2\u00a3d.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Total, Is. 8d.\\nTHE ARMY.\\nDuring the anti-Revolutionary war with France, declared 1793, and\\nterminating with the peace of Amiens, 1801, the cost of the Army\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIn 1792\\nwas\\n\u00c2\u00a31,819,460\\nIn 1797\\nwas\\n\u00c2\u00a315,481,088\\n1793\\n3,993,715\\n1798\\n99\\n12,852,814\\n1794\\n99\\n6,641.060\\n1799\\n99\\n11,840,000\\n1795\\n99\\n11,610,008\\n1800\\n99\\n11,941,767\\n1796\\n99\\n11,911,899\\n1801\\n99\\n12,117,039\\nThe sums\\nvoted for the Ordnance, during the same period, amounted\\naltogether to about \u00c2\u00a315.000,000. The entire cost of this war is estimated\\nat \u00c2\u00a336Q,000,000. Previously to 1793 the supplies annually voted by\\nthe House of Commons were \u00c2\u00a314,000,000 but those for 1801 -were\\n\u00c2\u00a342,197,000, being double the amount of the whole land rent of the\\ncountry. In 1803 the war with France was renewed, and in that year\\nthe military expenses were \u00c2\u00a311,562,722.\\nIn 1804.\u00c2\u00a312,341,061\\n1805 12,218,637\\n1806 13,191,221\\n1807.. 14,016,326\\n1808 14,778,541\\n1809 14,328,718\\nIn 1810.\u00c2\u00a314,016,896\\n1811 15,042,202\\n1812 14,632,048\\n1813 13,985,316\\n1814 13,024,782\\n1815 14,883,264\\nDuring this period the Ordnance expenses were about \u00c2\u00a325,000,000.\\nThe cost of this war is estimated at \u00c2\u00a3420,000,000.\\nTHE EXPENSE OF WAR.\\nCOST OF OUR WARS.\\nThe war of 1688 lasted nine years, and cost at the time 36,000,000\\nBorrowed to support it, twenty millions; the interest on\\nwhich in one hundred and fifty-two years, at 3\u00c2\u00a3 per cent.,\\namounts to--------- 186,000,000\\nThe war of the Spanish succession lasted eleven years, cost 62,000,000\\nBorrowed to support it, thirty-two and a half millions the\\ninterest of which in one hundred and twenty seven years\\namounts to-------- 114,462,500\\nThe Spanish war ending 1748, lasted nine years, and cost 54,000,000\\nBorrowed to support it, twenty nine millions the interest\\nin one hundred and two years amounts to 103,530,000\\nThe war of 1756 lasted seven years, and cost 112,000,000\\nBorrowed to support it, sixty millions; the interest in\\nseventy-seven years amounts to 161,700,000\\nThe American war lasted eight years, and cost 136,000,000\\nBorrowed to support it, one hundred and four millions; the\\ninterest in sixty-five years amounts to 236,600,000\\nThe French Revolutionary war lasted nine years, and cost 481,000,000\\nBorrowed to support it, two hundred and one millions;\\nthe interest in thirty-eight years amounts to 267,330,000\\nThe war against Buonaparte lasted twelve years, and cost 1,159,000,000\\nBorrowed to support it, three hundred and eighty-eight\\nmillions; the interest in twenty-five years amounts to 339,500,000\\nTotal\\n\u00c2\u00a33,383,022,500", "height": "2645", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT PACTS,\\n7G\\nNUMBERS SLAUGHTERED.\\nThe numbers of British alone, estimated as slain or perished\\nin the war ending in 1697\\nIn the war which began in 1702\\nIn the war which began in 1739\\nIn the war which began in 1756\\nIn the American war, began in 1775\\nIn the French war, began in 1793\\n180,000\\n250,000\\n210,000\\n250,000\\n200,000\\n700,000\\n1,820,000\\nShowing an expenditure of three thousand three hundred and eiglity-\\nthree millions, twenty two thousand, five hundred pounds; with the\\nloss of one million eight hundred and twenty thousand lives.\\nNAVY.\\nIn Commission\\nIn Ordinary\\nBuilding\\nShips.\\nFrigates.\\nSloop3.\\nSteamers.\\nm\\n11\\n30\\n133\\n51\\nm\\n68\\n81\\n28\\n24\\nm\\n19\\n19\\n21\\n21\\n98\\n130\\n182\\n96*\\n28,000 Horse Power.\\nThere are besides, 12 Sailing and 25 Steam Packets, and 111 non-\\neffective Ships and Vessels employed in Harbour Service, making a total\\nof 597.\\nOfficers and Seamen 36,000\\nBoys 2,000\\nMarines 10,500\\n48,500\\nThe Cost of each Sailor is 2s. Jd. per day.\\nMONEY.\\nThe standard of the Gold Coin of the United Kingdom is II parts\\nfine to 1 part alloy: a pound troy of this standard gold is coined into\\n46 sovereigns and 80-l20ths of a sovereign, or \u00c2\u00a346 14s. 6d., so that the\\nsovereign contains 113 001 grains fine, and 123-274 grains standard gold.\\nThe standard of the silver coin is 11 oz. 2dwt. fine to 18dwt. alloy:\\na pound of this standard silver is coined into 66 shillings, so that each\\nshilling contains 80 727 grains of pure silver, and 87-272 grain3 standard.\\nPROVISIONS ANNUALLY\\n190,000 Bullocks\\n776,000 Sheep\\n250,000 Lambs\\n250,000 Calves\\n270,000 Pigs\\n1,000,000 Qrs. of Wheat, or\\n64,000,000 Quartern Loaves\\nCONSUMED IN LONDON.\\n11,000 Tons of Butter\\n13,000 Tons of Cheese\\n1,000,000 Gallons of Milk\\n65,000 Pipes of Wine\\n2,000,000 Gallons of Spirits\\n2,000,000 Barrels of Ale and\\nPorter.\\nThe Annual average consumption of Meat in London, per\\nhead, is 122 lbs.; in Brussels, 89; in Paris, 86. The imports\\nof Butter have been more than doubled in fifteen years. We\\nconsume twenty times as much Sugar as in 1700. Fifty times", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT PACTS.\\n77\\nas much Coffee as in 1801. Even since 1821, the consumption\\nof Tea has increased from 23 to 47 millions of pounds Sugar,\\nfrom 350 to 500; Coffee, from 7^ to 36|; Tobacco, from 15f\\nto 27; Spirits, from 9,750,000 gallons to 24,000,000; Malt~\\nfrom 29,000,000 to 42,000,000 of bushels. Soap has advanced\\nfrom 97,000,000 lbs. in 1821, to 186,000,000 in 1847. Bricks,\\nin ten years, from 1,000 to 2,000 millions Paper, in the same\\ntime, from 61,000,000 to 127,000,000 of lbs. Consumption of\\nCotton in 1821, 137,000,000 of lbs., in 1846, 428,000,000 Wool,\\n10,000,000 to 65,000,000; Silk, from 2^ to 5| millions; Flax,\\nfrom 55,000,000 to 128,000,000 of lbs. In 1821, we exported\\n\u00c2\u00a340,250,000 worth of produce and manufactures in 1846,\\n\u00c2\u00a3132,250,000. Our imports in 1821 were \u00c2\u00a329,750,000 in 1846,\\n\u00c2\u00a376,000,000. Our shipping, 25,036 Ships, 2,560,203 tons,\\n109,179 men in 1821, and 32,499 Ships, 3,817,112 tons, and\\n229,276 men in 1846 besides ah increase in our Coasters\\nfrom 9,000,000 to 13,000,000 in thirteen years. The value of\\nProperty insured from fire has, in ten years, advanced from\\n\u00c2\u00a3526,000,000 to \u00c2\u00a3682,000,000. The Deposits in the Savings\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nBanks in 1831, were \u00c2\u00a313,719,495; in 1841, \u00c2\u00a324,474,689; in\\n1846, \u00c2\u00a333,694,642. In 1815, income from real property, above\\n\u00c2\u00a350. a year, \u00c2\u00a352,000,000; in 1842, the income from real pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nperty, above \u00c2\u00a3150., was \u00c2\u00a382,250,000; from Trades, in 1815,\\n\u00c2\u00a335,000,000 in 1844, \u00c2\u00a360,000,000. The personal property\\nannually bequeathed, between 1797 and 1831, averaged\\n\u00c2\u00a322,000,000; and from 1831 to 1841, it averaged, annually,\\n\u00c2\u00a342,250,000 in 1847, it was \u00c2\u00a343,611,642, even Ireland swelling\\nthe average. Up to 1845, the expenditure on Railways was\\n\u00c2\u00a370,000,000, to 1848, 170,000,000. In 1839, a million and a\\nhalf letters passed through the Post Office weekly, and in\\n1848, six millions and a half. In 1839, \u00c2\u00a390,000 were remitted\\nthrough the Post Office in 1848, \u00c2\u00a33,500,000.\\nThe productive powers of Ireland are equally conspicuous.\\nIn 1847 she raised, of Wheat, 2,936,733 quarters of Oats,\\n11,521,606; of Barley, 1,379,029; of Bere, 274,016; of Rye,\\n63,094; of Beans, 84,456 in all of grain, 16,258,934 quarters,\\nor upwards of sixteen bushels per annum for each inhabitant,\\nbesides 2,046,195 tons of Potatoes, 5,760,619 tons of Turnips,\\n2,190,317 tons of Hay, 349,872 cwts. of Flax, and 976,333 tons\\nof other crops\u00e2\u0080\u0094being an average produce of five quarters of\\nCorn per acre, seven tons of Potatoes, fifteen tons of Turnips,\\ntwo tons of Hay\u00e2\u0080\u0094equal to 698 lbs. of Corn, and 561 lbs. of\\nPotatoes per annum to each inhabitant. The live stock con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsisted of 557,917 Horses, 126,355 Asses, 2,591,416 Cattle,\\n2,186,177 Sheep, 622,459 Pigs, 164,043 Goats, and 5,691,055\\nPoultry. The land was occupied by 883,097 persons.\\nG 3", "height": "2645", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "IS\\nIMPORTANT FACTS.\\nCOALS.\\nAnnual Consumption of Coal in London at Different Periods.\\n1316\\n1662\\n1670\\nProhibited by Edward I.\\nChaldrons.\\n200,000\\n270,000\\n1750\\n1800\\n1847\\nChaldrons.\\n500,000\\n900,000\\n1,800,000\\nPrice of a Ton of Coals at the Pit Mouth, with Duties and Expenses on\\nit in London\\ns. d.\\nPrime Cost and Shipping Charges 9 3\\nFreight, 8s. 6 d. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Insurance, 1 \\\\d. 8 7\u00c2\u00a3\\nCity Dues 11\\nHalfWeighage 0 l\u00c2\u00a3\\nTret, Discount, and Scorage 0 6\\nFactory, 3d.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Del Credere, Id. 0 4\\nStamps and petty incidents 0 1\u00c2\u00a3\\nLighterage\\nWharfinger\\nLoading\\nCartage\\nShooting\\nTotal Cost\\n8. d.\\n1 3\\n0 6\\n0 9\\n4 6\\n1 0\\n\u00c2\u00a318 0\\nAn Account of the Quantities of Coals brought Coastways and by Inland\\nNavigatio?i into the Port of London, during the Year 1848, comparing\\nthe same with the Quantities brought during the Year 1847.*\\nCoals brought into the Port of London.\\nCoastways.\\nBy Inland\\nNavigation and\\nLand Carriage-\\nTotal.\\nYear 1847\\nYear 1848\\nTons.\\n3,280,420\\n3,418,340\\nTons.\\n41,967\\n60,849\\nTons.\\n3,322,387\\n3,479,189\\nIt is to be observed that the whole of these Coals are not used in London, but\\nare transmitted from thence to neighbouring Towns and Villages.\\nThe quantity of Coals exported from the United Kingdom to Foreign\\nCountries in the year 1848, was 2,699,468 tons; of Cinders, 82,908 tons;\\nand of Culm, 2,924 tons.\\nBRITISH RAILWAYS.\\nThe summary of the condition of our railway system, made\\nup to a late period, may truly be called a multum in parvo.\\nThe figures are not many,\u00e2\u0080\u0094but they say much.\\nAt the end of 1848, there were open for traffic 5,127 miles of\\nrailroad, and in various stages of progress 2,111 more,\u00e2\u0080\u0094of\\nwhich 320 have been completed during the first six months of\\n1849. The payments to the end of the last year had been, on\\nshares, \u00c2\u00a3156,508,578 to which must be added loans to the\\nextent of \u00c2\u00a343,664,480: making a total of \u00c2\u00a3200,173,058.\\nSince then, upwards of \u00c2\u00a318,000,000 have been raised by\\ncalls alone. So that, including further sums that have beeu\\nborrowed, there must, by this time, be at least two hundred and\\ntwenty millions sterling funded in this one branch of investment.\\nThis result of the operations of twenty years is a remarkable\\none. All the enormous capital has been raised by voluntary\\ncontributions from the savings, it may be said, of a single", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT PACTS.\\n79\\ngeneration; during which, moreover, all other kinds of com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmercial investment have, on the whole, been increasing in\\nextent. Of the sums thus expended, the whole has, in one\\nwav or another, been laid out in paying the workmen and\\nbuying the land or produce of these Islands: and the 5,500\\nmiles of railway thereby created have already done much,\\nand will hereafter do more, to enliven industry\u00e2\u0080\u0094promote the\\nease of life\u00e2\u0080\u0094economize time\u00e2\u0080\u0094and enhance the value of all\\nkinds of property. This, we say, is a remarkable instance of\\nthe spontaneous energies of the British people :\u00e2\u0080\u0094an instance\\nwhich the follies and faults that have come to light in con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnexion with it, cannot deprive of its striking, and on the\\nwhole satisfactory, character.\\nThe total number of passengers conveyed on the 5,080 miles\\nof passenger-railway then open, in the half-year ending\\nDecember 1, 1848, was 31,630,292: viz., 3,743,602 first class;\\n12,191,549 second class 7,184,032 third class 8,450,624 par\u00c2\u00ac\\nliamentary class and 60,485 mixed class.\\nThe parliamentary class includes those whom the companies\\nare obliged to accommodate, with at least one train a day in\\neach direction, at a penny per mile the third class comprises\\nthose extra passengers whom the companies voluntarily convey\\nat fares lower than those of the second class: the mixed class\\nis composed of those whom it has been found difficult to place\\nunder any of the three headings. If we consider the third class\\nas a general term, to be made up of the three last mentioned\\nclasses, we have the number 15,695,140. The gross receipts\\nfor conveying all the passengers amounted to \u00c2\u00a33,283,301: viz.\\nfirst class, \u00c2\u00a31,003,516 second class, \u00c2\u00a31,360,468; third class,\\n\u00c2\u00a3919,317. The gross receipts for goods, parcels, mails,\\ncarriages, cattle, c. in the same half-year, amounted to\\n\u00c2\u00a32,461,663, which added to the \u00c2\u00a33,283,301 received from\\npassengers, gave a total of \u00c2\u00a35,744,964.\\nAt the present time, allowing for additional lengths of rail\u00c2\u00ac\\nway open, the total receipts must be about one million\\nsterling, per average month. If the state of the manufacturing\\ndistricts had been as flourishing as in some previous half-years,\\nthe monthly receipts would have far exceeded this average.\\nIt amounts to about \u00c2\u00a347. per mile per week.\\nThe receipts of the London and North Western, the greatest\\nof the companies, have for many half-years maintained an\\naverage of about \u00c2\u00a3100. per mile, per week: sometimes a little\\nmore, and at other times a little less.\\nVALUE OF INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENTS IN GREAT BRITAIN.\\nCapital of Railway Companies s6200,000,000\\nDitto Mining Companies 9,978,747\\nDitto Gas Companies. 6,415,295\\nDitto Assurance Companies 6,000,000", "height": "2645", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80\\nIMPORTANT FACTS.\\nPROPORTION OF BIRTHS TO MARRIAGES IN VARIOUS\\nCOUNTRIES.\\nAustria\\n4-60\\nNorway and Sweden\\n3-62\\nBelgium\\n4-64\\nHolland\\n4-20\\nBohemia\\n4-27\\nPortugal\\n414\\nEngland\\nFrance\\n4-50\\n3-95\\nRussia\\n425\\nPROPORTION OF DEATHS TO THE POPULATION\\nVARIOUS COUNTRIES.\\nIN\\nAustria\\n1 in 40\\nPortugal\\n1 in 40\\nBelgium\\n1 43\\nPrussia\\n1 39\\nDenmark\\nl 45\\nRussia in Europe.\\n1 44\\nEngland\\n1 46*\\nSpain\\n1 40\\nFrance\\n1 42\\nSwitzerland\\n1 40\\nNorway and Sweden\\n1 41\\nTurkey\\n1 30\\nAverage of the last 4 years.\\nThe mean general duration of human life is between 38 and 42 years.\\nThe natural limit of human life is from 80 to 90. Of all new-born\\ninfants 1 out of 4 dies the first year; two-fifths scarcely attain their 6th\\nyear and before their 22nd year one-half of the generation are consigned\\nto the grave. The proportion of births to marriages, on an average, and\\nin a country of some extent, can scarcely be more than 5, or less than 3,\\nto one marriage. The ordinary proportion in the most civilized coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntries of the world is 4 births to one marriage. The proportion of births\\nto deaths is, one year with another, from 101 to 150 for every 100.\\nTaking the total number of the human race at 700,000,000 (an extremely\\nlow estimate), the ratio of the deaths to the living population as 1 to 33,\\nand that of the births to the living as 1 to 298\u00c2\u00a3, we shall have for the\\nwhole globe,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIn One Year. One Day. One Hour. One Minute.\\nBirths.23,728,813 65,010 2708 45\\nDeaths ..21,212,121 58,120 2421 40\\nWhence it follows that the sum total of the human race would in one\\nyear be augmented by an accession of 2,516,692 individuals, were it not\\nfor wars and pestilences. This augmentation would in 100 years create\\na population of 3,216,000,000. The number of males in a given number\\nof births exceeds that of females in the ratio of 16 to 15: but the mor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntality is greater among male children In the ratio of 27 to 26.\\nEXPERIMENTS ON RESPIRATION.\\n(Communicated by JF. A. Guy, Esq., M.D., F. R S.J\\nThe number of respirations varies from 12 to 22 in a minute, and in\\nthe sitting posture, from 15 to 21. For the same frequency of the pulse\\n(64), the number of respirations is, standing, 22; sitting, 19 and lying,\\n13. The respirations morning and evening, for equal frequencies of the\\npulse, are as 18 to 17. The proportion which the respirations bears to\\nthe pulse, varies from 1: 2*60 to 1 :5 23. For a pulse of 64 the proportion\\nis, standing, 1 :2 95, sitting, 1 3 35, and lying, 1:4-97. The proportions,\\nmorning and evening, for equal frequencies of the pulse, are 1: 3 60 and\\n1 3 40. The proportion is not the same for all frequencies of the pulse\\ne. g., for a pulse of 54, it is 1 to 3, for a pulse of 72, 1 to 4. The above\\narc the results of observations made by Dr. Guy on his own person by\\nmeans of a registering instrument invented for that purpose.", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FACTS.\\n81\\nFREQUENCY OF THE PULSE AT DIFFEEENT AGES IN\\nMALES AND FEMALES RESPECTIVELY.\\nCommunicated by W. A. Guy, Esq,, M.D., F.ll.S.\\nMALES.\\nFEMALES.\\nAGE.\\n0\\n0)\\nbe\\na\\nK\\n03\\n0\\n0\\noS\\n0\\nbfi\\n0\\na\\nS\\naS\\ntf\\nS\\ni\\na\\nai\\n1 week\\n160\\n104\\n128\\n56\\n160\\n104\\n128\\n56\\n2 weeks to 7 years-\\n128\\n72\\n97\\n56\\n128\\n70\\n98\\n58\\n8 years\\nto 14\\n108\\n70\\n84\\n38\\n120\\n70\\n94\\n50\\n15\\n21\\n108\\n60\\n76\\n48\\n124\\n56\\n82\\n68\\n22\\n28\\n100\\n53\\n73\\n47\\n114\\n54\\n80\\n60\\n29\\n35\\n92\\n56\\n70\\n36\\n94\\n62\\n78\\n32\\n36\\n42\\n90\\n48\\n68\\n42\\n100\\n56\\n78\\n44\\n43\\n49\\n96\\n50\\n70\\n46\\n106\\n64\\n77\\n42\\n50\\n56\\n92\\n46\\n67\\n46\\n96\\n64\\n76\\n32\\n57\\n63\\n84\\n56\\n68\\n28\\n108\\n60\\n77\\n48\\n64\\n70\\n96\\n54\\n70\\n42\\n100\\n52\\n78\\n48\\n71\\n77\\n94\\n54\\n67\\n40\\n104\\n54\\n81\\n50\\n78\\n84\\n97\\n50\\n71\\n47\\n105\\n64\\n82\\n41\\nForeign Measures reduced to Fnglish Denominations.\\nMetre of France\\nToise of France\\nGeographical league of France\\nNautical league of France\\nSpanish league\\nGerman Geographical mile\\nRussian werst\\nSwedish mile\\nDanish mile.\\nDutchimile.\\nFrench Geographical square league\\nGerman Geographical square league\\n3-281 feet\\n2-13155 yards\\n4808-6 yards, or 2-76 miles\\n6085 S yards, or 3 4f 7 miles\\n7421 yards, or 4 216 miles\\n8114 yards, or 4 61 miles\\n1162 yards\\n11703 yards, or 6-67 miles\\n8224 yards, or 4-67 miles\\n6406 yards, or 3-638 miles\\n7 65 square miles\\n21 25 square miles\\nLENGTH OF BRIDGES.\\nFEET.\\nAlcantara, Spain 1920\\nBordeaux (stone) 1593\\nBoston, U. S. (wood) 3483\\nLondon 930\\nMenai 1060\\nPhiladelphia (stone) 1500\\nHEIGHT OF\\nFEET.\\nAche, Bavaria I960\\nArve, Savoy 1600\\nBogota.. ^86\\nCerosoli, Alps 2390\\nChaudiere, Canada 100\\nChachia, Asia 362\\nCettina, Dalmatia 150\\nClyde 84\\nDevil\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bridge, Switzerland 100\\nEvanson, Switzerland 1200\\nEvilino, Italy 300\\nFyers, Scotland 197\\nGarisha, India 1000\\nFEET*\\nEatisbon 1050\\nSouthwark 850\\nStrasburgh (wood) 3390\\nSt. Esprit, over Rhone 3060\\nVienna.. 2400\\nWaterloo, London 1242\\nWATERFALLS.\\nFEET*\\nGanges-head .174\\nLauterbrun, Alps.. 875\\nLulea, Lapland 397\\nKillarney, O\u00e2\u0080\u0099Sullivan\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cascade 70\\nMontmorency, Canada 250\\nNiagara Horse Shoe Fall 150\\nNiagara (U. S. side) 164\\nPotomac 72\\nPassaic 71\\nSchaffhausen ..80\\nStaubach 798\\nTivoli, Italy.90", "height": "2645", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82\\nIMPORTANT PACTS\\nAREA, POPULATION, REVENUE, AND ARMY OF\\nVARIOUS COUNTRIES.\\nCOUNTRY.\\nArea in\\nSquare\\nMiles-\\nPopulation.\\nPopulation\\nto Square\\nMiles.\\nRevenue.\\nArmy.\\nAustria (see Hun-\\ngary)\\n258,188\\n36,950,000\\n138-2\\n13,000,000\\n474,000\\nBavaria\\n29,637\\n4,315,469\\n145-6\\n2,501,000\\n57,000\\nBelgium\\n11,375\\n4,242,600\\n372-9\\n3,941,930\\n100,000\\nBohemia\\n20,285\\n4,128,661\\n203-5\\n2,000,000\\n50,000\\nBolivia\\n318,000\\n1,200,000\\n3-7\\n340,000\\n2,000\\nBrazil\\n2,700,000\\n5,300,000\\n1-90\\n3,000,000\\n60,000\\nChili\\n129,500\\n1,200,000\\n9-2\\n450,000\\nChina\\n5,300,000\\n310,000,000\\n58-4\\nCircassia\\n33,000\\n3,000,000\\n90\\nColombia\\n1,155,000\\n3,187,000\\n27-7\\nDenmark\\n21,856\\n2,033,265\\n93\\n1,653,792\\n32,000\\nEgypt-\\n150,000\\n1,927,000\\n12-8\\n3,000,000\\n160,000\\nFrance\\n211,730\\n34,194,875\\n161-5\\n40,000,000\\n311,000\\nGreat Britain\\n86,575\\n18,664,761\\n215-5\\n46,000,000\\n101,455\\nGreece\\n13,887\\n856,470\\n61-6\\n2,489,550\\n9,011\\nHanover\\n14,726\\n1,888,280\\n128-2\\n1,320,000\\n20,000\\nHolland\\n13,598\\n2,893,716\\n212-8\\n5,000,000\\n43,000\\nHungary\\n78,822\\n10,471,400\\n132-9\\n2,000,000\\n64,000\\nIreland\\n32,025\\n8,175,238\\n255-2\\nJapan-\\n266,600\\n50,000,000\\n188\\n120,000\\nMexico\\n1,230,442\\n7,700,000\\n6-9\\n3,000,000\\n20,000\\nMorocco\\n219,300\\n8,500,000\\n38-9\\nNaples and the\\nTwo Sicilies\\n31,407\\n6,021,284\\n190\\n4,500,000\\n37,000\\nNorway\\n122,460\\n1,194,827\\n9-7\\n530,000\\n12,150\\nPapal States\\n17,218\\n2,832,036\\n158\\n3,000,000\\n23,680\\nPortugal\\n36,510\\n3,549,420\\n97-2\\n1,500,000\\n28,000\\nPersia:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nKgm. of the Shah\\n500,000\\n1\\nAfghanistan\\n240,000\\n18,000,000\\n8-8\\nBeloochistan\\n150,000\\nJ\\nPeru\\n500,000\\n1,700,000\\n3-4\\nPrussia\\n107,894\\n15,293,271\\n141-7\\n7,605,675\\n530,000\\nRussia, in Europe\\n2,110,000\\n56,500,000\\n26-7 7\\nAsia\\n5,000,000\\n3,500,000\\n0-70 y\\n15,836,000\\n594,000\\nAmerica\\n500,000\\n61,053\\n0-12 J\\nSardinia\\n29,102\\n4,650,368\\n16\\n2,913,000\\n35,200\\nSaxony\\n5,759\\n1,652,000\\n286\\n1,100,000\\n13,000\\nSpain\\n179,465\\n12,168,174\\n67-9\\n10,270,000\\n60,000\\nSweden\\n170,240\\n2,983,144\\n17\\n1,687,278\\n32,000\\nSwitzerland\\n15,233\\n2,184,096\\n143\\n24,000\\nTurkey, in Europe\\n180,000\\n12,180,000\\n67\\n3,000,000\\n219,000\\nTurkey, in Asia\\nand Africa\\n500,000\\n15,000,000\\n20\\nUnited States\\n1,265,618\\n17,069,453\\n13-5\\n7,380,000\\n*11,169\\nWirtemberg\\n7,840\\n1,634,654\\n208\\n966,783\\n15,000\\nMilitia, 1844, 1,749,682.", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FACTS\\n83\\nSOURCES OF REVENUE.\\nCustoms.\\nStamps:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDeeds and other Instruments\\nProbate and Legacies\\nInsurance, Marine\\nFire\\nBills of Exchange and Bankers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Notes\\nNewspapers and Advertisements\\nStage Coaches.\\nReceipts.;\\nOther Stamp Taxes\\nLand Taxes\\nAssessed Ditto\\nProperty and Income Tax\\nPost-office.\\n1,962.000\\n2,211,000\\n150,000\\n1,056,000 J\\n671,000\\n350,000\\n441,000\\n184,000\\n651,000\\n1,166,000\\n3,309,000/\\n5,544,000\\nTo this must be added the extra profit necessitated\\nto traders, in consequence of the Customs and\\nExcise duties enhancing the first cost of all\\narticles.\\nTotal\\nOn Trade\\nand\\nIndustry.\\nOn\\nProperty\\n37,290,000\\n654,000\\n2,211,000\\n1,308,000\\n1,206,000\\n671,000\\n350,000\\n441,000\\n123,000\\n217,000\\n61,000\\n434,000\\n4,475,000\\n2,271,000\\n1,964,000\\n3,273,000\\n47,398,000\\n9,551,000\\n9,324,000\\n56,722,000\\n9,551,000\\nPost-Office Revenue for Years ending Jan. 5 1842 and 1847\\n1842.\\n1847.\\nPostage, inwards and outwards, collected in the United King\u00c2\u00ac\\ndom, including ship letters, c.\\nPostage charged on Public Departments\\nPostage Stamps\\nPostage collected by agents and postmasters abroad\\nCommission on Money Orders\\nMiscellaneous Receipts\\n793,770\\n128,661\\n467,411\\n81,742\\n21,787\\n2,169\\n902,153\\n120,204\\n786,477\\n117,901\\n34,229\\n2,893\\nIncrease compared with Year ending 5th Jan., 1842\\n1,495,540\\n1,963,857\\n468,317\\nThe gross revenue of the Post-Office for the Year ending January 5,\\n1849, was \u00c2\u00a32,192,478; the cost of management \u00c2\u00a31,386,853; the net\\nrevenue, after deducting charges other than management, was \u00c2\u00a3740,429.\\nThe number of money orders issued was 4,203,727, the amount of them\\nbeing \u00c2\u00a38,151,295.\\nThe amount of commission on the issue was \u00c2\u00a370,190; the amount of\\nexpense incurred was \u00c2\u00a375,935\\nThe gross total number of letters delivered in England, Wales, Scot\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, and Ireland, was, for the week ending January 21, 1849, 6,641,796;\\nfor the week ending February 21, it was 6,849,196.\\nTAXATION.\\nIf men are oppressed by heavy taxation, they will protest most\\nloudly against the most visible of their burdens. The income and\\nproperty tax was imposed to compel us to make an extra exertion to", "height": "2645", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84\\nIMPORTANT FACTS.\\nreduce debt. But if all taxes on consumption were abolished, the\\nsudden and expansive spring which every branch of trade and\\nindustry would at once experience from an unshackled gigantic\\ncommerce, would cause taxation of any kind to be lightly felt, and\\nmen would freely give, who freely had received.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt is in this view that a very well considered, and wisely supported\\nproposition, has been made to pay a large portion of the public debt,\\nby an immediate sacrifice of a large per centage of the property of\\nthe nation. We possess, at least, \u00c2\u00a35,000,000,000 worth of property.\\nSixteen per cent, of that would pay our whole national debt. Now\\nsee the result. The remaining 84 per cent., would almost at once rise\\nin value by the reduction of the burdens upon it to the amount of the\\nremaining 16 per cent, deducted. Because, remove from labour, the\\nprosecutions of commercial enterprize, and industry, \u00c2\u00a334,000,000\\na year of taxes, and what limit could be placed to the creation of\\nproperty and productions of all kinds Taken at once out of the tan\u00c2\u00ac\\ngible property of the nation, all difficulty and expense of collection\\nwould be at an end\u00e2\u0080\u0094the people would then, in their private capa\u00c2\u00ac\\ncity, be the collectors of what were formerly taxes, but of what would\\nthen be private mortgagees to meet the 16 per cent.\\nNearly four millions per annum of terminable annuities and debts\\nto the Bank of England, will, at no distant date, be deducted from\\nour yearly expenditure. We should make a mighty effort to pay off\\nthe debt at once, by a sacrifice of 16 per cent, of our property. That\\nwould rid us of \u00c2\u00a334,000,000 a year of our expenditure and the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmaining \u00c2\u00a320,000,000, by judicious economy, and a house and property\\ntax, might be easily met, leaving commerce and trade absolutely\\nfree and offering to our over-laboured and pauperized masses, abun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndant employment, and the freest and cheapest access to all the\\nnecessaries of life.\\nENGLISH AND AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS.\\nSalaries of the American Executive-\\nPresident of United States \u00c2\u00a35,266\\nVice-President 1,052\\nSecretary of State 1,825\\nSecretary of War 1,826\\nPostmaster-General 1,825\\nAttorney-General 911\\nSecretary to Senate 918\\nCommissioner of Patents. 918\\nPaymaster-General 626\\nSecretary of the Navy 1,825\\n\u00c2\u00a316,685\\nThus it will appear that the whole cost\\nof the Executive of the United States is\\nconsiderably less than the Lord-Lieute\u00c2\u00ac\\nnant of Ireland\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Establishment.\\nCost of the English Executive.\\nThe Eoyal Civil List, Privy\\nPurse, Salaries of the House\u00c2\u00ac\\nhold, and Tradesmen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bills. \u00c2\u00a3371,800\\nThe Allowances to the princi\u00c2\u00ac\\npal branches of the Royal\\nFamily 318,000\\nThe Lord-Lieutenant of Ire\u00c2\u00ac\\nland\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Establishment. 30,554\\nSalaries and Expenses of\\nHouses of Parliament 123,847\\nCivil Denartment Salaries,\\nincluding Superannuation\\nAllowances 524,773\\nOther Annuities, Pensions, and\\nSuperannuation Allowances. 312,641\\nPension Civil List. 6,120\\nTotal Annual Cost of Executive \u00c2\u00a31,686,735\\nPOPULATION, POORS\u00e2\u0080\u0099 RATE, c.\\nAn official return gives the following facts respecting population, poors\u00e2\u0080\u0099 rate, c.\\nPopulation in 1841, England and Wales 15,906,731 Ireland, 8,174.568 Scotland,\\n2,620,216. Annual value of property rated to the poors\u00e2\u0080\u0099 rate in England, \u00c2\u00a367,320,087\\nin Ireland, \u00c2\u00a313,187,421 in Scotland, \u00c2\u00a39,320,784. Expenditure for the relief and\\nmaintenance of the poor for the year ended Lady-day, 1848, in England, \u00c2\u00a36,180,765;\\nin Ireland, \u00c2\u00a31,216,679; in Scotland, \u00c2\u00a3541.334. Total number of paupers relieved,\\nincluding casual poor, 1,176,541 in England 1,457,194 in Ireland: 227,647 in Scotland*\\n1 roportion per cent., of number of paupers relieved to population in England, 11-8;\\nin Ireland, 17-8; in Scotland, 8-6. Rate per head of expenditure, or total number of\\npaupers relieved, \u00c2\u00a33 5s. 10\u00c2\u00a3d., in England; 16s- 8*d. in Ireland and \u00c2\u00a32 7s. 9\u00c2\u00a3d. iu", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT PACTS\\n85\\nAnnual Value of Heal Property assessed to the Property and\\nIncome Tax for the Year ended 5th of April, 1843.\\nEngland.\\nScotland.\\nTOTAL.\\nLand\\nHouses\\nTithes\\nManors\\nFines\\nQuarries\\nMines\\nIron Works\\nFisheries\\nCanals\\nRailways\\nOther Property.\\n40,167,088\\n35,556,400\\n1,960,330\\n152,217\\n319,140\\n207,009\\n1,903,794\\n412,022\\n11,105\\n1,229,202\\n2,417,610\\n1,466,816\\n5,586,528\\n2,919,338\\n902\\n33,474\\n177,593\\n147,413\\n47,810\\n77,891\\n181,333\\n309,480\\n45,753,616\\n38,475,738\\n1,960,330\\n152,217\\n320,042\\n240,483\\n2,081,337\\n559,435\\n58,915\\n1,307,093\\n2,598,943\\n1,776,296\\n85.802,735\\n9,481,762\\n95,284,497\\nThe value estimated at 25 years\u00e2\u0080\u0099 purchase of the real pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nperty in Great Britain, in 1842, is thus shown to amount to\\n\u00c2\u00a32,382,112,425; estates yielding less than \u00c2\u00a3150. per annum\\nbeing excluded.\\nProportion of Duties and Taxes to each Individual in the\\nUnited Kingdom, at the following periods.\\nYear.\\nPopulation of\\nUnited Kingdom.\\nAmount of\\nDuties Taxes.\\nAmount per head\\nto the population.\\ns.\\nd.\\n1801\\n18,338,102\\n34,113,146\\n2\\n1\\n9\\n1811\\n18,547,720\\n65,173,545\\n3\\n10\\n3\\n1821\\n21,193,458\\n55,834,192\\n2\\n12\\n8\\n1831\\n24,271,763\\n55,788,124\\n2\\n6\\n5\\n1841\\n26,711,649\\n51,911,588\\n1\\n18\\n10\\nNUMBER OF NEWSPAPER STAMPS\\nIssued in the following years, distinguishing the stamps at 1 d. from\\nthose at fyd.\\nENGLAND AND WALES.\\nSCOTLAND.\\nIRELAND.\\n1843\\n1844\\n1845\\n1846\\n1847\\n1848\\n1849\\n1 d.\\n50,088,175\\n51,612,195\\n54,084,761\\n59,651,024\\n64,452,389\\n64,138,660\\n67.476,768\\n%d.\\n1,481,524\\n1,956,832\\n3,724,378\\n10,382,491\\n9,110,420\\n8,197,467\\n8,704,064\\nId.\\n5,540,424\\n5,831,671\\n6,050,465\\n6, 450,529\\n6,885,306\\n7,421,032\\n7,497,064\\nu.\\n440,400\\n257,150\\n325,620\\n508,750\\n310,671\\n238,175\\n176,854\\nId.\\n6,063,908\\n6,452,072\\n6,769,067\\n6,921,888\\n6,960,440\\n6,574,607\\n7,028,956\\nM.\\n35,750\\n142,580\\n249,550\\n235,178\\n131,925\\n57,510;\\n44.7021\\nn", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86\\nIMPORTANT FACTS,\\nGOVERNMENTS.\\n1. An hereditary or elected line of chiefs \u00e2\u0080\u0094This kind of government is\\nusually found among savage and wandering tribes it exists throughout\\nthe islands of the Pacific among the independent North American\\nIndians, and in a great part of Africa, and the southern portion of South\\nAmerica.\\n2. A Monarchy without Laws \u00e2\u0080\u0094One man, under the name of king, em\u00c2\u00ac\\nperor, or sultan, not only rules his people without control, but has\\nalmost unlimited power over their lives and property. This kind of\\ngovernment prevails in China, Japan, and Farther India; as also in\\nHindostan, Persia, Turkey, Arabia, and North Africa, in Guinea and\\nSoudan, and Paraguay.\\n3. An Absolute Monarchy, with Laws \u00e2\u0080\u0094This kind of government is\\nattended with less power over life and property, and is more humanely\\nconducted; it prevails in civilized nations, as Russia, Austria, Prussia,\\nItaly, and Sardinia.\\n4. A Limited Monarchy \u00e2\u0080\u0094In this kind of government the power of the\\nsupreme ruler is checked by a deliberative body, composed either of\\npeers, or of deputies from the people, or of both together; it prevails\\nin England, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden,\\nGreece, and Brazil.\\n5. The Republican Form of Government \u00e2\u0080\u0094This consists solely of a\\nbody deputed by the people; it is established in France, Switzerland,\\nthe Ionian Isles, the United States of America, Mexico, Guatemala,\\nand the whole of South America, excepting Brazil, Paraguay Patagonia.\\nCHRONOLOGY OF BRITISH PREMIERS, FROM 1754.\\nAppointed.\\nTime in Office.\\n1754\\nApril 5\\nDuke of Newcastle\\nYrs.\\n8\\nBays.\\n3\\n1762\\nMay 29\\nEarl of Bute\\n322\\n1763\\nApril 16\\nG. Grenville\\n2\\n87\\n1765\\nJuly 12\\nMarquis of Rockingham\\n1\\n21\\n1766\\nAug. 2\\nDuke of Grafton\\n3\\n179\\n1770\\nJan. 28\\nLord N orth\\n_\\n12\\n34\\n1782\\nMar. 3\\nMarquis of Rockingham\\n132\\n1782\\nJuly 13\\nEarl of Shelburne\\n266\\n1783\\nApril 5\\nDuke of Portland\\n260\\n1783\\nDec. 27\\nWilliam Pitt\\n17\\n80\\n1801\\nMar 17\\nLord Sidmouth\\n3\\n56\\n1804\\nMay 12\\nWilliam Pitt\\n1\\n241\\n1806\\nJan 8\\nLord Grenville\\n1\\n64\\n1807\\nMar 13\\nDuke of Portland\\n3\\n102\\n1810\\nJune 23\\nSpencer Percival\\n1\\n_\\n350\\n1812\\nJune 8\\nEarl of Liverpool\\n14\\n307\\n1827\\nApril 11\\nGeorge Canning\\n121\\n1827\\nAug 10\\nLord Goderich\\na.\\n168\\n1828\\nJan 25\\nDuke of Wellington\\n2\\n301\\n1830\\nNov 22\\nEarl Grey\\n3\\n_\\n231\\n1834\\nJ uly 11\\nLord Melbourne\\n128\\n1834\\nNov 10\\nDuke of Wellington\\na.\\n22\\n1834\\nDec 8\\nSir Robert Peel\\n131\\n1835\\nApril 18\\nLord Melbourne\\n_\\n6\\n138\\n1841\\nSept 3\\nSir Robert Peel\\n4\\n97\\n1845\\nDec 10\\nLord John Russell\\na.\\n10\\n1845\\nDec 20\\nSir Robert Peel\\n188\\n1840\\nJune 20\\nLord John Russell", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL\\nPRODUCTIONS,\\nWITH THE NAMES OF THE COUNTRIES PRODUCING THEM\\nALSO,\\nTHINGS IN DAILY USE.\\nAGATES \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, the East Indies, Si\\nberia, ami several parts of Europe, hut\\nchiefly Iceland, Saxony, and Tuscany.\\nAlabaster \u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, Italy, France, Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, America.\\nAlkanet Root \u00e2\u0080\u0094imported from the Le\u00c2\u00ac\\nvant, or the neighbourhood of Montpelier\\nin France; also from Siberia and Spain.\\nAlligatoi \u00e2\u0080\u0094North America, South Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica, and the northernmost parts of Africa.\\nAllspice \u00e2\u0080\u0094see Pimento.\\nAlmonds \u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, France, Italy, the Le\u00c2\u00ac\\nvant, Arabia, Asia, Africa. Indigenous to\\nGreece, and also the Barbary States.\\nAloes \u00e2\u0080\u0094America, the West Indies. The\\nmedicinal aloes are indigenous to India,\\nAfrica, and Italy.\\nAloes Wood. \u00e2\u0080\u0094the produce of a large forest\\ntree growing in most of the countries be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween China and India.\\nAlum \u00e2\u0080\u0094fossil salt\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Levant and Italy.\\nAmber\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in mines in Prussia, near the\\ngea-coast; on the shores of Sicily and the\\nAdriatic; on the southern shores of the\\nBaltic, and the eastern shores of England\\nMexico.\\nAmbergris\u00e2\u0080\u0094 this is obtained from tile Ca\u00c2\u00ac\\nchalot\u00e2\u0080\u0094see Spermaceti.\\nAmethyst\u00e2\u0080\u0094o precious stone of a violet co\u00c2\u00ac\\nlour\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sweden, Bohemia, Saxony, and\\nother parts of Europe; Siberia, India\\n(Ceylon), Mexico, and Brazil.\\nA m ianthns\u00e2\u0080\u0094 see Asbestos.\\nAmmoniacum (a resinous juice obtained\\nfrom a plant resembling fennel)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa,\\nArabia, Persia, anti India.\\nAnanas\u00e2\u0080\u0094see. Tine-apple.\\nAnchovy \u00e2\u0080\u0094the Mediterranean (chiefly oft\\nGorgona); off the coasts of Spain, France,\\nand Italy; and occasionally oft those ol\\nEngland.\\nAnise-seeds \u00e2\u0080\u0094Egypt, to which they are\\nindigenous Syria, and other eastern coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntries Spain, and Malta.\\nAnt bear \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Brazil, Gui\u00c2\u00ac\\nana), East Indies, and Cape of Good\\nHope\\nAntelope\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Europe, Asia, Africa, Arabia.\\nApes \u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia (the East Indies), and Africa.\\nAqua-fortis \u00e2\u0080\u0094a liquor made of saltpetre\\nand vitriol.\\nAreca, or Betel-nnt (an aroinatir fruit,\\nthe prod uce of tile palm tree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094East indies,\\nChina, c.\\nArmadillo\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mexico, nnd South America.\\nArnotto (a vegetable red dye)\u00e2\u0080\u0094South\\nAmerica, East Indies, West Indies.\\nArrack (a spirituous liquor)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Batavia,\\nfrom lice; Goa, from the juice of the co\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoa-tree.\\nArrow-root\u00e2\u0080\u0094 East Indies, South Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica, West Indies.\\nArsenic \u00e2\u0080\u0094Great Britain, Saxony, Bohe\u00c2\u00ac\\nmia, Hungary, Mexico, 8cc.\\nAsafxtida t a kind of gmn) Persia.\\nAsbestos (an incombustible kind of earth)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Ural, and some other European\\nmountains; Swedish Lapland, Caudia,\\nChina.\\nAsphallnm (a friable kind of bitumen)\\nthe Dead Sea, many parts of Europe and\\nAmerica, the Island of Trinidad, c.\\nBABOOXS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Asia (Borneo and the Phi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlippine Islands), and the hot parts of\\nAfrica.\\nBamboo Cane\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the East Indies, China,\\nWest Indies, and America.\\nBanana (a species of plantain) Egypt;\\nthe West Indies, and other tropical coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntries.\\nBarilla (an alkaline salt, used in making\\nglass)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, Egypt, Hungary, See.\\nBdellium (a semi-pellucid gum resin)\\nPersia and Arabia.\\nBear \u00e2\u0080\u0094the northern parts of Europe\\nAsia, Arabia, Egypt, Barbary, Japan, Cey\u00c2\u00ac\\nlon, North America, Peru.\\nBeacei \u00e2\u0080\u0094the north of Europe. Asia, and\\nAmerica.\\nBen \u00e2\u0080\u0094a fermented liquor extracted from\\nmalt and hops.\\nBell-metal \u00e2\u0080\u0094copper mixed with tin, 8cc.\\nBenzoin, or Benjamin \u00e2\u0080\u0094see Frankincense.\\nBergamot (a perfume) Bergamo in\\nItaly.\\nBeryl (a light-green gem) \u00e2\u0080\u0094Siberia;\\nHanna, on the frontiers of China; Saxony,\\nSouth of France, North America, Brazil.\\nBetel (a species of pepper vine), a shrub\\nwhose leaf is chewed\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies.\\nBezoar (a concretion found in the sto\u00c2\u00ac\\nmach of certain animals)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Persia and the\\nEast Indies.\\nBird of Paradise\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Islands of Papua\\nand L)roo.\\nBison\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Poland, Lithuania, North Ame\\nnet.", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL PRODUCTIONS\\nBlack Bear \u00e2\u0080\u0094Incfia, Afnca, America,\\nKam tscii atka.\\nBlack Eagle \u00e2\u0080\u0094Abyssinia.\\nlilack Fox\u00e2\u0080\u0094 tile north of Europe, Siberia,\\nNorth America.\\nUlnck Lend\u00e2\u0080\u0094ice Plumbago.\\n/Hack Suian \u00e2\u0080\u0094Botany Bay.\\nBaa Const act 01 \u00e2\u0080\u0094Alrica, South America,\\ni tuiia.\\nBole, or Lemnion F.arth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Isle of Lemnos,\\nArmenia, Italy, France, Silesia, and South\\nAmei ica.\\nborax or Tincal \u00e2\u0080\u0094a salt found in a erys\\ntallized state at the bottom of certain lakes\\nin Thibet, Persia, China, South America,\\nand Europe.\\nBox-wood\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Spain. Turkey.\\nBrandy \u00e2\u0080\u0094France (chiefly in Cognac and\\nNantes) also iu England, but of inferior\\nquality.\\nBrast \u00e2\u0080\u0094a compound metal made of cop\u00c2\u00ac\\nper and the calamine stone.\\nBrazil-wood\u00e2\u0080\u0094 brazil (Pernambuco), and\\nother parts of America; the East Indies.\\nBread \u00e2\u0080\u0094the flour of wheat, mixed with\\nsalt, yeast, and water.\\nBread-fruit \u00e2\u0080\u0094Olaheite, and other South-\\nSea Islands.\\nBuffalo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Asia, Africa, America.\\nbutter \u00e2\u0080\u0094a rich oily substance, made from\\ncream.\\nBurgundy ll ine \u00e2\u0080\u0094France,\\nCAJEPUT OIL \u00e2\u0080\u0094East India Island*.\\nCalabash Tree \u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies, Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica, West Indies.\\nCnlamander Hood (scarce and beautiful)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ceylon.\\nCamel\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Usbec Tartary, Siberia, Thibet,\\nChina.\\nCameteopard Africa, Sennaar, Abys\u00c2\u00ac\\nsinia, Ethiopia, and the neighbourhood of\\nthe Cape of Good Hope.\\nCamphor (a vegetable product)\u00e2\u0080\u0094China,\\nJapan, and the East Indian Isles, Borneo,\\nand Ceylon.\\nCanary Bird\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Africa, theCanary Islands,\\nItaly, and Greece.\\nCantliarides, or Spanish Fly (a kind of\\nbeetle, used in making blisters)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Spaiu,\\nItaly, and south of France.\\nCape Madeira /Fine\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Cape of Good\\nHope.\\nCapers (the buds of a plant)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the south\\nof France, Italy, the Levant.\\nCapsicum (a pepper plant)\u00e2\u0080\u0094East Indies,\\nMexico, South America, West Indies.\\nCaraivay Seeds \u00e2\u0080\u0094Essex, Kent, Suffolk.\\nCardamom Seeds \u00e2\u0080\u0094East I ndies (Malabar).\\nCarmine \u00e2\u0080\u0094a colour prepared from cochi\u00c2\u00ac\\nneal (which see).\\nCashew Nut \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America, West In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies.\\nCassada Cassava (an edible root)\u00e2\u0080\u0094South\\nAmerica and the W est ladies.\\nCassia (an aromatic bark)\u00e2\u0080\u0094China, East\\nIndies, South America, West Indies.\\nCastor Oil (from the seeds of a species of\\npalm)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies, South America,\\nwest Indies.\\nCat\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bye (a kind of gem)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ceylon, Si-\\nktris.\\nCatechu (a vegetable extract)\u00e2\u0080\u0094East In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies (Bombay, Bengal).\\nCaviare (a food made from the roes of\\nsturgeon)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Russia.\\nCedar \u00e2\u0080\u0094Syria, chiefly about Mount Li\\nbauus. The red cedar, used iu making\\nblack lead pencils, is a native of North\\nAmerica, the West Indies, and Japan.\\nCayenne Pepper East Indies, South\\nAmerica, West Indies.\\nChameleon \u00e2\u0080\u0094Egypt and Barbary, India,\\nMexico, Guiana.\\nChamois (toot \u00e2\u0080\u0094the Alps and the Pyrenees.\\nChampagne tVine \u00e2\u0080\u0094France.\\nCharcoal \u00e2\u0080\u0094wood half burned.\\nCheese \u00e2\u0080\u0094food made from milk curds.\\nChesnuts \u00e2\u0080\u0094Italy, France, Spain, Portugal.\\nChiccory, or Succory (often largely sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstituted for coffee)\u00e2\u0080\u0094indigenous in England\\nand most parts of Europe.\\nChigoe or Chigger (a species of flea that\\nbreeds under the skin)\u00e2\u0080\u0094South America.\\nChinchilla (fur)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Chili,\\nChocolate (cacao)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mexico, South Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica, West indies.\\nChrysolite \u00e2\u0080\u0094a precious stone of a dusky\\ngreen colour, with a cast of yellow.\\nCliunam \u00e2\u0080\u0094the name given in India to\\nburnt shells, and employed in the compo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsition of Betel.\\nCider \u00e2\u0080\u0094a pleasant drink prepared from\\napples.\\nCinnabar (a red paint)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Palatinate of\\nGermany, lndria iu Bohemia, and Alma-\\nden iu Spain.\\nCinnamon (the bark of c tree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East\\nIndies (chiefly Ceylon), Cocniu China,\\nand South America.\\nCitron \u00e2\u0080\u0094Europe (Genoa, Florence, fkc.),\\nAsia, West Indies.\\nCivet (an animal perfume)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa (coast\\nof Guinea), India, Brazils.\\nClaret IVi ne\u00e2\u0080\u0094the neighbourhood of the\\nGaronne, on the western coast of France.\\nCloves (the blossom buds of the clove\\ntree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Molucca Islands (chiefly Am-\\nboyna); the Isles of France and Bourbon\\nSouth America (Cayenne).\\nCocculus I adieus, or Indian Berry \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cey\u00c2\u00ac\\nlon. It is poisonous and intoxicating.\\nCochineal (an insect used iu dyeiug and\\nainting)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies, Mexico, South\\nmerica.\\nCockatoo \u00e2\u0080\u0094East Indies, and the islandso(\\nthe Indian Ocean; Banda, Ceram, the\\nPhilippines, and Sunda Isles.\\nCocoa, or Cacao (the herry of a tree, em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed in the manufacture of chocolate)\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nVest Indies and South America.\\nCocoa-nut the East Indies, Arabia,\\nAfrica, South America, W est Indies.\\nCock-roach (a kind of beutle)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia,\\nAmerica, West Indies.\\nCoffee (the roasted berry of a tree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ara\\nbia (Mocha), East Indies, West Indies.\\nCondor (a large bird of prey)\u00e2\u0080\u0094South\\nAmerica.\\nConstantin ff inc\u00e2\u0080\u0094Constantia Farm, at\\nthe Cape of Good Hope.\\nCopaiva Balsam \u00e2\u0080\u0094S. America, W. Indies.\\nCopal (a kind of resin)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Alrica (Guiana)\\naud America.", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL PRODUCTIONS\\nLotus (a species of vrater lily)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the hot\\nparts of Africa, East Indies, America.\\nLynx (a species of cat)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the north of\\nEurope, Asia, and America.\\nMACCA RONl \u00e2\u0080\u0094Italy, Sicily, Germany.\\nMaccaroni is the same substance as vermi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncelli, ouly that the latter is made into\\nsmaller tubes.\\nMacaw \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America, West Indies.\\nMace (a thin membranous substance en\u00c2\u00ac\\nveloping the nutmeg)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Banda Isles.\\nMadder (a root used in dyeing)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nsouth of Europe, Holland, England.\\nMadeira IVine \u00e2\u0080\u0094the Island of Madeira.\\nMagnet \u00e2\u0080\u0094see Loadstone.\\nMahogany \u00e2\u0080\u0094Jamaica (the best), Cuba,\\nHayti, the Bahama Islands, Houduras,\\nPanama, South America.\\nMaize \u00e2\u0080\u0094America (particularly Mexico),\\nand other warm climates; Italy, Germany.\\nMalmsey Wine Malvesia, one of the\\nGrecian Islands.\\nMalt \u00e2\u0080\u0094barley steeped in water aud dried\\nby fire.\\nManganese (a species of calcareous earth)\\nSweden, Germany, France, England\\n(Devonshire and Somersetshire).\\nMangel Wurzel or Field Beet \u00e2\u0080\u0094France,\\nGermany, Switzerland, and Great Britain.\\nMangrove (a tree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia, Africa, and\\nSouth America, between the tropics.\\nManna (a vegetable product)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the S. of\\nEurope, particularly Sicily and Calabria.\\nMaple-Sugar \u00e2\u0080\u0094Europe and North Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica.\\nMarble \u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, France, Italy, Sweden,\\nNorway, the Island of Paros, England\\n(Devonshire and Derbyshire), Scotland,\\nSee. The statuary marble is from Paros\\nand Carrara.\\nMastic (a kind of resin)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Island of\\nScio, the Levant.\\nMedlars \u00e2\u0080\u0094Europe and Asia.\\nMolasses \u00e2\u0080\u0094the West Indies.\\nMelons \u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia, the south of Europe,\\nEgypt, Arabia, America, West Indies.\\nMercury\u00e2\u0080\u0094 see Quicksilver.\\nMica (a kind of argillaceous earth)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Si\u00c2\u00ac\\nberia, Bengal, Malabar, Russia, Finland,\\nSweden, Saxony, See.\\nMillet Seed \u00e2\u0080\u0094the south of Europe, Africa,\\nthe East Indies.\\nMocho S tone \u00e2\u0080\u0094the East (the most valu\u00c2\u00ac\\nable), Iceland, the Palatinate of the Rhine,\\nand other parts of Europe.\\nA/oney-metal coined for the purposes of\\ncommerce.\\nMonkeys \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America, and the hot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntest regions of Asia and Africa.\\nMorocco Leather \u00e2\u0080\u0094the Levant, Barbary,\\nSpain, France, Flanders.\\nMorse \u00e2\u0080\u0094see Walrus.\\nMortar \u00e2\u0080\u0094a cement made of lime, hair,\\nand water.\\nMosquitoes (a species of gnat) the hot\\nparts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica.\\nMother-of-Pearl (the lining of the pearl-\\nmussePs shell)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Red Sea, East indies,\\nAmerica.\\nMountain Wine \u00e2\u0080\u0094Malaga.\\nr Mulberry \u00e2\u0080\u0094Italy (black), China (white),\\nVirginia (red), the F.nst Indies, Japan,\\nSiberia, Russia, East Florida.\\nMunjeet (a species of madder) East\\nIndies.\\nMuscadel Wine Languedoc, in France.\\nMtisk (an auimal odoriferous substance\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Siberia, Persia, Thibet, 1 oiiquin,Cochin\\nChina.\\nMusk Or\u00e2\u0080\u0094North America.\\nMyrrh (a gum resin)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the coast of the\\nRed Sea, (Arabia, Abyssinia, c.)\\nNAPHTHA (a highly inflammable fluid\\nbitumen)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Baku, on the shore of the Cas\u00c2\u00ac\\npian Sea, Persia, Media, Tartary, China,\\nItaly, Peru.\\nNatron (soda) Denmark, Hungary,\\nSwitzerland, Egypt, China, Bengal, Per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsia, Syria, South America.\\nNautilus Argonaut a \u00e2\u0080\u0094the Mediterranean,\\nAfrican, and Indian Seas.\\nNicaragua, or Peach-wood (used in dye\u00c2\u00ac\\ning) South America, near the lake of\\nNicaragua.\\nNitre (a neutral salt, the chief ingre\u00c2\u00ac\\ndient in gunpowder) Spain, France,\\nNaples, Egypt, the East ludies, South\\nAmerica, Cic.\\nNut-galls \u00e2\u0080\u0094Plants brought from Aleppo,\\nin the Levant.\\nNutmegs (the kernels of a large fruiO\\nthe Molucca Islands, Sumatra, Penang,\\nSouth America (Cayenne).\\nAm Vomica (a fruit of the size of an\\norange, aud a virulent poison) \u00e2\u0080\u0094East\\nindies.\\nOLIVES Portugal, Spain, France,\\n(Provence), Italy, Northern Africa, Mex\u00c2\u00ac\\nico.\\nOnyx\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies, Siberia, Bohe\u00c2\u00ac\\nmia, Saxony, Portugal.\\nOpium (a concreted juice, obtained from\\na species ol poppy) Arabia, Persia, aud\\nother warm regious of Asia especially the\\nEast Indies.\\nOpoponax (a gum resin)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia Minor.\\nOpossum \u00e2\u0080\u0094America.\\nOrang-Outang\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Africa.\\nOranges Spain, Majorca, Portugal,\\nItaly, Genoa, Nice, the Azores (St. Mi\u00c2\u00ac\\nchael), America, West ludies. Oranges\\nfor wine, from Seville, in Spain.\\nOrchilla IVeed, or Archil (furnishing\\npurple dye) Canary Islands, Madeira,\\nBarbary, and the Levant.\\nOrpimenl (yellow arsenic) Hungary,\\nGeorgia,Turkey.the Levant,Great Britain.\\nOrris-root \u00e2\u0080\u0094Italy, and other parts of the\\nsouth of Europe.\\nOstrich\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the torrid regions of Asia and\\nAfrica, South America.\\nOtlar of Roses \u00e2\u0080\u0094Arabia, Persia, Turkey,\\nEast Indies.\\nOunce the torrid parts of Africa, and\\nAsia.\\nPALM-OIL TREE \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America.\\nPuper \u00e2\u0080\u0094Linen rags, c. beaten to a pulp\\nin water, and subsequently pressed through\\na machine.", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL PRODUCTIONS.\\nPanther Africa, and the hot parts of\\nAsia.\\nPapyrus (a plantwhich formed thepaper\\nof early times)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Egypt, Abyssinia, Ethi\u00c2\u00ac\\nopia, Syria, Sicily, Madagascar.\\nParchment \u00e2\u0080\u0094the inner skins of sheep or\\ngoats.\\nParrots, Parroquets Africa, East In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies, South America, West Indies.\\nPearls \u00e2\u0080\u0094(a gem produced hy a species of\\nOyster or mussel)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Arabia, Persia, the East\\nIndies (Ceylon), America, (the Gulfs of\\nMexico and California, c.)\\nPearl-ashes \u00e2\u0080\u0094America.\\nPelican \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Guiana), all\\nthe warm latitudes of the old and new Con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinents, the lakes of Judaea and Egypt, and\\nthe rivers Nile and Strymon.\\nPenguin \u00e2\u0080\u0094the South Sea Islands.Europe,\\nAmerica.\\nPepper (the produce of a shrub)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nEast Indies, America, West Indies, Cape\\nof Good Hope.\\nPeruvian Bark \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Peru\\nand Quito).\\nPetrolium (rock-oil)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies,\\nPersia, Media, Siberia, France, England,\\nGermany, Spain, Italy.\\nPewtei \u00e2\u0080\u0094a mixture of brass, lead, and\\ntin.\\nPimento, Allspice, or Jamaica Pepper\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe West Indies, particularly Jamaica.\\nPine Apple Mexico, South America,\\nthe hot parts of Africa, India, Jamaica,\\nti.C.\\nPitch (tar boiled to a state of dryness)\\nSweden and Norway.\\nPlantain (a fruit)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, South Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica, est 1 ndies.\\nPlatina South America (near Quito,\\nSanta Fe, and Choco).\\nPlumbago {n well-known mineral)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland (Cumberland), and several countries\\non the Continent, America.\\nPomegianate \u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, Italy, Northern\\nAfrica, the West Indies, and other hot cli\u00c2\u00ac\\nmates.\\nPorcupine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Spain, Italy, India, Persia,\\nSouth 1 artary, Africa, South America.\\nPorphyry \u00e2\u0080\u0094Egypt, Italy, Germany, and\\nother parts of the Continent.\\nPort Wine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Oporto, in Portugal.\\nPotash \u00e2\u0080\u0094Russia.\\n/\u00e2\u0080\u0099nines and Prunellas France (the\\nneighboui hood of Marseilles).\\nPtarmigan (white grouse)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainous parts of Europe and Siberia.\\nPumice Stone \u00e2\u0080\u0094the neighbourhood of Ve\u00c2\u00ac\\nsuvius, and other volcanoes.\\nPumpkin \u00e2\u0080\u0094Europe (Germany), America.\\nPutchock (a root which when burnt\\nyields a fragrant smoke) China and\\nIndia.\\nPurzolano )a cementitious earth)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Italy\\n(about Naples and Rome).\\nQUAGGA (a quadruped of the horse\\nspecies)\u00e2\u0080\u0094South America.\\nQuassia (the root, hark, and wood of a\\ntree) South America (especially Suri\u00c2\u00ac\\nnam), and the West Indies.\\nQuicksilver Ionia Hungary, Spain,\\nItaly, East Indies, North and South Arne\\nrica.\\nRACCOON (a species of badger)\\nNorth America, Jamaica.\\nRaisins\u00e2\u0080\u0094{jar and of the sun) Spain and\\nTurkey, {Malaga r.) Spain, (Smyrna r.)\\nAsia Minor.\\nRattan Cane\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the East India Islands.\\nRattlesnake\u00e2\u0080\u0094 America.\\nRein Deer \u00e2\u0080\u0094Lapland, British America,\\nGreenland.\\nResin (the residue from the distillation\\nof the oil of turpentine)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sweden and Nor\u00c2\u00ac\\nway.\\nRhenish Wine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the hanks of the Rhine.\\nRliinoceros\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Africa, East Indies (Ben\u00c2\u00ac\\ngal, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon).\\nRhubarb (the root of a tree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Asiatic\\nTurkey, Russia, China, Persia, lanary,\\nthe East Indies.\\nRice \u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia (East Indies and China),\\nEgypt, and the North ot Africa, America,\\n(the best from Carolina), Spain, Italy,\\nTurkey.\\nRock Salt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 England (Cheshire), Italy,\\nPoland, America.\\nRose-wood Jamaica, the Canary Is\u00c2\u00ac\\nlands.\\nRosin \u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u0099Turpentine reduced hy distilla\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to a dry stale.\\nRota H ine \u00e2\u0080\u0094Rota, in Spain.\\nRuby (a red sparkling getn) \u00e2\u0080\u0094the East\\nIndies (Ceylon), Peru, Brazil.\\nRum \u00e2\u0080\u0094Jamaica, and other West India\\nIslands.\\nSABLE (a species of ferret)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Siberia,\\nKamtschatka, and the northern parts of\\nEurope and America.\\nSafflower, or Bastard Saffron India,\\nEgypt, America, and south of Europe.\\nSaffron (the root of a plant used m me\u00c2\u00ac\\ndicine. and the arts)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Egypt, England,\\nFrance, and Spain.\\nSagapenum (a concrete gunt-resin)\\nSmyrna.\\nSago (a fecula obtained from the pith of\\na species of palm)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, Malabar, and\\nthe East Indian Islands.\\nSol Ammoniac\u00e2\u0080\u0094India, Persia, Isle of\\nBourbon, Egypt, the neighbourhood of\\nP^tna, Vesuvius, Ilecla, and other volca\u00c2\u00ac\\nnoes, the Lipari Islands, Sic.\\nSalep (a larinaceous powder, from the\\nroot of a species of oclnr)\u00e2\u0080\u0094lurkeyaud\\nthe Levant.\\nSaltpetre (a nitre or salt extracted from\\nearths)\u00e2\u0080\u0094see Nitre.\\nSandal Hood \u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies (Malabar,\\nTimor).\\nSandaracli (the gum-resin of which\\npounce is made)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the south of Europe.\\nSapi hire (a beautiful sky-coloured pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncious stone) Brazil, the East Indies,\\nPersia, Bohemia, France.\\nSardonyx\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 eeland, the Feroe Islands,\\nBohemia, Saxony, Ceylon.\\nSarsaparilla (the root of a plant)\\nNorth America.\\nSassafras (the root, wood, and bark of a\\ntree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094North America.", "height": "2618", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL PRODUCTIONS\\nCopper \u00e2\u0080\u0094Anglesea ami Cornwall, Swe\u00c2\u00ac\\nden, Norway, Iceland, and the Feroe\\nIslands, and various parts of the Conti-\\nnent; China and Japan, Southern Africa, i\\nNorth America, Peru, and Chili.\\nCopperas \u00e2\u0080\u0094a metallic salt, formed by the I\\naction of sulphuric acid on iron.\\nCoral (a marine animal production)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the J\\nMediterranean (about Sicily, Majorca, and\\nMinorca) the Red Sea; oif the coast of\\nAfrica in the South Seas, See.\\nCoral Snake\u00e2\u0080\u0094 America.\\nCoriander Seeds \u00e2\u0080\u0094the South of Europe\\nEngland (Kent, Essex, and other parts).\\nCork (the bark of a tree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Portugal,\\nSpain, and other parts in the South of Eu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrope Sicily (on Mount Etna), and the\\nshores of the Mediterranean.\\nCornelian,or Cornelian (a precious stone,\\nof which there are three colours, red, yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow, and white)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies, Arabia,\\nEgypt, various parts of l.urope, and seve\u00c2\u00ac\\nral of the British shores.\\nColton \u00e2\u0080\u0094the Levant, Egypt, the East In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies, North and South America, West In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies. The finest from Bengal, and the\\ncoast of Coromandel.\\nCrabs\u00e2\u0080\u0099-eyes (a cerebral concretion in a\\nkind of crab-fish)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the river Don, in Russia.\\nCranberries, or Red Whortleberries\\nRussia, North America, New South Wales,\\nand parts of Scotland and England.\\nCrocodile \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa (the rivers Nile and\\nSenegal, and all the rivers of Guinea); In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndia (the Gauges).\\nCrystal (a kind of gem)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Madagascar,\\nSouth America (Brazil, Guiana), Norway,\\nthe Alps, Scotland.\\nCurrants \u00e2\u0080\u0094the islands of the Grecian\\nArchipelago, particularly Zaute and Ce-\\nphalonia.\\nCypress \u00e2\u0080\u0094the East of Europe, the Le\u00c2\u00ac\\nvant, Asia, America.\\nDATES \u00e2\u0080\u0094Egypt, the African coast ofthe\\nMediterranean, Arabia, the East Indies,\\nPersia, Spam and Italy.\\nDeals \u00e2\u0080\u0094Norway, and other northern parts\\nof Flu rope.\\nDiamonds (the hardest and most valu\u00c2\u00ac\\nable precious stone)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies (Gol-\\nconda, Raolcouda, BnViieo), Mexico,\\nBrazil.\\nDolphin \u00e2\u0080\u0094the European and Pacific Seas.\\nDragon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s lilood (a kind of resin)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Japan,\\nCochin China, Java, and other parts of\\nthe East.\\nDromedary \u00e2\u0080\u0094the deserts of Arabia and\\nother parts of Asia and of Af rica.\\nEBONY-WOOD the East Indies,\\n(chiefly Ceylon), and W est Indies.\\nEdible Bird-nests \u00e2\u0080\u0094Sumatra, Cap-and-\\nbutton Isles, China.\\nEider down (from the Eider duck)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nnorth of Europe (chiefly Iceland), Asia,\\nAmerica.\\nElephant \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa and the East Indies.\\nThe most esteemed are those of Ceylon.\\nEllc or HI nose Dee i\u00e2\u0080\u0094North America,\\nsome parts of Europe, and Asia, as far\\nsouth as Japan.\\nEmerald (a beautiful green stone)\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nEgypt and Ethiopia, Russia, the coniines\\nof Persia, Mexico, Peru\\nEmery (a mineral used in polishing steel,\\nc.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094the Levant,Naxos,and other Grecian\\nislands, Germany, Guernsey, Spain, Italy.\\nErmine (a species of ferret)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Norway,\\nLapland, Finland, North America, Si\u00c2\u00ac\\nberia, China.\\nEslrich, or Eslridge (the fine soft down\\nof tile ostrich)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Levant, Italy, c.\\nEuphorbium (a concrete gum-resin)\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAfrica.\\nFAN BAL If\u00e2\u0080\u0094the south of Europe, the\\nEast Indies (Malabar and Ceylon), Japan,\\nCochin China.\\nFigs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Italy, the I.evant, Turkey, the\\nGrecian islands, Portugal, Spain, the\\nsouth of France.\\nFire-fly \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Guiana), In\\ndia, Japan.\\nFitchet (a species of weasel)\u00e2\u0080\u0094India,\\nNew South Wales.\\nFlamingo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Africa, South America, West\\nIndies.\\nFlax \u00e2\u0080\u0094a beautiful plant, with slender\\nstalks, small leaves, and blue blossoms,\\ncultivated in rich grounds in every quarter\\nof the globe.\\nFlying Fish \u00e2\u0080\u0094inhabits tile European and\\nAmerican seas, also the Red Sea, but is\\nfound chiefly between the tropics.\\nFlying Squirrel \u00e2\u0080\u0094North America.\\nFrankincense (a kind of gum)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Arabia.\\nFrench Pimm \u00e2\u0080\u0094chiefly from Bordeaux.\\nFrontignac Wine \u00e2\u0080\u0094Languedoc in France.\\nFuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Earth \u00e2\u0080\u0094Sweden, Saxony, Portu\u00c2\u00ac\\ngal, England (Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Bed\u00c2\u00ac\\nford the finest and most plentiful at\\nWavedon, near Woburn\\nGALBANUM (a species of gum resin)\\nCape of Good Hope, Syria, Persia.\\nGalls (a vegetable excrescence)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia\\nMinor and Syria; the best from Aleppo.\\nGamboge (a resinous gum)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Toiiqutn,\\nthe East Indies.\\nGarnet (a precious stone of a deep red\\ncolour)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Bohemia, and other parts of Eu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrope, Madagascar, Ethiopia, India, Syria.\\nGas \u00e2\u0080\u0094inflammable air produced from\\ncoal.\\nGazelle \u00e2\u0080\u0094India, Persia, Egypt, Ethiopia.\\nGentian (a hitter root)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Alps, and\\nother mountainous parts of the Continent.\\nGin \u00e2\u0080\u0094originally at Schiedam, a village\\nnear Rotterdam, in Holland, and hence\\nvulgarly called \u00e2\u0080\u009cHollands.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Common Gin,\\na deleterious mixture, made in great quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntities in England.\\nGinger tan aromatic root)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East\\nindies (near Calicut), W est Indies, Abys\u00c2\u00ac\\nsinia, coasts of Guinea.\\nGinseng \u00e2\u0080\u0094China, Tartary, N. America.\\nGiraffe \u00e2\u0080\u0094see Cameteopard,\\nGlass \u00e2\u0080\u0094a transparent substance produced\\nfrom sand, flints, and alkaline salts.\\nGlue \u00e2\u0080\u0094the sinews and feet of animals\\nboiled down to a strong jelly.\\nGnu (a species of antelope)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa (th#\\nplains behind the Capa of Good Hope),", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL PRODUCTIONS.\\nGolf/\u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia (Arabia, India, Java, Suma- I\\ntra, Pegu, China, Japan, Siberia Africa, j\\nMexico, Brazil, Peru, Chili.\\nHolden Logie \u00e2\u0080\u0094Europe, Siberia, Abys\u00c2\u00ac\\nsinia.\\nGulden Pheasant \u00e2\u0080\u0094China.\\nGomuti (a valuable product resembling\\nblack horsehair, found in a species of\\npalm)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Amboyna, Java, c.\\nGourd \u00e2\u0080\u0094India,America, south of Europe.\\nGvapes \u00e2\u0080\u0094France, Portugal, c., in great\\nperfection not so in England and other\\nless genial climates.\\nGuano (a species of manure, supposed to\\nbe the excrements of sea-birds, found in\\nprodigious swarms along the Columbian\\nand Bolivian shores)\u00e2\u0080\u0094South America.\\nGuava (a fruit)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the West Indies.\\nGuiacum \u00e2\u0080\u0094the resin of the lignum-vit\\ntree\u00e2\u0080\u0094which see.\\nGuinea Fowl \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa.\\nGum Arabic \u00e2\u0080\u0094Egypt, Barbary, Turkey,\\nPersian Gulf.\\nGum-lac \u00e2\u0080\u0094the produce of an insect in\\nAssam.\\nGunpowder \u00e2\u0080\u0094a composition of saltpetre,\\nsulphur, and charcoal.\\nGutla Percha (a vegetable substance de\u00c2\u00ac\\nrived from the sap and juice of a tree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nisland of Singapore, and the forests of the\\nMalayan peninsula.\\nGypsum \u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, Italy, England, Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica.\\nHARTSHORN\u00e2\u0080\u0094the raspings are used\\nmedicinally for jelly and salts.\\nHeliotrope or Bloodstone \u00e2\u0080\u0094Siberia, Per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsia, Bukharia.\\nHemp (a plant furnishing cordage) Rus\u00c2\u00ac\\nsia, and other parts of Europe (the best\\nfrom Riga), America, the East Indies, ami\\nsome parts of England.\\nHerrings \u00e2\u0080\u0094from the highest northern\\nlatitudes to the coast of France.\\nHickory Nut \u00e2\u0080\u0094North America.\\nHippopotamus \u00e2\u0080\u0094all the lakes and consi\u00c2\u00ac\\nderable rivers in Africa.\\nHock Wine \u00e2\u0080\u0094Hoekstedt, in Suabia.\\nHops \u00e2\u0080\u0094the flower of an English plant.\\nHumming Bird \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Gui\u00c2\u00ac\\nana) and the West Indies.\\nHyamala species of wild dog)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East,\\nPersia, Africa.\\nICHNEUMON (a species of weasel)\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nEgypt, Barbary, the south of Asia, and the\\nIndian Islands.\\nIncense (a resinous perfume)\u00e2\u0080\u0094America.\\nIndian Rubber, Caoulchotic, or Elastic\\nGum (the inspissated resinous juice of a\\ntree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Guiana, and other parts of South\\nAmerica.\\nIndian Wheat \u00e2\u0080\u0094see Maize.\\nIndigo (a deep blue vegetable dye)\u00e2\u0080\u0094East\\nIndies, Africa, America, West indies.\\nInk \u00e2\u0080\u0094a liquid made of galls, copperas,\\ngum, and water.\\nIpecacuanha (a kind of root, used chiefly\\nas an emetic) \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Brazil)\\nand the West Indies.\\nIron \u00e2\u0080\u0094Sweden, Norway, Russia, Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, Scotland, North America, Africa.\\nIsinglass (fish glue)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Russia.\\nIvory \u00e2\u0080\u0094Asia (Acliem and Ceylon) and\\nAfrica (Guinea, and the Cape of Good\\nHope).\\nIvory Black\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the shavings of ivory burnt\\nin a crucible to a black powder.\\nJACK ALL (a species of wild dog)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Afri\u00c2\u00ac\\nca, and the warm parts of Asia.\\nJack Fruit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Malabar, and other parts ol\\nthe East ludies.\\nJalap ^a purgative root)\u00e2\u0080\u0094chiefly from\\nXalapa, m Mexico.\\nJasper Egypt, Siberia, Spain, Sicily,\\nHungary, Bohemia, Saxony, Silesia,\\nMexico.\\nJet various parts of Great Britain,\\nP articularly the Suffolk coast, Germany,\\nranee, Spain.\\nJuniper Berries (from which Holland\\ngiu is distilled)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sweden, Holland, Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany, the south of Europe, Asia, America.\\nKANGAROO \u00e2\u0080\u0094Australasia.\\nKelp (a substance formed of marine\\nplants, soda being the chief ingredient)\\nwas until lately manufactured in the\\nwestern islands of Scotland, but since the\\nduties on salt and barilla have been re\u00c2\u00ac\\npealed, it is no longer required.\\nKennes (an insect very similar to the\\nMexican cochineal, and which is found\\nupon the quercus ilex, a species of oak)\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSpain, France, the Levant, 8tc.\\nKino (a gum, the produce of certain\\ntrees)\u00e2\u0080\u0094East and West Indies, Africa, and\\nAustralia.\\nLAC (a vegetable substance prepared by\\nan insect)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies (Bengal), As\u00c2\u00ac\\nsam, c.\\nLantern Fly \u00e2\u0080\u0094Surinam, and other parts\\nof South America.\\nLapis Lazuli (a kind of siliceous earth)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Siberia, China, Tartary, America, ana\\nvarious parts of Europe.\\nLaudanum \u00e2\u0080\u0094a preparation from opium.\\nLead \u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, Englaud, Scotland, and\\nIreland.\\nLeather \u00e2\u0080\u0094the skins of animals tauned\\nand dressed.\\nLemons \u00e2\u0080\u0094Portugal, Spain, France, Italy*\\nthe Levant, Arabia, Jamaica, Mexico, East\\nFlorida.\\nLeopard \u00e2\u0080\u0094Senegal, Guinea, and other\\nparts of Africa.\\nLignum Fitce \u00e2\u0080\u0094the West Indies, chiefly\\nJamaica.\\nLimes \u00e2\u0080\u0094North America, West Indies.\\nLinseed Oil \u00e2\u0080\u0094made from the seeds of flax.\\nLion \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, India, Persia, Japan.\\nLlama, (a species of camel)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Peru and\\nChili.\\nLoadstone \u00e2\u0080\u0094Denmark, Sweden, Norway,\\nLapland.\\nLocust \u00e2\u0080\u0094inhabits Tartary, and migrates\\nin incredible swarms inti}, various parts\\nof Europe and Africa.\\nLogwood (bark of a tree)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Honduras and\\nthe West Indies.\\nLory (a beautiful species of parrot)\u00e2\u0080\u0094tha\\nj Molucca Islands, Java, and New Guinea.", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL PRODUCTIONS.\\nScorpion \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, India, Persia, South\\nAmerica.\\nSeal \u00e2\u0080\u0094the north of Europe, Greenland,\\nand the Arctic Sea, and the lower parts of\\nSouth America, in huth oceans.\\nSenna (the leaves of a plant)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Arabia,\\nPersia, tipper Egypt, imported from Alex\u00c2\u00ac\\nandria.\\nSen.Hire Pleint \u00e2\u0080\u0094America.\\nShaddock fa species of citron)\u00e2\u0080\u0094East In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies, \\\\1 est Indies.\\nShagreen fa grained leather prepared\\nfrom the skin of a species of shark)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstantinople, I anris, Tripoli, Algiers, and\\nsome parts of Poland.\\nShark \u00e2\u0080\u0094the Atlantic, and the seas of all\\nhot climates\\nShea or Vegetable Butler Tree \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa.\\nSherry Wine \u00e2\u0080\u0094Xcres, in Spain.\\nShumac, or Sumach (a plant used in\\ndyeing and tanning) Spain, Portugal,\\nthe Levant.\\nSilk (the woven web of a sort of cater\u00c2\u00ac\\npillar)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, the south of France, Italy,\\nthe Levant, Persia, Chiua, and the East\\nIndies.\\n_ Silvei \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, Mexico, Peru (Potosi),\\nSpain. Germany. Siberia, Sweden, Nor\u00c2\u00ac\\nway (Kouigsburg), England (in the lead\\nmines).\\nSilver Bear \u00e2\u0080\u0094the confines of Russia.\\nSize \u00e2\u0080\u0094the shreds and parings of leather\\nand parchment boiled in water.\\nSloth \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Guiana), India.\\nSmaltz, or Smalt (a beautiful deep blue\\ncolour, produced from an oxide of cohalt,\\nand of great use in the painting of porce\u00c2\u00ac\\nlain, c.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Germany, Norway.\\nSnuff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 tobacco leaves ground into pow\u00c2\u00ac\\nder.\\nSoy (a liquid condiment prepared from a\\nkind of pulse)\u00e2\u0080\u0094China and Japan.\\nSpermaceti \u00e2\u0080\u0094the produce of the cachalot,\\na large fish of the whale order, inhabiting\\nthe European seas, the coast of New Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, and Davis\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Straits.\\nSponge (a marine animal production)\\nthe Archipelago, the Mediterranean, and\\nIndian Seas.\\nSpoonbill \u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Brazil, Gui\u00c2\u00ac\\nana), Mexico. Jamaica.\\nSquill, or Sea Onion (a powerful medi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncinal plant)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Spain, and the Levant.\\nStarch \u00e2\u0080\u0094the sediment of wheat steeped in\\nwater.\\nStorax (a fragrant balsam) South of\\nEurope, and the Levant.\\nStork \u00e2\u0080\u0094Abyssinia, Arabia, Asia.\\nSturgeon \u00e2\u0080\u0094European and American seas.\\nSugar (the produce of a cane)\u00e2\u0080\u0094East\\nIndia Islands, China, West Indies.\\nSulphur\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Italy, Sicily, Naples, Spain,\\nNorway, Siberia.\\nSweet-oil \u00e2\u0080\u0094made from Indian olives.\\nSword-fish the Mediterranean, Bra\u00c2\u00ac\\nzilian, and East Indian Seas.\\nTACAMAIIAC (a fragrant balsam)\\nAmerica.\\nTalc \u00e2\u0080\u0094India, and the Tyrol in Europe.\\nTallow\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the fat of animals melted and\\npurified.\\nTamarinds Arabia, the East Indies,\\nAmerica, West (tidies\\nTapioca (a fecula from the root of the\\ncassava plant)\u00e2\u0080\u0094South America, West In\\ndies.\\nTapir\u00e2\u0080\u0094 South America.\\nTar \u00e2\u0080\u0094Rus.-ia, Sweden, Norway, France,\\nSwitzerland, America, fkc.\\nTara tula Spider South of Europe,\\nBarhary.\\nTea \u00e2\u0080\u0094China (Pekin, Canton, Nankin),\\nJapan, Tnuquiu, and Co; i i China.\\nsea,c Wood, or In lian \u00e2\u0080\u0094S-i-t Indies\\n(Malabar, Pegu), Ava, Bn ia, Siam.\\n7 \u00e2\u0080\u0098ent Wine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Malaga, in Spam.\\nTiger East Indies, China, Japan,\\nA*Tira.\\nTiger Cat\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cape of Good Hope, Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica.\\nlimber Norway (Christiana, Dron-\\ntheim), Memel in Prussia, America.\\nTin Cornwall, Devonshire, the Scilly\\nIslands, Bohemia, Saxony, Silesia, Ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nlacca, Mexico, Chili.\\nTobacco (the leaves of a plant)\u00e2\u0080\u0094North\\nAmerica (Virginia, Maryland), Peru, the\\nest Indies (Cuba).AsiaticTurkey,China,\\nPhil ippine Islands.\\nTokay Wine \u00e2\u0080\u0094Tokay in Hungary.\\nTolu Balsam (a fragrant concreted juice)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (New Grenada).\\nTopaz (a yellow gem)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, the East\\nIndies, Siberia, Russia, Bohemia, Saxony,\\nMexico, Brazil, c.\\nTortoise \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, Sardinia.\\nTortoise-shell {the shell of the hawk\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-\\nbill turtle)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East indies. South Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica.\\nToucan (a bird)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, South America\\n(Brazil, Cayenne, Guiana).\\nTragacanth (a gum)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Persia, Crete, and\\nthe islands of the Levant.\\nTrain-oil \u00e2\u0080\u0094the fat of whales.\\nTreacle (a gross fluid obtained in the\\nmanufacture of sugar)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the West Indies.\\nTripoli (a kind of mineral powder)\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAfrica, Germany.\\nTurmeric (a root used in dyeing yellow)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094the East Indies.\\nTurpentine (the resinous product of dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent species of pine, from which an es\u00c2\u00ac\\nsential oil is distilled)\u00e2\u0080\u0094North America,\\nRussia, Norway, France, Switzerland,\\nthe Pyrenees, Germany.\\nTurquoise (a mineral of a pale sky-blue\\ncolour)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Persia, Mount Caucasus, Egypt,\\nArabia, Hungary, France (Languedoc).\\nTurtle \u00e2\u0080\u0094the West Indies.\\nVAMPYRE BAT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 East Indian Islands,\\nSouth America (Guiana) Guinea, Mada\u00c2\u00ac\\ngascar, New Holland, New Hebrides,\\nFriendly Islands, New Caledonia.\\nVanilla (a plant whose aromatic pods\\nare used in the manufacture of chocolate)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094South America (Guiana), West Indies.\\nVerdigris \u00e2\u0080\u0094a copperas substance.\\nVermicelli \u00e2\u0080\u0094see Maccaroni.\\nVicuna (a species of camel)\u00e2\u0080\u0094South Ame\u00c2\u00ac\\nrica.\\nVinegar wine, beer, or cider, mads\\nsour, and fermented in the sum", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL PRODUCTIONS.\\nVine \u00e2\u0080\u0094South Europe, Canary Islands,\\nAfrica, North America to latitude 40\u00c2\u00b0,\\nBrazil.\\nVitriol \u00e2\u0080\u0094a fossil salt; a mixture of cop\u00c2\u00ac\\nper with sulphuric acid.\\nVulture\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Egypt, Abyssinia, Arabia, Sy\u00c2\u00ac\\nria, Persia, S. America (Brazil, Peru,\\nGuiana), New Spain, West Indies.\\nWA FERS \u00e2\u0080\u0094a mixture of flour, whites of\\neggs, ifinglass, and a little yeast.\\nWalrus \u00e2\u0080\u0094the coast of Spitzbergen, Nova\\nZembla, Hudson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bay, the Gulf of St.\\nLawrence, and the Icy Sea.\\nWluile \u00e2\u0080\u0094Greenland, Davis\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Straits, the\\nArctic and Antarctic Seas, .c.\\nWheat \u00e2\u0080\u0094Almost every part of the tempe\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate zones. Little is grown beyond latitude\\n58\u00c2\u00b0 in Europe but on the Alps it ripens at\\na height of 3300 feet above the level of\\nthe sea.\\nWhisky (a spirit drawn from barley)\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nScotland and Ireland.\\nWhitt Ant \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, East and West In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies.\\nWhite or Polar Pear \u00e2\u0080\u0094the shores of\\nHudson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bay, Greenland, and Spitzber-\\ngen Nova Zentbla, and the coast of Si\u00c2\u00ac\\nberia.\\nWhite (pure white) Bear \u00e2\u0080\u0094Tartary.\\nWhite t,ead \u00e2\u0080\u0094common lead corroded by\\nthe steam of vinegar.\\nWild Boar \u00e2\u0080\u0094Africa, America.\\nWine (the fermented juice of grapes and\\nother fruits)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Port Douro, in Portugal.\\nSherry: Xeres, Spain. Claret: Bordeaux,\\nin France. Champagne in France. Bur\u00c2\u00ac\\ngundy: ditto. Madeira: Madeira Islands.\\nMalmsey: ditto. Teneriffe: from Tene\u00c2\u00ac\\nriffe. Marsalai Sicily. Cape: from\\nSouth Africa.\\nWolf\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Europe, Asia, Africa, America;\\nWolverine (a species of bear)\u00e2\u0080\u0094America,\\nGreenland, Hudson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bay, Canada.\\nYAMS (the edible roots of a creeping\\nplant)\u00e2\u0080\u0094America, West Indies, East In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies, Africa.\\nZEDOARY (an aromatic root)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mala\u00c2\u00ac\\nbar, Ceylon, Cochin China.\\nZebra (a species of horse, beautifully\\nstriped)\u00e2\u0080\u0094the plains of Southern Africa.\\nZaffer, or Zafre (a blue powder, similar\\nto Smoltz, which see)\\nZinc, or Spelter (a brilliant metal)\\nAmerica, China. The compounds of zinc\\nand copper are very important.\\nABBREVIATIONS, WITH THEIR EXPLANATIONS.\\nA. B. or B. A. Artium Baccalaureus, Ba\u00c2\u00ac\\nchelor of Arts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Abp. Archt ishop.\u00e2\u0080\u0094A. C.\\nAnte Christum, Before Christ.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Acet. Ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount.\u00e2\u0080\u0094A D. Anno Domini, in the Year\\nof our Lord.\u00e2\u0080\u0094A. M. Ante Meridiem, Before\\nNoon or Anno Mundi, In the Year of the\\nWorld.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Anon. Anonymous.\u00e2\u0080\u0094A. P.G. Pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nfessor of Astronomy in Gresham College.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nA. U. C- Anno Urbis Conditre, in the Year\\nof the City; i. e. the building of Rome.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nB. Bas.so, Bass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bart. Baronet.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. C.\\nBefore Christ.\u00e2\u0080\u0094B C. L Bachelor of Civil\\nLaw.\u00e2\u0080\u0094B. D. Baccalaureus Divinitatis, Ba\u00c2\u00ac\\nchelor of Divinity.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. L. Baccalaureus\\nLegum, Bachelor of Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. M. Bacca-\\nlaureus Medicines, Bachelor of Medicine.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBp. Bishop.\u00e2\u0080\u0094B. R- Banco Regis, the\\nKing\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bench.\u00e2\u0080\u0094B. V. Beata Virgo, blessed\\nVirgin.\\nC. or Cap. Caput, Chapter.\u00e2\u0080\u0094C. or Cent.\\nCentum, a Hundred.\u00e2\u0080\u0094C B. Companion of\\nthe Bath.\u00e2\u0080\u0094C. C. Cains College.\u00e2\u0080\u0094C C. C.\\nCorpus Christi College.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Capt. Captain.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCh. C. Christchurch.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Co. Company.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCol. Colonel.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Coll. College.\u00e2\u0080\u0094C. P. Com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon Pleas.\u00e2\u0080\u0094C. P. S. Castas Privali Sigilli,\\nKeeper of the Privy Seal.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cr. Creditor.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCt. Count.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cwt. a Hundred-weight.\\nD. D. Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of Di\u00c2\u00ac\\nvinity.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Dec. December.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Deg. Degree.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDeut. Deuteronomy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Do. ditto, the same.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Dr. Doctor, or Debtor.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dwt. a Penny-\\nWeight.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 d, denarius, a penny.\\nE. East.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Eccl. Ecclesiastes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Eccleg.\\nEcclesiaslicus. E. E. English Ells.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nE.G. Exempli Gratia, for Example.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ep.\\nEpistle.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Eph. Ephesians.\u00e2\u0080\u0094E. 1. M. Coll.\\nEast-lndia MilitarvCollege.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Esq. Esquire.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ex. Examplc.or Exodus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094F.xr.Executor.\\nF. Fiat, let it be done; or Forte, strong.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094F. A. S. Fraternitatis Antiquariorum So\u00c2\u00ac\\ndas, Fellow of rile Antiquarian Society.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFI. E. Flemish Ells.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Fell. February.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Fig.\\nFigure.\u00e2\u0080\u0094F. G. S. Feliow of the Geological\\nSociety.\u00e2\u0080\u0094F. H. S. Fellow of the Horticul\u00c2\u00ac\\ntural Society.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 F. L. S. Fraternitat is Lin\\nneana; Socitis, Fellow of the Linnsean So\u00c2\u00ac\\nciety.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Fo. folio.\u00e2\u0080\u0094F. R. S. Fraternitatis\\nRegia Socins, Fellow of the Royal Society.\\nF. It. S. A S. Fraternitatis Regia: So-\\ncius et Associatus, Fellow and Associate of\\nthe Royal Society.\u00e2\u0080\u0094F. S. A. Fraternitatis\\nArtium Socius, Fel.ow of the Society of\\nArts.\\nGal.Galatians.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Gall, gallon*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094G. C. B\\nKnight Grand Cross of the hath.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Gen.\\nGenesis, or General.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Gent. Gentleman.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094G. It. Georgius Rer, King George.\\n11. M. S Her Majesty\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Ship, or Her\\nMajesty\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Service.-\u00e2\u0080\u0094II. or hr. hours.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Hcb.\\nHebrews.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Hhd. hogsheads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094H. P. Hall-\\nPay.\\nJ. II. S. Jemis Hominum Salrator, Jesus\\nthe Saviour of Men.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lb. or i -id, ibidem,\\nin the same place.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 l.e. id est, that is.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIncog, incognito, unknown.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lu. inches-\u00e2\u0080\u0094-", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "ABBREVIATION*, WITH THEIR EXPLANATIONS\\nInt. interest.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Inst. Instant, or of this\\nMonth.\\nK. A. Knight of St. Andrew (Russia).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nK. A. N. Knight of Alexander Newski (Rus\u00c2\u00ac\\nsia).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. B. Knight of the Bath.\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. B. E.\\nKnight of the Black Eagle (Russia). \u00e2\u0080\u0094K.\\nC. Knight of the Crescent (Turkey).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K.\\nC. B. Knight Commander of the Bath.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nK. G. F. Knight of the Golden Fleece\\n(Spain).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 K. G. V. Knight of Gustavus\\nVasa (Sweden).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. M. Knight of Malta.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nK. P. Knight of St. Patrick.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 K. M.T.\\nKnight of St. Maria Theresa (Austria).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nK. N. S. Knight of the Royal North Star\\n(Sweden).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. S. Knight of the Sword\\n(Sweden).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. R. E. Knight of the Red\\nEagle (Russia).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. S. A. Knight of St.\\nAnne (Russia).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. S. E. Knight of St.\\nEsprit (France).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. S. F. Knight of Fer\u00c2\u00ac\\ndinand of Sicily.\u00e2\u0080\u0094K_. S. G. Knight of St.\\nGeorgia (Russia).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. S. I.. Knight of the\\nSii 11 and Lion (Persia).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. S. P. Knight\\nof St. Stanislaus (Poland).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. S. VV.\\nKnight of St. VValdimer (Russia).\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. T.\\nKnight of the Thistle.\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. T. S. Knight\\nof the Tower and Sword (Portugal).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nKt. Knight.\u00e2\u0080\u0094K. VV. Knight of VVilliam\\n(Netherlairds).\\nL. libra, a pound.\u00e2\u0080\u0094L. or lib. liber, a\\nbook.\u00e2\u0080\u0094L. D. Lady-Day.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ldp. Lordship.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lev. Leviticus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lieut. Lieutenant.\u00e2\u0080\u0094L.\\nL. D. Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nL. S. Locus Sigilli, the place of the Seals.\\nM. A. Artium Magister, Master of Arts,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mac. Maccabees.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mai. Malachi.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Matt.\\nMatthew.\u00e2\u0080\u0094M. B. MedicintE Baccalanreus,\\nBachelor of Physic; or Musicie Baccalau\u00c2\u00ac\\nreus, Bachelor of Music.\u00e2\u0080\u0094M. D. Medicinee\\nDoctor, Doctor of Physic.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mem. memen\u00c2\u00ac\\nto, remember.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mess. Messieurs, Gentle\u00c2\u00ac\\nmen.\u00e2\u0080\u0094M. I\u00e2\u0080\u0099. Member of Parliament.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mr.\\nM. ster.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mrs. Mistress \u00e2\u0080\u0094MS. manuscrip-\\nturn, manuscript. MSS. manuscripta,\\nmanuscripts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094M. mi lie, a thousand; and.\\nIn a recipe, fbr manipnlus, a handful(\\nmisce, mingle; and mixtura, a mixture.\\nN. north, or note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094N. B. nota bene, take\\nnotice.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Nem. con. or Nem. diss. nemine\\ncontradicente, or nemine dissentiente una\u00c2\u00ac\\nnimously.\u00e2\u0080\u0094No. numero, number.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Nov.\\nNovember.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. S. New Style.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Numb.\\nNumbers.\\nObt. obedient.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Oct. October.\u00e2\u0080\u0094O. S. Old\\nStyle.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Oxon. Oxford.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Oz. ounces.\\nPari. Parliament.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Percent, per centum,\\nby the hundred.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pet. Peter.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Phil. Philip-\\npians.\u00e2\u0080\u0094P. M. post meridiem, afternoon.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nP. M. G. Professor of Music in Gresham\\nCollege.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pres. President.\u00e2\u0080\u0094P. R. S. Presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent of the Royal Society.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Prof. Professor.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094P. S. post scriptum, postscript.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Prob.\\nProblem.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Prop. Proposition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ps. Psalms.\\nQ. Question.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Q. 1). quasi dictum, as if\\nit were said.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Q. E. D. quod erat demon\u00c2\u00ac\\nstrandum, which was to be demonstrated.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Q. E. F. quod erat faciendum, which was\\nto be done.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Q. PL. quantum placet, as\\nmuch as you jplease.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Qr. quarter \u00e2\u0080\u0094Q. S.\\nquantum sufficit, a sufficient quantity.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Q.\\nV. quantum vis, as much as you will; or,\\nquod vide, which see.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Qy. Query.\\nR. Bex, King.\u00e2\u0080\u0094R. A. Royal Academi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncian.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rec. recipe, take.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Reed, received.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Reel. Rector.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rev. Revelations, or Re\u00c2\u00ac\\nverend.\u00e2\u0080\u0094R. N. Royal Navy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094R. M. Royal\\nMarines.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rom. Romans.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rt. Hon. Right\\nHonourable.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rt.VV pfui.RightVVorshipfiil.\\nS. Socius; S ocielatis; Solidus, or Shill\\ning; South.\u00e2\u0080\u0094St. Saint, or street.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sec.\\nSecretary, or seconds.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sept. September.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSol. Solomon, or solution.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sr. Sir.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sq.\\nsquare.\\nTh. Theoltgy\u00e2\u0080\u0094Theor. theorem.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Tim.\\nTimothy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 f t. Titus,\\nV. or vide, see.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Viz. videlicet, namely.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nV. verse.\u00e2\u0080\u0094U1 ..ultimo, the last,or last month.\\nXmas.Chr stmas.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Xn.Christian.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Xper\\nChristopher.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Xuty. Christianity.\\nTITLES AND DISTINCTIONS.\\nEmperor \u00e2\u0080\u0094A title given to the supreme\\nruler of a large extent of country, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed of various nations and people.\\nKing \u00e2\u0080\u0094A title given to the head or chief\\nruler of a country.\\nSultan \u00e2\u0080\u0094A title of the emperor of the\\nTurks.\\nBey \u00e2\u0080\u0094The governor of a town in the\\nTurkish empire.\\nDuke \u00e2\u0080\u0094I he Inghesttitle of honour among\\nthe English nobility.\\nMarquis \u00e2\u0080\u00941 he title of honour next below\\nd ii u k 6\\nEarl\u00e2\u0080\u0094l he title of honour next below a\\nmarquis.\\nViscount \u00e2\u0080\u0094The title of honour next below\\nan earl.\\nBaron \u00e2\u0080\u0094The title of honour next below a\\nviscount, ana the lowest in the English\\npeerage.\\nArchbishop \u00e2\u0080\u0094Theprincipal of the bishops\\nBishop \u00e2\u0080\u0094A clergyman at the head of a\\ndiocese.\\nBaronet\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An hereditary title of honour\\nthe only one enjoyed by tile commonalty.\\nKnight\u00e2\u0080\u0094A title of honour not hereditary\\nAdmiral \u00e2\u0080\u0094The commander of a fleet.\\nAmbassador \u00e2\u0080\u0094A person sent in a public\\nmanner from one sovereign power to ano\\ntiler\\nDope \u00e2\u0080\u0094The bishop of Rome.\\nCzar \u00e2\u0080\u0094A title of the emperor of Russia.\\nMayor Pile chief officer of a corpora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion.\\nMandarin\u00e2\u0080\u0094A Chinese magistrate oi\\nnoble.", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "GLOSSARIAL INFORMATION,\\nACHROMATIC, applied to glasses,\\nsvhich are contrived so as to correct the\\naberrations of light and colour in tele\u00c2\u00ac\\nscopes.\\nAcme, the height or crisis of anything.\\nAcoustic, relative to the propagation or\\nproduction of sound.\\nAcrustie, a poem in which the first letter\\nof each line forms one of a name, title, or\\nmotto.\\nAeriform, having the form or properties\\nof air.\\nAerolyte, a meteoric stone s a stone\\nwhich falls from the atmosphere under\\ncertain circumstances.\\nAerostation means simply the weighing\\nof the air but has been employed (incor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrectly) in the science of aeronautics, as\\nthe art of raising substances into the at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosphere by means of heated air or light\\ngases.\\n/Esthetics implies the perception and the\\nstudy of those qualities which constitute\\nthe essential and artistic, and form the\\nfiner essence of all productions of fine\\nart. It carries with it a more exact and\\nphilosophic meaning than the word Taste.\\nAffinity, relation to, connection with,\\nresemblance to.\\nAir, an invisible, transparent, colourless,\\ninodourous, and tasteless fluid, surround\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the earth, and essential to the support\\nof animal and vegetable life\\nAlchemy, a chemical art, by which the\\nadepts of former times sought to trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nmute other metals into gold, and to pre\u00c2\u00ac\\npare a fluid called Elixir vitae, by which\\ndisease and death were to be avoided by\\nits possessor.\\nAlcohol, the intoxicating principle of\\nwine, c.\\nAlimentary Canal, that part of the in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntestines through which the food passes,\\nand from which its nutritive portions are\\nconveyed to the blood by the absorbents.\\nAlkalies, peculiar substances which\\nhave a caustic taste, and a strong ten\u00c2\u00ac\\ndency to combine with acids, thus forming\\nsalts; by them the blue juices of vegetables\\nare changed to green, and the yellow to\\nbrown.\\nAllegory, a figurative discourse or story,\\nin which something else is intended than\\nis conveyed in the literal acceptation of\\nthe words used or the descriptions given.\\nAlloy, in chemistry and metallurgy, a\\nterm generally applied to all combinations\\nobtained by fusing metals with each other:\\nthus brass is an alloy of copper and zinc\\nbronze of copper and tin.\\nAlluvial, having the qualities of allu\u00c2\u00ac\\nvium. In geology, the term is applied to\\nthose superficial stratified deposits of sand\\nand gravel, ill many places abounding\\nith the remains of existing animals and\\nlauts. Such deposits occur, in many\\nI part*, hundreds of feet above the level of\\nthe present ocean, or that of any existing\\nwater by which they could have been\\nformed. In many places the alluvial for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmations are of considerable thickness,\\nand, in some instances, partially conso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlidated into rock.\\nAlluvium, earth, sand, gravel, stones,\\nand other transported matter, which has\\nbeen washed away and thrown down by\\nrivers, floods, or other causes, upon laud\\nnot permanently submerged beneath tha\\nwaters of lakes or seas.\\nAltitude, height of placet space mea\u00c2\u00ac\\nsured upwards the angle of elevation of\\nany of the heavenly bodies.\\nAmalgama, the mixture of metals by\\namalgamation.\\nAmmonia, a volatile alkali, obtained\\nfrom animal and vegetable matter.\\nAmphibia, animals which, having both\\nlungs and gills, can live either in or out\\nof water.\\nAmphitheatre, a building of a circular\\nor oval form, having its arena encom\\npassed with rows of seats, rising gradually\\none above the other.\\nAnalogy, resemblance agreement in\\ncertain particulars; similarity of relation\\nto other things.\\nAnalysis, the separation of a compound\\nbody into the several parts of which it con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists the consideration of anything in\\narts, so that some particular is first consi-\\nered, then another the solution of any\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing, whether corporeal or mental, to it*\\nfirst elements.\\nAnatomy (comparative), the study of the\\nstructure of animals in general; (human),\\napplied to the dissection of the human\\nbody.\\nAnnulate, formed into, or consisting of,\\nrings or annular segments.\\nAntediluvian, existing before the deluge\\nrelating to things existing before the flood.\\nAnterior, going before, either in regard\\nto place or time; prior, previous.\\nAnterior, the fore part, opposed to the\\nposterior.\\nAnthropography, a description of the\\nvarieties of the human race.\\nAntidote, a medicine which prevents or\\nremoves the effects of poison.\\nAntimony, a metal of a silvery white\\ncolour, with a considerable lustre; finely\\nlaminated when pure. In the act of slowly\\ncooling, after being fused, it crystalizes\\ninto an octahedron, or its varieties.\\nAntipodes, those people wholive on oppo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsite sides of the globe, so that their feet are\\non the same straight lines passing through\\nthe centre of the earth.\\nApex, the tip or point of anything.\\nAphelion, that point of the orbit ofa\\nplanet or comet which is farthest from the\\nsun.", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "OI.OSSARIAL INFORMATION\\nApogee, that point of their orbits at\\nwhich the sun, moon, or any planet is\\nmost distant from the earth the oppo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsite of perigee.\\nA Posteriori, a mode of reasoning, in\\nwhich we deduce the cause from the effect.\\nA Priori, a term used iu rhetoric and\\nmoral philosophy, as applying; to any ar\u00c2\u00ac\\ngil uient in which a subsequent fact is drawn\\nfrom an antecedent fact.\\nAqua, the Latin word for water t a term\\nmuch used in medical prescriptions and\\npreparations.\\nAqueduct, commonly restricted in itsap-\\nF licatiou to constructions, above che sur-\\nace of the ground, for carrying anything\\nacross valleys and over plains, from one\\nplace to another.\\nArborecultnre, the art of cultivating\\ntrees and shrubs for wood or ornamental\\npurposes.\\nArboretum, in gardening, a place in a\\npark, pleasure-ground, or nursery, in\\nwhich a collection of trees, consisting of\\none of each kind, is cultivated.\\nArchaiology, that branch of knowledge\\nwhich refers to antiquity.\\nArchimedian Screw, a machine for rais\u00c2\u00ac\\ning water, consisting of a tube rolled in a\\nspiral form round a cylinder.\\nArtesian Well, a perforation or boring\\nmade in the earth, through which the\\nwater rises from various depths to the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface.\\nArts, those branches of manual perform\u00c2\u00ac\\nance which require the exercise of skill\\nand ingenuity, divided into the liberal and\\nmechanical arts: the former comprehend\u00c2\u00ac\\ning poetry, painting, sculpture, architec\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, See See.; the latter, engineering,\\ncarpentry, masonry smith-work. See.\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0099oetry, painting, music, sculpture, en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraving, Stc., are called the fine arts.\\nAscendant, in astrology, that part of the\\necliptic at any particular time above the\\nhorizon, which is supposed by astrologers\\nto have great influence on any person\\nborn at the time.\\nAssaying, the process of testing the pu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrity of the precious metals.\\nAstrologer, anciently used of one who\\nunderstood* or explained the motions of\\nthe planets, without including prediction.\\nAtlantic, relating to the ocean which lies\\nbetween Europe and Africa on the one\\nhand, and America on the other.\\nAtmosphere, the sphere of air, with\\nheight from 4(1 to 50 miles, and having a\\npressure of about lalbs. avoirdupois on the\\nsquare inch.\\nAtomic Theory, the doctrine that all\\nbodies are composed of ultimate atoms,\\ndiffering in weight in different bodies.\\nAurora Borealis, streamers or northern\\nlights. An electrical phenomenon seen\\nfrequently in the northern skies in clear\\nfrosty evenings.\\nAialanches, masses of snow, which\\nbeing detached in great heights in the\\nAlps, acquire enormous bulks by fresh ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumulations as they descend; and when\\nthey fall into the valleys below, often cause\\ngreat destruction.\\nBASS-RELIEF, in sculpture, a term for\\nfigures which do not stand out from the\\nplane more than half their full propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions.\\nRanyan-tree, the branches of which\\nspread to a great extent, and, dropping\\nhere and there, take root, and rapidly\\nincrease in size till they become as large\\nas the parent stem, by means of which,\\nthe space of ground covered by a single\\ntree is almost incredible so great, it is\\nsaid, as to be capable of affording shelter\\nto a regiment of cavalry. It frequently\\ncovers three or four acres of ground.\\nBarometer, ail instrument for measuring\\nthe weight of the atmosphere, and the\\nvariations in it, in order chiefly to deter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmine the changes of the weather. It is a\\nglass tube filled with mercury, hermeti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncally sealed at one end the other open\\nand immerged in a basin of stagnant\\nmercury; so that, as the weight of the at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosphere diminishes, the mercury in the\\ntube descends, and as it increases, the\\nmercury ascends; the column of mercury\\nsuspended in the tube being always equal\\nto the weight of the incumbent atmo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsphere.\\nBeau Ideal, the conception of perfect\\nbeauty.\\nBibliography, a history or description of\\nbooks; tile knowledge of the history of li\u00c2\u00ac\\nterature.\\nBiennial, continuing for two years. In\\nbotany, a plant which does not bear flow\u00c2\u00ac\\ners and seed till the second year, after\\nbearing which it dies.\\nBiped, an animal with two feet.\\nBitumen, a name given to a number of\\ninflammable substances found in a liquid\\nor viscid state, and known as naphtha, pe\u00c2\u00ac\\ntroleum, mineral tar, maltha or mineral\\npitch, asphalte, elastic bitumen, amber,\\nand mineral tallow. It constitutes the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nflammable principle of coal, and is a com\u00c2\u00ac\\npound of carbon and hydrogen.\\nBlowpipe in chemistry and mineralogy,\\nan instrument used for the purpose of\\nincreasing the heat of a lamp or candle,\\nin the same way as bellows are employed\\niu raising the temperature of a fire or\\nfurnace. Its simple form is that of a\\ntapering tube, about eight inches long,\\nand curved nearly at right angles, within\\ntwo inches of its smaller extremity, which\\nis as fine as a wire.\\nBade Light, an intense flame, produced\\nby the union of the carburetted hydrogen\\nand oxygen gases.\\nCALORIC, the cause of the sensation of\\nheat a fluid or condition diffused through\\nall bodies.\\nCapillary attraction, in natural philo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsophy, is that property of a fluid by which\\nit rises above the level in tubes of smal\\ndiameter, in consequence of the attraction\\nof the matter of the tube being greater than\\nthe power of gravitation.\\nCapsule, a membranous or woody seed-\\nvessel.\\nCarbon, an undecomposed inflammable\\nsubstance, one of the simple elementary\\nI", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "GI.OSSARIAL INFORMATION\\noilies. Charcoal is almost entirely com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed of it.\\nCarnivorous, applied to animals that live\\non (lesh.\\nCelts, the early inhabitants of Britain,\\nGaul, Spain, and the south and west of\\nEurope.\\nCentrifugal force is that by which the\\nparts of a body moving round a centre\\nendeavour to recede from it.\\nChirology, the art of communicating or\\ninterchanging thoughts with the deaf and\\ndumb, by means of certain signs made\\nwith the hands and lingers.\\nChlorine, an elementary substance, ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained in the gaseous state from sea salt\\nacted upon by sulphuric acid.\\nChloroform, a new chemical agent, used\\nas a substitute for sulphuric ether in sur\u00c2\u00ac\\ngery.\\nChorography, the description of a single\\ndistrict, or locality of a country.\\nChromatics, that branch of the science\\nof optics which treats of the colours of\\nlight and natural bodies.\\nClimax, is a beautiful series of repetitions\\nby which the speaker rises gradually to a\\npoint of firmness and strength. Thus\\nCicero addresses Cataline, Does neither\\nthe night guard of the palace, nor the city\\nwatch, nor the people\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fear, nor the agree\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of all good men, nor the meeting of\\nthe senate in this fortified place, nor the\\ncountenances and looks of this assembly,\\nat all move you i\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nCloud, a mass of vesicular vapour. The\\nheight of clouds varies to upwards of a\\nmile, but is more frequently less than this.\\nColiseum, an elliptical amphitheatre at\\nRome, built by Vespasian, capable of coil\\ntainiug one hundred thousand spectators.\\nColour, in natural philosophy, is that\\nproperty in bodies, which, when acted\\nupon by the rays of light, impresses us\\nthrough tils medium of vision, with those\\nsensations which we denominate colour.\\nLight, although apparently white or co\u00c2\u00ac\\nlourless, is capable of being separated into\\nseven tints or hues,\u00e2\u0080\u0094red, orange, yellow,\\ngreen, blue, indigo, and violet, such as we\\nnaturally witness in the raiubow. These\\nseven colours were designated by Newton\\nprimitive colours.\\nConstellations, groups into which astro\u00c2\u00ac\\nnomers have divided the fixed stars.\\nConvex, rising in a circular form on the\\nexterior surface opposed to concave.\\nCosmogony, the science or theory of the\\nformation of the world.\\nCrucible, a small conical vessel, used by\\nfounders, chemists, and others, for hold\u00c2\u00ac\\ning ores, metallic or other substances,\\nrequiring to be subjected to strong heat\\nfor fusion.\\nCryptography, the art of transmitting I\\nsecret information by means of writing,\\nwhich is intended to be illegible except to\\nthe person to whom it is destined.\\nCulmination, the passing of a star\\nthrough the meridian.\\nDEBRIS, ruins or rubbish; generally\\napplied to the fragments of rocks.\\nDecomposition, the reducing a body into\\nits simple elements.\\nDegree of latitude, is the 3f)0th part of\\nthe earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface, north or south of the\\nequator, and a degree of longitude the\\nsame part of the surface, east cr west of\\nany given meridian.\\nDelta, in geology, is the alluvial deposits\\nformed at the mouths of rivers.\\nDiagnosis, the act of distinguishing one\\ndisease front another.\\nDioptrics the science of refractive vi\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion.\\nDisc, the body and face of the sun, moon,\\nor a planet, as it appears to us on the\\nearth.\\nDisintegrate to separate the integrant\\nparts of.\\nDivergent, a term in optical science, to\\nexpress rays of light receding from each\\nother concave glasses make the rays di\u00c2\u00ac\\nverge, while convex glasses make them\\nconverge.\\nDoric, pertaining to the Dorians, an\\nancient people of Greece, inhabiting the\\ncountry near Mount Parnassus.\\nDrawing Daguerreotype, Photogenic,\\nand Voltaic; these are the names given to\\nthree modern inventions connected with\\nthe fine arts, which are ultimately calcu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated to create material changes in these\\ndepartments of taste.\\nDredging Machine, an engine used to\\ntake up mud or gravel from the bottoms of\\nrivers, docks, 8tc.\\nECLIPTIC, the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s path the great\\ncircle of the celestial sphere in which the\\nsun appears to describe his annual course\\nfrom west to east.\\nEffluvium, or Effluvia, the minute par\\ntides flowing out of\u00e2\u0080\u009d or exhaled from\\nbodies, as in the case of putrefying matter.\\nElectric Light, an invention of Mr.\\nStaite\u00e2\u0080\u0099s, which, from its luminous and\\nsafe characteristics, must ultimately su\u00c2\u00ac\\npersede gas and all other sources of illumi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnation.\\nEmbouchure, a mouth or aperture, as of\\na river, cannon, 8tc. the mouth-hole of a\\nwind instrument of music.\\nEphemerides, tables determining tile\\neclipses, aspects, and conjunctions of tile\\nplanets.\\nEquator, a great circle of the terrestrial\\nglobe, equidistant from its poles, and di\u00c2\u00ac\\nviding it into two equal hemispheres one\\nnorth and the other south.\\nEstuary, an arm of the sea into which a\\nriver Hows.\\nEther, in astronomy, the subtile matter\\nwhich fills space, finer and rarer than at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmospheric air in chemistry, a liquid of\\nequal parts of alcohol and sulphuric\\naciu.\\nFOCUS, in optics, the po nt at or near\\nwhich rays are collected by a lens or\\nmirror.\\nFossil, all minerals were once called\\nfossils, but geologists now use the word\\nonly to express the remains of animals and\\nplauts found buried in theearth", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "OLOSSARIAL INFORMATION\\nGALAXY, in astronomy, the milky i\\nway the long white luminous track in\\nthe heavens, forming nearly a great circle\\nof the celestial sphere, iuclined to the\\necliptic at an angle of 60\u00c2\u00b0.\\nGalvanism, that branch of physical\\nscience, by which electricity is produced\\nby connecting dissimilar metals, and an\\nintervening and oxidating fluid. In its\\naction on the human body it resembles\\nelectricity.\\nGas, in chemistry, a body, the constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\nent particles of which have been so ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npanded by heat as to become aeriform. Gas\\nis distinguished from stearn or vapour by\\nthis circumstance, that vapours are raised\\nfrom all fluids by heat, and are again con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndensed by cold into the same fluid form\\nbut gases are obtained from the substances\\ncontaining them only by chemical decom\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition, whether this be spontaneous or\\nartificial. They are either not condensa\u00c2\u00ac\\nble, or only so when submitted to an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessive pressure or degree of cold. Fourof\\nthe gases are simple substances: oxygen,\\nhydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine. The\\nrest are more or less compound, as car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonic acid gas is a compound of oxygen\\nand carbon; sulphurous gas, of sulphur\\nand oxygen, Ac.\\nGastric-juice, the thin pellucid liquid\\nwhich distils from certain glands in the\\nstomach, tor the dilution of the food.\\nGeocentric, the centre of the earth, or\\nthat which relates to it.\\nGlacier, a name given to an immense\\naccumulation of ice and snow on a moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain.\\nGneiss, a rock generally composed of the\\nsame ingredients as granite\u00e2\u0080\u0094viz., quartz,\\nfelspar, and mica.\\nGnomonology, the art of clock-making.\\nGranite is a platonic rock that seems to\\nhave been consolidated from a state of\\nfusion at a considerable depth below the\\nsurface of the earth, and to have been\\ndenuded and raised to the surface during\\nthe lapse of time, so as now to form the\\nsummits of lofty mountains.\\nGravity, in science, the natural tendency\\nof bodies to fall towards a centre, usually\\nthe centre of the earth.\\nGun Cotton, an explosive compound of\\nvegetable origin, combined with certain\\nacids.\\nGymnastics, the art of performing ath\u00c2\u00ac\\nletic exercises.\\nGypsum, a mineral composed of lime\\nand sulphuric acid, hence called also sul\u00c2\u00ac\\nphate of lime.\\nHELIOCENTRIC, in astronomy, an\\nepithet applied to the place of a planet, as\\nseen from the centre of the sun, in opposi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to its geocentric place, as seen from\\nthe centre of the earth.\\nHomeopathy in pathology and thera\u00c2\u00ac\\npeutics, a method of practice which con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists in the employment of various medi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncinal agents in exceedingly minute doses.\\nHorticulture, the cultivation of esculent\\nvegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants,\\nand the formation and management of\\nrural scenery for the purposes of utility\\nand embellishment.\\nHydraulics, the science of the motion of\\nfluids, and the construction of all kinds of\\nmachines relating thereto.\\nHydrogen, a colourless, inodorous, taste\u00c2\u00ac\\nless body, always gaseous when uncom\\nbined a powerful refractor of light; the\\nlightest body in nature, and hence the\\nbest material for filling balloons.\\nHydrography,the soience which describes\\ngulfs, lakes, rivers, and other accumula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of water. This term implies the\\nsame thing in regard to water as geogra\u00c2\u00ac\\nphy does to land.\\nHydrostatic balance, a balance used for\\nweighing substances in water, for the\\npurpose of ascertaining their specific\\ngravities.\\nHydrostatics, that branch of hydrody\u00c2\u00ac\\nnamics which relates to the pressure and\\nequilibrium of the fluids commonly called\\nnon-elastic, as water, mercury, c.\\nICEBERG, the name given to the\\nmasses of ice, resembling mountains, often\\nfound floating in the polar seas. They are\\nsometimes formed in the sea itself by the\\naccumulation of ice and snow; at other\\ntimes they seem to be glaciers which\\nhave been piling up on a precipitous\\nshore, till broken off and launched into the\\nocean by their own weight. Masses of this\\nkind have been found in Baffiu\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Hay two\\nmiles long and half a mile in breadth,\\nrising from forty to 200 feet above the\\nwater, and loaded with beds of earth,\\ngravel, and rocks. Some idea of the size\\nof these icebergs may be formed from\\nthe fact, that the mass of ice below the\\nlevel of the water is about eight times\\ngreater than that above. As they float\\ntowards warmer regions, they gradually\\ndissolve, droppiug their burden of rock\\ndebris, and thus strewing the bottom of\\nthe ocean with clay;, gravel, and boulder\\nsto#es, some of which are many tons in\\nweight.\\nIdea, that which the mind perceives in\\nitself, or is the immediate object of per\u00c2\u00ac\\nception, thought, or understanding. In a\\npopular sense, the term signifies notion,\\nconception, thought, opinion, and even\\npurpose or intention an opinion a pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition. The term, in its most compre\u00c2\u00ac\\nhensive and now generally received accep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntation, is used to indicate every repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentation of outward objects through the\\nsenses, and whatever is the immediate\\nobject of thought.\\nIgnis Fatuus, a kind of luminous meteor\\nseen hovering over marshy places. TheTe\\nhave been instances of people being decoyed\\nby these lights into places where they pe\u00c2\u00ac\\nrished, and hence the vulgar names \u00e2\u0080\u0098Will\\nwith-a-wisp\u00e2\u0080\u0099 and Jack-with-a-lantern.\\nThe general opinion is, that this light is\\nproduced by the decomposition of animal\\nor vegetable matter, or by the revolution\\nof gases which spontaneously inflame in\\nthe atmosphere.\\nIncrustation, a crust or rough coat of\\nanything on the surface of a body.", "height": "2618", "width": "1559", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "GLOSSARIAL INFORMATION,\\nIndigenous, native) born m a country)\\nproduced naturally iu a country or climate;\\nnot exotic.\\nInduction, a consequence, inference, or\\ngeneral prineiple drawn from a number of\\nparticular acts or phenomena. The in\u00c2\u00ac\\nductive philosophy.\u00e2\u0080\u009d says Whewell, \u00e2\u0080\u009chas\\nbeen rightly described as a science which\\nascends from particular facts to general\\nprinciples, and then descends again from\\nthose general principles to particular ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplications.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInertia, dulness; inactivity; defect of\\naptitude for spontaneous change of con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition; a property of matter, by which it\\ndoes not change its own state of rest or\\nmotion, but requires for that purpose the\\naction of some external cause, to the\\nmagnitude of which the change is in\\nproportion.\\nInorganic, not formed with the organs\\nor instruments of life.\\nInsolubility, the quality of not being\\nsoluble or dissolvable, particularly iu a\\nfluid.\\nInstinct, the operation of the principle\\nof organized life by the exercise of certain\\nnatural powers directed to the present or\\nfuture good of the individual the general\\nproperty of the living principle, or law of\\norganized life, in a state of action.\\nIntaglio, in sculpture and gem-engraving,\\na stone in which the subject is hollowed\\nout, so that an impression from it would\\npresent the appeal ance of a bass-relief.\\nIvory, the substance composing the\\ntusks of the elephant. The tusks or teeth\\nof the sea-horse and hippopotamus are\\nalso used as ivory the latter being ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nceedingly hard and white. Fossil ivory\\nfrom the tusks of the mammoth, is found\\nplentifully, and in a high state of preser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvation, in the islands and on the shores of\\nthe Frozen Sea. All of these ivories are\\nused in the arts; but by far the most\\nabundant source, so far as Britain is con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerned, is the tusks of the male Agkrtic\\nelephant, of which upwards of 200 tons\\nare annually imported.\\nK ALE IDOSCOPE, an optical instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nment revived or invented by Sir David\\nBrew ster, and consisting of a tube, with\\nplane mirrors or slips of glass so arranged\\nin the interior, that small beads, pieces of\\ncoloured glass, and similar substances\\nplaced at the further end, are thrown (by\\nturning the tube) into an endless variety\\nof shapes, and are very useful iu suggesting\\npatterns to cotton-printers and other\\ntradesmen who manufacture figured ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nticles.\\nLAGOON, a term originally applied to\\nthose creeks and pools which abound\\nalong the coast of the upper Adriatic but\\nnow employed to designate all similar\\ncollections of water, in whatever region\\nthey occur. Lagoons are sometimes of\\nconsiderable depth (those enclosed by\\ncircular coral islands); but generally they\\nare so shallow (those of deltas 1 as to emit\\nnoxious exhalations.\\nLarva, in entomology, the grub or cater\\npillar state of an insect.\\nLatent Heat, that which Is insensible to\\nthe thermometer, upon which the liquid\\nami aeriform state of bodies depend, and\\nwhich become sensible during the conver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of the vapours into liquids, and of\\nliquids into solids.\\nLatitude, in astronomy, the distance of\\na star north or south of the ecliptic. In\\ngeography, the distance of any place on\\nthe globe, north or south of the equator.\\nLava, the stone which flows in a melted\\nstate from a volcano.\\nLias, in geology, the name of a series of\\nargillaceous and calcareous strata, forming\\nthe basis of the Oolitic system.\\nLigament, a strong compact substance,\\nsofter than a cartilage, but harder than a\\nmembrane, serving either to bind one bone\\nof an animal to another, or to connect the\\nvalves in bivalve shells. There is another\\nsubstance called the cartilage, which is\\nelastic and of a condensed fibrous struc\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, placed within the ligament, either\\nclose to it, or at a more interior part of the\\nshell; it is sometimes contained in a pit\\nformed for its reception, in the centre of\\nthe hinge. This substance being elastic,\\nkeeps the valves open, unless drawn to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether by the counteracting force of the\\nadductor muscles. When conchologist*\\nspeak of a shell as having the ligament\\nexternal, the real meaning is that these\\ntwo substances are so close together, as in\\nappearance to constitute one body.\\nLight, that ethereal agent or matter, of\\nthe presence of which we are informed by\\nthe sensibility of the visual organs. Some\\nmaintain that light is a peculiar matter,\\nwhich is projected in all directions from\\nluminous bodies in a rapid succession of\\nmaterial particles but, from recently-dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered properties of light, especially its\\npolarization, the doctrine of Descartes,\\nHuygens, and Euler has been revived,\\nnamely, that all the pheuomeua of light\\ndepend on the undulations of a highly at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntenuated fluid orether, universally diffused\\nthroughout space, which, while at rest,\\nis appreciable by our senses, hut, when\\nacted on by luminous bodies,is thrown into\\na succession of waves.\\nLightning, an electric phenomenon pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced by the passage of electricity between\\none cloud and another, or between a cloud\\nand the earth.\\nLithography, the art by which impres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsions or prints are obtained by a chemical\\nprocess from designs made with a greasy\\nmaterial on stone.\\nLoam, a soil composed of various earths,\\nof which the chief are silicious sand, clay,\\naud carbonate of chalk.\\nLongitude, the distance of any place on\\nthe globe from another place, eastward or\\nwestward, or the distance of any place\\nfrom a given meridian.\\nMAGNET, a substance endowed with\\nthe property of attracting iron, and also\\nof pointing itself in a certain direction.", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "GLOSSARIAL INFORMATION.\\nThese properties it is capable of commu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnicating to iron and steel bars.\\nMarl, a mixture of clay and lime, usu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally soft, but sometimes bard, iu which\\ncase it is called indurated marl.\\nMaterialism, a doctrine which denies the\\nexistence of a spiritual or immaterial prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciple in man, called the mind or soul, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct from matter; or which, in other\\nwords, deuies the immateriality of the\\nsoul.\\nMutter, the substance of which all bo\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies are composed; it is of two kinds,\\nsolid and fluid. In its solid form matter is\\nthe element of which the systems of organs\\nare composed and organs are the instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nments by which functions are performed\\nin all animals there are seven systems of\\norgans to perform seven series of func\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. The seven systems of organs and\\ntheir respective functions are these\\nbones, for support muscles, for motion\\nair-tubes, for respiration blood-vessels,\\nfor circulation alimentary canal, for di\u00c2\u00ac\\ngestion nerves, for sensation and the\\norgans of the sexes, for re-production.\\nMaximum, the greatest extreme, as dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinguished from minimum; the greatest\\nquantity attainable iu a given case.\\nMechanical philosophy, the science of\\nmechanics applied to physical inquiries,\\nor, on the other hand, the application of\\nthe laws of general science to the improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment and construction of machinery.\\nMercury, in mineralogy, a metal found\\nchiefly in the state of a sulphuret. It is also\\nfound native. It is liquid at common tem-\\nF eratures, and is white and very brilliant.\\nt freezes and assumes a crystaline appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance at 400 below zero. Its specific gravity\\nis 13 5 its equivalent is 200.\\nMeridian, in astronomy, a great circle\\nof the celestial sphere, passing through the\\npoles of the world, as also through the\\nzenith and nadir, and crossing Ihe equi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnoctial at rightangles. It divides the sphere\\ninto two hemispheres, eastern and western,\\nand is called meridian from the Latin me-\\nridies, mid-day, or noon, because, when\\nthe sun comes to this circle, it is then mid\u00c2\u00ac\\nday or noon to all under it. In geography,\\na great circle on the terrestrial sphere,\\npassing through the north and south poles\\nand any given place thus the meridian of\\nLondon is that circle which passes through\\nLondon and the poles of the earth. I hese\\nmeridians are as numerous as the places\\non tlie earth, and the first meridian is that\\nfrom which the reckoning commences.\\nThis is fixed differently by different na\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, the capital of each country being\\nmostly chosen as the first meridian for\\ntheir respective globes.\\nMesmerism, an agent (supposed by its\\nadvocates) by which one person can com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmunicate certain influences at will to the\\nmind of the person mesmerized, or put\\ninto a state of sleep, in which questions\\nare answered, fixidity of limb and other\\nphenomena produced.\\nMetals, a class ofcompact, heavy, opaque\\nbodies, distinguished, in different degrees,\\nby the following general properties Mal\u00c2\u00ac\\nleability, ductility, fusibility, tenacity,\\nelasticity, and crystaline texture. The\\nfollowing is u table of the metals, arranged\\naccording to the order in which they have\\nbeen discovered, with the names of i lie pel-\\nsons who discovered or first described\\nthem\\n1. Gold.*5 Known to the an-\\n2. Silver cients. Gold and silver\\n3. I ron are termed noble rnelals\\n4. Copper. the former of these was\\n5. Mercury... considered as the metal-\\nLead.. lie element; the rest\\nTin J were called bate metals\\nAntimony.15. Valentine lath cent.\\nZinc .Agricola ....1520\\nfi.\\n7-\\n8\\n9\\nIt).\\nBismuth\\nParacelsus ..llith cent\\n13. Platinum.Wood.1741\\n14. Nickel .Cronstedt....l75I\\n15. Manganese ....Sclieele, c. 1774\\n16. Tungsten ...,..D\u00e2\u0080\u0099Elhuyart..l/81\\n17- Tellurium ....Muller.1782\\n18. Molybdenum ..Ilielm .1782\\n19. Uranium .Klaproth ....1783\\n20. Titanium ....Gregor ......1/91\\n21. Chromium ....Vauquelin ..1/97\\n22. Colnmliium.Hatchett ....1802\\n23. Palladium I Wollaston ..1803\\n24. Khodium J\\n25. Iridium.Descotils, C.1S03\\n26. Osmium .S. Tennant..1803\\n27. Cerium.Berzelius,8tc. 1804\\n28. Potassium\\n29. Iodium.\\n30. Barium Sir H. Davy 1807\\n31. Strontium J\\n32. Calcium J\\nCadmium.Stromcyer ..1818\\nLithium .Arfwedson ..1818\\nSelenium.Berzelius, .c. 1818\\nBerzelius ....1824\\n33.\\n34.\\n35.\\n36. Silicium 1\\n37. Zirconium\\n38. Aluminium,. -1\\n39. Glucinium f Wohler.1S2S\\n40. Yttrium\\n41. Thorium .Berzelius ....1829\\n42. Magnesium ....Bussy, c. ..1829\\nMetaphysics, the science of the principles\\nand causes of all things existing, or that\\nwhich regards the ultimate grounds of\\nbeing as distinguished from its phenome\u00c2\u00ac\\nnons modifications. The science lias been\\ndivided into six parts\u00e2\u0080\u0094ontology, cosmolo\u00c2\u00ac\\ngy, anthropopbosy, psychology, pneuiuato-\\nlogy, and metaphysical theology.\\nMeteor a term applied by some authors\\nto denote all the various phenomena of the\\natmosphere, while others apply it exclu\u00c2\u00ac\\nsively to denote those luminous bodies\\nwhich appear at a considerable height\\nabove the earth. They sometimes proceed\\nin this hemisphere from north to south\\nwith vast velocity, frequently breaking into\\nseveral smaller ones, sometimes vanishing\\nwith a report, and sometimes not. Many\\narise from the refraction or reflection of\\nlight from the aqueous particles suspended\\nin the air\u00e2\u0080\u0094these are called luminous me\u00c2\u00ac\\nteors such are halo, mirage, rainbow,\\nc.; while those that present the appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance aud phenomena of combustion are", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "GLOSSARIAL INFORMATION\\nigneous meteors\u00e2\u0080\u0094such are falling stars,\\nlightning, the aurora borealis, c.\\nMica, a mineral, one of the ingredients\\nof granite, gneiss, and mica slate.\\nMilky Way, in astronomy, that great\\nluminous hand which stretches, evevy\\nevening, all across the sky, from horizon\\nto horizon, and which, when traced with\\ndiligence, and mapped down, is found to\\nform a zone completely surrounding the\\nwhole sphere, almost in a great circle.\\nThis remarkable belt has maintained, from\\nthe earliest ages, the same relative posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion among the stars and when examined\\nthrough telescopes, is found to consist\\nentirely ofstars, scattered by millions, like\\nglittering dust on the ground of the general\\nheavens.\\nMind, an essential element in the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition of every animal. Though it can\\nneither prevent the existence, nor change\\nthe characters of mailer, motion, or sensa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion (the other essential elements), it\\ntakes cognizance of causes, and provides\\nfor consequent effects, before the other\\nelements can obey its behests. Of the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnexion of mind with the organs which it\\ncommands, we know nothing, mind itself\\nis only known by its effects; its commands\\nare carried by the nerves,\u00e2\u0080\u0094a fact ascer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained by separating a nerve; after which\\nseparation, the mind no longer controls the\\narts to which that nerve extended its\\nranches.\\nMinimum, the least, as distinguished\\nfrom maximum, the greatest.\\nMirage, the name given by the French to\\nan optical deception produced by refrac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and in which a distant ship appears as\\nif transferred into the sky, and a village in\\nthe desert as if built upon a lake.\\nMnemonics, the art of refreshing memory\\nof particular things by artificial aids.\\nMotion. The fates of motion are as fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlows, as delivered by Sir I. Newton:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFirst, every body perseveres iu its state of\\nrest, or uniform motion in a right line,\\nuntil a change is effected by the agency of\\nsome external force. Second, any change\\neffected in the quiescence or motion of a\\nbody, is in the direction of the force im\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed, and is proportional to it in quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntity. Third, action and re-action are\\nequal and in contrary directions.\\nMucus, a viscous animal fluid, secreted in\\nthe body to moisten the mucous membrane,\\nwhich is a continuation of the skin, carried\\ninto all passages of the body that commu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnicate by openings with the external air.\\nA EBULA, in astronomy, a name given\\nto certain nebulous appearances observ\u00c2\u00ac\\nable in the heavens. 1. To clusters of\\nstars, in which stars are clearly distin\u00c2\u00ac\\nguishable. 2- Resolvable nebulae, or such\\nas excite a suspicion that they consist of\\nstars, and which any increase of the opti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal power of the telescope might be\\nexpected to resolve into distinct stars. 3.\\nNebulae, properly so called, in which there\\nis tio appearance whatever of stars. 4.\\nPlanetary nebulae. 5. Stellular, and 6\\nNebulous stars.\\nNitric Acid, a heavy yellow liquid, pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncured by the chemical combination of oxy\u00c2\u00ac\\ngen and nitrogen gas. The nitric acid is\\nof considerable importance in the arts.\\nDiluted with the sulphuric and muriatic\\nacids, it forms the well-known liquid,\\naquafortis, which is used for the purpose\\nof etching on copper, c., also as a advent\\nof tin, to form with that metal a mordant\\nfor some of the finest dyes. It is also of\\ngreat use in medicine and various chemical\\nprocesses.\\nNitrogen, a simple gaseous body which\\nforms a constituent part of nitric acid, and\\nwhich, from being unrespirable, and inca\u00c2\u00ac\\npable of supporting animal life, has like\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise been called azote, (from a, priv. and\\nzoe, life, Gr.) It is generally obtained by\\nburning a piece of phosphorus in ajar,\\nfull of air, inverted over water. It is co\u00c2\u00ac\\nlourless, inodorous, and tasteless,\u00e2\u0080\u0094is not\\nabsorbed by water, and produces no effect\\non vegetable colours.\\nModule, in mineralogy and geology, a\\nrounded regular lump or mass.\\nNomenclature, a list or catalogue of the\\nmore usual and important words in a lan\u00c2\u00ac\\nguage, with their significations.\\nNosology, the classification and arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of diseases.\\nNucleus, the central parts of a body, also\\nthe points about which matter is collected.\\nNumismatics the science of coins and\\nmedals.\\nA\u00e2\u0080\u0099ufafton, in astronomy, a tremulous\\nor vibrating motion of the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s axis, by\\nwhich its inclination to the plane of the\\necliptic is continually varying, being in its\\nannual revolution twice inclined to the\\necliptic, and as often returning to it*\\nformer position.\\nOOLOGY, a treatise on the eggs of\\nbirds.\\nOptics, that branch of physical science\\nwhich explains the formation of images or\\nobjects, as depending on the known laws\\nby which the modifications of light are go\u00c2\u00ac\\nverned. Practical optics, is that part of\\nscience which applies the physical proper\u00c2\u00ac\\nties of light, and the mathematical laws of\\noptics, to the construction of useful opti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal instruments.\\nOre, the compound of a metal and some\\nother substance, as oxygen, sulphur, or\\ncarbon, termed its mineralizer. Metals\\nfound free from such combination are\\ntermed native metals metal. A Swedish\\ncoin, the twelfth of a skilling, a skilling\\nbeing worth rather more than a penny.\\nOrganic disease, a disease iu which the\\nstructure of some organ of the body is in a\\nmorbid state, as the lungs in pulmonary\\nconsumption. Organic laics, iu political\\neconomy, laws concerning the funda\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental constitution of the state. Organic\\nremains, the remains of animals or plants\\nfound in a fossil state. Organical descrip\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of curves, the method of describing\\ncurves on a plane by the regular motion of\\na point.\\nOscillation the term is particularly ap\\nplied to the motion of a pendulum. Axis", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "gloss aria i information\\nof oscillation, a right line passing through\\nthe point of suspension, parallel to tile\\nhorizon. Centre of oscillation that point\\nin a pendulum in which its whole moving\\nforce is concentrated, and at which, if it\\nmeet with resistance, it instantly stops,\\nwithout vibration or strain of the other\\nparts.\\nOvo-viviparous, an epithet applied to\\nanimals which, like the salamander and\\nthe viper, never lay eggs, but hatch them in\\nthe body; so that, though originally con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained in eggs, the offspring are brought\\nforth in a living state.\\nOxalic acid, a poisonous acid obtained\\nfrom sugar. It is often called salt of\\nsorrel, and as such it is used to take\\nstains out of furniture, dresses, c. It is\\nalso extensively used as a bleaching mate\u00c2\u00ac\\nrial, and to clean boot-tops.\\nOxide, a substance combined with oxy\u00c2\u00ac\\ngen, without being iu the state of an acid.\\nSome substances are capable of different\\ndegrees of oxidation. Thus we have black\\nand white oxide of mercury; and in che\u00c2\u00ac\\nmical nomenclature, the terms protoxide,\\ndentoxide, tritoxide, Ike., are employed to\\ndenote the first, second, third, 8cc. degrees\\nof oxidation.\\nOxygen, an elementary body which some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes exists in the solid or fluid form, but\\nw hich can only be examined in the state of\\na gas. It is the most extensively diffused\\nsubstance in nature, forming 21 percent,\\nby volume of the atmosphere, and eight-\\nninths by weight of the waters of the globe.\\nIt is the great supporter of life and com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbustion, and, in combination with other\\nsubstances, it form oxides and acids.\\nPACE, the distance between the two\\nfeet in walking, commonly estimated at\\ntwo and a half feet but the geometrical\\npace is double that distance, or the whole\\nspace passed over by the same foot from\\none step to another\u00e2\u0080\u0094a degree on the equa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntor measures 60,W)0 such paces.\\nPacific Ocean, the ocean between America\\non the east, and Asia and Australia on the\\nwest. The name was given to it by IVlagal-\\nhaens, the fiist European who visited it,\\non account of his enjoying fair weather\\nimmediately on entering this vast expanse\\nof w ater, after having experienced stormy\\nweather and tempestuous gales in passing\\nthrough the straits which still bear his\\nname.\\nParallax, in astronomy, the difference\\nbetween the position of a celestial body as\\nseen from the surface of the earth, and\\nthat in which it would be seen if the\\nobserver were placed at the centre of the\\nearth.\\nParhelion, mock-sun, a meteor which\\nconsists in thesimultaneous appearance of\\nseveral suns, which are fantastic images of\\nthe true one. No satisfactory explanation\\nof these curious but very rare phenomena\\nhas been yet given.\\nPeat, a kind of brown earth, formed in\\nhumid situations by the decay of the roots\\nand twigs of various plants, particularly the\\nSpagnum palu.\u00e2\u0080\u009c~t, and other moss plants.\\nPerigee, the point of the moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s orbit in\\nwhich she is nearest to the earth. The op\u00c2\u00ac\\nposite point is called the apogee.\\nPerihelion, the point in the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s orbit\\nin which it is nearest the sun. It is\\nsometimes w ritten perihelitim.\\nPhantasmagoria, an optical representa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, resembling those produced by the\\nmagic lantern, or in a similar manner.\\nPharmaceutical, relating to the know\u00c2\u00ac\\nledge or act of pharmacy, or to the\\npreparation of medicines.\\nPharmacy, that branch of science which\\nrelates to the medical and chemical his\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory of the different articles of the Materia\\nMedica, as also to the mode of prescrib\u00c2\u00ac\\ning their effects and composition.\\nPhenomenon, whatever is presented to\\nthe eye by observation or experiment, or\\nwhatever is discovered to exist, as the\\nphenomena of the natural world. In\\nnatural philosophy, an appearance of\\nnature, of which the cause is not imme\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiately obvious, whether occurring natu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrally, or by the intervention of human\\nagency.\\nPhilology, that branch of literature\\nwhich comprehends a knowledge of the\\netymology or origin and combination of\\nwords, and whatever relates to the laws by\\nwhich language is governed and regulated,\\nincluding the history, affinity, and present\\nstate of language. In a more general sense\\nit includes a knowledge of rhetoric, poe\u00c2\u00ac\\ntry, antiquities, history, criticism, fkc.\\nPhilosopher\u00e2\u0080\u0099s stone, an imaginary sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance, supposed by the old alchemists to\\npossess the virtue of converting the baser\\nmetals into gold, and curing all kinds of\\ndisease.\\nPhonographic, descriptive of the sounds\\nof the human voice.\\nPhosphate of lime, a salt consisting of\\nlime, 59 0, and phosphoric acid, 41*0.\\nIt is destitute of taste, insoluble in water,\\nj and not affected by exposure to the at-\\n1 mosphere. It constitutes the base of the\\nbones of animals. Mineral phosphate of\\nlime contains several species, as apatite,\\nasparagus stone, c.\\nPhosphorus, a highly inflammable ele\u00c2\u00ac\\nmentary substance, obtained by an elabo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate chemical process from bones.\\nPhologenic, an epithet applied to the\\nprocess discovered by M. Daguerre, of\\nfixing on the polished surface of a metallic\\nplate, by means of certain preparations,\\nand the use of an instrument of the nature\\nof a camera obscura, a correct likeness of\\nany object reflected thereon.\\nPhrenology, the science of mind, or of\\nits faculties, dispositions, c as studied\\nthrough the peculiar dev dopment of the\\ncranium of the individual.\\nPhysics, in its most extended sense, the\\nwhole study of natural philosophy in a\\nmore restricted sense, itis a science which\\nregards the properties of bodies, consi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered in masses, as opposed to chemistry,\\nwhich studies their elementary principles,\\nand to natural history, which observes\\ntheir physiognomy or general appearance.\\nPhysiology, the science which treats of", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "GLOSSARIAL INFORMATION.\\ntlie phenomena of organized beings, or\\nthat which describes the changes which\\ntake place in the assimilation of inorganic\\ninto organic matter.\\nPhysiognomy, the art of perceiving\\ncharacter from the features of the face.\\nPhotography, the description and naili\u00c2\u00ac\\nng of plants.\\nPhytology, a treatise on or description\\nof the growth, the kind, and the virtues\\nof plants.\\nPix, the little box or chest in which the\\nconsecrated host of the Roman Catholic\\nChurch is kept. A box kept at the British\\nmint, in which a small sample of the coins\\nstruck is deposited, in order to be assayed\\nand compared with a standard preserved\\nin the Exchequer.\\nPlanet, literally, that which wanders\\na celestial body revolving round another;\\nthe name given by the ancient Greeks to\\na few bright and conspicuous stars which\\nare constantly changing their place in the\\ncelestial sphere, and thus appear to wander\\namong the constellations.\\nPlano, a pref x, signifying flat. Plano\u00c2\u00ac\\nconcave, flat on one side and concave on\\nthe other plano convex, flat on one side\\nand convex on the other; piano-conical,\\nflatonone side and conical on theother;\\npiano-horizontal, having a level horizontal\\nsurface imposition plano-subtilaie, smooth\\nand awl-shaped.\\nPlalinum a metal so called on account\\nof its silvery appearance, or from the river\\nVlata in South America, near which it\\nwas first found. It is the heaviest sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance in nature; will not fuse with the\\nstrongest heat of our furnaces, and, from\\nits capacity of resisting oxidation in air or\\nwater, it constitutes one of the perfect\\nmetals.\\nPlutonic, in geology, unstratified, and\\nformed by tile action of fire under the\\nsurface of the earth. Platonic rocks, in\\ngeology, unstratified rocks formed from a\\nstate of fusion beneath the surface of the\\nearth, and not. like the volcanic forma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, at its surface. Plutonic theory, the\\nopinions advanced by Ur. Hutton in regard\\nto the igneous origin of granite and other\\nunstratified rocks.\\nPorphyry, purple. This term was ori\u00c2\u00ac\\nginally applied to a reddish unstratified\\nrock found in Egypt, and used by the\\nancients for statuary purposes. It is now\\nemployed by geologists to denote a reddish\\nigneous rock containing imbedded crystals\\nof felspar and all rocks (whatever their\\ncolour) which contain imbedded crystals\\ndistinct from their mass, are said to be\\nporphyritic.\\nPotash, impure carbonate of potassa,\\nobtained by burning the ashes of land\\nplants, lixiviating their ashes, and evapo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrating the solution to dryness. The car-\\nonate thus obtained is known in commerce\\nthe names of potash and pearlash, and\\nsmuch employed in the arts, particularly\\nn the formation of soap and the manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacture of glass.\\nPreadamite, an inhabitant of die earth\\nprior to the existence of our first parents;\\none who believes that Adam was not the\\nfirst human inhabitant of our earth.\\nPrimary Colours, the colours into which\\na ray of solar light may he decomposed.\\nNewton supposed them to be seven red,\\norange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and\\nviolet; while others have imagined them\\nto lie reducible to three: red, yellow, and\\nblue; or red, green, and violet;\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\ndiversity of opinion seemingly arising from\\nthe difficulty of determining the exact\\ntint of any particular colour, without\\nregarding the portion of white with which\\nit may be diluted.\\nPrism, in optica, a triangular solid, com\\nposed of glass or other diaphanous sub\\nstance, by means of which tile solar ray\\nmay be decomposed into its various colours.\\nProjectile, a body which, being put into\\nviolent force, is dismissed from tile agent,\\nand left to pursue its course. Projectiles ,that\\nbranch of mechanical philosophy which\\ntreats of the motions of bodies impelled\\nfrom the surface of the earth, and acted\\non by gravity and the resistance of the air.\\nI Prussic Acid is a constituent of the\\nwater distilled from the leaves and hlos-\\nJ soms of several stone fruits. It is a clear\\nlimpid fluid, very combustible, burning\\nwith a reddish flame. It has a peculiar\\npenetrating odour, similar to that of bitter\\nalmonds, and causes a flow of tears; it\\npossesses a penetrating taste, which i\u00c2\u00bb\\nsomewhat burning, and strongly bitter;\\nits vapour, when inhaled, acts instantly as\\na powerful poison.\\nPulverize, to reduce to fine powder or\\ndust.\\nPumice, a light, spongy, fibrous lava,\\nproduced by tile action of gases oil trachitic\\nand other lavas. Pumice is very light, and\\nswims on tile surface of water, its specific\\ngravity being 9 0. In this country, it is\\nchiefly used as a polishing powder when\\nground, or for smoothing the surface of\\npainted work, icc., w hen used in the lump.\\nPuseyism, a name given to the views of\\nDr. Pusey, which propose to carry hack\\nthe discipline and doctrine of the Church\\nof England to an imaginary period, when\\nthere would have been no ground of\\nseparation between it and the Church of\\nRome, through which its teachers lay\\nclaim to apostolic succession.\\nPyrites, firestone, consisting of native\\ncompoundsof sulphur with iron or copper.\\nQUARTZ, hydrate of silicon, or silex,\\nwitli some water of crystalization; it is a\\ncompound of a metallic basis, gilicium\\nand oxygen. It is found under every\\nvariety of form, although iu its composi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion it varies but slightly.\\nQuintessence, in alchemy, the fifth or\\nlast and highest essence of power in a\\nnatural body; hence, an extract or\\nsubstance containing the pure or essential\\npart of a thing.\\nLet there lie light, said God, and forth\\nwith light\\nEthereal, first of things, quintessence\\npure,\\nsprung from the deep.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Milton,", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "G L OSSA III A 1 INFORMATION.\\nRADIATION, the shooting forth in all\\ndirections from a centre.\\nRainbow, a how, or an arch of a circle,\\nconsisting ofall the colours formed liy the\\nrefraction and reflection of the rays of\\nlight from drops of water or vapour, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nisting in that part of the horizon which is\\nopposite the sun when he is at the hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzon, the rainbow is a semi-circle. Lunar\\nrainbow, a phenomenon similar to the\\nrainbow, hut produced by the light of the\\nmoon falling upon drops of rain Marine\\nrainbow is sometimes observed in an agi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntated sea, when the wind, sweeping over\\nthe waves, raises them into spray, in\\nwhich the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rays are refracted as in a\\ncommon shower.\\nRarefaction, the act of causing a sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance to become less dense; also the state\\nof this lessened density.\\nRefraction, the deviation of a moving\\nbody from a direct course. In optics, the\\ndeviation of a ray of light from its previous\\ncourse, in entering a medium of a different\\ndensity. Astronomical refraction is the\\napparent angular elevation of the celestial\\nbodies above their true places, caused by\\nthe refraction of the rays of light in their\\npassage through the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s atmosphere.\\nAngle of refraction, the angle made by a\\nray of light and a perpendicular to the\\nsurface of the medium through which it\\nis passing: it always bears a constant\\nratio to the angle of incidence, which\\nratio is called the index of refraction, and\\nconstitutes the measure of the refractive\\npower of the medium. Double rejracliun\\nis the separation of a ray of light into two\\nseparate parts, by passing through certain\\nmediums, as Iceland spar. All crystals,\\nexcept those whose primitive form is either\\na cube or a regular octahedron, exhibit\\ndouble refraction.\\nRelievo, in sculpture, the projecture or\\nprominence of figures beyond or above\\nthe plane or ground on which it is formed\\nit is divided into alto-relievo, basso-relievo,\\nand demi-relievo, or high, low, and middle\\nrelief. In painting, the degree of force or\\nboldness by which a figure seems at a due\\ndistance to stand out from the ground of\\nthe painting, as if really embossed.\\nRepulsion, that property in bodies\\nwhereby they mutually tend to recede\\nfrom each other.\\nRetina, in anatomy, the pulpy expan\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of the optic nerve in the interior of\\nthe eye it is the seat of vision.\\nSACCHARIC ACID, a product of the\\naction of dilute nitric acid on cane or\\ngrape sugar the diluted acid is a colour-\\nless, slightly acid liquid; when concen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrated, it is syrupy, colourless, strongly\\nacid, and, by long standing, it deposits\\ncolourless crystals. It is also called oxclI~\\nhydric acid.\\nSaxons one of the nations and people who\\nformerly dwelt in the north of Germany,\\nand who invaded and conquered Eugland\\nin the fourth and fifth centuries.\\nSelenic Acid, a colourless liquid acid,\\nhaving a strong affinity for water* and\\ncapable of dissolving zinc, iron, copper*\\nand gold.\\nSeven, among the Jews, was sacred,\\nfrom the Sabbath or seventh day being\\nset apart as a day of rest the seven\\nbranches of the candlestick, seven years of\\nplenty and famine* the seventh or sabba\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical year; and, in the New Testament,\\ntile seven golden candlesticks, tile seven\\nchurches, seven trumpets, seven seals*\\nseven vials, c., show the veneration at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntached to this number in the sacred\\nwritings.\\nSilurian, in geology, a term applied to an\\nextensive group of rocks well developed in\\nWales, the country of the ancient Silures,\\nIt consists chiefly of laminated sandstones,\\nshales, and limestone. Some of the mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbers of the system abound in organic re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmains. In age, the Silurian rocks are\\nintermediate between the Plynlymon rocks\\nand the old red sandstone. There are no\\nsimilar deposits in Scotland. Their entire\\nthickness is estimated at 2,-190 yards.\\nSimoom, a hot, suffocating wind, which\\nblows occasionally in Africa and Arabia.\\nIt is generated by the part bed deserts and\\nsandy plains. Its approach is indicated by\\na redness in the air, and its fatal effects are\\nonly to be avoided by falling on the face\\nand holding the breath.\\nSiphon, a bent tube for drawing any\\nliquid from a vessel without disturbing the\\nsediment that may be at the bottom being\\nfilled with water or other liquid, and the\\nshorter end immersed in that which is to\\nhe drawn, the atmosphere, pressing on the\\nsurface of the fluid, forces a continuous\\nstream through the tube. iill the surface of\\nthe liquid in the vessel becomes on a level\\nwith the lower end of the siphon on the\\non tside.\\nSoda, the protoxide of sodium, an alka\u00c2\u00ac\\nline substance found native in mineral\\nseams or crusts in Egypt; but in this\\ncountry it is commonly obtained pure, by\\nboiling a solution of the carbonate with\\nhalf its weight of quicklime in its original\\nstate it is of a grey colour and vitreous\\nfracture, but by the addition of water it\\nbecomes white, crystaline, and volatile,\\nand is then the substance called pure or\\ncaustic soda, but more properly the hydrate.\\nSolstice, the term assigned to the two\\nperiods at which the sun enters the tropics\\nof Cancer and Capricorn, which is respec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntively on the 21st of June and the 21st of\\nDecember; hence summer and winter\\nsolstices.\\nSolution, a liquid which contains another\\nsubstance dissolved in it. Thus, in dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolving salt in water, we obtain a solution\\nof the salt, the term being applied both to\\nthe act of combination and to the result of\\nthe process.\\nSpecies, the lowest link in the chain of\\nscientific classification, and that which\\nadmits of no further division. A species\\ncomprehends all those animals which may\\nreasonably be supposed to be descended\\nfrom one common, original stock thus*\\nall horses compose but a single species\\nand, in the same manner, all oxen, shee^", "height": "2627", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "GLQ8SARIAL INFORMATION\\ngoats, dogs, 8cc. compose respective and ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npropriate species; and where a marked\\ndifference in any of them exists, they are\\nsaid to he varieties of the species.\\nSpectrum, in optics, an elongated image\\nof the sun or other luminous body, formed\\non a wall or screen by a beam of undecom\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed light, and refracted by a prism.\\nStalactite, a conical concretion of car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonate of lime attached to the roof of a\\ncalcareous cavern, formed by the gradual\\ndropping of the water holding the carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nate in solution.\\nSteppes, the Russian name given to the\\nvast system of plains peculiar to Northern\\nAsia. It is synonymous with the prairies\\nor savannahs of North America; and the\\npampas or lllianos of South America.\\nStratum means a bed or mass of matter\\nspread out over a certain surface by the\\naction of water, or, in some cases, by\\nwind. The deposition of successive layers\\nof sand and gravel in the bed of a river,\\nor in a canal, affords a perfect illustra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion both of the form and origin of stratifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation.\\nSublimation, the raising into vapour by\\nmeans of heat, and condensing in the\\nupper part of the vessel.\\nSubstratum, that which is laid or spread\\nunder; a layer of earth lying under ano\u00c2\u00ac\\nther. In metaphysics, the matter or sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance supposed to form the basis in which\\nthe perceptible qualities inhere.\\nSulphate, a salt formed, by the union of\\nsulphuric acid with a salifiable base.\\nSulphuric Acid, an acid that has been\\n.oug known and very extensively employed\\nwhen combined with water, in which state\\nit is best known it was originally, and\\nstill is frequently called oil of vitriol. When\\nurc, it is a dense, colourless, oily liquid\\noils at 620\u00e2\u0080\u009d F., and has a specific gravity,\\nn its most concentrated form, of from\\n2 847 to 1 850. It is one of the strongest\\nacids with which chemists are acquainted,\\nand, when undiluted, is powerfully corro\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive it decomposes all animal and vege\u00c2\u00ac\\ntable substances by the aid of heat, causing\\ndeposition of charcoal and formation of\\nwater it has a strong sour taste, and\\nreddens litmus paper, even though greatly\\ndiluted it unites with alkaline substances\\nand separates all other acids more or less\\ncompletely from their combinations with\\nthe alkalis.\\nSycee Silver, the current silver among\\nthe Chinese.\\nSymbol, the sign or representation of any\\nmoral thing by the images or properties of\\nnatural things thus, the lion is the symbol\\nof courage, the lamb of meekness or pa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntience an emblem or type of something\\nelse, as the bread and wine in the eucha-\\nrist are called the symbols of the body and\\nblood of Christ.\\nSynthesis, composition, or a putting to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether the opposite ofarfalysis. In che\u00c2\u00ac\\nmistry, the uniting of elements into a\\ncompound, as in combining oxygen and\\nhydrogen to form water, thus proving, by\\nsynthesis, that water consists of these\\ngases. In logic and mathematics that\\nrocess of reasoning oy whlcn we advance\\nj a regular chain from principles before\\nestablished or assumed, and propositions\\nalready proved, till we arrive at the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nclusion. In surgery, the operation by\\nwhich divided parts are re-nnited. In an\u00c2\u00ac\\ntiquity, a large robe or cloak which the\\nRomans put on to eat in, as a more com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmodious habit for lying upon the beds or\\nsofas at table.\\nSystem, a composition a composition of\\nmany things acting harmoniously together.\\nIn science and philosophy, a system is a\\nwhole plan or scheme, consisting of many\\nparts, connected in such a manner as to\\ncreate a chain of natural dependencies or\\na regular union of principles or parts,\\nforming one entire thing. Thus we say\\nthe planetary system, or the whole of the\\nbodies supposed to belong to each other\\na system of botany, or that which compre\u00c2\u00ac\\nhends the whole science of plants a system\\nof philosophy, or a theory or doctrine\\nwhich embraces the whole of philosophy.\\nThe great utility of systems is to classify\\nthe individual subjects of our knowledge in\\nsuch a way as to enable us readily to retain\\nand employ them, and at the same time to\\nillustrate each by showing its connection\\nwith all.\\nTABLEAUX VIVA NTS, the name\\ngiven to an amusement in which groups of\\npersons, dressed in appropriate costume,\\nare made to represent some interesting\\nscene in the works of distinguished painters\\nor authors.\\nTalisman, a magical figure cut or en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraved under certain superstitious ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nservances of the configuration of the\\nheavens, to which wonderful etfects were\\nascribed or the seal, figure, character, or\\nimage of a heavenly sign, constellation, or\\nplanet, engraved on a sympathetic stone,\\nor on a metal corresponding to the star, in\\norder to receive its influence.\\nTartaric Acid, the acid of tartar, which\\nconcretes upon the inside of wine-casks;\\nit is contained in grape juice, and in tama\u00c2\u00ac\\nrinds, and several other fruits when pure,\\nit forms white crystals, composed of one\\nequivalent of dry acid and two of water.\\nTaxidermy, the art of arranging, pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nparing, and preserving the skins of ani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmals, birds, c., so as to represent their\\nnatural appearance.\\nTelegraph, a word signifying writing to\\nor for a distant point,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and applied to tile\\nvarious inventions by which news are\\ncommunicated between distant spots by\\nflags or other means. Electro-magnetic\\ntelegraph, an instrument or apparatus for\\ncommunicating words or language to a\\ndistance by means of electricity.\\nTeutonic race The appear originally to\\nhave emigrated from Asia into Europe, at\\ndifferent periods unknown to history. In\\nthe days of Julius Ctesar, Northern Ger\\nmany, Holland, Belgium, and a part of the\\ncountries oil the Middle Rhine, appear to\\nhave been inhabited by Teutonic nations\\nbelonging to the northern, or now Saxon\\nbrunch.", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "9LOSSARIAL INFORMATION,\\nTheology, the science which teaches the\\nexistence, character, amt attributes of\\nGod, his laws and government, the doc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrines we are to believe, and tlie duties we\\nare to practise. Moral theology teaches\\nus the divine laws relating to our manners\\nand actions, that is, our moral duties.\\nScholastic theology is that which proceeds\\nfrom reasoniug, or which derives the\\nknowledge of several divine things from\\ncertain established principles of faith.\\nSpeculative theology teaches or explains\\nthe doctrines of religion as objects of\\nfaith.\\nTheory, a doctrine which confines itself\\nto the speculative parts of a subject with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout regard to its practical application or\\nillustration. An exposition of the princi\u00c2\u00ac\\nples of any science, as the theory of music.\\nThe philosophical explanation of pheno\u00c2\u00ac\\nmena, either physical or moral, as New\u00c2\u00ac\\nton\u00e2\u0080\u0099s theory of optics Smith s theory of\\nmoral sentiments. Theory is distinguished\\nfrom hypothesis, thus: a theory is founded\\non inferences drawn from the principles\\nwhich have been established on independ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent evidence a hypothesis is a proposition\\nassumed to account for certain phenomena,\\nand has no other evidence of its truth, than\\nthat it affords a satisfactory explanation of\\nthese phenomena.\\nThunder, the sound which follows a\\ndischarge of electrical fluid in the atmo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsphere when this explosion is near to a per\u00c2\u00ac\\nson, the thunder is a rattling or clattering\\nsound, and when distant, the sound is\\nheavy and rumbling; thunder is used for\\nlightning, or for a thunderbolt, either\\noriginally through ignorance, or by way of\\nmetaphor, or because the lightning and\\nthunder are closely united.\\nTide, the tides are a result of the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbined attracting forces of the sun and\\nmoon; when these forces act in the same\\nstraight line, they give rise to spring-tides\\nwhen they act at right angles to each\\nother, they cause neap-tides.\\nr ornado, a violent tempest, distin\u00c2\u00ac\\nguished by a whirling motion, and gene\u00c2\u00ac\\nrally happening after extreme heat. 1 liey\\nare usually of short duration, and narrow-\\nin breadth, hut accompanied with vivid\\nlightning, loud thunder, and torrents\\nof rain.\\nTorrid zone, that space or belt of the\\nearth included between the tropics, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntending twenty-three and a half degrees on\\neach side of the equator, over every point\\nof which the sun is successively vertical,\\nand where the heat is always great.\\nTrinity, a word first used by Theophi-\\n1 its of Antioch, in the second century, to\\ndescribe the Divine Being as consisting\\n01 three persons, father. Son, and lloly\\nGhost, united in one God. Fraternity\\nof the Holy Trinity, a religious society,\\ninstituted at Home, by St. f hilip Neri, in\\n*1548. Trinity Sunday, the Sunday next\\n.after Whitsunday, so termed from a feast\\nheld on that day in the Roman Catholic\\nChurch, in honour of the Holy Trinity.\\nTropic; in astronomy and geography,\\nhe tropics are two circles supposed to he\\ndrawn parallel to tne equinoctial line, one\\non each side of it, at the distance of\\ntwenty-three and a half degrees nearly.\\nThat on the north is called the Tropic\\nof Cancer, and that on the south the\\nTropic of Capricorn. On the terrestrial\\nglobe these lines hound the torrid gone,\\nand divide the north and south temperate\\nzones.\\nVACUUM, a space empty and devoid\\nof all matter.\\nVapour, an invisible elastic fluid, ren\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered aeriform by heat, and capable of\\nbeing condensed or brought back to the\\nliquid or solid state by cold.\\nVelocity, in natural philosophy, that\\naffection of motion by which a body\\nmoves over a given space in a given\\ntime. Velocity is absolute or relative\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nabsolute, when it moves over a certain\\nspace in a certain given time; and rela\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive, when it has respect to another\\nmoving body.\\nViaduct, a structure made for conveying\\na carriage-way from one road to another,\\neither by a tunnel, mound, or arched\\nsupports, across a river or marsh.\\nVis inerticc, the power in bodies that are\\nin a state of rest to resist any change that\\nis endeavoured to he made upon them to\\nchange their state. This is implanted in all\\nmatter. Vis insila, that power by which a\\nmuscle, when wounded, contracts, inde\u00c2\u00ac\\npendently of the will, and without its feel\u00c2\u00ac\\ning pain. Vis mediatrix natural, expresses\\nthat healing power by which, when dis\u00c2\u00ac\\neased, the body is enabled to regain its\\nhealthy action. Vis mortua, that pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nperty by which a muscle after death, or\\nimmediately after being cut from a living\\nbody, contracts. Vis nervosa, a power of\\nthe muscles by which they act when ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncited by the nerves. Vis plastica, that\\nfacility of formation which spontaneously\\noperates in animals. Vis vita:, the natural\\npower of the animal machine in preserving\\nlife.\\nWHITT LEAD, a carbonate of lead\\nmuch used in painting. It is prepared by\\nexposing sheets of lead to the fumes of an\\nacid, and suspending them in the air until\\nthe surface becomes incrusted with a white\\ncoat, which is the substance in question.\\nYEAH, the period in which thr revolu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the earth round the sun, and the\\naccompanying changes in the order of na\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, are completed. The year, as regu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated hy the sun, is called solar; and, as\\nregulated by the moon, is called lunar.\\nThe solar year is the interval of time in\\nwhich the sun finishes his apparent course\\nthrough the zodiac, and contains 3bi days,\\n5 hours, and 49 minutes. The lunar year\\nconsisted of 12 lunar months. But besides\\nthe solar and lunar years, we may mention\\nthe civil year, which different nations\\nadopted without regard to astronomical ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncuracy, to render the computation of time\\nin the common affairs of life more easy.\\nThe Jewish year consisted of 12 mouths.", "height": "2609", "width": "1604", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "GLOSSARIAL INFORMATION\\nunless it happened to be Intercalary, when\\nit had 13. lhe ancient Hebrews used to\\nregulate their months by the course of the\\ngun, and each of them had 30 days: but\\nafter their captivity in Egypt, they adopted\\nthe lunar months, containing alternately\\n29 and 30 days, in all 354 days. I his w as\\nmade to agree with the solar year by add\u00c2\u00ac\\ning eleven and sometimes twelve days at\\nthe end of the year, or by an tmbnlismic\\nmonth. They.had an ecclesiastical as well\\nas a civil year; thefirst began in the month\\nof Nisan or Abib, w hich answers to part of\\nour March and April, because about this\\ntime the Israelites came out of Egypt. By\\nthis they reckoned their feasts. The se\u00c2\u00ac\\ncond began in the mouth Tisri, about the\\nmiddle of our September, because they fan\u00c2\u00ac\\ncied the world to have been created about\\nthat time. The Roman year was lunar,\\nwhich, as settled by Romulus, consisted of\\nten months, four of which contained 31,\\nand the other six 30 days, in all 304 days;\\nwhich fell 50 days short of the true lunar\\nyear, and 61 of the solar, lhe beginning\\nof the year, according to this calculation,\\nmust necessarily be very vague and varia\u00c2\u00ac\\nble; and to remove this inconvenience,\\nRomulus required so many days to be j\\nadded to the year as should bring the state j\\nof the heavens to a correspondence with\\nthe first month. These additional days\\nwere not incorporated with any months, or J\\ncalled by any particular name. Romulus\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nyear began about the vernal equinox. The\\nfirst month was March, then followed\\nApril, May, June, Quintilis, Sextilis, .Sep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntember, October, November, December: so\\nthat the numeral months were named ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncording to their order in the series. Numa\\nPompilius, to correct and reform the year,\\nmade two months, January and February,\\nof the days which used to be confusedly\\nadded to the year of Romulus. Numa\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nyear then consisted of 12 months, of which\\nseven had 29 days, and the rest 31, except I\\nFebruary, which had only 28; in all, 355\\ndays; a number exceeding tile lunar, but\\nfalling short of the solar year ten days. I\\nThe year, therefore, upon this principle,\\nmust be vague and unfixed as to the time\\nof its commencement. Numa, however,\\ndesirous of fixing it to the winter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s soistice.\\nordered 22 days to be intercalated every\\nsecond year, 23 every fourth year, 22 every\\nsixth, and 23 every eighth year; and these\\nintercalations to be made in February.\\nBut this rule failing of its object, it was\\nthought proper to add only 15 days every\\neighth year, instead of 23. l he care of the\\nwhole was committed to the Pontifex Max\u00c2\u00ac\\nimus, who, either by inattention or ignor\u00c2\u00ac\\nance, suffered errors to creep in, and thus\\ncaused much confusion. Such was the\\nstate of the Roman year till the time of\\nJulius Caesar. File year, as reformed by\\nhim, is a solar year, consisting of 365 days,\\nexcept every fourth year, called bissextile,\\nwhich contains 366, The Julian year,\\ntherefore, is 365 days, 6 hours, exceeding\\nthe solar year by 11 minutes, which in 131\\nyears amount to a whole day. Thus stood\\nthe year till the reformation of it made by\\nPope Gregory. The Gregorian year is,\\nconsequently, the Julian year corrected,\\nand is the year now used in Europe. From\\nthe difference between this and the Julian\\nyear, arises the distinction of Old and New\\nStyle.-The Mahometans begin their\\nyear when the sun enters Aries the Per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsians in the mouth answering to our June;\\ntile Chinese and most of the Indians begin\\nit with thefirst moon in March. At Rome\\nthere are two ways of computing the year,\\nthe one beginning at the nativity of our\\nLord, which the notaries use the other in\\nMarch, on occasion of the incarnation,\\nand it is from this the papal bulls are dated.\\nT he civil or legal year, m England, as well\\nas the historical year, commences on the\\n1st of January. T he church, as to her so\u00c2\u00ac\\nlemn service, begins the year on the first\\nSunday in Advent, which is always the\\nnext to St. Andrew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s day.-J \u00e2\u0080\u0099ear and day\\nin law, signifies a certain time that by law\\ndetermines a right, or works prescription\\nas in the case of an eslray, if the owuel\\nshould not challenge it within that time,\\nit becomes forfeited to the lord; so of a\\nwreck, c.\\nZERO the numeral 0. which fills the\\nblank between the ascending and de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscending numbers of a series.\\nA TABLE OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF BODIES.\\nBaron\\neter, 30 inches.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Fahrenheit\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Thermom. 60\u00c2\u00b0.\\nFrom\\nthb Works of\\nDrs. Thompson, Young, and\\nUrb\\nPlatina\\n22,069\\nNitre\\n1,900\\nGold\\ne\\n19,360\\nIvory\\n1,825\\nQuicksilver\\n1\\n13,568\\nBrimstone\\n1,810\\nLead\\n11,352\\nC o al\\n1,250\\nSilver\\n10,474\\nBoxwood\\n1,030\\nCopper\\n8,878\\nSea Water\\n1,026\\nBrass\\n8,396\\nCommon Water\\n1,000\\nSteel\\n7,833\\nOak (English)\\n760\\nIron (cast)\\n4 0\\n7,64a\\nWalnut\\n671\\nTin\\ne\\n7,32 u\\nCedar\\nm\\n613\\nGlass (crystal)\\n3,150\\nElm\\n600\\nGranite\\n3,11)0\\nWillow\\n585\\nMarble (Parian)\\nIII*\\n2,838\\nFir\\n550\\nFI it\\n2,570\\nPoplar\\n383\\nBi.ck\\n2,000\\nCork\\n240\\nNoth. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The several sorts of wood are supposed to be dry.", "height": "2600", "width": "1577", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2618", "width": "1459", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2522", "width": "1444", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2522", "width": "1444", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2522", "width": "1444", "jp2-path": "outlinesofgenera00ince_0116.jp2"}}