{"1": {"fulltext": "r", "height": "4213", "width": "2496", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "X ^^ViJ^o^A.u.X^\\nr,\\nAGAINST THE ANiNHXATION OF TliC\\nHAWAIIAN ISLANDS.\\nSPEECH\\nHON.JOIINL. MITCHELL,\\nOF V/ISCONSIN,\\nSENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,\\nTuesday, June 21, 1898.\\nt\\nK\\n\\\\v\\nA^IIINO rOX\\nI S9S.\\n^^^^^i\\n^A.v./\\nClass _\\nBook_", "height": "3697", "width": "2157", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0003.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "Co\\nS?\\nG8466", "height": "3572", "width": "1991", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0004.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "S 1 E E C II\\nOF\\nHON. JOHN L. MITCHELL.\\nThe Sennto havinpr under jn8idoration tho joint ri solution H. Res. 259)\\nto provide for annexing th j Ilawaiiuu laluuds to the United States-\\nMr. MITCHELL .saiil:\\nMr. Pkesident: Just beforo the outbreak of the present war it\\nwus loudly claimed by the advocates of Hawaiian annexation that\\na majority of the peojjle of this country wore with them. If this\\nwas really the condition, it came through feeding the people on\\nfine phrases until there was no room left for the hard food of\\ntruth. They were not convinced by argument. They had been\\ncarried away by catch-words: Manifest destiny, tho logic of\\nevents, now is the golden hour, the mastery of the Pacific.\\nTho simile of ripe fruit falling into the lap has been a favor-\\nite with many, unmindful of the warning of the poet in the matter\\nof sea fruit:\\nThe D.^ad Sea fruit (hat tcnij)ts the oyo\\nBut turns to ashes ou the lips.\\nThe serious study of public questions is a good deal like work.\\nIt is easier to float gayl\\\\ along on an intoxicating tide of senti-\\nmental gush.\\nAnd now tho Philippines be upon us. The nation, shorn of its\\njudgment, is led captive by its emotions. We are to establish\\nourselves permanently in the far East, and must have a coaling\\nstation in mid-Pacific {is a basis for aggressive action. Under a\\npassing stress of war we are to bo pressed into taking a first step\\nin imperialism\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a policy which may benefit tho favored few, but\\nto the ordinary mortal it mcatis tho path to the barracks or pos-\\nsibly the poorhonse. Ail this at the precise time when we sliouUl\\navoid compromising ventures. Europe already questions our sin-\\ncerity in the dcclaratiim touching Cuba. Tlio seiairo of Hawaii", "height": "3426", "width": "1955", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0005.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0would remove any doubt as to our all-round land-grabbing inten-\\ntions. Giving no heed to the war whoop, we should consider this\\nsubject dispassionately.\\nAnnexation might he^p Hawaii itself. But our duty reriuires\\nus to look at this question from a i^urely selfish standpoint.\\nUnless this measure is clearly to the advantage of the United\\nStates, we must cast it out.\\nWhile annexation ouglit not to be permitted without a full and\\nfree expression on the i:)art of the Hawaiians, still it is not mate-\\nrial whether the Hawaiian population, in mass or in any propor-\\ntion, desire annexation or not. It is for them to show a clean bill\\nof political health as a condition precedent to admission. Tlio\\nmen in the bowels of the wooden horse were anxious to enter\\nTroy, but they proved undesirable citizens after they were let in.\\nAre we bound to admit to our domestic circle every wanderer\\nwho raps at our door? Before we enter into a business partner-\\nship) we scrutinize. Before entering into a political partnership\\nwe should be more careful still, for the bonds are more difficult to\\ndissolve. We owe the Hawaiians much. In times past they have\\nsent us bananas and we have returned them fleas and gunpowder.\\nThey have sent us pinsapples and we have returned them muskets,\\nmosquitoes, and the measles. There is an uncomfortable balance\\nagainst us, but to demand annexation to square accounts is ask-\\ning too much.\\nPutting aside all considerations of the constitutionality of this\\nresolution and pinning ourselves down strictly to the question of\\nexpediency, arc there any commo?a-sense grounds for the acquisi-\\ntion of these islands? Will the diverse peoples which inhabit them\\nbring a strengthening element to our body politic? Are they of\\nsufficient commercial and strategic value to warrant a large out-\\nlay of money? I bjlieve that all these questions may be safely\\nanswered in the negative.\\nThe area of the islands is not extensive, a little over 0,000 square\\nmiles. Of this only about one-quarter is fit for cultivation. The\\ninterior of the islands is devoted to raising volcanoes. If the\\nUnited States is in search of mountain property, they can not do\\nbetter. But one would think that the Rockies ought to suffice\\nin this line. A narrow strip along the shore, of intermittent fer-\\nSiS J", "height": "3311", "width": "1984", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0006.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "6\\ntilily, is devoted to raising cane\u00e2\u0080\u0094 snL;ar cane, lu thofea grow an\\nabundance of fish and tidal waves. The climate is mild and o(iua-\\nble. There is an inviting stanza that touches our sensibilities:\\nomo to this laud of the suu-ct sea.\\nWhere the year is wrai i)0(l in j;oldcn weather,\\nWlici-e the months are striuiir on sunbeam threads\\nAnd clasped with roses aud pinks together.\\nNothing but sunbeams and flowers becomes monotonous to dis-\\ntraction. They cloy like a steady diet of sugar candy. For nine\\nmonths of the year the wind is constantly in the northeast\u00e2\u0080\u0094 no\\nfitful breeze, but a steady blow; something between a zephyr and\\na typhoon. During the rest of tho year, by way of compensation,\\nit blows from the southwest.\\nIn trying to take this Hawaiian rainbow apart, I have not con-\\nfined my reading to the special pleas of the pamphleteers. From\\nwhat appears to be an unprejudiced source, I quote words writ-\\nten some years ago, before sugar had become king, and before the\\nimportation of Mongolian and Portuguese laborers:\\nThe Hawaiian Islands can hardly be regarded as a field for emigration.\\nFarming, as we understand it, is unknown. Tlie dearth of insectivorous bird.s\\nseriously affects the cultivation of the soil. Tho narrow gorges, in which\\nterraced patched cultivation is so succes.sful, offers no temptations to a\\nman with the world before him. The larger areas reriuire labor, and labori s\\nnot to be had. Though wheat and other cereals mature, attacks of weevils\\nprevent their storage, and all the grain and Hour consumed is imported from\\nCalifornia. Beef is plentiful and sells for enough to pay for cutting up tho\\ncarcass. Cacao, cinnamon, and allspice are subject to an apparently ineradi-\\ncable blight. The blight which has attacked the coffee shrub is so severe that\\ntho larger plantations have been dug up, and coffee is now raised by patch\\nculture, mainly among the guava shrub which fringes the forest. Oranges\\nsuffer from blight also, and some of tho finest groves have been cut down.\\nCotton suffers from tho ravages of a caterjjillar.\\nTho mulberry tree, which, from its rapid growth, would bo invaluable to\\nailk growers, is covered with a black and white blight. Sheep arc at present\\nvery succes.sful, but in some localities tho spread of tho pestilent oat burr is\\ndepreciating the value of their wool. Tho forests, which arc essential to tho\\nwell-being ot the island, are disappearing in some rjuarters. owing to tho at-\\ntacks of a grub as well as the ravages of cattle. Cocoanuts, bananas, yams,\\nBwcct potatoes, and kalo are free from blight, and so are potatoes and rlco.\\nWhile everyone can live abundantly and without the sweat of tho brow, but\\nfew can make money, owing to tho various forms of blight, the scarcity of\\nlabor, and tho lack of a piofitablo market. Settlements are disappearing,\\nvalley lands are fulling out of cultivation, and hilograssand guava .scrub aro\\nburying tho traces of a former population.\\nIn Is JO the total value of imports into Hawaii was ab out $7,000,-\\n000. Of this the United States contributed a little less than\\n\u00c2\u00a7\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0,,000,000. This is a commerce in which otli r countrif s can not\\nMAJ", "height": "3426", "width": "1955", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0007.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "6\\ncompete with ns, antl no change in the political condition of the\\nislands would deprive tis of it. In 1890 there was esjiorted of\\nrice, $195,000; bananas, \u00c2\u00a7125,000; hides, $00,000; coffee, $53,000.\\nLeaving out sugar, these figures show the relative importance of\\nthe chief products of the islands ami also the in.-iguificance of\\nthe coffee crop.\\nThe total value of exports for ISOO was 15,51. ),000, of which\\nsugar figures for .^14,932,000. With the exception of $102 worth,\\nall this sugar came to the United States. If the siigar imported\\ninto the United States had paid a dut}- of 2 cents a pound, some\\n$7,000,000 would have gone into the United States Treasury.\\nSpealdng roundly, in 1S9G, of the fifteen and a half million dollars\\nof exports, hut half a million was made up of products other than\\nsugar. It is evident that sugar is supreme in Hawaii. All other\\nindustries are insignificant. In the production of sugar large capi-\\ntal is essential to pecuniary success. Some forty capitalists control\\nthe sugar industry of the islands. There were in their employ\\nin 1890, 23,780 laborers. Of these, there were 1,615 Hawaiians,\\n2,268 Portuguese, 12,893 Japanese, 6,289 Chinese, 115 South Sea\\nIslanders, and 600 of all other nationalities. About half of all these\\nmen are contract laborers, living under a condition of virtual\\nchattel slavery, a condition that the present Republic has not seen\\nfit to remed}\\nThese men are paid from \u00c2\u00a712.50 to $15 per month, without board.\\nPractically the Mongolians produce the sugar of the islands. They\\nwork for wages that white men would not accept, and they suffer\\nhardships and privations that white men could not endure.\\nAmerican laborers who may migrate to Hawaii in the hope of\\nbetterment, if they continue to exist at all, would rapidly degen-\\nerate. Tliey would succumb to their surroundings, stained like\\nthe dyer s hand by the element it works in.\\nThe Mongolian is essential to the profitable production of sugar.\\nIt is admitted that the undertaking would be a financial failure\\nwithout him. Broadly speaking, sugar is all there is to the\\nHawaiian Islands commercially, and the Mongolian is all there is\\nto sugar, except the big capitalist. The big capitalist is afraid of\\nthe abrogation of the present treaty; hence the annexation proj-\\nect, which is a clumsy cover for a mercenary scheme. Saccharine", "height": "3311", "width": "1984", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0008.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "tiicldos out all aroniul it; the trail of sugar is over it all. It is\\n(inito time that this assertive commoility gave this Legislature a\\nrespite.\\nBut lands, imports, exports, manufactures, nioni j- do not make\\na nation. It is men\u00e2\u0080\u0094 men strong in their svbilitj- to toil, firm set\\nio those civic virtues that alone malce self-government possible.\\nIn the words of an eminent divine:\\nThe groatnessof America is in Iior democracy. America, as no oth .T na-\\ntion, honors manhood, consecrates its ritrhts and gives it the freedom to de-\\nvelop its powers and satisfy its ambition. America is tlic nation of the peo-\\nple, and to become of the people of America it suffices to be man.\\nDo the inhabitants of Hawaii rise to the high requirements of\\nAmerican citizenship? In 1896 there were 10D,020 inhabitants in\\nthe Hawaiian Islands. Of these there were 31,019 full-blooded\\nHawaiians, 8,435 part Hawaiians, 24,407 Japanese, 21,C1G Chinese.\\n15,191 Portuguese, 2,266 Americans, and 1,538 subjects of Great\\nBritain. From these figures it will be seen that the three impor-\\ntant races, numerically, in the islands are the Hawaiians proper,\\nthe Mongolians, and the so-called Portuguese.\\nThese three races figiire 100,000 out of a population of 109,000.\\nThe Hawaiian is an insouciant, indolent creature. With him a\\nlonging for repose is a gift of nature. He is more inclined to aes-\\nthetics than to ethics. He delights in flowers that grow without\\ncultivation, in listening to nnisic, and in seeing other people dance.\\nIntellectually and industrially he lags superfluous on the scene.\\nAfter a century s contact with civilization his race has dwindled\\nfrom 400,000 to 40,000. The white man has stamped out his reli-\\ngion, his traditions. Ilis lauds have slipped away from him. He\\nno longer has a voice in theGovernment. It docs not lie in human\\nnature for him to be rriendly to the white man, and he would\\nprove a permanent menace to our Govfrnmcnt.\\nThe Mongolian the gentle heathen we are already accjuainted\\nwith. Such a citizen is he that we have thought lit to deal with\\nhim after the Draconian method.\\nThere was a pr;)vi.sion in the treaty nov/ withdrawn, wliich id\\ntacked onto this re.solution, .seeking to prevent the (Miineso now in\\nHawaii from removing to other parts of the United Stales in tlie\\nevent of aimexation. In other word.s, per.sons safely within our\\nborders and guiltless of any offense again.st our laws are fori. id-", "height": "3426", "width": "1955", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0009.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "8\\nden from moving freely throngbout oiir territory. I would like\\nto be a Cbinaman\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not for a great wbile\u00e2\u0080\u0094 just long enougb to test\\nthis monstrous doctrine. It looks very mucb like a return to tbe\\ndays when tbe serfs were part and i^arcel of tbe soil.\\nTbe so-called Portuguese is a mixture of many bloods, and all\\ninferior. He came from tbe Island of Madeira and not from Por-\\ntugal. He is a degraded i^eon, wntbout a single quality tbat goes\\nto make up tbe acceptable American citizen.\\nSenators on tbis floor bave lately taxed tbeir ingenuity in fram-\\ning bills to exclude from tbe United States tbe compatriots of\\nHofer, Kosciusko, Kossutb, and Garibaldi, and now tbey ask us\\nto swallow at a gulp tbis variegated agglomeration of tbe fag-ends\\nof humanity. But Ibis unsavory population is not all that we\\nwill have to swallow. At the foot of an insurmountable cliff\\nthere juts out from tbe Island of Molokai a low-lying, narrow\\npeninsula, girt about by the impassable ocean. On this strip of\\nland are segregated some fourteen hundred lepers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 doomed be-\\nings, who have shut to themselves tbe doors of tbeir own sepnl-\\ncher.\\nStevenson writes from personal experience:\\nOn landing on Molokai you behold tlie stairs ci o-wded with abominable de-\\nformations of our common manhood, and find yourself in the midst of such\\na population as only now and then surrounds us in the horror of delirium.\\nAs wo move on, every fourth face forms a blot upon the landscape. ^Ye visit\\nthe hospital and see the butt ends of human beiuj^s lying there almost unrec-\\nognizable, but still breathing, still thinking, still remembering. It is a piti-\\nful place to visit and a hell to dwell in. Here one breathes the atmosphere of\\naffliction, disease, and physical disgrace.\\n^lolokai is neglected by travelers. None of tbe gentlemen who\\nrecently went from Washington to Hawaii for investigation vis-\\nited it. This is strange, because this leper colony is uui(iue the\\nworld over. It is tbe most interesting point in tbe island, patho-\\nlogically speaking. Leprosy is a mysterious disease, about which\\nbut two things are definitely known: It is not hereditary and it is\\ncontagious. Dr. Morrow, in the North American Review, writes:\\nThat in addition to the lepers in Molokai there are probably two or three\\ntimes as many at large in whom the disease is latent or in the incubative\\nstage, yet none the less sure to develop. It is probable that with the relax-\\nation of our strict regulations on the Pacific coast, which may be assumed\\nwould follow annexation, many lepers would, in their desire to escape Molo-\\nkai, emigrate to thi3 country. The principal danger would come from the\\nestablishment of more intimate commercial relations, the opening of now\\nenterprises inviting capital and labor, and consequent thereon the influx of\\n^89", "height": "3311", "width": "1984", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0010.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Americans into the islands and their exposnro to contact with the tainted\\npopulation.\\nThat snch contact is not devoid of danger is evident from the nnnilior of\\nforeigners who contract the disease. In the event of aimexation it WDUld bo\\nidle to think of conflniug leprosy to tho islands, or rather cxeludiuB it from\\nthis countrj by quarantiuo measures. In its earlier stago leprosy de-\\nfies detection, and no system of quarantine has ever Iwon devised which\\nwould exclude the importation of a disease so littlo manifest on ordinary in-\\nspection as leprosy; only tho more advanced cases could bo detected. Thero\\nwould seem to bo no reasonable doubt that tho annexation of Hawaii would\\ncreate conditions favorable to the dissemination of the seeds of le])ro.sy in\\nthis country. Experience shows that in all countries where leprosy has bo-\\ncome epidemic its advance is insidious. It spreads slowlj*, and before the\\nhealth authoritiL s awaken to tho realization of danger it has made such head-\\nway that its further progress can not ba arrested. All of these facts should\\nbe carefully considered and their importance from a sanitary point of view\\ncarefully weighed by our legislative authorities before deciding upon the an-\\nnexation of Hawaii with its leprous population.\\nDr. Morrow estimates that more than 10 per cent of the Hawaiian\\nrace is affected with leprosy. Another writer puts it at o per\\ncent of the total population. Of course accurate leper statistics\\nare not to be obtained. The Hawaiian officials are dumb on this\\nsubject, and Government publications are significantly silent.\\nThat portion of the President s annual message which treats of\\nHawaii is a feat in composition. How carefully he has lifted tho\\nEnglish language over the rough spots\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the many difficulties that\\nbeset this question. Out of verbal confusion rings one clear utter-\\nance:\\nEvery consideration of dignity and honor requires the confii-mation of the\\ntreaty.\\nDignity is a matter of taste, and need not be discnssed. If honor\\nrequires annexation, conversely those who oppose confirmation\\nare lacking in the point of honor. This is a grave charge, but one\\nwhich neither history nor the humanities will sustain. A handful\\nof aliens have traded the natives out of their birthright, and wo\\nare asked in the name of honor to confirm their title. A few con-\\nsinrators, aided by a United States minister, acting without spe-\\ncific authority, have overthix\u00c2\u00bbwn the accepted, legitimate Govern-\\nment if the islands. They have substituted an oligarchy of their\\nown, and now, in tho name of honor, wo are asked to stamp with\\nour approval their proceedings. Since the advent of tbe white\\nman every leaf in the history of Hawaii is either red with blood\\nor black with intrigue and jobbery. In the name of honor we are\\nasked to bind up these tarnished pages in the book of records of", "height": "3426", "width": "1955", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0011.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "10\\nthis Republic. It is travesty to dress up this political manikin of\\nthe further seas in the garb of honor. It is a misfit, a waste of\\ngood material.\\nIf annexation is to harden into fact, one of two things will hap-\\npen: Either Hawaii will bscome a State, a rotten borough, with\\ntwo representatives on this floor, or it will remain a Territory in\\nperpetuity, a proconsulate, a condition repugnant to our institu-\\ntions. If such a political programme is to prevail, our idea of\\nmanhood equality before the law is simply a passing show, a piece\\nof theatrical machinery to be relegated to the property room,\\nnever again to be trundled out upon the stage.\\nI am not here in a narrow spirit. I propose to legislate for the\\nwelfare of the whole nation. Still I can not refrain from asking\\nmyself this question: In the region of country from which I come,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nniversal political contamination aside, what direct interest have\\nthe people in this mirage of the Pacific? That some Mercutio of\\nours may lay down his life in this masquerade of mock democracy\\nis probable. That we will throw away good money in this venture\\nis certain. Beyond these things, Hawaii will have no more ex-\\nistence for us than the Island of Monte Christo.\\nIn his message the President implies that three-quarters of a\\ncentury of American diplomacy has ripened into a necessity for\\nannexation. I do not read history in that light. In 184:2 Presi-\\ndent Tyler wrote:\\nHawaii should bo respected and all its rights strictly and conscientiously-\\nregarded. It is deemed not unfit to make the declaration that our Govern-\\nment seeks no peculiar advantages, no exclusive control over the Hawaiian\\nGovernment, but is content with its independent existence, and anxiously\\nwishes for its sec-urity and prosperity.\\nIn 184.3 Mr. Webster, as Secretary of State, entered into a treaty\\nagreement with England and France to keep their hands off the\\nHawaiian Islands. He writes.\\nWc seek no control over the Hawaiian Government, nor any undue iuflu-\\ncnco wliatevor. Our only wish is that the integrity and independence of the\\nHawaiian territory may bo scrupulously maintained.\\nIn 1849 President Taylor said:\\nWe desire that the islands may maintain their independence and that other\\nnations may concur with us in this sentijuent.\\nIn 1850 Mr. Clayton, Secretary of State, agreed with this view.\\n34?9", "height": "3311", "width": "1984", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0012.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "11\\nOn Jnly 11, IS.jI, Mr. Webster \u00e2\u0096\u00a0wrote:\\nIn (I -kiiowloilging the imli-pemlenco of tho islands anil of the povcrnniont\\nestablishoil ovcm- them it uianicly, tho United .States) was not svokinR to pro-\\nmote any peculiar ohjeot of its own. What it did, and all that it did, was\\ndone openly in the face of day, in entire good faith, and known to all nations.\\nThis Government still desires to see tho nationality cf the Hawaiian\\nGovornment maintained, its independent administration of public ufTuirs\\nrespected, and its prosperity and reputation increased. But while thus in-\\ndisposed to exercise sinister inlluenco itself over the councils of Hawaii, or to\\noverawe the proceedings of its government by tho menace or tho actual ap-\\nplication of superior military force, it expects to see other powerful nations\\nact in the same manner.\\nIn 1 Sol President Fillmore dcclareil:\\nThe islands should not iMiss under the control of any great maritime state,\\nbut should remain in .an independent condition, and so be accessible and use-\\nful to the commerce of all nations.\\nMr. Blaine wrote on November 19, 1881:\\nThe Government of the United States has, with unvarying consistency,\\nmanifested respect for tho independence of tho Hawaiian Kingdom and an\\nearnest desire for the welfare of its people. The Govornment of\\nthe United States has always avowed, and now repeats, that under no cir-\\ncumstances will it permit tho transfer of tho territory or sovereignty to any\\nof the great European powers.\\nIn 18S7 Secretary Bayard said to our Minister Merrill:\\nAs is well known, no intent is cherished or policy entertained by the United\\nStates which is otherwise than friendly to the autonomical control and in-\\ndependence of Hawaii.\\nJames A. Garfield declared:\\nHawaiian annexation would weaken the pov.-or of our iwoplo and Govern-\\nment.\\nIn this unbroken chain of opinion there is not one word which\\nsuggests annexation. Hands off all round has been our con-\\nsistent policy in th? past, and autonomy ought to bo our plan in\\nthe future.\\nThe conduct of tho friends of annexation has been somewhat\\nreprehensible. Not content with importing tho President of a\\nsister Republic to awe this Legislature, not long ago they brought\\ninto this Chamber a map of tho Pacific Ocean. This confronted\\nns day after day like a threatening cloud. On their map they\\npainted lurid streaks that did tho multitudinous sea incarna-\\ndine \u00e2\u0080\u0094streaks that burnt into the retina a bloodshot vision not\\nto bo dispelled. But this day and night mare has not been with-\\nont its uses. How edifying to watch lines scurrying from all\\nover the globe, concentrating irresistibly on thi:j magnetic speck", "height": "3426", "width": "1955", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0013.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "12\\nin midocoan! The shooting star of empire at last has found a\\nresting place. And then these converging lines form a web which\\nrecalls our happy childhood and the recitation:\\nWill you walk into my parlor?\\nSaid tho spider to the fly;\\nTis tho prettiest little parlor\\nThat ever you did spy.\\nAnd what a walk it is! Hawaii is farther from anywhere else\\nthan any other spot on earth. Falkland is 6,379 miles away; the\\nNicaragut\\\\ Canal, 4,210; Auckland, 3,350; Sitka, 2,305; while\\nJapan, our rival for the Hawaiian hand, is in the seductive prox-\\nimity of 3,399 miles.\\nBut it seems that it is distance that lends enchantment to tho\\nstrategic eye. From the Washington Post of December 10, 1897,\\nI quote:\\nThere are few man in the country as well qualified to speak in regard to\\nHawaiian matters as Lieut. Col. Charles P. Egan, United States Army, one\\nof the most accomplished gentlemen in Uncle Sam s service. Speaking with\\nfriends at the Ebbitt yesterday. Colonel Egan said: Now is the golden op-\\nportunity of the United States to annex Hawaii. The time may never be so\\nfavorable again if we let the present chance pass. The argument that the\\ncountry is too far away is absurd; in fact, the distance is rather an advantage.\\nIt will give an opening for our ships of war and will bo an additioi^al reason\\nfor the upbuilding of our Navy.\\nOther Army and Navy officers have expressed themselves in the\\nsame strain. It is natural they should do so. On any proposition\\nlooking toward an increase of either branch of the service their\\nanswer is ready-made. 1 do not accept professional soldiers as my\\nguides in public policy. It is true we are a fighting people\u00e2\u0080\u0094 our\\ngraveyards attest it. But we are not a belligerent power. May\\nHeaven preserve us from such a fate. What makes England great\\nis her formidable navy. What has made us great in the past is\\nthe absence of heavy armaments. It is the one undisputed advan-\\ntage that we have over all civilized nation.^. Thomas Jefferson\\ndoes not agree with Co .onel Egan in the doctrine of dispersal.\\nHe wrote to President Monroe, in 1809, touching the proposed an-\\nnexation of Cuba:\\nIt will be objected to our receiving Cuba that no limit can be drawn to our\\nfuture acquisitions. Cuba can be defended by us without a navy; and this\\ndevelops the principle which ought to limit our views. Nothing should ever\\nbo accepted which would require a navy to defend it.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Mi J", "height": "3311", "width": "1984", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0014.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "13\\nSecretary Frolinghuyseii wrote to Mr. Laugston uiuler date of\\nJiiuo 20, 18S3:\\nTlio policy of this Govcriimoiit, as declare;! on many occasions in tho past,\\nhas tended toward avoidance of poisossions disconnected from the main coa-\\ntiucnt.\\nIn 1884 he said to the same minister:\\nA conviction that a fixed policy, dating back to tho origin of our constitu-\\ntional Government, was considered to make it inexpedient to attempt terri-\\ntorial aggrandizement which would require maintenance by a naval force in\\nexcess of any yet provided for our national uses, has led this Government to\\ndecline territorial acquisitions. Even as simjilo coaling stations such terri-\\ntorial acquisitions would involve responsibilities beyond their utility. The\\nUnited States has never deemed it needful to their national lifd to maintain\\nimpregnable fortresses along tho world s highways of commerce.\\nWilliiim E. Gladstone writes of the destiny of this Republic in\\nhis Kin Beyond the Seas:\\nThe United States has tho natural base of tho greatest continuous empiro\\nthat has over been established by man, and the distinction between a con-\\ntinuous empire and one dispersed over the sea is vital. America will proba-\\nbly become what we are now, the head servant in the great household of the\\nworld, because her service will be most and tho ablest; for tho growth in one\\ncentury from 3.00(1,000 to aj,00(i,030 encourages tho belief that in 1990 America\\nwill have 500,000,000 of people.\\nOn the subject of naval expansion I quote from an able paper\\nwritten by M. S. Stuyvcsant, of St. Louis:\\nI do not believe that wo need what is known as sea power for use out-\\nside ol our own waters. To put it in another way, we will not have to keep\\npace with England and the continental powers in this expensive matter of\\nbuilding battle ships if our coasts are impregnable, because\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. We have no foreign colonics to defend.\\n2. We are not in tho business of apjiropriating tho lands of defenseless\\npeople and have no zones of influence to squabble over.\\n3. We have no coaling stations scattered all over tho world to fortify and\\nmaintain connection with.\\ni. Our chances of having to go to war would be materially lessened. No\\nnation would be anxious to quarrel with us if they could not hurt us. Wo\\ncan safely leave the struggle for preponderant sea power to other nations\\nless fortunately situated, if only our coast defenses are in condition to repol\\nattack.\\nOn the strategic advantages of Hawaii Capt. A. T. Mahan has\\nbeen appealed to and has dutifully come to the front. He says:\\nToo much stress can not be laid on the imraen.se disadvantage tons of any\\nmaritime enemy having a coaling station well within 2,. )00 miles, as this is, of\\nevery point of our coast lino from Pugot Sound to Mexico. Were thoro\\nmany others available wo might find itdifil -ult tooxcludo them all. Th reiii,\\nhowever, but one. Shut out from tho Sandwirh Isl-inds as a coal base, an\\nenemy is thrown back for supplies of fuel to distances of 3,r U) or 4,()i)0 miles,\\nor between T,O.X)and 8,000 miles going and coming, an imixsdimcnt to sustained", "height": "3426", "width": "1955", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0015.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "14\\nmaritime operations well nigh prohibitive. It is rarely that so im-\\nportant a factor in the attack or defense of a coast line\u00e2\u0080\u0094 of a sea frontier\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is\\nconcentrated in a single position, and this circumstance renders it doubly\\nimperative upon us to secure it if we righteously can.\\nAccording to Captain Malian, with these islands in oxar posses-\\nsion a navy seeking to attack our coast would have to steam some\\n7,000 miles without recoaling. He speaks of an enemy being thus\\nthrown back for supplies. What possible enemies have we to en-\\ncounter in the Pacific? There are but two England and Japan.\\nFrowning over our frontier, near the southern extremity of Van-\\ncouver Island, is the first-class naval arsenal of Esquimault.\\nWith this and her master navy England is indilierentas to whether\\nwe hold Hawaii or not. The Japanese are a long-headed people.\\nThey are not given to running on quixotic errands. They do not\\ndream of attacking our Pacific coast. If they ever attempt it,\\ntheir shii)S would have no need of recoaling on the return trip.\\nCaptain Mahan s opinion and my crude notions of strategy do\\nnot agree, I have always iinderstood that in war the more one\\nspreads out the more one is weakened, the more one concentrates\\nthe more one is strengthened. The advocates of annexation con-\\nstantly refer to Hawaii as an outpost. An outpost is a detach-\\nment from the main body thrown forward for purposes of obser-\\nvation, retreating and reenforcing the main body when occasion\\nrequires. In the event of war Hawaii could not fall back, it could\\nnot fall forward, and it would refuse to sink into the sea. It\\nwould have to be defended by fortifications and guarded by a\\nfleet.\\nIt is but fair to admit that Hawaii has its attractive features,\\nits allurements. To the world-stroller it offers a blissful sojourn\\na life with something of the Garden of Eden about it\u00e2\u0080\u0094 plenty of\\nleisure and few clothes. Here the traveler breathes the fragrance\\nof flowers, regales himself on rich fruits, and revels in the ever-\\ntepid sea. When the sensuous palls upon him, there is subject for\\nmoralizing. He can climb Mount Kilauea, peep into its crater,\\nwhich does the most active business on the islands, and ponder\\nover the possibilities of the future.\\nAt nightfall he seeks the shelter of the lanai, a shed with live\\ntrees for posts and interwoven palm leaves for a roof. Here,\\nseated on the grass, his neck encircled with a lei, a wreath of\\nati j", "height": "3311", "width": "1984", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0016.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "15\\nflowers, he joins in the liiau, a native bnnciuet. The feed is BfrveJ\\non leavesof aromatic plants hy way of tali .oclotli. With his fiuj^irs\\nhe dips poi out of a oalabasli. llv pai tikes of siu-kiiig piir. roasted\\nin a lunn, an underground oven. IIo devourH raw fisli, livo\\nshrimps, j auis, and watermelon, wanhing the whole down with\\ncopious draughts of awa. the alcoholic bovorago of Polyms a.\\nSatiated, with a parting aloha, ho retires to some opening among\\nthe palm trees and takes a moonshine bath, meanwhile conning\\nthe Kanaka, if he is an American with aspirations, knowing that\\nan acquaintance with that dialect will bo a re iuirement in the\\nnext catechism ot the Civil Service Commission.\\nUncle Sam may long for relaxation of this kind; but, afttr all,\\nhe will be wise to imitate the .sage Uly?ses. As he approached\\nthe island of the Sirens, whose song was death, Ulysses filled his\\nsailors ears with beeswax to dull their hearing and had himself\\nbound to the mast for fear that he might weakiu. Then, signal-\\ning his men to bend to theii oars, he swiftly lied the dangerous\\ncoast.\\n31S9\\nO", "height": "3426", "width": "1955", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0017.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "LitSKHKY Ul- CUNUKtbb\\n013 744 819 1", "height": "3462", "width": "2005", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0018.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "HOLUNGER\\npH8J\\nMILL RUN F3-1543", "height": "3829", "width": "2329", "jp2-path": "againstannexatio00mitc_0020.jp2"}}